HP LiUKNbUiJ UNIVERST'^y PjL^r LIBRARY From the Library of the Late iROBERTS WALKER Friend and Partner of Justin DuPratt White dComell 'go) Presented to Cornell University In Memory of That Relationship by MR. WALKER'S FAMILY '!* Cornell University Library HD 6983. A42 1893 Wholesale prices, wages, a"^,'""*?|,?r.f''' 3 1924 007 975 216 DATE DUE ■NTEiyfig " jm mm^^^ 1 CAYI-ORO FRINTEDINU-S-A. Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924007975216 52d Congress, ) SENATE. ( Eepokt 1394, 2d Session. ] \ Part 1. WHOLESALE PRICES, WAGES, AND TRANSPORTATION. REPOET ME. ALDEICH, TEOM THE OOIVEMITTEE OlST FIN^A-ISTOE, MARCH 3, 1893. PART I. THIS VOLUME EMBOBIES IN A CONDENSED FORM EVERYTHINO '''//, CONTAINED IN VOLUMES 2, 3, AND 4. ' ) I./ WASHIITGTOK: ^S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. ''' 1893. \ FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS. MEMBERS OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE, U. S. SENATE. JUSTIN S. MORRILL, of Vermont, Chairman. JOHN SHERMAN, of Ohio. JOHN P. JONES, of Nevada. WM. B. ALLISON, of Iowa. NELSON W. ALDRICH, of Rhode Island. FRANK HISCOCK, of New York. DANIEL W. VOORHEES, of Indiana. JOHN R. Mcpherson, of New Jersey. ISHAM G. HARRIS, of Tennessee. ZEBULON B. VANCE, of North Carolina. JOHN G. CARLISLE, of Kentucky. Benjamin Dukfbb, Clerk. >" CONTENTS. Introductory Keport of Committee: Views of majority on wholesale prices aud wages Yiows of majority on transportation- Views of minority List of appendices Eeport of Statistician: Contents 1/ist of tables Report of Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor Beport of Hon. J. R. Dodge, statistician. Agricultural Department Eeport of Hon. "W. T. Harris, Commissioner of Education Eeport of S. U". D. North Eeport of Manger and Avery Eeport of Joshua Eeece, jr Eeport of Edward St,Tuwood Eeport of Henry-Bower , Prices of miscellaneous articles Eeport of C. C. McCain Exhibits General index 5-16 16-19 20 21 23 25 374 376 378 379 384 389 391 aou 393 397 2-1902 1903 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I n, in, IV IV B2d Congress, ) BEHAtE. c ItEront 3d Session, jj | jfo I394 IK THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. REl'ORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES, ON WAGES, AND ON TRANSPORTATION. March 3, 1893.— Ordered to be printed. Mr. Aldrich, from the Committee on Finance, submitted the following PARTIAL REPORT: [In response to Senate resolution of March 3, 1891.] WHOLESALE PEIOES AND WAGES. The Committee on Finance, acting nnder instructions of .the Senate contained in the annexed resolution of March 3, 1891, beg leave to sub- mit the following report upon wholesale prices and wages: Eesolved, That the Committee on Finance be, and they are hereby, authorized and directed, by sub-committee or otherwise, to ascertain in every practicable way, and to report from time to time to the Senate, the effect of the tariff laws upon the imports and exports, the growth, development, production, and prices of agricultural and manufactured articles, at home and abroad ; and upon wages, domestic and foreign ; and for this purpose they are authorized to sit by subcommittee or otherwise, during the recess and sessions of the Senate, at such times and places as they may deem advisable, and to employ a stenographer and such clerical and other assistance as may be necessary; the expense of such investigation to be paid from the contingent fund of the Senate. In their report on retail prices and wages (No. 986, Fifty-second Con- gress) your committee alluded to the fact that they were engaged in the preparation of a comprehensive report oil wholesale prices and wages for the fifty-two years from 1840 to 1891, inclusive. The results of this investigation are herewith submitted. Having in view the importance and the magnitude of this work the committee have been solicitous that every precaution should be taken to secure the greatest possible degree of accuracy. The necessity of elaborate preliminary preparation and careful oveAight at every step have delayed the presentation of results. The tables and statements submitted furnish a body of statistics, upon these important subjects, more comprehensive and satisfactory, it is believed, than any heretofore collected. The purpose of the committee, as stated in their previous report, was to ascertain, through accurate and adequate statistics of prices and wages, the changes which have taken place in the condition, as shown by the relative purchasing power of their earnings, of the great mass of people in the country for the half century which has just closed. The character and extent of these changes are fully disclosed in the 5 6 REPORT ON PRICES, WAGES, AND TRANSPORTATION. tables and explanatory text whicli malse up the report. The committee will not attempt, in this partial report, to point out the effect which legislation may have had from time to time in producing these changes, but merely presents a statement of the facts collected by methods and through agencies which had the unanimous approval of the mem- bers of the committee, and about the accuracy of which there can be no questioui Any attempt to trace the results shown by the report to their original causes would undoubtedly lead to a divergence of opinion among the members of the committee and possibly add nothing to the economic value of the investigation. The tables annexed to the report contain statistics upon the follow- ing subjects of inquiry: PRICES. (1) The course of wholesale prices of from two to three hundred arti- cles in common use in distinctive markets for the years 1840 to 1891. (Tables XI and XXI.) (2) The wholesale prices of agricultural products in ISew York, Chicago, and Cincinnati, for the same period. (Table X. i (3) The wholesale prices of the articles included in Table XI for October, 1891, and October, 1892. (Table XXII.) WAGES. The statistics of the course of wages and earnings include — (1) The rate of wages in nearly one hundred distinct establishments covering twenty-two industries, for the period of 1840 to 1891. (Table (2) Special investigations into the rates of wages and earnings in the coal, iron, glass, and pottery industries, 1840 to 1891. (Table XIII.) (3) The salaries of teachers during the same period. (Table XIV ) W Rates of wages in July, 1891, and October, 1892. (Table XXlfl ) Ihe work of collecting statistics of general prices and wages was in- trusted to the Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor, who, in his report to the committee (Appendix E), explains the extent and nature ot the work performed under his supervision. The prices of agriciiltural products Avere collected under the supervi- sion of the Hon. J. E. Dodge, statistician of the Department of Agri- TguZt "^ (Appendix C) explains the method of collecting the In the collection of price statistics the committee was aided bv the we'lStedr'''' '''""' *^' 'P''^^^ ^'-''''''''' «^ i^^l^i^y i^*ii«^ted . ^y- ^^J^J/ Bower, secretary of the Manufacturing Chemists' Asso " Mr V N D^v'Yh ®*"*'l' I'^^a/elphia, Pa. drug! andXmictls Mr. S. N. D. NoBth, secretary of the National Association of Wool Manufacturers, Boston, Mass., wool and woollens '""''''^^^'''' '^^ ^««^ Messrs. Mauger & Avery, of Boston, Mass., on wool. M^foilZ'tS^r'' ''''^'^'^ ^''^^ ^^'^-i^^* Club. Boston, Mr. Joshua Eeece, jr., New York, N. Y., textiles Among the appendices to the report will be found statement, fm^ these gentlemen in relation to their services statements fiom REPOKT ON PRICES, WAGES, AND TRANSPORTATION. 7 pets, Eoxbury Carpet Company, Eoxbury, Mass., Bigelow Carpet Com- pany, Olmtoii, Mass., A. T. Lymau, treasurer Lowell Ma.Tiufacturine: Company, LoweU, Mass. Pocket knives, Thos. W. Bradley, president New York Knife Company, Walden, N. T. Pish, Fred. P. Donimick, secretary Boston Pish Bureau, Boston, Mass. Butts, H. N. Penner treasurer New England Butt Company. Anvils, Clark Pisher, Tren- ton, N.J. Meats and provisions, Hitchcock, Darling & Company, New York, N. Y. Plate glass, E. A. Hitchcock, president Crystal I'late Glass Company, St. Louis, Mo. Table cutlery, C. S. Landers, Landers, Prary & Clark, New Britain, Conn. Groceries and provisions, Isaac Locke, Boston, Mass., S. P. Hibbard, Boston, Mass. Earthenware, John Moses and Joseph Willets, Trenton, N. J. Piles, W. T. Nicholson, president Nicholson Pile Company, Providence, E. I. Eope, Plymouth Cordage Company, Plymouth, Mass. Hides and leather, Thomas E. Proctor, Boston, Mass. Table glassware, D. C. Eipley, president United States Glass Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. Iron and steel, James M. Swank, Phil- adelphia, Pa. Wire, Chas. P. Washburn, vice-president Washburn and Moen Manufacturing Com]3any, Worcester, Mass. Nickel, Joseph Wharton, Camden, N. J. Hardware, J. M. Woodruff, treasurer Eussell and Erwin Manufacturing Company, New York, N. Y. The special investigations concerning the wages in the coal, iron, glass, and pottery industries were entrusted to Mr. Joseph D. Weeks, of Pittsburg, Pa., and the statistics in regard to teachers' salaries were secured through Hon. William T. Harris, Commissioner of Educa- tion (Appendix D). In the selection of articles for quotation the committee frequently consulted the representatives of leading industries. As regards the statistical preparation of their work they enjoyed the advice of leading statisticians, to whom they are indebted for useful suggestions in mak- ing their work effective. The figures contained in the various tables have been subjected to elaborate analyses by the statistician of the committee. Dr. Eoland P. Palkner, Professor of Statistics in the Wharton School of Pinance and Economy, University of Pennsylvania. His report (Appendix A) con- tains a more detailed statement of results than can be given here, ahd a discussion of the methods which have been employed in the analyses. RESULTS OP THE INVESTiaATION. It became evident at an early stage of the investigation that the prices of but a comparatively small number of articles could be traced back to the year 1840. The committee therefore indicated to their agents that prices should be obtained for as early a period as possible, and that in all cases they should go back at least to the year 1860. Por reasons set forth at length by the statistician the year 1860 was chosen as the point of comparison, the prices of other years being com- pared with those of 1860 as the standard. The same conditions existed in regard to wages. It was impossible to secure satisfactory figures, except in a limited number of cases, for the year 1840 and the years immediately following. In the analysis of wage rates, therefore, as well as in prices, the year 1860 is taken as the standard, and throughout all the comparisons which are made in the report reference is made to that year, unless it is specifically stated otherwise. 8 EEPOET ON PRICES, WAGES, AND TRANSPORTATION. PKICBS. In dealing witli the specific results of the investigation we will con- sider the situation of prices in the final years of investigation, 1891, and the course of prices throughout the years covered by the tables. In this report we are unable to give more than a statement of general results, and must refer to the appendices for the figures relating to -individual articles. Compared with the standard year 1860, the relative price of 223 articles in 1891 in the various groups is shown by the folio win g table : Eelative x>rices, 1S91 compared with 1S60, lij rjroups. I Group. Kunibcr of articles. Sum of rela-[ Division tive prices.' of 2 by 1. Food Cloths and clothing T'uel and lighting Metals and implements X.nmber and building materials Drugs and chemicals . i House-furnishing goods Miscellaneons Total 223 5, 507. 2, 269. 910. 4, 043. 4, 279. 1, 553. 1,051. 950. 103.9 81.1 91.0 74.9 122.3 86.3 70.1 95.1 92.2 From the foregoing it appears that in 1891 prices were 7.8 per cent lower than in 1860. There are 85 articles whose prices are given in 1840, and if we make a similar comparison for these articles, taking 1840 as the standard year, we have the following table : Eelaiive prices, 1S91 compared with ISiO, ly groups. Groups. Food 1 Cloths and clothing Fuel and lighting Metals and implements Lumber and building materials Drugs and chemicals House-furnishing goods Miscellaneous Total Number of articles. 85 Sum of rela tive prices, 3. 285. 4 720.6 19.5 953.2 1, 779. 2 1,183.7 192.2 50.0 8, 183. .'i Division of2by 1. 109.:-. 80.1 19.5 70.4 118.1) 78.9 96.1 60. 90.3 The decline in prices is not so marked in this as in the former com- parison. No attempt has been made in either of the foregoing comparisons to assign to any of the articles included in the list a significance propor- tionate to Its importance in daily Ufe. Bach article is accounted abso- lutely equal. As it was desired to ascertain the influence of changes m price upon the standard of living of the averaqc citizen of the United btates, an exhaustive examination was made of the proportions in which the articles of consumption enter into the budgets of families. Details relatmg to this investigatioii are to be found in our report upon retail prices and wages. If we give to the relative price of each group Its importance in the total, according to this method, we have REPORT ON PRICES, WAGES, AND TRANSPORTATION. 9 tlie following table for 1891, 1860 being the standard and indicated by 100 in all cases : Belalive prices of all ariicles, 1S91, measured hy consumption. Groui). Impor- tance. Index. Eesult. Kent 1,506 4, 103 600 90 1,531 2,270 100. 103.7 98.1 48.1 75.1 95.3 4,264,811 490 500 Tiiel Ligliting 43 290 Clothing . . 1, 162, 029 2, 164, 009 Total 10, 000 96.2 9, 620, 726 In tliis table we liave been obliged to consider that certain items of expenditure, not affected by changes in price of the articles in question, have remained stationary throughout the period. If this be so, then the foregoing table gives a correct statement that the cost of living in 1891 is between 4 and 5 per cent less than in 1860. If, however, we apply oxir price lignres simply to that portion of the family expenditure which is affected by their changes, and leave rent, etc., out of considerai- tion, we iind that the relative price in 1891 for 68.6 per cent of the total family expenditure is 94.4. THE COURSE OF PRICES. The following table gives a statement of relative prices throughout the period covered by the investigation. Three different methods of combination are given in this table and the iirices are in currency : Jldalice prices in each year, 1840-1S91, for all articles grouped ly different methods. Tc.ir. 1.U- articles simply averaged. All articles averaged according to impor- tance, cer- tain expen- ditures being con- sidered uni- form. All articles averaged according to impor- tance, com- prising 68.60 per cent of to- tal expen- diture. Year. All articles simply averaged. All articles averaged accormng to impor- tance, cer- tain expen- ditures Toeing con- sidered uni- form. All articles averaged according to impor- tance, com'. prising 68.60 per cent of to- tal expen- diture. 1840 116.8 n5.8 107.8 101.6 101.9 102.8 106.4 106.5 101.4 98.7 102.3 105.9 102.7 1 109. 1 112.9 113.1 113. 2 112.5 101.8 100.2 100.0 100.6 117.8 148.0 190.5 216. 8 98.5 98.7 93.2 89.3 89.8 92.1 96.7 96.7 92.0 88.9 92.6 99.1 ,98.5 103.4 103.4 106.3 108.5 109.6 109.1 102.0 100.0 96.9 102.8 122.1 149.4 190.7 97.7 98.1 90.1 84.3 8.5.0 88.2 95.2 95.2 88.3 83.5 89.2 98.6 97.9 105. 105.0 109.2 112.3 114.0 113.2 102.9 100.0 ,94.1 104.1 132.2 172.1 232.2 1866 191.0 172.2 160.5 153.5 142.3 136.0 138.8 137.5 133.0 127.6 118.2 110.9 101.3 96.6 106.9 105.7 108.5 106.0 99.4 93.0 91.9 92.6 94.2 94.2 92.3 92.2 160.2 145.2 160.7 136.9 130.4 124.8 122.2 119. 9 120.5 119.8 115.5 109.4 103.1 96.6 103.4 105.8 106.3 104.5 101,8 95.4 95.5 96.2 97.4 99.0 95.7 90.2 187.7 1807 165.8 1868 173.9 1869 152.3 1870 144.4 1871 136.1 1872 132.4 1873 129.0 1874 129.9 1875 128.9 1850.. i 1876 122.6 1877 113.6 1878 104.6 1879 95.0 1880 104.9 1881 108.4 1882 109.1 1883 106.6 1884 102.6 1885 93.3 1886 93.4 1887 94.5 1888 96.2 1889 98.5 1890 :. 93.7 1891 94.4 10 REPORT ON PRICES, WAGES, AND TRANSPORTATION. A convenient summary of the foregoing table, by periods of five years, is found in the following: Relative prices, by five-year periods, 1840-1891, for all articles grouped ly different methods. Periods. All articles simply 1840-'44, 1845-'49. 1850-'54, 1855-'59, 18C0-'64. ]865-'69 1870-74 ]875-'79 1880-84 1885-'89. 1890-'91 All articles averaged accorduig to impor- tance, cer- tain ex- penditures being con- sidered uniform. 108. 103. 106. 108. 131. 178. 137. 110. 10.5. All articles averaged accorduig to impor- tance, com- prising 68.60 per cent of total expendi- ture. 93.9 93.3 99.4 107.1 114.0 150.5 123.6 108.9 104.4 96.7 96.0 91.0 90.1 99.1 110.3 120.5 182.4 134.4 112.9 106.3 95.2 94.1 In these tables the influence of currency depreciation in the period from 1861 to 1878 is clearly seen. The disturbing factor can be elimi- nated, partially at least, by a reduction to the gold basis. The table here given is a repetition of the preceding, with the exception that the period from 1861 to 1878 is reduced to a gold basis. Belative prices, in gold, iy five-year periods, 1840-1891 , for all articles grouped'hy different methods Periods. AU articles simply averaged. All articles averaged according to impor- tance, cer- tain ex- penditures being con- sidered uniform. All articles averaged according to impor- tance, com- prising 68.60 per cent of tfltal expendi- ture. 108.8 103.2 106.6 108.2 108.1 118.7 121.8 103.8 105.3 93.2 92.3 93.9 93.3 99.4 107.1 95.3 103.9 109.4 102.0 104.4 96.7 96.0 91.0 1845_'49 90.1 185fl-'54 99.1 110.3 I860 '64 . . 99.5 120.5 1870 '74 118.9 1875-'79 105.7 1880-'84 •- 106.3 1885-'89 -- 95.2 1890 '91 94.1 From a consideration of the foregoing it is noticeable that measured in currency the highest range of prices is found in the period from 1865 to 1869; but that measured in gold, the maximum is found in the suc- ceeding period of five years. Attention is also called to the fact that in the two years, 1890 and 1891, prices are lower than in any previous period since 1850. In the decade from 1840 to 1849 the low price of food rendered the cost of living somewhat less than it is at present. REPORT ON PRICES, WAGES, AND TRANSPORTATION. PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 11 In the analysis agricultural products have been treated separately. For fifteen products prices have been obtained. Tlie list includes the great staple products of American agriculture, and the summary gives a fair picture of the relative prices of these products. In 1891 the relative price as a whole stood at 97.1, being a fall of about 3 per cent since 1860. The course of prices throughout the period from 1860 to the present time is shown in the following table, where the prices from 1861 to 1878 are expressed in gold : Average prioes of agrieuUural products in gold, 1S60-1S91. Tear. Simple av- erage of 15 products (from Table 33). "Weighted average of 9 products (from Table 35). Tear. Simple av- erage of 15 products (from Table 33). "Weighted average of 9 products (from Table 35). 1860 100.0 91.7 128. 5 121. 7 167.1 90.0 122.6 127.3 121.8 119.8 121.1 117.8 lis. 4 117.7 123.4 112.1 100.0 104.2 173.4 170.3 243.7 97.3 133.5 135.1 129.3 120. 9 107.7 115.3 113.9 106.0 123.5 116.8 1876 102.0 1U4. 3 97.0 98.4 109.9 121.1 114.4 100.3 104. 7 93.9 96.5 94.9 95.7 91.3 97.4 97.1 91 9 ISfil 18B2 1878 89 7 1863 1879 91 1 1S64 1880 . 1865 1881 117 1 1866 1SS3 120 3 1867 1883 1868 1884 100 8 1869 1885 1870 1886 87 5 1871 1887 89 6 1872 1888 93.6 1873 . . -. ,- 1889 .... 86.5 1874 1890 93.7 1875 1391 98.4 Since 1885 prices have been uniformly lower than in 18G0. At the same time it "will be observed that the fall is not so marked as in the price of commodities in general. Tables contained in the body of the report show that prior to 1860 prices were noticeably lower than they are at the present time. The number of articles for which prices in that period are given is too small to justify the formation of an average. Therefore, reference must be made to the individual products. "WAGES. The relative standard of life at the different periods can, of course, be obtained only from a combination of prices with average earnings or wages. The investigation into "wages conducted under the supervision of Mr. Wright presents a vast amount of valuable material covering a very "wide range of occupations in a number of industries. No other investi- gation has been made "with so wide a scope, such variety of detail, and covering so extensive a period. The committee therefore call special attention to the results of this most important inquiry. 1'2 REPORT ON PRICES, WAGES, AND TRANSPORTATION. As with pricQS, we may consider the final results, as well as the course of wages, during the period covered by the investigation. In 1891 wages, as compared with 1860, were as follows : Melative icages in 1891, compared with 1860 by industries. Industry. Number of Relative quotations. wages. 5 137.9 5 224.7 21 148.6 39 172.5 4 202.4 23 164.6 131 165.1 3 183.6 30 152.7 2 194.7 22 167.7 16 137.0 5 177.9 130 148.6 7 182.3 11 146.4 i 187.5 164.2 19 165.2 3 140.6 58 167.8 543 160.7 Agricultural implements.. Ale, beer, and porter Bool{:3 and newspapers — Building trades Carriages and wagons City public works Cotton goods Dry goods (stores) Ginghams Groceries (stores) Illuminating gas Leather Lumber Hetaln and metallic goods Paper Kailroads Sidewalks Spice Stone "White lead "Woollen goods Total Here, as elsewhere throughout the report, the year 1860 is the stand- ard of comparison. As compared with 1860 the average wages in the year 1840 were 87.7. Hence, should we make the year 1840 the start- ing point of our investigation, the wages of 1891 would stand at 183.2. Each quotation in these comparisons has- been given equal force in ascertaining the results; but should we take as a measure of the im- portance of each industry the relative number of persons who are employed in it, we should find that the average wages of 1891 stood at 168.6 as compared with 1860, and at 204.4 as compared with 1840. The advance in daily wages which is here noted has been accom- panied by a decrease in the hours of labor. In 1840 the average hours of labor for the occupations included in the table were 11.4 per day In 1860 they were 11 per day, and in 1891 ten hours per day. Thus it is clear that on the basis of an hourly rate the relative wages of 1891 would stand higher than the figures we have quoted. Compared with 1840 hourly wages in 1891 stood at 209.0, and compared with 1860 at 176,8, REPORT ON PRICES, WAGES, AND TRANSPORTATION, THK COUnSB OF WAGES. 13 The course of wages throughout the period covered by the investiga- tion is shown in the following table: Selative wages in all occupations, 1840 to 1891, grouped hy different methods. Year. Simple average. Average according to impor- tance. Year. Simple average. Average according to impor- tance. 1840 87.7 88.0 87.1 86.0 86.5 86.8 89.3 90.8 91.4 92.5 92.7 90.4 90.8 91.8 95.8 98.0 99.2 99.9 98.5 99.1 100.0 100.8 102.9 no. 5 125.6 143.1 82.5 79.9 84.1 83.0 83.2 85.7 89.1 91.3 91.6 90.5 90.9 91.1 91.8 93.2 95.8 97.5 98.0 99.2 97.9 99.7 100.0 100.7 103.7 118.8 134.0 148.6 1866 152.4 157.6 1,59. 2 162 102 2 163.6 160.0 167.1 161.5 158.4 162.5 144.9 142. 5 139.9 141.5 146,5 149,9 152,7 152. 7 150,7 150,9 153. 7 155,4 156,7 ]58,9 160.7 155.8 164,0 164.9 167.4 167,1 166,4 167.1 166,1 162, 5 158.0 151.4 143 8 1841 1867.. 1842 1868 1843 1844 1870 1845 '. 1871 1846 1S47 1873 1848 1874 18411 1850 1876. .. 1851 1877 1852 1853 1879 1854 1880 143 1855 1881 1856 . . 1882 152 9 1857 1883 159 2 1858 1884 1859 - - 1885 .. 155 9 I860 1886 ; 155 8 1861 1887 156,6 1862 1888 157.9 1863 1889 162.9 1864 1890 168,2 1891 108.6 A summary of the table by five-year periods is given in the following table : Belative wages in all occupations Try five-year periods, grouped hy different methods. Period. 1840-'44 1845-'49 1860-'54 1855,'59 1860-'64 ]865-'69 Simple average. 87.2 90.2 92.3 98,9 108.0 154.9 Average according to impor- tance. 82.5 89.6 92.6 98.5 111.4 160.1 Period. 1870-74 1875-'79 1880-'84 1885-'89 1890-'91 (2 years) Simple average. 164.1 147.6 148. 7 153.5 159,8 Average according to impor- tance. 165.8 146.7 152.2 157.8 168.4 14 EEPORT ON PRICES, WAGES, AND TRANSPORTATION. Wages equally with prices felt the disturbing influence of variable currency during the period from 1861 to 1878, and in order to famish a basis of comparison with prior and subsequent years, we reduce in the following table the relative wages for the years 1861 to 1878 to the gold basis : Relative wages in gold in all oc(yupations, 1840-'91, grouped ly different methods. Tear. Simple average. Average according to im- portance. Tear. Simple average. Average accordmg to im- portance. 87.7 88.0 87.1 86.6 86.5 86.8 89.3 90.8 91.4 92,5 92.7 90.4 90.8 91.8 95.8 98.0 99.2 99.9 98.5 99.1 100.0 100.8 100.4 76.2 80.8 66.2 82.5 79.9 84.1 83.0 83.2 85.7 89.1 91.3 91.6 90.5 90.9 91.1 91.8 93.2 95.8 97.5 98.0 99.2 97.9 99.7 100.0 100.7 101.2 81.9 86.2 68.7 1866 108.8 117.1 114.9 119.5 133.7 147.8 152.2 148.3 145.0 140.8 135.2 136.4 140.5 139.9 141.5 146.5 149.9 152. 7 162.7 150.7 150.9 153.7 155.4 156.7 158.9 160.7 lU.l 1867 121.8 1842 1868 119.1 1869 123.5 1870 136.9 1845 1871 150.3 1872 153.2 1873 147.4 1848 1874 145.9 1875 140.4 1850 1876 '. 134.2 1851 1877 '. 135.4 1878 139.0 1879 139.4 1880 143. 1881 150.7 1856 1882 152.9 1883 159.2 1884 155.1 1859 1885 155.9 1886 155.8 1861 1887 156.6 1862 1888 1889 157.9 162.9 1864 1890- ... 168.2 1865 .,, 1891 168.6 From a consideration of the foregoing table it becomes evident that there was a gradual advance in wages from ISIO to 18G0. Since that date the advance has been less regular but more rajjid. The period from 1875 to 1880 was marked by a standstill, but since that time the advance has been continuous. These conclusions are confirmed by the supplementary investigations embodied in the report. An exact agreement between the results of Mr. Weeks's investigation and the general tables could not have been expected in view of the restricted scope of the former. It may be considered a substantial agreement that tlie average of the individual quotations in Table XIII gives 156.5 as the relative wages of 1891, while the same method of averaging the larger table, XII, gives 160.7. To present as complete a picture as possible of the movement of wages the committee endeavored to obtain representa- tives of the salaried classes. After a careful study it was found that the salaries of teachers were best adapted for this purpose. Through the courtesy of the Commissioner of Education some very valuable figures were collected, which are presented in Table XIV. The re- sults of the analysis show that the advance of remuneration in this field has been similar to that of the wage-earning classes. The gen- eral average of all quotations for the year 1891 shows salaries to have been 186.3 as compared with 100 in 1860. PKICBS AND WAGES IN 1891 AND 1892, When it was seen that the publication of the report might be de- layed, the committee decided to collect supplementary figures which BEPORT ON PRICES, WAGES, AND TRANSPORTATION. 15 sliould bring the work down to as late a date as possible. To this end the Commissioner of Labor was requested to collect prices and wages to complete the series to October, 1892, for the identical articles and occupations which formed the subject of his previous investigations. (Tables XXII and XXIII.) From an analysis of these figures it appears that the prices of October, 1891, stood at 91 as compared with 1860, while those of October, 1892, stood at 89.3. As at the final date of our previous table, January, 1891, the relative price of all articles was 92.2, it is clear that there has been a constant fall. This result is confirmed by calculations giving each article its impor- tance. The respective figures are : January, 1891 : 94.4 October, 1891 92.8 October, 1892 91.7 A similar analysis of supplementary wages is made, with the result that in July, 1891, relative wages stood at 161.272, while on the follow- ing October they were 161.239, as compared with 1860. There was an advance over the last date of our previous tables, when the relative wages were 160.7, but no substantial change between the two later dates. FOREIGN PRICES AND WAG-ES. The committee felt that it was desirable to obtain, if possible, statis- tics of prices and wages in European countries for the purpose of making a parallel with the figures for the United States. The committee were xmable to undertake any original investigation abroad and were, there- fore, confined to an analysis of figures which could be obtained for Europe in ofiBcial documents or' from private sources. We were more successful in obtaining material for European prices than in establish- ing the desired comparisons. It appears, therefore, that the investi- gation inaugurated by your committee might advantageously be sup- plemented by securing statistics in Europe. The statistician of the committee has made an extended analysis of European prices. They differ radically from our statistics, both as to the extent and methods of combination employed. It is impossible, therefore, to make any satisfactory combinations along the principles adopted by the committee in its work. The guid- ing principle of that work has been, throughout, -the influence of changes in prices upon a standard of living. Hence the figures collected by the committee comprised mainly articles as nearly as possible in the form in which they entered into the consumption of families. European price statistics, having a less extensive range than ours and comprising in the main simply primary products, are not valuable for comparisons of the nature instituted by the committee. Hence if a comparison should be made, it could only be done along the lines of European statistics and especially those of the well-known price quotations of the Economist of London. From a consideration of the comparisons found in Table 82 of the Eeport of the Statistician, it appears that the course of prices of twenty-two articles of wholesale commerce which are comprised in them varies but slightly in the United States, England, Hamburg, and France. It is to be regretted that in published statistics relating to Europe no figures concerning wages could be found in any way ade- quate to a comparison with those presented by the committee. So far as prices and wages in European countries are concerned, the commit- tee has been able to give simply a description of European price stat- 16 ' REPORT ON PRICKS, WAGES, AND TEANSPORTATION. istics, and has been unable to make the comparisons wMch were deemed desirable. " ^ j. ■ . ■ The tables presented in connection with this report contain certain matters drawn from the records of Government purchases which are merely corroborative of what has already been discussed. The report of the stati.sticiau contains a more detailed account of the results of the investigation than can be given here, and especialattentioniscalled toit. The investigation has been conducted for the Finance Committee by a sub-committee, consisting of Messrs. Aldrich (chairman), Allison, His- cock, Jones (Xevada), Harris, and Carlisle. TEAKSP0ETATI02T. In its previous reports, made in compliance with Senate resolution of March 3, 1891, the Committee on Finance has treated exhaustively the course of retail prices and wages from June, 1889, to September, 1891, and of wholesale prices and wages since 1840. In thie prosecution of their work the committee were constantly im- pressed with the importance of transportation charges as a factor in determining prices, notably those of the great staple products of our agriculture, mines, and manufactures. Without an effort at least to measure this influence, their work would have been incomplete along obvious lines. An examination of the course of transportation charges no less com- plete aad no less comprehensive than that of prices and wages was therefore determined upon. For the iwosecntion of this investigation the committee were fortunate in securing the services of Mr. C. C. McCain, auditor of the Interstate Commerce Commission. His long personal experience and Ms official position enabled him to secure a great quantity of material relating to the subject of railroad rates which might have been inacces-^ible to others. This material, together with an elaborate study of the results of his investigation, are found in his report to the committee (Appendix K). It is commended to the attentive examination of those who are interested in the problems of transportation. The committee had, in other portions of their work, covered the period from 1810 to 1891, or as much thereof as possible. It is manifest that by reason of the recent growth of some of the more important branches of freight traffic by rail, many rates could not be traced far into the past. In 1840 raifroad transportation was in its infancy. Even in 1860, the year fixed by the committee in their report on wholesale prices as the point of comparison, the transportation industry was confined to narrow limits compared with the enormous expansion which has since taken place. These considerations, together with the difficulty of obtaining earlier records, rendered it impracticable to pursue the methods of analysis which were followed as respects prices and wages. In only a limited way was it possible to obtain figures for the year 1860, the records having in most cases been destroyed. Hence we are forced To present such material as is available and to describi," the general tendency of the facts observed rather than to measure one series against another, as was possible in treating of wages and prices. At the same time it should be noted that what is here presented forms the most complete study of the facts in question of which we have any knowledge. We REPORT ON PRICES, WAGES, AND TRANSPORTATION. 17 believe tlmt nowhere else can snch a body of infonnalion be found in published form. For the last twenty-live years the ligure.s are exceed- ingly comprehensive. The method heretofore pursued by your committee of selecting typical facts, rather than overburdening their reports with a mass of unrelated matter,_has been followed in the investigation of freight charges. In choosing the figures to be published care has been taken to give, first, typical distances, and, second, typical freight traflic. It is believed that by this metliod no branch of the transportation service has been omitted from the investigation. That the points and commodities selected for the construction of the tables are in effect standard and not accidental is clearly evident from the method by which the rates are determined which is fully described by Mr. McOain in his report. Suffice it to say that rates betAvecn New York and Chicago, for instance, are in the strictest sense typical, since through rates on the same lines to other points are fixed jjercentages of these rates. Moreover the rates between New York and Chicago are the same for several lines of road, the others charging definite pro- portions of these standard rates. This shows the method of rate- making which facilitates the selection of typical rates. RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION. In the report of the Auditor of the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion the changes in freight rates are shown under the following head- ings: 1. West-bound rates, mainly classified rates. 2. East-bound rates, classified rates, and commodity rates. 3. Tonnage rates. 4. Local rates. In showing west-bound rates the typical rate is, as stated, 'New York to Chicago. The traffic is of a miscellaneous character aud is carried under the rates of thefreight classifications. Changes in freight charges have resulted from two causes — changes in rates and changes in classi- fication. As illustrating the changes in rates we give the average rates for each class, New York to Chicago, for certain years. [Rates in cents per 100 pounds.] Classes. Tear. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Special. 18g2 159 193 215 190 130 61 75 58 75 127 161 180 162 113 55 60 45 65 100 121 107 129 90 46 50 34 50 60 87 93 83 69 33 40 27 35 J8(;5 Igg7 1S7() 60 29 30 25 If the year 1867 be considered as 100 in each class we find the rela- tive rates in 1892 to have been : S. Eep. 1394- First class . . . Second clasB. Third class . . Fourth class. 2 39.471 42. 17 J =100.0. 18 REPORT ON PRICES, WAGES, AND TRAXSPOETATION. What these changes mean can be seen by the following comparison: Percentage of traffic in each class. First claas.- SfTontl claas Third class. Fourth class Filth class.. Kixtli class.. Special 20.4 6.7 4.4 50.1 10. 0.0 1.8 1885. 24.8 7.1 4.2 29. 3 34.6 0.0 0.0 21.0 6.4 12.3 12.7 10.0 37.6 0.0 19.9 5.4 11.3 10.4 9.6 43.4 0.0 It is evident from the foregoing statement tliat the reduction in class rates is not the onl3- element in the reduction of transportation cliarges. A very iinportaiit factor is the change of classification. The number of articles in the Jower grade is much greater tlian in the former classi- fications. The details of these changes are given in full in the state- ment of the Auditor. We extract the following statement of classifi- cations in use in the territory covered by Western classification Xo. 15. Pel- cent of arlirUs classified in third class or higher. 1873 71.12 1878 69.90 1SS2 69.70 1886 59.15 1887 oc. 76 1893 '. 53.90 Through change in classification many articles have received lower rates without any reduction in the class rates. To demonstrate the combined action of class reductions and classification changes, a series of tables have been prepared, gi\ing the rates and class, at different dates, of a large number of specific articles. Compared with 1807 as 100, the relative rates in 1892 of the following standard articles from Xew York to Chicago were : Dry goods 39.47 Cotton piece goods 26.32 Boots aud shoes 39.47 rurniture : L.C.L 39.47 C.L 34.21 Stoves : L.C.L 15.79 C. L 13.16 Cofifee: L.C.L 2L60 C.L 15.43 Rice: L.C.L 42.17 C.L 30.12 Groceries 40.12 Drugs 39.47 Crockery and earthenware : L.C.L 21.60 C.L 18.52 Bagging: L.C.L 30.86 C.L 21.60 Leather : L.C.L 30.86 „ C.L 21.60 Soap, castile and fancy : L.C.L 27.13 C.L 15.43 Soap, common: L.C.L 27.13 C.L 23.26 Starch : L.C.L 21. (id C.L 1.-1.4:^. Tea 39.47 Sugar : L.C. L 42.17 C.L 28.92 Molasses: L. C. L 42.17 C.L 36.14 Lead : L.C.L 42.17 C. L 30.12 Nails : L.C.L 36.14 C.L 30.12 Hardware 40.12 Agricultural implemente : L.C.L 26.32 C.L 15.79 Machinery : L.C.L 21.60 C.L 21.60 Beer: L.C. L 38.76 C.L 23.26 REPORT ON PRICES, WAGES, AND TRANSPORTATION. 19 TLc figures liere ffiven may be taken as indicative of tLe cliangew which have taken place in freight cliarges on west-bound traihc. An examination of the rates by rail ami lake routes and by canal and lake routes reveals exactly the same tendencies. The east-bound traflfic from Chicago to New York is made up of ar- ticles carried under the classified rates and others curried under com- modity rates. A separate analysis of each confirms the results ob- tained in the analysis of the west-bound rates. We would refer also to the copious tables of the report for rates from Chicago to points further west and between Pacific coast poiuts and Eastern cities, all of which show the same tendency to decrease. RATES PER TON MILE. Another method of obtaining the same result is to take the familiar standard of the rate per ton mile. For this comparison it has been possible to obtain material at very early dates for some lines. The fol- lowing table shows a comparison of 1892 with 1800, and in some cases also with 1852. Name of road. Coiits per ton mile. 1852. 1860, 1893. Fitclibnrg E. E New York, New Haven and Hartford R. E New York Central E.E Lake Shore, Michigan and Southern Ewy Michigan Central Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis E. R. New York. Lake Erie and Western Pennsylvania K. K Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago E. E Ohio & Mississippi Illinois Central Chesapeake and Ohio 3.12 .925 L756 .700 .602 .687 710 .614 .647 .911 .908 a. 525 For the dates named this table gives a very interesting and instruc- tive comparison. It shows a very great reduction in freight rates, which is equally demonstrated for a lesser period by the figures for lines not included in the foregoing statement. LOCAL RATES. These rates have also felt the tendency to reduction so strongly marked in recent years in through rates. Owing to the fact that local classifications have governed this class of traflfic it has not been prac- ticable in many cases to show the changes of rates for individual arti- cles. They have however been reduced in like manner with through rates through changes in classifications as well as reductions in the rates charged for the classes. In the report of Mr. McCain are num- berless instances whicli afford a proof that the reduction of local rates for the classes has been quite material in the last twenty years. CONOLXJSION. In every department of freight transportation the reduction of rates is shown very clearly by the report herewith submitted. Eich material for the study of the influence of railway rates is afforded by the report of Mr. McCain, to which especial attention is directed. This investigation has been conducted for the Finance Committee by a sub-committee consisting of Messrs. Aldrich, chairman, Allison, His- cock, Jones (Nevada), Harris, and Carlisle. 20 EEPOET ON PRICES, WAGES, AND TRANSPOETATION, VIEWS OF THE MINOEITT. April 11, 1893. This report was submitted by the majority of the sub-conmuttee of the Committee on Finance in the expiring hours of the last session of the Fifty-second Congress, and at the request of the minority of the sub-committee it was withheld from the printer until the minority should find time to carefully examine it; but the minority has found no time that it could devote to a critical examination of the report, and there- fore it allows the report to go to print without expression of its views further than to say that no accurate or reliable approximate conclusion as to the movement in prices can be reached by comparing the move- ment in prices of a few articles at one period with the movement of many and dissimilar articles at another j)eriod. The minority, therelbre, reserves the right upon the coming in of the final report to express its views folly as to facts as well as the legiti- mate and proper conclusions to be drawn from the facts. ISHAM Gr. HAEKIS. APPENDICES. Page. Vol Appendix A: Report ol the Statistician, Prof. Roland P. Falkner 23 Appendix B: Report of the Commissioner of Labor, Hon. Carroll D. Wright 374 Appendix C : Report of the Statistician of the Department of Agriculture, Hon. J. R. Dodge 376 Appendix D: Report of the Commissioner of Education, Hon. W. T. Harris 378 Appendix E: Report ofMr. S. N. D. North 379 Appendix V: Report of Messrs. Mauger and Avery 384 Appendix 6: Report of Mr. Joshua Reece. jr : . . 389 Appendix H: Report of Mr. Edward Stan wood 391 Appendix I: Report of Mr. Henry Bower 392 Appendix J: Report on Miscellaneous Prices 393 Appendix K : Report of Mr. C. C. McCain 397 21 APPENDIX A. REPORT OF THE STATISTICIAN. CONTENTS. Page. Introductory 27 Wholetale prices of commodities for 52 years 27 Character of the returns 28 Scope of the material 27,28 Method of analysis 27 1860 the base line 27 Its application '. 27 Relative prices compared with 18G0 28 Degree of price changes 27-29 Changes by groups of articles 27-29 Relative prices compared with 1840 30 Changes of price by groups of articles 30-r)2 Relative prices in 1891, by groups, cimipared with 1860 and 1840 53-60 Faults of such comparisons 60 Consumption the measure of importance of prices 60 Consumption of families 60,61 Application of budgets to prices 61-63 Analysis of clothing prices , 62 Price as measured by consumption 65 Test of the method by other budgets 86 Annual national consumption as ;i measure of price changes 63 The course of prices by groups and as a whole 64 Analysis of short price series 95 Comparison with longer series 67 Gold prices 98 Wholesale prices of farm products for 52 years 101 Character of the returns 101 Methods of analysis -. 101 Grouping of the results 102 Production as a measure of importance of changes 107 Course of these prices 108 Prices in gold 109 Bates of wages for 52 years 110 Character of the returns 110 Methods of analysis , 110 Wages for 52 years by occupations Ill Wages for 52 years by industries Ill Methods of comhination 172 Combination based on number engaged in the industries 175 Course of wages 176 Hours of labor 178 Wages in gold 180 Bates of wages for 52 years in the coal, iron, glass, and pottery industries 180 Analysis of the figures and its results 183 Teachers' salaries for 52 yerirs 184 Character of the returns 184 Teachers' salaries in cities 185 Teachers' salaries in rural districts 188 23 24 CONTENTS. Page, Teacher^ salaries for 52 i/eors— Concluded. Course of salaries -. 189 Course of salaxies in gold 190 Conclusion 189 Supplementary prices and wages - 190 Prices in October 1891 and October 1892 190 Wages in July 1891 and October 1892 194 Foieign prices and wages 199 Collection of tbe material 199 England, Economist prices - 200 Economist prices on basis of 18WI 22.^ Comparison with United States 220 Mr. Sauerbeck's jjrices 229 Comparison with United States — 250 Mr. PaJgrave's calculations 228 Hamburg prices 2.57 Calculations of Dr. Soetbeer 258 Compared with United States 296 Calculations of Dr. Krai 296 Calculations of Prof. Conrad 297 Prices in Prussia 301 Prices in Germany 306 Prices in Austria 308 Prices in France 31n Prices in Italy 323 Prices in other countries 324 Conclusion , ; 337 Comparison with United States 324 Foreign wages statistics 336 LIST OF TABLES CONTAINED IN THE REPORT OF THE STATISTICIAN. Page. 1. Wholesale prices of commodities for 52 years ; relative prices 30 2. Relative prices, 1891 compared with 1860 53 3. Changes in prices, 1891 compared with 1860 56 4. Relative prices, 1891 compared with 1840 57 5. C'huuges in prices, 1891 compared with 1840 5,S 6. Relative prices, 1891 compared with 1860, by groups 59 7. Relative prices, 1891 compared with 1840, by groups 60 8. Distribution of expenditure for 2.561 normal families 61 9. Expenditure of 232 families for certain purposes 62 10. Formation of group ratios ; food 64 11. Relative prices of food, 1891, measured by its consumption 65 12. Relative prices of cloths and clothing, compared witli 1890 67 13. Relative prices of suitings, 1860 basis amended ■ 81 14. Comparison of methods for ascertaining relative priirs 82 15. Relative price of clothing, 1891, measured by consumption 84 16. Relative cost of miscellaneous expenditure, 1891, measured by consump- tion 85 17. Relative price of all articles, 1891, measured by consumption 86 18. Percentual distribution of expenditure according to vnrious budgets 86 19. Relative prices, 1891, measured by budget from 102 Cimijecticutreports. .. .S7 20. Value of certain articles consumed in the United States in 1890 89 21. Relative prices, 1891, measured by annual consumption of certain articles. 90 22. Relative prices in each year, 1840-1891, by groups of articles ' 91 23. Relative pricesof metals and implements, excluding pocket knives 92 24. Relative prices in each year, 1840-1891, for all articles grouped by different methods - 93 25. Relative prices, 1840-1891, of food and clothing measured by consuuiptiun. 94 26. Relative prices by five-year periods, 1840-1891, for all articles grouped by difterent methods 95 27. Prices at different dates compared with prices iu 1890 95 28. Prices of articles, by groups, at different dates, compared with 1890 97 ■29. Relative prices, in gold, by groups of articles, 1840-1891 99 30. Relative prices in each year, 1840-1891, in gold, for all articles, grouped by different methods 100 31. Relative prices, in gold, by five-year periods, 1840-1891, for all articles, grouped by different methods 101 32. Relative prices of agricultural products, individual quotations 102 33. Relative prices of agricultural products, individual products 106 34. Products of agrioulture - 108 35. Prices of staple agricultural products measured by their production, 1860-1891 109 36. Average prices of agricultural products, in gold, 1860-1891 110 37. Rates of wages for 52 years ; relative wages Ill 38. Changes in wages, 1891 compared with 1860 172 39. Rates of wages for 52 years ; relative wages, by industries 173 40. Persons engaged in certain occupations in census years 175 41. Relative importance of different industries 176 42. Relative wages in all occupations, 1840-1891, grouped by different methods. 176 43. Relative wages in all occupations, by five-year periods, 1840-1891, grouped by different methods - ^J^ 44. Average hours of labor, by industries, 1840-1891 1"8 45. Relative wages in gold in all occupations, 1840-1891, grouped by difterent methods 1^0 46. Relative wages for 52 years iu the coal, iron, glass, and pottery industries. 181 25 26 LIST OF TABLES. Pago. 47. RclMtive teachers' salaries for 52 years in cities 185 48. Kelative teacliers' salaries for 52 years, Barnstable and Franklin counties, Mass 189 49. Relati ve teachers' salaries in koM for 52 years 190 60. Relative prices in October 1891 and October 1892 190 51. Relative prices in October 1891 and October 1892, by groups 193 52. Relative prices in January 1891, October 1891, and October 1892 193 53. Relative prices of all articles grouped according to importance, January 1891, October 1891, and October 1892 194 54. Relative wages in July 1891 and October 1892 194 55. Relative wages in July 1891 and October 1892, by industries 199 56. Wholesale prices in England from 1845 to 1893, as quoted by the Economist. 201 57. Relative prices in England, Economist Index Number 223 58. Relative prices in England compared with 1860 225 59. Comparison of Economist average with simple average of the United States 226 60. Comparison of Economist average with weighted average of the United States 227 61. Comparison of simple and weighted averages of Economist prices 229 62. Wholesale prices of commodities in England, 1846 to 1891 230 63. Relative prices in England, 1846 to 1891, calcnlation.s of Mr. Sauerbeck... 241 64. Relative prices of commodities in England, 1846 to 1891 248 65. Comparison of Mr. Sauerbeck's average with weighted average of the United States 256 66. Wholesale prices of commodities in Hamburg, Germany, from 1851 to 1891. 258 67. Export prices of commodities in England from 1851 to 1891 279 68. Relative prices of commodities in Hamburg— Calculations of Dr. Soetbeer. 282 69. Relative prices of commodities in England — Calculations of Dr. Soetbeer. 292 70. Summary of relative prices of commodities in Hamburg and England — Calculations of Dr. Soetbeer 294 71. Relative prices in Hamburg, by groups of articles 295 72. Relative prices in Hamburg, by groups of articles— Calculations of Dr. Krai 296 73. Reliitive prices in Hamburg of certain articles at certain periods — Calcu- lations of Prof. Conrad 298 74. Average prices of certain articles in Hamburg for various periods — Calcu- lations of Prnf. Conrad 299 75. Relative prices in Hamburg of certain groups — Calculations of Prof. Conrad 300 76. Prices of commodities in Prussia from 1840 to 1891 302 77. Wholesale prices of commodities in Germany from 1879 to 1891 306 78. Relative prices in Germany for certain periods— Calculations of Prof. Conrad 3O7 79. Market prices in Austrian cities from 1840 to 1891 309 80. Export prices in France from 1861 to 1891 319 81. Prices in gold of 6 commodities in Italy from 1862 to 1 885 323 82. Comparative relative prices in the United States, England, Hamburg, and France 325 83. Fluctuations of prices in different countries 336 84. Exhibit A. Import prices of 180 commodities in Hamburg, Germany, Irom 1850 to 1891 338 WASHiNaTON, D. C, Septemher 1, 1892. Hon. Nelson W. Aldrich, Chairman Sub-committee on Tariff: I have the honor to submit herewith a statement of the work which has deen aone as the statistician of your committee, embodying the results of that portion of the investigation which relates to prices and wages from 1840 to the present time. The report contains the analysis of tables relating to the following subjects: Table X. Wholesale prices of farm products for 52 years. Table XI. Wholesale prices of commodities for 52 years. Table XII. Rates of wages for 52 years. Table XIII. Rates of wages for 52 years in the coal, iron, glass, and pottery industries. Table XIV. Teachers' salaries for 52 years. The data comprised in these tables have been collected from various sources under the direction of the committee, and the work of collec- tion and verification has been in the hands of various bureaus and in- dividuals who have elsewhere described the methods pursued. The present report is, therefore, confined exclusively to an analysis of the tables. WHOLESALE PRICES OF COMMODITIES FOR FIFTY-TWO YEARS. The contents of Table XI constitute one of the most exhaustive ex- aminations which has ever been made into the history of prices. It in- cludes over four hundred articles, covering the prices not only of food products and raw materials, but also of a very large number of manufac- tured articles for the period of 1840 to 1891, inclussive. While for many articles it was impossible to secure the prices for so early a date as 1840, the investigation must be considered remarkably successful in view of the fact that for as many as 90 articles prices were obtained in 1840, while there are 22.3 articles covering the iieriod of thirty -two years, from 1860 to the present time. In making the analysis of the figures which are presented in this report no dei)artui'e has been madel'rom tlic meth- ods approved by the committee in the analysis of retail prices. On the other hand the conditions of the problem have rendered necessary a somewhat diiferent application of the same general features. In order to form an idea of the course of prices during thi? period under investi- gation recourse has been had to a system of percentages showing the rise or fall in price from a given base line which is considered as 100. By this means the comparison of a large number of objects varying greatly in units of measurement as well as in price is rendered compar- atively easy. In reducing the actual prices given to a system of percentages or of relative prices the first point to be taken into consideration was the selection of the base Une, or in other words, of the period which should 27 28 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. represent 100 in tlie system to be adopted. While in many respects it would have been highly desirable to have selected as the basis of the analysis either the year 1840, or the average of the years 1S4(» to 1845, which constituted the starting point of the investigation, for practical reasons this plan had to be abandoned. A system of relative pricesfor fifty -two years comprising 90 articles would, it is true, be more compre- hensive both as to volume and the period covered than the majority of previous investigations. Tet such a statement would have ren- dered comparatively useless for purposes of comparison all the articles the quotations for which begin later than 1840. On the 1840 basis it would have been impossible to have carried out the analysis of the fig- ures presented in all the refinements of which they are capable and which were desired by the committee. For this reason it was deemed advisable to select a period which would incorporate in the analysis a larger iiroportion of the figures which are presented. After a careful consideration of all the circumstances' it was consid- ered that the basis best adapted for the analysis was the price of the year 1860, and in the foUowirg analysis that year is the basis of all our comparisons. It is considered as 100 and the prices of prior and sub sequent years are exjjressed as percentages of the same. The year 18C0 represents a period in our industrial development midway between the older methods of production that prexailed before the war and those which have come into use since that period. It is also a period of com- paratiA'ely normal prices. The markets of the country had recovered from the crisis of 1857 and the disturbances of trade caused by the war had not yet taken place. The year 1865, midway between the begin- ning and end of the investigation, is utterly unadapted to serve as a base by reiison of the inflated state of the currency, which caused a wholly abnormal condition of the market. The same is equally true of the average for 1865-1869, inclusive, which is the basis of the celebrated calculations of Mr. Palgrave in the Eepoi t of the Commission on the De- ])rcssion of Trade and Industry. The year 1870 is still too much under the influences of the currency inflation to serve as a basis of compari- son, besides being open to the objection that it is too close to the pres- ent day to furnish useful comparisons. While in the investigations of English and European statisticians it has not been customary to take a single year for a basis, but rather the average for a period of years, never exceeding five in number, there were important reasons why, in the analysis here presented, a single year should be taken as a basis of comparison. It was not always practicable to secure for the articles in question the average prices that would have covered the period immediately prior to 1860, while in the following year some prices already manifested the disturbances due the unsettled state of national affairs. The choice of an abnormal year would have been a mistake, but the year 1860 presents all the aspects of a normal year. Its price varies little fi-om that of 1x59 or of 1858 on the one hand, and of 1861 on the other. It is, therefore, quite as proper a basis of comparison as would be an average of these four years. No scientific reason has been adduced why an average should be preferable to a single year, except that in an average the abnormal features of mdividual years tend to disappear. If, however, a single year can be foiind which presents no features which are to be considered abnormal it IS quite as accurate to take this year as a basis as to take a group of years of which this forms a part. These considerations have led us to REPORT ON WHOLjj;SALE PlilCES AND WAGES. 29 the beHef that the year 1860 is perfectly adapted to serve as base of the analysis. The prices presented in Table XI are as a rule actual prices obtained at certain dates, while in a few cases they are average prices for the year. The greatest caic was exercised to secure absolutely accurate statements and the books of merchants and manufacturers were ran- sacked in order to obtain ii.iiiues worthy of every confidence. It is felt to be a special merit of this investigation that the jiriccs vihich are pre- sented are, as a rule, actual and not average prices; that they represent the amounts actually paid for the articles in question. With all the caution which has been taken in the collection of figures, therefore, it is evident that the prices are re]lresentati^■e of the prices for the years in question, and in making the analysis it has been felt that no advan tage could be gained by any system of averaging the prices for the four dates for which they were collected. Our analysis, therefore, proceeds on the basis of the January ])rices in each year where the prices are quoted by quarters. An exception to this rule is made, of cour8e,for those articles for which the January price is not the distinctive price for the year, as for fresh vegetal)les and the like. Thus, in the cost of ])otatoes, October is taken as the typical month, but the exceptions to the rule that January is the basis of the comparison are very few. In a very small number of series where 1860 was missing, but the pre- ceding year given, that year was taken as a base. These instances do not disturb the results. Onr analysis must deal principally with those prices which cover the period from 1860 to 1891, and which are, therefore, susceptible of the comparisons which have been suggested. At the same time an effort will be made to utilize, for purposes of comparison, such series of quo- tations which cover a less period. We are concerned, in the first instance, with the 1323 quotations which cover the entire period from 1860 to 1891, and portions of the period from 1840 to 1891. The results of reducing these prices to a system of relative prices as compared with 1860, are given in Table I. 30 REPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 1. — Wholesale prices of commodities for 52 years — Relative prices, roOD. Tear. 1840. 1*41. 1842. 1843- Vi\. ]S4J. 1K48- 1847- )S48. 1849. 1850. 1X51. 1M5-J. ]8-3:J. 1 ■.:,i. ]8.)5. 18-'>(i. ]8.^7. 1 06. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 18i4. 1865., 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869.. 1870., ]R71. ]«72. ]K7:i., 1874., 1H75.. 1876., 1877.. 1^78.. 1/579.. 1R81. 1882. ]8«:). 1884. 188.5. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1391., 140. 106, 89. 80. 100. 100. 136. 145. 100. 173. 153. 206. 233 226. 146. 13H. 1 .53. 193. 193. 133. 94. 159. 116. 84. 98. 97. 178, 152. 146. 92. 84. 92. 137. 122. 109. 118. Bread. p< la 100.0 100.0 131.3 108.3 106.3 87.5 87.5 83.3 87.6 81.3 87.5 81.3 75.0 87.5 87.5 100.0 150.0 175.0 187.5 175.0 162.5 162.5 162.5 162.5 150.3 150.0 150.0 151). 137. 5 137.5 125. 12.5. 125.0 112.5 112.5 125.0 125.0 125.0 125. 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 93.8 93.8 125.0 112.5 100.0 75.0 7.5.0 87.5 87.5 75.0 87.5 75.0 75.0 87.5 87.5 100.0 150.0 175.0 187.5 175. 162.5 162.5 162.5 162.5 156.3 150.0 162.5 137.5 125.0 125.0 112.5 112.5 112.5 100.0 100.0 112.5 112.5 112. 5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 10(1. 107.1 107.1 107.1 185.7 185.7 171.4 185.7 171.4 142.9 142.9 128.6 128.6 128.6 128.6 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 70.6 70.6 70.6 70.6 70.6 94.1 94.1 88.2 82.4 70.6 76.5 88.2 82.4 82.4 94.1 100.0 129.4 147.1 164.7 152.9 117.6 105.9 105.9 105.9 105.9 105.9 94.1 88.2 82.4 82.4 82.4 76.5 82.4 64.7 ! 88.2 70.6 70.6 <<2.4 I 82.4 , 70.6 58.8 58.8 I 58.8 58.8 58.8 58.8 58.8 70.6 74.1 71.8 70.6 70.6 70.6 70.6 70.6 70.6 70.6 94.1 94.1 94.1 70.6 70.6 58.8 88.2 82.4 82.4 94.1 100.0 117. 6, 135.3 164.7 152.9 117.6 105.9 105.9 105.9 105.9 105.9 94.1 88.2 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4 70.6 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4 1 I 62.5 61.7 66.7 65.8 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 83.3 83.3 83.3 66.7 66.7 58.3 75.0 83.3 83.3 91.7 100.0 116.7 116.7 141.7 133.3 116.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 83.3 75.0 7.5.0 75.0 87.5 87.5 87.5 75.0 87.5 87.5 87.5 92.9 92.9 121.4 95.2 95.2 66.7 78.6 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 100.0 142.9 171.4 185.7 171.4 171.1 171.4 171.4 171.4 I 171.4 I 157. 1 I 142.9 I 142.9 128.6 128.6 114.3 114.3 114. 3 100.0 100.0 114.-3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 93.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 86.7 80.0 93.3 93.3 100.0 133.3 146.7 160.0 146.7 120.0 113.3 106.7 10B.7 100.0 U3.3 113.3 113.3 120.0 120.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 86.7 86.7 80.0 80.0 80.0 125.0 100. 5 112.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 112.5 100.0 100.0 112.5 100.0 93.8 87.5 100.0 137.5 162.5 162.5 125.0 106.3 93.8 100.0 112.5 100. 125.0 193.8 187. 5 162. 5 175.0 187.5 150.0 125.0 131.3 150.0 150.0 1.50. 125. 131.3 125.0 125. 125. 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 112.5 112.3 125.0 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 31 Table 1. — Wholesale prices of commodities for 5S years — lielative prices — Continued. FOOD— Continued. 1 1 O 1 1 » 1 O i Fish. Tear. o O 1 II r |l 1 1 1840 85.7 76.2 83.3 71.4 71.4 71.4 92.9 85.7 81.0 85.7 81.0 83.3 90.5 128.6 81.0 116.7 121.4 111.9 90.5 111.9 100.0 81.0 "90.5 116.7 145.2 260.0 202.4 183.3 202.4 221.4 178.6 178.6 152.4 145.2 146.2 173.8 147.6 150.0 160.0 123.8 167.1 147.6 176.2 181.0 154.8 131.0 160.0 131.0 133.3 138.1 U6.7 128.6 90.0 90.0 70.0 65.0 60.0 53.8 75.0 70.0 65.0 70.0 60.0 62.5 65.0 85.0 105.0 95.0 85.0 97.5 65.0 97.5 100.0 100.0 70.0 110.0 140.0 225.0 180.0 145.0 145.0 190.0 175.0 140.0 132.5 132.5 132.5 150.0 127.5 142.5 127.5 85.0 125.0 127.5 127.5 135.0 127.5 125.0 97.5 127.5 117.5 115.0 103.8 95.0 78.3 89.1 76.1 56.5 56.5 56.5 65.2 65.3 60.9 50.0 65.2 87.0 69.6 71.7 87.0 73.9 ,87.0 87.0 82.6 93.5 100.0 100.0 166.6 243.5 293.5 378.3 a 160. 9 o 139.1 a 113. a 76.1 a 80. 4 a 91. 3 a 145. 7 a 147. 8 217.4 a 160. 9 a 162. 2 173. 9 164.3 128.3 134.8 115.2 91.3 69.6 106.5 84.8 71.7 128.3 163.0 147.8 165.2 165.2 79.7 75.0 56.3 63.3 69.4 81.3 57.0 79.7 56.3 75.0 63.3 62.5 66.3 71.9 93.8 118.8 81.3 93.8 96.9 90.6 100.0 53.1 51.6 87.5 187.5 137.5 142.2 106.3 106.3 143.8 132.5 70.3 90.6 125.0 82.8 101.6 93.8 103.1 112.5 100.0 87.5 87.5 112.5 125.0 87.5 85.9 137.5 109.4 137.6 175.0 131.3 150.0 123.5 117.6 70.6 05.5 88.2 123.5 73.5 97.1 70.6 82.4 05.5 76.5 82.4 111.8 144.1 129.4 94.1 147.1 147.1 148.1 100.0 52.9 70.0 108.8 235.3 176.5 165.9 144.1 152.9 135.3 114. 7 85.3 111.8 144.1 105.9 120.6 79.4 147.1 94.1 58.8 82.4 70.6 129.4 164.7 223.5 67.6 147.1 164.7 217.6 294.1 205.9 164.7 110.0 120.0 80.0 120.0 110.0 137.4 77.4 85.0 67.4 70.0 100.0 102.4 115.0 150.0 100.0 125.0 120.0 170.0 170.0 171.8 100.0 55.0 90.0 130.0 195.6 ' 'iso.'o' "l25.'o' "iio.'o' 1501 « 110.0 160.0 100.0 60.0 80.0 80.0 160.0 210.0 70.0 75.0 "mo" 280.0 340.0 260.0 230.0 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 93.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 90.0 80.0 86.7 9B.3 100.0 133.3 146. 7 160.0 146.7 120.0 113.3 106.7 106.7 100.0 113.3 120.0 126.7 133.3 133.3 120.0 120.0 120.0 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1862 1863 1854 1865 1866 1857 61.5 82.7 119.2 100.0 69.2 90.4 76.9 111.5 169.2 150.0 144.2 173.1 159.6 180.3 128.8 144.2 155.8 165.8 128.8 126.9 113.6 92.3 98.1 84.6 128.8 109.6 121.2 117.3 105.8 100.0 125.0 96.2 88.5 92.3 109.6 ' 'ioo.'o' 125.0 125.0 150.0 200.0 387.5 312. 5 250.0 250.0 200.0 200.0 175.0 200.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 175.0 175.0 160.0 150.0 150.0 175.0 250.0 250.0 200.0 250.0 200.0 260.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 312.5 1858 1859 1860 ■ 100.0 103.0 109.1 M61 1862 1863 . . 1864 1865 197.0 203.0 187.9 151.5 112.1 124.2 133.3 136.4 130.3 121.2 123.0 135 8 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1873 1875 1877 1879 100.0 106.7 93.3 100.0 100.0 106.7 100.0 106.7 106.7 106.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 103 112.1 1881 106 1 1883 1884 90 9 1885 75.8 1886 1887 72 7 1889 89.7 68 5 1891 72 1 a In gold. 32 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 1.— Wholesale prices of commodities for 52 years — Belative prices — Continued. FOOD— Continned. Year. Frait. o 5:3 Meat. 1840 1841 18-12 1841) 3844 18to 1848 1H47 1848 1849 ]850 1851 ]8.T! 1K)4 1855 1856 18:18 3859 1860 381)3 3KIJ2 1883 3864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 3873 1874 1875 1876 3877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 3885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1801 100.0 78.1 93.8 81.3 81.3 81.4 100.3 i !'6.9 103.1 I 70.7 71.9 89.0 87.5 112.5 93.8 ica.8 375.0 121.3 93.8 91.8 100.0 92.5 300.0 IIH. .M 137.5 212.5 131.3 170.0 187.5 173.8 132.5 137.5 132. 5 355.0 137.5 126.0 331.3 127.5 97.5 76.3 137.5 133.8 121.3 9.3.8 88.8 85.0 88.8 72.5 93.8 85.0 81.3 107.5 87.1 141.9 103.2 129.0 100.0 77.4 96.8 83.9 122.6 200.0 183.9 129.0 138.7 143.9 90.3 141.9 109.7 109.7 109.7 154.8 74.2 83.9 51.6 87.1 64.5 87.1 51.6 183.3 216.7 141.7 116.7 133. 3 166.7 183.3 208.3 158.3 91.7 104.2 120.8 83.3 150. 300.0 333.3 200.0 333.3 150.0 116.7 100.0 75.0 150.0 176.0 239.6 341.7 262.5 208.3 220.8 179. 2 183.3 166.7 133.3 108.3 102.1 100.0 122.9 102.1 95.8 62.5 108.3 91.7 93.8 93.8 83.3 62.5 104.2 85.4 97.9 62.5 79.2 79.2 59.8 90.4 45.7 65.2 87.0 117.4 87.0 (13. 56.5 60.9 119.6 84.8 70.7 121.7 113. 115.2 130.4 163.0 82.6 89.1 100.0 89.1 139.1 152. 2 173. 9 1 254. 3 j 182.6 154.3 I 165. 2 i 147.8 143.5 ' 87.0 ; 113.0 ■■ 87.0 i 104.3 i 123.9 119. 6 I 73.9 81.5 I 69.6 95.7 j 82.6 87.0 : 87.0 78.3 104.3 I 126.1 84.8 97.8 I 97.8 ' 95.7 I 91.3 i I 66.7 76.2 52.4 61.9 54.8 57.1 76.2 61.9 61.9 71.4 61.9 73.8 85.7 114.3 95.2 95.2 114.3 117.9 83.3 104.8 100.0 95.2 76.2 88.1 114.3 195.2 136.7 111.9 114.3 171.4 150.0 138.1 85.7 72.6 78.6 127.4 115.5 104.8 76.2 54.8 75.2 90.5 90.5 92.9 77.4 69.5 60.3 62.9 74.8 73.3 53.8 54.3 85.6 61.4 44.0 52.1 50.9 50.9 57.9 78.7 56.7 61.1 55.6 75.3 85.6 76.4 58.6 92.6 93.7 115.7 92.6 100.3 100.0 84.3 69.4 88.0 125.0 187.5 196.8 122.7 141.2 170.1 140.1 108.8 83.3 76.4 90.7 133.8 122.9 97.5 74.7 63.6 69.5 97.1 120.9 107.4 83.0 69.8 60.6 67.1 76.2 74.4 59.0 60.6 93.4 69.3 72.3 61.7 60.2 60.2 96.4 93.4 78.3 72.3 76.7 78.3 84.3 96.4 93.4 114.5 105.4 90.4 84.3 96.4 100.0 84.3 78.3 108.4 144.6 212.0 116.9 126.5 154.2 125.3 122.9 102.4 103.4 91.6 108.4 114.5 92.8 86.7 78.3 67.5 79.5 80.7 81.9 94.0 81.9 78.3 74.7 68.7 75.9 75.9 63.9 78.3 93.0 75.6 49.4 52.3 68.1 58.1 64.0 60.9 43.6 55.2 52,3 56.7 100 2 82.9 72.7 93.0 86.0 112.3 82.0 94.0 100.0 64.0 56.2 60.6 119.2 179.0 184.5 133.7 154.1 171.6 165.7 109.0 77.4 97.7 100.0 134.9 131.9 96.3 7l'. 2 68.4 80.0 97.4 122.3 127.1 97.0 80.9 66.5 82.7 93.7 82.1 62.3 76.0 101). 88.9 83.3 9f.4 105.6 194.4 144.4 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 160.0 150.0 144.4 144.4 133.3 122.2 122.2 111.1 111.1 U6.7 116.7 105.6 122.2 111.1 105.6 100.0 100.0 1U.1 105.6 105.6 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 33 Table 1. — Wholesale prices of oommodities for 52 years — Relative prices — Continued. rOOD— Continned. Moat. A rf c a Molasses. Tear. I 1 'u (-1 3 o g 1 A 1 a t a f "A 1 o 8 1840 108.7 84.8 71.7 58.7 56.5 45.2 75.0 78.3 78.3 97.8 89.1 87.0 82.6 108. 7 121.7 134.8 104. 3 129.1 1U4.3 87.0 100.0 91.3 104.3 108.7 106.5 165.2 208.7 178.3 173.9 182. 6 156.5 165.2 100.0 11.5. 2 100.0 100.0 95.7 128.1 104.3 82.6 91.3 73.9 104.3 108.7 95.7 95.7 82.6 60.9 65.2 60.9 56.5 60.9 '"ioo.'o' 93.3 86.7 93.3 106.7 186.7 166.7 160.0 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 153.3 146.7 140.0 140.0 133.3 120.0 120.0 106.7 106.7 113.3 ■ 113. 3 106.7 126.7 113.3 106.7 100.0 100.0 113.3 106.7 106.7 144.1 132.1 90.0 90.0 96.0 102.0 108.0 07.0 62.4 75.6 77.4 98.4 111.5 115.6 105.0 114.0 104.0 96.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 106.8 195.1 266.9 288.1 298.3 289.3 218.0 222.1 246.1 210.1 162.1 175.0 159.7 164.0 172.9 148.1 124.2 112.2 119.0 130.3 161.1 163.4 161.9 128.5 121.7 137.8 134.8 138.8 130.0 122.2 86.4 77.3 57.6 56.8 60.6 63.6 81.8 62.0 72.7 89.4 72.0 77.3 93.2 116.7 . 83.3 77.3 103.0 123.5 89.4 106.1 100.0 101.5 75.0 86.4 118.2 212.1 186.4 130.3 137.9 163.6 172.7 117.4 87.9 83.3 99.4 121.2 126.6 107.3 75.8 46.1 77.3 84.8 107.6 112.1 87.9 77.3 60.6 75.8 93.9 84.8 63.1 r*.o "ioo.'o' 100.0 80.0 "mo' 170.0 160.0 166.0 140.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 125.0 125.0 120.0 120.0 100.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 54.7 52.8 47.2 37.7 54.7 58.5 56.6 66.0 54.7 54.7 50.0 49.1 58.5 68.5 52.8 50.9 92.5 150.9 66.0 09.8 100.0 69.8 103.8 105.7 132.1 283.0 235.8 166.0 169.8 150.9 147.2 139.6 101.9 120.8 135.8 118.9 103.8 101.9 75.5 67.9 78.9 ]841 76 3 1842 63.2 1843 55 3 1844 65 8 1845 84.2 1846 68 4 1847 76.3 1848 65.8 1849 65 8 1850 78.9 1851 78.9 1852 73.7 1853 76. S 1854 71.1 1855 73.7 1856 115.8 1857 164.5 1858 78.9 1859 86.8 I860 .. 100.0 72.0 88.0 "mo' 112.0 152.0 128.0 208.0 136.0 144.0 136.0 152.0 144.0 136.0 128.0 120.0 96.0 96.0 100.0 104.0 120.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 120.0 108.0 120.0 112.0 104.0 112.0 102.0 100.0 110.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 190.0 160.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 180.0 170.0 180.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 150.0 140.0 125.0 120.0 120.0 130.0 130.0 140.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 125.0 140.0 130.0 100.0 1861 92.1 1862 105.3 1863 126.3 181)4 171.1 1865 289.5 1866 167.9 171.1 1808 171.1 157.9 1870 184.2 157.9 1872 100.0 144.7 1874 144.7 144.7 1876 131.6 144.7 1678 94.7 105.3 81.1 94.3 113.2 94.3 90.6 83.0 75.5 81.1 76.5 79.2 67.9 131.6 1882 131.6 105.3 1884 94.7 92.1 1886 94.7 78.9 1888 105.3 94.7 1890 110.5 94.7 S. Kep. 1394- 34 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PEICES AND "WAGES. Table 1. — Wholesale prices of commodities foi- 5S years — Melative prices — Continued. FOOD— Contimied. Tear. 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1819 ISoO 1851 1852 1853 1854 1865 185(i 1857 1858 1850 1860 18(11 18G2 1863 1864 1865 1806 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880..., . 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 64.7 74.8 64.9 58.8 64.7 64.7 123.5 97.1 76.5 79.4 82.4 82.4 82.4 100. 1115. 9 105.9 129.4 102.9 88.2 88.2 100. 91.2 182. 4 Salt. .a 282. 4 2S2. 4 208.8 •Ar2. 4 205.9 170.6 170.6 205.9 194.1 200.0 188.2 167.6 162.9 152.9 150.0 176.5 164.7 164.7 141.2 141.2 144.1 126.5 108.8 108.8 120.6 126.5 126.6 74.4 71.8 110.3 79.5 71.8 70.8 71.8 66.7 74.4 64.1 74.4 82.1 71.8 102. 6 66.7 81.0 76.9 78.5 66.7 70.8 100. 82.1 87.2 110.3 143.6 243.6 207.7 141.0 133.3 128.2 128.2 166.7 143.6 1.53. 8 153.8 141.0 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 74.8 72.7 110.4 79.2 71.4 71.4 72.7 66.2 74.0 64.9 75.3 83.1 72.7 103.9 93.5 83.1 77.9 79.2 66.2 71.7 100.0 83.1 88.3 111.7 145.5 246.8 202.6 a 142.9 a 135. 1 a 129. 9 a 129. 9 161.0 145.5 148.1 136.1 142.9 124.7 129.9 129.9 129.9 129.9 129.9 129.9 129.9 129.9 129.9 129.9 129.9 129.9 129.9 116.9 116. » o o 99.6 99.6 99.6 74.9 74.9 74.9 97.4 112.4 79.4 74.9 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 100.0 100.0 117.0 138.6 138.6 183.5 157.3 176.0 176.0 176.0 176.0 164.8 149.8 112.4 76.4 67.4 61.4 59.9 •54.7 56.2 60.7 62.2 60.7 62.9 64.4 69.9 56.2 53.9 63.9- 53.9 53.2 55.4 55.4 64.0 64.0 64.0 68.0 68.0 60.0 76.0 93.6 74.4 61.6 95.2 100.0 80.0 94.4 107.2 104.0 112.8 100.0 101.6 72.0 100.0 100.0 112.0 159.2 216.0 180.8 188.0 188.0 188.0 188.0 172.0 160.0 112.0 112. 128.0 112.0 72.0 68.0 60.0 100.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 50.0 52.0 52.0 52.0 52.0 52.0 62.0 160.0 150.0 130.0 142.5 155.0 120.0 140.0 125.0 130.0 105.0 115.0 116.0 100.0 135.0 225.0 260.0 125.0 110.0 87.5 85.0 100.0 85.0 100.0 150.0 240.0 330.0 210.0 280.0 240.0 210.0 205.0 210.0 225.0 150.0 125.0 125. 105.0 135.0 112.5 120.0 125.0 110.0 150.0 150.0 115.0 110.0 100.0 150.0 160.0 140.0 115.0 125.0 Spicea. a "5 202.4 190.5 208.3 190.5 185.7 250.0 333.3 321.4 297.6 196.4 257.1 250.0 208.3 214.3 273.8 226.2 214.3 196.4 125.0 119.0 100.0 90.5 142.9 190.5 214.3 428.6 a 208. 3 a 209. 5 a 208. 3 a 219. a 226. 2 a 190.5 a 232.1 a 219. :a 238.1 'a 250. a 238. 1 a 202. 4 a 190. 5 a 192. 9 214.3 200.0 190.5 181.0 135.7 107.1 103.6 li6.5 135.7 131.0 148.8 142.9 ^1 89.6 95.5 83.6 iOl.5 116.4 125.4 125.4 83.6 74.6 64.2 89.6 92.5 U0.4 125.4 125.4 131.3 122.4 143.3 119.4 107.5 100.0 95.5 185.1 274.6 346.3 537.3 a 274. 6 a 256. 7 a 280. 6 280.6 a 304. 5 a 191. a 209. o 203.0 a 262. 7 a 244. 8 a 170.1 a 167. 2 a 149. 3 o 140. 3 170.1 167.2 209.0 211.9 161.2 173.1 182.1 191.0 185.1 177.6 152.2 107.5 a In gold. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 35 Table 1. — JVholesale prices of commodities for 52 years — Relative prices — Continued. FOOD— Concluded. Sugar. ^ . 05-5 S I Vegetables. Tear. 1 5, §' i 13 _! ■11 ■fa |1 Is Is 1840 84.5 103.4 81.0 81.0 94.8 79.3 86.2 96.6 62.1 55.2 65.5 65.5 58.6 62.1 60.3 58.6 101.7 124.1 82.8 94.8 100.0 74.1 106.9 131.0 165.5 244.8 158.6 134.5 158.6 155.2 144.8 127.0 125.9 125.9 101.7 110.3 110.3 131.0 101.7 87.9 105.2 106.9 103.4 96.7 84.5 65.5 76.7 63.8 70.7 67.2 67.2 62.9 '87.5 96.3 84.4 71.9 85.9 91.4 95.3 89.1 68.8 60.9 75.0 78.1 64.1 73.4 73.4 69.5 93.8 125.0 89.1 95.3 100.0 72.7 97.7 121.1 160.9 239.1 153.9 120.0 112.5 105.0 , 102.5 117.5 112.5 125.0 100.0 87.5 85.0 83.8 87.5 75.0 83.8 83.8 80.0 102.5 126.3 103.8 98.8 100.0 83.8 110.0 132.5 168.8 285.0 186.0 150.0 167.5 152.5 148.8 141.3 123.8 122.5 105.0 106.3 103.8 117.5 86.3 88.8 97.5 92.5 93.8 87.5 78.8 58.8 68.1 66.9 71.3 72.5 65.0 59.4 87.8 90.2 78.0 74.4 65.9 68.3 73.2 78.0 78.0 78.0 73.2 73.2 70.7 97.6 104.9 122.0 126.8 109.8 90.2 104.9 100.0 82.9 92.7 101.2 125.6 175.6 122.0 111.0 106.1 117.1 ..98.8 87.8 89.0 85.4 75.6 87.2 95.1 84.1 74.4 64.6 65.9 69.1 80.5 78.0 75. S 59.1 47.6 40.2 42.7 61.0 43.3 45.1 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 "ioo.o' 114.3 128.6 142.9 171.4 157.1 157.1 257.1 185.7 114.3 157.1 171.4 171.4 114.3 128.6 135.7 185.7 100.0 128.6 100.0 114.3 257.1 135.7 92.9 92.9 114.3 100.0 142.9 100.0 121.4 157.1 100. e 181.3 150.0 137 5 1852 1853 ]854 1855 137. 5 1850 1857 168.8 131 3 1858 1859 I860 100.0 94.1 94,1 111.8 152.9 152.9 141.2 152.9 152.9 141.2 141. 2 129.4 129.4 129.4 129.4 129.4 123, 5 120.1 102.9 102.9 102. 9 102.9 101.4 108.7 94.1 94.1 78.2 78.2 78.4 65.4 67.7 73.6 100.0 100.0 96.4 100.0 97.6 107.3 100,0 1861 1862 106 3 1863 125 1864 - . - , 1865 193 8 1866 192.9 172.0 1867 187 5 1868 1 200 257.1 204.9 156.3 1870 193 8 1871 •-.. 142.9 1 137.5 1872 125.0 126.0 1874 "me' 117.9 135.7 107.1 98.2 110.7 100.0 100. 96.4 98.6 67.9 73.2 67.9 82.1 82.1 80.4 75.0 107.3 107.3 114.6 96.3 89.0 95.1 93.9 98.8 87.8 79.3 65.9 67.1 63.4 78.0 80.5 74.4 62.2 143.8 106.3 1876 152.5 1877 125.0 1878 175 118.8 1880 137.5 193 8 1882 156.3 1883 135.0 1884 112. 5 112.5 1886 118.8 1887 168.8 1888 131.3 1889 163.8 1890 141.3 100.0 36 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 1. — Wholesale prices of commodities for 53 years — Relative prices — Continued. CLOTHS AND CLOTHUfG. Tear. 1840. Blankets, 11-4, 5 pounds to the pair. " p •3 T 1846 1847 1S48 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1850 18.57 1858 1859 1S60 100.0 1861 ! 91.7 1862 1 108.3 1863 : 120.0 1864 120.0 1805 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1X71 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 is o BroadclothB. ^ P 100.0 92.9 107.1 111.4 114.3 121.4 107.1 100.0 92.9 94.3 94.3 97.1 111.4 121.4 114,3 114.3 102. 9 i 91.4 85.7 85.7 95.7 91.4 87.1 82.9 77.1 78.6 82.9 82.9 82.9 85.7 82.9 82.8 159.9 190.4 158.9 190.4 203.0 177.7 155.3 144.2 111.2 111.2 111.2 127.9 122.3 133.5 111.2 111.2 122.3 111.2 111.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.2 130.5 223.4 174.1 162.9 141.6 140.1 123.4 123.4 122.3 122.3 128.4 128.4 128.4 128.4 110.7 99.0 111.2 108.6 108.6 106.6 102.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 MB 2 o CO 161.3 210.0 156.7 166.7 200.0 160.0 146.0 138.7 116.7 109.3 124.0 128.7 124.0 124.0 102.0 102.0 116.7 100.0 109.3 102.0 100.0 102.0 131.3 156.7 253.3 200.0 200.0 146.0 153.3 142.7 142.7 142.7 142.7 142.7 142.7 142.7 142.7 138.0 122.0 131.3 128.7 128.7 128.7 122.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 126.3 121.1 115.8 105.3 115.8 U5.8 115.8 110.5 105.3 94.7 100.0 105.3 100.0 110.5 110.5 105.3 100.0 105.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.7 131.6 421.1 289.5 221.1 168.4 142.1 147.4 136.8 121.1 126.3 120.3 100.0 100.0 63.2 78.9 68.4 68.4 84.2 73.7 68.4 68.4 63.2 57.9 63.2 50.0 68.4 68.4 68.4 63.2 Carpets. 92.3 96.2 96.2 96.2 107.7 96.9 100.0 105.8 92.3 98.1 100.0 92.3 100.0 134.6 165.4 269.2 211.5 211.5 184.6 192.3 192.3 153.8 165.4 161.5 153.8 153.8 153.8 134.6 I 119.2 ' 109. 6 ! 105.8 111.5 103.8 103.8 98.1 92.3 86.5 86.5 84.6 82.7 82.7 90.4 o 1^ 133.3 118.9 120.1 108.1 106.6 101.2 106.1 98.1 98.8 104.5 92.7 105.8 126.8 100.3 U6.4 113.0 102.2 95.6 100.0 10L4 106.6 149.5 179.4 260.6 241.6 239.6 178.9 172.9 165.1 152.7 171.1 159.0 145.1 131.4 130.7 116.0 106.8 88.6 117.8 106.1 110.8 110.1 93.3 81.8 90.3 86.0 78.5 75.1 75.0 78.4 bo n 100.0 100.0 105.4 151.4 173.0 202.7 202.7 202.7 189.2 202.7 162.2 162.2 175.7 175.7 175.7 175.7 162.2 154.1 154.1 137.8 148.6 132.4 116.2 121.6 110,8 108: 1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 10?. 1 U3.5 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 37 Table 1. — Wliolesale prices of commodities for 5S yean — Relative prices — Continued. CLOTHS AND CLOTHING— Continued. Cassimeres, all wool. 1 'a 1 1 1 s 1 A i in s 1 M 1 i Tear. t IS 1. i 1 ■a t i to 4 P 1840 89.8 83.0 75.0 64.8 78.4 46.6 68.2 97.7 78.4 62.5 105.7 127.3 77.3 92.0 100.0 77.3 84.1 119.3 81.8 110.2 100.0 109.1 327.3 613.6 736.4 1, 090. 9 468.2 322.7 152.3 236.4 230.7 138.6 185.2 186.4 147.7 130.7 120.5 114.8 102. 3 86.4 115.9 108.0 108.0 92.6 94.9 100.6 83.6 86.4 96.0 86.4 93.2 84.7 62.9 62.9 55.1 53.8 53.7 56.4 50.8 51.4 40.6 44.1 53.3 56.8 61.4 72.7 86.9 95.0 110.3 129.0 101.4 108.4 100.0 82.3 101.5 118.0 137.2 116.9 113.2 115.2 119.2 120.4 111.9 115.1 122.6 122.8 119.0 104.1 89.9 96.7 85.1 86.2 98.9 97.4 100.5 96.6 97.9 93.9 86.2 78.6 70.1 66.3 58.1 55.2 1841 1 842 . . 1843 1844 82.8 89.7 89.7 96.6 86.2 82.8 89.7 89.7 82.8 79.3 72.4 86.2 89.7 110.3 110.3 100.0 100.0 103.4 124.1 258.6 379.3 463.8 374.1 269.0 172.4 186.2 184.5 165.5 155.2 150.0 141.4 125.9 122.4 101.7 103.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.2 98.3 87.9 84.5 81.0 87.9 86.2 84.9 81.0 81.0 '"88.'9' 82.7 72.2 86.1 97.2 75.0 86.1 86.1 86.1 88.9 97.2 100.0 97.2 100.0 97.2 146.0 308.8 449.2 673.8 365.0 252.7 168.4 185.3 185.3 151.6 162.8 168.4 135.9 127.1 112.3 97.6 94.6 82.7 103.4 94.6 94.6 97.5 82.7 76.8 73.9 73.9 79.8 79.8 79.8 76.8 1845 1846 1847 1848 ..... ... 1849 1850 1851 ]862 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 109.1 143.9 161.9 197.9 179.9 161.9 101.9 125.9 125.9 143.9 161.9 143.9 143.9 125.9 108.0 108.0 99.0 1853 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.3 145.8 145.8 166.7 166.7 128.6 128.6 128.6 128.6 138.5 138.5 138.5 118.8 118.8 89.1 89.1 89.1 "in.' 5' 97.9 88.1 87.2 87.2 87.2 87.2 82.3 1854 1855 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 107.1 127.2 141.4 183.8 162. 6 141.4 141.4 127.2 127.2 127.2 141.4 113.1 127.2 120.2 113.1 91.9 77.8 i67.'4 105.4 100.0 '"162.' 2" 193.2 259.2 ' iso.'e "i49.'2" "150.' 5' 136.6 124.1 109.0 "'98.' 6' 110.0 105.8 110.5 116.7 94.7 99.6 100. C 106.8 93.9 83.0 98.9 99.6 1856 . . 1857 1858 1859 J860 100.0 1861 91.9 1862 104.1 1863 108.1 1864 109.5 18G5 121. S 1866 110.8 1867 101.4 1868 94.6 1809 100.0 1870 05.9 1871 100.0 112.2 1873 121.6 102.7 1875 112. J 100.0 1877 91.9 86.5 lhT9 81.1 188 ) 106.8 1S81 100.0 97.3 1883 89.6 89.0 89.0 89.0 89.0 89.0 89.0 89.0 89.0 "90.9' 83.9 90.9 90.0 83.0 76.1 73.4 69.2 93.2 81.1 1885 74.8 1886 .. . 87.8 1887 83.8 79.7 1889 83.8 84.6 1891 ei.1 38 EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 1. — Wholesale prices of commodities for 52 years — Relative prices — Continued. CLOTHS ASK CLOTHING— Concluded. Year. Print cloths. .a 4 .Mo "g-SS P C 03 % c3 g ->1 .a la .sa «=.a 4 m a 1840.. 1841.. 1842. 1843.. 1844.. 1845- 1846.. 1847.. 1818. . 1849.. 1850.. 1851.. 1852.. 1853.. 1854.. 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. 1858.. 1859.. I860.. 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1866.. 1867.. 1808.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871- . 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875- . 1876- . 1877 -. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 188a.. ]884.. 1SS5.. 1880.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. 62.9 68.6 63.7 68.6 62.9 62.9 62.9 68.6 68.6 71.4 71.4 74.3 80.0 85.7 94.3 114.3 88.6 100.0 100.0 94.3 94.3 108.6 142.9 171.4 148.6 145.7 137.1 134.3 131.4 125.7 117.1 125.7 120.0 105.7 102.9 100.0 100.0 91.4 117.1 114.3 108.6 102.9 102.9 97.1 97.1 97.1 94.3 94.3 85.7 85.7 107.0 86.0 76.7 95.3 81.4 88.4 111.6 100.0 95.3 95.3 107.0 97.7 102.3 100.0 76.7 155.8 260.2 593.0 360.5 267. 4 165.1 176.7 160.5 114.0 137.2 148.8 111.6 192.3 95.3 69.8 81.4 64.0 76.7 74.4 73.3 72.1 67.4 61.6 55.8 65.1 60.5 74.4 73.3 62.8 64.7 106.7 80.0 73.3 88.9 77.8 84.4 111.1 102.2 97.8 95.6 104.4 97.8 102.2 MO.O 80.0 153.3 257.8 524.4 337.8 257.8 160.0 157.8 155.6 115.6 133.3 142.2 117.8 100.0 91.1 65.6 75.6 62.2 74.4 71.1 70.0 68.4 64.4 57.8 53.3 57.8 57.8 71.1 70.0 60.0 51.7 114.4 115.1 114.0 U4.0 114.0 117.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.4 102.2 149.7 185.8 159.4 156.9 148.7 107.3 107.3 103.7 103.7 103.7 101.7 97.0 97.0 99.1 99.1 97.0 103.7 108. 7 106.0 106.0 103.2 97.8 97.8 97.8 97.8 97.8 97.8 96.0 95.0 91.1 88.1 74.9 88.1 96.9 77.8 89.6 94.0 91.1 88.1 100.0 100.0 96.9 100.0 102.9 164.5 356.3 504.6 712.5 391.5 261.3 178.1 190.0 190.0 154.4 160.4 166.3 142.5 124.8 112.9 106.9 98.0 83.1 106.9 100.9 103.9 95.0 86.1 86.1 80.1 80.1 86.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 93.5 93.5 90.3 96.8 96.8 93.5 9.3.5 96.8 96.8 96.8 96.8 96.8 96.8 100.0 96.8 109.7 209.7 266.6 411.3 320.5 260.8 182.6 179.3 146.7 130.4 135.6 135.6 123.9 97.8 91.3 84.8 75.0 68.5 84.8 81.5 84.8 78.2 68.5 64.2 66.8 68.5 70.1 71.7 87.4 79.5 79.7 70.9 69.7 81.9 73.2 79.5 76.9 70.7 70.9 88.0 102.6 104.9 123.4 135.1 111.8 115.1 100.0 90.1 108.6 140.3 181.7 169.9 162.2 141.7 129.1 140.7 137.7 133.1 131.6 135.4 135.6 130.3 117.7 117.8 98.5 105.7 120.3 116.4 117.1 116.0 119.7 111.4 108.1 100.1 95.2 89.6 89.7 87.0 102.9 100.0 94.1 82.4 91.2 91.2 94.1 94.1 94.1 88.2 88.2 91.2 85.3 94.1 94.1 88.2 94.1 102.9 105.9 97.1 100.0 95.6 122.1 266.2 451.5 463.2 341.2 222.1 182.4 188.2 163.2 160.3 152.9 144.1 132.4 116.2 91.2 88.2 82.4 88.2 94.1 97.1 91.2 76.4 69.1 66.2 76.5 75.0 70.6 70.6 70.6 81.0 87.3 79.9 113.0 91.5 79.6 96.1 102.5 79.2 100.4 100.0 81.7 107.7 166.9 195.8 180.6 138.7 112.3 99.6 104.6 97.9 115.5 155.3 120.4 117.6 112.3 95.4 94.0 88.7 81.3 118.0 102.5 101.4 95.4 83.1 74.6 80.3 85.9 77.1 85.9 83.5 81.7 REPORT ON WHOLEPALE PRICES AND WAGES. 39 Tabjlie 1. — Wholesale prices of oommodilies for 5S years — Melaiii'e prices — Continued. FUEL AND LIGHTING. • II .Coal anthracite. S o f 1 Year. s ^ W P< a 6 i p. CO « 1 q6 1840 395.8 1841 146.7 146.7 115.4 115.4 364 6 1842 1843 83.3 80.0 201.7 1844 98.7 80.0 101.4 83.3 275 1845 239, 1846 100.0 91.7 187.5 1847 92.6 103.7 100.0 111.1 12-J. 2 111.1 103.7 100.0 96.3 100.0 114.8 96.3 96.3 100.0 96.3 92.6 96.3 100.0 148.1 122 2 lil.l 111. 1 111.1 111.1 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 92.6 81.5 77.8 70.4 63.0 59.3 59.3, 66.7 63.0 59.3 55.6 51.9 44.4 44.4 48.1 44.4 48.1 i2i.7 115.1 . 120.6 110.0 121.6 114.9 102.6 02.9 125 1848 1849 100.0 1850 96.7 83.3 "'ios.'s' 131.7 143.3 123.3 93.3 "ioo.'o' 91.7 76.7 100 1851 'iii'i' 100.0 100.0 98.4 95.2 92.1 198.4 269.8 325.4 182.5 96.1 85.5 101.3 105.3 127.6 139.5 121.1 117.1 102.6 100.0 105.3 97.4 98.7 230.3 250.0 302. 6 104.5 94.7 84.0 98.7 101.3 121.3 133. 3 113.3 112.0 92.0 100.0 101.3 106.7 "mo' 98.6 89.2 104.1 108.1 129.7 140.5 120.3 114.9 101.4 100.0 116.2 108.1 102.7 216.2 243.2 304.1 162.2 ' ioi.'s "ioi.'o' 124.0 136.0 110.0 112.0 97.3 100.0 101.3 100.0 85.9 83.3 100.0 103.8 126.9 138.5 120.5 117.9 105.1 100.0 116.7 98.7 100.0 243.6 243.6 301.3 179.5 "126.6" 120.0 94.8 100.0 108.0 97.0 160.0 173.0 256.2 200.0 189.0 170.0 155.0 145.0 157.0 140.0 127.0 141.0 133.0 115.0 106.0 85.0 89.6 100.0 104.0 103.0 100.0 89.0 66.0 69.0 65.0 68.0 63.0 66.0 62.0 100.0 1852 100.0 1853 100.0 1854 100.0 1855 100 1856 100.0 1857 100.0 1858 100.0 1859 100.0 18B0 100.0 1801 100.0 1862 100.0 100.0 100.0 283.3 "ms' 2(i8.3 1806 3a5. 8 1867 385.4 1868 375.0 354.2 1870 * 333.3 136.5 158.7 138.1 160.3 169.8 157.1 122.2 96.8 103.2 112.7 125.4 125.4 150.8 141.3 128.6 114.3 117.5 139.7 142.9 128.6 120.6 121.1 138.2 121.1 142.1 155.3 148.7 85.5 73.7 82.9 80.3 100.6 102.6 115.8 102.6 96.1 92.1 97.4 107.9 109.2 103.9 103.9 113.3 120.0 110.7 134.7 148.0 134. 7 80.0 70.7 84.0 80.0 102.7 100.0 106.7 100.0 97.3 88.0 92.0 101.3 101.3 98.7 96.0 118.9 135.1 117.6 141.9 155. l 141.9 85.1 71.6 85.1 81.1 104.1 101.4 112.2 101.4 98.6 89.2 93.2 102.7 102.7 100.0 97.3 '""58.'3' 108.3 "im.o 100.0 95.0 70.0 "wh'.a 93.3 91.7 100.0 100.0 113.3 122.7 113.3 137.3 150.7 137.3 8L.3 70.7 84.0 80.0 102.7 100.0 106.7 100.0 97.3 88.0 92.0 101.3 101.3 98.7 98.0 130.8 153.8 129.5 146.2 164.1 156.4 105.1 79.5 94.9 92.3 110.3 103.8 120.5 110.3 109.0 106.4 103.8 112.8 135.4 107.7 109.0 302. 1 1872 270.8 250.0 239.6 1875 - . 239.6 1876 229.3 1877 1878 229. 2 218.8 1879 208.3 1880 208.3 1881 208. 3 1882 197.9 160.7 1884 125.0 77.1 1888 77.1 1887 77.1 77.1 188!) 77.1 1890 77.1 1891 77.1 40 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 1. — Wholesale prices of commodities for 5S years — Ilelatn-e prices — Continued. METAiS AND IMPLEMENTS. Tear. 1840.. 1841.. 18J^-. I84;j.. 1844.. 1845.. 1846.. 1847.. 1848.. 1849.. 1850.. 1S51.. 1852.. 1853.. 1854.. 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. 1858.. 1859. . 1860.- 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1866.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890. . 1891.. 200. 192. 169. 134. 124. 124. 118. 104. 104. 104. 104. 104. 110. 100. 104. 104. 112. 138. 188. 188. 176. 149. 149. 124. 124. 124. 136. 136. 123. 113. 103. 103. 103. lo:i. 110. 110. 110. 110. 110. 110. 110. 110. 118. 118. 118. 145.7 159.6 156.0 146.5 135.0 114.9 101.3 93.0 100.1 142.1 15.'). 5 126.0 125.5 120.9 106.0 102.1 100.0 103.5 119.9 155.0 249.3 181.1 167.0 148.2 145.8 139.0 134.4 133.7 166.2 147.1 115.7 103.6 88.6 77.6 75.3 88.3 102. 8 98.8 104.5 85.6 75.0 68.6 73.4 84.0 76.6 73.9 78.2 72.4 171.9 187.7 187.7 143.9 143.9 136.8 100.0 112.3 110.4 i::3.3 110.5 140.4 124.6 100.0 100.0 89.5 89.5 133.3 178.9 308.8 277.2 277.2 224.6 180.7 149.1 98.2 142.1 173.7 157.9 117. S 129.8 122.8 75.4 70.2 138.6 114.0 114.0 103.5 93.0 93.0 77.2 70.2 78.9 73.7 70.2 70.2 76.6 76.6 72.3 74.5 72.3 73.4 70.2 76.6 74.5 72.3 70.2 73.4 74.5 97.9 127.7 102.1 114.9 125.5 83.0 98.9 100.0 80.9 112.8 131.9 160.6 208.5 174.5 119.1 89.4 100.5 92.6 95.7 117.0 144.7 106.4 98.9 98.9 83.0 74.5 67.6 90.4 81.9 87.2 76.6 63.8 47.3 51.1 51.1 75.0 74.5 61.2 59.6 94.9 91.5 84.7 88.1 81.4 81.4 84.7 84.7 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4 94.9 113.6 113.6 113.6 113.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOO.O 93.2 128.8 162.7 220.3 186.4 135.6 118.6 111.9 111.9 108.5 122.0 152.5 118.6 101.7 105.1 108.5 94.9 84.7 101.7 94.9 101.7 101.7 71.2 54.2 47.5 61.0 84.7 84.7 74.6 74.6 261.6 149.6 66.4 66.4 73.6 56.8 80.0 83.2 75.2 60.0 60.0 100.0 100.0 89.6 92.0 248.0 232.0 152.0 108.0 108.0 108.0 80.0 72.0 100.0 81.6 82.8 68.0 60.6 00.8 73.0 67.8 59.4 68.4 49.4 48.0 48.0 47.2 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 ■p? 112.3 99.8 95.1 100. 8 160. 9 166.9 131.0 134. 1 133. 9 104.2 102.9 100.0 88.3 87.0 160.2 262.5 205.5 180.7 173.2 164.3 160.9 150.5 146.6 177.4 159.7 122.4 99.5 85.9 73.4 70.3 85.9 102.0 98.2 94.8 180.9 152.2 133.9 133. 9 144.8 159.3 152.0 145.5 130. 3 12.J. 1 llJl.4 92.7 94.1 135. 8 112.0 120.7 109.4 104.3 94.1 99.9 100.0 105.5 158.1 211.9 282.8 214.4 195.4 177.5 181.4 162.2 145.8 167.6 177.4 166.3 147.3 133.9 112.6 98.0 93.5 113.4 98.6 114.3 106.0 78.6 76.0 74.1 74.3 72.9 73.7 87.7 77.9 76.0 So- g 100.0 100.0 100.0 169.2 211.5 148.1 190.4 179.8 158.7 168.7 126.9 126.9 158.7 142.3 116.3 105. 8 95.2 74.0 9:. 2 95.2 95.2 84.6 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.6 63.5 57.7 63.5 57.7 a Since the beginning of 1883 this article haa been almost eniirely superseded by steel rails. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 41 Table 1. — Wholesale prices of commodities for 5H years— Relative privet — Continued. METALS A2ro IMPLEMENTS— Continued. Lead. Locks. I o 1 1 St i .11 Pocket knlvea. Tear! ^ 6 a i 1 1 CO 1840 82.3 86.6 64.9 95.2 62.8 64.9 75.8 75.8 73.6 73.6 73.6 83.1 76.5 97.4 110.9 108 2 121.2 116.9 81.6 79.4 62.9 59.8 63.1 67.5 68.5 74.1 71.4 77.7 80.8 83.0 82.3 110.2 114.5 111.1 120.4 109.7 101.0 101.0 100.0 96.8 122.3 150.2 230.6 177.6 173.8 166.2 166.5 154.4 132.8 127.0 129.1 139.5 138.3 132.0 124.3 95.7 63.3 72.6 91.0 83.0 86.2 74.1 63.3 66.8 79.6 75.5 76.2 67.0 73.6 75.5 175.7 167.7 161.8 136.8 143.8 161.8 143.8 143.8 135.8 127.8 118.5 104.8 100.0 156.0 152.1 131.0 125.2 118.8 112.8 123.3 100.0 87.9 110.9 163.9 250.8 226.2 222.7 189.1 •165.2 155.6 140.6 144.4 174.4 156.5 127.5 109.3 95.2 82.1 73.8 85.9 117.6 98.7 110.9 97.8 76.4 74.4 72.6 73.5 64.9 63.9 63.9 53.4. 1841 184^ 97.5 91.7 91.7 91.7 112.6 1813 1844 113.2 128.6 122.6 133.0 116.5 100.0 91.8 94.0 99.4 158.8 162.1 122.0 119.2 116.0 97.8 102.8 100.0 89.0 105.0 154.9 260.4 202.7 206.1 193.9 172.5 178.6 146.2 164.4 214.9 187.9 133.0 112.1 97.8 83.0 77.6 94.6 125.3 110.4 113.2 98.4 87.4 79.1 82.2 92.0 83.0 78.0 80.9 77.0 1845 1846 1847 91.7 100.0 91.7 83.3 83.3 79.2 " iie.'?' 116.7 129.2 116.7 95.8 104.2 100.0 104.2 141.7 166.7 226. 333.3 233.3 170.8 200.0 188.0 133.3 125. 150.0 157.5 167.6 131.3 135.0 135.0 112.5 82.5 116.3 97.5 112.5 112.5 90.0 76.7 80.0 93.3 100.0 80.0 80.0 96.7 1848 1849 224.7 224.7 120.3 113.0 105.1 114.5 87.0 90.6 90.6 90.6 90.6 100. 100.0 90.6 92.8 224.7 224.7 201.4 279.0 279.0 279.0 108.8 139.1 163.0 239.1 239.1 120.3 105.1 105.1 129.0 87.0 90.6 90.6 90.6 90.6 100.0 100.0 90.6 83.3 250.0 195.7 163.0 265.2 205.2 210.1 144.9 140.6 169.6 "'96.0' 90.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 166.9 166.9 142.9 128.6 128.6 128.6 128.6 141.1 141.1 1851 132.1 128.6 126.0 121.4 117.9 107.1 100.0 96.4 96.4 100.0 100.0 107.1 125.0 160.7 160.7 142.9 142.9 142.9 125.0 107.1 107.1 100.0 100.0 96.4 92.9 89.3 85.7 78.5 78.5 71.4 71.4 71.4 64.3 64.3 60.7 60.7 57.1 57.1 53.6 63.6 63.6 128.0 1852 128.0 1853 120.0 1854 120.0 1855 112.0 1856 . ... 112.0 1857 104.0 1858 96.0 1839 . . . . 101.3 100.0 95.2 121.2 138.5 180.2 259. 7 173.2 96.0 1800 100.0 1801 108.0 1862 120.0 1803 144.0 1804 168.0 1865 168.0 1806 144.0 1867 136.0 128.0 1869 120.0 123.5 120.5 108.9 121.2 112.6 110.9 114.3 105. 6 75.7 69.3 97.4 74.5 89.2 82.3 66.7 62.4 80.5 71.9 84.9 65.4 66.7 70.1 112.0 1871 112.0 1872 108.0 108.0 100.0 1875 .. .. 199.3 199.3 115.9 90.4 90.6 118.5 98.2 113.0 111.6 90.6 101.4 78.6 73.0 60.1 60.1 60.1 60.1 199.3 163.4 112.0 102.2 100.4 116.8 98.2 114.7 114.7 85.5 86.0 75.0 71.6 54.4 54.4 54.4 54.4 ' 'i28.'6" 109.4 110.0 107.0 80.6 66.9 66.0 61.0 53.7 51.6 56.7 49.1 42.3 42.3 42.3 100.0 1876 96.0 1877 96.0 92.0 1879 92.0 88.0 ]881 88.0 18^2 84.0 I8.s;i 80.0 80.0 1885 76.0 76.0 1887 76.0 1888 72.0 1889 72.0 72.0 1891 72.0 42 REPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 1. — yfhohsale prices of commodities for 52 years — BeJative prices — Continued. METAXS AND IMPLEMENTS— Continued. Tear. 1840 . 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 18J5- 1846. 1847 . 1848 . 184'J . 1850. 1851. 1852 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862 . 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1809. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1679. 1880. 18X1. 1882. iSKl . 1884. 1885. 1886. 1SS7 . 18S8. 1-H!) . 1800. 1891. Pocket knives, standard. OJJS rjA 0.5 C5.a W-M a T-, S:£% >^.Sc. ^^C o O ■SO o Sa Ssia b2 126. 126. 121. 115. 110. 110. 105. 100. 101. IOC. 110. 121. 136. 152. 152. 142. 136. 126. 110. 105. 100. 100. 105. 100. 100. 91. 3 131. S 3 127.3 1 122.7 8 118.2 5 113.6 5 113.6 3 1U9. 1 104.5 n 100.0 100.0 5 109.1 1 122.7 8 140.9 6 154.5 6 154.5 1 115. 5 8 136. 4 3 127.3 5 113.6 3 109.0 104.5 104.5 3 109.0 104.5 n 100.0 7 95.5 5 90.9 2 80.4 9 81.8 9 81.8 9 86.4 7 81.8 7 81.8 ■t 77.8 4 77.3 2 72.7 2 68.2 2 68.2 63.6 63.6 68.2 132.1 128.6 125.0 121.4 117.9 114.3 107.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 107.1 125.0 142.9 160.7 ICO. 7 142.9 142. 9 128.6 114.3 107.1 107.1 100.0 107.1 100.0 92.9 89.3 85.7 82.1 78.6 78.6 78.6 71.4 71.4 71.4 67.9 67.9 67.9 67.9 64.3 67.9 67.9 133.3 133.3 126.7 122.2 115.6 111.1 lUO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.1 133.3 155.6 160.0 160.0 144.4 133.3 122.2 111.1 106.7 100.0 100.0 111.1 100.0 100. a 9.5.6 93.3 88.9 80.0 80.0 80.0 77.8 75.6 73.3 71.1 66.7 66.7 66.7 62.2 62.2 68.7 133.3 133.3 120.7 122.2 111.1 100.0 88.9 88.9 88.9 100.0 100.0 111.1 144.4 155.6 155.6 144.4 133. 3 122.2 111.1 106.7 100.0 100.0 111.1 100.0 100. U 95.6 93.3 88.9 80.0 80.0 80.0 77.8 75.6 73.3 71.1 66.7 66.7 60.7 62.2 62.2 66.7 126.7 126.7 120.0 120.0 113.3 113.3 106.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 113.3 120.0 133.3 153.3 153.3 146.7 140.0 133.3 113.3 106.7 100.0 100.0 106.7 106.7 100.0 93.3 86.7 80.0 73.3 73.3 66.7 66.7 66.7 60.0 60.0 57.3 57.3 56.0 53.3 53.3 57.3 133.3 133.3 127. 8 122.2 116.7 16. 7 111.1 105.6 100.0 100.0 111.1 127.8 144.4 161.1 161.1 150.0 144.4 133.3 116.7 111.1 105.6 105.6 111.1 105.6 100.0 100.0 94.4 88.9 ?3.3 83.3 88.9 83.3 83.3 77.8 77.8 72.2 66.7 66.7 64.4 64.4 70.0 133.3 133.3 125.0 116.7 116.7 113.3 108.3 106.7 100.0 100.0 116.7 133.3 150.0 158.3 158.3 141.7 133.3 125.0 116.7 108.3 100.0 100.0 108.3 100.0 91.7 91.7 88.3 83.3 80.0 83.3 83.3 80. 80.0 80.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 71.7 70.0 70.0 75.0 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 43 Table 1. — Wholesale prices of commodities for 52 years — Belalive prices — Contiuuod. M.ETALS AND IMPLEMENTS— Continued. Pocket tnivea, standard. Tear. Iss - to Q. M S Pi « . of p S It m si. -.9 h ft ft 1. a" ft of h a a .ft P .2 ¥ P .a ^ ll 1840 ] 841 "" ;: 1843 1844 1845 . . 1847 1 1850 1851 .. i:ic. 4 13G.4 131.8 127.3 122.7 118.2 1110. 1 104. 5 100.0 100.0 109.1 127.3 1J3.5 150. 1 159.1 154.5 143.5 131.8 118.2 113.6 109. 1 104.5 li::.o 109.1 104.5 100. 95.5 90.9 86.4 81.8 81.8 81.8 77.3 77.3 72.7 72.7 68.2 68.2 65.5 68.2 72.7 J 22. 7 122.7 118. 2 118.2 ii;i. 6 109.1 104.5 95.5 100.0 100.0 109.1 122. 7 136.4 150.0 150.0 140. 9 )27.3 122. 7 113.6 104.5 100.0 95.5 104.5 100.0 95.5 90.9 86.4 81.8 77.3 72.7 72.7 72.7 68.2 08.2 63.6 63.6 60.0 60.0 58.2 60.0 61.8 131.6 131.6 126.3 126.3 121.1 121.1 113.2 103.3 loO.O 100.0 105.3 115.8 130.8 157.9 157.9 142.1 134.2 120.3 115.8 110. 5 105.3 100.0 110.5 105.3 100.0 94.7 92.1 89.5 81.6 84.2 84.2 81.6 78.9 78.9 73.7 73.7 71.1 63.4 65.8 68.4 73.7 135.3 135.3 129.4 123.5 117. B 111.8 105.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.9 117.8 141.2 155.9 155.9 147.1 141.2 129.4 117.6 111.8 105.9 100. u in.8 105.9 100.0 97.1 94.1 91.2 88.2 83.3 85.3 82.4 82.4 82.4 76.5 76.5 73.5 70.6 67.6 70.6 76.5 128.6 128.6 121.4 114.3 114.3 114.3 107.1 107.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 107.1 128.6 142.9 142.9 128.6 128.6 125.0 125.0 121.4 117.9 114.3 114.3 110.7 110.7 107.1 107.1 103.6 103.6 103.6 100.0 100.0 92,9 92.9 85.7 82.1 78.6 78.6 75.0 75.0 78.6 137.5 137.5 125.0 112.5 100.0 100.0 9.3.8 93.8 100,0 100.0 106.3 112.5 131.3 156.3 156.3 140.6 137.5 125,0 125.0 118.8 118.8 112.5 112.5 109.4 109.4 100.0 100.0 93.8 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 84.4 81.3 81.3 79.7 79.7 75.0 78.1 81.3 133.3 133.3 126.7 120.0 120. 120.0 116.7 100.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 106.7 126.7 146.7 146.7 133.3 133.3 120.0 120.0 116.7 116.7 113.3 113. 3 110.0 110.0 106.7 106.7 103.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.7 96.7 96.7 86.7 83.3 83.3 80.0 76.7 80.0 80.0 171.4 171,4 164,3 164,3 157. 1 142.9 128.6 114.3 107.1 100. 107.1 128.6 150.0 185.7 185.7 171.4 171.4 161.3 157.1 142.9 135.7 135.7 128.6 128,6 128.6 121.4 121.4 114.3 107.1 107.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.9 92.9 85.7 85.7 80.0 80.0 80.0 85.7 156.5 156.5 1S53 . --- 147.8 1854 . 139.1 1855 130.4 ]g-,6 121.7 1857 113.0 104,3 IS'iQ 100,0 lH(iO -. 100.0 108.7 1HG2 121.7 139.1 165.2 1865 165.2 147.8 139.1 1808 130.4 126.1 1870 121.7 1871 113.0 108,7 1873 108,7 101,3 104,3 95.7 1877 95.7 91.3 ]H7i) 91.3 91.3 87.0 82.6 78.3 78.3 1885 73.9 73.9 1887 73.9 69.6 67.8 69.6 1891 73.9 44 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Tablk l.— lDwhsale prices of commodities for 5S years — Relative prices— ConimueA. METALS AMD IMPLEMENXS— Continued. Year. 1840 . 1H41. :842 . 3843 . 1844. ]»45 . 1840. 1S47- 18415 . 1840. 1850. 1851 . 1852. 1853. 1854. 1S55 . IR.'.IJ . 1X37 . n.-Crt - lS.'i9 . 1800. 18til . isua . liiC:j . 1. C4 _ iKi;,.-, . 180B. ItOT. 1868. 1869. 1870. ]»71 . 1872 . 1«74 . 1x73 . 1x70 . 1877 . 1X78 . 1x79 . ISol) . 1881 . 1882. iss:; . l.-'X4 . 1,-85 . 1X80 . 1887. IXXS . 1XX9 . )x/iu . 1891. Pocketknives, standard. 6.S « -' ^ 120, 120, 116. 116. 116. 113. 106, 100. 100, 100. 100. 100. 120. 140, 140. 13:;. ]2i;. 120. 120. 113. 106. 106. 100. 93. 80. 76. 76. 73. 70. 70. 70. 06. 66. 63. 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 56. 56. a a 136.4 136.4 127. 3 127.3 118.2 118.2 109.1 109.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 109.1 127.3 150.0 150.0 l:)0. 4 i:;o, 4 i:iB.4 130.4 131.8 127.3 122.7 122.7 113.6 113.6 109.1 109.1 104.5 100.0 100.0 95.5 9.5.5 90.9 86.4 81.8 77.3 72.7 68.2 68.2 68.2 ' 68.2 I 137. 1 1.57. 1 142.9 142.9 128. 6 128.6 114.3 107.1 100.0 100.0 107.1 114.3 142.9 171.4 171.4 1.37. 1 157. 1 142.9 142.9 135.7 135.7 138.6 128.6 125.0 125.0 121.4 121.4 117.8 114.3 114.3 no. 7 110.7 103,6 10.1. 6 100.0 96.4 92.9 92.9 89.3 92.9 96.4 «.a.* 152.9 152.9 141.2 141.2 129.4 117.6 105.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.9 117.6 141.2 17«. 5 176.5 [ 158.8 I 158.8 I 141.2 i 129.4 117.6 105.9 100.0 94.1 88.2 88.2 88.2 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4 79.4 79.4 79.4 79.4 76.5 76.5 73.5 73.5 73.5 73.5 79.4 1.50. 150.0 140.0 140.0 130.0 120.0 110.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.0 120.0 140.0 170.0 170.0 150.0 150.0 135.0 125.0 110.0 120.0 100.0 90.0 83.0 83. 85.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 73.0 72.5 72.5 70.0 70.0 67.5 70.0 75.0 205.1 200.0 201.0 210.3 229. 7 225. 6 229.7 2.54.4 246.2 220.5 189.7 213.3 184.6 133.3 106.7 109.7 88.2 95.4 96.4 105.1 100.0 113.3 96.4 139.5 184.6 2.56.4 256. 4 174.4 1.53. 8 a 107. 7 a 104. 6 a 184. 6 a 161.1 a 189. 7 a 266. 7 a 295. 4 a 143. 6 a 108. 7 a 97.9 87.2 86.2 79.0 80.0 70.8 72.3 89.7 83.8 104.6 111.3 116.7 130.0 136.2 Bope. 127.3 133.3 133.3 109.1 lOd.l 109.1 112.1 115.2 145.5 127.3 145.5 151.5 169.7 163.6 175.8 181.8 154.5 145.5 109.1 103.0 100.0 97.0 121.2 151.5 197.0 284.8 290.9 266.7 233.3 242.4 272.7 218.2 236.4 212.1 1x7. 9 109.7 16;. 6 169.7 139.4 124.2 163.6 151.5 169.7 187.9 175.8 163. 6 145. 5 145. 5 124.2 169.7 157.6 133.3 8L1 81.1 81.1 102.7 102.-7 108.1 91.9 97.3 97.3 129.7 129.7 124.3 129.7 108.1 102.7 100.0 118.9 143.2 164.9 200.0 205.4 200.0 194.6 173.0 162.2 151.2 140.5 124.3 118.9 118.9 129.7 118.9 108.1 97.3 124.3 135.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 108.1 102.7 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.3 ^ 126.3 126.3 126.3 110.5 100.0 94.7 no. 5 110.5 126.3 121.1 110.5 110.5 115.8 115.8 157.9 168.4 152.6 130.8 105.3 10.5.3 100.0 11.2. 6 121.1 168.4 194.7 189.5 168.4 1.57. 9 147.4 136.8 131.6 126.3 126.3 136.8 126.3 115.8 115.8 121.1 121.1 105.3 105.3 105.3 105. 3 lOO.O 94.7 94.7 94.7 94.7 94.7 aJugold. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES iND WAGES. 45 Table 1. — Wholesale prices of commodities for SS years — Belative prices — Continued. METALS AND IMPLEMBNTS-CoDctaded. Saws. 1 O fl « ^ 1 t-l P. 1 1 1 Tear. ■g o O 1 o 5 g h CO h (C.t-> f (0 s p. 1 0- 1840 86.7 133.3 190.5 161.9 133.3 95.2 109.5 95.2 85.7 61.9 71.4 66.7 66.7 92.9 133.3 102.4 119.0 157.1 123.8 109.5 100.0 90.6 109.5 U2.9 176.2 285.7 207.1 119.0 121.4 a 119. a 116. 7 a 114. 3 a 133. 3 a 126. 2 a 140. 5 a 133. 3 a 135. 7 a 126. 2 a 116. 7 a 111.9 121.4 100.0 95.2 95.2 95.2 90.5 92.9 90.5 114 3 109 5 123 8 133 3 126.7 118.7 118.7 110.9 98.9 110.9 114.8 87.1 84,9 77,2 71,3 71,3 71.3 87.1 110.9 110.9 105.3 105,3 100,0 100,0 100.0 116.7 116.7 135.0 158.3 215.7 215.7 216.7 143.8 131.8 131.8 128.5 147.6 213.0 197.3 192.3 92.6 61.3 60.0 57.0 82.5 71.3 99.8 97.1 .59.3 43.9 49.4 56.8 79.7 79.7 83.1 92.2 114.3 1841 114.3 1842 128.6 1843 125.0 126.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 12;".. 125. 126.0 125.0 )25.0 135. 125.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 260.7 266.7 266.7 241.7 333.3 226.0 220. 8 208.3 200.0 208.3 183.3 175.0 160.0 146.3 133. 3 126.0 120.8 116.7 108.3 113.8 114.3 90.0 90.0 83.3 83.3 76.0 75.0 67.6 66.7 60.0 "ioo.'o' 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94:7 102.6 "184.' 2' 134.2 141.6 141.6 141.6 141.6 118.5 118.5 128.3 122.3 122.8 106.6 92.3 89.0 82.5 93.6 88.7 86.3 83.9 81.4 78.9 • 72.7 72.7 73.7 72.7 72.7 72,7 128.6 1844 128. n 1845 100.0 1846 107.1 1847 110.7 1848 100.0 1849 92.9 1850 78.6 1851 82.1 ] 8rj2 76.8 1853 103.6 1854 110.7 1855 92.9 1856 103.6 1857 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.5 96.5 136.8 136.8 136.8 123.2 92.4 88.4 77.4 77.4 82.9 77.0 71.1 71.1 71.1 71.1 69.3 69.3 59.2 69.2 59.2 59.2 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.8 106.9 106.9 134.0 134.0 134.0 140.9 128.7 128.7 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 109.3 109.3 109.3 87.4 87.4 65.2 65.2 65.2 65.2 65.2 65.2 65.2 65.2 65.2 65.2, 65.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 131.3 131.3 131.3 131.3 131.3 131.3 131.3 121.9 112. 5 90.6 90.6 90.6 87.5 87.5 81.3 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 75.0 71.9 68.8 62.5 56.3 46.9 37.5 37.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 131.3 131.3 142.9 169.2 169.2 169.2 100.8 152.6 146.6 122.1 122.1 126.5 118.8 118.8 112. 3 105.6 106.6 105.6 105.6 105.6 105.6 106.6 102.9 97.4 97.4 91.4 91.4 91.4 91.4 97.4 121.4 1858 , 126.0 1859 110.7 I860 100.0 1861 92.9 1862 ... - 103.6 1863 146.4 1864 171,4 1865 . 285,7 200.0 185.7 1808 157.1 1869 178.6 1870 146.4 1871 121. 4 1872 150.0 142.9 1874 123.2 1875 132.1 1876 a 123. 2 1877 a 117. 9 ffl 114. 3 a 114. 3 1880 114.3 107.1 1882 98.2 1883 92.9 1884 62.1 1886 91.1 1888 a In sold. 46 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table l.—WhoUsale prices of covimodities for 5S years— Edative pi-ices— ConiirmeA. LUMBER AND BUILDING MATEEIALS. Tear. o B.g B f n e i 1 6 ■a 1 1 a , J1 |# 00 — o o ■S'g 2 9 = 5 |l |.g i'ii 111 t crp. M a . is r ■a « 1 H II O ' Mi ^ pi" il 1 it ii -a s 97.9 96.3 84.4 81.9 83.1 87.4 82.6 81.3 77.8 80.3 84.7 83.5 80.7 99.8 100.2 107.8 114.5 109.4 109.4 115. 6 109.4 100.4 109.4 119.4 100. 128.6 128.6 128.6 128. 6 1-JS.6 132.1 19S fi 187.5 186.7 133.3 141.7 125. 133.3 158. 3 125. »■ 110.7 100.0 103.2 106.4 77.6 87.2 93.6 96.8 100.0 93.6 100.0 1841 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 1816 - 100.0 1847.. 1848 -. 1849.. 1850 . . 1851 . . 1852 . . 1853 . . 1854.. 1855 100.0 137.0 135.0 135.0 125.0 125 103 1 , ]"8 6 100.0 85.7 97.1 102. 9 102.9 102. 9 86.9 H)'> 9 lc9.4 1 128.6 116.7 100.0 100.0 113.3 106.4 100.0 103 1 ' I'^^i 6 133.3 96 8 100.0 109.4' VM fi 141.7 100.0 100.0 125.0 137 109 4 1^'8 6 133 3 112 8 100 100 4 135 7 183.3 155 6 116 100.0 100 93.8 103 6 88.9 90.9 133 3 116.0 100.0 1856.. 91.4 100.0 109.4 100. 141.7 88.9 100.0 144.4 132.0 100.0 1«67 . . 102.9 108.i 120.0 109.4 103.6 133. 3 94.4 100.0 116.7 138.4 102.1 1858.. 85.7 99.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.9 100.0 133. 3 94.4 100.0 lll.'l 132.0 100.0 1859 . . 114. 3 100.0 80.0 100.0 86.3 92.9 100.0 108.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 109.6 108.3 I860.. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1861.. 80.0 98.2 90.0 108.3 112.5 114.3 133.3 133.3 111.1 181.8 100.0 106.4 100.0 1862.. 91.4 105.2 90.0 133.3 125.0 128.6 183.3 91.7 111.1 272.7 lOC.O 106.4 108.3 1863.. 137.1 132.1 120.0 133.3 117.2 185 '' 200.0 166.7 133.3 272.7 144.4 132.0 131.3 1864.. 160,0 202.8 150.0 133.3 125.0 185.7 20C. 166.7 133.3 272. 7 188.9 196.0 1GB. 7 1865.. 171.4 186.6 160.0 133. 3 109.4 200.0 200.0 200. 133.3 272.7 177.8 196.0 166.7 1866.. 234.3 199.0 175.0 133.3 140.6 171.4 200.0 250.0 133.3 272.7 222.2 228.0 177.1 1867.. 222.9 175.0 150.0 100.0 125.0 186.7 100.0 308.3 111.1 272.7 211.1 180.0 187.6 ]81J8 .. 257.1 164.8 175.0 100.0 121.9 171.4 100.0 2'J1.7 111.1 272.7 200.0 196.0 177.1 1869.. 182.9 161.7 200.0 100.0 126.0 171.4 100.0 208.3 111.1 272.7 177.8 180.0 166.7 1870 . . 171.4 132.8 190.0 100.0 121.9 171.4 100.0 208.3 111.1 290.9 144.4 160.8 166.7 1871 . . 188.6 134.0 175.0 100.0 12.5. 221.4 133.3 183. 3 111.1 290.9 144.4 180.0 166.7 1872 . . 194.3 134.2 160.0 100.0 140.6 200.0 133.3 225.0 111.1 300.0 177.8 186.4 187.5 1873.. 171.4 138.9 175.0 103.3 125. 221.4 133.3 266.7 111.1 300.0 188.9 189.6 175.0 1874 . . 171.4 132.6 140.0 104.2 132.8 192.9 133.3 166.7 111.1 300.0 177.8 180.0 166.7 1875.. 142.9 127.5 120.0 102.1 125.0 178.6 133.3 208.3 Ul.l 300.0 155.6 164.0 158,3 1876.. 114.3 121.2 120.0 100.0 125. Q 160.0 133.3 141.7 111.1 300.0 122.2 141.6 166.7 1877.. 102.9 104.9 100.0 100.0 125.0 125.0 133.3 133.3 116.7 300.0 133.3 141.6 162.5 1878.. 100.0 90.6 90.0 100.0 117.2 J21.4 133.3 108.3 127.8 300.0 105.6 132.0 162.5 1879.. 82.9 80.2 100.0 100.0 125.0 125.0 133.3 150.0 133.3 300.0 72.2 164.0 145.8 1880.. 125.7 94.8 110.0 117.2 128.6 133.3 150.0 133.3 300.0 122.2 164.0 154.2 1881.. 82.1 120.0 100.0 125.0 128.6 133.3 166.7 133.3 300.0 94.4 170.4 146.8 1882.. 148.6 82.3 110.0 100.0 125.0 135.7 133.3 150. 127.8 300.0 105.6 170.4 158.3 1883.. 151.4 73.9 105.0 109.4 132.1 125.0 166.7 122.2 300.0 88.9 176.8 162.6 1884.. 137.1 67.5 100.0 101.6 128.6 127.5 158.3 122.2 300.0 83.3 176.8 162.5 1885.. 142.9 66.3 90.0 100.0 93.8 128.6 133.3 166.7 122.2 300.0 77.8 170.4 166.7 1886 . . 165.7 78.4 90.0 109.4 130.4 133.3 166.7 122.2 309.1 88.9 180.0 162.5 1887.. 160.0 69.7 95.0 100.4 135.7 133.3 125.0 122.2 318.2 94.4 170.4 177.1 1888.. 125.7 66.4 90.0 ioo.o 101.6 139.3 133. 3 116.7 122.2 318.2 100.0 164. 177.1 1889.. 142.9 73.0 85.0 93.8 146.4 133.3 141.7 122.2 318.2 100.0 164.0 177.1 1890.. 131.4 77.6 80.0 100.0 85.9 150.0 133.3 150.0 122.2 318.2 94.4 164.0 187.5 1891.. 117.1 86.2 85.0 100.0 73.1 146.4 133.3 150.0 122.2 318.2 94.4 160.0 183.3 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 47 Table 1. — Wholesale prices of commodities for 5S years— Bclalive prices — CfSntinued. ITJMBEE AND BUILDING MATERIALS— Continued. Pine. Plate glass, polished. Year. o _ £■§ III If OS ^<88 81.3 78.2 1890 81.3 1891 78.2 almj ported. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WACES. 49 Table 1. — Wholesale prices of oommoditiea for 5^ years — Belalive prices — Continued. DEUGS AND CHEMICAL8. Tear. ■3 3 •i A S S3 1 a o i ■s 1 a 1 1 i 3 1840 101.9 81.5 79.6 88.9 111.1 98.1 92.6 92.0 100.0 88.9 101.9 98.1 83.3 92.6 107.4 155.6 148.1 107.4 85.2 92.6 100.0 74.1 74.1 142.6 342.6 814.8 824.1 861.1 787.0 361.1 351.9 342.6 342.6 361.1 351.9 359.3 398.1 392.6 381.5 370.4 392.0 396.3 416.7 416.7 401.9 401.9 394.4 401.9 370.4 388.9 366.7 411.1 223.2 177.8 155.6 133.3 133.3 144.4 133.3 100.0 100.0 105.6 133.3 116.7 88.9 94.4 94.4 100.0 116.7 105.6 94.4 116.7 100.0 94.4 94.4 155.6 161.1 255.6 200. 144.4 161.1 150.0 144.4 138.9 144.4 144.4 155.6 122.2 116.7 116.7 100.0 100.0 94.4 94.4 94.4 94.4 94.4 83.3 77.8 77.8 77.8 77.8 77.8 77.8 "'95.' 2 85.7 81.0 76.2 81.0 109.5 81.0 78.6 70.2 72.6 71.4 81.0 81.0 119.0 85.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.8 114.3 142.9 114.3 95.2 90.5 82.1 70.2 60.1 104.8 100.0 81.0 83.3 79.8 69.0 58.3 66.7 76.2 71.4 73.8 73.8 61.9 50.0 47.0 45.2 50.0 54.8 60.0 47.6 89.5 89.5 89.5 84.2 84.2 84.2 78.9 78.9 84.2 81.6 73.7 76.3 76.3 100.0 115.8 110.5 105.3 110.5 113.2 100.0 100.0 94.7 94.7 131.1 142.1 192.1 157.9 126.3 102.6 102.6 131.6 92.1 105.3 118.4 110.5 100.0 89.5 76.3 78.9 68.4 78.9 76.3 68.4 61.8 50.0 44.7 47.4 43.4 50.0 61.8 54.0 47.4 123.2 122. 3 88.9 76.7 57.8 55.6 51.1 57.8 71.1 60.0 88.9 88.9 116.7 83.3 77.8 64.4 71.1 83.2 166.7 100.0 100.0 133.3 133.3 111.1 137.8 332.2 100.0 88.9 86.7 111.1 104.4 100,0 75.6 100.0 75.6 80.0 77.2 64.4 61.1 55.6 61.1 71.1 74.4 57.8 55.6 51.1 50.0 45.0 44.4 48.9 43.3 67.8 198.5 200.4 216.9 200.4 198.5 187.5 176.5 169.1 169.1 176.5 176.5 169.1 161.8 147.1 132.4 111.8 95.6 98.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.5 125.0 142.6 97.1 191.2 147.1 136.8 140.4 149.3 172.8 165.4 191.9 255.2 191.7 130.9 104.0 100.7 85.3 81.3 87.5 87.1 83.1 85.7 88.2 90.1 95.6 104.8 106.6 121.7 119.1 225.0 312.5 150.0 150.0 150.0 175.0 160.0 112.5 100.0 100.0 87.5 100,0 100.0 125.0 125,0 125,0 125.0 112.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 125.0 150.0 300.0 175.0 337.5 300.0 300.0 150.0 200.0 187,5 175. 150.0 125. 135.0 125,0 100,0 125.0 87.5 87.5 87,5 87.5 62.5 87.5 87.5 75.0 87.5 75.0 63.5 50.0 76.0 75.0 87.6 100.8 118.3 78.9 78.9 100.8 92.0 76.7 79.8 73.6 92.0 107.4 93.9 89.0 89.0 122.7 128.8 113.5 73.6 102.5 100.0 89.0 110.4 171.8 184.0 230.1 177.9 159.6 141.1 153.4 138.0 131.9 116.6 126.8 147.3 141.1 98.3 130.1 131.9 85.9 122.7 71,2 77,3 73,6 86,6 84.0 68,7 58,3 87.1 100.0 82.8 69.3 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1819 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1858 437 5 1857 1858 330 1859 100 I860 100.0 1881 90.0 1882 98.8 1S63 100.0 1864 100.0 1805 125.0 112.5 18G7 117.5 100,0 1869 87.5 63.8 1871 63,8 71.3 1873 67.5 52.5 1875 40.0 43.1 1877 51.9 42,5 1879 39,4 48,1 1881 82,5 89,4 1883 64.4 51.3 1885 39.1 38.4 68.8 48.4 1889 61.9 46.3 38.8 S. Eep. 1394 4 50 EEPOUT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AJTD WAGES. Tabm 1.— Wholesale prices of commodities for 52 i/earg—iJeZottue prices— Continned. DEUGS AUD CHEMICALS— Concluded. o % a 13 1 s ■a o i a eS re o m Sugar of lead. % Year. i 1 •1 1 98.2 126.3 163.2 133.3 131.6 117.5 114.0 96.5 103.5 89.5 128.1 J57.9 108.8 119.3 112.3 140.4 157.9 140.4 94.7 112.3 100.0 87.7 149.1 219.3 250.9 271.9 249.1 219.3 178.9 171.9 159.6 143.9 129.8 157.9 152.6 136.8 110.5 114.0 110.5 107.0 149.1 96.5 108.8 93.0 100.0 89.5 77.2 77.2 96.5 103.5 105.3 107.0 209.1 178.2 181.8 196.4 203.6 200.0 203.6 218.2 214.5 196.4 163.6 196.4 172.7 118.2 105.5 100.0 81.8 81.8 90.9 87.3 100.0 100.0 81.8 127.3 150.9 250.9 100.0 172.7 141.8 138.2 127.3 163.6 145.5 163.6 234.5 290.9 127.3 96.4 90.9 78.2 78.2 74.5 77.3 70.9 66.4 87.3 77.3 96.4 118.2 110.9 123.6 127.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 183.3 116.7 116.7 116.7 108.3 108.3 108.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.7 100.0 133.3 150.0 166.7 133.3 100.0 83.3 83.3 66.7 58.3 58.3 58.3 66.7 66.7 66.7 70.8 50.0 83.3 58.3 50.0 50.0 58.3 54.2 60.0 45.8 45.8 45.8 41.7 29.2 34.8 S2.2 41.7 47.8 49.0 52.2 121.7 73.9 73.9 60.9 78.3 69.6 76.2 68.7 69.6 98.3 82.6 87.0 82.6 108.7 100.0 82.6 87.0 146.1 169.6 121.7 151.3 117.4 107.8 247.8 173.9 128.3 87.0 124.3 113.0 153.9 106.4 113.0 85.2 80.9 82.6 114.8 73.9 67.8 67.0 67.0 57.4 55.7 67.8 53.9 59.1 39.1 295.5 261.8 204.5 154.5 181.8 227.3 222.7 209.1 222.7 272.7 340.9 354.5 272.7 245.5 254.5 2.36.4 245.5 181.8 127.3 127.3 100.0 154.6 227.3 254.5 231.8 295.5 2.31.8 209.1 181.8 200.0 200.0 209.1 227.3 227.3 227.3 204.6 181.8 272.7 272.7 327.3 236.4 236.4 222. 7 163.6 163.6 89.1 66.4 48.2 44.5 38.2 31.8 27.3 136.8 147.4 105.3 147.4 121.1 121.1 131.6 147.4 131.6 115.8 121.1 105.3 89.5 105.3 110.5 84.2 105.3 110.5 100.0 115.8 100.0 89.5 121.1 126.3 152.6 273.7 273.7 121.1 94.7 94 7 94.7 100.0 121.1 121.1 105.3 94.7 84.2 84.2 73.7 63.2 84.2 63.2 68.4 68.4 57.9 57.9 57.9 52.6 52.6 52.6 63.2 68.4 "'ss.'s' 120.0 i03.3 126.7 160.0 120.0 113.3 100.0 100.0 126.7 166.7 186.7 533.3 320.0 400.0 333.3 226.7 160.0 160.0 146.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 100.0 100.0 110.0 123.3 133.3 113.3 93.3 80.0 70.0 86.7 86.7 86.7 103.3 100.0 80.0 123.9 117.4 117.4 87.0 87.0 69.6 121.7 87.0 82.6 73.9 91.3 100.0 78.3 87.0 104.3 95.7 130.4 113.0 100.0 121.7 100. 100.0 104.3 156.5 191.3 413.0 391.3 278.3 217.4 217.4 213.5 187.0 165.2 139.1 139.1 165.2 156.5 160.9 16.3.0 165.2 119.6 130.4 137.0 104.3 113.0 91.3 lOO.O 104.3 104.3 113.0 104.3 104.3 109.1 Ig4j 118.2 1842 127.3 109.1 Ig44 90.9 90.9 90.9 1847 90.9 3848 90.9 90.9 90.9 1851 90.9 90.9 1853 90.9 1854 90.9 1855 100.0 100.0 1857 90.9 1858 90.9 1859 90.9 I860 100.0 1861 109.1 1862 127.3 109.1 1864 109.1 1865 172.7 18L8 1867 1868 90.9 127.3 1870 109.1 1871 72.7 54.6 54.5 1874 90.9 1875 72.7 59.1 1877 63.6 1878 45.5 1879 54.5 36.4 40.9 40.9 1883 40 9 1885 40 9 1887 ... 36 4 36 4 1889 36 4 1891 27. « EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PEICES AND WAGES. 61 Table 1. — Wholesale prices of commodities for 5$ years — Belative prices — Coiltimied. HOUSE rUENISHING GOODS. Year. Furniture. as ■S.a O 3-9 Glassware. Pails, 'fvooden. 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 .1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 80.0 85.0 125.0 180.0 145.0 150.0 120.0 135.0 135.0 105.0 120.0 105.0 105.0 85.0 75.0 80.0 70.0 70.0 80.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 67.5 67.5 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 70.0 70.0 100.0 ion. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 122. 2 166.7 144.4 144.4 144.4 144.4 155.6 133.3 133.3 133.3 122.2 111.1 94.4 88.9 88.9 88.9 100.0 94.4 93.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 lUO.O 100.0 112.5 162. 5 150. 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 137.5 137.5 137.5 137.5 125.0 125.0 125.0 137.5 137.5 137.5 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 145. 205.0 200.0 131.3 201.0 206.3 112.5 170.4 166.3 119.5 203.3 206.8 158.3 225.0 233.3 150.0 112.0 80.0 103.1 62.5 56.3 134.4 100.0 93.8 133.2 87.8 78.0 191.7 141.7 80.0 80.0 65.0 60.0 60.0 56.0 50.0 45.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 35.0 33.0 32.0 30.0 sar.i 50.0 43.8 40.6 31.3 28.1 25.0 25.0 21.9 21.9 21.9 20.6 18.8 17.5 17.5 16.9 16.3 16.3 15.6 68.8 68.8 53.1 43.8 40.6 37.5 34.4 34.4 31.3 31.3 28.1 28.1 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 21.9 21.9 20.6 64.4 63.4 58.5 58.5 51.1 53.7 53.7 51.2 51.2 48.8 48.8 46.3 46.3 43.9 41.5 39.0 39.0 36.6 62.5 62. S 58.3 55.0 50.0 46.7 46.7 41.7 41.7 160.7 160.7 160.7 128.6 128.6 128.6 142.9 135.7 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 142. 9 142.9 142.9 142.9 128.6 114.3 107.1 100.0 98.2 92.9 121.4 160.7 178.6 196.4 167.9 135.7 139.3 142.0 139.3 135.7 135.7 125.0 114.3 107.1 92.9 85.7 71.4 107.1 100.0 100.0 92.9 92.9 85.7 75.0 71.4 78.6 82.1 78.6 85.7 133.3 140.7 129.6 140.7 129.6 111.1 125.9 140.7 140.7 137.0 137.0 114.8 107.4 100.0 100.0 92.6 122.2 163.0 183.0 196.3 166.7 135.2 125.9 129.6 129.6 122.2 129.6 129.6 Ul. 1 103.7 88.9 77.8 70.4 81.5 90.7 90.7 92.6 92.6 75.6 74.1 74.1 77.8 81.5 81.5 125.0 134.4 125.0 134.4 125.0 125.0 125.0 128.1 128.1 128.1 125.0 115.6 106.3 100.0 100.0 93.8 125.0 156.3 178.1 187.5 171.9 129.7 121.9 125.0 125.0 115.6 126.0 125.0 109.4 103.1 87.5 78.1 68.8 78.1 89.1 89.1 87.5 87.5 75.0 73.8 71.9 75.0 78.1 78.1 84.4 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 120.0 110.0 110.0 120.0 124. 124.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 108.0 124.0 112.0 104.0 100.0 90.0 90.0 140.0 170.0 180.0 240.0 157.5 130.0 140.0 150.0 134.0 120.0 124.0 120.0 112.0 100.0 88.0 83.0 80.0 128.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 100.0 92.0 88.0 84.0 84.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 125.0 122.5 118.8 131. 3 125. 125. 125.0 131.3 137.5 137.5 115.0 125.0 112.5 105.0 100.0 93.8 83.8 137.5 162.5 150.0 212.5 162.5 137.5 131.3 150.0 137.5 125.0 130.0 125.0 112.5 100.0 90.0 83.0 75.0 125.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 90.0 87.5 83L5 75.0 77.5 95.0 95.0 95.0 110.3 122.1 120.7 131.0 113.8 100.0 113.8 115.2 115.2 110.3 112.4 106.9 100.0 100.0 89.7 81.4 124.1 148.3 170.3 203.4 155.2 110.3 103.4 127.6 113.8 103.4 106.9 106.9 103.4 96.6 79.3 79.3 72.4 103.4 87.9 86.2 89.7 86.2 82.8 79.3 75.9 75.9 82.8 86.2 82.8 52 REPORT ON "WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 1. — Wholesale prices of commodities for 5Z years — Belative prices — Concluded. MISCELLANEOUS. Tear. Powder. a gSp. en Starch. as OS kB 1S40. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846., 1847.. 1848., 1849. 1850. 1851., 1852., 1853., 1854.. 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. 1838.. 1859.. I860.. 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1804.. 1865.. 1866.. 1867.. 1868.. 1809.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874. . 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883- . 1884.. 1885.. 1886. . 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. 100.0 90.0 lOOO 90.0 8,). S.=i. 80.0 90.0 80.0 80.0 125.0 100.0 120.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 140.0 130.0 145.0 180.0 170.0 152.0 130.0 135.0 115.0 115.0 120.0 125.0 125.0 105.0 95.0 110.0 113.0 115.0 120.0 126.0 125.0 125.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.0 I 66.7 91.7 91.7 100.0 83.3 100.0 104.2 116.7 138.9 141.7 125.0 108.3 95.8 100.0 104.2 87.6 79.2 90.0 94.2 100.0 104.2 "ss.'s' 91.7 91.7 90.9 65.5 58.2 86.4 100.0 100.0 87.3 159.1 145.5 218.2 181.8 118.2 122.7 149.1 181.8 181.8 131.8 134.5 138.4 106.4 116.4 105. 5 89.1 92.7 147.3 138.2 158.2 194.5 174.5 101.8 110.9 138.2 138.2 134.5 145.5 141.8 147.1 147.1 170.6 123.5 129.4 100.0 94.1 117.6 135.3 117.6 117.0 111.8 105.9 114.7 138.2 129.4 129.4 122.1 129. 4 123.5 100.0 114.7 152.9 170.6 217.6 294.1 232.4 200.0 188.2 176.5 152.9 120.6 132.4 117.6 105.9 105.9 100.0 102.9 108. 8 100.0 100.0 82.4 79.4 76.5 67.6 «4.7 64.7 70.6 73.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 140.0 180.0 240.0 180.0 200.0 200.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 150.0 1.30. 126.2 126.2 97.2 97.2 97.2 107.0 120.0 110.0 100.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 100.0 117.3 102.7 107.7 100.0 92.3 92.3 115.4 169.2 169.2 153.9 169.2 169.2 153.9 153.9 134.7 134.7 134.7 134.7 134.7 119.8 116.4 94.6 94.6 94.6 94.6 92.7 101.9 78.6 86.1 60.4 60.4 70.0 68.6 57.7 63.2 129.6 129.6 138.9 157.4 138.9 114.4 105.6 105.6 114.4 123.1 131.9 140.7 123.1 94.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 91.7 116.7 141.7 208.3 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 158.3 158.3 141.7 141.7 141.7 141.7 125.0 125.0 121.5 97.2 97.2 97.2 105.3 105.3 108.3 100.0 100.0 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 91.7 128.2 121,8 113.7 105.6 105.6 113.7 121.8 129.9 138.0 121.8 94.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.3 115.4 138.5 200.0 169.2 169.2 169.2 169.2 153.8 153.8 138.5 138.5 138.5 138.5 123.1 123.1 119.7 104. 7 104.7 104.7 112.2 112.2 115.4 100.0 100.0 84.6 84.6 84.6 84.6 92.3 105.6 105.6 113.1 120.6 128.2 135.7 120.6 95.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.9 114.3 135.7 192.9 164.3 164.3 164.3 164.3 150.0 150.0 135.7 135.7 135.7 135.7 128.6 128.6 125.0 111.1 111.1 111.1 118.1 118.1 121.4 107.1 107.1 92.9 92.9 92.9 92.9 96.4 119.2 96.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.5 112.9 132.3 183.9 158.1 158.1 158.1 158.1 145.2 146.2 132.3 132.3 132.3 132.3 125.8 125.8 122.3 106.6 106.6 106.6 112.9 112.9 116.1 103.2 103.2 90.3 90.3 90.3 90.3 90.3 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 53 The foregoing table includes all the articles covering the period in question with the exception of five kinds of lumber. As the purpose of the investigation was to ascertain the course of prices for the average consumer, it was felt that these articles, which are articles of luxury only and whose price has increased so immoderately that they can not be said to enter into consumption in the same degree as formerly, should be omitted from this consideration. The articles in question are ash boards, whose price in 1891 was 269.2 per cent of that in 1860; basswood boards, which have risen to 220 per cent of the 1800 price; cherry boards, which have risen to 730.8 per cent of the 1860 price ; chestnut boards, which have risen to 318.2 per cent of the 1860 price; poplar boards, which reached 230.8 per cent of the 1860 price; and wal- nut boards, which rose to 380 per cent of the price in 1860. The increase in the price of these articles is enormous, but they are not articles whose enhanced prices would materially affect the average consumer since substitutes for them are plentiful. Our first concern is with the results in 1891 as compared with 1860, and with the initial period, 1840. In the following table, 2, the results of individual articles are presented in such a way as to show the prices which have risen and those which have fallen, and the degree in which such rise or fall in price has taken place. The grouping used in the general tables of the Eeport of the Committee has been followed here with the exception that the articles soap and starch have been taken out of the group food, etc., and placed in miscellaneous. This makes our first gTOup simply food. Table 2. — Belative prices, 1891 compared with 1860. FOOD, 53 AETICLES. TTnlform: Vegetables, fresh, potatoes, white 100. iJo MO.O MUk, fresh 100.0 Bread, soda crackers 100. Bise less than 10 per cent : Meat, lamb 102.0 Meat, beef, loins 105. 6 Meat, beef, ribs 106.7 Flour, rye 107.5 Spices, pepper, whole, Sumatra 107. 5 Eggs.. 109.6 Bise 10 to 25 per cent: Bread, B sbipbread 112.5 Bread, ahip biscuits 112. 5 Bread, Boston crackers Hi. 3 Bread, navy shipbread 114. 3 Fruit, apples, dried 116. 1 Salt, Ashton's X/iverpool, fine 11 6. 9 Beans 118. 7 Meat, ham, sugar-cured 122. 2 Eise 25 to 50 per cent : Bread, A shipbread 125.0 Salt, Turk's Island 125.0 Kice, Carolina, prime 126. 5 Salt, A.shton's 128.2 Butter 128.6 Meat,mutton 130.0 Spices, nutmegs 142.9 mse 50 to 100 per cent : Ksh, mackerel, salt, shore, Wo. 1 150. Fish, mackerel, salt, shore, Ho. 2 164. 7 Coffee, Eio, fair 165.2 Eise 100 to 200 per cent : Fish, mackerel, salt, shore, No. 3 230. Eise 200 per cent or more : Fish, cod 312.6 Fall less than 10 per cent: Cheese Molasses, Forto Eico, best Fruit, raisins Fall 10 to 25 per cent: Starch, com Brea*l, oyster crackers Fruit, currants, Zante Meal, corn, yellow, kiln-dried Meat, bacon, clear Fall 25 to 60 per cent : Sugar, brown Meat, pork, salt, mess Starch, cora Flour, wheat Molasses, Uew Orleans, prime Sugar, fair refining Sugar, cut Meat, beef, salt, mess ' Lard, pure leaf Sugar, refined, crushed and granulated. Bread, Boston crackers Salt, coarse, solar Lard Salt, fine, boiled Fall 50 per cent or morrt : Tallow, prime, city, in hogsheads 95.0 94.7 91.3 82.4 80.0 79.2 78.3 70.0 75.0 75,0 73.6 72.1 67.9 62.9 62.2 60.9 60.0 59.4 58.8 55.4 54.3 52.0 45.1 54 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 2.—Belative prices, 1891 compared with iSfiO— Continued. CLOTHS A^T> CLOTHING, 28 ARTICLES. TTniform : Broadcloths, first quality black, Sim., etc - 100.0 Else 10 to 25 per cent: Carpets, Wilton, 5-frame, Bigelow 113.5 Broadcloths, second quality, black, 54- in., etc 116.7 Fall less than 10 per cent: Cassimeres, all wool, fancy,Iight weight, 3-4 Shawls.standard, 72byl44in.,42-oz.,et<;- Ca^pet3, Brussels, 5-lrame, Bigelow Tall 10 to 25 per cent: Cassimeres, 3-4, 12-ounce, Harris double and twist Sole leather, first quality, etc Leather, harness Cotton, upland, middling Sheetings, brown, 4^, Atlantic A Blanket, 11-4, 5 pounds to pair, cotton warp, all wool hlling Checks, black and white, all wool, S-4, 7-oz., Harris Wool, Ohio, medium fleece, scoured Horse blankets, 6-lb.,all wool Denims, A moskeag Cassimeres, all wool, 3-4, 7-oz., Harris double and twist Carpets, ingrain, 2-ply, Lowell Drillings, 30- inch, Pepperell Blankets, 11-4, 5 pounds to the pair, cot- ton warp, cotton and wool filling Fall 25 to 50 per cent: Sheetings, bleached, 4-4, N. T. Mills Tickings, Amoskeag, A. C. A Cassimeres, all wool, 3-4, 12-oz., Harris, silk mixed Wool, Ohio fine fleece, scoui-ed Calico, Cocheco prints Hides, dry, Buenos Ayres Print cloths, 28-ln., 64 by 64, Metacomet. Print cloths, standard, 28-in., 7 yards to pound 95.0 90.4 89.0 87.0 85.7 84.7 83.1 82.9 82.3 81.7 81.1 81.0 78.5 • 78.4 76.8 76.7 71.7 70.6 69.2 69.0 63.2 55.2 54.7 51.7 FUEL AUD LIGHTING, 10 AUTICLES. Uniform : Coal, anthracite, pea 100.0 £ise less than 10 per cent: Coal, anthracite, egg 103. 9 Coal, anthracite, atpve 109.0 Else 10 to li5 per cent; Coal, anthracite, chestnut 120.6 Fall less than 10 per cent: Coal, anthracite, grate 97.3 Coal, anthracite, F. lump 96. Coal, anthracite, S. lump 96.0 Fall 10 to 25 per cent: Matches, 8-card 77.1 Fall 25 to 50 per cent: Coal, bituminous -, 62. Fall 50 per cent or more : Candles, beet adamantine 48.1 METALS AND IMPLEMENTS, 54 AETICLES. Else 10 to 25 per cent: Anvils, domestic 118.5 Else 25 to 50 per cent : Eope, manila 133.3 Spelter, imported / 133. 3 Quicksilver 136.2 Fall less than 10 per cent: Saws, hand, standard Disstons 97.4 Eope, tarred, American 97.3 Lead pipe 99.7 Eope, tarred, Eu.ssian 94.7 Woodscrew8,l-inch,No. 10, flathead,iron 92. 2 One variety of pocket knife Fall 10 to 25 per cent : Lead drop shot 88. Pig iron. No. 1, Anthracite fonndery 77. Iron rods, for making wood screws 76. Lead, pig 75. 5 Six varieties of pocket knives Fall 25 to 50 per cent : Copper, sheet 74. 6 Shovels, Ames, No. 2, caat steul, etc 72.7 Bar iron, best refined, rolled 72. 4 Butts, loose pin, cast, 3 x 3- inch 70. 2 Lead, pig 70. 1 Saws, crosscut, 6foot, Disaton's 65.2 Locks, common mortise 60. 1 Scythes 60. Copper, ingot 59.6 Nails, cut 59. 4 Iron wire, market. No. 10 67.7 Locks, common rim 54. 4 Saws, circular, 52-inch, Disston's 52.8 18 varieties of pocket knives I all 50 per cent or more : Meatoutters, Hale's, No.l2 42.3 Doorknobs, mineral 40.0 Saws, hand, common, Disstou's 37. 5 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 55 Table 2. — Relative prices, 1891 compared ivith 1860 — Contimied, LUMBER AND BUILDING MATERIALS, 35 ARTICLES. Uniform : Chestnut, lumber, in the log, not sawed- 100. Rise 10 to 25 per cent : Brick, common domestic, building 117. 1 Maple, boards, firstquality, 1-in., rough. 122. 2 Rise 25 to 50 per cent : Pine, flooring, "white, extra, 1-in., etc. . . 128. 6 Pine, boards, white, common, 1-in., etc . 130. 4 Spruce, boards, 1-inch 131.3 Hemlock, lumber, in log, not sawed 133. 3 Shingles, pine, 16 in., extra XXX, cut. . 145. 5 Hemlock, boards, first quality, 1-in., etc. 146, 4 Rise 50 to 100 per cent : Lime, Rockland 150.0 Pine, lumber, in log, not sawed 150. Shingles, pine, 16 inches, estra XXX, sawed 150.0 Pine, boards, white, clear, 1-in., etc 160. Shingles, pine, 16 inches, XXX 165. 7 Pine, boards, white, common, 1-in., etc. . 173. Pine, boards, white, culls, 1-in., etc 177.8 Pine,boardB,white,clear, extra, 1-in., etc. 183. 3 Rise 100 to 200 per cent : Pine,boards, white, clear, extra, 1-in., etc. 207.1 Rise 200 per cent or more: Oak. boards, white, plain, first quality, l-iu.,etc 318.2 Eall leas than 10 per cent: Oxide of zinc, American, dry 94. 4 Turpentine 93. 8 Fall 10 to 25 per cent: Plate glass, polished, unsilvered, 10-40 eq. feet 89.2 Plate glass, polished, unsilvered, 5-10 aq. feet 88.5 Plate glass, polished, unsilvered, 1-3 sq. feet 87.8 Carbonate of lead in oil 86. 2 Cement, Rosendale 85. "Window glass, American, 10 by 14, firsts, single 83. 1 Tar, Wilmington 80. "Window glass, Erencb, 10 by 14, thirds, single 78. 2 Doors, pine, unmoulded, etc 78. 1 "Window glass, French, 10 by 14, firsts, single 78. Plate glass, polished, unsilvered, 3 to 5 sq. feet 76.5 Fall 25 to 50 per cent ; Plate glass, polished, unsilvered, 40-80 sq. feet 66. 7 Putty 66. 7 Plate glass, polished, unsilvered, 80-100 sq. feet 57.2 DRUGS AND CHEMICALS, 18 ARTICLES. Rise less than 10 per cent: Sugar of lead, white 104.3 Liuseed oil 107.0 Rise 10 to 25 per cent : Calomel 119- 1 Rise 25 to 50 per cent : Mercury 127. 3 Rise 200 per cent or more : Alcohol 411.1 Fall 10 to 25 per cent: Sugar of lead, brown 80. Alum, lump, crystal 77. 8 Fall 25 to 50 per cent: Copperas 75. Flaxseed 69. 3 Soda ash S8. 4 Brimstone, crude 57.8 Fall 50 per cent or more : Bichromate of potash 47. 6 Blue vitriol 47.4 Opium 39. 1 Glycerine, refined 38. 8 Muriatic acid 29. 2 Quinine 27.3 Sulphuric acid 27. 3 HOUSE FURNISHING GOODS, 15 ARTICLES. Uniform: Tubs, wooden 100.0 Rise 25 to 50 per cent: Furniture, tables, kitchen, pine, 3J-foot- 125. Fall less than 10 per cent: Tubs, wooden 95. Furniture, chairs, kitchen, common, spindle 93. 3 Fall 10 to 25 per cent: Pails, wooden, 2-hoop 88.9 Pails, woodeni 2-hoop 85.7 Pails, wooden, 3-hoop 84. 4 Tube, wooden 82. 8 Tubs, wooden 82. 2 Fall 25 to 50 per cent : Furniture, chairs, bedroom, maple, cane seat 70. Fall 50 per cent or more : Glassware, tumblers, i-pint 41. 7 Glassware, sets, finished 36, 6 Glassware, bowls, 8-inch 30. Glassware, pitchers, ^-gallon 20. 6 Glassware, goblets, common 15. 6 MISCELLANEOUS, 10 ARTICLES. Uniform: Starch, Ontario 100.0 Rise 10 to 25 per cent: Powder,rifle 110.0 Rise 25 to SOjper cent : Eubber,Paxa 141-8 Fall less than 10 per cent : Starch, refined 96. 4 Starch, pure 92. 3 Powder, rifle 91. 7 Starch, pearl - 91. 7 Starch, silver gloss 90.3 Fall 25 to 50 per cent : Soap, castile, mottled, imported 73. 5 Staxch, ordinary laundry 63. 3 56 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 2.—Iielative prices, 1891 compared with iifiO— Concluded. injMBEICAL SUMMAEY. Number of articles. Per cent. Prices wMcli rise — 200 per cent or more 100 to 200 per cent 60 to 100 per cent 25 to 50 per cent 10 to 25 per cent Less than 10 per cent Prices which remain uniform Prices which fall — JLess than 10 per cent 10 to 25 per cent 25 to 50 per cent 50 per cent or more , Total 1.4 0.9 4.9 8.5 7.2 4.5 4.0 10.8 21.5 28.7 7.6 100.0 A careful examination of the foregoing table reveals many marked changes in price. There are notable instances of increased prices to be found, especially in the groups food, and lumber and buUding materials. Other groups present few instances of greatly increased prices. This is especially true of cloths and clothing, where but two articles, and these not goods of common consumption, have increased in price. It is eminently true that, apart from the two groups which we have men- tioned, decreased prices are the rule and increased prices the excep- tion. Decreased prices are especially the case where manufactured articles enter largely into the groups. In the table the articles have been so arranged that the degree of change could be easily seen. To this end the numerical summary has also been added to the table. From this it appears that but 4 per cent of the articles have to-day the same prices which they had in 1860. Of the remaining 96 per cent there has been a rise in price in 27.4 per cent of aU the articles and a fall ia price in 68.6 per cent of the articles. The changes in price and their degree are brought out more clearly in Table 3, which follows, and which shows the changes by groups of articles as well as for the total : Table 3. — Changes in prices, 1891 compared with 1860. Groups. a-s 3 a Else 200 per cent or more. Eise 100 to 200 per cent. Eiee 50 to 100 per cent. Eise 25 to 50 per cent. Eise 10 to 25 per cent. Eise less than 10 per cent. TTni- form. Fall less than 10 per cent. Tall 10 to 25 per cent. Fall 25 to 50 per cent. FaU 50 per cent or more. Food 53 28 10 54 35 18 15 10 1 1 3 7 8 2 1 1 2 1 6 4 1 1 3 3 3 6 2 5 14 1 10 11 2 5 14 8 1 31 3 4 1 2 Fuel and lighting 1 Metals and implements 3 6 1 1 1 Lumber and building materials Drugs and chemicals 1 1 1 8 '"•i 1 7 Houae furnishing goods 1 1 2 5 1 Total 223 3 2 11 19 16 10 9 24 48 64 17 It is quite evident from this table that increased prices are infrequent except in the groups food, and lumber and building materials. To obtain as full a view as possible of the changes in prices in 1891 as compared with former dates, it has been thought well to institute as REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 57 far as possible a comparison witli tlie initial year of tlie investigation, 1840. There are ei^lity-live articles for which prices are given in 1840 and 1891, Table 4 has been prepared on the same plan as Table 2 and is here inserted : Tablk 4. — Relative ;price8 J 1891 compared tvitli 1810, FOOD, 30 RETICLES. Else leas than 10 per cent: CUeeae 105.6 Flour, ry 107. 5 Rise 10 to 2j per cent: Spices, pepper, whole, Sumatra 120.0 Molasses, Porto liico, best 120. Molasses, New Orleans, prime 124.1 Else 25 to 50 per cent: Fish, mackerel, salt, shore, No. 2 133. 4 Kise 50 to 100 per cent: Butter 150.0 Fruit, raisins 152. 7 Salt, Aahton'e Liverpool, fine 156. 3 Salt, Ashton's 172. 3 Fish, mnckerel, salt, shore, No.l 188.2 Eice, Carolina, prime 195. 5 lliae 100 to 200 per cent: Fish, mackerel, aalt, ahore, No. 3 209. 1 Coffee, Rio, fair 211.0 Fall 10 to 25 per cent: Bread, ship biscuits Meat, pork, aalt, mess Moat, ham, sugai-cnrcd Meal, corn, yeTlow, kiln> dried Meat, bacon, clear Lard Salt, tine, boiled Salt, Turk's Island Fall 25 to 50 tier cent : Sugar, fair refining Lard, pure leaf Spices, uutmcLis ; Meat, beef, salt, mess Salt, coarse, solar Tallow, prime, city, in hogsheads Fall 50 per cent or more : Sugar, refined, cruslied and granulated- Fruit, currants, Zante 60. 86.8 84.8 8:i. 8 81.7 81.4 81.3 78.1 74.4 70.8 70.6 56.0 55. G 51.4 49.5 43.2 CLOTHS AND CLOTHING, 9 ARTICLES. Rise 25 to 50 per cent : Leather, harness . . 136.2 Fall lesa than 10 per cent: Cottou, upland, middling Sole leather, first quality, etc Fall 10 to 25 per cent : Hides, dry, BiiCDOS Ayres Fall 25 to 50 per ceut: Broadcloths, second quality, black, 54-iu.,etc Tickin";s, Anin.skong, A. C. A Broadcloths, first quality, black, 54-iu., etc Carpets, ingrain, 2-ply, Lowell Fall 50 per cent or more : Calico, Cocheco prints 94.3 90.1 87.7 72.3 68.6 62.5 5«. 8 50.0 FUEL AND LIGHTING, 1 ARTICLE- I Fall 50 per cent OT more : Matches, 8-card 19,5 METALS AND IMPLEMENTS, 12 ARTICLES. Rise leaa than 10 per cent: Rope, manila Rise 50 to lOU per cent : Spelter, imported 104.7 155.5 Fall leas than 10 per cent : Lead, pig 92. 5 Fall 10 to 25 per cent: Load, pig.. 85.2 Copper, sheet 78. 6 Copper, ingot 77. 8 Fall 25 to 50 per cent : Rope, tai'red, Russian 75.0 Wood screws, 1-in., No. 10, fiat head, iron 72. 8 Lead, drop shot 68. 9 Quick.silver 66. 4 Fall 50 per cent or more: Iron rods, for making wood screws 42. Naila,cut 33.8 LTTMBER AND BUILDING MATERIALS, 15 ARTICLES. Rise 10 to 25 per cent : Hemlock, boarda, firat quality, 1-in., etc. 113, 8 Spruce, boarda, 1-inch 123.5 Rise 25 to 50 per cent : Tar, Wilmington 133.3 Pine, fiooring, white, extra, I-in., etc 133. 4 Pine, boarda, white, common, 1-in., etc. . 142. 8 Shingles, pino,16-in, XXX 145. Shingles, pine, 16-in., extra XXX, cut.. 145.5 Rise 50 to 100 per cent: Turpentine 150.1 Pine, boarda, white, clear, 1-iu., etc 160. P^Dft, hr.r_Trirt,whlte,clear, extra,l-in.,etc. 183. 3 Fall 10 to 25 per cent: Carbonate of load, in oil 88.0 Lime.Rockland 80.0 Fall 25 to 50 per cent : Doors, pinp, u imoulded, etc 71.4 "Wiudow glass, American, 10 by 14, firsts, single 59. 1 Fall 50 per cent or more : Puvty «0.0 58 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Tablb i.—Belative prices, 1801 compared with iS^O— Concluded. DEUGS AND CHEMICALS, 15 ARTICLES. Eiso less than 10 per cent: Lin.sPL'd oil Eise lU to 25 per cent: Opium Else 200 per cent or more: Alcohol 109.0 112.4 403.4 Fall 10 to 25 per cent: Sugar of lead, white 84. 2 Flaxseed 79.1 Fall 25 to 50 jjer cent : Mercury G0.9 Calomei 30.0 BlueTitrlol 53.0 Fall 50 per cent or more : Soda ash 50.0 33rimstone, crude 47.3 Alum, lump, crystal 35.0 Copperas - 33.3 Sulphuric acid 25. Muriatic acid 21.9 Quinine 9. 2 HOirSE FTJENISHING GOODS, 2 AETICLES. Else 25 to 50 per cent : Tubs, wooden 138.9 Fall 25 to 50 per cent: Fails, wooden, 2-hoop 53.3 MISCELLANEOTTS, 1 AETICLE. Fall 50 per cent or more : Soap, Castile, mottled, imported 50. NUMEKICAL SUMMAET. Number of articles Per cent. Prices which rise — 200 per cent or more 100 to 200 per cent 50 to 100 per cent 25 to 50 per cent 10 to 25 per cent Less than 10 per cent Prices which remain uniform . Prices which fall — Less than 10 per cent 10 to 25 per cent 25 to 50 per cent 50 per cent or more 1.2 2.4 11.8 9.4 7.1 4.7 3.5 18.8 23.5 17.6 Total . 85 100.0 The comparison of 1891 prices with 1840 shows a larger proportion of higher prices than the comparison of 1891 ijrices with 1860. This is brought out plainly in the numerical summary, from which it appears that while prices were higher in 36.6 per cent of the cases they were lower in 63.4 per cent of all the cases. Attention should be called also to the large proportion of extreme variations, particularly among the decreased prices. Table 5 shows the changes in price by groups in detail. Cases of increased prices are again confined almost exclusively to the groups food, and lumber and building materials. Table 5. — Changes in prices, 1891 compared loith 1840. Groups. o . (0 Eiso 200 per cent or more. Eise 100 to 200 per cent. Eise 50 to 100 per cent. Eise 25 to 50 per cent. Eise 10 to 25 per cent. 3 Eise less than 10 per cent. TJni- forui. Fall less t lan 10 per ojnt. Fall 10 to 25 per cent. Fall 25 to 50 per cent. FaU 50 per cent or more. Food 30 9 1 12 15 15 2 1 85 2 6 1 1 2 8 1 6 4 2 2 1 Fuel aud ligliting 1 Metals and iiuplementa 1 3 1 1 3 2 2 4 2 3 1 2 Lumber aud building: materials 5 2 1 1 1 1 7 House-furnishing goods 1 Miscellaneous 1 . . . . Total 1 2 10 8 6 4 3 16 20 15 REPORT ON "WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 59 In these tables it is shown that the range of variation for the different articles included in the list is quite considerable, and it is difficult to gain an idea of the general condition of prices as compared with 18G0 unless soi^e method be adopted by which this body of facts can be reduced to a single expression. A familiar method of ascertaining what has been the general course of prices is to divide the sum of relative prices by the number of articles included in the list. In this manner we can ascertain the average tendency in the prices of these articles. In Table 6 we give the prices of 1891 as compared with 1800 by groups of articles and for the total number. Table 6. — Relative prices, 1891 compared wifli 1860, ly groups. Group. Number of articles. Sum of rela- tive prices. Division of 2 by 1. Food Clotbs and clotbing Fuel and lighting iletals and implements Lumber and building materials Drugs and cberaicals House furnisbing goods Miscellaneous Total 5, 507. 1 2, 269. 4 910. 4, 043. 5 4, 279. 3 1, 653. 8 1, 051. 8 950.9 223 20, 565. 8 103.9 81.1 91.0 74.9 122.3 70. 92.2 We find that these prices, on an average, are 92.2 per cent of what the prices were for the year 1860. In the different groups concerned there is a considerable variation. Thus there are two groups in which the average price to-day is greater than it was in 18G0 : food, wliich stands at 103.9, and lumber and building materials, which stands at 122.3. In regard to the latter an investigation of Table 1 will show that the main increase has been in lumber, other building materials showing some tendency to decline in prices. It will be observed that the minimum price is found in house furnisliing goods, 70.1. Two im- portant groups, representing almost exclusively manufactured prod- ucts, show a considerable decline. They are metals and implements at 74.9 and cloths and clothing at 81.1. The statement which we have here made as to the average price of 1891 as compared with 1860 represents only the average fluctuation of the prices represented. It need not be insisted that each article in the list, no matter how important or how insignificant, has had an equal value in determining this result. It is further evident that where an extreme variation occurs the price for the whole number of articles or for the particular group may be seriously affected by this fact. Thus, for instance, in the group food, we have the most extraordinary price of codfish at 312.5. If codfish be omitted from the calculation, the average for food would be reduced 4 per cent and would stand at less than 100, at 99.9 instead of 103.9, a difference by no means inconsiderable. At the same time it should be remembered that codfish is one of the extreme instances, and that, while the effect upon food from the omission of codfish is to reduce the rela- tive price 4 per cent, the change which its omission effects in the general result for 223 articles is only 1 per cent, a change in the result from 92.2 to 91.2, so that after all, if these abnormal prices be few — and an examination of the table will show that this is the case — it is clear that the figures which we have given approximate the actual condition of prices to-day as compared with the year 1860. 60 EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. A comparison similar to that whicli has been made above for 1860 can be made for the lesser number of articles whose prices reach back to the year 1840. Taking that year as the basis, expressing the prices in 1891 in terms of it, and summarizing as before by groupg, we have the following table, 7. Table 7. — Belative prices, 1S91 compared with 1840, iy groups. Groups. K'umber of articles. Sum of relative prices. Division of 2 by 1. Pood Cloths and clothing Tuel and lighting Metals and implements Lumber and bxTilding materials Drugs and rheniicals House furnishing goods Miscellaneous Total 3, 285. 4 720.6 19.5 953. 2 1, 779. 2 1, 183. 7 192.2 60.0 109.5 80.1 19.5 79.4 118.6 78.9 96.1 50.0 8, 183. 8 As in the previous comparison, we see increased prices only in the groups food, and lumber and building materials. In other groups the decline in prices is not so marked for the 85 articles compared with 1840 as it was for 223 articles compared with 1860. The difference for all articles is less than in the former comparison. It is not meant, however, that the results of these comparisons are absolute, for it must be evident that a list containing so many articles as the present must necessarily include many of comparatively slight importance, either to the individual or to the nation as a whole. If we seek the real effect of the changes which have occurred in prices, we must measure them in some way by the amounts in which the articles are consumed. Otherwise, it might easily happen that the price of an article rarely used would outbalance one w^hich was consumed daily. Thus, the relative price of wheat flour is 72.1 and of nutmegs, 142.9. It would be manifestly meaningless to assert that the average price of these two articles was 107.5. The only proper method by which an average of these two articles could be obtained would be to assign to each an importance in the result equal to its importance in the con- sumption of families. Undoubtedly the best measure of the proper proportions in which the various articles included in our list should enter into the general re- sult is the consumption of families. Fortunately we have the facts from which we can ascertain with a great degree of accuracy the val- ues of various articles consumed by a large number of families, which may be considered typical of the expenditure of the mass of the peo- ple. In his recent reports upon the cost of production the Conmiis- sioner of Labor has famished voluminous tables relating to family earnings and expenses. Prom these tables we can ascertain the propor- tion in which the various articles of consumption enter into the budget of the classes concerned. The table which we shall use as the basis of comparison is based upon Table XLIV of the Seventh Annual Re- port. It is that which furnish ed the basis of our analysis of retail prices. The table, which is here inserted, gives the statement of the relative expenditure for the main groups of family expenses of 2,561 (a) normal (ffi) The number of families is from a preliminary manuscript table, ivhich waa used in the Keport on Ketail Pnoes and Wages, and is therefore preserved here. The addition of one family in thepubUslied 1 IS?''/-'' J / .il'^P?'^,'"™* "*' '""^'O'' malies immaterial changes in the proportions. They are: rent, l,505;food, 4,105; fuel, 501; clothing, 1,531; lighting, 90; and aU other purposes, 2,268. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 61 families selected from tlie larger number which are contained in the reports on the cost of production. It should be noted that a normal family, according to the definition adopted by the Commissioner, is one which has no boarders or dependents, does not own its dwelling place, has an expenditure given for rent, fuel, lighting, clothing, and food, has both a husband and a wife, and has not more than five children, no one of which is over 14 years of age. Table 8. — Distribution of expenditure for 8,561 normal familiea. Group. Propor- tions of 10,000. 1,506 4-, 103 500 1,631 90 2,270 Food Fuel Clothing Lirfit Total 10,000 The table we have given includes only the main groups of family ex- penses. It tells us nothing of the expenditure within the groups men- tioned, but as the most important group, food, includes over 40 per cent of the total expenditure it is highly important to discover in what proportions the different articles of food enter into this result. While this might have been done from the tables presented in the reports of the Commissioner, which give the details of expenditure for the differ- ent articles of food and of clothing, this would not have been altogether satisfactory. In the grouping for food adopted by the Department of Labor there are two general groups, one, meat not specified, and the other, food not specified. These assiime very considerable pro- portions in any general average from the figures of the Department. In order to obviate this difficulty, therefore, special budgets were col- lected in various places in the United States with a view to obtaining a gTcater degree of accuracy in regard to the details of expenditure both for food and clothing than was possible in the general report of the Commissioner. The budgets which are embodied in Tables VI and VII in the report on retail prices cover a large variety of occupations and may be considered representative of the expenditure in the classes of the community which they represent. These budgets contain a more accurate statement for food, and a more specific statement- of expenditure for clothing than was made in the reports of the Depart- ment. Following the methods employed in the report on retail prices, we shall use the general distribution of expenditure already given for nor- mal families, and confine the use of the special budgets to the distri- bution of expenditure within the groups, food, clothing, and other pur- poses. The expenditure for food, clothing, and miscellaneous purposes is given in Table 9. The table shows the actual amount expended, the quota per capita, and the proportional amount that each item bears to the total. 62 EEPOET OS WHOLESALE PPJCES AITO WAGES. Table Q.— Expenditure of i'32 families for certain purposes. FOOD. Beef H"L' pruduits M'at (Kot .ipeeilied; -. Poiiltrr Fish... E-::3 Milt iluiit-3e3 L.-LT.l Flour and meal. l:ir-e . . Iriilt. Potjro»3 - Te^etaMe^ 'not 'sp'reitied; Tini-^iir. i-iukl---. a'-A 'joii'liments rood mot -~x>e'.ifi'-d> Total-.-- 60,8SL48| 202.12 lO/XjO ?0 .501.76 $40.% 1,561 :-;. Stci- 03 17.20 ^ 3 73.v.f/J 16. 10 614 «5.M 2. 7^ 106 Cr-J- 25 2.97 113 1. VA. 24 'i. -Zri Sit 3. 4;4. iJi 15.02 572 n.Tgi.m 29.04 1,107 401.66 L73 66 1.046.36 4.51 172 3. 242. K 13.97 5.32 3. ^T2. 09 16. e» est -j^j3. -J.3 1.44 1. 222. 19 5-27 201 6. 223. (J5 i- (:-> L022 2. a^. :>; 11.42 4-36 144- i>j 62 24 2. f«0. -4 8.80 332 2.764.49 11.92 431 2.910.88 12.55 479 430.37 1.86 71 2. i'J4. .51 12.47 476 CLOTHXN^fr. HosbaDd: Coats. Tests, troa-'rrs. orercoats - B-> .t3 and shoes Hats -. "riifl'-r''-lotIie3 Shirts MiscellaneoTis Total "Wife: Xh-esses, cloaks, sbairls . Boots and shoes Underclothes Miscellan^ms Total- ChildreD: Coats, etc I)r'^---S'?». etc E^-ot- and shoes . Hit, TTnfl^rclothes SliirT.s MiactllaneoTs. .. *3.271.51 $1*-11 l-^yJ 1,093.6.5 4.71 470 401.72 L73 1,3 637. 23 2. 7.5 274 .346.47 1.49 1 149 2.091.41 9.01 1 7. i4J.99 33. ao 3. 371 1. Sl.5.7* -.26 824 -26.60 3.56 3-54 591- 92 2- .55 : 2-54 1, 946. 56 S. 39 ' -W 0. 2i0- 86 Total. Hn.sbatid. ■Wife Chiliren . - 75 2,263 1- 41.5. .50 6. 10 i Cf.'i 1. -527. 72 6. .59 ; 6-57 1. n.: m 7.76 ! 774 1 .%-..9t 2-78 i 277 ' l>'-6.98 2.86 ; 295 71- 29 .31 j 31 4, f-OS. 42 17-15 1 1.719 j 10, 150. 51 j 43.75 I 4,361 7. i41. 99 33.80 3.371 5. 2,i'!. it, 12. 76 2. 2«3 10.150.51 ' 43.75 4.3«1 Total. 23,273.36 100.31 10,000 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 63 Tablb 9. — Expenditure of SSS families for certain purposes — Concluded. MISCELLANEOUS PURPOSES (ALL EXPENDITURES EXCEPT FOE FOOD, CLOTHING, RENT, LIGHTING, AND EUBL). Group. Total. Per family. Propor- tion of 2,370.* Taxes Insurance Org.inizations Religion Charity Eurniture and utensils Roolvs and newspapers Amusements Intoxicating liquors . . . Tobacco Illness and death Other purposes Total $1, 936. 07 2, .546. 74 1, 118. 59 1, 550. 20 411.72 4, 258. 27 1,680.90 1, 550. 20 2, 816. 15 1, 769. 77 5, 650. 50 12, 908. 90 $8.34 10.98 4.82 6.71 1.77 18.36 7.27 6.68 12.14 7.71 24.36 55.64 115 151 66 02 24 253 100 92 168 107 335 767 38, 230. 07 164. 78 2,270 * This is the proportion of this class of expenditure in the total of 10,000. Before considering the application of these ratios and amounts to the relative prices which have been ascertained for 1891 we must con- sider two objections which might possibly be raised to such a plan. It might be objected, in the first place, that the figures in regard to the consumption of articles relate to the year 1891 and not to 1860. It might be thought that the most correct measurement of the cost ol living would be found by taking what was consumed in 1860 on the one side and what was consumed in 1891 on the other as the basis for the respective periods. If this were impossible it might be clearer to take the con- sumption of 1800 as a basis and show what the prices in 1891 would have been, based, on the same consumption as in 1860. It will be rec- ognized that both of these are theoretical requirements. It is ab- solutely impossible to secure the data required, since the records of family expenditure in 1860 were not collected at the time and are no longer extant. The comparison must take the form of ascertaining the consumption at the present time and find its cost as compared with the same consumption at a prior date. In fact it must be recognized that this is not only the only practicable method to be employed, but that it is theoretically correct since we must compare like with like, and that we could not, even it we had the figures, properly compare the con- sumption of 1860 with that of 1891 to show the effect of changes in price, for if there were any changes, they would probably be shown by the budgets themselves without bringing them into relation with the prices.- In the second place it might be objected that since the prices with which we are here concerned are wholesale prices and not those paid by the consumer, that it is incorrect to bring these prices into relation with the consumption of articles bought at retail as ascertained by the budgets. However, this objection is valid only in case there has been a different movement of retaU prices since the beginning of the period than of wholesale prices. If, on the other hand, it is believed that the wholesale and retail prices have borne a more or less fixed relation during this entire period, it must be evident that the course of wholesale prices is indicative of the course of retail prices. As we are dealing exclusively with relative prices it would make abso- lutely no difference in the latter case whether the prices upon which our calculations were based were retail or wholesale. There can be no doubt that for the purpose of these comparisons retail prices would have been less open to question than wholesale prices. But the proba- ble error arising from the use of wholesale prices in this connection la 64 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND "WAGES, not large enough to seriously affect the accuracy and validity of the results which may be reached. It need only be said that the ascer- taiument of wholesale instead of retail prices for this report was an ab- solute necessity, as the records of retail sales are notaccessible. We may now deal with the application of the relative prices in 1891 to the volume of consumption. It will be observed that while the prices are for individual articles, the consumption, as indicated in the pre- ceding tables is, in some cases at least, for groups of articles. In order to apply our prices, therefore, to these groups it will be necessary to combine them. The combinations which have been made for food are indicated in the annexed Table, 10. Table 10. — Formation of group ratios — Food. 7. Lard- Lard. Lard, pore leat. 8. lYnit— Dried apples. Cnrraiits. KaisiDS. 9. Vinegar and condiments — Salt (average of coarse solar, and tine boiled). Pepper. ^Nutmegs. 1. Beef— 4. Fjeh— Beef, ribs. Cod. Beef, loins. Mackerel, N'o. 1. 2. Hog products — Mackerel, ITo. 2. Ham. Mackerel, 'So. 3. Bacon. 5. Molasses — Salt pork, mess. ^ew Orleans, 3. Meat not specified — Porto Bico. 2 beef (group 1 above.) 6. Flour and meal — 2 bog prodacta (group 2 2 wheat floor, above). 1 rye flour. 1 lamb. 1 com meal. 1 mutton. 1 beef, salt, mesa. "While, as a general thing, no attempt has been made to do more than average the various articles comprised in a single group, there are occa- sional exceptions in which one article is assigned a greater importance than the others. This has been done in order to roughly approximate the proper amount to be included, so as to prevent articles of inferior im- portance outweighing in the result those which are manifestly the main components of the group. The grouping which is here given explains perfectly all of the groups except the final one of food not specified. It is possible to suppose that this refers either to different kinds of food from those already mentioned or else to the same items not specifically reported. An examination of the price lists shows that the grouping, as given above, includes every article found in it, and we are, therefore, forced to the conclusion that this group, food not specified, refers to those that have alreadj- been considered. Meat is to be excepted, since meat not specifically mentioned is included in the group, meat not spec- ified. In order to obtain, therefore, a relative price for the group, food not specified, we have found the average price for the various articles of food already mentioned with the exception of meat. The formation of groups having been explained their application to the prices for 1891 is shown in the following Table 11. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 65 Table 11. — Belative prices of food, 1891, measured ly its consumption. 22 Group. Beef Hog products Meat not specified Poultry Total meat Fish Eggs ■Ms. Butter Cheese Tea Coffee , Sugar Molasses Lard Flour and meal Bread Uice Fruit Potatoes Yege tables Vinegar Total (except meat) Food not specified Meat Grand total Impor- tance. 1,561 655 014 106 2,830 113 • 316 572 1,107 66 172 532 636 55 201 1,022 430 24 332 454 479 71 5,937 476 2,830 9,243 Index. 106.2 91.1 98.2 101.0 214.3 109.6 100.0 128 6 95.0 105.2 59.4 81.3 57.5 82.5 102.2 126.5 95.5 100.0 101.4 104.9 104.9 101.0 103.7 Eesult.* 1, 657, 782 596, 705 602, 948 2,857,435 242, 159 340, 336 572, 000 1, 423, 602 62, 700 878, 864 377, 784 44,715 115, 575 843, 150 445, 592 30, 360 317, 060 454, 000 71, 994 6, 225, 891 499, 3114 2, 857, 435 9, 58^, 650 * Here and elsewhere the decimal points are omitted jn performing the multiplication. The column headed result gives the product of multiplying the importance by the index or ratio. It will be noticed that the foregoing statement does not include the total expenditure for food as set forth in the table of consumption. There are three groups for which it was impossible to obtain the figures, either because of the inadequacy of the records or because of the ex- treme difiiculty of obtaining prices for absolutely identical goods at different periods. The first is the reason why no figures were secured for the prices of poultry and vegetables, while the second is the cause of the omission of tea. How^ever, the statement as given in Table H cov- ers 92 per cent of the total expenditure for food, and we may, therefore, consider it representative of the entire expenditure without doing any serious violence to the facts in the case. It is perfectly fair to assume that the portion of the food expenditure which is not represented would show the same tendency as that which is. The application of the price figures to the consumption of clothing has been one of considerable difficulty. We are met at the outset by the fact that while the consumption as indicated in the table gives the expenditure for certain garments, the prices comprise mainly the mate- rials out of which the garments are made. Thus we are forced to sub- stitute the materials for the garments. A more serious difficulty arises from the fact that there are but 28 articles in the long list of prices for cloths and clothing which cover the period from I860 to the present time. Some of these further are inapplicable to the calculations which we have in hand. They are the prices of raw wool, raw cotton, and of carpets. Besides these it has been deemed necessary to omit from our calculations the prices of broadcloths as being an article no longer in common use, and of so limited consumption that it is not indica- tive of the course of prices for the average consumer. This reduces further the number of quotations covering the period from 1860 to 1890 which are available for the comparisons which we have in hand. In S. Eep. 1394 5 GG KEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. order to avail ourselves of the very large number of articles included in the list of cloths and clothing a special calculation for this group has been made upon the basis of 1890, the prices in that year being ex- pressed as 100, the prices of previous years representing percentages of the same. Our series is, therefore, exactly the reverse of that which is used in the other calculations. But by adopting this method as a basis we are able to include, at least so far as the quotations reach, all the quotations in the list. The facts developed by this analysis are given in the following table: REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 67 'Tabij; 12. — Relative prices of cloths and clothing, compared with 1890. Geoup I.— StriTINGS. Cassimeres, all wool. Cassimeres, Sawyers, made of X and XX wool. Suitings. Tear. 3 o i 1 ■f 3 1 li 1 C4 ® o 8.2 5^ 1 O H 1 i a i 6 1 1 i i-i i a "1 111 a.gs iH 00 J 11 o S If 6 I860 327.4 127.4 141.5 215.1 215.1 215.1 216.1 161.3 147.9 134.4 134.4 147.9 147.9 147.9 139.8 134.4 107.5 107.5 107.5 112.3 112.3 122.6 161.7 181.9 222.3 202.1 181.9 181.9 141.5 141.5 161.7 181.9 161.7 iai.7 141.5 121.3 121.3 111.2 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 147.4 134.3 134.3 147.4 147.4 134.3 129.1 134.3 119.4 111.4 106.3 111.4 116.6 116.6 116.6 110.9 110.9 106.3 105.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 105.9 105.9 105,9 105. 9 105.9 105.9 105.9 105.9 105. 9 100.0 100,0 100.0 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1870 "iso.'s" 161.1 153.1 139.4 139.4 121.1 119.4 106.3 106.3 111.4 116.6 116.6 116.6 110.9 106.3 106.3 105.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 136.2 127.1 145.4 147.8 124.6 127.1 127.1 112.1 103.4 103.4 112.1 112.1 112.1 112.1 108.2 101.0 103.4 102.4 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 - 1872 158.9 147.8 138. 2 136.2 120.8 112.1 103.4 103.4 112.1 112.1 112. 1 112.1 108.2 98.6 103.4 102.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1873 181.0 181.6 130. 2 136.2 100.8 101.0 101.0 112.1 IK.l 112.1 106.8 103.4 98.6 103.4 102.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 "i36."2' 113.5 106.8 112.1 101.0 112.1 112.1 112.1 106.8 103.4 98.6 103.4 102.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1874 1875 1876 111.4 1877 111.4 1878 111.4 1879 105.3 115.8 105.3 105,3 105.3 100.0 100.0 105.3 100.0 100.0 94.7 100.0 100.0 110.3 130.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 104.8 104.8 104.8 104.8 95.2 100.0 100. 100.0 111.4 1880 111.4 1881 111.4 1882 111.4 1883 1884 i\9lW 106.4 106.4 105.3 105.3 105.3 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.4 108 3 1885 99,0 1886 ... . 105.2 1887 102.1 1888 1889 100.0 100.0 1890 1891 100.0 100.0 68 REPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 12. — Eelative prices of cloths and clothing, compared with 1890 — Continned. Gbocp I.— SUITINGS- Concluded. Siiitings. Cassiiueres. n t- 3-3" . _ o ai Overcoatings. Tear. It SI . si ■Oco £ ■s it 5 o art) <1 a ^ 3 < 1^ if < I860 136.3 136.3 146.0 173.4 192.7 250.5 221.6 192.7 192.7 173.4 173.4 173.4 192.7 154.2 173.4 163.8 154.2 125.3 106.0 'iis.'i' 'mi" 234.9 190.3 170.0 162.3 ieo.o' 157.3 158.6 114.7 114.7 124.3 167.3 167.3 191.2 191.2 147.6 147.6 147.6 147.6 158.9 158.9 158.9 136.2 136.2 102.2 102.2 102.2 122.7 122.7 1862 136 6 186"J 179.4 205.5 222.8 1866 2IJ4 1 1867 170.7 1868 166.5 1869 : 144.9 1870 141.8 1871 149.0 1872 157 7 1873 ... 153.1 1874 154.0 150.8 135.7 128.2 108.6 105.6 150.8 132.1 132.1 117.5 105.7 95.4 102.8 105.7 102.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 153.5 145.9 126.7 124.7 115.2 118.2 126.3 117.7 117.7 112.1 102.6 97.2 102.6 102.6 99.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 145.1 1875 137.1 1876 117.3 117.3 117.3 104.3 129.0 129.0 129.0 U4.7 122.8 1877 115.6 1878 109.5 1879 110.3 130.3 110.3 110.3 110.3 104 8 104.8 110.3 104.8 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 107.2 18S0 105.3 105.3 105.3 105.3 100.0 100.0 105.3 105.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 117.7 1881 122.1 128.2 113.5 1882 113.9 1883 109.5 1884 123.9 114.4 123.9 122. 6 113.2 103.8 100.0 94.3 i62.9 101.7 107.8 99.6 106.4 104.1 100.0 134.8 112.3 101. 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.4 108.0 1885 107.5 107.5 107.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 118.3 U8.3 107.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.8 1886 106 1 1887 104. S 1888 101 1890 100.0 90 4 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 69 Table 12. — Melatlve prices of cloths and clothing, compared with 1890 — Continued. Ghohp n.— CAEPETS. Carpets. Year. Brussels, 5-frame, Bigelow. Brussels, 5-fraTue, LoweU. Ingrain, Lowell. Areiage. 3860 '. 120.9 111.6 120.9 162.8 200.0 325.6 255.8 255. 8 223.3 232.6 232.6 186.0 200.0 196.3 186.0 186.0 186.0 162.8 144.2 132.6 127.9 134.9 125.6 125.6 118.6 111.6 104.7 104.7 102.3 100.0 100.0 109.3 133.3 336.2 142.1 199.1 239.1 ,347.3 322. 1 319.3 238.5 230.4 220.0 203.5 228.0 211.9 193.4 175.1 174.2 154.7 142.4 118.1 157.0 141.4 147.6 146.7 124.3 109.0 120.4 114.6 304.6 100.2 100.0 104.6 127.1 1861 . . . 123.4 1862 131.5 1863 186.0 3864 219.6 1865 . 337.0 1866 289.0 1867 287.6 1868 230.9 1869 231.5 1870 226.3 1871 194.8 1872 206.4 168.6 184.2 180.5 187.9 168.0 123.5 125. 9 129.2 126.2 128.1 127.2 119.9 106.3 106.2 106.3 102.7 100.2 100. 108.7 211.5 3873 191.9 3874 187.9 1875 . 180.5 1876 182.7 1877 . 161.8 1878 . .. 136.7 1879 ...I 125.5 1880 138.0 134.2 1882 133.8 133.2 120.9 109.0 110.4 103.5 1888 103.2 100.1 1890 .. 100.0 107.5 70 BEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 12.— Belaiive prices of cloths and clothing, compared with 189(}—ContiimeA. Gboup hi.— BLANXETS AlTD FLAXNELS. Blankets. Tear. 3 = ■5 5 ^' 3 o E 11-4, 6 poiuid-s to tlio pair, cotton wnrp, oottonaiid wool 1111- ing. 11-4, 5 pounds to the Jiair, cotton warp, all wool filling. 11-4, 5 ponnds to the pair, cotton warp, all wool filling. 11-4, 7 ponnds to tlio piur, all wool, Cali- fornia. 11-4, 5 pounds to the pair, cotton warp, allwoolflUing, scar- let. 130.4 119.6 141.3 156.5 156.5 120.7 112.1 129.3 134.5 137.9 146.6 129.3 120.7 112.1 113.8 113.8 117.2 134.5 146.6 137.9 137.9 124.1 110.3 103.4 103.4 115.5 110.3 105.2 100.0 93.1 94.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.4 100.0 100.0 1861 1862 1863 1866 1869 1870 1871 1872 . 1873 129.2 132.3 121.5 107.7 101.5 103.1 115.4 109.2 104.6 101.5 95.4 95.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.1 100.0 100.0 112.* 109.7 111.0 108.4 102.6 96.8 98.1 101.9 87.1 90.3 9.3.5 96.8 96.8 100.0 103.2 100.0 103.2 100.0 96.8 147.5 1874 .. 142.4 1875 .. 140.7 1876 120.3 1877 108.5 1878 119.3 126.3 157.9 140.4 126.3 • 119.3 105.3 105.3 119.3 109.5 105.3 105.3 100.0 97.5 100.0 1879 112.1 124.2 118.2 112.1 100.0 90.9 100.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 106.1 100.0 100.0 108.7 121.7 115.2 108.7 100.0 89.1 97.8 104.3 100.0 100.0 104.3 100.0 100.0 103.4 1880 115.3 1881 108.5 1882 105.1 1883 ... 98.3 1884 89.8 1«85 , 91 5 1886 96.6 18S7 101.7 103 4 1889 105.1 1891 100.0 100 REPORT ON "WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 71 Table 12. — Belative prices of cloths and clothing, compared with 1890 — Contiuiiod. Group m.— BLANKETS AND FLAIOTBLS— Concluded. Flannels. Blankets. Horse blankets. Tear. t ^ o i r 1 a ?1 I! -ft I p. ^M «= h'o.S p< 11 "£? ■23 go tx ft"— CO •3 1 i o Pi CO 1 1 1860 118.4 108.8 123.2 128.0 129.6 144.0 131.2 120.0 112.0 118.4 113.6 118.4 132.8 144.0 121.6 132.8 118.4 108.8 102.4 96.0 126.4 118.4 115.2 110.4 96.0 88.0 104.0 99.2 94.4 99.2 100.0 96.0 "m.'g' 114.7 105.9 101.3. 97.1 125.0 117.6 111.8 105.9 95.6 88.2 101.5 102. 9 101.5 102.9 100.0 98.5 123.2 113.5 1861 1862 1863 139 7 1864, 1865 1866 130 3 1807 1868 1869 116.1 1870 138.5 145.7 163.2 171.0 144.1 136.4 124.4 108.1 108.1 97.2 123.1 130.8 123.1 119.8 110.9 102.0 104.5 100.0 97.2 100.0 100.0 97.4 1871 127 1 1872 148 4 1873 1874 .. .. 144.1 136.4 124.4 108.1 108.1 97.2 123.1 130.8 123.1 119.8 110.9 102.0 104.5 100.0 97.2 100.0 100.0 97.4 132 7 1875 131 9 1876 119.5 1877 107 5 1878 104.6 1879 105.3 105.3 105.3 105.3 105.3 105.3 105.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.0 1880 109.9 107.7 107.7 103.3 98.9 101.1 101.1 98.9 100.0 102.2 100.0 97.8 91.7 91.7 87.5 83.3 83.3 83.3 91.7 104.2 102.1 106.3 100.0 95.8 81.0 71.4 76.2 76.2 83.3 85.7 90.5 95.2 95.2 95.2 100.0 104 8 78.6 83.3 85.7 88.1 90.5 90.5 92.9 95.2 95.2 97.6 100.0 95.2 113 5 1881 109.1 1882 105. S 1883 101.5 1884 95.9 1885 95.5 1886 100.9 1887 100.8 99.7 1889 102.1 1890 100.0 1891 98. £ 72 REPOET ON WHOLESALE ?KICES AND WAGES. Table 12.— Belative 2'riccs of cloths and clothing, compared with 1 2 1 I860 138 9 1861 132 3 1862 1863 352.1 1864 446 4 1865 1866 1867 336 7 1868 201.5 201.5 182.3 182.3 191.4 175.6 175.6 141.4 136.4 131. 3 121.2 101.0 111.1 111.1 111.1 111.1 106.1 96.0 90.9 88.4 101.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 "236.'9' 241.2 182.7 204.6 213.5 176.9 161.5 138.5 123.1 119.2 103.8 130.8 123.1 126.9 115.4 107.7 100.0 96.2 100.0 103.8 103.8 100.0 103.8 216 4 1869 1870 222 1871 ]85.2 185.2 200.0 155.6 140.7 133.3 118.5 107.4 96.3 125.9 114.8 107.4 114.8 96.3 96.3 88.9 92.6 100. 103.7 100.0 92.6 189 5 1872 182.9 182.9 165.7 142.9 120.0 114.3 102.9 97.1 125.7 120.0 120.0 108.6 100.0 93.3 89.2 97.1 105.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 1873 192 5 1874 162.7 159.5 121.8 117.0 98.5 93-3 127.9 117.0 124.4 124.4 121.2 98.5 85.1 93.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1875 134.7 152 7 1876 137 5 1877 1878 116 5 1879 107.6 '"i2i.'6' 128.0 134.7 116.9 107.6 98.2 100.6 100.6 105.2 100.0 95.0 "i23.'7" 116.8 124.0 123.2 114.5 99.2 95.4 99.2 103.1 105.2 100.0 100.0 105.1 124.9 120.6 122.7 116.4 106.8 99.8 96.1 1880 1881 1882 1683 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 104.0 103.9 100.0 98.1 1889 1890 1891 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 75 Table 12. — Belative prices of cloths and clothing, compared with 1890 — CoBtinucd. Geoup v.— LEATHEE and SHOE WEAE. Boots and shoes. i g & 1=1 3 W Leather, calfskins. Tear. § m 1 S o o ^« Si s 1^ 1. §g .as. i s i nj £ 6 rs fi « -i "I I 5.3 1 Leather. ^ 2 1884. 1S66. 1807. 1871 1872 187a 1874 1875 140.0 1876 133.3 1877 130.0 1878 12U.7 1879 1 1:^0.0 1880 120.0 1881 1 120.0 1882. 120. 1883 118.3 118. 3 116.7 116.7 113.3 110.0 106.7 100.0 96.7 1884., 18,~5. 1886. 1887- 1888- 1889. 1890. 1891- 141.8 123. 7 114.2 109.8 105.7 105.7 109.0 106.7 104.1 98.7 102.1 106.2 106.2 103.1 101.0 100.0 108.7 104.3 104.3 108.7 108.7 108.7 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 159.6 153.2 140.4 136.2 131.9 131.9 131.9 125.5 123.4 123.4 121.3 121.3 114.9 112.8 106.4 100.0 97.9 136. 4 127. 3 122. 7 122.7 115.6 118.2 122.7 122.7 118.2 112.7 112.7 112.7 112.7 104.5 104.5 100.0 104 5 148.1 140.7 133.3 129.6 125.9 125.9 125.9 124. 1 124.1 122.2 122.2 122.2 120.4 118.5 107.4 100.0 96.3 141.8 134.0 118.6 U0.3 105.2 108.2 108.2 108.2 106.2 97.9 103.1 106.2 106.2 103.1 101.0 100.0 116.7 110.0 110.0 120.7 166.7 200.0 173.3 170.0 160.0 156.7 153.3 146.7 136.7 146.7 140.0 i 12.5.3 120.0 116.7 116.7 106.7 136.7 133.3 126.7 120.0 120.0 113.3 113.8 U3.3 110.0 110.0 100.0 100.0 111.4 100.4 121. 1 156.4 202.4 189.3 180.7 157.9 143.8 156.8 153.5 148.3 146.7 150.8 151.1 145.2 131.2 131.3 109.7 117.7 134.1 129.7 130.5 129.2 133.4 124.1 120.5 111.6 106.1 99.8 100.0 133.4 117.3 135.2 162.0 201.7 213.8 176.5 177.8 168.6 169.5 165.4 160.8 154.0 154.9 152.6 14L2 135.3 137.2 124.4 120.0 122.2 126.1 127.3 124.8 121.7 122.7 117.9 118.6 110.6 108.0 100.0 104 S jKJDJr-UitT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 77 Tarle 12. — Bel alive prices of cloths and clothing, compared luith 1890 — Contiuuod. Gkoup VI.— DKESS goods. "Woinon'a dress goods. Tear. i4 3.9 ^ J III o S 9 ? J III Ism &■? o o §£■1 is ^ +. II ■s'BI 'tn in Ji (=-" < c a a a a f 1 'ft en i 1 1860 1861 1864 :::. :: 181.1 143. 2 145.3 130.8 147.4 185,3 145. 3 143.2 140.0 126.3 124.2 113.7 111.6 144,2 132.6 132.6 132.6 113.7 108.4 108.4 108.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 '23i.'e' 247.4 247.4 '210.0 240. 240.0 181.1 143.2 1869.. 205. 6 208. 1 174.8 174. S 135.9 144. 7 120.1 119. 4 'lis.' 6' 110.7 129.1 129.1 122.3 116.5 104.9 104.9 104.9 104.9 104.9 100.0 100.0 1 21). 180.1 112.0 IW.O 112.0 112.0 iia.o 112.0 108,0 100. lOU.O. 100.0 lOU.O 96.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 221.1 2C6.7 184. 130.4 221.1 240.0 171.6 122.5 236.8 210.5 189.5 189.5 173.7 121.1 200.0 166.7 100. 160.0 153.3 133.3 158.5 164,3 138,9 162.4 154. 3 154.3 146.6 188. 113.7 108.1 108.1 105.6 103. 8 100.0 105.6 U7.0 15C.8 147.0 129.4 161.4 138.4 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887 .. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. 144.8 137.9 119.0 103.4 113.8 110.3 96.8 113.8 117.2 93.1 100.0 103.4 133.3 133.3 116.7 115.2 121. 2 109.1 97.0 115.2 115. 2 93.9 100.0 103.0 145.0 'i07.'5' 100.0 115.0 110.0 95.0 100. 100.0 139.2 121. G 121.6 123. 121. C 101.4 102.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 140.8 135.2 135.2 lo5.2 135. 2 125. 4 102. 8 102.6 100.0 93.0 100.0 100.0 144.1 138. 120.6 121.5 117.6 100.0 105.3 89.5 116.7 113.3 117.8 107.0 102.3 111.8 100. 82.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.7 94.7 100.0 100.0 110.0 106.7 93.3 100.0 100.0 107.5 104. 2 96.2 100.0 101.0 78 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 12. — Relative pricet of cloths and clothing, compared loith 1890 — Continued. Geoup TH.— silks. Silks : black, Caohemlre, Alexanclra. Tear. 1. IS £ la 01 1^ go g-3 01 £ Ol s ¥ 01 I860 1861 1862 1863 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 190.9 190.9 180.5 179.9 163.4 172.0 144.5 140.9 150.0 132.9 122.6 117.7 117.7 107.3 106.1 178.5 183.3 172.6 172.0 155.4 164.0 137.1 i:j:i. 9 144.1 127.4 119.4 114.5 112.9 109.1 104.3 200.5 203.8 191.8 188.0 172.1 180.3 151.9 144. 3 159.6 141.5 129.5 128.4 124,6 118.6 119.7 119.1 127.9 122.4 119.7 100.0 100.0 186.0 185.6 177.0 172.1 155.4 161.7 136.5 130. 2 147.7 124.8 117.6 117. 6 113.1 108.6 105.4 109.9 114.4 109.9 108.1 100.0 90.5 193.7 189.9 182.3 178.5 158.6 163.7 131.2 i:il.2 142.6 127.8 119.8 119.8 115.2 111.0 105.5 "iis.'i' 110. 5 109.7 100.0 89.5 189 9 1872 187.0 173.2 177.4 158.2 180.6 isD.'i' 1873 180 4 1874 177 9 1S75 1876 168 3 1877 140 2 1878 128.7 140.6 125.3 118.4 119.9 113. 107.7 105.7 110.7 "i6.5.'7' 108.0 100.0 92.3 125.8 141.9 128.0 121.1 121.1 113.6 109.3 106.8 109.0 113.6 105.4 110.0 100.0 96.8 1879 146 6 1880 1881 121 2 1882 1883 1884 110 2 1885 107 6 18S0 1887 114.0 117 6 110.8 111.0 100.0 94.4 1889 110.2 100.0 91.4 100.0 100.0 1891 geoup Tin.— linen goods. Linen goods, thread. Tear. Linen goods, thread. Year. 1 I CO §g CO 'S3 11 1 ii r CO ©- o to" 1 ? CO 1 1860 1876.... 1877.... 1878.... 1879.... 1880.... 1881.... 1882.... 1883.... 1884.... 1885.... 1886.... 1887.... 1888 1889.... 1890.... 1891.... 90.0 90.0 90.0 80.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 100.0 100.0 89.5 89.5 88.4 88.4 88.4 88.4 88.4 86.0 83.7 88.4 88.4 88.4 88.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 90.0 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.7 90.0 90.0 100.0 lOO.O 160.6 150.7 126.8 119.7 112.7 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 114.1 104.2 104.2 104.2 116.9 100.0 100.0 115.0 112.6 106.3 102.0 102.8 93.9 95.5 94.9 94.4 97.3 94.8 94.8 93.2 99.2 100.0 100.0 1801 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 81.4 86.0 86.0 86.0 86.0 86.0 "i22.'2' 122.2 122.2 122.2 104.4 152.1 152.1 152.1 140.8 140.8 132.4 116.8 111.2 111.2 108.4 108.4 10L8 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 84.4 84.4 84.4 84.4 84.4 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 79 Table 12. — Belative prices of dotlia and clothing, compared toUh 1S90 — Concluded. Geodp IX.— UNDEKWEAE. o 1 Uiidorwear. 1 Tear. i o a © Underwear. Tear. i4 Sad m 1 u " CD q 2-g la as g^ . II ?0 S " 3 la 3 o ill m (Or-. .9 1 -Si P 1=1 CO m 'S 5 w .a-Sn |.8 i > I860 1876.... 1S77.... J878.... 1S79.... 1880.... 1881.... l.'-S2-... 1883.... 1884. . . . 1885.... 1886.... 1887.... 1888.... 1889.... 1890.... 1891... . 189.5 178.9 151.6 147.4 167.9 115.8 116.8 115.8 115.8 105.3 110.5 110.5 110.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 154.8 141.9 135.5 129.0 129.0 129.0 122.6 122. 6 116.1 109.7 109.7 103.2 103.2 103.2 100.0 96.8 153.5 137.4 137. 4 109.1 122.8 121.2 113.1 113.1 101.0 97.0 101.0 97.0 101.0 100.0 100.0 103.6 143.7 132.1 120.1 108.1 123.1 114.1 120.1 120.1 120. 1 111.1 111.1 102.1 105.1 100.0 100.0 105.4 160.4 1861 147.0 1862 136.2 1863 123.4 1864 133. 2 1865 120.0 117.9 1867 117.9 1868 138.2 138.2 138.2 145.5 165.0 153. 1 153.1 137.4 182.6 182.6 171.2 168.0 171.3 154.5 154.5 154.5 160.4 160.4 154.7 185.0 162.0 176.5 172.7 163.9 113.3 1869 . . . 106.8 1870 108.1 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 168.4 180.5 178.9 189.5 189.5 258.1 2;!2. 3 ;;i9. 4 193.5 174.2 103,2 105.0 100.8 100.0 101.5 SUMMAET. Tear. bo .9 1 H s O 1 II 1 o -J d3 it IS (0 'a 1% i s> 1 1 p. I g .5 H o s k Pi i h li s 122.7 122.7 136.6 179.4 205.5 222.8 204.1 170.7 166.5 144.9 141.8 149.0 157.7 153.1 145.1 137.1 122.8 116.6 109.5 107.2 117.7 113.5 113.9 109.5 108.0 103.8 106.1 104.2 101.0 100.4 100.0 99.4 127.1 123.4 131.5 186.0 219.6 337.0 289.0 287.6 230.9 231.5 226.3 194.8 211.5 191.9 187.9 180.5 182.7 161.8 136.7 125.5 1,38.0 134.2 133.8 133.2 120.9 109.0 110.4 108.5 103.2 100.1 100.0 107.5 123.2 113.5 131.3 139.7 141.3 145.3 130.3 120.4 112.1 116.1 122.0 127.1 148.4 148.8 132.7 131.9 119.5 107.5 104.6 104.0 113.5 109.1 105.5 101.5 95.9 95.5 100.9 100.8 99.7 102.1 100.0 93.6 138.9 132.3 177.2 352.1 446.4 650.4 468.5 336.7 216.4 231.4 222.0 189.5 195.3 192.5 171.0 151.5 136.8 125.4 116.6 105.6 124.7 120.6 123.3 116.1 106.9 100.0 96.4 99.9 104.0 103.8 100.0 98.2 133.4 117.3 135.2 162.0 201.7 213.8 176.5 177.8 168.6 169.5 165.4 160.8 154.0 154.9 152.6 141.2 136.3 137.2 124.4 120.0 122.2 126.1 127.3 124.8 121.7 122.7 117.9 118.6 110.6 108.0 100.0 104.5 131.3 1861 124.4 151.8 250.3 1864 1805 296.1 410.3 327.5 181.1 143.2 205.6 208.1 211.6 180.1 184.0 130.4 171.6 122.5 158.5 151.4 138.4 144.1 138.0 126.6 121.5 117.8 107.0 102.3 107.5 104.2 96.2 100.0 101.0 251.1 ICO. 4 _160.4 164.7 185.0 162.0 176.5 172.7 163.9 160.4 147.6 136.2 123.4 133.2 120.0 117.9 117.9 113.3 105.8 108.1 103.2 105.0 100.8 100.0 101.5 189.7 195.5 1^70 "ml' 188.7 180.4 177.9 160.3 168.3 140.2 133.6 146.6 129.7 121.2 119.9 115.7 110.2 107.6 112.2 117.6 110.8 111.0 100.0 94.4 116.8 111.2 111.2 108.4 103.4 101.8 116.0 112.6 106.3 102.0 102.8 93.9 95.5 94.9 94.4 97.3 94.8 94.8 93.2 99.2 100.0 100.0 186.0 172.7 1872 174.2 1873 171.0 1874 157.8 1875 1876 135.5 1877 J. 128.8 1879 114.9 1880 124.1 1881 1883 114.6 109.5 105.5 104.6 ]05.9 103.8 102.9 lOO.O 99.9 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1891 80 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. In this table tTie articles are not arranged in the order in which they are found in the main tables of the report, bat have been grouped so as to facihtate their use in the comparisons which we have m view The averages for the different groups are based upon a con- tinually gTowing number of quotations. As the year 1890 is approached, they are much more numerous than in the period immediately foUowmg 1860. The formation of averages from a varying number of quotations is admissible in this case, inasmuch as articles of a similar nature have been classed together. In the form in which they now stand these fig- ures cannot be applied to the measurement of the relative price m 1891, in conjunction with the calculation already made for food, because of the different base hue. In order, therefore, to make them compar- able with the food figures, we have reversed the series by taking the average for 1860 as the basis and expressing the subsequent terms of the series as percentages of this amount. We may illustrate this by the group, suitings. In that gToup the average for 1860 on the basis of 1890 is 122.7. If this be termed 100, then the price in 1890 becomes 81.5. It may be objected to this method that, so far as the extremes of the table are concerned— that is, the years 1860 and 1890— they are in re- ality based on exactly the same figures as would be a calculation based upon the four articles of suitings whose price goes back to 1860. Some greater degree of accuracy may, it is true, be obtained in the intermediate figures, but the extremes might as well have been taken from the few articles whose price covers the entire period in question. There can be no contesting the mathematical accuracy of this state- ment. There can be no doubt that the extremes are the same by both methods. It is obvious that if there has been any different movement of prices among the articles whose price is quoted for a shorter period than in the four articles covering the entire period that it is not ex- pressed in any way by the method we have adopted. On the other hand, if it be true that all articles of an allied nature have approxi- mately the same tendencies, tlien it is presumably the fact that the de- cliue or advance in price as determined by the four articles should be typical of the whole group. This we believe to be the case. But the matter is susceptible of proof. If it be assumed that the different articles have approximately the same tendencies in price we may form a com- bination in the following manner, which I wdl illustrate by the group suitings. Let us start with 1860, with the four articles whose prices are given at that date and ascertain their relative price in each subse- quent year. In the year 1862 the relative price of the four quotations taken together is 108.9. A new quotation starts in this year. Its ini- tial price may be placed at 108.9 and the subsequent price expressed as proportions of this amount. So on with every succeeding quotation. Each begins with a sum equal to the average relative price of those already begun. This is made clear in the annexed table, which gives such calculations for the group suitiugs. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 81 sa< •eSuaaAY •^9 ''lOOM. n« 'an! ni^a o o Oi in .o oi lo ^ -^t>«D«0(0>ftiftif5^Xr-l»HiH ■ r-< --H r-^ d ' O O O Ol • 1^ ■-' -H d • O O O :r^ . Ttl"*!D t-iH O O tH (M Tff 00 (D -^ tC CM rl S^ -^ ^^ Tl CI tH Oi '» ■9pie ■apie -jaAi-jj 'ooTtuo-6i oj 8T 'T-g "'9^asp.ita 'prj^sjo^y^ -ni 'pOAi JIV '[9UU(.![^ ■t)pis -J9AT^ '©oano-fj; 6\ es 'f-9 'liJuoSBip ^ 1. 1.13 •apis -J9AIJI '9DUU0-6X 0| 81 'f-Q '[BnoS'Bip ^rt-^iO •pJ'BpUBJS X9S9[p '9iiiq oSipur 'ioojW. [[Y tOC-OlfJC-imt-r oj o mco to CO CD cj o 9) >n >A m in inOlrHMCqtMWCO OS O Oi O O rH 1 010THtOtOCOtD'-0<0 {OMt-ojoitOT-iojc- t-t-a:mt~iQ'«*-*-rji (MTtfiMcaTlt-l-WC-OlOlOlO OiOi030iOiOi030iaOiO)0> t-t-t-c-t-cDt-t-ocDcommTsico-ii'* ei-*:M(M(nt>t-i>t-O0)0)0i CMi-cC3(MCct 00 00 OC CO CO (M M 71 C-1 ^1 CI -Tl Jl C] m -^H Tj< -!}< -^ Tf< -• 1 1 O ■90Utio-?ii 'qoni-gs •9ontio-?tT 'H^op-SS ■oouno-?!! 'qoni-8S •!|.Bm^ puB 9xqtlop'9^ullo-¥[I'^oaI-8S 9xqnop '9oano-^8 'M,3^I"85 •^siiAi piTB 9xqnop smBH: '90 utio-gx 't-8 HtOOlOOO^OOXOOCOOOOOOOO oooocoLommr-tr-fi-im- 00 -^ i-( r-< "* M r 1 iH M C-1 C-1 (M O r-l r r:, « CO CO CO -(iH0)C10000O0)050>C0Q0C0X000 -I (M 30 OJ OJ t> r Ht-t-OD-CCOSrHC^r-fr-li- ■:!iot*ooo«»omifieoeococQ -ieoeoco(OcoccOi«i;D(Cto OOi— l010!OiO)0>OJOiOS3>CiOiC60JOOO •B:»tJi^ paB Q^qnop wixiBji '90tnio-i 'f-g -KDeDTHiHT-^QO'^"iH-^-^ OOOOOOOOO - 1- in in i exceed C>lC(3-^iOtDt-C0010'-"C^CO-^intCih~OOC^OrH fQ t?5 -^ -^ -j: r- ■-, ■- — -o I— c- i-~ ir- I— t- t- t~ t~ t^ CO 00 00 00 00 00 CO 00 oj ■<: ~. oi oOK'^ocjcxccooo-ajiXcooooooooooococooocaoooooooooooooooocoy.'yjco S. ilep. 1394 6 82 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. If it be true that the quotutions given at a later date have a different course of prices from those which cover the entire period, and which, by the method adopted, determine the extremes, then the iiual result of this calculation must be either notably higher or lower than that of the former. Actually the result in 1S90 by this method of calculation is the relative price of 83.1, whereas by the former method it was 81.5. It must, therefore, be self evident tliat no injustice has been done by the method which we have pursued. In order, however, that this matter may be minutely examined we give a series of comparisons of the other percentage methods as applied to the different groups. In pach case these tables will enable us to make the comparison of the other methods. One is based on the comparatively small number of articles whose price extends thrcmgh the entire period. Another is based on all the articles calculated on the basis of 1800, and woven in at their appropriate point in the calculation as was shown in the representative table giving such a calculation for suitings. The third gives the results of a reversal of the figures as based upon the year 1890 : Table 14'. — Comparison of methods for ascertaining relative prices. Group 1. Group 2. GioupH. Blank- Suitings. Carpeta ets anil flannels. i <0 i rS t d" r2 'S 'o T3 9 13 9 O •n a 1 u 1 si £3 1 ^ «.s u 2 M =3-3 f-.o fN n*^ ^ ^ w «-s 11 to 01+3 .2 tE"? .5'? ■rt c ..-< iA op <== *S % M 'S n. rt CS «rH «^ e3 « ™ « rt .js c=a3 • ^ J=>N .sS ^ ^«i fi CO ^ .o;2 o o O o o CD lO Ol CO at CO to en tx oa 00 as 00 CO QO 00 y-l r-t iH T-l 1860. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1861. 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.9 96.9 97.1 92.3 92.2 92.1 1862 . 108.9 108.9 111.3 103.3 103.3 103.5 107.7 106.5 106.6 1863. 146.5 146.5 146.2 142.1 142.1 146.3 115.7 113.2 113. 4 1864. 154.5 163.3 167.5 172.4 172.4 172.8 117.4 114.6 114.7 1865. 179.3 177.9 181.6 264.9 264.9 265. 1 121.4 121.6 117.9 1868. 169.5 163.5 166.3 226.-6 226.6 227.4 1G7. 1 109.0 10.5. 8 1867. 139.7 136.7 139.1 2.'5. 6 225.6 226.3 100.0 mo. 7 97.7 1868. 14S.3 133.4 135.7 181.8 181.8 181.7 92.9 93.8 91.0 1869. 121.8 121.8 118.1 182.6 182.0 182.1 94. 3 97.2 94.2 1870. 121.8 120.0 116. 6 178.7 178.7 178.0 94.3 95.1 99.0 1871. 131.4 123.7 121.4 153.3 153, 3 153.3 97.1 99.1 103.2 1872. 139.5 130.8 128.6 168.3 168.3 166.4 111.4 111.9 120.5 1873 . 127.9 125.0 124.8 160.3 152.7 151.0 121.4 119.4 120.8 1874. 124.9 117.6 118.3 149.5 149.7 147.8 114.3 107.7 107.7 1875. 117.6 111.7 111.7 1-42. 6 144.1 142. 114.3 107.9 107.1 1876. 98.7 101.4 100.1 142.3 145.9 143.7 102.9 97.9 97.0 1877. 93.4 96.8 94.2 125.3 129.2 127.3 91.4 88.4 87.3 1878. 87.6 91.0 89.2 113.0 108.9 107.6 85.7 84.3 84.9 1879. 89.2 87.4 99.1 100.3 98.7 84.5 82.8 84.4 1880. 98.9 96.9 111.8 109.6 108.6 94.5 96.1 92.1 1881. 94.3 92.5 108.8 106.8 105.6 89.9 92.2 88.6 1882. 94.6 92.8 107.3 106.3 105.3 85.2 89.7 85.6 1883. '89."6" 92.1 89.2 107. U 105.9 104.8 79.8 86.7 82.4 1884. 97.9 89.6 88.0 95.7 96.4 95.1 72.7 82.6 77.8 1885. 88.6 85.9 84.6 87.1 86.9 85.8 76.8 82.4 77.5 1886. 87.9 87.9 86.6 88.4 87.8 86.9 81.5 87.0 81.9 1887 ■- 87.2 86.5 84.9 86.3 86.4 85.4 79.8 87.5 81.8 1888. 85.5 84.1 82.3 81.6 82.3 81.2 79.8 80.6 80.9 1889. 83.8 83.3 81.8 78.9 79.8 78.8 82.9 88.4 82.9 1890. 82.0 83.1 81.5 78.9 79.7 78.7 79.8 87.0 81.2 1891. 79.8 83.2 81.0 84.4 86.8 84.6 79.8 85.8 80.0 Group 4. Cotton textiles . 100.0 93.4 138,4 273. 9 448. 3 462.6 332. t:,x. 8 175.0 173.3 1.07. 6 144.6 149.0 141.1 12';. 8 111.8 94.2 89.8 81.7 79.5 89.1 86.0 86.8 82.6 73.0 68.5 69.3 69.6 76.4 74.8 72.0 69.1 100.0 93.4 138.4 267. 5 411.4 444.7 329. 243. 4 182.8 179.8 167.0 147.0 154.4 149.6 132.4 120.6 106.1 98.7 90.2 84.8 98.9 95.8 96.7 91.8 83.9 78.5 76.4 78.6 83.2 81.1 78.5 76.9 100.0 95.2 127.6 253.6 .321.4 ■468.3 ,337.3 1242. 4 ,155. 8 166.6 '159. 8 J136.4 1140. 6 138.6 124.3 109.9 99.0 90.5 83.9 75.7 89.9 86.8 88.3 83.8 76.9 71.9 69.2 71.8 74.9 74.8 72.0 70.6 Group 5. Leather, etc. Of m 100.0 88.9 101.5 122.3 153.9 152.7 141.3 134.2 128.5 131. 8 127.0 124.6 123. 8 128.0 124.9 113.4 103. 5 104.8 94.5 94.4 112.1 109.4 108.7 106. 2 106.8 100.8 97.1 91.9 86.6 83.4 77.8 85.7 100. C .9 101.5 122. 3 153.9 152.7 141.3 132.5 124.8 131.0 124.1 125.2 112.8 119.9 118.7 106.2 101.5 106.2 96.8 93.9 96.1 100.1 99.7 98.8 96.3 95.8 93.4 93.0 88.0 84.9 78.9 83.4 100.0 87.9 101. 3 .4 151.2 160. 3 132. 3 133. 3 126.1 127.1 124.0 120.5 Ills. 4 116.1 114.4 10.5.8 1111.4 102.8 93.3 60.0 91.6 94.5 '.15. 4 93.6 91.2 92. U 88.4 .'iS. 9 82.9 81.0 75.0 78.3 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICKS AND WAGES. 83 We are now concerned with tlie application of the Kr(>ups to t]ie fig- ures for the consumption of clothing. The grouping has been made in the following way: For coats, etc., we have taken the grou]), suitings; for boots and shoes,. the group, leather, etc, ; for the remairiiDg groups, exclusive of dresses, we have made a combination of four groups on the basis of 1890, viz., blankets and flannels, cotton textiles, linen goods, and underwear, and having found the average of tlie four have reversed the same by dividing the relative price in 1860 into the subsequent prices. The group, dresses, presented some perplexities. It was evi- dent from an examination of the relative prices based on 1890 that the prices of woollen dress goods, while following in a measure the prices of suitings, had fallen since 1867, when the quotations first began, in a greater degree than suitings had done. It might very properly, there- fore, be assumed that the prices in 1860 were relatively higher for this class of goods than for suitings. Unfortunately there were no prices for the year 1860, and if this important group of articles was to be util- ized at all resort must be had to some assumption as to the price at that period. It would have been unfortunate to have omitted this item al- together. We ascertained, therefore, the relation of the price of woollen dress goods to the price of suitings for the first ten years during which quotations for both were available. Having found this general relation we constructed supposititious prices for the period 1800 to 1867 by taking this proportion of the prices of suitings. In this manner we arrived at a figure which, though not absolutely accurate, is still based upon a probable hypothesis which enabled us to ascertain the approximate rel- ative price of woollen dress goods in subsequent years. The series thus obtained were united with the series for cotton dress goods which were extracted for this purpose fi'om the group of cotton textiles, and the average of the two was used as the relative price for the group, dresses, etc., in the calculation of the relative price of cloth- ing as measured by consumption. We are perfectly aM'are that the luethods which have been followed to secure proper relative prices for the different groups of clothing are not ideally perfect, but we consider them the best that could be had under the circumstances. It should be remembered also that these circumstances are not of our own mak- ing. Fabrics of all kinds change so frequently that the committee must consider itself fortunate in obtaining as many as twenty-eight arti- cles whose price covers the period from 1860 to the present time. In the nature of things this was the most difQcult part of the investigation, and the same degree of accuracy could not have been expeicted here as elsewhere. But with the large number of quotations for a somewhat less period, and with the methods which have been followed we believe that the results obtained are adequate to the conditions of the problem, and any one who is familiar with previous attempts to ascertain the course of prices by the combination of a considerable number of articles must recognize that the present comparison, imperfect as it may be, is far in advance of any previous eiibrt. In the table which follows we give the application of the relative prices of clothing in 1891 to the eon- sumption as previously ascertained. It will be observed that there has been a decline in price measured by this method since 1860 of nearly 25 per cent. 84 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. TABL15 15.— Belatim price of clothing, 1891, measured hy consumption. Group. Husband. Coats, -vests, trousers, overcoats Boots and shoes Hats Underclothes Shirts Miscellaneous Total Wife. Dresses, cloaks, shawls Boots and shoes Underclothes Miscellaneous Total CHldren. Coats, etc Dresses, etc Boots and shoes Hats Underchtthes Shirts Miscellaneous Total Husband Wife Children Total Impor- tance. 1,407 470 173 274 149 3,371 824 354 2.i4 608 657 774 277 295 31 1,719 4,361 3,371 2, 2(W 4,361 Index. 81.0 78.3 76.0 78.4 66.1 78.3 81.0 66.1 78.3 76.0 78.4 72.8 75.6 Kesult. 1, 139, 670 368, 010 1, 135, 440 2, 643, 120 544, 664 277, 182 1, 650, 246 492,480 434, 277 606, 042 1, 764, 720 3, 297, 519 2, 643, 120 1, 650, 246 3, 297, 519 7, 590, 885 The special budgets collected for the use of the comTiiittee also give the distribution of miscellaneous expenditure, as indicated in Table 9. Some of the groups of expenditure, here named, are not lor the direct purchase of commodities. It will be remembered that in the discussion of retail prices we felt at liberty to consider these groups as remaining equal during the period investigated. The assumption would be rather haz- ardous if applied to the long period which is now uuder investigation. At the same time it will be recognized that there could be no accurate measurement of the relative cost of these objects of expenditure at dif- ferent dates. We must, therefore, in the present calculation consider them either as remaining uniform, or else omit them altogether, and confine our statement to that portion of the cost of living which is affected by the changes in price measured by tables of the committee. For the present we will follow the former assumption, recognizing, how- ever, its somewhat dubious character. In the list of miscellaneous ex- penses there are two groups which are subject to change with the vari- ations in the price of commodities, but which must in this calculation be considered uniform in price by reason of the fact that no quotations were secured on these objects. They are expenditure for liquor and expenditure for tobacco. So great have been the changes in the quali- ties and descriptions of these articles that the most diligent search failed to reveal any which could be considered the same throughout the entire period, and whose prices, therefore, would be adapted to the pur- poses of the committee. In the group, furniture and utensils, wehave taken as the relativeprice that furnished by the average of the group, house furnishing goods, in our analysis. The group, all other purposes, is presumably partially affected REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 85 by ]tiice. It would iuchide agreat viirietyof purcluisesnot already ac- counted for uiidei- other heads, as well as other expenditures wliich are not affected by price changes. It has, therefore, been considincd advis- able to assume that one-half of this expenditure has been made for the direct purchase of commodities. The index for the group thus formed has been found by taking an average of all the articles in the list which have found no place in the previous calculation. The list of articles is as follows : GKOCP. Food. Cloths and clotliing. Fuel and lighting. Metals and implements. Lumber and building materials. Drugs and chemicals. Miscellaneous. Corn starch, two varieties. Ingrain and Brussels carpets, cotton, and wool, two varieties. Matches. All the articles. All the articles. All the articles. All the articles. Assuming, then, the remaining portion of expenditure for other pur- poses to remain equal, and for the time being that the other groups beside furniture and utensils have also remained uniform, we have the following application of the prices of 1891 to the relative volume of ex- penditure for miscellaneous i)urposes : Table 16. — Eelative cost of miscellaneous expenditure, 1S91, measured by consumption. Group. Iinpor- tanco. Index. Kesult. Taxes . . ... 115 151 66 92 24 253 100 92 168 107 335 384 383 100.0 100. 100.0 10(1.0 100.0 70.1 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.1 115,000 151, 000 66, 000 92, 000 Charit v 24, 000 177, 353 iJooks ... . . . . . . - . 100, 000 92, 000 168, OOO 107, 000 335, 000 384, 000 Total .. .. .... 2,270 95.3 2, 164, 096 Having ascertained, in the manner described above, the relative cost of expenditure for the three groups, food, clothing, and miscellaneous expenses, we may apply these ratios to ihe general distribution of ex- penditures in the 2,561 families, as given in Table 8. In this table there are, beside the three groups mentioned, rent, fuel, and lighting. With rent we are met again with the difiiculty that there has been no attempt to ascertain its relative cost in 1860 as compared- with the present day, and we are again before the alternative of throwing it out altogether from our calculations or to consider it uniform. The ratio for lighting we have obtained from that for candles. It is to be regretted that no figures were obtained giving the price of kerosene oil, as the very marked fall in the price of that commodity since the year 1860 would have had an appreciable effect upon the result for lighting. It would have reduced slightly the relative price 48.1, which is given for lighting. For fuel we have taken an average of the various kinds of coal included in the table. Assuming in the present calculation that rent remains eqxial, we have the following statement of the relative cost of living iu 1890 as compared with 1860 : 86 KEPOET OX WHOLKSALE PEICES AND WAGES. Table n.—Mdaiive iiiire^ of all arllcles, 1S91, measured by roii>:iimpfion. Group. Kent Food Fuel Lijihting Clothing All other purposes . Impor- tiiuce. 1,500 4, lO^J 500 90 1, sal 2,270 Index. 100.0 103.7 98.1 48.1 T.J. 1 95.3 Total 10. W" 96.2 Besnlt. 1.506,000 4,254.811 490.500 4:;. 290 1, lii:;. 029 2, 104, 069 9, 620, 726 An analysis of tlie table shows that G8.C per cent of the total ex- penditure is affected by changes in prices which have been measured in the foregoing calculation. The remaining portion of the expenditure has been assumed to be equal. The relative price in 1891, by the methods pursued, was 96.2. If, howevei-, we omit from our consid- eration all those items on which the change of price wa.s not meas- ured, we find the relative co.st of that portion of family expendituie directly affected by the prices of commodities to be 94.4 in 1891 as com- pared with 100 in ISGO. Before proceeding to a further investigation of the prices of commod- ities in other years, it may be well to apply to the method which has been pursued such te.sts as the nature of the case will permit. The first test which we may apply i.s that derived from other budgets. From various sources we have collected the budgets which are included in the following table : Table 18. — Percentual dUtnbution of erpenditure according to various iudgeU. Groups. Expenditure. Rent Food Fuel •. Clothing Liehciug All other expenses . 2.561 nonnal 192 normal lamilitjs 1 farailie.s, " uriginal income $700 hutl^fi." to $300, SevL-nth Seventh Annual Re- Annual Re- port De- port De- partment partment of Labor, of Labor. 15.06 15.*) 41.0; 38.89 5.00 4.42 15.31 16. 33 .90 .88 22.70 23. S8 '2-'; 2 special budgets, printed in report on retail prices. 72 norma) families, included In tlie pre- ceduig. Maiisa- cbusetts budgets of 1875, Lar borKe- portI885. ilassa- rlm^rlts bud-ul.s of 1883, La- bor Ke- port 1885. 19.99 22.04 37.29 37.39 4.44 4.63 14.26 14.43 .61 .61 23.41 20.90 niinois bn.iL-l.-of 1^^4, ilws- 5»achn.seit3 Labor Re- port 1885. 19.74 49. 23 I 4. :m 15.95 10.73 17.42 41.3* 5. W 21. 1'O 14.57 Total. 100.00 Groups. Groups . 9 Expenditure. I 704 Kansas budgets, I Labor Re- port l.-;;7. Expenditure. I St. Louis budgets, j frum Mis- soui i Labor I lii-iort I 1800. 10 K:iTl«.ls City Ijud- pt-l... Irom Mi-.>..iiri LalMjF Re- port IdL'O. Shelter ' 18.3 Food I 47,4 Clothing ! 16.4 Atiscellaneotis ' 17. 9 Total I 100.00 R™t I 15.33 i 16.63 M'-at ■ 10.50 12.53 I Itlnjr food 27.60 :«!. 35 •'li'tbing I 18.65 13.62 Sundries ' 27.81 ' 20. ST Total lOO.OO lOO.OO REPORT ON WII()t,i:sAI,E PRICES AND WAGES, 87 Table IS.— I'lrniitiinl dinlribulion nf r.rpciidiluic nccvrcliiiii to raiioiis hiuhjcis — C'du- cluded. Groups , Expenditure. Kent (iriKOriesanrl vegetaliloa. Meat, and tish Clothing". Fuel OtLev purposes Total 11 Affording to 432 montlilyre- DOits,0oiiM. Labor Hep., 1888. According to 102 juonthly re- Eorts.C'onn. labor liep., 1888. 7.97 32.82 13.76 1).«5 0.76 20.38 100. 00 12 11.46 31.67 15.30 11.27 8. 87 12. 03 100. 00 Group. Expenditure. Rent Subsistence Cb, tiling yundry ex])fn8es Total 13 Enid's dis- triljution for laniilies Willi $750 to $1,100 in- fumo. 12 50 18 5 15 These budgets give, as a rule, the proportion of expeuditure for the same groups as are comprised in tlie origintil budget. In some cases the groupiugisslightlydiffereut. In ordertomake useof these buugetsasa test we have been obhgedto assume the same distribution of elements within the different groups as that which we have found in our own calculation. In most cases we have filled in the relative price for food at the same figure as that already given. Where food has been di- vided between meat and vegetables, we have assigned to meat the ratio found in the table and to vegetables and groceries that which results from the omission of meat in our own tables for food. Where in the fore- going tables fuel and lighting have been classed together, we have, in forming the ratio, assigned the fuel that importance which it has in our tables as compared with lighting, in order to obtain a ratio for the group. In order to show the application of the foregoing princii)les to a specific case, we may consider the calculations given in Table 19 for budgets based on 102 monthly reports in the State of Connecticut. Table 19. — Relative prices, 1S91, measured by budget from 103 Connecticut reports. Group. Impor- tance. Index. Eesult. Kent Groceries and vegetables Meat and fisb Clothing Euel Otber purposes Total 1,146 3, 167 1, 5:iu 1,137 897 1,203 10, 000 100.0 102. 7 104.2 75,9 98.1 93.6 89.1 1, 146, 000 3, 2,',2, 5U9 1, rjUl,'_'ii« 8,','i, :i',)3 87il 957 1, 182, 168 8, 910, 287 It will be observed that the distribution of expenditure is different from that given in the original' budget, which is the basi.s of all our calculations. What is there contained under food is here given as two groups : groceries and vegetables, and meat and fish. In order to adapt our relative prices to these groupings, we have taken the sum of meat and fish as found in the group, food, and taken the index for this group from our original budget to apply to the foregoing calculation. The ratio for groceries and vegetables is, therefore, that for the veniahiing ])ortion of the group, food, after the subtraction of meat and fish. The other groups are the same as those in tlie original biulget e.xct.'pf the group, other purposes. Since lighting is not specifically mentioned, it 88 REPOET ON Wilor.ESALE PIUCES AXD WAGES. must be clear that it is included here under the head, other purposes. To find the appropriate ratio for tliis gxoiip, ^ve have, thejefore, added together the groups, other purposes and lighting, as found in tlie original budget (Table 17), iu the proportion in -which they there exist, and have divided their sum by their aggregate amounts. In this manner the ratio which is found in the foregoing calculation has been obtained. This will sufQciently illustrate the methods which bave been pursued in comparing the original budget with others, and it is not necessary to go into the details of all the calculations. The results are as follows, given in the order in which the budgets are printed in Table IS: 2,561 normal families, the original budget f)6. 1 192 normal families l'-5. 7 232 special bndgets iiCi. 3 72 normal families, derived from tlie preceding 9(5. 4 MassacluLsetts budgets of 1875 97.7 Massachusetts budgets of 1883 97. niiuois budgets, 1884 'j.">. :; Kansas budgets 9ti. 1 St. Louis budgets 95. 2 Kansas City budgets, 1890 iJC. U Connecticut reports (432) 1888 90.8 Connecticut reports (102) 1888 SH. 1 Engel's normal distribution ti6. 3 This statement shows a striking similnrity in the results obtained. A wide divergence is noticed only in two cases — those from Connecticut. It may be added that these are the least satisfactory statements of family expenditure which are included in the list. Apart from these two cases the range of variation is very limited, between !I5.2 on the one hand and 97.7 on the other. The original budget, tlie basis of our investigation, stands midway between the extremes. European statisticians have constructed price comitarisons on the basis of a limited number of wholesale pi ices, and have sometimes at- tempted to measure the importance of the various quotations by the amount annually consumed in the entire nation. Instead of deriving the consumption from the consumption of families they have taken the consumption of the nation, derived by subtracting from the home pro- duction, plus the imijorts, the amount exported. The best known in- stance of this class of calculation is that made by Mr. Palgravc in his report to the British commission on the Depression of Trade and In- dustry. His statement of prices includes nineteen articles, of which the following is the list: Eaw C(jtton, silk, flax and hemp, wool, meat, iron, copper, lead, tin, timber, tallow, leather, hides, indigo, oils, cofiee, sugar, tea, tobacco, and wheat. Mr. Palgrave's combination of these figures was based upon their total annual consumption in Great Britain in each of the years compared. So far as it was possible to obtain a statement of the values of these articles of 1890 consumed in the United States we give the results in Table 20: REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 89 Tablk 20. — I'alne of cerla'm artiohs consumed in lite Uiiilvd Slates in 1S90. Cotton $117,556,351 Wool 156,729,052 Meat 743,179,222 Pig iron 152,970,262 Copper 19,025,705 Lead 16,612,030 Timber $437,293,647 Coflco 76,750,976 Siisar 116, 682, 572 Tobacco 30,276,122 Wheat 316,337,512 Flax and hemp 59, 804, 196 This table does not include all the articles included in Mr. Palgrave's list. Some are omitted because of the extreme difficulty of obtaining an accurate statement of their production and consumption, and others because there were no prices on our list which could be applied to them in the calculation which we desire to make. We have omitted leather and hides because of the difficulty of obtaining the value of the home product, and the same is true of tallow. Articles given in the list, but for which no prices are given in our system, are silli, indigo, oils, tiu, and tea. Our comparison is, therefore, more limited than Mr. Pal- grave's, and the table which is given has been constructed with some difficulty, owing to the various sources from which the information had to be obtained. Production is usually given by the calendar year; exports and imports are reported by the fiscal year ending June 30. Where it has been possible to secure from the Statistical Abstract an official statement of the consumption of certain articles in 1800 this has been taken as a basis. Where the values were not given tliey had to be calculated. Thus cotton and wheat were taken at their export lirices, sugar at the import price, and iron at the spot value. To obtain the value of wool consumed we divided the cost of wool used as material in 1889 by the number of pounds so used and calculated the value of the total consumption at this price. To this we added the value of the manufactures of wool imported in the year 1800. The value of the meat product has been estimated to be $900,000,000, and from this we have deducted the exports. The value of lumber product is based upon an estimate of the Census Office. In applying to these figures the relative prices for 1891, as revealed by Table 1, we have confined ourselves exclusively to the products in question, without taking into consideration articles which could have beea manufactured from them. Thus the ratio for wool is the average of two wool quotations ; for meat we have taken the ratio which was found in the original budget, Table 11; iron is based upon pig iron; copper, upon an average of sheet and ingot copper; lead, upon an aver- age of the lead articles in the list of metals and implements; wood, upon an average of the lumber products in the group, lumber and build- ing materials; sugar is the average of several quotations; tobacco, wheat, cotton, and flax and hemp are derived from the calculated tables of agricultural prices which will be considered later, and which are found in Table X of this report. The results of the comparison are shown in the folio wiag table; 90 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 21. — Relative prices, 1891, measured hy annual consumption of certain article!. Articles. Consump- tion, in millions of dollars. Impor- tance. Index. Eesnlt. Cotton 118 60 157 743 153 19 17 437 77 117 30 316 53 27 70 331 68 8 8 194 35 52 13 141 80.3 82.8 75.4 101.0 77.0 67.1 82.6 155.6 165.2 64.9 140.0 87.7 42. 5.59 22.356 Wool 52. 7b0 ife.lt 3*4. 310 52.300 5,368 L.H.I .....\ 8,608 "Wood 301,864 C.>(rue 57, 820 33,748 18 200 Wheat 123,657 Total 2,244 1,000 105.2 1, 051, 630 1,807 806 93.2 749, 766 It will be observed that tlie price ratio of 105.2, which results from this calculatiou, is widely at variauce with the results derived from the original budget. E.xplanation for this divergence is easily fouud from the fact that we are dealing here with a limited number of prices, all of them being the prices of raw products, manufactured articles not enter- ing into the computation. A close analysis of the foregoing table will reveal the fact that the high average price is due in a large measure to the high ratio of wood and the importance which it occupies in the table. If we omit wood from our consideration, and here it should be remembered that so far as wood enters into manufactured articles it has declined in price and not advanced as the raw product has done, we shall have as a result of the calculation 93.2 as the relative price in 1891. This is more strictly in harmony with the results already ob- tained. But it could not be expected that the two methods should have given absolutely identical results. That based upon the budget is, in my judgment, so far superior to that based upon the total con- sumption of articles that it must be considered as authoritative. And the fact that this latter calculation differs from it is due simply to the inadequacy of the latter as compared with the former. COURSE OF PRICES. In the foregoing analysis we have confined ourselves exclusively to the prices of the year 1891 in order to show present prices as compared with those of an earlier day. It is important, however, to disco\er what has been the course of prices during the period in question. For indi- vidual articles it is given in Table 1, but as it is almost impossible to ob- tain from them a knowledge of the general tendency of prices we must resort to some combinations in order to bring out the salient facts. We have, therefore, prepared a table (22) which gives for each group of articles in the list the average relative price in each year. REPORT ON \VIU>l.i:sALE Plilf'ES AND "WAGES. 91 Table '22. — lleJathc p 'i('i_'H 'In cat'// tjc ()■, is-ui~is;ii. h\j (jroiqis of a ■lirlrs. < jciicrul ivcrjt^o of prjccp Tear. h 13 a c -^ o i.3 S . 'r- '' ■as « g 1^ tn a a It o g ^ 1840 96.6 94.4 82.9 79.3 81.0 87.3 94.0 94.7 8::. 5 79.0 85.5 90.6 88.7 1U1.2 105.9 111.8 110.4 117.5 94.0 08.8 100. 95.8 110.4 ]::;;.0 105.8 L'lO. 5 173.8 163.9 164.2 Ifili 9 1.-.;; 8 1 li'). 3 i:!'.;i 129.8 i:u. 5 i:!0.5 123.1 120. 3 107.0 97.6 107.6 lift. 9 118.8 118.8 108.9 98.7 99.5 104.2 109.4 111.9 104.6 103.9 110.7 113.4 100.9 09. 9 105.0 97.1 95.3 97.6 87.5 82.2 91.3 94.7 88.7 98'. 6 97.4 94.7 100,6 106.0 98.0 101.1 100.0 94.9 124.1 191.6 260.7 299.2 220. 6 179.9 140.8 147.5 139.4 133.3 143.0 136.9 127.9 120.1 107. 6 101.8 93.2 91.1 104. 5 99.9 98.7 94.8 88.9 84.8 8.J. 1 84.7 84.7 83.6 82.4 81.1 3f.-. 8 21'.^. 9 202. 187. 5 119.7 239.6 143. 8 110.7 100.1 100.0 102. 6 97.3 93.5 101.6 106.8 121.1 126.4 113.3 111.4 98.8 100.0 103.5 97.2 107.1 180.2 237.8 280.5 196.3 218.7 206.8 196.5 144.1 149.2 134. 6 149.6 156.6 144.6 108.0 93.0 95.3 100.2 113.7 110.1 114.2 102.4 89.6 86.2 88.6 94.9 9.-.. 3 92.5 91.0 123. 5 123. 7 11H.7 114.7 133.3 110.8 116.9 120.0 119.7 124. 9 114.8 119.2 117.7 122.8 125.6 117.8 115.3 110.4 101. 3 100.1 100.0 102.5 117.2 140.0 179.8 191.4 171.1 161.3 150.5 141.3 127.8 122.2 128.0 129.8 121.1 117.5 108.4 100.0 92.1 88.4 96.3 91.1 91.2 87.5 81.0 77.4 75.8 74.9 74.9 72.9 73.2 74.9 110.0 111.8 10K.8 105.4 103.0 100.7 100.2 108.2 105.3 97.0 102.2 97.2 100.4 103.2 114.1 103.4 102.8 105.0 103. 8 98.7 100.0 108.9 149.2 177.1 221.3 182.1 186.9 178.8 174. 3 165.9 148.3 151.4 160.9 171.9 154.9 143.7 137.3 126.8 116. 8 115.1 130.9 131.3 137.5 134.3 129. 5 126.6 128.5 126.5 124.8 121.0 123. 7 122. 3 146.8 141.3 131.6 121.4 119.7 121.0 123.9 112. 5 113. 111.0 123.6 125.8 111.8 107.0 110.7 129. 2 135. 5 126.8 116.0 104.2 100.0 101.3 116.4 146.5 170.3 271.6 230.2 211,2 177,9 100,9 149.6 139,4 134.0 141.5 140.8 144.2 121.8 122.3 114.2 110! 9 113,1 110.4 107,0 98,1 95,7 86,9 83,9 83,6 80.0 88,8 87,9 86,3 110,4 116,4 116,4 100,3 102,3 102,3 111.0 120.3 121,7 120, 5 125,6 120,0 111,9 118,7 121.2 121.2 115,5 116,8 108,7 103, 2 100, 96,8 89,5 123, 1 164,6 181,1 185,3 159,1 134, 9 120,7 121,6 128,5 123. 2 109, 1 109,5 95,0 87.2 79.0 74.3 68.6 85.2 77.6 78,1 77.5 76.3 70.1 68,4 66,4 66,9 70,0 09,5 70.1 147.1 117,1 170,6 123, 5 129,6 114,8 111,0 121,7 125, 109.8 107.7 102,7 100,5 109.2 108.4 ll,j,2 121,6 110,0 97,1 100,8 100,0 100.7 103,7 129,1 154,4 202,8 171.0 161,4 164,1 162,3 148,7 148.8 132.7 132.4 129,8 122,9 114.2 118,2 111.7 102, 1 109,8 108,8 114.6 117.3 111,9 97,5 91,3 88,6 89,3 88,8 89,7 95,1 116 8 ly4t 115 8 1 nr2 )-; U{ 101 5 1S4-1 ... 101 9 J S I.T j.SiCi iK 7 102.8 106,4 106 5 iK,8 ^S,LI 1 S;') ) iS.'il 101,4 98,7 102,3 105.9 102.7 109.1 112,9 113,1 i>Zii 113,2 iKu 112.5 101.8 ,Kj'l . .. - 100.2 j.'-.O 100. 100.6 117.8 US. 6 190.5 l.-.(ij 216 8 191,0 172.2 160.5 i8(iU 153, 5 142,3 1871 136,0 138,8 ]87:t 137,5 1874 133,0 JS7.') 127.6 118,2 1877 110,9 101.3 ii-;7'.i 90,6 106.9 105.7 108,5 1 SX'l 106,0 99.4 1 8.S ') 93.0 91,9 1X.H7 92,8 94,2 ]88!1 94.2 18iU 1891 92.3 92,2 111 this table it must be remembered that the aiticle.s have been given al).so]utely iudeutical weight or importance in the formation of the re- sult. It is a simple average in each case of all the relative prices found in the given year in the group named. It is instructive to observe that the price of food in 1891 had reached sometliing near the level of 18G0, the sharp advance which followed the outbreak of the war and the inflation of the currency being only partly overcome at the pres- ent time. While food to-day is slightly higher than it was in 18C0, it is considerably higher than it was in the year 1840. The period from 1840 to 184iras compared with 1860 stands at from 5 per cent to liO per cent less. In none of the other groups are the sume tendencies oljser\'able as in food. In all of them the prices in 184(» are notably higher than they are in 1860. In cloths and cloUiiiig, in lumber and building ma- terials, prices were 10 per cent higher; in house furnishing goods, 16 92 REPORT OK WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. per cent higiier; in metals and implements, nearly 25 per cent higher; and in drugis and chemicals and miscellaneous goods, nearly 50 per cent higher. A single article represents the group fuel and light ing in 1840. The years immediately following show the group double 1860 prices. In allot these articles there was a decline toward 1860, which Avas inter- rupted by the period of the war and the inflation of tbe currency, so tliat prices rose to an enormous height in thefoll(nving years. In the period from 1870 to 1875 prices approached the level of 1840. In the following five years they fell to about the level of 1860, and since 1880 there has been a continued decline in prices with the exception of on e group. This is the group, lumber and building materials, where since 1860 there has been an advance of 22 per cent, and where tlie price stands 12 per cent higher to-day than it was in 1840. But in the other groups, representing mainly manufactured products, the decline has been very marked. Prices of cloths and clothing, metals and implements, and house furnishing goods are 20 to 25 per cent lower to-day than they were in 1860. Drugs and chemicals show a decline of about 15 per cent, but in this statement alcohol, which in consequence of taxation sells to-day at four times its price in 1800, is included. If it be omitted the decline in the group is over 30 per cent. The table also contains a column giving the general average of prices. From this it appears that, giving all the articles in the table an equal importance in the result, prices in 1840 were over 15 per cent higher than in 1-860. Fol- lowing the war, prices advanced rapidly until in 1865 they were double what they were in 1860. This advance was not entirely overcome until between the years 1876 and 1877, when the level of the price of 1840 was reached. Between 1883 and 1884 the prices reached the general kvel of 1860, and since then have declined on the whole about 10 per cent. In the foregoing table there are contained in the group,meta]s and implements, as many as twenty -five different varieties of pocket knives. These form about one-half the total number of articles included in the list, and may, therefore, bring about a result for the group which is not representative of all articles of this class. We give, therefore, in the following table the average prices for metals and implements as ascertained, after excluding pocket knives. Table 23. — Relative prices of metals and implements, excluding pocket knives. Xeax. Price. Year. Price. Tear. Price. Tear. Price. 1840 123.5 123.7 118.7 114.7 133.3 110.8 116.9 120.6 119.7 124.9 114.8 102.2 99.6 1S53 116.5 126.1 116.5 115.4 113.1 100.9 100.6 100.0 99.1 116.1 141.2 198.0 218.7 1866 192.7 178.9 167.1 157.9 138.8 132. 145.5 14K. 6 136.7 131.0 117.7 104.6 93.7 1841 1854 1867 li^SO 105 1 1842 1855 1868 1881 96 6 1843 1866 1809 1844 1857 1870 1883 't t 6 1845 1868 1846 1859 1S72 1847 1800 1873 IS.S6 78 3 1848 1861 1874 7.S 5 1849 1862......... 1863 1850 J 876 1 ,SS0 1H90 7K 1861 1864 1877 77 7 1852 1866 In the groupings which we'have given, each article in the list receives an equal importance, and the comparison is open to all the objections which are raised to that method. We have, therefore, made a com- parison of prices based upon the methods which we employed to ascer- tain the real importance of the prices of 1891. For each year we made a calculation similar to that which has been made in the text for 1891. From the period isiio down to the present time the figures for making this calculation were comparatively complete, and we feel REPORT ON WHOLESALE nUCES AND WAGES. 93 sure that the results arc worthy of the utmost couflilence, providing the methods which have already been described be considered correct. On the other hand, the figures from the year ISIO to the pi^'sent time are less comi^lete, and the results are not quite so trustworthy. There have been some important gaps in this portion ol' the woi'k. Thus we had for this early period no quotations giving tlic price of milk and of eggs. These had, therefore, to be omitted from the comparison. Flour was also missing in this report in Table I, bul we have been able to supply this defect from a subsequent table of our report, which gives the prices paid by the Commissary Department of the United States Army for supplies. These prices have been used to ascertain the rela- tive prices of flour during the period from 1841 up to 1800. In the meat group, hog products were represented for the period 1840 to 1800, but beef was not. From Table X, giving the prices of farm pro- ducts, we obtained the prices of live beeves, and have used these as indicative of the course of prices of beef during this period. Despite these substitutions, however, the cak-ulations only cover a portion — a large portioi*, it is true — of the total expenditure for food, and in the calculation of the total consumption the ratio ascertained for this por- tion has been assigned to the entire consumption. In the case of clothing we have been unable to form any distinctions as to the impoi'tance of the various articles which enter into the total. AVe have aiiplicd for the peiiod of 1840 to 1800 the average relative price which was in.iicatcd in the former table for the group, cloths and clotliing. The other groups have been filled out for this i)eriod in the manner which has already been described in relation to the prices for 1801. With these cautions as to the accuracy of calculations for the early part of the investigatioii, the period 1840 to 1800, we give in the following table a statement of our results: Table 24.- -Bdative prices in each yfar, IS 40-1891, for all articles grouped hy different methods. Tear. All articles simply averaged. All articles averaged according to impor- tance, cer- tain expen- ditures being con- sidered uni foi-m. All articles averaojed accnrcfing to impor- tant e. lom- prisini; 68,0(1 pi-r centoftfrlal expendi- ture. Year. All articles simply averaged. All articlen averaged accortung to Impor- tance, cer- tain expen- ditures l>eiug con- sidered uni- form. All articles averaged according to impor- tance, com- prising 68.60 per cent of total expendi- ture. 1840 . 116.8 115.8 107. « 101.5 101. n 102.8 106.4 106.5 101.4 98.7 102. a 105.9 102.7 109.1 112,0 113.1 113.2 112.6 101.8 100.2 100.0 100.6 117.8 148.6 190.5 216.8 98.5 98.7 93,2 89,3 89.8 92.1 96.7 96,7 92.0 88.9 92.6 99.1 98.5 103.4 103.4 106.3 108.5 109,6 109.1 102.0 100.0 95.9 102.8 122.1 149.4 190.7 97.7 98.1 90.1 84,3 85.0 88.2 95.2 95,2 88.3 83.5 89,2 98.6 97.9 105. U 105. 109,2 112,3 1)4.0 113,2 102.9 100.0 94.1 104.1 ]:i2, 2 172.1 232,2 1866 191.0 172.2 160.5 153.6 142.3 136.0 138.8 137.6 133. 127.6 118.2 110.9 101.3 90.6 106.9 105.7 108.5 106.0 99.4 93.0 91.9 92.6 94.2 94.2 92.3 92.2 160.2 145.2 150.7 135.9 130.4 124.8 122.2 119.9 120.5 119.8 115.5 109.4 103.1 96.6 103.4 105.8 106.3 104 ^ 101.8 95. 4 95.5 96.2 97.4 99.0 9.5.7 96.2 187 7 1841 1867 165.8 1842 1868 173 9 1869 152.3 ]S]4 1870 144 4 ]845 1871 136 1 1872 132.4 1873 129.0 1>^48 1874 129.9 1849 1875 128,9 ■ 122. 6 1876 ]fi.'1 1877 113.6 1852 1878 104.6 1879 . . . 96 1854 1880 104.9 1S5.) 1881 108.4 1856 1882 109.1 1857 1883 100.6 1858 1884 102.6 1859 1885 93.3 ]886 93.4 1R61 1887 94.5 1888 96.2 1889 98.5 1S64 1800 93.7 1865 1891 94.4 J re REPORT OX WHOLESALE TRICES AND WAGES. In the first column we have the relative price calculated as a simple average of all the quotations. In the second column we have the rela- tive pric(5 measured by consumption, but assuming that rent and other expeuditures whose changes could not be measured had remained equal in amount. In the third column we omit these expenditures and ajiply our relative prices solely to those portions of family expenditure which go for the direct purchase of commodities. An examination of this table shows slight variations between the different systems. Since the second column includes nearly one-third of the tot:i], wliich is assumed to remain at 100 throughout the period, it is evident that the third column, in which this is omitted, will show greater variations. It is instructive to note, however, the comparative agreement between the first and third columns after the year 1860. From the third column it is clear that tlie cost of Uviug, so far as it is made up of the direct pur- chase of commodities, reached, between 1884 and 1885, the level of 18 JO, and since that time has gone below tliat point. In this table it is noticeable tliat during the period 1840-'60 there is considerable difference between the second and third columns and the first. This is undoubtedly due to the fact that in this period the price of food was low, and this, being the most important group of consump- tion, must reduce the general result in any statement when the volume of consumption is taken into consideration. In order to show this more clearly we have prepared the following table, 1'5, sliowing the course of prices for meat and food generally and for clothing, measured by the consumption of these articles. It will be remembered that in the period 1840-'60 the ratio for clothing is a simple average. Table 25. — Eelative prices, 1840-1891, of food and clothing measured by conauvqition. Tear. 1840. 1841 . 1842. 3813 . 1M14 . ]K45. 1S46. lS+7 - 1(.-> . l-'.^lj . ]«.)7 . isr.s . ixm ]st;! . )x'.;i> . l^'i,; . ].fD WAGES. This table is a modification of Table 22 and agrees with the latter except in the period of currency depreciation (1862-'78). In those yeuis we have reduced the former table to the gold basis by divjding each relati^ e price by the value in currency of the gold doUar in Jan- uary of each year. An examination of the table shows that the ad- vance in food is not so marked as in the other groups. The highest figures are reached after the close of the war, the maximum being iu 1871. Maximum prices in other groups are fouud in the last year of the war and the years immediately following. For the total number of articles we have calculated gold prices in Table -30. Table 30. — Relative prices in each year, 1840-1891, in gold, for all articles, grouped by different methods. Tear. AU articles simply averaged. All articles averaged according to impor- tance, cer- tain ex- penditures being con- .=»idered uniform. AU articles averaged according to impor- tance, com- prising 68.60 per cent of total ex- penditure. Tear. AU articles simply averaged. All articles averaged according to impor- tance, cer- tain ex- penditures being con- sidered uniform. All articles averaged according to impor-" tance, com- prising 68.60 per cent of total ex- penditure. 1840 116.8 115.8 107.8 101.5 101.9 102.8 106.4 106.5 101.4 98.7 102.3 105. 9 102.7 109.1 112. 9 113. 1 113.2 112.5 101.8 100.2 100.0 100.6 114.9 102.4 122.5 100.3 98.5 98.7 93.2 89.3 89.8 92.1 96.7 96.7 92.0 88.9 92.6 99.1 98.5 103. 4 103.4 106.3 108.5 109.6 1119. 1 102. 300.0 !!.=;. 9 100. 3 84.1 96.1 88.2 97.7 98.1 90.1 84.3 85.0 88.2 95.2 95.2 88.3 83.5 89.2 98.6 97.9 105.0 105. 109.2 112.3 114. 1) 113.2 102.9 100.0 94.1 101.6 91.1 110 7 1866 136.3 127.9 115.9 113.2 117.3 122. 9 127. 2 122.0 119.4 113.4 104.8 104.4 99.9 96.6 106.9 105.7 108.5 106.0 99.4 91.0 91.9 92.6 94.2 94.2 92.3 92.2 114.3 107.9 108.8 100.2 107.5 112.7 112.0 106.4 108.2 106.5 102.4 103.0 101.7 96.6 103.4 105.8 106.3 104.5 101.8 95.4 95.5 96.2 97.4 99.0 95.7 96.2 134.0 123.2 125.6 112. 3 119.0 122. 9 121.4 114.5 116.6 114.6 1841 1867 1842 1868 1843 1869 1844 1870 1845 1871 1846 1872 1847 1848 . . 1874 1849 1875 1850 1876 1851 107.0 103. 2 95.0 104.9, 108.4 109.1 106.6 102.6 93.3 93.4 94.5 96.2 98.5 93.7 94.4 Wn2 1878 185:i 1879 18.34 1880 < 1855 1881 1856 1857 1883 1858 1859 1885 1860 1886 1861 1862 1888 1863 1864 1865 107.4 1 This table is the same as Table 24, with the exception of the years (1862-1878), which are reduced to the gold basis. It will be seen from this table that maximum prices occurred in 1866, by all the methods of computation. There was a slight decline in the years immediately fol- lowing. This was succeeded by a rise in prices iu 1871 and 1872, after which prices oegan the downward course which has since characterized their movement. In Table 31 the facts brought out in the preceding table are given by five-year periods. HEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. ^OX Taulk 31.— Belative prices, in gold, hy five-year periods, 1840-1891, for alVarltcles, grouped hy different methods. Periods. 1840-'44 1845--'49 1850-'54, 1855-'59 1860-'64 18(i5 -'69 1870-74 1875-79, 1880-'84 1885-'89 1890-91 All articles siinj)ly averaiied. 108.8 103.2 106.6 108.2 108.1 118.7 121.8 103.8 105. 3 93.2 92.3 All articleal averaged accordin/5 to impor- tance, cer- l:tin ex- peuditures beiug con- sidt'rfd unitbrm. J All artiplo^ ^ '^ uveragect — ., acpording to impor- tance, com- prisiug 08.00 per cent of total ex- penditure. 93.9 93.3 99.4 107.1 95.3 103.9 109.4 102.0 104.4 96.7 96.0 91.0 90.1 99.1 110.3 99.5 120.5 118.9 105.7 106.3 95.2 94.1 WHOLESALE PRICES OP AGEICULTUEAL PRODUCTS. In Table X of the report are embodied the fruits of a painstaking in- vestigation into the wholesale prices of agricultural products for the period 1840-91, conducted by the statistic;^! division of the Depart- ment of Agriculture. The changes in classilications and the chaotic state of the earlier records have rendered the investigation difficult. The results are stated oftentimes as the range of prices, this being the universal habit in quotations of farm products. In this investigation resort had to be taken to published records, since private ones were in- accessible, and this has necessitated giving the quotations as tlie range of prices more frequently than in the other inve.stigations. For the purposes of our analysis we have used the mean of the two quotations in all such cases. Taking, as before, the year 1860 as the basis of our calculations, and expressing other years as percentages in the manner so amply de- scribed in connection with wholesale prices of commodities, we have prepared the following table, giving the various series of quotations of Table X reduced to relative prices : 102 REPOET OX WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 32. — Belative prices of agricultural producis, iti dividual quoiations. [The figures in the headings indicate th'i pages on whicn the quotations are tabulated in Table X.] Tear. a o ".a 1840 1841 1842 1843 1814 imb i«u 1847 1H4X Wii] IS.-.U l«ul 1H5L' WM 1854 1855 1856 Iti57 , 1858 1859 , 1800 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 180S 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 187S 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 83.1 88.3 70.8 71.4 73.4 77.3 81.2 90.9 100.0 81.2 101.9 103.9 98.7 109. 1 151,0 162.3 161.0 116. 9 142.9 111.7 100.0 84.4 77.3 108.8 240.3 165.6 181.8 191.6 250.0 178.6 142.9 120.1 1.16. 4 178.6 15i.6 149.4 128.2 110.4 146.1 128^9 116.9 149.4 122.1 110.4 100.0 103. 9 102.6 110.4 89.3 101.0 92.9 30.3 157.6 106.1 122.7 130. 3 178.8 155.2 127.3 133. 3 100. 97.0 104.2 124.2 193.9 312. 1 130.3 230. 4 151.5 215.2 221.2 139.4 121.2 115.2 143.0 152.7 227.9 200.0 99.4 86.1 87.3 109.1 106.7 187.9 143.0 118.8 150.3 94.5 90.9 115.2 75.2 107.9 173.3 96.7 100.0 80.0 125.0 88.3 110.0 98.3 88.3 83.3 86.7 118.3 120.0 161.7 110.0 140.0 181.7 196.7 103.3 106. 7 100. 101.7 120.0 121.7 158.3 340.0 130.0 216.7 156.7 203. 3 176.7 130.0 126.7 113.3 136.7 150.0 223.3 201.7 96.7 83.3 93.3 115.0 108.3 186.7 136.7 110.0 130.0 100.0 90.0 115.0 8L7 101.7 85.1 103. 3 85.1 74.9 71.3 83.6 96.7 112.0 93.8 95.3 90,9 102.5 120.4 109.8 125.5 99.6 102.2 104.0 133.8 100.0 79.3 86. S 126.2 229.8 132.4 138.2 192.7 164.4 141.1 126.5 110,5 93.8 97.1 139.3 96.4, 82.5 84.7 70.7 76.4 75.4 109.3 100.7 90.2 89.5 71.5 OS. 1 75.1 73.1 57.8 81.7 89.1 83.2 85.5 68.2 78.6 55.5 70.5 85,5 107.5 62.4 97.1 129.5 84.4 86.1 91,3 113,-3 143,4 123.7 106.4 100.0 198.8 522.5 781.5 1119. 1 463,2 365,3 198,8 247.4 254.3 156,1 182,7 173.4 169.9 143.4 121.4 101.7 102.9 99.4 96.0 106.4 109.2 105.8 98.3 93.6 93.1 87.9 87.9 96,5 100,6 96,0 80.3 58.7 4«.8 '47."7 85.1 106.4 117.0 106.4 100.0 76,6 123.4 240.4 204.3 234.0 193.6 200,0 191,5 136,2 140,4 151,1 148,9 114,9 102.1 109.8 110,6 103.4 104.7 120.9 100.4 111.5 112.8 103.0 88.5 89.4 114.9 107.9 127.2 79.1 66.8 73.6 56.4 68.2 104.5 54.5 72.7 77.3 109.1 113.6 90.9 81.8 113.6 136.4 145.5 163.6 90.9 127.3 100.0 100,0 90.9 113.6 181.8 254.5 245.5 254,5 200,0 236.4 181.8 163.6 140.9 136.4 140.9 159.1 127.3 100.0 104.5 109.1 103.6 100,0 100,0 100,0 101,8 116.4 104.5 90.9 86.4 109.1 113.6 127.3 86.4 92.1 90.8 90,8 76,2 83.8 86,3 79.4 85.7 77.8 86.0 100.0 84.1 87.3 90.5 105.6 117.5 139.7 90.5 100.0 97.8 100.0 99.0 126.0 166.7 201,6 192,1 211. 1 181.7 179.4 155.6 146.0 131.7 129.5 138.1 130.2 109.5 91,4 91,7 115,9 86,5 88,9 93,7 82,5 107,9 92.1 81.3 88,0 148,0 80,0 64.0 56.0 56. Q 50,4 88.0 92.0 108.0 80.0 72,0 76.0 120.0 124.0 144.0 100.0 88.0 100.0 56,0 84,0 108,0 54.5 52,8 51,7 47,7 28,4 39,2 51,1 188,0 240.0 160,0 156.0 176,0 120,0 84,0 96.0 128.0 116.0 88.0 100.0 76.0 80.0 104.0 96.0 84.0 88.0 88.0 140,0 108.0 92.0 76.0 96.0 104.0 92.0 57.4 75,0 100,0 115.9 101.1 104.5 100.0 100.0 115.9 133,0 120,5 85.2 85.2 92,0 86,4 86.4 98,9 103.4 105,7 112.6 110,2 96.6 80,7 100,0 109,1 96,6 106,8 102,3 110,2 96,6 102,3 95,5 89.8 79.5 81.8 68.2 68.2 60.2 58.1 62.9 57.0 58.1 52.7 62.2 45.7 51.6 36.6 47.3 69.7 59,1 65.6 76,3 75,3 101,1 116,1 133,3 110.8 107,5 100.0 96,8 119.4 123.7 116.1 75.8 78.5 88.2 88.2 90.3 99.5 107,5 106,5 UL8 108,6 90.3 76.3 92,5 100.0 89,2 100.0 93.5 98.9 90.3 94.6 90,3 80,6 74,2 74.2 57,0 54,8 57.0 REPORT ON WHOLESAI.E PRICES AND "WAGES. 103 TabikITJ. — Relatirc pri<-v:i of lujricaUnrul products, 'nidiridn ^^? PJ ^.= 1-1' i,>S . 1859 . . iseo.. ISlil . . 1M3J . . llStiS .. 1864.. ISIJo . . 1SU6 .. 1867 . . 1868 . . 1869.. 1870 . . 1871.. 1872 . . 1873 . . 1874 . - 1875 .. 1!0.0 160.0 140.0 00. 120. 120.0 140.0 120. 140. 120. iso.'o 100.0 90.0 80.0 80.0 100.0 210.0 REPORT ON WIIOLK.SALE PRICES AND WAGES. 105 Table 32. — Relative 2)rives of agHcuUural producU, individual quotatioiix — C'linchidcil. [The figures in the headings indicate the pages on which the quotations are tabulated in Table X.] Year. . fi 3 68.1 7a. a 13: 133.3 1840.. 1841.. 1842 -. 1843 .. 1844.. 1845.. 1848.. 1847.. IWS.. LS4'J.. 1S5U .. Ibc.l .. labi .. lnU . . 1855 . . 1858.. 1857.. 1858 ' 141.5 I 173.3 1859 luu. 100. 1860 1 1861.. 1801i . . 18U3 .. 18IJ4 . . 1865 .. 1806 .. 1867 .. IsOti . . 18611 . . IbTo . . 1(<-1 .. IS.-.' .. 187a . . IS. 4 .. 1.^.0 .. I5i6 . . 1»77 . . is.f; .. 1879 . . 1^.^U .. 18.S1 .. l-.-J . . it^'J .. 38^4 .. 18N.-, . . 1S86 ., 1S?7 .. 18o« . . 1889 . . 1890 .. 18 Jl . ||| in "^ " i: a So 135.7 100.0 198.8 1 162.8 ' 140.4 i 103.2 isi;. 4 ]o:,.4 1611.7 133.0 i 117.0 169.7 150.0 189.4 171. a 161.7 150.1 146.2 14U. 5 119.2 129. s 114.9 141. 5 129.4 206.7 ] 80. 153.3 100.0 80.0- 113.3 180.0 120.0 133. 3 180.0 158.7 180.0 220. 206. 7 ISO. 7 1S6. 7 146.7 146.7 153.3 133. 3 146.7 133.3 113. 5 85.1 118.6 110.6 123.4 118.1 125. 5 126.7 86.7 140. 106.7 133.3 106.7 126.7 185.7 150.0 153.6 128.6 100.0 135.7 185.7 160.7 125.0 17H. 6 160.7 185.7 160.7 157.1 160.7 160.7 160.7 114.3 125. 114.3 175.0 150.0 131.8 150.0 100.0 121.4 96.4 125.0 92.9 142.9 142.9 103.6 177.3 150.0 145.5 109.1 90.9 122. 7 177.3 136.4 122. 7 159.1 145.5 168.2 172.7 168.2 1.59. 1 159.1 159.1 118.2 136.4 112. S 145.5 127.3 i E; ^ .■„ 118.2 81.8 122.7 100.0 127.3 113.6 100.0 116.1 64.5 64.5 74.2 89.4 95.2 187.1 141.9 116.1 100.0 80.6 129.0 209.7 290. 3 177.4 185.5 209.7 2.5,S. 1 258.1 290. a 193.5 161.3 216.1 145.2 112.9 145.2 138. 7 153.2 43.1 39.7 41.2 55.4 77.0 71.2 67.3 69.2 103. 8 178.8 178.8 130.8 1311. H 100.0 8,s. 5 100.0 luo. 88.5 8K. 5 130.8 130.8 173. 1 173. 1 269.2 269.2 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 261.5 238.5 203. 8 1.53. 2 193.5 141.0 193.5 193.5 161.3 161.3 162.9 162,9 162.9 162.9 280. 8 219. 2 260 2 269.2 I 315.4 223.1 153.8 107.7 92. 3 123.1 153.8 280.8 307.7 209. 2 269.2 315.4 20!. 8 1.50. 288.5 196.2 115.4 115.4 203.8 242.3 259.6 211.5 142.3 144.2 142.2 153.8 153.8 148.1 250.0 57.8 52.9 36.3 58.8 98.0 137.3 115.2 84.3 61.0 83.3 100.0 77.0 70.6 104.9 109.3 96.1 88.7 217.4 18T. 7 107.1 74,8 124.3 118.1 117.4 119,4 94.6 101.0 124.0 109.8 87.3 111.8 100.0 132.8 105,8 83,8 76,0 74.8 78.4 74.1 99.0 76.6 101.0 !* ■.; 54.6 42.7 65.' i 51.4 75, 7 62,8 71,1 61,9 52,8 75. 2 101.4 115.6 133.0 101.4 64.2 97.7 100. a 71.6 93.0 109. 2 145,0 117.4 110.1 7S. 9 120.2 88.5 117.4 87,2 89.9 71.4 80.7 73.6 75,2 91.7 72.0 85.6 88.1 77.9 102. 5 75.8 82.8 Wl. 7 92.2 112.7 104.1 82.8 xfi. 9 79.9 8,1. 5 99.2 1.53, 7 187.7 139,8 129,5 94,3 113,1 100,0 103.5 103. 3 100,8 132. 8 139, 8 113,5 202 9 200,0 118,9 sx. 1 125.4 125, 2 130,9 127.0 98.0 105. 3 122.1 1U5. 7 93,6 104,9 100,8 114,3 84,0 80,8 74.2 74.8 75.8 69,4 79.9 73.8 91.0 87.2 74.1 8«. 7 65.6 72.3 07.7 92,2 ,so. 1 96,5 89,4 89.7 86,2 79.1 93,6 134,8 168.8 136.9 112. 8 85.1 92.2 100,0 96,5 101.4 105.3 114.2 LSI. 2 145.4 219.9 101.5 131.2 91.1 105.0 112, 1 136,5 118.1 91.1 97.5 105.3 100.7 77,0 112.2 83,8 101.2 78.2 79.4 62.8 65.6 66,4 65.1 73.4 60.9 73,2 The preceding table includes several quotations for tlie same product, and this multiplicity of returns hinders a rapid comparison of results. In order to avoid this difficulty we have obtained the average relative price on each commodity and united our results in Table 33. lOG REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Taiu.e 33. — Relative jirievs of agrieultural products, individual products. Year. 1840. 1841. 1.SJ2. i.s4:i- 1S44. ]84'i. 1840. 1817. 18.8. 184!l. 1850. IK.il . Ksi. lH.'..i. 1851. 1805. ISolJ. 1857. ]S.")8. 1850. ]8(i0. 1S6L 18U2. LSI).!.. ISIit. 1805. urn. ISii?.. 1808.. 18u9. 1870., 1871., 1^72., 187 J., 1874., lt>7o., 1876.. 1877.. 1878., |i7'J., 1880.. 1881.. 18S2.. I8fi:i . . 1884.. 188.).. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. Barley. 83. 88. 70. 71. 73, 77. 81. 90. 100. 81. 101. 103. 98. 109. 151. isa. 161. 116. 142. 111. 100. 84. 77. 168. 240. 165. 181. 191. 250. 17S. 142. 120. 130. 178. 152. 149. 128. 110. 110. 12.5. 116. 149, 122. 110. 100. 103. 102. 110. 89. 101. 92. Clover seed. 173.3 96.7 100.0 65.2 141.3 88.3 110.0 98.3 101,8 83,3 86.7 118,3 120.0 133.9 11B.4 135.2 180.3 176.0 115.3 120.0 100.0 99,4 112,1 123. 176,1 326.1 130.0 226.6 154.1 209.3 199. 134.7 124.0 111.3 139.9 151,4 225.6 200.9 98.1 84.7 90.3 112.1 107.5 187.3 139. 9 114.4 140,2 97.3 90.5 115,1 78.5 104.8 I Cotton, Corn. upland, middling, 85.1 103.3 85.1 74.9 71,3 83.6 96.7 112.0 93.8 05.3 90.9 102.5 120.4 109.8 125. 5 99.6 102.2 104.0 133.8 100.0 79.3 86.5 120.2 229,8 132.4 138.2 192. 7 164.4 141.1 126,5 110.5 93.8 97.1 139.3 96.4 82.5 84.7 70.7 76.4 75.4 109.3 100.7 90,2 89,5 71,5 68,1 75,1 75,1 57.8 81.7 89.1 83.2 85.5 08,2 78.6 55.5 70.5 85.5 107.5 62.4 97.1 129,5 84,4 93.6 98.8 86.1 91.3 113.3 143.4 123.7 106.4 100.0 198.8 522.5 781,5 1,119.1 453.2 365.3 198.8 247.4 254.3 156.1 182.7 173.4 169.9 143.4 121.4 101.7 102.9 99.4 96.0 106.4 109.2 105.8 98.3 93.6 93.1 87.9 87.9 90.5 100,6 96.0 80.3 Flax- seed. 74.5 82.2 68.0 72,2 83,8 95,4 67.0 68.4 77,6 80,9 106.8 87.5 84.6 96.4 121.0 123.1 140.1 90.7 111.2 98.9 100.0 88.8 121.0 196.3 220,1 223,9 232.8 191.8 205.3 170.3 154.8 130.3 135.4 143, 4 146.1 117.2 97.8 102.0 111,9 97,8 97.9 104.9 94.3 107.1 107.1 96.3 89.7 87.9 112.0 110.8 127.3 82.8 He.mp, rougli. 88.0 148.0 80.0 61.0 .56.0 50.0 50,4 88.0 92.0 108.0 80.0 72.0 76.0 120.0 124. 144.0 100.0 88.0 100.0 Hides. 56.0 84.0 108.0 188.0 240.0 160.0 156.0 176.0 120.0 84.0 96.0 128.0 116.0 88.0 100.0 76.0 80.0 104.0 96.0 84.0 88.0 88.0 140.0 108.0 92.0 76.0 96.0 104.0 92.0 88.0 93.5 70.8 58,1 03.2 70.3 57.3 50.1 45.5 51.0 64.2 70.7 76.8 75.7 76.3 95.7 121.4 112.1 109.1 108.9 100.0 100.9 118.2 130.5 136.8 99.3 101.8 109.9 119.3 12 '.7 119.1 124.6 134.1 128.2 121.0 110.0 98.8 114.3 111.9 109.8 120.6 115.7 114.6 103.1 105.7 104.5 99.8 98,4 90.0 74.8 80.1 70.0 Meat, beeves. 65.8 60.5 57.9 66.2 57.9 82.3 89.4 98.9 86,9 83.1 97.2 118.9 134.0 114.3 123.2 111.5 103.5 114.2 96.3 99.1 100.0 93.9 91.4 110.3 192.3 212.9 202. 174.7 1,58. 6 179.0 161.0 143.2 157.0 137.6 147.4 154.3 128.6 118.0 114.1 124.8 128.3 155.3 168.8 154.3 160.1 136.2 129.1 124.5 140.7 111.2 121. 138.1 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICKS AND WAGES. 107 Tahle 33. — lielalii'c jjrkvii of agriviiltnnil prodiicls, iiidivUluid iirudncli —iiDUulwded. Year. Meat, hogs. Meat, sliecp. Oats. Kye. Timothy seed. Tobacco. "Wheat. General avcriiye. 1840 50.6 51.8 63.3 43.5 .59.8 61.0 01.7 75.9 66.5 63.2 61.8 68. -J 91.2 92.4 73.7 102.6 9^.0 104.9 74.2 82.1 100.0 50.0 68.7 61.7 186. 3 218.4 166.1 11U.3 150. 4 165.8 IM. 3 77.1 80.6 77.2 io;j. 3 133. 2 97.4 86.8 60.8 63.0 83.6 105.8 134.4 82.0 83.6 68.3 74 8 81.2 100.8 74.7 70.0 79.3 102.0 120.8 70.6 60.9 86.3 105.9 100.7 142. 6 89.5 9J.1 111.1 104.0 i:8.3 127.5 132. 7 117.6 117.6 117.6 134.6 108.6 100.0 90.2 150.3 183.7 227.5 156.9 149.0 198. 7 189.5 167.3 139.9 138.6 115.0 136. 6 158.8 117.6 112.4 88.9 75.8 94.1 110.1 119.6 103.4 92.0 81.5 80.6 93.5 92.6 78.1 68.3 114.7 86.6 79.6 89.2 75.8 80.3 84.7 87.3 100.6 108.3 87.9 76.4 86.9 86.9 109.6 116.3 152.9 147.8 108.3 89.2 101.9 103.8 100,0 87.3 80.3 138.6 184.7 127. 4 159.2 204. 5 191.1 148.4 114.6 118.5 108.3 113.4 119.7 114.6 104.5 94.9 82.2 101.9 122,'3 140.8 101.3 92.4 88.2 79.0 70.1 70.1 83.4 63.7 87.9 123.6 82.8 98.3 66.2 88.4 68.4 81.6 70,6 87.0 101.4 107.0 120.0 117.2 99.2 86.3 125.7 125.6 133.8 122.6 78.1 97.5 100.0 67.8 71.9 103.4 211.6 174.6 134.1 109.4 127.1 133.0 212.2 124.0 139.4 124.2 114.5 107.0 76.7 58.7 73.9 92.6 105.1 121.7 83.8 56.3 60.2 76.3 83.1 96.9 75,0 68.5 58.9 51.4 94.1 91.2 65,9 58.8 51.5 60.3 57.4 69.1 61.8 79.4 102.9 103.1 73.5 76.8 78.5 73.7 124.1 174.4 134.4 100.7 100.0 95.3 186.9 178.3 200.2 126.8 107.7 187.9 166.5 168.0 158.1 187.5 181.0 216.5 180.2 160.8 145.7 148.9 137.4 119.3 137.8 134.4 141.1 138.2 162.6 122.3 100.6 122. 6 110.8 122.2 129.8 140.0 72.8 61.6 95.6 66.3 70.2 71.2 92.2 81.4 88.3 78.3 76.4 70.2 « 64.2 81.7 122.0 162.4 131.2 107.0 76.2 96.6 100.0 92.3 86.7 101.2 116.4 140.5 115.9 213.4 193.0 119.1 84.7 118.2 118.5 130.3 121.5 94.6 101.3 117.2 106.6 84.2 112.3 93.3 . 116.4 88.8 83.5 71.1 74.0 73.6 71.0 86.0 70.8 87.7 87.3 1841 91.4 1842 72.8 40.0 65.2 73.1 1845 78.0 1 S46 79.2 46.0 100.6 1848 83.8 1849 - 83.3 1H50 90. b' 80. 100,0 120. 120.0 94.3 inr.i lK)-2 92.5 94.8 102.0 lS,3i 114.0 !<>'','> 120.6 185B 126.4 1867 119.4 1858 106.4 1859 66.0 100.0 8.'). 3 127.4 137.4 190.2 174.3 151.0 139.8 115.7 120. 8 124.8 llfl. 8 156.7 127.2 147.2 146.9 137.2 131.2 116.5 121.5 137.5 149.0 137.4 126.6 126. 6 118.3 124.7 121. 6 125.9 140.5 139. 137.8 102.3 1860 100.0 91.7 1862 131.7 176.6 1804 259.8 1805 194.6 171.7 171.4 186& 172.8 1S69 162.4 1870 146.9 1871 130.4 1«72 129.2 132.6 1.^74 137.5 1876 126.1 1876 115.1 1877 110.7 1878 98. S 98.4 1880 109. 'J 1881 121.1 ]882 114.4 100.3 1884 104.7 93.9 1886 96.5 1887 94.9 1888 96.7 91.3 1890 97.4 97.1 The table includes a final column containing the average of the quota- tions, giving each an equal importance in the result. Of the fifteen articles on the list the prices have increased since 1860 in five cases, while prices have fallen in the remaining cases. The range of relative prices is from 51.4 for timothy seed to 140 for tobacco. On the -whole, measured by the system here adopted, prices stand somewhat below those of 1860, the average being 97.1. An omission of the compara- tively unimportant prices for clover seed, timothy seed, flaxseed, and hemp, in the formation of the average would bring about a change of 5 per cent. The average of the remaining eleven articles is 102.1. But this does not give the true result. An average of aU the articles except hides, seeds, clover and timothy and flaxseed, on the basis of the production of those articles in 1880, gives for 1891 the result 98.4. Whatever method be applied, it is clear that the prices of these farm products are to-day about where they were in 1860. This confirms what has been previously said about the price of food in 1891 as com- pared with 1860. 108 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. If we make our compaiison with 1840, we Hhall find that of fourteen articles represented in 1840, prices were lower than in 1891 m ten cases, and higher in but four. These four are oats, clover seed, timothy seed, and hides. The general average assigning each article an equal weigU was 87.3 in 1840, and 97.1 in 1891. Prices have advanced some- thing over 10 per cent since 1840. If we consider the course of these prices as portrayed m the columns of Table 33 we shall find much fluctuation in prices. In nearly all the important articles low prices ruled in the forties, while in the fifties an advance in price took ])lace which culminated in 185o-56 and subsided again towards 18G0. The level of 1855 and 18^6 is in some instances high above that of 1800. In 1855 barley reached 1013.3, corn 125.5, oats 11«.6, fye 147.8, and wheat 152.4. There is a falhngoff of prices in 1801, which in the main continues, except for cotton, until 1803, when prices move briskly upward. After 1875 we note fewer cases where prices are very much in advance of 1800. If we turn from the individual quotations to the average, we shall find that before 1853 but a single year (1847) exceeds the average of 1860, and here the excess is less than 1 per cent. Aiter 1853 prices average higher that in 1860, although the excess is slight in 1858 and 1859. On the other hand, 1861 stands at 91.7. With the war and the paper currency, prices rise rapidly, reaching 259.8 in 1864, when cotton had advanced tenfold in price. After this date, the average falls until it is lower than the level of 1860 in 1878 and 1879, when it stands at 98.8 and 98.4. In the years which follow the average again rises, but since 1885 it has been permanently below the 1860 level. This method of following the course of prices should be supplemented by a more exact approximation. Since 1860, at least, we are able to approximate the importance of the main products and give to each a proportionate influence in the result. In Table 34 we give quantities of certain staple products with their values at census iieriods. Tablb 34. — Products of agriculture. [jm this statement the q^uantities are as reporteil by the Censuses of 1860, 1870, and 1880, and refer to the previous year, the values as Used after investigj,tion by the statistician of the Department of Agri- culture.] Article. Quantities. Values. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1860. 1870. 1880. Barley bush.. Corn do (.lotton pounds . . Heiiip tuns.- Oiits buah.. Mcatst 15, 825, 898 838, 792, 740 2, 274, 372, 309 74, 493 172, 043, 185 29, 761, 305 760, 944, 549 43, 997, 495 1, 754, 501, 676 2, 771, 797, 156 5,035 407, 858, 999 $8, 704, 244 360, 080, 878 211, 516, 625 14, 153, 670 43, 160, 796 300,000,000 10, 972, 718 21,710,473 124, 635, 5iS $24, 285, 225 572, 991, 245 303, 600, 000* 2, 485, 470 134, 283, 007 615, 000, 000 16, 428, 150 30, 740, 035 270,768,634 $29,302,333 694, 818, 304 271 636, 121 12,746 282, 107, 157 1, 00.1, 000 146, f5 articles are weighted in the proportions of their production by the census of I860; from l.s05-'0y by the proportion of the mean production in 1860 and 1870, and so on down to the present. The method is familiar from the preceding pages of this report, and the results are embodied in Table 35. Table 35.- -Prices of staple agricultural products measured ty their production, ISGO- 1S91. Tear. Price. Tear. Price. Tear. Price. Tear. Price. 1860 100.0 104.2 176.7 247.1 379.0 210.3 185.6 181.9 1868 179.1 163.9 130.6 127.6 124. 3 119.5 137.0 131.4 1876 1877 103.7 102.6 00.9 91.1 102.9 117.1 120. 3 102.0 1884 1885 100 a 1869 1862 1870 1878 - - 1886 87 5 1871 1879 1872 1880 1888 03.6 1865 1873 18S1 1889 80 5 1874 1882 1890 93.7 1867 1875 . . 1883 1891 98.4 This table omits clover seed, flaxseed, hides, and timothy seed, but includes all the other articles, meats being averaged to form a single quotation. The table shows the average price in 1891 for these arti- cles to be but 1.6 per cent less than in 1860. The advance of cotton prices raises the general average in the early sixties. It will be inter- esting to note the eftects which follow the omission of .cotton. The relative prices are as follows : 1861 81.5 I 1864 199.1 1862 93.9 I 1865 1.59.1 1863 119.2 I 1866 152.8 Exclusive of cotton, therefore, agricultural prices were subject to no greater fluctuations than those which characterized prices generally. After 1866 the price of cotton becomes normal and has a proper place in the averages of the succeeding years. The high prices of 1867 were gradually reduced with the lapse of years until, in 1876, relative prices stood at 103.7 as compared with 1860. In 1878 they stood at 90.9, but in 1881 and 1882 there was an advance. In 1883 and 1884 the level of prices is nearly the same as in 1860, but in the following years it is lower. The lowest stand was in 1886, at 87.5. Since 1889 there has been a considerable advance, and in 1891 prices were only a little less than in 1860. PRICES IN GOLD, The premium on gold was a disturbing element in the formation of prices during the years 1862-1878. In Table 36 we have reduced to the gold basis the two averages of agricidtural products, drawn respectively from Tables 33 and 35. 110 REPORT ON WHOLl'::;,\r>E PRICES AND WAGES. Table 36. — Average prices of agricultural products, in gold, 18G0-1S91. Tear. Simple av- er afte of 15 prodiictH (from Tabic 33). Weighted avorafie of 9 product.s (from Tal)lo 35). Tear. Simple av- erage of 15 products (from Tabic 33). WciKhted averfiffe of 9 products (froiii Table 35.) I860 100.0 91.7 128.5 121.7 167.1 90.0 122.6 327.3 124.8 110.8 J3l. 1 117.8 118.4 U7.7 123.4 112.1 100.0 104.2 172. 4 170.3 2-43.7 97.3 132. 5 135.1 129. 3 120.9 107.7 115.3 113.9 106. 12:;..) 116.8 1876 102.0 104.2 97.0 98.4 109.9 121.1 114.4 100.3 104.7 93.9 96.5 94.9 95.7 91.3 97.4 97.1 91,9 96.5 89.7 91.1 102.9 137. I 120. 3 102.0 100.8 87.9 87.5 89.6 93.8 86.5 93.7 98.4 1861 IK77 1S73 1863 - 3879 1806 1882 1867 ] 868 ]88i 1869 1 H,^.') LSTO 1886 ]K71 ]872 3888 1873 XKI J874 1875 1891 The first column gives the average of fifteen distinct products of Table 33, while the second column repeats Table 35, but expressing the prices of 1862-1878 in gold instead of currency. A striking feature of the table are the low prices of 1865. It will also be noticed that on the gold basis the second column shows only a few years since 1805 which are higher than 1882. They are 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, and 1874. This table shows the same tendencies as Table 35, but in a less degree. RATES OF "WAGES FOR FIFTY-TWO TEAES. The necessary counterpart of the investigation which has been made into prices and the cost of living is the investigation into wages for the same period. The results of the investigation conducted by the Department of Labor are embodied in Table XII of the report. They are exceedingly comprehensive and cover wages in twenty-two more or less distinct industries. ITot only the extent of the investigation, but its wealth of detail must command respect. There are 61 series of wage returns Avhich begin as eaily as 18-10, and as many as 543 distinct series which cover the period from 1860 to 1891. With a showing as com- plete as this is there can be no doubt that we shall obtain a much clearer view of the present status of wages and their course during the period in question tlian has heretofore been obtainable. The familiar methods of analysis which have served so well the pur- poses of the committee have been applied here. The wages in Janu- ary, 1860, are taken as the basis, and subsequent wages are calculated as percentages of the same. In this manner we secure the relative wages shown in Table 37. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Ill Table 37. — Rates of wages for 5^ years — Relative wages. AGRICTJLTUEAL IMPLEMENTS. [The Sgares in the heading indicate the eetablishment namber as tabulated In Table XH.] Tear. 1. Toro- men, ■wood- work- ers. 1. Labor- ers. 1. Ma- chinists. 1. Paint- ers. 1. Wood- work- ers. 1840 1H41 ; iyj,12 ]843 1844 1845 1846 1847 . 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 99.4 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.1 107.6 122.0 152.4 175.3 170.1 182.9 182.9 182,9 18:;. 9 182. 9 182.9 182.9 182.9 164.6 164.6 164.6 164.6 164.6 164.6 164.6 161.6 164. 6 164.6 182.9 183.9 182.9 182.9 182.9 182.9 91.5 83.5' 100.0 100.0 87.5 89.5 116.5 150.0 162.5 168.5 151.5 155.0 156.0 141.5 147.0 145.0 150.0 143.0 135.0 121.0 127.0 120.0 123.0 122.5 130.5 138.0 138.0 127.0 129.5 130.0 134.5 133.6 130.5 137.0 95.2 97.6 90.1 100.0 107.5 100.0 112.6 107.5 125.2 130.9 129.4 136.6 129.1 136.3 134.2 134.2 133.0 129.4 131.2 113.8 108.7 108.7 103.9 114.1 109.6 119.8 121.3 121.0 115.6 121,3 121.3 114.1 117.1 123.4 121.3 "ioo.'o' 100.0 100.0 "'88.' 8' 113. 2 124.4 132.0 120.0 120. 120.0 130.0 136.8 133.2 150.8 166.0 141.6 122.0 116.0 120.0 97.2 102.0 112.0 134. 8 125.2 121.6 126.8 126.8 126.4 116.0 122.0 120.4 106 1858 112 4 1859 106 100.0 1861 .. . 103 112.4 112 4 1864 . 123.6 168.5 1866 191.0 177.9 170.4 170.4 1870 167.8 171.9 1872 168.9 167,8 1874 . 172.3 179.4 151. 3 130.7 136.7 132.2 1880 125.8 124.3 140.1 140.4 139.7 131.1 1886 . •--- 139.7 140.4 1888 137.1 139.3 136.0 128.1 112 REPOET OX WHOIiESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 31.— Rates of wages for 52 years— Relative wastes— Continued. ALE, BEEE, AND POETER. [The figures in tie heading indicate the establishment number aa tabulated In Table XII.] Year. 1840. 1841 . 1K42 . 1843 . lSi4. 18-15 . 18+G. Ih47 . 1848 . 18-!9 . 1850 . 1851 . 1.Sj2 - 1353. 1854 . 1855. 1856. 1857. 1S5X . isryj . ISGO . I8'il . 1862. 1863 . 1864. 1865 . 1866 . lKli7 . 1868 . 1869. 1S70 - 1K71 . 1872. 1873 . 2. 2. Brew. Coop- ers, era. 2. Fore. men, la borers. 2. Labor- ers. 2. Team- sters. 78.2 .50.0 lOU. lOO.i) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 1.^.0. 150.0 150.0 150.0 250.0 2.50. 2.50. 250.0 250.0 250.0 2.50.0 250. 1874 250.(1 .M75 . 1876. 1877 . 1878 . 1879. 1880 . IKHl . 1882 . 1883 . 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891. 2.50.0 150.0 l.'ill. 2.50.0 250. 250.0 I 300.0 ! :.'no. .0 I 17 262 5 j 262 375 n 1 :!75 375 n 375.0 375.0 96.0 94.0 97.0 96.3 97.3 100.0 101.0 101.3 101.3 124.9 126.6 146.2 152.2 163.5 168.8 177.1 166.1 174.4 194.4 199.3 180.7 199.3 190 3 199,3 182.7 182.7 1.'I2. 7 IfO. 4 1H2. 7 182.7 182.7 182.7 182. 7 , 185.4 185.4 185.4 185.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.1 120.1 120.1 123.9 186.2 131.7 131.7 131.7 148.1 144.8 144.8 141.4 141.4 158.3 158.2 165, 3 165.3 165.3 142.9 164.6 142.9 152.6 152.6 160.8 168.3 168.3 168.3 193. 7 193.7 193.7 195.1 97.1 92.9 95.9 99.4 100.0 100.0 98.8 98.8 102.4 133.5 150.6 154.1 154.1 154.7 154.7 100.0 164.1 163.5 162.9 167.6 167.6 165.9 169.4 168. 8 169.4 168.2 170.0 170.6 169.4 16.S.2 171.2 172.4 171.2 227. 1 226.5 224.7 222.4 79.5 66.3 71.9 84.4 88.9 100.0 106. 6 106.6 106.6 106.6 106.6 106.6 106.6 119. S 119.8 110.4 115.3 110.3 U3.2 116.0 116.3 116.3 112.8 112.8 113. 5 113. 3 lie.:) 114,9 112,8 113, 9 114,6 115,3 U3,5 144.8 143. 1 143.8 145.8 BEPOET ON WHOLESALE PEICES AND WAGES. 113 Table 37. — Bates of xoagea for 6S years — Belative wages— Continued. BOOKS AND NEWSPAPERS. IThe flgttres in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Year. 5. Carpen. tela. 3. Com- posi- tors. 5. Com- posi- tors. 6. Com- posi- tore. 3. Com- posi- tors, (piece work- ers). 3. Com- posi- tors' ap- pren- tices. 6. Com- posi- tors' ap- pren- tices. 5. Com- posi- tors, learn- ers. 5. Fold- ers. 6. Eold- ers. 5. Fore- men, comi>o3. itors, 1840 1S41 1842 75.0 75.0 96.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 120. 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 17.1 27.9 35.1 38.7 39.6 34.2 34.2 29.7 53.2 36.0 45.9 64.9 52.3 60.4 55.9 55.0 100.0 1843 1844 1845 75.0 83.3 83.3 83.3 1846 : :::: 1847 1848 . ... 1849 1850 1851 81.7 81.7 90.7 100.0 90.7 90.7 100.0 " 'm'.i' 100.0 108.2 106.0 106.8 113.6 137.9 133. 5 136. 2 163.5 163.5 163.5 163.5 163. 5 162.9 133.0 163.5 163.5 145.5 136.8 135.7 136.2 128.9 128.9 136.2 136.2 136.2 136.2 136.2 136.2 136.2 136.2 137.3 77.5 84.1 92.1 76.2 80.1 67.5 87.4 109.3 96.0 100.0 88.1 93.4 89.4 121.2 98.0 96.7 102.0 92.1 113.2 105.3 1 94.7 107. 3 93.4 102.0 107.3 106.0 116.6 107.9 118.5 113.2 110.6 102.0 111. 3 98.0 106.0 126.5 97.4 1U6.0 !)7.4 95.4 100.7 79.0 91.0 75.0 72.0 83.0 87.0 72.0 75.0 83.0 100.0 87.0 67.0 1852 1853 1854 1855 1850 1857 100.0 "ios.i' 137.5 125.0 "143." 8" 162.5 "isi's' 145.8 145.8 129.8 140.0 127.8 121.8 114.0 107.3 113.8 111.8 119.0 127.8 123.0 123.0 121.5 124.8 126.3 122.5 126.5 "iob.'o' 99.1 100.0 99.1 98.8 99.1 "im'.s 150.5 150.5 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 153.8 152.3 151.7 154.4 126.4 138. 4- 133.6 130.0 142.6 150.2 150.2 150.2 150.2 150.2 1858...... 1859 95.1 97.3 100.0 96,1 95.1 101.5 101.5 128.6 139.5 139.5 190.1 190.1 180.6 180.6 180.6 180.6 180.6 209.1 166.9 171.1 171.1 171.1 152.1 152.1 152.1 177.6 190.1 190.1 190.1 190.1 190.1 190.1 190.1 190.1 92.8 87.8 100.0 75.5 81.3 93.5 96.8 98.9 100.0 91.5 100.0 104.3 100.0 100.0 1360 100.0 1861 100.0 1862 100.0 1803 100.0 150.0 160.0 160.0 172.0 172.0 172.0 77.5 82.0 116.2 150.5 132.4 135.1 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 107.9 120.1 136.7 138.8 115.8 120.9 138.1 140.3 141.0 123.0 116.5 122.3 81.3 88.5 100.7 104.3 102.2 128.8 177.7 78.4 '89.' 9' 95.7 100.0 116.5 123.0 99.3 109.6 119.1 125.5 127.7 138.3 139.4 148.9 147. 9 148.9 145.7 155.3 155.3 155.3 139.4 127.7 139.4 137.2 112.8 103.2 116.0 117.0 118.1 119. 1 125.5 130.9 145.7 122.3 "ioo.'o' 150.0 150.0 160.0 170.8 170.8 170.8 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 170.8 150.0 150.0 150.0 138.0 138.0 148.0 148.0 146.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 133.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 138.0 140.0 138.0 138.0 130.6 153.2 150.5 140.5 128.8 139.6 180.2 156.8 160.4 174.8 112.6 137.8 147.7 158.6 130.6 127.9 142.3 175.7 132.4 187.4 170.8 170.8 170.8 170.8 170,8 170.8 158.3 168.3 158.3 158.3 168.3 158.3 158.3 158.3 154.3 154.3 154.3 154.3 154.3 S. Eep. 1394 8 114 KEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND "WAGES. Table 37. — Sates of wages for SS years — Selative wages — Continued. BOOKS AlfD NEWSPAPBES— Concluded. [The figures in tho heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.) Tear. 6. Pore- men, compos- itors. 5. Pore- men, press- men. 3. Labor- ers. 5. MachiQ ists. 5. Porters. 3. Press feeders. 6. Press feeders 3. Press- men. 5. Press- men. 6. Press- men. 5. Press- room hands. 1840 1S41 1842 86.2 86.2 86.2 85.3 86,2 86,2 85,3 86.2 86.2 86.2 86.2 86.2 100,0 98,3 98,3 100.0 100,0 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 .'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 87.2 93,3 96,8 92.2 91.3 88.7 94.6 101.2 101.7 107.6 98.8 100.0 1848 93.7 93.7 93.7 93.7 92.2 89.3 101.5 102.9 101.5 96.1 100.0 1849 1850 1851 66.6 66.6 66.6 73.4 73.4 73.4 106.0 104.4 100.0 100.0 lOU.O 100.0 100.0 110.0 129.0 129.0 129.0 131.2 133.4 133.4 137.8 137.8 141.8 141.8 141.8 137.4 136.0 126.6 124.0 130.0 124.4 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6- 126.6 133.4 130.0 136.6 126.6 120.0 "ioo.o" 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 71.3 64.2 67.9 71.3 78.6 78.6 96.4 92.7 92.7 100.0 92.7 92.7 92.7 92.7 "ms' 100,0 92.7 105,8 119,1 101.5 119.1 121.4 124.8 123.1 100.0 100.0 96.4 96.4 100.0 100.0 96.4 104.7 100.0 105.4 100.0 107.1 107.1 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1868 1859 97.7 93.0 100.0 95.3 93.5 91.8 103.3 100.0 100.0 115.3 103.3 118.6 96.1 104 9 1860 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 "'i56.'2' 130. 130.0 153.5 153.5 180.2 180.2 172.7 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 170.3 180.2 180.2 180.2 167.0 160.1 166.7 166.7 163.4 160.1 160.1 163.4 100.0 98.1 100.0 103.9 1861 1862 1863 1864 "ii6,'3' 144,0 158,6 172,4 172.4 183.6 "iTO.'o' 174.1 178.4 172.4 169.0 168.1 168.1 168.1 167.2 168.1 166.4 181.2 168.1 158.6 163.8 189.7 189.7 193.1 193.1 199.1 100. p 151.5 151.5 163.6 189.4 201.5 200,0 221,2 225.8 253.0 254.5 297.0 284.8 231.8 218.2 231.8 251.5 251.5 260.6 261.5 225.8 234.8 251.5 251.5 233.3 237.9 237.9 230.3 251.5 225.8 243.9 ioi's 135. 2 132.8 146.2 146.2 152.3 '176.' 9' 176.5 181.1 163.4 161.9 156.7 148.0 117.7 123.8 136.6 141.0 137.8 134.3 136.2 143.9 142.4 141.0 135.5 142.4 137.8 1805 1866 1867 133.3 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.6 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 160.0 1.50. 150.0 150.0 122.0 161.3 152.8 143.7 143.7 142.6 148.6 145.9 149.7 151.9 163.9 188.0 200.' 5' 182.0 143.7 136.6 135.0 124.6 130.6 130.6 146,9 139. 9 145.9 145.9 151.9 151.9 157.9 157.9 157.9 132.0 135,9 137,9 170,9 172,8 164,1 194,2 180,6 171,8 183.6 154.4 144.7 154 4 145.6 142.7 122.3 145.0 168.3 149.5 158.3 171.8 151.5 153.4 169.9 152.4 156.3 142.7 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881...... 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 158.5 158.5 "imf 162.4 196.1 170.7 166.8 146.3 117.1 122.0 146.3 146.3 US. 3 122,6" 122.0 122.0 122.0 122.0 146.3 146.3 "ies.'i' 151.0 158.9 168.9 168.6 161.3 161.3 ii7."3' 105.6 97.7 107.6 110.9 117.3 132.0 132.0 146.6 146.6 146.6 146.6 146.6 146.6 146.6 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 115 Table 37. — Bates of wages for 62 years — Belative wages — Continued. BUILDING TKADES. [Tlie figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XTT.] Tear. 12. Brick- 22. Brick- 26. Brick- -12. Brick- layers' lelpers. 22. Brick- layers' lolpers. 26. Brick- layers' lelpers. 7. Carpen- 8. Carpen- 13. Carpen- 17. Carpen- 19. Ca'peu- layers. layers. layers. ters. ters. ters. ters. ters. 1840 83.1 1841 83.1 85.4 85.4 85.4 82.0 85.4 85.4 82.0 82.0 90.3 91.4 94.3 95.7 107.1 83.7 85.7 100.0 85.7 100.0 1842 1843 75.0 1844 75.0 1845 87.5 1846 100.0 1847 100.0 1848 100.0 1849 -. . 100.0 1850 100.0 1851 87.5 87.5 87.5 87. 5 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 1852 100.0 1853 100.0 1854 "'M.'i' .99.3 98.5 100.0 104.9 103. 107.2 97.7 92.2 105.0 103.6 100.0 91.2 100.0 1855 87.5 87.5 87.5 75.0 75.0 100.0 1856 93.8 1857 ■ 100.0 1858 100.0 1859 114.5 113.3 100.0 1800 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1861 117.7 100.0 100.0 110.3 100.0 111.6 85.7 88.8 89.8 111.5 100.0 1862 121.7 112.5 112.5 121.2 100.0 111.6 85.7 00.6 102.3 115.4 100.0 1863 122.0 125.0 119.7 130.0 lOO.O 113.9 114.8 138.5 100.0 1804 152.0 150.0 125.0 147.8 180.0 133.9 132.5 128.8 153.8 160.-0 1865 170.1 150.0 150.0 147.8 180.0 178.6 157.1 158.3 158.8 162.6 1866 193.4 200.0 150.0 172.4 200.0 178.6 160.9 180.7 178.8 175.0 1867 208.6 250.0 175.0 147.8 220.0 200.9 185.7 190.2 184.6 187.5 1868 247.4 225.0 175.0 197.0 200.0 200.9 174.3 205.7 182.7 200.0 1869 228.6 250.0 175.0 197.0 220.0 178.6 173.7 i'75.'r 188.6 191.2 200.0 1870 253.3 250.0 175.0 209.4 220.0 178.6 185.7 161.5 183.7 186.5 175.0 1871 236.5 200.0 200.0 199.0 180.0 200.9 163.3 179.5 191.2 175.0 1872 205.9 200.0 200.0 183.7 200.0 223.2 161.2 197.3 185.0 176.0 1873 210.9 200.0 187.5 190.6 200.0 223.2 186.7 176.9 187.9 176.2 175.0 1874 224.7 175.0 175.0 191.1 200.0 200.9 157.1 171.6 192.4 174.2 187.5 1875 217.1 150.0 162.5 194.1 160.0 178.6 157.1 157.7 171.6 172.7 160.0 1876 226.0 125.0 150.0 189.7 140.0 156.3 157.1 139.3 160.0 160.4 140.0 1877 177.6 125.0 137.5 177.8 120.0 156.3 109.4 133.1 132.6 139.6 126.0 1878 ... 183.2 125.0 112.5 177.8 120.0 133.9 128.6 133.1 130.7 137.7 125.0 1879 176.6 125.0 112.6 175.9 120.0 133.9 100.0 126.9 131.5 125.0 1880 184.9 150.0 100.0 172.4 140.0 133.9 128.6 131.8 138.8 160.0 1881 . . 197.4 225.0 150.0 165.5 200.0 166.3 138.0 160.0 153.5 162.5 1882 201.3 200.0 150.0 163.1 200.0 156.3 167.1 146.2 166.9 175. 1883 190.5 200.0 162.5 180.8 200.0 178.6 162.9 146.4 137.1 165.8 175.0 1884 ... 200.0 200.0 162.5 147.8 200.0 178.6 157.1 147.9 143.2 165.8 175.0 1885 225.0 200.0 187.5 157.1 200.0 200.9 167.1 151.5 137.9 158.8 175.0 1886 209.5 200.0 187.5 156.7 200.0 200.9 157.1 163.3 148.5 160.4 176.0 1887 .... 219.4 200.0 187.5 151.2 200.0 200.9 157.1 160.0 146.2 166.5 176.0 1888 201.3 200.0 187.5 147.8 200.0 200.9 157.1 150.3 147.3 168.8 175.0 1889 218.8 200.0 -187. 5 147.8 200.0 200.9 157.1 152.7 158.0 167.3 175.0 1890 . . 213.8 225.0 187.5 152.7 200.0 200.9 178.6 151.2 160.6 166.2 175.0 1891 206.3 200.0 200.0 164.2 200.0 200.9 178.6 154.1 147.7 163.1 176.0 116 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 'Table 37. — Bates of wages for 52 years — Relative wages — Continued. BUILDIXG TEADES— Contiiraed. {The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XH.] Tear. 27. Car. pen- ters. 28. Car- pou- ters. 13. Car- pen- ters' help- ers. 17. Car- pen- ters' help- ers. 17. Car- pen- ters' appren- tices. 12. Fore- men, brick- layers. 13. Tore- men, car- pen- ters. 12. Fore- men, masons. 13. Fore- men, paint- ers. 9. Hod carri- ers. 16. Labor- ers. 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4 85.7 85.7 ■ 85. 7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 100.0 114.3 142.9 171.4 171.4 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 157.1 167.1 157.1 157.1 167.1 167.1 157.1 157.1 167.1 157.1 157.1 157.1 157.1 157.1 •157. 1 154.3 154.3 154.3 154 3 154.3 154.3 1842 1843 1844 i 1 1845 ... 1 1816 1 I 1847 1848 1 1849 71.* 71.4 71.4 71.4 83.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 114.3 114.3 128.6 133.4 151.1 152,3 153.1 152.9 152.3 154.3 153.1 152.0 150.0 134.6 132.6 121.4 122.6 126.9 131.1 143.7 156.0 166.0 163.1 153.1 152.9 156.0 155.1 1G0.3 162.0 163.4 1 1 1 1860 63 6 1851 74 2 1852 91.3 74 2 1853 84.7 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 78.3 100.0 90.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.4 120.5 120.5 150.6 210 8 180.7 165.7 180.7 180.7 180.7 180.7 180.7 160.2 "im'.h' 130.7 142.8 138.6 145.8 160.0 142.2 139.2 150.6 142.8 150.6 139. 8 152.4 140.4 133.1 138.0 "iiY.i' U0.8 119.6 115.8 126.6 100.0 115.8 140.5 158.2 189.' 9 189.9 189.9 189.9 189.9 189.9 189.9 189.9 174.1 192.4 176.6 176.6 174.1 164.6 181.6 174.1 186.1 189.9 163.3 177.2 189.9 181.6 189.9 174.1 113.0 140.2 139.1 108.7 129.3 118.5 100.0 71.7 81.5 108.7 148.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.0 89.8 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.8 119.8 134.7 149.7 194.6 194.6 194.6 194.6 209.6 209.6 209.6 209.6 209.6 209.6 194.6 194.6 179.6 179.6 194.6 239.5 239.5 "ioo.'o' 100.0 120.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 170.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 180.0 180.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 200.0 240.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 88.7 88.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ' iii.'s" 116.7 150.0 183.3 200.0 183.3 200.0 183.3 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 166.7 166.7 150.0 160.0 166.7 183.3 166.7 150.0 98.2 91.3 91.3 105.9 91.3 121.5 100.0 91.3 91.3 147.9 145.7 152.1 152.1 157.5 174.0 180.4 179.0 182.6 181.3 181.3 182.6 163.0 143.8 117.4 121.9 116.4 144.3 179.5 181.7 181.3 181.7 180.8 182.6 182.6 182.6 182.6 182.6 189.5 84.7 "4.7 84.7 90.3 84.7 97.0 100.0 84.7 84.7 97.0 116.5 1868 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1865 1886 1887 1888 1889 "iii.'e' 151.1 144.6 179.3 175.0 162.0 ,217.4 "i27.'2' 108.7 154.3 180.4 160.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 200.0 200.0 200 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 190.0 160.0 140.0 140.0 160.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 190.0 200.0 200.0 180.0 180.0 155.1 153.0 153.0 155.1 131.8 139.4 164.8 165.7 155.5 155.5 169.5 169.5 141.1 14L1 U2.7 127.1 127.1 127.1 127.1 127.1 127.] 137.7 137. 7 137.7 148.3 148.3 1890 1891 167.1 185.4 JIEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 117 Table 37. — Bates of wages for 52 years — BeJative wages — Continned. BUILDINCJ TRADES— Continued. [The flgnres in tlie heading indicate the estahlishment number as tabulated in Table Xd.] Year. 17. Labor- 17. Ma- chine 17. Hachiue 9. 12. 12, Mason's helptirs. 10. Paint 13. Paint- 18. Paint- 23. Paint- 15. Paint- hands. helpers. house. 1840 71.4 71.4 76.3 77.1 79.4 81.4 81.4 86.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 75.0 75 73.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 • 75.0 87.5 87.5 87.6 87.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 87.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 112.5 150.0 175.0 175.0 1841 , 1842 1843 1844 1845 1840 1847 1848 1849 1850 .... 1851 1852 88.3 89.7 94.6 87.3 94.9 97.8 100.6 101.0 100.0 97.8 97.8 113.2 121.0 137.9 146.7 1853 1854 94.3 85.2 85.2 8.9.2 85.2 100.0 100.0 109.1 142.0 113.6 94.5 91.1 100.4 112.2 109.3 96.6 100.0 97.5 101.7 105.5 127.4 168.8 179.3 1855 1856 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 85.7 86.7 100.0 142.9 142.9 142.9 89.3 91.4 89.0 101.6 100.0 92.7 91.4 113. 1 150.1 185.4 182.8 1857 89.7 1868...'.. 105.8 1859 108.8 100.0 112.9 123.8 120.1 119.7 160.8 196.6 106.7 100.0 92.9 111.0 114.3 142.9 142.9 166.7 99.1 IStiO 100.0 1801 100.0 1862 100.9 1863 108.3 133.3 133.3 150.0 100.9 1864 173.1 1865 191.9 1866 156.3 64.0 195.1 1867 150.0 139.0 139.0 133.3 167.5 196.1 195.6 194.1 187.8 193.7 230.4 214.1 223.5 227.3 154.3 190.6 186.7 207.1 195.7 171.4 171.4 171.4 171.4 171.4 197.0 177.2 186.9 153.2 197.0 200.0 175.0 225.0 176.0 176.0 204.4 200.3 208.9 163.2 182.8 215.7 1868 170.5 213.0 1869 224. 2 1870 221,5 1871 127.8 33.2 211. 2 1872 - 164.8 125.0 62.8 192.4 245.1 190.5 142.9 192.8 175.0 182.8 216.1 1873 155.1 143.7 41.6 194.1 206.9 178.6 142.9 211.0 175.0 182.8 205.4 1874 156.3 145.0 48.0 192.4 206.6 166.7 142.9 189.9 175.0 182.8 199.1 1875 132.4 140.3 48.4 166.5 187.8 161.0 142.9 181.9 176.0 178.3 212.1 1876 165.9 140.7 56.2 140.3 163.0 161.0 114.3 108.8 175.0 114.9 2-J2. 4 1877 127.8 125.0 63.2 125.7 163.6 162.4 114.3 154.4 125.0 124.0 230.0 1878 121.0 121.3 57.2 122.2 154.5 162.9 114.3 162.9 125.0 117.5 217.9 1879 126.7 116.7 60.8 110.8 169.6 162.4 114.3 135.0 150.0 117.6 218.4 1880 140.9 118.3 60.4 131.3 152.0 16B.7 114.3 156.1 160.0 143.6 204.9 1881 140.9 121.7 60.4 151.3 184.6 146. 2 114.3 160.8 150.0 156.7 195.1 1882 182.4 128.7 58.0 169.7 169.6 166.7 114. 3 156.1 160.0 147.0 224.2 1883 141.5 125.7 56.8 184.6 172.4 190.6 142.9 133.8 150.0 166.7 232.7 1884 152.3 133.3 64.8 184.1 229.2 142.9 142.9 135.0 150.0 182.8 230.0 1885 139.8 128.7 68.0 181.7 224.5 158.1 142.9 156.1 150.0 163.7 218,4 1886 152.3 131.3 56.0 181.2 225.4 159.5 142.9 159.9 150.0 182.8 212,1 1887 156.3 137.7 57.2 173.8 213.8 142.9 142.9 158.2 150.0 182.8 213.0 1888 147.2 132.3 61.6 176.1 221.3 142.9 142.9 149.8 175.0 182.8 209.9 1889 146.0 127.7 53.2 173.3 214.7 147.6 142.9 166.2 175.0 182.8 218.4 1890 156.3 130.3 61.6 178.7 218.5 155.2 142.9 147.7 175.0 182.8 204.9 1891 156.8 121.0 61.6 183.6 206.9 156.2 142.9 160.8 176.0 182.8 204.9 118 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 5S years — Helative wages — Continued. BUILDING TEADES— Conclnded. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table JLLL] Tjar. 22. Plas- terers. 29. Plas- terers. 16. Plumb ers. 20. Plumb crs. 24. Eoof- ers. 21. Eoofers slate and metal. 14 ■ "• 16. Tin- smiths. 1 1840 :. 88.8 88.8 88.8 88.8 88.8 88.8 88.8 96.2 95.6 97.0 96.2 96.2 97.3 94.7 96.2 97.9 97.3 97.9 98.5 99.4 100.0 97.9 98.5 113.3 114.2 135.2 153.8 218.9 216.9 216.9 168.9 170.1 168.9 172.5 168.9 170.1 137.0 114.5 114.5 99.4 107.4 109.8 135.2 174.9 207.1 207.1 207.1 207.1 207.1 207.1 207.1 189.3 120.0 120. 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120. 120.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 160.0 240.0 280.0 320.0 280.0 280.0 280.0 280.0 280.0 280.0 280.0 240.0 240.0 240.0 240.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 240.0 240.0 260.0 280.0 280.0 280.0 280.0 280.0 280.0 280.0 280.0 1841 1842 : 1843 1844 1845 ! 1 3846 ' 1847 1 i 184« 1 1849 1 1850 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 79.3 87.5 81.3 81.3 84.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 84.3 100.0 125.0 150.0 138.5 144.8 159.8 162.5 162.5 162.5 169.3 162.5 163.8 163.8 158.3 145.8 131.3 131.3 121.8 125.0 125.0 131.3 131.3 131.3 137.5 137.5 137.5 137.5 137.5 125.0 72.7 75.6 80.6 89.8 89.5 88.6 86.0 95.6 95.6 96.8 109.0 105.7 109.2 103.2 117.8 142.9 149.2 158.7 171.4 174.6 169.2 182.5 1851 87.6 87.6 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 75.0 75.0 100.0 100.0 112.5 125.0 150.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 225.0 250.0 250.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 175.0 150.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 150.0 225.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 225.0 20O.O 101.3 101.3 115.5 115.5 115.5 115.5 114.7 115.5 101.3 100.0 100.0 106.7 133.3 186.7 186.7 195.5 205.6 205.6 205.6 203.5 203.5 203.5 202.7 200.0 200.0 186.7 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 186.7 180.7 186.7 186.7 186.7 186.7 186.7 186.7 186.7 186.7 186.7 "gi.'s 90.4 97.9 103.3 100.6 103.6 100.0 89.6 89.6 115.5 14.3.3 164.2 179.1 209.0 179.1 195.5 186.0 182.4 189.0 194.9 205.7 184.2 184.2 189.0 189.0 149.3 144.2 158.2 175.2 169.3 169.3 174.0 175.2 189.0 194.0 209.0 209.0 209.0 1852 1853 1854 82.7 - 116.7 116.7 133.3 100.0 1855 1856 1857 1858 99.1 109.3 100.0 104.8 100.0 1859. 1860 1861 100.0 100.0 168.7 233.3 233.3 233.3 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 205.3 218.7 266.7 218.0 196.7 156.0 166.7 166.7 166.7 200.0 200.0 196.0 200.0 200.0 193.3 211.3 213.3 "iiila 180.0 1862 * 1863 122.9 118.2 133.9 133.9 152.7 121.4 115.2 126.5 132.7 135.7 127.1 136.0 128.3 126.5 121. 4 126.5 114.6 128.3 121.4 122.9 127.4 128.0 130.7 124.4 109.5 124.4 126.5 117.3 117.0 41.8 76.6 73.2 62.8 83.7 83.7 62.8 83.7 "ibo'.s 76.6 97.5 102.9 62.8 62.8 76.6 69.8 83.7 83.7 100.8 "'S3'.Y 941 94.1 104.6 94.1 104.6 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868... 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 178.7 185.1 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 • 1880 1881 142.9 1882 1883 158.7 1884 158.7 1885 158.7 1886 158.7 1887 150.8 1888 155.9 1889 155.9 1890 155.9 1891 155.9 169.2 EEPOKT ON WHOLESALE PEICES AND "WAGES. TABtB 37. — Bates of xoages for 5Z years — Relative wages — Continiied. 119 CAEEIAGES AKD "WAGONS. [The fibres iu the heading indicate the eatahlishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Tear. Black- smiths. Black- smiths' helpers. 33. Painters. 33. "Whool- ■wrights. 1840.. 1841.. 1842.. 1843.. 1844.. 1845.. 1846.. 1847.. 18-48.. 1849. . 1850- . 1851.. 1852.. 1853., 1854.. 1855. , 1850., 1857., 1S5S. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1802. 1863. 1864., 1865. 1866. 1867- 1868. 18C9. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884- 1885. 1880. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 200.0 200 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 ' 200. 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 179.6 179.6 179.6 179.6 179.6 179. 6 179.6 179,6 179.6 179.6 179.6 179.6 179.6 179.8 179.6 179.6 179,8 179.6 209.6 209.6 209.6 200.6 209.6 209.6 209.6 209.6 209.6 209.6 209.6 209.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 140.0 140.0 140,0 140,0 140,0 140,0 140,0 140.0 140.0 140,0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140,0 140.0 140.0 140.0 200,0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100. 100,0 100,0 100.0 100. 100. 160.0 160,0 160,0 160,0 160,0 160,0 160.0 200,0 200.0 200.0 200,0 200,0 200.0 200,0 200.0 200.0 200,0 200.0 200,0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200,0 200.0 200.0 200,0 200.0 200,0 200.0 120 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 52 years — Eelative wages — Contimied. CITX PUBLIC WOEKS. [The fignres in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XH.] Xear. ^35. smiths. 35. Black- smiths' helpers. 35. Blast- ers. 35. Brick- layers. 35. Carpen- ters. 36. Carpen- ters. 36. Engi- neers. 36. Engi- neers, assist- ant. 36. Fire- men. 36. Eore- men.la- borers. 34. Fore- men, la borers. 35. Gar- deners. 1841 1842 1843 1844. 1845 1847 1848.. J849-.. 1850... 1851. 1852... 185.3... 1854... 87.6 87.6 87.5 87.5 "ioo.'o' 100.0 100.0 '"i37.'5" 137.6 137.5 112.6 "mo' 150.0 "iig.'s" iso.'o" 160.0 160.0 160.0 150. 90.1 96.0 94.1 94.1 98.1 98.1 100.0 98.8 98.8 93.6 95.8 119.3 119.3 116.5 119.1 121.4 121.4 121.4 121.4 123,8 126.9 125.4 125.4 125.4 111.3 111.3 111.3 114.6 114.6 119.8 121.4 125.2 124.7 128.0 128.0 129.9 129.9 129.9 "ioo. 6 100.0 100.0 87.6 87.6 92.0 92.0 131.6 131.6 131.6 131.6 131.6 131.6 131.6 164.4 164.4 164.4 164.4 164.4 164.4 148.0 148.0 148.0 148.0 148.0 164.4 171.6 177.2 172.4 176.6 175.6 175.6 176.6 178.0 120.0 104.0 98.8 99.6 99.6 100.0 100.0 102.8 102.8 98.8 98.8 131.6 131.6 131.6 131.6 131.6 131.6 131.6 164.4 164.4 164 4 164.4 164.4 164.4 148.0 148.0 148.0 148.0 148.0 160.8 164.4 164.4 164.4 164.4 164.4 164.4 164.4 165.2 1855... 'ioo.'o" 87.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.0 160.0 150.0 150.0 175.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 225.0 226.0 225.0 226.0 225.0 226.0 200.0 175.0 150.0 160.0 176.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 176.0 175.0 176.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 118.3 104.9 86.7 120.0 100.0 100.0 121.4 114.3 121.4 167.1 119.1 128.6 128.6 150.0 140.6 139.7 128.6 162.0 134.6 166.6 136.6 160.0 126.' 7 106.7 108.3 149.7 128.6 160.3 159.7 146.0 138.3 139.1 139.4 142.9 139.4 140.3 142.9 1856... 1857... 111.1 97.2 98.9 100.0 97.5 99.7 111.1 152.8 180.6 194.4 194.4 194.4 194.4 194.4 194.4 194.4 194.4 194.4 194.4 166.7 166.7 152.8 138.9 138.9 138.9 138:9 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 80.0 80.0 96.0 100.0 83.6 91.2 108.0 152.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 144.4 144.4 144.4 144.4 144.4 153.6 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 116.3 87.2 101.7 100.0 96.8 99.1 116.3 168.4 187.6 203.5 232.6 232.6 232.6 232.6 232.6 232.6 232.6 232.6 232.6 174.4 159.9 145.3 145.3 146.3 145.3 174.4 174.4 174.4 174.4 203.5 203.5 174.4 174.4 174.4 174.4 115 4 1858... 1859... 1860... 1861... 1862... 1863... 1864... 1865... 1866... 1867... 1868... 1869... 1870... 1871... 1872... 1873... 1874... 1875... 1876... 1877... 1878... 1879... 1880... 1881... 1882... 1883... 1884... 1885... 1886... 1887... 1888... 1889... 1890... 1891... 100.0 112.0 100.0 "isao" 160.0 "'266"6" 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 87.5 100.0 100.0 90.0 87.5 110.0 160.0 150.0 175.0 250.0 225.0 '.'2i2'o' 212.0 212.0 212.0 212.0 212.0 175.0 150.0 150.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 150.0 150.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 100.0 107.7 100.0 88.5 84.6 107.7 146.2 153.8 153.8 161.5 180.8 180.8 184.6 184.6 184.6 192.3 192.3 192.3 173.1 153.8 138.5 138.5 163.8 153.8 163.8 163.8 163.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 163.8 163.8 163.8 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 121 Table 37. — Bates of wages for 52 years — Belaiive wages — Continued. CITY PTJBLIC WOEKS— Concluded. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table Xll.] Tear. 34. Labor- ers. 35. Labor- ers. 36. Labor- ers. 37. Labor- ers. 36. Machin- ists. 35. Ma- sons. 34. Ma- sons. 36. Pattern- makers. 35. Quarry- men. 35. Stone- cutters. 36. Watch- men. 1840 1841 ' 1842 1843 - 1844 - . . 1845 1846 . . . . 1847 . 1848 . 1849 . 1850 . . . 1851 1852 - 1853 . 1854 . . 96.2 99.6 100.0 101.2 103.8 100.0 100.0 98.8 98.8 98.5 115.4 134.6 134.6 134.6 136.5 136.5 137.3 136.2 141.9 140.0 142.3 139.6 134.6 134. 6 115.4 115.4 117.7 125.0 124.2 138.5 135.0 141.2 139.6 145.8 145.8 145.8 148.8 148.5 316.7 1855 1856 1857..... 1858. 1859..... I860..... 1861..... 1862..... 1863..... 1864..... 1865-.... 1866..... 1867..... 1868..... 1869..... 1870. ... 1871..... 1872..... 1873..... 1874 . . . 1875..... 1876..... 1877..... 1878 . 1879..... 1880..... 1881..... 1882. 1883..... 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 99.5 99.5 99.5 91.0 101.0 100.0 100.5 102.0 148.3 132.8 155.7 159.2 158.2 164.2 175.1 176.6 174.1 199.5 180.1 175.6 152.2 153.7 102.0 101.5 100.5 124.4 139.3 151.2 152.2 151.7 152.2 151.7 151.7 170.6 153.2 152.2 161.7 125.0 100.0 110.0 100.0 90.0 100. 123.0 180.0 190.0 190.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 220.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 178.0 176.0 176.0 176.0 176.0 176.0 176.0 176.0 176.0 176.0 116.7 116.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.7 108.3 100.0 100.0 90.0 87.5 110.0 150.0 150.0 175.0 200.0 225.0 212.5 212.0 212.0 212.0 212.0 212.0 212.0 175.0 150.0 150.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 150.0 150.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 J03.3 100.0 112.5 87.5 112.5 150.0 150.0 175.0 200.0 212.5 225.0 212.0 212.0 212.0 212.0 212.0 212.0 175.0 150.0 160.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 116.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 "iao.o' 120.0 120.0 120.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 100.0 121.0 121.0 100.0 133.3 183.3 177.7 181.7 180.0 189.3 181.7 183.3 186.0 186.3 192. 3 191.7 190.3 192.3 158.7 159.7 161.7 193.7 194.3 196.7 193.3 200.0 198.0 - 197.3 197.3 197.3 197.3 195.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 89.0 94.3 73.0 100.0 "iio.'o' 133.3 160.0 160.0 150.0 150.0 163.3 133.3 "iie.'f 116.7 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 "158." 3' 150 141.7 "iso'o' 150.0 166.7 166.7 183.3 183.3 183.3 200.0 200.0 200. r 200.0 200.0 200.0 166.7 166.7 166.7 191.7 191.7 191.7 191.7 194.3 191.7 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 172.7 181.8 73.0 100.3 100.3 100.3 204.6 204.5 203.6 203.6 203.6 203.6 203.6 203.6 203.6 181.8 100.3 100.3 100.3 109.7 109.7 130.3 137.0 136.3 136.7 136.3 122.3 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 122.3 122.0 122.3 122.3 115.7 126.7 126.7 126. 124.3 124.3 124.3 129.7 129.7 122 EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PEICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 5Z years — Belative wages — Continued. COTTON GOODS. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment rnunher as tabulated in Table XII.] Tear. 38. Back boys 40. Back hands. 38. Balers. 40. Band boys. 38. Beam car- riers. 38. Belt- men. 38. Black- smiths. 38. Bobbin men. 38. Boiler- men. 38. BoUer- mens' helpers 38. Card grind- ers. 1840 1841 101.3 90.3 97.5 83.8 90.0 66.3 105.0 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 84.9 81.1 88.7 88.7 96.2 84.9 88.7 88.7 100.0 100.0 86,8 73.6 135.8 177.4 171.7 186.8 207.5 203.8 201.9 203.8 235.8 235.8 235.8 211. 3 190.6 175.5 175.5 171.7 141.5 166.0 166.0 166.0 150.9 147.2 184.9 198.1 200.0 215.1 213.2 205.7 201.9 89.8 84.4 94.6 94.6 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 97.0 100.0 83.2 83.2 129.3 149 7 162.3 174.9 167.1 157.5 157.5 159.9 159.9 159.9 152.7 141.9 149.7 105.4 123.4 99.4 105.4 116.2 119.8 119.8 119.8 119.8 107.8 116.2 116.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 122.2 57.1 57.1 57.1 57.1 71.4 78.6 76.3 90,3 91.4 100.0 85.7 95.4 lOO.O 97.7 107.1 . 114.3 114.3 128.6 114.3 104.6 104.6 142.9 U4.3 90.6 91.4 63.1 72.0 64.6 75.1 80.3 80.3 80.3 87.7 87.7 87.7 82,9 82.9 82,9 82.9 82.9 88.6 "ioo.'o' 100.0 100.0 100.0 115.7 115.7 129.6 138.9 138.9 138.9 146.3 146.3 146.3 146.3 142.6 131.5 105.1 95.4 95.4 89.8 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 79.5 85.4 91.7 91.7 101.0 97.1 97.1 93.2 95.6 100.0 90.2 110.7 110.7 119.5 140.0 141.0 154.6 172.7 183.0 177.6 146.3 227.8 170.7 150.2 126.8 120.5 124.4 1U.2 120.5 135.6 124.9 121.9 135.1 137.1 139.0 146.3 144.4 150.2 150 2 152.2 187.8 1852 70.0 75.0 75.0 "iii's' 117.5 'ioo.'o" "ioo.'o' 125.0 137.5 131.3 125.0 145.0 "'iM.'o' 87.5 96 3 116.3 116.3 103.8 108.8 116.3 107.5 102.5 103.8 125.0 133.8 143.8 137.6 145.0 143.8 1853 94.7 94.7 88.7 88.7 88.7- 94.7 94.7 100.0 100.0 111.3 111.3 116.7 122.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 183.3 200.0 200.0 183.3 178.0 146.7 132.0 132.0 123.3 133.3 155.3 155. 3 155.3 143.3 143.3 129.3 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 60.3 60.3 91.6 91.6 91.6 96.4 96.4 100.0 97.5 105.6 105.6 116.5 150.6 loS. 4 158.4 161.2 161.2 167.3 161.2 173.7 164.8 148.9 130.4 115.1 115.1 131.3 131.3 153.6 153.6 153.6 153.6 153.6 150.8 125.7 125.7 125.7 125.7 125.7 153.6 "ioo.'o' 106.0 123.7 159.0 153.4 144.2 146.6 144.2 176.7 167.8 176.7 185.5 176.7 159.0 132.9 114.5 114.5 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 100.0 83.0 83.0 92.0 100.0 100.0 83.0 83.0 108.0 133.0 133.0 167.0 167.0 154.0 163.0 150.0 167.0 167.0 167.0 146.0 122.0 110.0 110.0 104.0 104.0 121.0 121.0 121.0 121.0 110.0 110.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 ""i32."3' 126.6 100.0 93.0 126.6 ""es.'s' 126.6 94.3 105.1 94.9 100.0 105.1 105.1 105.1 50.6 63.3 77.8 88.6 94.9 82.9 83.5 93.7 93.7 96.2 98.4 100.0 102.5 88.0 '"ki'.i' 99.4 108.9 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PEICES AND WAGES. 123 Table 37. — Bates of wages for 5S years — Relative wages — Continued. COTTON GOODS— Continaed. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table Ml.] Tear. 39. Card grind- 40. Card grind- 41. Card grind- 38. Card strip- 39. Card strip. 40. Card strip- 41. Card strip- 38. Carpen- ters. 39. Carpen- ters. 40. Carpen- ters. 41. Carpen- ters. ers. ers. ers. pers. pers. pers. pers. 1840 108.4 88.1 66.2 86.9 1841 1842 111.4 113.9 100.6 99.4 101.8 110.2 108.4 101.8 98.2 108.4 93.4 89.4 90.1 60.9 92, 3 90,0 84.2 82.9 84.6 86,6 89.9 91.3 88.3 95.3 1843 . 110.2 100.6 106.0 101.8 98.8 109.6 104.8 107.8 103.0 97.6 97.0 97.6 102.4 102.4 102.4 102.4 102.4 102.4 79. 2' 72.9 76.4 81.0 79.9 87.7 82.0 87.0 90,5 1844 1845 1846 1847 104. 106.0 101.3 102,0 103.6 1848 1849 1850 1851 76.8 109.6 100.0 108.4 100.0 81.7 97.9 102.4 96.0 101.3 106. 87.7 97.2 93.0 92.6 lS.5:j 109.9 77.0 100.0 1864 110.2 100.0 89.8 97.9 102.4 106.0 109.9 77.0 93.0 94.0 100.0 1855 103.0 96.4 109.6 100.0 102.4 106.0 109.9 96.7 104.7 116.7 1856 . ... 101.2 105.4 105.4 100.6 109.6 109. 6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.4 100.0 96.0 "'96.6' 106.0 106.0 102.0 102,6 109.9 117.4 87.6 102.5 96.7 96.7 95.4 101.0 '"'96.'8' 98.3 103.7 109.1 101.7 116.7 1857 100.0 1858 100.0 1859 100.6 100,0 1800 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1861 110.2 105.4 119.8 95.8 111.2 99.3 109.9 102.3 97.5 104,0 100.0 1862 113.9 105.4 119.8 112.7 112.0 99.3 109. 9 113.5 98.2 106.4 100.0 1863 110.2 106.0 140.8 96.0 100.0 113.5 90.5 103.0 1864 150.6 180.7 162. 120.0 165.6 131.6 106.3 128.2 1805 160.2 178.9 190.1 179.2 180.1 168.1 143.0 137.9 1866 201.8 189.2 209.6 190.1 179.2 180.1 175.2 ,164. 5 146.8 141.3 200.0 1867 191.0 194.0 224. 6 190.1. 179.2 185.4 186.0 170.1 143,7 163.0 216.7 1868 169.9 190.4 224.6 181.7 160.0 178.1 206.6 170.1 151,4 148.0 216.7 1869 190.4 190.4 224.6 181.0 160.0 180.1 206.6 170.1 148.6 153.7 200. 1870 173.5 188.6 179.6 164.1 146.4 180.8 206.6 170.1 148.2 146.6 200.0 1871 180.7 197.6 224.^ 190.8 159.2 189.4 206.6 164.5 156.0 163.0 183.3 1872 177.7 203.0 224.6 188.0 140.0 190.1 206.6 164.5 158.5 166.7 183. 3 1873 177.7 187.3 224.6 187.3 159.2 179.5 206.6 175.3 159. 2 152.0 183.3 1874 171.1 168.7 201.8 171.1 162.4 167.5 200.0 156.3 158.6 142.6 150.0 1875 160.2 166.3 201.8 133.8 140.0 160.9 179.3 137.2 154.9 143.0 158.3 1876 158.4 165.7 159.9 123.9 128 157.6 192.6 119.4 156.7 133.2 140.0 1877 . ... 150. C 168.7 159.9 103.5 112.0 161.7 195.9 109.5 138.4 128.2 126. 1878 150.6 169.3 159.9 109.2 112. 148.3 195.9 116.8 141.9 126.2 125.0 1879 168.7 168.7 159.9 119.7 136. 125.8 195.9 130.3 121.1 124.5 125.0 1880 168.7 168.7 169.9 133.8 136.0 124.6 195.9 127.6 122.2 124.2 135.0 1881 171.1 168.7 164.7 133.8 152.0 126.5 213.2 127.6 137.3 123.8 125.0 1882 182.5 168.7 169.5 133.8 160.0 117.9 213.2 137.6 140.1 121.8 122.3 1883 182.5 168.7 169.5 133.8 160.0 123.8 186.0 144.1 134.2 128.5 123.3 1884 . . 177.7 168.7 169,5 133.8 152.0 125.8 186.0 144.1 133.5 129.9 133.3 1885 177.7 183.7 169.5 133.8 152.0 133.6 105.3 130.9 131.7 132.2 111.1 1886 172.9 183.7 169.5 157.0 160.0 132.5 165.3 124.7 133.5 131.9 111.1 1887 168.7 183.7 169.6 217.6 160.0 132. 6 165.3 124.7 132.7 130.2 111,1 1888 186.7 183.7 169.5 217.6 160. 125.8 200. 124.7 128.2 132. 9 111,1 1889 177.7 183.7 179.6 217.6 160.0 139.1 200.0 124.7 129.6 133.2 111.1 1890 177.7 183.7 179.6 217.6 160.0 135.1 200.0 124.7 135.2 135.2 111.1 1891 176.5 183.7 179.6 184.5 160.0 135.1 200. 124.7 139.1 130.2 lll.i 124 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37.— Bates of imgesfor 5S years — Relative wages — Continued. COTTON GOODS— Continued. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table -K-LL.] Tear. 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847 . 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861 . 1862. 1863 ., 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870 ., 1871. 1872. 1873 ., 1874., 1875 .. 1876., 1877., 1878., 1879., 1880., 1881., 1882.. 1883.. 1SS4 1885!! 1886., 1887 . . 1888.. 40. Cloth- room hands. 68.4 DoffeTs. 40. Doffeis 41, Dott'ers. 38. Doubler tenders 39. Braw- era-in. 41. Draw- ers-in. 39. Draw- hands. 40. Draw- hands. 41. Draw- ing- frame tenders. 40. Dress- ers. 1891. 68.4 69.2 65.8 67.5 74.4 74.4 82.1 82.1 77.8 82.1 80.3 81.2 80.3 81.2 a.f. 3 88.0, 94.0 91.5 100.0 91.5 92.3 99.1 103.4 135. 142.7 147.0 149.6 161.3 149.6 153.0 182.9 162.4 143.6 143.6 129.9 123.1 123.9 117.1 125.6 125.6 127.4 127.4 127.4 127.4 130.8 140.2 140.2 147.9 148.7 152.1 74.6 76.2 71.4 71.4 81.0 79.4 81.0 85.7 100.0 100.0 92.1 96.8 120.6 130.2 187.3 177.8 219.0 228.6 219.0 215.9 214.3 285.7 285.7 258.7 196.8 169.8 165.1 165.1 157.1 177.8 177.8 177.8 160.3 160.3 173.0 182.5 187.3 225.4 246.0 249.2 265.1 103.3 106.6 106.6 90.2 100.0 103.3 104.9 96.7 123.0 131.1 163.9 188.5 198.4 198.4 178.7 163.9 163.9 159.0 149.2 126.2 147.5 152.5 150.8 113.1 116.4 119.7 121.3 113.1 124.6 141.0 163.9 223. 250.8 218.0 229.5 218.0 77.2 108.7 101.1 117.4 135.9 84.8 108.7 100.0 100.0 116.3 144.6 167.4 167.4 167.4 167.4 181.5 181.5 181.5 190.2 181.5 148.9 144.6 144.6 148.9 163.0 158.7 163.0 1.54. 3 144.6 131.5 131.5 163.0 163.0 181.5 181.5 194.6 60.2 68.8 90.6 90.6 65.0 62.5 62.5 86.7 91.4 100.0 87.5 110.2 117.2 113.3 197.7 197.7 197.7 185.9 138,3 138.3 123.4 123.4 123.4 123.4 93.0 84.4 87.5 82.8 82,8 96.9 96.9 96.9 87.5 87.5 87.5 98.4 98.4 98.4 98.4 98.4 156.3 96,8 100.0 93.7 96.8 93.7 93.7 96.8 85.3 93.7 98.9 105.3 96.8 100.0 84.2 113.7 113.7 123.2 141.1 189.5 2]2.'6 202.1 206.3 192.6 172.6 186.3- 192.6 195.8 203.2 184.2 184.2 161.1 181.1 201.1 213.7 204.2 196.8 194.7 200.0 224. a 196.8 200.0 206.3 208.4 197.9 80.6 129. f 112.9 104.8 104.8 96.8 104.8 100.0 96,8 80.6 117.4 193.5 201.6 209.7 193.5 177.4 193.5 209.7 174.2 193.5 169.4 129.0 137.1 138.7 145.2 169.4 188.7 145.2 151 6 129.0 135.5 129.0 129.0 137.1 166.5 150.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.8 102.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 119.0 119.0 95.2 119.0 119.0 159.5 159.5 159.5 159.5 159.5 159.5 159.5 148.8 147.6 148.8 146.4 126.2 131.0 114.3 115.5 110.7 121.4 111.9 120.2 119.0 175.0 133.3 133.3 134.5 133.3 133.3 82.8 82.8 82.8 81.8 81.8 85.9 90.9 82.8 82.8 90.9 87.9 87.9 84.8 84.8 88.9 102.0 99.0 100.0 122.2 105.1 92.9 120.2 114.1 143.4 139.4 138.4 133.3 144.4 177.8 174.7 166.7 142.4 133.3 130.3 122.2 123.2 126.3 136.4 135.4 132.3 159.6 151.5 1.50. 5 179.8 178.8 157.6 174.7 199.0 213.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.8 90.4 104.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 141.0 160.2 160.2 160.2 180.7 180.7 171.1 180.7 160.2 160.2 141.0 130.1 130.1 130.1 160.2 175.9 175.9 160.2 160.2 145.8 145.8 145.8 145.8 160.2 160.2 171.1 55.5 54.5 34.9 55.5 82.8 85.6 100.0 104.3 72.7 61.7 101.4 87.6 113.9 149.3 156.0 163.2 182.3 197.6 183.3 168.9 1J4.1 134 108.1 106.7 101.9 90.4 91.4 106.7 105.7 126.8 126.3 121.5 130.1 132.1 130.6 175.1 186.1 194.7 KEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 125 Table 37. — Bates of wages for 5S years — Relative wages — Continue i. COTTON GOODS-Continued. [The figures ia tlie heading indicate the establishment numbers as tabulated in Table XII.] Teax. 40. Engi- neers. 38. Entry - men. 38 rilling carri- ers. 40. Fire- men. 41. Eire- Ill en. 39. Eore- inen, carpen- ters. 39. Eore- nieii, macLiu- iats. 39. Eore- meii, yard. 40. Eore- men, yard. 40. Har- ness hands. 40. Labor- ers. 1840 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 88.3 88.3 88.3 90.1 90.1 90.1 93.6 95,4 91,9 92.9 95.4 95.4 97.2 81 4 1841 1842 1813 87.4 1844 88.5 87.4 92.0 88.5 98.9 117.2 89.7 96.6 88.5 87 4 1845 87 4 1846 85.9 1847 95 1848 81.3 81.3 81.3 81.3 87,5 104.0 1849 88.9 1850 94.5 1851 25.3 36.1 93.5 1852 . . 95.5 1853 83.3 72.8 60.2 102. 5 111.3 87.5 93.1 95.0 1854 83.3 83.3 "72.8 90.2 60.2 60.2 slOl. 4 '104. 2 111.3 133.3 100. 96.6 94.3 97.5 1855 99.5 1856 83.3 91.7 91.7 90.2 90.2 92.4 60.2 80.7 100.0 104.2 92.9 95.8 133.3 133.3 100.0 100.5 1857 ...i.-. 100.5 1868 100.5 1859 91.7 92.4 80.7 99.3 100.0 94.3 100.0 87.5 102.5 1860 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1861 100.0 81.5 80.7 97.9 100.0 106.9 ' ICO.O 100.0 116.7 114.9 103.0 1862 100.0 81.5 80.7 100.0 100.0 106.9 94.3 100.0 116.7 123.0 100.0 1863 100.0 108.7 110.8 104.6 114.3 114.8 100.0 116.7 160.9 107.0 1864 91.7 135.9 141.0 103.5 114.3 118.9 100.0 160.0 172.4 146.7 1865 95.8 135,9 155.4 107.1 142.9 142.9 100.0 .166.7 172.4 164.3 1866 95.8 163.0 155.4 112.0 266.7 171.4 171.4 125.0 156.7 194.3 176.4 1867 100.0 163.0 160.2 117.7 266. 7 186.7 185.7 125.0 200. 195.4 106.8 1868 100,0 154.3 150.6 116.3 233.3 200.0 228.6 125.0 200.0 188.5 174.9 1869 94.5 144.6 150.6 118.4 233. 3 200.0 257.1 125.0 200.0 177.0 176.9 1870 91.7 135.9 134.9 117.7 233.3 200.0 267.1 125.0 200.0 189.7 177.9 1871 91.7 144.6 160.2 118.4 233.3 214.3 257.1 125.0 216,7 216.1 176.9 1872 97.2 144.6 160.2 114.1 233.3 214.3 257.1 125.0 216.7 221.8 178.4 1873 97.2 141.3 160.2 117.7 233.3 214.3 185.7 125. 200.0 224.1 145.7 1874 94.5 135.9 141.0 123.7 200.0 200.0 200.0 125.0 20O.0 219.5 127.6 1875 100.0 130.4 122.3 113.4 216.7 181.7 181.7 125.0 200,0 213.8 124.6 1876 . 100.0 108.7 106.0 113.8 188.7 200.0 200.0 126.0 200,0 214.9 122.1 1877 102.8 97.8 106.0 114.1 169.3 185.7 214.3 125.0 200,0 223.0 118. 6 1878 102.8 56.6 100.0 113.1 169.3 185.7 214.3 125.0 200,0 223.0 116.1 1879 116.7 92.4 100.0 98.9 169.3 185.7 214.3 126.0 200,0 227.6 116.6 1880 116.7 107.6 116.9 98.9 169.3 171.4 171.4 125.0 208.0 227.6 116.6 1881 116,7 107.-6 116.9 98.9 186.0 171.4 171.4 125.0 210.0 227.6 113.8 1882 124.0 107.6 116.9 98.2 166.7 185.7 185.7 125.0 210,0 224.1 116.6 1883 133.3 103.3 108.4 99.6 166.7 200.0 200,0 125.0 210.0 227.6 125. 1 1884 133.3 103.3 108.4 105.3 166.7 200.0 200.0 125.0 210.0 241.4 127.6 1885 133.3 103.3 97.6 108.1 178.0 200.0 200.0 126. 210.0 214.9 127.6 1886 141.7 108.7 116.9 107.1 178.0 200.0 185.7 112.5 210.0 258. 6 127.6 1887 141.7 114.1 116.9 95.4 188.7 200.0 200.0 112.5 210.0 268.6 124.1 1888 141.7 114.1 122.9 103.5 188.7 200.0 200.0 112.5 210.0 258.6 126.1 1889 141.7 114.1 122.9 112.4 188.7 200.0 228.6 125.0 210.0 226.4 126.1 1890 141.7 114.1 122.9 106.4 188.7 200.0 228.6 125.0 210.0 209.2 125.1 1891 141.7 114.1 122.9 116.6 211.3 200.0 228.6 125.0 210.0 209.2 125.1 126 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 52 years — Relative wages — Continued. COTTON GOODS-Continuod. [The figures in the heading indicate the eBtablishment numher as tabulated in Table XII.] Year. 1840.. 1S41.. 1842. . 1843., 1844., 1845., 1846., 1847., 1848. 1849., 1850., 1851. 1852. 1853. 1834. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 186!).- 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 187S. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 18S1. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Lap car- riers. 41. Lapper feeders (boys). 41. La-pper tender. Machin- ists. 39. Macbin ists. 40. Macbin ists. 82.2 41. Macbin- ists. 40. Macbin ists' appren- tices. 77.7 38. Ma- sons. 38. Master machin- ists. 04.4 94.4 94.4 81.7 100.0 100.0 91.5 126.1 1)7.6 146.5 144.4 191.' 5 190.8 183.8 181.7 383.1 100. 8 200.0 206.6 170.4 ]44.4 ]23. 9 126.8 74.0 86.6 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 94.0 100.0 100.0 111.9 111.9 66.7 88.7 88.7 111.3 111.3 •100.0 100.0 100.0 90.0 88.7 133.8 133. 8 133. 8 128,2 128.2 128.2 135.2 135.2 131.7 131.7 131.7 145.8 123.9 123.9 129.0 149.3 161.2 101.2 174.6 174.6 174.6 174.6 123.9 117.9 117.9 117.9 117.9 137.3 137.3 149.3 149,3 129.9 149.3 149.3 161.2 198.5 198.5 198.5 200.0 216.7 200.0 216.7 216.7 216.7 216.7 250.0 233.3 233. 3 205.3 186.0 186.0 186,0 186.0 200.5" 200.0 178.0 178.0 161.3 161.3 161.3 161.3 188.7 188.7 188.7 86.9 86.9 90,8 96,8 96,8 93. 9 08.4 100.0 97.4 104. 8 109.3 128,4 143,8 166.5 176.4 180.8 180.8 174.4 174.4 172.8 176,7 155.3 150.5 114.4 120.4 107.7 107.7 106.1 106,1 106,1 116, 3 116.3 109.3 110.2 111.2 111.2 111.2 111.2 108,0 72,5 84.1 102.5 96.7 99.3 97.5 98.9 97.8 96.4 110. 5 122.8 91.7 100.0 103.6 96.7 109.1 112.0 144.9 145,7 158.0 153. 6 158.0 163.8 161.2 151.1 147.8 162.9 137.3 139, 1 132,6 137.0 123,9 126,4 127,9 127,2 135,5 130,1 123,2 126.7 130.8 135. 1 143.1 138.8 135.1 81,3 81,0 71,1 79,0 84,1 81,3 86,7 86.4 87.8 85.6 85.3 87.8 91.8 98.3 96.6 100.8 101.7 98.9 100.0 105,1 103.1 103,1 12.5.5 120.3 131.7 144.8 142.8 142.8 142.2 144.2 148.7 140.8 136, 3 129,2 127,5 123,5 122,1 117,8 117,8 122,7 119,0 118,4 124.4 127. 2 125,5 122,7 117.8 119.8 124.1 115,6 90,1 103.1 120, 1 120.1 105.1 90.1 97.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 180.2 191.9 195.2 196.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 195.2 165.2 180. 2 142.0 142,0 142.0 142.0 166.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 1K0.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 97.1 92.0 94.3 103.4 100.6 106.3 98.9 107.4 08.3 112.6 120,0 111,4 124,6 121,1 114. 3 100.0 114.3 114.3 124.0 119,4 128.6 76,6 114,3 133,7 133.7 94.9 114.3 118,9 128. 6 142. 9 142. 9 142. 9 1,W. 9 142. 9 104,6 104.6 115. 4 117.7 121.7 113.1 127.4 130. 3 127.4 125.7 131.4 137.1 134.9 84,6 84.5 90,2 92,9 97,0 100.0 99.3 98.0 114.9 151.4 191,6 225, 3 219,6 214.9 237.8 202.7 168.9 202,7 202, 7 170,6 143.6 141,2 139,9 147,3 145.9 145.9 145,9 151,4 135, 1 135.1 135.1 121.6 131.1 131.1 131.1 131.1 131.1 90,1 00.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 100. 100.0 100.0 105.7 120.1 120.1 150.2 160.2 150. 2 150. 2 160. -i 105. ',; 105.2 187.7 166. :i 150.2 160.2 150.2 127. 6 127.6 120.1 120.1 120.1 120. 1 120. 1 H1,H. 1 105.1 10,-.. I lo,-.. 1 10,5.1 10,-.. 1 90.1 ■■ REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 127 Table 37. — ^ates of wages for 52 years — JHelative wages — Coutinuod. COTTOM" GOODS-Coutiuued. [The figures in the Iieading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XH.] Tear. 40. Master machin- ists. Oilers. Over- seers, carding depart- ment. 39. Over- seers, carding depart meut. I 40, OA'cr- seors, cardiug depart' meut. 41. Over- seers, carding depart- ment. Over- seers, cloth room. 89. Over- seers, clotli room. 40. Over- seers, cloth room. 38. Over- seers, dress- ing depart- ment. 1840.. 1841.. 1842.. 1843.. 1844.. 1845.. 1846.. 1847.. 1848.. 1849.. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864- 1865. 1866. JS67. 1868- 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873- 1874- 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. ISSO. 1881. 1682. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887- 1888. 1889. 1890. 1391. 100.0 80.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 luo.o 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 112.5 112.5 112. 5 150.0 150.0 162.5 162. 5 162. 5 162.5 162.5 162.5 162.5 102.5 162.5 175.0 175.0 175.0 187.5 200.0 212.5 225. 225.0 225.0 225.0 225.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 50.0 64.3 96.2 95.2 95.2 95.2 95.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 107.1 107.1 107.1 111.9 131.0 241.7 225.0 250.0 263.1 260.7 301.2 307.1 303.6 261.9 2.39.3 228.6 209.5 195.2 188.1 214.3 214.3 214.3 203.6 196.4 106.4 203.6 203.6 210.7 216.7 222.6 272.6 75.0 75.0 83.3 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 83.3 100.0 117.3 117.3 133.3 141.7 141.7 150.0 150.0 148.3 150.0 150.0 166.7 158.3 135.0 150.0 142.7 142.7 150.0 150.0 160,0 160.0 150.0 160.0 129.7 129.7 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 75.0 75.0 87.5 I 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 112.5 125.0 125.0 137.5 137.5 100.0 104.0 112.6 125.0 133.5 136.3 130.3 136.3 136.3 162.5 162.6 162.5 176.0 162.5 162.5 162.5 175.0 200.0 200. 250.0 250.0 250.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.0 110.0 120.0 )20.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200. 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 85.7 85.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 128.0 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 128.6 135.7 119.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 128.6 128.6 128.6 128.6 115.7 116.7 128.6 128,6 128.6 128.6 128.6 I 100.0 112.6 112.5 95.5 100.0 100.0 83.5 83.5 100.0 125. 112.5 137.6 137.5 137.5 137.5 137.5 12i.O 137.6 137.5 137.5 137.5 157.5 125.0 119.0 119.0 125.0 125.0 126.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 112.6 121,6 126.0 126.0 125.0 150.0 66.7 77.8 77.8 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 lll.l 111.1 77.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 77.8 77.8 100.0 111.1 122.2 122.2 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 121. 121. 121. 121. 133. 133. 133. 144, 144,4 144.4 138.9 155.6 166,6 177.8 177.8 177.8 177.8 70.4 ■ 70.4 i 70.4 i 70.4 : 88.0 88.0 88.0 I 88.0 70.4 88.0 88.0 96.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.6 106.6 106.6 105.6 123.2 123.2 123. 2 123.2 123.2 123.2 193.7 193.7 -211.3 190.1 211.3 176. 1 176.1 140.8 140.8 176.1 176,1 176.1 193.7 211.3 211.3 2U.3 246.5 246.5 246.5 246.5 281.7 55.7 55.7 61.0 61.0 83.3 83.3 lOO. 100.0 100. MO. 83.3 83.3 100.0 117.3 116.7 133.3 133.3 133.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.7 118.7 133.3 166.7 166.7 106.7 176.7 176.7 176.7 176.7 176.7 176.7 176.7 176.7 176.7 128 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES A2sD WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 52 years — Eelative wages — Continued. COTTON GOODS-Contmned. [The figures in the heading Indicate the eatahlishment nomber as tahohited in Table XIT.] Year. 1840., 1>41. 1842., IWS. 1,?44. 1845., 1846. 1847. 1.54.^. 1649. 1850. 1851., 1852., 1853. 1^54. 18.5.5., 1856., 1857. 1858., 1859. I860., 1861., 1803., 1863., 1864., 1865.. 1866.. 1867.. 1868., 1869.. 1870., 1872!! 1873., 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 18,S0. . 39. Over- seers, dress- ing de- parts ment. 40. Over- seers, dress- ing de- Over- seers, 8i)in- ning part- depart- ment. , ment. 39. Over. seerS; spin- spin- ning i ning depart- depart- ment. I ment. 40. 41. 41. Over- I Over- 1 Over- seers. , .seer.^. seers, spin- 1 spool- ning ing de- depart- part^ ment. ment. 82.0 [. 38. 39. I 40. Over- j Over- ' Over- seers, j seers, | seers, "weav- weav- ' weav- ing de- part- nient. ingde- ing de- part- j part ment. ( ment. 68.9 8c. I 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 314.3 114.3 114.3 3881. ... 3882 1883...- 1884.-.- 1885.... 1886 1887.... 1888 1889.... 1890 1891 300.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 114.3 I 114.3 12.8,6 i 142.9 142.9 142.9 1 114.3 114.3 I <12. 6 114.3 ; 128. 6 200.0 I 155.7 I 142.9 114. 3 I 114.3 185.7 18S.7 185. 7 185.7 I 185. 7 ' 1.^5. 7 177. 1 185.7 314.3 314.3 314.3 228.6 257.1 82.0 82.0 91.3 82.0 ^2.0 82,0 95.6 109.3 109.3 109.3 103.3 109.3 109.3 109.3 109.3 109.3 136.6 136.6 100.0 100.0 136.6 136.6 150.3 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 177.6 177.6 170.8 70.8 70.8 70. 2 79.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 300.0 100.0 83.3 83.3 100.0 112.8 116.7 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 116.7 116.7 116.7 125.0 133.3 125.0 125. 130.0 130.0 137.7 137.7 137. 7 137. 7 137 7 124.0 135.8 137. 7 151.7 151.7 151.7 133.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 75.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 112.5 112.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 300.0 100.0 100. 87.5 125.0 137.5 137.5 137.5 100.0 81.3 85.5 112.5 131.5 130.8 162.5 150.0 150.0 200.0 200.0 212.5 187.5 200.0 20O.0 200.0 205.0 205.0 205.0 205.0 256.3 275.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 110.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 160.0 120.0 160.0 220.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 130.0 130.0 160.0 100. 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 100.0 I 107.7 107. T 107. 7 107.7 92.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.5 138.5 153.8 153. 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 138.5 146.2 128.3 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 138.5 169.2 138.5 138.5 124.6 138.5 138.5 138.5 138.5 138.5 188.5 76.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ■; ' 138.5 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 153.8 15.3.8 153.8 138.5 146.2 128.3 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 138.5 138.5 138.5 1.38. 5 124.6 124.6 1,34. 6 184.6 184.6 184.6 184.6 74 6 80.6 34.7 84.7 100. 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 85.0 85.0 102.9 129.1 121.1 157. 4 157.4 157.4 157. 4 163.4 163.4 151.3 151.3 154.2 150.8 193.7 157.4 184.0 184.0 166.1 175.5 175. 5 175.5 96.9 96.9 174.3 188.4 193.7 193.7 193.7 193.7 87.5 87.5 100. loo. i6o!o 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 112.5 137.5 150.0 150.0 150.0 lt)2. 5 175.0 187.5 387.5 175.0 159.0 159.0 1.5U. 150.0 225. 200. 225.0 237.5 237. 5 237. 5 250.0 275.0 200.0 200.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 88.9 8,8.9 88.9 83.9 c8.9 8-3.9 88.9 65.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 83.9 88.9 100.0 100.0 94.4 105.6 100. D 111.1 131.1 1U.1 98.2 101.8 111.1 114.9 100.0 100.0 111.1 U1.1 111.1 100.0 IMi. luy. 88.9 88.9 88.9 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 177.8 177.8 177.8 177.8 177.8 177.8 177.8 222.2 222.2 EEPORT ON "WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 129 Table 37. — Bates of wages for 6B years — Belative wages — Continued. COTTON GOODS— Continued. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Tear. 41. Over- seers, weaving depart- ment. 38. Paint- era. 39. Paint- ers, 88. Pick- ers. 39. Pick- ers. 41. Pick- ers, (boys). 40. Pick- ing room hands. 41. Piecers, front (boys). 41. Piecers, back, (boys). 38. Eoller cover- ers. 1840 1841 1842 1843 93.2 93.2 89.1 87.1 87.8 87.8 87.8 89.8 87.8 91.8 87.1 94.6 94.6 "ioo.'o' 100.0 102.0 102.0 112.9 136.1 204.1 171.4 171.4 141.5 144.2 161.2 156.8 161.2 183.7 160.5 159.2 139.5 117.0 125.9 117.7 117.7 136.7 144.9 146.9 145.6 163.1 151.7 154.4 141.5 139.5 144.2 144.2 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 ■"74.'6' 74.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.0 100.0 100.0 106.0 100.0 "137.3 137.3 129.9 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 123.9 106.0 106.0 106.0 106.0 137.3 137.3 149.3 149.3 129.9 149.3 149.3 149.3 113.6 102.3 102.3 96.6 94.9 95.5 97.7 101.1 100.6 100.0 97.2 100.0 94.9 94.3 102.3 151.1 150.3 174.4 181.8- 163.1 170.5 168.2 165.9 173.9 156.3 144.3 142.6 139.8 139.2 140.3 131.8 131.8 129.0 134.1 128.4 134.7 134.7 126.0 125.0 123.9 130.7 126.7 126.7 1830 1831 76.8 78.9 94.4 94.4 100.0 100.0 94.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.6 109.2 146.8 181.0 193.0 200.0 200.0 187.3 187.3 170.4 194.4 200.0 211.3 170.4 137.3 133.8 133.8 125.4 126.1 147.2 147.2 147.2 147.2 147.2 147.2 140.8 140.8 140.8 140.8 140. 8 149.3 1852 116.7 185;) 100.0 128.8 128.6 123.6 128.6 U4.3 10(1. 100.0 114.3 85.7 67.3 70.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 95.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 57.3 72.4 86.2 86.2 86.2 86.2 86.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.7 1854 116.7 1855 104.4 104.4 101.4 97.8 104.4 100.0 104.0 107.4 107.4 113.2 134.9 156.3 156.3 159.2 159.2 159.2 MO. 7 180.7 160.7 142.3 179.0 137.1 149.6 91.9 91.9 128.7 140.8 140.8 158.1 158.1 158.1 136.0 126.1 126.1 126.1 126.1 126.1 "ioi'i" 100.0 110.5 111.4 95.2 96.6 130.3 131.6 137.3 152.2 175.4 158.3 171.1 166.2 197.4 180.7 164.5 182.9 140.4 140.4 131.6 134.6 143.4 160.1 153.5 121.5 132.9 127.2 122.8 111.4 117.1 128.9 125.4 86.0 1856 86.0 1867 86.0 1868 89.0 1859 81.3 18C0 100.0 1861 100.0 1862 U1.3 1863 111.3 122.0 1865 141.7 157.1 171.4 171.4 171.4 171.4 171.4 171.4 171.4 171.4 157.1 157.1 124.3 124.3 124.3 114.3 142.9 142.9 157.1 157.1 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 171.4 128.2 142.7 142.7 170.9 142.7 142.7 170.9 166.4 142.7 170.9 128.2 142.7 142.7 113.7 88.8 96.6 113.7 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 142.7 156.4 143.1 179.3 186.2 186.2 186.2 172.4 201.7 201.7 215.5 222.4 172.4 165.5 165.5 166.5 179.3 179.3 172.4 172.4 172.4 158.0 168.6 168.6 158.6 172.4 172.4 172.4 151.3 1867 161.3 166.7 1869 151.3 159.7 1871 159.7 1872 161.0 1873 163.0 146.3 1875 126.7 1876 101.7 1877 101.7 103.3 1879 103.3 .100.0 1881 100.0 100.0 1883 110.0 110.0 1883 126.0 136.0 1887 136.0 136.0 1889 136.0 136.0 1891 136.0 S. Eep. 1394 9 lyO EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Mates of wages for 5S years — Belative wages — Continued. COTTON GOODS— Continaed. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment numher as tahulated in TaWe XQ.] Year. 40. Koom hands. 41 Roping 40, Roving hands 38. Scrub- hers. 38, Second hands. Second hands. 40. Second hands. 41. Second hands. Section hands. 40. Section hands. 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855- 1856., 1857. 1858. 1859. 1800., 1801., 1862. , 1863., 1864.. 1865., 1866.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870., 1871.. 1872., 1873., 1874., 1875 -. 1876., 1877., 1878., 1879., 1880., 1881 . , 1882.. 1883., 1884., 1885., 1886. , 1887., 1888., 1889.. 1890. , 1891.. 76.4 100.0 100.0 111.9 111.9 111.9 100.7 114.2 152.2 169.4 161.9 148.5 178.4 102.7 159.0 152.2 164.5 155.2 159.7 157.5 159.7 114.9 114.9 114.9 117.2 132.1 134.3 142.5 142.5 135.8 144.8 146.3 153.7 155.2 49.3 55.2 80.6 94.0 94.0 74.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 123.9 180.6 180.6 180.6 198.5 198.5 198.5 198.6 149.3 149.3 174.6 198.5 174.6 174.6 174.6 174.6 174.6 186.6 174 6 174.6 155.2 165.2 155.2 161.2 174.6 198.5 198.5 176.3 176.3 176.3 100,0 101.3 144.7 173.7 178.9 200.0 196.1 196.1 211.8 231.6 262.6 228.9 205.3 193.4 182.9 168.4 167.1 146.1 148.7 136.8 148.7 131.6 150.0 163.2 176.3 198.7 225.0 226.3 211.8 234.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 83.3 111.1 128.9 148.9 164.4 164.4 160.0 152.2 156.7 168.9 168.9 168.9 145.6 126.7 123.3 98.9 115.6 115.6 120.0 127.8 127.8 131. 1 131.1 131.1 116.7 150.0 154.4 154.4 164.4 154.4 78.0 79.5 83.5 83.5 108.4 103.1 104.8 97.1 100.0 100.0 76.6 78.4 100.7 113.2 139.2 157.1 159.7 153.8 152.7 148.7 157.5 162.6 163.4 151.6 154.9 127.5 119.0 116.0 115.4 127.5 128.9 128.9 127.8 122.3 117.9 122.7 128.2 138.8 138.8 138.8 145.4 94.5 96.2 93.2 95.3 99.1 100.9 101.3 101.3 96.6 91.5 103.4 111.1 U3.2 95.3 100.0 102.6 101.3 98.7 127.7 106.4 148.9 159.6 161.7 165.7 140.0 148.9 141.7 152.3 155.3 148.5 160.0 141.3 135.3 150.6 151.5 155.7 162.6 165.5 168.1 168.5 165.5 165.5 165.1 169.8 171.5 171.5 77.4 78.5 79.5 84.2 84.2 84.2 84.2 82.2 84.2 84.2 84.2 87.5 84.8 87.5. 89.9 92.6 99.0 99.0 100.0 97.0 97.3 96.6 108.8 114.5 118.5 126.3 124.9 126.6 128.3 128.6 128.3 128.6 126.6 125.9 128.3 129.0 130.3 130.0 132.3 136.7 137.7 133.0 118.9 126.6 126.6 127.6 127.6 127.6 140.7 143.1 100.9 102.3 98.2 99.5 108.7 89.4 95.4 100.0 105.5 110.1 162.8 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 181.2 176.6 174.3 145.9 153.2 139.4 132.1 135.3 135.3 U3.3 125.7 129.4 128.4 128.4 117.0 116.1 119.3 119.3 120.6 129.8 142.2 78.3 82.9 85.5 96.7 941 96.7 97.4 97.4 104.6 103.9 113.8 110.5 102.0 103.9 88.2 100.0 105.9 109.2 112.5 108.6 108.6 184.9 176.3 160.5 153.9 188.8 193.4 198.0 199.3 19L4 188.2 190.8 181.6 183.6 187.5 187.5 190.1 205.9 198.0 204.6 201.3 203.9 208.6 208.6 203.3 209.2 21L8 68.0 68.0 56.8 64.0 68.0 84.8 75.2 66.4 96.8 102.8 108.0 104.4 106.8 100.0 106.8 106.4 108.4 126.8 12L6 129.2 138.4 1440 138.0 125.2 106.8 120.0 140.0 148.0 140.0 140.0 121.6 122.0 116.0 125.2 106.6 104.0 98.8 102.8 112.0 117.2 105.2 104.0 120.8 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 131 Table 37. — Bates of wages for 5S years — Relative wages — Continued, COTTON GOODS— CoDtiiraea. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XH.] Tear. 39. Slasher tenders 41. Slubber 'tenders 39. Speed- ers. 40. Speed- ers. 41. Speeder tenders 39. Spin- ners, frame. 40. Spin- ners, frame. 41. Spin- ners,' frame. 41. Spin- ners, mule. 38. Spool- ers. 1840 95.0 1841 1842 97.0 90.1 90.1 88.1 89.1 97.0 102.0 102.0 103.0 98.0 96.0 101.0 100.0 104.0 102.0 102.0 97.0 99.0 100.0 101.0 101.0 93.1 143.6 161.5 154.5 161.4 158.4 160.4 158.4 166.3 172.3 156.4 144.6 128.7 134.7 128.7 123.8 131.7 127.7 120.8 121.8 114.9 132.7 129.7 142.6 126.7 133.7 140.6 140.6 165.3 1843 84.6 87.5 "ioo.'o' 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.6 85.7 92.9 100.0 104.3 94.3 "ii5."7' 148.6 162.9 171.4 145.7 154.3 150.0 162.9 120.0 102.9 121.4 110.0 105.7 104.3 102.9 114.3 112.9 102.9 112.9 97.1 94.3 97.1 100.0 100.0 105.7 114.3 93.7 89.5 92.6 92.6 93.7 92.6 94.7 91.6 87.4 90.5 86.3 98.9 89.5 1844 1845 1846 88.5 87.5 91.3 84.6 88.5 92.3 86.5 100.0 102.9 107.7 100.0 103.8 103.8 92.3 105.8 109.6 160.6 160.6 160.6 160.6 160.0 204.8 212.5 225.0 184.6 173.1 179.8 145.2 162.5 167.3 160. 3 164.4 173.1 174.0 172.1 169.2 172.1 179.8 178.8 210.6 206.7 215.4 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 120 1853 92.1 105.3 105.3 94.7 118.4 94.7 93.4 100.0 102.6 93.4 "iil'.i' 157.9 163.2 173.7 156.6 153.9 160.5 163.2 148.7 125.0 123.7 113.2 123.7 114.5 105.3 128.9 125.0 105.3 117.1 93.4 98.7 101.3 , 100. 107.9 107.9 U3.2 79.5 113.7 113.7 113.7 113.7 91.8 104.1 100.0 . 100.0 132.9 ■ 91.7 91.7 103.4 103.4 103.4 86.2 91.7 100.0 103.4 103.4 1854. .'. 1855 74.1 120 1856 1857 1853 .... 103.2 94.7 100.0 96.8 102.1 96.8 113.7 117.9 190.5 191.6 169.5 178.9 225.3 216.8 232. 6 194.7 217.9 190.5 177.9 184.2 194.7 211.6 212.6 213.7 227.4 218.9 221.1 217.9 221.1 244.2 246.3 245.3 247.4 256.8 ' 'ioo.'o' 92 1859 83.3 100.0 83.3 84.3 97.2 111.1 127.3 148.1 194. 9 175.9 162.5 181.0 174.5 177.3 162.0 139.8 159.7 154.2 148.1 148.1 138.9 133.8 115. 7 135.6 125.0 131.9 135.6 148.1 157.4 157.4 149.5 152.8 152.8 18C0 . . 100 -•861 84.0 80 1862 1863 1864 . - 80.7 76.6 77.1 56.8 76.0 78.1 86.5 82.3 85.4 104.7 84.9 85.9 63.5 64.1 67.2 72.9 73.4 83.3 82.8 84.4 79.7 77.6 77.6 78.6 79.2 82.8 84.9 87.6 95 1865 1866 137.0 142.5 142.5 142.5 147.9 182.2 182.2 182.2 194.5 205.5 176.7 165.8 165. 8 182.2 182.2 182.2 182.2 182.2 194.5 182.2 182.2 216.4 228.8 245.2 245.2 274.0 189.7 206.9 206.9 241.4 241.4 241.4 241.4 241.4 206.9 232.4 20i.l 184.1 184.1 184.1 189.7 206.9 241.4 241.4 227.6 227.6 227.6 206.9 206.9 206.9 248.3 262.8 200.0 1867 . . . 200 1868 192 1869 208.0 1870 184 1871 200.0 1872 200.0 1873 200 1874 172.0 1875 161 1876 138.0 1877 130.0 18.78 130 187^ 130.0 1880 138.0 1881 152.0 152.0 1883 152.0 1884 145.0 1885 145.0 1886 139.0 1887 149.0 1888 156.0 1889 142.0 1890 142.0 1891. ., 146.0 132 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 52 years — Relative wages — Continued. COTTON GOODS- Continned. [The figures in the heading indicate the eatablishmont number as tabulated in Table XII.] Year. 40. Spool- era. 41. Spool- ers. 40. Stretch era. Sweep- era, 40. Sweep, era. 40. Team- stera. Third hands. 40. Third handa. 39. "Warp- 40. ■Warp- ers. 1840.. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844.. 1845., 1846., 1847.. 1848.. 1849.. 1850.. 95.5 100.0 18.'il. 1852. 1853. 1854- 1855. IS.iO. 1857. l.s.->8. 1850. 18IJ0. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1804. 1865., 1806., 1867,. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. IST.i.. iS74.. 1875,. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879,. 1880,. 1881.. 1882,, 1883,. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887. 1888.. 1889. . 1890.. 1891.. 100. 83. 101. 83. 110. 114. 161. 185. 165. 189. 189. 192. 182. 173. 154. 156. 169. 171. 146. 135. 163. 182. 186. 185. 181. 188. 196. 201. 191. 194. 198. 198. 89.9 105.1 105.1 107.6 116.5 SO. 9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 168.4 131.6 153.2 153.2 153.2 153.2 168.4 168.4 )58.2 163.3 163.3 153.2 153.2 153.2 153.2 177.2 189.9 189.9 189.9 179.7 168.4 189.9 226.6 200.0 221. 5 253.2 88. 3 83.8 83. 83. 9 93. 8 91.0 96.4 95.6 90.1 C9. 1 98.2 99.1 97.3 96.4 99.1 98.2 100. 107. 2 110.8 114.4 112.6 117.1 128.8 139.6 149.5 147.7 155.9 160.4 161.3 142.3 119.8 116. 2 119.8 110.8 99.1 135.1 129.7 131.5 124.3 164.9 163.2 126.1 127.0 123.4 130.6 134.2 131.5 174.8 140.8 140.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 1(10. 100,0 70.4 84.5 97.2 102.1 102.1 103.5 86.6 85.2 88.0 77.5 78.2 81.7 82.4 73.9 63.7 57.0 56.3 57.7 56.3 57.0 59.9 59.9 62.0 69.9 61.3 52.8 54.9 68.5 67.0 57.0 93.0 84.6 84.6 97.4 97.4 97.4 97.4 100.0 102.6 128.2 153.8 182.1 192. 3 203. 8 203.8 2(17. 7 220.5 206.4 197.4 187.2 187.2 200.0 178.2 175.6 153.8 153.8 167.7 157.7 175.6 192.3 192.3 192.3 192.3 192.3 192.3 192.3 176.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.7 102.7 108.3 93.0 94.3 94.3 98.0 102.7 100.0 102.7 102.7 89.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 91.7 91.7 89.0 94.3 91.0 116.7 116.7 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 122.3 116.7 116.7 116.7 125.0 125.0 125.0 133.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.3 89.3 86.7 86.7 70.6 88.1 97.4 97.4 104.1 101.0 107.7 95.4 100.0 100.0 71.1 79.9 103.1 154.6 169.3 174.7 174.7 174.7 167.5 151.0 162.9 170.6 172.2 155.7 130.4 122.7 126.3 112.9 118.6 129.9 136.1 135. 6 132.0 126.8 125.3 124.7 132.0 139.7 140.2 141.8 169.1 85.4 72.3 72.3 68.0 72.3 63.2 79.1 75.9 79.1 73.9 79.1 92.5 79.1 88.9 97.2 94.9 100.4 100.0 100.0 100.4 82.2 111.9 122.1 131. 6 136.8 134.8 132. 134. 8 138.3 132.0 132.0 132.0 132.0 132.0 144.7 144.7 12j. 3 125.3 126.7 126.5 126.1 127.7 124.6 124.1 124.1 124.1 122.5 137.5 149.0 84.0 84.0 89.1 96.8 96.6 98.3 88.2 78.2 80.7 86.6 94.1 97.5 100.0 108.4 79.0 67.2 94.1 97.5 131.9 168.1 188.2 152.9 153.8 181.5 188.2 173.1 147.9 146.2 147.1 142.9 142.9 133.6 147.1 153.8 156.3 151.3 140.3 138.7 144.5 144.5 144.5 157.1 179.0. 175.6 71.2 67.8 64.4 127.1 88.1 106.8 106.8 100.0 99.2 100.0 101.7 137.3 127.1 163.0 189.0 174.6 172.0 168.0 186.4 193.2 172.0 182. 2 228.8 183.9 168.6 176.4 144.1 161.9 156.8 151. 7 164.4 180.5 183.9 174.6 189.0 194.9 186.4 186.4 186.4 UEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 133 Table 37. — Bates of wages for SS years — Belaiive wages — Continued. COTTON GOODS-Continued. [The figures in the heading Indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Tear. 41. Warp- ers. 41. Waste caiTiers (boys). 38. Waste hands. 41. Waste pickers (boys). 41. Watch- men. 38. Watch- men. 39. Watch- men. 40. Watch- men. 39. Weav- ers. 40. Weav- ers. 1840 103.8 1841 1842 103.8 96.7 96.7 100.0 92.9 94.8 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.5 99.5 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.3 134.0 157.5 165.1 165.1 ,165. 1 165.1 165.1 163.7 185.1 182.3 150.5 153.3 147.6 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 141.6 141.5 146.2 146.2 146.2 146.2 1S43 104.7 105.2 108.1 136.5 115.7 97.1 97.1 97.1 97.1 97.1 93.8 113.0 83.7 96.7 87.0 92.4 96.7 91.3 93.6 101.1 88.0 100.0 101.1 100.0 "me' 110.9 100.0 109.8 112.0 117.4 128.3 140.2 185.9 189.1 202.2 175.0 214.1 237.0 269.6 255.4 201.1 143.5 161.1 170.7 228.3 217.4 231.5 226.1 215.2 213.0 216.3 228.3 206.5 218.6 206.5 235.9 230.4 229.3 1844 1845 1846 100.0 1847 100.0 1848 100.0 1849 100.0 1850 100.0 1851 100.0 1852 68.2 75.5 75.5 81.8 81.8 81.8 90.9 98.2 100.0 90.9 86.4 120.9 136.4 131.8 113.6 127.3 136.4 127.3 118.2 136. 4 136.4 136.4 120.9 90.9 90.0 90.0 85.5 85.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.9 90.9 81.8 68.2 88.2 88.2 88.2 88.2 88.2 100.0 1853 69.0 86.2 71.7 94.5 104.8 82.8 96.6 100.0 107.6 96.6 100.0 111.9 123.9 123.9 123. 9 111.9 111.9 100.0 106.0 106.0 86.2 115.5 116.5 115.5 100.0 100.0 88.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 88.4 100.0 100.0 110.9 110.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1854 100.0 1855 97.0 97.0 97.0 94.0 100.0 100.0 81.2 81.2 106.8 112.8 131.6 150.4 150.4 143.6 143.6 131.6 150.4 150.4 150.4 131.6 118.0 118.0 91.0 111.3 111.3 111.3 111.3 111.3 111.3 111.3 101.6 101.5 101.5 101.5 101.5 101.6 101.6 '96.'5' 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.3 145.3 174.4 174.4 174.4 174.4 174.4 174.4 174.4 174.4 174.4 174.4 167.4 151.2 156.4 144.2 143.0 144.8 158.4 156.4 156.4 146.5 148.8 149.4 145.9 165.8 150.0 149.4 100.0 1856 100.0 1857 100.0 1858 100.0 1S50 100.0 I860 100.0 1861 106.3 1S62 106.3 18GS 109.4 1804 115.6 125.0 138.6 137.9 160.7 144.8 144.8 100.7 165.5 167.8 140.0 144.8 135.2 120.7 120.7 120.7 120.7 132. 4 132.4 115.2 115.2 112.4 113. 8 113.8 126.2 126.2 126.2 126.2 137.3 129.9 149.3 149.3 149.3 174.6 174.6 174.6 174.6 174.6 123.9 117.9 117.9 117.9 117.9 137.3 137.3 149.3 149.3 149.3 155.2 149.3 198.5 198.5 198.5 198.5 201.7 208.6 208.8 229.3 229.3 229.3 229.3 229.3 215.5 222.4 172.4 165.5 165.5 172.4 179.3 229.3 229.3 201.7 201.7 158.6 158.6 158.6 158.6 168.6 172.4 201.7 199.2 199.2 199.2 199.2 199.2 199.2 199.2 199.2 199.2 199.2 174.4 168.1 158,1 158.1 158.1 173.6 156.0 155.0 155.0 155.0 177.5 177.5 177.5 177.5 177.5 188.4 125.0 18fi7 125.0 18()8 131.3 1309 131.3 1870 134.4 1871 134.4 1872 134.4 1^7;j 146.9 1874 146.9 150.0 1870 160.0 Id77 166.3 1878 168.8 1879 168.8 1880 187.5 187.5 1882 188:i 187.5 187.5 187.5 1885 181.3 1886 171.9 162.5 L888 140.6 1889 153.1 1890 153.1 1891 153.1 134 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PEICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 52 years — Relative wages — Continued. COTTON GOODS— Concluded. [TJie figures in the heading indicate the estiblishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Tear. 40. Weavers 41. "Weavers, 3 and 4 looms. 41. Weavers, 5 looms. 41. Weavers 6,7, and 8 looms. 41. Weavers, spare. 38 Wheel pitmen 38, Yard hands. 39, Yard hands. 41. Yard liands. 38. Yarn car- riers. 1840.... 1841.... 1842 1843.... 80.1 78.4 78.4 87.7 93,6 90,6 93.0 91.2 90.6 91.8 94.2 "98." 2' 100,0 101.2 92.4 104.1 119.3 148.0 154.4 177.8 148.0 165.5 17,5.4 150.9 159.1 164.9 167.8 160.8 146.2 134.5 134.5 119.9 119.3 121.1 133.3 129.8 124.0 122.2 117.0 122.2 124.6 128.1 126.9 128,1 1844.... 1845.... 1846.... 1847.... 1848.... 1849.... 1850.... 1851.... 83.5 83,5 87.6 87.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 91.5 100.0 100.0 112.5 112.5 112.5 125.0 133. 3 160.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 137.5 137.5 137,5 137.5 100.0 81.8 72.0 72,0 68,0 72,5 80.0 80.0 80.0 75.0 75,0 67.5 73.0 73.0 73.0 73.0 73,0 73.0 "63.6' 90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9 81.8 98,2 100.0 90.9 81.8 110.0 127.3 113.6 127.3 136.4 136.4 131.8 136.4 136.4 136.4 143.6 127.3 90.9 81.8 86.4 81.8 81.8 94,5 94.6 94.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.5 "'79.' 5' 75.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 73.0 95.5 100,0 87.5 87,5 "Vbn'.K 155.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 125.0 137,5 137.5 112.5 112.0 112.0 112.5 114.0 117.5 117.5 117.5 105.5 105.5 111,0. 111,0 113.5 113.5 128.5 41.9 51 5 1852 1853 1854 1855 1850 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 "■■'ioo.'o' 100.0 100,0 102.4 107.1 107.1 107.1 119.0 119.0 107.1 107.1 109.5 109.5 114.3 123.8 123.8 131.0 131.0 133.3 138.1 131.0 ■ 154.8 154.3 154.8 151.8 147.6 147.6 147.6 147.6 147.6 140.5 140.5 140.5 75.0 75.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.6 80.6 96.8 96.8 116.1 88.7 96.8 100.0 98.4 96.8 79.5 95.5 90.9 97.2 116.5 89.2 94.9 100.0 108.0 89.8 83,0 92.0 100.0 lOU.O 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 81,6 81.6 98.6 98.5 98.5 85.3 94.1 100.0 73 5 73,5 73,5 91.9 177.9 144.9 147.1 143.4 136.8 133.8 151.5 151.5 141.2 128.7 116.2 94.9 100.7 117.6 106.6 102.9 102.9 102.9 92.6 92.6 95.6 104.4 101.4 104.4 104.4 117.6 117,6 1863 1864 1805 1860 1867 1868 1809 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 S82 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 125.6 132.5 140.0 150.0 157.5 165.0 160.0 157.5 125.0 157.5 150.0 142.5 167.5 150.0 150.0 155.0 150.0 125.0 152.5 167.5 150.0 142.5 135.0 155.0 160.0 175.0 129.0 132.3 145.2 148.4 138.7 141.9 130.6 129.0 122.6 132,3 130. 6 130.6 129.0 146.8 133.9 146.8 140.3 140.3 148.4 132.3 140.3 137.1 143.5 135.5 145.2 150.0 113.6 136.9 146,6 142.0 134,1 132.4 136.9 130.1 125.6 130.7 119.3 115.3 118.2 133.0 120.5 131.8 122.7 113.6 138.6 118.2 119.3 113.6 113.6 127.3 1.3G.4 133,0 150.0 167.0 200.0 183.0 200.0 167.0 167.0 200.0 175,0 187.0 163.0 146.0 146.0 117.0 146.0 167.0 200.0 117.0 133.0 150.0 117.0 117.0 117.0 167.0 20O.O 200,0 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 135 Table 37. — Sates of wages for 52 years — Belaiive wages — Continued. DET GOODS. [The figures in tlie heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table SII.] Tear. 42, Porters. 42. Salesmen, 42. Sales- women. 1840 1841 1842 1843 . . . . 1844 1845 : 1846 1847 1848 . 1849 1850 100.0 300.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. D 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.6 103.6 103.6 103,6 103,6 103.6 103. 6 103.6 103,6 100,0 100,0 104.4 104 4 1851 .. .. . 1852 ; ., 104.4 1854 . . . 104 4 1853 104,4 1856 104.4 1857 ... 104,4 1858 -- - 104.4 100,0 I860 100.0 100.0 125,0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125,0 125,0 126.0 126.0 125,0 125,0 125.0 125.0 125.0 126,0 125,0 125,0 125.0 100,0 155,6 156,6 177,8 177,8 177,8 177,8 177,8 177,8 177.8 168,9 168,9 168.9 168,9 168,9 168,9 168.9 168.9 168,9 168,9 168,9 100,0 100.0 1864 100,0 104,4 1866 104,4 104,4 104.4 100.0 100.0 100.0, 1872 ... 104,4 104,4 104,4 104.4 1876 104,4 104,4 1878 108,1 108.1 108,1 108.1 108.1 1884 126,0 125,0 125,0 125,0 125,0 125,0 125,0 125,0 168,9 168.9 177,8 177,8 177.8 222.2 259.1 263,8 104,4 104,4 104,4 104,4 104.4 140,6 IggO 171.9 171.9 136 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Mates of wages for 62 years — Melaiive wages — Continued. GINGHAirS. [Tlia figures in tlie headmgs iadicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table x 1 1.] Year. 13. Back boys. 43. Boiler tenders. 43. Card grind- ers. 43. Card strip- pers. 43. Card tenders. 43. 43. Cjg-en-D„ff;„, 43. Draw- ers-ir- . 43. I>ra"w. trame tenders. 43. Dress- ers. 1840. 1841., 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1817. 1848., 1849- , 1850., 1851., 1852. , 1853., 1854.. 1H55-. 185ti.. 1857.. 1858.. 1.^59.. ISOU.. ISW., 181)2.. 18S3.. 1864.. 1865.. 1806- . I,^ii7.. LS'.iS.- ]8li9-. 187IJ.. 1871.. 1872.. 187.J.. 1874.. 1875. . 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879. . 1880- . 1881.. 1882. . 1883.. 1884- . 1885.. 1886.. 1887- - 1888- . 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. 1 110.0 110.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 123.3 123.3 123.3 123.3 123. 3 123.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.7 133.3 150.0 156.7 156.7 166.7 166.7 183.3 183.3 183.3 200.0 200.0 200.0 186.7 186.7 186.7 186.7 200.0 193.3 183.3 176.7 176.7 193.3 193.3 193.3 193.3 200.0 85.8 85.8 85.8 85.8 85.8 85.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 128.8 139.9 139.9 139.9 139.9 139.9 150.2 150.2 150.2 150.2 160.2 150.2 160.2 150.2 •.50. 2 137.3 145.9 146.9 156.7 156.7 152.8 T63.1 145.9 176.1 175.1 175.1 175.1 96.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 106.8 120.0 140.0 140.0 132.8 132.8 132.8 132.8 132.8 132.8 132.8 120.8 120.8 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 112.0 120.0 120.0 96.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 114.5 134.9 180.7 180.7 172.3 172.3 172.3 172.3 172.3 172.3 172.3 161.4 161.4 162.7 162.7 162.7 150.6 150.6 160.6 144.6 138.6 144.0 132.5 138.6 138.6 138.6 138.6 138.6 100.0 100. p 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.7 110.7 149.3 186.7 186.7 178.7 178.7 178.7 178.7 178.7 178.7 178.7 162.7 162.7 166.7 169.3 166.7 163.3 153.3 153.3 160.0 153.3 146.7 133.3 140.0 140. C 140.0 140.0 140.0 85.7 86.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 100.0 92.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 85.7 85.7 100.0 114.3 128.6 134.3 142.9 142.9 157.1 157.1 157.1 157.1 167.1 129.7 142.9 142.9 142.9 128.6 128.6 142.9 142.9 140.0 140.0 130.3 130.3 137.1 137.1 137.1 137.1 137.1 88.9 88.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.1 111.1 111.1 111.1 111.1 ioo:o 100.0 111.1 122.2 144.4 166.7 166.7 177.8 177.8 166.7 144.4 165.6 165.6 165.8 155.6 142.2 137.8 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 137.8 137.8 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 146.7 151.1 151.1 151.1 151.1 103.8 106.3 100.0 106.3 105.0 90.0 106.3 105.0 105.0 107.5 105.0 100.0 100.0 117.5 107.5 102.5 102.5 125.0 162.5 160. 153.8 153.8 143.8 163.8 156.0 161.3 194.4 178.8^ 171.3 170.0 177.5 187.5 168.8 152.6 178. 8 166.3 143.8 155.0 150.0 140.0 143.8 140.0 131.3 95.9 95.9 96.9 95.9 91.8 91.8 91.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 112.2 132.7 103.3 173.5 167.3 167.3 167.3 167.3 167.3 167.3 167.3 163.1 153.1 136.7 136.7 136.7 136.7 163.3 173.6 173.5 153.1 136.7 155.1 163.3 163.3 163.3 163.3 163.3 82.3 91.5 99.4 99.4 92.7 97.6 101.8 106.1 102.4 106.1 109.1 100.0 109.8 114.0 117.1 109.8 118.3 137.2 138.4 137.2 132.9 137.8 168.3 171.3 168.3 157.3 166.5 172.6 157.9 143.9 151.2 134.8 130.5 122.0 142.7 130.5 128.7 126.2 126.8 136.6 167.1 190.2 189.0 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 137 Table 37. — Bates of wages for 5$ years — Relative luaf^es^-Continued. GtNGHAMS— Continued. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Tear. • 43. Dyers. 43. Loom- fixers. 43. Ma- chin- ists. 43. Over- seers, card- ing depl. 43. Over- seers, dress- ing depH. 43. Over- seers, spin- ning dep't. 43. Over- seers, weav- ing depMi. 43. Paint- ers. 43. Picll- ers. 43. QuiU- ers. 1840 1841 1842 1844 1845 181G 1847 1848 1849 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 125. 150.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 163.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 150.0 140.0 140.0 135.0 145.0 145.0 147.5 140.0 133.0 133.0 150.0 150. 150.0 150.0 150.0 88.6 88.6 86.7 80.1 79.1 79.1 79.1 105.4 107.3 98.7 101.6 100.0 97.5 93.7 106.6 96.5 127.8 146.2 147.2 146.2 146.2 148.1 148.1 147.8 144.6 144.6 137.3 133.2 126.9 126.6 126.6 ll9.0 128.5 127.5 123.4 121.8 115.5 115.5 122.2 121.8 122.8 122.5 121.8 96.8 96.8 96.8 96.8 98.7 98.1 95.2 96.1 100.0 100.0 96.8 100.0 90.3 96.8 96.8 100.0 109.7 145.2 151.6 148.4 148.4 177.4 177.4 177.4 177.4 177.4 161.3 161.3 161.3 161.3 145.2 145.2 154.8 154.8 158.1 158.1 145.2 143.9 151.6 151.6 151.6 151.6 151.6 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 91.7 91.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.3 108.3 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120. 125.4 125.4 127.8 127.8 127.8 127.8 127.8 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133,3 133. 3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102,9 120.0 120.0 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 157.1 114.3 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 128.6 128.6 114.3 114.3 114.3 102.9 114.3 128.6 142.9 142.9 142.9 100.0 117.0 117.0 317.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 117.0 117.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 112.0 125.0 165.0 165.0 157.0 157.0 157.0 157.0 157.0 150.0 150.0 136.0 136.0 140.0 140.0 130.0 130.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 120. 120.0 125.0 125.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 78.9 78.9 1851 75.4 1852 87.7 1853 87.7 1854 87.7 1855 82.5 1856 94.7 1857 , ... 105.3 1858 96.5 1859 96.5 I860 100.0 1861 100.0 1862 96.5 103. 5 1864 100.0 1865 128.1 1866 152.6 164.9 1868 166.7 171.9 1870 184.2 184.2 1872 186.0 187^ 186.0 1874 191.2 179.8 1876 186.0 108.4 1378 175.4 1879 177.2 1880 170.2 168.4 1882 193.0 166.7 1884 157.9 1885 157.9 1886 156.1 163.2 1888 164.9 178.9 1890 203.5 1891 184.2 138 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table dl.— Mates of wages for 5S years— Relative «)a(/e«— Continued. GINGHAMS— Concluaed. [The figures in tlie heading indicate the estaWiahment numher as tabulated in Table XII.] Tear. 43. Reelera, 43. Second hitiida. 43. smash mend- ers. 43. Speed- ers. 43. Spin- ners, irame. 43. Warp- ers. 43. Watch- _men. 43. Weav- ers. 43. Wind- ers. 43. Yard hands. • 1848 1849 106. i 98.5 93.9 92.4 92.4 92.4 92.4 101.5 lUO. 103.0 115.2 lUO.O 120. 5 120.5 145.5 131.8 130.3 143. 9 148.5 160.6 160.6 151.5 207.6 207.6 215.2 194.7 171.2 171.2 154.0 159.1 153.0 149.2 154.5 148.5 151.5 157.6 148.5 143.2 166.7 162.1 171.2 177.3 181.8 88.1 96.8 96.8 96.8 100.0 lOU.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 luO.O lUO.O 100.0 100.0 102.6 123.9 148.4 151.6 154.8 154.8 161.3 161.3 161.3 161.3 161.3 149.7 149.7 158.1 151.9 150.6 148.1 155.2 155.5 156.1 153.5 151.6 151.6 151.6 151.6 151.6 154.8 154.8 86.5 86.5 86.5 86.5 86.5 86.5 96.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOU.O 100.0 86.5 86.5 86.5 96.2 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 315.4 115.4 115.4 115.4 104.6 107.7 107.7 107.7 115.4 103.8 111.5 111.5 115.4 111.5 113.1 113. 1 119.2 119.2 119.2 119.2 U5.4 95.0 100.0 91.7 91.7 91.7 91.7 86.7 90.0 91.7 95.0 95.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.3 133.3 158.3 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 191.7 191.7 175.0 175.0 158.3 158. 3 158. 3 158. 3 150.0 158.3 158.3 166.7 133.3 133.3 141.7 141.7 158.3 158.3 175.0 89.3 128.6 83.9 04. 6 94.6 100.0 lOUiO 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOU.O lOU.O 105.4 1U0.4 105.4 116.1 142.9 169.6 178.6 178.6 178.6 178.6 223.2 223.2 223.2 205.4 187.5 187.5 169.6 169.6 178.6 178.6 196.4 169.6 178.6 151.8 125.0 133.9 142.9 160.7 160.7 151.8 160.7 116.4 123.3 106.8 102.7 102.7 113.7 113.7 86.3 89.0 91,8 109.6 100.0 100.0 132.9 123.3 104.1 109.6 143.8 143.8 178.1 184.9 164.4 200.0 214.4 212.3 217.8 216.4 237.0 163.7 164.4 153. 4 157.5 145.9 146.6 164.4 139.7 131.5 116.4 141.1 130.1 137.0 178.1 176.7 91.0 91.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 114.6 128.8 128.8 139.9 139.9 139.9 1.39.9 139.9 145.9 145.9 145.9 145.9 145.9 145.9 145.9 137.3 137.3 • 137. 3 137.3 137.3 133.0 133.0 137.3 137.3 137.3 137.3 137.3 111.1 109.9 82.1 79.6 79.6 76.5 87.0 95.1 99.4 107.4 99.4 100.0 101.9 98.8 .98.1 95.7 125.3 160.5 180.9 172.8 175.3 177.2 195.1 213.6 206.2 192.6 181.5 188.3 155.6 165.4 158.6 156.2 148.1 148.8 160.5 146.3 138.9 133.3 154.9 153.1 152.5 158.0 162.3 116.1 110. 7 98.2 94.6 80.4 85.7 85.7 92.9 98.2 98.2 107.1 100.0 107.1 121.4 121.4 121.4 142.9 175.0 182.1 191.1 192.9 191.1 226.8 221.4 241.1 220.5 200.0 178.6 171.4 171.4 171.4 175.0 170.5 185.7 178.6 178.6 166.1 167.9 167.9 175.0 205.4 183.9 187.5 92.0 1850 92.0 92.0 1852 83.0 92.0 1854 92.0 1855 100.0 100.0 1857 100.0 1858 -«..-- 100.0 100.0 1860 100.0 1861 100.0 1862 100.0 100.0 1864 100.0 1865 150.0 163.0 1867 163.0 1868 163.0 1869 163.0 1870 163.0 1871 163.0 1872 163.0 1873 175.0 1874 175.0 1875 165.0 1876 160.0 1877 160.0 1878 140.0 1879 140.0 1880 120.0 1881 140.0 1882 140.0 1883 135.0 1884 135.0 1885 130.0 1886 ■-. 135.0 1887 135.0 135.0 1889 135.0 1890 135.0 J891 135.0 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 139 Table 37. — Bates of ivages for 52 years — Relative wages — Continued. GROCEEIES. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment nnmber as tabulated in Table XII.] Year. 44. Salcss- men. 44. Team- sters. ]840 1841 1842 1843 1844 .... 1845 1840 . 1847 1848 1849.-; 1850. . 1851 1852. . . 1853 1854 1855. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 lUO.O 100.0 100.0 157.1 185.7 185. 7 185.7 1«5.7 185.7 185.7 185.7 161.7 101.7 161.7 101.7 161.7 181.1 181.1 181.1 185.7 185.7 185.7 185.7 185.7 185.7 185.7 233.7 233.7 233.7 233.7 233.;7 233.7 233.7 100.0 1856 100.0 1857- 100.0 1858. 100.0 1859. 100.0 100.0 1881 100.0 133.3 1863 133.3 133.3 1865 133.3 133.3 1867 133.3 133.3 1869 133.3 133.3 1871 .. .. j:a.3 133.3 1873 133.3 133.3 1875 , 133.3 133.3 1877 133.3 133.3 1879 133.3 133.3 1881 133.3 133.3 1883 133.3 133.3 1885 155.7 155.7 1887 155. r 155.7 1889 . 155.7 155.7 1891 165.7 140 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 52 years — Relative icages -Continned. IXLTUVrnfATOrG GAS. [The figiu'ca in the heading indicate the establiahment numher as tabulated in Table XII.] Year. 47. Black- smiths. 48. Black- smiths. 47. Black- smiths helpers 48. Black- smiths' helpers. 47. Brick- layers. 43. Brick- layers. 47. Brick- layers' helpers. 47. Carpen ters. 48. Carpen. ters. 46. Coal hand- lers. 47. Engi- neers. 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 3854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1889 1860 1861 1862 1863 1804 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 89.1 89.1 89.1 76.3 76. .S 82.7 82.7 89.1 89.1 89.1 89.1 89.1 76.3 76.3 80.7 95.4 93.4 93.4 101.8 104.3 100. C 96.7 96.7 103.8 123.7 150.6 150.6 152.7 163.4 157.8 157.8 157.8 157.8 183.2 181. 7 181.7 181.7 183.2 183.2 147.6 132.3 132.3 130.8 137.4 137.4 137.4 137.4 137.4 136.6 136.6 130.5 136.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 127.7 172.3 189.0 216.7 216.7 216.7 216.7 216.7 216.7 216.7 216.7 216.7 216.7 210.7 189.0 161.0 161.0 161.0 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 122.2 122.2 111.1 111.1 111. 1 111.1 111.1 111.1 111.1 111.1 122.2 122.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.1 100.0 111.1 100.0 111.1 133.3 177.8 177.8 177.8 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 232.2 222. 2 222.2 222.2 222.2 222.2 200.0 177.8 177.8 177.8 185.3 182.2 182. 2 182.2 182.2 185.3 177.8 177.8 177.8 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 115.0 175.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 175.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 162.5 162.5 162. 5 150.0 150.0 125.0 125.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 165.0 83.1 71.3 71.3 118.8 118.8 118.8 95.0 89.1 95.0 89.1 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 96.9 98.1 95.0 99.8 95.0 100.0 97.1 97.1 106.9 118.8 126.6 142.5 166.3 190.0 190. 190.0 190.0 190.0 223.3 213.8 190.0 174.1 166.3 166.3 124.7 130.6 130.6 166.3 190.0 166.3 166.3 166.3 166.3 173.4 178.1 175.1 173.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.1 122.2 133.3 177.8 177.8 222.2 223.2 222.2 222.2 222.2 222.2 222.2 222.2 200.0 200.0 177.8 177.8 177.8 166.7 155.6 155.6 155.6 155.6 157.1 155.6 144.4 144.4 144.4 144.4 156.4 84.3 84.3 84.3 84.3 84.3 93.0 93.6 93.6 93.6 93.6 93.6 84.3 93.6 103.0 100.0 103.0 100.0 103.0 100.0 98.5 100.0 103.0 101.1 118.7 131.1 149.8 149.8 149.8 149.8 149.8 149.8 149.8 149.8 168.5 157. » 162.2 168.5 168.5 168.5 149.8 149.8 112.4 118.7 131.1 131.1 131.1 149.8 131.1 149.8 149.8 149.8 149.8 85.7 100.0 100.0 85.7 92.9 92.9 92.9 95.1 100.0 85.7 85.7 85.7 78.6 85.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 109.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 133.4 171.4 171.4 179.4 195.1 208.6 210.3 203.6 207.1 224.9 228.6 214.3 210.6 200.0 200.0 160.9 142 9 157. 1 157.1 178.6 178.6 178.6 178.6 178.6 185.7 192.9 185.7 178.6 98.4 93.4 98.4 100.0 102.6 102.6 114.8 147.5 163.9 196.7 163.9 163.9 147.5 147.5 147.5 147.5 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 131.1 131.1 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 142.5 150.0 150.0 175.0 200.0 200.0 200. Jl- 200.0 225.0 200.0 200.0 183.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 160.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 80.8 80.8 80.8 80.8 80.8 92.4 92.4 92.4 92.4 92.4 92.4 92.4 92.4 92.4 92.4 86.6 86.6 92.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.5 111.5 134.6 138.6 161. 7 161.7 161.7 161.7 161.7 161.7 184.8 184.8 177.1 177.1 177.1 177.1 154.0 134.6 134.6 138.6 150.1 150.1 150.1 150.1 150.1 150.1 150.1 150.1 150.1 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 141 Table 37. — Bates nf wages for 52 years — Selative wages — Continuod. tLLtmnTATING GAS— Concluded. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated iu Table XII.] 46. 47. 48. 47. 48. 46. Labor- ers, street. 47. 47. Pavers. 45. 47. 48. Tear. Fire- Fire- Fire- Labor- Labor- Paint- Eetort. Stable- Watch. men. men. men. ers. ers. era. men. men. men. 1840 89.6 89.6 89.6 89.6 89.6 89.6 89.6 89.6 89.6 89.6 "93.9' 97.2 97.6 95.7 100.9 90.0 100,0 100.0 90.0 90.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 1841 1842 1843 97.2 98.1 98.1 97.2 08.6 98.1 1845 184G 1847 1848 1849 87.5 1850 100.0 89.6 93.9 97.2 87.5 85.0 100.0 1851 100.0 100.0 100.0 89.6 91.0 91.0 102.4 103.3 103.3 97.6 , 99.1 98.1 87.5 91.5 100.0 85,0 85.0 85.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1852 1853 1854 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.3 103.3 103.3 98.1 98.6 99.1 100.0 100.0 100. 87.5 87.5 87.5 "ioo.'o' 100.0 106.8 105.2 312,6 124.1 120.4 1855 1856 100.0 1657 100.0 100.0 103.3 99.1 100.0 87.5 100.0 100.0 103.1 100.0 104.5 18.-,S 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.1 100.0 100.0 1859 100.0 100.0 100. 100.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.1 100.0 100.0 1860 100.0 300,0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1801..-,.. 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 109.4 100,0 100.0 1802 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.6 100.0 100.0 116.7 300.0 109.4 100.0 102.3 1863 112.5 130.6 115.9 142.2 115.0 110.0 116.7 100.0 109.4 104.0 113.6 1864 137. 149.3 204.1 142 2 150.0 125.0 150.0 120.0 116.2 140.0 169.1 1865 175. 180.6 169.4 186.3 175.0 126.0 183.3 160.0 137.7 160.0 169.1 1860 175.0 186.6 183.7 187.7 190.0 160.0 200.0 160.0 137.7 160.0 169.1 1807 200.0 186.6 183.7 170.1 190.0 150.0 216.7 160.0 159.7 160.0 159.1 1868 200. 201.5 183.7 168.2 175.0 170.5 216.7 160.0 162.8 180.0 159.1 200.0 223.9 183.7 188.2 175.0 166.6 233.3 200.0 171.7 380.0 159.1 1870 200.0 223. 9 183.7 187.7 150.0 170.0 233.3 200.0 172.3 180.0 136.4 1871 200.0 223.9 195.9 187.7 175.0 175.0 233.3 200.0 172.3 180.0 159.1 1872 200.0 223.9 195.9 178.7 175.0 200.0 . 233.3 200.0 168.1 180.0 159.1 1873 225.0 298.5 204.1 189.1 150.0 200.0 258.3 220.0 172.3 210.0 181.8 1874 225.0 201.2 204.1 189.1 160.0 175.0 258.3 220.0 172.3 210.0 183.8 ] 875 202.5 242. 5 , 199. 2 165.9 150.0 160.0 258.3 200.0 172.3 210.0 181.8 1870 ; 196.5 242. 5 195.5 165. 9 150. 146.5 250.0 200.0 172,3 210.0 159.1 1877 177.5 223. 9 195.5 142.2 150.0 125, 2:13.3 200.0 172.3 210.0 159.1 1878 177.5 223.9 175.9 142.2 125. 125.0 233. 3 200.0 172.3 210.0 169.1 1879 170.5 205.2 175.9 118.5 125.0 125.0 189.0 160.0 172.3 200.0 159.1 1880 166.5 186.0 177.6 117.1 125.0 125.0 191.7 140.0 165.4 180.0 159.1 1881 166.5 205.2 177.6 135.1 125.0 150.0 191.7 157.2 163.9 380.0 181.8 1882 187.5 205.2 178.8 138.4 125.0 150.0 191.7 200.0 163.9 180.0 181.8 1883 . . . , . . 187.0 223.9 178.8 148.8 125.0 160.0 191.7 200.0 163.9 180.0 181.8 1884 180.5 223.9 179.2 142.2 125.0 160.0 191.7 200.0 166.0 190.0 181.8 1885 183.6 223.9 178.4 144.5 125.0 360.0 191.7 200.0 167.6 190.0 181.8 1880 183.5 223.9 178.4 147.9 125.0 160.0 191.7 200.0 157.6 170.0 181.8 1887 183. 5 223.9 178.4 153.1 125.0 150.0 191.7 200.0 157.6 180.0 181.8 1888 183.5 223.9 178.4 151.7 125.0 150.0 191.7 200.0 167.6 180.0 181.8 1889 183.5 223.9 178.4 151.2 125.0 150.0 194,3 200.0 157.6 180.0 181.8 1890 183.5 223.9 178.4 154.0 125.0 165.0 194, 3 200.0 157.6 180.0 181.8 1891 183.5 223.9 173.4 154.0 129.5 156.5 191.7 aoo.o 157.6 180.0 181.8 142 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Hates of wages for 5S years — Belaiive wages — Continued. LEATHEE. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Tear. 51. Bark grinders. 51. Beams- tera. 50. Blackers. 50. Cellar hands. 50. Finish- ers. 50. Flatten- ers. 50. Glossers. 5L Leach tenders. 1840 1841 1843 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 18.50 100.0 108.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.5 116.5 133.5 133.5 158. 5 158.5 170.0 186.0 193.5 189.0 183.5 189.0 189.0 166.5 16L0 161.0 166.5 158.5 162.5 162.5 162.5 159.5 165.5 157.0 156.0 166.5 158.5 160.0 150.0 166.5 90.0 96.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.5 125.0 141.5 175.0 200.0 200.0 183.5 179.5 183.5 193.5 193.5 193.5 196.5 196.5 172.0 162.0 166.5 171.0 161.5 173.5 168.5 164.0 169.5 169.5 166.5 150.0 ir,n. 160.0 160.5 166.5 145.5 83.7 88.3 97.5 100.0 100.0 109.2 127.6 144.4 141.0 157.3 143.5 148.5 149.4 15L9 164.0 163.2 162.8 161.1 163.2 149.4 146.4 151.9 155.2 146.4 143.5 145.6 147.3 145.6 142.3 142.7 14L0 151.9 153.6 142.3 14L0 141.0 95.3 96.1 100.0 128.8 100.0 114.6 128.8 157.5 171.7 185.8 162.2 154.1 164.4 157.5 164.4 164.4 167.0 17L7 171.7 175.5 163.1 160.1 17L7 147.2 142.9 145.1 147.2 147.2 147.2 138.2 136.1 157.5 157.5 157.5 164.4 164.4 85.8 7L7 100.0 100.0 100.0 114.6 128.8 142.9 142.9 142.9 150.2 150.2 157.5 167.0 171.7 17L7 164.4 164.4 166.5 153.6 160.9 162.2 167.0 142.9 139.5 144.6 148.5 144.6 15L9 MO. 9 130.9 136.1 157.5 157.5 157.5 200.4 1857 65.7 66.7 89.0 100.0 111.0 m.o 133.3 144.3 144.3 144.3 139.0 133.3 133.3 122.3 119.7 119.7 122.3 116.7 97.3 96.3 100.0 105.7 89.0 100.0 94.3 89.0 103.7 101.7 101.7 120.7 100.0 98.7 98.7 100.0 107.0 66.7 69.0 89.0 100.0 111.0 129.0 140.0 144.3 144.3 144.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 122.3 118.7 119.7 122.3 112.0 98.3 90.0 100.0 102.3 93.3 100.0 93.0 93.7 103.7 102.3 103.0 113.0 97.0 97.3 94.3 95.7 104.3 77.7 77.7 89.0 100.0 100. 122.3 133.3 144.3 144.3 139.0 133.3 133.3 13%3 122.3 133.3 133.3 122.3 118.3 103.7 116.0 97.3 97.3 86.0 91.7 108.3 108.3 97.3 100.0 103.0 122.3 100.0 J06.7 104.3 102.3 100.0 1858 .- 1859 1860 1861 1802 1863 1864. . - 1865 1866 ,.... 1867 .... 1868 1889 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 . .. 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 143 Table 37. — Bates of wages for 52 years — Belative wages — Continued. LEATHEE— Uonoluded. [Tlie flgniea in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Tear. 51. Liners. 50. Setters- out. 51. Shavers. 50. Splitters. 50. Stulferfi. 50. Table hands. 50. Whiten- ers. 51. Yard hands. 1840 1841 1844 1845 1846 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 96.6 85.8 103.4 107.3 100.0 114.6 128.8 157.5 185.8 185.8 171.7 157.5 157.5 157.5 142.9 142.9 142.9 157.5 157.5 157.5 136.1 142.9 132.2 125.3 118.0 118.0 318.0 118.0 118.0 121.5 128.8 128.8 138.2 138.2 142.9 142.9 77.7 77.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 122.3 133.3 144.3 155.7 155.7 155.7 127.7 126.0 122.3 137.0 144.3 140.7 137.0 141.7 150.0 150.0 141.7 144.3 137.0 135.0 135.0 139.0 144.3 144.3 139.0 133.3 133.3 126.0 122.3 116.7 130.7 92.2 95.4 104.1 107.4 100.0 107.4 123.0 143.3 149.8 179.3 174.2 176.5 176.5 172.8 180.6 180.6 169.1 174.2 180.6 153.5 148.4 148.4 158.1 153.9 146.1 146.1 147.9 146.5 148.4 138.2 138.2 156.7 161.3 146.1 146.1 153.5 86.7 79.1 110.4 118.5 100.0 105.2 126.5 142.2 147.4 157.8 157.8 173.9 80.7 112.6 112.6 112.6 100.0 112.6 132.9 150.2 185.0 187.9 177.3 169.1 160.9 171.5 182.6 198.6 198.6 198.6 198.6 193.2 177.3 177.3 176.8 162.3 158.0 158.0 158.0 158.5 161.8 160.9 160.9 167.6 166.2 155.6 155.6 156.5 1857 66.7 77.7 100.0 100.0 111.0 Ul.O 133.3 144.3 144.3 144.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 116.7 111.0 111.0 111.0 111.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.0 111.0 111.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 89.0 85.3 96.3 96.3 96.3 96.3 100.0 100.0 86.6 86.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 113.4 113.4 106.6 111.8 108.8 120.0 120.0 113.4 113.4 113.4 106.6 93.4 93.4 113.4 110.0 113.4 113.4 113.4 113.4 106.6 110.0 110.0 113.4 113.4 U3.4 85.8 1858 85.8 1859 100.0 100.0 120.2 130.5 1363 133.5 173.4 1865 182.4 185.8 1867 175.5 171.7 171.7 142.2 173.9 173.9 105.9 165.9 157.8 145.5 151.7 151.2 145.0 145.0 139.8 142.2 157.8 165.9 168.4 1871 140.8 152.8 1873 164.4 145.5 1875 128.8 116.3 ■ 121. 5 121.5 1879 110.3 121.0 1881 124.0 126.6 1883 128.8 127.0 132.2 142.2 173.9 157.8 142.2 142.2 145.5 135.2 1887 124.5 122.3 1889 . 119.3 123.6 1891 129.6 144 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PEICES AND WAGES. Table 37.— Bates of wages for 53 years — Relative wajes— Continued. LTJMBEE. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment numher as tabulated in Table JLU.] Tear. 1840.. 1841 . - 1842 . - 1843 .. 1844 . . 1845.. 1840.. 1847 -- 1848 . - 1849 - - 1850.. 1851 .- 1852 - . 1853.. 1854.. 1855 . . 1856 . . 1857 .. 1858 -. 1859 . . 1860 - . 1861 ., 1862 -. 1863 - 1864. 1865 - 1860 . 1867 . 1868 . 1869. 1870 . 1871. 1872. 1873 . 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877 . 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881 . 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885- 1886. 1887 . 1888 . 1889. 1890. 1891. 52. Laborers. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 119.5 159.7 179.2 179.2 179.2 179.2 179.2 179.2 179.2 179.2 179.2 179.2 179.2 179,2 179.2 179.2 179.2 179.2 179.2 194.8 194.8 194.8 194.8 194.8 194.8 194.8 194.8 194.8 194.8 194.8 52. Lumber- men. 53. Salesmen. 101.0 95.0 100.0 99.0 129.7 182.2 189.1 202. 202.0 206.9 208.9 211.9 210.9 205.0 202.0 208.9 218.8 201.0 205.9 202.0 '210. 9 212.9 206.9 189.1 192.1 193.1 189.1 191.1 191.1 189.1 n.i 189.1 189.1 193.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 91.7 113.7 114.7 139.0 139.0 139.0 150.0 150.0 155.7 155.7 166.7 182.0 182.0 171.3 171. B 182.0 182.0 182.0 182.0 190.3 190.3 193.7 155.7 155.7 155.7 159.0 159.0 186.7 186.7 188.7 53. Team- sters. 77.8 77.8 77.8 77.8 88.9 88.9 77.8 72.4 83.1 83.1 100.0 115.1 94.2 98.2 117.3 111.1 122.2 122.2 133.3 133.3 140.9 140.9 155.6 155.6 155.6 144.4 144.4 144.4 140.9 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 . 148. 148.0 144.4 144.4 143.1 143.1 148.0 148.0 53. Yard hands. 59.1 56.3 61.5 70.7 76.0 89.9 92.8 93.8 101.4 94.7 97.6 96.2 94.2 108.2 108.2 111.1 111.1 100.0 91.8 99.5 100.0 103.8 101.0 105.3 122.6 134.6 128.8 138.0 147.1 153.4 158.2 159.6 159.6 163.0 162.0 163.0 164.4 176.4 176.4 169.7 164.9 176.4 165.9 162.0 162.0 162.0 162.0 167.3 164.9 162.0 164.9 164.9 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 145 Table 37. — Bates of wages for 5$ years — Relaiirc wages — Coutinued. METALS AND METALLIC GOODS. [The flgnres in the heading indicate the establishment nnmbor as tabulated in Table XII.] Tear. 54. Bbick- smitbs. 55. Black- smiths. 66. Black- smiths. 67. Black- smiths. 61. Black- smiths. 62. Black- smiths. 65. Black- smitbs. 67. Elack- smitlis. 68. Hlii.k- siiiitlis. 71. Black- smiths. 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 113.2 110.0 12.5.2 ]:!4.8 ]:;4. 8 145.2 150.0 120.0 113.2 130 6 126.8 137.6 117.6 ""ioo'o" 'ioo.'o' 103.2 120.0 164.0 154.8 167.6 150.0 149.6 148.4 156.0 161.2 174.0 158.8 172.0 144.0 163.2 149.2 120.0 130.0 149.2 156.0 173.2 153.2 136.0 144.0 149.2 ""i88."6' 180.0 180.0 1845 78.0 88.7 1846 71.4 71.4 78.6 1817 87.7 1848 83.3 8:;. 3 88.7 88.7 94.7 101.7 100.0 105.7 94.7 "ioo.o 88.7 100.0 94.7 105. 3 105.7 113.7 166.7 166.7 159.3 150.0 166.7 133.3 150.0 166.7 183.3 183.3 183.3 "133! 3' 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 116.7 116.7 116.7 133.3 133.3 87 7 1849 88 1850 ""os.'s' 75.0 100.0 '""83.0 '"l68."6' 85.7 89.4 91.1 92.9 107.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 lOOO 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.6 114. 3 157.1 89.2 1851 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 87.5 87.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 87.5 87.5 100.0 100.0 119.0 119.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 160.0 150.0 160.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 150.0 150.0 137.5 137.5 162.5 162.5 162.5 162.5 162.6 162.5 162.5 162.6 162.5 162.5 162.5 92.8 1852 92.0 1853 85.7 95.1 92.8 1854. . . . 111.1 88.9 88.9 88. 9 100.0 88.9 100.0 100.0 04.4 100.0 111.1 1.55. 6 155.6 155.6 155.6 155.6 127.8 126. 127.8 16B.7 133.3 88.4 92.3 82.6 85.5 92.3 100.0 ""92." 6 95.8 117.7 136.4 131.9 147.8 149.6 1.53. 8 140. tj 158.3 98 6 1855 95.7 1856 '""95.'i' 100.0 100.0 114. 3 114.3 128.6 "260.0' 185.7 171.4 18.5. 7 192.9 J 112. 9 167.1 160.0 142.9 142 9 142.9 157.1 171.4 200. 200.0 185.7 185.7 185.7 185.7 185.7 200.0 200.0 98.1 100.0 100.3 101.3 100.0 99.4 • 94.6 108.9 134.5 175.7 183.7 166.5 167.7 167.7 165.2 159.7 162. 3 171.6 171.6 154.3 164.3 138.3 136.8 133.2 133.2 149.2 147.9 151.8 159.7 150.2 151.8 150.2 153.4 151.8 151.8 151.8 95.2 1857. 98.6 1858 90.4 1859 02.0 1860 100.0 1861 100.5 1862 103.1 112.8 1864 131.6 1865 154.9 18B6 163.9 1867 100.0 100.0 '"i37."5" 137.6 137. 6 137.5 137.6 137.5 137.5 137.5 137.5 141.8 141.8 141.8 141.8 133.3 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 171.4 185.7 185.7 185.7 200.0 200.0 214.3 214.3 214.3 214.3 200.0 200.0 200.0 185.7 200.0 221.4 166.6 171.4 162.0 166.6 178.6 166.6 182.9 171.4 152.3 168.2 1868 168.2 1869 168.0 1870 167.2 1871 168.4 1872 167.5 1873 163.1 1874 170.4 1875 168.0 1876 105. 6 122.2 13:!. 3 116.7 122.2 116.7 122. 2 126. 141 4 155.6 138.9 1.-,.-). 6 122.2 155.6 155.6 133.3 154.5 137.8 1878 137.8 131.1 1880 132.0 132.3 1882 138.6 144.1 18S4 1886 1887 1888 138.1 131.1 131.8 142.4 145.3 146.0 1890 146.5 147.0 S. Eep. 1394: 10 146 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 5Z years — Belatire wages — Continned. METALS AND METALLIC GOODS— Continued. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment nnraber as tabulated in Table XII.] 1840. 1811. 1842. 184;j. 1S44. 1845. 184e. 1847. 1848. 18,U. IB-iO. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. IS-W- la57- 1858. 1859- 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863- . 1864 1865. 1866.. 1867. , 1868.. 1869., 1870., 1871., 1872. 187.J., 1874., 1875. ^876. 3877. 1878.. 1879., 1880- , 1881., 18«2., I8ii3., 1884.. 1885.. ]S87. 118S. 1889. 1890. 1891. Year. 72. Black- smiths 73. 74. Black- I Black- smiths, smiths. 8;;. 88. 87. 88. 94. 96. 90. 81. 85. 100. 92. 95. 102. 121. 148. 165. 160. 103. 163. 132. 159. 158. 189. 148. 140. 140, 140. 125. 137. 149. 14S. 157. 158. 151. 142. 159. 158. 158. 156. 156. 79.4 88.1 92,6 91.0 90.5 100.0 100.3 108.2 11L6 138.9 158.7 152.1 158.7 163.2 163.2 160.6 133.3 137.6 142.9 147.4 138.6 124.3 108.5 100.5 100.5 100. 5 99.0 109.0 118.5 118.5 108.5 107.9 134.4 128.0 124.3 127.0 127.0 54. Black- smiths' helpers. 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 90.9 90.9 100.0 113. 6 113.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.9 100.0 113.6 113.8 113.6 113.6 113.6 118.2 118.2 113.6 118.2 127.3 113.6 104.5 95.5 104.5 90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9 86.4 86,4 90,9 90.9 90,9 90,9 90.9 90.9 109.1 109.1 109,1 90,9 90.9 100.0 100.0 95.6 100.0 100.0 133.5 121.1 136.4 127.3 133.5 55. Black- smiths' helpers. 112.0 100.0 116.5 116,5 100,0 100,0 127,3 133,5 133,5 109,1 109,1 109,1 103,1 100,0 124,0 118,2 118.2 127,8 115,3 127,3 118.2 127.3 121,1 115.3 109.0 113.0 131. 5 148.0 147.0 151.5 160.0 165.0 175.0 175.0 57. 67. Black- Black, smiths' smiths' helpers, helpers. 92.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 97,0 100.0 135.0 159.0 173.0 176.5 173.5 178.0 178.0 176.5 172.5 171.0 171.0 156.5 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 125.0 125.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 77.7 81. 7 100.0 109.0 102.9 128,6 114.3 104.6 114.3 107.4 100.0 100.0 107.4 100.0 85.7 142.9 185.7 178,9 185,7 185,7 200,0 192,6 190.3 209.7 214.3 228,6 190,3 200.0 171.4 171.4 171.4 142.9 178,9 212,0 205,7 205, 7 205,7 192,6 205,7 197,1 201.1 20.5.7 205.7 68. 71. 72. - Black. Black- I Black- smiths' smiths'i smiths' helpers, ^lelpers. helpers. 100. lOJ.O 100.0 100.0 97.1 102.9 104.6 102.9 103. 4 104.6 85.7 100.0 114.3 114.3 185.7 171.4 171.4 171.4 152.6 152.6 171.4 152.6 171.4 171.4 167.4 171.4 154.3 148.6 160.0 161.1 168.6 160.6 164.0 103.0 103. 102.6 104.8 97.8 97.8 97.8 110.4 106.5 108,7 108,7 87,0 87.0 100.0 99.6 100.0 120,0 140.9 17L7 176.1 176.5 177.0 177.0 173.9 173.9 174.8 173.5 174.3 162.2 162.6 141.3 140.4 131.7 132.6 132.2 134.8 137.0 143.0 143.9 144.8 155.2 162.6 164.8 166.1 165.2 92.0 89.1 100.0 83.4 71.4 82.9 98.3 90.3 97.1 93.1 93.1 98.3 100.0 96.0 96.0 92.0 96.0 100.0 100.0 103.4 U4.3 128.6 171.4 176.6 176. u 177.1 160.0 197.1 182.9 178.9 184.0 16L7 160.0 149.7 150.3 150.9 136.6 149.7 158.9 16L1 166. £ 166.9 167.4 154.3 169.7 169.7 171.4 170.9 165.7 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 147 Table 37. — Eatcs of wages for 53 ycnis — llclatwc wages — Continued. METALS AND MBTALLIO GOODS— Continued. [The figures in tlie heading indicate the eatablishmeut number as tabulated in Table Xn.] Tea«. 73. Black- Bmiths' lelpera. 74. Blact- smiths' lelpers. 54. 55. Boiler- Boiler- makers, makers. 57. Boiler- makers. 68. Boiler- makers. 68. Boiler- makers' appren- tices. 64. Boiler- makers' lelpers. 55. Boiler- makers' lelpers. 68. Boiler- makers' lelpers. 1840 1841 1842 1S43 1844 96.3 93.0 00.5 97.5 100.0 109.5 106.6 105.8 116.1 104.2 1845 104.2 184(j 95.8 1847 100.0 110.7 133.3 122. 7 132.0 137.3 98.8 1848 95.8 1849 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4 78.6 92.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 107.1 107.1 114.3 114.3 121.4 121.4 121.4 121.4 114.3 114.3 107.1 114.3 117.9 110.7 100.0 92.9 92.9 78.6 78.6 78.6 92.9 92.9 92.9 92.9 92.9 78.6 92.9 92.9 92.9 92.9 92.9 105.4 1850 104.2 1851 100.6 1852 104.2 1853 105.9 91.8 113.0 104.2 108.2 104.2 101.4 100.0 101.1 98.9 120.1 127.1 141.2 130.4 142.9 129.9 141.2 137.0 139.0 137.6 137.0 151.7 150.6 141.2 165.4 143.8 141.2 169.5 141.2 136.4 141.2 127.1 120.1 141.2 141.2 136.4 125.7 122.9 131.4 119.0 1854 91.6 89.7 98.1 106.4 103.2 100.0 "{m.¥ 121.2 137.6 172.3 173.3 178.1 171.1 174.0 176.8 158.8 160.1 175.6 159.8 165.0 161.1 137.9 144.7 119.0 126.7 131.2 155.0 159.2 161.4 163.7 157.6 156.3 157.6 162.1 162.7 165.3 ""86."i' 93.3 103.8 95.9 100.0 119.9 88.0 86.6 107.0 136.0 138.8 130.5 137.4 125.4 112.7 115.3 118.9 151.8 151.8 127.8 137.9 112.0 112.0 112.0 107.9 136.0 136.0 139.8 139.8 139.8 139.8 139. 8 136.0 136.0 131.9 135.0 122. 3 128.1 126.4 130.6 129.3 130.0 132.0 142.7 94.3 102.6 99.6 101.3 90.4 97.8 100.0 108.7 108.7 99.6 120.9 145.2 152.2 157.8 113. 9 130.4 158.7 152.2 152.2 99.5 103.5 104.5 105.5 101.5 100.0 104.2 1855 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 112.5 125.0 166.5 166.5 166.5 166.5 166.5 166.5 150.0 150.0 loo.o 170.0 160.0 140.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 103. 6 1856 105.4 1857 110.7 1858 119.0 1859 1800 100.0 100.0 100. 1861 126. 9 115.7 152.1 172.7 174 170.7 170.2 178.9 181.8 178.1 182.2 188.4 178.5 186.8 161.2 151.2 152.9 144.2 146.0 148.8 169.0 166.1 169.4 156.2 162.8 165.7 171.9 168.6 174.4 180.6 133.3 100.0 112.0 150.7 "197-3' 213.3 213.3 114.4 116.9 121.4 144.3 149.8 149.8 133.3 150.7 174.1 158.7 171.1 144.3 174.1 108.9 1803 114.3 98.2 1865 107.1 107.7 1807 133.9 123.8 1809 116.1 133.9 1871 126.8 1872 124.4 1873 136.9 95.2 1875 114.9 131.8 130.8 149.3 124.4 117.9 144.3 146.8 141.3 146.8 139.3 129.4 132.8 132.8 152.2 151.2 167.7 119.0 1877 186.7 176.0 160.0 173.3 169.3 173.3 200.0 186.7 186.7 186.7 "mo" 173.3 206.7 152.2 134.3 130.4 108.7 119.6 126.1 133.9 130.4 152.2 136.5 133.0 136.1 130.4 130.4 152.2 132.1 136.9 1879 147.0 142.9 1881 133.9 1882 141.1 1883 136.9 151.8 1885 148.8 1886 114.9 1887 107.1 129.2 1889 139.9 158.3 1891 163.7 148 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. —Bates of wages for 5Z years — Belative wages — Continued. METAIS AND METALLIC GOODS— Continned. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment nnmher aa tabulated in Table Xll.] Year. 72. Boiler tenders. 71. Carpen ters. 72. Carpen ters. 72. Carpen ters' helpers. 72. Coal wheel- ers. Core- makers. 73. Core- makers. 74. Core- makers. 66. Cupola men. 71. Dranghtfi. 1840.. 1841.. 1842.. 1843.. 1844. . 1845.- 1846.. 1847.. 1848. . 1849. . 1850.. 1851.. 1852.. 1853.. 1854.. 1S.J.3.. 1856- . 1857. . 1858.. 1859.. 1809.. 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1866.. 1867.. 1868. . 1869.. 1870.. Wl\.. 1872.. Vli. . l.'<75.. 1875.. 1K77.. 1878. . 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. ]S.'<2.. 1883.. 18.^-- IH.'io.. 1880.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. 76.9 171.4 100.0 100.0 114.3 100.6 96.6 100.0 93.1 150.3 173.1 177.1 180.0 171.4 180.0 180.0 194.3 177.1 171.4 149.1 172.0 167.4 190. 3 190.3 197.1 189.1 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 84.9 88.8 90.3 90.6 92.7 92.7 93.0 99.0 99.2 100.5 101.6 94.3 94.0 100.0 101.0 102.9 108.4 129.5 136.3 140.5 150.1 161.6 161.9 167.6 169.7 173.1 171.3 156.7 156.7 141.0 132.9 118.6 116.4 114.9 123.0 127.4 133.7 130.8 122.5 117.8 133.9 136.6 138.1 143.1 137.6 76.9 70.9 76.9 71.1 74.5 82.2 76.9 78.8 74.5 75.1 79.4 79.4 76.9 96.3 84.6 100.0 100.0 92.3 123.1 126.2 134.5 129.5 148.3 150.5 153. 8 153.8 153.8 158.2 157.2 144.9 136.9 161.5 161.5 153.8 153.8 125.5 133.8 133.2 135.1 137.2 131.1 138.5 139.7 140.6 139.1 132.9 138.2 100.0 76.7 69.3 88.3 107.4 107.4 107.4 114.7 100.0 100.0 148.5 171.2 107.4 214.7 204.3 168.7 184.0 184.0 184.0 153.4 168.7 218,4 234.4 214.7 201.8 198.8 185.9 174.2 215.3 203.1 206.7 204.3 184.0 214.7 165.6 214.7 83.8 111.7 125.7 125.7 125.7 111.7 103.4 103.9 103.9 119.0 103. 9 111.7 111.7 100.0 102.8 103.9 125.7 164.2 198.3 197.2 179.3 176.5 178.2 191.1 178.2 176.5 177.1 177.1 156.4 142.5 143.0 141.9 126.3 156.4 172.6 178.8 164.2 150.8 138.0 139.1 162.6 158.1 158.1 156,4 162.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 133.2 133.2 133.2 133.2 133.2 143.6 143. 6 146.8 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 100.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 124.7 149.8 149.8 149.8 149.8 149.8 149.8 119.9 104.9 112.4 119.9 104,9 104.9 97.4 97.4 97.4 97.4 104.9 112.4 127.3 127.3 112.4 112.4 112.4 112.4 127.3 127.3 127.3 9L7 91.7 91.7 91.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.7 116.7 116.7 141.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 150.0 150.0 141.7 141.7 133.3 150.0 150.0 166.7 166.7 141.7 141.7 141.7 141.7 141.7 141.7 141.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.8 110.4 114.2 136.0 134.1 134.1 152.6 165.9 165.9 165.9 165.9 170.1 181.5 18L5 161.6 161.6 161.6 161.6 146.0 161.6 157.8 152.6 152.6 157.8 137.9 151.7 160.7 155.9 156.4 156.4 80.8 80.8 80.8 84.8 Sd- 3 91.3 9.^.2 100.9 100.9 94.2 103.9 92.4 100.0 98.2 100. U 105.5 127.3 155.0 171.4 187.8 188.0 213.4 220.1 223.3 223.3 192.4 201.6 201.6 180.1 166.7 179.2 179.2 179.2 200.2 238.3 238.3 238.3 189.1 180.8 212.2 230.7 233.5 253.6 237.0 KEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 149 Table 37. — Bates of wages for 6$ years — Melalivc loages — Continued. METALS AND METALLIC GOODS— Continued. [The figures in the heading indicate the estahlisluuent number as tabulated in Table XL I.] Tear. 74. Draughts- men. 54. Engi- neers. 66. Engi- neers. 63. Engi- neers. 66. Engi- neers. 74. Engi- neers. 68. Eove- meu, blaclc- smitbs. 71. Fore- men, black- sinitlis. 64. Fore- men, boiler- makers. 68 Fore- men, boiler- makers. 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 46.4 1845 46.4 1840 53.6 1847 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 91.7 91.7 91.7 100.0 91.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.2 133.3 166.7 166.7 194.6 194.6 194. 5 194.5 194.5 194.5 180.5 180.5 180.5 162.8 138.8 138.8 138.8 138.8 160.7 166.7 160.7 166.7 160.0 150.0 106.7 166.7 180.5 180.5 1946 64.3 1848 64.3 1849 64.3 1850 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 65. 75.0 75.0 86.0 85.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.0 125.0 125.0 1 2.j. 126.0 12.5.0 125.0 110.0 117.5 125.0 125.0 110.0 100.0 110.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 126.0 110.0 125.0 125.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 66.7 66.7 66.7 "'si's' 91.7 100.0 100.0 '"66.'7 66.7 116.7 150.0 "m.i' 108.3 108.3 108.3 116.7 126.7 126. 7 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133. 3 125. 125.0 125.0 126.0 125.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.7 100.0 100.0 :108.3 108. 3 71.4 1851 71.4 1852 71.4 1853 100.0 U4.2 142. 9 142.9 142.9 142.9 142. 9 100.0 100.0 107.3 128.8 142.9 171.7 171.7 193.1 193.1 214.6 236.1 257.5 257.5 257.5 257.5 257.5 2.57. 5 236.1 236.1 214.6 214.6 214.6 214. C 236.1 236.1 236.1 236.1 236.1 236.1 236.1 236.1 257.5 85.5 85.5 85.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 106.8 128.2 149. 6 149.6 149.6 149.6 170.9 170.9 170.9 170.9 170.9 170.9 "'ih'.s 98.3 98.3 98.3 98.3 98.3 102.6 102.6 106.8 106.8 108.8 106.8 106.8 "ioo.6" 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.5 160.0 150.0 150.0 166.5 166.5 166.6 166.5 166.5 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 166.5 166.6 166.5 166.5 166.6 166.6 166.5 166.5 166.5 166.5 166.5 225.0 225.0 1854 70.7 83.3 83.3 83.3 91.7 91.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 183.3 178.0 178.0 178.0 178.0 178.0 "iss.'s' 133.3 100.0 150.0 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.8 160.0 75.0 75.0 83.3 83.3 87.5 87.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 133.3 200.0 133.3 166.7 166.7 166.7 183.3 183.3 166.7 166.7 133.3 116.7 108.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 "iss.'s' "ioo.'o' 100.0 108.3 108.3 116.7 116.7 116.7 133.3 133.3 85.7 1855 100.0 1858 100.0 1857 100.0 1858 185a 1860 1861 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.0 108.0 108.0 108.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120. 120.0 120.0 140.0 140.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 152.0 152.0 152.0 152.0 152.0 152.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 168.0 1862 57.1 1863 71.4 1864 71.4 1805 92.9 1806 95.3 1867 95.3 1868 117.9 1861) 117.9 1870 1871 95.1 jSTU 117.9 1873 117.9 117.9 is;.-, 117.9 117.9 ]tj77 117.9 1878 117.9 1879 . . .. 117.9 117.9 1881 : 117.9 ]8s:i . , .. 117.9 1S8.J 117.9 1881 95.3 1885 96.3 J88U 95.3 1 887 ... 95.3 1888 95.3 1889 95.3 1890 95.3 1891 117.9 150 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 5Z years — Eelative wages — Continued. METALS AND METALLIC GOODS— Continued. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Tear. 58. Fore- men, iiir- nace- men. 54. Fore- men, machin- ists. 56. Fore- men, machin- ists. 58. Fore- men, machiu ists. 65. Fore- men, machin ists. 68. Fore- men, machin- ists. 54. Fore- men, mould- ers. 66. Fore- men, mould- ers. 58. Fur- nace- men. 57. Labor- ers. 1840 1841 1842 1843 62.6 1844 1845 62.6 62.6 70.4 70.4 70.4 58.7 58.7 62.6 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 80.5 83.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 93.3 95.7 95.1 103.0 106.2 97.9 99.4 100.0 104.1 105.8 97.0 116.6 127.2' 127.2 145.1 153.4 150.7 144.2 144.0 154.3 148.3 154.5 155.8 167.2 165.5 165.5 171.5 "ire.";)' 160.1 148.5 147.6 139.9 "iid.i' 149.3 "m.4 149.3 90.3 85.5 90.0 93.4 92.0 86.5 83.6 86.5 95.8 93.8 100.0 99.7 90.3 100.3 96.6 92.4 102.1 114.2 110.7 121.1 117.6 121.1 117.6 119.4 110.0 111.1 126.0 123.2 125.6 126.0 126.0 121.8 119.4 121.1 123.9 121.1 120.1 122.1 "mi" 1851 1852 83.3 83.3 91.7 91.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.7 100.0 110.7 110.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 105.5 108.3 116.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1853 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 124.9 166.6 97.8 97.8 9i'3 91.3 91.3 104.3 104.3 104.3 91.3 104.3 53.3 52.2 57.4 62.6 67.8 80.1 80.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 "ioo.'e" 100. 1 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 120.0 110.0 110.0 105.1 94.1 84.0 79.2 79.2 96.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0- 100.0 76.9 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.0 100.0 120.5 120.5 128.3 192.4 192.4 256.6 256.6 256.6 256.6 256.6 256.6 256.6 256.6 256.6 256.6 230.9 207.8 184.7 184.7 192.4 207.8 230.9 230.9 207.8 207.8 207.8 207.8 207.8 207.8 192.4 1854 "ioo.'o' 100.0 78.2 62.6 87.0 1855 1856 ""i68.'7 108.7 108.7 108.7 100.0 100.0 81.5 108.7 133.7 162.0 176.1 173.9 173.9 171.2 171.2 170.1 167.9 167.9 168.5 144.6 138.0 119.0 116.3 112.5 110.9 134.2 133.7 133.7 133.7 133.7 132.6 137.5 130.4 138.0 138.0 137.0 1857 100.0 1S68 1859 100.0 1860 100.0 104.3 104.3 104.3 121.7 156.5 139.1 156.5 "ira.'g' 173.9 156.5 156.5 156.5 156.5 156.5 156.5 139.1 139.1 121.7 12L7 130.4 139.1 104.3 121.7 121.7 121.7 130.4 130.4 130.4 130.4 130.4 ISOl 1862 1863 1864 100.0 100.0 138. 8 138. 8 138.8 138.8 138.8 138.8 138.8 138.8 138.8 138.8 138.8 166.7 166.7 166.7 138.8 138.8 138.8 138.8 138.8 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 138.8 1.38.8 138.8 138.8 '78.'2 101.7 125.2 125.2 125.2 125.2 156.5 156.5 187.8 187.8 187.8 187.8 187.8 187.8 187.8 170.1 170.1 170.1 170.1 170.1 170.1 "mi' 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 129.1 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879. . . 1880 ISSl 100.0 1882 1883 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 1H84 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 100.0 1890 1891 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AJSD WAGES. 151 Table 37. — Rules of wages for 52 years — Relative tcages — Continued. METALS AND METALLIC GOODS— Continued. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table SII.] 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 68. 67. 71. 73. 74. 51. Tear. Labor- Labor- Labor- Labor- Labor- Labor- Labor- Labor- Labor- Labor- Marliitt- ers. ers. ers. ers. ers. ers. ers. ers. ers. ITH. JMU. 1840 1843 1844 52.0 52.0 66.0 66.0 56.0 60.0 1846 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 58.8 71.5 76.8 80.7 78.9 79.8 83.7 87.1 85.4 87.1 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 1849 80.0 80.0 1850 101.7 1851 101.7 60.0 88.9 79.4 89.3 100.0 100.0 1852 100.0 60.0 88.9 79.4 90.4 100.0 100.0 1853 103.9 88.9 60.0 100.0 80.7 91.0 103.0 100.0 113.3 1854 100.0 94.4 60.0 100.0 82.0 91.6 112.5 166.6 100.0 100.6 1855 98.9 100.0 60.0 111.1 97.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.5 1856 101.1 100.0 60.0 111.1 87.7 97.8 103.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 1857 102.8 100.0 80.0 88.9 100.0 103.9 102.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 1858 97.8 100.0 80.0 88.9 98.7 103.4 103.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 1859 97.8 100.0 80.0 100.0 91.7 100.0 99.4 103.0 100.0 100.0 92.9 1860 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1881 101.1 100.0 120.0 111.1 87.7 100.0 99.4 100.0 100.0 110.0 102.0 1862 99.4 100.0 120.0 111.1 87.7 97.0 96.6 101.5 100.0 110.0 97.2 1863 104.5 100.0 140.0 118.2 100. 100.6 103.4 111.0 105.5 140.0 96.0 1864 109. G 100.0 140.0 133.3 117.1 125.1 134.3 129.5 123.0 140.0 110.8 1865 142.7 144.4 128.0 133.3 80.7 165.9 174.2 150.0 158.5 150.0 148.7 1866 152.8 160.7 160.0 122. 2 121.5 167. 1 . 109.7 162.0 158.5 150.0 144.8 1867 154.5 155.6 140.0 144.4 129.4 164.7 172.5 162.0 168.5 160.0 100.6 1868 167.4 155.6 140.0 144.4 116.7 179.6 172.5 162.5 154.0 150.0 158.6 1869 151.1 155.6 144.0 156.6 116.7 179.6 191.0 157.5 154.5 150.0 159. 6 1870 159. 6 155.6 140.0 155.6 138.6 179.6 192.1 164.0 154.0 130.0 152.1 ]871 157.3 155. 6 160.0 155.6 129.4 179.6 194.9 167.0 130.0 130.0 155.8 1872 155.1 155.6 144.0 155.6 127.6 18:1.2 193.3 167.5 130.0 130.0 148.4 1873 156.7 177.8 140.0 165.6 121.5 207.2 196.6 166.5 133.5 130.0 160.1 1874 148.9 177.8 140.0 155.6 127.6 207.2 199.4 167.5 140.0 130.0 156.4 1875 148.9 166.7 112.0 146.7 131.6 206.0 196.6 158.0 130.0 130.0 145.6 1876 144.9 200.0 108.0 134.7 140.7 191.6 167.0 130.0 120.0 144.8 1877 144.9 211.1 89.6 134.7 162.7 174.7 144.6 120.0 120. 142. 5 1878 137.1 211.1 89.6 134.7 152.7 174.7 139.6 120.0 100.0 130.0 1879 139.3 194.4 88.0 133.3 104.4 149.7 174.7 135.0 120.0 100.0 134.0 1880 120.8 194.4 92.0 122.2 103.5 154.5 154.5 142.0 120.0 130.0 132.0 118.5 222.2 100.0 126.7 108.3 152.7 160.1 151.5 120.0 120.0 134.8 1882 121.9 222.2 100.0 139.6 108.8 152.7 165.2 158.5 130. 0' 120.0 134.0 1883 123.0 222 2 136.4 106.1 179.6 176.4 170.5 140.0 120.0 136.5 121.9 222. 2 112.0 137.3 106.3 155.7 195.5 166.0 140.0 120.0 140.8 1885 131 5 222 3 104.0 141.8 108.3 141.9 170. 4 154.0 130.0 110.0 143.3 1886 129.8 166.7 96.0 141.8 111.8 151.5 175. 8 153.0 120.0 110.0 135.7 124.7 166.7 104.0 140.9 114.0 179.6 186.5 172.5 120.0 110.0 1888 130.3 166.7 100.0 137.3 114.0 177.8 186.6 170.5 120. 120.0 140.8 1889 1890 1891 133.1 166.7 100.0 135.6 124.1 177.8 178.1 170.5 130.0 120.0 133 1 166.7 100.0 135.6 109.6 179.6 177.0 167.0 130.0 120. 142.5 139.3 166.7 100.0 135.6 109.6 179.6 177.5 17L5 130.0 120.0 142.5 152 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICKS AND WAGES. Table 37.— Bates of wages for 5S years— Relative wages— ContinueA. METALS AND METALLIC GOODS— Continnod. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Year. 66. Ma- chin- ists. 66. Ma- chin- ists. 57. Ma- cliin- ists. 68. Ma- chin- ists. 59. Ma- chin- ists. 00. ,Ma- clliu- isl.i. 61. Ma- chin- ists. 62. Ma- chin- ists. 65. Ma- chin- ists. 68. Ma- chin. lata. 184'J 1 18 14 81.1 H4, 1 91.7 91.7 107. 107.0 92.7 92.7 92,7 90.5 9.5.1 91.7 93.6 94.2 9:1. 3 96.9 100.0 104.0 108.0 107.6 117.1 130.0 142.8 148.6 148.6 151.7 146. 5 149.2 149. 8 148.3 150.8 151.7 148.3 138.2 135.2 127.2 127.8 135.8 144.0 144.6 145.0 143.7 144.3 144.3 145,9 149.2 1.50, 8 153.2 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90,1 93.7 92. 5 85.9 85.9 85.9 85.9 78.1 81.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 108. 1 132.1 180.2 165.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 180.2 144.1 144.1 115.3 115.3 115.3 130.0 135.1 1441 "iii'.i 144.1 132.1 135.1 135.1 135.1 135.1 135.1 84.1 86,5 92,2 111,9 «:i, 9 1847 1848 1849 1850 in. 2 u:!. 6 9:1.0 93.9 Ulj, 2 ■,)!). 1 97,1 911, 1 94,5 97.4 100.0 99.7 100.0 102.9 119.8 136.0 140.7 148.0 148.3 145.9 153.5 149.7 155.2 157.0 143,3 147.1 144.5 132.6 136.6 137.8 126.7 135.2 140.7 148.5 142.7 144.2 138.1 142.2 139.0 143.6 139.5 141.3 100.0 110.0 100. 100,0 106.7 106.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 150.0 156.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 156.7 156.7 156.7 150.0 liJO.O 150.0 133.3 1.33.3 166.7 166.7 150. 150.0 166.7 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 95,6 95, 6 104.4 94 9 101 98.0 100.3 100.0 95.6 90.5 100.0 102.0 105.1 109.8 116.6 134. 1 144.3 135.1 128.7 154.1 163.2 153.7 142. 2 136.1 143.6 129.4 67.6 "ioe.'i' 106.4 107.1 108.1 108.1 112.8 115.2 112.8 121.3 105.7 109,8 115.9 118.9 1851 lyr.n ISM 97.7 97.1 110.2 111.4 101.5 104.7 102.0 100.0 97.7 99.1 100.1 119.2 127.4 143.4 147.5 146.4 145.5 166.5 169.4 162.7 170. 3 1S5.4 183. 7 157.1 i';7. 119.8 119.2 125.1 128.9 l:!5. 9 140.4 145, 8 ];jo.4 136.2 132. 9 133. 2 124.5 141.1 137.9 'ot.'s' 105.2 101.8 101.8 100.0 102.7 98.5 111.6 124.9 163.^ 168.7 169.3 171.1 172.3 155.3 160.5 1,59. 161.1 161.4 155.3 152. 6 140.7 140.7 141.0 145.0 159.9 160.8 162.0 163.8 1.55.6 155.0 154.7 153. 8 1!)5, 9 155.0 155.6 18.54 . . 100.4 100.9 102.4 108.5 107.3 100.0 1865 1856 84 8 94.4 86.7 100.0 "'m.T 100.0 117.3 128.3 128.3 127.2 128.3 128.3 127.2 126.9 126.9 130.1 132.8 132.8 131. ,0 131.5 129.9 131.5 129.3 125. 6 138.1 138.4 136.0 133.3 137.1 145.9 145.9 145.9 145.9 1857 1858 1859 100.0 1860 1861 100.0 1802 107.9 122. 2 141. :i 170.5 173.3 180.2 182.7 174.5 179.0 177.8 100.0 1863 137.3 1864 133. 3 1865 163.1 1886 163.1 1867 183.1 1868 200.0 1869 200.0 1870 200.0 1871 200.0 1872 . . 200.0 1873 170.8 177.8 1874 222.2 1875 222.2 1876 222.2 1877 222. 2 1878 222.2 1879 222.2 1880 188.9 1881 . ... ■ 188.9 1882 222.2 1883 222.2 1884 222.2 1885 222.2 188(1 222.2 1887 1888 200.0 222.2 1889 222.2 1890 222.2 1891 222.2 KEPOET ON WHOLESALK PRICKS AND WAGES. 153 Table 37. — Rates of wages for 5S years — Relative wages — Continued. METALS AND MUTALLIC GOODS-ContmueU. [The figures in the lieadiug iudloate the ostabUsliment uumber as tabulated iii Table XII.] Years. 67. klac bill- is ts. 68. Machin- ists. 69. Machin- ists. 70. Maoliin- ista. 72. Machin- ists. 73. Viachin. ists. 74. Machin- ists. 66. Uncliin- ists' apjjren- tices. 62. Machin- ists' appren- tices. Machin- i.sls' apin-eu- tices. 184'^ . -. 100.0 1841 Ig42 109. 1 95.6 92.4 108.4 104.0 1843 90.9 90.9 93.8 94.2 100.7 100.0 106.2 102.2 103.3 106.2 "iix's' 118.5 125.5 119.6 109.1 "iob.6' "lOT.'s' 117.1 130.5 158.2 l.-.O. 4 176.4 186.9 172.4 17--'. 174.5 171.6 17U.5 164.0 I7:i. 5 150.4 145.1 143.6 155.3 146. 2 1."..!. 5 ii;i.o 168. 7 167. 6 153. 1 136.0 143.3 148.7 152.0 160.9 151.3 1844 1845 112.4 127.8 123.7 110.3 108.2 118.6 103.1 115.5 103.1 107.2 100.2 114.4 124. 7 111.3 129. 9 100.0 99.0 134.0 113.4 114.4 166.0 156. 7 163.9 168.0 150. 5 138.1 142.3 141.2 '"i27.'8' 139. 2 160.8 1846 89.9 88.7 87.4 95.3 97.2 99.7 96.9 95.9 106.3 106.0 111.9 111.3 108. 2 99.4 100.0 102.2 95.6 101.3 115.4 is:;. 1 152.5 157.2 164.2 157.2 157.2 )r-.l.7 ]r,'.).l 132. 2 104.5 165.7 158.8 137.4 134. 9 133. 129.6 140.6 154.4 ir.1.9 157.2 149.4 150.6 l.'-.3. 1 154.7 155.3 156.3 159.4 ' "i67.'4' 105.0 117.8 110.7 132.9 135. 2 134.2 114.1 96.6 100.0 98.7 103.4 115.1 234.9 156.7 168.1 173. 8 176.2 170.5 163.1 166.8 "i52."7' 159.4 ■ 'iie'o 125.5 128.2 132.6 149.0 100.7 163.4 167.4 171.8 153. 7 154.4 156.4 162.1 163.8 168.5 83.4 90.5 97.6 96.1 92.1 99.5 100.0 96.6 96.1 92.1 92.1 94.2 95.5 89.5 100.0 98.7 96.6 103. 125.0 154.7 162.1 177.6 165.0 166.6 176.8 108.4 174.2 176.3 171.1 167.4 156.1 157.9 149.7 151.3 140.3 151.8 141.1 143. 4 146.3 136.6 . 145. 3 136.8 137.1 140.8 141.6 139.2 1847 110.9 100.0 1849 79.7 78.8 78.8 78.2 76.9 80.9 94.2 93.9 93.3 99.1 100.3 100.0 100.9 112.4 112.1 124.2 137.9 157.6 163.9 163.6 159.1 159.1 144.8 141.5 157.0 167.3 140.9 127.6 129.7 127.6 127.6 127.9 136.4 138. 6 142.4 141.8 129.7 139.4 144.6 167.6 162.7 175.8 175.2 "122.6 126. 122. 8 142. 3 97.6 130. 1 100.0 100.8 107.3 95.9 103.3 129.3 144.7 149.6 151.2 171.5 174.8 156.3 154.5 154.5 "146.3' 162.6 170.7 178.9 162.6 189.4 146.3 142.3 119.6 140.7 162.6 158.5 130.1 156.9 170.7 154.5 122.0 50.0 1850 83.3 1851 72.7 1852 100.0 100.0 109.1 109.1 102.9 100,2 109.1 109. 1 100.0 102.2 102.9 "isi.'s' 174.2 172.7 181.8 167.3 ""ira.'i' 176.4 191.6 174.9 160.0 150.4 154.9 153.5 "iss.'i' 160.4 170.2 171.6 170.2 165.1 156.4 170.2 167.6 169.5 173.8 106.5 "as's 92.4 93.0 95.9 92.4 103.2 100.0 102.1 103.2 102.9 115.8 161.9 173. 3 167.2 168.0 170.1 170.7 164.5 166.0 159.5 159.8 141.3 128.4 123.5 114.1 125.8 123. 8 135.5 148.4 146.6 147.5 138.1 138.1 138.4 138.1 143.4 143.7 143.4 66.7 1853 80.0 18.54 66.7 1855 66.7 1850 83.3 1857 100.0 1858 . . -. 1859 1860 1861 )881 44.0 1.^1)4 68.0 isur, isu« ISiiT '"'iio.T 133. 3 66.7 1869 100.7 1S,0 89.3 133. 3 1872 133. 3 66.7 1874 1S75 100.0 66.7 133.3 18S1 W><-2 I.';-'! 70.0 78.0 101.3 106.0 1885 133.3 1.NS9 I8;iu 1891 53.3 75.3 42.0 64.7 154 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. T.viJLK 37. — Bates of wages for .i? jiears — Selative wages — Coiitiuued. METALS AND METALLIC GOOBS— Coutiuued. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XH.] 1840. 1841- 1S42- 1843- 18-14- 1815- ISIB- 1847- 1848- 18.9- 1850, 1851 1852. 185a- 1854- 1855- ]m6-. 1857- IS-iS-. 185a-. 1800.. ISCl.. 1802- . 1803.. 1S04-. 1805.. 1860.. 1807.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 187]. . 1872.. 187-J.. 1874- . 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1S79-, 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883., 1884.. 1885.. laSO.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889. . 1890.. 1891.. Tear. 68. 1 69. Macliin-'Macbiii ists' I ists' apjiven- ajtpren- tices. tices. 54. Macbiu ists' help- ers. 55. 56. Macbin. Macliin- ists' bulp- ers. ists help- ers. 58. MachiU' ists' help- 67. ; OS. j 00. Macliin- Aliichiu. Alaibin- ists' help. ers. ists' I ists' beip- [ help. ws. 1 ers. Masuos, 60.0 60.0 04.5 86.2 86.2 96,3 96.3 87. 2 SS 1 108.3 91.7 91.7 91.7 100.0 97.2 100.0 89.0 101.8 89.9 115.6 122. 149.5 lOU. 6 133. 118.3 130, 3 1U7.3 135.8 133. 173.4 101.5 119.3 106.4 128.4 155,0 123,9 90.3 113.8 131.2 138,5 125,7 110.5 127.5 130.3 134.9 118.3 92.4 88,9 58,5 117.0 95.3 102.3 67.8 100.0 88.0 99.4 89.0 85.4 94.2 73.4 108. 8 113.5 98,8 i 71,3 1 107,8 97.0 97.0 97.0 103.0 111.2 100.0 126.8 109.1 125.4 128.9 133.6 123.3 140.1 147.0 141.8 130,2 122.0 99.4 77.2 72.5 66.1 87.1 86.5 98.2 112.3 83.0 92,4 1U7, 105,8 93.0 87.7 95.3 103.5 138.6 93.5 105,6 136,6 140,1 122.0 142.2 116.8 115.5 122.0 114.7 114.2 119.0 124.1 133.6 140.1 129,3 102,6 109,9 103.9 87.7 86.8 96.0 96.9 88.1 100.0 98.7 J 10.1 115.4 126.9 129. 5 138.8 148.5 144.5 152,9 157,3 104.3 100.0 112.1 112.1 112.1 101,4 100.0 100.0 105.3 106.3 103.2 126.9 141.3 141.8 149.0 148. J. 159.1 165.4 165.4 164,9 172,6 176,0 174,0 155.3 139. 9 125. 125,0 129.8 129.8 127, 9 133,2 139,4 135,1 138,5 140,4 138.9 136.5 130,8 141.3 100,8 98,8 98.4 98.4 97.7 98.1 101.6 98.8 98.8 98.0 100.0 99.6 99.0 100.0 99.2 111.7 120.7 118.8 119.5 120. 3 119.1 121.9 118.8 117.2 121.1 117,2 136 3 118. 4 125.0 127.7 129.3 125.4 126.0 127.3 127, 3 127,0 128,5 130,5 126,6 127,3 12.3.8 126.2 68 5 1 82.2 85. 4 92.2 106.4 101.4 97.7 100.0 100.0 95.4 93.0 125.0 140.1 139.3 138.8 146.1 148.4 142. 9 130.6 142.9 159.8 146.1 146.1 146.1 155,3 144.7 138.4 127.9 142.0 130.1 132.4 153.4 147.0 141.6 140.6 142.9 144.7 140.6 137.0 82. 9 87.3 ' 82.9 96.7 ■ 82.9 82.9 82.9 78.5 80.7 91.2 i 104,4 1 106, 3 ■ 111,0 117.7 110.5 100.0 110.5 132.6 132. 6 127.1 143.6 121.5 165.7 163.0 165.7 154.7 139.2 139.8 154.7 160.2 165,7 149,2 138,1 138,1 143,6 151.9 154.7 143.6 67.2 80.0 84.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 88.4 100.0 98.0 101.6 80.0 98.4 110.0 100.0 100.0 101.6 102.4 106.8 104.8 94.8 102,4 105.2 115.2 118.8 118.3 120.0 108.0 114.8 116.0 118.8 122.0 126.4 60.0 60.0 70.0 60.0 64.0 60.0 60.0 80.0 80.0 90.0 76.0 72.6 85.0 76.6 100.0 100.0 86.6 81.6 92.2 104.4 109.2 log. 8 108.8 108.8 11 6.6 125.6 125.6 127.3 110.0 105.0 105.0 103.4 105.0 97.0 100.0 108.0 117.0 119.4 1-20. 4 125, 120,0 135,0 126.0 135.0 120.0 140.0 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 155 TA-BLE 37. — l^aies of wages for 62 yravH — Itdulifc wayes — t'oiitiuiicil. METALS AND METALLIC GOODS— Continued. [The figures in the headiug indicate tlie establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] 72. 74. 54. 50. 57. 58. 67. 68. 71. 73. 74. Year. Vlasous' Mill- Mould- Mould- Mould- Mould- Mould- Mould- MouUl- Mould- MoHld- helpers. wrigbtf. ers. ers. era. ers, iron. era. ers. ers. ers. er.s. 1840 1841 1842 90.7 77 7 87.5 90.1 81 3 92.8 97.7 1846 77 7 81.3 84.5 90.7 84.0 82.8 89.5 88.0 91.3 93.1 92.4 ' 101. 1 101.5 08.9 97 7 101.9 80.9 80.9 85.1 83.0 84.6 88.6 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 90.7 90.7 90.7 100.0 99.7 101.0 7r>. 85,0 1853 1854 84.5 95.9 95.0 100.0 94.4 93.5 93.7 93.6 107.7 102.2 103.0 105.7 101.9 91.7 88.2 1855 93.3 100.0 105.9 103.2 100.0 108.0 96.3 97.9 88.2 1856 96.9 100.0 102.3 104.0 101.0 98.8 112.9 97.9 100.0 88.2 1857 86.5 100.0 104.0 98.9 101.9 100.6 119.8 102.7 101.8 88.2 1858 77.7 100. 105.6 97.6 92.9 109.3 117.1 104.2 104.0 88.2 1859 86.5 100.0 103.9 100.8 101.6 100.9 103.2 105.5 88.2 1860 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1801 100.0 100.0 123.1 101.6 103.5 102.2 101.5 101.6 90.9 117.0 1862 89.1 100.0 123. 1 103.6 107.0 101.3 99.7 116.7 103.7 96.3 117.6 1863 108.8 100.0 119.1 105.2 103.5 105.4 103.0 117.1 106.9 9X9 129.4 1864 120.7 115.0 125.5 113.4 113.6 119.9 119.3 123.2 131.6 112.2 147.1 1865 148.2 150.0 152. 144.8 134.8 140.7 140.7 149.4 163.7 132.4 176.5 1866 148.7 185.0 146.8 141.5 141.4 152.6 142.2 148.7 170.0 152.9 176.5 1867 153.9 185.0 157.5 142.5 140.4 156.4 145.2 151.0 171.9 152. 9 178.5 1868 148.7 185.0 155.7 149.7 141.4 158.0 168.4 146.8 173.7 152.9 152.9 1869 148.7 165.0 164.9 151.0 142.8 154.8 173.2 154.0 173.7 152.9 152.9 1870 105.3 175.0 161.5 154. 2 141.4 156.7 173.2 156.3 179.6 152.9 152.9 1871 148.7 175.0 158.5 166.0 149.5 156.1 180.7 156.3 179.6 143.4 152.9 1872 148.7 187.5 164.9 156.9 141.7 166.7 168.7 173.8 176.4 149.8 176.5 1873 162.2 175.0 159.4 165.0 142.5 155.4 175.6 160.1 174.5 157.2 176.5 1874 148.7 l.W.O 159.7 170.3 142.5 147.4 163.9 151.0 168.2 155. 4 1875 129. 5 140.0 158.5 169.0 131.8 141.7 172.0 157.0 154.6 142.8 1876 129.5 150. 154.5 149.3 128.3 138.5 172.0 157.8 148.5 129.7 1877 129.5 150.0 150.8 135.9 115.0 140.1 146.7 158.9 135.3 124.2 1878 129.5 125.0 149.2 125.5 115.8 137.8 147.9 158.6 135.5 124.5 129.4 1879 103.6 125.0 135.4 123.5 116.3 140.1 147.9 153.6 134.0 125.4 129.4 1880 126.4 125.0 140.9 125.5 117.1 133.7 134.6 139.9 130.2 140.4 12S.4 1881 129.0 125.0 138.5 130.4 130.5 135.3 134.6 146.8 139.3 144.6 141.2 3882 140.9 125.0 148.3 150.3 128.3 142.3 141.9 157.0 140.6 152. 141.2 1883 140.0 140.0 150.8 148.6 152.6 153.3 129.7 131.3 143.3 137.2 160.2 159.9 160.5 160.8 155.4 150.9 151.7 151.4 141.2 1884 145.1 141.2 1885 151.3 125.0 148.6 142.8 132.1 135. 151.8 154.0 148.5 142.8 123.5 1886 145. 1 125.0 147.7 141.2 131.8 136.2 147.9 142.2 148.5 143.1 123.5 1887 158.5 125.0 152.6 140.5 133.4 138.8 155.4 143.7 162.6 146.8 147.1 1888 159.6 140.0 145.5 140.8 132.6 141.3 163.9 155.1 162.9 152.0 147.1 1880 159.6 140.0 148.3 143.8 131.8 134.6 163.3 158.2 160.7 162.6 147.1 1890 140.0 140.0 143.4 149.5 142.5 143.5 133.4 131.3 144.2 146.5 159.0 158.7 153. 2 154.8 156.2 164.7 160.8 160.8 147.1 1891 159.6 147.1 156 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table Zl.— Rates of wages for 5S years— Relative wages- Continued. MBTAIS AUD METALLIC GOODS— Continued. [Tte figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XH.] "Tear. 66. Monld- era' ippreu- tici«. 67. Mould- ers' appren- tices. 68. Mould- ers' appren- tices. 54. 1 66. Mould- 1 Mould- era' ers' helpers, helpers. 67. Mould- era' lelpers. 68. Mould- ers' lelpers. 57. Paint- ers. 54. Pattern makers. 65. Pattern nakera. 1840 18+2 1 1813 84.0 89.0 95.0 107.0 111.0 101.0 103.0 100.0 109.0 86.0 92.4 101,4 104.2 113. 2 113. 2 104. 2 122.9 111.8 100. 3 isn is-l.-, ls[i; 92.0 129. 6 74.1 09.6 82.2 69.6 98.5 68.1 74.1 92.6 111.1 76,3 82.2 83.0 100.0 103.0 111.1 ""98.'5' 111.1 86.7 74.1 123.7 100.0 100.0 148.1 '"'74."i' 74.1 98.5 'iS-lS 'K4'l 110.4 . . . IS') ; 82.8 89.8 93.0 96.7 94.9 100.0 96.3 100.0 96.7 94.9 98.1 110.2 131.6 131.6 135.3 136.3 138.6 151.2 151.2 153.0 155.3 160.0 159.5 147.0 133.5 117.2 118.6 116.3 120.5 123.3 134.0 136.3 132.6 126.5 126,0 128. 8 129.8 128.4 133.0 1M.-,1 100.0 112.0 119.0 127.0 133.0 90.9 100.0 100.0 105.3 104.0 lOU. 100.0 100.0 97.3 98.2 94.7 107.6 125.8 144.4 148.0 116.9 153.3 153.3 166.7 155.6 166.7 177.8 177.8 177.8 144.4 144.4 144.4 137.8 137.8 144.4 155.6 140.0 140. 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 114.6 119.4 119.4 125.7 122.2 100,0 119.1 95.4 100.0 114.3 114.3 lon.o 85.7 100.0 89.4 110.6 138. 171.4 185.7 200.0 200.0 185.7 209.4 200.0 200.0 207.1 242.9 178.6 178.6 160.9 138.0 121.4 138.0 150.0 152.3 147.7 135.7 142.9 140.6 153.4 152.3 152.3 152.3 101. 8 18,')". 100.0 100.0 102. 7 113.6 140.9 100.0 11.'). 5 119. 1 120.9 204.5 154.5 181.8 170.0 181.8 175.5 103.9 ]8rjU 111,3 ] 8:.7 108.4 07.3 IS")') lOO.O i8eo 100.0 84. 6 117.0 106.0 148.0 84.0 96.0 108.0 133.0 133. 133.0 100.0 120.0 127.0 130.0 124.0 127.0 137.0 147.0 145.0 170.0 120.0 150.0 180.0 140.0 120.0 1211. 120.0 100.0 100.4 108.6 108.2 109.5 141.6 120.2 133.7 123.5 130.5 109.9 114.4 130.5 137.0 108.6 130.5 130.5 112.3 120.2 119.3 117.3 123.0 115.2 128.8 104. 5 120.6 117.7 1-Jl.O 114.4 118.5 116.0 114.4 100.0 121.5 120.1 134.7 161.8 138.9 153.5 173.6 166.7 "201.4' 173.6 173.6 191.0 180.6 175.7 173.6 173.6 177.8 156.9 164.6 177.8 184.0 191.7 197.2 181.9 177.8 183.3 183.3 186.1 188.2 186.1 100.0 106.7 74.8 106.7 95.8 143.8 159.7 1.59. 7 159.7 159.7 169.7 159.7 159.7 159.7 159.7 143.8 "'iii.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 111.8 127.8 127.8 1801 1K(K iMi:i ioi). 6 !«(;+ 129.0 1SU.J 146.6 |8(i7 l.^lK 160.6 177.3 177.3 ).-l.'.l.__ 18711 177.3 191.9 In71 1G3.C lUS. 2 227.3 193.6 200.0 ' lii.'s 200.0 201.5 IhTJ iS6.6 1874 l.-iT.'i lS7(i 1S77 ..... 1>:.-I I.---1 1X8.1 128.2 153.6 132.7 150.9 150.9 160 4 120.9 120. 9 152.7 140.0 150.0 163.6 1^S4 lK-i7 1889 1890 120.0 160.0 1891 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 157 Table 37. — Rates of wages for 5S years — BeTative wages — Continued. METALS AND METALLIC GOODS— Continued. [The flgnies in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Tear. 66. Pattern makers. 67. 59. Pattern Pattern makers, makers. 60. Pattern makers. 62. Pattern makers. 67. Piittern makers. 68. Pattern makers. 71. Pattern makers. 73. P.-itl era m:ik)T.s. 74. TiiHern makers. 1840 1841 1842 1844 108.5 116.3 111.2 113.2 110.1 108.5 108.9 101.9 109.3 "'i2i."7' 131.4 145.3 135.7 "ioo.'o' 126.0 116.3 116.3 143.0 168.6 180.2 191.9 210.9 209.3 202.7 177.1 206.4 173.6 193.8 193.8 176.4 160.1 134. 5 139.5 134.5 141.5 166.7 173.0 187.6 177.1 167.8 165.1 164.0 162.8 160.1 178.3 1845 78.0 78.0 78.0 78.0 78.0 78.0 77.0 77.0 77.0 96.3 96.3 87.5 87.5 93.8 93.8 100.0 105.0 112.5 125.0 150.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 160.0 160.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 120.0 126.0 100.0 112.5 115.0 118.3 115.0 122.5 69.9 64.7 67.4 79.9 79.9 74.9 74.9 92.2 79.6 89.8 100.0 100.0 94.9 100.0 85.0 100.0 91.6 "ms' "£49.7' 179. 6 179.6 179.6 179.0 179.6 179.6 ""so.'o' 88.3 86.7 88.3 87.7 89.7 93.7 95.7 100,0 106.3 106.3 105.7 105.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.3 94.3 105.7 136.0 135. 3 139.0 160.0 155.7 155.7 183. 3 183.3 170.0 170.0 175.0 176.0 166.7 172.3 158.3 136.0 143.0 150.0 169.0 175. 170.0 163.3 150.0 l.i3. 3 157.0 162.3 172.3 1846 J 1847 74.5 74 5 1848 1849 80.9 84.9 87.2 89.3 89.8 96.7 95.7 93.6 9,6.7 91.3 91.3 100,0 97.2 94.4 99.2 125.3 145.4 146.9 155.9 167.6 177.0 176.5 174.0 171.7 176.3 172.2 16L2 149.5 134.2 123.7 122. 2 129.1 141.8 100.5 173.0 178.6 165.8 169.1 158.2 162.2 160.7 102.2 165.1 97.7 1850 97,7 1851 97,7 1852 97.7 1853 86.9 83.2 86.7 86.7 93.3 86.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 109.1 140.0 142.1 160.0 164.5 168.8 182.1 173.3 176.8 182.1 186.7 186.7 153.3 162.7 145. 3 144.0 132.0 132.0 138.7 138.7 132.5 132.5 142.7 140.5 145.9 149.3 158.1 160.0 "'"97.' 2" 100.3 102.8 105.9 100.0 105.9 99 4 104.0 118.5 153.1 177.5 172.2 175.6 181.2 180.6 183.6 185.2 175.6 173.8 177.5 165.7 155.6 159.6 157.4 154.3 156.5 171.6 160.2 168.6 151.2 \M. 3 158.6 154.3 154.3 154.3 158.6 80.0 85.7 85.7 85.7 91.4 105.7 105.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 114.3 137.1 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9 162.9 142.9 171.4 171.4 171.4 17L4 171.4 17L4 142.9 142.9 128.6 1411.9 142.9 157.1 157.1 142. 9 142.9 157.1 157.1 157.1 157.1 157.1 1854 . . . . 1855 _ '""os.'i' 101.6 100.0 100.0 112.3 112.3 119.2 152.4 176.4 172.6 173.5 163.1 163.1 163.1 151.4 159.9 164.0 172.6 155.2 136.3 132. 5 126.2 123.0 136.0 140.4 153.9 154. 6 154.6 143.8 145.1 157.7 170.3 170.3 170.3 170.3 97.7 1856 112.4 I,s,"t7 112, 4 18.i8 100.0 1859 100.0 I860 100,0 101 107,5 120,5 1864 130,3 159,0 1866 .'. 175,9 183,4 1868 182,4 175,9 1870 186,7 179,2 1872 185,0 187,3 1S74 188,9 159,0 1876 140,7 140,7 1878 130,3 130,3 1880 130,3 138,1 1882 : 154,1 165,1 1884 120.0 125.0 115.0 112. 5 112.5 125.0 125.0 125.0 165,1 143,3 1886 143,3 159,5 1888 172,3 172, 3 1890 172, 3 179.2 158 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 5!S years — Eelative wages — Coutinued. METALS AND METALLIC GOODS— ConchidecL [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] i840. 1841. 1842. 184:i. 1844. 1845. 1840. 1847- 1S4S. ]S4n. WM. IWl. 1852. l8o:j. ]854. 1855. 3856. ]S-,7.. l.-'.-.H. ]sr,'.i. :8!io.. J8GI.. 1802.. ISO !. . ]88L. 1805- . 18 iO-. 18(37.. 18GS.. IBM. 1870- . 1871 -. 1872.. J87.1.. ]n74.. ]S7.-,.. 1876.. 1877.. ]K78.. 1S71-. ]^■S,1.. ] KK I . . 1882- . 1 SK 1 . . 1.S.S4.. iKSo.. 1880.. 1887.. 1888- . 1880.. 1890.. 1891.. Tear. PattemI makers' 74. .[Pattern makers helxjers 57. Te.im- sters. 58. Team. stera. Team. Watch sters. men. 66, Watch men. 67. Watch. men. Watch- men. 61. Wood- work. ers. 63.2 75.2 63.2 09.2 6:i.2 09.2 90.4 90.4 78.2 85.0 91.7 100.0 03.2 112.8 75.2 75.2 106.0 108. 3 112.8 131. 6 75.2 75.2 105. 3 127.8 120.3 105.3 127.8 180.5 75.2 105 3 120. 3 142.9 135. 3 75.2 75.2 120.8 120.3 75.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 115.4 115.4, 153.8 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1 115.4 115.4 115. 4 115.4 123.1 115.4 115.4 115.4 100.0 inao 100.0 100.0 115.4 115.4 115.4 107.7 107.7 107.7 100.0 92.3 107.7 107.7 107.2 107.2 107.2 106.2 107.2 100. 100.0 83.5 116.0 131.4 159.3 168.6 168.6 168.6 168.6 168.6 168.6 168.6 180.4 180.4 137.1 95.7 106.4 IOC. 4 106.4 106.4 106.4 100.9 100.0 106.4 108.0 111.7 123.9 146.3 159.6 159.6 163.8 164.9 137. 1.37. 1 137.1 137.1 137.1 137.1 137.1 137. 1 137.1 137.1 154.6 154.6 154.6 163.4 163.4 163.4 159.6 159.6 159.6 141.0 136.7 177.1 136.7 141.5 150.0 159.6 159.6 159.6 159.6 159.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 150.0 158.5 150.0 158.5 150.0 162.5 162.5 162.5 162.5 102.5 162.5 137.5 141.5 141.5 141.5 150.0 150.0 150.0 150. ■ 150.0 150.0 1.50. 150.0 150.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 56.7 50.7 56.7 56.7 56.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 100.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 144.0 160.0 128.0 140.0 140.0 120.0 120.0 128.0 128.0 120.0 120.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 117.0 117.0 133.9 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 142.1 160.3 150.3 150.3 160.3 1.50. 3 150.3 125.1 125.1 125.1 142.1 160.3 150.3 150.3 150.3 150.3 175.4 176.4 175.4 175.4 84.0 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 108.0 108.0 108.0 108.0 100.0 100.0 103.1 114.8 114.8 123.5 132.1 132.1 132.1 132.1 132.1 176.5 176.5 176.5 176.5 176.5 176.5 176.5 176.5 176.5 176.5 176.5 176.5 154.3 165.4 180.9 185.2 176.5 176.5 176.5 176.5 176.5 58.8 58.8 70.0 65.2 70.0 70.0 65.2 6.5.2 70.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 171.6 171.6 171.6 171.6 171.6 171.6 171.6 171.6 160.0 160.0 80.2 80.2 80.2 90.1 90.1 95.2 90.1 93.4 93.4 96.4 100.0 110.2 112.6 115.0 125.2 135.1 1.55. 3 1.57. 7 157.7 167.7 157.7 157.7 160.1 157.7 180.2 180.2 180.2 162.2 162.2 139.6 139.6 146.8 142.9 142.9 142. 9 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 147.4 147.4 REPORT ON AVHOLESALE TRICES AND WAGES. 159 Table 37. — Rates of wages for 52 years — Eelative wages — Continued. PAPEE. [The flgares In the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Tear. 75. Engi. neers. 75. Finish- ers. 75. Laborers. 75. Miioliine hands. 75. Machine hanns helpers. 75. Paper cutters. 75. Eag sorters. 1840 1841 1^42 1^45 1840 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 Ih5> 1854 1855 1856 IS.iT 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 114.6 114.6 142.9 142.9 ]4-.9 157.5 157.5 171.7 171.7 171.7 171.7 171.7 171.7 171.7 350.2 128.8 128. 8 128.8 150.2 150.2 150.2 150.2 150.2 150. 2 171.7 171.7 171.7 171.7 171.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 86.8 106.8 106.8 160.0 200.0 200.0 240.0 260.0 240.0 24,1.2 189.2 284.0 226.4 296.8 403.2 270.4 168.0 260. 212.4 219.2 234.0 312.4 290.0 294.0 312.8 274.8 240.8 266.4 232.4 233.2 100.0 100. 100.0 80.0 100.0 100.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 150.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 112.4 124.7 168.6 187.3 206.0 206.0 206.0 206,0 224.7 224.7 224.7 224.7 224.7 224.7 187.3 168.5 168.5 168.5 187.3 187.3 187.3 187.3 187.3 187.3 206,0 206.0 206.0 187.3 206.0 83.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.5 116.5 150.0 150.0 150.0 166.6 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 160.0 140.0 126.0 125.0 126.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 135,0 135.0 135, 160,0 150,0 150.0 165.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 100.0 100.0 117.0 130.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200. 200.0 150.0 160.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 ioo. IgtiO 100.0 ISttl 100.0 80,0 1863 . • 100,0 100,0 117.0 117.0 ]g6" 130.0 130.0 130. 130.0 130.0 150,0 1873 150,0 150,0 150.0 150,0 150,0 150,0 150,0 150,0 150.0 150.0 ]883 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 1887 150.0 150. 150,0 150,0 Iggi 160,0 J 60 REPORT ON WHOLESALE I'RICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Eatcs of wages for 52 years— Belalire wajes— Continued. KAILEOADS. [The fignres in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.) Year. 76. Bag- gage- men. 76. Brate- inen, freight. 76. Brake- men, passen- ger. 76. Carpen- ters. 76. Conduc- tors, freight. 76. Conduc- tors, passen- ger. 76. Engi- neers, locomo- tive. 76. rive- men, locomo- tive. 76. Tore- men, masons. 76. iMasons. 76. Paint- ers. 1840 80.2 8.5.8 92.0 94.2 103.1 66.0 93.0 92.6 100.0 87.5 90.1 3841 80.2 85.8 92.0 103.1 66.0 95.0 94.8 300.0 93.8 89.8 1S42 80.2 85.8 92.0 101.2 66.0 96.4 94. :( 100.0 97.5 _ 100.0 1843 80.2 85.8 92,0 98.1 110.2 66.0 93.7 92.1 100.0 91.8 86.5 1844 80.2 85.8 92.0 102.2 66.0 93.7 93.4 100.0 87.8 88.9 1845 80,2 85.8 92.0 102.3 104.1 66.0 93.5 91.7 100.0 89.5 80.2 1846 80.2 85.8 92.0 102.3 105.9 72.0 96.0 92.1 100.0 90.3 73.7 1847 80.2 85.8 92.0 98.1 104.7 72.0 95.4 92.6 100.0 91.3 100.0 1848 80.2 85.8 92.0 100.4 101.2 72.0 92,4 100.4 100.0 100.0 85.0 1849 80.2 85.8 92.0 104.1 72.0 93.3 100.4 100.0 89.3 88.9 1850 80.2 85.8 92.0 102.3 104.7 72.0 94.8 100,4 100.0 100.0 85.0 18.il 80.2 85.8 92.0 9J.8 104.7 72.0 92.6 100.4 100.0 100.0 86.0 1852 80.2 85.8 92.0 100.4 99.1 72.0 93.9 100.4 100.0 100,0 66.5 Ls5:j 80.2 85.8 92 94.6 100.3 77.9 87.0 100.4 100.0 97.3 88.0 If.il 80.2 85.8 92.0 103.1 100.6 77,9 108.3 117.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 IkDD 80.2 85.8 98.4 105.8 101.2 77.9 108.3 117.0 100.0 100.0 186G 80.2 85.8 101,6 113.5 99.1 77.9 108.3 117.0 100.0 ioo.o 82.9 ]Hri7 80.2 85-8 100,0 104.6 99.4 77.9 108.3 117.0 100.0 100.0 91.0 i.-;.'iW 80.2 100.0 lUO, 101.9 100.0 9U.0 105.7 117.0 100.0 74; 9 IH.W 80.2 100.0 100,0 102. 6 100,0 100.0 104.8 100.0 ioo.o I860 100.0 100.0 100.0 ioo.o 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 18U1 100. 100.0 100,0 lO.S, 7 100.0 ino. 113.6 100.0 90.8 119.8 1862 100.0 100.0 100.0 - 106. 9 110.9 100.0 100,0 113.5 100.0 82.3 1863 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.5 110.6 lOJ.O 104.8 117.0 100.0 iiis 89.2 1864 100.0 120. •.; 100.0 130.8 110.2 100.0 105.9 117.0 100.0 126.0 119.8 1865 109.9 120.2 100,0 170.0 163,0 120,0 125,2 152.8 140.0 140.0 121.6 1866 109.9 145.9 139. 6 135.4 171,7 120,0 130,4 152.8 160.0 148.8 150.9 1867 109.9 145.9 153. 2 191.2 166.6 120.0 146.3 152.8 180.0 162.5 129.6 1868 1U9.9 171.7 184.0 166.2 165,6 120.0 144.3 152.8 190.0 165.0 127.2 1869 109.9 171.7 160.0 169. 2 164.3 120.0 143.5 162,8 200.0 200.0 137. 7 1870 109.9 171.7 160 196.9 157.5 120.0 165.4 174.7 200.0 200.0 156. ;i 1871 109.9 171.7 180.0 186.5 157.1 120.0 166.3 174.7 200.0 190.3 152.4 1872 109.9 171.7 180.0 172.3 152.5 120.0 166.7 174.7 200,0 200.0 157.2 1873 109.9 171.7 180.0 211.6 156.3 120.0 163.6 174.7 200.0 200.0 131.4 1874 109.9 154.9 180.0 168.8 157.1 120.0 183.5 166.4 180.0 168.3 132.9 )S75 109.8 171.7 180.0 175.0 185,5 12.1.0 162.2 174.7 180.0 135.3 1876 109.9 150.2 180.0 160,2 108.0 163.0 157.2 160.0 178.8 106.9 1877 109.9 141.6 144.0 143.5 146.9 108.0 160.2 167.2 160.0 175,1) 115.0 1x78 109.9 141.6 144.0 123.5 146.0 108, 148.7 140.6 160.0 182,5 114.4 1879 109. 9 141.6 144.0 152.3 142.9 108.0 149.1 174.7 160.0 134.3 109.6 1880 109.9 160.2 160. 0- 136.2. 157.5 108.0 162.8 174.7 160.0 150.0 112.3 )8S1 109.9 160.2 160.0 152.7 161.2 120.0 164.8 174.7 160.0 162.5 122.2 11-8J 109.9 150.2 160.0 147.7 159.6 120.0 163,3 174.7 160.0 162.6 98.2 1883 109.9 150.2 160.0 160.4 16,1. 7 VM.O 165.4 174.7 160.0 160. 119.5 1^H4 109.9 150.2 160.0 155.8 166.8 120,0 163.7 174,7 160.0 149.5 109.3 1885 io;i.9 150.2 160.0 147.7 165.2 120. 163.4 173.4 160.0 162.5 194.6 1886 104.4 150.2 160.0 169.6 163.7 120.0 163.0 171.2 160.0 144.5 115.0 1887 104.4 150.2 160.0 146.5 167.5 120.0 164.8 172.1 160.0 154. 5 112.0 188S 104.4 150.2 160,0 156,2 161.2 120.2 164.1 172.9 160,0 164.3 137.1 1889 105.2 153.6 160.0 164,6 158.4 120.2 164.8 172.1 184.0 ia.3 127.2 1890 105.7 151.5 160.0 161.2 163.0 120.2 163.9 171.6 164.0 131.8 123.7 1891 105.5 161.0 160.0 152.7 159.3 120.2 164.8 172.1 164.0 136.0 124.3 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. IGl Table 37. — Bates of wages for 52 years — Relative wages — Continued. SIDEWALKS. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Year. 77. Side- walk layers. 77. Side- walk layers' lielpers. 77. Stone- cutters. 77. Team- sters. 1840 1841 1842 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.6 87.5 87.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 112.8 137.5 175.0 187.5 100.0 100.0 101) lOU. lOU. 101). 100. 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1(10. 100. 125.0 175.0 250.0 275.0 "ioo.o' 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 112.5 137.5 175.0 187.5 75.0 75.0 75.0 75 1845 1846 . 75 1848 75 1851 .. 100 1854 .. 100 1855 - 100.0 1K5B 100.0 1857 100 100.0 ]85y 100 1860 . - . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 18g7 1PG9 .. .. 212.5 212.5 200. 200.0 200. 200.0 175.0 150.0 15U. 1511. 150.0 150.0 150.0 1K7. 5 187. 5 187.5 187.5 187.5 187. 5 187.5 187.5 187.5 200.0 325. 325.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 225.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 250. 250.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 212.5 212.5 200.0 200.0 200.0 21)0. 175.0 150. 150. 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 187.5 187.5 187.5 187.5 187.5 187.5 187.5 187.5 187.5 200.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1873 100.0 100.0 ]g75 . 100.0 ]876 100.0 100.0 ] 878 100.0 100.0 100.0 1881 100.0 100.0 Jy83 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 J887 100.0 100.0 jg8g 100.0 100.0 100.0 S, Eep. 1394 11 162 KEPOKT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 5Z years — Relative wages — Continued. SPICE. [The figures in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Xear. 78. Grind- ers. 78. Labor- ers. 78. Pack- ers. 78. Ship- pers. 78. Team- sters. 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 :::::::;!;;::;:: 1847 ... . . . 1848 1849 1850 1851 1 1852 1 1853 1854 1 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 .............. 1860 100,0 101.4 158.6 111.9 115.2 152.4 166.7 151.0 158.6 144.8 16L4 166.7 147.1 151.9 145.2 158.6 166.7 149.0 147.1 146.7 132.9 140.0 134.8 127.1 144.8 146.7 131.9 149.0 141.9 143.3 151.0 15L9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 im.h' 100.0 1861 . . 100.0 83.5 83.5 111.0 133.5 1862 1863 ' "ms' 200.0 100.0 122.3 116.7 1865 ... . 1866 1867 1868 1869 100 lU.O 114.0 116.7 122.3 lU.O 100.0 111.0 111.0 111.0 105,7 105, 7 100.0 100,0 94.5 107.3 107.3 m.o m.D 111.0 111.0 116.7 116.7 116.7 1870 100.0 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 75.0 75.0 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 200.0 "ms' 208. 5 233.5 233.5 250.0 266.5 266.5 266.5 266.5 266.5 266.5 300.0 300.0 300.0 300,0 300.0 300.0 .300. 300.0 300.0 1871 1872 200.0 191.5 165.5 194.5 194.5 194.5 211.0 183.5 183.5 183.5 158.5 175.0 175.0 166.5 170,5 185.5 185.5 185.5 185.5 185.5 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1879 1880 1881 1882 ■. 1883 1884 1885 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 163 Table 37. — Bates of wages for 5B years — Relative wages — Continued. STONE. [The flguree in the heading indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table SIT.] Tear. 81. Carpen- ters. 80. Carv- ers. 81. Engi- neers. 79. Fore- men, quarry- men. 80. Eore- moD, quarry- men. 83. Granite cutters. 81. Labor- ers. 84. L:i bor- ers. 81. Marble cutters. 82. Marble cutters. 1840 73 5 1812 73 5 1843 73 5 1844 73.5 1S15 76.7 3846 137.1 85.0 85.8 1818 80.1 1849 1850 107.1 116.1 128. 2 121.8 147.5 148.2 153.6 144.6 148.2 137.9 100.0 129.6 122.5 140.0 143.6 173.6 182.1 213.2 215.4 242.5 233.9 243.9 253.2 248.9 221. 4 209.6 199.6 191.1 191.4 189.3 195.7 206.4 227.5 226.4 215.4 207.9 221.1 202.9 227.5 183.9 213.6 231.4 1851 82.4 80.8 84.5 104.2 1H52 110.3 1853 110.3 1854 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 88.9 88.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 "'iii.'i' 140.9 148.4 158.2 152.0 152.0 156.0 156.0 156.0 158.2 158.2 158. 2 152.0 162.0 143.1 143.1 131.1 131.1 125.3 132.0 133.0 136.0 136.0 135.6 133.8 138.2 138.2 138.2 136.4 "ioo.6 100.0 100.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 120.0 144.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 160.0 88.9 88.9 97.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 88.9 ioo.o' 129.1 144.4 144.4 154.2 155.6 155.6 155.6 155.6 155.6 153.6 1.53. 6 152.4 149.1 124. 2 120.9 120.0 111.1 111. 1 118.2 118.2 110. 6 120. 4 119.1 122. 2 128.2 127. 8 127.1 128.4 126.0 IS.'.J 81.1 78.2 100.0 97.4 101.8 100.0 83.9 78.9 105.3 114.2 132.1 138.2 147.9 157.4 174.7 172. 9 168.7 180.8 187.4 168.4 153.2 136.8 139.5 139.5 139. 5 139.5 115.0 149.2 138.9 145.5 150.0 147.9 166.6 166.3 166.3 148.2 157.6 105.6 105.6 90.4 94.4 92.7 100.0 88.9 83.3 94.4 133.3 133.3 157.1 181.3 189.8 203.1 186.7 192.0 186.7 177.8 183.3 177.8 177.8 116.7 131.1 166.7 111.1 132.2 153.3 137.8 151.8 152.4 154.7 151.8 155.6 175.3 177.8 177.8 104.2 113.0 1857 113.0 97.3 1859 100.5 I860 100.0 76.2 84.1 121.5 115.3 121.5 121.5 121.5 121.5 121.5 121.5 121.5 121.5 121.5 121.5 121.5 121.5 109.1 90.9 90.9 90.9 121.5 121.5 121.5 145.5 145.5 145.5 145.5 145.5 145.5 145.5 145.5 100.0 125.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 150.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 110.0 115.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 145.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 111.3 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 144.7 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133. 3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 95.8 127.9 18()5 . ..- 146.3 144.9 1807 170.1 169.9 1869 176.2 152. J 1871 157. 6 155.1 1873 162.0 155.1 1875 149.8 143.6 3877 138. 122.1 1879 118.4 119.6 ]881 129.7 136.0 1883 131.9 140.3 1885 141.4 148.0 1887 146.8 147.1 1889 145.1 171.8 1891 172. S 164 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 5S years — Relative wages — Continued. STONE -Concluded. [The figures in the h>;ading indicate the estaWishment number as tabnlated in Table XII.] 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843 - 1!<-14. 1845. 1846 . Ifi47 . 1«4S - 1S43 . If51 . 1851. 1852. 1853 . 1854. 1855. 1H56 - i^ri7 . 1«8 - ]fl5i). I860. 1861 - 1862. 1863 . 1864. 1865. 1866 . 1867 . 1868 . 1869 . 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873 - 1874. 1875- 1876 . 1877 . 1878 . 1879 . 1 880 . l.Siil . 1883 . 1883 . 1884. IHb'S . 1886 . 18.-;7 . 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Year. 81. Marble ])Ol- ishers. 94.8 94.8 96.5 100.0 100.0 99.6 100.0 87.0 108.7 140.4 148.7 154.8 152.6 152.6 151.3 152.6 151.7 150.0 148.3 150.9 150.9 141.3 137.8 135.2 113.5 113.9 IL'2. 6 133.9 133.9 137.8 130.9 130.9 134.3 135.2 135.2 134.3 134.3 82. Marble pol- ishers. 81. Marble rub. bers. 114.1 95.1 114.1 114.1 104.6 8.5.6 100.0 79.1 82.5 105. 7 155.9 166.2 153.2 162.4 170.7 180.6 159.3 171.5 167.3 166.2 163.5 168.8 152.1 132.3 123.6 119.4 133.1 150.6 168.8 168.4 169.6 171.1 170.3 190.1 190.1 190.1 209.1 209.1 95.9 95.9 100.9 99.1 07.7 99.5 100.0 99.1 91.3 114.2 149.3 151.1 148.9 152.5 151.1 152.5 152.5 152.6 152.5 152.5 152.5 152.5 152.5 137.0 136.5 114.2 114. 2 125. I> 137.0 137.0 137.0 137.0 137.0 137.0 137.0 137.0 137. 137.0 82. ilarble rub- bers. 87.3 87.3 87.3 87.3 87.3 87.3 87.3 37.3 87.3 101.7 94.8 109.2 124.5 102.2 101.3 100.9 99.6 99.6 100.0 89.1 88.6 113. 5 161.6 182.1 201.7 207.4 224.0 258.5 240.2 240.2 247.6 226.6 229.3 224.5 2112. 2 174.7 163.8 1.59.4 167.2 183.4 198.7 V.G. 1 105. 6 2117.4 202.6 20fl.O 207.4 235.8 262.0 262.0 79. Quarry- men. 76.7 64.7 68.6 76.7 81.8 84.7 81.4 79.2 80.1 86.4 83.1 85.6 108.1 94.5 102.1 94.9 97.9 100.0 100.0 96.6 90.7 114.4 135.2 155.1 157.6 157.2 164.8 212.3 2118.9 207.2 207.2 212.7 183.9 161.0 139.4 131.8 130.5 125.0 134.3 138.1 164.7 155.9 149.6 141.9 165.3 155.5 159.7 158.5 172.0 170.8 80. Quarry- 84. Stone cutters. 71.7 79.1 86.5 98.4 91.8 89.3 99.6 94.7 97.6 100.0 80.3 86.9 111.1 129.5 144.3 156.1 162.3 184.8 204.5 202.9 195.1 201.2 187.3 173.4 144.3 126.2 118.4 122.6 120.1 127.0 139.3 147.5 145.5 147.5 148.0 151.2 155.7 159.4 159.0 157.0 160.2 81. Team- sters. 100.0 100.0 100. c 114 3 153.4 174.3 185.7 188.9 214.3 146.0 196.0 198.6 214.9 214.9 215.4 214.9 196.9 189.4 178.6 120.3 144.0 157.4 187.4 186.9 186.6 187.1 172.9 173.4 186.3 189.1 187.4 201.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 88.9 100.0 133.3 148.4 163.1 163.1 148.4 140.9 148.4 148.4 148.4 148.4 148.4 143.6 143.6 133.3 133.3 111.1 m.i 122.2 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133. .1 81. Watch. men. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 7L5 100.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 143.0 143.0 143.0 143.0 143.0 143. U 143.0 128.5 128.5 107.0 107.0 118.0 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 128.5 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 165 Tabi-e 37. — Bates of wages for 5S years — Relative wa(/es— Continued. WHITE LEAD. [The figures in the heading indicate the eBtablishment number as tabulated in Table XE.] 1840. 1841. 184.2., 1843., 1844. 1815., 1846. 1847., 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853., 1854. 1855. 1850. 1857. 1868. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1R63., 1804. 1865. 1800. 1807. 1808. 1809., 1870. 1S71. lf;72. 1873. 1S74. 1873. \X16. 1S77., 1878. 1879. IfiSO. l«-ll., 1^,^J., 1K,S3., 1884. , 18.S5.. 1880., 18^7., 1883., 1881).. 1890.. 1891. , Tear, 85. Engi- neei-B. 85. Laborers. 85. Laborers, boys. 92.1 85. Watch- men. 77. 89. 89. 91. 89. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 111. 111. 133. 116. lie, 116. 116. 133. 133. 133. 133. 133. 116. 116. 116, 116. 111. 111. 116. 116, 116, 116, 116, 133, 133, 133, 133. 133, 183, 133, 89,3 89,3 89,3 89,3 89,3 89,3 89,3 89,3 103,1 103.1 100,9 100.9 100.0 100.0 100.9 103,6 111,6 110,3 156,3 156,3 156,3 156.3 178.6 89.3 100.4 'mg' 156.3 156,3 122,8 133,9 112,5 110.3 102.7 107,6 112,9 114,3 114,3 117,0 115,6 115,2 113,8 112,9 114, 3 113,8 65,4 65,4 65,4 85,0 92,1 87.4 102.4 104.7 100.8 131.5 87.4 100.0 92,1 100,8 99,2 100,0 104,7 104,7 92,1 118,1 98,4 104,7 118,1 104,7 131,5 78,7 78,7 118,1 131,5 131,5 131,5 131,5 78,7 104,7 125. 2 104,7 118,1 '78,'7 92,1 118,1 87.3 100.0 93.9 93.9 93.9 93,9 87.3 87.3 93.4 93.4 93.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 124,9 149.3 149.8 149.8 102. n 174.7 174.7 174.7 174.7 174.7 174.7 174.7 174.7 149.8 149.8 149,8 124,9 149,8 149,8 174,7 174.7 174.7 174.7 174,7 174,7 174,7 174,7 171.7 166 EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Eates of wages for 53 years — Belative wages — Continued, "W^OOLLBN GOODS. [The flgur es in the heading indicate the establishment nnmher as tabulated in Table XH.] Year. 88. Alley boys. 88. Burl- ers. 86. Card clean- ers. 88. Card feeders. 86. Card tend- ers. 87. Card tend- ers. 87. Carders 86. Carpen- ters. 88. Clean- ers. 86. Draw- ers-in. 1840 1841 . . . I8!2 18.13 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 106.3 108.3 100.3 106.3 lOJ. 3 106.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 79.4 92.1 100.0 100.0 112.7 112.7 112.7 iJil.O 110.7 131.7 132.5 1'.5. 1 i::;;. 5 i;;2.5 i:;2.2 J--'.'. 2 12-J. 2 121.4 121.4 127.0 127.0 129.4 131. 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 92.6 92.6 92 6 92.6 92 6 92.6 92.8 92.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 107.4 124.1 131.5 131.5 148.1 150.9 150.9 149.1 150.0 137.0 148.1 148.1 144.4 144.4 144.4 132.4 132.4 132.4 132.4 134. 3 134.3 136.1 138.0 138.9 138.9 138.9 138.9 "89.9 100.0 111. 6 1S7. 7 102.9 109.4 154.3 138.4 123.2 142.0 148.6 156.5 150.0 161.6 144.2 140.6 147.1 120.8 120.8 121.0 126.8 173.9 163.0 163.0 163.0 169.6 126.8 147.1 136.2 161.6 163.0 163. 168.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 lOU 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 86.2 122.4 143.1 151.7 137.9 137.9 137.9 143.1 136.2 143.1 138.8 123.3 150.0 150.0 124.1 124.1 124.1 124.1 115.5 106.0 106.0 106.0 106.0 112.1 106.0 106.0 1U6.0 106.0 106.0 110.8 110.8 110.8 110.8 106.0 106.0 106.0 106.0 106. d 100.0 100.0 90.4 90.4 90.4 100.0 85.5 88.0 80.1 80.1 80.1 121.1 121.1 127.1 128.3 110.8 124.7 124.7 105.4 106.6 106.6 115.1 109.6 111.4 113.3 113.3 117.5 121.1 121.1 120.5 121.1 121.1 121.1 1851 ISM 18")3 18.'j4 ]8.=i5 1S66 18.57 1.S.5S 18.59 93.3 100.0 106.7 105.8 107.5 112.5 142.5 122.5 130.0 120.8 120.0 105.0 114.2 106.7 105.8 101.7 100.0 99.2 100.8 93.3 98.3 103.3 103.3 108.3 116.7 166.7 126.7 145.8 118.3 141.7 83.5 100.0 129.1 131.0 138.0 141.8 154.4 173.4 164.6 168.4 174.7 182.3 170.9 184.8 183.5 186.1 184.8 183.5 89.3 100.0 107.5 102.5 108.8 122.0 115.7 148.4 140.3 149.1 146.5 150.3 144.7 146.5 146.5 150.3 149.1 149.1 133.3 100.0 "ios.'o' 108.6 150.0 ' iss.'s" 183.3 183.3 191.7 191.7 191.7 183.3 183.3 183.3 183.3 183.3 183.3 183. 3 183.3 183.3 183.3 183.3 183.3 183.3 183.3 183.3 183.3 93.5 1860 1861 i«i;2 119.4 119.4 IXKI ].<.» ]f"5 ]Sljti 201.6 221.8 201.6 201.6 201.6 201.6 201.6 l,-i6;j l-^Tu i:-.71 ]S7J 1.S7 ;. 1.^7! 217.7 170.2 161.3 201.8 222. 6 238.7 246.8 295.2 262.9 374.2 325. 8 274.2 232.3 225.8 287.1 274.2 309.7 312.9 lK7.'i ISTii 11-77 ]S78 192.4 192.4 187.3 196.2 200.0 197.5 201.3 194.9 192.4 189.9 193.7 194.9 193.7 193.7 136.5 136.5 136.5 144.7 142.1 142.1 142.1 144.7 142.1 151.6 148.4 159.1 152.2 150.9 LS-'O IKM lPi-2 lfH4 1885 I.SSO 1887 ISSS ISSO 1891 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 167 Table 37. — Hates of wages for 52 years — Jiclativc wayes — Conlimiod. WOOLLEN GOODS— Continuecl. [Tbe figures in the heading indicate the establidhment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Tear. 88. Dress- ers. 87. Dye- house hands. 88. Dyers. 88. Filling carriers. 88. Filling sorters. 88. Finish- ers. 88. FuUers. 86. Fullers and jiggers. 88. HHggers. 86. Hand- ers-in. 1840 1841 1813 1844 1840 1847 1848 IS-t*) 18.50 108.0 108.0 108.0 108.0 108.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0' 100.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 100.0 125.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 150.0 167.0 167.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 167.0 167.0 167.0 107.0 167.0 167.0 167.0 "96."9' 100.0 100.8 97.7 119.2 119.2 154.6 194.6 166.9 163.1 168.5 173.1 173.1 134.6 177.7 178.5 176.2 175.4 "m.'s' 153.8 153.8 164.6 164.6 184.6 184.6 184.6 185.4 185.4 186.2 186.2 182.3 179.2 90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9 95.5 98.2 98.2 98.2 100.0 109.1 113.6 109.1 113.6 113.6 113.6 122.7 131.8 131.8 120.9 136.4 136,4 136.4 115.5 136.4 136.4 101.8 120.9 120.9 116.4 116.4 116.4 116.4 116.4 136.4 136.4 136.4 136.4 136.4 136.4 136.4 89.3 89.3 89.3 89.3 89.3 89.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 111.6 111.6 111.6 118.8 126.8 126.8 118.8 100.0 95.1 99.1 99.1 104.0 88.4 104.0 104.0 99.1 99.1 104.0 133.9 133.9 133. 9 133.9 133.9 133.9 133.9 147.3 149.1 149.1 149.1 148.2 82.6 82.6 82.6 82.6 82.6 82.6 82.6 82.6 92.6 92.6 100.0 100.0 103.3 109.9 109.9 109.9 114.0 117.4 109.9 115. 7 124.0 124.0 124.0 144.6 140.5 165.3 165.3 129.8 129.8 129.8 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 113.2 120.2 124.0 124.0 124.0 124.0 124.0 124.0 - 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.9 94.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.9 116.5 126.6 126.6 136.7 136.7 126.6 126.6 126.6 122.8 131.6 112.0 131.6 122.2 113.3 131.0 131.0 124.1 124.1 124.1 124.1 124.1 124.1 126.6 120.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 85.5 85.5 85.5 85.5 95.7 95.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.4 106.8 106.8 113.7 113.7 113.7 113.7 128.2 128.2 128 2 128.2 108.5 128.2 128.2 128. 2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 149.6 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 128.2 123.2 128.2 100.0 107.1 94.0 106.5 86.9 168.5 154.2 158.3 148.2 147.0 145.8 141.7 147.0 147.6 151.8 147.6 134.5 137.5 138.7 138.1 133.9 138.7 137.5 139. 3 145.2 142.9 139.3 14i; 9 139.9 139.3 138.1 138.1 105.1 105.1 106.1 105.1 105.1 ICO.O 100.0 105.1 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.9 105.1 126.6 126.6 141.8 148.1 148.1 158.2 158.2 158.2 158.2 158.2 135.4 158.2 158.2 126.6 126.6 126.0 131.0 131.0 131.0 131.0 148.7 145.6 148.7 145.6 145.6 145. 6 145.6 145.6 1851 ]8.')2 ls'.:t 1854 1855 ]a.-)6 1H,'',7 IJ^.'.S 1859 I860 100.0 1861 60.0 1863 60.0 1865 96.0 90.0 1867 -•-.- 80.0 1869 80.0 80.0 187] .- .. 80.0 80.0 1873 80.0 1874 80.0 1875 80.0 1876 80.0 1877 80.0 1878 80.0 1879 80.0 80.0 1881 84.0 84.0 84.0 80.0 84.0 84.0 1887 84.0 1888 100.0 1889.. 100.0 100.0 1891 100.0 168 REPORT ON WHOLKSAI.E PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 5S years — Relative wages — Continued. WOOLLEN GOODS— Continued. [The figures in the heading indicate the establisbment nmnber as tabulated in Table XH.] Tear, 88. Handera. in. 88. Laborers, dye- house. 86. Loom flxera. 87. Loom fixers. 86. Orerseers, carding depart- ment. 87. Over, seers, carding depart- ment. 88. Over- seers, carding dcyart'- mcnt. 86. Overseers, dye- bouse. 87. Ovf-r- seers, dye- bouse. 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 ' 1850 91.3 91.3 91.3 91.3 91.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 125.0 127.2 127.2 127. 2 127.2 130.4 130.4 130.4 130.4 130.4 130.4 130.4 65.6 65.6 65.6 69.8 69.8 69.8 74.0 74.0 82.3 100.0 100.0 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 95.8 104.2 104.2 104.2 104.2 104.2 96.4 86.5 86.5 86.5 86.5 95.8 95.8 95.8 95.8 95.8 114.6 114.6 114.6 114.6 114.6 114.8 114.6 114.6 114. B 114.6 114.6 114.6 100 1851 100.0 100.0 97.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 142.9 157.1 200.0 200.0 228.6 ^28. 6 228. 6 2.17.1 200.0 200.0 228.6 194.3 200. 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 228. 6 228.6 228 6 2SS. 7 285.7 285.7 257.1 285.7 257.1 285.7 28.1. 7 285.7 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 100.0 100.0 100.0 140.0 12:;. 4 126.8 164.0 191.6 190.0 162.4 147.6 146.4 162.4 164.4 160.8 162.0 164.4 154.8 66.5 100.0 125.0 87.5 150.0 150.0 180.0 190.0 175.0 157.5 162.5 175.0 175.0 200.0 200.0 162.5 175.0 182.5 175.0 175.0 162.5 150.0 162. 5 162. 5 162.5 162.5 162.5 162.5 162.5 162.5 200.0 200.0 200.0 100.0 100.0 115.0 111.1 lOO.O 100.0 83.3 83.3 126.0 166.7 186.7 166.7 180.6 208.3 208. 3 222.2 222.2 222. 2 111^ 1 138.9 138.9 152.8 166.7 186.7 166.7 180.6 194.4 SOS. 3 236.1 238.1 236.1 236.1 230. 1 2:ll). 1 250. 236.1 75 1860 100 1861 1862 100.0 93.2 113.2 176.0 160.0 150.0 153.2 146.8 140.0 145.2 139.2 137.6 144.0 162. 4 164.0 160,0 164.0 170.0 160.0 156.0 160.0 173.6 173. 6 176.0 176.0 176.0 140.8 156.8 166.4 173.2 171.6 75.0 112.5 1863 1864 115.0 lis. 8 137.5 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1S73 1874 1(^7,=; 1870 1877 137.5 150.0 150. 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 150.0 175.0 175.0 150.0 150.0 160.0 175.0 160.0 150.0 160.0 150.0 150.0 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 ].'.H5 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 140.0 140.0 140.0 153.6 153.6 152.4 154.4 153.2 154.4 157.6 166.8 160.0 140.4 163.6 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 175.0 212.5 212.5 175. 212.5 212.5 112. 5 112. 5 112.5 125.0 137.5 137. 5 137.6 137.5 137.5 176.0 125.0 112.5 160.0 150.0 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 1G9 Table 37. — Katea of wages for 52 years — Belative usages — Continued. WOOLLEN GOODS— Continued. [The figures in tlio beagling indicate the establishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] 86. 88. 86. Over- seers, full, ing and 88. 86. 87. 88. 88. Over- Over- Over- Over- Over- Over- Tear. Over- seers, seers, fn-evf^, seers, seer.s, seers, 88. seers, dye- liniehing finishing apmniiiji' weaving weaving;' weaving Pickers, bouse. depart- depart- tlepart- ment. depart- depart- depart- depart- ment. ment. ment. ment. ment. ment. 1840 1842 1843 1845 1846 1848 1849 ^ 1850 1851 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100 81,2 81.2 81.2 94.0 94,0 94,0 S',;.6 (fj, 6 1852 1853 1854 «2, 6 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 84.2 84.2 91.0 91.0 91.0 94.0 100.0 94,0 94,0 94,0 100,0 100, 100,0 100,0 KO. 3 89, J 97.5 1856 1857 1858 1859 07 5 97.5 100.0 90.9 90.9 88.7 114.3 100.0 I860 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100. 1861 104.8 100.0 100.0 109.1 109.8 100,0 100.0 106.8 100. 1802 104.8 100.0 100.0 109.1 112.8 116,7 114.3 106.8 100.0 1863 119.8 218.2 100.0 109.1 125.6 116,7 114.3 112.8 109.9 1864 1865 119.8 119.8 218.2 261.8 111.3 111.3 150.4 133, 3 12.-I. 6 117.4 145.5 150. 4 176.7 171.4 137.6 124.0 1866 119.8 261.8 ■ 111. 3 120.0 150.4 200.0 228.6 150.4 124,0 1867 134.7 261. 8 133.3 120.0 200. 8 200.0 228. 6 150.4 124, 1868 1869 1870 134.7 149.7 149.7 236.4 236. 4 181.8 133.3 133.3 150.0 150.4 169. 2 206.8 18;i, 3 200,0 200. 171,4 171.4 200,0 150.4 150.4 109.2 124,0 111.6 200.0 103,3 1871 179.6 181.8 183.3 200.0 206.8 200. 171,4 169. 2 103, 3 1K72 149.7 181.8 216,7 200.0 206.8 200.0 200,0 176.7 103,3 1873 14i). 7 200.0 216,7 200.0 206.8 200.0 200.0 176.7 103,3 1874 149.7 200.0 183.3 200.0 175.9 200.0 200, 176.7 87.6 1875 149.7 103.6 216.7 200.0 188.0 200.0 200.0 188.0 103, 3 1876 149.7 163.6 216.7 163.6 206.8 200.0 228.6 206.8 103,3 1877 1878 149,7 149.7 163.6 163.6 180.0 166.7 169.2 200.0 225. 6 Sli. 6 181.8 169.2 200.0 171.4 188.0 82,6 1879 149.7 218.2 166.7 181.8 169.2 200.0 185.7 184.2 8'i. 1880 224.6 218.2 150.0 181.8 206.8 200.0 185.7 178.2 i)2, 1 1881 224.6 218.2 133.3 181.8 206.8 200.0 200.0 178.2 92,1 1K«2 224.6 254.5 141.3 18L8 206.8 200. 200.0 225.6 92,1 1883 239.5 254.5 166.7 181.8 244.4 200.0 200.0 244.4 92,1 1884 269.5 290.9 266.7 181.8 244.4 200.0 171.4 225.6 95.0 1885 299.4 290.9 166.7 181.8 244.4 200. 171.4 244.4 95. 1886 299.4 290.9 200.0 181.8 244.4 200.0 171.4 244.4 !!,), 1887 299.4 290.9 250.0 181.8 244.4 200,0 171.4 244.4 95,0 1888 299.4 254.5 250.0 181.8 244.4 200,0 171.4 244.4 95,0 1889.... 1890 ... 299.4 299.4 254.5 254. 5 250.0 250.0 181.8 181.8 225 6 200 225.6 200,0 171.4 244.4 95,0 1891.... 299.4 254.5 250.0 181.8 225.6 200.0 171.4 244,4 85,0 170 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 37. — Bates of wages for 52 years — Relative ivages — Cod tinned. WOOLLEN GOODS— Continued. [The figures in the heading indicate the estahlishment number as tabulated in Table XII.] Years. 88. Press- men. 88. Scour- ers. 86. Second hands. 88. Second hands. 88. Section hands. 86. Shear- ers. 88. Shear- ers. 86. Sorters. 86. Spocli- ers. 88. Spin- ners, jaoli. 86. Spin- ners, jaclt and mule. 1840 1841 1842 184a 1844 1845 "1 1846 1 1847 1 1848 1 1849 1850 100.0 100.0 92.1 100.0 100.0 96.8 1851 100.0 100. u 100.0 loo. 100.0 lOJ. 92.1 92.1 93.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 loo. 100.0 96.8 ilO. 8 100.0 1852 i&Si 1854 100.0 100.0 100. u 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 "'os.'s' 93.9 93.9 95.2 98.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 loa. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 "ioo.'ii" 100,0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100, 1) Kir. 100,0 100.0 100. lUO.O 1855 185U 1867 ... 1 1858 . ... 1859 133.3 80,0 1S80 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 18U1 100.0 106.0 97.8 101.7 100.0 114.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1802 100. 106.0 105.6 103.9 100.0 114.5 100. 100.0 100.0 100. u 95.2 ISOU 100.0 106.0 119.4 118.8 112.5 122.9 100.0 120.0 108.0 11!.-). 3 123.8 J804 104.0 110.8 106.7 132.3 100.0 152.7 104.0 150.0 125. 3 1-S. 6 1805 108.0 110.8 144.4 132.3 125.0 213.7 108.0 156.7 140.0 123.2 160,0 1808 117.0 110.8 160.0 132.3 133.0 209.9 117.0 166.7 126.0 126.3 171.4 1807 117.0 115.7 188.9 134.9 150.0 213.7 117.0 166.7 184.0 137.9 183.8 1808 117.0 120.6 152. 8 127. 9 160.0 183. 2 117.0 140.3 250.0 ]:■.:;. 7 130. 6 1809 . .. 125.0 132.5 166.7 119. 2 175.0 196.9 125. 129.7 250.0 136.8 175.2 1870 125. 160.6 180.6 118.8 191.5 204.6 125,0 145.7 270.0 141.1 162.4 1871 125.0 160. 6 180,6 126.2 200,0 200.8 125,0 145.7 270.0 140.0 177.1 1872 125. 150. 6 186, 1 133.2 200.0 204. 125,0 145.7 270.0 13,-i.O 170.2 1873 125,0 150.6 186,1 155.0 204.0 229. 125. 143.3 200.0 ]:;.-). 8 150.0 1874. ... 107.0 134.9 186.1 135.4 173.5 209. 9 107.0 145.7 ]3S. 9 137.1 1875 125.0 134,9 180.6 138.4 204.0 189.3 125.0 148.7 140.0 142.9 1870 125.0 134.9 147.2 138.4 204.0 193.1 126. 143.0 134. 7 151.4 1877 100.0 134.9 138.9 125.8 200.0 198.9 100.0 130.7 136. 8 137.1 1878 100.0 134.9 147.2 125.8 200.0 190.1 100.0 135.7 135.8 144.8 1879 100.0 134.9 138.9 122.7 200,0 190.1 100.0 127.3 130.5 J31.0 1880 110.0 135.5 144.4 129.7 200.0 190.8 110.0 142.0 176.0 130. 5 142.9 1881 120.0 136.7 166.7 129.7 196. 198,0 110.0 178.0 132.6 142.9 1882 120.0 136.7 180.6 133.6 196.0 206,1 110.0 141.0 184.0 129.5 142.9 1883 120.0 135.6 192.8 150.7 200.0 206.1 111.5 183.3 174.0 129.5 1884 125.0 136.5 192.8 171.6 200.0 206. 1 111.5 153.3 180.0 134.7 115.7 1885 125.0 144.6 186.1 131.0 200.0 206.1 111.6 117.7 164.0 131.6 119.0 1888 126.0 141.6 186.1 141.9 200.0 206.1 111.5 183.3 164.0 131.6 119.0 1887 )25.0 141.6 192.8 141.9 200.0 206.1 111.6 183.3 164.0 131.6 119.0 1888 125.0 14L6 192.8 141.9 200.0 206.1 111.5 148.3 164.0 133. 7 119.0 1889 125.0 141.6 166.7 141.9 200.0 206.1 111.5 183.3 164.0 132.6 106.7 1800 125.0 141.6 173.9 149.3 200.0 206.1 111.5 137. 7 164.0 133. 7 164.8 1891 125.0 141.6 194.4 149.3 200.0 206.1 111.5 135.0 164 132.8 124.8 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 171 TA1U.B 37. — Jialcx of II- (1 11 in for .'l.' jiciii's —Hi'liitire. iivrr/cs — (Joncluded. WOOr.LElSr goods— Coucluacd. [The figures in the heading indicate tlie establialinient number as tabulated in Table SII.J Tear. 86. Spool- ers. 8K. Twist- ers. 88. Wash- ers. 88. Waste sorters. 86. W:il,eli- iiieu. 88. Watch- men. 86. Weavers. 88. Weavers. 80. Yarn carriers 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOC.O 123. 9 137.3 137.3 137.3 137. 3 149.3 149.3 149,3 149.3 120.9 149.3 149.3 134. 3 130. 6 130.6 123.1 121.0 121. 6 122.4 122.4 123. 9 126.9 132.1 132.1 132. 1 132.1 132.1 90.2 90.2 90 2 90.2 95.7 95.7 95.7 95.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.7 101.1 127.2 131. 5 135.9 144.6 135.9 135.9 135.9 135.9 135.9 135.9 116.3 135. 9 135,9 108.7 108.7 108.7 122.3 122.3 122. 3 122.3 126.1 120, 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.6 126.1 85.9 85.9 85, 9 85,9 86,9 85,9 90,2 90.2 90.2 90.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.7 108.7 121.7 135. 9 135.9 135.9 135.9 135.9 135.9 135.9 144.6 122. 8 144.6 144.6 135.9 135.9 135.9 135.9 136.9 135.9 135.9 148.9 148.9 148.9 148.9 148.9 148.9 148.9 148.9 1 75, 3 77,3 85.2 86.4 84.0 80,2 89. 5 93.2 92.0 97.5 100.0 104. 3 108.0 113. 117.3 125.9 134. 6 144.4 142.0 143.2 151.2 154.3 158.6 153.7 159.3 158.6 158. 6 160.5 164.2 161.7 158. 159.9 l.jH, 6 157,4 160.5 159.9 160.5 159.9 161.7 164.8 161.1 165.4 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 -. 1856 1858 1859 ■ 70.8 100.0 113.8 101.5 127.7 101.5 81.5 118.9 140.0 138.5 138.5 129.2 129.2 116.9 143.1 101.5 138.5 107.7 120.0 98.5 100.0 96.9 120.0 127. 7 123.1 130.8 124.6 129.2 147.7 160.0 120.0 120.0 115.4 . 53,3 100.0 127.2 123.3 149.4 134.4 175.6 160.0 147.2 131.1 161.1 139.4 136.7 133. 9 135.0 149.4 151.1 142.8 132.8 144.4 133.9 136.1 143.3 143.3 177.8 163.9 168.3 162.8 192.8 169.4 170.0 187.8 170.1 89,9 18t0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100,0 125.0 150.0 175.0 175.0 150. 150,0 150.0 1,50. 150.0 150.0 175.0 175.0 165.0 165.0 147.5 147.5 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 160.0 150.0 160.0 157.5 137.5 135.5 143.5 135.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.8 114.3 128.6 128.6 128.6 133. 3 133.3 128.6 138.1 138.1 138.1 133.3 138.1 138.1 138.1 138.1 138.1 142.9 142.9 142.9 152. 4 152.4 152.4 152.4 152.4 152.4 152.4 100.0 1801 1W)2 1863 1864 1865 133.3 1866 18 L. 2 1867 1868 144.9 1869 1870 202.9 181.2 1871 181.2 1872 : 1H73 . 144.9 202.9 1874 231.9 1875 199.3 1876 199.3 1877 199.3 199.3 1879 231.9 1880 263.6 253.6 1882 253.6 1883 2liK, 1 1884 268, 1 2B.><, 1 1886 liCiK, 1 268,1 1888 22+, 6 1889 234.6 1880 268.1 1891 268.1 172 REPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. The preceding table shows the entire movement of wages in currency. Each industry is represented by several quotations, covering the various occupations. It will be noticed that some occupations figure with a number of quotations. In a rough way it is evident that the number of quotations increases with the importance of the occupation in the in- dustry. Some of the main features of Table 37 must be summarized both as to the state of wages in 1891, and also to their course through- out the period investigated, if we would gather from the table what is contained in it. It will be in order to observe first the wages of 1891. The briefest glance at the table shows that in the vast majority of cases the increase has been quite marked. The are occasional instances where wages have declined, but they are very few. AU the facts re- lating to the wages in 1891 are brought out in Table 38, which shows the measure of the advance or decline. Table 38. — Changes in wages. 1891 compared with 1860. ITo.of quota- tions. Decrease. Uni- form . Increase. • Industries. 25 to 50 per cent. Less than 25 per cent. Less than 25 per cent. 25 to 50 per cent. 50 to 75 per cent. 76 to lUO ptr cent. lou per cent or over. 5 5 21 39 4 23 131 3 30 2 16 5 130 7 11 4 5 19 3 58 2 2 1 7 5 ...... 9 1 2 3 12 2 1 1 1 4 2 Carriages and wagons 1 16 5 35 1 11 7 21 1 8 1 10 4 1 42 4 7 8 23 ■ "3" 12 1 6 29 1 1 Dry goods (stores) 3 3 6 1 47- Leather 2 3 Jjumber Metals and metallic goods 1 4 2 14 8 Kailroads 3 1 Sidewalks 1 Spice 1 1 '""i 1 19 1 6 1 10 1 1 1 Stone 4 Wliite lead 1 7 Woollen goods , 1 1 6 14 Total 543 4 12 6 57 153 138 86 87 The most striking fact of the table is the insignificant number of faUing or stationary wages. They are, in all, only 22 out of a total of 543, or about 4 per cent of the whole number. A further fact of in- terest is that the number of cases in which wages advanced 50 per cent or more forms a majority of all. It is significant that in 87 cases wages have doubled since 1860. So much for the individual series. It remains to examine them in combination. If we average all the quotations, giving each an equal weight in the result, we find that wages stood at 160.7 in 1891 as com- pared with 1860, while in 1840 they stood at 87.7 as compared with the same year. In Table 39 we present the averages by industries, and for the total giving each quotation equal force in determining the result. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 39. — Batea of wages for 5S years — Belative wages, iy industries, GENERAL AVERAGE OF WAGES. 173 Tear. Agri- sultural iniple- meuts. Ale, beer, and porter. Books and news- papers. Build- ing trades. Car- riages and wagons. City public works. Cotton goods. Dry goods. Ging- hams. Grocer- ies, ninmi- nating gas. 1840 85.0 85.0 86.2 84.7 85.0 86.6 88.9 92.6 92.0 89.6 86.2 87.9 88.7 90.6 93.4 95.7 96.5 98.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 lOU.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 "m'.i' 103.1 100.2 102.1 80.0 80.6 87.5 87.6 85.7 86,6 90.8 91.9 93.4 94.5 93.9 87.7 87.9 90.4 94.5 98.7 101.2 102. 92.7 1841 94. ;< 68.6 72.8 73.8 74.8 77.3 78.2 81.6 85.3 89.1 80.3 82.1 84.7 80.8 83.9 86.1 92.0 78.2 68.8 93.1 1844 93 4 1845 96.4 184e 93.8 1847 95 2 1848 96.6 1819 "ioi'.Y 102.7 102.7 102.7 102.7 102.7 102.7 102.7 94.2 98,1 94.5 94.5 94.6 97.0 99,0 101,1 101,9 '"ioo.o' 100.0 100.0 93.7 1850 94.6 1851 94.6 1852 92.9 1853 95.3 I(i54 98.8 84.5 90.6 93.0 98.1 1855 100.5 1856 99.4 1857 98.0 99.5 1858 103.1 90.0 98.0 95.8 100.0 97.5 96.9 102. 7 101.9 100.0 99.0 1859 94.9 97.2 97.2 100.8 100.0 102.5 98.6 100.0 102.9 100.0 100,2 1860 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100,0 1861 102.1 105.3 96.6 100.4 100.0 98.4 98,9 101.2 100,0 100.9 1862 99.8 115.4 98.9 106.3 169.9 97.8 99.2 100.0 102,8 146. 2 101.6 18GJ 105.5 116.1 103.5 119.7 169, 9 108.7 106.0 126.9 104.4 169,5 113.7 1SB4 111.7 127.8 114.0 143.7 169.9 135.8 122.3 126.9 106.7 159.6 141.6 1805 141.9 134.0 135.0 161.1 169.9 150.8 134.7 135.7 123.2 169.5 164.0 1866 150.8 157.7 139.2 170.0 169,9 154.4 153.2 135.7 146.0 169,5 171.0 1807 155. 6 158.9 145.4 185.1 169.9 165.0 160.4 135.7 151.5 169,6 172,8 1868 152.3 103.9 150.0 185.5 169.9 169.9 160.9 136.7 153.7 159.5 182.9 1869 151.5 168.3 157.7 189.2 179.9 171.4 161.8 134.3 153,1 169. 5 188.0 1870 la2. 6 108.5 156.1 185.5 179.9 172.9 160.6 134.3 154,2 147.6 186.1 ]87i 152. 1 168.1 169.8 182.7 179.9 175.3 165.3 134.3 161.9 147.5 188.9 1872 If) 1.0 l(i9. 1 159.4 183.3 179,9 182.4 169.0 132.8 164.2 147.5 180,4 1873 152. 4 172.4 104.0 179. 4 179, 9 177.5 167.2 132.8 165,5 147.6 207,0 1874 157. 1 178.2 150.3 178.1 179,9 179.5 155.8 132. 8 163,3 147.5 201.7 1875 158.5 174.6 159.2 169.2 179.9 178,8 150.3 132.8 168.2 157.2 193.7 ]H7li 141.3 159. 4 155.9 168.6 179.9 108.0 142,1 132.8 156,9 157,2 190,3 1877 129.4 159.4 150.7 146.3 179.9 155,1 135.5 132.8 149.8 157.2 180.1 1878 130.6 179.2 145.6 140.7 179,9 141,9 135.3 134.0 148,6 169.5 174.2 1870 128.1 171.7 141.9 137.9 179,9 138.7 136.2 134.0 147.3 159.5 169.4 1881) 124. 9 176.2 140.7 142.7 202,4 141.5 139,9 134.0 143.8 159.5 164.3 1X81 124.6 182.4 141.3 160.1 202.4 145.5 144,8 134.0 146,0 159.5 168.1 1 88:2 133, 4 183.7 139.0 166.1 202.4 151.9 140.8 134. 147,5 159,5 ,163.2 1883 139.8 158.5 146.6 166.0 202.4 168.4 146.5 148,9 159,5 168.3 1884 137.7 177.6 142.6 168.5 202.4 162.0 146,0 132.8 144.1 159,5 166.2 1885 132.0 179.9 145.2 169.9 202.4 162.8 143.5 132.8 137.4 194.7 166.4 1886 140.0 180.2 143.5 170.3 202.4 163.5 147.0 135.7 137.0 194.7 164.5 1887 140.3 202.1 144.0 170.1 202.4 163.8 160.6 135.7 143.3 194.7 163.8 1888 139.0 225.2 146.1 170.9 202.4 166.0 153.7 135.7 145.2 194.7 166.5 1889 137.8 224. 7 148.7 170.1 202.4 164.8 157.0 162.6 146.5 194.7 166.8 1890 139.0 224.5 147.6 172.7 202.4 164.8 169.7 186.3 152.4 194.7 166.9 1891 137.9 224.7 148.6 172.5 202.4 164.6 165.1 183.6 152.7 194.7 167.7 174 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 39.— JIates of wages for 5S years— Relative wages, by industries— Concluded. GENERAL AVERAGE OF -WAGES— Concluded. White I I 1 HetalB 1 I I I I I -w"hitrf Tear. ^«»*''- ^- »"* p Rail- Side- gpice. Stone. 7^" ber. metalUo '^"Per. j^ads. walks. goods. 1 I I I I I "Wool- len goods. 1840 1841 1842 iK4;i 1844 1845 184B 1347 184S IM'.I .... l^.".ll is,-.l .... Ix.-: ],-c,:i .... 1S.J4.... liS."»3 . . . . 1K.-.I> .... IS.iT 1,Cj8 ],<■,<).... jxm .... isoi .... ]S(i-J .... 180.! . - - . l-lil .... IXK, ls(i(i l.sUT 1,S68 . . . . ixm 1x70 .... 1.S71 .... 1K72 187:i 1874 .... 1875 187B 1877 .... 1878 1X7'.I lK.su IKKl 1882 lh.s:i 1K84 ].'^.^.-, IK.sd lh«7 ] .888 ]8S'.I 1800 1891 88. ',1 84.4 03. 2 102.6 100.0 110. B 12:1. 4 lliS. 4 l.-.:i. 7 ii;o. 4 1.'.8. 1 i.M. 7 UM. 7 152.1 151.6 l.H. 4 1.5:). 3 1.54. 9 153.0 141. D 136. 4 13C.8 139.1 128.9 l:il.3 130.8 131.6 133. 7 134.3 128. 2 132.0 134.4 134.9 131.5 132.4 137,8 ir>o. 7 152.1 151. « 1.j3. 4 1.53. 3 1.54. 9 153.0 141.9 136. 4 13C.8 139.1 128.9 l:il.3 130.8 59.1 56.3 81.5 711.7 76.0 89.9 92.8 93.8 100.7 97.4 91.8 91.3 90.7 95.3 99.0 100.0 96.3 90. b 95.2 95.5 100.0 103.6 107.2 131.8 144.6 153. 5 154. •; 157.] 163.7 165. e 169. C 168.1 172.6 177.7 179.6 171.8 173.0 176.8 177.9 175.4 17:t. 3 176.8 176.3 175.4 169.9 170.3 169.6 170.9 170.6 175.1 176.7 177.9 153. 2 154. 2 1 157. 1 163.7 165.6 169.0 168.1 172.6 177.7 179.5 171.8 173.0 176.8 177.9 175.4 17:t. 3 176.8 176.3 175.4 169.9 170.3 169.6 84.6 78.9 94.2 85.1 88.5 83.3 85.7 89. 2 89.4 91.5 88.3 88.5 89.9 89.9 95.8 98.6 100.1 101.7 100.3 98.4 100.0 102.2 102.8 106.6 121.3 144.9 148.0 151.2 153. 6 166.3 157.1 155.6 157.7 160.2 157.2 154.2 149.1 143.8 140.6 134.6 134.3 139.0 144.0 147.2 147.0 143.0 139.6 143.3 144.6 146.2 148.0 148.6 97.6 100.0 100.0 89.5 107.2 108.9 143.0 153.9 161.3 171.4 171.9 171.1 173.9 176.5 190.1 181.8 191.9 207.1 167.6 145.0 165.3 158.5 168.1 170.2 181.4 178.2 178.8 181.5 181.8 179.1 182.7 175.2 182.3 89.5 90.1 91. 2 1 nil. I 8',1. II 8'.l.li 89.9 92.0 91.8 90.6 92.5 91.5 90.0 91.2 96.8 97.5 96.9 96.7 97.0 98.6 100.0 103.3 101.4 103.0 111.7 133.0 142. 1 160.7 164.2 167.2 164.8 164.4 1641 166.3 154.5 157.4 147.4 141.9 136.3 137.9 143.8 148.9 146.0 149.4 147.2 155.1 146.5 145.6 149.1 148.3 147.0 146.4 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 112.6 137.5 175.0 187.5 212.5 212.5 200.0 200.0 200.0 181.3 162.5 150.0 150.0 160.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 181.3 181.3 18L3 181.3 181.3 181.3 181.3 181.3 181.3 187.5 100.0 100.4 U4.0 98.5 106.6 134.9 145.9 125.6 129.3 118.6 143.9 122.2 157.2 149.2 143.5 156.2 161.1 160.9 162.7 157.1 151.6 153.0 144.2 155.2 158.8 158.2 166.0 162.4 161.0 162.4 164.0 164.2 80.4 87.4 79.2 71.8 76.5 80.2 97.8 m.9 82.9 79.2 96.1 99.7 103.7 98.8 103.1 103.3 101.9 100.9 100.0 90.7 91.5 109.5 136.7 146.8 152.5 159.3 163.8 169.9 173.0 171.3 166.7 161.3 153.8 138.9 137.4 129.6 128.7 136.1 149.5 147.4 150.1 150.4 152.5 153.1 156.8 156.9 161.9 165.2 90.7 73.8 73.8 73.8 80.6 91.8 89.3 89.3 83.9 88.6 93.7 94.2 93.9 100.9 94.6 97.6 96.6 98.8 98.3 100.0 10L4 1048 109.9 120.6 130.3 131.9 135.2 134 9 154 5 U9.0 136.1 128.9 140.0 144.8 144.8 136.4 133.0 113.0 119.0 117.4 119.7 1244 135.2 121.1 129.3 135.4 141.1 140.6 140.3 140.8 140.6 94.0 941 94.3 949 95.2 95.4 96.9 97.4 98.5 91.7 100.0 103.1 103.6 m.7 120.7 137.3 146.1 150.5 1440 149.1 1545 155.1 156.1 158.2 148.1 154 7 151.8 142.1 1440 145.0 151.6 153.8 155.7 163.6 166.7 163.1 165.3 167.9 16.1. 6 165.0 168.0 167.8 All indQB- tries. 87.7 88.0 87.1 86.6 86.5 86.8 89.3 90.8 9L4 92.5 92.7 90.4 90.8 91.8 95.8 98.0 99.2 99.9 98.5 99.1 100.0 100.8 102.9 110.5 125.6 143.1 1524 157.6 159.2 162.0 162.2 163.6 166.11 167.1 161.5 158.4 152. 3 144.!! 142. .1 139.9 141.5 146.5 149.9 152.7 152.7 150.7 150.9 153.7 155.4 166.7 158.9 160.7 REPORT ON WHOLlCftALlC I'lMCES AND WAGKS. 175 The range of variation iu 1891 is all the way from 137.9 in agiiciil- tural implements to 224.7 in ale, beer, and porter. The average, wliicli is not that of the twenty-one groups considered as such, but of the 543 quotations, is as noted above, 160.7. In order to obtain a somewhat more exact statement of the general level of wages we have attempted to combine the figures given for each industry in such a way as to give to it a value proportionate to its importance. The measure of its importance is taken to be the num- ber of persons engaged in each industry. So far as they were to be ob- tained the number of persons engaged in each industry at each census period is indicated in Table 40. Table 40. — Persons engaged in certain occupations in census years. Occupation. Agricultttral iraplements Ale, beer, and porter Boots and newspapers Building trades Carriaecs and wagons City public works * Cotton goods Dry goods (clerks in stores) . niuuiinating gas Leather Lumber Metals and metallic goods . - . Paper Kailroads Stone White loadt Woollen goods 1840. 12, 223 11, 523 85, 501 72, 119 26, 018 22, 0J2 SO, J97 4,736 7,859 '21,342 1850. 1,313 4,854 14,740 277,962 494 34, 909 101, 325 22, 310 10, 070 45,579 2,379 4.831 14,076 23, 903 1860. 2,390 6,307 23, 106 363, 995 238 29, 212 184, 485 13, 707 15, 929 42, 965 5,180 36, 567 19, 497 752 23, 324 3,811 11, 246 40, 193 559, 389 42, 464 14, 407 111,606 222, 504 2,086 28, 702 17, 752 81, 237 12, 469 154, 027 25, 831 78, 158 4,891 16, 278 72, 736 654, 077 49, 881 31, 601 169, 771 353, 444 4,695 29, 842 30, 651 114, 530 21, 430 236, 058 32, Si42 2, 923 117, 272 * Employes of government. t Manufacture of chemicals. The figures are taken from the census tables of occupations except for the years 1840 and 1850, when they were taken from the statistics of manufaetures. The li.st here given does not cover all the industries of Table 39. Some of the latter, such as sidewalks and spice, are not of sufficient consequence to be specifically noted in the census tables. Ginghams are included under cotton mills, and are not taken account of separately. Dry goods and groceries are both covered by the census term, clerks in stores, and the dry goods series has been taken as the basis of subsequent calculation. As will be seen from the above state- ment the census designations do not always cover exactly those of the Table 39. But they are sufficiently near to be used. It should be men- tioned, however, that city public works in Table 59 stand for employes of governments in the census classification. This is perfectly fair, as the census classes employes distinct from officials and clerks. White lead in our table stands for all chemical manufacture. The facts as given in the table relate to periods ten years distant. Between two enumerations great changes frequently take place. In order to meet this difficulty we have used the census figures for the first five years of each decade, while for the latter half we have taken the mean between the two censuses. Thus for 1845-'49 we use an aver- age of the results of 1840 and 1850. This gives us a system of weights which is exhibited iu Table 41, 176 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AMD WAGES. Table il.— Relative importance of different industries. Industry. 1840-'44. 1845-'49. 1850-'54. 1855-'59. 1860-'64. 1865-'69. 1870- '74. 1875-'79. 1880- '91. 1 Agricnltural imple- 1 6 15 278 1 35' 101 2 5 19 321 2 6 23 364 3 » 32 462 21 76' 203 4 11 40 559 42 14 112 223 2 29 18 81 13 154 26 4 14 57 607 46 23 141 288 3 29 24 98 17 J95 29 6 2 3 4 5 6 7 Alo, beer, and porter . . Books and newspapers Building trades (.'arriayea and wagons . City public works 12 12 86 8 13 182 16 73 655 50 72' 53' 32' 143 29' 185 32 170 p 353 9 5 20 22 30 5 24 16 38 4 22 10 46 2 5 14 18 13 44 4 21 17 14 16 43 5 37 20 1 23 21 17 62 9 95 23 30 31 12 Sletals and metallic 115 21 11 236 1'i 8 11 33 l(i 17 3 Woollen goodH Total 21 23 24 24 51 78 98 117 294 372 569 663 768 1,078 1,406 1,673 1,945 Here the number opposite each industry represents in thousands the number employed. The figures for 1890 being as yet untabulated we use the same weights after 1880. In making use of these weights the relative wage in each industry is multiplied by the appropriate weight and the sum of the results divided by the sum of the weights, y According to this method of calculation we secure results which are slightly different from those of Table 39. They are given for each year in Table 42 in comparison with the results reached by the method of simple averaging. Table 42. — Relative wages in all occupations, 1840-'91, grouped by different methods. Tear. 1810 1841 1842 1843 1844 1815 1846 3817 1818 1819 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1850 1K57 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 Simple average. 87.7 88.0 87.1 86.6 88.5 100. 100. 102. 110. 125. 143. Average according to impor- tance. 82.5 79.9 84.1 83.0 83.2 86.7 89.1 91.3 91.6 90.5 90.9 91.1 9L8 93.2 95.8 97.6 98.0 99.2 97.9 99.7 100.0 100.7 103.7 118.8 134.0 148.6 Tear. 1866 1867 1808 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1886 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Simple average. 152. 157. 169. 102. 162. 163. 166. 167. 161. 168. 152. 144. 142. 139. 141. 146. 149. 162. 152. 160. 150. 163. 165. 156. 158. 160. Average according to impor- tance. 166.6 164.0 164.9 167.4 167.1 166.4 167.1 166.1 162.5 158.0 15L4 143.8 140.9 139.4 143.0 150.7 162.9 159.2 165.1 155.9 155.3 156.6 167.9 162.9 168.2 168.6 It appears from this table that the wages of 1891 are slightly higher by the method of averaging by importance. They are somewhat over KEPOET ON WHOLESALE PEICES AND WAGES. 177 two-thirds more than iu 1860, and more than double what they were in 1840. We may now turn our attention to the course of wages, as shown in liable 42. Whether we consider the first or tlie second column, we find a pretty steady advance during the period which preceded the war. After 1860 we observe the maximum wages by the first method in the year 1872. It is noteworthy that the eifect of currency depreciation and the disturbed state of affairs was much more marked on prices than on wages. By the second method of calculation the maximum since 1860 is found in the year 1891. Wages reached a high point in the years 1871-'72. After 1873 there was a marked falling off. The ground then lost was gradually regained until to-day wages are at about the same point as they were in 1871-'72. The movement in a general way is more clearly shown in Table 43, which reduces the foregoing to five-year periods. Table 43. — Selative wages in all occupations, Zi.v five-year periods, 1840-1S91, grouped iy different methods. Period. Simple average. Average accordiug to impor- tance. Period. Simple average. Average according to impor- tance. 87.2 90.2 92.3 98.9 108.0 154.9 82.5 89.6 92.6 98.5 111.4 160.1 1870 '74 164.1 147.6 148.7 153.5 159.8 165.8 1845 '49 1875 '79 146.7 1880 '84 152.2 1885 '89 157.8 lufio '64 1890-'91 (2 years) 168.4 1865 '69 This' shows that during the war period the advance in wages was not commensurate with the advance in prices. The upward movement was imparted to wages later. Hence we see the wages in the period 1870- '74 exceed those of the preceding five years. Immediately following there was a considerable drop in wages, though thereafter the advance has been steady. In the years 1890-'91 wages stand as high as did cur- rency wages in the years following 1870. S. Eep. 1394 12 178 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. HOURS OP LABOR. The examination of the course of wages would be incomplete with- out a reference to the hours of labor. As our comparisons are based upon a day's work they would acquire a new significance if there were marked differences in the hours per day in the periods compared. In order to throw a light upon this point Table 44 has been prepared. It gives the average hours of labor in each industry for each of the occu- pations which iigure in the former tables. Table 44. — Average hours of labor, iy industries, 1840-1891. Tear. Agri- cultural imple- ments. Ale, beer, aud porter. Books and news- papers. Build- ing trades. Car- riages and City public works. Cotton Dry Ging- goods. hams. Gro- ceries. niumi- nating 1840. 1811 . 1813. 1843- 1844- 1845- 1846. 1847. 1848 . 1849 . 1850 . 1851 . 1852. 1853 . 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857- 1858. 1859. 1860 . 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.7 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.4 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 11.2 10.9 10.9 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.4 10.4, 10.4 10.5 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.3 14.0 14.0 14.0 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.1 12.3 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.2 12.2 11.6 11.4 11.3 11.2 11.2 11.4 11.4 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 I 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.4 ■10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.4 10.5 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table ii.— Average Tiours of laior, hy industrieSjlS^O-lSSl—Concindeil. 179 Tear. 1840. It 1. 1S42. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1548. 1849. 1860. 18.91 . 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 3861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 ]876 1677 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Leath- er. 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.0 10,0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Lum- ber. 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.7 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10,8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10,8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10,8 10,8 10,8 10,8 10,8 10,8 10.8 10.8 10,8 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Metals and metallic goods. 10.0 10.0 10.0 10,0 10,3 10,6 10,6 10.5 10.4 10.3 10,3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10,2 ]0, 1 10,1 10,1 10,1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 JO.l 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10,1 10,1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 30.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 Paper. Rail- roads. 30.0 10,0 10,0 10.0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10,0 10,0 10.0 10,0 10,0 30.0 30.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12,0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12,0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12-0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10. 12.0 lo,o 12.0 10.0 12,0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10,0 12.0 10,0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12,0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 Side- walks. 10,3 10,3 10.3 10,3 10,3 10.3 10.3 10,3 10,3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 Spices. 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10,3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10,3 10,3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 Stone, 10,0 10,0 10.0 10.0 10,0 10,0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10. 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10,0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10,0 10.3 30.3 10.3 10,3 10,5 10,3 10,3 11,0 11,0 10,7 10,0 10.0 10.1 10,0 10,0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10,0 10,0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 30.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10,0 g.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 White lead. 9.3 9,3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9,3 9,3 9,3 9.3 9.3 9,3 9.3 9.3 9,3 9.3 9,3 10.6 10.0 10.5 10.5 10-5 10.5 10,5 10.5 10.7 10.7 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.7 10.5 10,5 10,5 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 Wool- len goods. 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14,0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 13.2 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.6 12.7 12,0 12.0 12.1 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 31.5 11.4 11.6 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 13.4 11,4 11.4 11.4 10.4 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 All indus- tries. 11.4 10.5 11,4 11.5 11.6 11.5 31,4 11.5 11.3 11,2 11,5 11,4 11,2 11.3 11.1 11.1 13.0 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.0 10.9 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.6 10.6 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 30.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.2 10.0 10,0 10,0 10.0 10.0 The figures here given apply to the same series of occupations for which the wages were given in the former tables. It will be observed that the variation is comparatively slight, and while in some few cases there has been no change between 1860 and 1891, in the greater num- ber there has been a slight reduction. On the average, 11 hours per day in 1860 have given place to 10 in 1891. If we compare 189 L with 1840 we find a reduction of 1.4 hours in the daily average. It is needless to point out the bearing of these figures upon the rate of wages. On the basis of wages per hour the 1891 wages would be still higher than those of former years than appears in the preceding discussion. The reduction in the number of hours seems hardly so considerable as might have been expected. It must be remembered that our figures refer to certain picked establishments, where, in view of the complete organization at an early date, it is probable that shorter hours made 180 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES, an earlier appearance than in the mass of work-sliops. It may there- fore be doubted whether these figures, absolutely correct as they are for the establishments in question, give a perfectly adequate picture of general conditions. WAGES IN GOLD. In the consideration of prices we concluded our discussion of the figures with a study of the relation of gold premium to the figures which had been given. In Table 45 we have reduced wages to the gold basis for the period 1862-1878 on the same plan followed in regard to prices. Table i^.—Selative warjes m gold in all occupations, 1840-1891, grouped ly different methods. Tear. Simple aTcrage. Average according to im- portance. Tear. Simple average. Average according to im- portance. 1840 87.7 88.0 87.1 86.6 86.5 86.8 89.3 90.8 91.4 92.5 92.7 90.4 90.8 91.8 95.8 98.0 99.2 99.9 88. 5 99.1 If 0.0 100.8 100. 4 76.2 80.8 66.2 82.5 79.9 84.1 83.0 83.2 85.7 89.1 91.3 91.6 90.5 90.9 91.1 91.8 93.2 95.8 97.5 98.0 99.2 97.9 99.7 100.0 100.7 101.2 81.9 86.2 68.7 1866 108.8 117.1 114.9 119.5 133.7 147.8 152. 2 148.3 145.0 140.8 135.2 136.4 140.6 139.9 141.5 146.5 149.9 152.7 152.7 150. 7 150.9 va. 7 155.4 156. 7 158.9 160.7 111.1 1841 1867 121.8 1868 "-■- 119.1 18 '3 1869 123.5 1814 1870 136.9 1845 1871 150.3 1872 153.2 1817 1873 147.4 18:." 1874 ^ 145.9 1875 140.4 1^3(1 1876 134.2 Ihjl 1877 135.4 1852 1878 139.0 1679 139.4 18^i 1880 14.3.0 1J^.").3 1881 150.7 Iti82 152.9 lft.57 1683 159.2 18'»8 JS84 155.1 155.9 ] t^O'l 18«S 1887 155.8 1861 158.6 1862 1588 157. 9 1863 1889 162.9 1864 1890 168.2 1865 1891 168.6 From this table it appears that the advance in wages discovered in Table 42 after the war began was merely nominal. Gold rose in value more rapidly than wages advanced and as a result wages, measured in gold, fell off rapidly until in 1865 they stood at about one-third less than in 1860. The following year marked a change. From 1866 to the present time wages have shown a marked upward tendency. The wages of 1871 and 1872 are higher than in the following years. In fact, it was about ten years before the level of that period was again reached, the lowest point in the intervening period being the years 1876 and 1877. Since the early eighties, however, the advance in wages has been comparatively uniform. BATES OF WAGES, COAL, IRON, GLASS, AND POTTERY INDUSTRIES. An investigation supplementary to those of the Department of Labor was made by 3Ir. Jos. D. Weeks into the Ava.c^cs paid in the coal, iron, glass, and pottery industries. The results of his research are embod- ied in Table XIII of the report. Differing somewhat in form and method from the returns of the Table XII, it has been deemed advis- able to keep the tables distinct in the analysis as weU as in the report., EEPOET ON "WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 181 Table XIII gives the rates of wages in representative occupations in each industry. So far as the facts formed comparable series, they have been reduced to relative wages ou the basis of 18G0 in the following table : Table 4G. — Relative wages for 6$ years in the coal, iron, glass, and pottery industries. Anthracite coal, m iners' wages, Eastern Penn- sylvania. Bar iron. Green glass bottles. Xcar. E=3 . s t. « £| - ^ a P Ph Ph a to 2 2 ;i4 S -Pi III 3 4) U P^ sis as Si 11 Pi II « of . ^ o S3 M 1 ^ M ® S a £ ^ o a = ^1-5 m 1840 111.1 92. 6 92.6 83.9 79.7 93.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.0 100. 107.4 100.0 98.1 119.2 107.9 104.2 94.4 74.8 98.9 100.0 100.0 110.2 169.4 223.6 191.0 179.3 165.7 239.0 280. 5 233.4 225.1 212.2 232.8 232. 1 183.7 174. 7 151.1 160.3 149.5 178.7 191.5 189.6 173.5 173.5 175.0 178.5 186.7 180.4 177.0 177.0 177.0 138.2 129.2 117.2 117.2 117 2 138.2 138.2 138.2 138.2 138.2 112.4 112.4 112.4 112.4 112. 4 100.0 100.0 100.0 87.3 100.0 lOO.O 100.0 118.5 149.8 196.6 173.1 213.7 187.0 167.5 168.5 155.1 159.1 180.9 168.8 149. 1 119.9 118.0 118.0 118.0 129. 6 140.4 129.0 129.6 129.6 129.6 118.0 125.1 137.5 137.5 137.5 137.5 137.5 114.4 114.4 114.4 114.4 114.4 114.4 114.4 114.4 114.4 114.4 100.0 100.0 86.1 128.9 128.9 128.9 143.3 143.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 130.6 173.1 240.3 216.2 240.3 206.0 240.3 206.0 206.0 206.0 243. 3 213.4 182.1 151.0 142.3 124.4 124.4 151.0 170.5 159.7 159.7 142.3 124.4 124.4 135.8 144.8 135.8 144.8 144.8 140.3 126.3 121.8 115.8 115.8 115.8 126.3 126.3 126.3 126.3 126.3 106.2 106.2 99.3 120.7 120.7 114.5 121.7 121.7 93.7 100.0 100. 100.0 124.6 161.5 218.5 194.7 227.0 196.6 203.9 187.3 180.6 182.6 212.1 191.1 165.6 135.5 130.2 121.2 121.2 140.3 155.5 144.7 144.7 136.0 127.0 121.2 130.5 141.2 136.7 141.2 141.2 138.9 139.1 12!l. 3 118.0 118.0 118.0 139.1 139.1 139.1 139.1 139.1 112.8 112.8 112. 8 112.8 112.8 100.0 100.0 100. 88.0 100.0 100.0 lOO.O 119.2 150.4 197.4 174.1 214.3 187.6 168.4 210.5 193.2 198.5 225.7 210.6 180.5 149.6 147.4 147.4 147.4 161.7 175.3 161.7 161.7 161.7 161.7 147.4 156.4 172.2 172.2 172.2 172.2 172.2 113.9 113.9 113.9 113.9 113.9 113.9 113.9 113.9 113.9 113.9 100.0 100.0 85.1 128.7 128.7 128.4 142.6 142.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 130.2 172.3 239.1 215.4 239.6 205.0 239.6 205.0 206.0 206.0 241.9 211.9 181.7 150.5 141.6 123.8 123.8 150.6 109.9 169.4 159.4 141.6 123.8 123.8 135.6 144.6 136.6 144.6 144.6 140.1 126.5 121.6 116.0 116.0 116.0 126.5 126.5 126.5 126.6 126.6 106.4 106.4 99.0 120.8 120.8 114.2 121.3 121.3 94.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 134.7 161.4 218.3 194.8 227.0 196.3 204.0 207.8 199.1 201. 8 233.8 211.2 1S4.1 150.1 144.5 135. 6 135.6 156. 1 172.6 160.0 160.6 151.7 142.8 135.6 146.0 168.4 153.9 158.4 158.4 156.2 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 78.8 78.8 78.8 100.0 100.0 99.6 108.8 108.8 93.8 93.8 100.0 100.0 118.8 137.5 162.5 153.5 161.3 154.7 177.2 143.4 140.6 140.0 164.5 140.6 122.5 108.3 101.3 112.6 98.4 118.8 132. 3 126.0 125.0 112.5 98.4 98.4 105.6 123.8 116.9 116.0 123.8 119.8 76.2 76.2 76.2 100.0 111.9 111.9 123.8 123.8 116.7 116.7 116.7 123.8 123.8 123.8 107.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 107.1 100.0 107.1 107.1 107.1 160.0 160.0 250.0 231.9 231.9 231.9 231.9 231.9 231.9 219.0 206.7 193.8 169.5 169.5 169.5 166.7 231.9 231.9 231.9 231.9 231.9 231.9 219.5 231.9 231.9 231.9 231.9 231.9 81.8 1841 81.8 1842 81.8 1843 109.5 119.1 1845 119.1 1846 134. 1 1847 134.1 1848 113.6 1849 113.6 113.6 1851 113.6 1852 113.6 113.6 1854 102.3 1855 102.3 102.3 1857 102.3 1858 102.3 102.3 ]860 100.0 1861 109.1 109.1 1863 109.1 159.1 1865 169.1 1866 236.4 1867 227.3 1868 227.3 1869 227.3 227.3 1871 227.3 1872 227. 3 209.1 1874 197.3 185.0 1876 165.9 IC.5.9 1878 165.9 163.6 227. 3 227. 3 1882 227.3 227. 3 327.3 227.3 1886 217.3 227.3 227.3 227.3 1890 227.3 227.3 182 EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PEICES AND WAGES. Tahle 46. — Relative wages for S.? years, etc. — Continiicd. Tear. 1S40 18il. 1842, 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. J848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 18,58. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885- 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Green-glass bottles — concluded. Iron ore. •9^ 90.0 90.0 00.0 110.0 118.3 118.3 126.1 126.1 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 108.7 103.7 108.7 10S.7 ]08.7 108.7 104.3 104.3 100.0 114.8 114.8 114.8 1U3.0 163. 234.8 217.4 217.4 217.4 217.4 217.4 217.4 217.4 204.3 191.3 147.0 147.0 147.0 156.5 217.4 217.4 217.4 217.4 217.4 217.4 207.8 217.4 217.4 217.4 217.4 217.4 . <£> 111.1 111.1 111.1 134.8 134.8 134.8 138.9 138.9 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 110.0 110.0 100.0 133.3 133.3 133.3 163.0 163.0 183.3 203.7 203.7 203.7 203.7 203.7 203.7 192.6 177.8 166.7 144.4 144.4 144.4 144.4 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 177.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 .2^ i| gig" O SI'S 137.9 137.9 137.9 164.1 164.1 164.1 163.8 163.8 137.9 137.9 137.9 129.3 129.3 129.3 124.1 124.1 124.1 124.1 106.2 106.2 100.0 132.8 132.8 132.8 164.1 164.1 169.0 193.1 193.1 193.1 193.1 193.1 193.1 186.2 172.4 163.8 134. 5 134.5 134.5 134.5 188.6 188.6 188.6 188.6 188.6 188.6 181.0 188.6 188.6 188.6 188.6 188.6 99.4 09.4 99.4 123. 7 129.6 129.6 137.3 137.3 122.0 122.0 122.0 121.7 121.7 121.7 112.4 112.4 112.4 112.4 106.0 106.0 100.0 119.4 119.4 119.4 161.8 161.8 214.7 214.7 214.7 214.7 214.7 214.7 214.7 204.9 191.7 180.1 152.3 152.3 152.3 153.1 213.0 213.0 213.0 213.0 213.0 213.0 200.5 213.0 213.0 213.0 213.0 213.0 'Z o 60.0 60.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 75.2 75.2 75.2 75.2 80.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.0 112.0 200.0 120.0 132.0 164.0 164.0 164.0 164.0 164.0 164.0 184.0 208.0 140.0 140.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 128.0 140.0 148.0 140.0 132.0 120.0 132.0 140.0 140.0 132.0 140.0 132.0 3^ 69.0 67.0 73.0 73.0 73.0 73.0 73.0 77.0 73.0 69.0 69.0 69.0 73.0 92.0 106.3 100.0 100.0 106.2 80.0 100.0 100.0 90.0 100.0 125.0 175.0 187.5 143.8 143.8 150.0 150.0 162.5 150.0 181.3 212.5 143.8 125.0 112.5 100.0 100 9:i,8 122.5 125.0 150.0 125.0 110.0 88.0 105.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 04. 5 63,5 76.5 76.5 70.5 76.5 76.5 76.1 74.1 72.1 72.1 74.5 86.5 96.0 103.2 100.0 100.0 103.1 90.0 100.0 100.0 95.0 104.0 118.5 187.5 153. 8 137.9 153.9 157.0 157.0 163.3 157.0 172.7 198.3 175.9 132.5 126.3 110.0 110.0 106.9 125.3 132.5 149.0 132.5 121.0 104.0 118.5 130.0 130.0 126,0 130.0 126.0 S to , 84.2 84.2 1 94.7 94.7 1 115.8 11.5. 8 105. 3 100.0 100.0 105.3 115.8 126.3 ITS. 9 178.9 184.2 189.5 194.7 194.7 194.7 194.7 200.0 215.8 210.5 184.2 168.4 168.4 168.4 168.4 173.7 194.7 215.8 215.8 215. R SOU. 221.1 231.6 231.6 231.6 231.6 221.1 80.0 80.0 93.3 93.3 120.0 120.0 105.7 100.0 100.0 106.7 120.0 133.3 206.7 186.7 193.3 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 220.0 200.0 166.' 153.3 153.3 153.3 153.3 IfiO.O 186.7 213.3 213.3 213.3 193.3 206. ■ 220.0 220.0 220.0 220.0 206.7 KEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 46. — Melative wages for SS years, etc. — Concluded. 183 Tear. 1840. 1841., 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. . 1846., 1847. 1848., 1849., 1850., 1851., 1852., 1853., 1854., 1855., 1856.. 1857.. 1858.. 1859.. I860.. 1861.. 18G2. . 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1866.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875. . 1876. . 1877.. 1878.. 1879. - 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885. . 1886. . 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890. . 1891.. Hetals and metallic goods. 30" 100.0 100.0 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 lOO. 100.0 100.0 100.0 116.7 150.0 158.3 166.7 166.7 166.7 150.0 133.3 125.0 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 108.3 108.3 108.3 108.3 110,7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 116.7 106,7 106.7 106.7 110.0 110.0 110. 110.0 110.0 So- o > b. £ « 'o ®*^ w 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 75,0 75,0 75,0 72,5 72.5 72,5 72,5 80,0 80,0 80,0 80.0 80.0 80,0 80.0 100,0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100.0 110.0 110.0 110,0 110,0 110,0 120.0 120.0 120.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 152.0 152 152, 162,0 152,0 152,0 161,0 161.0 161,0 161,0 161.0 - to 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 66.7 77.8 77.8 77.8 80.6 80.6 80.6 80.6 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 111,1 111,1 111,1 111.1 111.1 111.1 111.1 111.1 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 134.4 137. 8 137.8 137.8 137.8 159.6 159.6 159.6 159.6 169.6 159.6 163. 9 163.9 163.9 163.9 163.9 & CD If life" ,2- " 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 88.0 113.0 113.0 113.0 113,0 113.0 120,5 120,5 120,5 120, 5 120,5 120,5 120,5 120,5 100.0 100,0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 135.5 150.6 213.0 213.0 150.6 150.6 150. B 160.8 150.6 132. 5 132.5 145.8 145.8 145.8 145.8 186.7 150.6 150.6 143.1 143.1 143.1 160.6 150.6 150.6 160.6 150.6 160.6 150.6 lu the table we have added some columns giving the averages in those cases where the same occupation is repeated. The position of wagt-s in 1891 is as follows, 1860 being 100 : Anthracite coal, miners 177.0 Bar iron : Puddlers (average) 138.9 Puddlers' helpers (average) 156.2 Rollers 119.8 Green-glass blowers (average) 213.0 Iron ore : Miners (average) 126.0 Skilled laborers 221. 1 Unskilled laborers 206.7 Blaster and diiUers ,.4... 4....... 122.9 184 REPORT OX WHOLKSALK TRIG US AND WAGES. Metals and metallic goods : Moulders llO.O Cupolamen °o-" Mclters 87.5 Pig iron: Keepers ^"°- '■ Fillers 124.1 Pottery: Hollow-ware pressers 161.0 Handlers 163.9 Window glass 150. 6 In this summary it will be seen tliat the rule is advanced wages. The exception is found in the stove foundry at Quincy, 111. There wages for two classes have decreased. It will be noted that in the tables previously given the wages of this class of labor advanced with the other occupations. On the wliole, however, there is no question but that the wages in these important industries conform in the main with the results of the general investigation into wages. It may be remarked that the average of the 1891 wages given above is 145.6. If the average be taken of the 1891 figures of the table as it stands the result would be 156.5. In the foregoing statement several high wages have been averaged, and this depresses the average in the first state- ment. All allowances being made for different systems of obtaining the average, it is clear that the results of Table XIII conform substan- tially to those of Table XII. It is less comprehensive than the former, and exact agreement could not be expected. TEACHERS' SAEARIES FOK PIFTT-TWO TEARS. In order to ascertain the changes which have taken place in the re- muneration of all kinds of labor, the committee made an investigation into the remuneration of teachers as representatives of the professional class. "VYhileit would have been equally desirable to obtain some in- formation as to the salaries of clergymen and fees of physicians, it was out of the question. Even in ascertaining the remuneration of teachers extreme difflculty was experienced. The compensation of teachers is subject to peculiar rules. The classification of teachers since the year 1840 has been subjected to many changes, and many cities have adopted a system of gTading by which the salary is determined not so much by the position occupied as by the number of years of service. It was necessary, therefore, to exercise the utmost care to secure grades of teachers representing practically the same degree of talent and having essentially the same functions to-day as they had at the beginning of the period. The figures given for cities in Table XI Y represent in each case the teacher of maximum i)roficiency in the designated grade and the man or woman of long experience as a teacher. These, in their respective positions, may be assumed to represent essentially the same standard. Our figures, therefore, are given mostly from the highest class of teachers, but to maintain a balance we have also given in each city the minimum remuneration paid to teachers. The minimum amount could be ascertained equally well with the maximum amount, Avhereas in the intermediate region there are infinite shadings and vari- ations in the rate of salaries. In the following table we present an analysis of the salaries paid teachers ta city schools: KEPOET ON "WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 185 Table 47. — Eelaiive teudieys' salarieis for 5S years in vilic St. Louis. Boaton, Tear. be a ■a.§ .&g to '3 1 "3 q ■c en a'o w « . CO =: o S 11 3 u s 1840 1841 1842 1843 . .. . 4;:. 50 50.0 50. 48.0 60.0 1844 1845 75.0 1840 1847 82.4 93.3 1848' 1849 75.0 1850 18.'il ih;,2 85.7 75.0 75.0 90.0 62.0 75.0 88.0 82.4 80.0 1855 85.7 90.0 90.0 1850 1857 100.0 100.0 J 00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 107.1 125.0 125.0 142.9 142.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.0 125.0 125.0 150.0 160.0 100.0 1868 100.0 100.0 100.0 48.0 64.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 64.0 80.0 94.1 94.1 100.0 82.4 94.1 93.3 93.3 100,0 73,3 86.7 100.0 1859 100.0 1860 100.0 1861 100.0 1862 100.0 100.0 1864 100.0 100.0 110.0 125.0 125. 141.7 120.0 120.0 136.0 141.2 141.2 152.9 120.0 120.0 133. 3 110.0 1865 125.0 1866 125.0 1867 150,0 1868 110.0 120.0 120.0 128.0 128.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120. 311. 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 110.0 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 187.5 187.5 154.2 150.0 " 150. 15U.0 150.0 150. 150.0 150.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 180.0 176. 176.0 176.0 176.0 176.0 162.8 160.0 160,0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 100.0 176.5 176.5 211,8 211.8 211.8 211.8 21]. 8 211.8 211.8 195.8 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200,0 200.0 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133. 3 133. 3 150,0 1870 1872 1873 142.9 160.0 160,0 1875 133.3 106.7 106.7 106.7 106.7 106.7 106.7 106. 7 106.7 106.7 1876 142.9 135.0 128.6 160.0 150.0 144.0 160. 150, 1878 144.0 1881 135.0 135.0 135. 135.0 i::.5. 135.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 135.0 144.0 144.0 144.0 144.0 144.0 144.0 144.0 144,0 144,0 144.0 144,0 144.0 1882 144. 144.0 1884 144.0 144.0 1886 110.0 110.0 120.0 120.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160,0 160.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 106.7 106.7 106.7 106.7 144.0 144.0 1888 144.0 144.0 1890 144. C 144, C 186 REPORT OX WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 47. — Melaiive teacliei-s' salaries for 52 years in cities — Continued. Year. 1840.. 1841.. 1842.. 1843.. 1844.. 1845.. 1846.. 1847.. 1848.. 1849.. 1850.. 1851.. 1852.. 1853.. 1854.. 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. 1858.. 1859.. I860.. 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1866.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872. . 1873.. 1874. . 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.; 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. lioston — concluded. CinciDnati. 80.0 90.0 90.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 170.0 200.0 170.4 216.0 216.0 216.0 216.0 216.0 216.0 :;io. 216. 216.0 216.0 216. U 216.0 83.3 83.3 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 133.3 150.0 150.0 183. 3 183.3 200.0 180.0 168.0 168.0 1(.S. 152.0 1.".2. 1.52. 152.0 152.0 15 .0 152. U 1.52. 152.0 57.1 68.6 68.6 68.6 68.6 68.6 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 85.7 85.7 100.0 114.3 114.3 138.3 138.3 148.6 148.6 148.6 148.6 148.6 148.6 148.6 148.6 148.6 148.6 148.6 148.6 148.6 148.6 148.6 148.0 148.6 U8.6 148.6 148.6 148.6 14S. 6 148.6 148.6 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 50.0 50.0 65.0 65.0 63.0 65.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 100.0 100. 100.0 89.0 89.0 100.0 125.0 125.0 158.3 158.3 158.3 158.8 158.3 158.3 158.3 158.3 158.3 158.3 158.3 158.3 158.3 158.3 158.3 158.3 158.3 158.3 158- 3 158.3 158.3 158.3 158.3 158.3 158. 3 158.3 ,2 <=-J (S CD O Ex< o a> 57.1 57.1 51.4 51.4 61.4 51.4 51.4 57.1 57.1 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4, 83.7 85.7 83.7 85.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.7 90.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 en .A < 60.0 60.0 52.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0 64.0 64.0 80.0 SO.O 80.0 80.0 96.0 96.0 ! 80.0 I 96.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.0 92.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133.3 133. 3 133.3 133.3 133. 3 77.3 77.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 87.3 87.3 100.0 121.2 121.2 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 150.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 159.1 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 47. — Relative teachers' salaries for 5S years in cities — Concluded. 187 Year. 1840., 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1864. 1855. , 1856. 1857., 1858. 1859. i860. 1861. 1«62. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866., 1867., 1868., 1869., 1870., 1871.. 1872., 1873., 1874., 1875., 1876., 1877., 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. Baltimore. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 120.0 146.7 146.7 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180,0 180.0 180.0 180.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 100.0 160,0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 68.2 68.2 68.2 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 81.8 81.8 81.8 81.8 81.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 127.3 127.3 163.6 163.6 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181,8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 181.8 94.4 111.1 94.4 94.4 94.4 94.4 94.4 94.4 94.4 94.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 144.4 114.4 106.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 106.7 166.7 166,7 166.7 106.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 160.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 166.7 Bra 70.0 '96.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 140.0 140.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180,0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 83.3 83,3 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 166.7 166.7 233.3 233.3 232.0 232. 232.0 232.0 232.0 232.0 232.0 232.0 2.32. 232.0 232.0 232. 232.0 232. 232.0 232.0 232. 232.0 232. 232.0 232.0 232.0 232.0 232.0 CO O 'Sj 11 Sp,§ B 75.0 75.0 76.0 100.0 100.0 100. U 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 175.0 175.0 250.0 250,0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 234.0 EC H t-l 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 171.4 171.4 200.0 200.0 192.0 192.0 192.0 102. 192.0 192.0 192.0 192.0 192.0 192.0 192.0 192.0 192.0 192.0 192.0 192.0 192.0 192. 192.0 192.0 192.0 192.0 192.0 192.0 (0 t*» h o n .. ■§>! "".^ a ^ ii 50.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 250.0 250,0 400.0 400.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408,0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 408.0 I a 6.7 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 166.7 166.7 233.3 233.3 216.0 216.0 210.0 216.0 216.0 216.0 216.0 216.0 216.0 216.0 216.0 210.0 216.0 216.0 210.0 216.0 216.0 216.0 210.0 210.0 210.0 216.0 216.0 216.0 teg S3 9 64.0 73.0 67.5 71.5 74.8 74.8 70.6 81.3 84.0 83.8 80.6 80.4 86.6 87.9 91.4 93.7 98.3 98.8 09.5 100.0 90.8 93.7 100.0 132.3 134.7 166.7 183.7 177.9 184.5 186.3 187.7 187.5 183.0 187.1 188.1 184.0 178.0 178.2 182.8 182. 8 178.5 178.6 177.8 177.8 186,3 178.1 178,1 178.6 178.5 186.3 1£6.3 188 EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PFJCES AND WAGES. The advance was all tlie way from 6 per cent to 308 per cent in different instances which will be noticed in the table. However, the last-named figure is probably an error, inasmuch as it seems improb- able that the figures thioughout relate to the same grade of teachers. The table shows that, as a rule, there has been little change in recent years. With the table is a column giving the general average, which shows an advance of 86 per cent since 18G0. The advance occurred mostly in the period between 1865 and 1870, at a time when there was a general increase in wages. Since then there has been no substantial change in the currency lemuneration of teachers. Teachers' salaries, being matters of regulation by city boards rather than a free contract, can hardly be supposed to resjjoud as readily to the changed conditions of trade and living as other piofessional services, and they are, there- fore, only useful as throwing some light upon the subject. In regard to the wages of teachers in rural districts it was almost impossible to get any figures whicli are worthy of confidence which would in any measure indicate the change which had occurred in the remuneration of teachers. The records are not very numerous. As throwing some light upon the subject, however, we have inserted in Table XIV figures giving the average salaries of male and female teachers in two Massachusetts counties of Barnstable and Franklin. These were selected as being distinctively rural communities, without large centers of population. There has been no marked increase in population in Franklin County since 1840 and in Barnstable County there has been a decrease, so that the conditions may be considered as approximately the same to-day as they were fifty years ago. It is tj ue the figures we have given are simply average rates, and during this time the school system of these two counties, as elsewhere throughout the country, has experienced some change. Graded scliools have in part taken the place of ungraded schools, and it is possible that there are to-day a larger number of teachers of better equipment than was the case in 1840. The number of male teachers is relatively much less to-day than it was in 1840, and to-day they occupy relatively higher positions in the school systems of those counties than they did in 1840. It is not probable that the average position and training of the female teacher has greatly changed. With these reserves we give in Table 48 a comparison of the salaries paid in each year with those of the year 1860. We find a very marked increase between 1840 and 1860, amounting on the average to more than 100 per cent. In the subsequent period, 1860 to 1890, the increase on the average was nearly 75 per cent, and was somewhat greater for the female teachers than for the male teachers. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 189 Table iS.Selative teachers' salaries for SS years, BarnstaUe and FranJcUn counties, Mass. Xoar. 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843 . 1844. 1845. 1846 . 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851- 1852. 1853 . 1854. 1855. 1850 . 1867. 1858 . 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863 . 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870 . 1871. 1872. 1873 - 1874. 1875. 1876 . 1877 . 1878. 1879. 1880 . 1881 . 1882 . 1883 . - 1884 . 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889 . 1890. Barnstable County, Mass. Male Female teachers, teachers. 49. 50. 50. 5L 5]. 57. 53. 56. 57. 77. 79. 80. 78. 85. 90. 95. ■ 99. 99. 100. ICO. 101. 99. 102. 105. 122. 131. 137. 141. 156. 152. 153. 148. 167. 174. 170. 165. 161. 160. 160. 155. 146. 160. 15]. 158. 150. 101. 168. 164. 174. 167. 32.2 34.9 32.7 37.7 30. 3 41.4 41.6 37.7 42.3 41.6 68.5 69.4 67.7 72.0 76,1 86.7 93.1 90.4 94.7 89.8 100.0 94.4 99.1 93.8 97.6 109.0 117.8 123.6 137.0 139.4 139. 6 143.6 150.2 163.0 150.6 168.1 167.9 162.2 162.9 152.9 164.5 157.5 104.8 168.6 176.7 172.4 172.5 174.3 178.2 180.5 182.4 Franlclin Comity, Mass. Male Female teachers, teachers. 67.1 54.7 54.3 49.9 50.2 51.9 61.4 64.6 53.6 61.4 84.9 86.2 88.5 84.2 86.2 99.3 88.2 105.9 103.0 103.9 100.0 101.7 99.5 100.3 106.8 134.4 141.3 140.6 142.1 169.7 150.0 162.0 157.6 165.8 170.3 179.6 152.3 154.4 143.1 128.4 120.2 142.8 127.7 141.7 146.4 148.9 149.4 132.9 134.8 200.4 169.6 38.0 38.4 38.9 38.7 37.1 37.0 43.7 39.6 48.3 43.7 76.4 83.7 83.3 84.7 88.4 93.6 97.2 102.1 97.0 96.6 100.0 06.2 99.3 99.8 lOB.l 120.4 133.4 137.3 144.4 151.5 161.3 164.2 169.5 174.5 186.9 182.0 183.2 170.1 162.1 166.1 148.2 157.9 159.4 164.7 161.8 165.8 172.2 172.0 174.4 176.1 180.3 General average. 44.3 44.7 44.2 44.8 44.6 46.6 61.0 46.4 50.3 61.0 76.9 79.5 80.0 79.9 84.0 92.6 93,5 99.4 98.5 97.6 100,0 98,3 99,4 99,0 102.9 121.6 131.0 136.2 141.3 151,8 151,1 155.9 166.5 167.7 170,7 174,9 167,3 162,0 157,2 149,4 144.5 151.3 153.2 156.6 161,0 160,9 164,0 161,9 163,1 182,9 174.9 It was observed that, with waj^es, teachers' salaries advanced in the years 1865-1870 and reached the highest point in the iirst half of the fol- lowing decade. It is -significant, however, and well worth our atten- tion that the high rates of these years are currency rates, and that as currency enhanced in value until it reached par there was substantial change in the rates. It amounted, therefore, to an increase of salary, and it is as true of teachers' salaries as it is of wages, that they are higher to-day than they ever were. In war time teachers suffered even more than wage-earners from the decreased wages due to depre- ciated currency and the general social disturbance. A survey of Table 49, which gives relative teachers' salaries in gold, will make this clear. 190 EEPOET ON "WHOLESALE PEICES AND WAGES, Table 49. — Belative teachers' salaries in gold for 53 years. Tear. In cities. In Barn- stable and Franklin conntieo, Mass. Tear. In cities. In Barn- stable and Franklin counties, Mass. 1840 68.9 54.0 73.0 57.5 71.5 74.8 74.8 70.6 81.3 84.6 83.8 80.6 80.4 86.6 87.9 91.4 93.7 98.3 98.8 99.5 100.0 90.8 91.4 68.9 85 1 62.3 44.3 44.7 44.2 44.6 44.6 45.5 51.0 46.4 60.3 51.0 76.9 79.5 80.0 79.9 84.0 92.6 93,5 99.4 98.5 97.6 100.0 98,3 97.0 68.2 66.2 66.2 1866 119.0 136.5 128.4 136.1 153.6 169.6 171.9 162.4 168.0 167.2 16?.. 1 167.6 175. 7 182.8 182.8 178.5 178.5 177.8 177.8 186.3 178.1 178.1 178.5 178.5 186.3 186.3 93.5 18il 1867 101.2 18i2 1868 102.0 1843 1889 111.9 1870 124.6 1871 140.8 1846 1872 143.4 1847 1873 148.8 1818 1874 153.2 1875 155.5 1876 148.3 1877 152,5 1852 1878 155,0 1853 1879 149,4 1880 144,5 1881 : 151,3 1856 1882 153.2 1H57 1883 156.6 1884 161.0 1885 160 9 1860 1886 164.0 1887 161.9 1888 163.1 1863 1889 182.9 1864 1890 174.9 1891 SUPPLEMENTAEY PRICES AND WAGES. In order to bring the work of the committee down to as recent a date as possible a supplementary investigation both of prices and wages was ordered. This brought the work to October 1892, the result of this supplementary investigation being found in fall in the following tables : Table XXII. — Wholesale prices of commodities in October 1891, and October 1892. Table XXIII.— Rates of wages in July 1891, and October 1892. PRICES. "We may first consider prices. To ascertain the significance of such changes as may have occurred we have subjected the figures to the same analysis which has been used in the general investigation. Taking the prices of January 1860 as a standard of comparison we have ascer- tained the relative price of each article in October 1891 and October 1892, as compared with this standard. The results are embodied in the following table: Table 50. — Belative prices in October 1891 and October 1S92. Group and article. October— Group and article. October— 1891. 1892. 1891. 1892. Food. 112.0 125.0 112.5 94.1 58.8 106.7 100,0 87.5 94.1 58.8 Food — continued. Bread— concluded. Navy shipbread 114.3 80.0 150.0 100.0 116.7 95.0 139.1 Biead: 85 7 80.0 l.W.O 80.0 92.2 90.0 157.6 B shipbread -- Boston crackers Do Do Boston crackers, extra grade . Oolfee, Eio, fair EEP.ORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 191 Table, 50. — Selative prices in OotoTier 1891 and October ^8. 5 150.2 139.0 138.0 174.8 109.3 84.2 137.2 154.3 126.6 150.0 146.3 October 1892. 190.1 i:;2.o 150.2 136.2 140.0 189.2 111.9 167.6 158.5 154.3 146.6 216.8 124.4 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 195 Table 54. — Relative wages in July 1S91 and October 189S — Continued. Industry and occupation. Books and newspapers — concluded. Machinists Porters Press feeders Press feeders Pressmen Pressmen Pressmen Press-room hands Building trades. Briclflayers Bricklayers Bricklayers' helpers Bricklayei-s' helpers Carpenters Carpenters Carpenters Carpenters Carpenters Carpenters Carpenters Carpenters' helpers Carpenters' helpers Hod carriers Laborers Laborers Machine hands Machine hands' helpers.. Masons Painters Painters Painters Painters, house Plasterers Plasterers Plumbers Plumbers Roofers Koofers, slate and metal . Steam and gas fitters Steam and gas litters helpers Teamsters Tinsmiths Carriages and wagons. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Painters "Wheelwrights City public works. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers Bricklayers Carpenters Carpenters Engineers Engineers, assistant Firemen Foremen, laborers Foremen, laborers G-ardeners Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Machinists Masons Masons Patternmakers Quarrymen Stonecutters "Watchmen July 1891. 146.6 157.9 201.7 243.9 138.7 100.1 107.1 166.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 20O.9 178.6 164.1 U7.7 163.1 175.0 163.4 154.3 138.0 185.4 189.6 148.3 156.8 121.0 61.6 183.6 142.9 175.0 182.8 204.9 200.0 189.3 125.0 186.7 209.0 280.0 117.0 97.5 180.0 169.2 200.0 209.0 200.0 200.0 166.7 160.0 175.0 174.4 150.0 129.9 178.0 165.2 200.0 142.9 153.8 151.7 176.0 148.5 120,0 195.7 175.0 141.7 200.0 181.8 175.0 129.7 October 1892. 176.0 157.9 201.7 2.53. 137.5 157.7 128.5 200.0 200.0 202.5 200.0 178.6 146.6 158.0 148.5 156.2 175.0 162.9 160.0 139.8 189.9 194.1 141.1 142.0 133.3 49.2 189.2 142.9 175.0 182.8 242.3 200.0 189.3 150.0 186.7 194.0 280.0 136.0 125.0 200.0 158.7 176.3 189.8 184.4 208.8 166.7 200.0 175.0 174.4 150.0 136.5 164.4 186.4 203.8 151.1 153.8 153.7 176.0 134.6 123.2 196.0 175.0 200.0 200.0 181.8 175.0 123.3 Es- tab- lish- nient num- her. Industry and occupation. Cotton goods. Back boys Back hands Balers Band boys Beam carriers Beltmcn Blacksmiths Boilermeu Card grinders Card grinders Card grinders Card grinders Card strippers Cai d strippers Card strippers Carpenters Carpenters Carpoiters Carpenters Cloth-room hands Doffers Dofl'ers Doffers Doubler tenders Drawors-in Drawers-in Drawing hands Drawing hands Drawing- frame tenders- - - Dressers ■ Engineers Entrymen ■ Filling carriers Firemen Firemen Foremen, carpenters Foremen, machinists Foremen, yard Foremen, yard Harness hands Lap carriers Lapper feeders (boys) Machinists Machinists Machinists Machinists Masons Master machinists Master machinists Oilers Overseers, carding depart- ment Overseers, carding depart- ment Overseers, carding depart- ment Overseers, carding depart- ment Overseers, cloth room Overseers, cloth room Overseers, cloth room Overseers, dressing de- partment Overseers, spinning de- partment Overseers, spinning de- partment Overseers, spinning de- partment Overseers, weaving depart- ment Overseers, weaving depart- ment Overseers, weaving depart- ment Overseers, weaving depart- ment -Tuly 1891. 201.9 143.8 105.0 111.4 122.2 140.0 153.6 88.6 187.8 176.5 183.7 179,6 184.5 100.0 135.1 124.7 138.7 130.2 111.0 153.0 265.1 216.4 194.6 166.3 200.0 145.2 135.7 208.1 180.7 198.1 141.7 114.1 122.9 116.6 95.1 200.0 228.6 125.0 210.0 209.2 145.8 198.5 108.0 142.4 116.6 210.2 131.1 90.1 250.0 272.6 133.3 250.0 200.0 128.6 150.0 177.8 281.7 277.1 133.3 275.0 160.0 103.7 250.0 222.2 171,4 October 1892. 203.8 175.0 110.0 126.6 140.7 140.0 153.6 80.0 135.6 159.0 184.3 179.6 154.9 160.0 132.5 130.3 134.5 - 137. 2 110.7 156.4 257.1 209.8 189.1 176.6 256.8 148.4 157.1 206.1 180.7 143.1 160.0 114.1 122. 9 141.3 90.3 170.3 220. 9 183.8 210.0 169.0 154.9 173.1 122.4 154.0 107.6 210.2 131.1 144.4 250. 203.1 133.3 178.8 200.0 128.6 160.0 171.8 281.7 276.3 133.3 205.5 160.0 193.7 290.0 222.2 171,4 196 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES Am) WAGES. Table 54. — Relative wages in July 1891 and October 189B — Continued. Es- tab- lisb- ment num- ber. 38 39 38 39 40 41 41 38 40 40 38 38 39 40 41 39 41 39 41 39 40 41 39 41 41 38 40 41 38 40 40 38 39 40 41 38 41 39 40 39 41 41 41 41 Industry and occupation. Ootton goods — concluded. Pamters Painters Pickers Piclier.s Picking-room hands Piecers, bade (boys) Piecers, front ( boys) Holler CO verers Eoora bands RoA'ing bands Scrubbers Second bands Second liands Second bands Second hands Section bands Section hands Slasher tenders Slubber tenders Speeders Speeders Speeder tenders Spinners, frame Spinners, frame Spinners, mule Spoolers Spoolers Spoolers Sweepers Sweepers Teamsters Third hands Warpers "Warpers Warpers Waste bands Watchmen Watchmen Watchmen Weavers Weavers, 3 and 4 looms . . Weavers, 5 looms Weavers, 6, 7, and 8 looms Weavers, spare Wheel pitmen Yard hands Yard hands Yard bands Yarn carriers , July 1891. Dry goods. Port«rs Salesmen Saleswomen . GingJiams. Back boys Boiler tenders Card grinders Card strippers Card tenders Carpenters Doners Drawers-in Drawing-frame tenders . . Dressers Loom fixers Machinist Overseers, carding depart- ment Overseers, dressing de- partment Overseers, spinning de- partment 126.1 124.1 149.3 140.8 126.7 172.4 156.4 136.0 1.57. 5 234.2 154.4 145.4 171.5 143.1 145.4 216.4 120.8 162.8 119.7 215.4 168.3 112.9 252.6 274.0 253.8 146.0 201.2 -253. 2 93.7 175.6 86.7 109.1 175.6 185. 6 126.2 88.2 210.1 149.4 146.2 226.1 175.0 151.6 130.7 183.0 73.0 104.5 126.9 128.5 117.6 125.0 259.1 171.9 200-0 175.1 120.0 138.6 140.0 137.1 151.1 118,8 163.3 179.9 121.8 151.6 133.3 133.3 160.0 October 1892. 165.4 139.0 159.9 142.2 133.5 172.4 141.9 136.0 106.3 226.3 195.5 142.9 154.0 142.4 156.4 200.0 121.2 143.1 114.5 165 4 120.7 118.6 173. 7 260.3 224.8 150.0 195.2 253.2 71.1 173.1 88 7 163.9 172.3 216.1 126.9 88.2 245.0 177.9 166. 5 187.0 172.5 145.2 137.5 200.0 73.0 97.7 140.4 130.5 150.0 125.0 201.8 179.4 208.3 175.1 120.0 138.6 140.0 115.7 153.3 137.5 166.3 125.6 118.4 124.8 140.0 140.0 151.2 Es- tab- lish ment num- ber. Industry and occupation. Ginghams — concluded. Overseers, weaving de- partment Painters Pickers Quillers Heelers Second hands Speeders Spiniiers, frame Warpers — *. Weavers Winders Yard hands July 1891. October 1892. Groceries. Salesmen -- Teamsters. Illuminating gas. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths Blacksmiths' helpers. Blacksmiths' helpers - Bricklayers Bricklayers Bricklayers' helpers - . Carpenters Carpenters Coal handlers Engineers Firemen Firemen Firemen Laborers Laborers Laborers, street Painters Pavers Eetortmen Stablemen Watchmen Leather. Blackers Cellar hands - Finishers Flatten ers ... Glossers Setters-out... Splitters .Stuff ers Table hands.. Whiteuers .-- Jjuinher. Salesmen Teamsters .. Yard hands . Metals and metallic goods. Blacksmiths - Blacksmiths . Blacksmiths . Blacksmiths . Blacksmiths . Blacksmiths . Blacksmiths . Blacksmiths . Blacksmiths - Blacksmiths . Blacksmiths . 133.3 142.9 140.0 189.5 178.8 154.8 171.7 160.7 187.7 163.0 196.4 135.0 233.7 155.7 139.9 150.0 177.8 105.0 171.0 156.4 149,8 185, 7 163.9 150.0 150.1 183,5 223.9 178.4 151.7 129.5 156.5 200.0 200.0 135.0 180.0 181.8 156.5 145.5 141.0 164.4 200.4 142.9 130.7 153. 5 145.5 156.5 188.7 148.0 169.7 129.6 20U. 151.8 175.0 125.0 152.3 184.0 149.6 156.8 125.9 90.9 128.3 119.4 111.0 195.6 173.5 153.5 180.8 173.2 150.0 171.6 192,0 135.0 224.6 133.3 135.6 150.0 177.8 162.5 166.3 140.7 168.5 175.1 163.9 150.0 150.1 165.0 223.9 172.2 155.9 146.0 150.0 200.0 200.0 137.7 156.4 141.4 106.5 145.5 141.0 164.4 200.4 142.9 130,7 153.5 145.5 156.5 186.7 140.9 153.8 133.3 178.6 149.2 116.0 137.5 152.3 183.0 142.9 160.1 120.9 101.1 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 197 Tai!I.e 54. — Melative wages in July 1S91 and Oetoher 189B — Continued. tab- lisli ment num- ber. 64 55 68 72 71 72 72 06 73 74 66 71 74 54 56 62 66 74 68 71 M 68 58 54 56 58 65 68 54 66 68 57 58 69 60 61 62 66 67 71 78 74 5-1 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 65 66 67 Industry aud occupation. Metals andmetalli': goods-^ coutiuued. Blaolcsmiths' helpers — Blaclismitbs' helpers Blacksmiths' helpers — Blacksniitlis' helpers — Blacksmiths' helpers — Blacksiuiths' helpers — Blacksmiths' helpers — Blacksmiths' helpers — Boilermakers Boilermakers Boilermakers Boilermakers Boilermakers' apprentices Boilerinakei s' helpers . - . Boilermakers' helpers... Boilennakers' helpers — Boiler tenders Carpenters Carpenters Coal wheelers Coremakera Corem akers Coremakers Ciipolamen Draughtsmen Draughtsmen Engineers Engineers Engineers Engineers Engineers Foremen, blacksmiths . . Foremen, blacksmiths.. Foremen, hoilermakers . Foremen, hoilermakers - . . Foremen, furnaceraen . . . Foremen, machinists Foremen, machinists Foremen, machinists Foremen, machinists Foremen, machinists Foremen, moulders Foremen, moulders Fumacemen Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Laborers Machinists Machin ists - Machines tfl Machinists Machinists Machinists Machinists Machinists. . . .• Machinists Machinists Machinists Machini sts Machinists Machinists Machinists Machinists Machinists Machinists' apprentices. Machinists' apprenticeis. J'- 1891. 115.3 140.0 205.7 162.9 165.2 165.7 140.0 92.9 ]37.0 176.5 135.0 180.6 206.7 152.2 168.7 167.3 200.0 137.9 138.2 167.6 120.0 127.-3 141.7 156.4, 245.5 168.0 133.3 267.5 106.8 225.0 136.0 108.3 194.5 133.3 117.9 100.0 84.7 100.0 153.4 138.8 129.1 130. 4 192.4 119.4 187.0 189.3 166.7 100.0 135.6 109.6 179.6 179.2 171.5 130.0 120.0 139.4 134.7 155.6 139.2 150. 135.1 155.0 124.0 145.9 222.2 160.1 154.5 167.4 140.3 168.7 143.7 175.2 122.0 70.0 October 1892. 122.5 139.5 205.7 171.4 163.0 171.4 146.5 93.9 141.2 184.2 120.4 187.8 208.0 135.2 189.1 185.1 220.0 133. 2 143.7 167.6 120,0 139.3 122.1 156.4 176.0 176.6 133.3 257.5 106.8 250.0 106.3 116.7 194.6 133.3 136.9 108.3 84.7 100.0 135. 3 138.8 180.0 130.4 173. 3 129.8 143.5 168.5 166.7 106.4 133.3 109.6 180.2 169.7 139.0 129,5 146.6 138.0 126. 5 165.9 149.4 143.3 145.0 149.8 122.6 137.3 222.2 169.4 160.7 164.1 140.8 18L5 132.6 147.9 166.9 97.3 Es- tab- lish- cuent num- ber. Industry and occupation. Metals and metallic goods^ concluded. Machinists' apprentices... Machinists' apprentices . . Machinists' helpers Machinists' helpers Machinists' helpers Machinists' helpers Machinists' helpers Machinists' helpers Masons Masons' helpers Millwrights Moulders Moulders Moulders Moulders Moulders , Moulders Moulders Moulders Moulders, iron Moulders' apprentices Moulders' apprentices Moulders' helpers Moulders' helpers Moulders' helpers Painters Patternmakers Pattornraa Iters Patternmakers Patternmakers Patternmakers Patternmakers Patternmakers Patternmakers Patternmakers Patternmakers' appren- tices Pattern-makers' helpers. . Teamsters Teamsters Teamsters Watchmen "Watchmen "Watchmen "Watchmen "Wood'workers Paper. Engineers Finishers Laborers Machine hands . . Paper cutters Bag sorters SaUroada. Baggagemen Brakeiuen, freight Brakemen, passenger . . Carpenters Conductors, freight Conductors, passenger- Engineers, locomoti-pe . Firemen, locomotive — Foremen, masons Masons ■ Painters Grinders . Laborers... Shippers - - Teamsters. Spice. July 189i. 125.7 160.9 114.2 139.4 126.2 137.0 16.S. 126.8 130.0 159.0 140.0 149.2 143.8 131.3 162.4 154. 8 165.0 150.8 147. 1 145.8 160.0 170.0 121.4 133.0 180.1 127.8 146.6 164.5 168.6 157.1 125.0 166. 7 175.2 166. 3 179.2 97.7 107.7 163.4 159.6 150.0 140.0 175.4 176.5 160.0 147.4 171.7 250.4 150.0 206.0 200.0 150.0 105.5 168.8 160.0 154.2 169.9 120.2 163.9 170.7 164.0 136 121.3 185.5 1.52. 9 300.0 116.7 October 1892. 198 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 54. — Eelaiive wages in July 1891 and October 1892 — Concluded, Es- tab- lish ment num l)er. Intlustry and occupation. Btont, Carpenters Carvers Engineers Eoremen, quarrymen Eoreinen, quarrymen Granite cutters Laborers Laborers Marble cutters Marble cutters Marble polisbers Marble poliahers Marble rubbers , Marble rubbers Quarrymen Qnarryraen Stone cutters Teamsters White, lead. Engineers Laborers Watclunen Woollen goods. Alley boys Uurlera Card cleaners Card tenders Card tenders , Carders , Carpenters , Cleaners Brawers-in , Drcbsers Dyebouse hands Dyers Filling carriers Filling sorters Finishers Fullers Fullers and giggers . . Giggers Handers-in Jnly October 1891. 1892. 145.5 160.0 145.5 140.0 133. iJ 133.3 231.4 222.1 157.6 160.5 177.8 177.8 136.4 103.6 160.0 149.2 144. 5 141.5 172.3 171.6 134. 3 133.0 209.1 209.1 137.0 137.4 262.0 262.0 170.8 172.5 160.2 156.1 201.1 200.9 133.3 133. 3 133.3 166.7 124.1 136. 2 174.7 174 7 133.3 127.0 138.9 138.9 172.5 163.0 145.8 147.5 193.7 196.2 150.9 161.0 183.3 166.7 121.1 132.5 800.8 269. 4 1 167.0 175,0 179.2 186.2 136.4 116.8 148.2 147.3 124.0 124.0 126.6 126.6 128.2 104.3 139.3 150.6 148.1 158.2 lOO.T) 100.0 Es- tab- lish- ment nuni' ber. Lidustry and occupation. 86 Woollen jroods— concluded. Handers-in Loom fixers Loom fixers Overseers, carding depart- ment Overseers, carding depart- ment Overseers, carding depart- ment Overseers, dyehouse Overseers, dyehouse Overseers, dyehouse Overseers, finishing depart- ment Overseers, finishing depart- ment Overseers, fulling and gig- ging department Overseers, spinning de- partment Overseers, Mreaving depart- ment Overseers, weaving^depart- ment Overseers, weaving depart- ment Pickers Pressmen Scourers Second hands Section hands Shearers Shearers Sorters Speclcers Spinners, jack Spinners, jack and mule . Spoolers T wisters '. "Washers Waste sorters "Watchmen "Watchmen "Weavers "Weavers Yam carriers July 1891. 130.4 171.6 161.2 200.0 212.5 285.7 236.1 150.0 299.4 254.5 250.0 181.8 200.0 171.4 October 1892. 130,4 176.0 160.0 200.0 212,5 285.7 277.8 200.0 299,4 290.9 250,0 163.6 225.6 200.0 17L4 263.2 263.2 95.0 93.8 125.0 125.0 141.5 150.6 149.3 165.9 200.0 200.0 206.1 216.8 111.5 125.0 136.3 183. 3 164.0 180.0 135.8 144.2 121.9 128.0 120.0 130.8 132.1 132.8 126.1 127.7 148.9 148.9 135.5 137.5 152.4 152.4 188.3 195.0 166.7 185.2 268.1 234.1 REPOKT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 199 The main results of tlie foregoing table can not be properly seen "without condensation. In Table 55, which follows, we i^reseut the rela- tive wages, averaged for each industry, and the aggregate: Table 55. — Melaiive wages in July 1891 and October 189$, by industries. Numlior of quota- tions. July 1891. ■ October 1892. Industry. Sum of relative prices. Average. Sum of relative prices. Average. 5 5 21 33 4 22 114 3 27 2 22 10 3 130 6 11 692.9 1, 120. 8 3, 160. 6 5, 580. 6 809.6 3,591.0 18,836.8 566.0 4,177.7 389.4 3, 679. 9 1,546.9 506.4 19,343.7 1,128.1 1,617.5 138.6 224.2 150.0 169.1 202.4 103.2 165.2 185.3 164.7 194.7 167.3 164.7 168.8 148.8 188.0 147.0 716.7 1, Oi;l. 9 3, i'la. 1 5, C:!U. 759.3 8, 700. 7 18, SII2. 8 506.2 4, 038. 7 357.9 3, 589. 1,546.9 481.4 19,255.9 1, 106. 9 1,625.4 143.3 205.0 162.9 170.6 189.8 168.2 164.9 168.7 149.8 179.0 103.1 154.7 160.5 148.1 184.5 147.8 4 18 3 65 755.1 3,026.6 432.1 9, 355. 2 188.8 168.1 144.0 170.1 768.4 2, 949. 4 477.6 9, 665. 3 192.1 163.9 White lead 159.2 173.7 Total 498 80,296.8 161.2 80, 313. 5 161.3 The table shows very considerable fluctuations, some industries standing higher and others lower in October 1892, than in July of the previous year. In the aggregate there has been practically no change, the exact figures being 161.239 at the earlier and 161.272 at the later date. It will be remembered that previous tables closed with January 1891. On that date the average relative wages for all occupations compared was 160.7, so that while the figures for July 1891 marked an advance of but one-half of 1 per cent., those for October 1892 showed even less- FOEEiaN PKIOES. In accordance with the directions of the committee, a carefal search has been made for data in foreign countries capable of comparison with the figures presented for the United States, and to this end a consider- able correspondence has been carried on with prominent European sta- tisticians. It is thought that all series of prices which by their scope on the one hand and by their duration upon the other are worthy of consideration have been collected. They form the subject of the pres- ent discussion. It is needless to say that a great mass of occasional or spasmodic price statistics wa,s discovered. Only that could be used in this report which in form and matter approximated our tables. Any figures which did not cover a number of articles and a series of years were useless for our comparisons. Great care has been taken to bring these figures down to date, and for this purpose it was necessary to employ special agents in Europe. It was found impossible to carry them further back than the dates given, though an effort was made in this direction. Tliis work involved con- siderable difficulty, but it adds much to the value of the figures pre- sented and could not have been omitted. 200 REPORT ON WHOLKSALE PRICES AND WAGES. Uniformly when prices have been given in foreign couni ries our tables contain the equivalents in money of the United States for the measures in common use here. In all cases a reduction to measures of weiglit and capacity familiar in the United States has not been possible, but the exceptions to the rule are few. All new calculations of relative prices are however based upon the original figures. In quotin g relative prices of others we have not departed from the figures of the original, but in new calculations we have followed our own rules as to decimals and the like. In converting foreign money into that of the United States use has been made of the equivalents established by the United States Treasury Department. After giving an account of the statistics of the various European countries, an attempt will be made to coordinate them with the results obtained for the United States. ENGLAND, THE ECONOMIST PKIOES. The best known price series and calculations of relative prices are those of the Economist. This journal publishes each week a list of "trade prices current," reporting several hundred articles as their price stands on Friday of the week in question. The figures are ob- tained from a responsible firm or from several firms dealing in different lines of goods quoted and doing business in London and Manchester. Upon this basis the celebrated Economist index numlx-r has been built up. The prices quoted may be looked upon as reliable in view of the leading position held by the Economist and the persons from whom its information is drawn. There are evidences that this branch of the Economist's work has not always been prosecuted with equal vigor, but such periods are infrequent and short. The first use of these figures was made by Tooke and Newmarch, who in their History of Prices, vol.6, pp. 162 etseq., published the prices of the articles in our list for the first Friday of January, A))ril, July, and October of each year from 1851 to 185(; as well as for February 1857, the date of going to press. Almost the entire edition of this volume was destroyed in an accident. The prices are repioduced in the table which follows. For these years tliere were no calculations of index numbers made except for January 1851 and July 1853. In the table which we give tliey have been supplied. Mr. Newmarch continued his work in communications to the Koyal Statistical Society, but has nowhere given the prices for July 1858 and July 1859. These dates are omitted in our tables. In his report in 1860 (Journal of the Statistical Society, vol. 23, p. 103), Newmarch adopts the average prices for the six years 1 845-1 850 as a basis upon which to calculate relative prices or index numbers, lie said that these years formed a sufficiently long period, prior to the dis- turbances effected by the gold discoveries, to constitute a j) roper basis of comijarison. He bases his average upon the prices at the beginning of each quarter, and each base price is therefore the average of 24 quo- tations. The Economist published these prices with the index numbers based upon them for the first time in a supplement in March 1864, entitled " Commercial History and Eeview of 1 8(>.'>." From that date to the present time this series of supplements has been continued, the 30th issue appearing in February 1893, and giving a review of 1892. Mr. Newmarch alone was responsible for the work of selecting prices REPORT ON WIIOLESALi: PKKJICK AND WAGES. 201 for the 47 articles in our list and tLe preparation of index numbers based on them, from the year 1803 until 1880, .shortly before the death of that distinguished statistician. Since 1880 the figures have been prepared in the office of the Economist. From the start they have been based upon the same material, the Economist's weekly ic])orts. When a change in the description of an article has become necessary by the disappear- ance from the market of the article quoted, care has been taken to sub- stitute for it as close an equivalent as possible, after consultation with leading dealers. In copying and comparing the figures which are given in our tables the greatest care has been exercised to prevent inaccuracies. Glaring dcscrepancies are sometimes observable between the price figures and the corresponding index numbers. Note especially the columns indigo, tea, and others. It has been impossible to divine the cause of these divergencies or to reconstruct the record. The figures have been given as they were found. The prices are those for the month named, the index numbers those which relate to the same months. I am forced to the conclusion that the numbers were not invariably based upon the prices, and that in certain cases Mr. ISTewmarch used subsidiary infor- mation in the construction of his relative prices, of which he has left no record and given no clew. This rendered the completion of the tables a work of exceeding diffi- culty. We have, hoAvever, endeavored so far as possible to follow the methods of the original in i)reparing the missing numbers. We have, however, indicated these calculations of our own by the use of a differ- ent type. Eurtherinore, we have reduced the total to a simple basis of comparison, one hundred, as well as giving the aggregate of the rela- tive prices as is done by the Economist. The figures for July 1802 and January 1893 were furnished shortly before their publication in the supplement to the Economist, through the courtesy of Mr. Edward Johnstone, the editor of tliat journal. We give in the following the Economist prices and the Economist index number as usually quoted for the January prices: Table 56. — Wholesale prices of 47 commodities, mahiJy in London and Manclieaier, Eng- land, as quoted hy the London Economist, from 1S45 to 1893, with equivalents in United States money and measures. Colonial and tropical produce (food). Sate. 1. Coffee: Jamaica, ordinary to tine ordinary. 2. Sugar ; British plantation, brown. 3. Sugar; Bengal, good yellow and white. Per 112 pounds. Per pound. Per 112 pounds. Per pound. Per 112 pounds. Per pound. 1845-1850 1851— Jan July.... 1852- Jan July.... 1853— Jan July..-. 1854— Jan July.... 1855— Jan July.... 1856— Jan July.— 1857-J^an Jnly 1858— Jan 1859— Jan <. d. 8. d. 44 ® 54 53 68 43 46 44 47 6 43 46 8 48 69 50 68 63 60 52 80 49 58 63 61 64 63 54 02 68 67 68 80 60 62 66 71 $0,096 ©$0,117 . 116 . 120 . 093 . 100 .096 .103 .093 .]01 .104 .128 . 109 . 126 .115 .]30 .113 .130 .106 .126 .115 .133 .117 .137 .117 .13.5 . 126 . 146 . 148 . 174 .109 .135 .122 .154 «. d. 8. d. 28 ® 80 26 28 23 24 18 21 17 21 21 26 20 23 21 25 18 6 21 6 17 10 6 19 20 6 29 32 6 26 28 6 36 40 40 44 23 26 22 26 $0. 061 @ $0. 006 .066 .061 .050 .062 . 039 . 046 .037 .016 .040 .054 . 043 . 050 .047 .054 .040 .047 . 037 . 042 . 041 . 045 .063 .071 . 056 . 062 .078 .087 .087 .096 . 050 . 050 .048 .066 8. d. 8. d. 36 ® 49 34 46 32 43 26 40 0. 25 39 27 32 27 31 28 6 32 26 28 6 24 6 29 23 6 27 33 38 31 33 38 40 45 48 33 6 36 6 32 6 36 $0,078® $0,106 .076 .100 . 070 . 093 . 056 . 087 .054 .»85 . 059 . 070 . 059 . 007 . 062 . 070 .066 .062 . 053 . 063 . 051 . 069 .072 .083 . 067 . 073 . 083 . 087 .098 .104 .073 .079 .071 .079 202 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 56. — Wholesale prices of 47 eommodiUes, mainly in London and Manchester, Eng- land, as quoted by the London Economist, from 1845 to 1893, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Date. ColoDJal and tropical produce (food). 1. Coffee; Jamaica, ordinary to fine ordinary. Per 112 pounds. Per pound. 2. Sugar : British plantation, brown. Per 112 pounds. Per pound. 3. Sugar: Bengal, good yellow and white. Per 112 pounds. Per pound. 1860— Jan . July 1861— Jan . July 1862— Jan . July 1863— Jan . July 1864— Jan . July . 1865— Jan . July 1866— Jan . July 1867— Jan . July 1868— Jan . July 1869— Jan . July 1870— Jan . July 1871— Jan . July 1872— Jan. July 1873-^an. July 1874— Jan . July 1875— Jan . July 1876— Jan . July 1877— Jan . July 1878— Jan - July 1879— Jan. July 1880— Jan. July 1881— Jan. July 1882— Jan . July. 1883— Jan . July 1884-jran. July 1885— Jan . July 1886— Jan. July 1887— Jan . July 1888— Jan . July 1889— Jan . July 1890— Jan. July 1891— Jan. July 1892— Jan.. July 189»— Jan . s. d. s. d. 58 ® 71 63 72 63 64 70 74 72 74 70 70 74 76 70 62 65 63 58 54 52 65 55 52 50 55 67 74 80 85 108 92 83 84 88 78 80 82 84 72 59 55 68 58 55 48 43 37 34 36 44 40 40 37 38 ^5 60 84 78 62 79 74 87 90 79 81 86 6 78 80 70 74 PO 85 85 88 79 81 84 88 85 76 81 81 80 76 72 76 76 75 73 75 75 84 88 94 120 100 87 92 92 83 94 94 95 87 82 75 80 71 65 63 55 50 45 50 60 52 52 46 46 45 70 90 85 72 90 82 95 96 90 88 ■85 90 S5 ).126® ^ .137 .137 .139 .152 .161 .156 .161 .152 .152 .161 .165 .152 .135 .141 .137 .126 .117 .113 .119 .119 .113 .109 .119 .146 .161 .174 .185 .235 .200 .180 .182 .191 .169 .174 .178 .182 .156 .128 .119 .148 .126 .119 .104 .093 .080 .074 .078 .096 .087 .087 .080 .083 .076 .130 .182 .169 .135 .172 .161 .189 .196 .172 .176 .188 .169 .174 1.154 .156 .152 .161 .174 .185 .185 .191 .172 .176 .182 .191 .185 .165 .176 .176 .174 .165 .356 .165 .165 .163 .159 .163 .163 .182 .191 .204 .261 .217 .189 .200 .200 .180 .204 .204 .206 .189 .178 .163 .174 .154 .141 .137 .119 .109 .098 .109 .130 .113 .113 .100 .100 .098 .152 .196 .185 .156 .196 .178 .206 .209 .196 .191 .206 .196 .206 s. d. 22 O'i 21 23 19 18 17 17 6 16 25 28 18 6 19 22 6 16 19 6 22 23 6 23 6 23 26 27 24 6 26 28 29 29 26 25 23 i2 6 24 22 21 6 20 6 31 30 19 6 17 14 20 6 19 6 18 6 20 19 6 18 6 16 6 17 6 16 6 11 9 6 14 13 6 11 6 10 10 13 6 11 6 14 18 11 6 12 12 13 12 6 10 6 U 6 s.d. '26 25 27 6 23 23 22 22 20 6 29 30 21 6 22 24 6 20 22 28 26 26 27 30 32 30 32 32 32 33 30 29 27 27 6 27 25 6 24 25 6 36 34 6 22 20 6 18 24 6 23 6 21 6 240 22 6 22 6 20 22 19 14 12 15 6 15 6 13 22 11 15 13 6 15 23 13 13 6 13 6 14 6 16 6 14 6 14 6 $0. 048 ® ^ .046 .050 .041 .039 .037 .038 .035 .054 .061 .040 .041 .049 .035 .042 .048 .051 .051 .050 .056 .059 .053 .056 .061 .063 .063 .056 .054 .050 .049 .052 .048 .047 .044 .067 .065 3.056 .054 .060 .050 8. d. 31 5 29 « 29 26 .042 .037 .030 .045 .042 .040 .043 .042 .040 .036 .038 .036 .024 .021 .030 .029 .025 .022 .022 .029 .025 .030 .039 .025 .026 .026 .028 .027 .023 .025 . 050 I 28 . 018 I 26 .048 .045 .063 .065 .047 .048 .053 .043 .048 .061 .056 .056 .059 .065 .070 .065 .070 .070 .070 .072 .065 .063 .059 .060 .059 .055 .052 .055 .078 .075 .048 .045 .039 .053 .051 .047 .052 .049 .049 .043 .048 .041 .030 .026 .034 .034 .028 .026 .024 .033 .029 .033 .050 .028 .029 .029 .032 .036 .032 .032 25 24 32 33 24 25 27 23 24 6 25 6 25 6 25 24 25 27 27 28 25 27 28 23 23 21 20 21 6 20 19 18 27 6 26 6 18 20 19 D 18 21 6 20 19 21 21 6 21 19 20 18 11 6 a 4i 12 4i 13 4i 14 2J 13 14 14 3 «. d. >33 6 32 32 30 6 31 6 29 6 30 27 35 38 30 29 30 2« 28 31 31 28 29 30 32 32 32 27 31 30 27 27 26 240 24 6 23 22 21 6 32 30 24 24 23 22 26 24 23 26 25 24 23 23 22 14 4i $0,067® 3 .064 .063 .056 .061 .056 .054 .052 .070 .072 .052 .054 .059 .050 .053 .055 .055 .054 .052 .054 .059 .039 .061 .054 .059 .061 .050 .050 .046 .043 .047 .043 .041 .039 .060 .0.58 .039 .043 .041 .039 .047 .043 .041 .046 .047 .046 .041 .043 .039 .025 .025 .027 .029 .031 .029 .031 REPORT ON WIIOLESALIO PRICES AND "WAGES. 203 Table 56. — Wliolesale pricnt of 47 commoditiai, mainly in London and Manchester, Eng- land, as quoted bij the London Eoonomisi, from ISiS to 1893, ii'ith equivalents in United States money and measurvs — Coutmued. Date. Colonial and tropical produce (food). 4. Hum: Jamaica, 15 to ^ 0. P. Per gallon. 1845-1850-.. 1851— Jan.. July. 1852— Jan-. July. 1863— Jan. . July.... 1854 — Jan July... 1855— Jan July.... 1856— Jan July.... 1857— ,1 an.... July... 1858— J au 1859— Jan 1860— Jan July... 1861— Jan July... 1862— Jan July... 1863— Jan July... 1864— Jan July... 1865— Jan July... 1866— Jan July... 1867 -Jan July... 1868— Jan July... 1869— Jan July... 1870— Jan July... 1871— Jan.... July... 1872— Jan July 1873— Jan July... 1874^-Jan July... 1875— Jan July... 1876— Jan July... 1877— Jan.... Jul}... 1878^ran.... July... 1879— Jan July... 1880— Jan July... 1881— Jan July... 1882— Jan July... 1883— Jan July 1884— Jan... July. . 1886— Jan... July. . 1886— Jan... July. . 1887— Jan... July.... 50 42 48 36 44 62 44 d d. 34 ® 38 30 32 80 32 26 28 24 26 32 34 32 34 46 40 56 45 52 39 46 56 48 40 42 42 40 34 32 28 26 26 28 30 34 34 34 32 30 32 32 30 28 28 32 34 Per gallon. 36 32 30 26 24 24 26 28 32 32 32 30 28 30 30 28 26 26 30 32 34 34 40 40 40 41 49 46 44 41 41 28 30 32 40 30 31 40 45 34 33 30 30 27 28 34 33 30 34 36 33 34 35 33 I. 574 ■a .607 .607 .439 .405 .641 .541 .710 .608 .845 .710 .811 .608 .743 .878 .743 .608 .642 .642 .608 .541 .507 .439 .405 .405 .439 .473 .641 .641 .541 .507 .473 .507 .607 .473 .439 .439 .507 .541 .574 .674 .676 .676 .670 .693 .828 .777 .743 .642 .642 .473 .507 .641 .676 .607 .624 .676 .760 .574 .658 .607 .607 .456 .473 .574 .558 .507 .674 .507 6. Tea: Congou, middling common to fair good. Per pound. Per pound. > $0, 642 .541 .541 .473 .439 .674 .674 .777 .676 .946 .760 .878 .659 .777 .946 .811 .676 .710 .710 .676 .674 .641 .473 .439 .439 .473 .507 .674 .674 .574 .541 .607 .641 .641 .607 .473 .473 .641 .674 .608 .608 .710 .710 .710 .726 .845 .811 .777 .777 .777 .676 .676 .507 .541 .608 .710 .558 .558 .743 .811 .642 .642 .608 .608 .568 .674 .642 .591 .668 .608 .658 d. 9i 12 lOi lOJ 12 14 11 9i 8i n 13 15 13 11 16 17 134 11 Hi 11 llj 11 11 9J 9J 9 12 12 9i 6i 5 10 7 7 6i 6 6 6 10 94 9 10 7 9 8 7J 1? 7i ?* 6 6 5 5 7 5 64 64 7J 74 64 6J ]4i 12 11 8i 10 10 174 14J Hi 12 12 12 12 12 11 104 11 14 14 lOi 30 28 32 32 24 32 28 32 28 30 30 30 9 12 14 13 12 12 11 14 9 12 15 13 17 15 13 11 10 104 12 9 8 10 10 10 6. Tobacco: Virginia leaf. 1.183 .242 .208 .142'S .132 .213 .243 .284 .223 .193 .172 .198 .193 .264 .304 .264 .:j23 .804 .345 .274 .223 .233 .223 .233 .228 .223 .193 .193 .183 .243 .243 .193 .112 .101 .203 .142 .142 .132 .101 .101 .122 .122 .122 .122 .162 .203 .193 .183 .203 .193 .162 .162 .142 .183 .162 .152 .162 .223 .157 .152 .142 .122 .101 .101 .101 .142 .101 .112 .132 .147 .152 .112 .127 $0. 183 .172 .294 .243 .223 .177 .213 .203 .365 .294 .233 .243 .243 .243 .243 .243 .223 .213 .223 .284 .284 .213 .608 .568 .649 .649 .487 .649 .563 .649 .568 .608 .608 .608 .183 .243 .284 .264 .243 .243 .223 .284 .183 .243 .304 .264 .845 .304 .264 .223 .208 .213 .243 .183 .162 .203 .183 .183 .162 .203 .203 .162 .183 Per pound. Per pound. d. d. 4i 4i ® 10 4i 10 24 24 24 24 24 4 4 4 4 74 6 5 4 4 4 14 14 14 14 "i" 5 5 7 7 7 7 5 5 6 6 6 64 2* ^* 64 6 ? 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 S 4 4 44 !* 44 4 6 6 5 4 4 4 64 64 5 f 4i 84 1? 11 10 10 84 9 11 12 15 15 16 15 '12' 12 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 lOi 11 11 11 11 12 17 17 17 18 14 Vi 12 12 10 10 Hi 114 10 10 16 17 17 15 15 15 15 15 13i 14 13 14 1.091 .001® 091 .051 .051 .051 .051 .051 .051 .081 .081 .081 .081 .162 .162 .162 .101 .101 .081 .081 .081 .122 .122 .284 .284 .284 .284 '.'ioi" .101 .101 .142 .142 .142 .142 .101 .101 .101 .122 .122 .132 .132 .132 .132 .122 .111 .081 .122 .122 .122 .101 .101 .101 .101 .101 .081 .081 .091 .091 .091 .081 .122 .122 .101 .081 .081 .081 .112 .112 .101 .112 .101 .091 lOA REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND "WAGES. Table 56. — Tl holesale prices of 47 commodities, mainly in London and Mancliestcr, Eng- land, as quoted bi/ the London Economist, from 1846 to 1S9S, with eqiiiralents in United St-ates money and measa)'e«— Continued. Colontil and tropical produce (food). Date. 4. Eum : Jamaica, 15 to 25 0. pr 5. Tea: Congou, middling common to fair good. 6. Tobacco Virginia leaf. Per gallon. Per gallon. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. 1888-Jan July.... 1889— Jan July.... 1890-^an July.... 1891- Jan July.... 1892— Jan" Julr...- 1893-^aii d. d. 27 ® 30 25 29 25 29 25 28 31 33 32 34 33 35 43 45 42 44 23 31 28 30 $0. 456 ® $0. 507 .422 .490 .422 .490 .422 .473 . 524 . 5.".!- . 541 . 571 . 558 . 5J1 . 726 . 760 .710 .743 .473 .524 .473 .507 d. d. 4i ® 7i 7i 11 4 9 4 7 4 71 4i 8 5 S 5i 7 4i 6i 4i Oi 5i 7 *0. 091 ® SO. 152 . 147 . 223 . Otil . 18:1 . 081 . 112 .081 .152 . 086 . 162 . 101 . 102 .112 .142 . 096 . i::2 . 091 . 1.12 . U2 . 142 d. d. 6 ® 16 5 16 4^ 16 4* 16 4 16 4 IS 4 IS 4 18 4 18 4 18 4 17 $0,122® $0,324 . 101 . 324 . 091 . 324 . 091 . 324 .081 .324 . 081 . 365 . 081 . 365 .081 .365 .081 .365 . 081 . 365 .081 .345 Colonial and tropical produce (food). "Wheat (En gland and Wale 5) and potatoes (Borough). Date. 7. Butter: "VTatcrford. 8. Wheat: Gazette price. 9. Potatoes: good English. Per 112 pounds. Per pound. Per 8 busliela. Per bushel. Per 2,240 pounds. Per bushel. 1845-50 t. t. 82 80 72 @ 74 72 74 74 80 SO 86 84 104 $0. 173 .174 . 156 @ $0. 161 . 156 . 161 .161 .174 . 174 . 187 .182 .226 ». d. 53 38 1 42 11 38 4 40 10 46 44 11 80 2 73 1 72 6 76 6 76 6 76 1 58 1 63 1 48 7 40 6 44 2 58 5 53 7 51 62 1 56 7 45 10 46 11 39 10 40 9 37 10 41 3 46 3 64 6 60 2 64 10 67 4 67 7 50 11 47 9 43 8 51 6 62 7 59 1 55 4 63 4 66 i 59 1 61 8 60 8 44 2 43 6 $1. 563 1.123 1.265 1.130 1.204 1.356 1.324 2.364 2.155 2.138 2.256 2.250 2. 243 1.713 1.80U 1.432 1.194 1.302 1. 723 1.580 1.504 1.831 1.G6S 1.351 1.383 1.175 1.201 1.115 1.216 1.364 1.606 1.895 1.912 1.985 1.993 1.501 1.408 1.288 1.631 1.553 1.742 1.632 1.720 1.661 1.742 1.818 1.789 1.302 1.283 ». d. 1851— Jan July.... 1852-^an July.... 1853— Jan July.... 1854-Jan July.... 1855-Jan 104 100 104 108 104 112 100 110 105 105 .226 .217 .226 .235 .226 .243 .217 .23i1 .228 .223 ■ JiUy.... 1856— Jan July.... 1857— Feb July.... 1858— Jan 1859— Jan 1860— Jan July 1861^ran 112 116 107 112 100 104 106 .243 .252 .232 .243 .217 .226 .230 July.... 1862-Jan July.... 1863-Jan July 186t_Jan 105 105 119 123 123 123 115 115 115 115 136 120 120 120 140 145 145 112 117 100 106 106 106 .228 .228 .25(1 .267 .267 .267 .260 .250 .250 .250 .295 .261 .261 .261 .304 .315 .315 .243 .254 .230 .230 .230 .230 July.... ISGS^Tan July 186fr-jran July.... 1867— .Tan 110 $0. 717 18C8— Jan July.... 1869^1 an ,„„ J"iy---- iio" 6 .7i7 1870-Jan July.... 1871— Jan July 80 .521 1872-Jan July.... 1873— Jan July 180 1.173 1374— Jan July.... 1875— Jan July.... UO .717 EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 205 Table SQ.—TVliotesale prices of 47 commodities, mainhj in London and Manchester, Mnr/- land, as quoted by the London Econoniixt, from 1845 to 1S9S, with equivalents in United Slates money and measures— Continued. Colonial and tropical produce (food). Wheat (England and Wales) and potatoes (Borough). Date. 7 Butter ■\Vaterford. 8. Wheat: Gazette price. 9. Potatoes : good English. Per 112 pounds. Per pound. Per 8 bushels. Per bushel. Per 2,240 pounds. Per bushel. B. 8. d. e. d. 1876— Jan 45 3 48 10 51 2 61 5 $1. 334 1.428 1.509 1 H]0 July.... 1877— J ;m July 120 IGO $0,781 • 1.043 .781 1878- J.-m 51 8 1 5"'i July.... 83 $0. 180 46 1. :;.j6 120 ISig^Jan 103 . 22-1 39 7 1.167 120 .781 July.... 85 .m> 42 4 1. 248 105 .084 1880— Jan 117 .254 46 11 1.383 145 .945 „„, J"iy---- 90 .196 44 7 1.315 120 .781 1881-Jan 119 .259 43 4 1. 278 85 .554 July.... 99 .215 45 4 1.337 75 .489 1882— Jan 127 .270 44 3 1.305 85 .554 July.... 89 .193 46 11 1.383 90 .587 1883— Jan 118 .256 40 11 1.206 120 -0 .781 July ... 93 .202 42 3 1.246 160 1.043 1884— .Tan 112 .243 39 1.150 80 .521 Jnly.... 78 100 .169 .217 37 4 31 11 1.101 .941 New 70 1885-Jan .45i July.... 70 85 .152 .185 32 8 30 3 .963 .892 Kew 90 1886— Jan .587 July 60 105 .130 .228 31 35 .914 1. 032 New- go 1887-Jan .587 July.... 75 .163 35 1 1.034 90 .587 1888— Jan 100 .217 30 9 .907 90 .587 July.... 75 .163 31 3 .921 160 1. 043 1889— Jan 100 .217 30 4 .894 90 .587 July 28 7 .843 1890— Jan .... 84 .182 29 10 .880 60 .391 July.... 65 .141 32 8 .963 50 .326 1891-Jan 100 .217 32 7 .961 78 .508 July ... 75J .165 39 6 1.165 120 .781 1892— Jan 99 .215 36 10- 1.086 68 1* .444 July.... 83J .182 29 10 .880 76 4 .498 1893^ran 90* .210 25 8 .757 65 .4;;4 Date. Butchers' meat (Sniii.hfield market). 10. Beef; inferior, middling. 11. Beef: prime, large. Per8pounds. Per pound. PerSpounds. Per pound. 12. Mutton : middling. Per8pouuds. Perpound 1845-1850.. 1851-^ an. July 1852— Jan. July 1853— Jan. July 1854^-Jaa. . July. 1855— Jan. . July|. 1856-Jan. . July. 1857— Feb.. July. 1858— Jan.. 1859— Jan.. I860— Jan.. July. 1861— Jan.. Jnly. 1862— Jan.. July. 1863— Jan.. July. 1864— Jan.. July . 1865— Jan.. July. d. d. 34 @ 36 28 30 30 32 32. 32 34 40 42 42 40 42 44 42 44 42 44 42 44 42 44 40 4fi 36 40 42 44 42 44 36 40 48 52 40 48 42 44 44 48 36 40 36 40 40 44 40 44 42 44 42 48 44 46 iO. 086 ', .071 .076 .081 .081 .081 .101 .107 .107 .107 .107 .107 .107 .101 .091 .107 .107 .091 .122 .101 .107 .112 .091 .091 .101 .101 .107 .107 .112 ). 001 .076 .081 .086 .117 .086 .107 .117 .112 .112 .112 .112 .112 .117 .101 .112 .112 .101 .132 .122 .112 .122 .101 .101 .112 .112 .112 .122 .117 d. d. 38 ® 40 32 34 36 36 36 42 48 46 46 46 46 42 46 46 42 54 50 46 50 42 42 46 46 46 50 48 ). 096 ® $ .081 .080 .091 .091 .091 .107 .122 .117 .117 .117 .117 .117 .122 .106 .117 .117 .107 .137 .127 .117 .127 .107 .106 .117 .117 .117 .127 .122 1.101 .091 .091 .090 .096 .096 .112 .127 .122 .122 .122 !l27 .127 .117 .127 .122 .123 .142 .132 .122 .132 .117 .112 .122 .122 .122 .132 .127 d. d. 42 ® 46 34 42 34 38 38 44 40 60 50 54 50 48 50 48 54 62 46 34 44 46 48 44 44 44 44 40 48 44 42 44 44 52 48 52 50 48 44 46 48 52 50 66 .1071 .096 .086 .112 .117 .122 .112 .112 .112 .112 .117 .122 .112 .107 .112 .112 .132 .122 .132 .127 .117 .112 .117 .122 .132 .127 .142 iO. 117 .107 .096 .112 .101 .127 .127 .137 .127 .122 .127 .122 .137 .132 .117 .122 .127 .127 .147 .137 .142 .132 .127 .127 .132 .132 .142 .137 .152 206 REPOET ON "WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 56. — Wholesale prices of 47 commodities, mainly in London and Manchester, Eng- land, as quoted by the London Economist, from 1845 to 1893, with equivalents in United /States money and measures — Continued. Date. Butchers' meat (Smitlifleld inartet). 10. Beef: inferior, middling. 11. Beef : prime, large. PerSpounds. Perpound. PerSpounds. Perpound 12. Mutton: middling. PerSpounds. Per pound 1866— Jan.. July. 1807— Jan . . July. 1868-Jai].. July . 1869— Jan . . July. 1870-Jau.. July . 1871— Jau . . July. 1872— Jan . . July. 1873— Jan.. July . 1874^-Jaii . . July. 1875— Jaii . . July. 1876-J"an . . July . 1877— Jaii . . Julv . 1878— Jan.. July. 1870— Jan.. July. J 880— Jan.. July . 1881^an . . July . 1882— Jan . . July. 1883— Jan . . July. 188t-Jan . . July . 1885— Jan.. July. 1886— Jan . . July . 1887— Jan.. July. 1888— Jan . . July . 1889-Jari.. July. 1890— Jan . . July - 1891^rari-. July . 1892-^an . . July . 1893— Jan.. d. d. 36 ® 48 48 62 44 46 42 44 42 46 44 48 52 52 48 50 52 66 52 50 48 54 54 40 44 48 42 40 42 44 36 48 52 44 44 38 40 44 38 46 44 44 28 28 28 24 27 28 28 26 30 33 28 32 32 36 28 10. 091 ■; .122 .112 .117 .107 .112 .107 .117 .112 .122 .132 .132 .122 .127 .132 .167 .132 .127 .122 .137 .137 .101 .112 .122 .107 .101 .107 .112 .091 .122 .132 .112 .112 .096 .101 .112 .096 .117 .112 .112 .071 .071 .071 .061 .068 .071 .071 .066 .076 .084 .071 .071 .081 .09] .071 ).122 .132 .122 .122 .112 .117 .117 .127 .117 .132 .142 .142 .137 .132 .137 .172 .142 .137 .147 .152 .152 .122 .132 .142 .137 .142 .122 .142 .122 .142 .142 .132 .122 .112 .122 .122 .112 .127 .132 .122 .101 .107 .101 .101 .122 .081 .081 .lyte .086 d. d. 50 ® 52 64 56 60 52 46 48 48 52 48 54 60 58 64 58 56 68 58 62 62 66 60 60 62 60 66 66 52 66 52 58 66 62 54 48 56 60 56 56 52 48 44 48 44 40 48 46 48 50 50 54 66 62 .58 65 56 52 54 50 60 52 56 56 56 60 C2 58 60 60 60 60 64 66 68 64 68 00 66 60 64 56 62 66 62 58 66 58 60 62 65 62 60 56 54 48 52 48 44 54 50 52 64 52 0. 127 t .137 .127 .132 .117 .122 .122 .132 .122 .137 .142 .147 .137 .147 .142 .172 .147 .157 .157 .167 .152 .152 .132 .152 .142 .142 .132 .142 .132 .147 .142 .1.32 .137 .122 .142 .162 .142 .142 .132 .122 .112 .122 .112 .101 .122 .117 .122 .127 .127 .137 .142 .157 .147 .139 .142 60. 132 .142 .132 .137 .127 .127 .132 .142 .142 .142 .152 .157 .147 .152 .152 .152 .152 .162 .167 .172 .102 .172 .152 .167 .152 .162 .142 .157 .142 .157 .147 .142 .147 .162 .157 .165 .157 .152 .142 .137 .122 .132 .122 .112 .137 .127 •132 .137 .132 d. d. 52 ■SI 62 64 68 48 54 42 46 44 46 48 52 48 56 64 56 60 60 60 48 60 60 60 54 48 52 48 52 48 52 44 52 60 52 42 56 63 62 52 48 44 48 40 48 44 40 36 48 40 46 46 58 60 64 62 62 54 0. 132 •® S .162 .122 .137 .107 .117 .112 .117 .122 .132 .122 .142 .137 .142 .152 .152 .152 .122 .127 .152 .152 .137 .122 .132 .122 .132 .122 .132 .112 .132 .152 .132 .107 .142 .160 .157 .132 .122 .112 .122 .101 .122 .112 .101 .091 .122 .101 .117 .117 .147 .152 .162 .157 .132 .137 10.157 .172 .132 .142 .122 .127 .127 .152 .132 .142 .142 .162 .152 .152 .162 .188 .162 .132 .137 .142 .167 .147 .152 .152 .142 .152 .142 .162 .127 .162 .172 .162 .117 .162 .177 .172 .152 .152 .122 .142 .112 .137 .132 .123 .112 .127 .132 .137 .137 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 207 Table 56. — TTlwhsale priccx of 17 co. .I'-irtii'is. mahilij in Loiiilon and Mnv Chester, Eng- land, as quoted hi/ the London .Sco.ioi.' ■.■./. nuni 1S45 to 1S93, toitk cquiraJcnts in United States money and measures — Com-hiiu^i. Dato. Butchers' meat (Smitbfield market). 13. Mutton: prime. PerSpouiids. Per pound. PerSpounds. Per pound. 14. Pork : lai'ge. Itaw materiaLs of manufac- ture. 15. Silk : raw Cossimbuzar. Per pound. Per pound. 1845-1850.... 1SS51 — Jan... July.. 1853— ,lau... July.. 185;i— Jan... July.. 1854 -Jan... July.. 1855— .Ian... July.. 18.50— J.in... July.. 1857— Fob... July.. 1858— Jan... 1859— Jan..; 1800— Jan.-. July-. 1861- Jan... July.. 1802— Jan . . . July.. 186n— Jan... July.. 1804— Jan... July-. 1865— J an . . . July.. 1806— Jan... July.. 1867— Jan... July.. " 1808— Jan... July.. 1809- Jan... July.. 1870- Jan... July.. 1871- Jan... July.. 1872— Jan... July.. 1873— Jan... July.. 1874— Jan... July.. 1875— Jan... July.. 1876— Jan... July.. 1877— Jan... July.. 1878— Jan... July.. 1879- Jan... July.. 1880— Jan... July.. 1881— Jan... July.. 1882— Jan... July.. 1883— Jan... July.. 1884— Jan... July.. 1885— Jan... July.. 1886— Jan... July.. X887— Jan... Jnly.. d. d. 48 ® 50 44 40 42 40 42 62 52 SO 50 60 52 50 56 54 48 50 00 56 66 54 62 64 52 54 52 54 66 64 70 54 58 50 62 52 68 56 66 58 62 60 44 48 44 54 66 68 56 52 56 54 60 58 52 68 66 64 64 60 60 66 64 54 66 66 56 58 68 66 72 58 60 52 54 56 02 60 60 60 60 70 76 66 68 76 78 64 68 64 00 6K 02 72 78 72 74 72 76 70 76 64 BO 64 72 64 72 68 64 68 76 62 60 68 80 66 72 06 76 50 60 64 76 75 80 70 74 62 70 66 76 50 64 00 72 48 56 60 72 64 60 52 64 . 122 ® % .112 .100 .117 .106 .132 .132 .142 .125 .125 .132 . 125 . 1-12 .137 . 122 . 125 .132 .132 .152 . 112 .142 .137 .132 .132 .137 .137 .132 .137 .167 .162 .177 .137 .147 .125 .132 .132 .147 .142 .142 .147 .167 .162 .177 .167 .193 .162 .137 .147 .183 .183 .183 .177 .162 .162 .162 .147 .172 .132 .172 .167 .107 .125 .162 .190 .177 .167 .167 .126 .162 .122 .152 .137 .132 1.125 .117 .112 .123 .112 .137 .142 .147 .142 .132 .142 .137 .162 .147 .132 .147 .142 .137 .162 .162 .162 .142 .137 .137 .142 .142 .142 .147 .172 .167 .183 .147 .162 .132 .137 .142 .157 .152 .152 .152 .167 .172 .103 .172 .198 .172 .152 .157 .198 .188 .193 .193 .203 .183 .183 .162 .193 .152 .203 .183 .190 .152 .193 .203 .188 .177 .193 .162 .183 .142 .183 .162 .162 d. d. 39 ® 47 30 42 2S 40 32 44 30 32 40 42 40 36 40 40 42 44 42 42 36 42 48 48 46 44 46 38 60 48 60 52 56 68 66 40 46 46 44 48 52 60 60 58 52 62 50 64 50 60 60 60 60 56 48 56 52 48 52 42 60 48 58 60 44 46 46 48 50 44 44 36 36 28 32 36 28 50 44 44. 48' 44 44 62 60 62 48 52 44 50 54 54 50 48 50 46 54 62 64 56 60 02 00 48 52 60 48 56 64 72 68 60 58 60 60 58 62 64 56 66 64 60 60 68 60 64 60 48 66 52 64 66 52 54 62 62 62 48 46 40 40 36 36 44 36 1. 009 a .076 .071 .081 .070 .081 .101 .100 .101 .091 .101 .117 .106 .112 .106 .106 .091 .106 .122 .122 .117 .112 .117 .096 .125 .122 .125 .132 .142 .147 .142 .101 .117 .117 .112 .122 .132 .167 .162 .147 .132 .132 .125 .137 .142 .162 .125 .152 .152 .142 .122 .142 .132 .122 . 132 !io6 .125 .122 .147 .152 .112 .117 .117 .122 .125 .112 .112 .091 .091 .071 .081 .091 ,071 s. d. 9 0® 9 9 9 10 6 10 12 12 6 9 6 .119 .106 .101 .112 .096 .125 .112 .112 .122 .112 .112 .132 .126 .132 .122 .132 .112 .125 .137 .137 .126 .122 .125 .117 .137 .132 .137 .142 .152 .167 .162 .122 .132 .125 .122 .142 .163 .183 .172 .152 .147 .152 .152 .147 1 13 6 . 157 i 13 11 11 6 16 17 14 12 12 14 14 14 13 14 14 6 14 14 6 16 17 18 19 17 19 17 16 16 16 6 18 17 19 17 15 15 14 .102 .142 .167 .162 .152 .152 .172 .152 .137 .152 .122 .142 .132 .162 .167 .132 .137 .132 .132 .132 .122 .117 .101 .101 .091 .091 .112 .091 11 6 10 6 10 !) 8 10 16 14 14 14 11 6 12 13 6 14 14 14 15 16 13 6 12 12 6 12 8 8 9 9 14 14 8. d. 14 17 18 14 6 15 16 15 16 6 16 6 15 6 15 16 14 2.'> 30 22 20 23 13 13 17 19 20 6 19 21 17 6 21 19 23 27 28 23 23 21 26 25 6 23 23 27 U 25 25 26 27 25 6 25 22 6 18 16 6 13 12 14 27 20 19 17 14 6 18 6 17 6 17 16 17 17 B 16 6 15 6 14 14 6 14 9 12 6 12 12 6 14 9 16 15 6 $2. 190 ® j 2. 190 2. 190 2.312 2, 556 2. 555 2.920 3. 042 2. 312 2.312 2.312 2.677 2.798 3.893 4.137 3.407 2.920 2.920 3. 407 3.407 3.407 3.163 3.407 3.528 3.407 3.528 3.893 4.137 4.380 4.623 4.137 4.623 4.137 3.893 3.893 4.015 4.380 4.137 4.623 4.137 3.650 3.650 3.407 3.285 3.163 2.798 2.565 2.433 2.190 1.947 2.433 3.893 3.407 3.407 3.407 2.798 2.920 3.285 3.407 3.407 3.407 3.650 3.650 3.285 2.920 3.042 2.920 1.947 1.947 2.190 2.190 3.407 3,407 208 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 56. — Wholesale prices of 47 eommodUies, mainly in London and Manchester, Eng- land, as quoted hy the London Economist, from 1S45 to 1S93, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Coiitiimed. Butchers' meat {Smitlifield market). Eaw materials of manufac- ture. Date. 13. Mutton : prime. 14. Pork : large. 15. Silk : raw Cossimbuzar. PcT8pound8. Per pound. Per8pound8. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. 1888— Jan July.... 1889^ an July.... 1890— Jan .luly.... 1891— Jan J11I7--.. 1892— Jari Julv.... 1893^rari d. d. 48 ® 52 60 64 00 61 60 68 68 76 08 72 70 70 66 64 $0,122® $0,132 . 162 . 162 .152 .162 . 152 . 172 . 172 . 193 .172 .183 .177 .177 .167 .162 d. d. 32 ® 38 28 30 36 40 34 40 36 44 40 37 44 44 52 60 $0. 081 ® $0. 096 .071 .076 . 091 . 101 . 086 . 101 .091 .112 .101 .094 .112 .112 .132 .162 s. d. s. d. 13 ® 14 12 13 12 6 12 9 12 6 13 12 6 13 9 13 6 14 6 14 9 16 3 14 3 13 13 3 13 9 $3. 163® $3. 074 2. 920 3. 163 3. 042 3. 102 3. 042 3. 163 3. 042 3. 346 3. 285 3. 528 3. 699 3. 711 3.467 3.163 3.224 3.346 Eaw materials of manufacture. Date. 16. Flax: St. Petersburg, 32-head. 17. Linen yarn : 60'8, ordi- nary Belfast. 18. Hemp: St. Petersburg, clean, raw. Per 2,240 pounds. Per pound. Per bundle. Per bundle. Per 2,240 pounds. Per pound. 1845-1850 * & 41 ® 47 38 46 42 48 4§ 48 42 53 Friesland. 42 53 42 65 35 62 35 62 50 65 50 65 50 65 60 65 52 50 65 50 65 60 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 63 66 63 65 67 69 68 70 68 72 a 70 53i 54 53i 53J 531 63i 63i 53 63i 63i 63* 53i 53i 5.^* 631 39^ $0,089® $0,102 . 083 . 100 .091 .104 . 091 . 104 . 091 . 115 .091 .115 . Oil! . 119 . 076 . 113 .076 .113 . 109 . 141 .109 .141 . 109 . 141 .109 .141 .113 .109 .141 .109 .111 . 109 . 141 .141 .141 .141 .141 .141 .141 .141 . 137 . 143 .137 .141 .146 .150 . 148 . 152 .148 .156 . 1.52 .116 .117 .116 .116 .116 .116 .116 .116 .115 .116 .116 .116 .116 .116 .116 .116 .086 .. d. & £ 32 30 30 31 30 39 35i 36 @ 39" 63 58 62 47 44 31 37 35 29 29 28 29 34 30 35 33 38J 38 41 38 41 33 35 30 32 27 29 36 33i 34 35 38J 37 41 35 35 32 35 33 34 38 361 36i 35i 35 $0,070 .065 .065 .067 .065 .085 .077 .$0,078 ® .085 .137 .126 .135 .102 .096 .067 .080 .076 .063 .063 .061 .063 .074 .065 .076 .072 .084 .083 .089 . 083 . 089 . 072 . 076 .065 .070 .059 .063 .078 .073 .074 .076 .084 .080 .089 .076 .076 .070 .076 .072 .074 1851- Jan July 1852— Jan July.... 1863~Tan July 1854 -Jail July 1855— Jan July 1856— Jan July.... 1857— Feb July.... 1858-Jan 1859— Jan 1860— Jan .July.... 1861^Jan July 1862-^an July 1863— Jan ■luly.... 1864— Jan July.... 1865— Jan July.... 1866— Jan July 1867-^1 an July 6 1.460 1868— Jan July.... 1869— Jan July 5 3 1. 277 1870— Jan July 1871— Jan 4 .973 1872— Jan ,..,„ Ji'y---- 1873— Jan Jnly 6 3 i.27r .079 .077 .078 .076 1874— Jan July.... a St. Petersburg. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 209 Table 56. — Wholesale prices of 47 commodities, mainly in London and Manclu-xter, Eng- land, as quoted by the London Economist, from 1845 to 1893, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Contiuned. Eaw materials of manui'aotui;e. Date. 16. Flax: St. Peteraburg, 12-11 ead. 17. Linen yarn: Go's, ordi- nary Uelfaat. 18. Hemp : St. Petersburg, clean, raw. Per 2,240 pounds. Per pound. Per bundle. Per bundle. Per 2,240 pounds. Per pound. 1875— Jan July.... 1876— J au July.... 1877-Jan July.... 1878— Jan July 38i • 391 46 49i 38 38i 38i $0. 084 .086 .099 .107 .084 .084 .084 s. d. i 5 $1. 075 « 33J 33i 34} 37} 37 361 31} 30 25 24i 26} 22} ? 22i 23} 24} 29} 29} 1 $0,073 073 4 3 1.034 .075 .081 4 9 1.166 .080 .079 4 6 1.095 .068 .065 1879— Jan July.... 1880— Jan July ISSl^Ian July.... 1882— Jan July.... 1883— Jan July.... 1884— Jan July.... 3885— Jan July.... 1886— Jan July.... 1887— Jan July.... 48i 46i 51* 52i 29 30 30 28 27i 29 27 26| 30 32i 20* 31i 32 28i 27 27 27i 28| 23 23 23 24 24 24 23 .105 .101 .112 .115 .063 .065 .065 .061 .060 .063 .059 .058 .065 .071 .064 .068 .070 .062 .059 .069 .060 .062 .050 .050 .050 .052 .052 .052 .050 4 3 1.034 .054 .053 4 9 4 4 4 4 3 10* 3 9 .3 7i 3 7i 3 7i 3 4 4 1* 4 3 3 IDJ 3 7i 3 6 3 3 3 3 3 14 1 ? I n 3 9 3 9 3 10} 3 8i 1.156 1.054 .973 .973 .943 .913 .882 .882 .882 .811 1.004 1.034 .943 .882 .852 .791 .791 .760 .821 .862 .821 .821 .913 .913 .943 .897 .897 .0.55 .049 .062 .053 .057 .049 .061 .053 .064 .062 .064 .062 .061 .064 .061 July.... 20 .043 July.... 1890^ran..... July.... 25} 26 .065 .056 July 1892— Jan July.... ia93^ran 18 26 23 .039 .066 .050 Eaw materials of manufacture. Date. 19. Wool, sheens' : English, Soutlidown. 20. Wool, sheeps': Port PbiUp, lambs and fleece. 21. Wool, sheeps': South Australian, lambs. Per 240 pounds. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. 1R45 18^10 £ S. 13 14 14i 13i 15 17i 19i I5i®ia 12 12J 12 134 14 15 14i 15 17* 18 20 19 13 19 19 19J 20 19 19* 16 17 16 16* 16* 17i $0. 264 .284 .294 .279 .304 .350 395 $0. 314 ® '. 324 .243 .253 . 243 . 274 . 284 . 304 . 294 . 304 . 355 . 306 .406 .385 .264 .385 .385 .395 .406 . 385 . 395 . 324 . 345 . 324 . 336 . 335 . 365 d. d. 12 @22 18 $0,243® $0,446 .365 d. d. 1851— Jan July.... 1 QKO .Tq-n 16 ® 19 13 19 11 18 15 24 14 20 $0,324® $0,385 264 385 . 223 . 365 July.... 1853— Jan July.... . 304 . 487 284 . 406 17 .346 12 19 12 19 13 25 13 26 15 30 15} 26 12 24 . 243 . 385 July .... IR^'i Tan . 243 . 385 . 264 . 507 July.... 1856- Jan July.... . 264 . 507 . 304 . 608 . 314 . 627 .243 .487 July.... 1858— Jan 1859— Jan 1860— Jan July.... 1861— Jan July.... 1862— Jan July.... 18 26 16 21 18 25 22 25 .365 .527 .324 426 . 365 507 .446 507 12} 27 19} 25 19} 25 15 22 . 263 . 548 17* 38 17} 38 16 30 20 29 .355 .771 .365 .771 . 324 . 608 .406 .688 . 395 . 507 . 395 . 507 .304 .446 S. Eep. 1394 14 210 KEPORT ON WIIOLTCSALE PPaCES .VJD WAGES. Table 56. — IVholenaU prices of 47 cnmmodilles, mainly in London and 3[anchrstrr, Eng- land, as quoted by the London Economist, from 1846 to 189S, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Date. Raw materiala of Tnanufartnre. 19. Wool, slieeps' : English, Southdown. Per 240 pounds. Per pound. 20. Wool, sheeps': Port Philip, lambs and fleece. Per pound. Per pound. 21. Wool, sheeps': South Australian, Iambs. Per pound. Per pound. 1863— Jan.. July. 1864— Jan- - July. 1865— Jan.. J uly 1866— Jan... July.. 1867— Jan... July.- 1868— Jan... July. . 1869— Jan... July.. 1870-Jan... July.. ISTl^Tan... July 1872— Jan.... July... 187*-Jan.... July... 1874— Jan.... July... 1875— Jan.... July... 1876-Jan.... July... 1877^Tan.... July... 1878— .Jan.... July... 1879-Jan.... July... 1880— Jan July... ISSl^Tan.... July... 1882— Jan July... 1883— Jan July... 1884-Jan.... July... 1885— Jan July... 1886— Jan July... 1887— Jan.... July 1888— Jan July 188fr— Jan July 1890— Jan July 1891^ran July 1892— Jan July 1893— Jan £ £ 20 ® 20i 21 21 i 22i 23i 2U 24 20 21 25 21 22 17 19 16i 14J 16 154 14 13i 12i 13 16 21i 22 23 20 20i 15i 18i 17 m 14J 16i 14i 15i 14j 13 Hi 14i 154 154 124 14 12 12 114 124 11 Hi 104 104 104 12i 104 101 11 11 12 11} 114 12 12 12 Hi $0. 406 ® .426 .477 .487 .406 .426 id. 416 .436 .456 .497 ,507 .426 .440 .345 .385 .335 .294 .324 .314 .284 .274 .248 .264 .324 .436 .446 .466 .406 .421 .319 .370 .345 .355 .294 .335 .294 .314 .294 .264 .233 .294 .314 .314 .253 .284 .243 .243 .233 .253 .223 .228 .213 .213 .213 .248 .213 .228 .208 .223 .223 .243 .238 .233 .243 .243 .243 .228 d. d. 18 ® 26 15 27 15 15 16 17 15 14 16 16 14 14 16 11 12 13 11 14 15 18 18 17 16 17 17 16 15 13 17 14 14 14 14 14 18 18 17 17 18 18 18 18 17 16 16 16 16 17 22 22 21 20 28 28 27 28 24 27 28 28 26 26 23 23 25 25 22 25 27 30 29 28 28 29 32 30 29 25 31 28 28 28 24 24 23 23 20 19 19 20 20 19 18 17 17 17 17 18 23 24 23 22 20 a 214 24 204 20 204 17} 184 174 ;0. 365 : .304 .304 .304 .324 .345 .304 .284 .324 .324 .284 .284 .321 .223 .243 .264 .223 .284 .304 .365 .365 .345 .324 .345 .345 .324 .304 .264 .345 .284 .284 .284 .284 .284 .365 .365 .345 .345 .365 .365 .365 .365 .345 .324 .324 .324 .324 .345 .446 .446 .426 .406 i $0. 527 .548 .568 .568 .548 .508 .487 .548 .668 .568 .527 .527 .466 .466 .507 .507 .446 .507 .548 .608 .588 .568 .568 .588 .649 .608 .588 .607 .629 .568 .568 .568 .487 .487 .466 .466 .406 .385 .385 .406 .406 .385 .365 .345 .345 .345 .345 .365 .466 .4«7 .460 .446 .406 a. 436 .487 .416 .406 .416 .360 .375 .355 d. d. 15» ® OJ 15 14 15 15 14 15 15 15 15 12 13 10 9 9 9 8 9 12 15 15 14 15 15 16 14 14 12 16 14 13 13 13 13 15 15 18 17 174 18 18 18 17 16 16 16 16 16 19 22 22 22 22 20 20 22 22 22 20 20 16 16 16 16 15 12 19 23 22 26 22 22 18 24 28 20 20 18 18 22 22 21 19 19 20 20 20 18 18 18 18 18 18 21 0. 304 ® $0. 416 . 304 . 440 a Elood TieL ecooied. .284 .304 .304 .284 .304 .304 .304 .304 .243 .264 .203 .183 .183 .183 .162 .183 .243 .304 .304 .284 .304 .304 .324 .284 .284 .243 .324 .284 .264 .264 .264 .264 .304 .304 .365 .345 .355 .365 .365 .365 .345 .3^4 . 3L'4 .324 .324 .324 .385 .446 .446 .446 .406 .406 .446 .446 .446 .406 .406 .324 .324 .324 .324 .304 .243 .385 .466 .466 .446 .446 .446 .527 .446 .446 .365 .487 .568 .406 .406 .365 .36,1 .446 .446 .426 .385 .385 .406 .406 .406 .365 .365 .365 .365 .365 .365 .426 b . 375 . 375 .395 .345 .335 .355 b Cape scoured. REPORT ON WHOLESALE TRICES AND WAGES. 211 Table 56. — WliolcsaU prices ofi7 commodities, viainhj in Londoh and Manchiaicr, Knij- land, as quoted bij the London EGonomint,from IS-io to 1S93, with equivalents in Onited States money and mcasnrvs — Continued. Date. 1845-1850 1851— Jan July.... 1852— Jan July 1863— Jan July 185t-Jan July 1855— Jan July 1856— Jan July 1857— Feb July 1858— Jan 1859— Jan 1860— Jan July.... 1861— Jan July.... 1862— Jan July.... 1863— Jan July 1864— Jau July 1865— Jan July.... 1866— Jan July — 1867— Jan July.... 1868— Jan July.... 1869— Jan July.... 1870— Jan July 1871— Jan..... July 1872— Jan. July 1873— Jan. July 1874— Jan. July.... 1875— Jan. July 1876— Jan. July 1877— Jan July.... 1878— Jan July 1879— Jan July.... 1880— Jan July.... 1881— Jan July.... 1882— Jan July.... 1883 — Jan July 1884— Jan July.-.. 1885— Jan July.... 1886— Jan July.... 1887— Jan July Eaw materials of manufacture. 22. Byes: logwood, Jamaica. Per 2,240 pounds. s. d. ® 93 •80 70 70 70 85 119 110 150 130 95 130 135 110 105 105 105 85 95 97 97 130 110 112 100 90 90 75 75 90 95 80 80 80 85 95 120 120 120 80 100 100 105 90 102 8 115 106 3 138 9 132 6 137 6 131 3 113 9 117 6 112 6 107 6 112 6 112 6 132 6 125 112 6 100 105 100 105 107 6 105 107 6 102 6 97 6 96 3 96 105 102 6 Per pound. i. 010 ■ .008 .007 .007 .007 .009 .011 ..015 .010 .009 .010 .010 .010 .013 .011 .012 .010 .008 .008 .008 .003 1.010 .009 .008 .008 .008 .009 .013 .012 .016 .014 .010 .012 .015 .012 .011 .011 .011 .009 .010 .011 .011 .014 .012 .012 .011 .010 .010 .008 .008 . 0111 .010 .009 .009 . 1)09 .009 .010 .013 .013 .013 .009 .Oil .011 .011 .010 .011 .013 .012 .015 .014 .015 .014 .012 .013 .012 .012 .012 .012 .014 .014 .012 .011 .011 .011 .011 .012 .011 .012 .011 .011 .011 .010 .011 .011 23. Dyes: indigo, Bengal. Per pound. Per pound. 6 6 6 10 6 $0. 487 t .730 .609 .603 .730 1.095 1.K6 1.217 1.156 .852 .304 .243 .243 .243 > $1. 338 1.663 1.582 1.621 1.601 l.SOi 1.866 1.947 1.764 1.825 1.703 1.825 1.845 1.886 9 3 6 10 6 6 6 5 5 5 10 5 6 5 6 6 4 4 10 4 7 4 7 . 730 2. 190 24. Oils: seal, pale. Per 252 gallons. Per gallon. 36 40i £ 31i 37 31 33 35 35i 33^ 43 42 47i 53 67 iSi 50 46 39 37 33 ® 36J 40 40 41 47 . 852 2. 433 .852 .730 .730 .608 1.095 .913 1.400 1.379 1.359 1.419 1.703 1.886 1.703 1.682 1.602 1.602 1.582 1.298 1.338 1.419 1.338 1.338 1.298 1.170 1.115 1.115 2.190 2.068 1.947 1.947 2. 129 1.825 1.703 1.744 1.703 1.744 2.129 2.007 1.967 1.866 1.866 1.825 1.703 1.460 1.541 1.643 1.521 1. 521 1.621 1.257 1. 277 1.277 48 48 40 42 50i 46 46 39 41 36 42 38 35 33 37 43 40 35 34 36 351 36 3tJ 34 34 34i 34i 33 28i 27 30i 30f 28i 30} 28i 33 35i 35 32i 29i 274 26i 24 23 20i 23i $0. 607 .595 .499 .631 .563 .571 .539 .692 .676 .764 .853 .917 .780 .804 .740 .627 .595 .531 I. 579 ® . 687 .644 .644 .660 .652 .756 .780 .772 .772 .772 .788 .676 .812 .740 .740 .627 .660 .679 .579 .627 .676 .611 .563 .531 .595 .692 .644 .563 .547 .679 .567 .579 . 55-5 .547 .647 .555 .651 .531 .459 .434 .491 .495 .455 .495 .455 .531 .571 .563 .623 .475 .442 .422 !386 .370 .330 .382 212 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 56. — Wliolesale prices of 47 commodities, mainly in London and Manclicster. Eng- land, as quoted by the London Economist, from 1845 to 1893, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Contiuued. Eaw materials of manufacture. Date. 22. Dyes : logwoocl, Jamaica. 23. Dyes: indigo, Bengal. 24. Oils: seal, pale. Per 2,240 pounds. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. Per 252 gallons. Per gallon. ». d. «. d. 8. d. * 1888— Jan 130 to. 014 4 6®5 2 $1,095® $1,257 $0. 362 July.... 122 6 .013 4 6 5 2 1. 095 1. 257 21i .346 1889— Jan 130 .014 4 2 5 2 1.014 1.257 23 .370 July.... 120 .013 4 3 5 3 1. 034 1. 277 22i .362 1890— Jan 113 9 .012 4 2 4 10 1. 014 1. 176 26| .406 July.... 125 .014 3 10 4 6 . 933 1. 095 26J .4ii; 1891^ran 117 6 .013 4 9 5 6 1. 156 1. 338 26^ .418 July.... 117 6 .013 4 9 5 1. 156 1. 217 25 .402 1892— Jan 120 .013 4 3 4 4 1.0;)4 1.054 24 .380 July 122 6 .»13 4 5 4 8 1. 075 1. 136 23 .370 1893-Jan 125 .614 4 5 4 8 1. 075 1. 136 20i .330 Date. 1845-1850... 1851— Jan . . July- 1852— Jan . . July. 1853— Jan . . July- 1854^-Jan.. July. 1855 -Jan.. July- 1856— Jan . . July - 1857— Feb.. July- 1858— Jan - . July. 1859— Jan.. July. I860— Jan . . July. 1861— Jan.. July. 1862— Jan.. July. 1863— Jan.. July . 1864— Jan . . July . 1865— Jan.. July. 1866— Jan.. July. 1867— Jan.. July. 1868— Jan . . July. 1869— Jan . . July. 1870— Jan.. July . 1871— Jan . . July . 1872— Jan . . . July- 1873— Jan . . July. 1874-Jan . . , July.. Eaw materials of manufacture. 25. Oils: olive, Levant, Gal - lipoli. Per 252 gal- lons. £ 44 43 39 43 46 59J 71 63 55 57 56i 54 47 61 58 61 60 69 56J 60J 56 57 62 60 68 @ 59i 57 61 60 58 62 57 54 56i 60 62 63 67 68 59 63 53 54 48 49 54 49 48 41 48 Per gallon. $0. 708 .692 .627 .692 .740 .957 1.142 1.014 .917 .909 .869 .756 .981 .933 .821 .804 I. 949 ® .909 .973 .901 917 997 905 933 957 917 .981 .965 .933 .997 .917 .869 .909 .965 .997 1.014 1.078 1.094 .949 .853 .853 .869 • .772 .788 .869 .788 .772 .660 .772 26. Oils: palm. Per 262 gal- lons. £ £ 32 29 28 27 28i 34J 36 43 47 48 41 48i 38 47 47 40 40 46 45J ® 46 47 43} 44 42 41 33 42i 41i 36 36 36 36 37 44 40 43 40 40} 38 41 41 401 39 39 37 40 38 39 39^ 36} 87 Per gallon. $0. 515 467 .460 .434 .459 .555 .579 .692 .756 .772 .660 .780 .611 .756 .756 .644 27. Oils: petroleum. Per gallon. Per gallon. .644 $0. 732 ® .700 .676 .660 .615 .515 .531 .631 .740 .740 .756 .7111 .684 .668 .571 .579 .579 .579 .595 .708 .044 . 6'.)2 .644 .652 .611 .660 .Olio .627 . 6-_>7 .595 .644 .611 .627 .631 .587 .695 1"} $0. 300 REPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 213 Tabi.k 56. — Wholesah: prices of 47 commodilivn, mainly in London and Manoliester, Eng- land, as quoted by the London Economist, from 1S45 to 1893, with, equivalents in United States money and measures — Coutinued. Eaw materials of manufacture. Date. 25. Oils: olivo, Levant, Gal- lilioli. 26. oils: Palm. 27. Oils: petroleimi. Per 262 gal- lons. Per gallon. Per 252 gal- lons. Per gallon. Per gallon. Per gallon. 1875— Jan & £ 36 34i 39i 36i 40 391 404 37} 36J 32 36J 31 32 30} 32i 32j 374 38* 434 334 32 30 29 24 24| 21 aii 20J 28i 234 26} 264 25 23} 23 26 $0. 663 .566 .031 .583 .644 .631 .662 .607 .687 .516 .691 .400 .616 .495 .619 .527 .603 .619 .700 .639 .616 .483 .467 .386 .398 .338 .346 .326 .466 .378 .414 .414 .426 .402 .382 .370 .418 d 94 $0. 160 July . . . . 1876— Jan 11* .194 July..-. 1877— Jan July .... 1878— Jan 15 m $0. 724 .780 .784 194 io| lof 9* 9 .329 .175 .184 July 1879— Jan July.... 1880— Jan .... July.... 39 46 49 46 .627 .740 .783 .740 .160 .152 f f 5} 5i 7 6i l\ 7i 64 % % If It it .110 .135 1881— Jan July.... 1882— Jan. ... July 1883— Jan July.... 1884^ Jan July.... 1886— Jan July.... 1886— Jan July.... 1887— Jan July.... 1888— Jan July 1889.!-Jan 42 37 40 38i 36^ 37 40J 38^ 40i 36 38| 38i 35 sej 37 .676 .595 .644 .619 .587 .595 .652 .619 .656 .579 .662 .619 .619 .663 .683 .595 .165 .118 .097 .089 .118 .106 .125 .106 .122 .112 .110 .095 .099 .091 .112 .094 .115 July.... 1890-Jan July.... 1891— Jan July.... 1892— Jan 33i 37i 39* 41i 45 .543 .699 .636 .668 .724 .103 .106 .092 .097 .086 .086 July-... 1893— Jan 34i 36i .655 .587 .079 .075 Eaw materials of manufacture. Date. 28. Timber : Dantzic and Memel. 29. Timber: Canadian yellow pine. 30. Tallow: town. Per load. Per load. Per load. Per load. Per 112 pounds. Per -pound. a. 8. d. 71 ® 81 60 70 50 65 45 60 52 65 67 77 72 80 70 95 65 95 80 95 65 93 70 90 60 80 65 85 67 80 57 85 55 70 55 82 50 77 6 60 85 Rn fit« n $17. 276 ® $19. 709 14. 600 17. 033 12. 166 15. 816 10.950 14.600 12. 653 15. 816 16. 303 18. 736 17.519 19.466 17. 033 23. 116 15. 816 23. 116 19. 466 23. 116 16. 816 22. 629 17. 033 21. 899 14.600 19.460 15.816 20.683 13.870 19.466 13.870 20.683 13. 383 17. 033 13. 383 19. 953 12. 166 18. 858 14. 600 20. 683 iq 1AA 90 am «. d. a. 65 ® 71 55 60 50 60 50 70 70 80 70 85 70 85 80 90 75 130 05 96 66 65 72 80 75 80 80 96 76 86 70 75 65 75 70 75 70 76 70 75 70 75 $16. 816® $17. 276 13. 383 14. 600 12,100 14.600 12.166 17.033 17. 033 19. 466 17. 033 20. 683 17, 033 20, 083 19. 466 21, 8!I9 18.249 31, i; 2 15 816 23 116 ». d. 1851- Jan .... July.... 1852— Jan .... July.... 1853— Jan.... July.... 1854— Jan .... July.... 1855— Jan July-... 1856— Jan July.... 1857— Feb .... July.... 1858— Jan .... 1859— Jan .... 1860— Jan .... July.... 1861— Jan... . July.... 13 383 15 816 17. 519 19. 466 18. 249 19. '166 19. 406 23. 118 18. 249 20. 683 17. 033 18. 249 15. 816 18. 249 17. 033 18, 2-19 17. 033 18. 249 17. 033 18. 249 17 naa IS. 249 214 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 56.- -IVhoh-oale pncts of 47 commodities, mainly in London and Mnnchi'Hler, Eng- land, as quoted by the London Economist, from 1845 to 1893, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Contiuued. Raw materials of manufacture. Date. 28. Timber: Dantzic and Memel. 29 Timber : Canadian yellow pine. 30. Tallow: town. Per load. Per load. Per load. Per load. l\r 112 pounds. Per pound. 8. f. d. >. A. «. 0. d. 1862— Jan 55 W 80 $13. 383 'i%!tl1 0.466 70 >» 80 $17. 033 ■?) «1 n 466 July.... 65 75 13. 383 18.249 70 fl 75 17. 033 18.249 1863— Jan SO 60 75 75 80 12. 166 12. 166 14. 600 18.249 18.249 19. 466 80 85 70 95 95 85 19, 466 20. 683 17. 033 23. no 23. 116 20. 083 July.... 1864— Jan July.... 60 60 50 50 60 EO 50 45 45 40 40 40 40 60 50 60 50 50 50 60 65 60 50 45 45 50 50 50 40 40 36 45 40 46 86 85 75 75 76 76 75 76 85 80 80 80 80 100 95 95 95 120 120 110 130 90 80 8,'-> 85 110 110 110 90 110 85 85 85 90 14. 600 14. 600 12. 166 12. 166 12. 166 12. 168 12.166 10. 950 10. 950 9.733 9.733 9.733 9.733 12. 168 12. 168 12. 166 12. 166 12. 168 12. 166 14. 600 13.383 12. 166 12. 166 10.950 10. 960 12.166 12. 166 12. 186 9.733 9.733 8.516 10. 950 9.733 10. 950 20. 683 20. 083 18.249 18.249 18. 249 18.249 18. 249 18.249 20. 683 19.460 19. 466 19. 466 19. 466 24.333 23. 116 23. 116 23. 116 29. 199 29. 199 26. 766 31. 632 21. 899 19. 466 20. 683 20. 683 26. 766 26. 766 26. 766 21. 899 26.766 20. 683 20. 683 20. 683 21. 899 70 60 55 60 60 60 60 60 60 70 75 76 80 80 85 85 90 85 85 85 100 HO 110 110 110 100 100 100 80 85 60 80 70 80 85 75 70 80 96 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 100 100 106 106 120 105 105 105 130 130 120 130 130 110 120 120 100 96 80 100 95 100 17. 033 14. 600 13. 383 14, 600 14. 600 14. 600 14. 600 14.600 14. 600 17. 033 18.249 18. 249 19.466 19. 466 20. 683 20. 683 21.899 20.683 20. 683 20. 683 24.333 26. 766 26, 766 26.766 26. 766 24.333 24. 333 24.333 19.468 20. 683 14. 600 19. 466 17.033 19.468 20. 083 18. 249 17. 033 19. 466 23.116 21. 809 1865— Jan July 186ft-Jan July.... 1867— Jan July.... 21.899 21. 899 21. 899 21. 899 21. 899 21. 899 24, 333 24, 333 25, 549 26, 549 29. 199 25, 549 25, 549 25. 549 31. 632 31. 632 29. 199 31.632 31.632 26. 766 29. 199 29. 199 24. 333 2.3.116 19. 466 24.333 23. 116 24. 333 1868— Jan July.... 1869^Jan 1 July.... 1870— Jan.... July.... 1871^ran July.... 1872-Jan July.... 1873— Jan July.... 1874-jran July.... 1875— Jan .... July.... 1876— Jan ,„, J"iy-- 187T— Jan July.... 1878 -Jan July.... 1879— Jan.. .. July.... July.... 38 $0. (178 July 4t> 50 80 90 10. 950 12. 166 19. 466 21. 899 80 80 100 100 19. 466 19. 466 24. 333 24.333 1882— Jan July.... bO 90 12. 166 21. 899 70 100 17. 033 24, 333 42 1883— Jan 60 90 12. 166 21. 899 70 100 17. 033 24, 333 43 ^ 0')5 July.... 45 90 10. 960 21. 899 60 100 14. 600 24,333 42 9 1884— Jan 50 90 12. 166 21. 899 60 90 14, 600 21, 899 42 9 *uly.... 45 90 10. 950 21. 899 70 105 17. 033 26, 549 1885- Jan 40 80 9.733 19.466 70 105 17.033 25. 549 36 July.... 30 80 7.300 19. 466 55 100 13. 383 24. 333 31 ft 068 1886— Jan 30 80 7.300 19. 466 55 100 13. 383 24.333 26 ^ 057 July.... 30 80 u 7.300 19. 466 55 100 13, 383 24.333 24 1887— Jan 30 80 7.300 19. 466 50 90 12, 166 21. 899 27 Jaly.... 30 Hb 7.300 20. 683 60 90 14. 600 21. 899 1888— Jan 30 80 7.300 19. 466 60 n 80 14, 600 19 466 26 ^ . (i,-i7 ,051 . 073 , 000 , 059 . Ori9 .059 .0611 . 060 .000 .060 July.... 35 80 8.516 19. 466 65 80 15, 816 19. 466 1889— Jan 4U 80 9.733 19.466 90 110 21, 899 28. 766 July.... 40 70 9.733 17. 033 90 110 21. 899 26. 766 27 q 3b 70 8.616 17. 033 97 6 115 23.724 27. 982 27 July.... 1891— Jan 30 40 70 75 u 7.300 9.733 17. 033 18.249 75 75 110 no 18. 249 18. 249 26. 766 26. 766 27 27 July 1892— Jan July.... 1893-Jan 40 40 30 30 75 70 70 70 9.733 9.733 7.300 7.300 18.249 17. 033 17. 033 17.033 75 75 60 60 no no 100 100 18, 249 18. 219 14, 600 14.600 26. 766 20. 766 24.333 24.333 27 27 27 27 8 9 9 S REPORT ON WHOLESALE PKICE8 AND WAGES. 215 Table 56. — lIliolcKoh' priecu of 47 commodilica, vuiiiih/ in Lonion avd ]\fnnr1iciilcr, Eng- land, (IS quoted till the London Econoviist, from 1846 to 1893, with equii'alenla in United Slates iiwiuij and iiuuxurcii — Coiitiiiucil. Sate. Kaw materials of manufacture. 30. Tallow: St. Petersburg, first Y. C. Per 112 pounds. : d. 1845-1850 1851— Jan July... 1852- Jan.... July . . . 1853— Jan July... 1854— Jan.... July... 1855— Jan July... 1856— Jan July . . . 1857— Feb.... July... 1858— Jan 1869— Jan 1860— Jan July 62 9 ® 1861-Jan July 1862— Jan 51 July 1 1863- Jan July.... I 1864— Jan July.... 1865— Jan July 1866— Jan July 1867— Jan July 1868— Jan July.... 1869— Jan July.... 1870— Jan July.... 1871— Jan July 1873— Ian July.... 1873— Jan July 1874— Jan July 187E— Jan July 1876— Jan July 1877— Jan July 1878- Jan.... July... 1879— Jan July . . . 1880— Jan July . . . 1881— Jan.... Jnly ... 1882- Jan.... July... 1883— Jan July . . . 1884— Jan July... 1885— Jan July... 1886 — Jan July... 3887— Jan.... July... 44 38 37 6 :i7 38 43 49 60 64 64 6 52 68 40 62 65 62 61 58 63 59 9 53 6 51 6 47 44 6 42 41 41 41 41 49 42 44 8 44 6 43 43 49 44 46 45 46 43 49 44 43 u 43 41 41 6 47 6 41 53 47 45 43 6 39 6 38 36 6 35 3 46 41 39 3 41 45 6 55 U 49 50 6 51 « 47 41 6 41 6 35 30 31 Per pound. $0. 096 .083 .081 .080 .083 .093 .106 .130 .139 .140 .113 .148 .100 .135 .141 .113 .111 .126 .115 .130 .116 .111® .112 .102 .097 .091 .0S9 .089 .089 .089 .106 .091 .097 .097 .093 .093 .106 .096 .100 .093 .106 .096 31, Leather: English butts, 25-36. Per pound. .093 .089 .090 .103 .089 .115 .102 .098 .095 .086 .083 .079 .077 .098 .089 .085 .089 .099 .119 .106 .110 .112 .102 .090 .090 .076 .065 .067 d. 13 12 12 12 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 16 17 24 24 20 12 18 20 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 18 16 16 11 15 15 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 20 20 21 22 22 22 22 22 21 18 18 20 20 20 19 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 18 17 17 16 15 Per pound. d. 23 23 23 23 21 21 20 22 22 22 26 25 31 30 27 30 32 32 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 26 31 31 31 31 31 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 31 31 31 31 33 32 32 32 34 34 34 34 33 34 34 34 34 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 83 33 33 33 33 33 . 264 ® ! .243 .243 .243 .243 .243 .284 .304 .304 .304 .304 .324 .345 .487 .487 .408 .243 .365 .406 .345 .345 .345 .346 .345 .345 .345 .324 .324 .324 .324 .223 .304 .304 .366 .365 .365 , 365 .365 .365 .365 .366 .406 .406 .426 .446 .446 .448 .446 .4'l« .426 .365 .365 .408 .406 .406 .385 .365 .365 .365 .365 .365 .365 .365 .366 .366 .305 .365 .385 .366 .349 .349 .324 .304 32. Saltpetre: English, refined. Per 112 pounds. a.d. 26 0® 27 26 25 25 24 24 27 28 21 6 22 6 31 28 37 ).460 .400 .400 .400 .420 .426 .446 .406 .440 .446 .446 .627 .507 .629 .608 .548 .608 .649 .8f9 „ _ . 608 '42 6 Per pound. 42 .608 .629 .829 .629 .629 .829 .629 .629 .629 .629 .627 .629 .829 .629 .629 .029 .568 .568 .588 .568 .668 .588 .568 .629 .629 .629 .029 .069 .M9 .649 .649 .690 .690 .690 .690 .869 .690 .690 .690 .690 .649 .649 .649 .649 .649 .649 .649 .669 .669 .669 37 44 45 42 39 2S .^10. (150 29 .059 2S 6 .054 28 6 .054 28 6 .054 29 .062 28 .062 31 .059 35 .061 29 .047 31 6 .049 39 .067 32 .081 46 .080 38 43 46 40 42 6 .091 43 .092 38 .080 45 .006 46 .Oil8 43 .091 40 .085 41 38 35 30 28 27 24 22 6 23 23 •28 26 28 26 31 30 36 33 33 30 « 29 3 26 25 i) 23 9 23 3 22 li 29 27 25 6 24 3 23 9 26 9 26 9 28 3 25 10 29 3 26 3 26 24 6 24 3 23 22 6 22 21 9 21 6 21 21 li 21d REPORT ON WHOLESALE PKICE- AXD WAGES. Tap.lf. 56. — Wholesale prire:! of 47 commodities, mainly in Zoh'7"» and i/am'Ji'-ilfr. Eng- land, as quoTed by the London Ecjinjiiiift. from IS-io to 1S93. icith eijuivahiit-i in Cnited >(i/(f ~ money and mcasuiei — Continued. Caw riiaitrTi^N <,.f mannfactur>- Date. 30. Tallow: St- f. tersburg. 31. Leather: Kn/lish butts, 32. Saltpitre: English, first Y. C. 'S'--:n." reiined. Pat 11'> I Ppi* 11'> fZudl Per PonBiL Per poon.l. Per pound. p^J^ Per pound. l&S? — JaD , Jul.v....[ Ifttf.!* — ^laii I Julv....' 1690— Jan July IS&l — J an July...., 1&92— Jan 1 July.... Ie93 — Jan e. d. 32 35 Si 6 38 C -S 6 fl IJT< d. d. ir> a J3 $0. 3114 i U 33 I r,-4 (1-4 .Ij-t U 14 14 14 14 14 14 12 12 33 i 33 ! 33 33 1 34 { 34 I 284 254 2*1 ::4 ■2il .243 .243 s. d. .6«9 21 U $0,046 .669 21 4A .016 i>7i 21 *^ .046 . r;t;a 21 ft .w; . e-'.i) 21 9 .W7 .6«9 21 9 .047 .669 9 .047 .669 21 6 .047 .669 21 3 .046 .690 21 6 .017 .690 2U lOi .Ola Date. 1845-1850 1851-^an.... Jnly... 1852-^an.... Jnly... 1853_Jan July... 1854— Jan Jnly... 1855-Jan..-. Jnly... 1856_Jan Julv 1857— Fel) . Jnly.... 1858— Jan 1859— Jan 1860— Jan.... July... 1861— Jan Jnly... 1862— Jan.... July... 1863— Jan Jnly... 1864— Jan" July... 1865-J^an Jnly... 1866— Jan July... 1867— Jan Jnly... 1868-Jan Jnly... 1809 — Jan July... 1870— Jan Jnly... 1871— Jan Jnly... 1872— Jan July... 1873— J.in July... 1874— Jan July.... ILaw materials of mannfac- i tnre. Metals. 33. Ashes: Canadian, pearl. 34. Copper: tongh cake. | 35. Iron: British bars. Per 112 pounds. I. d. ». d. 31 30 30 6 -S 31 $0. 066 3 Per pound. 28 27 6 27 6 45 2i 6 2,5 ■2g 2,5 29 W 340 46 12 4o 45 36 33 33 .061 .060 .060 $0,067 .065 .067 .062 .061 .L61 .061 .063 Per 2^ pounds. Per pound. .098 .074 ; .074 .O'H .i al .098 I 91 S 33 30 34 31 29 U 40 29 33 32 31 33 31 32 31 31 31 36 45 41 39 38 6 36 .072 .065 .074 .067 .063 .087 .063 .072 .070 .067 .072 .067 .070 .067 .067 .0' .078 .008 .089 .0-3 .084 I .078 .78 I 84 84 8«i 95 luT 126 126 12b 126 126 lC7i 135 117 107 107 112 192^ 10-2i 93 107i 92i 98 92 108 93 89 73i 73 73 71 74 90 112 921 91 92 86} Per 2,240 Per 2.240 pounds. pounds. 1-198 .209 iO. 191 .152 .1.52 .192 .213 .223 , 232 •2"4 I .274 .274 .274 I .274 .2:i4 .293 I .254 I !232 I .243 . 22.3 .2:i4 .213 .200 . 235 . 2o2 .193 .188 I .230 ' .1-0 . 187 .11:9 .165 I £ 8 6 m 6i a 6j 6* 6} 6 5i 6J 61 6 $31. 032 -a 31. «;;,2 27.9-; 29.199 27.9^2 31.632 31. 6:12 4L.J65 33. 932 37. 715 37. 715 .1 .169 .160 .159 .159 .1:4 . im , V'6 ,243 ,2.il .lOS .200 .188 8* 12* lOi 12i 12i 9J $38,932 29.199 26.766 24.333 2tj'. 76*i 40. 2:;2 45. Ul5 51. . - 41. r.- 42.5:2 43.799 43. 7:<9 43.799 fj. 149 35.282 31.«:;j ■;2. 549 32. .849 2-,'. Ii)9 .-J". 4it; ■-?: in: -/I- • 49 32. 549 43.7ii9 41.365 36.499 40. 149 38.932 36.499 34.066 32.849 31.632 30.416 31.632 32.849 35.281 37.715 34.066 35.282 42.582 60.83] 49.882 59.615 59.615 47.448 REPORT ON WHOLE.SALi: PRICES AND WAGES. 217 Table 56. — Wliolesale prices of 47 commodllics, mainly in Londuu and .Uiiiirhr.^ler, Eiuj- land, as quoted hij the London Economist, from 1S4S to 1893, with equimlents in L'niled States money and measures — Coutiuuod. Eaw materials of mauufuc- ture. Metola. Date. 33. Asbos: Canadian, pearl. 34. Copper: tongh oake. 35. Iron British bars. Per 112 pounds. Per pound. Per 2,240 pounds. Per pound. Per 2,240 pounds. Per 2,240 pounds. s. d. S. £ 1875— Jan 40 $0. 087 9-1 $0. 200 9| $45. 623 July.... 42 .091 »H .191 8i 40. 149 1876— Jan 38 3 .083 88 .191 'J 38.324 July.... 27 6 .060 824 .179 7i 36. 282 1877— J Ml 34 6 .075 814 .177 U 34. 074 July.... 38 6 .084 754 .164 1 34. 006 1878- Jau 31 .067 71 .154 6i 30. 416 July .... 33 .072 684 .149 4 27. 982 1879— Jau 36 .078 634 .138 H 26. 157 July.... 33 .072 60i .132 4 26. 157 1880— Jau 33 3 .072 711 .155 n 38.324 July ... 33 .072 64 .139 4 28.591 1881— Jan 36 .078 66i .144 5i 27. 982 July.... 37 9 .082 64i .141 5i 27.982 1882— Jan 36 .076 764 .164 6| 32.849 July.... 48 .104 70 .152 6i 30.416 1883-Jan 50 6 .110 704 .153 6 29.199 jQly.... 43 6 .095 68 .148 5| 28.691 1884— Jan 52 6 .114 62i .136 64 26. 706 July 40 9 .089 69i .130 4 29. 807 1885— Jan 29 .063 53 .116 6 29. 199 July.... 31 .067 48i .105 54 26. 766 1886— Jan 41 .089 44 .006 5i 25.549 Jnly.... 38 .083 424 .092 H 25. 549 1887— .Tan 47 6 .103 42i .093 5 24.333 July.... 42 .091 434 .095 5 24. :ia3 1888— Jan 45 6 .099 804 .175 H 26. 157 July.... 49 .106 75 .163 26. 167 1889- Jan 38 .083 78i .171 65 27. 374 July.... 34 .074 40i .100 64 26. 706 1890— Jan 33 .072 56i .122 8i 42. 582 July.... 34 6 .076 694 .129 8 38. 9B2 1891-Jan 42 .091 584 .127 7S 37. 107 July.... 46 .100 584 .127 H 31. U24 1892— Jan 45 .098 m .105 H 31. 1)24 July.... 46 .098 48i .106 6* 31.024 1893— Jan 45 .098 51 .111 6S 31.024 Metals. Date. 36. Iron : Swedish bars. 37. Lead : English pig. 38. Steel : rails, heavy. Per 2,240 pounds. Per 2,240 pounds. Per 2,240 pounds. Per pound. Per 2,240 pounds. Per 2,240 pounds. iQii; 1850 £ £ 11* Hi lli Hi Hi i 18 16 16 16 15 13 114 114® Vi 114 12 11 114 114 12 114 12 114 12 Hi 114 $56. 573 57. 181 67. 181 57. 181 57.181 54.748 55. 965 60. 831 60.831 60. 831 68. 131 87.597 77.864 72.998 77.864 72. 998 63. 265 55. 968 $55,965® 58.398 55. 966 58. 398 63. 532 65. 965 55. 965 58. 398 55. 965 58. 398 55.965 58.398 54.748 65.966 £ £ 174 174 17 17 174 24 244 234 25 23 224 26 25® 264 23 25 23 22 22 214 22 21i 22 19i 20 20 204 20i 214 214 22 204 21 $0,038 .038 .037 .037 .038 .052 .063 .0.51 .054 .050 .049 .056 $0,054® .068 .050 .054 .050 .048 .048 .047 .048 .046 .048 .043 .043 .045 . 045 . 047 . 047 . 048 .045 .046 July.... 1852 Jan July.... July-... July.... ISS*! Jail July.... Julv-... July.... 1 fifia Jan 1859 Jan July.... Ififil Jan July.... July.... July.... 218 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 56.— Wliohsale prices of 47 commodities, mai../^ in London anil Minichajer, Eng- land, as quoted by the London Economist, from 1S45 to 1893, with eqmvalents m i mted States money and measures — Contiuued. Date. 180t-Jan July.... 1865 — Jan July... 1866— Jan July.... 1867— Jan J>.ly... 1868— Jan.... July... 1869— Jan July... 1870— Jan July... 1871— Jan.... Jnly... 1872— Jan July... 1873— Jan.... July... 1874— J Ml July... 1875— Jan July... 1876— Jan. ... July... 1877— Jan July... 1878— Jan.... July... 187»— Jan July .. 1880— Jan.... July . . . 1881— Jan.... July... 1882— Jan.... July... 1883— Jan July... 1884-Jan.... July... 1885— Jan.... July.. 1886— Jan.- - July.. 1887— Jan.... July.. 1888— Jan... July.. 1889— .Tan... July.. 1890— Jan... July.. 1891— Jan... July.. 1892— Jan... July.. 1893— Jan... 36. Iron: Swedish bars. Per 2,240 per 2. 24U pounds, nounds. £ llj- £ )12 12J 12i 11} llj 11 m lOJ m 10 ID 10 10 10 10 lOi 17 17} 20i 20i 20J 17i IBi 16i IH 13i IH Hi 101 9} 9-i 10 9i lOJ Oi 9i $55. 965®$58. 398 60. 831 60.831 57. 181 57. 181 53. 532 49. 882 49. 882 49.882 49. 882 48. 665 48.665 48. 665 48. 665 48.665 48. 665 51. 098 82. 731 85.164 99. 763 99.763 99.763 86. 380 80.297 80. 297 75.431 64.481 55. 965 55.965 53. 315 47.448 45.015 49.882 48.665 47.448 45. 015 49.882 47.448 47.448 10} ^ Metals. 45. 015 40. 149 42.582 41.365 37. Lead : English pig. Steel: rails, heavy. Per 2,240 pounds. £ 21 21i 20 19 21* 20 20 20 19i 19* 19 19 19 18 18 18 19 20 21} 23^ 2** 2ll 24 22 22} 21* 22 20| 19* "4 14| 13i 19* 16 15J 13i 15i 14i M* 13i 12i 10* llj 12* 1-4 13, 'c 1211 12i 1511 13 131 12* 14A 13A 13» 13 11* 11* 104 Per pound. Per 2,210 pouuds. $0,046 ' .047 .043 .041 1 .047 I .043 \ .043 .043 .042 .042 .041 .041 .041 .039 .039 .039 .041 .043 .047 .051 .053 .046 .052 .048 .050 .046 .048 .045 .042 .037 .032 .029 .043 .035 .033 .029 .033 .032 .032 .029 .027 .023 .024 .027 .027 .029 .028 .027 .034 .028 .029 .027 .031 .029 .029 .028 .025 .024 .022 Per 2,240 pouuds. 8* 5i 5* 8i 5i 6* 6 65 5i 5* 5* H « H 3} *i'b *4 »i 4* *i 7 *A *i 4 $41,365 35.282 33.457 31.032 27.982 26.766 42.582 27.982 30.416 29.199 33.457 27.982 26.766 24.911 21.899 23. 116 2;l. 116 23. 116 23.116 18. 249 20. :)7ii 20. 074 20.379 18.858 20. 074 23. 116 34.086 2o. 724 •24. 029 21.595 20. 379 20. 074 19. 400 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 219 Table 56. — iniolcsale 2}i'ic<'s of 47 commoditUn, mainly in London and Manchesler, Eng- land, ae quoted l>y the London Economist, from 1846 to 189S, with equivalents in United States money and measures— Contmaed. Date. Metals. 39. Till: Englisli bars. Per 2,240 pounds. 1845-1850 1851— Jan July 1852— Jau July 1853— .Ian July 1854-Jan July 1855— Jau July 1856— Jan July 1857— Feb .... July 1858— Jan 1859— Jan 1860— Jan July 1861— Jan July 1862— Jan July 1863— Jan July 1864— Jan July.... 1865— Jan July.... 1866— Jan July 1867— Jan Jnly 1868— Jan Jnly 1869— Jan July 1870— Jan July 1871— Jan July — 1872— Jan July 1873— Jan July 1874^Jan July — 1875— Jan July.... 1876— Jan Jnly.... 1877— Jan..... July.-.. 1878— Jan July.... 1879— Jan July.... 1880— Jan July 1881— Jan July.... 1882— Jau July.... 1883— Jan •Tuly... 1884— Jan July — 1885— Jan July... 1886— Jau July... 1887— Jan July... 85i 84 85 00 88 103 108 126 120 117 115 127 134 143 143 109 124 139 137 137 126 121 115 116 123 113 109 104 86 85 90 96 97 111 125 118 138 135 133 153 157 140 138 122 104 101 91 85 80i 81 74 72J 66^ 65i 64 94 87 94 95i lUi 104 98 97i 88) 86 77J 93i 97 104i 103| 106 Per pound. $0. 186 .182 .185 .]!W .235 .274 .261 .254 .230 .270 .291 .311 .311 .237 .209 .302 40. Steam coal : average, at Newcastle. Per 2,240 pounds. Per 2,240 pounds. Manchester markets. 41. liaw cotton: upland, middling. Per pound. Per pound. .208 .298 I i .274 .250 .252 .267 .245 .237 .215 .213 .226 .187 .185 15i .309 190 .209 211 .241 10 $2,433 11 .223 272 .256 .300 .293 11 2.677 8 .162 .289 .332 .341 .317 24 5.840 10 .203 300 .265 .226 .219 ^i .157 .198 .185 7 .142 175 .176 11 3 2.737 6} .187 .161 6| .127 .l.'iS 10 2.433 .129 .144 6 .127 .142 8 6 2.068 6% .109 .139 6 1 .141 .204 8 B 2.109 m .141 .189 9 3 2.251 6 .137 .204 9 1 2.210 6 .137 .207 9 2.190 6A .126 .249 i 3 2.251 6 .134 .226 9 6 2.312 6 .140 .213 9 6 2.312 6 .117 .212 9 9 2.372 5 .112 .192 10 2.433 6 .122 .187 10 6 2.555 6A .126 .168 10 6 2.555 6 .122 .203 9 6 2.312 5U .115 .211 8 3 2.007 m .100 .227 8 1.947 6A .105 , 225 7 6 1.825 5i .107 ,230 8 6 2.068 BiJ .120 220 REPORT OX WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Tablk 56. — Wholesale prices of 4? commodities, mainly in London and Manchester, Eng- land, as quoted hy the London Economist, from 18-43 to 1893, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Metals. Manchester markets. Date. 39. Tin: English bars. 40. Steam coal : average, at Newcastle. 41. £aw cotton: upland, middling. Per 2,240 pounds. Per pound. Per 2,240 pounds. Per 2,240 pounds. Per pound. Per pound. £ ». d. d. 1888— Jan 148 $0. 322 7 6 $1. 825 5i $0,117 July.... 92i .201 7 7i 1.855 5A .113 1889.^aE lOlJ .221 8 1.947 H .109 July ... 9 2.190 % 124 1890— Jan 103 .224 11 6 2.798 .114 July.... 12 2.920 4 .131 1891— Jan 12 9 ol3 7i 3.102 3.315 105 July 97 .211 .091 1892— Jan 90i .196 10 2.433 4J .086 July.... 106i .231 9 10 2.393 *A .082 1893— Jan 96 .209 8 11 2.170 5i .107 Manchester marlfets. Date. 42. Eaw CO tton : upland, 43. Raw cotton: Surat 44. Eaw cotton: Pernam- middl ing, fair. Dhollerah, fair. buco, fair. Per pound. Per pound. Perpound. Per pound. Perpound. Per pound. d. d. d. (f. 1845-1850 5i $0,112 5i $0. 112 ^ $0,167 1851— Jan n .160 4|® 5 $0. 094 ® . 101 H .170 July.... 5i 5J 5i 8i .117 .100 r f n 7i 7 8 8 142 1852— Jan 1"4 July.... .119 .117 .132 .129 .127 .109 .142 .119 .134 .157 .167 142 1853-Jau 137 July.... .134 1854— Jau 147 July.... 140 1855— Jan 129 July.... 152 1856-TTnu 132 July.... 142 1857— Feb .162 July.... 48 5J . 094 . 117 .162 1858— Jan .127 3i 5^ .071 .107 7* .144 5J .117 4i 6* . 091 . 124 8 .162 1860— Jan 5i .107 31 5| .076 .114 84 .172 July.... 7 .142 2i 5J . 051 . 109 8 .162 1861— J an 7i .152 4i 5i . 086 . 104 9 .183 July .170 J| 4 . 094 . 134 9 .183 1862-^1 an 12i .248 5\ lOJ . 112 . 208 13 .264 1^. .309 11 15* . 223 . 314 16J .335 1863— Jau E* .522 17i .350 234 .476 J ulv 1864^Jan 23 .460 17i 18 23i . 360 . 365 .476 .446 .406 21i 28 29 27 .441 .568 .588 .548 July.... 1865 -.Jau 22i .558 20 14i 17i .294 .350 19i 22 .200 .446 180C— Jau 22 .446 14i .294 9i .188 144 .294 1807— Jan 16 .324 124 .253 15i .319 July 12i .253 9 .183 12 .243 1868-Jan 8 .162 54 .112 1? .150 July.... 12i .248 9J .188 .)*>;{ 1869— Jan Hi .233 4 .172 114 . 2:;:i July 13 .264 -Oi .208 lis llj . 'jr.o 1870— Jan 11 .236 94 .193 .241 H§ .241 84 .172 KIJ .210 1871— Jan 8; .167 6 .132 83 .177 ft 7 .140 .157 i .170 .200 1872— Jan July.... 7 7 .152 .147 11 lOJ 1873— Jau ::::::::;" ::: . — .1 July.... 74 f f .152 .134 .122 .124 .122 Si 74 1874-^ .lU July.... :::::::: i .167 1875-Jan July.... .160 a Bust. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 221 Table 56. — Wholesale prioes ofd7 commodities, mainly in London and Mancliester, Eng- land, as quoted by the London Economist, from 1845 to 1893, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Date. 1876— Jan.. July- 1877— Jan . - July. 1878— Jan.. July. 1879— Jan.. July 1880— Jan July... 1881— Jan July... 1882— Jan July... 1883— Jan Jnly... 1884— Jan July... 1885— Jan July . . . 1886— Jan Jnly... 1887— Jan July... 1888— Jan July 1889— Jan July 1890— Jan July 1891— Jan.. July. 1892— Jan.. July 1893— Jan . . Manolieater markets. 42. Eaw cotton : upland, middling, lair. Per pound. Per pound. d. 6A 7i 7 7 7# 6* 6i H 5H m 4* 6S ).126 .147 .142 .142 .140 .142 .150 .124 .124 .129 .132 .128 .120 .105 .110 .109 .123 .119 .117 .114 .115 .115 .133 .110 .098 .089 .093 .109 43. Raw cotton: Surat Dhollerah, fair. Per pound. Per pound. d. 5} 5i H 5i 5i 4 5* 5* 5 5i ^ It ? 4 H 3il m 4A *A 4A H' 3tb $0. 119 .104 .109 .107 .104 .081 .109 .114 .101 .107 .084 .094 .091 .076 .079 .081 .081 .086 .087 .080 .071 .072 .074 .077 .077 .087 .087 .087 .085 .070 .062 .067 .060 .079 44. Eaw cotton: Pernara- bucu, fair. Per pound. Per pound. 6ii 5i P 6ft m 5i oft p 68 H 4* 4ft 6ft ;0. 177 .134 .138 .137 .137 .129 .119 .142 .147 .140 .143 .128 .138 .147 .129 .119 .124 .129 .127 .117 .109 .110 .108 .119 .118 .115 .122 .128 .126 .134 .117 .107 .100 .087 .108 Manchester martete. Date. 45. Cotton yam : mule "So. 40, fair, second quality. 46. Cotton cloths : printers', 26-inch, 06 reed, 20 yards, 4 pounds, 2 ounces. 47. Cotton cloths : Gold-end shirtings, 40-iiich, 66 reed, 37J yards, 8 pounds, 12 ounces. Per pound. Per pound. Each. Each. Each. Each. d. I. d. *. d. 1845—1850 9 $0. 198 4 7} $1. 130 8 10 $2. 149 1851— Jan 12* .253 5 2 1.257 10 lOJ 2.04B July.... .200 4 3 1.034 8 9 2.129 1852— Jan 9 .183 4 4J 1.065 8 9 2.129 9f .108 4 6 1.095 9 IJ 2. 220 1853— Jan 9X .200 5 1.217 9 7i 2.342 July.... lOi .203 5 1.217 9 6 2.312 1854- Jan H .193 4 9 1.156 9 3 2.251 July.... 4 .188 4 7i 1.125 8 lOi 2.160 1855— Jan .177 4 li 1.004 8 1.947 July.... 9i .198 4 6 1.095 8 6 2.063 1856-Jan gi .188 4 4J 1.065 8 4i 2.037 July.... 10 .203 4 74 1.125 8 9 2.129 1857- Feb 11 .236 5 3 1.277 8 4i 2.038 July.... 12: .250 5 4i 1.308 9 lOJ 2.403 1858-jran 10 .205 4 7i 1.125 8 74 2.099 1859- Jan .I2I .246 5 44 1.303 9 7* 2.342 1860— Jan 12* 111 .248 6 14 1.490 10 74 2.685 July.... 1861— Jan .241 6 1.460 10 6 2.555 124 .253 6 1.460 11 2.677 July.... 1862— Jan ir .243 5 7i 1.369 9 74 2.342 14i .299 6 44 1.551 11 2.677 July.... 1863— Jan 17 .345 7 6 1.825 12 9 3. lOJ 30 .608 10 6 2.555 19 6 4.745 Jnly.... 26 .627 9 9 2.372 IS » 4.B62 222 REPORT OX WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 56. — WTiolesale prices of 47 commodities, mainhj in Loudon and Maiichcnler, Eng- land, as quoted by the London Economist, from, ISiB to 1S93, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Concluded. Date. Manchester markets. 45. Cotton yarn : mule No. 40, fair, second quality. Per pound. Per pound. 46. Cotton cloths : printers', 26-iiich, 6U reed, 20 yards, 4 pounds, 2 ounces. 47. Cotton cloths : Gold end shirtings, 40-inch, 60 reed, 37i yards, 8 pounds, 12 ounces. Each. Each. Each. Each. 1864— Jan... July . . 1865— Jan... July.. 1866— Jan... July.. 1867— .Tan... July.. 1868^] aii... July. . 1869— Jan... Jnly . . 1870— Jan... July.. 1871— Jan... July . . 1872— Jan.. . July.. 1873— Jan... July.. 1874— Jan . . . July.. 1875— Jan. . . July .. 1876— Jan... July.. 1877- Jan... July . . 1378— Jan... July.. 1879— Jan . . . July . . 1880- J an... July - . 1881— Jan.. July . . 1882- Jan... July . . 188.1— Jan... July.. 1884— Jan... July.. 1885— Jan... July. . 1886— Jan... July.. 1887— Jan... July. . 1888— Jan.. July.. 1689— Jan .. July . . 1890— Jan... July . . 1891— Jan... July.. 1892— Jan... July.. 1893— Jan... d. 34 34J 31i 23 30 21 21 17i 114 i4i 14i 16i 15 14i 134 13J 14J 18 15 13J l2i Hi 11} 12 11 114 % 9| 84 94 lOi Hi 10} lOi 10} 104 9} 9} $0. 690 .700 .639 .466 .608 .426 .426 .360 .233 .299 .294 .330 .304 .299 .274 .279 .294 .365 .304 .279 .269 .259 .241 .238 .243 .223 .233 .195 .205 .198 .172 .193 .218 .228 .218 .208 .218 .213 .198 .198 .195 .200 .198 .183 .165 .165 .170 .174 .177 .172 .185 .183 .183 .198 .193 .172 .162 .155 .167 14 13 11 9 9 6 11 8 6 6 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 3 lOj 3 104 4 3 104 3 lOJ ' 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 3 lOi 3 9 3 6 3 104 $3. 407 3.163 2. 8f 9 2.312 2.798 1.9i7 2.007 1. 643 1.217 1. 430 1.430 1.490 1.430 1.338 1.277 1.247 1.369 1.490 1.399 1.338 1.217 1.277 1.247 1.247 1.217 1.034 1.308 1.217 1.095 1.065 .943 .943 .973 .791 1.125 .811 1.125 1.095 1.054 .973 .973 1.004 .943 .943 1.004 1.004 1.004 .973 .973 .973 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 .973 .943 .913 .852 .943 ». d. 23 6 24 6 22 3 17 3 18 17 15 14 10 12 11 13 44 3 9 12 3 11 104 10 74 10 74 11 3 11 9 11 3 11 14 10 74 10 104 10 « 10 6 10 8 9 9 104 9 6 9 14 8 104 8 u 8 9 8 9 8 9 9 8 74 8 9 9 3 104 74 9 *4 44 3 6 14 4 fi 9 6 9 8 14 H 14 8 3 8 14 7 9 7 9 7 44 7 lOJ $5. 718 5.963 6.414 4.197 4.502 4.197 3. 832 3.047 2.525 2.981 2.859 3.163 2.981 2. 890 2.585 2.585 2.737 2.859 2.737 2.707 2.585 2.646 2.555 2.555 2.433 2.129 2.403 2.312 2.220 2.160 1.947 2.129 2.129 2. 129 2. 190 2.099 2.129 2.251 1.916 1.855 1.886 1.795 1.795 1.761 1.823 1.734 1.784 1.825 1.886 1.825 1. S--B 1.977 1.977 2.007 1.977 1.8S6 1.886 1.795 1.916 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 223 Table 57. — Eelatioe prices in England — The Economist index numier. [1845 to 1850 = 100.] s Ti S "3 a J of ♦r "3 Tear. a'* 11 II 11 ■ s, i o M .a . 11 g 1 i o 1 2 1 O is 6 m O.S2 CI ss Si 111 1^. lis -■•ll PU t g a) 1 So 5 !>> II ll i o O as 5« 1 a Si Hi t " (M n ■^ la ID t- 00 o> S '-' .H 1846-1850 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1851 166 86 95 m ISO 94 128 84 1862 9S 111 104 137 98 78 1853 109 73 114 106 87 119 112 159 121 104 IH.U 115 75 1S4 117 151 IK ' 101 173 140 116 1855 109 CS 111 ISi 1S7 112 109 147 147 U2 lie 1856 119 9S 109 1S9 144 113 117 133 lis 149 108 1857 1S8 108 103 100 114 93 141 189 178 117 lis 1858 114 140 200 90 112 15U 113 163 121 100 1859 128 119 155 75 139 118 91 I860 130 134 152 151 144 133 83 101 109 121 152 117 121 129 127 133 97 1861 124 97 1862 153 82 126 189 116 120 139 130 109 133 98 161 322 107 115 149 138 138 104 1804 148 103 129 322 75 139 140 123 130 102 1865 161 65 108 322 72 123 167 132 137 129 97 18S6 179 72 141 222 89 129 200 140 126 141 91 1367 149 141 127 134 125 66 73 72 83 83 108 104 135 102 100 200 200 167 167 155 113 127 96 80 100 121 112 117 123 133 183 161 183 174 183 116 121 124 116 116 "'96' 88 145 164 143 151 137 140 138 127 126 114 95 ] 808 95 1869 97 1870 99 1871 115 1872 145 83 100 189 104 134 169 116 169 122 116 ] >l7:i 171 74 100 196 104 144 169 118 157 169 118 127 1874 233 173 183 178 183 143 151 122 100 82 106 83 85 132 166 172 186 173 185 179 68 68 67 88 60 83 70 60 67 80 64 37 60 38 49 60 42 36 42 39 108 100 100 116 111 111 141 100 89 76 92 78 93 73 64 70 62 70 60 68 183 256 256 211 189 156 180 161 222 240 200 228 216 200 244 227 222 244 244 244 116 80 84 97 98 75 88 82 81 77 73 60 57 66 68 57 56 61 70 48 146 137 163 138 136 127 119 146 126 146 123 122 106 112 108 100 123 126 131 119 149 115 87 187 143 113 135 130 139 126 117 89 93 130 117 110 114 130 113 120 118 95 105 99 92 97 101 71 76 68 76 78 76 79 66 62 64 65 55 62 "'145' 133 141 122 109 117 120 108 106 98 92 90 116 111 107 120 102 98 94 123 163 130 173 169 164 205 197 195 190 151 157 153 131 129 125 120 187 114 121 110 111 116 114 110 104 106 95 94 100 110 93 86 76 74 82 82 86 83 76 125 1875 132 1876 128 1877 128 1878 .- -. 132 1879 113 1880 105 1881 106 1882 110 1883 108 1884 100 1885 102 1886 92 1887 86 1888 80 1889 111 1890 115 1891 110 1892 110 1893 100 ■>■> I EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PEICES AND WAGES. Table bl.—BelaUvejirices in England— The Economist index nMmfcc)-— Conoluded. [1816 to 185U=100.] Tear. 1 s 1 H cii 1 s H o u §• o 1 ,a IS 'i 03 •^ g 1 ,13 i w a 'p. ,a .2 1 ^ W -a 1 i 1 p a H S fc = l:ig lis tK.;s ■- d 11 & " S s 8 ja"2 o! Ijl 8|^ it" '^ 4- 3 ® .S £ ■B "'.S 5 = S CI 1 1 I 1 i 1 ■s ■3 •g El IB U r ■5 1845-1850 100 86 S4 98 1S6 147 165 141 118 llli 131 ]30 116 101 93 93 112 100 S8 111 105 102 111 98 93 108 120 102 89 83 ]02 89 103 111 113 87 70 60 73 87 75 80 105 107 100 100 37 32 97 IBS in IBS 130 116 13S 130 133 133 133 131 131 128 136 136 128 128 133 144 147 153 147 144 150 146 144 144 139 139 139 144 142 136 133 130 130 130 130 128 100 95 101 116 US US US ISS 121 121 127 116 121 110 122 101 122 98 86 89 83 81 103 105 104 105 100 93 81 72 81 75 86 80 71 00 50 48 91 89 64 06 55 68 100 90 88 106 111 107 1S8 m 110 100 90 115 77 90 105 95 100 88 86 85 88 87 99 141 167 138 125 104 91 77 92 79 86 78 69 75 66 62 67 70 109 87 78 78 100 100 97 131 1S4 131 149 131 131 125 125 123 116 122 114 115 123 114 111 109 109 103 109 124 139 137 131 126 109 84 112 87 88 83 70 65 72 74 90 76 R2 76 66 68 100 98 106 ISO HI 1ST 149 167 115 145 151 160 141 130 130 115 122 99 112 129 138 160 177 171 143 118 99 95 85 77 109 110 134 114 104 90 113 120 173 lis 120 111 106 112 100 86 ""73" 97 8B 86 140 314 460 363 383 227 100 155 173 118 141 132 120 111 107 94 93 73 110 105 102 89 92 93 80 82 90 91 92 82 73 S3 100 127 92 101 97 90 96 119 112 124 125 128 161 298 349 323 308 215 118 149 154 138 149 154 136 122 123 108 104 88 110 110 110 100 99 100 83 86 90 93 92 97 82 85 100 118 97 109 104 90 95 101 99 112 124 111 112 222 277 252 222 178 114 131 135 118 125 126 116 117 111 113 101 81 95 101 99 92 88 80 85 84 87 88 91 89 84 85 100 106 74 S2 88 77 81 97 86 97 lOS 109 167 284 329 325 267 191 181 189 144 106 119 126 106 95 106 82 82 71 88 86 82 78 74 75 65 68 70 72 75 70 59 64 2,200 2,293 1,86S a, 167 2, 44.-, 2,S67 2, 4.j9 2, IH.: 2,612 2,S04 S,426 2,727 2,878 3, 492 3,787 3,575 3,564 3,024 2,682 2,666 2,689 2,590 2,835 2,947 2,891 2,778 2,711 2,715 2,529 2,225 2. 538 2,376 2. 435 2,342 2,221 2,098 2,023 2,059 2,230 2,187 2,236 2,240 2,133 2, 120 100 104 1852 a; 1853 108 12-3 1855 118 1856 123 1857 i.n 1858 119 iir, 1 860 111 124 131 18G3 159 ] S64 172 163 1866 162 1867 137 1H68 122 lS(iO 121 122 1871 118 1872 129 1873 134 1874 131 1875 126 1876 123 1877 1878 123 115 1879 101 188a 115 1881 108 3882 111 \HA:i 106 1884 101 IM.^. ]M-'lj '. 92 94 )8S8 101 99 181'0 102 1801 . - 102 1802 97 1893 - . 96 In the foregoing table we may observe a certain similarity in tenden- cies with those which were found in the United States. Attention is particularly called at this point to the fall of prices in 1892 and 1893 as compared with 1891. A sunilax fall in the United States was revealed by the supplementary tables which have just been discussed. On the other hand it needs but a glance at the foregoing table to show the wide divergence between the methods here employed and those followed in this report. We have here a simple average of 22 articles, while the list used for the United States contained 223. If the number of articles REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 225 be small there is greater probabilityof its inclndiii.i,' only objcfts of very general use and of approximately equal iniportaiicc. At tlie same time the influence of each juticle in monkling the resuliis infinitely f^renter. Hence the choice of articles must be made with the utmost caution. In the foregoing list the inclusion of indigo and the omission of coal have been frequently criticised. In the United States we had a list of 223 articles, but recognizing the danger of a false result by a simple average through tlie presence of many articles of minor importance, an ett'ort was made to ascertain the importance of the various articles and to assign to them a propor- tionate weight in the result. As a measure of this importance, we took their consumption in average families. We found that the prices of the articles upon our list affected 08. CO per cent of the total expenditure of families. In 1891 the relative price of all articles compared with 1860 stood at 94.4 by this method, while by the simple average plan it was 92.2. To compare these results with those of the Economist it is neces- sary to reduce the latter to the basis of 1860. In so doing we have been obliged to omit the much-discussed item of indigo, since the prices for that article are given quite spasmodically, and none are quoted for 1860, or even thereabouts. In making this table we have held strictly to the price figures. Furthermore, when the relative price represents sev- eral articles it consists in one table of the average of the relative prices of the various items. With these necessary explanations we present the following table: Table 58. — Relative prices in England oompared with 1860. [1860=100.] Tear. 1 o O i 8 % O 1^ 1^ •3£ 1 u H I860 100.0 103.1 116.3 121.7 115.5 122,0 120.2 113.2 107.0 96.1 101.6 U0.3 110.1 130.2 176.7 131.8 139.5 134.9 138. 8 109. 3 114.7 93.0 76.0 61.2 80.6 71.3 05.1 100.8 126.4 131.0 141.1 131.0 140.7 135.7 100.0 99.9 88.8 83.8 lO.S. 2 83.5 93.2 84.0 95.1 93.2 107.2 106.9 108.5 97.1 88.6 88.8 79.2 115.9 65.1 71.6 83.7 74.2 79.8 70.6 68.0 44.8 60.4 45.8 59.4 60.4 43.4 45.8 52.3 49.3 100.0 93.3 78.3 78.3 76.7 66.7 86.7 66.7 110.0 123. 3 128.3 123.3 120.0 120.0 73.3 73.3 71.7 73.3 70.0 68.3 86.7 61.7 55.0 46.7 56.7 48.3 57.6 45.0 40.0 43.3 38.3 43.3 37.5 41.7 100.0 88.9 125.9 214.8 214.8 '125." 9' 1.33. 3 133.3 111.1 111.1 103.7 125.9 129.6 122.2 170.4 170.4 140.7 125.9 103.7 118.5 107.4 155.6 163.0 140.7 151.9 137.0 133.3 163.0 148.1 148.1 163.0 163.0 155.6 100.0 121.3 142.8 103.8 90.2 85.7 104.7 136.2 152.5 115.3 98.9 119.1 125.3 127.5 139.6 100.0 103.5 115.8 117.0 89.6 106.2 98.1 100.2 92.6 88.3 72.3 68.5 79.2 69.6 68.7 67.5 73.8 83.4 58.1 100.0 111.8 111.7 98.9 106.3 112.0 116.9 111.6 103. 107.2 112.5 123.2 125.2 131.7 132.4 126.4 139.9 125.8 123.5 116.0 109.1 133.8 110.7 133. 7 120.7 112. 9 94.8 100.3 97.9 101.2 109.9 115.4 119.3 108.6 100.0 77.1 91.4 96.7 91.4 102.9 131.4 120.0 105.7 120.0 114.3 120.0 114.3 111.4 97.1 75.7 57.1 122.9 94.3 74.3 88.6 85.7 92.1 82.9 77.1 58.6 6L4 85.7 77.1 72.1 75.0 85.7 74.3 78.6 100.0 110.7 112.5 118.8 119.8 108.5 118.2 102.3 109.9 114.4 103.7 103.7 101.9 106.4 105.0 89.9 96.6 95.7 112.5 82.0 85.2 64.7 70.0 63.1 73.5 75.8 73.4 75.1 41.5 42.3 64.2 35.4 50.6 58.8 100.0 110.7 92.4 96.7 100.3 104.7 94.9 95.8 80.8 76,8 71.0 65.6 93.7 105.8 98.8 102.2 92.3 96.7 84.8 75.9 85.7 86.3 82.3 78.0 74.9 71.8 70.5 87.2 76.4 71.5 82.7 79,8 74,9 74.1 100.0 109.6 107.5 114.4 107.1 107,0 115,9 113,9 109.9 100.6 102.8 91.7 97,9 96.7 88.8 91.5 9i.9 91.7 95.9 82.1 83.6 76.3 75.3 84.4 88.1 74.6 68.9 61.1 59,5 65.6 66.0 69.7 62.2 60.9 100.0 18(31 102.9 1802 101.0 1863 106.0 1864 104.6 1865 99.5 1866 93.9 1867 97.3 1868 95.5 JPOn 99.0 100.7 1871 1871i 116.8 118.4 1873 129.4 1874 127. 6 133.9 J876 130.2 1877 1878 1879 130.8 134.3 110.8 1880 109.5 1881 111.3 1882 113.2 1883 109.7 1884 102.8 1885 104.2 1886 93.6 1887 83.5 1888 88.5 1889 112.8 1890 111.6 1891 105.8 1892 104.0 1893 91.7 Eep. 1394 15 226 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 58.— BeUUve prices in Enrjland compared with i560— Concluded. [1860=100.] Yeax. o 1 1 1 100.0 98.6 87.1 83.5 81.3 71.2 74.8 61.2 69.1 79.9 84.9 97.1 110.1 105.0 87.8 72.7 61.2 58.3 52.2 47.1 67.6 67.6 82.4 70.5 63.7 55.6 69.8 74.6 106,5 73.0 74.1 "64.9 69.1 1 1 o H ^ a o a II St. 1860 - . 100.0 103.0 88.4 76.7 70.7 70.7 84.5 76.7 74.1 84.5 79.3 77.6 84.5 74.1 70.7 81.9 91.4 77.6 68.1 62.9 77.6 67.7 78.4 84.6 88.8 71.6 60.3 53.4 55.2 66.4 66.4 67.2 74.1 77.6 100.0 94.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 94.0 94.0 92.0 98.0 98.0 'J2.0 93.0 96.0 104.0 106.2 110.0 106.0 104.0 108.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 lOU.O 100.0 100.0 104.0 100.0 98.0 96.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 92.0 100.0 91.5 96.0 86.6 96,4 79.5 94.6 76.8 07.9 69.6 05.2 63.4 80.4 82.6 82.1 82.1 78.6 72.8 63.4 56.7 63.6 59.2 67.4 62.9 55.6 47.3 39.3 38.2 71.9 70.3 50.2 52.2 43.1 45.5 100.0 102.1 98.2 102.1 118.4 112. 1 111.7 93.4 94.6 9.1.5 99.3 97.4 113.0 155.0 183.4 149.3 132.4 112.4 98.1 83.8 101.6 86.7 96.5 88.6 84.6 92.3 80.8 76.9 83.7 86.5 112. 4 98.9 87.1 80.0 100.0 98.3 93.0 98.9 95.5 90.9 97.7 90.9 88,6 86.4 86.4 81,8 86.4 117.0 110.8 109.1 104,0 100.0 86,9 66.5 89.2 69.3 69.9 65.9 55.7 51.1 57.4 58.8 71.9 60.2 65.1 60.8 52.3 46.0 100.0 110.3 184.7 378.3 415.4 422. 7 348.6 252. 3 118.8 178.5 187.9 132.9 140.8 138.4 122.1 111.7 114.1 97.4 95.7 77.2 114.5 109.5 104.0 90.6 92.9 94.8 82.0 80.3 87.2 89.9 93.5 81.5 70.5 82.6 100.0 102.0 120,4 2+4,9 277. 6 257.1 244,9 171.4 93,9 118.4 122.4 110.2 118.4 122.4 108,2 96.9 98.0 93.9 82.7 69.4 87.8 87.8 87.8 79.6 78.6 79.6 •66.3 68.4 71.4 74.5 73.5 77.6 65.3 67.3 100.0 100.8 103.8 177.5 224.9 200.7 181.0 141.5 89.6 103. 3 105.6 92.9 98.9 99.9 90.8 91.3 87.9 90.4 79.7 69.3 73.9 80,1 79.0 72.5 69.1 66.4 69.0 68.2 69.1 70.1 71.9 70.9 67.1 68.7 100.0 105.9 152.9 270.5 329.4 317, 6 258.8 185.3 80.8 135.3 139.7 102.9 110.2 122.1 102.9 92.6 102.9 80.1 79.4 69.1 85.3 83.1 80.1 75.0 72.1 73.5 63.2 62.6 68.4 70.6 80.1 67.6 57.4 62.6 100.0 1861 103.0 1862 109.0 186^ 135.9 144.8 1865 135.5 1866 133.0 11."), 3 99.3 I860 . . - 105.0 1870 105.6 100.8 1872 108.8 1873. ... 114.6 110.2 1875 103. 9 1876 102. 4 101.5 Ir78 94.1 ]s71.t 80.7 92.2 188] 86.1 1882 -88.4 84.6 lSfi4 1885 82.5 77.3 1886 7:1.3 75.3 80.0 79.6 1890 83.3 81,0 78.0 1893 . .. 76.7 It will be observed that the average price for 1891 is 81, much below that for the United States, which, by the same method of simi)le aver- age, was 92.2. Such a differeuce may be due to a difieieiice in the methods or a diJerejice in the prices. The prices of different groups may \'ary, or with approximately the same prices a varied grouping may bring about a divergent result. In order to test this as nearly as may be, the English prices may be classilied in the same way as the Ameri- can, and their influence in the total as well as their group prices may be noted. This is carried out in the fallowing table : Table 59. — Comparison of Economist average with simple average of the United States. Gronp. United States. England. Uumber. Relative influence. Group price. Number. RelatiTe influence. Group" price. 63 28 10 54 35 18 15 10 23.77 12.57 4.47 24.22 15.70 8.07 6.73 4.47 103.9 81.1 81.0 74.9 122.3 86.3 70.1 95.1 6 g 23.81 38.09 l^uel and lighting 4 1 19.05 4.76 Lumber and buildiugmaterials Drugs and chemicals 105.8 HouBC furnishing goods 3 14.29 .......... Total 223 100. 00 92.2 21 100.00 REPORT ON WHOLESALE rUICES AND WAGES. 227 Let xis now consider the above figures group by group. Food has in each average approximately the same importance, but the price in the United States is much above tlie average, and in England nearly identical with the average. This of itself would placethe result higher for the United States. Cloths and clothing have in England a greater influence in the average at a less price, both groii]is bc^iiig below the general average. Fuel and lighting is not represented on the English list. In both lists lumber and building materials are higher than the average, but the highest price is in the United States, where the group lorms 15.70 of the total as against 4.76 per cent in England. The above considerations are somewhat offset, but by no means outweighed, by the fact that drugs and chemicals and house fuiiiishing goods not repre- sented in England depress the United States aveiage, while miscellane- ous articles tend to elevate the average of England more than the United States. It is clear, then, that there are differences in price as well as method. The most noticeable Is in the group food. This isduelargely tothe composition of the group, as the high-priced meats and tish occupy a larger place in the American group than in the English. As to cloths and clothing, the English iigures includemostly textile materials rather than finished products. The difference in metals and implements is inconsiderable. These differences in price are only accentuated when the articles are given their importance in consumption. This is shown in the follow- ing table: Table 60. — Comparison of Economist average with weighted average of the United States. Group. Proportion of Econo- mist total. Proportion oftiS.eOper cent of total expenditure Meat 4.47 19.34 17 5 Total food 23.81 59 7 38.09 22 3 ruoi 7 3 All other ... 38.10 10 7 Total 100. 00 It certainly is not surprising that a combination of])rices based on the latter proportions gives a different result from that which is founded upon the former, especially when it is remembered that in the second series where it predominates food is high priced, while it is scarcely above the average in the first. The working together of differences of price and varied groupings is clearly shown in the divergence between 81.0, the English figure, and 94.4, the American result. To measure the extent to which differences in prices bring about dis- crepancies in the results we must compare the United States and Eng- land upon exactly the same basis. If from the various tables of our report we collect the prices of the twenty-two articles which are con- tained in the English Mst, we find that the simple average of their rela- tive prices gives us 83.4, or a figure only slightly in excess of the Eng- lish result. This practical accord shows us that by Economist methods the prices in both England and the United States stand at about the same point with relation to 1860. "We can not escape the criticism that if Economist methods of ascer- taining the general level of prices be correct our own method falls short 228 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. of portraying the true state of afiairs, since the relative price of 1891 is 83.4 instead of 94.4. There is plainly a difference of principle. The Economist takes into account only the great wholesale markets and considers every article as equally worthy of consideration in making what might be termed a composite photograph of the market. On the other hand, our investigation takes as its starting point the consump- tion of families. It includes, therefore, tenfold the variety of articles, and so nearly as possible in the form in which they are purchased by the consumer, and assigns, further, to each article the importance it oc- cupies in the family budget. It seems only necessary to state the principles which we have adopted in order to secure for them general approval. On the other hand, the value of such calculations as those of the Economist is not to be under- rated. Rarely can such a rich and varied material be brought together as forms the subject of this report, and where it is lacking the some- what summary methods of the Economist have their function. With this in view we sball at a later stage of the report make a comparison of prices in several countries based upon the Economist method. The Economist figures have formed the object of a great variety of studies by English economists. They have not, however, passed with- out criticism. The facts that each article is given an equal weight and that the number of articles is very restricted have both led to attempts at improvement. The latter evil could only be remedied by enlarging the scope of the figures, while a new method of combination might miti- gate the former. CALCXTLATIONS OF 3IE. PALGEATE. A very noteworthy attempt to correct the Economist figures was made by Mr. li. H. Inglis Palgrave in a memorandum submitted by him to the JRoyal Commission on the Depression of Trade and Industry. He there again calls attention to the absurdity of classing indigo as equal to either sugar or meat. His method, already noted in this report, is to give each relative price an importance proportioned to its consumption. He obtains the national anniral consumption of each product from its production and imports less the exports. In this way he obtains a series of figures representing the importance in each year of the com- merce of eacli commodity. Using these in connection with the Econo- mist figures, he obtained the following results for the years 1865 to 1885, upon the basis of 1865 to 1869 as 100. (a) a For the metliod of calculation reference is made to Table 21 of this report. KEPORT ON WHOLESALE PKICES AND WAGES. 229 TABLii 61. — Compiii-Uiiii (if simple and weighted arorai/cx of JSoo)ioniisl prices. Tear. Total relative price.s of Economist without ro.l^anl to relative iuiportauee of commoditica. Total ri'lativo prices of KronomiHt yroopcd according to ridative iioport- ance of coramodi- tioe. 18C5 2,434 2,449 2,166 1,982 1,979 110.6 111.3 98.0 90.1 90.0 2,366 2,434 2,179 2,068 1,903 1866 110 6 1867 . .. go 1868 1869 89 2 2,200 1,905 1, (181 2,132 2,207 2,207 2,098 2, an 2,004 1,910 1,070 1,918 1,782 1,830 1,755 1,660 1,550 100 91 90 97 102 100 95 93 94 87 76 87 81 83 80 75 70 2,200 1,975 2,046 2,197 2,298 2,378 2,125 2,186 2,205 2, 081 1,805 1,967 2,054 1,908 1,924 1,750 1,669 1870. .. . 90 1S7] 93 1872 100 1873 104 1874 .. 108 1875 97 1H70 99 1877 100 1878 95 1879 . . 82 1880 89 1881 . . . 93 18S2 87 88 1884 80 76 An eftbrt to conti iiue tlie above table to the present day has been nii - successful. The deterinluatiou of the annual consumption by the methods followed is a matter of considerable difficulty. Application has been made to Mr. Palgrave for any continuation of the tables wliich he might have prepared, but he informs us that he has never published any supplement to the ligures quoted, nor prepared the calculations. An examination of the table shows a substantial agreement of the two columns as regards direction. Nor is the difference of level very great. It is, however, to be noted that the weighted average stands generally some points higher than the simple average. The vsame ob- servation holds good ibr the calculations which we have made for the United States, both in the present report and in that upon retail prices and wages. While the Economist figures have been widely used, their defects have been recognized as well as their merits. The desire for a broader basis of calculation than the 2'2 articles above noted led to the preparation of the index numbers of Mr. Sauerbeck with which we must now deal. PRICES COLLECTED BY MR. SAUERBECK. This important series of price quotations has been prepared by Mr- Augustus Sauerbeck, a wool broker, of the firm of Schwarze & Co., Lon- don. .He has published them from time to time in the Journal of the Statistical Society. The first publication occurred in 1886, and the work has been brought down to date in subsequent issues of the Journal. Mr. Sauerbeck bases his figures on quotations collected under his personal supervision either from the most trustworthy trade journals or from direct reports of leading firms. His own firm, for example, furnishes figures for wool, while Ellison & Co., of Manchester, furnish cotton quo^ tations. The earlier prices are obtained from trade journals, but dur- ing the past ten years they have been carefully collected by Mr. Sauer- beck in the manner described. The yearly prices are the averages of twelve monthly or fifty-two weekly quotations. The prices of Mr. Sauer- 230 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AXn WAGES. bet-k embrace some 45 articles, and are given in Table 62. Mv. Sauer- beck lia.s made the figures wLicli hebas collected the basis of relative l)rice calculations. His index number, based upou 45 different articles, and taking- the period 18G7-'77 as 100, is given in Table 63 following the ijrices. Taule 62. — Wholesale prices of 56 commodities in England from lS46to 1891, with equiv- alents in United States money and measures. Year. 1840. 18+7. IS-W. 1849. l.s.'>u. )S.3.i. 18.~.4.. l^-'o.. 1859. 1860. 1801. 1.-7I/.. J.i77.. 1.-78.. IST'J. . 1«80.. 1K81.. 18.^2.. 18Sa.. 1X81- . l^■8.-J.. li-aii . 18,-(7.. ]8.-<,^.. Ifi.VJ-. 18HU.. 1891. . 1. Wheat, Eugliuli Gazette. 40 10 53 3 74 8 la ■> Ob 4 44 -1 4.i 9 5 1 u 55 4 I 41 \l ■ 40 J 41 10 I 49 ll I 04 5 ! O:) 9 ! 4.^ 2 : 40 10 ; 50 8 ! 57 ; 58 8 *1.012 1^489 1. :;05 1. i^7 1.1 5 1. 204 1.570 2. i:j5 2. Wheat, Americau. .:o 2 .30 9 40 5 4:; 10 44 4 45 4 45 1 41 7 35 8 32 10 31 1 32 6 ' 31 10 29 9 I 31 11 : 37 I 2. l).J'.i 1. 001 1.302 1.291J I 1. 570 1.032 l.:Ji4 ' 1.320 i 1. lol i 1.2J 1.472 1.809 l.S.iU |. 1.420 l.:Sl 1.071 , 1.681 ' 1.730 1,«1 l..,:j2 1.3lil 1. 073 1. 3t9 1.2:2 1. 307 1. 3tl7 1.329 1.220 1.052 57 48 48 05 48 48 51 52 48 6 .914 958 9!9 .877 . 9J1 .091 35 35 34 37 U 35 35 6 40 $1,631 1.740 , 1.85s I 1.081 i 1.415 ; 1.41.3 1.022 ! 1.415 1.JI5 1.504 j 1.533 i 1.430 i 1.327 1.076 j 1.032 . 1.032 1. 003 I 1.091 ; 1 1.32 1.017 1. 179 i. Flour, to^ n made, white. 08 62 51 40 41 48 62 47 41 38 39 45 57 54 40 41 44 46 51 47 40 41 45 38 30 39 40 40 36 31 29 28 28 30 29 29 33 $0 014 .050 .040 .036 .032 .031 .034 .015 .056 .059 .054 .044 .035 .036 .042 .045 .Oil .036 . 033 .034 .039 .050 .047 .035 .030 .038 .040 .044 .041 .035 .030 .039 .033 931 .034 .035 .035 .031 .027 .025 .024 .024 .026 .023 .025 .029 4. Barley, Eiigliiih Gazette. 32 I 44 31 27 23 24 28 33 36 34 41 42 34 8 33 6 36 7 30 1 35 1 33 11 I 29 11 29 9 37 40 43 38 5 35 2 39 8 40 2 34 33 1 31 11 31 2 31 10 30 8 30 1 26 7 25 4 27 10 25 lu 28 8 28 2 $0. 963 1.302 .929 .818 . O'.O . 73U .840 .978 1.062 1.025 1.211 1.241 1.022 .988 1.079 1.064 1.034 1.000 .882 .877 1. 1IJ3 1. 179 1. 208 1.102 1.020 1.066 1.103 1.192 1. 324 1.133 1. U37 1.170 1.184 1. 003 .976 941 919 .939 .904 .887 .781 .747 .821 .762 .845 .831 5. 0.1*9, En^li»h Gazette. 27 11 27 5 25 25 24 23 24 23 22 I 21 I 20 I 21 10 ; 24 7 20 I 28 1 20 : 22 11 25 2 23 2 25 5 28 10 28 8 26 3 25 11 24 4 21 9 23 1 21 9 21 10 21 5 20 3 20 7 19 16 3 ).098 .845 .Ci04 .516 .481 .548 .563 .019 .823 .808 .742 .737 .722 .683 .720 .700 0. ifaize, American mixed. .624 .592 .644 35 37 31 29 29 3D 32 . 767 I 41 .82.^ ! 39 . 707 I 31 , 676 30 . 742 33 d. 31 .749 .850 . 845 .774 .764 .717 .641 .681 .641 .644 .631 .597 .607 ,560 .479 .494 .523 .548 .590 29 30 38 34 26 9 27 3 25 23 9 25 9 27 9 31 27 25 23 21 21 3 3 23 6 20 ?1. 1:0 1.327 .944 .820 .826 .826 .855 1.032 1.268 1.268 1.032 1.091 .973 .914 1.032 1.091 .914 . 855 .855 .885 .944 1.209 1.130 .814 . 6-?.'> .973 .855 .885 1.120 1. 0-3 .789 .804 .Til .705 .759 .818 .914 .818 .745 .678 .619 .627 .693 .590 .590 .826 REPORT ON WI[OM0S.\LE I'UICES AND WA(!KS. 231 Table 62. — IVIiolvstulo pi-inn nf JC r(in. 12fS 1223 112S 12 A HiVd l«-:!i loa lOi,? Mil Per pound. 1.264 .264 .248 .264 .809 .289 .248 .309 .314 .305 .296 .353 .336 .377 .379 .309 .403 .391 .383 .391 .361 .348 .333 .340 .338 .345 .339 .333 .324 .310 .298 .273 .260 .255 .253 .239 .246 .239 .215 .223 .219 .216 .218 Per 2,240 pounds. «. d. 67 3 65 4 40 4 45 6 44 2 39 9 45 1 62 3 79 8 70 9 72 6 69 2 54 4 51 9 53 6 49 3 53 55 9 57 3 54 9 60 6 53 6 52 9 53 3 54 4 58 11 .101 10 117 3 87 6 (a 9 58 6 54 4 48 5 47 54 6 49 1 49 4 46 9 42 1 41 10 39 11 42 3 39 11 47 9 49 7 47 2 Per 2,240 pounds. $16. 364 15. 897 9.814 11.071 10. 747 9.672 10. 970 15. 147 19. 385 17. 215 17.641 16. 830 13. 221 12. 592 13. 018 11.984 12. 896 13. 565 13. 930 13. 322 14.721 13. 018 12. 835 12. 957 13. 221 14. 336 24.779 28.630 21. 291 15.999 14. 235 13.221 11. 781 11.436 13. 261 11.943 12. 004 11. 376 10. 240 10. 179 9.713 10. 281 9.713 11.0;9 12. 005 11. 477 24. Iron, bars, conunon. Per 2.240 pounds 7 5| 5J 6i 9i 10 8J 8i 7* 7| 11 12i lOi 8# 6i 56 5i 6i 6i 6i 5* 5* H Per 2,240 pounds. $46. 232 47. 448 34. 006 30.416 28. 591 26. 766 30. 416 45.015 48. 065 41. 365 43. 190 40. 149 34. 066 32. 849 31. 632 29. 199 30. 416 34. 066 40. 149 37, 715 35. 282 32.849 31. 024 32.849 35. 890 37. 107 53. 532 60. 831 49. 882 40. 757 35. 282 32. 849 27. 374 27. 982 32. 849 27. 982 30. 416 27.982 24.941 2.1. 724 22. 508 22. 5U8 23.724 30.416 31.024 27.374 25. Copper, Ckjle, bars. Per 2.240 pounds. Per pound. 83 $0,180 89 78 77 78 78 89 106 115 115 108 113 87 86 89 83 81 71 70 69 65 69 93 84 79 82 76 68 62 58 63 62 66 63 54 43 40 44 81 51 54 51 .193 .169 .167 .169 .169 .193 .230 .250 .250 .235 .245 .213 .213 .206 .193 .189 .187 .193 .180 .176 .154 .152 .150 .141 .150 .202 .182 .172 .178 .165 .148 .135 .126 .137 .135 .143 .137 .117 .093 .087 .096 .176 .111 .117 .111 26. Copjier.Eng- lishlouglicake. Per 2,240 , pounds. I"'™''- Per £ 91 97 85 84 85 85 97 116 126 126 119 124 108 108 105 99 97 94 101 $0. 198 .211 .185 .182 .185 .185 .211 .252 .274 .274 .259 .269 .235 .235 .228 .215 .211 .204 .219 .200 .191 .169 .165 .163 .152 .163 .209 .200 .191 .191 .178 .163 .146 .139 .148 .146 .154 .148 .128 .102 .096 .102 .169 .117 .128 .119 REPORT ON WHOLKi^A],E TRICES AND WAGES. 235 Table 62. — Wliolesiilejinira of .'ii; cnmrnnditiat in Eiujland from 1346 1o 1S91, icilh eqmr- alenU in I'niivd Slates money aiKhiicasiires — Continued. Tear. Per 2,2-10 pounds. 1846, 1847, 1848. 1849, 1X50, 1851, 1852. 18.)^. 1854 1855. 1856 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860 18B1 1862 18(iU 1804 1805 18U6 1807 18.18 1800 1870 1871 1872 1«73 1874 1875 1870 1877. 1878 1S79 1880. 1881 1882. 188;l 1884. 1885. 1X86, 1887. 1888. 1889. 1891, 1891, 27. Tin, Straits. 85 113 IIB 115 133 134 117 134 131 119 110 120 104 91 82 87 95 126 125 134 146 132 98 84 74 68 61 73 88 93 102 93 81 87 98 112 117 93 94 91 Per pound. 1.200 .189 .169 .167 .169 .178 .185 .245 .252 .250 .289 ,291 ,-J54 ,291 ,285 .259 .252 .261 .226 .198 .178 .189 .206 .274 .272 .291 .317 .287 .213 .182 .161 .148 .133 .159 .191 .202 222 .202 .176 .189 .213 .243 .254 .202 .204 .198 28. Load, Eng- lish pig. Per 2,240 pounds. S. 19 185 17 ISJ 17i 17i 17} 24 24 23i 25 24i 22J 22i 22 204 20J 20| 21 20 20i 19} 19i 19i 181 18i 20J 234 22} 224 21} 204 105 loj 164 154 144 12J 11} Hi 13} 12i 13J 13 13} 124 Per pound. $0. 041 .041 .037 .034 .039 .037 .039 .052 .052 .051 .054 .053 .048 .049 .046 .045 .045 .045 .046 .043 .045 .043 .042 .042 .040 .040 .044 .051 .048 .049 .047 .045 .036 .033 .036 .033 .032 .028 .024 .025 .029 .028 .030 .028 .029 .027 Per 2,240 pounds 8. d. 18 20 6 18 17 6 17 16 16 6 22 23 6 22 18 6 18 6 18 18 6 20 6 29. Conl, Walls- end, Helton, iu London 30. Coal, aver- age export price. 20 20 19 6 20 18 6 18 6 18 6 19 25 6 32 25 24 21 20 18 18 15 6 17 17 18 16 6 16 6 16 16 16 6 17 6 19 19 Per 2,240 loiiiuLs $4, 380 4, 988 4, 380 4. 258 4.137 3.893 4. U]5 5,353 5.718 5.353 4,602 4,502 4.380 4.502 4.988 4.867 4.380 4.380 4.867 4,867 4.745 4.867 4.602 4.602 4.502 4.623 6,205 7.786 6.083 5.840 5.110 4.867 4.380 4.380 3.772 4.137 4.137 4.380 4.015 4.015 3.893 3.893 4.015 4.258 4. 623 4.623 Per 2,240 pounds. 7 « 7 'too 7a 'J CO tIs" T.'o'o 'ifi 8,'., «r% n 83 ''Toa 9A'o ni 3 »i¥o tiA'o 9A1, 9 9<.(» 10,% lOrVo '■>U 16,% 20 A 17AV 13/« lOiVj lOiVo 9i3 9A»5 819 20 825 8211 8A^fl lOtb'o 12iJ 12A Per 2,240 pounds $1,866 1.808 1.900 1.871 1.864 1.827 1.835 1. 986 2.402 2.392 2.338 2.316 2.270 2.270 2.205 2.236 2.202 2.190 2.307 2,358 2.604 2.528 2.414 2.34] 2.346 2. -385 3.852 5.086 4.188 3.231 2,660 2.475 2.302 2.134 2.178 2. 183 2.224 2.275 2.260 2.178 2.050 2.025 2.046 2.485 3.071 2.959 31. Cotton, mid- dling u})laud. Per pound. d. 04 54 7 54 5} t» ^* 7} !* 6} 8*. 23} 274 19 154 m 104 5i 5} 6 54 64 54 5A Hi Per pound. $0- 009 .124 .084 .104 .142 .112 .108 .117 .109 .114 .128 .157 .140 .137 .127 .174 .360 .471 .558 .385 .314 .221 .213 .246 .202 .174 .214 .183 .162 .160 .127 .128 .124 .128 .141 .131 .134 .117 .122 .114 .104 .112 .113 .120 .122 .095 236 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES ANL WAGES. Tablk 62. — Wholesale prices of 56 commodities in England from ISiG to ISOl, with eqidf- alenis in United States m.oney and measures — Continucil. Year. 1846. :847. 1848., 1849.. 1850., 1851., 1852., 1853., 1854., 1855. , 1856.. 1857.. 1858.. 1859.. I860.. 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1866.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. ]8T3.. 1X74.. 1875-. ISTC. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. 32. Cotton, fair Dhollerali (Surat). Per Per pound, pound. 4 4J 6 l9i 2li 12 8i O 5 5i ).07] .091 .066 .079 .107 .086 .086 .084 .074 .081 .096 .112 .112 .101 .101 .128 .261 .390 .4:i6 .294 .243 .177 .172 .198 .165 .118 .152 .126 .108 .101 .091 .105 .100 .101 .107 .089 .087 .079 .080 .086 .072 .072 .079 .084 .080 .066 33. rlax, St. Petersburg, 12- head, best. Per 2,240 pounds 41 48i 47 45i 41i 49 47i 44 49J 47 45 39i 34, 35 321 2i)| 30 29J 34 35 32 29 28 27 28 Per pound. Per 2,240 pounds $0. 089 .105 .102 .099 .090 .106 .103 .096 .108 .102 .098 .086 .074 .076 .071 .064 .065 .064 .074 .076 .070 .063 .061 .059 .061 34. Flax, Kussian, aver* age import. & 49 50 39 37 42 46 47 48 57 51 44 36 46 52 50 48 56 54 53 52 55 52 52 50 43 48 44 42 45 47 43 40 35 40 33 30J 30i 30| 35 35 31i 28 28 26 26 Per pound. 1.106 . 109 .085 .030 .091 .100 .103 .104 . 124 .111 .096 .078 .100 .113 35. Hemp, maulla, fair, roping. Prr 2,240 pounds. Per pound. n.o 24 .104 122 26 117 27 115 33 113 33 119 46 119 50 113 49 113 48 109 54 098 49 104 48 096 43 091 38 098 32 102 30 093 28 097 25 076 27 097 30 072 43 066 46 066 46 067 38 076 35 076 29 068 34 061 37 061 50 056 39 056 32 $0. 083 .085 .076 .067 .070 .096 .090 .096 36. Hemp, yt. Petersburg, clean. Per 2,240 pounds S, 33 38 32 30 31 29 32 37 Per pound. .119 .098 58 47 .093 36 .070 34 .061 29 .0.54 29 .052 30 .048 32 .056 36 .059 40 .072 35 .072 31 .100 34 .109 36 .106 38 .104 36 .117 34 .106 33 .104 36 .093 36 .083 34 .070 34 .065 37 .061 35 .0.54 29 .059 25 .065 23 .093 24 .100 24 .100 26 .083 29 .076 29 .063 29 .074 29 .080 26 .109 26 .085 26 .070 24 $0. 073 .083 .070 .0(3 . 0I-.7 .OOi .070 .IJ8J .126 .102 .078 .074 .Oi! . Oii.l . oi;.-, .0,0 .o;8 .Os7 .076 .067 .074 .078 .083 .078 .074 .073 .078 .078 .074 .074 .080 .076 .063 .054 .050 .053 .052 .056 .061 .063 .063 .063 .050 .056 .056 .052 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 237 Table 62. -Wholesale prircx of 56 eommnrlifirs in Ettfjland frnin lS46tn 1191, with equiv- aleiUs in Uniied State) money and measures — Continued. Tear. 37. Jute, gnod medium. 38. Wool, me- riuo, Port Pbililt, ;n('r!-igo fleece. 39. 'Wool, TOB- rino, .Adcbiidc, av(_Tii;;c grease. 40. Wool, Eng- lish, Lincoln, half hogs. 41. Silk, Taatlee. Per 2,240 pouuds. Per pound. Per pouDd. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. Per pouud. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. 1846 £ 18 17 15 15 16 13 16 18 19 18 17 10 16 1% 21 27 25^ 19i 22' 194 19i 19 22i 204 18 18 U<', 164 17* 17' 164 i8i 184 15 14i ]l' IS 13i 15 13i 13 $0. 039 .037 . 033 . 033 .035 .028 . 03.-) .018 . (i39 .041 .039 .037 .035 .035 .035 .038 .046 .059 .065 .042 .048 .0J2 :olT .048 .051 .043 .039 .039 .036 .036 .1138 .037 .036 .041 .040 .033 .031 .029 .026 . 025 .027 .029 .033 .029 .028 d. 18 16 13 16 17 17 19i 20 18 ('■'* 23 224 23i 24 22 22 22 23 11 17 17 21 26 25 1* lit 20 214 ■ 19i i9i 19 ISi 164 154 111, 16' 14i $0. 365 . 324 .204 .324 .345 .345 .395 .406 .365 .395 .466 .468 .456 .476 .487 .446 .446 .446 .466 .456 .476 .436 .406 .345 .345 .426 .527 .507 .476 .446 .411 .411 .406 .380 .436 .395 .400 .385 .370 .335 .314 .319 .319 .355 .324 .299 d. d. 13 12 11 10 11 124 134 16 154 13 16 20i 15 18* 204 19 20 22 27* 261 23i 18J 17 184 16i 21* 258 244 20i 193 17* 4 15 12* Hi 10 10 9* 10 10* \? 11 9i $0,264 .243 .223 .203 .223 .253 .274 .324' .314 .264 .324 .416 .317 .378 .408 .395 .416 .459 .556 .622 .476 .383 .355 .368 .340 .433 .520 .497 .421 .400 .352 .330 .304 .253 .307 .251 .228 .203 .203 .200 .203 .216 .210 .223 .223 .198 8. d. 16 14 13 15 19 18 18 18 16 16 22 24 19 21 23 20 21 21 22 27 28 27 25 26 28 27 26 21 9 17 15 9 21 20 16 6 16 15 15 9 15 9 15 9 14 6 12 9 13 9 14 6 13 13 6 14 13 $3,893 1847 18-18 IS 9 18.-.0 ?*■ T4 ? 94 8i 1? 1^* 104 ISI 111 lOi nj 10 ^ n lOi 12 Hi 11 10 9 9 9 8^ 10 ^ 84 84 p 7 8i 7 4 '$6"ll2' .142 .1.-2 . I.i2 .183 .193 .177 .188 .223 .233 .223 .233 .243 .213 .213 .218 .228 .218 .238 .203 .175 .152 .155 .205 .256 .238 .233 .216 .185 .185 .185 .172 .216 .188 .183 .172 .165 .137 .134 .142 .142 .167 .152 .140 3.407 3.163 3.650 4.623 4.380 i8S2 l-.Vj 18.-U l^-'5 )S5« 1857 .: 4.380 4.380 3.893 3.893 5.353 5.840 1858 1-.5.1 4.623 5.110 5.597 ]8 18J(! 5.353 6.570 6.813 IsliT 6.570 6. 083 ] " IJ 6.327 6. 813 6.570 387-> 6.327 187.! 5.292 4.137 3.832 5.110 ]S77 ■* 4.867 1878 4.015 3.893 3.660 1^81 ]S8{ 3.832 3.832 3.832 . 88 1 ias.5 !SS5 3.528 3.102 3.346 3.628 1888 3.163 1889 3.285 1890 3.407 1891 3.163 238 REPOKT ON WHOLESALE PHICES AND WAGES. TABi.E62.—W]iolesale prices of 56 comvwdities in England from 1846 to lS91,with equiv- alents in United States money and measures — Continued. 42. Hides, Kiver Plate, dry. 43. Hides. Eiver Plate, salted. 44. Leather.crop hides, 30-45 pounds. 45. Tallow, St. Petersburg, Y.C. 46. Tallow, town. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. Per 112 pounds. Per pound. Per 112 pounds. Per pound. d. 6i 52 i 7§ l| It' Hi f ? 7 ? 8i 9 lOi lOi p 9 9 9 i 3 $0. 132 .119 .097 .094 ,099 .117 .112 .129 .150 .177 .218 .274 .223 .228 .233 .203 .188 .162 .167 .147 .142 .142 .157 .162 .167 .183 .213 .223 .213 .188 .152 .172 .172 .162 .188 .183 .183 .183 .183 .177 .162 .157 .137 .127 .117 .112 d. d. 11 lOi 95 94 94 10 94 12i 13i 134 144 19i 15 15i 17i 15 14i 144 14 14 If It 174 17i 16i 16 14i 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 134 13 13 $0,223 .213 .198 .193 .193 ,203 .193 .248 .274 .274 .294 .390 .304 .319 .350 .304 .294 .294 .284 .284 .294 .284 .294 .294 .294 .304 .355 .370 .355 .350 .340 .324 .299 .294 .314 .309 .?04 .304 .304 .304 .304 .304 .284 .274 .264 .264 «. 44 48 47 39 37 38 39 51 65 57 53 58 52 56 56 54 47 43 41 44 45 44 46 46 44 45 48 43 42 46 47 43 38 38 41 42 52 50 47 38 31 31 C6 38 38 40 $0, 096 .104 .102 .oa5 .080 .083 .085 .111 .141 .124 .115 .126 .113 .122 .122 .117 .102 .093 .089 .096 .098 .096 .100 .100 .096 .098 .104 .093 .091 .100 .102 .093 .083 .083 .089 .091 .113 .109 .102 .083 .067 .067 .078 .083 .083 .087 ,. d. Wd2 53 66 58 54 59 54 57 57 55 48 45 43 46 47 45 47 47 45 46 45 44 41 46 44 42 38 36 36 38 44 43 37 6 30 6 26 24 28 27 26 27 6 $0. 115 185-i .143 fi 8 8i 7 8 8 7 64 5i- 5i 5i 5i H 6 5i 74 f 8 7 i 7 7 6i f 54 5i $0. 122 .162 .172 .142 .162 .162 .142 .132 .117 .1)7 .112 .112 .112 .122 .112 .117 .132 .152 .167 .162 .162 .142 .157 .137 .137 .152 .142 .142 .142 .142 .132 .117 .127 .099 .101 .112 .104 .126 ^'rtrA) IS.'j? .117. .128 .117 ]yO,) .124 l;. .056 .052 1888 .061 1889 .059 1890 .056 1891 .060 EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 239 TABLli 62. — Wholesale prices of 56 commodities in England from ISiG to 1S91, with equiv- alents in United States money and measures — Continued. 47. OU.palm. 48. OII.oUto. 49. Oil, Unseed. 50. Linseed. 51. Pet.roloum, refined. Tear. Per 2,240 pounds. Per pouud. Per 252 gallous. Per gallon. Per 2,240 pounds. Per pound. Per 8 busUele. Per busliel. Per gallon. Per gallon. £. 32 36 33 32 30 28 29 37 48 44 42 45 39 45 46 45 43 37 34 37 42 41 40 41 39 38 39 38 36 36 38 40 38 34 32 32 35 41 36 30 24 22 22 25 27 26 $0,070 .078 .072 .070 .065 .061 .063 .080 .104 .096 .091 .098 .086 .098 .100 .098 .093 .080 .074 .080 .091 .089 .087 .089 .085 .083 .085 .083 .078 .078 .083 .087 .083 .074 .070 .070 .076 .089 .078 .065 .062 .048 .048 .064 .059 .066 &. 40 47 43 41 43 40 48 64 55 64 52 56 46 49 58 57 56 55 57 51 57 62 66 52 61 49 48 43 42 43 46 49 49 46 41 33 37 36 40 39 38 34 36 35 41 43 $0,644 .756 .692 .660 .692 .644 .772 1.030 .885 .869 .837 .901 .740 .788 .933 .917 .901 .885 .917 .821 :917 .997 1.062 .837 .821 .788 .772 .692 .676 .692 .740 .788 .788 .740 .660 .611 .595 .679 .644 .627 .611 .547 .579 .563 .660 .692 S.. 25 26 23 27 32 31 28 30 36 40 36 38 31 29 29 31 39 43 36 34 38 37 32 30 31 33 34 32 27 24 24 28 26 27 27 26 23 20 20 22 204 18i 20 23 21 $0,054 .056 .050 .059 .070 .067 .061 .065 .078 .087 .078 .083 .067 .063 .063 .067 .089 .093 .078 .074 .083 .080 .070 .065 .067 .072 .074 .070 .069 .052 .052 .061 .056 .059 .059 .056 .050 .043 .043 .048 .045 .045 .040 .043 .060 .046 48 49 43 42 44 48 40 49 62 68 60 64 54 51 56 59 64 64 64 66 60 68 63 61 81 62 63 62 59 54 51 54 49 52 54 50 44 42 43 44 42 38 39 42 43 42 $1. 415 1. 445 1. L'OS 1.238 1.207 1.415 1.856 1.4-15 1.828 2.005 1.769 1.887 1.592 1.604 1.622 1.740 1.887 1.887 1.887 1.946 1.769 2.005 1.858 1.799 1.799 1.828 1.858 1.828 1.740 1.592 1.504 1.592 1.445 1.533 1.592 1.474 1.297 1.238 1.268 1.297 1.238 1.120 1.160 1.238 1.268 1.238 d. 1851 1853 1854 1856 1857 1859 1860 1862 1863 25 25 31 24 16 16i 20 19i 17 r 17i{ 15 10; 10 14i 12 9i ? 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 5 5| $0,422 .422 18G4 1865 .524 1866 .405 1867 .270 1868 .279 1869 .338 1870 .329 1871 .296 1872 .300 1873 .258 1874 .173 1876 .169 1876 .245 1877 .203 1878 .164 1879 .125 1880 .127 1881 .122 1882 .101 .110 1884 .110 .116 1886 .099 .095 1888 .110 .097 1890 .093 .095 240 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 62.— n'lio!esah prices of .50 commodities in Knijlandfrom lHi6 to 1891, with equiv- alents in United Slates money and measures — Concluded. Tear. 02. Soda crystals. 53. Nitrate of soda. .54. Indigo, Ben- gal, good con- suming. 55. Timber, hewn, average import. 56. Timber, sawn or split, average import. Per 2.20 poiind.s. Per pound. Per 112 pounds. Per pound. Per pound. Per pound. Per load. Per load. Per load. Per load. 1846 «. «. d. 15 6 14 13 12 14 6 14 3 14 9 15 17 ]7 3 17 6 20 6 17 16 3 14 9 13 6 14 14 6 15 9 14 3 12 6 12 13 6 15 9 16 3 16 3 16 15 6 12 3 12 3 11 6 14 15 15 15 6 14 6 13 3 11 3 9 6 10 10 9 6 10 9 6 8 6 8 9 $0,034 .030 .1128 . 026 . 0:i2 .031 .032 .039 .037 .0-I7 . o;:8 .045 .037 .035 .032 .02!) .0:0 .032 .034 .031 .027 .026 .029 .034 .035 .035 .035 .034 .027 .027 .025 .030 .033 .033 .034 .032 . 029 .024 .021 .023 .022 .021 .022 .021 .018 .019 ». d. 3 10 3 1 3 1 3 7 5 4 3 9 4 11 4 10 4 8 5 4 5 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 7 7 3 6 3 5 10 6 6 6 10 7 5 8 4 « 7 8 9 9 6 9 6 8 7 5 9 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 3 7 3 6 9 6 6 6 3 6 5 3 5 4 9 4 9 4 6 4 3 4 9 $0. 933 .750 .750 .872 1.298 .913 1.196 1.176 1.136 1.298 1.399 1.582 1.582 1. .582 1.682 2.089 1.764 1.521 1.419 1.582 1.663 1.805 2.028 2.089 1.947 2.190 1.643 1.622 1.703 1.399 1.602 1.338 1.338 1.521 1.764 1.643 1. 5S2 1. 521 l.iGO 1.277 1.277 1.156 1.156 1.095 1.034 1.156 75 75 65 60 .$18. 249 18. 249 13. 383 14. 600 s. 1847 18.18 1849 Iri50 55 13. 383 1851 ' 60 75 80 87 84 80 70 65 69 74 76 14.600 18. 249 19. 466 21.169 20. 439 10. 466 17. 033 15. 816 16. 789 18.006 18. 493 18o3 74 72 63 55 48 57 62 68 58 57 57 58 55 52 51 51 52 46 49 62 65 56 5« 58 50 43 52 50 52 48 46 45 43 42 44 49 46 43 1854 $1X. 006 1855 17.519 1856 : 1 1857 . ..■ 15. ;i:;o 13. ■■«; 1858 ' ' li.(.«.i 1859 l:t.870 1R60 15. OMi 1861 14. 113 1862 76 18. 493 14. IIB 1863 72 72 67 61 58 61 65 65 56 58 65 64 57 58 56 49 42 49 51 52 52 48 48 43 38 41 47 44 40 17. 519 17. 519 16. 303 14.843 14. 113 14.843 15. 816 15. 816 13. 626 14.113 15.816 15. 573 13. 870 14. 113 13. 626 n. 923 10. 220 11.923 12.410 12.653 12. 653 11. 680 11.680 10.463 9.246 9.976 11.436 10. 706 9.733 13. 870 1864 1.3. 870 1865 14. 113 1K06 13.383 3867 95 85 75 87 115 140 100 85 75 80 70 68 74 65 63 66 65 55 49 50 48 61 61 64 $0. 010 .009 .008 .009 .012 .015 .011 .009 .008 .009 .008 .008 .007 . on.s .007 .007 .007 .007 .006 .005 .005 .006 .006 .007 .007 12.653 1868 18U9 12 410 12.4111 1870 12.653 1871 11.193 1872 11.923 1873 15.086 J874 16.816 1S75 13. 626 1876 13. 626 1877 1873 14.113 12.166 ]879 10.463 1880 12.653 1881 12.166 1882 13.653 1883 11.680 1884 11. 193 1885 10.950 18S6 10.463 1887 10.220 1888 10.706 1889 U.923 ]890 11.193 J891 10.463 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 241 Table 63.— liolative prices in England, 1846 to ISOl— Calculations of Mr. SauerTieok. [1867 to 1877=100.] Tear. 18.46 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 185a 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1805 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 3880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 3888 1889 1890 1891 Wheat, Eng- lish. 100 128 93 81 74 71 75 97 133 137 127 103 81 80 98 102 102 82 74 76 91 118 117 89 86 104 105 108 102 83 85 104 85 80 81 83 83 76 65 60 57 60 58 55 59 68 Wheat, Ameri- Flour, can. 100 128 93 81 74 71 75 97 133 137 127 103 81 80 98 102 102 82 74 76 91 118 117 100 105 113 102 86 111 126 100 89 80 78 85 113 141 148 135 111 87 89 104 113 102 89 126 117 87 89 96 102 104 102 87 89 72 Barley 84 113 81 71 60 64 73 85 92 89 105 108 89 85 94 92 90 87 77 76 96 103 110 101 89 92 96 104 115 98 90 102 103 87 85 82 80 82 79 77 68 65 71 66 73 72 Oata. 91 110 79 67 63 72 73 81 107 106 97 97 94 91 87 82 77 84 94 100 108 100 98 111 110 101 100 94 84 89 84 84 82 78 79 73 63 64 69 72 77 Maize. 120 138 108 132 132 108 114 101 95 108 114 95 92 98 126 120 95 . 92 101 89 92 117 105 82 84 77 73 79 85 95 85 78 71 65 65 72 61 61 Pota- toes. 107 137 103 81 73 60 77 115 103 81 73 99 85 77 94 99 103 77 64 73 73 111 107 73 77 68 120 137 90 90 115 111 132 111 111 73 81 90 64 64 69 73 Eice. 135 155 87 77 85 80 90 107 122 130 100 102 75 85 102 105 105 110 95 107 120 117 110 95 95 98 100 95 100 82 90 100 100 96 91 83 74 81 77 70 66 68 71 72 72 79 1-8. table food — total. 848 1,035 734 633 595 582 637 803 963 960 872 837 693 680 792 818 786 761 919 906 729 702 756 806 851 839 741 738 797 760 695 712 670 671 654 571 546 521 516 536 518 523 604 S. Eep. 1394: 16 242 REPORT OX WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 63.— Relative prices in EmjUnd, 1S46 to ISdl—CaJcnlaliom of Mr. Sauerleek— Continued. [1867 to 1877 = 100.] Tear. 9. Beef, prime. 10. Ecef, middling. 11. MnttoD, prime. 12. Mutton, middling. 13. Pork. 14. Bacon. 15. P.uttcr. 9-15. Animal food— total. 1846 68 76 69 64 61 63 63 7G 85 85 81 81 80 81 h'-i 78 80 85 90 90 88 85 93 95 102 100 110 105 109 105 104 104 93 98 95 102 104 98 88 83 ~y. 81 80 80 80 68 80 74 64 60 60 62 78 86 88 82 84 82 82 84 84 78 82 92 94 90 86 92 96 106 104 112 102 110 1U4 98 98 90 98 96 102 102 98 Hi 80 72 78 78 7n 80 84 87 84 70 68 70 70 86 86 84 84 86 81 84 89 87 84 86 87 102 97 87 81 92 92 100 106 113 98 113 114 109 108 102 105 109 114 116 102 89 98 83 92 100 94 84 87 91 85 69 67 m 85' 84 84 84 SO 85 91 91 87 87 93 105 100 91 93 95 107 lU 114 96 107 105 98 KJO 95 98 I'H 1"9 111 96 85 91 76 85 91 82 76 100 104 100 83 79 77 73 87 94 92 96 100 85 90 104 104 100 92 94 106 104 87 87 IM 108 98 96 104 104 110 113 98 96 92 106 104 98 94 9-2 87 87 83 77 83 81 77 97 92 78 tK e/.) 73 8-^ 91 '.Tl 96 95 80 80 92 95 88 85 88 93 99 84 100 85 97 1«J 108 108 109 101 100 97 103 103 100 97 95 92 91 82 82 89 -4 85 82 81 78 70 66 70 70 80 82 85 92 93 94 92 90 90 90 86 87 93 90 ibi '■ri 99 104 95 98 107 101 108 102 98 86 100 98 100 98 96 89 80 82 80 8JJ 85 566 1847 616 1848 ., 582 18-19 498 467 Irfil 478 480 1853 577 1 ^ r. I 609 ih".', . 610 W.r, 615 18.^.7 18-,i 082 1^51 .-*l 181.0 1869 740.5 756.1 187 778.7 787.2 1873 1.S74 ]875 844.0 798.3 838.4 810.3 1877 787.0 779,5 724,9 -1881 782, 8 784.1 803. 8 ]sx;i 80-1.2 751.0 1885 684.3 674.2 609.1 638.7 1K8?1 ? ..ill 666.3 637.4 626.4 250 EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 64. — Eelatim prices of commodities in England, 1846 to 1891 — Continued. [1860=100.] Year. 1846 1817 1818 1819 i8:o 1851 1852 1853 1S54 1855 1850 1857 isr.s 1859 1860 18U1 ]8U2 186^ ISM 1805 18U0 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 ]874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 ISSl 1882 188;i 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 16. Sugar, Brftish West Indian, refilling, and Ger- man or French beet, average of price. 137.5 112.5 83.3 91.7 95.8 95.8 83.3 91.7 83.3 100.0 116.7 141.7 100.0 95.8 100.0 91.7 83.3 87.5 108.3 91.7 87.5 91.7 92.7 101. 90.9 100.3 108.3 99.0 94.8 88.5 93.7 104.2 80. 5 83.9 87.5 90.1 86.5 SI. 8 55.2 57.8 49.0 60.5 55.7 67.7 63.1 50. 3 18. Sugar, Java, floating cargoes. 103.1 87.5 65.6 75.0 78.1 81.3 71.9 81.3 78.1 90.6 103.1 128.1 103.1 96.9 1(10. 90.6 87.5 84.4 100.0 84.4 81.3 87.5 87.5 93.8 93.8 96.9 93.8 87.5 83.8 78.1 81.3 93.8 78.1 75.0 79.7 82.8 79.7 76.6 54.7 64.7 44.5 45.3 60.0 69.4 47.7 48.4 Coffee, Ceylon, planta- tion, low middling. 76.5 72.1 58.8 69.1 82.4 73.5 75.0 82.4 8U.9 82.4 85.3 98.5 92.6 98.5 100.0 101.5 119.1 119.1 113.2 114.8 116.2 111.7 101.4 104.4 91.1 98.5 116.2 147.1 164.7 154. 4 154.4 150. 148.5 132.4 127.9 117.6 95.6 111.8 91.2 88.2 100.0 132. 4 117.6 139.7 148.5 148.5 20. Cofi'ee, Kio, good channel. 53.3 55.0 48.3 60.0 80.0 65.0 68.3 76.7 83.3 73.3 76.7 86.0 71.7 86.7 100.0 91.7 100.0 111.7 111.7 96.7 85.0 75.0 65.0 71.7 75.0 93.3 118.3 143.3 140.0 133. 3 123. 3 128.3 103. 3 96.7 101.7 81.7 65.0 71.7 78.3 6.5.0 70.7 130.0 108.7 126.7 138.3 126.7 Coffee, iiverageof 19 and 30. 64.9 63.6 53,6 64.5 81.0 69.3 71.7 79.6 82.1 77.9 81.0 91.8 82.2 92.6 100.0 96.6 109.6 115.4 112.5 105.7 100.6 93.4 84.7 88.1 84.6 95.9 117.3 u:,. 2 152.4 143. 9 138.9 139.2 125.9 114.6 114.8 99.7 80.3 91.8 84.8 76.6 88.4 81.2 112.2 133.2 143.4 137.6 21. Tea, Congou, common . 56.9 55.4 47.7 52.3 67.7 64.6 50.8 69.2 69.2 55.4 56.9 80.0 69.2 90.8 100.0 73.8 83.1 78.5 67.7 67.7 72.3 72.3 86.2 80.0 73.8 70.7 70.7 73.8 70.7 67.7 58.5 47.7 47.7 55.4 53.8 40.0 30.8 35.4 38.5 40.0 40.0 30.8 24.6 26.2 27.7 33.8 22. Tea, average import price. 69.7 69.7 65.7 69.7 81.8 76.4 65.7 81.8 83.1 80.7 78.3 93.3 88.8 99.6 100.0 91.2 102.8 100.3 97.6 106.6 103.3 101.2 103.3 95.3 92.1 88.1 90.0 89.4 91.1 89.7 88.0 85.7 82.0 78.7 72.2 68.7 67.5 66.8 63.1 64,6 63.1 56.7 58.9 .'57.9 57.1 57.7 Tea, .iverageof 21 and 23 63.3 62.6 56.7 61.0 74.8 70.5 58.3 75.6 76.2 68.1 67.6 86.7 79.0 95.2 100.0 82.5 93.0 89.4 82.7 87.2 87.8 86.8 94.8 87.7 83.0 79.4 80.4 81.6 80.9 78.7 73.3 66.7 64.9 67.1 63.0 54.4 49.2 51.1 50.8 52.3 51.6 43.8 41.8 42.1 42.4 45.8 Total . coffee, tea, and sugar. 368.8 326.2 259.2 292.2 329. 7 316.9 285.2 328.1 319.7 336.6 368.4 468.3 364.3 380.5 400.0 361.4 373.4 376.7 403.5 369.0 357.2 359.4 359.7 370.6 358.3 378.5 399. 8 413.3 410.9 389.2 386. 2 403.9 355.4 340.6 345.0 327.0 295.7 301.3 246.5 241. 4 233.6 220.8 259.7 302.4 286.6 288.1 REPOET ON WHOLESALE rKlCES AND WAGES. 251 Table 64. — Eelativc prices of commodities in England, 1S4G to 1891 — Continued. [1880=100.] Tear. 23. Iron, Scotcli pig- 24. Iron, bars, eommoD. 25. Copper, Chile, bara. 27. Tin, Straits. 28. Lead, Eijfflish pig- 29. Coal, Wallsend, Hetton, in London. 30. Coal, averaj^e export price. Total minerals. 1846 125.7 122.1 75.4 85.0 82.6 74.3 84.3 110.4 148.0 13L'. 2 135. 5 120. 3 101.6 96.7 100.0 92.1 99.1 104.2 107.0 102.3 113.1 100.0 98.6 09.5 101.6 110.1 190.3 219. 2 163. 6 122.9 109.3 101.6 90.5 87.9 101.9 91.7 92.2 87.4 78.7 78.2 74.6 79.0 74.6 89.3 92.7 88.2 146.2 150.0 l(i7. 7 90.2 90.4 84.6 96.2 142.3 153. 8 130. 8 130. 5 120. 9 107.7 103.8 100.0 92.3 96.2 407.7 126.9 119.2 111.5 103.8 98.1 103.8 113.5 117.3 169.2 102.2 157.7 ISH 8 111.5 103.8 86.5 88.5 103.8 83.5 96.2 88.5 78.8 75.0 71.2 71.2 75.0 96.2 98.1 86.5 87.4 93.7 82.1 81.1 n-i.i 82.1 93.7 111.6 121.1 l-Jl.l 113.7 118.9 103.2 103.2 lOfl.O 93.7 91.6 90.5 93.7 87.4 85.3 74.7 73.7 72.6 68.4 72.6 97.9 88.4 83.2 86.3 80.0 71.6 65.3 61.1 66.3 65.3 69.5 66.3 56.8 45.3 42.1 46.3 85.3 53.7 56.8 53.7 68.7 66.4 69.5 58.8 59.5 62. 6 64.9 86.3 88.5 87.8 101.5 102. 3 89.3 102.3 100.0 90.8 88.5 91.6 79.4 69.5 62.6 66.4 72.5 96.2 95.4 102.3 111.5 100.8 74.8 64.1 56.5 51.9 48.6 55.7 67.2 71.0 77.9 71.0 64.8 66.4 74.8 85.5 89.3 71.0 71.8 69.5 86.4 85.2 77.3 71.6 80.7 78.4 80.7 109.1 109.1 106.8 113. 6 110.2 101.1 102.3 100.0 93.2 94.3 94.3 95.5 90.9 93.2 89.8 87.5 87.5 84.1 83.0 92.0 106.8 101.1 102.3 98.9 93.2 75.6 68.7 75.0 68.7 65.9 58.5 51.1 52.8 60.2 58.5 63.1 59.1 60.2 56.8 87.8 100.0 87.8 8-1.4 K 9 78.0 80.5 1IJ7. 3 114.6 107.3 90.2 90.2 87.8 90.2 400.0 97.6 87.8 87.8 97.6 97.6 95.1 97.6 90.2 90.2 90.2 92.7 124.4 156.1 124.9 117.1 102.4 97.6 87.8 87.8 75.6 82.9 82.9 87.8 80.5 80.5 78.0 78.0 80.5 85.4 92.7 92.7 84.7 80.1 80.2 84.9 84.5 82.9 83.2 90.1 108. !l 108.5 106.1 105.1 103.0 103.0 100.0 101.4 99.9 99.3 104.6 107.0 113.6 114.7 109.5 106.2 106.4 108.2 174.7 230.7 190.0 146.6 120.6 112.3 104.4 96.8 98.8 99.0 100.9 103.2 102.5 98.8 93.3 91.8 92.8 112.7 139.3 134.2 686.9 1847 703.5 1848 576.0 1849 50.!. 1850 ;>iyi 7 1851 542. 9 1852 583.5 1853 763. 1 1854 844.9 1855 794.5 1856 797.1 1857 782. 9 1858 69:4.7 1839 701.5 1860 700.0 1861 661.1 1862 657. 4 1863 675.4 1804 704.7 1865 673. 9 674.4 1867 647.0 1868 6:;o. 1 656.1 1870 659.6 1871 686.2 1872 960.0 1,094.3 1874 892.3 768.1 1876 679.2 1877 632. 1878 556. 7 1879 516.5 1880 588.6 567.1 1H82 585. 5 1883 502.7 1884 510.2 1885 497.0 1886 494.2 610.3 1 H88 560.6 567.4 1889 611.6 1891 581.6 252 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 64. — lielative prices oj' commodilies in England, 1848 to 1891 — Continued. [1860=100.] Year. Cotton, middling upland. 32. Cotton, fair DlioUerah (Snxat). i3 and 34. Flax, average of St. Petersburg, 12-head,best, and Russian, average im- port. 35 and 36, Hemp, aver- age of ma- nila, fair, roping, and St. Peters- burg, clean. 37. Jute, good medium. 38 and 39. Wool, merino, average of Port Phillip, average fleece, and Adelaide, a^'erage gr<«i8e. 1846. 1817. 1848. ]8Ji). 1S5U. 1851. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1855 1X56. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1801., I.se2.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 186(i.. 1867.. 1868.. 1809.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872 . 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 18H:;.. 1883.. 1884.. iKxg.. 1880.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. 78.0 97.9 65,9 81.9 111.9 87.9 84.9 92.0 86.0 00.0 100.9 123.9 110,0 108.0 100,0 130,9 275.9 371.8 439.7 303,8 247,8 174.0 167.9 193,8 158.9 13S. 9 168.9 143.9 127.9 117.9 100,0 100,9 97.9 100.9 111. 103, 106,0 1)2,0 96,0 90,0 81.9 87.9 89,0 95.0 96.0 75.0 89,9 65,0 77.5 105.0 85,0 85,0 82.4 72,5 80.0 95.0 110.0 110.0 100,0 100,0 126.2 257.5 384,9 429.9 289,9 239,9 175.0 169,9 195,0 162.4 110,3 149,9 123,8 106.2 100.0 89,9 103.7 98,7 100,0 105.0 87.6 86,2 77,5 78.7 85.0 71,2 71,2 77,5 82.4 78,7 65.0 98,0 100,0 78,0 74.0 84,0 92,0 94,0 96.0 114,0 102.0 88,0 72.0 92.0 104.0 100.0 96,0 112,0 108.0 106.0 104.0 110,0 96,0 100.5 99,0 95,5 86.5 97,0 91.5 86,0 94,5 94.0 88.0 79,5 69,0 75.0 65,6 60.0 60.5 60.3 69.0 70,0 63,5 57,0 56.0 53.0 64.0 131,5 142.6 124,1 113.0 116.7 135,2 140,7 150,0 209.3 170.4 146,3 122,2 105,6 100.0 100.0 100.0 114,8 124.1 123, 9 118,5 148.1 159,3 161.1 155,6 163,0 151.9 155,6 148.3 133.3 122.2, 124,1 116.7 100.0 96.3 98.1 124.1 129.6 133.3 124,1 118,6 107,4 116.7 116,7 140.7 120,4 103.7 112.6 106.3 93.8 93.8 100.0 81,3 100.0 137.5 112.5 118,8 112,5 106,3 100.0 100.0 100.0 109.4 131.3 168.8 159.4 121,9 137,5 121.9 120.3 118.8 139,1 146.9 128.1 112.5 112.5 103,1 103.1 109.4 106.3 103.1 117,2 115.6 93.8 89.1 84,4 75,0 71,9 76,6 82,8 93,8 82.8 81.3 100,0 88.9 51.4 63.9 68,1 68.1 79.2 81,9 74.3 70,9 94.4 95.8 93,1 97,2 100. 90,3 90.3 91.0 95,1 92.4 97,9 87,5 70,5 08,1 68,4 86,5 79.5 102.1 97,2 90.6 81.6 81,6 8U,9 75,7 89.2 79,9 79,9 76.4 73,3 64,6 61,5 63,2 63.2 71,5 65,3 60.1 REPORT ON WHOLESAI.K PRICES AND WAGES. 253 Table (it. — Ihdalioe prices of oommodUifx in England, ISiG to 1S91 — Continuod. [1800=100.1 X«ar. 40. Wool, EnKlish, Lincoln, half hoga. 04.6 59.0 54.7 49.7 54.7 62.1 07.1 79.5 77.0 04.6 79.5 101.0 77.6 92.8 100.0 36.9 101.9 112.5 1.10.1 128.0 116.8 93.8 87.0 90. 1 83.2 100. 2 127. 4 12L8 103.1 98.1 86.3 80.8 74.5 62.1 75.1 61.5 55.9 49.7 49.7 49.1 49.7 52.8 51.6 54.7 54.7 48.5 41. Silk, T.sallco. 69.6 60.9 56.5 K,. 2 82.6 78.3 78.3 78.3 69.6 69.0 95.7 104.3 82,6 91.3 100.0 87.0 91.3 91.3 96.7 117.4 121.7 117.4 108.7 113.0 121.7 117.4 11,3. 94.6 73.9 68.5 91.3 87.0 71.7 69.6 05.2 08.5 08.5 08.5 63.0 56.4 59.8 63.0 50.5 58.7 60.9 56.5 Total tox- tilo mate- rials. 42 iiiiil 4). IlidcH, it\IT;i;;r ot liiv.^l-i'l.'lli', .1)V ilDcl Riv( rl'lalii, SiiKiil. 44. Li'iilliiir, (M(»J) lli(i<^S, ;ui.-4.5 [xxiidU. 45 and 46. Tallow, .avdt'Djiii ol' St. I'l^lCTH- biii'f; V.C. and town. 47. Oil, palin. 1846 . ... 724. 1 746.1 689.4 619.0 723.0 089.9 729.2 797.6 815.2 77.^). 3 812.3 8:io.4 770.9 793.1 800.0 842.7 1, 175. 1,4.VJ.4 1, 587. 8 1, 275. 9 1,219.7 1, 024. 9 994.9 1, 033. 4 992.2 948.6 1, 019. 4 936.5 840.1 794.9 770.3 708.1 709.5 070.7 734.8 705.0 679.9 047.0 020. 6 606. 6 673.4 594.9 594. 3 652.8 611.8 544.1 (Hi. 7 (111. :i 48.7 47.4 60.0 fill, u r.(>. 4 ('),'■>. 4 75.6 7,5. 6 96.2 112.8 92.3 98.7 100.0 87.2 80.8 . 70.5 69.2 65.4 04. 1 01.1 70.5 69.2 71.8 79.5 92.3 98.7 94.0 88.5 74.4 83.3 78.2 75.6 85.9 82.1 82.1 82.1 82.1 78.2 70.5 71.8 59.6 67.7 57.7 54.5 03.8 60.9 68.5 6ri. 1 55, I .58. 55. I 71." 78.2 78.2 84.0 11). 86.9 91.3 100.0 80.9 84.0 84.0 81.2 81.2 84.0 81.2 81.0 84.0 84.0 86.0 101.4 105.8 101.4 100.0 97.1 02.7 85.5 81.0 80.8 88.3 80.9 86.9 86.9 80.9 80.9 86.9 81.2 78.2 75.4 75.4 77.0 85. 83.2 09.0 Ii5. 5 07. 3 09.0 92. 115. 9 101.8 04 7 103.5 93.8 100.0 100.0 90.5 84.1 77.9 74.3 79.6 81.4 78.8 82.3 82. 3 78,8 80.5 82.3 77.0 73.5 81.4 80.5 75.2 07. 3 1)5. 5 08.1 70.8 85. 82. 3 74.8 (iO. ,511. 4 48.7 611.0 67. 5 .50.6 59.7 o;i, ISi? 78.3 1848 71.7 18 It) 110, IRi'lO 115. 2 Oil. 18,"i2 03. 80.4 ixr.-i 1 S.'i."' 101.3 05.7 91.3 07.8 18.^8 81.8 18."i!) 07.8 111". 1801 07.8 18112 l,«o:i 1804 93.5 80.4 73.9 I80r, ]8(iG 80.4 91.3 80.1 1808 1809 87.0 80. 1 84.8 1871 1872 82.0 84.8 82. Ij^74 78.3 W'i 1871) 1877 1878 78.3 82.0 87.0 82.0 73.9 09.6 1881 1882 00. 70.1 80.1 1881 ... 78.3 05.2 1 S8li .52. 2 47.8 1 888 1 88'.) 18!in 47.8 54.3 58.7 50.5 254 REPORT 0>' WHOLESALE PRICES A>T) "WAGfES. Tabus 61. — Ldatiee priea of eommodilie* in Englati, 1846 to ISOl — Continued. lia«>=l(».] REPORT ON WHOLKSALE PRICES AND WAGES. 255 Table 64. — Relative prices of commodiiici in England, 1S46 to 1891 — Concluded. [1860=100.] Year. Total of Bundry materials. 1846 . . . 1847 - - - 1848... 1849 . - - 1850--- 1851--- 1852 . - . 1853--- 1854 - . . 1855--- 1856 . . . 1857--- 1858 - - - 1859 - - . 1860 . . - 1861 .-- 1863 - . - 1863 - - - 1864-.- 1865 - - - 1866 . . - 1867 - . . 1863 . - . 1869 - - - 1870 - - - 1871 - - . 1872 . . - 1873 --. 1874 - - . 1875 - - . 1876 - - . 1877 - - - 1878-.. 1879 - . . 1880... 1881--- 1883 - . - 1883 . - - 1884 --- 1885 .-- 1886 --- 1887 - - . 1888 . - . 1889 . . - 1890 . - . 1891 -.. 708.2 707.5 639,4 631. 2 666,3 653.8 702. 3 820. 4 942.6 888.8 884.7 970.9 838.0 871.5 900.0 895,8 869,1 829.3 808,6 801.6 814,3 822.0 S53. 845.6 835.5 850.9 850.5 830.8 806. 3 767.4 764.8 783. 4 741.6 732. 4 770. 7 743.0 739.9 721.1 600.5 656.5 607.0 680,0 578.1 584.9 587.1 588.1 Total of all articles. Average of vegeta- ble food. 3, 964. 6 4, 208. 2 3, 437. 1 3, 286. 2 3, 396. 2 3, 314. 6 3, 473. 6 4,168.4 4, 567, 2 4, 434. 8 4, 420. 8 4, 596. 3 4, 012. 4, 094. 4, 300. 4, 284. 7 4, 537. 1 4, 698, 8 4, 830. 3 4, 549. 3 4, 578. 8 4, 166. 2 4, 432. 9 4, 383. 2 4, 311, 7 4, 411. 1 4, 835. 5 5, 012. 2 4, 599. 9 4, 311. 7 4, 193, 5 4,) 86, 2 3, 923. 6 3, 730. 1 3, 947. 6 3, 807. 1 3, 785. 9 3, 099. 3 3, 408. 6 3, 242. 3 3,111.9 3, 038, 7 3, 176. 8 3, 299. 6 3, 267. 4 3,241.3 106.8 130.8 92.7 80.2 75.0 73.1 8^4 101.6 121.5 120.7 109.9 105.7 87.8 86.2 100.0 103.1 99.3 83.1 79.7 84.6 96.2 115.8 114.6 92.1 88.8 96.0 102.3 109.2 106.5 94.2 94.1 101.5 97.0 88.6 90.7 85.0 85.1 83.3 72.7 69.6 66.2 65.5 68.2 6.5.7 66.6 76.6 Average of animal food. 97.0 91.7 78,5 73.5 75.2 75.7 91,1 96.2 96.3 97.0 98.0 91,8 94.0 100.0 99.9 95.3 94.3 98.3 107.4 105.2 98.1 97.1 105.8 108.0 111.2 112,5 120.6 114.0 119.8 120.0 112.4 111.4 103.6 111.8 112.0 114.8 114.5 107.3 97.8 96.3 87.0 91.2 95.2 91.1 89.5 Average of coffee, tea, and sugar. 92.2 81,6 64,8 73.1 82.4 79.2 71.3 82.0 79.9 84.2 92.1 117.1 91.1 95.1 100,0 90.4 93.4 94,2 100,9 92,3 89.9 92,7 89.6 94,6 100.0 103.3 102.7 97.3 96,6 101,0 88.9 85.2 86.3 81.8 73.9 75,3 61.4 60,4 58,4 55.2 64.9 75.6 71.7 72.0 Average, minerals. 98.1 100.5 82.3 80.4 80.4 77.6 83.4 109.0 120.7 113.5 113.9 111.8 99,1 100,2 100.0 94.4 93.9 96,5 100.7 96.3 96.3 92.4 90.0 9.3.7 94.2 98.0 137.1 156.3 127.5 109.7 97.0 90.3 79.5 78.1 84.1 81.0 83.6 80.4 72.9 71.0 70.6 72.9 80.1 81.1 87.4 83.1 Average oftextBe Average of sundi'y materials. materials. 90.5 78.7 93.3 78,6 73.7 69,9 77.4 69,0 90.4 74,0 86.2 72,6 91.2 78.0- 99.7 92.2 101.9 104.7 96.9 98.8 101.5 98.3 105.6 108.5 96,4 93.1 99,1 96.8 100,0 ]00.0 105.3 99.5 146,9 96.6 181.6 92,1 198.5 89.8 159.5 89.1 152.5 90.5 128.1 91.3 128.4 94.7 129.2 94.0 124.0 92.8 118.6 94.5 127.4 94.5 117.1 94.5 105,0 89,6 99.4 85.3 96.3 85,0 96.0 87.0 88.7 83.0 84.6 81,4 91.9 8.5.6 88.2 82.6 85.0 82.2 80.9 80.1 78.7 76.7 75.8 72.9 71.7 67.4 74.4 64.4 74.3 64.2 81.6 65.0 76.5 65.2 08.0 65.3 Average of all articles. 92.2 97.9 79.9 76.4 79.0 77.1 80.8 96.9 106.2 103.1 102.8 106.9 93.3 95.2 100.0 99.6 105.5 109.3 112.3 105.8 106.5 103.9 103.1 101.9 100.3 102.6 112 5 116,6 107.0 100.3 97.5 97.4 91,2 86.7 91.8 88.5 88.0 86.0 79.3 75.4 72.4 70.7 73.9 76,7 76.0 75.4 In the foregoing table we have been able, with two exceptions, to re- produce exactly Mr. Sauerbeck's figures, based upon 1860 instead of the base line used by him. Petroleum and soda crystals disappear altogether, but without ma- terially att'ecting the general result. It is, therefore, substantially the same table, and we may compare it with the figures for the United States based on 1860 prices. A simple average of 43 quotations would show the same result as an average of 223 if all moved in the same direction, and the difference in number should not deter us from examintug into the difference between Mr. Sauerbeck's results and our own. If we consider Mr. Sauerbeck's group figures we shall notice considerable similarity in aU the relative prices for 1891. They are: Food 80 4 Minerals °^-J Textile materials "o-O Sundry materials - .- — 65. 3 256 KEPOET OX WHOLESALE TEICES A>-D WAGES. The decline is freneral, and ranges from 1(5.9 per cent to 34.7 i)ercent. The one gronp in our calculations which we can compare directly with Mr. Sauerbeck's figuxos is food. It stood iulSOl at 103.9. While our groupiuu is a different one, it is marked with gre^iter variety in the relative price. The fact that food has risen in price in the United States and fallen in England, by these tables, would account sufficiently for the discrepancy in the results. If we turn now to the other result of our own calculations, to which attention has been called— that is, 94.4 as the relative price of 1891— we have additional reasotis why an agreement is not to be expected. The grouping becomes a difleient one. The influence of various grouijs in the total is as follows: Table 65. — Comparison of Mr. Sauerbeck's average irifA ireighied average of tlie United States. Group. ^*="^- pemtilnre. Meat Other food. Total food . Clothintr Fuel...". Another 13.6 IT. .5 29,6 42.2 1 43.2 59.7 22.1 22.3 ' 4.5 7.3 2?.6 10.7 Tliese diflferences must of course have their eli'ect upon the general result. A method of comparison which will effectually demonstrate whether the difference in the results is due to differences in the methods or in the prices would be to obtain an average for the United States for the same 44 articles as figure in Mr. Sauerbeck's table. This is un- fortunately impossible in an absolute sense. Certain articles are miss- ing in the list of prices here, but we may substitute the articles which are most nearly equivalent. Such a calculation shows a relative price in IS',11 of S4.S in the United States as against 75.4 in England, both comparisons comprising the same articles and being made with the year IStiO. It is apparent, therefore, that there is a difference in the two coun- tries and that prices have fallen more rapidly in England than in the United States on the basis adopted by ^Ir. Sauerbeck. Whether or not his method is adequate for measuring the general level of prices is a totally distinct question. The answer will depend largely upon what is considered the stand- ard of the general level of prices. If it be the prices ruling in the great wholesale mai'ket, then the method of Mr. Sauerbeck is correct, and it is proper to say that the general level of prices in the United States was in 1891 fifteen per cent below th at of 18t)0. If. on the other hand, the gen- eral level of prices be taken to mean the prices of all articles affecting the consumer, tlien this method is insufficient, and it is correct to say that prices had fallen in 1891 in the United States only five and a half per cent below the level of 1860. This was the result of our former calculations, which showed in 1S91 a relative price compared with 1860 of 94.4 for chat portion of family expenditure directly affected by changes in price. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 257 GERMANY — HAMBURG- PRICES. The most complete price statistics which have been inade the subject of economic studies by European writers are tbjse, publislied by the bm-eau of commercial statistics of Haniburs'. The series of prices begins in 1847 and covers more than three hundred articles. TJie method of ascertaining annual prices gives them a special iiiiportaiicc All goods imported into Hamburg are reported to the bureau of commercial statistics. These reports contain a stateiuent of tlie kind of goods and their weight, to which is added their value, calculated by the price of the article upon the day in question on the Hamburg ex- change. For goods not quoted on the exchange the invoice value, plus freight, insrrrance, and other charges, must be given. The yearly trade statements are made up from these reports. Hav- ing tlie total quantity and total value, the calculation of the average price is a simple arithmetical calculation. But in view of the peculiar circumstances of Hamburg as a free harbor, and of the fact that the de- clared values are based upon ruling Hamburg prices, the results have a high value quite unusual for import prices. Calculations upon the basis described have been made since 1847. Prior to that time there was no such statistical organization. Xor can the necessary materials be found for carrying these calculations further into the past. The figures which were thus obtained were made the basis of impor- tant studies by the late Dr. Soetbeer and others. Their work can be readily continued down to 1888. After that date there are many difSculties arising from the fact that in 1888 Hamburg became a part of the German customs union. Before 1888 all goods which entered Hamburg, whether by sea or river, by rail or by wagon, found a place in the statistics. Thus all goods not pro- duced in Hamburg, and these were not numerous, were represented. But in 1888 all this was changed. Goods arriving otherwise than by sea were no longer subject to inspection and supervision. Hence all prices must now be confined exclusively to such articles as are im- ported by sea. For those articles which were in the past entirely or in the main imported in this manner, the continuity of the quotations has not been disturbed. But with goods arriving in large quantities by land the comparability of the figures has been lost. To restore in a measure the comparability of the figures, the director of the bureau has undertaken the very arduous task of overhauling all the old records of his department, and has distinguished the importa- tions by sea from all other importations. On this basis he has obtained the prices by sea importations of a large number of articles since 1850. These valuable figures have been very courteously transmitted to me in manuscript, they not having been published in Germany. They follow this report as Exhibit A. It would have been desirable to enter into an analysis of these figures, but, unfortunately, the limited time at our dis- posal has prevented such an undertaking. The distinguished Dr. Adolf Soetbeer published in 1886 a remarkable study of, the Hamburg prices. He selected from the publications of the Hamburg bureau nearly one hundred leading articles. To these he added several articles, such as potatoes, meat, etc., whose prices were obtained from the records of hospitals and other institutions of Ham- burg. In order that manufactures might not be neglected, he introduced fourteen articles of British export. This brought his total up to one hundred and fourteen, and taking the years 1847-1850 as a basis of one hundred, he constructed relative prices, which he carried down to 1885. S. Eep. 1394 17 258 REPORT 0>- WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. It was our iMiryiose to contirjiie these fl^nires, if possible, down to the pifsont time, ^\'(t are (;iiabl<;d to do so through thfe kindly assistance of :Mr. Heinz, tlje director of the bureau of commercial statistics in Ham- burg. Attention has already been called to the changes in the methods ot the statistics since 1888, which rendered the continuation of Dr. Kiietbeei's tables very difficult. In his letter Mr. Heinz says: Prof. Soctbcer made a most urgent iMjuest tbat if in any way it wcrf; practicable or possible, I should continue by means of subsidiary material or expert estimates, the former average iiriccs from 1847 to 1888, as they had been published in his Ma- tciifilicn, including tljf; importations by land and river, and so to preserve the con- tinuity of these res<-arches, wliioh was so much to be desired. After overcoming many earnest scruples in tlo; matter, I at length deti.ra.infil that 1 ought to accede to the reiteated reqi^ests which were made to me in this particular. . By using the market i eport ,s and all other available information which his ripe experience oflered, J\Ir. Heinz prepared a continuation of the Soel bf'cr tables until the year ] s!»l . The Hamburg prices followed by Dr. Soetbeer's calculations are given in Tables 66 to 70.(«) Table 66. — Wholesale prices of commodities in Eamburg, Germany, from 1851 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures. PKOUt'CXS OP AGEICULXUEE. T^.ar. 1. Wheat. Per 100 kiloH. 1851 I'r'yi 18o:i IHM 1M5 1850 ]/r.7 I'W l^.% I^Wj 1 23. 04 Morkg. 16.62 17.40 21.06 30. ]« 31. 20 29. 28 22.50 18. 4« 10.08 Per buBhel, $1,077 1.127 1.364 1. 90.5 2. 021 1. 807 1. 2. Wheat flonr. 3. Eye. 4. Eye flonr. Per 100 Vijt kilos, jxjurjd. 1-01 181,2 180:; 18IU icfr, 18C0 i'.c7 ; I'l.^ ' 1809 1 1870 ' 187]_ i 1872 21. «0 23.10 19.92 18.08 17. 28 20. 34 28.44 27. 30 20.88 20.10 23.96 24.92 1^73 25.94 1874 i 23.32 1- 1'70. 1877. ]"78. 1870. 18^1. 20.50 21.24 24.32 21.42 21.36 21. 74 22. 21 1882 20.43 18. 6« 16.78 15.33 15.06 15.03 15.59 14.34 14.80 18.8.5 ! 18 1884. 1---,. l'-(;. 18'7. 18-.<. 1889. 189". 1891. 197 I 1.27.5 • 1.492 ■ 1. 593 1.490 1.290 1.080 1.119 1. 318 1.842 1.768 1.352 1.302 1.552 1.614 1.680 1. .511 1.328 1. 370 1. 575 L387 L8g4 1.408 1.439 1.323 1.209 1.087 .933 .976 .974 LOIO .929 .963 L221 Marke. 25.02 27. 42 32.82 41 28 45.18 42.00 33. 30 28.56 27.48 32.46 34.92 31.50 2«.88 24.60 25.50 29.28 34.98 33.12 30.06 29.76 31.90 34.42 36.52 34.56 28.38 29.62 31.54 31.34 31.46 31.67 33. 32 .32. 03 28.87 24.50 22.67 21. 10 20.69 2L29 20.25 21.22 24.20 Per 100 kilos. .027 .030 . 035 .045 . 049 .045 .036 .031 .030 .035 .038 .034 .029 .027 .028 .032 .038 .036 .032 .032 .034 .037 .039 .037 .031 .032 .034 .034 .034 .034 .036 .035 .031 .026 .024 .023 .022 .023 .022 Marks. 13.80 14.40 16.56 21.48 23.28 21. .54 15.36 13.08 14.04 15.90 15.00 16.98 15.30 12.18 13. 62 15.42 21.30 20.94 17.58 15.66 18.70 15.82 18.16 18.48 16.64 17.20 17.72 14.32 14.50 18. ,37 19.76 16,07 14,48 13,97 12.21 11,05 11.06 11.76 10.83 12.72 17.31 Per : Per 100 bushel. ! kiloB. .871 1.001 1.299 1.407 1.302 . 929 .827 .849 .961 .947 1.027 .925 .736 .823 .932 1.288 1.266 1,063 .947 1.131 ,956 1,098 1.117 1.006 1.040 1.071 .866 .877 1.111 1.195 .972 .875 .845 .738 .711 .655 .769 1.046 Marks. 16. 62 20,77 22,32 27,42 30,48 28.62 27.24 22.80 21.96 21,42 23,88 22,92 19,08 16,38 17, 8« 21,96 26,34 25.98 21.06 21.72 21.32 22.94 25,16 25,26 22,70 24.06 23.94 22.26 21.50 25, 33 25,66 21.09 17,97 18,02 16,82 15,34 14,24 12,35 15,01 17,00 22.50 Per poond. 5. Oate. Per 100 kilos. 1.018 .022 .024 .030 .033 .031 .029 .025 .024 .023 .026 .025 .021 .018 .019 .024 .028 .028 .023 .023 .023 .025 .027 ,027 .025 .026 .026 .024 .023 .027 .028 .023 .019 .019 .018 .017 .015 .013 .016 .018 .024 Marks. 14.40 13.62 15.54 18.00 17.28 16.68 15,42 14.40 14.34 15.06 14.64 13,68 11,64 13.20 15.42 15,72 17.10 18,30 17. .52 14.54 15,58 15.02 16,50 18,48 17.68 17.44 16.88 14.41 14.06 14.85 15.75 15,52 13.74 13.74 13.79 1.3.06 U.Ol 10.15 U,92 12.89 13.80 Per bnsfaeL $0,497 .471 .537 .622 .597 ,576 ,533 ,497 ,495 .520 .506 .473 .402 .456 .533 .543 .691 .632 .605 .502 .538 .519 .570 .638 .611 .802 .583 .498 .486 .513 .544 .636 .475 .475 .476 .481 .380 .351 .412 .445 .477 a These tables as originally prepared to 1885, inclusive, are to be found in Consmlar Report, December 1887. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 259 Tablk 66. — Wliolesale prices of commoditiea In Hamburg, Germany, from 1851 to ISOl, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Coutinaod. PRODUCTS OF AGEICTJLT0EE— Continued. 6. Barley. 7. Malt. 8. Buckwheat. 9. Pea«e. 10. Beans. Tear. Per 100 kilos. Per bushel. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 'kilos. Per bushel. Per 100 kilos. Per bushel. ]851 Marks. 13.00 15.18 14.83 18.78 18.24 19.62 17.70 14,82 15.96 16.98 16.98 16.32 15.24 13 32 15.78 18.90 19.93 31.16 30.52 16.20 18,34 21.90 32.83 33.14 31.84 19,50 20.94 20.18 21.90 21,18 20.89 19. 90 17.37 16.13 14.29 15.57 13.03 14.71 14.15 13.84 14.47 $0. 622 .787 .768 .973 .945 1.017 . .917 .768 .827 .880 .880 .846 .790 .690 .818 .979 1.032 1.096 1.063 .839 .950 1.135 1.183 1.147 1.132 1.0] 1. 085 1.046 1.135 1.098 1.083 1.031 .900 .836 .740 .807 .675 .762 .733 .717 .750 Marks. 14.23 33. 20 21.36 22.32 29.28 30.18 27.54 25.02 21.24 31.60 24.54 22.68 22.38 19.74 18.72 28.08 39.53 37.36 36.46 23.40 24.04 26.58 28.64 32.60 30.00 29.24 39.83 39.90 38.42 30.53 39.84 28.88 28.83 29.45 27.72 28.51 27.02 34.78 36.96 38.00 29.99 $0. 015 .024 .023 .024 .032 .033 .030 .027 .023 .023 .026 .024 .024 .021 .030 .030 .033 .030 .029 .025 .036 .039 .031 .035 .033 .032 .032 .032 .031 .033 .033 .031 .031 .032 .030 .029 .029 .027 .029 .030 .032 Marks. 10.20 14.58 19.48 18.84 18.66 18.60 17.04 15.06 13.73 15.18 15.66 14,60 13.44 13.80 13.93 14.83 15.73 18.48 17.94 16.56 16.98 16.14 17.68 17.76 17.04 19.43 17.86 16.18 17.38 18.48 16.47 17.16 31.80 15,32 16.27 13.78 11.60 11.97 12.68 13.39 15.44 $0. oil .016 .021 .020 .020 .020 .018 .016 .014 .016 .017 .016 .016 .015 .015 .016 .017 .020 .019 .018 .017 .017 .019 .019 .018 .021 .019 .017 .019 .020 .018 .018 .024 .017 .018 .015 .013 .013 .014 .013 .017 Marks. 11.58 13.20 17.46 18.84 18.78 14.10 18.00 17.82 17.40 17.82 17.64 17.88 14.40 12.90 15.06 17.64 18.72 20.58 18.72 17.40 18.26 18.96 22,36 31.13 30.68 30.80 20.12 19.08 19.34 20.06 20,89 21,10 18,42 18.43 17.68 15.05 15.06 15.62 15.05 14.59 16.81 $0, 800 .912 1.206 1.302 1.298 .974 1.244 1.231 1.202 1.231 1. 219 1.235 .995 .891 1.041 1.219 1.293 1.432 1.293 1.202 1.263 1.310 1.638 1.459 1.429 1.437 1. 390 1.318 1.336 1. 380 1.443 1.458 1.273 1.273 1.222 1.040 1.041 1.079 1.040 1.008 1.161 Marks. 26,58 26,40 32. 34 27.90 33.18 27.24 22.92 24.00 24,54 25.20 25.26 34.48 31.84 33.16 26.76 25.93 25.56 27.18 24.12 27.36 24.38 24.82 38.80 26.74 23.76 23.00 35.36 33.32 24. 30 26.53 26,12 24.81 25.19 24.67 23.62 20.04 20.52 20.94 20.89 22.06 21.64 $1,722 1.710 1852 2.095 1.807 18.55 2.149 1856 1.764 1.485 1858 - . . 1.555 1.590 1.632 1861 . . 1.636 1863 1.686 1803 1.415 1804 1 500 1865 1.733 1.679 ] 807 1.656 1.761 1869 . - 1.563 1.S70 ...i 1. 773" 1871 , 1,579 1873 1,608 3.513 1874 1.733 1.539 1.490 1877 1.643 1878 1.446 1.574 1880 1.718 1. 692 1,607 1883 1.032 1.598 1885 1.530 1880 1.298 1.329 1888 - 1.356 1889 1.353 1.429 1891 1.395 260 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Tablk 66.— Wholesale prices of commodities in Hamlurg, Germany, from 1851 to 1891, with equivalents in United Slates money and measures— Contmned. PEODTJCTS OF AGEICnXTTIEE— Continaed. 11. Potatoes. 12. Hops. 13. CIOT ers'.-ed. Per 14. Eai)e-8eed. 15. Eape-seedoil. Tear. Per 100 Per Per 100 Per Per 100 Per 100 Per Per 100 Per kilos. bushel. kilos. pound. kilos. Maria. busheL kilos. poand. kilos. X>onnd. Marhi. Jfart*. Maria. ifarU. 1?51 4.56 $0,295 ]:a.40 W.145 73.68 %i. 773 22. 02 »0.024 63. 42 »0. 068 1852 4. 90 .321 151.20 .163 86.70 .5.010 23. .-2 .026 00 60 . 072 \f^Sy'i «. 47 .419 190.08 .212 97.14 6. 292 28.08 , 031 <». 10 .074 Yii'^ (i. 92 7.16 .44* .464 282.12 216. .54 .303 109.32 . 2:^4 112. 47 7.0^1 7.285 29. 58 43. 02 . 032 . .046 106. 80 .090 i;J55 .115 7.27 .471 [ 12.5.82 .130 12.5.10 8. 103 36. .54 . 039 95.58 .103 5.;;« . 343 1». 78 .140 ! 116.49 7.548 33. 18 .030 96. 30 .104 1^.58 3.69 .239 119.10 , 129 i 1 10, 58 7.103 32. M .035 80.04 .088 1^.59 4.16 .269 166.26 .179 n:),67 7.752 26.64 .029 71. .58 .077 igeo 0. n 7. IH .396 .494 298. 32 198. 90 .322 i 109.41 . 215 i 104. 40 7. 087 6. 762 29.52 30. 42 .032 .033 79.80 76.44 .086 1861 .083 1862 4.85 .314 153. 54 .166 ; 98.88 6.403 35.22 .038 89.88 .097 1863 4.79 .310 203. 10 .219 : 9.5.52 0.187 31.20 .034 8.5.14 .092 1864 .0.19 .336 232.80 .251 i 93.72 0.071 31.62 .034 79. 38 .086 1^0.5 5.25 .340 253.44 .274 133. 32 8.636 33.60 .036 8:i.28 .090 1866 5.54 .369 326.76 .353 127. 56 8. 203 30.18 . 033 84.66 .091 1867 7.04 .436 26L72 .283 145.80 9.444 29.82 .032 72.36 .078 1868 5.94 .385 185. 10 .200 113.40 7.475 27.42 .030 66.00 .071 1S69 5.63 . 3Gfi 164.40 .177 98.88 6.403 31.32 .034 09.48 .075 1870 .5.62 . 304 186.48 .201 11,5.56 7.485 34.86 .038 89. 10 .096 1871 6.30 . 4'J8 288. 00 .311 1.3L54 S.520 36.74 .040 80. « .087 1^72 6.60 .428 280.98 .303 122.74 7.950 31.78 .034 74.82 .081 6.59 7.J5 . 427 'IVi. 24 .463 ; 382.14 .306 .413 102.34 108.20 0.629 7.009 28.04 25. 00 .030 .028 63.84 66.26 . (»» 1A74 . 072 6.65 6.72 7.70 7.46 7.90 .4.31 289.06 .4.33 , 278.22 . 499 232. '.A .483 1 193.54 . 512 24i^ .203 88.79 .0.54 1889 ! 6. 5iJ 6.8.5 .421 184.94 .444 240.03 .200 .259 93.82 83.56 6.077 5.413 25.10 25.64 .027 .028 52.10 58.08 .056 \h'.^) .063 1891 8.71 1 .364 240.00 .259 92.72 6.006 25.16 .027 53.10 .057 REPORT OX WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 261 'Paui K (i(>. — ^yiiolisiili prirO)! o/ cominiulilU's ill llnmhiirii, dcriiin nil. from ISM to 1S91, with tqiiiriilenln in I'uiitd Slntts moiicii and mttinura' — (.'(Uitiinioil. PKOUrors of AUKIOVLTUKK— Conclmlod. 16. l.iuaood oil. 17. Oil cftko. IS. Kav ■ aiigju". 19. EoHiied sugar. 20. Siiiiitaflvm jiriiin or pota- t<>os. Tear. l\r too Tor r.'vioo' Vor Tor UXl r,T For UX) Per Tor lUH'tO- litOT. For kiUis, \Uii ks. pomul. kilo.-i. Mails. IH>U10l. kilos. ilHllS. pouuil. kiU^s. pouiul gollou. .Villi*. Ma rls. it^r.i 00 4 J JO, OT-J .s, -'J $0, (XW 42. 00 $0,046 ,52.02 *0.056 3" 35 fO 291 is:--' iHl, 4-J . 0(i^ S. 00 . 010 40. SS .044 .5*1, S2 .054 45 10 . 400 i>;..: 6i.r-« . 000 10, OvS .012 40, 44 .050 .5(1. S2 .061 52 51 ,473 1 >:* 1 7:<. 00 .0S2 .lK<0 l-J, cHi i;i, .so .OlS . 01."> 47,52 40, T4 OM ,054 .55, 56 00. M .060 . 072 72, (X) 70, 35 19 1S,V> .633 l^V. T.v 4-.> .i>s:> IS, OS .014 04, 14 , 009 77, 34 O.'^! 66. 70 .601 ],s;^7 Til Si> . 0.S0 Ki. 14 .014 72, W . OTS SSI, 10 . o;)i> .54. 20 .489 l.^.S 1 64. .:s . 070 IS, s:} .014 .v:, m . iC'T 73. lis , OSO 3,5. 37 .319 l.s>il 5S1. .■^.•; . (Xi:> 11.. SL' . 013 52, 02 . 050 70. 02 . OTO 39.47 .356 ISOO .■<;i .v; , OOvl 10, tw .012 .V, S2 . 0,5.S 6T. OS . 073 46. 52 .419 ISOl P.".. 10 Ti'. -0 . OTO . IWO 10 02 IS, -JO .011 .014 44, \s 44,40 .049 .04S 67, 14 . 0T2 51.04 44,33 . 4lX> IsO-.'. 6;i. 72 .IHVS .399 IStVi ;iO, ;-.' . OOo 1:, S4 .014 44. k>4 .ots 0-2. tU . 06.S 39.31 .3.54 is<;4 70, ;i'.2 . O.-^L' 11. 40 .012 .%4, 4S .058 ?2. 12 . OTS 39.37 . 355 i^i','- TO. 44 . OTO l.'i. li .016 4o. 36 .049 61.74 .067 35. 5S .321 1 "^("it SO 10 TT m . OST , os;i v:. Oil 12. liO .014 .014 4;!.:* 44.04 .04T ,1>4.S Ivl. 12 .0(VS 0,1. 4,s . IHiil 30. 66 47, 07 .330 ISi'T .429 ! v(v-^ fii. 1 ,-; 1 iu.6:> 00 66 TO. 10 , ot:> . 070 . 071' . OTO l.V iW l.i. 7S " 16. S2 ir>. 10 .017 .017 . Ol.i . OUl 47, 2S M, 72 51.96 72. ;\s ,051 ' 050 .079 OT. 14 .0T2 71,70 .077 tv-<. S2 . 074 74. 40 1 . OSO 4S, OS 45, 12 39. .54 4;i. 12 .441 1 ^t;^ .407 ISTO .'356 ISTl .SS6 i^rj T'.2 2i . OTS 17. so .019 K!. Al .057 75. SO 1 . 0S2 4,^02 .396 IST.i Osi. 98 . OTO i.-i. ivs . 010 51. 24 .055 70. 3S i .070 46,52 .419 1!;t4 o;;. ■-•;; .06,s 14..S-J . 010 .M. SO .054 61. OS i .070 46, 05 .430 IXTJ 1 .vi. so . OTv-i 16, AS .017 40. SO .050 62. iXi I .007 36. 23 .328 I'-TB ' .Hv 10 .061 16. JS . OlS 47. ,s,s .052 61.14 . Oiki 34. sT .314 1^7T 01.00 :ii. 10 . ih;o .0(U 16. 01; 16. 04 .017 . OlS r>6. SS ;V.. 5S . 001 .060 lis. 9S 01. SO .074 .066 lis, SO 39, 55 .345 . 356 ISTD 1 ;c ,<4 .Ol^J , 15.40 .017 51. 24 .l>55 57. 56 .IXH 40, ST .364 .l>65 1:.. t>6 i l.V ,Vi . 010 .017 61. 21 60.57 . 0.\'> IXl, S:! ; . 065 .50. .50 , .064 40, 05 46, 9T .415 4S,-.l . 423 ISS-J .-.4 ,S1 4l>. i« . 05il i 14, '.>4 ' IS. OS , 010 .01,"i 4il. S7 40, 57 . OSi , ivr.o .5S. 02 i . OKI ,\5. ,S5 .060 39. 20 41. 5T .;&! ISSi .375 40.01 40. » . .050 . OM IS. ■-■.■' 12.22 .014 .OlS SO. 60 26. .\1 .mo . 02s> 46. Ts) i . 055 ;!S,S2 1 .042 ST. 02 3;!. 23 . 339 ISvi .299 44. ,S;1 .WS 10,!HS .012 24. lU . 020 37, ;v! ! .WO 24. 07 .217 l.vT 4,:. .U .WT 11.2s . 012 25. 2(1 .027 32.93 .036 23. 52 .212 lv^> .lUS 12. 01 . OlS 24. 10 .026 ST. 42 ! . WO 20, 52 .165 !>>;> ' 44' ii .048 12. 71 .014 33. 47 .036 40, 50 .lU4 20. 110 . USO 4S- s"' .053 12. ;lj! .013 27. S5 .030 ;w, 19 .042 23. ;i4 . 210 1^S>1 4S. 40 .053 12. ;i7 .014 2S. 51 .031 SS. 13 .l>41 36. SS .32S 262 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 66. — Wholesale prices of commodiUes in Hamburg, Germany, from 1851 to 1891 with equivalents in Uttited Slates money and measures — Continued. A2TIMAL AND FISH PEODTJCTS. Year. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 18.55. 1856. 1857., 18.58. 1859. 1860. 1861.. 1862., 1863., 1864., 1865., 1866., 1867., 1868.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 188:).. ]««+.. 1885.. 1886.. J887.. 1888.. 1889.- 1890.. 1891.. 21. Beef. Per kilo. Marks. 0.64 .68 .62 .65 .79 .76 .72 .72 .65 .62 .69 .79 .77 .80 .88 .96 1.02 .98 1.00 1.00 1.08 1.10 1.22 1.19 1.17 1.23 1.25 1.245 1.14 I 1.21 i 1.09 ! 1,18 1.19 1.16 1.08 1.08 1.04 1.01 1.07 1.13 1.18 Per ponnd. iO, 069 .063 .067 .070 .085 .082 .078 .078 .070 .067 .074 .085 .083 .086 .095 .104 .110 .106 .108 .108 .117 .119 .13B .128 .126 .133 .136 .134 .123 .131 .118 .127 .128 .125 .117 .117 .112 .109 .116 .122 .127 2. Veal. Per kUo. Marks. 0.70 .64 .72 .74 .86 .83 .82 .82 .74 .72 .74 .82 .79 .83 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.07 1.05 1.02 1.11 1.24 1.24 1.38 1. 205 1.44 1.52 1.45 1.38 1.41 1.46 1.47 1.51 1.52 1.50 1.49 1.51 1.56 1.48 1.51 1.51 Per Per ponud. kilo. aS.Mntton. 3.076 .069 .078 .080 .093 .090 .089 .089 .080 .078 .080 .089 .086 .090 .no .112 .112 .116 .113 .110 .120 .134 .134 .149 .130 .155 .164 .157 .149 .152 .1.58 .159 .163 .164 .162 .161 .163 .168 .160 .163 .163 Per pound. Marks. 0.95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .96 .95 .95 .95 1.06 1.06 1.06 .83 1.00 .99 1.01 1.05 Lll 1.18 L49 1.08 1,22 1.31 1.62 1.49 1.45 1.40 1.43 1.45 1.51 1.62 1.46 1.32 1.36 1.24 1.29 1.28 1.37 1.26 0.1O3 .103 .103 .103 .103 .103 .103 .103 .103 .103 .103 .113 .114 .114 .090 .108 .107 .109 .113 .120 .127 .161 .117 .132 .141 .164 .161 .157 .161 .154 .157 .163 .175 .158 .142 .147 .134 .139 .138 .148 .136 24. Pork. Per kilo. Marks. 0.99 1.10 1.06 1.01 .96 .90 .94 .94 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 .97 .93 1.01 1.12 1.05 .93 1.07 1.18 1.095 1.17 1.09 1.10 1.02 1.00 1.14 1.24 1.16 1.09 1.01 1.01 1.08 1.03 1.02 1.20 1.27 1.20 Per pound .$0. 107 .107 .107 .107 .119 .114 .109 .104 .0«7 .101 .101 .113 .113 .113 .113 .105 .100 .109 .121 .113 .100 .116 .127 .118 .126 .118 .119 .110 .108 .123 .1^ .125' .118 .109 .109 .117 .111 .110 .130 .137 .130 25. Milk. Marks. 0.067 .067 .067 .067 .067 .067 .067 .067 .067 .067 .06 .07 .06 .06 .11 .10 .10 .11 .11 .10 .10 .12 .12 .12 .14 ,13 .14 .14 .13 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 .11 .10 .10 .10 .11 .u Per Per liter, pound iO. 015 .015 .015 .015 .015 .015 .015 .015 .015 .015 .014 ,016 .014 .014 .025 .023 .023 .025 .025 .023 .023 .027 .027 .027 .032 .029 .032 .032 .029 .027 .027 .027 .027 .027 .027 .025 .023 .023 .023 .025 .025 26. Butter. Per Per kilo, pound. Marks. 1.22 1.22 1.54 1.67 1.74 1.93 1.86 1.95 1.84 1.99 1.71 1.66 1.56 1.80 1.95 1.91 1.76 2.17 2,14 1.88 2.04 1.99 2.28 2.59 2.40 2,61 2.34 2.19 2,02 2.32 2.41 2.40 2.30 2.28 2,12 2.01 2.07 2.16 2.37 2.20 2.25 to. 132 .132 .166 .180 .188 .208 .201 .211 .199 .215 .185 .179 .168 .194 .211 .208- .190 .234 .231 .203 .220 .215 .246 .280 .259 .282 .253 .236 .218 .250 .260 .239 .248 .246 .229 .217 .223 .233 .256 .238 .243 REPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 2n3 Table 66. — IlliolesaJe prices of oommodiiies in Hamburg, (Icimany, from isr,l l.o 1891, xoiili equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. ANIMAL AND FISH PKODUCTS— Continued. 27. Cheese. 28. TiiUow. 29. Lard. 30. Hides. 31. Calf ekina J 32. Leather. Tear. Per 100 Pit. Per 100 Per Pot 100 Per Per 100 Per Per 100 Per I'll ino Per kUoa. pound. kilos. pound. Itilos. pound. kilos. pound. kilos. pound. kilcs. pouiiil. Marks. Marki. Marks. Mark*. Marks. Marks. 1851 7S. 42 $0,085 70.20 $0. 076 100. 62 $0. 109 89.39 $0. 097 162. 60 $0,176 303.80 $0. 327 1852 82. 20 91. 92 .089 .099 78.18 97.68 .084 .105 106. 38 115. 20 .115 .124 84.21 102. 66 .091 .111 139. 38 167. 10 . 150 3(15. 90 .180' 204.47 . 3:i0 1853 .286 1851 101.58 .110 118. 20 .128 116. 22 .125 109. 17 .118 211.44 . 228' 2X>. .-« .308 1855 107.40 104. 52 .116 .113 108. 18 103. 68 .117 .112 117. 00 121. 92 .126 .132 112. 61 129. 02 .121 .139 203. 46 239. 58 .220; 3;i8. 17 . ;iii5 18."i(i .259 371. 89 .401 1857 108. 60 104.40 W:!. 60 107. 76 98.02 98.10 .117 .113 .1)2 .110 .107 .106 108. 60 95.70 105. 78 107. 22 102. 96 92.82 .117 .103 .114 .116 .111 .100 126. 18 104. 76 103.56 112. 98 107. 16 88.86 .136 .113 .112 .122 .116 .096 173. 21 118.08 134. 79 143. 09 120. 12 115. 62 .187 .127 .146 .154 .130 .125 294.06 207. 00 280. 74 313. 08 239. 82 225. 00 .317 .223 .303 .338 .259 .243 428. 97 370. 11 414.12 437. 81 370.22 405. 34 .463 ly.'iH .400 1859 .417 I860 .473 1861 .400 1862 .438. 1803 108. 30 103. 03 105. 48 .117 .111 .114 82.14 78.36 83.10 .089 .085 .090 75.78 97.56 134.46 .082 .105 .145 103. 18 106. 34 99.60 .111 .115 .108 250. 32 275.28 265.98 .270 .297 .2.S7 409.73 437. 41 421). 00 .442 1864 .472 1865 .463 1866 111. 18 .120 82.38 .089 118. 80 ,128 99.48 .107 243.30 .263 485. 13 .524 1867 114. 96 .124 92.84 .100 104. 10 .112 103. 38 .112 250. 56 .270 354. 31 .382 1868 109. 02 115. 68 .118 .125 89.70 89.40 .097 .097 124.02 129. 72 .134 .140 115. 80 105. 00 .125 257. 10 .278 .269 293.99 335. 44 .317 1869 .113 249.00 .362 1870 110. 16 114.20 .119 .123 88.56 87.90 .096 .095 125. 16 102.50 .135 112.38 .111 129.96 .131 249.24 .140 267.22 .269 .288 339. 13 315.54 .366 1871 .341 1872 128. 40 .139 86.50 .093 80.82 .087 151.56 .1041 300.16 .324 365. 94 .396 1873 128. 32 .139 84.22 .091 86. 52 .093 156.48 .169 298. 46 .323 334. 28 .361 IHl-i 126.84 127. 56 .137 .138 82.46 87.02 .089 .094 105. 96 122. 18 .114 148.72 .133' 136.28 .161 .147 270.70 240. 56 .292 .260 390. 72 305. 74 .422 1875 .330 1876 128. 28 .138 87.92 .095 111.80 .121 111. 60 .120 193.36 .209 ^320.14 .346 1377 139. 04 123. 16 .150 .133 85.92 81.70 .093 .088 97.92 78.04 .106 .084 112. 94 104. 68 .122 .113 175. Si8 161. 00 .190; 300.68 .325 187P .174 260.74 .281 1879 115. 96 .125 70.98 .077 72.74 .079 104. 24 .113 175.78 .190 264. 30 .285 1880 120. 25 .130 69. 60 .076 84.08 .091 116. 90 .126 212. 43 .229 301. 25 .325 1881 122. 42 .132 73.83 .08C 112. 12 .121 119. 23 .129 195. 65 .211 314. 37 .339 1882 114. 18 117. 74 .123 .127 87.04 89.81 .094 .097 116. 72 98.97 .126 .107 116. 82 117. 14 .126 .126 196. 63 194. 80 .212 .210 318. 37 300. 17 .344 1883 .389 1884 114. 92 .124 75.88 .082 80.25 .087 117. 26 .127 188. 64 .204 371. 18 .401 1885 103. 77 .112 69.81 .07£ 67.95 .073 117. 80 .127 190. 32 .205 330. 26 .357 1886. -■- 167. 50 .181 1 66.90 .061 64.39 .070 106. 89 .115 180.43 .195 336. 53 .363 1887_ 172. 50 .186 55.98 .06C 69.64 .075 103. 69 .112 163. 67 .176 330. 34 .357 1888 180. 00 .194 52. 86 .05- 85.34 .092 93.58 .101 147. 83 .160 307. 16 .332 1889 197. 50 .2ia 62.26 .06" 76.49 .083 90.81 .098 127. 01 .137 339. 61 .307 1890 183. 33 .198 55.93 .06C 67.71 .073 86.89 .094 138. 68 .150 .'!58. 35 .387 1891 187.50 .202 55.90 .06C 66.45 .072 86.38 .093 135.30 .146 342. 33 .370 264 REPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 66. — Wholesale prices of commodities in Samburg, Germany, from 1851 to 1S91, with equivalents in tfnited States money and measures — Continued. ANIMAL AND FISH PRODUCTS— Continued. Tear. 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1«J6 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1803. 1804 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. I87:j. ]f74. 1.S75. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 33. Horsehair. Per 100 Per liilos. pound. Marks. 376. 20 291. m 377. 70 338. 88 263. 88 417. 48 457. 38 387. 84 416.64 400. 80 340. 38 338. 22 346, 14 321. 90 303. 00 272. 10 344.10 372. 84 439. r,u 414. 06 546. 46 451. 92 427. 26 363. 92 400. 62 317. 34 271. 42 261. 26 248.36 290.00 266. 74 330. 41 367. 85 374. 70 346. 27 295. 23 308. 61 278.76 290. 72 294. 74 277. 22 ).406 .315 .408 .366 .285 .451 .494 .419 .450 .433 .367 .365 .374 .348 .327 .294 .371 .403 .474 .447 .590 .488 .461 .293 .282 .268 .313 .288 .357 .397 .405 .374 .319 .333 .301 .314 .318 .299 34. Bristles. Per 100 Per lulos. pound. Maria. 412. 62 426. 00 494. 82 625. 56 485. 16 422. 16 484. 86 443.04 448.50 634. 02 475. 50 466. 62 37;;. 06 532. 92 603.64 555. 18 501. 06 423.48 442. 50 549. 90 565. 10 730. 92 819. 90 72.5. 42 734. 14 767. 10 730. 12 643.28 704. 28 770. 40 762. 94 810. 52 824.99 852. 21 748.59 718. 18 768. 35 679. 11 703. 46 739.04 776.97 35. Feathers. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. pO.445 .460 .534 .675 .524 .456 .523 .478 .484 .684 .513 .504 .402 .575 .544 .598 .541 .457 .478 .594 .610 .789 .885 .783 .793 .828 .788 .694 .760 .832 .824 .875 .891 .920 .808 .775 .829 .733 .759 .798 .839 Alarks. 174. 18 185. 22 186. 54 168.24 188. 76 184. 02 180. 00 175. 26 178. 32 164.28 165. 72 175. 08 165. 30 156, 54 172,44 174. 18 168. 48 178. 32 185. 82 217. 14 211. 56 216. 72 245.52 245.10 298. 36 266. 10 212. 32 190. 32 210. 14 191. 61 185. 96 162. 03 178. 74 173. 79 161. 61 157. 13 157. 73 158. 40 140. 53 137. 75 145.47 $0. 188 .200 .201 .18!^ .201 .199 .194 .189 .193 .177 .179 .189 .178 .169 .186 .188 .182' .193 .200 .234 .228 .234 .265 .265 .322 .287 .229- .205 .227 .207 .201 .175 .193 .188 .174 .170 .170 .171 .152 .149 .157 36. Bone. Per 100 Per liilos. pound. Marks. 8.40 8,58 9.24 9.54 10.86 10.68 11.22 10,38 10.74 9.18 9.64 9.54 9.84 9.66 9.54 9.96 10.14 9.06 11.76 12.36 12.02 13.04 12,78 14.06 15.50 13.48 12.80 12.14 10.22 11.26 11.35 12.81 13. 68 12. 36 10.21 8.49 9.27 9.12 9.03 10.61 9.26 D. 009 .009 .010 .010 .012 .012 .012 .011 .012 .010 .010 .010 .011 .010 .010 .011 .011 .010 .013 .013 .013 .014 .014 .015 .017 .015 .014 .013 .011 .012 .012 .014 .015 .013 .011 .009 .010 .010 .010 .011 .010 37. Ox horns. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. Marks. 51.42 55.80 57.24 52.26 42.72 47.04 58.92 69.84 72.42 82.26 70.62 64.80 04.44 59.52 68.70 71.10 83.22 70.74 96.08 73.20 69.24 84.22 64.64 74.94 84.14 82.80 98.02 78.62 77.90 118.88 116. 84 105. 63 86.36 86.87 85.58 89.99 77.84 66.64 79.4) 55.38 61.35 10. 056 .060 .062 .066 .046 .051 .064 .075 .078 .089 .076 .070 .070 .064 .074 .077 .090 .076 .104 .079 .075 .091 .070 .081 .091 .089 .106 .085 .084 .128 .126 .114 .093 .094 .092 .097 .084 .072 .086 .060 .066 REPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 265 Table 6G.— inwlcsalc jmci.i of vominodilies hi, Hamhurg, Germany, from 1851 to 1891, with equirahnta in I'liiUd tSlatet; money and measures — Continued.. ANIMAL AND FISH PKODBC'XS— Concluded. Year. 38. Mucilage. 39. Eggs. 40. Herring. 41. Cured fl8h. 42. Fish oil. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100. Per dozen. Per 150 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kiloa. Per pound. Per 150 kilos. Per pound. l85^. Marks. 74.58 72. 60 73.08 86,74 95.76 88.80 126. 94 122. 34 106. 08 97.62 liij. 78 95.16 91.56 87.30 89.58 88.44 82.26 87. 72 126, 42 99.84 107.92 138. 88 139. 60 126.64 116. 72 102. 52 91.64 87.44 91.02 96.81 92.98 104. 30 103. 78 105. 66 108. 02 95.06 97.99 100. 09 92.67 83.72 88.51 $0. 081 .078 .079 .093 .103 .096 .136 .132 .115 .105 .114 .103 .099 .094 .097 .095 .089 .095 .136 .108 .117 .150 .151 .137 .126 .111 .099 .094 .098 .105 .100 .113 .112 .114 .117 .103 .106 .108 .100 .■090 .096 Marks. 4.29 4.29 4.29 4.29 4.29 4.29 4.29 4.29 4.29 4.29 4.29 4.83 4.61 4.74 4.20 4.39 4.17 4.38 4.51 4.50 4.95 5.30 5.74 5.55 5.69 5.42 5.25 5.37 5.17 5.42 5.65 5.30 5.33 5.36 5.18 5.20 4.70 6.10 5.00 5.45 5.00 $0. 123 .123 .123 .123 .123 .123 .123 .123 .123 .123 .123 .138 .132 .135 .120 .125 .119 .125 .129 .129 .141 .161 .164 .169 .163 .155 .150 .153 .148 .155 .161 .151 .152 .153 .148 .149 .134 .146 .143 .156 .143 Marks. 18.60 25. 96 25.67 25.03 25.17 27.20 33.62 27.81 29.66 26.78 29.94 27.48 26.12 26.11 30.28 32.31 30.86 30.70 26,36 26,57 29.98 29.03 31.10 31.90 31.36 33.08 35.72 33.15 37.48 32.47 34.10 35.73 36.68 32.27 29.29 26.58 23.28 25.28 24.58 24.96 29.17 $0. 013 .019 .018 .018 .018 .020 .034 .020 .021 .019 .022 .020 .019 .019 .022 .023 .022 .022 .018 .018 .022 .021 .022 .023 .023 .024 .026 .024 .027 .023 .025 .026 .026 .023 .021 .019 .017 .018 .018 .018 .021 J/ff)-A-.s-. 28. 80 ]:!.20 33.24 37.08 40,44 '37.62 44,34 38.70 43.26 39.36 40. 98 52.20 49.38 45.00 53.94 53.04 41.94 43.98 52.20 48.84 50.72 46.94 52.88 61.94 44.38 56.12 62.54 51.28 46.90 39.23 47.92 57.50 62.95 57.26 62.78 46.68 44.97 48.55 47.71 44.00 49.88 $0. OJl .L«4 .086 .040 .044 .041 .048 .042 .047 .042 .044 .056 .053 .049 .058 .057 .045 .047 .056 .053 .055 .051 .067 .056 .048 .061 .057 .055 .050 .042 .052 .062 .068 .062 .057 .050 .049 .052 .052 .048 .054 Marks. 72.01 71.02 72.24 76. 24 89. 18 88.96 89.70 73.07 70.28 67.71 69.48 78.68 94.44 118.59 90.80 79.48 81,45 71.14 72,46 79.12 71.16 74.62 67.31 66.04 66.90 65.17 62.97 57.77 60.98 49.37 61.36 67.39 72.64 60.61 50.49 44.13 41.68 40.47 41.71 35.47 42.44 $0. 052 1852 I85;i . ... 052 lWi4 1.S5.J 1850 .055 .064 064 1857 1858 .053 1850 061 1.S60 .049 1861 .050 1862 .057 1863 .068 .085 1805 . ... .065 .057 1807 .059 1808 .051 .052 1870 .057 .051 1872 .054 1873 .048 .048 .048 1876 .047 1877 .045 1878 .042 1879 .037 .036 1881 .044 ]882 .049 1883 .052 .044 .036 .032 1887 .030 .029 1889 .030 .026 1891 .031 ^Zr?- -TiT 05 •LE-so-i; P5::-::e-= am* wages. •t,'i-.>.£.>i.a n Cmfei .- T^-^^fs wumef mm4 ?)^i' i.-*» — ■■_ -t.---=)d. - 1* isr. SOT «. ?n=i»». Pa-Ma ?1» rSTI. 1^1 _ it m ■ii. y- A4« _1S" - IS* .46* ma .1411 Jfrij 5it i> ill- i_ «i ■;■- -^- '1 «. -.- s> ill f^ 15 44. :• K S3 EL 11 JTt-Q MS EiH -^ V, Uil ■' f-l " '. V l^T llL^ *e 1-^' 11 *G 1 1' 'l *e :i~ it! lit _ >• lies _i- ir; «ti -'^-1 '1- 4» iiK. cl 4S& l.-i- r^ \'. ■A lU. M -._ _- JH.W ;>. 1.1 »L "Jt JC»S3L !£: ^^ y? in !.'.-*l i«> :•■■ 5 .»{ C.*i ^'1 J&.3i ia> «^«; _:ii U.4» -_!• 4* t»? lat 4= -'L ii-t ■j{ ,. 4-_i? la i>? %.S str fc » :.ac ^' i' li ill a :5* *- -t 1*1 v. 'rfl -1*4 .la . 1-^ .Idk .US - 1^ 1*6 REPORT ON WIIOLK.SALF, PRICES AND WAGES. 2G7 Table 66. — IPholesaJe iirices of rvnimodilim hi /Idinlninj, lUrmnni), from 1S51 to ISDl, with vquivalcnls in United ^SlaUs muiirij niid measures — Coutiuued. SOUTHERN PHODUCTS— Concluded. Tear. 47. Olive oil. 48. French wino, exclusive of cliaiiii);i^iie. 49. Champagne. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Por hectoliter. Per gallon. Per 100 hottles. Per hottle. 1851 Marks. 77.82 96. 42 121. 56 109. 20 100.62 94.86 108. 30 86.04 91. ,56 112. 92 111.28 107. 76 103. 98 108. 72 104.28 131.46 128. 82 143. 46 111.30 113. 58 107. 60 102. 14 89.70 93. 14 98.68 lOU. 78 108. 78 110. 92 104.06 103. 20 93. 59 94.58 86.71 91. 29 92.52 86.65 93. 37 97.59 92.40 92.22 102. 36 $0,084 .104 .131 .118 .109 .102 .117 ,093 .099 .122 .120 .116 .112 .117 .113 .142 .139 .155 .120 .123 .116 .110 .097 .101 .107 .109 .117 .120 .112 .111 .101 .102 .093 .099 .100 .094 .101 .105 .100 .100 .111 Marks. 27.83 28.60 37. 69 55.03 77.00 65.60 79. 71 54.00 42.63 59. 39 62.89 56.17 52.11 41.79 47.65 39.46 46.45 51.23 49.62 42.92 48.67 57.22 64.08 75.28 59.95 56.21 70.63 77.53 75.40 97.67 91.96 79.77 83.33 66.56 70.41 73.25 73.22 78.79 81.51 87.26 83.66 $0. 251 . 258 .340 .495 .694 .691 .718 .480 .384 .535 .507 .506 .499 .376 .429 .356 .418 .462 .447 .387 .4:;8 .616 .577 .678 .540 .506 .636 .698 .679 .880 .828 .719 .751 .600 .634 .660 .660 .710 .734 .786 .764 Marks. 305. 39 2'.l.-.. 45 3112. 39 301. 26 310. 54 321 78 352. 97 331. 59 332. 45 328. 47 320. 23 329. 97 328.17 317. 55 328. 20 359. 61 346. 14 343. 86 347. 19 340. 05 370. 06 368. 51 377. 48 395. 74 387. 24 387. 30 388. 81 360. 56 369. 40 389. 11 400. 12 389. 96 410.34 379. 33 372. 62 350. 70 358. 12 348. 21 390. 16 402. 81 434. a $0,727 1852 .703 .720 1854 .717 1855 .753 18,")6 .766 .840 1858 1859 .789 .791 .782 1861 .762 18b2 .785 .781 lst;4 .750 .781 1866 .856 .824 1868 .818 1869 .826 .824 1871 .881 .877 .898 .942 .922 .922 .925 .858 .879 .926 1.-<.M 1882 188;i .952 .928 .977 .903 .887 .835 1887 .852 .829 1889 .92J .959 1.034 268 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 66. — Wholesale prices of commodities in Hamburg, Germany, from, 1851 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. TROPICAL PEODTJCTS (EXCLTTSIVE OP COTTON). Tear. 50. Coffee. Per 100 Per kilos, ponnd. 51. Cocoa. Per 100 kiloa. Per pound. 52. Tea. 63. Pepper. Per 100 Per I Per 100 kilos, pound, kilos. Per pound. 54. Pimento. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1851 ]S,i2 1853 1851 1855 18o6 lK->7 1858 18,59 1880 1861 1862 1803 1864 1865 1866 18S7 1868 1869 1870 1871 , 1872 , 1873 1874 , 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 _.. 1.--80 1881 1882 18,s:i 1884 lS,S,j 1886 1887 1S88 1889 1890 1891 Marks. 82.20 82.20 93.12 94.:;2 92.30 95.70 105. 54 91.20 106. 08 122. 22 123. 12 135. 24 141. 06 138. 78 130. 80 121. 80 109. 02 96.48 99.12 lUU. .56 111.79 146. 24 177. 38 180. 08 180. 08 166. 50 172. 18 149.42 136. 22 143. 15 124. 46 100. 33 100. 19 99.83 91.20 99.49 153.95 135. 31 159. 37 172. 07 163. 50 $0. 089 .089 .101 .102 .0(9 .103 .114 .098 .115 .132 .133 .146 .152 .160 .141 .131 .118 .104 .107 .109 .121 .1.58 .191 .201 .195 .180 .186 .161 .147 .155 .134 .108 .108 .108 .098 .107 .166 .146 .172 .186 .177 Markt. 68.02 64.20 67.80 67.74 92.10 102. 84 164. 94 105. 78 106. 14 129. 30 116.50 113. 64 113. 82 129.24 llfl. 64 132. 66 118. 20 97.02 94.62 95.34 99.94 110. 82 96.14 98.88 102. 86 130. 90 137. 38 160. 16 197. 42 131. 62 137. 99 140. 68 158. 77 148.55 160. 14 l.'!7. 78 142. 88 137. 01 127.44 132. 10 143.81 !0. 003 .069 .073 .073 .099 .111 .178 .114 .115 .140 .125 .123 .123 .140 .129 .143 .128 .105 .102 .103 .108 .120 .104 .107 .111 .141 .148 .173 .213 .142 .149 .152 .171 .160 .150 .149 .164 .148 .138 .143 .155 Marks. 300. 00 273. 42 296. 40 288. 06 262. 68 298. 80 334. 62 280. 02 335. 16 377. 10 295. 50 333. 96 350. 28 312. 48 288. 84 277. 74 341. 52 338. 04 309. 00 276. 60 275. 06 294. 84 280. 20 277. 42 286. 22 279. 22 238.16 223. 94 260. 52 237. 17 216. 74 214. 77 210. 18 212. 66 206. 47 203. 47 178. 74 206. 39 204. 36 198.46 214. 74 ;o. 324 .295 .320 .311 .284 .323 .301 .302 .362 .407 .319 .301 .378 .337 .312 .300 .369 .365 .334 .299 .297 .318 .302 .299 .309 .301 .257 .242 .270 .256 .234 .232 .227 .230 .223 .220 .193 .223 .221 .214 .232 Marks. 63.00 71.40 82.14 91.98 84.42 90.84 91.38 80.58 83. 52 80.22 75.72 75.24 71.88 69.90 65.22 63.18 64.44 53.40 83.52 96.70 110. 18 130. 32 143. 60 135. 90 112. 52 80.20 82.90 70.70 72.30 80.83 105. 77 110. 09 129. 35 146. 33 152. 50 159. 23 139. 35 160. 04 135. 80 113. 32 87.40 $0,068 .077 .089 .099 .091 .105 .099 .087 .090 .087 .082 .081 .078 .070 .070 .008 .070 .058 .690 .103 .119 .141 .155 .147 .121 .093 .090 .076 .078 .094 .114 .119 .140 .158 .165 .172 .150 .173 .147 .122 .094 Marks. 97.98 96.78 107. 52 104. 04 95.58 88.50 79.44 67.90 58.02 62.28 53.76 55.56 49.74 43.86 47.28 46.44 37.80 42.60 41.82 41.82 39.82 61.36 55.64 61.92 60.04 71.26 78.64 88.04 95.84 85.70 91.09 78.07 62.77 iil. 74 49.19 46.79 47.78 60.04 60.57 59.95 53.89 ^0.106 .104 .116 .112 /103 .096 .086 .063 .063 .067 .058 .000 .054 .047 .051 .050 .041 .046 .045 .045 .043 .066 .060 .067 .065 .077 .085 .095 .103 .093 .098 .084 .068 .056 .053 .051 .052 .054 .065 .066 .058 KEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 269 Table 66. — Wholesale prices of C(/mmoditie8 in Saniburg, Germany, from 1851 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. TKOPrCAl. PKODUCTS (BXCI-XJSIVE OF COTTON)— Continued. Tear. 1851. . 1852.. 1853.. 1854.. 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. 1858.. 1859.. i860.. 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1866.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 187:;.. 187;!.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882. 1883.. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887.. 55. Cassia. Per 100 kilo.s. Marks. 1890. 1891. 202. !219. 23'J. 227. 223. 204. 254. 194 163. 179. 176. 170. 180. 172. 171. 192, 204. 228. 260. 234. 213. 179. 155. 132. 112. 102. 99. 85. 82. 75. 85. 74. Per pouud. 0.218 .236 .251 .245 .242 . 221 .275 .210 .176 .194 .190 .185 .195 .186 , .185 .207 .221 .247 .281 .253 .230 .194 .168 .143 . 122 .111 .108 .093 .089 .082 .092 .081 .074 .069 .059 .055 .047 .041 .048 .043 .042 56. Eice. Per 100 kilos. Jtarks. 27. 18 23. 40 31.68 28.92 32. 58 25.20 24.90 20. 22 22. 08 24.48 24.06 23. 34 22. 92 22.98 24.78 22.74 23. 83 23.58 19.20 21.96 22.36 22.82 20. 42 23.02 19.30 19.88 21.22 22.42 21.02 19.82 19.75 17.84 19.25 18.44 17.37 16.37 16.93 16.67 17.53 17.67 18.19 Per pound. ).029 .025 .034 .031 .035 .027 .027 .022 .024 .026 .027 .025 .025 .025 .027 .025 .026 .025 .021 .024 .024 .025 .022 .025 .021 .021 .023 .024 .023 .021 .021 .019 .021 .020 .019 .018 .018 .018 .019 .019 .020 67. Sago. 58. Arrack. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 46.02 40.02 48.36 47. 22 53. 22 63.52 51.66 39.96 39. 84 41.22 41.22 47.22 43.08 45.24 41.28 37.74 38.16 43.92 43.56 37.32 36.20 36.34 37.52 40.52 38.32 36.14 39.68 42.04 40.82 36.88 37.87 33.78 29.40 26.73 28.67 27.00 26.91 31.43 32.20 27.25 26.31 Per Per 100 Per pound, kilos, pound. $0. 050 .043 .052 .051 .057 .057 .056 .043 .043 .044 .044 .051 .047 .049 .045 .941 .041 .047 .047 .040 .039 .039 .041 .044 .041 .039 .043 .045 .044 .040 .041 .036 .032 .029 .031 .029 .029 .034 .035 .029 .028 Marks. 48.18 46,98 56.88 64,68 83.52 81.60 79,26 63, 34 45,12 46,26 66.22 48.30 61.68 61.38 66.82 64.72 60.96 67.80 76.26 69.90 60.48 64.96 70.74 88.00 84.38 86.86 87.94 76.70 68.20 66.67 57.76 92.27 48.01 73.92 67.38 76.21 78.95 69.37 70.91 77.23 72.64 1.052 . 051 .001 .070 .090 .088 .086 .068 .049 .050 .061 .052 .066 .066 .061 .059 .066 .073 .082 .075 .065 .059 .076 .095 .091 .094 .096 .072 .062 .100 .062 .080 .073 .082 .086 .076 .077 .083 .078 69. Rum. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. Marks. 52. 38 49.02 66.18 70.20 77.16 72.18 88.38 62. 70 71.58 74.10 71.10 58.38 60.42 78.48 68.04 70.86 73.14 81.36 89.40 92.94 81.78 89.52 100. 56 106. 56 96.58 104. 28 108. 82 103. 08 98.22 107. 49 111. 32 104. 47 112. 04 87.40 103. 79 108. 84 108. 79 106. 09 102. 96 117. 94 94.15 $0. 057 .063 .071 .076 .083 .078 .095 .068 .077 .080 .077 .063 .005 .086 .073 .076 .079 .088 .097 .100 .088 .097 .109 .115 .103 .113 .117 .111 .106 .116 .120 .113 .121 .094 .112 .117 .117 .113 .111 .127 .102 270 EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND "WAGES. Table 66. — Wholesale pi-ices of commodities in Samhurg, Germany, from 1851 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — CoBtinued. TEOPICAL PEODUCTS (EXCLUSIVE OF COTTOK)— Continaed. Tear. 1851 1852 1853 1834 1855 185e...... 1857 1858 1859 18(30 1861 1882 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 60. Tobacco. Per 100 kilos. Maries, 109. 38 100. 38 113. 88 113. 88 122. 34 145. 26 165. 34 125. 70 140. 94 144. 18 162.78 172.44 136. 02 135. 30 113.82 104. 52 116. 04 122.04 139. 80 134. 94 139. 30 164. 02 148. 32 148. 22 142. 54 147. 92 141. 78 134. 54 126. 84 136. 45 130. 42 116. 29 112.26 123. 64 125.41 127. 61 115.18 114. 52 124. 35 130. 80 122. 28 Per pound. 0.118 .108 .123 .123 .132 .157 .168 .136 .152 .156 .176 .186 .147 .146 .123 .113 .125 .132 .151 .146 .150 .177 .160 .160 .154 .160 .153 .145 .137 .147 .141 .126 .121 .133 .135 .138 .124 .124 .134 .141 .132 61. ladigo. Per 100 kilos. Marhs. 967. 98 1, 026. 00 1, 103. 40 1, 064. 76 1,103.34 1, 103. 40 1, 316. 40 1, 323. 00 1, 325. 10 1, 406. 82 1, 486. 14 1, 628. 64 1, 291. 20 1, 342. 38 1, 303. 08 1, 460. 64 1, 459. 74 1, 568. 70 1, 734. 12 1, 742. 82 1, 630. 88 1,617.84 1, 418. 00 1, 476. 18 1, 451. 38 1, 303. 34 1, 314. 30 1, 259. 22 1, 246. 72 1, 304. 74 1, 393. 25 1, 362. 34 1, 303. 29 1, 223. 93 1, 089. 80 1, 114. 41 1, 079. 87 1, 046. 31 1, 198. 68 &27. 63 1, 069. 37 Per pound. $1. 048 1.108 1.191 1.149 1.191 1.191 1.421 1.428 1.431 1.519 1.604 1.758 1.394 1.449 1.407 1.577 1.676 1.694 1.872 1.881 1.761 1.747 1.531 1.594 1.567 1.407 1.419 1.359 1.346 1.409 1.504 1.471 1.407 ■ 1.321 1.177 1.203 1.166 1.130 1.294 1.001 1.154 62. Cochineal. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 813. 00 793. 80 987. 48 909.54 871. 14 851.88 812. 70 816. 76 786.24 628. 38 618. 96 545. .34 6(r7.50 726. 60 753. 90 797. 28 777. 96 875. 88 705.84 630. 12 622. 94 563. 28 567. 14 524. 52 466. 98 508. 84 669.28 523. 16 576. 52 698. 36 439. 30 355. 89 265. 48 250. 38 316. 40 303. 57 266. 63 239. 30 232. 38 230. a» 228. 15 Per pound. $0,878 .857 1.066 .982 .940 .920 .877 .881 .849 .678 .668 .589 .656 .784 .814 .861 .840 .946 .762 .680 .673 .597 .612 .566 .504 .549 .615 .565 .622 .646 .474 .384 .287 .270 .342 .328 .287 .258 .251 .249 .246 63. Logwood. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 9.43 10.02 14.28 15.72 13.74 13.98 12.18 10.32 10.98 12.06 13.44 13.86 12. 06 11.64 12.36 13.38 10.62 13.38 15.42 13.02 13.20 14.28 14.24 13.18 16.40 15.58 14.82 13.76 14.54 14.66 13. 75 14.13 13.35 13.45 12.63 12.60 12.65 14.83 16.29 15.79 13.91 Per pound. 0.010 .011 .015 .017 .015 .015 .013 .011 .012 .013 .015 .015 .013 .013 .013 .014 .011 .014 .017 .014 .014 .016 .015 .014 .018 .017 .016 .015 .016 .016 .015 .015 .014 .016 .014 .013 .014 .016 .018 .017 .015 64. Eedwood. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 24.78 24.42 25.44 24.96 26.46 26.58 33.90 23.16 26.26 21.78 18.96 17.10 16.90 16.80 18.78 20.40 21.72 24.84 21.36 16.68 15.42 14.02 14.78 22.12 20.18 16.66 15.68 15.86 16.72 19.66 17.09 15.56 14.95 13.31 11.14 11.87 12.09 12.58 11.48 11.31 13.97 Per pound. $0,027 .026 .027 .027 .029 .029 .037 .025 .027 .024 .020 .018 .017 .018 .020 .022 .023 .027 .023 .018 .017 .015 .016 .024 .022 .018 .017 .017 .018 .021 .018 .017 .016 .014 .012 .013 .013 .014 .012 .012 .015 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 371 Table 66. — Wholesale prices of commodities in Eamhiirg, Germany, from JS51 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Coutinued. TROPICAL PRODUCTS (EXCLUSIVE OF COTTON)— Conoladed. Tear. 1851. 1852. 1863. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1868. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891, 65. Mahogany. Per 100 Per kilua. pound. Marks 25.2 25.2 23, 24, 19 23. 28. 20. 23. 27. 23. 19. 27. 41. 27. 26. 19. 16. 14. 22. 20. 27. 25. 22. 20. 22. 21. 18. 18, 20. 19. 21. 22. 17. 16. 16. 17. 19. 21, 24, 19. 10. 027 .027 .025 .026 .021 .026 .030 .022 .026 .029 .025 .021 .030 .045 .030 .029 .021 .017 .016 .024 .022 .029 .028 .024 .022 .025 .023 .020 .020 .022 .021 .023 .024 .019 .017 .018 .019 .021 .024 .026 .021 66. Cane. Per 100 liilos. Marks, 32.82 32.68 36.06 31.56 33.00 36.00 53.34 49.14 41.40 37.74 36.96 42.24 53.28 58.44 53.52 50.82 41.76 44.04 43.44 44.64 43.00 56.12 59.82 69.22 66.58 60.66 52.60 49.24 47.54 64.73 56.47 56.42 56.09 61.42 63.27 51.21 52.43 46.61 46.97 46.27 47.00 Per pound. $0. 035 .036 .039 .034 .036 .039 .058 .053 .046 .041 .040 .046 .068 .063 .058 .055 .045 .048 .047 .048 .046 .060 .065 .064 .061 .055 .067 .063 .061 .059 .060 .061 .061 .066 .058 .055 .057 .050 .051 .050 .051 67. Palm oil. Per 100 kiloB. Markt. 56.82 58.38 72.80 95.88 85.74 81.60 89.22 76.32 83.46 80.46 81.12 75.64 64.32 72.36 72.24 77.40 80.16 82.08 83.04 79.08 103. 08 79.10 74.24 70.80 70.30 73.96 77.72 77.36 68.06 65.19 63.04 63.64 69.16 6&.90 54.54 45.39 42.78 40.13 44.62 46.77 48.19 Per pound. $0. 061 .063 .078 .104 .093 .088 .096 .082 .090 .087 .088 .082 .069 .078 .078 .084 .087 .089 .090 .085 .111 .085 .080 .076 .076 .080 .084 .034 .074 .070 .068 .069 .075 .071 .059 .049 .046 .043 .048 .051 .052 8. Ivory. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 909. 78 975. 18 1, 122. 66 1, 218. 90 1, 336. 84 1, 393. 86 1, 648. 38 1, 439. 10 1,391.16 1, 372. 26 1, 223. 16 1, 267. 54 1, 240. 92 1, 503. 24 1, 280. 04 1, 411. 62 1, 349. 76 1, 343. 46 1, 361. 14 1, 364. 16 1, 273. 34 1,510.88 1, 878. 20 1, 819. 66 2, 021. 96 1, 897. 82 1, 776. 60 1, 852. 88 1, 630. 30 1, 496. 00 1, 615. 50 1,748.77 1, 858. 13 1, 920. 69 1, 790. 43 1, 686. 63 1, 657. 62 1, 697. 86 1, 663. 86 1, 839. 27 1, 888. 66 Per pound. $0. 982 1.053 1.212 1.316 1.442 1.505 1.780 1.100 1.602 1.481 1.320 1.368 1.340 1.623 1.382 L624 1.457 1.450 1.469 1.473 1.375 1.631 2.028 1.964 2.183 2.049 1.917 2.000 1.653 1.615 1.744 1.888 2.006 2.074 1.933 1.821 1.790 1.833 1.796 1.986 2.039 272 REPORT ON "WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 66.~Wholesale prices of commodities in Hamburg, Germany, from 1851 to 1S91, with equivalents in United States money and measures— Continued. MINEEALS AND METALS. Tear. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. J858. 1859. 18(i0 1861. 1862 1863. 1861 1865. 1866. 1867 1868 1869. 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1S87 1888 1889 1890 1891 69. Coal. Per 1,000 kilos. Per 2,240 pounds 13.81 13.78 17.91 20.65 19.00 18.78 17.97 15.78 15.63 15.18 15.93 16.03 15.08 16.11 16.35 16.31 16.02 15.58 15.13 15.16 15.55 21.73 27.46 22.17 18.07 16. 56 15.40 13.95 13.10 13.16 12.67 12.66 12.65 12.52 12.31 11.88 11.65 11.69 13.20 L5.87 16.32 $3. 340 3.332 4.331 4.994 4.595 4.541 4.346 3.816 3.780 3.671 3.852 3.876 3.647 3.896 3.954 3.944 3.874 3.768 :). 659 3.666 3.760 6.255 6.640 5.361 4.370 4.005 3.724 3.373 3.168 3.182 3.064 3.061 3.059 3.028 2.977 2.873 2.817 2.827 3.192 3.838 3.947 70. Pig Iron. Per 100 kiloB. Marks. 5.58 5.82 7.92 10.44 9.48 9.18 8.82 6.90 6.54 6.54 6.18 6.30 7.32 7.56 7.38 7.08 6.96 6.72 6.60 6.96 7.26 12.54 14.36 10.26 8.20 8.08 7.18 6.40 5.72 6,54 5.94 6.20 5.96 5.77 5.14 4.77 5.04 4.90 6.17 6.43 5.60 Per ponnd. 1.006 .006 .009 .011 .010 .010 .010 .007 .007 .007 .007 .007 .008 .008 .008 .008 .008 .007 .007 .008 .008 .014 .016 .011 .009 .009 .008 .007 .006 .007 .006 .007 .006 .006 .006 .005 .005 .005 .007 .007 .006 71. Bar iron. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 16.02 16.62 22.20 25.38 22,74 24.12 24,00 20. 28 20.28 19.50 18.42 18.1^4 19.50 22.14 21.54 21.00 20.22 18.72 18.54 19,68 21.32 27.60 34,24 22,48 23, 62 20,52 18,72 17,48 15,76 16,55 16,01 17,58 16,31 15,18 14,26 13,58 13,86 14,08 16,35 17,10 16.77 Per pound. 1.017 .018 .024 .027 .025 .026 .026 .022 .022 .021 .020 .020 .021 .024 .023 .023 .022 .020 .020 .021 .023 .030 .037 .024 .025 .022 .020 .019 .017 .018 .017 .019 .018 .016 .015 .015 .015 .015 .018 .018 .018 72. Steel. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 49.20 55. 38 48.12 61.92 77.64 70.02 69.00 60.60 58.14 55.20 55.86 58.02 67.56 58.62 58.50 54.90 47.52 48.00 48.54 49.20 58.36 66,32 57,12 45,12 39,62 54.42 48.20 46.06 37.66 37.77 37.15 36.88 34.87 37.08 34.41 31.33 26.11 28.60 35.71 35.34 38.33 Per pound. $0. 063 .060 .052 .067 .084 .076 .074 .066 .063 .060 .060 .063 .073 .063 .063 .059 .051 .062 .052 .053 .063 .072 .062 .049 .043 .059 .052 .050 .041 .041 .040 .040 .038 .040 .037 .034 .028 .031 .039 .038 .041 73. Lead. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 36.78 33,18 42,22 47.16 61.54 47.64 46.68 41,22 44.28 42,42 41,64 39,78 39.66 40.98 39.06 40.92 38.16 40.56 39,60 40.98 39.30 53.70 63.08 45.08 50.22 47.92 44.12 40.92 37.30 37.01 31.15 30,34 28,78 25.08 25.89 26.16 31.71 32.83 37.46 48.86 45.35 Per pound. $0,040 .036 .046 .051 .056 .051 .050 .044 .048 .046 .045 .043 .043 .041 .042 .044 .041 .044 .043 .044 .042 .058 .068 .049 .054 .052 .048 .044 .040 .040 .034 .033 .031 .027 .028 .028 .034 .035 .040 .063 .049 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 273 Table 66. — Wholesale prices of oommodUies in Hamburg, Germany, from 1S51 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continuod, MIITEKALS AND MBTAIS-Continued. Tear. 74. Zlno. 73. Tin. 76. Copper. 77. Quidcailver. 78. Sulphur, raw. Per 100 Iciloa. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1851 Marks. 28.98 33.42 42.06 42.23 45. 17 49.92 56.52 46.80 41.76 39.78 36.00 35.76 35.76 43.14 41.94 43.86 43.08 40.20 41.40 38.76 35.90 43.90 55.64 46.08 48.14 50.90 44.74 45.70 34.24 39.85 30.32 36.38 36.43 34.25 25.14 27.28 28.06 29.85 32.37 40.58 45.41 $0. 031 .036 .045 .046 .049 .054 .061 .051 .043 .043 .039 .039 .039 .047 .045 .017 .047 .043 .045 .042 .039 .050 .060 .030 .052 .053 .048 .049 .037 .043 .039 .039 .039 .037 .027 .029 .030 .032 .035 .044 .049 Marks. 160. 98 174. 18 246. 84 237. 24 231. 30 266.22 29T. 84 .244. 38 273.48 276. 78 245. 16 238. 62 259. 44 222. 96 198. 48 179. 88 186. 06 192.90 241. 74 257. 88 276.46 311.42 297.34 212.78 198. 64 184.30 163. 38 146. 32 146.90 178. 42 187. 84 199. 87 198. 16 179.73 168. 53 169. 68 183.28 209.83 180. 31 177.35 175.13 $0,174 .188 .266 .236 .250 .287 .322 .264 .295 .299 .263 .238 .280 .241 .214 .194 .201 .208 .261 .278 .298 .336 .321 .230 .214 .199 .176 .158 .159 .193 .203 .216 .214 .194 .182 .183 .200 .227 .195 .191 .189 Marks. 173. 58 183.42 223. 26 232. 30 232. 80 240. 24 228. 34 205. 50 193. 68 2il-L 18 192. 00 189. 12 178. 62 194. 88 178. 20 187. 02 167.82 153. 72 155. 52 151.14 155. 58 190. 02 191. 50 177. 76 183. 12 181. 60 171. 14 151.62 135. 84 131.82 135. 15 143. 23 136.13 124. 84 110. 92 103. 32 96.31 134. 52 110. 17 110. 14 115. 61 $0. 187 .198 .241 .251 .251 .259 .247 .222 .209 .220 .207 .204 .193 .210 .192 .202 .181 .166 .168 .163 .168 .205 .207 .192 .198 .196 .183 .164 .147 .142 .146 .155 .147 .135 .120 .112 .104 .145 .119 .119 .123 Marks. 735. 60 620. 22 499. 80 436. 86 400. 32 387. 12 417. 34 408. 00 386. 70 443.34 433. 48 444. 06 434. 88 513.36 447.30 422. 82 447. 66 417. 06 447. 54 494. 70 603. 42 720. 13 846. 63 1, 303. 30 736. 50 oas. 98 343. 30 450.14 406. 20 434. 09 413.43 403. 05 . 334. 63 374. 47 375. 19 368. 80 438. 36 463. 32 523. 23 596. 32 483. 31 $0,794 .670 .340 .472 .432 .418 .451 .440 .417 .479 .470 .479 .469 .554 .483 .456 .483 .450 .483 .534 .651 .777 .914 1.407 .849 .755 .687 .486 .439 .469 .446 .436 .383 .404 .405 .398 .495 .500 .505 .644 .522 Marks. 14. 82 13. .18 13.02 10.02 11.10 10.56 18.54 16.44 17.04 20,40 15.60 13.80 12.36 14.70 13.50 13.02 12.; 72 12.90 14.58 13.00 13.42 12.78 11.36 13.80 13.78 12.00 11.86 12. 32 9.42 11.83 12.45 13.35 11.77 11. a 13.70 10.69 9.46 9.89 10.08 10.77 11.91 $0. 016 014 1852 .014 lS.i4 1855 .011 .012 .011 1857 .020 1858 .018 .018 I860 .022 1861 .017 1862 .015 1863 ... . .013 1864 .016 1865 .015 1866 .013 .014 ]868 .014 1869 .016 .016 1871 .014 .014 1873 .012 1874 .015 .015 1876 . .. .013 .013 1878 .013 1879 .010 .013 .013 1882 .014 .013 1884 .012 .015 1886 .012 1887 .010 .011 1889 .011 .012 1891 .013 S. Eep. 1394 18 274 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table eG.— TVliolesale prices of commodities i/n Hamburg, Germany, from 1851 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. MINEEALS AND METALS— Concladed. Tear. 79. Saltpetre, raw, Chile. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 80. Salt., Per 100 kilos. 81. Lime. 82. Cement. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1851. . 1852.. 1853.. 1854. . 1855.. 1856. . 1857.. 1858.. 1859.. I860.. 1861.. 1862., 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888., 1889., 1890.. 1£91., Marks. 27.60 29.40 34 02 33.84 45.48 30.84 35.40 29.82 27.54 25.68 23.76 27.72 26.76 29.28 24.96 23.10 21.72 24.18 30.36 31.38 31.08 29.68 28.96 23.96 23.14 23.12 27.76 29.76 28.28 30.48 28.70 26.07 22.37 19.25 20.48 19.48 19.30 19.02 18.37 16.02 16.66 1.030 .032 .037 .037 .049 .033 .038 .032 .030 .028 .026 .030 .029 .032 .027 .025 .023 .026 .033 .034 .034 .032 .031 .026 .025 .025 .030 .032 .031 .033 .031 .028 .024 .021 .022 .021 .021 .021 .020 .017 .018 Markt. 4.02 3.00 3.48 3.18 3.18 3.78 4.08 3.78 3.90 3.60 3.72 3.66 3.24 2.16 1.98 1.74 1.74 2.10 1.92 2.40 2.94 2.74 3.64 3.64 2.82 3.16 2.82 2.52 2.26 2.27 2.10 2.27 2.09 1.97 1.74 1.62 1.96 2.02 1.76 1.18 1.57 $0. 004 .003 .004 .003 .003 .004 .004 .004 .004 .004 .004 .004 .003 .002 .002 .002 .002 .002 .002 .003 .003 .003 .004 .004 .003 .003 .083 .003 .002 .002 .002 .002 .002 .002 .002 .002 .002 .002 .002 .001 .002 Marks. 3.00 3.00 2.82 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.36 3.24 3.18 3.12 3.30 3.12 3.00 2.76 2.70 2.52 2.58 2.82 2.40 2.40 5.04 3.12 3.32 3.58 3.46 3.58 3.40 2.82 2.68 3.12 3.02 3.04 2.52 2.31 2.44 2.30 2.06 2.06 2.26 $0. 003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .004 .003 .003 .003 .004 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .005 .003 .004 .004 .004 .004 .004 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .063 .002 .003 .002 .002 .002 .002 Marks. 6.58 5.82 5.40 5.82 5.64 5.64 5.70 5.46 5.16 5.28 5.34 5.16 6.10 4.86 4.92 4.80 4.98 4.44 4.32 4.38 4.34 4.68 6.26 5.54 5.14 6.04 4.98 4.72 4.74 4.47 4.43 4.25 4.48 4.33 4.19 407 3.98 3.64 4.07 4.01 4.05 $0. 006 .006 .006 .006 .006 .006 .006 .006 .006 .006 .006 .006 .006 .006 .005 .005 .005 .005 .005 .005 .005 .006 .007 .006 .006 .006 .005 .006 .005 .005 .006 .005 .005 .005 .005 .004 .004 .004 .004 .004 .004 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 275 Table 66. — Wholesale prices of eommodities in Samlurg, Germany, from 1851 to 1891, wiih equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. TEXTILE MATEEIALS. 83. Cotton. 84. -Wool. 85. Kax. 86. Hemp. Tear. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pouud; Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1851 Marks. 106. 38 100. 38 110. 16 90.60 90. 84 108. 84 126. 36 116. 28 109. 68 102. 36 128.40 236. 64 374. 16 436. 02 234. 12 262.14 202. 08 165. 52 192. 48 172. 02 147. 5b 167.22 163.64 148. 10 131.38 111.08 111.50 111. 24 113. 34 122.40 110. 22 111.78 101.00 102. 91 102. 42 96.46 92.30 102. 17 102. 69 99.73 97.24 $0. 115 .108 .119 .098 .098 .117 .136 .126 .118 .111 .139 .255 .404 .471 .253 .283 .218 .168 .208 .186 .169 .181 .166 .160 .142 .120 .120 .120 .122 .132 .119 .121 .109 .111 .111 .104 .100 .110 .111 .108 .105 Marks. 383. 68 3H6. 60 357. 00 377. 64 343.68 394. 38 435.72 407.28 416. 40 432. 30 387.66 417.00 399.24 334. 20 ■ 356. 88 331. 14 296.88 312. 78 287. 34 804.44 328. 02 387.38 340. 68 301.22 313. 90 270. 42 273. 76 302. 28 287. 08 284.75 288. 48 260. 59 246.47 200. 72 202. 48 187. 36 184. 67 1.62. 88 165.88 174.70 170. 68 $0. 414 .396 .385 .408 .371 .426 .470 .440 .450 .467 .419 .450 .431 .301 .385 .357 .321 .338 .310 .329 .364 .418 .368 .325 .339 .292 .296 .326 .310 .307 .311 .281 .266 .217 .219 .202 .199 .166 .179 .189 .184 Marks. 118. 20 116. 22 79.68 74.64 73.92 85.74 106. 02 112. 20 110.46 134.64 139. 80 142. 26 157. 80 135. 30 105.60 169. 32 168. 30 167. 82 162.54 161.56 131. 62 128.44 114. 32 115. 30 125. 88 119. 02 142. 66 122. 52 145.52 90.37 120. 47 111. 90 121.51 138. 86 148. 20 132. 34 96.92 89.99 90.00 88.55 74.56 $0. 128 .125 .086 .081 .080 .093 .114 .121 .119 .145 .151 .154 .170 .146 .114 .183 .182 .181 .175 .164 .142 .139 .123 .124 .136 .128 .164 .132 .167 .098 .130 .121 .131 .160 .160 .143 .105 .097 .097 .096 .080 Marks. 75.60 76.02 73.02 101. 22 ^8.36 68.58 70.38 60.78 60.42 64.92 64.08 66.18 77.94 75.42 56.64 68.70 66.96 75.90 78.42 70.08 80.70 77.28 72.08 79.40 72.50 68.42 73.60 62.66 56.66 67.09 60.16 59.72 60.85 64.99 62.52 62.66 67.40 66.40 62.39 ....57.1D. 57.11 $0. 082 .082 1852 1863 .079 1854 .109 1855 .085 1856 .074 1857 .076 1858 .006 1869 .066 I860 .070 1861 .069 1862 .071 1863 .084 1864 .081 1865 .061 1866 .074 1867 .072 1868 .082 1869 .085 1870 .076 1871 .087 1872 .083 .078 1874 .086 .078 1876 .074 .079 1878 .068 .061 1880 .062 .065 1882 .064 .066 1884 .070 .067 1886 . .. - .068 .062 .060 .067 1890 062 .062 276 EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 66. — Wholesale prices of commodities in Samburg, Germany, from 1851 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. TEXTILE MATERIALS— Concluded. Tear. 87. Silk. 88. Cordage. 89. E. ago. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. PerlOOkflos. Per pound. Marks, Markt. Marks. 3,8)3.78 $4. 117 67.02 $0,072 29.22 to. 032 3, 678. 18 3.971 73.20 .079 32.22 .035 3, »30. 00 4.243 67.14 .072 36.66 .040 3, 271. 92 3.532 102.00 .110 40.32 .044 3,136.15 3.386 108. 60 .117 33.78 .036 2, 884. 68 3.114 77.40 .084 34.14 .037 3, 815. 04 4.119 78.84 .085 36.48 .039 3, 408. 00 3.679 70.62 .076 32.52 .035 3, 758. 04 4.057 71.16 .077 33.60 .036 3, 771. 60 4.072 70.98 .077 33.18 .036 3,622.42 3.803 70.56 .076 35.22 .038 2, 913. 06 3.145 79.92 .086 30.48 .033 3, 694. 36 3.880 85.56 .092 35.04 .038 3, 666. 12 3.958 77.88 .084 40.20 .043 3,957.30 4.272 72.42 .078 33.54 .036 4, 137. 84 4.467 74.28 .080 36.72 .040 4, 942. 14 5.335 79.80 .086 38.28 .041 5, 148. 72 5.558 84.78 .092 35.34 .038 4,968.78 5.364 82.44 .089 37.68 .041 4, 610. 08 4.901 79.44 .086 37.38 .040 4, 537. 74 4.899 82.58 .089 34.74 .038 6, 009. 88 5.408 84.36 .091 29.82 .032 5, 012. 82 5.412 93.16 .101 32.92 .036 3, 784. 24 4.085 89.42 .097 31.62 .034 3, 335. 02 3.600 90.14 .097 35.02 .038 3, 943. 88 4.258 85.14 .092 33.10 .036 4,214.98 4.550 79.96 .086 29.18 .032 3,415.48 3.887 81.46 .088 30.76 .033 2, 890. 84 3.121 69.46 .075 28.84 .031 3, 300. 21 3.628 77.10 .083 32.39 .035 3, 189. 04 3.443 74.32 .080 32.62 .035 3,026.54 3.267 74.32 .080 29.82 .032 3, 326. 14 3.591 75.73 .082 29.23 .032 3, 092. 54 3.339 78.03 .084 28.23 .030 2,902.70 3.134 77.65 .084 25.51 .028 2,686.13 2.900 74.58 .081 23.55 .025 2, 616. 79 2.825 74.65 .081 21.23 .023 2, 876. 19 3.105 79.58 .086 21.50 .023 3, 637. 54 3.927 82.23 .089 24.75 .027 2,283.74 2.465 79.23 .086 24.40 .026 2,290.52 2.473 78.69 .085 26.89 .029 1851.. 1852., 1853.. 1854.. 1855., 1856., 1857., 1858. 1859. I860., 1861., 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1870., 1871., 1872. 1873. 1874., 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884., 1885., ■ 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 277 Table 66. — Wholesale prices of commodities in Hamhwrg, Germany, from 1851 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. MISCELLANEOUS AETICLES. Year. 90. Guano. 91. India rub- ber. 92. Gutta-percha. 93.Eosin. 94. Potash, prus- siateandchro- niate of. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1851 Marks. 21.00 19.02 21.24 23.88 23.40 23.34 26.52 24.54 21.72 24.30 22.86 25.74 24.12 23.46 24.36 23.46 20.28 20.70 24.12 21.54 23.44 24.60 14.42 14.26 12.94 15.32 12.74 14.58 11.34 12.03 11.88 15.94 14.04 11.99 11.07 9.89 9.40 7.96 10.13 10.42 9.20 $0. 023 .021 .023 .026 .025 .025 .029 .026 .023 .026 .025 .028 .026 .025 .026 .025 .022 .022 .026 .023 .025 .027 .016 .015 .014 .017 .014 .016 .012 .013 .013 .017 .015 .013 .012 .011 .010 .009 .011 .011 .010 Marks. 389. 58 283. 20 392.04 393. 12 272. 28 228. 60 228. 12 222.42 407. 34 452.70 295. 26 337. 02 314.94 268. 32 274. 14 392. 76 331. 92 350.34 267.84 348.06 385.64 438.54 406. 50 332.12 318. 14 324. 48 296.44 309. 70 361. 50 500.51 425. 76 455.34 485. 10 363. 29 368.20 440.92 452.61 381. 90 371. 62 444.11 376.31 $0,421 .306 .423 .424 .294 .247 .246 .240 .440 .489 .319 .364 .340 .290 .296 .424 .358 .378 .289 .376 .416 .473 .439 .358 .343 .350 .320 .334 .390 .540 .460 .492 .524 .392 .397 .476 .489 .412 .401 .479 .406 Marks. 172.98 176. 58 215.34 244. 38 170.64 173. 04 202. 02 169. 02 305. 70 304. 32 273. 60 284. 52 363. 90 438. 96 336.48 250. 26 292. 92 274. 44 197. 28 366. 18 310. 42 301. 12 310. 92 293.92 225.50 345.22 404. 26 412. 52 335. 52 289.66 314. 35 290. 86 274. 90 288. 35 261. 60 247.16 239.40 234. 38 350.59 364.64 312.81 $0. 187 .191 .232 .264 .184 .187 .218 .182 .330 .329 .295 .307 .393 .474 .363 .270 .318 .296 .213 .395 .335 .325 .336 .321 .243 .373 .436 .445 .362 .313 .339 .314 .297 .311 .282 .267 .258 .253 .378 .394 .338 Marks. 8.82 7.80 10.20 10.86 9.48 9.06 10.66 9.66 10.03 9.54 15.18 41.76 47.16 52.62 26.04 17.76 17.46 12.84 10.98 11.34 17.26 19.20 16.52 13.54 11.36 11.46 11.62 10.28 9.46 10.80 12.20 12.10 10.51 8.06 8.06 8.00 7.59 7.45 9.03 9.62 10.09 $0. 010 .008 .011 .012 .010 .010 .011 .010 .011 .010 .016 .045 .051 .057 .028 .019 .019 .014 .012 .012 .019 .021 .018 .015 .012 .012 .013 .011 .010 .012 .013 .013 .011 .009 .009 .009 .008 .008 .010 .010 .011 Marks. 189. 70 138. 15 150. 67 145.98 149. 29 168. 38 173. 47 166.28 204. 97 190. 93 166. 15 143. 22 149. 24 135.93 119. 40 120. 95 107.40 111.14 107.42 106. 14 141.28 194. 34 181. 69 136.47 118. 82 99.22 95.05 88.81 116.36 118. 33 120. 04 129. 68 111. 34 74.52 99.95 92.63 98.26 91.63 93.95 101. 74 99.50 $0. 151 .149 1852 1853 163 1854 1855 .158 .161 1856 1857 .182 .187 1858 .180 1859 .221 I860 .206 1861 .179 1862 .155 1863 .161 1864 .147 1865 .129 1866 - .131 1867 .116 1868 .120 1869 .116 1870 .115 1871 .193 1872 .210 1873 .196 1874 1875 .147 .128 .107 1877 .103 ,096 1879 .126 .128 1881 .130 .140 1883 .120 .080 1885 .108 1886 1887 .095 .106 .099 1889 .101 .110 1891 .107 278 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table GG.— Wliolesale prices of commodities in Hamhurg, G^*''™'"!?'' -'''^"^gd " ' with equivalents in United States money and measures — Conciu MISCELLANEOTIS AUTICLES— Concluded. 95. Pitch. 96. Fotasb, g. o , carbonate of. >"■ »oaa. 98. Tallow „g q. - candles. ^- ^*'^- 100. Vax. "Sear. Per 100 Per PerlOO Per IPerlOO Per PerlOO Per PerlOO Per PerlOO Per kilos. pound. kilos. }Ound. kilua. pound. kilos. [)Ound. kilos. ponnd. kilos. pound Markt. Maria. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. 1851 ■ii. HO *0.025 51.78 $0,056 18.42 $0,020 192.42 $0,208 13.62 $0,015 306. 18 $0,331 1852 •il. «0 18. 72 .023 .020 45.42 49.02 .049 .053 17.62 18.08 .019 .020 184.02 208.20 .199 .225 12.42 12.00 .013 .013 300.00 313. 44 .324 .338 1853 1854 2X64 .026 03.48 .069 17.30 .019 237. 18 .256 20.64 .022 304.98 .329 1835 22.50 .024 66.96 .072 16.67 .018 240.78 .260 20.22 .022 298. 80 .323 1856 17.22 .019 67.68 .073 18.15 .020 213.00 .230 12.24 .013 307.44 .332 1857 16.32 16.26 .018 .018 75.96 52.74 .082 .057 22.30 21.49 .024 .023 217.86 205. 14 .235 .221 12.18 11.76 .013 .013 309.00 321.96 .334 1858 .348 1859 18.96 .020 55,26 .060 21.12 .023 212. 10 .229 13.60 .015 289. 32 .313 1860 16,62 .018 48.48 .052 18.58 .020 211. 08 .228 16.62 .018 327. 48 .354 1861 22.98 :i7. 50 .025 .040 54.42 55.80 .01)9 .060 16.75 15.22 .018 .016 203. 10 190. 56 .219 .206 22.08 24.06 .024 .026 292,92 266.22 .316 1862 .287 Ig63 :(M. 34 .041 .o:!4 57.06 52.80 .062 .057 14.75 14.77 .016 .016 167.22 145.38 .181 .157 18.18 14.70 .020 .016 28:j.26 342.90 .306 1864 31.86 .370 1865 20.10 .022 52.38 .057 15.57 .017 144. 48 .156 12.66 .014 311.70 .336 1866 1 19. 50 1 16.92 .021 .018 45,12 45.18 .049 .049 19.46 18.15 .021 .020 154.20 156.00 .166 .168 11.22 11.70 .012 .013 295.62 325. 80 .319 1867 .352 1868 15.60 20.22 24.36 .017 .022 45.60 46.86 .049 1 14.80 .016 .015 .014 157.62 154.20 148.92 .170 .166 .161 12.60 14.10 15.90 .014 .015 .017 305.64 324.30 308.22 .330 1869 .051 .057 14.10 13.32 .350 1870 .026 1 52.58 .333 1871 17.54 .019 56.02 .000 16. 32 .018 149.12 .101 16.42 .018 316.66 .342 1872 20.94 .023 61.86 .067 25.08 .027 145.02 .157 18.90 .020 204. 14 .220 1873 21.96 .024 66.22 .071 19.57 .021 148. 98 .161 20.34 .022 190.80 .206 1874 24.70 21.96 .027 .024 65.78 52.10 .060 .056 17.08 15.16 .018 .016 148, 94 138.68 .161 .150 20.32 18.04 .022 .019 279.48 251.60 .302 1875 .272 1876 18.06 .019 50.52 .055 15.96 .017 138.24 .149 17.14 .019 241.70 .261 1877 18.06 .019 47.46 .051 14.52 .016 138. 98 .150 16.66 .018 2U7. 74 .234 1878 17.62 .019 43.64 .047 12.65 .014 132.16 .143 14.46 .010 233. 36 .252 1879 14.88 .016 36.16 .039. 12.09 .013 126.14 .136 14.62 .016 198.74 .215 1880 16.62 15.78 .018 .017 36.39 39.10 .039 .042 13.10 12.05 .014 .013 114.13 109.97 .123 .119 14.63 14.60 .016 .016 187.88 194.86 .203 1881 .210 1882 19.53 .021 42.82 .046 11.89 .013 110.42 .119 15.18 .016 168.46 .182 1883 17.88 ..019 40.71 .044 11.06 .012 118.60 .128 15.16 .016 191.65 .207 1884 17.81 .019 38.49 .042 10.42 .011 119. 84 .129 12.73 .014 190. 92 .206 1885 11.38 .012 34.59 .037 8.85 .010 116.23 .125 17.73 .019 164.93 .178 1886 12.13 .013 36.22 .039 7.77 .008 100.54 .109 14.38 .016 143.09 .154 1887 11.38 .012 35.82 .039 7.85 .008 89.89 .097 13.51 .015 152.82 .165 1888 11.18 .012 34.20 .037 9.09 .010 84.91 .092 14.60 .016 156.39 .169 1889 17.69 17.81 .019 .019 27.25 30.34 .029 .033 9.06 9.96 .010 .011 88.02 92.42 .095 18.03 .019 .019 133. 19 136. 26 .146 1890 .100 17.78 .152 1891 16.08 .017 35.16 .038 10.47 .011 90.17 .097 15. a .017 134.74 .145 KEPORT ON WHOLESALli: PRICES AND WAGES. Table 67.— Exjiort prices of commodities in England from 1851 to 1891. [Supplementary to Hamburg prices.] 279 1. Yam, cotton. Tear. 1851 1852 185;) ]85i 1K.55 1856 1857 1858 1859 18B0 181)1 1802 1863 1864 1865 186B 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1870 1877, 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883, 1S84 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890, 1891 Per pound. Per pound. 4iO. 224 .223 .228 .222 .212 .215 .239 .233 .239 .243 .254 .324 .528 .584 .486 .480 .428 .411 .406 .384 .378 .383 .360 .320 .297 .268 .261 .253 .250 .269 .251 .263 .248 .248 .235 .220 .219 .222 .226 .233 .212 2. Piece goods, plain. Per yard. d. 2.92 2.91 3.08 2,85 2.79 2.88 2.99 2.90 3.07 3.09 3.02 3.66 4.97 5.79 5.05 5.09 4.13 3.67 3.79 3.55 3.33 3.51 3.45 3.22 3.13 2.83 2.83 3.76 2.65 2.73 2.65 2.71 2.61 2.47 2.33 2.21 2.27 2.27 2.24 2.30 2.31 Per yard. 1.059 .059 .062 .058 .057 .059 .061 .059 .062 .063 .061 .074 .101 .117 .102 .103 .084 .074 .077 .072 .068 .071 .070 .005 .063 .057 .057 .056 .054 .055 .054 .055 .063 .050 .047 .046 .046 .046 .046 .047 .047 3. Piece goods printed. Per yard. d. 4.26 4.22 4.31 4.20 4.01 4.06 4.18 4.07 4.23 4.21 4.11 4.57 6.71 6.32 5.81 5.91 5.28 4.83 4.91 4.75 4.71 4.92 4.78 4.69 4.77 4.48 4.31 4.18 3.91 3.79 3.68 3.73 3.62 3.60 3.47 3.18 3.17 3.08 2.97 3.08 2.88 Per yard. .086 .087 .085 .081 -.082 .085 .083 .086 .085 .083 .093 .116 .128 .118 .120 .107 .098 .100 .096 .096 .100 .097 .095 .097 .091 .087 .085 .079 .077 .075 .076 .073 .073 .070 .065 .064 .062 .060 .062 .059 4. Stockings and socks. Per dozen pairs. 7.80 7.14 6.82 6.35 6.66 6.11 5.24 6.43 5.75 5.93 5.65 6.36 6.98 8.15 7.84 8.32 7.06 6.63 6.82 6.79 6.50 7.08 7.40 7.09 6.72 6.69 6.23 6.48 6.66 6.55 5.82 6.21 6.28 6.25 6.00 5.53 5.13 5.22 5.47 5.46 5.22 Per dozen pairs. 1.737 1.660 1.545 1.631 1.487 1.275 1.565 1.399 1.443 1.375 1.548 1.698 1.983 1.908 2.035 1.718 1.613 1.660 1.652 1.682 1.723 1.801 1.725 1.635 1.604 1.516 1.577 1,621 1.594 1.416 1.511 1.528 1.521 1.460 1.346 1.248 1.270 1.331 1.329 1.270 5. Thread, sew- ing. Per pound. >. 2.07 2.20 2.27 2.27 2.29 3.17 3.26 3.33 3.46 2.35 2.25 2.71 3.37 3.58 3.26 3.36 3.43 3.37 3.36 3.32 3.26 3.48 3.54 3.53 3.22 3.15 3.13 3.17 2.99 3.10 3.27 3.37 3.15 2.99 2.92 2.93 3.11 3.31 3.60 Per pound. ).501 .535 .552 .552 .557 .628 .548 .667 .596 .672 .648 .659 .820 .871 .793 .818 .836 .820 .818 .808 .793 .847 .861 .859 .891 .891 .784 .767 .763 .771 .728 .754 .796 .820 .767 .728 .711 .713 .767 .805 .876 280 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 67. — Export prices of commodities in England from 1S51 to 1891 — Continued, [Supplementary to Hamburg prices.] Tear. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1865. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859., I860., 1861. 1862., 1863., 1864., 1865., 1866.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869., 1870.. 1871. . 1872.. 1873.. 1874. . 1875.. 1876.. 1877. . 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884. . 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. 6. Glass, com. mon bottles. 7. Yam, linen. 8. Linen, plain. 9. Linen sail cloth and sails. 10. Tarns, wool- len and worsted. Per 112 Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per pounds pound. pound. pound. yard. yard. yard. yard. pound. pound. ». (J. d. d. d. 10.60 $0. 023 12. 12 $0,246 7.02 $0,142 8.94 $0. 181 24.29 $0,493 10.46 .023 11.44 .232 6.92 .140 8.97 .182 24.14 .490 10.85 .024 12.11 .246 7.65 .155 10.85 .220 25.04 .508 11.42 .025 12.81 .260 7.91 .160 12.24 .248 23.76 .482 10.89 .023 12.32 .250 7.59 .154 10.85 .220 22.90 .464 11.07 .024 13.05 .265 7.17 .145 10.95 .222 24.69 .501 11.07 .024 1.3.71 .278 7.35 .149 10.46 .212 27.60 .560 11.11 .024 13.08 .265 7.34 .149 10.45 .212 28.58 .580 10.54 .023 14.73 .299 7.27 .147 11.56 .234 31.30 .635 10.30 .022 13.85 .281 7.22 .146 10.98 .223 32.46 .658 10.16 .022 13.91 .282 7.16 .145 11.89 .241 30.13 .611 10.08 .022 13.65 .277 6.84 .139 12.28 .249 32.47 .658 10.18 .022 15.80 .320 7.55 .153 12.58 .255 36.92 .749 10.01 .022 17.90 .363 8.39 .170 13.67 .277 40.30 .817 9.97 .022 16.54 .335 8.08 .163 12.73 .258 40.31 .817 10.13 .022 16.95 .344 8.23 .167 12.75 .259 41.06 .833 9.98 .022 17.29 .351 7.79 .158 12.88 .261 37.28 .756 9.93 .022 16.91 .343 7.50 .152 13.39 .272 34.78 .705 9.91 .022 16.19 .328 7.06 .143 14.20 .288 35.74 .725 9.99 .022 14.42 .292 7.15 .145 12.65 .257 33.73 .684 9.71 .021 14.69 .298 7.39 .150 12.94 .262 33.49 .679 9.81 .021 16.40 .333 7.43 .151 14.29 .290 36.91 .749 10.18 .022 16.51 .335 7.62 .155 13.97 .283 37.26 .756 10.41 .023 15.17 .308 7.80 .158 14.41 .292 38.14 .773 11.08 .024 15.95 .323 7.59 .154 14.36 .291 38.58 .782 11.15 .024 15.62 .317 7.14 .145 14.37 .291 34.36 .697 10.99 .024 16.13 .327 6.93 .141 13.71 .278 32.12 .651 10.71 .023 15.76 .320 7.20 .146 12.96 .263 30.07 .610 10.20 .022 14.82 .301 7.08 .144 11.69 .237 26.71 .542 10.10 .022 14.25 .289 7.38 .150 12.15 .246 30.33 .615 9,92 .022 13.91 .282 7.03 .143 12.01 .244 26.04 .528 9.55 .021 13.71 .278 6.89 .140 12.44 .252 25.62 .520 9.27 .020 14.36 .291 6.95 .141 11.73 .238 23.41 .475 9.30 .020 13.95 .283 6.62 .134 10.95 .222 23.78 .482 9.57 .021 14.26 .289 6.35 .129 10.83 .220 24.19 .491, 9.49 .021 14.12 .286 5.98 .121 11.09 .225 23.19 .470 9.45 .021 13.77 .279 6.07 .123 11.01 .223 23.73 .481 9.38 .020 14.48 .294 5.57 .113 10.51 .213 22.81 .463 9.46 .021 14.54 .295 5.57 .113 11.05 .224 22.97 .466 9.27 .020 13.58 .275 5.42 .110 10.58 .215 23.87 .484 9.39 .020 14.52 .295 5.42 .110 10.71 .217 22.64 .459 REPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 281 Table 67. — Export prices of commodities in England from 1851 io 1891 — Concluded. [Supplementary to Hamburg prices.] Tear. 11. Cloths, etc. 12. Flannels, etc. 13. "Worsted staffs. 1 14. Carpets, etc. Peryard. Peryard. Peryard. Peryard. Peryard. Peryard. Peryard. Peryard. 1851 d. 24.82 24.56 26.10 24.43 26.30 24.34 24.34 25.89 29.09 30.12 29.81 30.36 34.28 36.74 37.70 39.15 40.99 36.66 36.37 35.17 37.52 41.19 41.00 39.53 39.09 38.25 35.72 34.53 31.89 32.34 32.55 34.18 38.30 41.42 40.23 39.56 40,04 39.56 40.53 31.76 30.07 $0,503 .498 .529 .495 .533 .494 .494 .525 ' .690 .611 .605 .616 .695 .745 .765 .794 .831 .743 .738 .713 .761 .835 .831 .802 .793 .776 .724 .700 .647 .656 .660 .693 .777 .840 .816 .802 .812 .802 .822 .644 .628 d. 14. ]5 13.91 14.63 13.18 15.25 14.76 16.01 15.21 15.35 15.74 17.80 18.64 19.59 19.92 19.55 19.24 18.54 18.17 17.68 17.28 17.55 17.65 18.10 19.76 18.47 17.62 17.68 16.86 16.59 16.45 15.18 15.13 14.82 13.98 13.08 12.49 12.27 11.83 11.65 12.34 12.42 $0,287 .282 .297 .267 .309 .299 .325 .308 .311 .319 .361 .378 .397 .404 .396 .390 .376 .369 .359 .350 .356 .358 .367 .401 .875 .355 .357 .342 .336 .334 .308 .307 .301 .284 .265 .253 .249 .240 .236 .250 .252 d. 0.83 9.26 10.52 10.06 9.60 10.07 10.28 10.42 11.02 11.32 11.99 12. 9S 12.07 13.84 13.76 14.04 14.64 13.99 14.62 14.03 14.02 14.54 12.11 10. 93 10.64 9.90 9.52 9.28 8.90 9.15 9.04 9.65 9.94 9.64 9.35 9.25 8.87 8.63 8.80 8.69 8.67 $0. 199 .138 .213 .204 .193 .204 .209 .211 .223 .230 .243 .263 .245 .281 .279 .285 .295 .284 .295 .285 .284 .295 .246 .222 .216 .201 .193 .188 .181 .186 .183 .196 .202 .196 .190 .188 .180 .175 .178 .176 .176 d. 35.28 32.56 29.60 29.03 30.52 32.22 33.06 28.00 30.88 31.55 30.01 29.95 31.09 34.60 36.00 38.45 39.62 35.59 36.45 35.67 36.10 38.93 38.64 38.60 37.00 34.75 31.52 30.44 28.83 29.16 28.78 28.14 28.24 26.16 25, 74 25.41 24,27 24,76 25.24 24,92 24.84 $0. 715 1852 .660 1853 .600 1854 .589 1855 .619 1856 . .. .. .653 1857 .670 1858 .668 1859 . . .. .626 I860 .640 1861 .609 1862 .607 1863 .630 1864 .700 1865 .730 1866 .780 1867 .803 1868 .722 1869 .739 1870 .723 .732 1872 .790 1873 .784 1874 .783 1875 .760 1876 -. .705 1877 ,639 .617 1879 .585 1880 .591 1881 .584 1882 .571 1883 .573 1884 1885 .631 .622 .615 1887 .492 1888 .502 1889 .512 .505 1891 .504 282 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 68. — Relative prices of commodities in Hamburg — Calcillations of Dr. Soetieer. [1847 to 1850=100.] Tear. 1. WTieat. Wheat flour, 3. Eye. 4. Eye flour. 5. Oats. Barley. 7. Malt. Bnck- wheat. Pease. 10. Beans. 11. Pota- toes.a 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854.. 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. 1858.. 1859.. 1860. . isni.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 3806.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1S70.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1S7.5.. 1876.. Iii77.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 18S3.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.- 85.49 89.51 108. 33 155. 25 100. 49 150. 02 115. 74 95.06 101. 23 118. .52 126. 54 118.83 102. 47 85.80 88.89 104. 63 146. 30 140. 43 107. 41 103. 39 123.25 128. 19 133.44 119. 90 105. 45 109.26 125. 10 110. 19 109. 88 111.83 114. 25 105. 09 95.99 86.32 78.86 77.47 77.31 80.20 73.77 76.44 96.97 86.51 94.81 113. 49 142.74 150. 22 145. 23 115. 15 98.75 95.02 112. 24 120. 75 109. 13 92.05 85.06 88.17 101.24 120. 95 114. 52 103. 94 102. 90 110.30 119. 02 126. 28 119.50 98. 13 102. 42 109. 06 108. 37 108. 78 109. 61 115. 21 110. 75 99.80 84.72 78.39 72.96 71.54 73.65 70.06 73.37 83.68 112. 75 117. 65 135. 29 175. 49 190. 19 175. 98 125.49 111. 76 114. 71 129.90 127. 94 138. 73 125. 00 99.61 111.27 125. 98 174. 02 171. 08 143.63 127. 94 152. 78 129.25 148. 37 160. 98 135. 95 140. 52 144. 77 116. 99 118. 46 150. 08 161.44 131. 29 118. 30 114. 13 99.75 90.28 82.19 87.91 88.48 103. 92 141.42 111.92 139. 19 150. 30 184. 65 205. 25 192. 73 183. 43 153. 54 147. 88 144.24 160. 81 154. 34 128. 48 110. 30 120. 40 147. 88 177. 37 174. 95 141.82 146. 26 14). 57 154. 48 169.43 170. 10 152.86 162. 02 161. 21 149. 90 144. 78 170. 57 172. 79 142. 02 121. 01 121.35 113.27 103. 30 95.89 83.16 101. 08 114.48 161. 52 129. 03 122. 04 139. 25 161. 29 154. 84 149.46 138.17 129. 03 128. 49 134. 95 131. 18 122. 58 104. 30 118.28 138. 17 140. 86 153. 23 163. 98 156. 99 130. 29 139. 61 134.59 147. 85 165. 59 158. 42 156.27 151.25 129. 39 125. 99 133. 07 141. 13 139. 07 123. 12 123.12 123. 57 117. 03 98.66 90.95 106. 81 115. 50 123.66 83.68 105. 86 103. 35 130. 96 127. 20 136. 82 123. 43 103. 35 111. 30 118. 41 118. 41 113. 81 106. 28 92.89 110. 04 131. 80 138. 9] 147. 56 143. 10 112. 87 127. 89 152. 72 159. 14 154. 39 152. 30 135. 98 146. 02 140 73 152. 72 147. 70 145. 68 138. 77 121.12 112. 48 S9. 65 108. 58 90.86 102. 58 98.68 96.51 100. 91 70.54 110. 12 105. 95 110.71 145.24 149. 70 136. 61 124.11 105. 36 107. 14 121. 73 112. 50 111.01 97.93 92.86 139. 29 146. 43 135. 71 131. 25 116. 07 119.25 131.85 142. 06 161. 71 148. 81 145.04 147. 92 148. 31 140. 97 151. 39 148. 02 143. 25 142. 96 146. 08 137. 50 131. 50 134.03 122. 92 133. 68 138. 89 148.76 79.44 113. 55 143. 93 146. 73 145. 33 144.86 132. 71 117. 29 99.07 118. 22 121. 96 115. 26 104. 67 107. 48 108. 41 115.42 122. 43 143.93 139. 72 128. 97 124.45 125. 70 137. 69 138.32 132. 71 151.25 139. 10 126. 01 134.58 143. 93 128. 27 133.64 169. 78 119. 31 126. 71 107. 32 90.34 93.22 98.75 96.50 120.25 89.37 102. 33 135. 35 146. 05 145. 58 109. 30 139. 53 138. 14 134. 88 138. 14 136. 74 138. 60 111. 63 100.00 116. 74 136. 74 145. 12 159. 53 145.12 134.88 141.55 146. 98 172. 56 163. 72 160.31 161. 24 155.97 147. 91 149. 92 156. 50 161. 94 16.1. 57 142. 79 142. 87 137. 05 116. 67 116. 74 121. 09 116. 67 113. 10 130. 31 125.14 124.29 152. 26 131. 36 156. 21 128.25 107. 91 112.99 115.54 118.64 118.93 116.25 102. 82 109. 04 126.99 122. 03 120.34 127. 97 113 56 128. 81 114. 78 116. 85 135. 59 125.89 111. 86 108. 29 119. 40 105. 08 114.41 124.91 122. 98 116. 81 118.60 116. 15 111. 21 94.35 96.61 98.59 98.35 103. 86 101,41 82.16 89.37 116. 58 124.68 129. 01 130. 99 95.50 66.49 74.95 110. 09 137. 30 87.39 86.31 93.51 94.60 99.82 126. 95 107. 03 101. 80 101. 26 113. 61 118.92 118.74 128.83 119. 82 121. 08 138. 74 134.41 142.34 140. 18 112. 61 91.17 110.81 101. 62 98.56 98.20 97.30 121. 98 117. 12 123.42 156.94 a The prices are those paid by Hamburg instilutiona (hospitals, etc.) for large purchases. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 283 Table < S.—BcUtive prices of commodiiies in Eamhurg—CalciUations of Dr. Soeibecr — Continued. [1817 to 1850=100.] Year. 1851. 1852. 1863. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 188/. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Hops. 1«. 168. 218. 314. 241. 140. 144. 132, 185. 332. 221. 171. 226. 250. 282. 364. 291. 206. 183. 207. S20. 313. 315. 425. 322. 309. 280. 217. 268. 261. 255. 412. 517. 348. 242. 213. 198. 209. 206. 267. 267. 13. Clover seed. 112. 97 132. 93 148. 94 167. 62 172. 45 191.81 178. 61 169. 55 183. 49 167. 76 160. 07 151. 61 146, 46 143.70 204. 42 195. 58 223. 55 176. 94 151. 61 177. 18 201. 69 188. 19 156. 92 165. 90 172. 71 209, 75 213. 74 171. 17 167. 22 162. 45 151.85 158, 91 200. 50 173. 84 165. 52 145. 86 137. 32 136, 14 143. 86 128. 12 142. 16 Kape. seed. 84.95 91.90 110. 15 114. 12 165. 97 140. 97 128. 01 124.77 102. 78 113. 89 117. 36 135. 88 120. 37 121. 99 129. 63 116.44 115. 05 105. 79 120. 83 134. 49 141. 74 122. 62 108. 18 98.77 112. 11 120, 45 127. 78 113. 12 102. 39 92.44 107. 80 113.89 119. 02 95.72 90.24 93.98 86.19 92.25 96.84 98.92 97.07 15. Rape, seed oil Linseed oil. 87.43 91.81 93. 96 115. 55 147. 31 131.76 132. 75 110. 34 98.68 110. 01 105. 38 123. 90 117. 37 109. 43 114. 81 116. 71 99.75 90.98 96.78 122. 83 111. 22 103, 14 88,01 91.34 90.49 94.54 102. 70 93,38 81.97 79.13 80.81 80.14 98.68 88.60 74.57 66.50 69.99 69.46 71.82 80.07 13.20 113. 77 io;i. 49 106. 45 129. 60 137. 20 134. 33 136. 69 110. 28 102. 57 102, 06 111, 51 135, 66 147, 69 130.73 120 66 137. 31 131. 96 118. 50 110. 69 114.18 120. 09 123. 71 119. 84 108. 39 92.15 96.20 105. 62 101. 23 99.08 102. 80 99.45 93.88 85.63 78.81 84.87 76.89 74, 24 68.14 75.56 83.68 82.91 17. Oil oalte. 87.82 90.15 114. 10 128. 85 148. 08 139. 74 140. 38 142.31 126. 28 114. 10 113.46 141.67 137. 18 121. 79 161. 54 134. 62 134. 62 169. 87 168. 59 174. 36 161.32 185.47 161,11 158. 33 171, 79 173, 93 171, 68 180, 98 165. 17 160. 90 165. 92 159. 62 149. 36 141. 56 130. 66 117. 31 120. 51 128. 31 135. 79 132. 26 134. 29 18. Raw sugar. 93.30 88. 44 101.71 104. 07 108. 94 140. 47 158. 87 116. 16 113. 93 117. 87 97.63 97.24 96.46 119. 32 99.34 95.27 96.45 103. 55 119. 84 113.80 169. 83 116. 08 112. 22 110. 29 101. 40 104. 86 123.48 121. 73 112. 22 112. 16 110. 75 108. 13 101.99 80. 29 68. 23 62.65 55.19 52.91 73.30 61.21 62.44 19. Refined sugar. 20. Spirits from grain or pota- toes. 91.55 89,44 100, 00 97,78 117,11 136. 11 156. 81 129. 67 123, 23 119,11 118, 16 112, 14 110. 24 126, 93 108, 66 111. 09 111. 72 118. 16 126. 29 121. 12 130. 94 133. 61 123. 86 114. 36 109. 22 107. 60 121.40 107. 88 101. 30 106. 18 104. 72 102.11 98.29 82.35 68.32 65.70 57.95 65.86 71.28 68.97 67.11 102, 47 142. 86 166,33 228. 00 222, 52 211,28 171, 87 112, 04 125, 02 147. 36 161. 67 140. 42 124. 52 124. 71 112. 70 116. 12 161. 00 166.15 142. 92 125. 25 136. 69 139. 12 147. 36 147. 77 114. 76 110. 45 121. 32 125.28 127. 87 145. 87 148. 78 124. 17 131.68 119, 16 105, 26 76,24 74,60 65.00 63.35 73.93 115.24 1-20. Total. 99.-00 110.71 128. 18 150.49 168. 82 149. 03 138.11 119. 92 119. 48 133. 75 131.46 126. 80 120. 12 117. 89 126. 48 137.64 146. 38 141. 69 132. 40 131. 23 144.76 144. 17 146. 21 150. 99 138. 16 141. 06 145. 34 132. 50 132. 92 138. 11 137. 50 138.45 143. 33 123.85 110. 75 101.31 96.28 98.18 102. 06 107. 53 U9.88 284 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 68.— Belaiive prices of commodities in Hamlurg— Calculations of Dr. Soefbeer— Continued. [1847 to 1850 = 100.] 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Year. Beef.o Veal.o Mut- ton.a Pork.a Milk.a Butter.a Cheese. Tallow. Lard. Hides. Calf skina. 1851 88.89 86.42 102. 15 115. 12 95.71 101. 67 98.42 85.46 108. 05 107.25 104.23 1852 80.56 79.01 102. 15 115.12 96.71 101. 67 103. 16 95.18 114. 24 101.03 89.35 1853 86.13 88.89 102. 15 115. 12 95.71 128. 33 115. 36 118.92 323.71 123. 17 107. 12 1854 90.28 91.36 102.35 115, 12 95.71 139. 17 127. 48 143. 90 124. 81 130, 98 135.54 1855 109. 72 306. 17 102. 15 127. 91 96.71 145, 00 134.79 131. 70 125.64 134. 99 130.42 1856 105. 56 102. 47 102. 15 123. 26 95.71 160, 83 131. 17 126. 22 130. 93 154. 79 163.58 1857 100. 00 101. 23 102. 15 117.44 95.71 155.00 136. 37 132. 21 135. 60 207. 81 188. 60 1858 300.00 101. 23 302. 15 111. 63 95.71 162. 50 131. 10 116. 51 112. 60 141. 67 132. 69 1859 90.28 91.36 102. 15 104. 65 95.71 163. 33 129, 89 128. 78 111.21 161.72 179. 96 1860 P8.ll 88.89 102. 15 109. 30 96.71 165. 83 135. 24 130. 53 121. 33 171. 67 200. 69 1861...... 95.83 91.36 102, 16 109, 30 85.71 142. 60 124. 15 125. 35 116. 08 144.12 153.73 1802 109. 72 101. 23 112.90 122. 09 100. 00 138. 33 123. 12 113.00 95.43 138. 72 144.23 1863 106. 94 97.53 113.98 122. 09 86.71 130, 00 135. 92 100. 00 81.38 123. 79 160.46 1864 111.11 102.47 113. 98 122, 09 85.71 150, 00 129. 29 95,40 104. 77 127.58 176.46 1865 122. 22 125. 93 89.25 122, 09 167. 14 162, 50 132. 38 101. 17 144.39 119. 50 170.50 1866 133. 33 128. 40 107. 63 112. 79 142, 86 169. 17 139. 53 100.29 127. 58 119.35 155.96 1867 141. 67 128.40 100, 45 108. 14 142, 86 146. 67 144.28 112. 42 HI. 79 124.03 160, 62 3868 136. 11 132. 10 108. 60 117, 44 167. 14 180. 83 136. 82 109. 20 133. 18 138. 93 164.81 1869 138. 89 129. 63 112. 90 130. 23 157. 14 178. 33 145. 18 108. 84 139. 30 126. 97 159.63 1870 138.89 125. 93 119. 35 122. 09 142. 86 156. 67 138. 25 107.83 134.41 134. 83 169.77 1871 160. 00 137. 04 126. 88 108. 14 142. 86 170, 00 143. 82 107, 01 130. 07 165.92 171.29 1872 152. 78 153. 09 160. 22 124. 42 171. 43 165.83 161. 14 105. 31 86.79 181.84 102.41 1873 169. 44 153. 09 116. 33 137. 21 171.43 190. 00 161. 05 102. 53 92.91 187.74 191. .32 1874 165. 28 170.37 131. 18 127. 33 171.43 215. 83 159. 18 100. 39 113. 79 178. 43 173. 53 1875 162. 50 148. 77 140. 86 136, 05 200. 00 200. 00 160. 00 105. 95 131.21 163. 50 154.21 1876 170.83 177. 78 163.44 126. 74 185. 71 217.50 160. 09 107. 04 3 20.06 133. 89 123.95 1877 173. 61 387. 65 160. 22 127. 91 200. 00 195. 00 174. 60 104. 60 105.35 135. 50 112. 55 1878 172. 92 179. 01 165, 91 118. 60 200, 00 182. 50 154. 57 99.46 83.81 125.59 103.21 1879 158. 33 170. 37 150. 54 116. 28 185. 71 168. 33 145. 53 86.41 78.11 125. 06 112. 68 1880 168. 06 174.07 153. 76 132. 56 171. 43 193. 33 160. 92 84.73 90,29 140. 25 136. 17 1881 151. 39 180. 25 355.91 144. 19 171.43 200. 83 163. 64 89,88 120, 40 143. 05 125.42 1882 363.89 181.48 162.37 134. 88 171. 43 200. 00 143. 30 105. 97 125.34 140. 16 126.04 1883 165. 28 186. 42 174. 19 126, 74 171. 43 191. 67 147. 77 109.34 106. 28 140. 54 124.87 1884 101. 11 187. 65 156.99 117.44 171.43 190. 00 144.23 92.38 86.18 140. 68 120. 93 1885 150. 00 185. 19 141. 94 117.44 171. 43 176. 67 130. 23 84.99 72.97 141. 33 123. 00 1886 150. 00 183.95 146, 24 125. 58 167. 14 167. 50 128. 11 69.27 69.15 128, 24 115. 66 1887 144.44 186. 42 133. 23 119. 77 142, 86 172. 50 130. 52 68.15 74.79 124. 40 104.38 1888 140. 28 392.69 138. 71 118. 60 142, 86 180, 00 143. 65 68.35 91.65 112. 27" 94.76 1889 148. 61 182. 72 137. 63 139. 53 142. 86 197. 50 140.44 75.80 82.14 108. 95 81.43 1890 156. 94 186.42 147. 31 147. 67 157. 14 183. 33 142. 67 68.09 72.71 104. 25 88.83 1«91 163. 89 186.42 135.48 139. 53 157.14 187.50 149. 40 68.05 71.36 103. 64 86.73 a The prices are those paid by Hamburg ii»stitutions (hospitals, etc.) for large purchasea. EEPOET ON WHOLESALK PRICES AND WAGES. 285 Table 68. — Belaliiie prices of commodities in Mamhury — Calculations of Dr. Soetleer — Continued. [1847 to 1850 = 100.] Tear. 32. Leath- er. Horse- liair. Bris- tlea. Feath- ers. 36. Bono. 37. Ox horna. Mucil- age. Bgg8. (a) 40. Her- ring. 41. Cured fish. 42. Fish oU. 1851. 1852. 1863. 1854. 1855. 1866. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1801. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866, 1807. 1808, 1.869 1870 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874 1875, 1876 1877, 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1833 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 114. 99 116.17 100. 41 108. 48 128. 40 141. 20 162. 87 140. 52 157. 23 166. 2b 140. 56 153. 90 155. 57 166. 08 162. 88, 184. 19 134. 52 111.62 127.36 128. 70 110. 80 138. 94 126. 92 148. 35 116. 08 121.55 114. 16 99.00 100. 35 114. 38 119.36 120.88 136. 75 140. 93 125. 39 127. 77 125. 42 116. 62 128. 94 136. 06 129. 98 136. 07 105. 47 136. 01 122. 67 96.44 151. 00 165. 43 140. 28 160. 09 144.97 123. 11 122. 33 125. 20 .116.43 109. 59 98.42 124, 46 134. 85 158. 96 149, 76 197, 65 163. 45 154. 53 131. 63 144 90 114. 78 98.17 94.60 89.8; 104. 89 96.48 119. 51 133. 05 135. 63 125.24 106. 78 111. 62 182. 00 105. 16 106. 60 100. 27 116, 54 120. 32 139, 76 170. 68 137. 03 119. 23 136. 94 125. 13 126. 67 179. 07 134. 30 131. 79 105. 08 150. 52 142. 25 166, 80 141. 62 119. 61 124.98 155.31 169. 61 206. 44 231. 57 204. 89 207. 35 216. 66 206. 21 181, 198. 92 217.59 215. 48 228. 92 233. 01 240.70 211. 43 202.84 217. 01 191. 81 198. 68 208. 73 219. 46 108. 52 115.40 110. 22 104. 82 117. 61 114. 65 112. 16 109. 20 111. 10 102.36 103. 25 109. 102. 99 97.53 107. 44 108. 62 104. 07 111.10 115. 78 135. 29 131.81 136. 03 152. 97 152. 72 185. 89 166. 79 132. 29 118. 58 130. 93 119. 32 116. 86 lOO. 96 HI, 36 108. 28 100. 60 97.90 98.27 98.09 87.56 85.83 90.64 105. 20 107. 52 115, 79 119. 55 136. 09 133. 83 140. 60 130. 08 134. 59 115. 04 119. 55 119. 55 123. 31 121. 06 119. 55 124. 81 127. 07 113.5; 146. 37 154. 89 150. 63 163. 41 160. 15 176. 19 194. 24 168. 92 160. 40 152.13 128. 07 141. 10 142.23 160. 53 170. 18 164. 127. 94 100. 39 116. 17 114. 29 113. 16 132. 96 116. 04 126. 03 136. 76 140. 20 128. 09 104. 71 115. 29 144. 41 171.18 177. 60 201. 62 173. 09 158. 82 157. 94 146. 88 168. 38 174. 26 203. 97 173. 38 235. 49 179.'4] 169. 71 206. 42 158. 43 183. 68 200. 23 202. 94 240. 25 192. 70 190. 93 291. 37 286. 37 258. 90 211. 67 212. 92 209. 76 220. 56 190, 163. 33 194. 63 135. 74 150. 37 99.20 96.67 97.21 114. 05 127. 37 118. 12 167. 52 162. 73 141. 10 129. 85: 140.701 126. 58 121. 79 116.12 119. 15 117. 64 109. 42 116. 68 168. 16 132. 80 143.65 184. 73 185. 69 168. 45 155. 24 136. 37 121. 89 116. 31 121. 07 128. 77 123. 68 138. 73 138. 04 140. 64 143. 68 126. 44 130. 34 133. 13 123. 26 111. 117. 73 123. 28 123. 28 123. 28 123, 28 123. 28 123. 28 123, 28 123. 28 123. 28 123. 28 123. 28 138. 79 132. 47 136. 21 120. 69 126. 16 119. 83 125. 86 129. 60 129. 31 142. 24 162. 30 164. 94 159, 48 163, 51 155. 76 150. 86 154. 31 148.56 165. 75 162. 36 152. 30 153. 16 154. 02 148. 85 149.43 135. 06 146. 55 143. 68 156. 61 143. 68 90.64 126. 51 125. 10 121. 98 122. 66 132. 65 103. 84 135. 53 144.54 130. 61 147. 85 135, 70 128. 99 128. 94 149. 53 159. 56 152. 40 151.60 126. 23 126. 27 148. 06 143. 36 153. 58 167.53 154. 86 163. 36 176. 40 163. 70 186. 09 160. 35 168.40 176.44 160. 64 159. 36 144. 64 131. 26 114. 96 124.84 121. 38 123. 26 144.06 95.24 103. 17 109, 92 122. 62 133. 73 124. 40 140, 03 127. 98 143. 06 130. 16 135. 62 172. 62 163. 29 148. 81 178. 37 175. 40 138. 69 145,44 172. 62 161. 51 167. 72 156. 22 174. 87 171. 76 146. 76 185. 58 173. 74 169. 58 151. 79 129. 73 158. 47 190. 16 208. 16 189. 35 174. 64 154. 37 148. 71 160. 55 157. 77 145. 60 164. 95 119. 14 lis. 50 119. 52 126. 14 147. 65 147. 19 148. 41 120. 90 116. 28 112. 03 114.96 130.18 156.25 196. 21 160. 23 131. 50 134. 76 117. 70 119. 89 130, 91 117. 74 123. 46 111. 37 109. 27 110. 69 107. 83 104. 19 95.68 84.35 81.68 101. 62 111. 60 120. 19 100. 28 83.54 73.01 68.96 66.96 69.01 58.69 70.22 110. 38 106. 68 114. 94 121. 12 123. 54 127. 61 140. 18 127. 02 130. 69 133. 75 124. 79 127. 19 124. 12 129. 21 135. 23 135.64 132. 68 133.48 143. 25 139. 32 144.14 155. 82 156. 72 157. 76 158. 59 155. 79 152. 61 141. 53 137. 60 147. 30 151. 21 165. 17 166. 40 150. 26 140. 45 133, 53 129. 93 128. 97 130. 95 129. 85 131. 66 a The prices aie those paid by Hamhurg institutions (hospitals, etc.) for large parchases. 286 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Tabus 68 — Relative prices of commodities in JSamhurg— Calculations of Dr. Soetieer- Contmned. [1847 to 1850 = 100.] Tear. 1851 1S52 1853 1854 1865 185B 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 J 878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 3887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Eal- 81119. 83.29 80.06 123. 60 128. 03 121. 07 190.17 TM. 93 145. 93 137. 78 128. 09 123. 17 119. 38 128. 51 116. 01 112. 08 149. 44 141. 71 118. 54 105. 34 136. 38 125. 60 122. 05 135. 58 141. 34 155. 81 129. 31 111.70 80.89 111. 28 128. 35 145. 97 137. 65 113. 79 96.30 119. 43 110. 60 90.15 87.50 89.98 114. 23 109.64 44. Cur- rants. 07.96 105. 51 199.50 57.32 160. 68 232. 99 185. 86 100. 88 98.00 86.48 83.60 79.85 80.60 79.85 73. 59- 78.97 73.34 63.45 67,68 94.62 96.29 95.08 84.73 92.87 93.62 103. 92 102. 96 72.22 85.15 93.93 89.05 95.70 91.99 73.65 78.10 89.70 92. 22 72.09 67.08 77.01 83.31 45. Al- monds. 46. Prunes. 111. 57 110. 87 116. 52 115. 99 119. 40 120. 53 140. 09 114. 34 98.93 97.92 104.05 95.08 104. 21 107. 57 lie. 90 138. 33 138. 97 133. 10 124, 31 130. 12 119. 30 105. 05 100. 64 109. 91 120. 70 119. 81 134. 72 149. 04 161. 39 145. 28 131.93 121. 99 140. 95 126. 79 116. 18 116. 16 119. 74 115. 70 130. 83 149. 09 163. 53 95.45 81.97 86.06 89.55 118.18 118. 79 134. 70 101. 06 112. 12 103.48 108. 64 92.12 99.85 107. 12 119.70 135. 61 130. 76 99. 39 116.21 95.76 123. 09 134. 04 160. 87 184. 14 115.46 125. 45 151. 82 131. 62 126. 62 139. 60 109. 85 116. 69 136. 19 96.04 91.21 81.57 82.10 76.64 98.08 98.23 95.15 47. Olive oil. 73.48 91.05 114. 79 103. 12 95.01 89.58 102. 27 81.25 86.46 106. 63 105. 08 101. 76 98.19 102. 66 98.47 124. 14 121. 64 135. 47 105. 10 107. 25 101.61 96.45 84,70 87.96 93.18 95.17 102. 72 104. 74 98.26 97.45 88.38 89.31 80.93 86.20 87.37 81.82 88.17 92.15 87.25 87.08 96.66 48. French wine, exclus- ive of cham- pagne. 100. 83 103. 62 136. 56 199. 38 278. 99 237. 68 288. 80 195. 65 154. 46 215. 18 227. 86 203. 51 188. 80 151. 41 172. 64 142. 97 108. 30 185. 62 179. 78 155. 61 176. 34 207. 32 232, 17 272. 75 217. 21 203. 66 255.91 280. 91 273. 19 353.88 333. 19 289. 02 301. 92 241. 16 255. 11 265. 40 265. 29 285. 47 295. 33 316. 16 303.12 Cham- pagne. 97.39 94.22 96,44 96.08 100. 95 102. 62 112. 57 105. 75 106. 02 104. 76 102. 13 105. 23 104. 66 101. 27 104. 67 114. 65 110. 39 109. 66 110. 73 110. 36 118. 02 117. 52 120. 39 126. 21 123. 50 123. 52 124.00 114. 99 117. 81 124. 09 127. 61 124.37 130. 86 1211, 98 118.84 111.84 114. 21 111. 05 124.83 128. 46 138.54 43-49. Total. 90.00 95.33 124.78 112. 91 142. 03 155. 95 169. 32 120. 69 113. 40 120. 36 122. 08 113. 93 114.97 109. 41 114. 01 126. 30 126. 44 120. 75 115. 58 118. 57 122. 99 125. 36 132. 15 145. 02 131. 35 128.69 140. 65 134. 34 139. 10 154. 66 146. 57 139. 23 142. 38 120.16 123, 78 122. 44 121.81 120. 09 127. 57 138. 61 139.99 50. Coffee. 110.84 110.84 125. 57 127. 18 124. 19 129. 05 142. 31 122. 98 143.85 164. 81 166. 02 182. 36 190, 21 187. 14 176. 38 164.24 147. 01 130. 10 133. 66 135. 60 150. 70 197. 20 239. 19 250. 92 243.64 224.51 232. 17 201. 48 183. 68 193. 03 167. 83 135. 29 135. 10 134. 61 122. 98 134. 16 207.59 182. 46 214.90 232. 03 220.47 51. Cocoa. 89.45 98.98 104. 53 104. 44 142. 00 158. 56 254.30 163. 09 163.64 199. 35 178. 08 175. 21 175. 49 199. 26 184.46 204. 53 182.24 149. 58 145. 88 146. 99 154. 09 170. 86 148. 23 152. 4.'! 158. 59 201. 82 211. 81 246.93 304. 38 202. 93 212. 75 216. 90 244.79 229. 03 246.90 212. 43 220. 29 211.24 196. 48 203. 67 221.72 52. Tea. 103.82 94.62 102. 57 99.69 90.91 103.41 116.80 96.91 115.90 130. 5 J 102. 20 115. 57 121. 22 108. 14 99.96 96.11 118. 19 116. 99 106. 94 95.72 95.19 102. 03 96.97 96.01 99.05 90.63 82.42 77.60 86,70 82.08 75.01 74.33 72.74 73.59 71.45 70.41 61.68 71.43 70.72 68.68 74.31 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 287 Table 68.- -Belative prices of commodities in Hamburg — Calculations of Dr. Soetieer — Continued. [1847 to 1850 = 100.] Tear. 53. Pepper, 64. Pi- mento. 55. Cassia. 56. Bice. 57. Sago. 58. Arrack. 69. Kum. 60. To- bacco. 61. 62. Indigo. Cochi- neal. 112. 23 79.24 118. 06 77.36 127. 93 90.24 123. 45 88.64 127. 92 84.90 127.93 83.02 152.03 79.21 153.39 70.50 163. 63 76,63 163. 11 61.24 172. 31 00.32 188. 83 53.15 149.70 59.21 165. 64 70.81 151. 08 73.48 169. 35 77.70 169. 25 75.82 181. 88 85.36 201.06 68.79 202.07 61.41 189. 09 60.71 187. 58 53.92 164. 40 55.27 171. 15 51. 12- 168.28 45.51 151.11 49.59 152. 38 65.48 146, 00 50. 90 144.55 56.19 151. 27 58.32 161.54 42.81 157. 95 34.09 151. 10 25.88 141. 90 24.40 126. 35 30.84 129. 21 29.39 125. 20 25.89 121. 31 23.32 138. 98 22.60 107. 65 22.45 123. 97 22.24 Log- wood. 1851. 1852. 1853 . 1854. 1865. 1856. l857. l868. l869. i860 . l861. 1862. T863. J864. l867. n868. ,869 . n870. ;871. ,872. ,873. l874. |875 . t876. ,877 . Is 1* ..Sod . l884. i885. |886. ,887. :t888 . ,889. i890 . 879. i880. ,881. i882. 114. 38 129. 63 149. 13 166. 99 153. 27 175. 82 165. 90 146. 30 151. 63 145. 64 137. 47 136. 60 130. 50 127. 02 118. 41 114. 71 116. 99 96. 95 151. 63 173. 86 200. 04 230. 60 200. 82 210. 84 204. 28 156.50 150. 62 128. 36 131. 25 157. 04 192. 03 199. 87 234. 84 265. 67 276. 87 2lffl. 09 253. 00 290. 56 246. 65 205. 74 158. 68 106. 18 104. 88 116. 51 112. 74 103. 68 95. 90 86.09 62.74 63.62 67.49 58.26 60.21 53.90 47.53 51.24 60.33 40.96 46.23 45.32 46.32 43.15 66,49 60.29 67.10 65.06 77.22 85.22 95.41 103. 86 92.87 98.71 81.60 68.02 56.07 53.31 50.70 51.78 51. 23 65.64 64.97 58.40 117. 60 127. 49 135. 31 132. 38 130. 32 118. 97 148. 13 113. 17 95.11 104. 75 102. 65 99.51 105. 20 100. 17 99.86 111.88 119.11 133. 15 151. 76 136. 33 124.02 104 54 90.78 77.05 65. 68 69.67 58.10 50.01 48.19 44.06 49.67 43.41 39.98 37.06 31.67 29.83 25.57 J2. 01 25.72 22.96 22.81 80.75 60.52 94.12 85.92 96.79 74.87 73.98 60.07 65.60 72.73 73.26 69.34 68.09 68.27 73.62 67.56 70.94 70.05 57.04 65.24 66.43 67.80 60.67 68.39 57.34 59.06 63.04 66.61 62.45 68.88 68.67 53.00 57.19 54.78 61.60 48.63 50.30 49.52 50.08 52.50 54.04 92.86 80.75 97.58 95.28 107. 38 107. 38 104.24 80.63 80.39 83.17 83.17 95.28 86.92 91.28 83.29 76.15 77.00 88.62 87.89 75.30 73.04 73.33 75.71 81.76 77.32 72.92 80.06 84.83 82.36 74.41 76.41 68.16 59.32 53.93 57.65 54.48 54.30 63.42 66.10 54.98 53.09 96.61 94.11 113. 94 129. 57 167. 31 163. 46 158. 77 106. 85 90.38 92.67 112. 62 96.76 123. 56 122. 96 113.82 109. 62 122. 12 135. 82 152. 76 140. 02 121. 15 110. 10 141. 71 176. 28 169. 03 174. 00 176. 16 153. 65 116. 59 133. 55 115. 71 184. 84 96.17 148. 08 134. 98 162. 66 158.15 139. 00 142. 06 154.71 145. 61 100. 46 94.02 126. 93 134.64 147. 99 138. 43 169. 61 120. 25 137. 28 142. 13 136. 36 111.97 115. 88 150. 52 130. 49 135. 90 140. 28 166. 04 171.46 178. 25 156. 85 171. 69 192. 87 204. 37 183. 31 200. 00 208. 71 197. 70 188. 38 206. 16 313. 50 200. 36 214. 88 167. 63 199.06 208. 75 208. 65 201. 56 197. 47 226. 20 180. 57 112. 25 103. 02 116.87 116. 87 125. 55 149. 08 159. 42 129. 00 144.64 147. 97 167. 00 176. 97 139. 59 138. 35 116. 81 107. 27 119. 09 125. 25 153. 47 138. 49 142. 96 168. 33 152. 22 152. 11 146. 28 151. 83 145. 60 138. 07 130. 17 140. 03 133. 85 119. 36 116. 20 126. 79 128. 70 130. 86 118. 21 117. 53 127. 62 134.24 126. 49 83.96 89.30 127. 27 140. 11 122. 46 134. 60 108. 56 91.98 97.86 107. 49 119 79 123. 53 107. 49 103. 74 110. 16 119. 25 94.66 119. 25 137.43 116. 04 117.65 127. 27 126. 92 117. 47 146. 17 138. 86 132. 09 122. 64 129. 59 130. 66 122. 55 125. 94 118. 98 119. 88 112. 57 111.41 112. 75 132. 17 145. 19 140. 73 123. 98 288 REPOET ON WHOLESALE PEICES AND WAGES., Table 68. — Belative prices of commodities in Hamburg — Calculations of Dr. Soetbeer— Continued. [1847 to 1850=100.] Tear. 61. Eed- wood. 1851 1852 1863 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1801 1802 1803 1864 1S65 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874..... 1875 1876 1877 ]878 1879 ]880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 18S7 1888 1889 1890 1891 96.05 91.65 98.60 96.74 102. 56 103. 02 131. 40 89.77 97.91 84.42 73.49 66.28 61.63 65.12 72.79 79.07 84.19 96.28 82.79 64.65 59.77 54.34 57.20 85.74 78.22 64.57 60.78 61.47 64.81 76.20 66.24 60. 27 57.95 51.59 43.18 46.01 46.86 48.76 44.50 43.84 54.15 65. Ma- hogany. 110. 50 110. 60 107. 07 109. 59 89.32 109.44 127. 95 93.97 108. 49 123. 84 107. 12 88.22 120. 58 180.86 127. 67 120. 55 90.68 72.88 67.95 101. 92 94.52 124.11 117. 72 101.92 92.33 103. 93 99.27 86.21 85.39 94.34 90.91 98.26 102.24 79.45 73.15 77.03 79.77 87.08 100. 05 111.42 87.35 66. Cane. 106. 01 105. 23 116. 47 101. 94 106. 59 116. 28 172. 29 158. 72 133. 72 121. SO 119. 38 136. 48 172. 09 188. 76 172. 87 164. 15 134. 88 142. 25 140. 31 144.19 138. 89 178. 04 193.22 191. 28 182. 75 163. 31 169. 90 159. 04 153. 55 176. 78 179. 17 182.24 181. 17 166. 09 172. 06 165. 41 169. 35 150. 23 151. 71 149. 45 151. 81 67. Palm oil. 86.80 89.18 110. 91 146. 47 130. 98 124. 66 136. 30 116. 59 127. 60 122. 91 123. 92 115. 38 98.23 110. 54 110. 36 118.24 122. 46 125.39 126. 86 120. 81 157. 47 116. 25 113. 41 108. 16 107. 39 112. 99 118. 73 118. 18 104. 89 99.59 96.30 97.22 105.64 100. 67 83.32 69.34 65.35 61.30 68.16 71.45 73.62 Ivory. 98.97 106. 08 122. IS 132. 60 145. 32 151. 63 179. 32 156. 55 161. 33 149. 28 133.06 136. 80 134. 99 163. 53 139. 23 153. 56 146. 83 146. 15 146. 98 148. 40 138. 52 164. 36 204. 32 197. 95 219. 95 206. 45 193. 16 201. 66 166. 54 162. 74 175. 74 190.24 202. 13 208. 94 194. 77 183. 48 180. 32 184.70 181. 00 200. 08 205.45 50-68. Total. 99.94 99.95 115. 28 118. 17 121. 02 123. 95 140. 32 112. 76 115. 74 120. 28 117. 19 117. 28 116. 87 125.74 146. 11 117.90 114. 35 116. 75 122. 10 120. 56 120. 22 130.25 134. 32 136. 74 132. 11 129. 74 130. 29 125. 61 123. 34 122. 92 122. 60 122. 47 120. 17 117. 90 116. 39 115.45 116. 59 116. 41 118. 82 119.35 U3.56 Coal. 87.79 87.60 113. 86 131. 28 120. 79 119. 39 114. 24 100. 32 99.36 96.50 101. 27 101.91 95.87 102.42 103. 94 103. 69 101.84 99.05 96.19 96.38 98.86 138. 14 174. 57 140. 94 114. 88 105. 28 97.90 88.68 83.28 83.66 80.65 80.48 80.42 79.59 78.26 75.52 74.06 74.32 83.92 100. 89 103. 75 70. Pig iron. 75.00 78.23 106. 45 140. 32 127.42 123. 39 118. 55 92.74 87.90 87.90 83.06 84.68 98.39 101. 61 99.19 95.16 93.55 90.32 88.71 93.55 97.58 188. 55 193. 01 137. 9a 110. 22 108. 60 96.51 86.02 76.88 87.90 79.84 83.33 80.11 77.55 69.09 64.11 67.74 66.86 82.93 86.42 75.27 71. Bar iron. 80.91 82.94 112. 12 128. 18 114. 85 121. 82 121. 21 102. 42 102. 42 98.48 93.03 95.15 98.48 111. 82 108. 79 106. 06 102. 12 94.55 93.64 99.39 107. 68 139. 39 172. 98 113.54 119. 29 103.64 94.55 88.28 79.60 83.59 80.86 88.79 82.37 76.67 72.02 68.59 70.00 71.11 82.58 86.36 84.70 72. Steel. 91.42 102. 90 89.41 115. 60 144.26 130. 10 128.21 112.60 108. 03 102. 56 103. 79 107.80 125. 53 108. 92 108. 70 102.01 88.29 89.19 90.19 91.42 108.44 123.23 106. 13 83.83 73.62 101. 11 89.66 85.56 69.97 70.18 64.79 68.89 63.94 58.21 48.51 53.14 66.35 65.66 71.22 73. Lead. 100.82 90.95 117.11 129.28 141.28 130. 69 127. 96 112. 99 121. 38 116.28 114. 14 109. 05 108. 72 112.34 107. 03 112.17 104.61 111. 18 108.55 112.34 107. 73 147.20 172. 92 123.57 137. 66 131. 36 120. 94 112. 17 102.25 101.45 85.39 83.17 78.89 68.75 70.97 71.71 86.92 89.99 102. 69 133.94 124.31 REPORT OK WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 289 Tabui 68. — Melative prices of commodities in Hamlurg — Calculations of Br. Soetheer— Continued. [1847 to 1850=100.] Tear. 74. Zinc. 75. Tin. 76. Copper. 77. Quick- silver. 78. Snl- pliur, raw. 79. Salt- petre, raw, Chile. 80. Salt. 81. Lime. Cement. 69-82. Total. 1851.. 1852- . 185a.. 1854.. 1855.. 1856 . 1857- . 1858.. 1859.. I860.. 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1886.. 1867.. 1868. . 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.- 1875- . 1876.. 1877.. 1878.- 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883 . . 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888. . 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. 93.24 107. 53 135. 33 142. 47 145. 37 157. 72 181. 85 160. 58 134. 36 127. 99 115. 83 115.06 115. 06 138. 80 134. 94 141. 12 138. 61 129. 34 133. 20 124. 71 115. 51 147. 68 179. 02 148. 26 154. 89 163. 77 143.95 147. 04 110. 17 128.22 116. 86 117. 05 117. 21 110. 20 80.89 87.77 90.28 96.04 104.15 130. 57 146. 11 100. 49 108. 73 154.08 148. 09 144. 38 166. 18 185. 92 152. 55 170. 71 172. 77 153. 03 148. 95 161. 95 139. 18 123. 90 112. 28 116. 14 120. 41 150. 90 160. 97 172. 57 194. 39 185. 73 132. 82 124.00 115. 17 101. 98 91.34 91.70 111.37 117. 25 124. 76 123. 70 112. 20 105. 20 105. 92 115. 66 130. 98 112. 55 110. 71 109. 32 100. 94 106. 66 129. 83 135. 21 135. 38 139.71 132-.90 119. 50 112. 63 118. 74 111. 65 109. 98 103. 87 113. 33 103. 63 108. 76 97.59 89.39 90.44 87.89 90.47 110. 50 111. 36 103. 37 106. 49 105. 61 99.52 88.17 79.00 76.66 78.59 83.29 79.16 72.60 64.50 60.08 56.01 78.23 64.07 64.05 67.23 87.96 74.16 59.76 52.24 47.87 46.29 49.93 48.79 46.24 53.01 52.07 53.10 52.00 61.39 53.49 50.56 53.63 49.87 53.42 59.15 72.16 86.12 101.24 155. 87 94.05 83.58 64.97 53.83 48.57 61.91 49.44 48.27 42.41 44.78 44.86 44.10 54.83 55.44 62.57 71.31 57.79 110. 76 100. 00 97. :ii 79.37 82.96 78.92 138. 57 122. 87 127. 35 152. 47 116. 59 103. 14 92.38 109. 87 100. 90 101. 79 95.07 96.41 108. 97 112. 11 100. 30 95.62 86.40 103. 14 102. 99 89.69 83.64 92.08 70.40 88.42 93.05 99.78 87.97 84.01 102. 39 79.90 70.70 73.92 75.34 80.49 89.01 107. 73 114. 75 132.79 132. 08 177. 52 120. 37 138. 17 lie. 39 107. 49 100. 23 92.74 108. 20 104. 45 114. 29 97.42 90.16 84.78 94.38 118. 50 122. 48 121. 31 115. 85 113. 04 93.52 90.32 90.24 108. 35 lie. 16 110. 38 118. 97 112. 02 101. 76 87.31 75.14 79.93 76.03 75.33 74 24 71.70 62.53 65.03 89.33 66.67 77.33 70.67 70.67 84.00 90.67 84.00 86.67 80.00 82.67 '81. 33 72.00 48.00 44.00 38.67 38.67 46.67 42.67 63.33 65.33 60.89 80.89 80.89 62.67 70.22 62.67 56.00 60.22 60.44 46.67 60.44 46. .14 43.78 38.67 36.00 43.66 44.89 39.11 26.22 34.89 92.59 02.69 87.04 92.69 92.59 92.59 92.59 92. 59 103. 70 100. 00 98.15 96.30 101. 85 96.30 92.59 85.19 83.33 77.78 79.63 87.04 74.07 74.07 155. 56 96.30 102. 47 110. 49 106. 79 110. 49 104. 94 87.04 82.72 96.30 93.21 93.83 77.78 71.30 76.31 70.99 63.58 63.58 69.75 120. 78 125. 97 116. 88 125. 97 122. 08 122. 08 123. 38 118. 18 111. 69 114. 29 115. 58 111. 69 110. 39 105. 19 106. 49 103. 90 107. 79 96.10 93.51 94.81 93.94 101. 30 135. 60 119.91 111. 26 109. 09 107. 79 102. 16 102. 60 96.75 95.89 91.99 96.97 93.72 90.69 88.10 86.15 78.79 88.10 8(3.80 87.66 95.70 95.76 109. 24 115.95 119. 10 116. 65 124. 58 109. 04 108. 57 108. 66 102. 40 101. 88 102.92 104. 53 98.93 96.54 93.28 91.76 96.33 99.68 101. 85 121. 63 140. 60 116.70 107. 49 106. 27 98.87 94.14 84.28 88.33 84.87 86.99 82.93 78.69 74.23 70.62 72.50 75.57 78.55 83.54 84.72 8. Eep. 1394 19 290 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 68.— Melalive prices of commodiiiee in Hamhurg— Calculations of Dr. Soetleer-^ Continued. [1847 to 1850 = 100.] Tear. 83. Cotton. 84. "Wool. 85. Flax. 86. Hemp. 87. Silk. 88. Cord- age. 89. Bags. 83-59- Total. 90. Guano. 91 India rubber. 1851 95.53 90.14 08.92 81.36 81.57 97.74 113. 47 104. 42 98.49 91.92 115. 30 212. 50 335. 99 391. 54 2L0.24 235. 40 181. 47 139. 66 172.84 154. 47 133. 61 150. 16 137. 97 132. 09 117. 98 99.75 100. 13 99.89 101.78 109.91 98.98 100. 38 90.10 92. 4 L 91.97 86.62 82.88 91.75 92.12 89.56 87.32 106.48 101. 77 99.10 104. 83 95.40 109. 48 120. 95 113. 06 115. 59 120. 00 107. 61 115. 76 110.83 92.77 99.07 91.92 82.41 86.83 79.76 84.51 91.06 107. 53 94.57 83.62 87.14 75.07 75.99 83.91 79.69 79.04 80.08 72.34 68.14 55.72 56.21 52.01 51.26 42.44 46.05 48.50 47.38 124. 68 122. 59 84.05 78.73 77.97 90.44 111. 84 118. 35 116.52 142. 03 147. 47 150. 06 166. 46 142. 72 111.39 178. 61 177. 53 177. 03 171. 46 159. 87 138. 84 135. 49 120. 59 121. 62 132. 78 125. 55 150. 49 129. 24 153. 50 95.33 127. 08 118. 04 128. 18 146. 48 156. 33 139. 60 102.24 94.93 94.94 93.41 78.65 105. 26 105. 85 101. 67 140. 94 109. 11 95.49 97.99 84.63 84.13 90.39 89.22 92.15 108. 62 105. 01 78.86 96.66 93.23 105. 68 109. 19 97.58 112. 36 107. 60 101. 20 110. 65 100.95 95.27 102. 48 87.25 78.89 79.49 83.76 83.15 84.73 90,49 87.05 87.25 79.92 77.15 86.87 79.50 79.52 98.71 96.20 101. 72 84.68 81.17 74.66 98.74 88.21 97.27 97.62 91.17 75.40 93.03 94.89 102.42 107. 10 127. 91 133. 26 128.60 117.51 117. 45 129. 67 129. 74 97.94 86.32 102. 08 109. 09 88.40 74.82 86.97 82.54 78.33 86.09 80.04 75.13 69.52 67.73 74.44 94.15 59.11 59.28 104.59 114. 23 104. 78 159. 18 169. 48 120.79 123. 03 110. 21 111. 05 110. 77 110. 11 124. 72 133. 52 121. 54 113. 01 116. 92 124.53 132. 30 128. 65 123.97 128. 87 131. 65 145. 38 139. 54 140. 67 132. 87 124.78 127.12 108.40 120.46 115. 98 115. 98 118. 18 121. 77 121. 18 116. 39 116. ,jO 124. 19 128. 32 123.64 122.80 95.49 105. 29 119.80 131.76 110. 39 111. 67 119. 22 106. 27 109. 80 108. 43 115. 10 99.61 114. 61 131. 37 109. 61 120. 00 125. 10 115. 49 123. 14 122. 16 113.53 97.45 107. 58 103. 33 114.44 108.17 95.36 100. 52 94.25 105.85 106.60 97.45 95.52 92.25 83.37 76.96 69.38 70.26 80.88 79.74 87.88 104. 39 105. 01 101. 43 111.64 103.58 100.02 112. 18 103. 59 104. 69 108. 74 110.85 124.31 151. 84 154.26 117.80 134. 94 130. 31 127. 18 130. 52 122.87 119. 23 122. 79 119. 58 112.80 111. 47 105.54 108. 33 102. 33 98.76 96.72 99. 29; 95.10 95.93 97.02 95.89 89.76 81.42 82.17 89.05 81.92 80.40 107. 03 96.94 108. 26 121.71 119.27 118. 96 135. 17 125. 08 110. 70 123. 85 116,51 131. 19 122. 94 119. 67 124. 16 119. 67 103. 36 105. 50 122. 94 109.79 119. 47 125.38 73.50 72.68 65.95 78.08 64.93 74.31 57.80 61.31 60.65 81.24 71.56 61.11 56.42 50.41 47.91 40.67 51.63 53.11 46.89 146.67 1852 106. 62 1853 147.59 1854 148.00 1855 102.61 86.06 1857 85.88 1858 83.74 1859 153. 35 I860 170. 43 1801 111.16 1862 126.88 1883 1861 118.57 101. 02 3865 103. 21 1866 1867 147.87 124. 96 1868 1809 131.90 100.84 1870 131.04 1871 145. 18 1872 165. 10 1873 153. 04 1874 125 04 ]875 119 77 1876 122. 16 1877 111. 60 1878 116 60 1879 136 10 1880 188.43 1881 160. 29 1882 171. 43 1883 182. 63 1884 136. 77 1885 138. 62 1886 166. 00 1887 170. 40 143.78 1889 139. 91 1890 167. 20 1891 141. 67 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 291 TABiai 68.—. ■Belative ipricea of commodities in Hamburg — Caloulationa of Dr. Soetbeer — Concluded. [1847 to 1850=100.] Tears. 92. Gutta- percha. 93. Kosin. 94. Potash, prussi- ate and ohrom- ate of. 95. Pitch. Potash, carbon- ate of. 97. Soda. 98. Tallow candles Tar. ■Wax. Total. 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 89.42 91. -JS 111.32 126. 33 88.21 89.45 104.44 87.38 158.03 157. 32 141.44 147. 08 188. 12 226. 92 173. 95 129. 37 151.43 141- 87 101. 99 189. 30 160. 47 155. 67 160. 73 153. 49 116. 67 178. 46 208.98 213. 25 178. 45 149. 74 162. 50 150. 36 142. 11 149. 06 135. 24 127. 77 123. 76 121. 16 181. 24 188. 50 161. 71 101. 38 89.66 117.24 124. 83 108. 97 104. 14 121.38 111. 03 115. 17 109, 60 174. 48 480. 00 542. 07 604. 83 299. 31 204. 14 200. 69 147. 59 126. 21 130. 34 198. 39 220. 09 189. 89 155. 63 130. 57 131. 72 133. 56 118. 16 108. 74 124. 14 140. 92 139. 08 120. 80 99.54 92.64 91.95 87.24 85.63 103. 79 110- 67 115. 98 79.41 78.53 85.65 82. 98 84.86 95.71 98.61 94.52 116.51 108. 63 94.45 81.41 84.83 77.27 67.87 68.75 61.05 63.18 61.06 00.33 80.31 110.47 103. 28 77.58 67.54 56.40 54.03 50.48 66.14 67.26 68.24 73.72 63.29 42.30 56.82 62.60 66.85 52.09 53.40 57.83 66.36 139. 71 132. 35 114. 71 144.85 137. 87 105. 51 100. 00 99.63 116. 18 101. 84 140. 81 229. 78 234. 93 195. 22 123.16 119. 49 103. 68 95.69 123. 90 149. 26 107. 48 128. 31 134. 56 151.36 134. 56 110. 66 110-66 107.97 91.18 101. 84 96.69 119. 67 109. 56 109. 13 69. 73 74.33 09.73 68.50 108. 39 109.13 98.53 87.35 76.62 82.69 107.09 112. 96 114. 17 128. 14 88.97 93.22 81.78 91.80 94-13 96.25 89.07 88.36 76.11 76.21 76.92 79.05 88.66 94.50 104. 35 111.71 94.09 87-89 85.22 80.06 73.62 61.00 61.39 65.96 72.23 68.67 64.93 68.35 61.10 60.43 67.69 45.97 61.18 59.31 91.46 87.49 89.77 85.90 82. 77 90.12 110. 72 106. 70 104. 87 92.25 83.17 75.67 73.24 73.34 77.31 96.62 90.12 73.49 70.01 66.14 81.03 124. 53 97.17 84.81 75.27 79.25 72.10 62.81 60.03 65.04 59.83 69.04 64.92 51.74 43.94 38.58 38.93 45.13 44.98 49.45 51.99 88.84 84.96 96.12 109. 50 111. 16 98.34 100. 58 94.71 97.92 97.45 93.77 87.98 77.20 67.12 66.70 71.19 72.02 72.77 71.19 68.75 68.85 66.95 68.78 68.76 64.03 63-82 64.16 61.02 58.24 52.69 50.77 50.98 64.76 55.33 53. 66 46.42 41.50 39.20 40.64 42.67 41.63 98.27 89.61 8G. 68 148. 92 145. 89 88.31 87.88 84.85 97.40 119. 91 159. 31 173. 59 131. 17 106. 06 91.34 80.95 84.41 90.91 101. 75 114. 72 118. 47 136. 36 146. 75 146. 61 130. 16 123. 67 120. 20 104. 33 105. 48 105. 56 105. 34 109. 52 109. 38 91.85 127. 92 103. 75 97.47 105. 34 130- 09 128. 28 111. 18 114. 21 111. 91 116. 92 113. 76 111.46 114.68 115. 26 120. 10 107. 92 122.16 109. 27 99.31 105. 66 127. 91 116. 27 110.27 121,63 114. 01 120. 97 114, 97 118, 12 76.15 71.17 104. 25 93.85 90.16 77.49 87.05 74.13 70.08 72.69 62-84 71.49 71.22 61.52 63. 38 57.01 68.34 50.43 60.83 50.26 103. 98 96.09 105. 17 119. 44 109. 63 100. 50 108. 01 99.70 115. 57 116. 83 119. 65 156. 99 161. 38 162. 58 121. 08 111. 30 108. 13 101. 25 98.17 111. 21 117. 48 128. 64 119. 14 112. 21 98.74 101. 78 99.80 97.24 90.21 95.23 94.89 99,10 96.38 84.82 81.36 78.75 77.30 74.31 86.41 91,70 85.06 292 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. TABtE 69.— J?eZatife prices of eommodities in England— Calculations of Dr. Soetleer, [1847 to 1850=100.] Tear. Cotton yam. 2. Piece goods, plain. 3. Piece goods, printed. Stocliings and socks. Thread for sew- ing. Glass, common bottles. Linen yam. Linen, plain. 1851.. 1852.. 1853.. 1854.. 1855.. 1856. 1857.. 1858., 1859., I860., 1861., 1862., 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872., 1873- 1874., 1875. 1876. 18T7. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881- 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887., 1888., 1889., 1890., 1891. 98.75 94.19 98.04 93.87 100.18 99.35 97.50 91.94 93.21 90.00 94.82 92.90 105. 45 96.45 102. 59 93.55 105.45 99.03 107.14 99.68 111.96 97.42 142.59 118. 06 232.23 160.32 257. 14 186. 77 214. 11 162. 90 211. 25 164.19 188.48 133.23 180. 98 118.39 178. 93 122. 26 168.93 114.52 166.61 107.42 168. 48 113.23 158. 57 111.29 140.98 103. 87 130. 89 100.97 117. 77 91.29 114. 73 91.29 111. 34 89.03 110. 09 85.48 118. ,30 88.06 110.62 85.48 115.71 87.42 109.37 84.19 109.29 79.68 103. 39 75.16 96.79 71.29 96.52 73.23 97.68 73.23 99.38 72.26 102.41 74.19 93.48 74.52 97.48 96.57 98.63 96.11 9t.76 92.91 95.65 93.14 96.80 96.34 94.05 104.58 130.66 144.62 132. 95 135.24 120.82 110.53 112. 36 108.70 107.78 112. .59 109.38 107.32 109. 15 102. 62 98.63 95.65 89.47 86.73 84.21 85.35 82.84 82.38 79.41 72.77 72.54 70.48 67.96 70.48 65.90 99.36 90.96 86.88 80.89 84.84 77.83 66.75 81.91 73.25 75.54 71.97 81.02 88.92 103. 82 99.87 105.99 89.94 84.46 86:88 86.50 I 82.80 90.19 94.27 90.32 85.61 83.95 79.36 82.55 84.84 83.44 74.14 79.11 80.00 79.62 76.43 70.45 65.35 66.50 69.68 69.55 66.50 109.52 116. 40 120.11 120. 11 121. 16 114.81 119. 05 123.28 129.63 124.34 119. 05 143.39 178. 81 189. 42 172. 49 177. 78 181.48 178. 31 177. 78 175.66 172. 49 184.13 187.30 186. 77 193.65 193. 65 170. 37 166.67 165.01 167. 72 158.20 164.02 173. 02 178. 31 166.67 158. 20 154.50 155.03 164.55 175. 13 190.48 91.38 90.17 93.53 98.45 93.88 95.43 95.43 95.78 90.86 88.79 87.59 86.90 87.76 86.29 85.95 87.33 86.03 85.60 85.43 86.12 83.71 84.57 87.76 89.74 95.52 96.12 94.74 92.33 87.93 87.07 85.52 82.33 79.91 80.17 82.50 SI. 81 81.47 80.86 81.55 79.91 80.95 109.68 103. 53 109. 59 U5.93 111.49 118. 10 124.07 118. 37 133.30 125.34 125.88 123.53 142.99 161.99 149.68 153.39 156. 47 153.03 146. 52 130.50 132.94 148.42 149.41 137.29 144.34 141. 36 145.97 142. 62 134.12 128.96 125.88 124.07 129.95 126.24 129.05 127.78 124.62 131.04 131.58 122.90 131. 40 100.29 98.86 109.29 113.00 108. 43 102.43 105.00 104.86 103.86 103. 14 102.29 97.71 107.86 U9.86 115. 14 117.57 111.29 107. U 100.86 102.14 105.57 106.14 108.86 111.43 108.43 102.00 99.00 102.86 101. 14 105.43 100.43 98.43 99.29 94.57 90.71 85.43 86.71 79.57 79.57 77.43 77.43 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 293 Table Selative prices of commodities in England — Calculations of Dr. Soetleer- Concluded. [1847 to 1850 =100.] Tear. 9. Linen sail olotb and sails. 10. ■Woollen and worsted yarns. 11. Cloths, et«. 12. Flannels, etc. 13. Worsted stuffs. 14. Carpets, etc. 1-14. Total. 1851 96.75 97.08 117.42 132. 47 117. 42 118.51 113. 20 113.10 125.11 118. 83 128. 68 132.90 136. 15 147.94 137.77 137.99 139. 39 144. 91 153.68 136. 90 140.04 154. 65 151. 19 155.95 155. 41 155. 52 148. 38 140. 26 126. 52 131. 49 129.98 134. 63 326. 95 118.51 117.21 120. 02 119. 10 113.74 119.59 114.50 115. 91 103.94 103. 29 107.15 101. 67 97.99 106. 65 118. 10 122.29 133.93 138. 90 128. 93 138.94 157.98 172.44 172. 49 176.70 159. 62 148. 82 152. 93 144.33 143. 30 157.94 159.44 163.20 165.08 147. 03 137. 44 128. 67 114. 29 129. 78 111.42 109. 63 100. 17 101.75 103. 51 99.23 101.54 97.60 98.29 102. 14 96.88 84.88 83.99 89.26 83.55 89.95 83.24 83.24 88.54 99.49 103. 01 101. 95 103. 83 117.24 125.65 128.93 133. 89 140. 18 125.38 124.38 120.28 128. 32 140. 87 140. 22 135. 19 183. 69 130.81 122. 16 118. 09 109.06 110. 60 111. 32 116. 89 130. 98 141.66 137. 69 135. 29 136. 94 135. 29 138.61 108.62 105.92 94.84 93.23 97.99 88.34 102. 21 93.93 107.31 101.94 102. 88 105. 50 119.30 124.93 131.30 133. 51 131.03 128.95 124.26 121.78 118.50 115. 82 117.63 118. 30 121. 81 132.44 123.79 117.43 117. 83 113.00 111. 19 110. 25 101.74 101. 41 99.33 93.70 87.67 83.71 82.24 79.29 78.08 82.71 83.24 82.05 77.80 87.81 83.97 79.30 84.06 85.81 86.98 91.99 94.49 100.08 108. 35 100.75 115. 53 114.86 117.20 121.37 116.78 121. 20 117.11 117. 03 121.37 101. 09 91.24 88.81 82.64 79.47 77.46 74.29 76.88 75.46 80.55 82.97 80.47 78.05 77.21 74.04 72.04 73.46 72.54 72.87 108.82 100. 43 91.30 89.54 94.14 99.38 101. 97 86.37 95.25 97.32 92.57 92.38 95.90 106.42 111. 04 118. 60 122. 21 109.78 112.43 110.02 111. 35 120. 08 119. 19 119.06 114. 18 107. 19 97.22 98.89 88.98 89.94 88.77 86.80 87.11 80.69 79.40 78.38 74.86 76.37 77.85 76.87 76.62 97.98 1852 95.98 1863 100. 61 1854 99.53 1855 -. 98.27 1858 98.50 1857 . 101. 25 1858 100.91 1859 , 105.77 1860 105. 60 1861 105.84 1802 114. 22 1863 133.45 1864 146. 53 1865 187.80 1866 140.36 1867 133.91 1808 127.56 128.15 122. 68 1871 122. 64 130.07 128. 52 1874 126. 06 124.96 1876 119. 23 114. 04 1878 111.03 105. 93 1880 ■ 108. 15 103. 08 104. 72 104. 72 1884 103. 36 100. 48 1886 97. 03 95.98 1888 . ..... 94.91 96.60 94.90 95.11 294 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 70. — Summary of relative prices of comma diiies in Hamiurg and England — CaU culations of Dr. Soetbeer. [1847 to 1850=100.] Tear. Prodticts of agri- culture, etc. Animal and Jieh products. Soutliern products. Tropical products (exclusive of cotton). Minerals and metals. Textile materials. Miscella- neous articles. British articles of export Total. 1851 99.06 110. 38 90.00 99.94 95.70 104.39 103. 98 97.98 100.21 1852 110.71 106. 68 95.33 99.95 95.76 105. 01 95.09 96.98 101. 69 1853 128. 18 114.94 124.78 115. 28 109.24 101. 43 105. 17 100. 61 113.69 1854 150.49 121. 12 112.91 118.17 115.95 111. 64 119.44 99.63 121.26 1855 158.82 123. 54 142. 03 121.02 119. 10 103.58 109. 63 98.27 124.23 18.56 149. 03 127. 61 155. 95 123. 95 116. 65 100. 02 100.50 98.60 123. 27 1857 138. 11 140. 18 169. 32 140. 32 124.58 112. 18 108. 01 101. 25 130. 11 1858 119.92 127.02 120. 69 112. 76 109. 04 103. 59 99.70 100.91 113.52 1859 119. 48 130.69 113. 40 115. 74 108.57 104. 69 115. 57 105.77 116.34 1860 133.75 133. 75 120. 36 120.28 108. 66 108.74 116. 83 105. 60 120.98 1861 131. 46 124.79 122. 08 117, 19 102.40 no. 85 119. 65 105.84 118. 10 1862 126. 80 127.19 113. 93 117.28 101.88 124.31 156. 99 114. 22 122.05 1863 120. 12 124. 12 114.97 116. 87 102. 92 151.84 161. 36 133. 46 125.49 1864 117. 89 129.21 109. 41 125. 74 104. 53 154. 26 162. 58 146.53 129.28 1865 126.48 135. 23 114.01 146. 11 98.93 117.80 121.06 137. 80 122. 63 1866 137. 64 135. 64 126. 30 117.90 96.54 134. 94 111. 30 140. 36 125.85 1867 146. 38 132. 68 126. 44 114. 35 93.28 130.31 108. 13 133.91 124.44 1868 141. 69 133.48 120.75 116. 75 91.76 127.18 101.25 127.56 121.99 1869 132.40 143. 25 115. 58 122. 10 96.33 130. 52 98.17 128.15 123.38 1870 131.23 139. 32 118. 57 120. 56 99.68 122.87 111. 21 122.68 122.87 1871 144.76 144.14 122.99 120.22 101. 85 119.23 117. 48 122.64 127.03 1872 144. 17 155.82 125.36 130.25 121.63 122.79 128. 54 130.07 135. 62 1873 146.21 156. 72 132. 15 134. 32 140.60 119.58 119. 14 128.52 138. 28 1874 150. 99 157. 76 145. 02 136. 74 116. 70 112. 80 112.21 126. 06 136. 20 1875 138. 16 158.59 131.35 132. 11 107. 49 111. 47 98.74 124.96 129.86 1876 141. 06 155.79 128.69 129. 74 106. 27 105. 54 101. 78 119. 23 128.33 1877 145. 34 152.51 140.55 130. 29 98.87 108. 33 99.80 114.04 127.70 1878 132. 50 141. 53 134. 34 125.61 94.14 102. 33 97.24 111.03 120.60 1879 132. 92 137. 60 139. 10 123.34 84.28 98.76 90.21 106.93 117. 10 1880 138. 11 147. 30 154.65 122. 92 88.33 96.72 95.23 108. 15 121.89 1881 137.50 151. 21 146. 57 122. 60 84.87 99.29 94.89 103. 08 121.07 1882 138. 45 155. 17 139. 23 122.47 86.99 95.10 99.10 104. 72 122. 14 1883 143.33 156.40 142. 38 120. 17 82.93 95.93 96.38 104. 72 122. 24 1884 123.85 150.26 120. 16 117. 90 78.69 97.02 84.82 103. 36 114.25 18S5 110.75 140. 45 123. 78 116. 39 74.23 95.89 81.35 100.48 108.72 1886 101. 31 133. 53 122.44 115.45 70.52 89.76 78.76 97.03 103. 99 1887 96.28 129.93 121. 81 116. 59 72.50 81.42 77.30 96.98 102. 02 3888 98.18 128. 97 120. 09 116 41 75.57 82.17 74.31 94.91 102.04 1889 102. 06 130. 95 127.57 118. 82 78.55 89.05 86.41 96.60 106. 13 1890 107. 53 129. 85 138. 61 119.35 83.54 81.92 91.70 94.90- 108.13 1891 119.88 131. 66 139.99 113.56 84.72 80.40 86.06 96.11 109.19 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 295 Comparison between the foregoing table and results for the United States is rendered difficult in the base line. A reduction to the basis of 1860 would, however, involve a large expenditure of labor. But the purpose of such a reduction can be sufficiently met by transposing Dr. Soetbeer's summary to the basis of 1860, by dividing each relative price by the price of that year. The results of such a calculation are shown in the following table, 71 : Table 71. — Belative prices in Hamburg, hy groups of articles, [1860=100.] Tear. Products of agri- culture. (20) Animal and fisli products. (22) Southern products. (7) Tropical products. (19) Minerals and metals. (14) Textile materials. (7) Miscella- neous. (10) British articles ot export. (14) Total. (114) 1851 74.0 82.5 74.8 83.1 88.1 96.0 89.0 92.8 82.8 1852 82.8 79.8 79.2 83.1 88.1 96.6 81.4 90,9 84.1 1853 95.8 85.9 103.7 95.8 100.5 93.3 90.0 95.3 94.0 1854 112.5 90.6 93.8 98.2 106.7 102.7 102.2 94.3 100.2 1855 118.7 92.4 118.0 100.6 109.6 05.3 93.8 93.1 102.7 1856 111.4 95.4 129.6 103.1 107.4 92.0 86.0 93.3 101.9 1857 103.3 104.8 140.7 116.7 114.7 103.2 92.5 95.9 107.5 1858 89.7 95.0 100.3 93.7 100.3 95.3 85.3 95.6 , 93.8 1859 69.3 97.7 94.2 96.2 99.9 96.3 98.9 100.2 96.2 1860 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOO.O 100.0 100. 100.0 1861 98.3 93.3 101.4 97.4 94.2 101.9 102.4 100.2 97.6 1863 94.8 95.1 94.7 97.5 93.8 114.3 134.4 108.2 101.4 1863 89.8 92.8 95.5 97.2 94.7 139.6 138.1 126.4 103.7 1864 88.1 96.6 90.9 104.5 96.2 141.9 139.2 138.8 106.9 1865 94.6 lOi.l 94.7 96.5 91.0 108.3 103.6 130.5 101.4 1866 102.9 101.4 104.9 98.0 88.8 124.1 95.3 132.9 104.0 1867 109.4 99.2 105.1 95.1 85.8 119.8 92.6 126.8 102.9 1868 105.9 99.8 100.3 97.1 84.4 117.0 86.7 120.8 100.8 1869 99.0 107.1 96.0 101.5 88.7 120.0 84.0 121.4 102. 1870 98.1 104.2 98.5 100.2 91.7 113.0 95.2 116.2 101.6 1871 108.2 107.8 102.2 100.0 93.7 109.6 100.6 116.1 105.0 1872 107.8 116.5 104.2 108.3 111.9 112.9 110.0 123.2 112. 1 1873 109.3 117.2 109.8 111.7 129.4 110.0 102.0 121.7 114.3 1874 112.9 118.0 120.5 113.7 107.4 103.7 96.0 119.4 112.6 1875 103.3 118.6 109.1 109.8 98.9 102.5 84.5 118.3 107.3 1876 105.5 116.5 106.9 107.9 97.8 97.1 87.1 112.9 106.1 1877 108.7 1U.0 116.8 108.3 91.0 99.6 85.4 108.0 105.6 1878 99.1 105.8 111.6 104.4 86.6 94.1 83.2 105.1 99,7 1879 99.4 102.9 115.6 102.5 77.0 90.8 77.2 100.3 96.8 1880 103.3 110.1 128.5 102.2 fd 88.9 81.5 102.4 10U.8 1881 102.8 113.1 121.8 101.9 91.3 81.2 97.6 100.1 1882 103.5 116.0 115.7 101.8 80.1 87.5 84.8 99.2 101.0 1883 107.2 116.9 118.3 99.9 76.3 88.2 81.6 99.2 101.0 1884 92.6 112.3 99.8 98.0 72.4 89,2 72.6 97.9 94.4 1885 82.8 105.0 102.8 96.8 68.3 88.2 69.6 95.2 89.9 1886 75.7 99.8 101.7 96.0 64.9 82.5 67.4 91.9 86.0 1887 72.0 97.1 101.2 96.9 66.7 74.9 66.2 90.9 84.3 1888 73.4 96.4 99.8 96.3 69.5 75.6 63.6 89.9 8J.3 1889 76.3 97.9 106.0 98.8 72.3 81.9 74.0 91.5 87.7 1890 . .. 80.4 97.1 115.2 99.2 76.9 75.3 78.5 89.9 89.4 1891 89.6 98.4 116.3 94.4 78.0 73.9 72.8 90.1 90.3 The final column gives the division of the total sum by 114. It is therefore directly comparable with the simple average of the 223 arti- cles in our list for the United States. That in 1891 was 92.2, while in Hamburg it was 90.3. 296 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. It will not be forgotten that the foregoing table consists very largely of food and raw products, manufactures coming in for a much smaller share than in the United States Ust. The grouping adopted by Soetbeer is quite distinct from that of our tables and renders a comparison of the groups out of the question. In view of the large range of Soetbeer's table a comparison on the basis of the prices of the same articles in the United States can not be made. There are too many articles in the Soetbeer Ust not included in the prices for the United States. The Hamburg price figures have been subjected to several analyses along the line of Dr. Soetbeer's celebrated investigations. The purpose of other writers has been to discover, if possible, the results of such an analysis by the use of another base line, or by a grouping more in har- mony with their own notions. HAMBURG PRICES — CALCULATIONS OF DE. KRAL. One of the most noticeable of such efforts is that of Dr. Franz Kxal. (a) In his investigations of the value of money and the movement of prices he has taken as his starting point the year 1871, as he had in view especially the monetary condition of the German Empire. His calcu- lations are somewhat more comprehensive than those of Dr. Soetbeer, and embrace as many as 265 articles. While we can not reproduce here the detailed results article by article, the summary of his work will prove of interest. Following the method of the Economist, Dr. Krai has not reduced his groups to averages, but leaves as his basis of comparison, in the aggregate, 26,500. We feel sure that the value of his t-able is much increased by reducing it to the basis of 100 throughout. The foUowiag table gives the substance of Dr. Krai's results : T abt.t; 72. — Relative prices in Hamburg, iy groups of articles — Calculations of Dr. Krai. [187k=100.] Year. Vegeta- ble food. (21) Animal food. (8) Total food. (29) Table luxaries (59) Druffs and medi- cines. (5) Baw mate- rials. (132) Half products of mann- factores (7) Manu- factnres. (14) Average of all relative prices. (266) 1845-1850- 1851-1&55- 1856-1860. 1861-1865. 1866-1870. 1871 , 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 , 1879 1880 , J881 1882 , 1883 1884 81.22 97.24 96.58 89.89 101. 39 100. 00 100.27 101. 51 107. 10 100.96 100.09 101. 85 96.92 97.28 101.24 103. 03 100. 01 93.93 86.83 82.85 82.72 93.17 87.13 98.97 100. 00 98.78 107.21 116. 61 116. 38 116. 36 108. 16 96.25 98.57 115. 39 138. 00 122.77 123.13 112. OS 81.67 93.23 95.64 89.13 100. 73 100. 00 99.86 103. 10 109.73 105. 21 104.58 103. 59 96.73 97.63 105. 14 112. 68 106.29 101. 9D 93.80 80.84 96.92 107. 42 99.76 95.90 100. 00 110. 70 117. 35 122.96 114. 91 111. 03 113.34 111. 07 109. 57 112.53 110. 36 103. 50 101. 53 94.34 89.58 99.00 96.13 112. 06 106.44 lOO.OO 99.39 98.72 108. 05 104.67 95.86 97.06 89.02 91.45 89.56 94.49 91.46 87.14 91.61 94.24 100. 08 104.07 88.74 100. 48 100.00 110. 30 113.23 108. 92 107.13 102. 94 97.97 95.14 91.04 94.73 92.77 94.50 92.65 88.56 92.75 97.40 107.33 108.99 99.42 100.00 119. 69 125.85 109.07 103. 03 94.42 88.00 86.12 77.98 78.23 78.88 77.62 77.79 78.61 122.90 128.99 120.69 112.12 105. 20 100.00 107. 66 116.66 110.04 112. 02 108.68 100.66 96.87 94.03 99.26 96.12 98.19 101. 75 96.99 91.38 99.95 104.39 95.42 100.47 100.00 108.82 112.85 112.14 108.54 104.33 101.60 98.09 95.43 98.91 98.48 96.95 95.00 90.57 a Geldwert nnd Preisbewegung im dentechen Eeiche, 1871-1884, Jena, Fischer, loo7j 1X2 pp« REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 297 The foregoing table extends simply to 1884. It has not been deemed necessary to extend it, inasmuch as it embodies rather a rearrange- ment of matters already considered than a new principle. A glance at the foregoing table reveals the fact that in 1884 there was a decrease in price in all groups as compared with 1871. An in- teresting comparison may be made of the maximum and minimum prices since 1871. They occurred as follows : Group. Maximum. Minimum. 1874 1881 1874 1874 1873 1873 1873 H, — Luxuries (for the table) 1884 III.— Drugs 1883 Y. — Half products 1882 "VT, — AT flpiifnc-tnrps 1879 Total 1873 1884 If we consider the final year 1884, we observe an increase as against 1871 only in the sub-group, animal food. In the main group, food, this is eliminated. While the average is 90.57, the range of variation is all the way from 96.99 in the group, manufactures, to 78.61 in the group, half products of manufactures. The important group, raw materials, is slightly below the average. The grouping adopted by Dr. Krai differs from that of Soetbeer, and we can not make a comparison of the groups. Soetbeer's tables, in- cluding 114 articles, had as the aggregate relative price in 1871, 127.03, and in 1884, 114.25. If we make the former 100, then the relative price of 1884 becomes 89.9, which is quite close to the figures 90.6 given in the preceding table tor the year 1884. It would appear that no materhxl change in the result has been obtained by broadening the basis of the calculations. HAMBURG PRICES— CALCULATIONS OP PROF. CONRAD. An important analysis of the Hamburg figures has been made by Prof. Johannes Conrad, of Halle. In his periodical, Jahrbiicher fiir Nationalokonomie und Statistik, he has published from time to time articles upon the movements of prices based upon the reports of prices by the Hamburg and other offices. From the last article (a) we extract what follows, adding, however, that we are indebted to the courtesy of Prof. Conrad for the figures for 1890 and 1891, which have not as yet been published. The marked feature of this work is the number and variety of com- binations which have been produced. Prof. Conrad has selected 47 leading articles from the Hamburg list and calculated the relative a Vol. 1 of 1891, p. 913. 298 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. prices on the basis of 1847 to 1870 as 100. His results are given in the following table: Table 73. — Eelative prices in Samburg of certain articles at certain periods — Calcula- tions of Prof. Conrad. [1847 to 1870=100.] K"um ber. Article. 1847 to 1870. 1871 to 1880. 1881 to 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 100. 00 155. 13 96.11 97.16 156.81 134.77 161. 54 100. 00 116. 53 137. 35 126. 82 131. 52 126.85 117.30 100. 00 86.67 69.51 66.66 58.66 67.30 66.94 100. 00 109. 16 85.38 48.94 51.30 60.83 84.12 100. 00 89.50 83.29 87.19 89.62 70.07 65.20 100. 00 99.51 97.76 88.17 71.86 69.73 71.74 100. 00 110. 91 111.77 101. 77 104.92 101.43 114.63 100. 00 140. 35 175.24 213.26 189. 58 207.84 184. 76 100. 00 89.13 74.83 66.32 64.11 58.51 59.42 100. 00 100.45 83.90 60.19 56.74 52.94 69.07 100. 00 111.41 101. 26 88.53 85.60 84.10 96.23 100.00 92.56 82.16 71.26 73.80 80.05 92.14 100. 00 81.06 66.01 59.35 56.79 62.65 60.14 100. 00 102. 71 80.79 69.83 68.03 61.63 79.69 100. 00 102. 57 106. 41 109. 86 80.46 61.30 61.46 100. 00 98.01 86.19 87.61 80.26 83.17 95.05 100. 00 81.43 71.07 62.78 64.93 63.78 67.00 100. 00 104. 38 85.30 68.77 68.58 65.85 65.21 100. 00 106. 26 95.74 69.09 62.96 67.09 67.71 100. 00 127. 79 107. 52 94.42 79.00 57.52 62.01 100. 00 109. 97 99.04 89.21 75.14 66.63 80.46 100. 00 150.51 176. 20 105. 77 98.31 34.33 95.28 100. 00 115. 02 107. 38 93.16 87.72 93.09 91.77 100. 00 97.88 90.46 80.72 74.02 76.48 82.31 100.00 85.84 77.57 61.00 64.19 69.30 75.87 100. 00 90.54 74.93 65.10 62.87 57.56 63.82 igo. 00 103. 00 86.70 80.96 72.99 56.44 62.71 100. 00 155.22 172. 66 154. 17 165.86 88.18 99.16 100. 00 103. 15 97.19 85.09 88.95 80.01 83.10 100.00 76.98 60.66 60.96 50.89 50.35 44.14 100. 00 89.74 86.30 61.96 60.95 67.40 67.79 100. 00 82.17 80.24 57.36 54.86 52.58 54.13 100. 00 134. 16 129. 75 113. 09 112. 62 72.56 78.59 100. 00 86.92 87.79 59.37 64.22 78.70 78.77 100. 00 121.94 125. 30 99.25 86.83 94.40 91.78 100. 00 117. 71 79.02 64.86 68.66 66.21 84.20 100. 00 112. 76 84.97 68.78 70.76 59.81 68.90 100. 00 96.32 85.04 77.23 84.33 95.90 83.87 100. 00 88.02 68.54 64.46 50.76 76.26 57.62 100. 00 112. 19 69.11 64.02 77.58 89.63 116.20 100. 00 129. 54 73.28 70.33 87.45 94.19 102. 33 100. 00 109. 88 77.78 74.07 67.90 69.14 80.25 100. 00 96.71 82.84 68.21 67.58 66.53 64.29 100. 00 113. 53 73.26 66.91 59.21 67.74 75.64 100. 00 115. 60 96.62 116. 54 118. 74 125. 53 114.62 100. 00 101.43 74.84 65.67 66.86 64.40 64.06 100.00 80.55 95.28 72.65 79.66 120. 62 116.60 100.00 106. 01 93.82 82.32 81.18 77.85 82.72 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Coffee (Brazil) Cocoa Tea Sugar, raw Currants Eaisins Almonds Pepper Cocoanut oil Palm oil Indigo Mahogany Cotton Silk Flax Hemp ,, Kice Wlieat Eye Barley Oats Hops Clover seed Rape-seed Kape-oeed oil Linseed oil Calfskins Bristles Horsehair Wax Tallow Fish oil Butter Lard Herrings lion, pig Zinc, pig Tin Copper Lead Quicksilver Coal and coke Saltpeter Bar iron (English) Cotton yam Woollen and half- woollen yam. Linen yam Average . This table brings out admirably the fact of the fall in prices in recent years. In the period 1871 to 1880, which immediately followed the period of comparison, there were twenty-eight articles,' or more than half, whose relative prices exceeded 100. Since 1880 the number is much fewer, being from 1881 to 1885, eleven; in 1886, eight: in 1887, seven; in 1888, six; and in 1889, eight. A study of the individual quotations makes the fact all the more marked. Prof. Conrad does not give the average of his relative prices. We have addod it to the table. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 299 But these comparisons are carried still further for twenty-two arti- cles. They are presented in the following tables: Table 74. — Average prices of cotaiii articles in Hamburg for various periods — Calcula- tions of Prof. Conrad. [NoTB. — The prices in American money have heen ohtained from the American figures in Tahle 66, and are not reduced from the German figures here given.] Coffee. Cocoa. Tea. Pepper. Eice. Year. Per 100 Ger- man pounds. Per pound. Per 100 Ger- man pounds. Per pound. Per 100 Ger- man pounds. Per pound . Per 100 Ger- man pounds. Per pound. Per 100 Ger- man pounds. Per pound. 1847 1880 Marks. 54.74 46. 82 52.50 80.92 81.87 64.65 73.70 45.66 46.16 74.45 64.03 76.75 81.80 76.53 .$0. 128 • 111 .120 .183 .187 .154 .170 .111 .107 .166 .146 .172 .186 .177 Marks. 53.16 49.08 49.74 50.97 67.66 81.53 63.30 74.61 68.89 71.44 68.36 63. 72 66.05 71.90 $0. 115 .106 .108 .110 .133 .176 .137 .156 .149 .154 .148 .138 .143 .155 Marks. 140. 54 152. 43 149. 94 142. 08 l:i3.93 118.60 132. 13 106. 08 101. 73 89. 37 102. 72 102. 17 99.23 107. 37 $0. 317 .329 .323 .306 .289 .256 .285 .229 .220 .193 .223 .221 .214 .232 Marks. 41.26 36.45 47.31 68.47 46.95 38.30 51.58 64.40 79.61 69.67 70,38 67.90 56.06 43.70 $0. 088 .079 .102 .148 .101 .083 .111 .139 .172 .150 .173 .147 .123 .094 Marks. 12.32 13.35 10.98 11.17 10.07 10.54 10,61 9.26 8.18 8.46 8.31 8.73 8.81 9.08 $0. 027 .029 1847 1K07 . .. 1808 1K73 .024 .024 1875 1877 .022 1878 1880 .023 1871 1880 .023 1881 1885 .020 1886 .018 1887 .018 1888 .018 1889 .019 1890 .019 1891 .020 Sugar. Cotton. Silk. Indigo. Saltpetre. Tear. Per 100 Ger- man pounds. Per pound. Per 100 Ger- man pounds. Per pound. Per 100 Ger- man pounds. Per pound. Per 100 Ger- man pounds. Per pound. Per 100 Ger- man pounds. Per pound. 1847 1880 Marks. 26.98 23,76 25.56 24.63 26.77 20.23 24.10 19.62 12.02 12.60 14.94 20.66 13.24 16.09 $0,054 .053 .060 .065 .054 .057 .058 .045 .026 .027 .026 .036 .030 .031 Marks. 76.67 80.49 83.13 78.16 58.99 57.83 65.87 62.83 48.23 46.15 60.91 48.87 49,86 47.19 $0. 166 .174 .180 .169 .127 .125 .142 .114 .104 .100 .110 .111 .108 .105 Marks. 1942. 04 1848. 93 2480. 62 2301. 16 1915. 65 1611.09 1975. 25 1553. 69 1343. 06 1308, 39 1186. 23 1530. 89 1107. 76 1005. 93 $4,185 3.992 5.226 4.968 4.136 3.479 4.263 3,355 2.900 2.825 3.105 3.927 2.465 2.473 Marks. 6.12, 05 599. 10 829. 44 752. 00 678. 28 635. 12 701. 13 637. 26 557. 20 639. 93 529. 30 599. 32 463. 82 534, 69 $1. 413 1.307 1.791 1.624 1.464 1. 371 1.514 1,376 1.203 1.166 1. 130 1,294 1, OUl 1.154 Marks. 13.53 13.28 14. 67 13.77 12.34 14.75 13. 81 11.83 9.74 9.65 9.50 9.18 8.01 8.33 $0,031 1847-1867 1868-1872 .031 .032 1872-1874 .030 1875 1877 .027 1878-1880 .032 1871 1880 .030 1881 1885 .025 Ig86 .021 1887 .021 .021 1889 .020 1890 .017 1891 .018 Fish oU. Palm oil. Pig iron. Zinc. Year. Per 100 German pounds. Per pound. Per 100 German pounds. Per pound. Per 100 German pounds. Per pound. Per 100 German pounds. Per pound. 1847 1880 -. Marks. 33.72 15.79 34.20 32.09 29.99 24. m 29.27 28.58 20.43 19.54 18.73 19.28 16.42 19.65 $0. 055 .060 .053 .050 .047 .038 .046 .045 .032 .030 .029 .030 .026 .031 Marks. 37.71 38.69 42.30 36.86 37.00 35.20 37.87 31.63 22.69 21.39 19.96 22.27 23.32 24.06 $0. 082 .081 .092 .080 .080 .076 .082 .068 .049 .046 .043 .048 .051 .052 Marks. 3.88 3.72 4.02 6.19 3.91 3.11 4.32 2.90 2.38 2.52 2.43 3.09 3.20 2.78 $0,008 .008 .009 .014 .009 .007 .010 .006 .005 .005 .005 .007 .007 .006 Marks. 20>63 19.86 20.22 24.60 23.96 19.96 22,35 16.85 13.64 14.03 ll.gff 11.08 18.15 19.04 $0. 045 1847 1867 ,043 1868 1872 .044 1872-1874 .053 1875 1877 .052 1878-1880 .043 .048 1881-1885 .036 1886 .029 1887 .030 1888 -.. 1889 .032 .0.15 1890 .044 1891 .049 _ _ 300 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 74, — Average prices of certain articlee in Hamhurg for various periods — Calcula- tions of Prof. Conrad — Concluded. [Note.— The prices in American money have been obtained from the American figures in Table 66, and are not reduced from the German figures here given.] Tin. Copper. Lead. Coal. Year. Per 100 German pounds. Per pound. Per 100 German pounds. Per pound. Per 100 German pounds. Per pound. Per 100 German pounds. Per 2, 240 pounds. 1847 1880 Marks. 108.79 109. 05 128.04 136. 96 91.09 78.61 105. 81 93.42 84.84 92.64 106. 35 92.13 88.60 87.10 $0,235 .236 .276 .296 .196 .170 .228 .202 .183 .200 .227 .195 .191 .189 Marks. 87.92 91.74 80.58 93.21 89.31 69.88 83.50 65.02 51.66 48.15 71.39 54.66 55.24 57.69 $0. 198 .210 .174 .201 .193 .151 .180 .141 .112 .104 .145 .119 .119 .125 Maries. 21.19 20.46 21.51 26.98 23. 71 19.20 22.92 14.12 13.08 15.85 18.29 23.72 29.63 23.23 $0. 046 .044 .040 .058 .051 .041 .050 .031 .028 .034 .035 .040 .053 .049 Marks. .83 .81 .84 1.20 .83 .68 .89 .63 .60 .55 .56 .65 .79 .81 $4,028 3.953 1847 1807 1868 1872 4.026 "5.752 1875-1877 4.033 1878-1880 - . . . 3 241 1871 1880 4.284 1881 1885 1886 2.873 1887 2 817 1S,S8 1S89 2.827 3 192 1890 3 838 1891 ■Wheat. Eye. Barley. Oats. Year. Per 190 German pounds. Per bushel. Per 100 German pounds. Per bushel. Per 100 German pounds. Per bushel. Per 100 German pounds. Per bushel. 1847 1880 Marks. 11.13 10.89 11.70 12.36 11.01 10.75 11.43 9.34 7.53 7.51 7.21 7.14 7.40 9.23 $1,438 1.411 1.218 1.602 1.426 1.393 1.482 1.210 .976 .974 1.010 .926 .963 1.221 Marks. 8.14 7.83 8.88 8.74 8.59 7.86 8.49 7.65 5.52 6.53 5.36 5.41 6.36 $0,984 .948 1.073 1.057 1.039 .951 1.022 .925 .668 .669 .711 .655 .769 1.046 Marks. 10.79 11.07 9.87 ■ 9.14 10.38 10.64 10.53 8.86 7.78 6.51 4.74 5.11 5.53 6.40 $0,924 .834 1.017 1.155 1.076 1.093 1.092 .918 .807 .075 .762 .733 .717 .750 Marks. 7.89 7.74 8.07 8.33 8.67 7.22 8.05 7.25 6.53 5.50 4.87 5.89 6.35 6.70 $0,520 .495 .659 .676 .699 .499 .560 .501 .451 .380 .351 .412 .445 .477 1847 1867 1868-1872 1872-1874 1875-1877 1878-1880 1871 1880 1881 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Table 15.— Relative prices in Hamburg of certain groups— Calculations of Prof. Conrad. i [^tJ^JjMe each group has been given its appropriate proportion in national consumption. 1847 to 1oD7 = 1uO.J Year. Group I. — Coflee, cocoa, tea, pepper, rice, sugar. Group II. —Cotton, silk. Group iri.-fn. digo, salt- petre, fish oil, palm Group rv.- Pig iron, zinc, tin, copper, lead. Group V. — CoaL Group Ti.-: Wheat, rye, bar- ley, oats. Groups I to VI.— Average of 22 articles. Simple average of318 ar- ticles in- cluded in Hamburg quiita- tions. 1871-1880 122.73 87.83 101. 06 111.88 109. 88 112.51 110.63 104.00 [1847 to 1880=100.] 1881-1885 78.64 65.12 88.10 84.15 104. 08 94.53 94.19 71.77 64.62 62.05 65.01 67.64 62.97 S9.03 89.30 72.08 70.22 68.48 71.17 60.16 66.43 75.-05 65.29 65.23 68.84 77.91 84.11 75.17 75.90 72.29 66.27 67.48 78.31 95.18 97.69 89.21 72.49 64.76 60.54 64.65 7L46 87.31 84.18 70.73 66.27 64.05 70.43 77.01 86.45 1886 83.83 1887 75.43 1888 75.67 1889 70.48 1890 74.79 X891 74.83 74. ID REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 301 Table 75 — Melative prices in Eamhurg of certain groups — Calculations of Prof. Conrad— Concluded. [1871 to 1880=100.] Tear. Group I. — Cofl'ee, cocoa, tea, popper, rifo, su- gar. Group n. — Cotton, sillc. Group III.— In- digo, salt- petre, rt.sh oil, palm oh. Group IV.— Kg iron, zinc, tin, cop- per, load. Group V. —Coal. Group VI.- Wheat, rye, bar- ley, oats. Groups I to VI.- Average of 22 arti- cles. Simple average of318 arti- cles in- cluded in Hamburg quota- tions. 1891 1885 72.23 59.82 80.91 77. 30 95.59 87.17 86.51 79.75 71.69 68.95 72. 24 75 16 69.97 65.60 89,41 72.17 70. :io 68.50 71. -Jo 60.23 66.51 69.11 57.05 60.07 63.39 71.74 77.46 69.23 70.79 67.42 61.80 62.92 73. 03 88.76 91.01 87.33 70.97 63.40 59.27 63.06 69.95 85.48 80.41 68.66 64.33 62.17 68.38 74.76 83.93 81.60 188C 73.38 1887 73.52 1888 ... . 68.57 1K89 72.76 1890 72.80 1891 70.61 This table of relative prices is singularly rich in varied and interest- ing comparisons. The first line gives the comparison of 1871 to 1880 with 1847 to 1867, and it appears that, with exception of silk and cotton, prices for the groups given were higher duiing the latter period. It is also true of the 22 articles as a whole, the average being that of all the articles and not of the six group averages. Furthermore the result for these 22 articles is substantially confirmed by that for the entire Hamburg list of 318 articles. A further series of figures gives comparisons of the years 1881 to 1891 with the whole preceding period since 1847. It is quite character- istic that in all the columns there is but one place where the price of a group exceeds 100. Prices rule before 188.5 about 15 per cent, and since that year about 30 per cent lower. An exception is to be noted for the year 1891, when the high price of the cereals advances prices consid- erably. If we follow the details of a third series of figures, where the period 1871 to 1880 represents 100, we find similar results. Throughout the past decade prices have been noticeably lower than in that which pre- ceded it. Thus in the year 1890 general prices are 25 per cent lower than in the decade 1871 to 1880. GERMANY— PRUSSIAN STATISTICS. Statistics of prices are annually published by the Eoyal Prussian Statistical Bureau. These " Prices of articles in 165 markets in Prus- sia" contain figures for some 17 articles of common use, exclusively food products. One of the noticeable features of these investigations is the large number of places for which prices are noted. The method of combination, therefore, as well as that of collection, deserves some notice. The prices are reported at the close of each month to the statistical bufeau by the local police authorities. These reports give prices for certain articles upon market days which vary in number in different plaices, while for other articles sold in stores a single qubtation sufaces. In the case of wheat, rye, barley, and oats report is made of the quali- ties styled good,, medium, and poor, and also, if possible,, of the amount offered for sale. Each day, when prices are reported, the high- est and lowest are given. ^ ^ . j^M-. -laK The reported prices are wholesale prices; but since many ot the Ibo 302 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. points are small towns, where an active wholesale trade can hardly be expected to exist, it seems probable that the prices reported approxi- mate retail prices. The statistical bureau publishes in each month the highest and low- est price, irrespective of quaUtj'. The towns are arranged by provinces, and the summary gives for each province the highest, lowest, and mean price. The last is calculated from the various figures for the towns, and is not the mean between the highest price for the province and the lowest. In Berlin a mean is calculated from all the reported prices; but this is the only exception to the rule stated. This gives thirteen monthly means for the various pro\4)ices and Berlin. A yearly mean per province is then obtained, and the mean for the state is the average of these results. It is the yearly mean for the state of Prussia which is given in our Table 76. Table 76. — Prices of 17 commodities in Prussia from 1S40 to 1891, witli etj'iiialentsin United States money and measures. Tear. 1»J0, 1.^41, l'^42. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 18oU. 18.)1, l.«2 1833 18.W. 18.5.5 185«. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. V6>i-1. 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872, 1873 1874 1875. 1876 1877 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889 1890 1891. 1. Wheat. Per 100 Marks. 16.70 15. 70 17.40 14.90 13.70 15.50 20.60 26.30 15.00 14.70 13.90 15.00 17.20 20,50 25.80 28.40 27.00 20.40 18.20 17.90 21.00 22.10 21.40 18.40 15.90 16.30 16.60 25.80 25.00 19.40 20.30 23.40 24.20 26.40 24.00 19.60 21.00 2.3.00 20.20 19.60 21.90 . 22.00 20.80 18.50 17.30 16.20 15.70 16.40 17.40 18.30 19.20 22.20 Per bushel. $1. 082 1.017 1.127 .965 .887 1.004 1.334 1.704 .972 .952 .900 .972 1.114 1.328 1.671 1.840 1.749 1.321 1.179 1.159 1.360 1.432 1.386 1.192 1.030 1.056 1.075 1.671 1.619 1.257 1.315 1.516 1.568 1.710 1.555 1.270 1.360 1.490 1.308 1.270 1.419 L425 1.347 L198 L121 L049 1.017 L062 L127 1.185 1.244 1.438 2. Eye. Per 100 Per kilos. bushel. Marlzs. 10.90 10.20 11.40 12.60 10.10 12.80 17.70 21.50 9.50 7.90 9.10 12.50 15.40 17.00 20.80 22.90 21.30 13.80 12.80 13.60 15.40 15.40 16.00 13.60 11.40 12.60 14.60 19.80 19.70 16.10 15.60 17.20 16.80 19.20 19.80 16.60 17.40 17.70 14.30 14.40 19.30 20.20 16.10 14.70 14.70 14.30 13.40 12.50 13.50 15.60 17.00 20.80 3. Barley. Per 100 Per kilo.s. bushel. $0. 659 .617 .689 .762 .611 .774 1. 070 1.300 .574 .478 .550 . 756 .931 1. 028 1. 2.57 1 S84 1.288 i .8:u .774 . 822 .931 .931 .967 .822 .689 .756 .883 1.197 1.191 .973 .943 1.040 1.016 1.161 1.197 L004 1.052 L070 .865 .871 1.167 1.221 .973 .889 .889 .865 .810 .756 .816 .943 1.028 1.257 Marks. 9.80 8. 30 9.10 10.60 9.10 10.60 14.10 18.40 9.00 7.10 7.80 10.40 13.00 14.10 16.90 4. Oats. Per 100 Per kilos. busbeL 0. .5f'8 . 430 .472 .549 .472 .549 .731 .953 .466 .368 . 404 .539 .674 .731 .876 17. CO .912 17.30 .896 13.50 .700 12.50 .648 12.60 .653 14.00 .7-25 13.80 .715 12.80 .663 11.80 .611 11.00 .570 11.20 .580 13.50 .700 16.90 .876 17.50 .907 1 15.30 .793 14.20 .736 15.20 .788 15.20 .788 18.20 .943 20.00 1.036 16.80 .871 16.80 .871 16.90 ,876 15.70 .814 14.80 .767 16.80 .871 16.60 .860 15.40 .798 14.60 .757 14.90 .772 14.30 .741 13.50 .700 12.80 .663 13.90 .700 15.10 .782 16.50 .855 17.10 .886 Marks. 10.00 8.80 9.40 11.00 8 70 10 70 13 20 16.10 8 90 7.20 8.30 10.80 12.00 13.50 16.10 16.20 15.60 13.20 14.30 13.70 13.00 12.10 12.00 11.40 11.70 11.90 13.40 15.60 16.80 15.40 14.20 14.60 13.80 16.00 19.20 18.00 17.70 16.00 13.90 13.40 15.20 15.90 14.60 13.70 14.40 14.30 13.30 11.30 13.00 15.10 16.00 16.20 $0,345 .304 .325 .380 .300 .370 .456 .556 .307 .249 .287 . 373 .413 .466 .556 .560 .539 .436 .4M .473 .4t9 .418 .415 .394 .404 .411 .463 .539 .580 .532 .491 .504 .477 .553 .663 .622 .611 .553 .480 .463 .525 .549 .504 .473 .497 .494 .459 .390 .449 .522 .553 .&60 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 303 Table 76. — Prices of 17 commofliiiea in Prussia from 1840 to 1891, with equivalimts in United Stated money and v^easures — Continued. 5. Pea8e,forcooking. 6. Beans. 7. Lentils. 8. Potatoes. Year. Per 100 kilos. Per buuhel. Per 100 kilos. Per bushel. Per 100 kilos. Per bushel. Per 100 kilos. Per bushel. 1840 Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 . ... 184ti 1847 1848 1849 1850 1861 1852 1853 1855 1856 1857 1858 ... . 1860 1861 16.90 16.60 14.40 14.50 15.40 17. CO 18.90 19.90 17.70 17.00 20.00 19.40 21.60 24.60 26.60 25.00 23.30 22.00 21.40 24.20 25.00 24.10 23.70 23.70 22.10 20.80 20.50 20.40 22.10 22.70 23.70 $1. 168 ■ 1.147 .995 1.002 1.064 1.175 1.306 1.375 1.223 1.175 1. 382' 1.340 1.492 1.700 1.838 1.727 1.610 1.620 1.479 1.672 1.727 1.665 1.687 1.637 1.627 1.437 1.416 1.409 1.627 1.568 1.637 5.60 4.95 4.10 4.20 4.05 4.10 5.90 5.25 4.35 5.20 6.10 5.90 6.00 6.70 5. .50 6.65 6.35 5.65 6.15 6.50 5.70 4.95 6.15 4.90 4.60 4.10 4.60 5.15 6.25 4.95 7.35 $0. 363 .321 1862 1863 .266 .272 1865 .262 1866 .266 .382 1868 .340 .282 .337 1871 .395 .382 1873 31.00 33.40 35.00 28.50 29.20 28.60 27.60 30.60 30.80 30.80 30.80 30.30 29.30 28.00 26.60 28.60 29.40 28.30 28.40 $2. 008 2.163 2.267 1.846 1.891 1,853 1.781 1.982 1.995 1.995 1.995 1.963 1.898 1.814 1.723 1.853 1.904 1.833 1.840 33.00 37.40 42.80 39.50 37.10 35.00 34.50 41.40 44.40 45.40 44.60 43.30 40.20 43.40 44.60 45.90 46.60 45.10 44.20 $2,280 2. 584 2.957 2.729 2.503 2.418 2.384 2.860 3.068 3.137 3.081 2.992 2.777 2.999 3.081 3.171 3.220 3.116 3.064 .389 1OT4 .434 .366 1876 .. .. .366 .411 1878 .366 1879 .398 .421 1881 .369 1882 .321 .398 1884 .317 1885 .298 1886 .266 1887 .298 1888 .334 1889 .340 1890 .321 1891 .476 304 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 76. — PricM of 17 commoHUies in Prussia from 1S40 to 1S91, mth equivalents in r»itcd Stnlff: nwney and measures — Continued. 9. Str.lw. 10. Hay. 11. Beef. 12. Pork. Tear. Per 100 kilos. Per ton (2,240 lbs.). Per 100 kiloa. Per ton (2.240 lbs.-). Per kilo. Per potind. Per kilo. Per pound. 1840 2[arks. Marks. Marks. Marks. 1811 1812 1 " " " l.<43 1844 1843 ISIO :;:;:::::i 1817 1 1818 [ 1 1810 18,3ll 1831 18.32 1 j 1831 1 18.34 ----• 18,33 1856 j 1837 18.38 ... ,,.........,_.. l.'i.39 . ... l.'iOO 1861 18i!2 186:l 1804 1863 1866 3.25 3. 20 3.35 3.45 4.50 4.73 3. 43 3. 93 4.35 4.35 4.80 3.90 3. 95 4.40 5. 15 7.20 6. 05 4.00 4.00 4.80 6.15 5.20 4.10 4.30 3.85 4.55 4.60 4.85 6.95 5.25 4.70 "'$7.' 839" 7. 738 8. 101 8. 342 10. 881 11. 486 8. 342 9. 551 10. 519 10.519 11.607 9.431 9. 531 10. 6 10 12. 453 17. 410 14. 629 9. 672 9. 672 11. 607 14.871 .12 374 9.914 10. 398 9.310 11. 002 11.123 11. 728 14.388 12. 695 11. 365 4.70 4.70 ,5.55 6.85 7.65 0.60 5.40 5.80 6.40 7.15 6.80 5.30 6.50 7.90 9.40 8.50 7.10 5. 20 5. 35 6. 20 7.40 6.90 6.45 6.15 5.45 6.00 6.05 6.85 6.66 6.60 5.55 $11,365 11.365 13. 420 16. 504 18. 498 15. 959 13. 058 14.025 15. 476 17. 289 16. 443 12. 816 15.718 19. 103 22. 730 20. 554 17. 168 12. 374 12. 937 14. 002 17. 894 16. ti,-5 15. 597 14. 871 13. 179 14. 508 14. 629 16.564 16. 080 13.541 13.420 6.\82' .83 .82 .80 .82 .85 .92 .95 .93 .97 1.00 1.13 1.23 1.24 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.15 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.20 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.13 1.12 1.17 1.26 1.28 '"$6.'(l.-'9' . 090 .089 .086 .089 .092 .099 .103 .100 .105 .108 .122 . 133 I . 134 1 . 122 .122 .124 .126 .124 .123 .123 .125 .130 .130 .128 .126 . 122 .121 .126 .136 .138 " ' i.'oo" 1.05 1.00 .90 .93 1.00 1.08 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.22 1.35 1.34 1.26 1.31 1.29 1.23 1.15 1. 22 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.20 1.20 1.19 1.15 1.14 1.28 1.39 1.30 $0,108 .113 .108 .097 .100 .108 18(k8 18IM ... . .124 l.'<70 1872 187;; 1.874 1875 1S76. ... .124 .122 .132 .146 .145 .l:;6 .141 1878 1879 .139 .133 .124 ISSl 1,882 1.883 1884 . 132 . i:» .138 .138 1885 .130 1886 .130 1887 .128 1888 .124 .123 1890 .138 1891 .150 .140 KEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 305 Table 76. — Prices of 17 commodities in Prussia from 1S40 to 1S91, with equivalents in Vnited States money and measures — Concluded. Tear. 13. Veal. 14. Mutton. 15. Bacon. 16. Butter. 17. Eggs. Per kilo. Per pound. Per kilo. Per pound. Per kilo. Per pound. Per kilo. Per pound. Per scliock. Per dozen. 1840 Marks. Marks. MarH. Mark». Mark). 1811 1843 1 1845 1S4+ 1815 1 ! 1846 1 18+7 1 1849 1850 1 ' 1851 1852 1 1853 1 1854 1 1855 1 ! . _ ]S58 1 IS" 1 1:^'»8 1 1800 i j j 1 1.62 1.67 1.63 1.72 1.82 1.75 1.75 1.00 1.98 1.93 2.00 2.18 2.38 2.52 2.48 2.45 2.35 2.15 2.05 2.20 2.27 2.28 2.30 2.21 2.12 2.10 2.07 2.08 2.21 2.20 2.20 $0. 175 .180 .176 .186 .196 .189 .189 .205 .214 .208 .216 .235 .257 .272 .268 .264 .254 .2.32 .221 .238 .245 .246 .248 .239 .229 .227 .223 .225 .239 .238 .238 1832 1 1 1864 r;;:;:;: i 1866 ]868 1870 1872 1873 1.05 1.02 .94 .98 1.00 1.01 .98 .98 .98 1.00 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 .99 1.05 1.17 1.18 $0. 113 .110 .101 .106 .108 .109 .106 .106 .106 .108 .111 .110 .110 .109 .108 .107 .113 .126 .127 ].15 1.14 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.11 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.11 1.08 1.07 1.12 1.21 1.25 $0,124 .123 .114 .116 .117 .118 .117 .117 .118 .120 .124 .123 .122 .120 .117 .118 .121 .131 .135 1.85 1.86 1.84 1.90 1.88 1.79 1.66 1.71 1.79 1.82 1.84 1.75 1.71 1.69 1.64 1.60 1.73 1.88 1.77 $0. 200 .201 .199 .205 .203 .193 .179 .185 .193 .196 .199 .189 .185 .182 .177 .173 .187 ".203 .191 3.37 3.38 3.54 3.44 3.32 3.20 3.19 3.22 3.32 3.?6 3.30 3.27 3.27 3.24 3.17 3.28 3.37 2.52 3.56 $0. 160 1874 .161 .169 3876 .164 .158 1878 .152 1879 .152 1880 .153 .158 1882 .155 .157 1884 . ... .156 1885 .156 ISSfi .154 1>;87 .151 1888 .156 .160 1890 .168 .169 The figures begin in 1861. While not numerous they are sufficient for interesting comparisons. They have not been used as a basis of rel- ative prices because of their relatively small number. The figures are interesting by reason of the broad basis upon which they rest. IJ^umberless quotations have been used in their construction. The prices are locally widely distributed, and in the original publica- tions afford most excellent material for local comparisons. On the other hand, it may be doubted whether the introduction of so many places strengthens the general result. The wholesale price of these articles in any province will be dominated so largely by the principal distribut- ing points, that one quotation from a large city might give a truer pic- ture than an average of several quotations. There is always a danger under such a system of the insignificant S. Eep. 1394 ^20 306 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. points outweighing the really important ones in the combination of any average. GERMANY — PRICE STATISTICS OP THE IMPERIAL OFFICE. Parallel with the Prussian figures, but differing somewhat in scope and method, are those published by the Statistical Office of the German Empire since 1879. The original figures are monthly average prices furnished by chambers of commerce or similar bodies in thirty leading markets throughout the Empire. The reports cover as many as thirty- seven articles, but there is no one point which quotes prices for every one of them. The number of quotations, therefore, varies for the dif- ferent articles from a dozen or more to a single quotation. But as each city returns prices on articles whose trade is of some consequence, the number of quotations fairly represents the importance of the article. While the descriptions of the articles vary between different points, the specific description at each is careiully noted. Where the prices extend over the entire period yearly averages have been formed. But in many cases this is not done, since either all or a portion of the points faU to give complete data. Such figures as could be carried out for the entire period are given in Table 77. Table 77. — Wholesale prices of 15 commodities in Germany from 1879 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures. 1. Wheat. 2. Barley. 3. Outs. 4. Wheat flour. 5. Bape-seed oil. Tear. Per 100 kilos. Per bushel. Per 100 kilos. Per busheL Per 100 kUos. Per bushel. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1879 Marks. 20.298 22. 358 22. 682 21. 207 18.681 17.545 16. 726 16.500 17. 054 17. 829 18. 552 19. 532 22. 645 $1. 315 1.448 1.469 1.374 1.210 1.136 1.083 1.069 1.105 1.155 1.202 1.265 1.467 Marks. 16. 020 17.462 17.112 15. 891 15. 319 15.729 14. 818 14.126 13. 564 14. 399 15.850 17. 498 17. 357 $0,830 .905 .887 .823 .794 .815 .768 .732 .703 .746 .821 .907 .899 Marks. 13. 399 14. 919 15. 492 14.424 13. 297 14. 081 14. 117 12. 892 11. 172 13. 080 14. 772 16. 062 15. 855 $0. 463 .515 .535 .498 .459 .486 .488 .445 .386 .452 .510 .555 .548 Marks. 29.96 33.02 32.50 32.00 29.46 27.00 24.51 23.83 24.94 26.08 27.00 28.38 32.69 $0,032 .036 .025 .035 .032 .029 .026 .026 .027 .028 .029 .031 .035 Marks. 57.21 55.83 56.18 60.72 71.65 58.72 49.71 45.02 47.47 52.14 63.89 66.53 61.96 $0,062 060 1880 1881 1882 1883 .077 063 1884 1885 1886 049 1887 051 1888 1889 069 1890 072 1891 6. Sugar, raw. 7. Sagar,refined. 8. Coffee, Eio. 9. Eice, Eangoon 10, Pepper. Tear. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1879 Marks. 63.19 64.55 66.24 64.52 60.43 47.16 48.47 43.36 43.49 48. U8 40.53 34.40 36.35 $0. 068 .070 .072 .070 .065 .051 .052 .047 .047 .052 .044 .037 .039 Marks. 79.16 80.74 83.57 82.61 76.64 63.18 61.46 55.68 65.64 60.03 66.66 57.58 58.21 $0. 085 .087 .090 .089 .083 .068 .066 .060 .060 .065 .072 .062 .063 Marks. 121.74 126.70 102. 96 82.05 84.63 93.40 80.58 90.02 166.75 136.15 159.94 171. 93 160.63 $0. 131 .137 .111 .089 .091 .101 .087 .097 .169 .147 .173 .186 .173 Marks. 28.34 28.53 26.91 23.71 23.95 23.87 22.91 21.27 21.07 20.94 20.93 21.63 22.22 $0,031 .031 .029 .026 .026 .026 .025 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .024 Marks. 69.99 87.53 104.94 109.20 129.41 143. 17 149. 21 148. 22 151.94 147. 78 131.93 102. 90 79.25 $0,076 .094 .113 .118 .140 .155 .161 .160 .164 .160 .142 .111 .086 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1888 1887 1S88 1889 1890 1891 EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 307 Table 77. — Wholesale prices of 15 commodities in Germany, from 1879 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Concluded. Tear. 11. Herring, Scotch. 12. Cotton. 13. Tin. It, Copper, English. 15. Coal, English. Per 150 kilos. Per pouud. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Pr.1,000 kilos. Per ton (22401bt). 1879 Marks. 41.69 37.85 33.62 37.88 40.96 37.28 26.82 35.54 23.64 26.01 27. 97 lis 26 34.38 $0,030 .027 .024 .027 .029 .037 .019 .018 .017 .019 .020 .020 .025 Marks. 124.90 132.79 123. 26 127. 59 109. 13 114. 94 109. 98 97.07 105.07 108. 14 112. 96 114. 62 89.32 $0. 135 .143 .1,33 .138 .118 .124 .119 .105 .113 .115 .122 .124 .096 Marks. 155. 15 184. 98 197. 46 220. 84 201. 95 179. 57 186. 21 209. 47 235.44 254. 29 198. 38 198. 92 191.58 $0. 167 .200 .213 .238 .218 .194 .201 .226 .254 .275 .214 .215 .207 Marks. 134. 07 140. 70 136. 43 150. 24 140. 79 126. 09 97.55 88.13 92.89 157. 00 115. 44 122. 31 116. 02 .$0. 145 .152 .147 .162 .152 .136 .105 .095 .100 .169 .125 .132 .126 Marks. 14.44 15.02 15.49 14.19 13.96 13.78 13.30 13.17 13.01 13.42 15.95 18.63 17.68 $3. 492 1880 1881 3 746 1882 3 431 1883 1884 3 332 1885 1SS6 3.216 3 185 1887 3.146 1888 3 245 1889 3.857 1.'<'J0 4.505 1891 4.275 In the researclies of Prof. Conrad, already mentioned, an effort has been made to obtain if possible the same results from the foregoing table. He has prepared for this purpose the table which follows : Tabus 78. — Belative prices in Germany for certain periods — Calculations of Prof. Conrad. Articles. Average of actual prices 1879-1883. Quantity. Price. Quantity. Price. Belative prices. 1884^1889. Average of 1879-1883 being 100. 1890. Average of 1879-1883 being 100. 1890. Average of 1879-1889 being 100. Wheat Barley Oats Wheat flour Kape-seed oil (a) Sugar, raw {a) Sugar, refined (a) CoSee, Ilio{a) Rice, Kangoon (a) Pepper (a) Herrings, Norwegian (o) Cotton (o) Tin Copper, English (a) Coal (a) 1,000 kilos. ...do ...do 100 kilos- -. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .do. Ton of 150 kilos. 100 kilos..-. ..--do --.do 1,000 kilos. Marks. 190. 39 154.81 137. 86 28.21 54.23 53.15 67.68 112. 73 22.38 115. 16 27.91 114. 58 202. 16 127. 87 18.13 Bushel. ...do--. ...do--. Pound . .--do... ...do-., .--do-., .-.do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do ... ...do... ...do... Ton -., $1. 233 .802 .476 .030 .059 .057 .073 .122 .024 .124 .020 .124 .218 .138 4,384 82.53 90.14 93.33 81.43 86.98 70.70 74.61 114. 83 84.61 145. a 79.71 87.26 109. 63 81.49 99.12 92.81 106.95 112. 31 90.41 111. 61 53.77 71.63 165. 98 94.47 102. 42 75.50 92.72 103. 57 91.23 132. 01 Average of relative prices. 92.12 102. 59 113. 03 116. 57 100. 60 120.15 63.99 83.14 153. 56 103. 13 88.57 84.82 99.64 98.40 101. 48 132. 60 104. 15 a These prices do not correspond exactly with those of onr previous table, since in making his com- binations, Prof. Conrad has used otlier qualities or brands of articles from those adopted for the offl- oial table. 308 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. From the foresioing it will be seen that the fall of prices in the latter part of the decade ISSO to 1890 as compared with the former is not so great as in the entire decade as compared with that which preceded it. The difference between 1890 and the average of 1879 to 1889 is less marked. Without attaching any great consequence to it we have added in the foregoing table the simple average of the 15 quotations omitted by Prof. Conrad. AUSTRIA. There are, in Austria, a few statistics of prices which are worthy of attention. They relate to a very limited number of articles, but cover a long period. They form part of a volume prepared by the finance ministry, com- prising materials for the study of the monetary qiiestion in Austria. The volume is replete with valuable material. In the section relating to prices and wages an attempt has been made to give retail prices of 9 articles in 33 cities or districts from the period 1830 to 1890. Blanks are not infrequent in the tables, and while cities and their surrounding districts are as a rule separated in the tabulations there are many cases when a single price stands for both. As representing probably the best figures in the compilation, since figures for towns are more easily avail- able than for country points, and as most useful for the study in which we are at present engaged, we give the figui-es for Vienna, Prague, Salzburg, and Trieste. The figures are retail prices in open market compiled from unpub- lished reports of the police authorities from 1827 to the present time. What rules may have governed the collection of this material we do not know, nor have we any guaranty of the identity of quality of the goods at different periods. The prices for Vienna in our table are always for the city alone, but the Salzburg figures while as a rule for the city alone, are at other times for a very considerable district surrounding the city. Prior to 1848 the figures are for such a district including the city of Linz, from 1848 to 1876 the figures are for a smaller district, limited to the country surrounding Salzburg, while from 1876 to 1891 the figures are for the city alone. The Prague prices include quite a large district before 1877, while the same is true of the Trieste figures before 1872. The very limited scope of the figures which we present has deterred us from making any calculations of relative prices. The actual prices follow in Table 79. EEVORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 309 Table 79. — Marlcet prices of 9 commodities in Auxiriun cities from 1840 to 1891, with equivalents in Viiiled States money and measures. 1. "WHEAT. In Vienna. In Salzburg. In Prague. In Trieste. Tear. Per liec- toliter. Per bnsliel. Per hec- toliter. Per "bushel. Per hec- toliter. Per bushel. Per hec- toliter. Per bushel. 1840 Florins. 5.59 6.27 5.96 4.87 4.45 6.44 7.52 10.03 7.52 7.44 6.44 6,78 7.47 8.27 12.88 13.48 11.63 7.44 6.81 6.98 9.19 9.31 8.15 7.50 7.42 6.80 10.04 $0. 672 .633 .716 .585 .535 .654 .904 1. 205 .904 .894 .774 .815 .898 .994 1.548 1.620 1.398 .894 .818 .839 1.104 1.119 .979 .901 .892 .817 1.206 Florins. 5.64 5.33 5.90 5.70 6.10 5.81 7.68 10.72 8.15 7.21 7.87 9.35 10.80 12.11 16.05 14.65 10.60 10.37 9.47 9.00 $0. 678 .640 .709 .685 ,.733 .698 .923 1.288 .979 .866 .940 1.124 1.298 1.455 1.929 1.700 1. 274 1.246 1.138 1.082 Florins. 5.87 4.85 5.59 6.07 5.33 5.27 7.70 9.26 6.36 5.70 5.73 7.47 8.46 8.89 12.68 12.51 9.73 7.64 7.64 7.91 9.60 10.15 8.83 7.64 6.88 6.42 7.11 11.17 10,33 8.57 9.41 10.20 10.76 12.03 Htll. 07 8.83 9.46 11.03 9.22 8.96 9.97 9.84 9.10 7.85 8.21 7.76 7.60 7.86 6.97 6.90 6.97 $0,705 .583 .672 .729 .640 .633 .925 1.113 .764 .685 .689 .898 1.017 1. 068 1.524 1.503 1.168 .918 .918 .951 1.154 1.220 1.061 .918 .827 .771 .854 1.342 1.241 1.030 1.131 1.226 1.293 1.446 1.330 1.061 1.137 1.325 1.108 1.077 1.198 1.182 1.094 .943 .987 .933 .913 .945 .838 .829 .838 Florins. 6.70 6.56 6.50 5.50 5.24 5.70 8.27 9.21 7.81 7.44 7.64 7.32 7.78 9.95 13.37 12.97 11.66 9.32 7.87 9.05 9.96 11.15 9.47 9.00 7.58 7.17 8.90 9.89 10.40 8.75 8.97 9.60 10.01 11.05 10.58 8.77 11.84 7.50 10.30 11.40 9.60 11.43 11.43 10.84 7.15 9.32 7.14 6.92 8.55 6.53 6.49 7.27 $0. 805 .788 1841 1842 781 1843 .661 1844 ; .630 1845 1846 ~ . . .685 .994 1847 1.107 1848 .939 1849 .894 1850 .918 is.n .880 1862 .935 1853 1.196 1.607 1855 1.659 1856 . - - 1.401 is:.7 1858 1.120 .946 1859 1.088 I860 1.197 1861 1.340 1862 10.73 9.47 9.57 7.74 9.23 11.76 10.67 7.56 10.22 11.32 12.05 13.51 12.03 9.67 10.36 11.53 9.39 8.76 10.45 9.95 9.37 7.12 7.58 6.55 6.90 7.03 6.21 5.76 6.94 7.86 1.28!1 1.138 1.150 .030 1.109 1.413 1.282 .908 1. 228 1.360 1.448 1.623 1.446 1.162 1.245 1.386 1.128 1. 053 1.256 1.196 1.126 .856 .911 .787 .829 .845 .746 .692 .834 .945 1.138 1.082 1864 .911 1865 .862 1866 1.069 1867 1.188 186S 9.73 8.10 9.29 10.66 10.97 13.32 11.92 9.11 13. 01 15. 55 8.79 8.88 9.93 9.90 9.29 8.76 10.29 7.16 7.28 7.12 6.57 6.84 7.05 1.169 .973 1.116 1.269 1.318 1.601 1.432 1.095 1.563 1.869 1.056 1.067 1.193 1.190 1.116 1.053 1.237 .860 .875 .856 .789 .822 .847 1.250 1869 1.051 1870 1.078 1871 1.154 1872 1.203 1.328 1874 1.271 1.054 1.423 1877 .901 1878... 1879 1.238 1.370 1880 1.154 1.374 1883 1883 1.374 1.303 .859 1885 1.120 18.S6 .858 18K7 .832 1888 1.027 1889 .785 1890 .780 .874 310 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 79 — Market prices of 9 covimodities in Austrian cities from 1S40 to 1891, loith equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. 2. EYE. Tear. 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1847. 18-4K. 18.1(). 3850. JS.il. 185'-'. 1853., 1854.. 1855.. 185C.. 1857.. 1858.. 1859.. 1800.. 1801.. 1802.. 186J. . 1804.. 180.T.. 1800.. 1867.. 1868.. 1860.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872. . 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879. . 1880. . 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885. . 1886. . 1887. . 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891. . In Vienna. Per hoc- Per toliter. bushel. Fionas. 3.90 3.42 3.33 3.48 2.74 5.19 $0. 409 .411 .400 .418 .329 .624 .648 .907 .586 .614 .459 .585 .767 .746 1.109 1.100 .850 .631 .501 .566 .681 .921 .627 .570 .572 .485 .821 In Salzburg. Per hec- - Per toliter. bushel. .797 .684 .768 .774 .792 1.134 1.061 .787 1.250 1.437 .709 .719 1.063 .929 .773 .759 1.098 .695 .649 .626 .582 .649 .722 Florins. 3.51 3.33 3.33 3.53 4.25 4.73 6.33 7.15 5.42 4.28 5.42 7.30 9.46 9.72 11.49 10.52 6.93 6.58 5.61 6.82 7.68 6.23 6.08 4.97 6.05 8.46 7.60 9.44 6.47 7.02 7.45 8.76 8.83 7.11 7.11 6.94 6.05 5.50 6.94 7.57 6.43 6.65 6.54 5.45 4.74 4.49 4.02 4.32 5.43 6.36 $0. 422 .400 .400 .424 .611 .668 .761 .859 .051 .514 .651 .877 1.137 1.168 1.381 1.264 .833 .791 .662 In Prague. Per hec- toliter. .923 .749 .731 .697 .727 1.015 .913 1.134 .778 .844 .895 1.053 1.061 .854 .854 .834 .727 .661 .834 .910 .773 .679 .666 .655 .570 .540 .483 .519 .653 .752 Florins. 4.22 3.22 3.25 4.67 3.85 4.13 6.07 7.50 4.30 3.36 3.73 5.61 7.50 7.21 10.46 10.12 7.04 4.87 4.87 5.54 6.93 7.53 6.32 5.10 4.60 4.43 6.62 8.59 8.08 6.86 7.12 7.27 6.91 8.41 8.66 6.94 7.65 8.61 6.27 6.23 7.99 8.23 6.68 6.60 6.84 6.30 5.80 6.67 5.32 5.30 6.46 Per busbel. $0. 507 .387 .391 .561 .463 .496 .729 .901 .617 .404 .448 .674 .901 .866 1.257 1.216 .846 .585 .585 .666 .833 .905 .759 .613 .553 .532 .796 1.032 .971 .824 .856 .874 .830 1.011 1.041 .834 .919 1.023 .753 .749 .960 .989 .803 .793 .822 .757 .697 .681 .639 .637 .776 In Trieste. Per hec. toliter. Florins. 4.79 4.53 4.25 3.73 3.62 3.73 4.70 4.82 5.30 4.93 4.79 4.93 5.13 6.81 9.95 9.36 7.61 6.53 5.31 6.06 6.67 7.55 6.91 6.46 5.48 5.22 6.11 6.15 7.12 5.26 6.08 6.81 6.01 6.98 6.67 5.57 7.98 6.03 6.70 7.51 9.65 8.49 8.49 8.23 4.68 7.49 4.90 4.71 6.50 4.55 Per bushel. $0. 576 .644 .5U .448 .435 .448 .566 .679 .637 .593 .576 .592 .616 .818 1.196 1.124 .914 .785 .638 .728 .802 .907 .830 .775 .659 .627 .734 .739 .856 .631 .731 .818 .722 .839 ,.802 .669 .959 .725 .805 .902 1.160 1.020 1.020 .989 .662 .900 .589 .666 .781 .547 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 311 Table 79. — Marl:et prices of 9 commodUies in Au.'ilrian cities from 1840 to 1891, with equivalents in United Slates money and measures — Continued. 3. BARLEY. In Yienna. In Salzburg. In Prague. In Trieste. Tear. Per hec- toliter. Per bushel. Per hec- toliter. Per bushel. Per hec- toliter. Per bushel. Per hec- toliter. Per bushel. 1840 Flonns. 3.16 2.88 3. O.S 2.59 2.00 2.59 3.76 5.24 3.42 3. 18 3.31 4.13 4.79 4.82 6.18 6.44 5.27 3. 82 3.16 3.65 4.16 5.44 4.27 3.93 4.22 2.85 4.55 5.43 4.40 4.48 6.34 4.94 5.10 6.49 6.44 4.63 7.56 7.68 4.12 4.93 4.83 5.15 5.16 5. 49 9.47 5.11 4.71 4.57 4.52 5.41 5.20 $0. 380 .346 .370 .311 .240 .311 .462 .630 .411 .418 .398 .496 .576 .579 .743 .774 .633 .459 .380 .463 .600 .654 .513 .472 .507 .342 .547 .653 .529 .538 .762 .594 .613 .780 .774 .556 .908 .923 .495 .592 .580 .619 .620 .660 1.138 .614 .566 .549 .543 .650 .625 Florins. 3.36 2.57 2.54 2.79 3.45 3.59 4.99 6.42 3.76 3.76 4.65 7.04 6.64 7.50 8.41 8.07 5.53 4.90 4.79 5.61 $0. 404 .309 .305 .335 .415 .431 .600 .651 .452 .452 .559 .846 .798 .901 1.011 .970 .665 .589 .576 .674 Florins. 3.31 2.51 2.59 3.82 2.88 3.14 4.65 5.90 3.51 2.79 3.11 4.59 5.36 5.53 7.78 7.38 5.30 4.10 4.22 4.58 5.74 5.84 4.82 3.99 4.52 3.46 5.10 6.39 6.37 5.80 5.74 5.98 5.80 6.93 7.22 5.75 6.03 7.10 6.17 5.89 6.15 5.68 5.52 5.50 5.84 5.51 5.01 4.57 5.16 5.10 5.50 $0,398 .302 .311 .459 .346 .377 .569 .709 .422 .335 .374 .552 .644 .665 .935 .887 .637 .493 .507 .550 .690 .702 .579 .479 .543 .416 .613 .768 .765 .697 .690 .719 .697 .833 .868 .691 .725 .853 .741 .708 .739 .683 .663 .661 .702 .662 .602 .549 .619 .613 .661 Florins. 4.99 4.56 4.50 4.02 4.13 4.33 6.60 6.36 5.27 4.87 4.70 4.25 4.65 7.47 9.21 8.58 7.32 6.38 5.36 5.87 6 18 6.67 6.16 5.93 4.96 4.97 6.16 7.03 7.30 6.30 6.18 5.49 5.09 5.36 5.82 5.36 8.18 5.77 6.64 7.38 9.36 $0. 600 548 1841 1842 .483 1814 .496 1845 .620 1846 .781 1847 764 1848 .633 1849 .683 1850 .565 18.31 .511 iw: .559 1S5:( .898 1854 1.107 1855 1.031 1856 .880 1857 .767 1858 .644 18,59 .706 I860 .743 .802 1862 7.30 5.26 5.44 4.42 5.33 6.78 6.46 6.18 6.11 6.75 6.73 8.34 7.99 6.57 6.81 7.42 7.11 7. CO 6.23 6.35 5.90 4.95 5.28 4.56 4.40 4.22 4.87 5.18 5.26 5.45 .877 .632 .654 .531 .640 .815 .776 .743 .734 .811 .809 1.002 .960 .790 .818 .892 .854 .841 .749 .763 .709 .595 .634 .518 .529 .507 .585 .622 .632 .655 .740 1803 .713 1804 .596 1865 .597 1866 .740 1867 .845 .877 1869 .757 1870 .743 1871 .660 1872 .612 1873 .644 .699 1875 .644 1876 .983 1877 - -- . .693 .678 1879 .887 18.SJ H26 1885 6.37 .765 1886 1880 312 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 79.—MarTcet prices of 9 commodities in Austrian cities from 1840 to 18^1, with equivalents in United States money and meosttreg— Continued. 4. CORN. In Tieima. In Salzbnrg. In Prague. In Trieste. Year. Per hec- toliter. Per bushel. Per hec- toliter. Per bushel. Per hec- toliter. Per bushel. Per hec- toliter. Per bushel. 1840 Florins. 4.65 3.83 4.56 4.22 3.48 3.96 4.70 7.15 4.60 4.85 4.90 5.27 5.59 6.04 7.35 7.41 5.64 4.96 6.40 6.28 5.98 6.28 6.96 5.84 6.34 4.68 6.85 7.09 5.01 5.33 6.01 6.05 6.80 7.34 7.19 4.66 7.77 8.99 5.74 6.10 6.30 5.77 6.42 6.98 7.76 6.21 5.00 5.17 5.27 4.76 4.85 $0. 559 .463 .548 .507 .418 .476 .665 .859 .541 .583 .596 .633 .672 .726 .883 .890 .678 .596 .649 .634 .719 .765 .836 .702 .762 .562 .703 .852 .674 .640 .722 .727 .817 .882 .864 .660 .934 1.080 .690 .613 .757 .693 .771 .719 .933 .626 .601 .621 .633 .572 .583 Miorins. Florins. FloriTis. 4.73 3.56 3.71 3.82 3-56 3.45 4.93 6.01 5.04 4.79 4.99 4.79 5.53 7.21 9.69 8.18 6.58 6.33 5.22 5.95 6.75 7.63 6.32 5.75 5.20 6.09 6.26 6.55 6.67 5-48 5.93 7.12 5.15 5.69 7.14 5.35 $0. 568 6.84 $0. 822 .428 1842 .446 .459 1844 .428 .415 .592 7.70 6.50 $0. 925 .781 .722 .606 .576 1850 14.88 15.39 1.788 1.849 .600 1851 .676 1852 7.21 8.72 9.46 11.74 8.01 7.81 8.98 9.06 .866 1.048 1.137 1.411 .963 .939 1.079 1.089 .663 .866 1854 10.72 9.15 8.78 7.41 6.54 6.89 9.75 7.71 8.31 12.83 11.43 9.03 7.40 7.73 6.60 6.99 6.76 6.67 8.12 10.24 8.13 6.57 5.13 6.57 6.29 5.68 5.85 6.34 5.33 6.22 5.64 5.88 5.33 5.68 5.42 5.44 6.05 1.288 1.100 1.053 .890 .786 .828 1.172 .926 .999 1.542 1.374 1.085 .889 .929 .793 .840 .812 .802 .976 1.231 .977 .790 .616 .790 .756 .671 .703 .762 .640 .747 .678 .707 .640 .683 .651 .634 .607 1.164 1856 .983 1830 .791 1857 .761 1858 .627 1859 .715 .811 1861 .917 1862 11.92 8.56 9.08 8.30 8.26 8.82 7.73 7.22 8.36 9.47 9.40 10.31 8.88 7.32 8.67 6.70 G.S6 8.50 6.00 4.70 4.84 5.37 5! 74 5.6] 5.43 5.17 5.28 6.07 1.432 1.029 1.091 .997 .993 1.060 .929 .868 1.005 1.138 1.130 1.239 1.067 .880 1.042 .805 .788 1.021 .721 .565 .682 .646 .683 .628 .690 .674 .653 .621 .634 .729 .759 1863 .691 1804 .625 1866 . . .612 1866 .752 1867 .787 1868 .790 18B9 .669 1870 .713 1871 .856 1872 .619 1873 .684 1874 .858 1873 .643 1876 1877 ... . 6.84 6.84 8.21 7.93 7.97 .822 1878 .822 1879 .987 1880 .963 1881 .958 KJ82 1883 7.88 5.15 6.68 4.70 4.60 6.43 4.35 4.15 6.09 .947 1884 .619 1885 803 1886 .565 1887 1888 1889 .623 1890 1891 612 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 313 Table 79. — Market prices of 9 oommodities in Austrian cilies from iSdO to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Contiuued. 5. OATS. In Vienna. In Saliburg. In Prague. In Trieste. Tear. Perlioo- toliter. Per bushel. Per hec- toliter. Per bushel. Per hec- toliter. Per buahel. Per hec- toliter. Per busliel. Florins. 2.74 2.57 2.51 2.37 2.05 2.34 2.11 3.62 2.71 3.02 2.99 3.71 3.68 3.96 4.96 4.28 3.48 3.42 3.36 3.91 3.49 3.73 3.60 3.60 3.81 2.66 3.60 3.60 3.67 3.65 4.24 4.08 3.77 3.81 4.52 3.88 4.09 3.69 3.33 2.91 3.25 3.18 3.30 3.10 3.38 3.13 3.02 2.74 2.57 2.93 3.46 $0. 329 .308 .302 .285 .216 .281 .254 .435 .326 .363 .359 .446 .442 .476 .596 .514 .418 .411 .404 .470 .419 .448 .433 .433 .458 .320 .433 .133 .441 .439 .510 .490 .453 .458 .543 .466 .491 .443 .400 .353 .391 .383 .397 .373 .406 .376 .363 .329 .309 .352 .416 Florins. 2.00 1.94 1.82 2.14 3.31 1.85 2.65 2.94 2.48 2.48 2.79 3.96 3.93 3.65 4.59 4.65 3.16 3.21i 3.54 4.19 $0,240 .233 .239 . 257 .278 .222 .313 .353 .298 .298 .335 .470 .472 .139 .552 .550 .380 .387 .425 .504 Florins. 1.77 1.65 1.77 2.51 1.08 1.85 2.12 3.02 2.02 2.08 2.22 2.85 3.02 3.14 4.42 3.65 2.99 2.96 3.23 3.46 3.47 3.21 2.77 2.89 2.87 2.46 3.18 3.65 4.09 3.91 3.90 3.91 3.41 3.83 4.84 4.34 4.47 4.13 3.56 3.53 3.82 3.93 3.31 3.39 3.64 3.66 3.46 2.94 2.80 2.75 3.94 $0. 213 .198 .213 .305 .202 .222 .291 .363 .213 .250 .267 .312 .363 .377 .531 .139 .359 .356 .388 .416 .417 .386 .333 .347 .345 .296 .382 .439 .491 .470 .469 .470 .410 .460 .582 .522 .537 .496 .438 ^ .434 .459 .472 .468 .407 .437 .440 .411 .353 .336 .330 .473 Florins. 3.33 3.03 3.79 2.79 2.79 2.99 3.90 3.65 3.73 3.93 3.85 3.96- 3.99 4.70 5.39 5.39 4.56 4.28 3.88 4.63 4.42 4.58 4.06 4.17 3.78 3.72 4.27 3.90 3.99 4.03 4.21 3.65 2.93 3.10 4.11 3.60 8.98 4.00 4.12 7.38 8.23 $0. 400 \%i\ .363 184'> _ .335 ■]g43 .335 .335 .359 IfitO .409 .439 .448 Ig49 .472 Ifi50 .163 .476 .479 .565 .648 .618 1H56 .548 .514 1858 .466 .556 .531 .550. 186-> 3.90 3.37 3.65 2.74 3.06 3.64 3.93 3.62 4.19 4.27 3.90 4.26 4.94 4.43 4.69 4.16 3.61 3.37 3.67 3.79 3.61 2.80 2.99 3.31 3.13 2.72 2.67 2.89 3.61 3.17 .469 .405 .439 .329 .338 .437 .471 .435 .504 .513 .469 .512 .594 .532 .564 .500 .434 .405 .439 .455 .424 .336 .359 .398 .376 .337 .321 .347 .434 .381 .488 .501 .454 .447 1867 .513 .469 .479 .484 .506 .439 .352 .373 .494 1875 .433 1.079 ]877 .481 .495 1879 .887 .939 7.97 7.24 3.25 8.03 3.31 2.93 6.05 2.61 3.97 2.87 .958 1883 .870 .391 1885 .965 .398 .352 .727 1889 .314 .357 .345 314 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AlfD WAGES. Table 79.— J/iiiAt? prices of 9 commodiiies in Austrian cities from 1S40 to 1S91, with equitialents in United Slates money and measures — Continued. 6. POTATOES. Year. 1S40. ISU. 1842. 1S14. ISIS. 3841). 1.-^47., 1818. 1S4!I. IWU. 18.M . , IS.VJ. IS.vi. , 18,U.. 1855- . 18,ilj., 1S57.. IS.'.S.. 1859. . I860.. JSIU. . ' 180-:.. I80:i . . 1864.. 1865.. I860.. 1867.. IStiS- . ISll'.l.. 1870- . 1S71.. lS7-i.. iS7:i.. 1874. . 1S75.. 1876- . 1877.. 1878.. 1870.- 1880- . 1881 - . 188'J.. 1883.. 18,84.. 1KS5.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. isao.. 1891. . In TienDft. Per hec- toliter. Ftoniia. 1. 51 1.17 1.91 1.94 1. 28 1.17 2.05 3 (i."i 2. 79 2.08 2.02 2. 43 3. 30 3^45 3. 39 2. 08 2,42 2. 83 2.59 3.11 2.00 2.46 3. 28 2, 64 2, 07 3.05 2.64 3.06 4.55 3.99 2.83 2.76 3,29 2.65 3.59 4.07 4,14 2, il9 3. 25 4,22 3. 34 2.14 2,19 2,41 2,67 2.63 Per bushel. 1,181 .141 .230 , 233 , 1,U .141 . 240 .439 .335 .250 . 243 . 2114 . 428 . 207 .415 .431 . 322 . 291 .342 .311 . 334 . 373 In Salzburg Tor ho.'. Per tLtlitor. bushel. .342 .345 .374 .240 .296 .394 .317 .321 .367 .317 . 368 .547 .479 .342 .332 .395 .318 ,431 .489 .497 .359 .391 .507 .401 .257 .383 .290 .321 .316 Florins. 0.77 .71 .74 .97 1.08 .91 1. 20 2,51 2,31 2.05 2. 28 3. 22 3.51 3. 65 4.02 3.53 2,68 2,71 2,95 2.14 3.11 2,98 2,59 2.74 3.60 2.95 2,45 2,72 3.19 3.37 3.59 3.33 3.42 3.25 3.66 3.48 3.12 3.05 3.83 1.68 2.31 2.61 2.69 3.50 2.15 3.08 2.69 3.08 3.08 $0,093 .085 .089 .117 .130 .109 .144 .302 . 278 .240 .274 .387 .422 , 439 ,483 .424 .339 .322 .326 .354 . 257 .374 .311 .329 .421 .354 . 29 1 .327 .383 .405 .431 .400 .411 .391 .440 .418 .202 .278 .314 .323 .421 .258 .370 .323 .370 .370 In Prague. Per hee toliter. Florins. 0.97 .80 1.05 1.85 1.23 1.17 1,58 2.19 1,65 1.17 1.31 1.97 2,08 2,17 3.14 2.62 1.74 1,25 1,45 1.65 2.10 2.09 1,63 1.66 1. 53 1. 32 1.78 2.43 2.35 2.00 1.76 1.99 2.15 2.53 2.59 1.84 1.76 2.31 2.18 2.70 2.85 2.76 2,20 2.64 2.07 1.78 1,40 1.77 1.48 1.50 1.68 Per bushel. $0, 117 .096 .126 iiis .141 ,190 .263 . 198 ,141 , 157 ,237 . 230 .261 .377 .315 .209 .150 .174 .198 .231 .196 .187 .186 .159 .214 . 292 '.iw .211 .239 .258 .304 .311 .221 .211 .278 .202 .324 .342 .332 .264 .317 .249 .214 .168 .213 .178 .180 .190 In Trieste. Per heo- toliter. Flon)it. 2.31 2.51 2.51 2.08 2.79 3.82 4.63 4.42 3.82 4.33 4.67 6.47 6.30 5.16 4.33 3.79 3.50 3.99 4.38 4.74 4.45 3.81 3.36 2.54 5.08 3.99 4.16 4.21 3.91 5.61 5.61 6.42 7.29 5.74 4.60 6.20 6.16 6.33 5.80 5.80 6.20 2.89 5.67 3.00 2.79 4.20 2.66 2.60 2.49 Per bushel. $0. 27S .302 . 302 .270 ,2,30 ,230 .335 .459 .559 .631 .459 .520 .561 .667 .757 .620 .620 .456 .421 .479 .526 .570 .535 .458 .404 . 305 .610 .479 .500 .506 .470 .674 .674 .771 .653 .626 .740 .761 .697 .697 .746 .347 .669 .361 .335 .606 .318 .312 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 315 Table 79.— Market prices of 9 eommoditiea in Austrian cities from ISiO to 1891, wiiK equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. 7. BEEF. Tear. 1840. , 1841.. 1842. , 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 3850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1800. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 187U. 1871. 1872. 187;). 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886., 1887., 1888. 1889. 1890.. 1891.. In Vienna. Per kilo. Florins. 0. 2S .28 .28 .30 .28 .30 .31 .31 .34 .37 .37 .37 .38 .37 .41 .44 .44 .41 .38 .41 .39 .47 .48 .47 .47 .41 .41 .48 .54 .57 .59 .61 .63 .61 .59 .57 .61 .62 .62 .63 .62 .63 .65 .69 .70 .70 .66 .65 .65 .64 .65 Per pound. 1.043 .043 .043 .046 .043 .046 .048 .048 .053 .057 .057 .057 .059 .057 .063 .068 .068 .063 .059 .063 .060 .073 .074 .073 .073 .063 .063 .074 .084 .088 .091 .094 .097 .094 .091 .088 .094 .096 .096 .097 .096 .097 .101 .107 .108 .108 .102 .101 .101 .099 .101 In Salzburg. Per kilo. Florins. 0.18 .18 .18 .19 .20 .20 .20 .20 .22 .30 .31 .31 .30 .30 .31 .34 .32 .32 .32 .32 .41 .38 .38 Per pound. 1.028 .028 .028 .029 .031 .031 .031 .031 .034 .046 .048 .048 .046 .046 .048 .053 .049 .049 .049 .049 .063 .059 .059 .056 .060 .068 .070 .070 .074 .080 .087 .094 .094 .084 .088 .102 .104 .094 .087 .090 .090 .099 .099 .093 .093 .093 .090 In Prague. Per kilo. Florins. 0.21 .20 .20 .23 .23 .23 .23 .23 .24 .25 .28 .30 • .31 .31 .34 .34 .34 .31 .32 .34 .38 .43 .43 Per pound. 1.032 .031 .031 .036 .036 .036 .036 .036 .037 .039 .043 .046 .048 .048 .053 .053 .053 .048 .049 .053 .059 .067 .067 .059 .059 .056 .067 .073 .073 .077 .080 .085 .091 .094 .091 .085 .090 .097 .099 .097 .094 .094 .094 .094 .096 .096 .096 .096 .094 .096 .094 In Trieste. Per kilo. Florins. 0.23 .23 .23 .25 .25 .25 .24 .25 .28 .28 .31 .34 .31 .31 .31 .31 .34 .34 .34 .66 .68 .68 Per pound. 1.036 .036 .036 .039 .039 .039 .037 .039 .043 .043 .048 .053 .048 .048 .048 .048 .053 .053 .053 .060 .059 .060 .063 .063 .063 .059 .059 .080 .074 .082 .088 .108 .111 .122 .111 .111 .114 .114 .108 .118 .119 .096 .096 .097 .118 .096 .097 .097 .087 .090 .097 .105 316 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Tasub 79.— JfarM piiees fff 9 eommo^Hfs i» Ati^Mti» HiUt fir«m 1840 to 1391, m'tt 8. HAT. InTIenna. fitSaUlnng. In Pngm. InTitoetai. Xe«c. Per ceatoer. Per 8,340 pounds. Per centnor. Per 2,210 poottds. P«r ooateBT. Per 8,810 pounds. Pw oeBliwr. PBra,a« pouds. 1.97 2.09 8..<4 8.53 1.® 1.75 8.25 8.40 8.22 S.TS 2.71 a. SI 3.ST 3.S7 3.03 3.28 3.15 4.31 3.97 3.51 2.92 8.85 2.79 3.45 S.S7 2.65 3.62 3.15 8.58 3.10 3.87 3.56 3.45 3.88 3.51 3.78 4.20 3.35 3. NO 2.60 8.47 3.13 3.88 4.25 3.71 3.61 3.91 3.68 3.66 3.49 3.47 $13. KO 14.482 19.679 17.531 11.225 12.126 1.x 591 16.630 13.3S3 19.263 18.778 19,679 23:S5l 3;), 351 2li, 99.1 22.72S 21.S27 29.172 27.509 24.331 80v233 11748 19.332 23.905 26.816 IS. 362 25.0S3 31.827 17.739 21.480 26.816 81.668 2;!, 905 2ti,SS5 24.321 26.192 isi.ioa 2;!. 213 20.787 IS. 016 17. U5 31.6SS 26.885 39.449 85.707 85.222 27.301 23.199 25.361 84.183 31.0(4 FIsiiM. l.«T 1.90 1.97 2.09 1.59 1.53 1.59 1.75 8.09 8.12 8.87 8.81 3.06 8.34 8.50 2.93 8.93 3.00 8.85 8.74 $iaiS6 IS, IK 13.650 14.4S2 11,017 10,603 11.017 18.126 14.483 14.690 11887 19.471 81.203 16 214 17.383 20.308 31303 20 Ts: 1174S ia986 Fhritu. 1.9$ 8.46 8.75 3.21 1.90 1.87 8.03 8.50 8.34 8.65 3.68 8.81 3.15 3.00 8.90 8.65 8.81 3.78 4.88 3.56 8.81 8.81 S.79 4.10 4.48 4.05 4. 39 S.13 4. IS 4.93 4.90 4.60 3.88 4.55 5.76 109 5.70 S.16 3.78 3.91 S.46 S.45 3.90 6.00 4.14 4.09 4.18 3.16 3.81 3.18 3.47 4iS.373 17.016 11055 83.318 IS. IK 12.957 14.066 17.333 16.214 l.<363 18.154 11471 81.827 81787 81094 18. 3Q 11471 86.198 89. 8U 84.668 11471 11471 81261 as. 409 31687 88.063 31419 81.688 88.617 34.091 33.953 31.874 81885 31.538 39.918 48.198 31496 35.754 86.193 87.301 83.975 33.905 87.084 34.646 88.687 28.340 88,964 21.896 83.8(8 82.035 24. OU Fhruu. 100 3.15 165 8.00 1.87 8.40 a.a 8.56 8.75 S.» 8. 68 140 8.46 3.40 8.65 8.93 8.84 8.90 3.04 S.11 3.15 3.89 8.86 8.76 8.56 3.36 8.88 S.44 8.38 3.10 8.88 4.67 S.58 lis 8.97 4.01 3.7S 3.09 831TS7 81.S3T ISll ISl"* 11363 1843 U.8S8 1^1 U.K7 1U5 11630 1816 „ IT. 916 1M7 IT. 739 1848 11 OS 1S1I9 81 935 1850 1115( ISl 11630 Iffia 81975 18S3 83.539 1851 11363 18M 81308 1858 11619 llS7 81094 8L06S 11 550 is,v; 1859 1860 81.887 81TST 11817 11 Ut IT. 739 81589 11956 81836 81833 81.480 11956 31.6(8 a(.806 81.688 81 679 8T.786 85.8(6 81. 4U 1861 1S62 8.81 8.72 3.13 8.85 8.61 8.57 8.86 2.83 3.01 s,o« i!in 3.37 3.24 3.92 3.00 8.58 8.18 8.22 8.16 8.38 3.10 2.90 3.80 3.10 8.47 8.50 8.99 8.48 8.38 ii'in 18.847 81.688 11748 lit. 293 17.808 19.817 11 W9 a. 065 81.203 18.847 80.164 23.351 82.450 27.163 81787 17. 8n 15.116 15.383 14.967 15.798 21.480 21094 26.331 81.480 17.115 17,323 20.718 17.181 16.491 186S 1864 1865 1866 1867 1S6S 1869 1870 1871 1S72 iS7;i 1S74 1875 1S76 1877 S.41 S.85 128 188 149 169 177 ~ 118 188 18» 177 179 108 81638 81530 81788 81T2S 81.183 11 639 11191 81.619 81738 81797 11 m 11SS8 81.348 1880 1881 1882 1S83 1884 1885,. 1886 ]S,'i7 18S8 1889 1890 1891 EEPOET ON WHOLESALK PRICES AND WAGES. 317 Table 19.— Market prices of 9 commoditiea in Austrian, cities from 1840 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measares— Concluded. 9. STKAW. Tear. 1840., 1841. 1842. 1843.. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847 -, 1848. 1849. 1850. 1S51. 1S52. 1853. 18:.4. ISio. 1656. 1857. 1858. 1S.)D. 1800. 1861. 1862. 18fi3. 1864. 1865., 1866. 1867., 1868. 1869., 1870., 1871. , 1872., 1873., 1874. 1875., 1876. 1877. 1878., 1879., 1880., 1881., 18S2.. 1883.. 1884. . 1885.. 1880. . 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. In Vienna. Per centner. Florins. 2.22 2.31 2.50 1.97 1.50 1.97 2.08 1.93 2.34 2.75 2.25 2.87 3.03 4.43 3.56 3.68 3.00 ■3.84 3.04 2.92 2.81 2.79 3.13 3.40 2.61 2.29 2.60 2.16 1.81 2.27 3.76 3.17 2.61 3.47 2.99 3.47 4.28 2.52 2.02 2.40 2.37 2.44 2.29 2.83 2.83 2.39 3.30 2.92 2.65 2.90 2.82 Per 2,240 pounds. $15. 383 16. 006 17. 323 13. 650 10. 394 13. 650 14. 274 13. 373 16. 214 19. 055 15. 591 19. 887 20. 995 30. 696 »4.668 25. 499 20. 787 26. 608 21. 065 20. 233 19. 471 19. 332 21. 688 23. 559 18. 085 15. 868 15. 984 14. 898 12.542 15. 729 26. 053 21. 965 18. 085 24.044 20. 718 24.044 29. 657 17. 461 13. 997 16. 630 16. 422 16. 907 15. 868 19. 609 19. 609 16. 561 22. 866 20. 233 18. 362 20. 094 19. 540 In SaJzburg. Per centner. Florins. 1.09 1.37 1.59 1.59 1.31 1.31 1.44 1.40 1.56 1.72 1.68 2.40 3.15 2.63 2.03 2.34 2.31 2.37 2.42 2.56 2.61 2.60 2.61 2.43 2.39 2.30 2.51 2.47 2.58 2.72 2.57 2.94 3.04 3.24 3.86 4.25 2.52 2.66. 2.44 2.87 2.82 2.80 2.70 3.35 3.43 3.31 2.61 2.94 3.00 2.82 Per 2,240 pounds. $7. 553 9.493 11.017 11. 017 9.077 9.077 9.978 9.701 10. 809 11.918 11. 641 16. 630 21. 827 17. 531 14. 066 16. 214 16. 006 16. 422 16. 768 17. 739 18. 085 15. 984 18. 085 16. 838 16. 561 15. 937 17. 392 17.115 17. 877 18. 847 17. 808 20. 372 21. 065 22. 450 26. 746 29. 449 24. 391 17. 739 16. 907 19. 887 19. 540 19. 402 18. 709 23. 213 23. 767 22. 935 18. 085 20. 372 20. 787 19.540 In Prague. Per Per 2,240 centner, pounds. Florins. 1.37 1.68 1.97 1.97 1.06 1.09 1.40 1.47 1.28 1.40 1.37 1.63 1.90 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.93 2.25 2.58 2.26 1.88 1.92 1.92 2.02 2.08 2.20 2.43 1.86 2.62 2.66 2.77 3 10 2.29 2.13 2.61 3.61 4.34 3.56 2.28 2.15 2.10 2.18 2.12 2.90 3.07 2.26 2.41 1.76 1.89 1.90 2.65 $9. 493 11. 641 13. 660 13. 650 7.345 7.553 9.701 10. 188 8.869 9.701 9.493 10. 602 13. 165 13. 858 13. 373 12. 957 13. 373 15. 591 17. 877 15. 660 13. 027 13. 304 13. 304 13. 997 14. 413 15. 244 16. 838 12. 888 17. 461 17. 739 19. 194 21. 480 16. 868 14. 759 17. 392 24. 321 30. 072 24. 668 15. 660 14. 898 14. 661 15. 105 14. 690 20. 094 21. 272 15. 660 16. 699 12. 195 13. 096 13. 165 18. 362 In Trieste. Per centner. Florins. 1.78 2.03 1.87 1.62 1.44 1.69 1.84 1.78 2.06 2.12 1.81 1.72 2.22 2.31 1.87 1.97 1.84 1.87 1.66 2.22 1.93 2.09 1.83 1.81 1.72 1.96 2.02 1.74 2.18 1.86 2.51 3.96 2.72 2.64 2.27 3.08 3.74 H.Si 2.37 3.25 3.15 2.95 2.95 2.77 2.63 2.40 3.09 2.93 2.73 2.93 2.80 2.50 Per 2,240 pounds. $12. 334 14. 066 12. 967 11. 225 9.978 11.017 12. 750 12. 334 14. 274 14. 690 12. 642 11.918 15. 383 16. 006 12. 957 13.650 12. 750 12. 957 11. 502 16. 383 13. 373 14. 482 12. 680 12.542 . 11.918 13. 512 13. 997 12. 057 15. 105 12. 888 17. 392 27.439 18.847 17. 600 16. 729 21. 342 25. 915 16. 214 16. 422 22. 520 21. 827 20. 441 20. 441 19. 194 18. 224 16. 630 21.411 20. 302 18.910 20. 302 19, 402 17. 323 318 KEPORT ON "WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. PRANCE. The figures relied upou chiefly in Prance are those of export and im- port prices. The customs organization of that country includes a very complete and elaborate mechanism for the ascertainment of customs values. In determining the value of imported and exported goods, in- voices and bills of lading are taken into consideration only so far as quantities and description are concerned. No attention is paid to the recorded price. A permanent commission of over one hundred mem- bers, divided into several sections, is charged with the oversight of the markets. At stated times they meet to fix, on the basis of current prices, the values to be assigned to articles of exportation and importa- tion. These prices are then applied to the quantities declared at the customs oflQces for the ascertainment of values. Thus the prices may be said to represent a high grade expert opinion upon the subject. The duties of the commission are by no means perfunctory, and a high value is ascribed by economists to the figures which they present as the results of their labors. We have chosen from the mass of figures which are presented certain main categories which maybe carried back to the beginning of the series in 1861. A general attempt to utilize these flgirres in the form of relative prices has not come to my knowledge. At a later stage of the report, in summing up our general conclusions, we shall endeavor to make a comparison with other price series. For the present it will suffice to offer the actual prices in the following table: REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND W^AGES. 319 Table 80. — Export pncet of S8 commodiUe) in France from 1861 (o 1S91, with equivalents in United States money and measures. 1. Beeves. 1 2. Cows. 3. Calves. | 4. Sheep. 1 6. Hogs. Tear. Per head. Per head. Per head. Per head. Per head. Per head. Per head. Per head. Per 1 Per head. head. Francs. 492.00 450.00 460.00 4:;o. 00 442.00 4.-6. WO 500.00 Francs. $94,956 295.00 ?56. 935 Fraiics. M.'i n.iu Francs. 42.00 40.00 41.00 38 00 39.00 44.00 45.00 46.00 46.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 55.00 .50. 00 50.00 50.00 51.00 50.00 48.00 47.00 47.00 50.00 50.00 45.00 43.00 41.00 38.00 37.00 42.00 45.00 43.00 $8,106 7.720 7.913 7.334 7.527 8.492 8.658 8.878 Francs.' 115.00 $22,195 110.00 21.230 1863 ! 1S64 1865 1 1866 j 18U7 ! ■88 780 82. OWI , 85. ;100 9:i. 798 96.500 300.00 2S0. 00 290.00 310.00 315.00 320.00 320.00 320.00 330 on 57. 900 54.040 55. 970 59. 830 60.795 61.760 61.760 61. 760 63. 690 65.620 71.410 59.830 55.005 56.935 56. 935 57.900 57. 900 57. 900 55.005 58. 865 59. 830 57. 900 56.935 56.356 52. 110 51.145 57.900 63. 690 62.725 80.00 70.00 70.00 77 00 78.00 80.00 85.00 85.00 85.00 85.00 95.00 80.00 83.00 90.00 90.00 9.3.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 95.00 97.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 105. 00 105. 00 105.00 15.440 1 13.510 ' 13. 510 14. 861 15.054 15.440 16.405 16. 405 16.405 16. 405 18. 335 15.440 16. 019 17. 370 17. 370 17.949 17. 370 17.370 17.370 18. 335 18. 721 18. 335 18.335 18.335 18.335 18.335 20.265 20.265 20.265 110.00 , 100.00 105. 00 110.00 115.00 120.00 1 21. 230 19.300 20.265 21.230 22. 195 23.160 5"*0 00 ^'""' "'^'"' 8.878 1 125.00 8.876 . 125.00 9. 204 130. 00 24 125 1870- 1S71 520!00 ! 5*''5 00 ' 100. 360 101 325 24.125 25.090 1872 1S73 530.01) 550.00 500.00 460.00 480.00 480.00 4U0. 00 47M.00 450. 00 4:Ci. 00 4t>l.'. 00 102. 290 340. 00 106. 150 370 00 96 500 310. 00 88. 780 285. 00 92.640 ; 295.00 92.640 ■ 295.00 94.570 , 300.00 90.710 1 300.00 86.850 ! 300.00 83.955 : 285.00 88. 7Sil 305. 00 80.745 , 310.00 85.885 1 300.00 81. 955 ' 295. 00 82. 990 292. 00 9.650 10. 615 9.650 9.650 9.650 9.843 9.650 9.264 9.071 9.071 5.650 9.650 8.685 8.299 7.913 7.334 7.141 8.106 8.685 8.299 122. 00 122.00 120. 00 12,5. 00 132. 00 132. 00 115. 00 110.00 130. 00 125.00 115. 00 110. GO 105.00 108. 00 112.00 102.00 95.00 107. 00 U2.00 108.00 23.546 23.548 1S74 1875 23.160 24. 125 1876 1877 U~78 187il 1.580 25.476 25.476 22.195 21.230 25. 090 24.125 1S8-' 22. 195 1.-8- 1S84 465.00 445.00 435.00 4-^0. 00 21. 230 20. 265 20.844 1S86 21. 616 1887 1888 1889 1800 1891 400. UO ;iS,i. 00 4,5U 00 470. 00 77. 200 73.340 82.990 92.640 90.710 270. 00 265.00 300.00 330.00 325.00 19.686 18. 333 20.651 21. 616 20.844 6. Butter. 7. Wheat. 8. Bice. 9. Sess imum. 10. Linseed. Tear. Per kUo- gram. Per Per pound, quintal. Per busheL Per kilo- gram. Per pound. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. 1861 , Francs. 3.23 3.05 3.20 3.30 3.65 3.50 3.20 3.30 3.45 3.20 3.00 3.05 3.20 3.00 3.15 3.20 3.10 2.95 2.95 3.10 3.10 3.30 3.30 3.20 3.10 3.00 2.85 2.85 2.85 2.85 2.85 Francs. $0,285 Francs. 0.38 .36 .36 .30 .30 .35 .37 .32 .32 .35 .40 .42 .43 .35 .50 .52 .54 .54 .56 .56 .54 .63 .55 .55 .55 .35 .35 .30 .36 .37 .37 $0,033 .032 .032 .026 .026 .031 .032 .028 .028 .031 .035 .037 .038 .031 .044 .046 .047 .047 .049 .049 .047 .046 .048 .048 .048 .031 .031 .026 .032 .032 .032 Frartcs. 0.55 .58 .65 .60 .60 .54 .65 .51 .49 .49 .55 .60 .54 .46 .41 .46 .46 .46 .45 .48 .45 .39 .36 .36 .37 .32 .32 .30 .31 .33 .35 $0,048 .051 .048 .053 .053 .047 .057 .045 .043 .043 .048 .053 .047 .040 .036 .040 .040 .040 .039 .042 .039 .034 .032 .032 .032 .028 .028 .026 .027 .029 .031 Francs. 0.36 .39 .42 .40 .40 .42 .41 .37 .36 .36 .38 .40 .38 .36 .35 .31 .36 .37 .33 .33 .32 .28 .28 .28 .29 .25 .25 .28 .27 .28 $0,032 . 267 .2-80 .289 .320 .306 .280 .034 1863 .037 .035 . . .035 .037 1S67 35.00 $1. 838 1.576 1.313 1.318 1.838 1.707 1.760 1.676 1.366 1.418 1.628 1.523 1.623 1.576 1.550 1.510 1.309 1.179 1.071 1.142 1.248 1.261 1.242 1.313 L392 .036 1868 1869 . 289 1 30. 00 .302 , 25.00 .280 1 25.10 .263 : 35.00 .032 .032 .032 .033 .267 .280 .263 .276 .280 .271 .258 .258 .271 .271 .289 .289 .280 .271 .263 .250 .250 .260 .250 .250 32.50 33.50 30.00 26.00 27.00 31.00 29.00 30.90 30.00 29.50 28. 75 24.92 22.44 20.38 21.75 23.75 24.00 23.65 25.00 26.50 .035 3873 .033 .032 .031 .027 Ig77 .032 .032 1879 .029 .029 1881 .028 .025 1883 .025 .025 1885 .025 18S7 .022 .024 .025 1891 .27 1 .UZ4 1 320 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 80.— Export prices of 38 oommodiUes in France from 1861 to 1891j with eqvAvalenta in United Slates money and measures — Continued. 11. Olive oil 12. Sugar, brown native. 13. Tobacco,leaf. 14. Coffee. 15. Sking, large raw. Tear. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. Per kUo- gram. Per pound. 1861 Franca. 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.60 1.50 1.62 1.60 1.35 1.40 1.55 1.65 1.25 1.20 1.65 1.55 1.76 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.50 1.25 1.36 L50 1.50 L50 1.43 1.35 1.28 1.26J 1.04 $0,175 .175 .175 .175 .140 .131 .142 .131 .118 .123 .136 -.141- .109 .105 .144 .136 .153 .140 .131 .131 .131 .109 .118 .131 .131 .131 .125 .118 .112 .110 .091 Frana. 0.69 .85 .65 .65 .50 .52 .51 .52 .58 .58 .68 .66 .62 .65 .63 .56 .67 .56 .66 .64 .64 .64 .60 .47 .47 .32 .33 .37 .40 .32 .36 $0. 060 .057 .057 .057 .044 .046 .045 .046 .051 .051 .060 .058 .054 .048 .046 .049 .059 .049 .048 .056 .056 .066 .053 .041 .041 .028 .029 .032 .035 .028 .032 Frana. 0.90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .00 .90 .90 .85 1.30 1.20 1.20 .50 .60 .70 .90 .65 .58 .75 .65 .95 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 L25 1.22 .75 .75 $0,079 .079 .079 .079 .079 .079 .079 .079 .079 .079 .074 .114 .105 .105 .044 .053 .061 .079 .057 .051 .066 .057 .083 .123 .123 .123 .123 .109 .107 .066 .066 FrOMCi. 1.40 1.60 1.60 1.63 1.60 1.75 1.50 1.45 1.45 1.50 1.60 1.88 2.22 2.28 2.19 2.02 2.07 1.87 1.78 1.69 1.51 1.34 1.39 1.22 1.17 1.51 2.07 1.94 2.22 2.30 2.12i $0,123 .140 .140 .143 .140 .153 .131 .127 .127 .131 .140 .165 .194 .200 .192 .177 .181 .164 .156 .148 .132 .117 .122 .107 .102 .132 .181 .170 .194 .201 .186 Franct. 1.80 1.76 1.70 1.60 1.45 1.47 1.45 1.50 1.34 1.34 1.50 2.00 1.90 2.00 2.20 2.00 2.00 1.85 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.10 2.25 2.20 2.20 2.10 1.80 1.62 1.70 1.95 1.95 $0,158 1862 .1.53 1863 .149 .140 1865 .127 1866 .129 1867 .127 1868 .131 1869 .117 1870 .117 1871 .131 1872 .175 1873 .166 1874 .175 1876 .193 .175 .175 1878 .162 1879 .175 1880 .175 .175 1882 .184 1883 .197 1884 .193 1885 .193 1886 1887 .184 .158 1888 .142 1889 .149 1890 .171 1S91 171 Tear. 16. Skins, siieep, raw. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. 17. Skins, lamb, raw. Per kilo- gram. Per pound, 18. Skins, kid, raw. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. Per quintal. 19. CoaL Per 2,240 ponnds 0. Iron ore. Per kilo- gram. Per 2.240 ponnda. 1861. 1862, 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1^08. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873, 1874, 1875. 1S76. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Franct. 1.40 1.85 1.85 1.80 1.40 1.55 1.20 1.10 .95 .95 1.10 1.40 L80 2.00 2.10 1.85 1.70 1.70 1.85 2.00 2.20 2.50 3.00 3.00 2.70 2.50 2.25 2.25 2.45 2.70 2.95 $0,123 .162 .162 .158 .123 .136 .105 .096 .083 .083 .096 .123 .1,58 .175 .184 .162 .149 .149 .162 .175 .193 .219 .263 .263 .236 .219 .197 .197 .214 .236 .258 Franct. 1.75 2.15 2.15 2.05 1.76 4.00 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 4.00 4.00 4.20 4.20 4.20 3.90 3.80 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.60 3.15 2.90 2.60 2.35 2.55 2.75 2.85 2.95 $0,153 .188 .188 .179 .153 .350 .306 .306 .306 .306 .350 .350 .368 .368 .368 .341 .333 .298 .298 .298 .298 .298 .306 .276 .254 .228 .206 .223 .240 .250 .258 Franct. 8.50 9.00 12.00 12.00 14.00 15.00 14.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 11.00 9.00 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.00 7.00 7.60 7.60 7.60 7.40 7.40 7.40 7.40 7.40 6.75 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.15 5.75 $0,744 .788 1.051 1.051 1.226 1.313 1.226 .875 .875 .875 .963 .788 .744 .744 .744 .700 .613 .665 .665 .665 .648 .648 .648 .648 .648 .691 .560 .560 .560 .538 .503 Franct. 1.05 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 .87 .87 2.00 Leo 1.60 1.60 1.55 L30 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.90 1.50 1.50 1.40 1.30 1.80 LSO 2.30 2.23 1.60 $2,059 2.255 2.255 2.255 2.255 2.255 2.255 2.255 2.255 2.255 1.706 1.706 3.922 3.138 3.138 3.138 3.040 2.549 2.451 2.941 2.941 3.726 2.941 2.941 2.745 2.549 2.549 2.941 4.510 4.373 2.941 Franct. 0.40 .40 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .15 .12 .10 .08 .07 .06 .06 .06 .07 .07 .06 .08 .06 .06 .06 .06 .OS .06 .06 $7,844 7.844 5.883 5.883 5.883 5.883 5.883 3.922 3.922 3.922 3.922 3.922 2.947 2.357 L961 1.565 L372 1.179 1.179 1.179 1.372 1.372 1.179 1.179 1.179 1.179 1.179 L17» 1.179 1.179 L179 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 321 Table 80.— Export prices of 38 oommodities in France from 186 i to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Xoar. 1861. 1862, 1863. 1864. 1865 1868, 1867. 1868 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873 1874. 1875 1878. 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881. 18S2 1883. 1884. 1885 1886, 1887 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891 21. Copper ore. Per kilo- gram. Francs. 1.05 1.06 1.00 1 00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .25 .25 .25 .45 .50 .40 .37 .40 .35 .30 .27 .25 .27 .25 .26 .24 .20 .18 .10 .10 .70 .60 1.20 1.00 Per 2,240 pouude. $205. 892 205. 892 196. 088 196. 088 196. 088 196. 088 190. 088 49. 322 49. 022 49. 022 88. 240 98. 044 78.435 72. 553 78. 435 68. 631 58. 826 52.944 49. 022 52. 044 49. 022 50.983 47. 061 39. 218 35. 296 19. 609 19. 609 137. 262 117. 653 235. 306 196. 088 22. Lead ore. Per kilo- gram. Per 2,240 pounds. Francs, 0.40 .40 .40 .40 .40 .40 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .28 .30 .28 .29 .28 .26 .20 .18 .19J .17i .164 .144 .12i .13 .14 .14 .15 .15 .20 .17 .$78. 435 78. 435 78. 435 78. 435 78. 435 78.435 49. 022 49. 02i 49. 022 49. 022 49. 022 54. 905 68. 826 54. 905 58. 866 r.4. 905 50. 983 39. 218 35.296 38. 242 34. 320 32, 360 28. 438 24. 515 25. 491 27. 462 27. 452 29. 413 29. 413 39. 218 33. 335 Francs. 0.12 .10 .10 .10 .10 .10 .124 .I2i .124 .12 .12 .16 .19 .16 .17 .15 .13 .094 .08 .10 .08 .08; .07' .064 .07 .08 .08 .10 .17 .21 .21 23. Zinc. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. iO. Oil .009 .009 .009 .009 .009 .011 .011 .011 .011 .011 .014 .017 .014 .015 .013 .011 .008 .007 .009 .007 .007 .006 .006 .006 .007 .007 .009 .015 .018 .018 24. Cotton. Per kilo- gram. France. 2.30 3.80 4.80 4.80 3.30 3.48 2.45 2.22 2.65 2.30 1.85 2.33 2.13 1.81 1.52 1.45 1.46 1.46 1.53 1.64 1.48 1.60 1.38 1.46 1.37 1.20 1.32 1.30 1.45 1.46 1.16 Per pound. 1.193 .333 .420 .420 .289 .305 .214 .194 .232 .201 .162 .204 .186 .158 .133 .127 .128 .128 .134 .144 .130 .132 .121 .128 .120 .105 .116 .114 .127 .128 .102 26. Cotton bat- ting. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. Franca. 3.25 $0. 285 5.00 .438 6.00 .525 6.60 .578 5.00 .438 6.00 .438 3.00 .263 3.00 .263 3.60 .315 3.30 .289 2.30 .201 2.30 .201 2.15 .188 2.00 .175 2.00 .176 1.90 .166 1.85 .162 1.85 .162 1.90 .166 2.00 .175 1.90 .166 1.8C .158 1.80 .158 1.46 .128 1.37 .120 1.80 .168 1.80 .168 1.60 .140 1.55 .136 1.53 .134 1.60 .131 Tear. 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 26. Wool. Per kilo- gram. Francs. 3.00 3.75 4.20 3.95 3.50 3; 10 2.60 2.30 2.10 2.30 3.00 3.20 3.00 2.90 2.80 2.50 2.60 2.60 3.00 3.50 3.00 2.38 2.30 2.20 1.80 2.15 2.00 2.05 2.25 2.26 2.08 Per pound. ).263 .328 .368 .346 .306 .271 .228 .201 .184 .201 .263 .280 .263 .254 .245 .219 .228 .228 .263 .306 .263 .206 .201 .193 .158 .188 .175 .179 .197 .197 .182 27. SUk in co- coons. 28. Silk, un- bleached, raw. Per kilo- gram. Francs. 18.00 19.26 17.00 20.50 23.50 22.50 26.60 29. ,50 26.60 23.50 19.50 20.50 18.00 12.50 10.50 17.00 14.00 14.00 15.00 13.60 13.00 13.00 12,50 11.50 11.00 11.75 11.25 10.25 11.50 12.00 10.25 Per pound. Per kilo- gram. $1. 576 1.686 1.488 1.796 2.057 1.970 2.320 2. 583 2.320 2.067 1.707 1.795 1. 576 1.094 .919 1.488 1.226 1.226 1.313 1.182 1.138 1.138 1.094 1.007 .963 1.029 .985 .897 1.007 1.051 .897 Francs. 65.50 59.00 56.50 65.50 76.50 76.00 81.50 84.00 72.00 68.00 80.00 SO. 00 68.00 64.00 61.50 68.50 57.00 50.00 52.00 49.00 62.00 50.00 47.00 44.00 41.00 41.00 39.60 88.60 41.60 43.00 36.00 Per pound. $4,859 6.166 4.946 5.734 6.697 6.663 7.136 7.364 6.303 5.953 7.004 7.004 5.953 4.727 4.609 5.997 4.990 4.377 4.552 4.290 4.552 4.377 4.IIB 8.852 3.589 S.689 3.468 3.870 3.633 3.764 3.064 29. Silk, un- bleached, thrown. Per kilo- gram. Francs. 78.00 83.50 77.50 87. 60 100.00 98.00 105. 00 115.00 102. 00 98.00 105. 00 112. 00 95.00 77.00 72.00 87.00 74.00 66.00 70.00 65.00 69.00 65.00 60.00 66.00 63.00 55.00 53.50 52.50 54.00 51.00 46.00 Per pound. $6. 828 7.310 6.785 7.660 8.754 8.579 9. 192 10.068 8.930 8.579 9.192 9. 805 8.317 6.741 6.303 7.616 6.478 5.690 6.128 5.690 6.041 5.690 5.253 4.902 4.640 4.815 4.684 4.696 4.727 4.465 4.027 30. Cotton thread, simple, unbleached. Per kilo- gram. Francs. 4.10 6.00 7.50 7.75 5.93 5.50 4.00 6.00 6.38 6.00 5.93 5.28 5.07 4.90 5.05 4.30 3.95 3.56 3.60 3.56 3.52 3.60 3.47 8.37 8.20 3.00 3.00 3.00 8.00 3.05 2.70 Per pound. 0. 359 .526 .657 .678 .519 .481 .860 .525 .659 .625 .519 .462 .444 .429 .442 ..376 .346 .312 .315 .311 .308 .315 .304 .295 .280 .263 .263 .263 .-263 .267 .236 S. Eep. 1394 21 322 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table SO.— Export prices of SS commodities in France from 1861 to 1891, with equivalents in United States m,oney and measures — Concluded. 31. Woollen yam. 32. Sttk goods, pure, figured. 33. Silk goods, mixed. 34. Merinos. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. 1861 Francs. 10.00 10.00 11.50 12.50 10.15 11.60 8.00 7,50 7.00 7.50 9.00 10.50 10.50 10,00 9,75 9,00 8.50 8,25 7.85 8.60 7.85 8.00 7.50 7.30 6.50 7.35 7.45 7.30 8.00 7.50 6.30 $0. 875 .875 1.007 1.094 .889 1.007 .700 .657 .613 .657 .788 .919 .919 .875 .854 .788 .744 .722 .687 .753 .687 .700 .657 .639 .569 .643 .652 .639 .700 .657 .552 Francs. 135.00 133. 00 127, 00 135,00 148, 00 147, 00 151. 00 155. 00 170. 00 161.00 165. 00 172. 00 164.00 147, 00 154, 00 148,00 146. 00 129. on 125. 00 124. 00 128. 00 138. 00 144.00 120. 00 102. 00 104. 00 101. 00 100.00 104, 00 98.00 98.00 $11, 818 11, 643 11.1J8 11,818 12.957 12, 869 13,219 13, 669 14,883 14, 096 14.445 15.058 14, 357 12, 869 13, 482 12, 957 12,781 11, 293 10, 943 10. 855 11. 206 12. 081 12. 606 10. 605 8.930 9.105 8.842 8.754 9.105 8.579 8.579 Francs. 76.00 70.00 75.00 78.00 86.00 84.00 83.00 85.00 86.00 82.00 84.50 94.00 100. 00 82.00 82.00 80.00 72.00 56.00 49.00 48.00 48.00 45,00 46,00 43.00 37.00 38.00 36.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 37.00 $6. 653 6.128 6.566 6.828 7.629 7.364 7.206 7.441 7.529 7.179 7.397 8.229 8.754 7.179 7.179 7.004 6.303 4.902 4.290 4.202 4.202 0.939 4.027 3.764 3.239 3.327 3.152 2.889 2.977 3.064 3.239 Francs. 21,00 20.75 21.60 22.00 18.00 24,00 20.50 17.00 17.00 17.60 18.40 21.50 19.75 18.15 17.30 16.60 15.70 14.70 14.10 15.30 13.65 14.05 13.65 12.66 9.90 10.25 9.90 10.00 11.25 10.50 9.30 $1,838 18fj2 1.817 1863 1.891 1.926 1865 1.676 1866 2.101 1.796 1868 1.488 1869 L488 1870 1.541 1871 1.611 1872 1.882 1873 . . . 1.729 1874 1.589 1875 1.616 1876 . . 1.444 1877 1.374 1878 1.287 1879 1.234 1.339 1881 1.196 1882 1.230 1.195 1884 1.099 1885 .807 I860 .897 1887 .867 1888 .875 1889 .985 1890 .919 1891 .814 Tear. 35. Blankets. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. 36. Carpets. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. 37. Tapestry. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. 38. Gloves. Perkilo- gTiun. Per poond. 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 18(i6 1867 1808 1869 1870 1871 1872 3873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Francs. 7.50 7.25 7.25 7.26 7,70 7.70 7.34 7.00 6.70 6.70 7.95 8.30 7.90 7.80 7.70 8.10 7.90 7.90 7.60 7.75 7.50 7.70 7.70 7.40 7.30 7.15 6.40 6.35 6.50 6.42 6.60 ).657 .035 .635 .6.35 .674 .674 .643 .613 .587 .587 .696 .727 .692 .683 .674 .709 .692 .692 .057 .678 .657 .674 .674 .648 .639 .626 .660 .656 .569 .662 .490 Fra/ncs. 13.50 14,50 15.05 15.05 16.50 16.50 14,50 13,35 12,23 12,85 14,00 15.20 15.20 13.45 13.45 12.05 12.05 11.45 11.45 9.89 8.90 8,60 8:60 8.50 8.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 6.65 6.10 5.40 $1. 182 1.269 1,318 1,318 1,444 1.444 1.269 1.169 1,071 1,125 1.226 1.331 1.331 1.177 1.177 1.055 1.056 1.002 1.002 .866 .779 .744 .744 .744 .700 .700 .613 .613 .582 .534 .473 Francs. 110. 00 110. 00 90.00 90.00 85, r,0 85,50 85,00 61,00 61,00 61, 00 61.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 $9. 630 9.630 7.879 7.879 7.485 7.485 7.441 5.340 6.340 5.340 5.340 5.253 6.253 5.253 5.263 5.263 5.263 ,6.263 Francs. 86.00 85.00 96.00 90.00 110. 00 175. 00 180. 00 168. 00 170.00 170. 00 175. 00 175. 00 175.00 175. 00 175. 00 160. 00 152, 00 162, 00 162, 00 152. 00 152. 00 149. 00 149. 00 149. 00 149. 00 149.00 142, 00 142,00 142. 00 142. 00 142.00 $7,441 7.441 8.317 7.879 9.630 16. 320 15. 758 14.707 14.883 14,883 15, 320 15.320 15.320 15,320 15,320 14. 007 13. 307 13. 307 13. 307 13.307 13. 307 13.044 13.044 13. 044 13.044 13.044 12.431 12.431 12. 431 12. 431 12.431 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND "WAGES. 323 ITALY. In 1886 tlie statistical bureau of Italy published au interesting vol- ume upon prices of certain food products in Italian markets.(a) It com- prises the weekly prices in several Italian markets from 1862 to 1885 of wheat, corn, rice, wine, olive oil, and beef. The publication is noteworthy by tlie wealth of detail in which the facts are presented. We find in the figures a confirmation of the general movements of prices. In some cases a compilation has been made, but in others the number of points given was small and an average was not made. The main facts are re- produced in the following table : Tabie 81. — Prices in gold of 6 commodities in Italy from 186S to 1885. Tear. Wheat, price for Italy. Com, price for Italy. Eice, price in VerceUi. Wine, first quality, price m Florence. Olive oil, first quality, price in Porto Maurizio. Beef, first quality, price at Carmagn- ola, Milan, Bergamo, Padua, and Naples. Per quin- tal. Per buslieL Per quin- tal. Per bushel Per quin- tal. Per pound. Per hecto- litre. Per quart. Per hecto- litre. Per quart. Per kilo- gram. Per pound. 1862 1803 1864 1865 lAre. 28.52 26.36 25.57 24.01 25.91 29.11 29,81 24.76 24.48 29.77 30.18 32.69 33.46 26.09 27.19 31. 36 20.34 28. S3 30.13 26.69 26.56 23.74 22.29 22.01 $1. 498 1.385 1. 343 1.261 1.361 1.529 1.506 1.3U1 1.286 1.564 1.686 1.717 1.758 1.371 1.428 1.648 1.541 1.516 1. 683 1.402 1.343 1.247 1.171 1.166 Lire. 19.91 14.31 15.50 15.12 16.33 19,30 17.67 12.65 14.22 19.81 22.42 19,08 24. 42 15.01 15.16 15.89 20.48 18.61 22.13 18.66 20.02 17.32 14.94 14.10 $0. 976 .702 .760 .741 .801 .946 .861 .615 .697 .971 1.099 .935 1.197 .736 .743 .975 1.004 .907 1.085 .916 .981 .849 .732 .691 Lire. 29,61 27.72 29.93 29.85 30.85 32.40 30.30 28.11 26.01 29.40 33.63 33.91 33.82 29.81 34.74 35.00 32.64 32.73 34.30 29.60 28.70 29.26 30.66 27.83 $0. 026 .024 .026 .026 .027 .028 .027 .025 .023 .026 .029 .030 .030 .026 .030 .031 .028 .029 .030 .026 .025 .026 .027 .024 lAre. 56.06 62.09 63.15 52.72 46.16 60.48 47.67 66,41 46,15 56,53 58.73 95,53 83,72 49,68 46.44 53.98 39.16 35.13 49.63 53.94 44.61 44.90 47.38 65.72 $0, 102 .113 .115 .096 .034 .110 .087 .119 .084 .103 .107 .174 .153 .091 .085 .099 .072 .064 .091 .099 .081 .082 .087 .120 Lire. 164.75 170. 14 159. 51 159. 21 164. 06 189. 36 175. 72 171, 59 175, 17 147, 13 155, 28 140. 77 139.83 136, 94 135, 34 150. 58 136, 89 138, 27 136, 74 153. 06 111. 06 130. 97 130, 95 138, 99 $0,301 .311 .291 .291 .300 .346 .321 .313 .320 .269 .284 .257 .255 .250 .247 .275 .260 .263 .250 .280 .203 .239 .239 .254 Idre. 1.17 1.18 1.23 1.21 1.14 1.13 1.20 1.29 1.28 1.24 1.35 1.65 1.59 1.60 1.51 1.47 1.46 1.42 1.45 1.67 1.49 1.55 1.57 1.65 $0. 102 .103 .108 .106 1866 1867 1888 1809 .100 .099 .105 .113 .112 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 .109 .118 .144 .139 .131 1876 1877 1878 1879 .132 .129 .128 .124 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 .127 .137 .136 .136 .137 .136 (tMorimento del prezzi di alcani generi alimentari dal 1862 al 1885, Rome, 1886. 324 KEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES ABfD WAGES. OTHEE COTJUTBTES. A diligent searcli was made for prices in other conntriea. For this pmiwse a corTespondence was entered into with the heads of statistical bureaus in Switzerland, Holland, Denmark, Forway, and Sweden. Ifone of them, however, could furnish figures covering any mi>ared wjfli our inrices as leepeets the scojie and number ot articles included- As concerns the material itself there are none which include so many artid«^ of everyday consumption as the figures which we have presented. This is the distinctive mark of the work of the committee that it is not confined to raw products and that manufactured articles play such as important psfft in it. Hermi it differs widely from the Eurfjpean statis- tics which we have considered. The fects which we have just dted render it impo»mb\e to institute mtemational conrparisons upon the basis which has been used for the United States. The articles which figure in the Economist list are in a measure c^^mmon to alL We can compare on this basis the prices of the United States, England, and Hamburg. To them we may add the French pric^, though the latter begin in 186L The comparison is, of course, not alK^olnte, but since in the other countries 1861 difkred bat little from 1860, the flgures are not without value. In preparing the following table which gives side by side the relative prices for the United States, England, Hamburg, and France, it ha«i not always been possible to maintain the identity of the description. However, in every case we have articles of the same class or type. One peculiarity of the Economist list is the importance ascribed to cotton and its manufactures. JTot only are two quotations for raw cotton given, but cotton yam and coUtm cloth fi^gure in tbe list. In otiitx countries we have been obliged to repeat the cotton quotations. Cotton yam and cotton cloth have been taken as cotton manaCactares, and are replaced by other nianu&'.tiires of cotton in the list. In the table, however, an exact indication is given of the quality. It should be noted that an average is always composed in our table of an average of relative price series. It is not a series of relative prices based upon an average price. In order to construct this table it was necessary to secure certain additional prices in the United States, printed in Table XXL With these prdimiuary explanations we give Table S2, which as the summary and condensatabn dt our work mmts car^il attention. EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 325 Table 82. — Comparative relative prices in the UniteA States, England, Sambuv-g, and France. 1. Coffee. 2. Sugar. Tear. United States. Eio.fair (Table 1). England. Jamaica, ordinary to line ordinary (Table 50) Ham- burg. Coffee (Table 66) France. Coffee (Table 80) United States. Fair re- fining (Table 1). England. Average of two grades (Table 56) Ham- burg. Raw sugar (Table 60) France. Sugar, brown native (Table 80) 1860 100.0 100.0 156.5 243.5 293.5 378.3 16U.9 139.1 113.0 76.1 80.4 91.3 145.7 147.8 217.4 n;o.9 152. 2 173.9 154.3 128.3 134.8 115.2 91.3 69.6 106.5 84.8 71.7 128.3 163.0 147.8 165.2 165.2 100.0 103.1 116.3 121.7 115.5 122. 5 120.2 113.2 117.0 96.1 101.6 95.3 110.1 130.2 176.7 131.8 139.5 134.9 138.8 109.3 114.7 93.0 76.0 61.2 80.6 71.3 65.1 100.8 126.4 131.0 141.1 131.0 100.0 100.7 110.6 115.5 113.6 107.0 99.7 89.2 79.0 81.1 82.3 91.5 119.6 144.2 152. 3 147.9 136.3 140.9 1^2.3 111.5 117.2 101.9 82.1 82.0 81.7 74.6 81.4 126.0 110.7 130.4 140.8 133.8 100.0 74.1 106.9 131.0 165.5 244.8 158.6 134.5 168,3 155.2 144.8 127.6 125.9 125.9 101.7 110.3 110.3 131.0 101.7 87.9 105.2 106.9 103.4 95.7 84.5 65.5 76.7 63.8 70.7 67.2 67.2 62.9 100.0 99.9 88.8 83.8 108.2 83.5 93.2 84.0 95,4 93.2 107,2 106,9 108,5 97,1 88,6 88,8 79,2 116,9 65,1 71.6 83.7 74.2 79.8 70.6 68.0 44.8 60.4 45.8 59.4 60.4 43.4 45.8 100.0 82,9 82,5 81,8 101,3 84,4 80,9 81,8 87,9 101,7 96,7 135.7 98.5 95,2 93,7 86,1 89,0 104.8 103.3 95.2 95.2 94.1 91.8 86.6 68.2 49.4 44.6 46.8 45.0 62.3 52.0 53.0 1861 . .. 100.0 114.3 114.3 116.4 114.3 125.0 107.1 103.6 103.6 1U7.1 114.3 134.3 158.6 102.9 156.4 144.3 147.9 133.6 127.1 120.7 107.9 95.7 99.3 87.1 83.6 107.9 1.17. 9 138.6 »8.6 164.3 151.8 100.0 94,2 94,2 94,2 72.5 75 4 1862 1863 1864 1865 . . 1866 1867 73,9 1868 1809 84,1 l.-iTO 84 1 1871 .. . 98 6 1872 95 7 1873 1874 79 7 1875 1876 1877 97 1 1878 1879 79 7 1880 92 8 1881 92,8 18S2 92 8 1883 87,0 1884 68.1 1885 68.1 1886 46.4 1887 47,8 1888 63,6 1889 58,0 1890 46.4 1891 62.2 326 Tablb 82.- REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. -Comparative relative prices in the United States, England, Saniburg, and France — Continued. 3. lea. 4. Tobacco. Tear. United States. Average of six grades (Table XXT). England. Congou, mlddlmg common to fair (tIuo 56) Ham- burg. Tea (Table 66) France. United States. Average of several grades (Table 33) England. Virginia leaf (Table 56) Ham- bnrg. Tobacco (Table 66) France. Tobacco, le.if (Table 80) I860 100.0 102.0 161.5 181.9 219.9 361.7 301.5 283.8 279.3 289.3 289.3 200.3 189.0 165.6 148.0 119.7 123.0 114.2 114.2 80.8 86.9 81.6 65.8 64.4 64.4 64.4 67.8 61.4 61.4 S9.9 64.4 S3. 9 100.0 93.3 78.3 78.3 76.7 66.7 86.7 66.7 110.0 123.3 128.3 123.3 120.0 120.0 73.3 73.3 71.7 73.3 70.0 68.3 86.7 61.7 55.0 46.7 56.7 48.3 57.5 45.0 40.0 43.3 38.3 43.3 100.0 78.4 88.6 92.9 82.9 76.6 73.6 90.6 89.6 81.9 73.3 72.9 78.2 74.3 73.6 75.9 74.0 63.2 59.4 66.4 62.9 57.5 57.0 55.7 56.4 54.8 54.0 47.4 54.7 54.2 52.6 56.9 100.0 95.3 186.9 178.3 200.2 125.8 107.7 137.9 166.5 168.0 158.1 187.5 181.0 215.5 180. 2 160.8 145.7 148.9 137.4 119.3 137.8 134.4 141.1 138.2 152. 6 122.3 lOO. 122.5 110.8 122.2 129.8 140.0 100.0 88.9 125.9 214.8 214.8 100.0 112.9 119.6 94.3 93.9 78.9 72.5 80.5 84.7 97.0 93.6 96.6 113.7 102.8 102.8 98.9 102.6 93.3 93.3 88.0 94.6 90.5 80.7 77.8 85.7 87.0 88.4 79.9 79.4 86.2 90.7 84.8 100.0 1862 100.0 1863 100.0 1864 100.0 1865 100.0 1866 125.9 133. 3 133.3 111.1 111.1 103.7 125.9 129.6 122.2 170.4 170.4 140.7 125.9 103.7 118.5 107.4 155.6 163.0 140.7 151.9 137.0 133.3 163. 148.1 148.1 163.0 100.0 100.0 1868 100.0 1869 100.0 100.0 1871 94.4 1872 144.4 1873 133.3 187(1 133.3 1875 65.6 1876 66.7 1877 77.8 1878 100.0 1879 72.2 1880 64.4 1881 83.3 1882 72.2 1883 105.6 1881 155.6 1885 155.6 155 6 1887 155.6 138.9 1889 135.6 83.3 1891 83.3 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 327 Table 82.— Comparative relative prices in the VnHed States, England, Hamburg, and France — Continued. 5. Wheat. 6. Meats. Tear. rrnited States. Average of several grades (Table33). England. Englisli Gazette (Table 56). Ham- burg. ■Wheat (Table 66). France. TTnited States. Average of beef loins, beef ribs, umt- toD, and lamb (Table 1). England. Average of four grades (Table 56). Ham-' burg. Average of beef and mut- ton (Table 66). Eraneo. Average of beeves, cows, and sheep (Table 80). I860 100.0 92.3 86.7 101.2 116.4 140.5 115.9 213.4 193. 119.1 84.7 118.2 118.5 130.3 131.5 94.6 301.3 117.2 106.6 S4. 2 113.3 93.3 116.4 88.8 83.5 71.1 74.0 73.6 71.0 HLi. 711.8 87.7 100.0 121.3 142.8 103.8 90.3 85.7 104.7 136.2 153. 5 115.3 98.9 119.1 125.3 127.5 130.6 100.0 102.5 115.8 117.0 t9. 6 100. 3 98.1 100.2 92.6 88.3 73. 3 68.5 79.2 69.6 68.7 67.5 73.8 100.0 106.7 100.3 86.5 72.4 75.0 8.x. 3 123.4 118.5 90.6 87.2 104.0 108.2 113. 6 101.3 89. 93.2 10.1. 6 93.0 92.7 94.4 96.4 88.6 81.0 73.8 66.5 65.4 65.3 67.7 62.2 64.5 81.8 100.0 91.1 89.5 95.9 115.1 170.8 155.8 156.3 177.9 159.9 164.4 159.9 158. 8 150. 2 145.1 143.1 136.7 122.1 119.6 110.7 110.5 117.5 118.0 113.6 125.2 118.6 112.6 112.5 110.5 113.4 116.1 111.1 100.0 111.8 111.7 68.9 106.3 112.0 116.9 111.6 103.0 107.2 112.5 123.2 125.3 131.7 132.4 126.4 139.9 125.8 123.5 116.0 109.1 133.8 110.7 133.7 120.7 112.9 94.8 100.3 97.9 101.2 109.9 115.4 100.0 105.2 118.3 117.4 119.6 112.3 126.9 131.8 130.1 133.8 137.2 147.1 166.3 151.8 157.5 161.2 177.6 177.4 174.7 164.1 171.0 163.3 173.3 180.3 169.1 155.2 157.4 147.5 148.2 162.1 161.6 159.1 1861 100.0 1SIJ3 18t5;l 97.0 90 9 ISW lSi!5 1866 102 9 1867 18!l.-i ISO.l 107 9 ]^70- 1871 111 ],72.. 1^73.. 1S74 . . ]S75.. 187i;.. 1S77., 1S7S.. 1S79.. ISiO.. 1S81.. 1S.<1., ] 8S3 . 1888.. 1SS7.. lass. 1890. 1S91. Tear. Tnited Silt, raw (Table XXI). England. EawCos- simbnxar (Xable56). 100. 100. 75! 69. 10-:! 105. 100. 111. 94. luu. 97. 83. 66. 66. 88. 66. 55. fl9. 61. 66. 61. 58. 52. 55. 44. 52. 50. SO. S5. Ham* bnrg. Silk (Table66) 100.0 77.1 91.4 95.7 91.4 102.9 131.4 120.0 105.7 120.0 1U.3 120.0 114.3 111.4 97.1 75. 7 57.1 122,9 94.3 74.3 88.6 85.7 92. 1 S2.9 77.1 58.6 61.4 85.7 77.1 72.1 75.0 86.7 100.0 93.4 77.3 95. 3 97.3 104.9 109.7 131.0 136.6 131.8 12<.). 4 120. 4 132. 9 132. 9 100.3 88.4 104.6 111.8 90.6 70. 6 89.1 84.5 80, 2 France. S, Flas. and hemp. S"j^ England. ^- France. States. Average of ailkin cocootts Tfemp and raw. iTableSS). unbleacU ed ' ( Table 8U). burg. Average Average of tijx of flax 8,^.2 i 82.0 76.9 71.2 69.4 76.2 96.5 60,6 60.8 100- 106.6 98.1 116.0 134.2 131. 147.0 157.7 13S. 5 126.6 126. 2 129.0 111.3 83.4 7.".. 6 103.9 90.3 «.0 8.?. 5 81.7 .S3. 81.2 77.1 71.6 07.5 69,6 66.9 03.2 69.4 72,1 60.0 100.0 56.0 84.0 108. 18S.0 240.0 160.0 156.0 176.0 120.0 84.0 90. 128. 116.0 88.0 100,0 76,0 80, 104.0 96.0 84,0 88.0 1-0.0 140,0 108. 92.0 76.0 96.0 104.0 92.0 and (Table 56). and bemp (Table«6) 100.0 110.7 112.5 118,8 119 .> 10- 5 lis. 2 lii2 3 ioa.9 114.4 103.7 103.7 101.9 106.4 105.0 89.9 90. 95. 7 112.5 82. 64.7 70,0 63,1 73,5 73^4 75,1 41.5 42.3 64.2 35.4 100.0 101.9 let. 2 ' U8.3 106.6 81.8 U8.e 116. S 121.7 120.7 110.8 108.1 104.6 95.4 99. 9 10. 1.0 95.0 108. 9 93. 2 100. 90.7 86.6 91.7 10-2.0 104.7 97 6 74.0 74 4 68,1 REPORT ON ^OLESAIiE PRICES AND WAGES. 329 Tabus 82.- -Comparative relative prices in the United States, England, Hamburg, and fWmo»— Contmned. 9. WooL 10. Indigo. Tear. United States. of r eiadea C&blel). England. Avorage of 3 grades (Table 56) Han>- bnig. Wool (Xable66) France. Wool. (Table 80) aTTnited States. Average of4 eaOxa (Table XXI). En^and. Ham- burg. Indigo (Table 66) France. I860 loao 81.2 SS.7 U7.4 184.3 171.3 133.4 111.4 98.1 96.5 92.8 109.8 154.1 U8.6 11S.0 107.0 90.2 91.4 80.8 75.7 109.1 97.9 91.9 89.7 80.8 72.1 76.3 78.7 71.7 79.8 77.5 75.4 - 100.9 U0.7 92.4 96.7 100.3 104.7 94.9 95.8 80.8 76l8 71.0 65.6 93.7 105.8 98.8 102.2 92.3 96.7 84.8 75.9 K.7 86.3 82.3 7ao 74.9 71.8 70.5 87.2 76.4 71.5 82.7 79.8 100. 89.7 96.5 92.4 77.3 82.6 76.6 C8.7 72.4 66.5 70.4 75.9 89.6 7&8 69.7 72.6 62.6 63.3 69.9 66.4 65.9 66.7 60.3 56.8 46.4 46.8 43.3 42.7 35.4 3&4 40.4 39.5 "■■iooJo" 125.0 140.0 131.7 116.7 103.3 86.7 7&7 70.0 76.7 100.0 106.7 100.0 96.7 93.3 83.3 86.7 86.7 100.0 116.7 100.0 TS.S 7t7 73.3 60.0 71.7 66.7 68.3 75.0 75.0 69.3 100. 89.6 177.2 14S.4 143.2 21L8 136.8 138.1 142.0 176.6 162.1 140.1 138.6 114.1 98.4 103.7 103.9 101.2 96.5 89.3 93.3 97.4 10O.3 100.2 100.2 103.6 107.4 107.4 90.6 78.6 7&6 7&6 100.0 105.6 115.8 91.8 K.4 9-2.6 103.9 103.8 111.5 123.3 123.9 115.9 US.O 100.8 103.0 103.2 92.6 93.4 89.5 88.7 92.8 99.0 96.9 92.6 87.0 77.5 79.2 76.8 74.4 85.2 66.0 76.0 1S61 _. 1862 - 1S64 IgK 1867 Hj6g 1870 1871 lg74 .. lg77 • 188(1 1882 1883 1885 1886 - 1889 1891 •Fzuee la laUe XXI on tlie gcdd baaiB are lieie reduced to eorreuor. 330 Table 82.- REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICED AND WAGES. -Comparative relative prices in the United States, England, Hamburg, and France — Continued . 11. Oils. 12. Timber. Years. United States. Palm oil (Table XXT). England. Average of Heal, olive, ant: Ijalm (Table 56) Ham- burg. Average of palm, olive, anc rape seed (Table 60) Erance. Average of lin- seed, olive, and sesamum (Table 80) United States. Average of hemlock boards, maple boards, and idne lumber, in the log (Table 1). England. Average of 2 grades (Table 56) Ham- burg. Eranco. 1800 100.0 100.0 100.0 123.5 117.0 235.3 152.9 123.5 120.5 132.4 120.6 97.1 82.4 94.1 85.3 94.1 97.1 91.2 94.1 85.3 73.5 07.0 70.5 73.5 88.2 76.5 58.8 58.8 55.9 61.8 60.3 67.6 100.0 109.6 107.5 114.4 107.1 107.0 115.9 113.9 109.9 100.6 102.8 91.7 97.9 96.7 88.8 91.5 94.9 91.7 95.9 82.1 83.6 76,3 75.3 84.4 88.1 74.5 68.9 01.1 59.5 65.0 66.0 69.7 100.0 98.5 100.4 92.4 95.0 95.3 105.7 101.2 103.6 96.6 103.4 109.0 93.0 84.3 84.6 85.7 89.1 95.5 93.1 83.9 81.4 78.4 79.2 84.0 81.1 72.3 64.1 65.8 62.7 66.9 70.2 7L7 100. 116.8 142.4 173.0 173.0 177.8 168.2 140.6 135.8 135.8 13b. 8 158.5 153.7 160.8 151.3 146.6 137.0 130.6 133.1 136.1 137.3 137.3 137.8 133.7 133.6 133.6 134.2 136.0 137.2 139.5 140.7 139.5 100.0 102.9 101.0 100.0 104.6 99.5 93.9 97.3 95.5 99.0 100.7 110.8 118.4 129.4 127.0 133.9 130.2 130.8 134.3 116.8 109.5 111.3 113.2 109.7 102.8 104.2 93.6 88.5 88.5 112.8 111.6 105.8 1861 100.0 104.6 105.0 100.7 100.1 90.6 104.4 90.2 85.5 86.4 94.4 100.9 88.8 81.2 84.7 82.4 90.4 88.8 82.8 84.7 81.9 70.4 70.3 72.8 74.3 67.5 66.4 66.6 65.1 67.0 63.6 18G2 ]803 1864 180.". 1866 1867 i 1808 1809 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1861 1882 ]"-i:j l.^si ]«8r1 ISWj 18S7 1 1888 1889 1800 1891 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 331 Table -Comparative relative prices in the United States, England, Hamburg, and France. — Continued. 13. Tallow. 14. Leather. Tear. United States. Tallow, prime, city (Table 1). England. St.Peters- burg, first Y. C (Table56). Ham- burg. Tallow (Table 66). France. United States. Average of har- ness and sole (Table 1). England. English butts (Table56). Hambui^. Leather (Table 66) France. Average of 4 skins, large, sheep, lainb, and kid (Table 80). 1860 100.0 82.9 92.7 101.2 125.6 175.0 122.0 111.0 lOli. 1 117.1 98.8 87.8 89.0 85.4 75.6 87.2 95.1 84.1 74.4 64.6 05. 9 59.1 80.5 78.0 75.6 59.1 47.6 40.2 42.7 61.0 43.3 45.1 100.0 103.0 88.4 76.7 70.7 70.7 84.5 76.7 74.1 S4.5 79.3 77.6 84.5 74.1 70.7 81.9 91.4 77.6 68.1 62.9 77.6 67.7 78.4 84.5 88.8 71.6 60.3 63.4 55.2 66.4 66.4 67.2 100.0 96.1 86.6 76.6 73.1 77.5 76.9 86.1 83.7 83.4 82.6 82.0 80.7 78.6 77.0 81.2 82.0 80.1 76.2 66.2 64.9 68.8 81.2 83.8 70.7 65.1 53.1 52.2 49.3 68.1 62.1 52.1 100.0 92.2 101.5 124. 5 102.3 170.7 155. 4 143.7 133.1 137. 5 134.6 129.4 124.4 130.0 127.8 118.0 110.3 108.9 99.3 98.6 118.7 115.4 112.9 109.5 111.3 104.3 102.6 98.6 04.8 92.0 87.7 86.4 100.0 94.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 94.0 94.0 92.0 98.0 98.0 02.0 92.0 96.0 104.0 106.2 110.0 106.0 104.0 108.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.0 100.0 98.0 96.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 100.0 84.6 92.6 93.6 99.9 98.0 110.8 80.9 67.2 76.6 77.4 72.1 83.6 76.4 89.2 69.8 73.1 68.7 69.5 60.4 68.8 71.8 72.7 82.3 84.8 75.4 76.9 75.4 70.2 77.6 81.9 78.2 1861 1802 114 5 1863 1864 119 1865 111 3 I860 1867 1868 1869 1870 115 1871 1872 136 4 1873 1874 148.5 1875 153.1 1876 1877 110 5 1878 1879 131 7 1880 134.4 1881 137.4 1882 144 2 1883 155.6 1884 150.9 1885 142.0 1886 130.8 1887 . .. . 117.6 1888 117.9 1889 125.5 1890 109.1 1891 138.8 332 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 82. — Comparative relative prices in the United States, England, Sambwrg and I'Vance — Continued. Tear. 15. Copper. 16. . rron. United States. England. Ham- burg. France. ITnited States. England. Average Ham- burg. France. Copper ingot (Table 1). Tough cake (Table 56) Copper (Table 66) Copper ore (Table 80) Bar iron (Table 1). of bar iron,2 grades (Table 56) Bar iron (Table 66) Iron ore (Table 80) 100.0 100.0 91.5 100.0 94.0 100.0 103.5 100.0 102.1 100.0 94.5 80.9 100.0 100.0 112.8 96.0 92.6 100.0 119.9 98.2 96.6 100.0 131.9 "86.6 87.5 85.2 155.0 102.1 100.0 75.0 160.6 96.4 95.4 95.2 249.3 118.4 113.5 75.0 208.5 79.5 87.3 95.2 181.3 112.1 110.5 75.0 174.5 94.6 91.6 95.2 167.0 111.7 107.7 75.0 119.1 76.8 82.2 95.2 148.2 98.4 103.7 75.0 89.4 67.9 75.3 23.8 145.8 94.6 96.0 60.0 100.5 69.6 76.2 23.8 139.0 93.5 96.1 60.0 92.6 65.2 74.0 23.8 X34.4 99.3 100.9 50.0 95.7 63.4 76.2 42.8 133.7 97.4 109.3 50.0 117.0 80.4 93.0 47.6 166.2 113.0 141.5 60.0 144.7 82.6 93.8 38.1 147.1 155.0 175.6 37.5 106.4 82.1 87.1 35.2 116.7 183.4 115.3 30.0 98.9 82.1 89 7 38.1 103.6 149.3 121.1 26.0 98.9 78.6 88.9 33.3 88.6 132.4 105.2 20.0 83.0 72.8 83.8 28.6 77.5 112.4 96.0 17.5 74.5 63.4 74.2 25.7 75.3 98.1 89.6 15.0 67.6 56.7 66.5 23.8 88.3 83.8 80.8 15.0 90.4 63.6 64.6 25.7 102.8 101.6 84.9 15.0 81.9 59.2 66.2 23.8 98.8 86.7 82.1 17.5 87.2 67.4 70.1 24.8 104.5 96.5 90.2 17.5 76.6 62.9 66.7 22.9 85.6 88.6 83.6 15.0 63.8 65.6 61.1 19.0 75.0 84.6 77.8 15.0 47.3 47.3 54.8 17.1 68.6 92.3 73.1 15.0 51.1 39.3 60.6 9.5 73.4 80.8 69.6 16.0 51.1 38.2 47.2 9.5 84.0 76.9 71.1 15.0 75.0 71.9 65.9 66.7 76.6 82.7 72.2 15.0 74.5 70.3 54.0 67.1 73.9 86.5 83.8 15.0 61.2 50.2 53.9 114.3 78.2 112.4 87.7 15.0 69.6 62.2 56.6 95.2 72.4 98.9 86.0 16.0 1860 1861 1862 1863, 1864. 1835 1866 1867 1868. 1869 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1886. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 333 Table B2.-^C(miparative relative prices in the United States, England, Hamhwrg, and France — Coutiuued. 17. Load. 18. Tin. Tear. TTnited States. Lead, pig, average of 2 grades (Table 1). England. English (Table 56) Ham- burg. Lead (Table 66) ll'rance. Lead ore (Table 80) ffi United States. Bancapig (Table XI). England. English bars (Table 56) Ham- burg. Tin (Table 66) France. Zlno (Table 80) 100.0 96.0 121.8 144.4 208.4 218.7 173.5 106.2 106.5 154.4 130.7 123.8 119.0 130.4 125.5 124.5 119.3 100.7 69.5 71.0 94.2 78.8 87.2 78.2 65.0 64.6 80.1 73.7 80.1 66.2 70.2 72.8 100.0 98.3 92.0 98.9 95.5 90.9 97.7 90.9 88.6 86.4 86.4 81.8 86.4 107.0 110.8 109.1 104.0 100.0 86.9 66.5 89.2 69.3 69.9 65.9 55.7 51.1 57.4 58.8 71.9 60.2 65.1 60.8 100.0 98.2 93.8 93,5 96.6 92.1 96.5 90.0 95.6 93.4 96.6 92.6 126.6 148.7 106.3 118.4 113.0 104.0 96.5 87.9 87.2 73.4 71.5 67.8 59.1 61.0 61.7 74.7 77.4 88.3 115.2 106.9 100.0 118.8 100.0 131.3 160.9 225.0 124.8 101.0 112.6 131.4 126.1 129.7 144.9 130.3 111.4 91.5 84.6 64.7 55.5 63.1 73.4 76.6 76.6 75.0 66.4 59.4 66.4 59.4 100.0 98.6 87,1 83.5 81.3 71.2 74.8 61.2 69.1 79.9 84.9 97.1 110.1 105.0 87.8 72.7 61,2 58.3 52.2 47.1 67.6 67.6 82.4 70.5 63.7 55,6 69.8 74.6 106.5 73.0 74.1 100.0 88.6 86.2 93.7 80.6 71.7 65.0 67.2 69.7 87.3 93.2 99.9 112.5 107.5 76.9 71.7 66.7 59.0 62.9 53.1 64.5 67.8 72.2 71.6 65.0 60.9 61.3 66.9 75.8 65.1 64.1 63.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 70.0 75.0 70.0 72.5 70.0 66.0 5U, 46.0 48.8 48.8 41.3 36.3 31.3 32.5 35.0 35.0 37.5 37.5 50.0 42.5 100.0 1862 83.3 1863 83.3 1864 83.3 1865 83.3 1866 83.3 104.2 1868 104.2 1869 104.2 1870 100. 1871 100. 1872 133.3 1873 158.3 1874 133.3 141.7 1876 . - . 125.0 1877 108.3 1878 79.2 1879 66.7 1880 83.3 1881 6B.7 1882 70.8 1883 58.3 1884 64.2 1885 58.3 1886 66.7 66.7 83.3 70.3 69.4 62.3 141.7 1890 175.0 175.0 a Ihe gold prices in the aeriea are here reduced to caciemsj. 334 REPORT OK WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table 82. — Comparative relative prices in the United States, England, Samburg, and France — Com tinned . 19. Cotton. 20. Cotton yam. Tear. United States. Uplanrt, middling:. (Table!). England. Average of upland, mid- dling, fair ; DhoUeiah; and Per- nambuco (Table 56). Ham- burg. Cotton (Table 66). France. Cotton (TableSO). United States. Cotton manufac- tures. Average of print cloths, Bbeet- sbu^'- ings, and calico (Table 1). England. Mule If 0. 40, fair, second quality (TableSO). Ham- burg. Cotton yarn (Table 66). France. Cotton batting (Table 80)l 1860 100.0 109.1 327.3 613.6 736.4 1, 090. 9 468.2 322.7 152.3 236.4 230.7 138.6 185.2 186.4 147.7 130.7 120. S 114.8 102.3 86.4 115.9 108.0 108.0 92.6 94.9 100.6 83.5 86.4 96.0 86.4 93.2 84.7 100.0 116.3 184.7 378.3 415.4 422.7 348.6 252.3 118.8 178.5 187.9 132.9 140.8 138.4 122.1 111.7 114.1 97.4 95.7 77.2 114.5 109.5 104.0 90.6 92.9 94.8 82.0 80.3 87.2 89.9 93.5 81.5 100.0 125.5 231.2 365.6 426.0 228.7 256.1 197.5 :52.0 188.0 168.1 144.2 163.3 150.2 144.7 128.4 108.6 108.9 108.7 110.8 119.6 107.7 109.1 98.7 100.5 100.1 94.2 90.2 99.9 100.2 97.5 95.0 100.0 90.2 143.0 216.8 461.9 422.3 291.7 203.1 167.5 166.6 140.6 135.3 142.7 131.5 113.7 101.8 80.6 85.5 73.5 74.2 84.3 79.9 79.5 74.7 67.4 63.5 66.6 63.7 74.0 72.7 68.9 65.9 100.0 102.0 120.4 244.9 277.6 257.1 244.9 171.4 93.9 118.4 122.4 110.2 118.4 122.4 108.2 96.9 98.0 93.9 82.7 69.4 87.8 87.8 87.8 79.6 78.6 79.6 66.3 68.4 71.4 74.5 73.5 77.6 100.0 104.5 133.1 216.7 240.0 199.7 197.2 175.9 168.9 167.0 157.7 155.5 167.3 148.0 131.6 122.2 109.9 107.1 103.9 102.8 110.4 103.3 108.0 102.1 102.0 96.5 90.3 90.1 91.2 92.8 95.6 95.8 1861 100.0 172.7 218.2 218.2 151.0 158.2 111.4 100.9 120.5 104.5 84.1 105.9 96.8 82.3 69.1 65.9 66.4 66.4 69.5 74.5 67.3 68.2 62.7 66.4 62.3 54.5 60.0 59.1 65.9 66.4 52.7 100.0 1862 153.8 1863 184.6 1864 203.1 1865 153.8 186C 153.8 1867 92.3 1868 92.3 1869 110.8 1870 101.5 1871 . . 70.8 1872 70.8 1873 66.2 1874 61.5 1875 61.5 1870 58.5 1877 56.9 1878 56.9 1879 58.5 18S0 61.5 1881 - . 58.5 55.4 1883 55.4 1884 44.9 1885 42.2 1886 55.1 55.4 1888 49.2 1889 47.7 1890 47.1 1891 46.2 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 335 Table 82, — Comparative relative prices in tlw United States, England, Samhurg, and I France — Concluded. Tear. 21. Cotton cloth. tinited States. Manufac- tures, repeated from No. 20 of this table. England. gam- Average of 2 grades (Table 56) Piece goods, plain (Tiblo66) France. Cotton thread (Table 80) 22. Cotton. United States. Upland, middling (Table 33) England. Pernam- buco (Table 56) Ham- burg. Cotton (Table 66) repeated from No. 19 of this table. France. Cotton (Table 80) repeated from No. 19 of this table. 1860. 1801, ' 1862, I 1863, ■ 1864, I 1865, 1866 I 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, I 1872 I 1873, i 1874, 1875 1876, 1877, IhTS 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1^K7, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 100.0 90.2 143.0 216.8 461.9 422.3 291.7 203.1 107.6 166.6 140.6 135.3 142.7 131.6 113.7 101.8 80.6 85.5 73.5 74.2 84.3 79.9 79.5 74.7 67.4 63.5 66.6 63.7 74.0 72.7 68.9 65.9 100.0 100.8 103.8 177.5 224.9 200.7 181.0 141.5 89.6 103.3 105.6 92.9 98.9 99.9 00.8 91.3 87.9 90.4 79.7 69.3 73.9 80.1 79.0 72.5 69.1 66.4 69.0 68.2 69.1 70.1 71.9 70.9 100.0 97.7 118.4 160.8 187.4 163.4 104.7 133.7 118.8 122.7 114.9 107.8 113.6 111.6 104.2 101.3 91.6 91.6 89.3 86.8 88.3 86.8 87.7 84.5 79.9 75.4 71.5 73.5 73.5 72.5 74.4 74.8 100.0 146.3 182.9 189.0 144.6 134.1 97.6 146.3 155.6 146.3 144.6 128.8 123. 7 119.5 123.2 104.9 96.3 86.8 87.8 86.6 85.9 87.8 84.6 82.2 78.0 73.2 73.2 73.2 73.2 74.4 65.9 100.0 108.8 522.5 781.5 ,119.1 453.2 365.3 198.8 247.4 254.3 166.1 182.7 173.4 169.9 143.4 121.4 101.7 102.9 99.4 96.0 106.4 109.2 105.8 93.1 87.9 87.9 96.5 100.6 96.0 80.3 100.0 105.9 152.9 276.5 329.4 317.6 258.8 186.3 86.3 135.3 139.7 102.9 116.2 122.1 102.9 92.6 102.9 80.1 79.4 69.1 86.3 83.1 80.1 75.0 72.1 73.5 63.2 62.6 68.4 70.6 80.1 67.6 100.0 125.5 231.2 365.6 426.0 228.7 256.1 197.5 152.0 188.0 168.1 144.2 163.3 150.2 144.7 128.4 108.6 108.9 108.7 110.8 119.6 107.7 109.1 98.7 100.5 100.1 94.2 90.2 99.9 100.2 97.5 95.0 100.0 172.7 218.2 218.2 160.0 158.2 111.4 100.9 120.5 104.5 84.1 105.9 96.8 82.3 69.1 65.9 66.4 66.4 69.5 74.6 67.3 68.2 62.7 66.4 62.3 54.5 60.0 59.1 65.9 06. 4 52.7 Total. Tear. United States. Currency, 22 articles. United States. Gold, 22 articles. England. 21 articles. Hamburg. 21 articles. France. 16 articles. I860 - 100.0 98.2 124.9 197.0 268.8 275.6 194.0 154.6 151.5 163.6 140.3 131.4 138.0 136.6 126.3 113.8 105.8 105.5 94.5 86.7 100.5 95.4 96.2 89.1 88.5 83.2 80.4 81.3 81.0 86.1 84.6 83.4 100.0 98.2 121.9 135.8 172.9 127.5 138.5 114.9 109.4 113.3 116.7 118.7 126.5 121.1 112.5 101.2 102.7 99.3 93.2 86.7 100.5 95.4 96.2 89.1 88.5 83.2 80.4 81.3 81.0 85.1 84.6 83.4 100.0 102.0 109.0 135.9 144.8 135.5 133.0 115.3 99.3 105.0 105.5 100.8 108.8 114.6 110.2 103.9 102.4 101.6 94.1 80.7 92.2 86.1 83.4 84.6 82.5 77.3 73.3 75.3 80.0 79.6 82.3 81.0 100. 99.3 112.7 130.1 137.8 111.9 118.0 111.1 105.5 109.7 106.3 107.7 116.9 114.9 105.6 102.0 98.2 98.4 92.6 111.9 91.1 88.5 83.0 86.5 82.6 77.5 74.8 75.1 76.4 81.2 80.7 80.4 100.0 1862 117.7 126.9 1864 . 128.6 1865 112.2 1866 115.1 1867 100.4 1808 94.5 97.0 1870 93.6 1871 84.2 1872 104.6 102.5 1874 94.0 1875 87.4 84.7 1877 82.0 78.4 76.4 1880 79.2 76.0 73.4 1883 73.5 1884 72.4 69.7 1 886 • 69.3 1887 . -- 70.7 73.5 80.5 83.2 1891 79.2 336 EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 'Eo attempt can be made here to follow the variation of prices for the individual articles. It should be remembered that we are here con- cerned with commodities dealt in internationally, and the prices may be considered as quotations from different points of the world's market. The similarity of the quotations is very striliing, and it is rare that a divergence in tendency is shown. If we turn our attention to the summary, we find that the range of variation in the 1891 price is very small — between 79.2 for Prance and 83.4 for the United States. It will be observed that the prices for the United States are uniformly a few points higher than for the other countries. The course of prices is well indicated in the following table, giving the maxima and minima in each decade and the entire period for each country. In this table we use the gold prices for the United States : Table 83. — Fluctuations of prices in different countries. 1860-1869. 1870-1879. Place. Maximum. Minimam. Maximum. Minimum. Tear. K*lce. Tear. Price. Tear. Price. Tear. Price. United States 1864 1864 1864 1864 172.9 144.8 137.8 ' 128. 6 1861 1868 1861 1868 98.2 99.3 99.3 94.5 1872 1873 1872 1872 126.5 114.6 116.9 104.6 1879 1879 1878 1879 86 7 1880-1891. 1860-1891. Place. Maximum. Minimum. Maximum. Minimum. Tear. Price. Tear. Price Tear. Price. Tear. Price. United States 1880 1880 1880 ) 1880) i 18915 100.5 92.2 91 1 79.2 1886 1886 1886 1886 80.4 73.3 74.8 69.3 1864 1864 1864 1864 172.9 144.8 137.8 128.6 1886 1886 1886 1886 73 3 74.8 69.3 From this table it appears that the greatest fluctuation in price is shown in the United States. In the other countries the fluctuation in price during the period has been much the same but somewhat less marked than in the United States. For all countries the maximum rela- tive price during the period has been much the same, and somewhat less than in the United States. For all countries the maximum relative price occurred in 1864 and the minimum in 1886. In each period the movement is quite similar in the different countries. In the period 1 880 to 1891 the French price shows the highest figure in each of these ex- treme years. It is proper to remark that the averages for 1890 and 1891 were much affected by the rise in the price of copper and zinc which was most extreme in France. WAGES IN BUKOPE. No comparison from the point of view adopted by the committee would be complete without a parallel for wages as well as prices between Europe and the United States. It is greatly to be regretted that the materials for such a comparison were not to be found. Wage statistics 80 far as they exist in Europe are confined to a single period, and nowhere can a continuous series be obtained. The volume of wage sta- REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 337 tistics from 1830 to 1886, published by the Board of Trade of Great Britain, is a conspicuoTis example. It contains a great many quotations, made independently at different times and different places. The most assiduous efforts to construct from them a continuous table for even the most common occupations met with failure. In continental countries we met with a similar result. A few series of figures for manual labor in Aus- tria from 1830 to 1891 are found in the same publication as the prices. They relate to a single class of labor only. Mention should also be made of efforts made in Italy to collect statistics of wages historically. Unfortunately, their range is small. Elsewhere there are no traces of wage statistics which follow even at a great distance the ideas which guided the collection of statistics in the United States. Under the circumstances we must abandon any attempt to draw a parallel with the United States in regard to the course of wages. CONCLUSION. The report contains some tables which have not been subjected to an analysis. They are drawn from the records of governinent pur- chases, and present comparisons with the main table. Since, however, there is considerable difficulty in forming continuous series of these prices, it was not felt that a special analysis would add weight to any of the results obtained. 1 take this opportunity of expressing my great indebtedness for their assistance, in completing the collection of European prices, to Herr Heinz, director of the bureau of commercial statistics in Hamburg, through whose courtesy the Hamburg price figures are presented in the report with great thoroughness, Mr. W. F, Willoughby, of the Department of Labor, who secured the French -prices, and to Dr. Samuel il. Lindsay, to whose efficient services I owe a very complete and satis- factory statement of prices in England and Germany. I can not close this work without testifying to my deep appreciation of the assistance rendered by the Department of Labor, under whose supervision the very elaborate and laborious clerical work of the in- vestigation has been carried on. In season and out of season their assistance has been given with a uniform courtesy, for which I am under great obligations. Eespectfully submitted. BOLAND P. FALKNEB. ^. Kep. 1394-^r-23 338 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Exhibit A. — Import prices of 180 commodities in Hamburg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures. Year. 1850 1851 1852 1853, 1854 1855 185ti 1857, 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1. Aloes. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 12. iS 72.99 79.63 104. 08 129.19 130. 83 109. 48 91.54 66.60 76.94 76.33 88.41 91.65 102. 86 102. 74 100. 33 93.48 67.76 66.51 64.48 73.85 68.06 77.47 81.30 84.18 84.71 89.26 90.88 95.09 90.29 100. 62 109. 40 110. 72 95. 23 103. 79 70.64 71.74 54.78 61.35 60.51 65.66 55.54 Per pound, ).078 .079 .086 .112 .139 .141 .118 .099 .072 .083 .082 .095 .099 .111 .111 .108 .101 .073 .072 .070 .080 .073 .084 .088 .091 .091 .096 .098 .103 .097 .109 .118 .120, .103 .112 .076 .077 .059 .066 .065 .060 .060 2. Antimony. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. Marks. 94.06 92.26 88.15 86.03 96.03 61.02 138. 21 117. 15 101. 93 104. 48 81.95 73.67 67.71 69.44 76.37 72.84 78.09 85.54 97.93 148. 91 77.60 154. 39 132.24 106. 91 111. 57 151. 50 148. 97 124. 16 107. 61 145. 51 135. 24 114. 77 99.26 82.81 107. 13 99.36 83.78 94.66 111. 46 136. 14 133. 14 1.102 .100 .095 .093 .104 .066 .149 .126 .110 .113 .079 .073 .075 .081 .079 .084 .092 .106 .161 .084 .167 .143 .115 .320 .164 .161 .134 .116 .157 .146 .124 .107 .089 .116 .107 .090 .102 .120 .147 .144 3. Oranges. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. Marks. 41.00 47.97 31.4-1 31.51 36. 12 33.38 29.32 35.63 31.42 31.46 32.91 30.66 32.19 32.21 31. 42 29.83 40.93 39.74 39.25 37.06 39.46 40.31 31.56 34.66 36.02 31.93 31.94 29.52 29.17 26.13 28.53 25.45 27.39 25.16 22.08 20.86 18.82 19.08 17.42 15.19 16.49 19.41 ).044 .052 .034 .034 .039 .036 .032 .038 .034 .034 .036 .033 .036 .035 .^034 .032 .044 .043 .042 .040 .043 .044 .034 .037 .039 .034 .034 .032 .031 .028 .031 .027 .030 .027 .024 .023 .020 .021 .019 .016 .018 .021 4. Arrack. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 52.13 47.74 44.64 54.43 60.90 79.81 78.70 77.63 52.36 45.21 45.29 56.49 47.61 60.58 64.39 66.21 54.22 60.87 67.49 76.62 69.61 60.23 54.60 70.61 86.92 83.00 85.35 87.66 75.87 57.15 65.79 66.91 96.76 47.73 74.02 63.33 73.69 76.60 68.91 70.30 74.90 72.63 Per pound ).056 .052 .048 .059 .066 .086 .085 .084 .057 .049 .049 .061 .051 .065 .070 .061 .059 .066 .073 .083 .075 .065 .059 .076 .093 .090 .092 .095 .082 .062 .071 .061 .104 .062 .080 .063 .080 .083 .074 .076 .081 .078 5. Asphalt. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. Marks. 10.86 15.36 14.68 15.08 12.76 15.01 16.21 9.69 8.54 10.96 11.60 16.10 11.63 12.46 11.26 8.13 11.57 12.07 12.93 17. 18 23.46 13.67 18.88 10.06 10.39 8.97 8.23 7.78 7.75 7.61 6.83 6.30 7.00 6.86 6.56 6.73 6.53 6.20 6.23 8.69 8.83 10.61 $0,012 .017 .016 .016 .014 .016 .017 .010 .009 .012 .013 .017 .013 .013 .012 .009 .012 .013 .014 .019 .025 .015 .020 .011 .OU .'010 .009 .008 .008 .008 .007 .007 .008 .007 .007 .007 .007 .007 .007 .009 .010 .OU REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 339 Exhibit A. — Import prices of ISO commodities in Hamhurg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and meosttres— Continued. Tear. 6. Balsam, co- paiba. 7. Balsam, Peru. 8. Cotton. 9. Laurel leaves. 10. Tin plate. Per 100 kilos. Per >ound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 101) kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1850 Marks. 248. 55 277. 61 327. 56 455. 66 298. 22 250. 57 269. 72 368. 64 402. 33 430.71 420. 82 348. 36 346. 80 297.35 352. 07 3.52. 69 400. 20 358. 85 339. 44 359. 81 379. 07 380.96 430. 67 497. 93 534. 50 502. 98 426. 24 387. 43 331. 28 297.42 522.87 472. 08 463. 53 424. 21 307. 46 327. 18 296. 62 345. 03 410. 59 429.88 462.05 379.17 $0,268 .300 .354 .492 .322 .271 .291 .398 .434 .465 .454 .376 .374 .321 .380 .381 .432 .387 .366 .388 .409 .411 .465 .538 .577 .608 .460 .418 .379 .321 .564 .510 .500 .438 .397 .353 .320 .372 .443 .404 .499 .409 Marks. 1, 330. 78 1,311.61 1,213.68 1, 146. 00 1, 296. 22 1, 174. 15 1, 143. 65 1, 121. 25 1, 165. 71 1, 096. 50 1,074.47 1,097.08 1,109.61 1, 132. 22 1, 119. 23 901. 56 1, 171. 50 2,554.24 2, 310. 45 2, 715. 38 2, 123. 25 1, 853. 57 1, 953. 75 1, 932. 50 1,582.16 1, 307. 83 1, 037. 38 1, 013. 24 992. 70 1, 161. 85 1, 740. 43 1, 978. 12 2, 874. 95 2, 138. 66 1, 612. 28 1, 293. 94 1. 063. 20 960.42 833. 45 754.44 912. 92 1,025.97 $1,437 1.416 1.310 1.237 1.399 1.268 1.235 1.210 1.258 1.184 1.160 1.184 1.198 1.222 1.208 .973 1.265 2.757 2.494 2.931 2.292 2.001 2.111 2.086 1.708 1.412 1.120 1.094 1.072 1.254 1.879 2.136 3.104 2.309 1.741 1.399 1.148 1.037 .900 .814 .986 1.108 Marks. 133. 37 105. 07 99.46 108.44 88.64 89.47 107. 25 125. 54 116. 49 109. 61 102. 29 125.69 231. 29 386. 70 438. 72 223. 32 262. 63 202. 87 146. 37 192. 62 172. 12 147.08 166. 70 152.36 148. 75 130.89 110. 73 110. 22 109. 11 112. 93 122. 76 111.44 112. 50 102. 46 103. 52 102.25 96.61 92.45 97.19 102. 57 99.72 94.38 $0,144 .113 .107 • .117 .090 .097 .116 .136 .126 .118 .110 .136 .250 .417 .474 .241 .284 .219 .158 .208 .186 .139 .180 .164 .161 .141 .120 .119 .118 .122 .133 .120 .121 .111 .112 .110 .10* .100 .105 .111 .108 .102 Marks. 29. 9i 27.67 25. 07 35.91 33.32 35.39 38.28 34.92 26,40 26.69 27.93 34.02 30.77 27.51 30.87 33.83 37.69 37.16 31.46 33.64 33.40 42.94 44.16 44.34 43.03 38.49 35.61 40.89 33.02 34.68 34.35 35.32 34.80 34.24 35.08 34.40 33.94 33.94 34.25 34.91 35.40 31.88 $0. 032 .030 .027 .039 .038 .038 .041 .038 .029 .029 .030 .037 .033 .030 .033 .037 .041 .040 .034 .036 .036 .046 .049 .048 .052 .042 .038 .044 .036 .037 .037 .038 .038 .037 .038 .037 .037 .037 .037 .038 .038 .034 Marks. 54.52 62.69 57.49 61.11 63.74 63.37 73.23 70.68 67.12 67.67 63.73 62.97 56.78 67.54 59.98 58.40 62.54 55.10 52.58 54.67 55.29 56.70 79.68 77. 36 70.97 64.29 55.64 53.-31 43.17 42.92 46.71 39.77 43.23 41.28 42.65 38.80 38.58 37.19 39.12 42.40 40.95 38.98 $0,059 .068 1851 1852 .062 1833 .066 1854 .069 1855 .069 1856 079 1857 .083 1838 .072 1859 .073 I860 .069 1861 .068 1862 .061 1803 .062 1864 1865 1866 .065 .063 .068 1867 .059 1868 .057 1869 .039 1870 .060 1871 1872 1873 .061 .086 .084 1874 .077 1875 .069 1876 .060 .058 1K78 .047 1879 .046 1880 .050 1881 .043 1882 .047 1883 .045 1884 .046 1885 .040 .042 1887 .040 1888 .042 1889 .046 1890 .044 1891 .042 340 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Exhibit A. — Import prices of 180 commodities in Saniburg, Germany, from 1S50 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Year. 11. Sheet Iron. I 12. Lead. Per 100 kilos. Per poand. Per 100 kilos. Per pormd. 13. Wliiteleaa, Per 100 kiloB. Per pound. 14. Borax. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 15. Bristles. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. Marks. 1850 aO.33 1851 20.00 1852 19.92 1853 27.72 1854 31.20 1855 26.30 1856 26.54 1857 26.65 1858 23.08 1859 22.35 1860 i 24.15 1861 25.79 1862 21.31 1863 25.34 1864 ": 25.99 1865 24.39 1866 j 24.96 1867 23.63 1868 1 22.63 1869 ! 21.39 1870 23.76 1871 25.53 1872. 1873., 1874. 1875, , 1876.. 1877.. 1878 „ 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882. . 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889. . 1890.. 1891.. 46.27 46.15 37.31 29.63 28.70 28.48 27. 37 23.61 24.99 30.12 32.92 29.68 28.20 25. IC 21.20 22.08 23.19 23.07 26.42 28.95 3.022 .022 .022 .030 .034 .028 .029 .029 .025 .024 .026 .028 .023 .027 .028 .026 .027 .026 .024 .023 .026 .028 .049 .050 .040 .032 .031 .031 .030 .025 .027 .033 .036 .032 .030 .027 .023 .024 .025 .025 .029 .031 Marks. 36. 01 51.10 36.09 46.37 48.14 51.98 49.12 49.08 45.64 46.60 44.93 45.74 48.89 43.69 43.03 43.86 43.35 40.68 41.01 40.59 40.28 39.44 56.77 69.31 47.62 51.48 49. 30 44.47 45.96 63.66 64.59 32.53 32.66 31.49 30.67 45.94 27.94 39.65 36.68 47.44 69.27 46.46 $0. 039 .055 .039 .050 .062 .060 .063 .053 .049 .060 .049 .049 .053 .047 .046 .047 .047 .044 .044 .044 .043 .043 .061 .075 .051 .066 .063 .048 .050 .058 .070 .035 .035 .034 .033 .050 .030 .043 .039 .051 .064 .050 Marks. 45.33 46.38 44.78 50.43 47.77 .52. 01 67.22 67.27 55.64 64.96 62.87 55.23 64.59 53.17 52.21 51.77 52.42 51.85 51.63 51.43 50.35 61.45 53.95 58.65 59.46 57.13 56.57 54.70 47.48 44.05 43.72 40.74 39.40 37.18 33.54 32.02 32.99 33.38 36.50 38.31 39.94 38.06 $0. 049 .060 .048 .054 .062 .056 .062 .062 .060 .059 .057 .060 .059 .057 .056 .056 .057 .056 .056 .056 .0.64 .066 .058 .063 .064 .062 .061 .059 .051 .048 .047 .044 .043 .040 .036 .035 .036 .036 .039 .041 .043 .042 Marki. 125. 19 168. 66 170.45 191. 75 194. 77 187.44 170. 63 144. 41 131. 23 127. 61 118. 99 112. 83 104. 32 87.04 92.90 117. 86 143. 00 158. 01 121. 73 140. 06 133.48 156. 89 198. 70 214. 37 126.63 106. 93 87.11 83.22 73.81 70.87 101. 66 118. 34 108. 55 103.24 83.15 76.83 56.98 53.58 59. 68 26.81 28.76 28.14 0. 135 .171 .184 .207 .210 .202 .184 .156 .143 .138 .128 .122 .113 .094 .100 .127 .154 .171 .131 .151 .144 .169 .215 .231 .137 .115 .094 .090 .080 .077 .110 .128 .117 .111 .090 .083 .062 .068 .064 .029 .031 .030 Marks. 277.99 429. 18 529. 90 302.21 443.91 640. 40 597. 16 546. 62 474.27 431. 94 667.81 470. 00 318. 10 494.03 373.24 572. 93 489. 18 442. 36 508. 91 514. 69 424.39 658. 04 682. 60 385. 38 319.87 340. 68 421.44 347.44 386.24 368.74 560. 09 461. 01 432. 75 413. 72 413.60 415.25 421.42 457. 69 408. 50 459. 29 398. 67 475.40 $0. 300 .463 .572 .326 .479 .583 .646 .590 .512 .466 .721 .507 .343 .633 .403 .619 .628 .478 .549 .656 .458 .710 .737 .416 .345 .308 .455 .375 .417 .308 .605 .487 .467 .447 .447 .448 .453 .494 .441 .496 .430 .513 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 341 Exhibit A. — Import prieea of 180 oomtnoditiea in Hamlurg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equitfalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Tear. 16. Bristle and maDila hemp. 17. Camphor, raw. 18. Cinnamon. 19. Cassia.lignea et vera. 20. Peruvian bark. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kUos. Per [>ound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1850 Marks. Marks. 141.91 153. 99 153. 09 200. 36 198. 36 181. 08 109. 02 185. 61 128. 01 182. 02 297. 99 442.79 432. 31 258. 60 205. 08 195. 95 247. 65 288. 62 277.41 215.46 156. 21 151. 28 170. 82 175. 85 166. 60 151. 81 141. 02 189.79 170, 82 170. 32 187. 12 180. 01 155. 00 137. 82 122, 42 129, 61 151. 30 136.45 159. 98 193. 33 256. 91 251.13 $0. 153 .166 .165 .216 .214 .195 .182 .200 .138 .197 .322 .478 .467 .279 .221 .212 .267 .312 .299 .233 .169 .163 .184 .190 .180 .164 .152 .205 .184 .184 .202 .194 .167 .149 .132 .140 .103 .147 .173 .209 .277 .271 Marks. 465. 27 429. 85 404.94 334. 29 289. 13 262, 57 279. 77 292. 23 275. 06 227. 46 221. 00 210. 60 227. 80 270. 17 315.69 350. 84 366. 30 393. 40 447. 52 394.43 372.49 414. 16 343.48 398. 39 314. 70 418.44 336. 62 369. 96 353. 48 264. 79 172. 80 161.87 192. 67 208. 23 164.63 134.41 110. 35 148. 27 108. 09 108. 79 115. 55 113.53 $0. 602 .464 .437 .361 .312 .283 .302 .315 .297 .246 .239 .227 .246 .292 .341 .879 .395 .425 .483 .426 .402 .447 .371 .428 .340 .452 .363 .399 .382 .286 .187 .175 .208 .225 .178 .145 .119 .100 .117 .117 .125 .123 Marks. 194. 00 199.49 201. 74 228. 00 217.01 196. 47 186. 01 229. 51 193. 28 161. 95 176. 60 172. 52 167.39 174. 17 168. 52 170. 99 191. 63 203.28 227.86 282. 28 235. 27 212.65 179. 43 165. tl 132. 83 111.85 102. 40 99.25 86.01 82.72 75.57 85.34 74.40 66.93 61.09 53.89 49.35 43.83 37.80 44.19 39.44 39.18 $0. 209 .215 .218 .246 .234 .212 .201 .248 .209 .175 .191 .186 .181 .188 .182 .185 .207 .219 .246 .283 .254 .230 .194 .168 .143 .121 .111 .107 .093 .089 .082 .092 .080 .072 .066 .058 .053 .047 .041 .048 .043 .042 Marks. 295. 67 424. 60 294, 98 350.10 139. 64 384. 52 212. 70 395. 37 271. 30 630.39 367. 50 620. 83 596. 19 472. 35 199.24 319. 96 221. 66 176. 32 231. 89 195.62 203. 60 190. 76 220.40 194.54 255. 83 294.83 208. 69 524. 65 5S0.19 322. 90 259.46 206. 64 238. 65 213.91 111. 50 153. 74 123. 26 160. 92 184. 83 189. 56 169.63 176.20 $0. 319 .458 1851 1852 318 1853 .378 1854 .151 1855 .415 1856 109. 34 80.77 64.74 54.02 61.97 90.02 110. 05 128. 72 98.40 74.78 116. 09 128. 37 100. 95 96.59 92.94 88.09 88.86 84.65 74.69 73.93 66.67 60.98 67.21 55.99 73.91 74.79 70.69 62,56 54.37 46.72 47.78 54.97 58.17 63.46 58.15 50.00 $0. 118 .087 .070 .058 .067 .097 .119 .139 .106 .081 .125 .139 .109 .104 .100 .095 .096 .091 .081 .080 .072 .066 .073 .060 .080 .081 .076 .068 .059 .050 .052 .059 .063 .069 .063 .054 .230 1857 .427 1858 .293 1859 .573 I860 .397 1861 .670 1862 .644 1863 .610 1864 .215 1865 .345 1866 .239 1867 .190 1868 .250 1869 .211 1870 .220 .206 1872 .238 1874 .210 .276 .318 1876 .225 .566 1878 .626 .349 1880 .280 .223 1882 .258 .2S1 1884 .120 .166 1886 .133 .174 1888 .200 .183 1890 .183 1891 .190 342 Report o^ Wholesale tEicfis and wages. Exhibit A.— Import prices of 180 covimoditiea in JSattiburg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures— CoQtmued. Tear. 21. lieraons. Per 100 Per kilos, poand. 22. Cocliuieal. Per 100 Per kilos, poand. 23. Cognac. Per 100 Per kilos, ponnd. 24. Divi-dlTi. Per 100 kilos. Per ponnd. 25. WiiB.iron. Per 100 Per kilos, poand. ,850. ^851. ^852 ^853, ?854 J855 }856, J857, 1858 l85D. i860 1861. 1862 1863 1864 1885 1866, 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872, 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884, 1885, 1886 1887 1888, 1889 1890 1891, Markt. 30.49 32.72 29.71 39.81 43.58 38.58 29.82 41.35 34.61 37.23 40.23 35.15 32.28 34.89 39.33 37.73 40.11 39.75 38.75 44.34 35.94 33.40 33.34 46.43 47.21 41.53 36.32 30.94 31.67 27.24 31.14 29.22 27.83 28.42 24.30 23.74 27.96 24.88 24.69 21.41 22.83 26.83 1.033 .035 .032 .043 .047 .042 .032 .045 .037 .040 .043 .038 .035 .038 .042 .041 .043 .043 .042 .048 .039 .036 .036 .050 .051 .045 .039 .033 .034 .029 .034 .032 .030 .031 .026 .026 .030 .027 .027 .023 .025 .029 Marks. 953. 27 809. 42 781. 53 981.72 888.44 871. 28 857. 70 568. 86 814. 51 785.09 619. 25 616. 89 542. 57 609.10 736. 18 760.18 799. 55 776. 83 880.80 714. 18 630. 57 624.22 551. 70 568, 02 524.65 466.49 507.74 569. 12 522. 75 575. 00 598. 50 438. 49 353. 45 260. 09 249.12 318. 22 303.45 265. 50 238. 88 232. 36 230.20 228.18 »1. 029 .874 .844 1.060 .959 .941 .926 .614 .879 .848 .669 .666 .586 .658 .795 .821 .863 .839 .951 .771 .681 .674 .596 .613 .566 .504 .548 .614 .564 .621 .W6 .473 .382 .281 .269 .344 .328 .287 .258 .251 .249 .246 Marks. 78.22 74.63 70.25 120. 31 182. 12 210. 35 184.64 217. 50 170. 62 119. 67 192. 59 165. 31 161. 92 136. 06 117. 57 107. 67 88.17 119. 19 127.79 120. 17 110.84 110.44 114. 56 162. 60 158. 88 131. 41 137. 07 a69. 81 160. 68 152.99 186. 62 181. 67 197.44 208. 20 215. 98 220.61 231. 80 243.54 254.49 221. 92 226. 10 248.12 $0,084 .081 .076 .130 .197 .227 .199 .235 .184 .129 .208 .178 .175 .147 .127 .116 .095 .129 .138 .130 .120 .119 .124 .176 .172 .142 .148 .183 .173 .165 .201 .196 .213 .225 .233 .238 .250 .263 .275 .240 .244 Mark*. 33.99 23.12 20.03 27.97 29.25 28.09 21.11 25.80 19.94 26.51 26.45 25.99 27.78 25.31 26.49 21.54 20.85 20.66 19.48 22.44 25.60 27.16 23.44 22.14 24.04 28.30 30.64 29.66 24.87 24.61 27.52 28.93 26.58 24.34 20.86 18.40 18.04 20.92 20.04 20.57 2L09 23.92 $0,037 .025 .022 .030 .032 .030 .023 .028 .022 .029 .029 .028 .030 .027 .029 .023 .023 .022 .021 .024 .028 .029 .025 .024 .026 .03] .033 .032 .027 .027 .030 .029 .029 .026 .023 .020 .019 .023 .022 .022 .023 .026 Marks. 31.05 33.56 32.17 34.56 39.79 35.62 37.34 38.32 38.90 38.89 37.33 34.77 31.90 32.20 38.03 38.14 41.81 33.10 81.03 71.53 60.41 42.24 62.17 67.60 46.17 66.95 63.30 64.03 48.53 69.37 59.27 57.27 59.70 43.37 50.22 36.83 35.73 21.75 21.83 25.59 25.25 26.57 $0,034 .035 .037 .040 .041 .042 .042 .040 .038 .034 .035 .041 .041 .045 .036 .087 .077 .065 .046 .067 .073 .050 .072 .068 .069 .052 .075 .064 .062 .064 .047 .054 .040 .039 .023 .024 .028 .027 .029 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 343 Exhibit A. — Import prices of ISO commodities in JTamhurg, Germany, from 1850 to 1S91, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued, Year. 26. Iron, pig and cast. 27. Iron, bar, hoop, and plate. 28. Iron, bar, hoop, and plato, English. 29. Iron, bar, hoop, and plate, Swedish. 30. EaUs. Per 100 kilos. Tor 2,240 pounds. Per 100 kilos. Per 2,240 pounds. Per 100 kilos. Per 2,240 pounds. Per 100 kilos. Per 2,240 pounds. Per 100 kilos. Per 2,240 pounds. 1850 Marks. 6.35 ,5.60 6.44 8.27 10.44 9.43 9.40 8.72 6.78 6.28 6.46 6.13 6.27 7.27 7.55 7.40 7.12 5.16 6.70 6.62 6.97 7.27 12.54 14.55 10.33 8.20 8.10 7.09 6.39 5.62 6.31 5.81 6.01 6.86 5.70 4.97 4.63 4.57 4.86 6.18 6.40 5.57 $16. 355 13.541 13. 154 19. 998 25.245 22.802 22. 730 21. 086 16. 395 15. 186 15. 621 14. 823 15. 161 17. 579 18.267 17. 894 17. 217 12.477 16. 201 16.008 16. 854 17. 579 30. 323 35. 183 24.979 19. 828 19. 586 17.144 15.452 13.590 15. 258 14. 049 14.605 14. 170 13. 753 12.018 11. 196 11.061 11. 728 14. 944 15.476 13. 468 Marks. 16.01 14.84 16.06 24.78 25.03 22.08 23. 31 22.90 19.78 19.51 18.81 17.80 17.94 18.98 21.50 21.18 20.88 20.06 18.34 18.60 18.99 21.30 27.74 34.43 24.62 22.96 19.43 17.82 16.14 15.39 17.10 16.67 18.56 16.58 17.03 16.68 16.75 14.96 15.18 15.86 16.95 17.43 $38. 713 35. 884 38. 834 59. 920 60. 525 53. 391 56-. 305 56. 374 47. 830 47.177 45.484 43. 042 43. 380 45. 895 51.989 51. 215 50. 490 48. 607 44. 343 44.734 45. 919 61. 605 67. 078 83.254 59. 633 55. 495 46. 983 43. 090 39. 028 37. 214 41. 349 40. 309 44. 880 40. 092 41. 180 37. 916 40. 503 36. 174 36. 706 38. 351 40. 986 42.268 Marks. 16.93 14.54 16.87 22.19 25.38 21.23 23.41 22.15 18.47 18.23 17.79 17.38 17.08 13.21 21.25 19.90 20.17 18.29 16.99 17.22 17.97 20.23 27.77 33.48 27.21 22. 85 20.95 18.11 16.12 14.95 16.25 14.83 15.46 14.52 13.45 11.97 12.87 11.39 13.02 14.51 16.98 15.51 $38. 520 35. 159 38. 375 53. 657 61. 37] 51. 336 54. 189 63. 560 44.662 44. 082 43.018 42. 026 41. 301 44. 033 61. 384 48. 120 48. 773 44.227 41. 083 41. 639 43.453 48.918 67. 150 80. 967 ,65.796 55. 253 50. 659 43. 791 38.979 36. 160 39. 294 35. 860 37. 384 35. Ill 32. 523 23.944 31. 121 27. 642 31.483 35. 086 41. 059 37.504 Marks. 23. W 22.96 19.96 24.76 24.86 33.29 30.23 29.95 32.54 29.06 26.70 23.98 24.02 24.90 25.43 26.89 24.16 24.86 22.30 21.43 22.41 26.19 27.04 39.93 34.40 31.87 30.07 26.43 21.27 19.23 21.90 20.01 23.38 20.31 20.67 19.54 18.21 17.80 16.53 17.60 17.67 18.15 $56,099 55.519 48. 265 69. 847 60. 113 80. 498 73. 099 72.421 78. 084 70. 269 62.145 67. 936 53.082 00. 210 61. 492 66. 022 68. 421 60. 113 53. 923 51.819 54. 189 63. 330 67. 661 96. 675 83. 182 75. 855 72. 712 63. 910 51.437 46. 600 62.956 48.386 66. 535 49. Ill 49. 982 47. 249 44.033 43.042 40. 092 42. 316 42. 727 43.388 Marks. 10.70 15.45 12.98 16.46 21.86 18.71 19.66 19.29 15.78 13.20 16.23 16.22 15.49 12. 96 14.95 16.17 16.54 13.76 15. 24 16.97 19.75 18.01 21.22 22.78 16.25 13.25 11.24 15.98 12.99 14.18 16.94 19.42 13.98 16.46 10.98 13.23 16.63 14.35 10.78 26.53 14.15 8.96 $25. 873 1851 1852 37. 359 31. 387 1853 39. 802 1854 52. 859 1855 45.242 1856 47. 539 1857 46. 645 1858 38.157 1859 44. 009 1860 39. 366 1861 39. 221 1802 37.466 1863 31. 338 1864 36. 150 1865 39. 100 1866 39. 995 1867 33. 273 1868 36. 852 1869 38.617 1870 47.767 1871 43. 650 1872 51. 312 1873 56. 084 1874 39. 294 1375 32. 040 1876 27. 179 1877 38.641 1878 31. 411 1879 34. 288 1880 40. 962 1881 46.969 1882 33. 805 1883 39. 802 1884 26. 551 1885 31. 991 1886 40. 331 1887 34. 699 1888 26. 067 1889. 64. 152 1890 1891 344 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Exhibit A. — Import prices of 180 commoditieB in Hamburg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Year. 31. Ivory and ele- phant teeth. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 32. Pease. Per 100 Per kilos, bnahel. 33. Extract of j 34. Extract of logwood. redwood. Per 100 kilos Per ponnd. Per 100 kilos. Per ponnd. 35. Extract of fustic. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1860 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1876 1876 1877 1E78 , 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Markg. 1, 042. 35 967. 68 1, 135. 29 1, 204. 80 1, 346. 19 1,404.86 1, 602. 87 1, 498. 42 1,386.57 1, 378. 45 1, 066. 93 1, 043. 39 1. 229. 44 1, 469. 45 1, 270. 12 1,411.61 1, 343. 56 1, 334. 59 1, 338. 40 1, 361. 10 1, 262. 72 1, 513. 21 1. 875. 45 2, 578. 28 2, 038. 26 1,915.65 1, 809. 99 1, 863. 92 2, 157. 61 1, 496. 00 1, 613. 69 1, 784. 58 1, 917. 94 1, 918. 04 1, 777. 77 1, 687. 07 1, 651. 60 1, 689. 72 1, 641. 24 1, 850. 63 1, 887. 37 $1. 125 1.045 1 226 1.301 1.453 1. 517- 1.795 1.618 1.497 1.488 1.152 1. 126 1.327 1.586 1.371 1.524 1.450 1.441 1.445 1.469 1.363 1.634 2.025 2.783 2.200 2.068 1.954 2.012 2.329 1.615 1.742 1.927 2.071 2.071 1.919 1.821 1.783 1.824 1.772 1.998 2.038 Marks. 11.77 16.69 15.81 35.25 38.90 23.47 26.53 26.69 16.71 17.34 24.70 43.47 28.26 33.02 21.36 32.27 31.51 19.76 30.23 31.72 21.12 19.82 27.65 33.16 20.41 48.46 21.29 19. 06 20.58 19.60 18.74 20.06 22.66 10.75 14.70 16.40 13.19 13.69 13.45 14.18 14.15 16.78 $0,813 1.153 1.092 2.435 2.688 1.622 1.833 1.844 1.155 1.198 1.707 3.003 1.953 2.281 1.476 2.230 2.177 1.365 2.089 2.192 1.459 1.369 1.910 2.291 1.410 3.348 1.471 1.317 1.422. 1.354 1.295 1.386 1.560 1.157 1.016 1. 133 .911 .946 .929 .980 .978 1.159 Marks. 105. 52 94.43 93.22 96.09 156. 61 114. 52 98. 20 79.71 67.51 68.73 70.51 77.95 77.70 66.27 62.18 68.77 74.63 75.50 72.03 82.61 09.70 77.39 80.75 69.88 77.14 93.16 91.98 88.47 85.33 85.36 84.57 84.00 81.20 80.46 78.65 74.24 74.80 73.78 87.29 91.63 88.24 86.54 0.114 .102 .101 .104 .169 .124 .106 .086 .073 .074 .076 .084 .084 .072 .067 .074 .081 .082 .078 .089 .075 .084 .087 .075 .083 .101 .099 .096 .092 .092 .091 .091 .088 .087 .085 .080 .081 .080 .094 .099 .095 Marks. 124. 29 iO. 134 Marks. 410.00 362. 37 420. 00 328. 37 336. 83 247.42 237. 39 208. 33 238.97 206. 86 202. 07 215.92 233. 06 241.88 246.89 247.33 250.96 226. 36 226.17 194. 50 194. 88 193. 89 I 199. 82 212. 57 177. 17 167.25 186. 22 192. 87 187. 18 149. 91 131. 88 129. 30 155. 12 144.85 133. 73 142.80 137. 74 124.88 119. 70 .443 .391 .453 .354 .364 .267 .256 .225 .258 .223 .219 .233 .252 .261 .267 .267 .271 .244 .244 .210 .210 .209 .216 .229 .191 .181 .201 .208 .202 .162 .142 .140 .167 .156 .144 .154 .149 .135 .129 147.50 $0,159 155. 56 .168 129. 00 .139 146.75 .158 133. 69 .144 131. 02 .141 117.30 .127 135. 91 .147 146.87 .-159 137. 72 .149 134. 09 .145 U9.04 .129 130. 55 .141 166. 61 .180 194. 05 .209 170. 87 .184 170. 45 .184 180. 51 .195 102. 96 .176 143.73 .155 155. 16 .168 144.59 .156 116.58 .126 147.74 .159 137.16 .148 138. 82 .150 125.91 .136 92.22 .100 108.24 .117 128. 58 .139 126.61 .137 117. 10 .126 112. 39 .121 99.14 .107 89.82 .097 95.18 .103 93.84 .101 101. 32 .109 105.42 .114 102. 91 .111 99.75 .108 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 345 Exhibit A. — Import prices of ISO com7nodities in Hamburg, Gei-many, from 1850 to 1891, with eqiiiralents in United States money and measures — Continued. Year. 36. Extract of yoUow oak. 37. I-igs. 38. Skliis.fawn and reiudeer. 39. Skins , calf. 40, Skins, sheep and goat. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 Idlos. Per pouud. Per 100 kilos. Per )Ound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1850 Marke. 135. 36 ]31.53 114.08 121. 16 112. 00 109. 80 115. 01 114.29 85.96 91.64 83.45 79.44 75.82 66.32 68. 07 78.80 79.96 85.37 101. 29 79.61 61.55 69.38 73, 39 67.89 70.81 76.21 74.74 75.55 83.26 81.14 73.65 63.73 66.21 64.81 66.77 60.96 59.07 56.38 67.83 54.82 51.61 48.39 $0. 140 .142 .123 .131 .121 .119 .124 .123 .093 .099 .090 .036 .082 .072 .073 .085 .086 .092 .109 .086 .066 .075 .079 .073 .076 .082 .081 .082 .090 .088 .080 .074 .071 .070 .071 .066 .064 .061 .062 .059 .056 .052 21arki. 40.67 37.79 89.01 37.10 45.87 51.42 56.97 51.45 41.10 54.78 47.08 45.75 39.43 43.08 43.59 45.09 44.61 41.37 46.09 45.40 46.26 61.88 41.83 41.85 51.57 54.58 40.99 40.06 46.44 44.07 51.95 53.97 52.58 47.39 42.18 42.49 40.85 29.22 37.82 37.98 36.03 40.69 $0,044 .041 .042 .040 .060 .056 .060 .056 .044 .059 .051 .049 .043 .047 .047 .049 .048 .045 .050 .049 .060 .056 .045 .045 .056 .069 .044 .043 .060 .048 .056 .058 .057 .051 .046 .046 .044 .032 .041 .041 .039 .044 Marks. 326. 52 222.44 163. 54 170. 79 290. 22 448. 80 368. 68 866.45 223. 73 269. 53 365.78 208. 12 217. 80 277.21 316. 30 291.91 253. 13 265. 12 303. 10 232. 32 223. 34 278. 51 280.94 298. 61 304. 63 297. 11 213.02 238. 35 222. 60 242. 03 304. 01 323. 49 319. 84 290. 52 250, 64 201. 10 193.65 247. 13 273. 91 $0. 352 .240 .177 .184 .313 .485 .398 .396 .242 .291 .384 .225 .235 .299 .341 .315 .273 .236 .327 .251 .241 .301 .303 .322 .329 .321 .230 .257 .240 .261 .328 .349 .345 .314 .271 .217 .209 .267 .296 Marks. 164. 61 187. 30 115. 63 135.98 218.25 127. 11 263. 62 267.77 184. 11 234. 37 269. 67 249. 99 250. 61 278. 43 289.50 249. 10 266.04 247.84 166. 17 259.05 267. 45 233.43 291. 93 298. 19 283. 41 209. 94 160. 32 133. 73 134. 35 153. 68 199. 09 175.42 177.72 180. 36 170.56 160.08 135. 85 124.69 126.77 117. 46 128. 36 135. 50 f 0. 178 .202 .125 .147 .230 .137 .285 .289 .199 .253 .291 .270 .270 .301 .313 .269 .287 .268 .169 .280 .289 .306 .316 .322 .306 .227 .173 .144 .145 .166 .216 .189 .192 ;i84 .173 .147 .136 .136 .127 .139 .146 Marks. 179, 03 189. 57 132.88 129. 22 186.42 171. 31 186. 47 -190. 80 168. 21 190. 03 210. 97 170. 47 162. 94 179. 01 152.47 160. 49 155. 60 228. 98 108. 33 191.20 175. 28 160. 79 239.36 189. 19 162.45 145. 37 169.71 166.11 154. 48 162.23 158. 19 169. 03 162.94 182. 59 191. 13 136.12 133. 25 126. 01 143. 24 177. 71 187.00 182. 11 .$0. 193 205 1851 1852 .143 1853 .140 1854 .201 1855 .185 1856 .201 .206 1858 .182 1859 .205 laeo .228 1861 .184 1862 .176 1863 .193 1864 .165 1865 .173 1866 .188 1867 . . . .247 1863 .117 1869 .206 .189 1871 .174 1872 1873 .253 .204 .175 1875 .157 .183 1877 .179 .167 1879 .164 1880 .171 1881 .172 .176 1883 . . - .197 .206 1885 .147 .144 1887 .136 1888 .160 1889 300. 58 . 324 287. 89 . 311 255.56 .276 .192 1890 .202 1891 .197 1 346 EEPOKT ON WHOLESALE PRICES Am> WAGES. Exhibit A. — Import pHces of 180 commodities in Samlurg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Year. 1850, 1851 1853 1853, 1854 1855 1856 1857, 1858 1869 I860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871. 1872 1873, 1874, 1875, 1«76. 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880. 1881, 1882, 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888, 1889 1890, 1891, 41. Fish, dried. Per 100 kilos. Maries. 33.40 27.98 21.25 31.18 33.72 35,94 36.83 43. 57 38.84 44.72 40.27 39.77 52.01 49.06 45.63 53.89 66.56 4t.l7 46.06 46.50 48.56 52.83 47.12 51.68 52.32 43.81 56.05 51.90 51.38 46.23 40.15 48.31 67.38 62.90 66.86 52.64 46.81 46.03 48.55 47.73 44 00 49.88 Per pound. .030 .026 .034 .036 ,039 .040 .047 .042 .048 .043 .043 .056 .053 .049 .058 .061 .048 .050 .050 .062 .057 .051 .056 .056 .047 .061 .056 .055 .049 .043 .052 .062 .068 .061 .057 .051 .049 .052 .052 .048 .054 42. Meat, salted and gmol^ed. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. Marks. 73.46 74 33 65.97 90.15 89.55 96.87 93.49 84.42 84.34 102. 67 90.97 101. 08 75.09 64 03 86.52 87.02 122. 05 102. 37 87.65 88.40 79.90 76.19 75.95 76.04 97.42 95.12 99.91 86.13 68.52 65.70 77.38 84.75 87.40 96.66 79.10 65.74 66.35 64.12 64.69 60.80 57.47 61.50 ).079 .-080 .071 .097 .097 .105 .101 .091 .091 .111 .098 .109 .081 .069 .093 .094 .133 .111 .095 .095 .086 .082 .082 .083 .105 .103 .108 .092 .074 .071 .084 .091 .094 .103 .085 .071 .072 .069 .070 .066 .062 43. Meat extract Per 100 kilos. Marks. 332. 00 021. 28 571. 10 666. 79 601. 11 500. 11 469. 98 432. 71 025. 30 346.19 120. 75 326. 15 477. 29 509. 97 531. 05 117. 86 090. 56 222.24 090. 61 169. 71 416. 65 446. 07 645.64 532.88 462. 58 Per pound. $3. 618 2.182 1.698 1.681 1.621 1.669 1.687 1.547 1.107 1.463 1.210 1.432 1.696 1.630 1.653 1.239 1.177 1.319 1.177 1.252 1.529 1.560 1.669 1. 6.55 1.579 44. Gall nut. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 187. 49 155. 28 193. 72 173. 52 130. 56 152. 98 147. 81 182. 20 165.44 168. 91 183. 78 136. 11 146. 13 185. 36 183. 33 173. 66 184. 29 179. 61 178. 22 137.46 137. 86 124.06 163. 89 118. 11 116. 63 115.43 125. 38 136. 37 128. 70 133. 46 145. 13 128. 19 126. 78 113. 87 131.50 11477 134. 75 134.71 119. 29 120. 92 122.62 115. 88 Per pound $0. 202 .168 .209 .187 .141 .165 .160 .197 .179 .182 .197 .147 .157 .200 .198 .187 .199 .194 .192 .148 .149 .134 .166 .128 .126 .125 .135 .147 .139 .144 .157 .138 .137 .123 .142 .124 .145 .145 .129 .131 .132 .125 45. Yam cotton. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 178. 36 170. 74 170. 69 169. 63 164.57 175. 82 178.25 205. 75 200.50 223. 48 234.00 271. 86 375. 09 543.72 612.87 505. 63 458. 30 391. 09 311. 75 375. 30 341. 09 338. 90 347. 10 398. 43 399.52 421.84 284.98 256.43 278. 57 269. 65 258. 81 251.34 270. 77 264. 49 286. 85 302. 42 353. 00 360.94 357.44 326.07 273.72 263.43 Per pound. $0. 193 .184 .184 .183 .178 .190 .192 .222 .216 .241 .253 .293 .406 .687 .662 .646 .495 .422 .337 .405 .375 .430 .431 .455 .308 .277 .301 .291 .279 .271 .292 .286 .310 .326 .381 .379 .386 .352 .295 .284 REPORT ON Wholesale tRiCES and wages. 547 Exhibit A.—Import prieeB of ISO commodities in Hamburg, Gei-viany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures— Continued. Tear. 1S50. 1851. 3852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1381.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. 46. Tarn, cocoa. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. Ma/rlc», 42.19 41.29 32.58 37.82 54.10 55.00 58.79 47.56 57.35 66.10 57.45 62.11 56.62 48.51 49.29 42.70 66.32 65.91 53.25 46.65 57.60 46.39 42.51 35.49 40.03 37,70 43.04 47.38 45.37 41.27 29.43 30.31 30.68 35.72 36.05 34.93 $0. 046 .045 .035 .041 .058 .059 .063 .051 .002 .061 .062 .056 .061 .052 .053 .046 .061 .060 .057 .050 .062 .050 .046 .638 .043 .041 .046 .051 .049 .045 .032 .033 .033 .039 .039 .038 47. Tarn, jute. Per 100 kiloe. Marks. 69.05 69.79 60. 65 59.81 58.68 53.04 54.96 68.23 60.90 58.38 60.41 Per pound. $0. 075 .075 .065 .065 .063 .057 .059 .074 .066 .063 .054 48. Tarn and thread, linen. Per 100 Per kilos. i)oiind. Marks, 300. 63 287. 06 265. 09 324. 20 350. 27 331. 64 338. 25 338. 91 295. 73 297. 35 293. 16 292.64 283. 20 318. 41 437. 49 333. 67 374. 73 346. 31 325. 77 281. 38 272. 99 283. 02 362. 29 323. 49 292. 91 285. 73 236. 11 204. 62 216. 63 185. 87 361. 43 348. 72 364. 09 362. 47 358. 65 384. 14 366. 59 378. 40 383. 92 363. 30 361. 71 373. 83 1.325 .310 .286 .350 .378 .358 .365 .366 .319 .321 .316 .316 .306 .344 .472 .860 .405 .374 .352 .304 .295 .306 .391 .349 .316 .308 .255 .221 .234 .201 .390 .376 .393 .391 .387 .415 .396 .409 .414 .392 .390 .404 '49, Tarn, wool and half wool. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 413. 94 417. 73 414. 27 667. 05 533. 04 467. 34 529. 02 547. 85 445. 89 613. 08 683. 60 562. 97 697. 91 672. 63 786. 63 760. 85 749. 94 656. 26 610. 69 552. 29 482. 71 650. 88 696. 20 681.38 733. 39 640. 50 635. 23 558. 97 617. 38 478. 21 512. 69 458. 10 448.13 467. 97 448.51 434. 47 309. 90 401. 07 401. 66 399. 64 402. 76 394. 31 Per pound. 1,447 .451 .447 .612 .576 .605 .571 .591 .481 .554 .630 .608 .645 .726 .849 .811 .810 .708 .659 .596 .521 .703 .752 .736 .792 .692 .686 .603 .659 .510 .653 .495 .484 .605 .484 .469 .432 .433 .434 .431 .435 .426 50. Intestines. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. Marks. 154.37 78.70 147. 83 177. 34 202. 63 181, 67 139. 96 148. 95 156. 84 176, 96 91,66 63.31 79.19 82,14 90.22 88,79 80.98 79,00 82,85 69.43 80,40 66,80 67,06 68.92 57.14 63.12 60.12 58.80 68,84 68,95 54,94 64.70 60,51 60,93 1.167 .085 .160 .191 .219 .196 .151 .161 .169 .190 .099 .068 .085 .089 .097 .096 .087 .085 .089 .075 .087 .071 .072 .074 .062 .068 .065 .063 .064 .064 .069 .070 ,065 .066 348 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Exhibit A..— Import prices of 180 commodities in Hamturg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858. 1859 1860. 1861. 1862 1863. 1864 1865. 1866 1867. 1868. 1869 1870. 1871 1873. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 51. Yellow metal. 53. Grin. 63. Barley. 54. Window glass. 55. (xuano, con- taining ammonia. Per 100 Per Per 100 Per Per 100 Per Per 100 Per Per 100 Per 2,240 kilos. pound. kilos. pound. kilos. bushel. kilos. pound. kilos. poonda. MarJa. Marii. MarhB. Marlet. Marhi. 162. 10 $0. 175 41.55 $0. 045 8.69 $0. 450 19.61 $0. 021 19.83 $47,951 154.70 .167 48.67 .053 12.45 .645 19.60 .021 20.63 40.885 173. 74 .188 43.77 .047 13.07 .677 22.33 .024 18.55 44. 855 206. 10 .222 52.12 .056 15.07 .781 24.03 .026 19.98 48. 313 219. 35 .237 57.84 .062 15.43 .800 25.92 .038 22.66 54.794 220. 21 .238 56.18 .061 19.49 1.010 26.44 .037 22.53 54. 479 208. 77 .225 63.13 .068 20.17 1.045 35.93 .038 23.08 55.809 211.46 .228 67.61 .073 16 99 .880 28.47 .031 26.15 63. 233 184. 52 .199 56.97 .062 J 1.56 .599 39.33 .032 24.42 59.060 182. 22 .197 57.66 .062 14.17 .734 27.70 .030 21.29 51.481 173. 01 .187 53.75 .058 16.36 .848 25.40 .037 24.33 58.832 176. 92 .191 48.83 .053 15. 98 .838 24.48 .026 22.57 54.576 163.41 .176 46.47 .050 15.88 .823 24.04 .026 25.67 62.072 157. 89 .170 43.60 .047 10.69 .554 22.30 .024 24.08 58. 227 167.24 .181 33.83 .035 13.39 .694 21.60 .023 23.43 56. 656 159.79 .173 33.83 .026 15.00 .777 27.58 .030 34.41 59.025 161. 35 .174 39.15 .043 19.58 1.015 31.92 .034 23.48 56.777 152. 13 .164 38.87 .042 19.21 .995 38.84 .042 21.79 52.700 133. 74 .144 44. 95 .049 13.41 .643 34.67 .037 21.04 50.876 127. 52 .138 43.76 .046 18.51 .959 31.30 .034 24.12 58.324 115. 91 .125 38.44 .041 13.72 .711 36.37 .039 21.50 ■51.989 134.41 .145 35.35 .038 15,77 .817 31.41 .034 33.43 56.656 163. 03 .176 37.45 .040 15.41 .799 38.28 .041 24.60 69.485 169.46 .183 52.17 .056 17.15 .889 33.87 .037 14.41 34.845 150.19 .162 44.11 .048 17.15 .889 42.27 .046 14.08 34.047 149. 37 .161 33.34 .036 14.75 .764 37.78 .041 12.80 30.951 144.90 .156 34.73 .037 14.72 .763 36. .37 .039 15.29 36. 972 130.59 .141 42.06 .045 13.92 .721 31.72 .034 12.65 30.589 115. 23 .124 35.26 .038 13.64 .707 30.16 .033 14.57 35.231 103. 16 .111 36.79 .040 13.90 .730 24.32 .026 11.32 27.373 104. 74 .113 31. 14 .034 14. 31 .743 21.56 .023 12.12 29.307 107. 95 .117 B9.59 .043 15.26 .791 30.41 .022 11.84 28.630 115. 74 .125 38.59 .042 16.06 .833 22.23 .024 16.08 38.883 111. 21 .120 36. 21 .039 13.40 .694 22.66 .024 14.08 34.047, 99,68 .108 38.80 .043 13.36 .640 23.65 .026 11.98 28.969 • 84.39 .091 32.37 .035 10.50 .544 20.05 .032 11.07 26.768 71.32 .077 24.72 .027 9.57 .496 18.61 .020 9.88 23.891 75.27 .081 25.89 .028 8,77 .4.54 17.23 .019 9.39 22.706 1 110.44 .119 27.18 .029 9,48 .491 17.21 .019 7.95 19.224 81.48 .088 33.86 .037 10.22 .530 19.29 .021 10.13 24.495 91.56 .099 39. 99 .043 11.07 .574 30.89 .023 10.42 25.196 84.45 .091 34.24 .037 12.80 .663 26.41 .039 9.20 22.246 1 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 349 Exhibit A. — Import prices of 180 commodUies in Hamburg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. 56. Gum arable. 57.Gum benzoin. 58. Gum copal. 59. Gum dammar. [ 60. India rubber Tear. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kiloa. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1850 Marks. 141.18 101. 83 98.28 111.53 110.94 79.80 74.08 80. 23 131. 23 76.73 91.81 124.45 80.32 100.77 120.00 142. 14 192.46 203.41 221.46 142. 50 179. 07 160. 17 140. 84 124. 20 128.83 111. 30 135. 94 150. 53 136. 81 138. 02 138. 11 139. 51 142. 85 125. 83 182. 02 201. 70 256. 00 27). 10 22."). 91 208. 56 211.98 225.69 $0,152 .110 .106 .120 .126 .086 .080 .093 .131 .083 .099 .134 .087 .109 .130 .153 .308 .220 .239 .154 .194 .173 .152 .134 .139 .120 .147 .162 .148 .149 .147 .151 .154 .130 .197 .218 .276 .393 .344 .225 .229 .244 Marks. 281. 48 266.62 306. 25 439. 57 316.78 270.94 426. 20 356.79 237. 82 413. 57 317. 78 374. 00 385,00 449.09 343.70 330. 67 456. 14 36S.97 322. 35 399. 98 337. 32 364. 51 336. 27 343.80 $0. 304 .277 .331 .475 .341 .292 .460 .385 .257 .446 .343 .404 .416 .485 .371 .357 .492 .398 .348 .432 .364 .394 .362 .371 Marks. 161.38 239. 23 309. 60 200. 37 163. 55 176. 65 201. 49 154. 79 213. 57 133. 53 152. 99 131.95 230. 03 128. 16 100.12 105. 12 118. 27 116. 54 160. 79 148.19 148. 47 109.86 109. 10 177.47 130. 67 126.64 136. 40 137.44 1)5.60 133.97 131. 16 130.71 162. 11 173. 35 142. 67 1)4.76 134.36 123. 64 151. 45 141. 96 143. 00 184. 22 $0. 174 .258 .334 .216 .177 .190 .218 .167 .331 .132 .166 .132 .248 .138 .108 .113 .128 .121 .163 .160 .160 .119 .118 .193 .141 .137 .147 .148 .135 .145 .142 .141 .175 .]87 .154 .124 .146 .133 .164 .163 .164 .199 Marks. 58.12 $0,063 Marks. 314. 10 394. 59 275.77 338.44 362. 10 266. 82 222. 64 224. 33 222. 81 411.72 459. 20 290. 60 340. 17 319. 33 274. n 274.75 395. 70 335. 39 352. 65 269. 50 347. 22 385. 03 439.60 406. 44 332. 43 318. 29 323.83 296. 31 309. 90 36). 47 600. 00 425.98 456. 71 485. 64 363. )8 368. 25 441.70 453. 19 383.41 373. 43 445.50 376. 33 $0. 339 .436 1851 1853 108.43 169. 44 129. 52 119. 54 125. 11 131. 84 101.07 100. 39 96.08 94.10 100. 57 78.75 88.44 91.95 110. 96 165.09 143.76 190. 19 153. 93 128. 09 123. 60 108. 53 95.66 133.84 125.42 138.93 140. 23 160.81 180. 33 177.59 176. 66 168.44 171. 14 169. 75 176. 06 174. 12 170. 72 165. 16 146. 37 137.33 .117 .172 .140 .129 .135 .142 .109 .108 .104 .102 .109 .086 .096 .099 .120 .178 .155 .205 .166 .138 .133 .117 .103 .134 .135 .150 .151 .174 .195 .192 .191 .182 .185 .183 .190 .188 .184 .178 .158 .148 298 1853 365 1854 .380 1855 .288 1856 .240 1857 .242 1858 .241 1859 .444 I860 .496 1861 .314 1862 .367 1863 .345 1864 .296 1865 .297 1866 .427 1867 1868 .362 .381 1869 .291 .375 1871 .416 1872 .475 1873 .439 .359 1875 .344 .350 .320 .335 1879 .300 367. 91 393. 91 305. 44 480. 92 420. 11 474.35 268. 87 401. 77 312. 65 335. 97 334.76 250.69 .397 .436 .395 .619 .454 .513 .279 .434 .338 .352 .361 .271 .640 1881 .460 .493 1883 - - .524 .392 1885 .398 .477 1887 .488 .413 .403 .481 1891 .406 350 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND 'WAGES. Exhibit A.— Import prices of 180 commoditieg in Sarnbwrg, Germany, from. 1850 to 1891, with eauivalents in Unitnd StateK monev and measures — Continuea. tcith equivalents in United States money and measures- Tear. 61. Guttapercha. 62.SlioeB,rubber. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 Per kiloB. pound. 63. Hides, salt. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. 64. Data. Per 100 Per kilos, bushel. Per 100 kilos. 65. Hemp. Per pound. 1850.. 1851.. 1852. . 1853.. 1854.. 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. 1858.. 1859.. I860.. 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1866.. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870.. 1871. 1872. 1873., 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 3884.. 1885.. 1886.. 18S7., 1888.. 1880.. 1S90.. 1891.. 153. 64 175.45 173.42 250. 83 278. 91 165. 26 175. 94 204. 53 162. 69 304. 85 312. 00 277. 88 297. 15 386. 91 446. 41 328. 41 239. 49 284. 21 258. 01 187. 18 374. 42 296. 45 291. 22 310.92 296. 24 223. 69 344,62 413. 97 412. 61 334. 71 287. 60 313. 17 290. 8*0 273. 95 289. 42 258. 85 L'4«. 74 2:i0. 91 234. 22 350. 67 353. U2 312. 12 .166 .189 .187 .271 .301 .178 .190 .221 .176 .329 .337 .300 .321 .418 .482 .355 .259 .307 .279 .202 .404 .320 .314 .336 .320 .241 .372 .447 .445 .361 .315 .338 .314 .296 .312 .279 .269 .2.56 . 253 .379 .381 .337 Marks. 658. 03 658. 08 514. 65 782.24 811. 77 750. 96 675. 13 584. 08 378. 33 440. 72 454.96 443.79 421. 34 414. 68 368. 46 380. 63 405. 84 394.10 372. 01 354. 68 373. 10 391. 02 444.78 455. 34 442. 14 483. 03 414. 58 433. OS 472. 91 476. 03 612. 30 541.61 578. 55 558. 06 526. 08 560.44 505. 56 500. 82 491. 85 449.65 489. 33 515. 23 $0,710 .710 .556 .844 .876 .811 .729 .631 .408 .476 .492 .479 .455 .448 .398 .411 .438 .425 .402 .383 .403 .422 .480 .492 .477 .521 .448 .468 .511 .514 .661 .585 .625 .603 .568 .605 .546 .641 .531 .485 .528 .556 Marks. 97.37 95.14 74.69 92.07 81.97 97.18 119. 61 170. 37 99.41 117. 81 125. 28 112. 78 112. 11 102. 47 107. 52 100. 08 97.43 103. 04 116. 53 103. 86 113. 52 128. 75 150.44 156. 70 151. 19 138. 99 116. 38 118. 20 108. 31 107. 22 120. 86 124.83 123. 19 122. 99 122. 01 120.54 109.24 107.28 93.89 91.14 86.93 86.89 1.105 .103 .081 .099 .088 .105 :i29 .184 .107 .127 .135 .122 .121 .111 .116 .108 .105 .111 .126 .112 .123 .139 .162 .169 .163 .150 .126 .128 .117 .116 .130 .135 .133 .133 .132 .130 .118 .116 .101 .098 .094 .094 Markt. 15.12 11.09 14.92 13.56 17.42 15.71 16.36 15.15 14.67 14.38 14.09 13.95 13.66 10.85 11.93 15.29 14.83 16.47 20.62 18.24 14.13 14.86 14.85 $0. 522 .383 .515 .468 .602 .543 .565 .623 .507 .497 .507 .482 .472 .375 .412 .528 .512 .569 .712 .630 .488 .513 .513 17.85 17.22 17.67 16.93 13.93 13.74 14.61 15.54 14.12 11.94 12.83 12.40 11.57 10.05 9.74 11.79 12.71 13.41 .617 .595 .610 .585 .481 .475 .505 .537 .488 .412 .443 .428 .400 .347 .336 .407 .439 .463 Marks. 101. 19 103.20 113.54 113. 16 118. 61 85.29 95.77 97.23 67.58 66.88 83.42 83.47 58.04 74.99 62.92 49.80 96.71 93.65 97.51 82.82 78.36 89.45 106. 31 86.26 82.02 67.37 61.52 69.70 61.21 60.30 62.81 80.24 82.71 76.23 74.40 59.36 60.23 57.96 59.48 67.99 56.13 57.46 ).109 .111 .123 .122 .128 .092 .103 .105 .073 .072 .090 .090 .063 .081 .068 .054 .104 .101 .105 .089 .085 .097 .115 .093 .089 .073 .066 .075 .066 .065 .068 .087 .089 .082 .080 .064 .065 .063 .064 .073 .061 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 351 Exhibit A.— Jmj)or« prices of ISO commodities in Hamburg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Year. 06. Hosin and turpentine. 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881, 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Per 100 klLos. Marks. 8.70 4.32 7.69 10.15 11.21 10.06 9.21 10.80 10.23 10.14 9.79 15.71 41 53 48.02 52.86 26.08 17.90 17.66 12.97 11.08 11.28 17.29 19.33 16.60 13.60 11.49 11.47 11.51 10.30 9.36 10.87 12.34 12.19 10.56 8.62 8.05 7.96 7.53 7.42 9.03 9.62 10.09 Per pound. $0. 009 .005 .008 .011 .012 .011 .010 .012 .011 .011 .011 .017 .045 .052 .057 .028 .019 .019 .014 .012 .012 .019 .021 .018 .015 .012 .012 .012 .011 .010 .012 .013 .013 .011 .009 .009 .OUi) .008 .008 .010 .010 .011 67. Herrings. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 16.24 15.91 21.82 21.43 20.36 20.30 23.29 26.59 21.94 23.72 20 53 23 66 21.90 21.44 21 07 24.07 26.37 24.67 24.82 20.45 20.66 24,05 23. 61 25.04 25.52 25.81 26.51 28.62 26.62 30,86 26.10 27.38 28.85 29.49 25.80 23.69 21. 32 18.63 20.23 19,67 19.97 23.35 Per pound. ).013 .017 .024 .023 .022 .022 .025 .029 .024 .026 .022 .026 ■ 024 .023 .023 .026 .028 .027 .027 .022 .022 .026 .025 .027 .028 .028 .029 .031 .029 .033 .028 .030 .031 .032 .028 .026 .023 .020 .022 .021 .022 .025 Logwood. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 9.01 9.28 9.71 14.07 15.64 13.69 13.82 12.08 10.05 10.80 12.00 13.32 13.71 12.04 11 47 12.33 12.80 10.61 13.41 15.38 13.03 13.21 14.46 14.34 13.19 16.41 15.60 14.83 13.77 14,53 14.66 13. 74 14.13 13.37 13.46 12.60 12,50 12,63 14.83 16,29 15, 79 13.91 Per pound. $0. Oil .010 .010 .015 .017 .015 .015 .013 .011 .012 .013 .014 .015 .013 .012 .013 ,014 .011 .014 .017 .014 .014 .016 .015 .014 .018 .017 .016 .015 .016 .016 .015 .015 .014 .015 .014 .013 .014 ,016 .018 .017 .015 69. Fustic. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 12.64 9.25 9,46 16,72 16.66 13.97 13.87 13.39 13.97 12.16 12.23 12.32 le.66 15.02 14.28 13.10 11.86 15.04 14.46 11.84 10.19 12.29 11.35 12.46 14.07 15.40 10.74 10.52 10.90 10.37 11.16 9.98 11.10 10.20 8.82 8.15 8.94 9.38 7.80 8.80 8.97 8.81 Per pound. $0. 014 .010 .010 .018 .017 .015 .015 .014 .015 .013 .013 .013 .012 .016 .015 .014 .013 .016 .016 .013 .011 .013 .012 .013 .015 .017 .012 .011 .012 .011 .012 .011 .012 .011 .010 .009 .010 .010 .008 .010 .010 .010 70. Eedwood. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 28.64 25.00 24.33 25,45 25.46 26.99 26,57 34.07 22,65 25.02 21,76 19,37 17.04 15.89 16.77 18.91 20.38 21.65 24.79 21.33 16.61 15.25 13.98 17.80 22.04 20.10 16.41 15.69 15.79 16.72 19.65 17.08 15.49 14.92 13.15 11.11 11.86 12.06 12.58 11.48 11.31 13.97 Per ponnd. $0. 031 .027 .026 .027 .027 .020 .029 .037 .024 .027 .023 .021 .018 .017 .018 .020 .022 .023 .027 .023 .018 .016 .015 .019 .024 .022 .018 .017 .017 .018 .021 .018 .017 .016 .014 .012 .013 .013 .014 .012 .012 .015 352 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Exhibit k.— Import prices oJ ISO commoAiUes in Hamturg, Germany, from 1850 to 1S91, with equivalents in United States money and meo«Mj-e«— Continued. 71. Cedar wood. 72. Ebony wood. 73. Jacaronda wood. 74. Corkwood. 75. Mahogany wood. Tear. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Marks. 20.94 19.14 18.34 20.52 28.30 24.32 24.59 21.65 19.17 19.11 27.74 27.94 20.83 24.39 27.40 24.35 23.43 17.73 19.03 23.03 24.81 24.44 20.20 27.56 21.66 17.50 19.39 22.42 24.12 20.29 20.61 17.71 20.36 21.84 17.60 12.39 13.52 15.66 15.21 18.61 14.54 14.17 $0. 023 .021 .020 .022 .031 .026 .027 .023 .021 .021 .030 .030 .022 .026 .030 .026 .024 .019 .021 .025 .026 .026 .022 .030 .023 .019 .021 .024 .026 .022 .022 .019 .022 .024 .019 .013 .015 .017 .016 .020 .010 .015 Marks. 24.20 18.55 17.19 18.57 17.19 20.23 18.13 22.27 22.05 27.04 25.76 27.71 20.05 24.07 16.74 13.91 18.73 21.06 18.26 19.98 22.46 18.82 28.07 30.59 21.45 23.11 28.02 21.63 20.74 23.95 21.41 17.64 16.19 22.40 22.74 28.62 26.95 21.26 15.94 18.10 18.16 17.50 $0. 026 .020 .019 .020 .019 .022 .020 .024 .024 .029 .028 .030 .022 .020 .018 .015 .020 .033 .030 .022 .024 .020 .030 .033 .033 .025 ,030 .033 .022 .026 .023 .019 .017 .024 .025 .031 .029 .023 .017 .020 .020 .019 Marks. 25.29 26.86 22.65 31.04 33.48 26.55 27.96 35.59 26.52 41.30 44.45 48.65 33.22 25.33 26.08 27.31 19.27 25.98 32.78 35.81 42.81 41.33 52.94 42.17 43.53 44.09 18.05 37.76 40.23 39.98 43.04 40.33 40.44 31.52 22.61 23.58 15.82 32.79 30.22 43. 38 33.75 29.08 $0. 027 .039 .024 .034 .036 .029 .030 .038 .029 .045 .048 .053 .030 .027 .028 .029 .021 .028 .035 .039 .046 .045 .057 .046 .047 .048 .019 .041 .043 .043 .046 .044 .044 .034 .024 .025 .017 .035 .033 .047 .035 .031 Marks. 44.80 56.87 57.66 47.15 52.91 53.61 57.87 51.23 57.15 55.30 54.88 61.85 61.87 60.39 64.51 58.52 67.18 71.67 62.18 52.62 52.48 60.69 61.39 65.19 62.84 68.72 71.63 69.65 73. 09 67.86 67.43 69.98 67.31 63.48 63.08 65.84 64.00 64.88 66.10 68.17 67.03 67.82 $0,048 .061 .063 .051 .0.57 .058 .062 .055 .062 .060 .059 .067 .067 .065 .070 .063 .073 .077 .067 .057 .0.57 .066 .066 .070 .079 .074 .077 .075 .079 .073 .073 .076 .073 .069 .068 .071 .069 .070 .071 .074 .072 .073 Marks. 33. 47 24.66 24.21 22.90 23.42 19.55 24.15 29.04 20.57 23.78 27.25 23.56 19.34 27.88 38.99 25.03 26.03 19.65 15.84 14.87 22.19 20.08 27.02 23.31 22.38 20.25 23.62 21.53 18.89 18.63 20.67 19.86 21.33 23.15 17.16 15.79 16.72 17.38 18.94 31.80 24.41 19.13 $0,025 .027 1852 .026 .025 .025 1855 .021 1856 .026 .031 18.58 .023 1859 .026 I860 .039 1861 . .025 1862 .021 1863 .030 .042 1865 .027 .028 1867 .021 1868 .017 1869 .016 1870 .024 1871 .022 1872 .029 1873 .025 1874 .024 1875 .022 1876 .024 1877 .023 1878 .020 1879 .020 1880 .022 1881 .021 1882 .023 1883 .024 1884 .019 1885 .017 1886 .018 1887 .019 1888 .020 1889 .024 1890 .026 1891 .021 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 353 Exhibit k.— Import prices of 180 oommodities in Samburg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Year. 76. Walnat wood. 77. Honey. 78. Horns, buf- falo. 79. Horns, ox and cow. •80. Indigo. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilOB. Per pound. $0,052 .071 .049 .064 .057 .057 .054 .072 .057 .063 .069 ,048 .041 .044 .044 .034 .032 .045 .044 .047 .050 .002 .070 .090 .089 .098 .086 .085 .073 .062 .074 .076 .081 .067 .065 .054 .049 .054 .056 .049 .047 .047 Per 100 kilos. Per )Ound. 1850 Marke. Mark!. 47.09 43.08 39.41 42.96 43.10 52.92 60.04 75.52 52.10 53.05 58.90 71.46 58.13 54.40 58.21 59.41 57.33 56.29 62.38 62.76 70.85 83.14 75.22 65.08 71.25 77.50 76.66 76.07 68.55 57.06 64.24 58.78 59.54 59.54 56.06 53.53 39.42 37.90 43.35 66.54 54.34 56.64 $0. 051 .047 .043 .046 .047 .057 .065 .082 .056 .057 .064 .077 .063 .059 .063 .064 .062 .061 .057 .068 .076 .090 .081 .070 .077 .084 .083 .082 .074 .063 .069 .063 .064 .064 .061 .058 .043 .041 .047 .061 .059 .061 Marks. 40.46 50.38 55.20 56.63 51.67 42.81 47.06 59.14 69.71 72.01 82.22 70.50 65.16 64.39 59.44 68.47 68.80 83.03 70.67 67.07 73.21 69.79 85.97 66.03 75.25 84.12 82.99 97.70 81.97 78.73 122. 68 116. 65 106. 26 86.34 86.77 85.59 89.85 77.84 66.46 79.43 55.44 61.35 $0. 053 .054 .060 .061 .056 .046 .051 .064 .075 .078 .089 .076 .070 .070 .064 .074 .074 .090 .076 .072 .079 .071 .093 .071 .081 .091 .090 .105 .088 .085 .132 .126 .115 .093 .094 .092 .097 .084 .072 .086 .060 .066 Marks. 48.47 65.63 45.57 59.28 52.76 53.26 49.92 66.98 53.20 58.12 55.02 44.00 38.31 40.33 40.96 31.52 29.49 41.62 40.33 43.17 45.87 67.52 65.28 83.30 82.69 90.77 79.29 79.06 68.08 57.19 68.86 70.53 75.02 62.03 59.97 50.37 45.39 50.03 62.14 46.03 43.13 43.29 Marks. 976. 02 952.28 1,021.07 1, 089. 05 1, 062. 73 1, 103. 77 1, 097. 57 1, 308. 08 1, 375. 09 1,321.67 1, 409. 83 1,488.72 1, 630. 94 1, 286. 79 1,354.46 1, 296. 94 1,462.63 1, 484. 02 1,569.17 1,763.46 1, 690. 82 1,637.48 1, 006. 21 1, 440. 43 1, 455. 08 1, 416. 66 1, 278. 10 1,295.89 1, 216. 77 1, 246. 34 1, 307. 32 1, 411. 07 1,388.63 1, 315. 24 1,214.93 1, 077. 03 1, 110. 10 1, 081. 41 1,058.61 1, 198. 64 927.65 1,069.18 $1. 054 1 028 1851 1852 1 102 1853 1.170 1854 1 147 1855 1.192 1856 16.71 13.71 15.12 15.64 11.53 11.37 16.03 14.01 15.49 11.99 12.03 13.98 15.47 13.80 14.78 18.36 22.97 19.33 18.00 19.25 26.09 17.49 19.03 17.03 IT. 64 17.82 18.96 18.39 18.33 16.77 16.29 16.73 17.30 18.24 17.36 16.68 $0,018 .015 .016 .017 .012 .012 .017 .015 .017 .013 .013 .015 .017 .015 .016 .020 .025 .021 .019 .021 .028 .019 .021 .018 .019 .019 .020 .020 .020 .018 .018 .018 .019 .020 .019 .018 1.185 1857 1 412 1858 1.484 1859 1.427 I860 1.522 1861 1.607 1862 1.761 1863 1.389 1864 1.462 1865 1.400 1866 1.568 1867 1.602 1868 1.694 1869 1.904 1.825 1871 1.768 1.734 1873 1.655 1.571 1875 1.629 1.380 1877 1.399 1.314 1879 1.345 1.4U 1881 1.623 1.499 1883 1.420 1.312 1885 1.163 1.198 1887 1.167 1.143 1.294 l.OOl 1891 1.154 S. Eep .1394 2. J 354 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Exhibit A. — Import prices of 180 commodities in Hamburg, Germany , from 1S50 to 189i, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Tear. 1850.. 1851.. 1862.. 1853.. 1854.. 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. 1858.. 1859.. I860.. 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1866. . 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874- . 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881- . 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887 -. 1888.. 1889.. 1890- . 1891.. 81. Ginger root. Per 100 kilos Maries. 44.03 39.74 39.25 44.70 42.38 42.33 50.39 46.78 39.58 37.10 48.87 90.27 120. 36 133. 98 100. 62 65.59 86.86 08.89 76.72 62.90 65.99 77.32 81.00 107. 64 138. 02 105. 32 87.87 91.57 74.48 74.66 64.97 76.17 75.09 93.36 89.24 74.79 59.55 59.77 53.65 50.25 64,80 71.52 Per pound, $0. 048 .043 .042 .048 .046 .046 .054 .051 .043 .C40 .053 .104 .130 .145 .109 .071 .094 .074 .083 .068 .071 .083 .087 .116 .149 .114 .095 .099 .080 .081 .070 .082 .081 .101 .096 .081 .064 .065 .058 .054 .059 .077 2. Iodine. Per 100 iiilos. Per pound. Marks. 2, 673. 00 2, 224. 06 2, 240. 23 4, 140. 75 3, 128. 00 3, 015, 00 3, 049, 29 2, 919. 23 2, 391. 18 2, 395. 59 2, 114. 52 1, 507, 50 1, 347, 74 1, 223. 36 1, 785. 44 2, 095. 21 2, 667. 83 2, 878, 58 2, 807. 76 2, 916, 90 2, 901. 80 5, 195, 16 7,723.52 4, 014. 18 2, 800. 86 2, 240. 07 1, 949. 53 2, 843. 74 3, 611, 76 3, 484. 15 2, 505. 40 1, 821. 46 1, 483. 93 1, 212. 90 1, 065. 57 1, 862. 78 2, 526. 20 2, 933. 99 2, 905. 48 2, 643. 27 2, 671. 41 2, 661. 31 2.401 2.418 4.470 3.375 3.255 3.292 3.151 2.581 2.586 2.283 1.692 1.465 1.320 1,927 2.262 2.880 3.108 3.031 3.149 3.133 5.608 8.338 4.334 3.024 2.418 2.105 3.070 3.791 3.761 2.705 1.966 1.602 1.309 1.140 2.000 2.727 3.167 3.137 2.746 2.884 2.873 83. Jute. Per 100 kilos Maries. 50. 65 49.29 37.90 39.13 34.87 36.23 39.42 33.19 52.12 37.96 37.94 34.09 32.94 34.56 27.21 27.19 28.94 30.93 31.96 29.26 Per 84. Cheese. Per 100 pound, kilos. ).055 .053 .041 .042 .038 .039 .043 .036 .056 .041 .041 .037 .036 .037 .029 .029 .031 .033 .035 .032 Maries. 75.85 78.19 79.47 96.72 99.67 112. 76 105.68 106. 07 102, 67 100, 53 110. 04 97.56 96.09 110.49 105, 07 108. 40 116. 83 123. 90 114. 85 119. 80 112. 10 119. 01 137. 69 136. 75 129. 56 130. 32 123. 79 135. 43 121, 52 117. 87 129. 22 134. 87 124. 06 126. 57 120. 68 105. 58 104. 73 106. 95 111. 82 106. 95 113.54 119. 07 Per pound. ).082 .084 .086 .104 .108 .122 .114 .115 .111 .109 .119 .105 .104 .1)9 .113 .117 .126 .134 .124 .129 .121 .128 .149 .148 .140 .141 .134 .146 .131 .127 .140 .146 .134 .137 . 130 .114 .113 .115 .121 .114 .123 .129 85. Coffee. Per 100 kUos. Marks. 90.12 80.56 80.33 91.02 93. 07 90.89 94.15 105. 03 92.13 106.24 122. 00 119. 13 138. 75 141. 72 140.90 132. 49 125. 48 111.53 96.78 100.48 103. 16 111. 86 146. 27 179. 37 185. 64 181. 13 165. 93 172. 22 150. 15 135.54 143. 35 123.05 100. 14 99.63 99.13 90.18 99.77 154.87 134. 80 159. 37 172. 57 163. 50 Per pound. $0. 097 .087 .087 .098 .100 .098 .102 .113 .099 .115 .132 .129 .150 .153 .152 .143 .135 .120 .104 .108 .111 .131 .158 .194 .200 .196 .179 .186 .162 .146 .154 .133 .108 .108 .107 .097 .108 .167 .146 .172 .186 .177 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PEICES AND WAGES. 355 Exhibit A. — Import prices of 180 commodities in HamVurg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Year. 86. Coffee, Bra- zil. 87. Coffee, Do- mingo. 88. Coffee, Java. 89. Coffee, La Guayra. 90. Coffee, Porto Kico. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. PlTlOO kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1850 1851 Marks. 89.68 75.26 74.79 86.58 88.14 84.50 87.91 97.65 81.93 103. 36 117. 89 111. 15 126. 30 135. 20 133.41 116. 70 108. 69 95.15 85.96 89.68 96. 05 111.04 142. 05 170.47 172. 93 173. 13 154.77 163. 21 132. 19 119.79 134. 32 111.53 85.73 87.86 91.43 80.10 92.32 148.90 128. 07 153. 50 163. 61 153.06 f 0.097 .081 .081 .093 .095 .091 .095 .105 .088 .112 .127 .120 .136 .146 .144 .126 .117 .103 .093 .097 .104 .120 .153 .184 .187 .187 .167 .176 .143 .129 .146 .120 .093 .095 .099 .086 ' .100 .161 .138 .166 .177 .165 Marks. 83.99 77.11 76.43 88. 33 88.96 89.95 96.50 109. 04 95.60 101. 76 121.99 121. 48 140. 68 135. 35 129. 02 127. 64 118. 42 122. 11 92.08 96.73 91.75 107. 87 146. 61 200. 00 160. 06 171.21 143. 19 149. 88 152. 00 100. 25 135. 96 93.84 75.47 90.28 84.90 79.79 68.87 172. 28 113.26 149.71 170. 07 162.50 $0,091 .083 .081 .095 .096 .097 .104 .118 .103 .110 .132 .131 .152 .146 .140 .138 .128 .132 .099 .104 .099 .116 .158 .216 .173 .185 .155 .162 .164 .108 .147 .101 .081 .097 .092 .086 .064 .186 .122 .162 .184 .175 Marks. 88.10 89.53 89.62 101.01 109. 87 113. 83 114. 15 111. 13 93.40 103. 43 131. 00 132. 31 161. 70 143. 22 163.09 160. 48 160. 43 141. 22 120.03 136.05 108. 63 102. 07 152. 20 199.71 208. 94 207. 98 202. 32 197. 65 195.47 179.52 170. 08 156. 17 147. 38 123. 36 128. 04 118. 17 117. 76 154. 80 150. 53 173.66 183. 23 189.40 10.095 .097 .097 .109 .119 .123 .123 .120 .101 .112 .141 .143 .164 .165 .165 .173 .173 .162 .130 .146 .117 .110 .104 .216 .226 .225 .218 .213 .211 .194 .184 .168 .159 .133 .138 .128 .127 .167 .163 .187 .198 .204 Marks. 96.96 91.90 92.40 102. 08 99.01 103. 64 100. 93 123. 88 100. 34 120.81 128. 57 134. 03 144. 50 143. 99 140. 93 144.U 130. 13 117.77 100. 12 116. 76 110. 56 112. 56 149. 34 178. 92 188. 04 183. 58 165. 52 178.60 108. 07 140. 76 130. 64 120. 39 106. 12 111. 11 106. 02 99.07 103. 94 173. 60 140. 30 167. 55 184. 61 176.66 $0,105 .099 .100 .110 .107 .112 .115 .134 .118 .130 .139 .145 .150 .165 .152 .156 .140 .127 .115 .126 .119 .122 .161 .193 .203 .198 .179 .193 .117 .152 .148 .130 .115 .120 .113 .107 .U2 .187 .161 .181 .199 .191 Marks. 98.13 90.51 99. 46 105. 55 103. 97 113. 40 113. 59 137. 37 112. 81 124.98 140. 67 137. 83 156. 98 168. 50 108. 00 149. 73 147.42 132. 10 126. 30 135. 36 118. 23 122. 43 217. 60 188. 69 186. 71 194. 34 184.65 196. 31 192.41 173. 62 182. 32 145. 64 159. 64 157. 62 156. 64 124. 52 137. 54 183. 49 159.24 168. 91 189. 62 190.78 $0. 106 .104 1852 .107 ]853 .114 .112 1856 .122 1856 .123 .148 1858 1859 .135 I860 .152 1861 .149 1862 .169 1863 .182 1864 .117 1865 .162 1866 .159 1867 .143 1868 .136 1869 .146 .128 .132 1872 .235 .204 1874 .202 .210 1876 .199 .212 1878 .208 .187 1880 .197 .157 .172 .170 1884 .169 .134 1886 .148 .198 1888 .172 .182 .205 .206 356 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Exhibit A. — Import prices of 180 commodities in Hamburg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United Slates money and measures — Continued. Tear. 91. Cacao. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 92. Chromate of potasL. Per 100 kilos. Per ponnd. 93. Bones. Per 100 kilos. Per 2,240 pounds 94. Bone ash. Per 100 kilos. Per 2,240 pounds. 95. Bone coal and meal. Per 100 kilos, Per 2,240 pounds. 1850 1851. 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857, 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867, 1868, 1869 1870 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886, 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Marks. 64.70 56.50 66.15 67.48 67.58 90.89 102. 68 165. 40 105. 72 106. 20 120. 75 114. 49 120. 97 113. 82 128. 95 117. 19 131. 93 117. 59 95.96 94.16 95.79 96.08 111. 93 96.71 99.49 102. 15 131. 59 137. 96 160. 05 198. 31 130.88 138. 06 141. 20 159. 23 148.45 159. 99 137.42 142. 72 136. 72 127.44 132. 10 143. 81 lO. 070 .001 .071 .073 .073 .098 .111 .179 .114 .115 .140 .124 .131 .123 .139 .127 .142 .127 .104 .102 .103 .104 .121 .104 .107 .110 .142 .149 .173 .214 .141 .149 .152 .172 .160 .173 .148 .154 .148 .138 .143 .155 Marks. 124.66 119. 27 153. 80 161. 28 149. 47 102. 37 157. 83 161. 06 189. 10 184.68 157. 97 138. 43 140. 80 125. 15 110. 74 104. 51 90.10 89.95 95.93 97.86 133. 74 158.42 158. 42 127. 35 109. 47 88.55 84.59 78.62 100. 57 113.25 112. 51 121. 46 103. 06 69.18 59.97 63.99 67.55 77.28 83.69 78.16 75.38 ).134 .129 .166 .174 .161 .175 .170 .174 .204 .199 .171 .149 .152 .135 .120 .113 .097 .097 .104 .106 .144 .171 .171 .137 .118 .096 .091 .085 .109 .122 .121 .131 .111 .075 .065 .069 .073 .083 .090 .084 .081 Marks. 9.50 10.08 9.56 9.85 9.67 11.29 9.32 1J.32 9.88 8.52 8.25 9.07 13.35 9.25 9.97 9.00 9.62 8.66 8.96 12.21 12.35 12. 70 13.08 12.00 14.20 15.93 13.78 12.77 12.14 10.12 11.25 11.38 12.86 13.77 12.41 9.96 8.15 8.56 8.80 8.97 10.59 9.26 $22. 972 24.374 23. 117 23. 818 23.383 27.300 22. 537 27. 373 23. 891 20. 602 19. 949 21. 932 32. 281 22. 367 24.108 21. 763 23.262 20.941 21. 666 29. 525 29. 863 30. 710 31.628 29. 017 34. 337 38. 520 33. 321 30. 879 29. 355 24.471 27. 203 27. 518 31. 097 33. 297 30. 008 24.084 19. 707 20. 699 21. 279 21. 690 25. 607 22. 391 Mwrks. 2.41 2.47 3.73 3.66 3.56 4.50 5.62 6.82 6.46 7.19 6.52 5.88 7.12 3.56 4.87 9.13 7.68 12.02 13.89 12.34 12.77 10.21 11.45 12.08 12.71 13.58 12.92 11.00 10.29 11.71 13.47 13.29 11.24 9.86 8.40 8.76 8.63 9.37 10.31 9.32 $5. 828 5.973 9.019 8.850 8.608 10. 881 13. 590 16.491 15. 621 17.3S6 15. 766 14. 218 17. 217 8.608 11. 776 22. 077 18. 571 29. 065 28.751 29. 839 30. 879 24.689 27.687 29.210 30. 734 32. 838 31.242 26.599 24.882 28. 316 32. 572 32. 136 27.179 23.842 20. 312 21. 182 20.868 22. 657 24.930 22. 538 Marks. 16.70 19.54 17.92 18.72 19.84 22.71 22.93 28.78 18.63 22.35 15.49 21.51 22.42 25.66 26.65 25.41 26.0fi 22.40 23.45 13.84 23.99 23.92 21.37 19.82 17.12 14.98 13. 51 17.17 19.07 17.49 15.67 38.60 15.54 18.28 14.56 13.50 11.48 11.14 11.82 10.97 11.49 11.24 $40. 382 47.249 43. 332 45.266 47. 975 54.915 55.447 69. 592 45. 049 54. 044 37. 466 52. 013 54.213 62. 048 64.442 61. 443 63. 015 54.165 56.704 33.466 58. 010 57.840 51. 674 47. 926 41.398 36.223 32. 668 41. 518 46.113 42. 292 37. 891 44.976 37. 577 44.203 35. 207 32.644 27.760 26.937 28.582 26.526 27.784 27.179 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 357 I Exhibit A. — Import priees of ISO commodities in Mamhurg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. 96. Currants. 97. Corks. 98. Madder. 99. Copper. 100. Licorice. Tear. Per 100 kilos. Per povind. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kUos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1850 Marks. 45.61 32.13 43.94 90.05 26.20 77.79 111. 08 88.87 48.62 47.67 41.62 40.06 38.11 38.39 38.33 35.32 37.87 35.18 30.46 32.56 45.33 46.11 45.59 40.02 44.52 44.93 49.79 49.38 34.60 40.95 45.12 42.70 45.92 44.10 35.31 37.47 43.01 44.22 34.66 32.16 36.92 39.94 $0. 049 .035 .047 .097 .028 .084 .120 .096 .052 .0,51 .015 .04:) .041 .041 .041 .038 .041 .038 .033 .035 .049 .050 .049 .044 .048 .049 .054 .053 .037 .044 .049 .046 .050 .048 .038 .040 .046 .048 .037 .035 .040 .043 Marks. 188.03 241. 50 263. 57 247. 89 256. 39 283. 86 205. 29 325.79 227. 37 273.87 218. 67 291.80 217. 60 213, 39 149.29 163. 08 175.43 283. 01 318.06 264. 38 250. 40 237. 05 263. 50 226.60 226. 85 230. 34 222. 37 227. 11 197.03 188. 26 196. 29 178.90 199.43 184. 17 191. 19 174, 81 174, 87 178, 61 177. 20 184.50 167.59 173. 53 $0,203 .261 .285 .268 .277 .306 .222 .352 .245 .296 .236 .315 .235 .230 .161 .176 .189 .306 .343 .285 .270 .256 .284 .245 .245 .249 .240 .215 .213 .203 .212 .193 .215 .199 .206 .189 .189 .193 .191 .199 .181 .187 Marks. 92.44 104.77 89.82 99,43 108.41 109. 03 150. 34 103. 82 114.24 85.80 98.68 105. 78 78.70 80.92 77.43 78.24 79.99 75.99 90.98 122. 96 111. 03 121. 34 107. 83 93.28 86.10 75.76 71.27 71.20 66.68 54,84 07,45 68,17 73.81 78.34 84.50 78.19 75.71 72.98 66.47 57.37 79.62 76.74 $0,100 .113 .097 .107 .117 .118 .162 .112 .123 .093 .107 .114 .085 .087 .084 .084 .086 .082 .098 .133 .120 .131 .116 .101 .093 .082 .077 .077 .072 .059 .073 .074 .080 .085 .091 .085 .082 .079 .072 .062 .086 .083 Marks. 159. 41 169.91 175. 43 200.08 224.00 223.21 228. 28 224.45 205. 72 187.80 203. 11 190.65 188.41 177.91 195. 81 174. 31 187. 01 169. 40 154. 94 166. 80 150. 84 156.00 190.77 191.45 178. 06 183.12 181. 43 167. 65 151. 53 136.15 129. 78 134. 77 140.94 134.81 123.81 108.24 96.67 96,96 142,77 109, 32 110.48 115. 39 $0,172 .183 .189 .216 .242 .241 .246 .242 .222 .203 .219 .206 .203 .192 .211 .188 .202 .183 .167 .169 .163 .168 .206 .207 .192 .198 .196 .181 .164 .147 .140 .145 .152 .146 .134 .117 .104 .105 .154 .118 .119 .125 Marks. 139.49 124. 82 118. 01 120, 05 129, 78 149, 85 148, 94 147. 94 163. 33 167.27 104. 54 187. 00 178. 63 141. 52 154.02 148.46 153.22 142. 93 131. 39 110. 29 157. 05 157. 64 152. 94 157. 48 159. 11 174. 24 187. 85 175. 37 158.62 184. 63 169.22 211. 23 174. 51 181. 64 180. 81 178.61 178. 16 179.04 179.56 164. 84 150. 72 157.38 $0. 151 1851 .135 1852 .127 1853 .130 1854 .140 1855 .162 1856 .161 1857 .160 1858 .176 1859 .181 .178 1861 .202 1802 . . .193 1803 .153 1864 .166 1865 .160 1866 .165 1867 .154 1868 .142 1869 .151 .170 1871 .170 .165 1873 .170 .172 1875 .188 1876 .203 1877 .189 .171 .199 .183 1881 .228 1882 .188 1883 .199 1884 .195 1885 .193 1886 .192 .193 1888 .194 1889 .178 1890 .163 1891 .170 368 REPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Exhibit A. — Import prices of 180 commodities in Hamburg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Tear. 101. Leather. Per 100 kiloa. Per pound 102. Leather cloth. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 103. Candles, stearine and paraffine. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. 104. Mace. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 105, Nutmegs. Per 100 kiloa. Per pound. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. J 856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864., 1865.. 1866.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. J872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. J877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. Maria. 210. 29 252. 97 300. 08 320. 25 386. 25 388. 59 370. 62 455. 21 363. 33 363.64 390. 93 350. 83 378. 98 384. 64 417.72 310.64 219. 17 263. 25 237. 47 294. 75 300. 50 249.33 293. 53 247.73 282. 37 254. 54 264. 69 256. 82 230. 88 239. 31 258. 66 262. 51 257. 34 261. 29 240.72 233. 39 234. 76 210. 90 234. 96 231. 55 207.03 242.48 0.227 .273 .324 .346 .417 .420 .400 .491 .392 .393 .422 .379 .409 .415 .451 .335 .237 .284 .256 .318 .324 .269 .317 .267 .305 .275 .286 .277 .249 .258 .279 .283 .278 .282 .260 .252 .253 .228 .254 .260 .224 .262 MarlcB, 384. 41 286. 65 352. 13 320. 33 208. 59 343.02 384.23 412. 50 375. 03 374. 94 344.82 355. 86 301. 70 300.64 329. 50 280. 94 259. 91 232. 60 228. 02 250. 34 236. 39 208. 01 212. 04 226. 64 210. 09 213. 68 196. 63 232. 17 231. 69 246. 58 210. 38 217. 29 239. 73 187. 69 211. 93 3.415 .309 .380 .346 .322 .370 .415 .445 .405 .405 .372 .384 .326 .325 .356 .303 .281 .251 .246 .280 .255 .225 .229 .245 .227 .231 .212 .251 .250 .266 .227 .235 .259 .203 .229 Marks. 209. 15 198. 52 179. 24 215. 02 224.08 246. 30 214. 15 225.92 206.08 211.41 209. 12 205. 75 187. 33 168. 15 146. 89 144. 88 152. 77 156. 11 156.44 154. 26 150. 81 150. 17 143. 89 147. 65 147. 16 137. 05 136. 48 137. 31 128.36 119. 99 109. 08 106. 45 107. 91 120. 79 121. 08 112. 31 97.46 89.61 85.76 88.17 92.56 90.27 8.226 .214 .194 .232 .242 .266 .231 .244 .222 .228 .226 .222 .202 .179 .159 .156 .165 .169 .169 .167 .163 .162 .155 .169 .163 .148 .147 .148 .139 .130 .118 .115 .116 .130 .131 .121 .105 .097 .093 .095 .100 .097 Marks. 555. 68 491. 10 543.01 644.29 553. 33 508. 27 470. 24 420. 68 333. 32 299. 27 275. 16 250. 84 236. 77 209. 17 240. 11 262. 91 330. 97 375. 62 410. 92 541.45 675. 54 775. 81 939. 03 863. 3-5 526. 71 626. 50 512. 63 415. 00 363. 69 384. 33 351. 98 393. 52 392. 60 381. 13 331. 12 308. 46 360. 08 472. 53 520. 09 529. 24 539. 70 538.90 $0. 600 .530 .586 .696 .597 .549 .508 .454 .360 .323 .297 .271 .256 .226 .259 .284 .357 .406 .444 .585 .729 .838 1.014 .932 .568 .676 .553 .448 .393 .415 .380 .425 .424 .411 .357 .333 .389 .510 .561 .571 .583 .582 Marks. 578. 54 461. 85 462. 62 510. 47 509.94 358.22 445. 06 393. 02 322. 10 274.43 313. 70 242.04 203. 12 171. 19 208. 55 225. 83 271.90 247.59 253. 87 295. 39 416. 90 520. 78 686.12 534. 02 692. 79 448. 82 473. 09 401.54 434.93 317.24 349. 93 508. 82 444.62 446. 28 406. 86 379. 71 363. 71 336.92 361. 12 472. 71 519. 59 535.54 10.625 .499 .499 .551 .551 .387 .480 .424 .348 .296 .339 .261 .219 .185 .225 .244 .294 .267 .274 .319 .450 .562 .741 .577 .748 .485 .511 .433 .470 .342 .378 .549 .480 .482 .439 .410 .393 .364 .390 .510 .561 .578 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 359 Exhibit A. — Import prices of ISO commodities in Hamburg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. 106. Maize. 107. Almonds. 108. Nails, iron. 109. Cloves. llO.Kutsdiard) Tear. Per 100 kilos. Per bushel. Per 100 kilos. Pel- pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1830 Marks. 19.61 14.81 19.53 11.99 30. 58 27.71 15.35 12.72 24.12 23.90 21.96 25.51 23.89 19.09 23.23 27.96 19.72 21.53 22.71 22.60 20.66 17.91 16. 05 14.69 16.35 16.00 13.28 13.37 12. 33 11.24 11.88 12.81 14.65 13.61 11.96 10.68 9.52 9.132 11.32 10.46 9.10 12.84 $1. 186 .895 1.181 .725 1.819 1.675 .928 .769 1.458 1.449 1.328 1.542 1.444 1.154 1.404 1.690 1.192 1.302 1.373 1.306 1.249 1.083 .970 .888 .988 .967 .803 .808 .745 .680 .718 .774 .886 .817 .723 .646 .575 .582 .684 .632 .650 .776 Marks. 132. 65 124.24 123. 06 130. 58 128.98 130. 72 135. 38 165. 71 128.70 111. 15 110. 61 119. 10 107.51 117.48 121.24 131. 65 155. 67 156.41 149. 29 140. 52 146. 50 134. 10 117. 79 113. 39 123. 99 136. 11 134. 91 151. 76 167. 54 182. 05 103.38 148. 50 137. 58 160. 07 142. 77 130. 75 130. 73 134. 89 130. 30 147. 26 167. 81 172. 81 $0. 143 .134 .133 .141 .139 .111 .148 .179 .139 .120 .119 .129 .116 .127 .131 .142 .168 .169 .161 .152 .158 .145 .127 .122 .134 .147 .146 .164 .181 .197 .176 .160 .149 .173 .154 .141 .141 .146 .141 .159 .181 .187 Marks. 51.79 37.52 39.52 38.72 44.28 40.86 42.34 46.04 45.09 44.43 40.54 38.90 36.86 34.28 36.16 35.93 35.08 33.16 32.50 33.13 34.60 32.45 40.30 51.67 42.97 39.72 36.99 35.29 29.84 33.51 40.14 40.63 43.73 43.07 36.15 33.24 33.38 34.63 30.52 34.31 36.30 39.18 $0. 056 .041 .043 .042 .048 .044 .046 .050 .049 .048 .044 .042 .040 .037 .039 .039 .038 .036 .035 .030 .037 .036 .044 .056 .046 .043 .040 .038 .032 .036 .043 .044 .047 .046 .039 .036 .036 .037 .033 .037 .038 .042 Marks. 139. 61 127. 23 175. 20 137.42 119.74 109. 38 95.19 80.39 61.80 65.21 74.93 60.52 79.04 72.01 66.59 70.38 04.34 60.10 68.71 63.81 62.87 60.94 109. 38 158. 20 331. 56 329. 15 279. 31 267. 94 288. 73 310. 66 272. 68 233.97 183. 19 131. 17 106. 64 104. 36 159. 04 205.79 104. 44 131.12 97.61 62.84 $0. 151 .137 .189 .148 .129 .118 .103 .093 .067 .070 .081 .072 .086 .078 .072 .076 .069 .065 .074 .069 .068 .066 .118 .171 .368 .355 .302 .289 .312 .335 .294 .253 .198 .142 .115 .113 .172 .222 !l78 .142 .106 .068 Marks. 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 . . . 1857 1858 1859 1861 1862 1864 1867 1869 35.05 36.26 32.40 49.46 37.07 45.37 54.75 39.70 31.62 29.79 27.08 35.03 34.67 35.97 36.98 33. 63 25.93 19.71 17.34 18.03 $0. 038 1873 .039 .035 1875 .053 .040 1877 .049 .059 1879 .043 .034 .032 1882 .029 1883 .038 .037 1885 .039 .040 1887 .036 .028 .021 .019 1891 .019 360 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Exhibit A.. — Import prices of 180 commoditiea in Hamburg, Crermcmy, from 1850 lu 181/1, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Tear. 111. "Walnuts and hazel-nuts. Per 100 kilos. Per liound. 112. Oil, castor. Per 100 kilos, Per pound. 113. Oil, cotton seed. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 114. Oil, cocoa- nnt. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 115. Oil, lin- seed. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 18.54. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1802. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868., 1869. 1870., 1871. 1872.. 1873., 1874.. 1875., 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883., 1884.. 1885., 18S6.. 1887. . 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891. . Marks. 40.31 35.32 67.05 39.45 60.19 39.06 52.14 66.09 48.15 46.50 33.94 43.34 49.31 42.46 48.02 41. 35 44.00 44.45 44.70 43.54 48.51 52.35 54.25 59.87 49.84 40.11 43.55 47.77 43.73 52.10 46.16 48.17 51. 39 47.28 44.93 43. 61 41.25 40.58 41.27 45.95 46.17 45.99 ^0. 044 .038 .062 .043 .054 .043 .056 .061 .052 .060 .0.37 .047 .053 .046 .0.53 .045 .048 .048 .048 .047 .052 .057 .059 .005 .054 .043 .047 .052 .047 .056 .050 .052 .056 .051 .049 .047 .045 .044 .045 .050 .050 .050 MarJet, 148. 37 91.99 74.30 83.33 102. 56 110.22 116. 06 112. 02* 121.67 115.45 112.50 113, 76 124.16 105, 83 105. 74 126, 39 126. 65 120. 21 128. 51 118. 86 102.23 104. 38 119.30 120. 51 130. 84 110. 70 94.13 101. 19 109. 89 103. 42 110. 01 98.97 98.87 90.33 74.26 78.57 75.35 68.41 62.82 66.64 75.68 77.40 0.160 .099 .080 .090 .111 .119 .125 .121 .131 .125 .121 .123 .134 .114 .114 .136 .137 .130 .139 .128 .110 .113 .129 .130 .141 .120 .102 .109 .119 .112 .119 .107 .107 .098 .080 .086 .081 .074 .068 .072 .082 .084 Marks. 72.95 $0. 079 78.31 .085 73.07 .079 68.01 .073 71.35 .077 72.66 .078 67.67 .073 61.27 .066 54.00 .058 54.85 .059 60.89 .065 77.44 .084 65.25 .070 57.93 .063 66.24 .061 67.10 .062 60.21 .065 59.29 .064 55.71 .060 41.02 .044 40.45 .044 43.21 .047 53.12 .057 58.60 .063 49.36 .053 48.31 .062 Marks. 71.39 72.56 74.52 90.53 103. 73 00.28 85.73 99.43 79.66 86.60 93. 80 09.06 112.86 96. .68 85.11 87.09 103. 42 99.91 107. 15 87.20 84.48 87.01 82.96 73.44 76.19 80.82 86.09 84.93 99.10 90.09 77.14 66.61 72.92 75.74 73.42 62.19 61.28 59,06 53.92 64,76 58. 05 61.27 $0, 077 .078 .080 .098 .112 .097 .093 .107 .066 .093 - .101 .107 .122 .104 .092 .094 .112 .108 .116 .094 .091 .094 .090 .079 .082 .087 .093 .092 .107 .097 .083 .072 .079 .082 .079 .067 .066 .064 .068 .059 .063 .066 Marks. 66.38 64.83 59.59 60,43 75.05 78.68 78.33 81.51 04.10 69.66 69.25 65.03 79.04 86.12 76.24 69.86 79.00 76.84 69.00 59.01 66.48 69.97 72.15 74.66 63.16 63.68 55.94 61.40 59.03 57.71 69.85 57.98 54.71 48.86 45.86 49.34 44.47 42.78 39.68 44.00 48.86 48.40 »0.072 .070 .064 .065 .081 .085 .085 .064 .064 .070 .085 .082 .076 .074 .064 .072 .076 .078 .081 .068 .058 .060 .066 .064 .062 .065 .063 .059 .054 .050 .053 .048 .046 .043 .048 .05S .052 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 361 Exhibit A. — Import prices of ISO commodHies in Hamburg, Germany, from 1S50 io 1891, witli eqiih-aleiits in United States money and measures — Continued. Tear. 116. Oa, olive. 117. Oil, palm. 118. Oil, turpen- tine. 119. Oil cake. 120. Orchilla and orobilla extract. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kiloB. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1850 Mnrhs. 98.75 fi;;.99 lii-.>. 31 l:!7.75 118.76 ] 11.49 100.54 116.51 91.34 125. 38 122. 63 129.01 117. 12 117.08 121.00 104. 94 132.95 129. 32 146. 39 110.54 112. 69 107. 37 102. 31 89.75 93.02 99.08 100. 4-; 108. 73 110. 80 104. 56 104.28 94.15 94.92 85.79 90.85 92. 24 87.14 93.31 97.29 92.21 92.05 102.59 $0. 107 .091 .110 .149 .128 .120 .109 .126 .102 .135 .132 .140 .126 .126 .131 .113 . .144 .140 .158 .119 .122 .116 .110 .097 .100 .107 .108 .117 .120 .113 .113 . 102 . 102 .093 .098 .100 .094 .101 .105 .100 .099 .111 Marks. 62.06 55.48 57.24 70.74 93.60 83.59 78.65 87.11 75.72 84. 62 77.79 79.05 73.30 62.40 72.38 CS.78 73. 62 78.81 81.79 82.23 79.20 106. 75 76.61 74.38 69.95 70.37 73.44 77.85 78.50 66.04 63.13 64.45 B7.26 71.90 64.85 52.29 41.30 38.09 39.93 44.55 46.64 48.12 $0,067 .000 .062 .076 .101 .090 .085 .094 .082 .091 .084 .085 .079 .067 .078 .074 .079 .085 .088 .089 .086 .115 .083 .080 .076 .076 .079 .084 .085 .071 .068 .070 .073 .078 .070 .056 .045 .041 .043 .048 .050 .052 Marks. 53.32 57.38 77.07 98.42 82.69 62.55 60.71 78.64 78.09 76.16 66.02 97.32 190. 18 164.76 146. 95 103. 07 81.74 65.39 57.84 57.96 66.34 79.36 84.52 71.11 58.61 49.59 52.45 54.38 49.53 47.16 54.96 74.07 81.80 67.00 51.27 52.36 52.94 51.90 60.20 65.55 60.69 56.77 $0. 058 .062 .083 .106 .089 .068 .066 .085 .084 .083 .071 .105 .205 .178 .159 .111 .088 .071 .062 .063 .061 .086 .091 .077 .063 .054 .057 .059 .053 .051 .059 .080 .088 .072 .055 .067 .057 .056 .065 .071 .066 .061 Marks. Marks. 112. 31 77.10 62.72 64.77 53.48 64.48 90.36 142.89 64.00 104. 07 103. 85 71.91 74.04 60.12 60.06 59.94 64.38 65.09 64.57 87.30 101. 79 69.64 78.99 76.17 95.16 71.92 80.87 74.31 66.43 63.75 69.86 90.08 98.95 96.32 95.95 91.56 81.23 82.28 73.50 61.49 58.83 57.50 $0,121 .083 .068 .070 .058 .070 1851 1852 1853 1854 10.31 10.36 14.60 16.50 $0. Oil .011 .016 .018 1856 1857 14.13 .015 .098 .154 1858!;;!!!! 1859 1860 .069 9.39 .010 .112 .112 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 .078 12. 82 15.00 .014 .016 .080 .065 .065 11.11 .012 .065 .070 .070 1868 16.34 12.89 15.00 20.83 18.00 15.33 25.00 11.35 15.04 15.11 16.09 13.01 14.46 14.58 14.81 14.02 13.16 12.10 10.71 11.15 12.03 12.71 12.35 12.57 .018 .014 .016 .022 .019 .017 .027 .012 .016 .016 .017 .014 .016 .016 .016 .015 .014 .013 .012 .012 .013 .014 .013 .014 .070 1869 .094 1870 .110 .075 1872 .085 .082 1874 .103 1875 1876 1878 1880 .078 .087 .080 .072 .069 .075 .097 1882 - . .107 .104 1884 .104 .099 1886 .088 .089 1888 .079 .066 1890 .064 .062 362 EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AWD WAGES. Exhibit A. — Import prices of 180 commodities in Hamburg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Tear. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857., 1858. 1859., I860., 1861. 1862., 1863. 1864- , 1865., 1866. , •1867., 1868.. 1869., 1870., 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884. . 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1890. 1891. 121. Parafiine. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 180. 00 231. 25 91.07 18U. 24 174. 32 140. 19 91.47 120. 00 82.63 84.62 129. 38 84.53 126. UO 112. 33 111. 20 164.06 167. 87 106. 50 67.40 91.06 84.42 95.09 100. 31 99.84 90.60 69.69 58.29 62.16 60.98 69.93 Per pound. 1.194 .250 .195 .188 .161 .099 .130 .089 .091 .140 .091 .136 .120 .177 .181 .115 .073 .098 .091 .103 .108 .108 .098 .075 .063 .067 .066 .075 122. Mother-of- pearl shells. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 70.97 81.43 74.15 61.64 53.98 54.23 46.83 100. 63 87.05 60.85 59.95 60.76 46.98 41.21 35.06 59 52 58.70 68.32 88.89 80.69 79.68 68.65 88.64 156. 97 233. 12 201. 23 234. 78 170. 21 228. 67 201. 60 201. 16 137. 17 134. 10 123. 20 99.74 124. 49 124. 80 126. 28 125. 73 121. 47 140. 17 130.44 Per pound ).077 .088 .080 .060 .058 .059 .051 .109 .094 .066 .065 .055 .051 .044 .038 .064 .063 .074 .096 .087 .086 .074 .096 .169 .252 .217 .243 .184 .247 .221 .217 .148 .145 .133 .108 .134 .135 .136 .136 .131 .151 .141 123. Petrole- um, refined. 124. Pepper. Per 100 Per Per 100 kilos, pound, kilos. Marks 54.18 54.11 53.27 75.84 54.43 38.63 37.39 42.65 42.50 37.62 38.74 30.07 23.03 22.11 36.11 25.83 20.77 17.11 17.86 15.65 14.36 15.56 15.29 14.79 13.00 12.40 14.55 13.32 12.75 12.49 ).058 .058 .057 .082 .059 .042 .040 .046 .046 .041 .042 .032 .025 .024 .039 .028 .022 .018 .019 .017 .016 .017 .017 .010 .014 .013 .016 .014 .014 .013 Marks. 63.10 62 08 70.37 81.79 91.29 88. 26 96.25 91.33 80.45 83.50 80.21 75.65 75.30 71.68 70.16 65.30 63.32 63.27 63.05 83.49 94.95 109. 71 130. 89 143. 94 136. 26 112. 60 86.21 82.95 70.63 72.19 86.91 106. 07 110. 27 129.64 146. 57 152.64 159. 31 139. 42 152. 77 135. 81 113. 32 87.40 Per pound. .067 .076 .088 .099 .095 .104 .099 .087 .090 .087 .082 .081 .077 .076 .070 .068 .068 .057 .090 .103 .118 .141 .155 .147 .121 .093 .090 .076 .078 .094 .115 .119 .140 .158 .165 .172 .151 .165 .147 .122 .094 125. Phos- phorus. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. Marks. 688.12 635. 92 548. 21 509. 78 546.88 568.44 615. 00 636. 82 607.87 637. 50 614.24 506.88 489. 05 631.56 420. 86 392. 04 399. 54 376. 10 373.65 387. 08 417.13 434. 61 503. 56 668. 69 755.97 659. 61 720. 20 613.34 695. 51 644.83 543.64 477. 82 467. 08 524.79 553. 22 571. 27 527. 19 517. 87 568. 85 578. 30 560. 87 549. 79 $0,743 .687 .592 .550 .590 .614 .664 .687 .656 .547 .528 .574 .454 .423 .431 .405 .403 .418 .450 .469 .608 .722 .816 .712 .777 .662 .751 .696 .587 .516 .504 .567 .597 .617 .569 .659 .614 .624 .605 .591 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 363 Exhibit A, — rmport prices of 180 commodities in Hamburg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Tear. 126. FiassaTn. Per 100 Mlos. Per pound. 127. Allspice. 128. Quicksilver. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 129. Eice. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 130, Eice, Japan. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1850.. 1851.. 1852.. 1853.. 1851.. 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. 1858- . 1859.. I860-. 1861.. 1862. 1863 -. 1864.. 1865.. 1866 . 1867.. 1868., 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878- 1879. 1880- 1381. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1883. 1887. 1888.. 1889. 1890. 1891. Marks, 11.83 14.49 12.62 20.09 20.80 12.62 17.56 29.41 25.00 17.22 19.97 26.72 26.19 22.53 26.37 33.62 38.59 32.54 28.14 26.88 37.46 48.28 45.42 41.86 47.64 46.65 42.31 41.22 45.87 46.46 43.13 45.34 51.63 49.65 48.72 44.60 43.43 62.75 66.91 67.84 82.77 96.18 0.013 .016 .014 .022 .022 .014 .019 .032 .027 .019 .022 .029 .028 .024 .028 .036 .042 .035 .030 .029 .040 .052 .049 .045 .0.51 .050 .046 .044 .049 .049 .047 .049 .056 .064 .063 .048 .047 .068 .072 .073 .089 .104 Marks. 114. 11 97.50 95.98 106. 74 102. 66 95.53 87.70 79.39 57.82 58.57 62. 36 54.08 55.60 49.69 43.82 47.33 48.84 37.82 45.96 41.86 41.86 39.64 62.16 65.54 61.84 59.98 71.17 78.66 88.06 95.96 85.60 91.04 77.98 62.72 51.68 48.72 46.72 47.80 49.68 60.57 59.96 53.89 1.123 .105 .104 .115 .111 .103 .095 .086 .062 .063 .067 .058 .060 .054 .047 .051 .053 .041 .060 .045 .045 .043 .067 .060 .067 .063 .077 .085 .095 .104 .092 .098 .084 .068 .056 .063 .030 .062 .054 .065 .065 .058 Marks. 768.21 727. 78 612. 91 481.67 428. 66 399. 9) 382. 45 406. 68 420. 94 $0. 829 .786 .662 .620 .463 .432 .413 .439 .454 445. 00 434. 29 443. 27 434. 42 503. 12 446.25 423. 06 447. 92 417.23 447. 33 494. 59 600. 16 719. 82 858. 98 ,, 235. 62 851.78 634. 74 478. 57 448. 67 401.44 433. 72 417. 70 404. 81 364. 67 374. 80 376. 05 367. 95 466. 61 493. 95 536. 63 594. 21 483.75 .480 .469 .479 .469 .643 .482 .457 .484 .430 .483 .534 .648 .777 .927 1.334 .920 .685 .617 .484 .433 .468 .461 .437 .383 .406 .406 .397 .493 .633 .579 .641 .522 Ma/rks. 30.34 27.12 23.16 31.13 28.33 32.38 26.02 24.66 20.31 22.08 25.87 25.83 23.06 23.85 22.39 23.98 22. 80 24.33 23.76 19.11 22.16 22.40 20.44 20.26 22.84 19.16 19.79 21.17 22.16 20,57 19. 63 19,17 17.47 18,86 18,26 17.24 16.30 16.88 16.62 17.46 17.62 18.17 ).033 ,029 .025 .034 ,031 ,036 ,027 ,027 ,022 , (M .028 .028 .025 .026 .024 .026 .026 .026 .026 ,021 .024 .024 .022 .022 .025 .021 .021 .023 .024 .022 .021 .021 .019 .020 .020 .019 .018 .018 .018 .019 .019 .020 Marks. 23. 70 19.97 19.77 20.59 19.54 19.33 17.02 17.11 20.94 22.33 364 REPORT OS WHOLESALE PRICES -VXD WAGES. Exhibit A. — Import prices of ISO commoHUies in Hamburg, Gcrvianji, from ISoO to 1S91, with equivalents in United States monei/ and measures — Continued. 131. Eice, Jaya. 132. Kye. 133. Kaisins. 134. Emn. 135. Grass aeod. real-. Per 100 Per Per 100 Per Per 100 Per Per 100 Per Per 100 Per kilos. pound. kUoa. bushel. kilos. ponnd. kilos. poond. kilos. pound. Martt. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. 1850 23.06 $0,025 12.09 JO. 731 46.58 $0,050 51.41 $0,056 4.".. 36 $0.M9 21. S7 21.03 34. 34 29. US ;is. 94 .024 .023 .037 .031 .042 14.15 13.54 16.73 18.16 21.96 .655 .819 1.011 1.098 1. 328 36.55 34.48 54.05 55.61 55.86 .039 .037 .0.58 .060 .060 50.06 45.71 «.26 64.76 72. 24 .054 .049 .069 .070 .078 42.04 40.66 42.43 34.83 41.36 .045 IS.VJ .014 IS-'*:'. .046 18-n4 .0:18 1855 .045 1856 25. 32 .027 21.41 1.294 83.46 .090 67.79 .073 48.21 .053 25. 86 22. 49 .028 .024 14.80 13.48 . 895 .815 95. 85 64.92 .103 .070 85.50 58. 40 . 092 .063 52. 53 53.27 .057 i.-;.w . 0.V8 is:.!) 22. 11 .024 13. 25 .801 60.91 .066 70. 34 .076 51.94 .056 1860 2,-. 37 .027 l.i.44 .933 59. 23 .064 73.96 .080 43.63 .047 1861 2S. 99 .031 15.77 .953 56.27 .061 70. 50 .076 51.96 .l'«6 1862 ;;.-.. 95 39.37 26.94 34.25 40.15 37.34 34.09 38.40 38. 15 .039 .043 .029 .037 .043 .040 .037 .041 .041 16. OS 14.94 11.40 13. -V! 14. 86 21.41 22. 43 15. 36 15. 61 1.008 .903 .689 .818 .898 1.2!'4 1.3515 1.110 .944 53.20 56.54 51.56 48.11 64.38 61.93 53.38 44.94 :.s. 21 .057 .061 .056 . 052 .070 .067 .058 .049 .063 57.68 6(.i.63 SO. 34 67.68 69. So 72.53 81.77 89.95 93. 20 .062 .065 .087 .073 .075 .078 .0S8 . 097 .101 47.34 43.75 40.59 43.11 36.75 41.69 34.96 35.17 33.75 .051 1863 .047 1864 .044 1S65 .047 1S61) .040 1S07 .045 1S6S .038 1869 .038 1S70 .036 1871 3,S.64 43.70 28. 7S 51. 79 .042 .047 .031 .056 17.08 15.04 17. .'.S 18.67 1.033 .909 1.063 1. 129 53. 71 52, 57 58.00 00. so .058 .057 .063 .066 90. IS 105.41 111. 07 .090 .097 .114 .120 45. 92 42. 71 40.85 .050 1872 .016 .042 1S74 .044 42. 26 39.52 38.06 .046 .043 .041 15. 88 23.08 17.45 .960 1.432 1.055 60.77 ,i,".. 24 48.04 .072 .060 .052 96.48 106. 37 116.55 .104 .115 .126 38.98 50. 07 4;-.. 94 .042 lS7ti .054 1S77 .W7 43.63 39.73 40.96 .047 .043 .044 13.20 12.88 IS. 54 .798 .779 1.121 37. 17 47. 59 55. 01 .040 .051 .059 113. 02 109.29 106. 14 . 122 .118 .115 39. 27 37.24 42.46 .042 .040 IS.'iO .046 ISSl 34.60 36.16 .037 .039 19.64 16.35 1. 187 .988 02.43 5S. 70 .067 .063 113.93 108.18 .123 .117 47.12 50.62 .051 1SS2 .055 1SS3 30. 22 .033 14.16 .856 48.60 .052 99. 72 .108 54.76 .059 1S84 35.70 .039 13.76 .8;i2 41.16 .044 94.44 .102 42.97 .046 1885 26.29 .028 12.05 . 728 51. 27 .055 115. 01 .124 49.16 .053 1S86 27. 02 .030 10.71 .647 47.30 .051 116.12 .125 39.35 .042 1887 27.35 .030 9.62 .582 38.49 .042 121.29 .131 44.17 .048 1888 27.52 .030 10.73 .649 37.37 .040 104.62 .U3 48.62 .052 1889 29.11 .031 10.82 .654 38.44 .041 102. 74 .Ul 44.56 .048 1890 27.67 .030 13. 72 .769 48.77 .053 117.68 .127 44. S3 .018 1891 26.05 .028 17.31 1.046 46.84 .051 97.54 .105 41.48 .045 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 365 Exhibit A. — Import prices of 180 commodilirn in Haniburg, Germany, from, 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Tear. 136. Clover seed. 137. Linseed. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 138. Kape and turnip seed. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. 139. Sesamnm. Per pound. UO. Sago. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1850.. 1851.. 1852.. 1853.. 1834.. 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. 1858.. 1859.. I860.. 1861., 1862.. 1863. 1864., 1865. 1866. 1867., 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 187S. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1KS4. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Marks. 77.96 87.27 99.86 116. 78 102. 90 114. 02 122. 82 84.27 96.58 81.69 110, 88 97.33 87.04 83.18 96.30 129, 51 89.99 87.83 99.07 97.37 99.41 114. 89 108. 26 95.05 96.43 108. 72 132. 92 124. 67 94.23 87.54 99.28 98.85 99.54 126. 55 103. 47 86.04 89.35 85.79 95.05 93.71 79.02 89.12 $0,084 .094 .108 .126 .111 .123 .133 .091 .104 .088 .120 .105 .095 .090 .104 .140 .097 .095 .107 .105 .107 .124 .117 .103 .104 .117 .143 .135 .102 .095 .107 .107 .107 .137 .112 .093 .096 .093 .103 .101 .085 .096 Marks. 16.72 16.52 21.30 21.94 27.58 33.11 25.43 27.64 24.11 23.81 26.07 20.87 35.00 28.11 25.22 44.31 24.84 32.87 23.71 25.34 25.43 33.22 24.00 28.00 26.81 26.93 28.89 32.14 26.02 34.72 25.66 26.74 27.67 2S.68 22.29 24.47 23.86 21.49 21.41 21.60 22.78 23.12 1.018 .018 .023 .024 .030 .036 .027 .030 .026 .026 .028 .023 .038 .030 .027 .048 .027 .035 .026 .027 .027 .036 .026 .030 .029 .029 .031 .035 .028 .037 .028 .029 .030 .026 .024 .026 .026 .023 .023 .023 .025 .025 Marks. 23.51 23. 06 24.18 29.70 28.69 41.17 34.16 35.67 33.48 30.44 27.45 29.31 34.71 30.00 32.57 35.11 30.30 30.96 27.44 26.07 36.08 36.41 31.69 28.94 25.43 34.20 30.82 32.82 30.24 23. 64 22.53 31.24 28.04 30.74 24.60 22.98 24.69 19.77 23.09 24.85 25.37 25.17 1.025 .025 .026 .1)32 .031 .044 .037 .039 .0.36 .033 .030 .032 .037 .032 .035 .038 .033 .033 .030 .028 .039 .039 .034 .031 .027 .037 .033 .035 .033 .026 .024 .034 .030 .033 .027 .025 .027 .021 .025 .027 .027 .027 Marks. 19.15 30.74 32.26 39.09 34.05 35.83 33.12 27.74 31.88 30.65 38.51 37.16 35.81 34.41 37.52 37.97 36.36 35. 11 35.77 35.25 37.83 37.91 36.31 33.91 29.32 37.41 34.31 33.24 32. 18 39.44 34.01 28.57 26.95 31.26 24.55 26.67 28.18 29.07 28.90 28.70 $0. 021 .033 .035 .042 .037 .039 .036 .030 .034 .040 .042 .040 .039 .037 .041 .041 .039 .038 .039 .038 .041 .041 .039 .037 .032 .040 .037 .036 .035 .043 .037 .031 .029 .034 .027 .029 .030 .031 .031 .031 Marks. 56.79 44.70 39.55 47.40 45,88 51.84 63.06 49.04 39.50 33.28 40.85 40.90 46.44 42.88 38.63 40,93 37.05 37.94 43.23 43.35 37.18 35.75 35.07 37.14 39,90 38,05 35,79 38,99 41,86 40,50 36,78 37,75 33,67 29,32 26, 59 28,44 26,79 26,34 30.80 32,74 27,27 26,31 $0, 061 ,048 ,043 .051 .050 .056 .057 ,053 ,043 .036 .044 .044 .050 .046 .042 .044 .040 .041 .047 ,047 ,040 ,039 ,038 ,040 .043 ,041 .039 .042 ,045 .044 .040 ,041 :036 .03t .029 .031 .029 .028 .033 .035 .029 .028 366 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Exhibit A. — Import prices of 180 commoditieain Hamburg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States m,oney and measures — Continued, Tear. 141. SaJtpetre. 142. Anchovies. 143. Sardines. 144.6um shellac 145. Slate. Per 100 Per Per 100 Per Per 100 Per Per 100 Per Per 100 Per kilos. pound. kilos. pound. kilos. pound. kilos. pound kilos. pound. Marks. Marhi. Marke. Marks. Marka. 41.00 $0,044 94.27 $0. 102 248. 17 $0. 268 102. 69 $0. Ill 191. 51 $0,207 36.81 .040 45.92 .050 245. 88 .265 100. 99 .109 185.24 .200 37.10 .040 42.88 .046 247. 96 .268 100. 96 .109 166.90 .180 39.14 .042 56.50 .061 246.82 .266 104.75 .113 199. 22 .215 39.88 .043 57.03 .062 226. 75 .245 103.18 .111 205.28 .222 69.37 .075 53.18 .057 239. 58 .259 102. 37 .111 202. 64 .219 36.91 .040 55.22 .060 207. 40 .224 102. 98 .111 195. 00 .211 41.80 .045 60.24 .065 199.35 .215 159. 05 .172 193. 07 .208 33.35 .036 45.47 .049 396.40 .212 142.83 .154 187.33 .202 32.02 .035 44.11 .048 188. 87 .204 189. 83 .205 212. 17 .229 26.97 .028 36.47 .039 244. 61 .264 418. 35 .452 210.42 .227 27.94 .030 38.28 .041 231. 17 .250 372. 29 .402 206. 56 .323 34.00 .037 39.79 .043 222. 13 .240 377. 72 .408 202. 79 .219 27.04 .029 38.08 .041 192. 96 .208 334.85 .361 206. 67 .223 31.08 .034 44.23 .048 201. 70 .218 314.02 .339 247.03 .267 25.48 .028 94.06 .102 207.59 .224 210. 19 .227 208. 86 .225 34. 17 .026 56.53 .061 271.10 .293 185.27 .200 174.11 .188 21.98 .024 68.87 .074 218. 01 .235 165. 51 .179 230. 73 .249 23.75 .026 99.78 .108 186. 81 .202 176.43 .190 210. 18 .227 30.54 .033 46.73 .050 188. 88 .204 185. 57 .200 212. 08 .229 31.08 .0.34 142. 99 .154 175. 75 .190 182. 83 .197 401.85 .218 3J.03 .033 92.42 .100 261, 15 .282 279. 40 .302 210. 00 .227 29.78 .032 110.50 .119 246.99 .267 326. 64 .353 215. 38 .233 28.98 .031 117. 69 .127 223. 53 .241 349. 50 .377 212. 72 .230 23.96 .026 142.77 .154 221.71 .J39 461.64 .498 200. 89 .217 23.12 .025 143.51 .155 213. 66 .231 438. 16 .473 200. 40 .216 23.11 .025 130. 83 .141 191. 93 .207 327. 98 .354 215. 14 .232 27.79 .030 109. 24 .118 185. 11 .200 2.18. 21 .268 165. 48 .179 29.76 .032 88.97 .096 174. 19 .186 185.02 .200 184. 41 .199 28.13 .030 132. 39 .143 170. 21 .184 179. 41 .194 165. 33 .178 30.51 .033- 212.48 .229 203.91 .220 272.14 .294 149. 25 .161 28.70 .031 328. 72 ■ .355 220. 79 .238 271.73 .293 130. 23 .141 26.05 .028 219. 17 .237 233. 76 .252 230. 01 .248 145. 89 .157 22.33 .024 234.43 .253 221.12 .239 201. 11 .217 136. 49 .147 19.24 .021 202. 32 .218 178. 58 .193 165. 12 .178 131.97 .142 19.75 .021 141. 68 .153 187. 94 .203 148.26 .160 135. 83 .147 19.13 .021 126.21 .136 172.63 .186 123.83 .134 169. 55 .183 19.23 .021 126. 99 .137 172. 90 .187 120. 09 .130 137. 44 .148 19.01 .021 135.13 .146 168. 16 .182 121. 62 .131 137. 47 .148 18.38 .020 170. 32 .184 165. 76 .179 133.85 .144 126. 38 .136 16.02 .017 112. 36 .121 157.41 .170 162. 92 .176 126.59 .137 17.18 .019 121.65 .131 151. 55 .164 161. 55 .174 124.41 .131 1850 W.'Jl, 1852. 1853. 1854, 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1800. 1861. 1803. 1,863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. EEPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 367 'ExBlBrr A.— Import prices of 180 commodities in Hamburg, Germany, from IS&O to 1S91, with equivalents in United States money and measMces— Continued. 146. Lard. 147. Sulplmr, crude. 148. Sulphur, refined. 149. Sail yarn. 150. Sodacrj-8- tals. Tear. Per 100 Per Per 100 Per Per 100 Per Per 100 Per Per 100 Per kilos. pound. kUos. pound. kUos. pound. kUoa. pound. kilos. pound. Mark4. Marks. Marks. Marks. Jf nrA-». 1850 21 24 $0,023 56 76 $0,061 174 70 $0. 189 6.59 6.48 $0,007 $0,077 .086 1851 79.41 1852 17 52 .019 .059 1853 18 15 020 46 31 050 178 72 193 6.52 8.61 007 ll.'i. 38 li:;.93 125 1854 16.83 .018 65.97 .071 204. 79 .221 .009 .123 1855 16.64 .018 82.19 .089 1.S9. 02 .204 7.16 .008 108. 71 .117 1856 18.02 .019 75.83 .082 2U7.11 .224 6.24 .007 120.38 .130 1857 '*2 27 .024 75.21 .081 217.16 . 2:14 5.52 . 006 125. 96 .136 1858 20.92 .023 66.99 .072 171. 36 .185 5.56 .006 100.96 .109 1859 20.16 .022 66.22 .061 187. 05 .20't 6.31 .007 '■ 104.43 .113 1860 17.54 .019 54.50 .059 199. 55 .215 5.79 .006 ; 102.86 .111 1861 16.50 .018 65.30 .070 173. 65 .187 6.67 .007 96.50 .104 1862 15.69 .017 58.13 .063 177. 92 .192 7.24 .008 88.11 .095 1883 15.18 .016 71.81 .078 144.20 .156 7.35 .008 74.64 . 080 1864 14.35 .015 (U.93 .070 140. 21 .151 7.91 .009 97.44 .105 1865 15.57 .017 63.82 .069 126.18 .136 7.94 .009 108.34 .117 1866 19.54 .021 61.76 .067 145. 15 .157 8.28 .009 123. 68 .133 1867 18.-60 . 1120 58.19 .063 144.09 .156 7. 811 .009 102. 58 .111 1888 14.81 .018 66.94 .072 157.41 .170 7.18 .008 121. 06 .131 1869 14.19 13.39 .015 .014 68.01 67.89 .073 .073 137. 05 135. 03 .148 .146 7.06 7.22 .008 .008 125.63 123.31 .136 1870 .133 1871 16.35 25.34 .018 .027 69.32 83.78 .075 .089 138. 47 120. 75 .149 .130 9.07 7.28 .010 .008 99.62 76.49 .108 1872 .083 1873 ; 19. 32 .021 56.12 .061 92.23 .100 8.46 .009 83.04 .090 1874 1 17.06 .018 57.91 .063 102. 96 .111 9.10 .010 105.68 .U4 1S75 15.21 .016 49.51 .053 127.04 .137 9.88 .011 122. 19 .132 1876 1 16. 12 14.58 .017 .016 78.61 76.87 .085 .083 115. 94 125.15 .125 .135 10.63 10.68 .011 .012 111.74 97.77 .121 1877 .106 187S ! 12. 58 .014 75.56 .082 116.90 .126 10.73 .012 78.13 .084 187'^ 12.05 13. 09 .013 .014 64.83 73.70 .070 .080 100. 50 108.87 .108 .118 10.10 9.U .011 .010 72.63 84.20 .078 18.30 .001 IfSl 12. 02 .013 68.34 .074 99.88 .108 8.09 .009 112.16 .121 1882 ' 11.82 .013 55.03 .059 104.33 .113 7.58 .008 116. 62 .126 1883 ; 11. 04 .012 37.4:i .040 110. 05 .119 7.82 .008 97.15 .105 1884 10.26 .011 45.68 .049 115.60 .125 8.61 .009 79.52 .086 1885 1 8.72 .009 48.35 .052 87.08 .094 8.33 .009 67.94 .073 1886 8. 25 .009 56.04 .060 87.73 1 .095 7.68 .008 64.33 .069 1887 8.82 .010 45.06 .049 74.30 .080 8.69 .009 69,32 .075 1888 11. 13 12.65 17.03 11.97 .012 .014 .018 .013 38.78 37.87 36.04 35.73 .042 .041 .039 .039 08.09 67.65 71.00 75. U .074 .073 .077 .081 9.56 9.69 8.79 8.09 .010 .010 .009 .009 85.34 85.43 67.68 66.45 .092 1889 .092 1890 .073 1891 .072 368 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Exhibit A. — Import prices of ISO commoelitics in ITamhi(r(j, Goiinani/, from 1850 iu iSHl, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Tear. 1850 1851 1852 1863 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 18611 1861 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, J 860. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1883. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891 : 151. Steel. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 14.57 14.58 13.17 12.80 10.57 11.01 10.73 18.00 16.32 17.12 20.35 15.03 13.86 12.35 14.72 13.30 13.61 12.85 14. 22 14.58 14.96 13.42 12.79 11.48 13.81 14.32 12.00 11.83 11.92 9.20 11.84 12.45 13.36 11.77 11.14 11.17 10.19 9.46 9.89 10.08 10.77 11.91 Per 2,240 pounda $35. 231 36. 256 31. 846 31.097 26. 559 26. 623 25.946 44.976 39. 463 41. 398 49. 208 36. 344 33. 515 29. 843 35. 694 32. 160 32. 910 31. 072 34.385 35. 256 36. 174 32. 451 30. 927 27. 760 33. 394 34. 627 20. 017 28. 606 28. 823 22. 246 28. 630 30. 105 32. 306 28. 461 26. 937 27. 010 24.640 22. 875 23. 915 24.374 26. 043 28. 799 152. Stearine. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 21.78 26.99 2-1. 66 22.98 19.03 20.38 17.39 20.74 29.47 26.63 27.97 24.83 21.50 19.69 22.59 25.70 22.40 22.64 25.21 23.29 24.83 22.02 22.44 24.32 26.00 28.46 24.38 24.28 22.72 22.62 22.25 20.86 19.79 20.51 16.61 15.74 12.06 13.12 12.88 13.48 13.90 16.19 Per pound. ).027 .029 .027 .025 .021 .023 .019 .032 .033 .029 .030 .027 .023 .021 .024 .028 .024 .024 .027 . 035 .037 .034 .034 .026 .027 .031 .026 .026 .025 .024 .024 .023 .021 .032 .018 .017 .013 .014 .014 .015 .015 .017 153. Coal. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 1.35 1.26 1.20 1.03 1.91 1.77 1.75 1.09 1.48 1.56 1. .11) 1. r.9 1.01 l.,50 1.68 1.61 1.63 1.60 1.56 1.61 1.50 1, M 2.17 2.76 2.22 1.82 1.63 1.48 1.32 1. 23 1. 3,-; 1.23 1.2:1 1. 32 1.20 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.1. T 1.29 1.58 1.63 Per 2,240 pounds $3. 304 3.047 3.047 3.941 4.019 4.280 4. 232 4.087 3.579 3.772 3.627 3.845 3.893 3.637 3.821 3.893 3.941 3.869 3.748 3. 651 3.627 3.724 6.247 6.674 5.368 4.401 3.941 3.679 3.192 2.960 3.023 2.974 2.974 2.950 2.902 2.829 2.757 2.708 2.732 3.119 3. 821 3.941 154. Chair cane. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Jifarks. 31.10 32.80 32.18 35.48 30.80 32.12 35.66 53.19 48.62 40.81 37.38 36.75 42.31 63.70 68.15 53.40 50. 53 29.07 43.61 43. 14 44.12 39.51 63.97 53.03 53.66 49.21 48.56 49.31 44.81 39.77 52.33 51.68 51.83 46.69 43.12 43.47 40.19 40.15 39. 42 43.41 45.06 69.28 3.034 .035 .035 .038 .033 .035 .038 .057 .052 .044 .040 .040 .040 .058 .063 .058 .056 .031 .047 .047 .048 .043 .058 . 057 .060 .063 .062 .053 .048 .043 .056 .056 .066 .050 .047 .047 .043 .043 .043 .047 .049 .054 155. Sumao. Per 100 I Per kilos, pound. Marks: 31., '■.3 18.39 17. 37 20. 114 25. 31) 20.80 21. 00 20. 85 30. 04 10. 74 31..IH IK, 77 17.77 17.48 3:1. 15 3:(. 03 33.32 34.66 30.67 33. 14 32.63 37.97 37. 05 35.05 29.68 29.71 29.10 30.57 29.42 27.9; 23.13 24.62 24.02 28.54 29.36 26.40 25.30 23.74 24.94 21.69 23. 85 23.71 $0. 023 .020 .019 .023 .037 .033 .033 . 033 .022 .021 .023 .020 .019 .019 .025 .026 .025 .037 .033 .036 .035 .030 .029 .028 .032 .032 .031 .033 .032 .030 .025 .027 .026 .032 .032 .029 .027 .026 .037 .023 .026 .026 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 369 Exhibit X.— Import prices of ISO commodUies in Hamburg, German i/, from lS50tolS91, tciM eq\avalenU in United States money and measures — Continued. Tear. 156. Tobacco. Per 100 j Per kilos, pouml Marhs. 1850 109.30 1851 111.S9 1852 1 96.U6 1853 112.42 1854 ' 108.75 1855 124.13 1856 161.76 1857 165.59 1858 1 126.60 1859 1 141.25 1860 146.31 1861 164.63 1862 ; 174.33 1863 141.85 1864 ■ 150.26 1865 115.14 1866 1 99.83 1867 114.40 1868 1 131.18 1869 146.86 1870 1 131.63 1S71 ' 159.22 1872 1 177.19 1573 14.1.80 1674 147.91 1875 140.89 1876 146.95 1877 142.97 1878 141.78 1879 128.97 1880 135.21 1881 124.16 1882 110.43 1683 1U7.80 1884 12U.31 1885 124.94 1886 1 126.23 1887 114.20 1888 115.67 1889 125.71 1890 1 131.30 1891 1 122.32 i 157. Tobacco, , ICS. Tobacco, Cuba. I Domingo. Per 100 Per i Per 100 Per kilos. poancL kili.s. pound. $0,118 .121 .llH .121 1 .117 .134 .175 .179 .137 .152 .158 .176 .188 .153 .162 .124 .108 .124 .142 .159 .142 .172 .191 .162 .160 .152 .159 .154 .153 .139 .146 .134 .119 .U6 .130 . l:;5 .136 .123 .125 .136 .142 .132 ifarl'g. 2l.ll. 50 2111.74 172.07 227.23 187.03 192.53 2*1.88 217.42 1S7.56 2:18.38 275.45 313.68 J20.-28 2>4.41 208.54 168.97 14:i.45 120. SO 167. 16 217 08 244.68 415.85 291.84 385.03 225. 01 255.00 410.00 318.89 329. 51 37). 34 177. 27 187.50 201.07 86.14 386.11 177.14 223. 57 303.59 $0. 218 .218 .186 .245 . 202 .208 .304 .235 .202 . 257 .297 .339 .346 .307 iS . 155 .130 .180 .234 .264 .449 .315 .416 .243 .275 .443 .344 .356 .403 .191 . 202 .216 .093 .417 .191 .241 .328 itarkt. 125.59 $0,116 127. 23 .137 129. 46 .140 91.97 .099 95.52 .103 145.53 .157 195.90 .211 211.74 .229 132. 14 .143 131. 77 .142 156.13 .169 1>4. 55 .199 158.07 .171 1U7.35 .116 111.87 .121 100. 27 .108 101. 72 .110 113. 01 .122 88.46 .095 108.65 .U7 101. 19 .109 104.05 .112 16. 83 .148 116. 02 .125 92.90 . 100 86.15 .093 83.13 .090 100.99 .109 104.24 .113 95.39 .103 103.35 .112 106.92 .U5 74.86 .081 69.60 .075 68.00 .073 68.39 .074 79.66 .066 71.93 . 078 66.22 .1^71 78.89 .085 89.15 .096 76.04 .082 159. Tobacco, Porto Itico. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. jrarl-*. 91.82 88.76 89.14 77.45 63.64 77.47 88.24 125. 98 92.01 122. 86 123. 65 110. 86 *7. 78 82. 08 69.77 62.94 50.01 49.36 59.43 93.98 97.20 89.86 89.97 94.39 80.11 83.37 83.95 80.85 141.00 122. 45 97.45 87.18 74. 92 84.85 161.62 I (. 37 75.31 71.04 66.44 61.62 59.39 80.03 1.090 .096 .096 .084 .069 .084 .095 .136 .099 .133 .133 .120 .095 .089 .075 .068 .054 .053 .064 .101 .105 .097 .097 .102 .086 .090 .091 .O.'iT .152 .132 .105 .094 .081 .092 .175 .085 .081 .077 .072 .067 .064 .086 160. Tallow. Per 100 1 Per kilos, ipound. Marls. 69.20 ^.075 60.24 .0.2 76.20 .082 88.86 .090 118.49 .128 104.34 .113 93.39 .101 102. 96 .Ul 97.50 .105 102.74 .111 91.40 .099 93.49 .101 90.03 .097 81.71 - 068 82.02 . 069 56.44 .061 67.21 .073 87.56 .095 69. 26 .090 89.15 .096 87.83 .095 86.78 .094 86. 55 .093 84. 02 .091 62. o6 80.29 85. 87 84.42 81.64 70. 70 69.52 73.53 87.15 90.16 75.43 70. ■:2 57.20 55. 83 52. 72 62. 27 55.90 55.90 .093 .093 .091 .088 .076 .075 .079 .004 .097 .081 . 076 .060 .062 .057 .067 .060 .060 S. Eep. 1394 ^24= 370 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Exhibit A. — Import prices of 180 oommodUies in Hamburg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, tvith equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued.. Year. 1850, 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868. 1869, 1870, 1871 1872, 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888, 1889. 1890. 1891. 161. Cordage, new. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. Marks. 64.79 65.12 56.73 66.93 102. 71 110. 99 86.74 85.03 73.76 75.97 74.10 75.74 89.03 83.51 96.20 86. 24' 92.41 77.36 87.40 89.16 84.26 84.61 88.00 94.92 86.78 80.36 80.57 79.15 77.99 70.34 75.60 73.40 78.64 80.66 77.09 77.16 75.46 74.20 78.09 83.02 79.01 78.94 1.070 .070 .061 .072 .111 .120 .094 .092 .080 .082 .080 .082 .096 .090 .104 .093 .100 .084 .094 .096 .091 .091 .095 .102 .094 .087 .087 .085 .084 .076 .082 .079 .085 .087 .083 .083 .081 .080 .084 .090 .085 .085 162. Catechu. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 40.56 37.99 40.51 59.92 85.69 54.75 63. 27 99.79 73.25 59.60 55.54 51.83 66.91 53. 76 50.96 51.25 58.76 84.39 74.52 63.49 47.] 4 53.85 50.59 46.69 56.65 50.86 51.64 62.66 54.36 62. 55 66.40 58.32 53.47 54.66 55.99 49.66 66.13 68.43 67.49 61.71 65.31 55.79 Per pound. $0. 044 .041 .044 .065 .093 .059 .068 .108 .079 .064 .060 .066 .061 .058 .056 .055 .063 .091 .080 .069 .051 .058 .055 .050 .061 .055 .056 .057 .059 .067 .072 .063 .058 .059 .060 .054 .061 .063 .062 .056 .071 .060 163. G.iml)ier. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 27.12 27.23 35.54 55. 63 53.76 42.63 37.77 38.44 28.25 33.31 35.72 35.03 34.27 44.94 50.62 44.91 40.10 39.66 38.64 38.84 34.47 35.64 46.02 61.47 52.04 63.16 47.48 42.08 38.60 35.66 38.79 37.19 48.06 66.42 49.69 40.69 44.46 45.65 47.83 57.06 66.28 44.71 Per pound. 1.029 .029 .038 060 .068 .046 .041 .041 .030 .036 .039 .038 .037 .049 .055 .048 .043 .043 .042 .042 .037 .038 .050 .056 .056 .057 .051 .045 .042 .038 .042 .040 .052 .061 .054 .044 .048 .049 .052 .062 .060 .048 164. Tea. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 287. 50 297. 64 270, 25 294. 66 284. 93 259. 98 297. 87 341. 81 280. 01 337. 10 379. 17 295. 29 333. 97 350. 17 307. 11 288. 13 277. 07 349. 62 338. 72 316. 19 286. 86 280. 12 302. 08 282. 98 279. 60 288.53 284.31 237.41 223. 23 258.24 236. 62 226. 07 222. 79 212. 42 215. 31 205.64 202.^3 176. 80 206. 46 204. 34 198. 47 214. 74 Per pound. 1.310 .321 .292 .318 .308 .281 .322 .369 .302 .364 .409 .319 .361 .378 .332 .311 .299 .377 .366 .341 .310 .302 .326 .305 .302 .311 .307 .256 .241 .279 .255 .244 .241 .229 .232 .222 .218 .191 .222 .221 .214 .232 165. Fish oil. Per 100 kilos. Marks. 68.60 62.38 62. 45 63.78 64.40 74.54 75; 37 81.47 66.48 64.04 61.02 64.63 74.15 84.56 93.84 86.92 76.67 75.29 66.62 67.48 69.71 63.82 68.30 56.83 60. 46 69.70 60.17 58. 17- 57. 61 47.35 45.57 53.12 62.93 67.06 55.81 46.66 40.79 39.09 37.47 38.67 32.85 39.30 Per pound. ).063 .067 .067 .069 .070 .080 .081 .088 .072 .069 .066 .070 .080 .091 .101 .093 .083 .081 .072 .073 .075 .074 .074 .061 .065 .064 .065 .063 .062 .051 .049 .087 .068 .072 .060 .060 .044 .042 .042 .010 .035 .042 REPORT ON WPIOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 371 Exhibit A. — Import price) of SO commodities in Ramiarg, Germany, from 1S50 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Continued. Tear. 166. Wax. 167. Whale and lisli bone. 168. Spermaceti. 169. Wine. 170. Wine, ex- cluding cham- pagne. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kiloa. Per )ouud. 1850 , . - Ma-flcs. 245.36 279. 72 263. 13 278. 62 264. 08 252. 07 275. 83 268. 73 257.40 255. 96 301.13 262. 69 199.84 245. 97 326. 98 272. 38 266. 59 324. 18 299. 95 320. 03 294. 33 312. 15 336.45 266. 02 273. 83 249.85 219. 01 184.41 218. 31 185. 78 175. 23 181.87 147.62 1'79. 51 167.62 154.88 133. 86 146.42 151. 23 132. 66 134.59 141.45 fO. 265 .302 .284 .301 .285 .272 .298 .290 .278 .276 .325 .283 .216 .266 .353 .294 .288 .350 .324 .345 .318 .337 .363 .287 .296 .270 .236 .199 .236 .201 .189 .196 .159 .194 .181 .167 .145 .158 .163 .143 .145 .153 Marks. 395. 32 347. 12 543. 09 361. 55 400. 69 489. 94 636. 79 911. 63 1, 002. 63 876. 08 824. 53 753.73 736. 26 1, 029. 86 900. 51 971.90 1,063.92 949. 05 675. 95 883. 67 774.96 766. 04 1, 073. 09 919.24 926. 31 1,061.85 1, 157. 72 1,217.79 1, 593. 89 1,002.89 1, 689. 26 1,298.37 1,428.06 1, 770. 41 1,926.06 1, 252. 67 1,186.86 2, 055. 18 1.450.14 1, 622. 16 1,373.23 1,946.71 fO. 427 .375 .586 .390 .442 .529 .687 .984 1.082 .946 .890 .814 .795 1.112 .972 1.049 1.149 1.025 .730 .954 .837 .827 1.168 .992 1.000 1.146 1.250 1.315 1.721 1.083 1.824 1.402 1.542 1.911 2.079 1.352 1.281 2.219 1.666 1.643 1.482 2.102 Marks. 397. 62 485. 79 390. 00 340. 93 314. 81 315.60 437. 27 466. 03 440.47 407.93 347. 76 292. 67 276. 00 251.79 227. 47 223. 86 268. 12 311. 79 331. 09 353. 97 292. 26 260. 33 265. 26 231. 93 230. 63 248.91 248.68 258. 56 245.94 223. 18 210.02 186. 65 163. 86 172. 69 196. 21 128. 94 95.50 97.12 90.78 89.22 86.42 100. 17 $0. 429 .524 .421 .368 .340 .341 .472 .503 .476 .440 .376 .316 .298 .272 .246 .242 .289 .337 .367 .382 .316 .281 .286 .260 .249 .269 .268 .279 .266 .241 .227 .201 .177 .186 .212 .139 .103 .105 .098 .096 .092 .108 Marks. 47.34 41.05 44.00 49.78 69.37 99.56 90.02 112. 24 74.96 59.57 79.42 80.93 71.01 71.02 63.05 62.64 56. 60 65.68 68.71 63.16 57.93 63.73 63.51 71.82 84.60 67.72 66.27 79.49 84.04 81.52 91.60 94.00 88.83 91.08 78.74 79.07 76.57 78.94 79.18 84.02 90.49 87.79 $0. 051 .044 .048 .054 .076 .107 .097 .121 .081 .064 .086 .087 .077 .077 .068 . .008 .061 .071 .074 .068 .063 .069 .069 .078 .091 .073 .072 .086 .091 .088 .099 .101 .096 .098 .085 .085 .083 .085 .085 .091 .098 .095 Marks. 39.73 33. 78 36.09 43.96 63.58 87.82 80.80 103. 30 66.72 64.70 73.21 74.27 63.08 63.52 67.27 57.91 51.57 59.83 61.63 58.54 53.32 57.52 67.46 66.99 80.18 64.54 62.52 75.03 79.89 77.94 86.10 88.78 82.71 83.73 73.00 74.61 71.84 74.90 75.95 80.07 80.17 82.60 $0. 043 .036 1851 1852 .040 1853 .047 1854 .069 1855 .095 1856 .087 1857 .112 1858 .072 1859 .059 I860 .079 1861 .080 1862 .009 1863 .069 1861 .062 1865 .063 .056 1867 .065 1868 .066 1869 .063 1870 .058 .062 1872 .062 .072 1874 .087 1875 .070 .067 1877 .081 .086 .081 1880 .093 .096 1882' .089 1883 .090 .079 .080 1886 .078 .081 1888 - .082 .086 .093 1891 .089 372 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Exhibit A. — Impwt prices of 180 commodities in Hamburg, Germany, from 1S50 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measwres — Continued. Year. 171. Cham- pagne. Per 100 Per kilos, pound. 172. "Wine, French. Per 100 Per kiLos. pound. 173. Wine.Por- tagnese. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 174. Wine, Spanish. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 175. Wieat. Per 100 kilos. Per bushel. 1850.. 1851 . . 1852. . 1853.. 18.54. . 1855.. 1856.. 1857.. 1858.. 1859.. I860.. 1861.. 1862. . 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1860. . 1807.. 1868.. 3869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1878. . 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1377.. 1878. . 1879. . 1880., 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884. 1885.. 1886. 1887., 1888. J8S9. 1890. 1891. Marke. 300. 42 309. 68 298. 46 309. 49 308. 62 319. 48 322. 59 352. 53 337. 11 335. 04 337. 65 324. 78 334. 28 339. 63 331. 47 335. 47 365. 23 376.09 352. 75 354. 73 354,01 368. 07 380. 74 381. 97 397. 25 390. 08 378. 28 391.81 370. 30 376. 69 393. 94 415. 47 403. 59 419. 52 389. 95 387. 13 370. 96 375. 33 368. 95 413. 82 415. 05 440. 82 9.324 .334 .322 .334 .333 .345 .348 .381 .364 .362 .365 .351 .361 .367 .858 .362 .394 .406 .381 .383 .382 .397 .411 .412 .429 .421 .408 .423 .400 .407 .425 .449 .436 .453 .421 .418 .400 .405 .398 .447 .448 .476 Marks. 30.95 26.88 27.69 36.41 53.16 74.21 63.37 77.01 53.97 42.60 59.35 62.89 56. 17 52.11 41.79 47.65 39.46 47.25 51. 23 49.71 42.92 48.66 57.22 64.08 76.33 59.97 56.21 70.63 77.53 75.40 92.30 91.96 79.77 83.32 66.56 70.41 73.25 73.28 75.20 73.86 84.53 88.63 1. 033 .029 .030 .039 .057 .080 .068 .083 .056 .046 .064 .068 .061 .056 .045 .051 .043 .051 .055 .054 .046 .053 .062 .069 .082 .065 .061 .076 .084 .081 .100 .099 .086 .090 .072 .076 .079 .079 .081 Marks. 89.56 83.78 83.14 102. 18 122. 62 139. 27 189. 10 199. 15 206. 90 188. 62 198.24 214. 72 193. 89 263. 61 198. 51 194.45 186. 36 186. 30 194.64 122. 59 151. 20 182. 18 161. 11 151. 73 168. 37 158. 04 148. 03 150. 86 159. 79 160. 88 167. 83 142. 62 124.09 114. 52 118. 68 113. 97 86.96 107. 69 122. 72 121. 02 122. 11 116. 81 $0. 097 .090 .090 .110 .132 .150 .204 .215 .223 .204 .214 .232 .209 .285 .214 .210 .201 .201 .210 .132 .163 .197 .174 .164 .182 .171 .160 .163 .173 .174 .181 .154 .135 .124 .128 .123 .094 .116 .132 .131 .132 .126 Marks. 40.44 49.60 49.29 54.62 62.07 72.03 86.50 110. 51 97.00 73.97 85.36 89.78 60.72 102. 09 85.05 82.56 95.62 93.85 88.50 82.97 64.44 76.69 70.62 61.10 69.75 67.86 71.42 67.91 72.25 70.18 64.98 70.50 74.17 76.74 71.96 69.32 63.13 64.91 65.30 88.97 92.80 73.59 10.044 .054 .053 .059 .067 .078 .093 .119 .105 .080 .092 .097 .066 .110 .092 .089 .103 .101 .096 .090 .070 .083 .076 .066 .075 .073 .077 .073 .078 .076 .070 .076 .080 .083 .078 .075 .068 .070 .070 .096 .100 .070 Marks. 15.22 16.08 15.36 20. .51 27.55 31.01 23.90 19.79 19.40 18.99 22.50 24.72 2L94 20.18 17.17 18.81 21.05 24.33 25.78 21.11 20.61 24.10 24.16 25.24 24.28 20.17 20.57 23.08 18.92 21.77 21.21 21.37 19.91 18.17 16.54 14.85 14.85 14.98 14.42 14.29 14.80 18.46 1.042 .995 1.329 1.785 2.009 1.548 1.282 1.257 1.230 1.457 1.601 1.421 1.307 1.112 1.218 1.363 1.576 1.670 1.367 1.335 1. 561 1.565 1.635 1.573 1.306 1.332 1.495 1.226 1.410 1.374 1.384 1.290 1.1T7 1.071 .962 .962 .970 .934 .926 .959 1.196 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 373 Exhibit A. — Import prices of ISO commodities in Eamlarg, Germany, from 1850 to 1891, with equivalents in United States money and measures — Concluded. 176. Wool, sheep and lamb. 177. Wool, shoddy. 178. Tartar of wine, crude. 179. Tartar of wine, pure. 180. Tin. Per 100 kilos. Per lound. Per 100 kilos. Per )ound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. Per 100 kilos. Per pound. 1850 Marks. 284.65 297. 00 241. 14 237. 16 279. 46 277. 28 313.11 355. 73 208. 54 263. 27 823. 14 259. 25 250. 09 284. 42 281. 08 313.49 283. 09 259. 25 307. 10 287.95 307. 22 298. 11 419. 63 381.14 319. 14 329.28 275. 70 292. 41 297. 00 310. 47 206.01 233. 38 262. 26 244.08 198. 47 202. 10 185.68 183. 52 151.09 365. 90 175.01 170.34 $0. 307 .321 .260 .256 .302 .299 .338 .384 .225 .284 .349 .280 .270 .307 .303 .338 .306 .280 .332 .311 .332 . 322 .453 .411 .345 .355 .298 .316 .321 .335 .320 .311 .283 .263 .214 .218 .200 .198 .164 .179 .189 .184 Marks. Marks. 79.34 86.70 76.99 88.93 160. 45 157. 43 155.30 119. 88 108. 20 114. 84 131.65 136. 27 135.46 134. 60 139.59 120. 20 109.84 109. 92 112.38 90.33 86.00 101. 58 176.53 142, 23 144. 54 160. 93 163. 04 161. 33 145. 88 145. 37 164. 74 157. 34 163. 58 173.77 181. 69 178. 57 187. 55 174. 13 158.12 124.79 119.26 120.25 $0. 086 .094 .083 .096 .162 .170 .168 .129 .117 .124 .142 .147 .146 .145 .151 .130 .119 .119 .121 .098 .093 .110 .191 .154 .156 .174 .176 .174 .157 .167 .178 .170 .177 .188 .198 .193 .202 .188 .171 .135 .129 .130 Marks. 137. 40 130. 13 125. 24 189. 61 245.59 216. 09 220.43 216.73 214.07 252. 81 274. 22 256.48 241. 47 222. 03 215.65 204. 66 182. 06 163. 31 157.23 178.88 176. 99 198. 33 229. 16 233. 71 235. 58 233.11 221. 86 215.65 211.85 217.39 243. 84 237.63 234.44 266. 13 219. 38 243.47 234.24 231.85 189. 35 170. 78 155. 90 181.40 $0. 148 .140 .135 .205 .265 .233 .288 .234 .231 .273 .296 .277 .261 .240 .233 .221 .197 .170 .170 .193 .191 .214 .247 .252 .254 .252 .240 .233 .238 .236 .263 .257 .253 .287 .237 .263 .253 .250 .204 .184 .168 .198 Marks. 151. 16 159.74 172. 65 244. «li 235. 11 230. 93 266. 18 298. 25 245.26 273.64 278. 59 244.55 244.32 260. 61 224. 14 198. 43 178. 18 186. U l£e.73 249.70 257.67 276.79 311.76 298. 14 213. 87 198.83 184. 55 163. 71 145. 62 146.30 177. 88 187. 76 200. 26 200. 54 184. 49 170. 24 172.52 188.42 213. 22 184.27 177.20 174.21 $0,163 1851 .172 , .186 1853 .264 1854 40.00 27.27 28.75 25.00 80.45 56.57 119.43 131. 34 153. 79 132. 25 131.03 127. 10 134. 74 108.08 104. 59 92.39 91.98 102.55 122. 26 118. 84 172. 08 192.48 177. 35 125. 90 130.11 154. 40 228. 72 214. 39 200.29 193. 50 117.70 12«. 80 80.14 91.67 91.15 82.41 104.17 104.64 (0.043 .029 .031 .027 .087 .061 .129 .142 .166 .iSi .137 .145 .117 .113 .100 .099 .111 .132 .128 .186 .218 .191 .136 .140 .167 .247 .231 .216 .209 .127 .137 .087 .099 .098 .089 .112 .113 .254 1855 .249 1856 .287 1857 .322 1858 .265 1859 .295 I860 .301 1861 1862 .264 .264 1863 .281 1864 .242 1865 .214 1866 .192 .201 1868 .208 1869 .270 1870 .278 .299 1872 .337 .322 1874 .230 .215 .199 1877 .177 .157 1879 .168 1880 .192 .203 1882 .216 1883 1884 .216 .199 :885 .184 .186 1887 .203 1888 .230 1889 1890 .191 1891 .183 APPENDIX B. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Dbpaktment op Labor, Washington, D. C, August 19, 1892. Dear Sir : I have the honor to forward herewith the original data collected by this Department relative to rates of wages and prices of commodities covering the period from 1840 to 1891, inclnsive, with the tabulated results and tabulations of data collected by the exiierts em- ployed directly by your committee. The larger part of this material has been transmitted to your com- mittee from time to time as completed, but with this letter the final tables are handed you. The wholesale prices of commodities for 52 years are, as a rule, the prices at which such commodities were sold at first hands, that is, by producers, and the prices have been taken, except where noted to the contrary, from actual sales. The rates of wages for 62 years, with the exception of those for the coal, iron, glass, and pottery industries, were collected by this Depart- ment from actual payrolls. The following is a list of the tables herewith transmitted to you : X. — Wholesale prices of farm products for 62 years. XI. — Wholesale prices of comijoodities for 52 years. XII. — Rates of wages for 52 years. XIII. — Rates of wages for 52 years in the coal, iron, glass, and pottery industries. XIV. — Teachers' salaries for 52 years. XV. — Prices paid by the Bureau of Provisions and Clothing (Navv Department), 1840-'92. o V J i i> XVI.— Prices paid hy the Office of the Quartermaster General (War Department), 1840-'91. ' XVII.— Prices paid by the Office of the Surgeon General (War Department), 1840-'91. XVIII.— Prices paid by the Office of the Commissary General of Subsistence (War Department), 1840-'91. XIX.— Prices paid by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1877-'92. Clothing, etc. XX.— Prices paid by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1877-'92. Food, etc. The facts comprehended in Table X, wholesale prices of farm prod- ucts for 52 years, were collected for your committee under the direc- tion of Ool. J. R. Dodge, Statistician of the Department of Agriculture. Those comprehended in Table XI, wholesale prices of commodities for 52 years, were collected in the main by this Department through its corps of agents and experts. In some cases experts employed directly by the committee furnished the data for the tabulation. The facts for Table XII, rates of wages for 52 years, were collected entirely by this Department. Those for Table XIII, rates of wages for 52 years in the ooal, iron, glass, and pottery industries, wore collected for your commit- 374 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 375 tee, directly under your supervision, by Joseph D. Weeks, esq., of Pittsburgh. The data from which Table XIV, teachers' salaries for 52 years, has been constructed, were furnished by the Bureau of Educa- tion, under the direction of Hon. William T. Harris, Commissioner of Education. The facts for all the other tables, from XV to XX, inclu- sive, were obtained from the bureaus named in the titles of said tables, through the courtesy of the heads of the Departments to which such bureaus belong, and with the hearty and cordial assistance of the chiefs of the bureaus. All the facts shown in the tables transmitted herewith have been col- lected and tabulated with the same care that was exercised in securing and tabulating the data relating to the retail prices referred to in my letter of July 15, 1892, and as printed in the report of your committee, being report 986 of the Senate. I need not, therefore, repeat the state- ments made therein. There will be transmitted later on a table showing wholesale prices for 52 years of some additional commodities, with two supplementary tables which complete the series of prices and wages of Tables XI and XII to October 1892. The following is a list of the new tables to be transmitted: XXI. — Additional ■vrholesale prices of commodities for 52 years. XXII. — Wholesale prices of commodities in October 1S91, and October 1892. XXIII.— Rates of wages in July 1891, and October 1892. It is a pleasure to renew my acknowledgments to Mr. Oren W. Weaver, the chief clerk of this Department, and Mr. G. W. W. Hanger, statistical expert, for their valuable assistance in carrying out the wishes of your committee. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, Caeeoll D. Weight, Commissioner of Labor. Hon. I^Telson W. Aldeioh, Chairman Sub-committee oil Tariff, Committee on Finance, United States Senate. APPENDIX C. REPORT OF THE STATISTICIAN, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TJ. S. Department of Agriculttteb, Division op Statistics, Washington, D. C, September 5, 1892. SiE : In accordance with the request of yoiu- committee, an investi- gation has been made of prices of certaia principal farm products, in representative commercial cities, the results of which have been duly presented to you. The requirement was for quarterly quotations in each year since 1840, to show the course of prices for half a century. The cities selected were New York, Cincinnati, and Chicago. It was understood, as to the latter, which has had most of its growth, and nearly all of its business development, during the past twenty years, that it would be difficult to complete the earlier quotations satisfacto- rily; and a similar defect in the results of the first decade of the in quiry in Cincinnati was expected. Indeed, it was not an easy task, even in New Tork, to secure average prices for the same quality and kind of product, before the organization of authoritative boards for the regulation ot classifications and the systematic record of daily trans- actions. The following list selected, including such staple products as might admit of classification and averaging, was suggested. It was recognized that fruits and vegetables, variable in quality and diverse in variety, and so perishable that values depend upon relative freshness, could not be quoted with any promise of a useful analysis. So with many other minor products of the farm, of very unequal local distribution, and peculiarly subject to vicissitudes of the seasons, causing fluctuations militating against any satisfactory comparison of prices. It is sufii- ciently difficult, as to staple products, to find an unchanging basis of comparison. The following products are included in the list: Animals for slaughter : Beeves, per 100 pounds, live weight. Sheep, per 100 pounds, live ■vreight. Lamt)S, per 100 pounds, live weight. Swine, per 100 pounds, live weight. Hides, raw, per pound. Corn, No. 2, per bushel. Wheat, No. 2, per busheL Oats, No. 2, per bushel. Kye, per bushel. Barley, per bushel. Clover seed, per bushel. Flaxseed, per bushel. Timothy seed, per bushel. Hemp, per ton. Cotton, middling, per pound. 376 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 377 The quotations were made from tlie records of commercial bodies, under the direction, as far as possible, of the responsible ofBcers of those organizations. The Produce Exchange of IS^ew York, the New- York Cotton Exchange, the Chamber of Commerce of Cincinnati, and the Board of Trade of Chicago furnished all needed facilities for the prosecution of the work for the periods covered by their systematic records; and prior to their initial dates recourse was had to the reg- ular price-records in the principal newspapers of tlie time, books of old mercantile firms and aU availatsle means of obtaining just and discrim- inating views of prices. The local work in New York was under the immediate direction of Hon. Alonso Bell, formerly Assistant Secretary of the U. S. Depart- ment of the Interior ; in Cincinnati was conducted by Superintendent Charles B. Murray, the executive officer of the Chamber of Commerce; and in Chicago was directed by Mr. B. Frank Howard, editor of the Chicago Daily Trade Bulletin. In certain products the grades are so diverse in kind and quality, or have been on the market for so short a period, that breaks must neces- sarily occur in this record of a half century. In view of these and other difficulties in fixing a uniform basis for a continuous comparison, it is believed that the results of the investigation have been highly successful, furnishing the most rehable record of prices available for this important period in the history of the agricultural production of the United States. Very respectfully, J. E. Dodge, Hon. Nelson W. Albrich, Chairman Sub-committee on Tariff, Committee on Mnanfie, United States Senate, Statistician, APPENDIX D. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C, August 17, 1892. Sir: I beg leave to submit herewith some figures showing compara- tive rates of wages for teachers for the past 50 years. Foi' this pur- pose I have selected the cities of Boston, Baltimore, Cincinnati, and St. Louis, partly for the reason that these cities serve as an index for wages in different parts of the United States, and partly for the reason that records of salaries extending back a half century are easily acces- sible in these cases. I have also added some statistics of the rural districts of Massachu- setts. Statistics are not accessible for the rural districts of other parts of the Union so far as I know. The counties of Barnstable and Frank- lin contain no cities or large villages, and the summaries given wiU show approximately how wages have been running in rural districts for the past 50 years. In extending these statistics to other parts of the country by way of a basis of estimate, one must remember that the wages of teachers in Massachusetts have kept ahead of the rest«of the country by nearly twenty-five per cent; that is to say, while in Boston the wages of the masters of grammar schools have risen to $1',S80 per annum, the salaries in the other cities of same grade of teachers have risen to $2,200 as a maximum. Perhaps one may say that it is safer to allow 40 per cent than 25 per cent. Yery respectfully, W. T. Harris, Commissioner. Hon. Nelson W. Aldrich, Chairman Sub-committee on Tariff, Committee on Finance, United States Senate. 378 APPENDIX E. REPORT OF BIR. S. N. D. NORTH. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OP WOOL MANUFACTUEEES. Office, 70 Kilhy Street, Boston, Mass., June 6, 1892. Bear Sir: In accordance with the request of the sub-committee of the Finance Committee of the Senate, I have devoted a large part of my time, for several months past, to the work of securing- yearly quota- tions of the market prices of the different varieties of woollen goods (exclusive of carpets), to be used by the committee in its investigation of the course of prices during the last fifty years. I have made use of the blanks prepared for that purpose by the Department of Labor, and have carefully observed all the rules and methods adopted by the com- mittee. I have addressed personally, or by letter, or through the agents of the Department of Labor, more than 200 woollen mauufiicturers located in difierent sections of the country, confining my applications for (lata chiefly to mills that have been long in existence, and whose goods are known in the market as standard. I have received at the hands of all of them the most courteous response, and encountered a cheerful readiness to do everything in their power to aid the committee in its work. Nevertheless, the results are extremely disappointing and un.satisfac- tory, probably more so than will be encountered by the committee in any other branch of its inquiry. This is due to certain recognized and unavoidable limitations, not elsewhere existing, the nature and ef- fect of which it is proper to explain in detail, for they have an impor- tant bearing upon any conclusions the committee may seek to draw from the limited number of price lists that have been secured. The diflSculty is due, primarily, to the fact that in every variety of woollen goods the characteristics of the fabric undergo constant changes so fundamental as to make it no longer the same fabric, except perhaps in name, and no longer an article the price of which in one year is prop- erly comparable with its price in another. The decrees of fashion compel more frequent modifications in pattern, in weave, in texture, aud in material, in woollen goods, than in any other line of manufactures. The variations in the raw material are so great that very few mills manufacture the identical goods from year to year for a period of years long enough to answer the purposes of the committee. In both respects the wool manufacture differs from everj^ other tex- tile industry, and the standards of comparison, applicable to others, can not be applied to it. In cotton goods a print cloth made of No. 28 and No. 36 yarns, in 1860, is identical with a print cloth made of the same yarns in 1890. You can find no parallel to that Ulustratiou in woollen 379 380 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. goods, for while weave, weight, picks, etc., may remain the same in a flannel there have occurred variations in the wool supply in the inter- val sufficient to justify the claim that while nominally the same fabric at both periods, it is not actually identical. Cotton is the same fiber at all times, with but two or three well defined varieties. Silk is uniform everywhere, and at all times. But wool dilfers in coudition and characteristics every year, and from every locality, and the differ- ent breeds, grades, sorts, and varieties accessible to the manufacturer are innumerable. As a matter of fact, all wool manufacturers are con- stantly changing the sources from which they draw their raw material. This variation in the raw material is more fully explained in the letter of Mauger & Avery, accompanying their tables of the prices of foreign and domestic wools, and they have found it exceedingly ditf\j cult to present satisfactory comparisons because of it. Australasian wool was not known or used to any extent in this country prior to about 1870, and we are now consuming about 26,000,000 pounds annually. Up to the tariff of 1867 we were consuming mestiza or South American clothing wool very largely in our fabrics for popular wear. Since that date we have used practically none of this wool. In the interval, also, has grown up that immense source of the domestic supi)ly, commonly called "Territorial," coming from west of the Mississippi Eiver, and possessing characteristics essentially different from the wools of the Middle and Eastern States, which were formerly chiefly relied upon. Again, the substitution of merino or clothing wool for the long comb- ing wools (class 2 in the tariff clasification), which were exclusively used in the worsted manufacture prior to about 1873, made possible by the improvement in combing machinery, has effected another revolution in the manufacture. All these variations in material have involved essential variations in fabrics so radical as to render comparisons in prices in most instances statistically impossible. Again, the use of substitutes for wool is of comparatively mod- ern origin, and it has given birth to a new line of fabrics, unknown to our ancestors, possessing many qualities which commend them to popular use, and permitting poor people to clothe themselves satisfac- torily and even handsomely at a cost much less than was formerly possible. The best illustration of the latter is the case of satinets, a fabric still widely worn, as it was in the early days of the Eepublic, but no longer made by the same processes or of the same materials, and no longer therefore a fabric which it is proper or even possible to compare with itself in any effort to trace the course of prices. It has been found impossible to obtain any line of quotations which win indicate the effect upon prices of the improved machinery in the manufacture of shoddy and the kindred species of renovated wool, and in the utilization of the wastes engendered by machine manufacture, which were formerly lost. The cloths thus made differ so radically in their constituents from year to year, that after most diligent inquiry I have not discovered a single miU whose make, for any length of time, has been sufficiently uniform to permit of a comparison of prices. Again, the use of cotton, in admixture with wool, has had a powerfal influence in reducing the cost of clothing. It is true that the cotton warp, with a wool filling, as a combination for the cheaper grades of men's wear cloths, is as old as the country itself. The records of the census of 1820 reveal the fact that the majority of the miUs then em- ployed in the manufactuie of woollen goods were engaged in the manu- REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 381 facture of these mixed goods, commonly called satinets, and already- referred to. It is true, also, that in the earlier days the men, as well as the women, were clad very largely in all cotton garments, such as cor- duroys^nd jeans, to which they were compelled by the liigh prices of wool. Such goods are now almost obsolete, and the people are in con- sequence much more warmly and healthily clad than formerly. In ad- dition to the cotton warp, cotton is now spun with wool, into a yarn known as merino, and permitting a much cheaper fabric, possessing some at least of the virtues of woollen garments. These are all changes in the methods" of fabrication, having a most important bearing upon an investigation of this character, the influence of which upon prices it is unfortunately impossible to statistically present, for the reason already stated — the impossibility of obtaining any uniform standard of comparison. It is beyond denial that there has been a very great cheapening of clothing to the people of the United States in the last fifty years, effected by changing the character of fabrics, which changes place all fabrics to which they apply, outside the limits of the investigation of the committee. In which the most important reductions in prices, effected by producing new and cheaper fabrics which answer all the purposes of those they supercede, must be entirely lost sight of. Shut out from considering all reductions in price which involve any modification in the character of the cloth, the committee is necessarily deprived of the most important data, and in fact the only true data, for determining the relative cost of clothing at two periods at all remote from each other. The influence of these changes in the methods of fabrication has been particularly noticeable in fabrics for women's wear, in which the intro- duction of the cotton warp is of comparatively recent origin. So marked have been the changes above referred to, in the manufac- ture of woollen goods, that as a result of inquiries carried on among more than 200 mills, it has been possible to find not more than a score which have made goods of a character so uniformly identical as to permit of satisfactory quotations of prices for any considerable number of years. Either by changes in the weight or width of the goods, by the use of a different number or count of yarn or a different grade of stock in its preparation, or a change in the number of picks, or a modi- fication of the finish, the goods are no longer the same as they were ten, twenty, or more years ago. The Pacific Mills, one of the largest of our establishments for the manufacture of ladies' dress goods, stated that they are not manufac- turing to-day a single fabric which they made ten years ago or one so nearly identical with any fabric made prior to that date, that quota- tions of prices could be accepted as indicating the value of the same article from year to year. As to their present production, they stated that better fabrics than were formerly made are being constantly put upon the market at lower prices than the nearest corresponding grade of dress goods commanded at the time of their manufacture. The Arlington Mills reported the same variations in their fabrics of similar character. A particular instance is given by this mill, that of black alpacas, mohairs, and brilliantines, a class of dress fabrics not undertaken in this country until 1872, in whose manufacture this mill achieved a remarkable success, which continued until the change of fashion led to their entire abandonment, and nothing is now manufac- tured in this mill which admits of any comparison in prices. It thus happens that it is impossible to carry on a single line of 382 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. quotations in woollen goods, from among the numbers of quotations whicli are contained in the annual report of the Secretary of the Treas- ury, Hon. W. M. Meredith, in 1849. The introduction of the domestic manufacture of worsted goods for men's wear, which dates from about the year 1809, has increased the difiiculties of such a comparison, for it has effected something in the nature of a revolution in the manufacture. Woollen and worsted goods are now manufactured in nearly equal proportions for men's clothing, and they differ so radically in manufacture, and have acted and reacted upon each other in such a way as to frequently introduce abnormal conditions. I may illustrate the effect of all these changes by the case of broad- cloths. Fifty years ago this fabric was very widely worn, and a great majority of the mills were engaged in its manufacture. To-day it is hardly worn at all, and the single mill which now makes it, for special and limited purposes, employs most of its machinery upon other fabrics. This mill, the Slater Company, at Webster, Mass., has furnished quota- tions for the whole period, which show a reduction in the price of~the first quality of black broadcloth made from XXX wool from $3.15, in 1840, to $1.97, in 1891, but the price reported for 1891 is identical with that reported for 1860. There being no longer any competition in these goods and no popular use for them, and an extremely limited produc- tion, the manufacturers are able to make and keep their prices from year to yea.r, and they thus afford no criterion by which to judge of the general course of prices in woollen goods. To include them in ascer- taining a general average would be to destroy the value of that average. Such an average must be based upon goods which continue in popular use and are thus subject to the ordinary laws of competition. I find upon consultation with manufacturers who were engaged in the practical manufacture of woollen goods before the war, that their general judgment is that prices will now average about 25 per cent less than in 1860. This judgment is based upon the general knowledge they have from their books of the course of prices rather than upon calculations which are made from the prices obtained for any particular fabric. In calculating this reduction, they include the less favorable terms they are now able to obtain, of which it is impossible to take cognizance in a statistical investigation. The present terms in the wooUen trade are exceedingly trying. The abuse of "dating ahead" is carried to such an excess that the manufacturer, in most instances, actually begins his production for the year to come before he has re- ceived his money for the production of the previous year. The exten- sion of credits is of course equivalent to a reduction in price, but it can not be indicated in market quotations. With this reduction in prices the perfection of machinery has had much to do, but it is not possible to indicate howmuch. The most radical improvements in woollen machinery, outside the worsted industry, were generally in vogue prior to the war. But subsequent modifications have materially increased its efficiency. The wooUen card is now made with wider cylinders, and feeders and other attachments have increased its capacity with a diminution of the labor required to operate. In spinning machinery the old fashioned hand jack is now superceded by the automatic mule. In almost all American woollen mills spinning continued to be done on the hand jack down to the close of the civil war, and it may still be found in a number of the smaller mills. The hand jack usually carries 240 spindles, mules carry 300 or more spin- dles, and the economical gain in production as well as in the saving of REPORT OH WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 383 labor, is very great. The increase in production has been estimated as high as 30 per cent and the decreased cost of spinning as high as 50 per cent on the same wage basis. Up to 1857 broad looms were run at about 45 picks per minute. In that year the Cromptons placed on the market a fancy loom, with 24 harness capacity^ operating at a speed of 85 picks per minute, and no subsequent advance in weaving apparatus has been so great. Broad looms are run at the present time at 90 to 95 picks per minute, and in some instances 100 to 105. Other improvements, such as stop motions, power pick-finding devices, etc., enable a larger production from looms than the difference in speed would indicate, but it is impossible to say what the percentage of gain is. Narrow looms, except for pattern work, have not been manufactured to any extent since 1870. There have been improvements in finishing machinery also, but not equal to those in weaving. To oflset the gain in the efficiency of machinery has come the great increase in the wages of operatives since 18C0 — an increase which is variously estimated at from 50 to 75 per cent, and the exact average of which increase it is to be hoped your investigation will be able to de- termine. While a much smaller number of operators will produce a given amount of product, as compared with 1860, it seems probable that the payroll, to produce it, will be about the same in amount as then. The main decrease in the cost of woollen goods must therefore be at- tributed to the decline in the prices of the raw material, and to the closer margins on which goods are sold. The difference in the domestic price of wool, in 1891, as compared with 1800, is difBcult to determine, owing to the great change in the condition of domestic fleeces as marketed. Ohio fine wool, the average price of which for 1859, 1860, and 1861 was 52J cents, (according to JVl auger & Avery's tables. Appendix F,) yielded at that time from 52 ® 60 per cent in scoured condition. The average price in the same wool in 1889, 1890, and 1891 was 32|- cents, but its average yield to-day is but 44 fa) 48 per cent. It therefore seems safe to say that the decline in the prices of home- made manufactured goods has been greater than the decline in the prices of the domestic raw material. Respectfully submitted. S. F. D. ISTORTH, Secretary. Hon. Nelson W. Aldeich, Chairman Sub-committee on Tariff, Committee on Finance, United States Senate. APPENDIX F. REPORT OF MESSRS. MAUGER AND AVERY. Boston, ]Mass., June 6, 1893. Dear Sir : In accordance with the request of the finanee committee, we have prepared the inclosed table showing the average price of American wool in Boston, taking the scoured value of fine Ohio fleece wool as a basis, and the price in London of average Australian fleece, scoured, in each year since 1850. It was not possible to carry this table back to 1840, as requested by you. These earlier figures, if accessible, would be valueless for com- parative purposes, because the Australian wool clip was not so impor- tant a factor in the London wool market prior to 1850, in which year the total production of this wool had only reached 39,000,000 pounds. It is proper to state that the chief foreign supply in the United States of merino wools between 1840 and 1850, and for many years after, were those of the Cape of Good Hope, and the South American mestiza. These were, however, mainly consumed by a few of the manufacturers of felts, broadcloths, and flannels, and did not compete to any great extent with American fleeces. The imports from South America in 1845 were 12,278,787 pounds, while the total imports of foreign wool in that year were only 23,896,294 pounds, including carpet wools. Trust- worthy quotations of the mestiza wools for the whole of this period are not obtainable. Comparisons between the prices of Ohio fine wool and the corre- sponding grade of Australian wool cannot properly be made in the earMer years of this table, and have but little significance, and there- fore should not be attempted, although we have supplied the figures in accordance with your request. Such a comparison between Ohio and Australian wools cannot prop- erly be made prior to 18795 for the premium on gold, from 1861 to that year, introduces an element of uncertainty in the calculation which stUl farther disturbs accuracy. Uiitil the year 1872 the American im- ports of Australian wool were very small. In that year the importa- tions direct jtunped suddenly to 12,748,548 pounds, never having reached one mdlion pounds per annum prior tn that date. On account of the discriminating duty of 10 per cent on imports east of the Cape of Good Hope when imported from Europe, these wools were all im- ported direct up to and including that year, when the extra dutj- was repealed. This large importation of 1872 introduced the Australian wools for the first time in quantities to American manufacturers. Again in 1879 and 1880, these wools were imported very largely, and began to be more generally popular with American manufacturers, who found that a percentage of Australian wool was required to produce the ''feel" of the foreign goods they were struggling to compete against. 384 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 385 Therefore the most that can be said respecting the earlier years of these tables is that the price of wool, calculated on the value of the scoured pound, was higher in the United States than in London by from 30 per cent to 85 per cent from 1850 to 1857, or an average con- siderably in excess of the duty of 30 per cent which prevailed during those years — a fact explained by the limited knowledge and restricted use of foreign wool in this country, and the wholly insufficient domestic supply— a supply which prior to 1860 never exceeded 60,000,000 pounds per annum, according to the estimate of the Department of Agriculture. As the colonial wool clip has increased with accelerating rapidity, and the immense product has been pushed into all the corners of the world, partially destroying the merino wool industry in France, Ger- many, and Spain, and becoming the standard of values not only for Europe, but the United States also, the London prices have fallen steadily, and the difference between these prices and those of the American clip has approached the point when it consists only of the duty on wool and the charges of transportation; and this ditterence is frequently less than the amount of duty and charges. TJiat the clip of Australia increases so rapidly is evidence that in spite of declining values the business of wool growing must stiU continue to be profitable there. ' The Australian wool grower has a climate particularly favorable for sheep raising; many of the "stations" have from 100,000 to 200,000. sheep, and we have heard of one concern owning over 500,000 sheep. Owing to the business methods and thorough system employed in put- ting up their wools, they can be shipped from Melbourne and sold in London at an expense of about one penny per pound — about the cost for freight on wool shipped from our far west to seaboard markets. It is only possible to ascertain the relative cost of wool in the United States and England by reducing the wool to the scoured basis and measuring prices upon that basis. The difterence in the condition of Ohio fleece wool and Australian wool, as marketed, is so radical that any comparison of prices in the conditions marketed, means absolutely nothing, even as between wools almost identical in character for spinning purposes. Australian wools are skirted, while Ohio wools are sent to market as shorn from the sheep. Skirting removes the breech and other inferior portions of the fleece, enhancing the value of the remainder. Thus it hapf»ens that the shrinkage in the scouring of an unwashed Australian fleece is frequently less than the shrinkage of a washed Ohio fleece. The Ohio farmer who obtains the same nominal price for his wool that the corresponding Australian wool obtains in London, secures a price which is actually from six to ten cents higher, or by as much as the presence of skirtings may increase its shrinkage. The condition of Ohio wools has been growing heavier of late years, correspondingly decreasing the yield when scoured, while the Aus- tralian wools have as steadily improved in condition. Port Philip fleece which formerly yielded about 40 per cent, now yields 45 per cent, while the yield of Ohio washed fleeces has been gradually decreasing. Formerly yielding 56 per cent, they now yield only about 45 per cent. Hence it happens that Ohio washed fleece is compared in this table with Australian wool in the grease. The scoured value of Australian wool in London, as shown in column 10 of these tables, is not the result of a given percentage of shrinkage calculated upon the value of the greasy wool as given in either column 4 or column 5, but is a value determined by market quotations of S. Eep. 1394 ^25 386 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. scoured wool, as recorded by Helrauth, Scliwartze & Co. It may bo taken as the equivalent London price of an American wool, the scoured value of which in Boston is given in column 2. This London value of the scoured pound varies not only with varied market conditions, but also with the condition of the wool. The average shrinkage of all descriptions and grades of Australian wools sent to London is reckoned at about 58 per cent, but upon wools corresponding with Ohio flue it may be calculated at o~> per cent. American purchases are confined to wools of the lightest slirinkage, on account of the duty, and these piu'chases will not average to shrink more than 50 to 53 per cent. To determine the effect of the duty in enhancing the price of Ohio fine wool, as measured by the price of a like grade of Australasian wool in the London market, at the present time, a shrinkage of 55 per cent for each should be adopted in each case, as shown above. On this basis we have the following results for the year 1891 : Ohio fine washed fleece, costing 31f cents in 1891 and shrinking 55 per cent, averages to cost 70f cents per scoured pound. Port Philip good average grease, costing in London in 1891, 20 cents, and also shrinking 55 per cent, averages to cost, in the United States, duty and charges paid, 72J cents, per scoured pound, as follows : Wool $0.20 Duty 11 Charges 0150 Cost 3250 Or 72i cents per scoured pound. Cost in London, 44| cents per scoured pound. The difference between 70| cents and 44J cents, or 26^ cents, is the amount by which the price of Ohio flne scoured wool is enhanced be- cause of the duty and charges. This, on fine Oliio, shrinkage 55 per cent, is equivalent to 11^^ cents in the washed condition. As the price in London declines, the difference between the cost, scoured, of the imported Australian wool and Ohio washed fleece, lessens also. Very respectfully, Mauoee & Avert. Hon. Nelson W. Aldbich, Chairman Sub-committee on Tariff, Committee on Finance, United States Senate. REPORT ON- "WHOLESAI-E PRICES AND WAGIIS. 387 Table A. — Annual average prices of Ohio f/ne washed fleece, in Boston, and the same scoured; with the prices in London of several descriptions of competing fine foreign wools, 1850 to 189S. [This table was compiled by Messrs. Manger & Ayery, Boston, Hass. The quotations for foreign wools were furnished by Messrs. Helmutb, Sohwartze & Co., London, England. Information in regard to the shrinkage of Ohio wools was furnished by Mr. Robert Middleton, of the Globe "Woollen Co., Utica, N. Y., and Mr. Joseph E. Dole, of the Harris Woollen Co., Woonsocket, E. I., from their own records. The United States tariff on wools of merino blood was as follows : ]?rom 1850 to July 1, 1857, 30 per cent; from Jnly 1, 1857 to April 1, 1881, 24 per cent; from April 1, 1861 to July 1, 1864, 9 cents per pound; ftom July 1, 1864, to March 1867, over 12 cents, 6 cents per pound; over 24 cents, 10 cents per pound and 10 per cent ; over 32 cents, 12 cents per pound and 10 per cent ; from March 1867 to August 1, 1872, 32 cents or less, 10 cents per pound and 11 per cent; over 32 cents, 12 cents per pound and 10 per cent; from August 1, 1872 to March B, 1875, tariff of Mjiroh 1S07, reduced 10 per cent; from March 3, 1875 to July 1, 1883, tariff of March 1867; from July 1, 1883 to October 6, 1890, 3D cents or less, 10 cents per pound; over 30 cents, 12 cents per pound ; from October 6, 1890, 11 cents per pound.] Tear. Ohio fine wash- ed fleece. Ohio fine fleece, scour- ed. Port Philip ( Aus- tralia) aver- age wash- ed. Port Philip good aver- age grease. Ade- laide (Aus- tralia) aver- age grease. Cape of Good Hope aver- age Buenos Ayres aver- age Aus- tralian good, scour- ed. Aus- tralian aver- age, scour- ed. Cape of Good Hope aver- age, scour- ed. Buenos Ayres aver- age, scour- ed. Estimated annual production of Australian wool in pounds. 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857. 1858, 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876, 1877, 1878 1879 1880, 1881 1882, 1883. 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890. 1891, 1892 I.45J .47 .45 .58} .49i .46i .65J .53 .45i .59 .54i .43} .50i .78} .90i .83 .67 .57} .48 .49 .47i .55i .72 .57J .55i .52J .44i .47i .38} .36J .49J .43 .42J .40* .37 .32} .34 .33 .30, .33} .33 .31} .28 $0. 83} .85J .81} 1.07 .91i .85} 1.04} 1.02 .82i 1.09i 1.02i .82} .93} I.SIJ 1.77 1.66 1.31} 1.13J .88} .90i .89} 1.06} 1.56} 1.19} 1.15i 1.04i .87 .91 .74} .71} 1.02} .95i .90i .86' .80i .71} .74 .73} .68 .73i .73} .70} .62} 1.34 .34 .39 .40 .36 .39 .46 .46 .45 .47 .48 .44 .44 .44 .46 .45 .47 .43 .40 .34 .34 .42 .52 .50 .47 .44 .40J .40J .40 :l? .39 .39i .38' .361 .33 .31 .31i .31J .35 .32 .29} .24 1.30 .27 .27 .26i .28} .27 .28 .24 .22 .19i .19} .25 .31 .30* .29,' .27 .24} •2^ .24 .23} .27 .24 .25 .24} .23 .20 .19i .20} .204 .23 .21i .20 .16 $0.15 .15 .18 .19 .17i .18i .22 .23 .22 .23 .24 .21 .21 .21i .224 .214 .234 .20 .17} .15 .15} .20} .25} .234 .23 .21} .18} .18} .18} .17 .21} .184 .18 .17 .16} .134 .13} .14 .14 .164 .15 .13} .U 1.26 .264 .31 .314 .28 .32 .39 .384 .36 .36 .374 .334 .33 .34 .35 .32 .33 .28 .251 .20 .22 .294 .35 .31 .32 .30 .26 .25 .23} .22} .25} .224 .23} .224 .20} .18 .174 .18 .17} .20} .19 .174 .16 $0.54 .54 .62 .66 .58 .62 .72 .74 .70 .72 .76 .70 .70 .70 .74 .70 .76 .68 .64 .54 .54 .66 .82 .76 .74 .68 .62 .64 .64 .60 .68 .60 .60 .59 .56 .48 .47 .48 .48 .54 .50 .45 .37 $0.40 .42 .48 .50 .44 .50 .60 .60 .56 .56 .60 .52 .52 .54 .54 .50 .54 .44 .40 .34 .38 .48 .58 .52 .54 .50 .44 .42 .42 .41 .46 .42 .42 .40 .38 .33 .32 .34 .33 .38 .36 .33 .27 .56 .56 .54 .51 .50 .51 .46 .39 .32 .34 .45 .59 .50 .50 .53 .44 .42 .42 .42 .51 .46 .45 .44 .41 .34 .35 .37 .36 .41 .404 .36 .294 39, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 52, 49, 51, 54, 60, 70, 72, 77, 99, 110, 115, 133, 156, 158, 175, 183, 185, 192, 229, 218, 267, 284, 278, 288, 308, 332, 357, 366, 408, 385, 429, 418, 471, 478, 511, 592, 635, 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000,000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000,000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000,000 000,000 000, 000 000, 000 000. 000 000, 000 OOO, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 OOO, 000 :, 000, 000 000,000 a Quotations are for 4 months. 388 REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. Table B. — Prices of Ohio medium waalied clothing wool, and the same scoured; with prices in England of Australian crossbred, Lincoln hogt, and Sussex fleeces, together with prices of carpet wools. [This table was compiled by Messrs. Maueer & Avery, Boston, Mass. The foreign prices were fur- nished by Mr. James L. Bowes, Liverpool^Eng:., and have been converted to United States money on the basis of two cents to the penny. Ohio prices are averages for the year. Prices for territory medium are from Goats Brothers', Philadelphia, Pa., July circular. Foreign prices are for the close of each year. Lincoln hogs and Sussex Heeces are washed English wools. Australian crossbred and Sussex fleeces correspond very nearly to Ohio medium fleeces. There is no domestic wool, mar- keted in any quantity, which corresponds to Lincoln hogs. The estimated shrinkage on Australian crossbred is 35 to 40 per cent; on Sussex fleeces it is 30 to 33 per cent. The United States tariff on English wools imported was as follows : 1850, 30 per cent j from 1851 to 1861, 24 per cent ; from 1861 to 1864, 5 per cent; from 1864 to 1867, 13 cents per pound and 10 per cent; from 1867 to 1872, 12 cents per pound and 12 per cent ; from 1872 to 1875, 10.8 cents per pound and 9 per cent ; from 1875 to 1883, 12 cents per pound and 10 per cent; from 1883 to 1890, 10 cents per pound; from 1890, 12 cents per pound. The tariff on carpet wools was as follows: From 1860 to 1857, 30 per cent; from 1857 to 1861, if not over 20 cents in value, free ; over 20 cents, 24 per cent ; 1861 to 1864, less than 18 cents, 5 per cent ; 18 to 24 cents, 3 cents per pound ; over 24 cents, 9 cents per pound ; from 1864 to 1867, not over 12 cents, 3 cents per pound ; 12 to 24 cents, 6 cents per pound ; 24 to 32 cents, 10 cents per pound and 10 per cent; over 32 cents, 12 cents per pound and 10 per cent; from 1867 to 1872, 12 cents or less, 3 cents per pound ; over 12 cents, 6 cents per pound ; from 1872 to 1875, 10 per cent less than tariff of 1867; from 1875 to 1883, 12 cents or less, 3 cents per pound; over 12 cents, 6 cents per pound; from 3883 to 1890, 12 cents or less, 2^ cents per pound; over 12 cents, 5 cents per pound; from 1890, 13 cents or less, 32 per cent; over 13 cents, 50 per cent.] Tear. Ohio, medium washed fleece. Ohio, medium fleece, scoured. Terri- tory, me- dium. Austra- lian cross- bred, un- washed. Lincoln hogs. Sussex fleeces. Carpet wools. Scotch High- lands. East India. Dons- koi, washed Annual production of Great Britain in pounds. 1850 1851 1852 1853, 1854, 1855 1856, 1857, 1858. 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863, 1864 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1S84. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. $0. 38^ .41i .38i .53i .43 .37i .45 .46, .36i .47 .47i .38i .50J .751 .87i .82 .63 .501 .46 .49 .46; .55 .70J .55J .541 .51} .44 .421 .40i .37i .52i .45i .45i .42 .35i .37i .34 .37i $0. 67} .62 .56} .80{ .65 .56; .esi .72} .56i .71i .71 .68 .76i 1.184 1.39 ].28i .98i .79} .70} 1.101 .85i .834 .79} .67} .66} .63 .57} .83} .72} .72 .67} .69 .63 .57 .61 .64} .61 .59^ .53 .26 .22 .22 .26 .28 .22 .27 .24 .24 ).34 .32 .28 .27 .26 .25 .32 .28 .28 .27i .27 .25 .234 .25 .244 .28 .27 .27 $0.27 .27 .304 .33 .26 .29 .424 .32 .414 .43 .444 .42 .47 .52 .64 .58 .48 .34 .41 .39! .36' .65 .66 .52 .46 .42 .38 .33 .28 .314 .28 .264 .21 .20 .214 .204 .22 .214 .214 .28 .204 .18} 9.30 .30 .37 .404 .264 .324 .40 .32 .41 .414 .384 .35 .41 .46 .49 .42 .38 .35 .334 .294 .27 .444 .454 .40 .38 .36 .36 .35 .30 .32 .33 .31 .29 .29 .26 .24 .274 .26 .26 .28 .24 .24 »0.09i .09 .104 .124 .09 .094 .134 .10 .nj .12 .12 .114 .16 .18 .19 .184 .17 .10 :}? .11 .21 .19 .14 .14 .15 .12 .11 .084 .11 .11 .10 .09 .084 .074 .08 .094 .09 .09 .094 .084 .08 ).194 .19 .23 .26 .24 .27 .30 .28 .31 .32 .334 .34 .384 .42 .36 .404 .40 .29 .28 .28 .26 .39J .41 .39 .32 .31 .33 .31 .274 .26 .25 .23 .204 .21 .234 .23 .214 .23 .214 .20 ).17 .164 -.194 .20 -.19 ,17 .19 .164 .17 .174 .18 .18 .224 .24 .24 .244 .224 .17 .184 .174 .19 .30 .27 .20 .21 .22 .22 .19 .15 .19 .21 .184 .174 .164 .144 .144 .17 .15 .15 .15 .144 .14 162, 000, 000 155,591,000 149, 576, 000 144, 783, 000 155, 680, 000 165, 350, 000 167, 042, 000 161, 782, 000 155, 835, 000 152, 000, 000 151,700,000 153,233,000 148, 729, 000 138,574,000 129, 000, 000 128, 338, 000 132, 410, 000 136, 130, 000 136, 644, 000 133, 809, 000 133, 622, 000 132, 770, 000 137, 724, 000 147, 474, 000 APPENDIX G. REPORT OF MR. JOSHUA REECE, JR. 19 East 130th Street, JSfew York, October 15, 1892. Deae Sie: In agreement with a verbal understanding that was adopted by the sub-committee of the Senate Finance Committee June 6, 1891, at a meeting at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, and that was supplemented by the instructions communicated in your letters of June 11, 1891, the gathering and arranging of the prices for the various textile articles specified were begun and prosecuted with all diligence. As had been suggested to your committee at. the outset, the securing of prices for nearly half a century was confronted with difficulties, such as very radical changes in the qiialities and in the fabrics in the last twenty years, the poUte declination of some parties to furnish the information desired, and that, of very many of the articles, the records of prices back of 1873 had been destroyed in the Boston conflagration of Novem- ber 9, 1872. Prior to this date, however, your agent had collected and preserved the monthly prices of several of the articles enumerated by you, and such data proved invaluable in furthering the work in hand, and of the fifty articles named for as many as thirty-two of them the quarterly prices for varying periods (or for forty-five years and less) were handed to your statistician September 17 following. For the remainder of the articles the securing of prices has been attended with greater difficulty, as fireproof vaults that have not been opened in ten and more years have been ransacked for invoice and sales books, their pages examined, and abstracts made. This has been tedious work, as it could be done only by those who were familiar with the books and the particular classes of goods required. Of some arti- cles the collection of prices for other than seemingly short periods has been rendered impossible in consequence of the phenomenal improve- ment in the manufacturing of qualities and fabrics, as the result of improved machinery, the advance of operatives in technical knowl- edge, and other causes that have cooperated. Illustrations in this direction are most conspicuous in Eiverside worsted suitings, Atlantic Mills cashmeres, all-wool scarlet shirts and drawers^ and half hose, blankets, and other articles for short terms, and the greater excellence remarked in the fabrics of the mills named has been a general feature of the textile manufacturing interests. In reviewing the work done your agent can not but express satisfac- tion at its completeness, and that in the publication of the figures that have been gathered, a record of leading fabrics and their values for a long period will be preserved for future guidance. At the same time the impression is better grounded that monthly or semi-monthly prices would have returned better results, of which feature only those con- versant with the markets can form any estimate. 390 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. In conclusion, this transmission would be incomplete without proper acknowledgments being made to each and every one for the alertness with which they have responded and the courteous readiness that has been manifested in extending to your agent all the facilities at their commands. Moreover, the accuracy of the figiires will be unquestioned in mentioning the following representative establishments, to whom our heartiest thanks are tendered for the prices fiunished for the differ- ent classes of goods for which they are the selling agents, to wit: Bliss, Fabyan & Co., Pepperell cottons, and Bates quilts. John L. Bremer & Co., Pequot sheetings, and Stark drills. Lawrence & Co., Pacific Mills dress goods. Lawrence, Taylor & Co., Lonsdale and Hope cottons. William Iselin & Co., scarlet all wool underwear. B. B. & E. Knight, Fruit of the Loom cottons. Faulkner, Page & Co., scarlet and bliie mixed twiUed flannels. Parker, Wilder & Co., scarlet and blue mixed twilled flannels. W. L. Strong & Co., whit* flannels. A. D. Jnilliard & Co., worsted suiting and cashmeres. Catliu & Co., Putnam all wool casslnieres. Dana, Tucker & Co., Lancaster staple ginghams. Auchincloss Brothers, J. & P. Coats' six-cord spool cotton. Joseph T. Low & Co., Xew York Mills bleached cottons. John & James Dobson, blankets. S. N. & C. Eussell Mfg. Co., cotton warp cassuneres. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, Joshua Eeece, Je. Hon. Nelson W. Aldbich, Chairman Sub-commitiee on Tariff, Committee on Finance, United States Senate, APPENDIX H. REPORT OF MR. EDWARD STANWOOD. Boston, September 8, 1892. Deab Sir : I have from time to time, in forwarding to your com- mittee the statements of prices of various classes of cotton goods, re- ferred to the difficulties in procuring the same, and have also noted the circumstances which must betaken into account in estimating the rel- ative value of the several statements. It may be well after the conclu- sion of the whole work to restate in general some of the points. It was the intention of the committee, as communicated to me, to pro- cure the quarterly wholesale cash prices of various standard classes of cotton goods, selecting as far as possible the makes the prices of which had been reported down to 1849 in a former Treasury report and adding to the same new classes of standard goods the manufacture of which had been introduced during the last half century. In carrying out this scheme I was confronted at the outset by the circumstance that the great fire in Boston had destroyed the books both of manufacturers and of selling agents, so that a continuity of quarterly prices of many of the classes of goods formerly reported was out of the question. But while the collection is less complete than, but for this circumstance, it might have been, it is not believed that the omission of the prices of many classes of goods will lead to any statistical error, inasmuch as the former statements in reality duplicated many classes of goods which were so nearly alike that it was unnecessary to report all, and since the statements I have forwarded cover all the important classes of manufacture which have been established more than fifty years. The only other diflflculties I encountered were caused by the indifference of manufacturers and selling agents. It would not be true to say that any of them were hostile. Iz was at the cost of not a little persuasion that some of those who had figures which would be useful for this inquiry were induced to allow their own clerks or myself to draw off those figures. In very few cases, it appears, are manufac- turers in the habit of retaining a full history of their own operations so that it may be obtained even by themselves for their own use. It may be said in general that the quarterly prices of cotton goods submitted need in each case to be considered in the light of the facts presented at the time those prices were transmitted to you. The effort was made to state those prices in net cash, but owing to the credit practice in the cotton -goods trade it was never possible to make the prices conform with absolute strictness to this rule, but the coiirse of prices is well indicated because in general the statement is made in the same form for the same class of goods throughout the entire time for which the report is made. Very truly yours, Edwakd Stanwood, Secretary. Hon. Nelson W. Aldeich. Chairman Sub-committee on Tariff, Committee on Finance, United States Senate. 391 APPENDIX I. REPORT OF MR. HENRY BOWER. Majojt'ACtubing Chemists' Association OF THE United States, Philadelphia, Pa., September 26, 1892. Dbae Sie : Your favor of the 19th instant was duly received. The list of prices of drugs and chemicals from the year 1840 to 1891, made by Mr. Whitton Evens, chemical broker, No. 9 ]S^orth Front street, Philadelphia, under my directions, was compiled from sources as fol- lows: From lists contained in the Shipping List and New York Price Current, published at New York ; in the Oil, Paint, and Drug Eeporter, also published at New York. The following firms aided by permitting or giving extracts from their books of account : Eosengarten & Sons, Philadelphia, manufacturing chemists. George D. Wetherill & Co., Philadelphia, wholesale druggists. Baltimore Chrome Works, Baltimore, Md., manufacturers bichrome. Henry Bower & Son, Philadelphia, manufacturing chemists. John T. Lewis & Bros. Co., Philadelphia, white lead, linseed oil. Harrison Bros. &Co., Philadelphia, color and chemical manufacturers. And other establishments. The work naturally required a long time, embracing a period of four months. I can not say that any great difficulties were encountered in obtaining the information. The firms named — leading and representa- tive houses of the industry — ^responded cheerfully to my request. You may rest assured of the accuracy of this report. Yours, truly, Heney Bowee, Secretary of the Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the United States, Hon. Nelson W. Axdeich, Chairman Sub-committee on Tariff, Committee on Finance, United States Senate. 392 APPENDIX J. PRICES OF MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES. Through the courtesy of correspondents of the committee, prices were furnished for England for three of the articles upon the list. These prices iindoubtedly have a bearing upon the purposes of the committee, and should be published as a matter of record. There was no place in the tables of the report where they could properly be included, and they are therefore inserted at this point. It would lead us too far astray here to enter upon an analysis of the figures, but for the convenience of their study we have added a statement of relative prices. Foreign prices of certain arUclea. METALS AlTD IMPLEMENTS— ANVILS (PKICES IN ENGLAND). [The prices were famished by Mr. Clark Fisher, of Trenton, N. J. Prices are from the records of invoices in the New York custom house, and are supposed to represent current market prices in England.] Date. Price per pound. Date. Price per pound. Date. Price per pound. Date. Price per pound. 1846 $0.07 1858 $D.07A .07 J .06J .05ft .05 .05 .05/, .05/, .06 .05^ .05i .05J 1870 $0.05/, .07J .07? .068 .06? .06/, .06? .061 1882 $0.06/, .061 .06/, 06 1847 07 07 07 ss 06i 06A 06J 06J 07i 07i 1859 1871 1883 1848 1860 1872 1884 1849 .. . 1861 1873 1885 1850 1863 1874 1886 .06 1851 1863 1875 1887 .06 1852 1884 1876 1888 .06 1853 1865 1877 1889 .06 1854 1866. 1878 1890 .06 1855 1867 1879 1891 .06 1856 1808 1880 1857 1869 1881 DRUGS AND CHEMICALS— OXIDE OF COBALT (PEICES IN ENGLAND). [The prices were furnished by MesRrs. Henry "Wiffgin & Co., of Birmingham, to Mr. Joseph Wharton. The prices are lor the English market. The advance in 1888 is said to have been due to a combina- tion in Europe formed to prevent the destructive competition of several previous years.] \ Price Price Price Price Date. per Date. - per Date. per Date. per • pound. pound. pound. pound. July, 1841 $9. 33i Apr., 1845 $7.40 Jan., 1849...... $5.22i Oct., 1852 $3.32 Oct., 1841 9.33i July, 1845 6.40 Apr., 1849 Jifly, 1849 Jan., 1853 3.65} Jan.-, 1842 8.07 Oct., 1845 6.40; 5.22i Apr., 18,13 3.55} Apr., 1842 8.07 Jan., 1846 6.24 Oct., 1849 4.74i July, 1853 3.55} July, 1842 7.86i Apr., 1846 5.92 Jan., 1850 4.16i Oct., 18.53 3.55} Oct., 1842...... 7.86i July, 1846 5.92 Apr., 1850 4.16i .Tan., 1854 3. 32 Jan., 1843 7.40J Oct., 1846 5.92 July, 1850 3.59J Apr., 1854 Jifly, 1854 3.23i Apr., 1843 7.40i Jan., 1847 5.92 Oct., 1850 3.35 3. 231 July, 1843 7.40i Apr., 1847 5.92 Jan., 1851 3.32 Oct., 1854 3. (loJ 3. ooi Oct., 1843 7.40i July, 1847 5.92 Apr., 1851 3.32 Jan., 1855 Jan., 1844 7.58i Oct., 1847 5.92 July, 1851 3.08i Apr., 1855 s.ooi Apr., 1844 7.40 Jan., 1848 5.92 Oct., 1851 3.08i July, 1855 8. ooi s.ooj July, 1844 7.68J Apr., 1848 5.92 Jan., 1852 3.32 Oct., 1855 Oct., 1844 7.68i July, 1848 5.92 Apr., 1852 3.32 Jan., 18.56 3.01" Jan., 1845 7.40 Oct., 1848 5.22i July, 1852 3.32 Apr., 1856 3.01 393 394 EEPOET ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. DRUGS AMD CHEMICALS— OXIDE OF COBALT (PEICBS IK ENGLAND)— Concluded. Price Price Price Date. per Date. per Date. per Date. per pound. pound. pound. pound. July, 1858 $2.85 July, 1865 $2.82J July, 1874 $3.70 Apr., 1883 .$2. 06 Oct., 1858 2.85 Oct., 1865 2.55i Oct., 1874 3.70 July, 1883 2.08 Jan., 1857 2.85 Jan., 1866 2.55 Jan., 1875 3.70 Oct., 1883 2.08 Apr., 1857 2.85 Apr., 1866 2.55 Apr., 1875 3.70 Jan., 1884 2.06 July, 1857 2.85 July, 1866 2.55 July,187S 3.70 Apr., 1884 2.06 Oct., 1857 2.85 Oct., 1866 2.55 Oct., 1875 3.70 July, 1884 1.94 Jan., 1858 3.161 Jan., 1867 2.73 Jan., 1876 3.234 Oct., 1884 1.94^ Apr., 18,58 a.isi Apr., 1867 2.54 Apr., 1876 3.234 Jan., 1885 1.88 . July, 1858 3 28J July, 1867 2.19 July, 1878 3.234 Apr., 1885 1.88 Oct., 1858 3.28i Oct., 1867 2.06| Oct., 1876 3.06i July, 1885 1.88 Jan., 1859 3.37J Jan., 1868 1.89 Jan., 1877 3.061 Oct., 1885 1.82 Apr., 1859 3.371 Apr., 1888 1.85 Apr., 1877 3.284 Jan., 1886 1.82 July, 1859 3.37J Jnlv. 1868 1.85 July, 1877 3.46i Apr., 1888 1.82 Oct., 1859 3.37J Oct., 1868 1.85 Oct., 1877 3.46S July, 1886 1.82 Jan., 1860 3.37i Jan., 1889 i.eij Jan., 1878 3.06} Oct., 1886 1.07 Apr., 1860 3.37» Apr., 1869 1.57J Apr., 1878 3.234 Jan., 1887 1.63 July, 1860 3.19i July, 1869 1.81 July, 1878 3.234 Apr., 1887 1. 58 Oct., 1S60 3.19i Oct., 1869 1.81 Oct., 1878 3. (16} July, 1887 1.58 1.58 Jan., 1861 3.19i Jan., 1870 1.81 Jan., 1879 3.08} Oct., 1887 Apr., 1861 3.19i Apr., 1870 1.81 Apr., 1879 2.894 Jan., 1888 1.54 July, 1861 3.19i July, 1870 1.81 July, 1«79 2.894 Apr ,1888 2.07} Oct., 1861 3.19i Oct., 1870 1.81 Oct., 1879 2.42} July. 1888 2.07} Jan., 1862 3. 1'Ji Jan., 1871 1.81 Jan., 1880 2. 31i Oct., 1888 2.07} Apr., 1862 3.10i Apr., 1871 1-91J Apr., 1880 2.31i Jan., 1889 2.07} July, 1862 3.10J July, 1871 1.91f July, 1880 2.31i Apr., 1889 2.07} Oct., 1862 3. lOi Oct., 1871 2.13 Oct., 1880 2.31i July. 1889 2.07} Jan., 1863 3.10i Jan., 1872 2.34i Jan., 1881 2.544 Oct., 1889 2.07} Apr.,1863 3.01 Apr., 1872 2.34i Apr., 1881 2.544 Jan., 1890 2.07} July, 1863 3.01 July, 1872 2.85 Jnly, 1881 2.544 Apr., 1890 2.07} Oct., 1863 3.01 Oct., 1872 3.06S Oct., 1881 2.544 July, 18B0 2.07} Jan., 1864 2.92 Jan., 1873 3.54i Jan., 1882 2.31J Oct., 1890 2.07} Apr., 1864 2.92 Apr., 1873 4.72i Apr., 1882 2.19 Jan., 1891 2.07} July, 1864 2.92 July, 1873 4.724 July, 1882 2.19 Apr., 1891 2.07} Oct., 1864 2.92 Oct., 1873 4.724 Oct., 1882 2.19 July, 1891 2.07} Jan., 1865 2.82i Jan., 1874 3.70 Jan., 1883 2.06} Oct., 1891 2.07} Apr., 1865 2.S2i Apr., 1874 3.70 METALS AND IMPLEMENTS— NICKEL, METALLIC (PEICES IN ENGLAND). IThe prices were furnished by Messrs. Henry Wiggin & Co., of Birmingham, to Mr. Joseph Wharton. The prices are for the English market. The advance in 1873 was due to the adoption of nickel by Germany for use in its smaller coins. The sudden decUne, which came a few years later, was due Uy the discovery of extensive deposits in New Caledonia.] Price Price Date. per Date. per pound. pound. Apr., 1840 $1. 704 July, 1847 $2.92 Jnly, 1840 1.704 Oct., 1847 2. 67 Oct., 1840 1.704 Jan., 1848 2.43 Jan., 1841 1.704 Apr., 1848 1.94 Apr., 1841 1.704 July, 1848 1.94 July, 1841 1.704 Oct., 1848 1.94 Oct., 1841 1.704 Jan., 1849 1.94 Jan., 1842 1.704 Apr., 1849 1.94 Apr., 1842 1.704 July, 1849 1.91 July, 1842 2.434 Oct., 1849 1.94 Oct., 1842 2. 411 Jan., 1850 1.94 Jan., 1843 2.43- Apr., 1850 1.94; Apr., 1843 2.43-: July, 1850 1.94 July, 1843 2. 43 Oct., 1850 1. 94 Oct., 1843 2.43-. Jan., 1851 1.94 Jan., 1844 2. 43 Apr., 1851 1.94 Apr., 1844 2 43- July, 1851 1.94 July, 1844 8.04; Oct., 1851 1.94 Oct., 1844 3.04 Jan., 1852 1.94 Jan., 1815 3.04: Apr., 1852 1.94} Apr., 1845 3.04: July, 1852 1.94 July, 1845 3.04 Oct., 1852 1.94 Oct., 1845 3.04: Jan., 1853 1.70 Jan., 1846 3.04- Apr., 1853 1.704 Apr., 1846 3.04: July, 1853 1.704 July, 1846 3.04 Oct., 1853 1.704 Oct., 1846 3.04: Jan., 1854 1.704 Jan., 1847 3.04 Apr., 1854 i;7oi Apr., 1847 3.04^ July, 1854 Oct., 1854 Jan., 1855 Apr., 1855 July, 18.i5 Oct., 1855 Jan., 1856 Apr., 1866 July, 1856 Oct., 1856 Jan., 1857 Apr., 1857 July, 1857 Oct., 1857 Jan., 1858 Apr., 1858 July, 1858 Oct., 1858 Jan,, 1859 Apr., 1859 July, 1859 Oct., 1869 Jan., 1860 Apr., 1860 July, 1860 Oct., 1880 Jan., 1861 Apr., 1881 July, 1861 Oct. 1861 Price per pound. $1,704 1..58i 1.58i 1.58} 1.58i 1.58} 1.58} 1.58} 1.68} 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.21} 1.21} 1.21} 1.21} 1.21} 1.21} 1.21} 1.21} 1.21} 1.21} 1.21} 1.21} 1.21} 1.21} 1.21} 1.21} Jan., 1862. Apr., 1862- July, 1862. Oct., 1862. Jan., 1863.. Apr.,1863. July, 1863. Oct., 1863. I Jan., 1864. I Apr., 1864. July, 1864. Oct., 1864. Jan., 1865. Apr., 1865. Jnly, 1865. Oct., 1865. Jan., 1866. Apr., 1866. July, 1866. Oct., 1866. Jan., 1867. Apr., 1867. July, 1867. Oct., 1867. Jan., 1868. Apr., 1868. July, 1868. Oct., 1868. Jan., 1869. Price per pound. $1,094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.154 1.154 1.154 1.154 1.154 1.154 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.094 1. 094 LOSi REPORT ON WHOLESALE PRICES AND WAGES. 395 METAIiS AND LMPLEMEKTS— NICKEL, METALLIC (PEICES IN ENGLAND)— Concluded. Price Price Price Price Date. per Date. per Date. per Date. per pound. pound. pound. pound. Apr., 1869 $1. 09J Jan., 1875 $2.67 Oct., 1880 $0.85i July, 1886 $0. 60{ July,lRG!) 1.09i Apr., 1875 2.67 Jan., 1881 .79 Oct., 1886 f4 Oct., 1869 1.09 July, 1875 2.67 Apr., 1881 .79 Jan., 1887 Jan., 1870 1.09 Oct., 1875 2.67 July, 1881 .85i Apr., 1887 48 Apr., 1870 1.09 Jan., 1876 2.67 Oct., 1881 .85i July, 1887 48 July, 1870 1.09 Apr., 1876 2.67 Jan., 1882 .73 Oct., 1887 48 Oct., 1870 1.09 July, 1876 2.31 Apr., 1882 .73 Jan., 1888 48 Jan., 1871 1.09 Oct., 1876 1.70 July, 1882 .73 Apr., 1888 48 Apr., 1871 1.09 Jan., 1877 1.21 Oct., 1882 .73 July, 1888 48 July, 1871 1.09 Apr., 1877 1.15 Jan., 1883 .73 Oct., 1888 48 Oct., 1871 1.21 July, 1877 1.09 Apr., 1883 .73 Jan., 1889 48 Jan., 1872 1.21 Oct., 1877 1.21 July, 1883 .73 Apr., 1880.. •-... 48 Apr., 1872 1.33 Jan., 1878 .97 Oct., 1883 .73 July, 1889 48- July, 1872 i.as Apr., 1878 .85; Jan., 1884 .67 Oct., 1889 48 Oct., 1872 1.94J July, 1878 .79 Apr., 1884 .67 Jan., 1890 48 . Jan., 1873 2.19 Oct., 1878 .73 July, 1884 .eoi Apr., 1890 48 Apr., 1873 2.19 Jan., 1879 .67 Oct., 1884 .60i July, 1890 60 July, 1873 3.89i Alir.,1879 .67 Jan., 1885 .6UJ Oct., 1890 60 Oct., 1873 2.67* July, 1879 .6l)i Apr., 1885...... .60| Jan., 1891 48.. Jan., 1874 2.675 Oct., 1879 .67 July, 1885 .oo| Apr.,1891 48. Apr., 1874 2.67$ Jan., 1880 .73 Oct., 1885 .eoi July, 1891 48 July, 1874 2.67» Apr., 1880 .79 Jan., 1886 .60} Oct., 1891 48 Oct., 1874 2.67J July, 1880 .85J Apr., 1886 .60J Relative foreign prices of certain articles. Year. Anvils. Oxide of cobalt. Nickel, metal- lic. Year. Anvils. Oxide of cobalt. Nickel, metal- lic. 1866 88.2 85.3 80.9 76.5 83.8 82.4 88.2 107.4 111.8 114.7 111.8 97.1 97.1 89.7 94.1 94.1 89.7 94.1 89.7 88.2 88.2 88.2 88.2 88.2 88.2 88.2 75.7 81.1 56.0 47.9 53.6 53.6 69.4 104.9 109.6 109.6 95.8 90.8 90.8 90.8 68.5 75.4 68.5 61.2 61.2 55.8 64.0 48.3 45.6 61.5 61.5 61. S 90.0 1841 140.0 140.0 200.0 200.0 250. 1 250.1 250.1 200.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 160.0 140.0 140.0 130.1 130.1 120.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.0 90.0 94.9 90.0 1867 90.0 1842 239.0 219.2 224.6 219.2 184.9 175.3 175.3 154.7 123.3 98.3 98.3 105.4 98.3 89.0 89.1 84.4 93.4 100.0 100.0 94.6 94.6 91.9 86.5 83.7 1868 90.0 1869 90.0 1870 90.0 1845 1871 90.0 102.9 102. 9 102.9 102.9 95.6 95.6 95.6 101.5 100.0 100.0 110.3 106.6 107.4 105.9 100. 77.9 73.5 73.5 83.8 83.8 1872 100.0 1847 1873 180.0 1848 1874 220.0 1875 220.0 1850 1876 220. 1877 100.0 1852 1878 80.0 1853 1879 55.1 1880 60.0 1855 1881 64.9 1856 1882 60.0 1883 60.0 1884 65.1 1859 1885 49.9 1886 49.9 1887 40.0 186'* 1888 40.0 1839 40.0 1890 40.0 1865 1891 40.0 APPENDIX K. REPORT UPON CHANGES IN RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION RATES ON FREIGHT TRAFFIC THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES, 1852 TO 1893. 397 CONTENTS. Page. introductotit 401 Development of Freight Classification 403 In re basid of constructing freigbt clasaifications 403 PriTicipal classifications in the United Stutea 405 Manner in which articles receive a classification 406 CouaoUdation of various classifications into official clas8i6cation 407-409 Kate changes resulting from consolidation into official classification 409 General results of consolidation 418 Increase in number of articles receiving a lower rate under official classification 418 Total number of descriptions in official classification 418 Increase in number of articles receiving carload rates 418-420 Percentage of number of articles in each class under official 418 Decrease in average rates 420 Application and growth of western classification 421 Increase in number of descriptions under western classification since 1873 422 Increase in number of articles receiving carload rates under western 422 Percent^e of number of articles in each class under western 422 Comparison showing reductions in classification and rates under western from 1878 to 1893 . 424 Application and increase in number of articles carried under Southern Railway and Steam- ship Association classification - 426 Percentage of number of articles in each class under Southern Railway and Steamship Asso- ciation classification 426 Comparison showing reductions in classification and rates under Sontheru Railway and Steamship Association classification 427 Changes in Competitive Rates 429 Method of constructing tariflFs from the seaboard to western points 429, 430 Standard and differential westward rates 431 Comparison of westward class rates from ISevr York since 1862 432 Analysis of table showing the foregoing 433,434 Average class rates via all-rail routes, N^ew York to Chicago, from 1867 435 Percentages of yearly average rates, New York to Chicago, from 1867 436 West-bound tonnage of trunk lines from New York since 1878 436 Percentage of tonnage carried in each class from New York from 1878 437 Monthly average rates on traffic of trunk lines from New York from 1878 433 Yearly average rates on various commodities via all-rail routes, New York to Chicago, from 1867 440 Percentages of yearly average rates on various commodities from 1867 442 Comparison of westward rates on various commodities via all-rail routes New York to Chi- cago and various other western points from 1867 (see list of tables) 446 to 509 Decline in western rates from seaboard via rail-and-lake routes 510 "Westward rates via canal-and-lake routes 512 Decline in eastward classified rates via all-rail routes, Chicago to seaboard, since 1871 512 Eastward boand tonnage from Chicago since 1880 515 Decline in grain rates via all-rail routes from Chicago to the seaboard since 1864 516 Decline in grain rates via lake-and-rail routes from Chicago to the seaboard since 1877 .516-518-522 Decline in grain rates via lake-and-canal routes from Chicago to the seaboard since 1877 . . .516-520 Statement showing increase in lake equipment 523 Decline in grain rates via Brie Canal, Bufialo to New York, since 1856 523-524 Decline in live stock and dressed meat rates from Chicago to the seaboard since 1872 524 Decline in oil rates between various points since 1877 528 Decline in coal rates 529 Decline in rates on classified traffic and commodities between various competitive points west of Chicago 531 399 400 CONTENTS. Decline in lire stoct and grain rates, Kansas City to Chicago, since 1869 ^** Decline in rates on grain and packing house prodncts, Kansas City to St. Louis, jfrom 1879. - 551 Grain rates from Kansas and Nebraska points 552 Decline in grain rates on Mississippi Eiver routes , 546-555 Tonnage of grain carried by Mississippi River boats 558 Decline in rates on claasified trafiBc and commodities between various southern points since 1879 . 558 Cotton rates from Memphis since 1880 583 Cotton rates from New Orleans since 1880 583-584 Cotton rates between various southern points since 1886 584 Rates on oranges from sonthem points to eastern cities since 1883 585 Decline in rates on fertilizers from Charleston, S. C, since 1884 589 Decline in transcontinental rates westward since 1870 592 Decline in transcontinental rates eastward since 1870 , 599 MlSOELLiNEOUS DATA: Decline in ocean rate from New York since 1866 . . . . ; 610 Average rates per ton per mile for various roads, since 1852 , ei4 Freight tonnage and earnings of principal railways for various years since 1852 617 Changes in local rates • « 529 LIST OF TABLES, 1. Heduction in cUflMfloation and rates between piinoipal points under varlons olaasiflcations merged with official 409 2. Comparison of number of descriptions in Tarious classifications merged witii official 41S 3. Increase in number of descriptions of furniture, etc 420 4. Comparison and increase of number of descriptions under western classification 422 5. Beduction in classification and rates between principal points under westei*n classification, 1878 to 1893 424 G. Comparison and increase of number of descriptions under southern railway and steamship classification 426 7. Keductions in classification and rates between principal points under southern railway and steamship classification, 1878 to 1893 427 8. West-bound rates, seaboard cities to Chicago 430 9. West-bound diflferentials from Philadelphia and Baltimore 430 10. West-bound rates, New York to Chicago via standard and difierential lines 431 11. Sates of freight on classified traffic, all-rail routes, New York to Chicago, 1862 to 1893 432 12. Highest and lowest class rates. New York to Chicago, 1862 to 1893 434 13. Average rates on classified traffic, all-rail routes. New York to Chicago, 1862to]893 435 14. Percentage of yearly average rates on classified traffic, all- rail routes. New York to Chicago, 1867 to 1892 436 15. West-bound tonnage from New York, 1878 to 1892 436 16. Per cent of tonnage in each class from New York, from 1878 to 1892 437 17. Average rates New York to Chicago for each month, 1878 to 1893 438 18. Yearly average rates various commodities New York to Chicago, 1867 to 1892 440 19. Percentages of yearly average rates various commodities New York to Chicago, 1867 to 1892. 442 20. Eates of freight, all rail, New York to Chicago from 1867 446 21. Kates of freight, all rail, New York to Milwaukee from 1867 45q 22. Eates of fteight, all rail. New York to Peoria from 1867 454 23. Eates of freight, all rail. New York to St. Louis from 1867 458 24. Kates of freight, all rail, New York to Cairo from 1867 462 25. Eates of freight, all rail. New York to Memphis from 1867 466 26. Kates of freight, all rail. New York to Nashville from 1867 470 27. Kates of freight, all rail. New York to Louisville from 1867 474 28. Eates of freight, all rail. New York to Cincinnati from 1867 478 29. Kates of freight, all rail. New York to Indianapolis from 1867 482 30. Kates of freight, all rail. New York to Columbus from 1867 486 31. Kates of freight, all rail. New York to Detroit from 1867 490 32. Kates of freight, all rail. New York to Cleveland from 1867 494 33. Kates of freight, all rail. New York to Erie, Pa., from 1867 498 34. Kates of freight, all rail, N ew York to Buffalo from 1867 502 35. Eates of freight, all rail. New York to Kochester from 1867 604 36. Kates of freight, all rail, Philadelphia to Pittsburg from 1808 506 37. Comparison of all-rail and rail-and-lake rates from New York, 1867 to 1893 510 38. Kates of freight, lake-and-rail. New to Chicago, from 1867 511 39. Eates of freight, differential lines, Boston to Chicago, 1887 to 1892 511 40. Eates of freight, lake-and-canal. New York to Chicago 512 41. Eates of freight, lake-and-canal, Boston to Chicago 512 42. Eates of freight, all-rail, east bound from Chicago 513 43. Bates of freight, aU-raU, Cliicago to New York, from 1871 514 44. Tonnage, east bound, from Chicago, 1880-1892 515 45. Eates on grain, all-rail, Chicago to New York, from 1864 516 46. Kates on grain, lake-and-rail, Chicago to New York, from 1877 618 400a 4006 LIST OF TABLES. Page. 47. Eates on grain, late-ana-canal, Chicago to New Tort, from 1878 520 4S'. Eates on gi'ain, lake-and-rail, Chicago to H"ew York, from 1887 522 49; Floating eijuipment of the Great Lakes 523 50. Eates on grain, via Erie Canal, Buffalo to New York, 1856-1857 523 51. Eates on grain, via Erie Canal, Buffalo to New York, from 1862 524 52;, Eates on live stock and dressed meats ^om Chicago, east bound 525 53. Eates- on live stock and dressed meats, all-rail, Chicago to New York, &om 1873 523 54. Tonnage, live stock and dressed meats, east bound from Chicago, 1880 to 1892 527 55. Eat-es on oil. Oil Eegions to PhiladelpMa, etc., from 1877 528 56. Eates on anthracite coal, all-rail, to Perth Amboy, from 1875 529 57. Eates on anthracite coal, aU-rail, to Buffalo, from 1875 530 58. Eates on bituminous coal, all-rail, to Jersey City, etc., from 1873 530 59. Eates of freight, all-rail, Chicago to St. Paul, from 1883 531 60. Eates of freight, aU-raU, Chicago to St. Paul, from 1871 532 61. Eates of freight, all-rail, St. Paul to Chicago, from 1883 534 62. Eates of freight, all-rail, Cliicago to Missouri Eiver jjoints, from 1877 535 63. Eates of freight, all-rail, Chicago to Kansas City, from 1864 536 64. Eates of freight, all-rail, from St. Louis to Missouri Eiver points, from 1877 538 65. Eates of freight, all-rail, St. Louis to Kansas City, fi-om 1883 54C 66. Eates of freight, all rail, St. Louis to , St. Paul, from 1883 542 67. Eates of freight, all-rail, St. Louis to St. Paul, from 1883 544 68. Eates of freight, all-rail, St. Paul to St. Louis, from 1883 '. 546 69. Eates on grain and flour, via steamers, St. Paul to St. Louis, from 1856 546 70. Eates of freight, all-rail, Missouri Eiver to Chicago, from 1877 , 547 71. Eates of freight, all-raU, Kansas City to Chicago, from 1869 549 72. Eates of freight, all- rail, Missouri Eiver to St. Louis, from 1877 , 550 73. Eates of freight, all-rail, Kansas City to St. Louis, from 1379 551 74. Eates on grain, all-rail, Nebraska points to Chicago, from ] 883 ; 553 75. Eates on grain, aU-raU, Kansas and Nebraska points to Chicago, from 1886 554 76. Eates on grain, via Mississippi Eiver boats, St. Louis to New Orleans, from 1866 555 77. Eates of freight, via steamers, St Louis to Memphis, etc., from 1866 656 78. Quantity of grain, via river boats, St. Louis to New Orleans, from 1870 558 79. Eates of fi'eight, all-raU, St. Louis to Chattanooga, from 1879 559 80. Eates of freight, aU-raU, from St. Louis to Atlanta, from 1879 560 81. Eates of freight, aU-raU, St. Louis to Charleston and Savannah, from 1879 561 82. Eates of freight, all-rail, St. Louis to Jacksonville, 'Ela., from 1879 , 562 83. Eates of freight, aU-rail, Chicago to Chattanooga, from 1879 563 84. Eates of freight, all-raU, Chicago to Atlanta, from 1879 564 85. Eates of freight, aU-raU, Chicago to Charleston and Savannah, from 1879 565 86. Eates of freight, aU-rail, Chicago to JacksonviUe, Fla., from 1879 566 87. Eates of freight, aU-rail, Cincinnati to Chattanooga, from 1879 567 88. Eates of freight, aU-rail, Cincinnati to Atlanta, from 1879 568 89. Eates of freight, all-rai), Cincinnati to Charleston and Savannah, from 1879 569 90. Eates of freight, all-rail, from Cincinnati to Jacksonville, Ela., from 1879 570 91. Eates of freight, aU-rail, LouisvUle to Chattanooga, from 1878 571 92. Eates of freight, aU-rail, Louisville to Atlanta, from 1870 572 93. Eates of freight. aU-raU, LouisviUe to Charleston and Savannah, from 1879 573 94. Eates of freight, aU-rail, Louisville to Jacksonville, Ela., from 1879 574 95. Eates of freight, aU-raU, Nashville to Chattanooga, from 1 879 .575 96. Eates of freight, all-rail, Nashville to Atlanta, from 1879 576 97. Eates of freight, all-rail, Nashville to Charleston and Savannah, from 1879 577 98. Eates of freight, aU-rail, NashviUe to JacksonviUe, Pla., from 1879 578 99. Eates of freight, aU-rall, Memphis to Chattanooga, from 1879 579 100. Eates of freight, all-rail, Memphis to Atlanta, from 1879 58o 101. Eates of freight, aU-rail, Memphis to Charleston and Savannah, from 1879 581 102. Eates of freight, aU-rail, Memphis to JacksonviUe, Ela. , from 1879 " sg^ 103. Eates on cotton, aU-raU, Memphis to New York and Boston, from 1880 583 104. Eates on cotton, aU-rail, New Orleans to Atlantic seaboard, from 1880 583 105. lEates on cotton, via steamship. New Orleans to New York and Boston, from I875! 584 106. Eate-s on cotton, aU-rail, Georgia and Alabama points to Atlantic seaboard, from 1886!!!"! 584 107. Eates on oranges, aU-raU, JacksonviUe, Ela., to New York, etc., from 1887 " 585 108. Eates on oranges, raU and water, Jacksonville, Fla., to New York, etp., from 1883 !.!!!! 535 109. Eates on oranges, raU and water, JacksonviUe, Ela., to New York, etc.,' from 1881 !! 686 110. Eates of freight, aU-rail, Savannah to Atlanta, from 1878 ! 50. 111. Eates of freight, allraU, Savannah to Chattanooga, from 1878 507 LIST OF TABLES. 400 C Page. 112. Kates of freight, all-rail, Savannah to Montgomery, from 1878 588 113. Eates on fertilizers, all-rail, from Charleston, from 1884 580 114. Eates of freight, all-rail, New York to Atlanta, from 1869 590 115. Eates Affreight, all-rail. New York to Selma, .AJa., from 1877 591 116. Eates of freight, all-raU, New York to Montgomery, from 1877 592 117. Eates of freight, all-rail, New Xork to Pacific coast terminals, from 1871 593 118. Eates of freight, all-rail, Pittshurg to Pacific coast terminals, from 1876 594 119. Eates of freight, all-rail, Cincinnati to Pacific coast terminals, from 1876 595 120. Eates of freight, all-rail, Chicago to Paciiic coast terminals, from 1870 590 121 . Eates of freight, all-rail, St. Louis to Pacific coast terminals, from 1870 597 122. Eates of freight, aU-rail, Missouri Eiver pouits to Pacific coast terminals, from 1870 598 123. Eates of freight, all-rail. Pacific coast terminals to Omaha, from 1870 600 124. Eat«s of freight, all-rail. Pacific coast terminals to St. Louis, from 1870 602 125. Eates of freight, all-raU, Pacific coast terminals to Chicago, from 1870 604 126. Eates of freight, all-rail. Pacific coast terminals to Cincinnati, from 1881 606 127. Eates of freight, all-rail. Pacific coast terminals to Pittshurg, from 1881 607 128. Eates of freight, all-rail, Pacific coast terminals to New York, from 1870 608 129. Eates on wheat and provisions, via steamers, New York to Liverpool, from 1866 610 130. Average freight rates per ton per mile, various railways, from 1852 615 131. Number of millions of tons of freight carried 1 mile, various railways, from 1852 518 132. Number of tons of freight carried, various railways, from 1852 621 133. Gross earnings from freight, various railways, from 1852 626 134. Local freight rates, Maine Central E.E 629 135. Local freight rates, Boston and Albany E.E 530 136. Local freight rates. New York and New England E.E 631 137. Local freight rates. New York, Lake Erie and Western E. E 632 138. Local freight rates. New York, Lake Erie and Western E. E 633 139. Local freight rates, Lehigh Valley E. E 633 140. Local freight rates, Lehigh Valley E. E 634 141. Local freight rates, Pennsylvania E. E. - --. 634 142. Local freight rates, Buffalo, Eochester and Pittsburg E. E 635 143. Local freight rates. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Ewy 635 144. Local freight rates. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Ewy 636 145. Local freight rates, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Ewy 636 146. Local freight rates, Michigan Central E.E 637 147. Local freight rates, Cincinnati, Jackson and Mackinaw E. E G37 J 48. Local freight rates. Grand Rapids and Indiana E. E 633 149. Local freight rates, Detroit, Lansing and Northern E. E ,. 638 150. Local freight rates, Chicago and Grand Trunk Ewy 638 151. Local freight rates, Chicago and Grand Trunk Ewy 639 152. Local freight rates, Chicago and Grand Trunk Ewy 639 153. Local freight rates, Chicago and Grand Trunk Ewy 639 154. Local freight rates. Lake Erie and Western E.E 540 155. Local freight rates, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Ewy 640 156. Localfreight rates, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and S L.Louis Ewy , 640 157. Local freight rates, Ohio and Mississippi Ewy , . . . „ 641 168. Local freight rates, Ohio and Mississippi Ewy , „ . 641 159. Local freight rates, Wabash E.E 642 160. Local freight rates, Wabash E.E 643 161. Local freight rates, Terre Haute and Indianapolis E.E ,, 643 162. Local freight rates. Central Iowa Ewy , 644 163. Local freight rates, Burlington, Cedar Eapids and Northern E.E ,, 643 164. Local freight rates, Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Ewy , 645 165. Local freight rates, Chicago and Great Western Ewy 646 166. Local freight rates, Wisconsin Central Lines , 646 167. Local freight rates, Milwaukee and Northern E. E £47 168. Local freight rates, Milwaukee and Northern E. E , 647 169. Local freight rates, Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Ewy 647 170. Local freight rates. Northern Pacific E.E 648 171. Local freight rates. Northern Pacific E. E 648 172. Local freight rates, Northern Pacific E. E 648 173. Local freight rates. Union Pacific Ewy 649 174. Local freight rates, Fremont, Blkhorn and Missouri Valley E. E 650 175. Local freight rates, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe E. E 651 17g. Local height rates, Penver and Sio G-rande B. E ,.......„....., £$4 400 C^ LIST OF TABLES. Pago. 177. Local freight rates, Atlantic and Pacific E. K 654 178. Local freight rates, Atlantic and Pacific E. E 654 179.-Local freight rates, Texas and Pacific Ewy 655 180. Local freight rates, Texas andPaciflcEwy 655 181. Local freight rates. Southern Pacific Company 856 182. Local freight rates, Kansas City, Fort Scott and Memphis B. E 656 183. Local freight rates, Missouri Pacific Ewy 657 184. Local freight rates, Louisville and If sshviUe E. E 657 185. Local freight rates, Savannah, Florida and Western Bwy 658 REPORT CHANGES IN RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION RATES ON FREIGHT TRAFFIC THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES, 1852 TO 1893. Hon. Nelson W. Aldeich, Chairman Subcommittee on Tariff {Finance Committee), United States Senate, Washington, D. C. : Deak Sib : I have the honor to present herewith a report upon the investigation of changes in freight rates, in compliance with the request to place your committee in possession of data showing to what extent railroad freight charges throughout the United States have changed since 1850. An investigation of this character involves a wider range of inquiry than has probably previously been undertaken. The inibrmation sought by the committee is not known to have heretofore been collated to the extent now desired, either by the railroads or any of the numerous agencies from which statistics of the railways frequently emanate. The successful conclusion of the investigation, it will therefore be seen, has been largely if not wholly dependent upon the friendly cooperation of offtcials of the railways, from whom the schedules and records for the earlier dates were in the first place to be obtained. It is therefore proper to express appreciation of the courtesies uni- formly extended by these officials. Wherever the records had been preserved and were thought of service every facility was offered for their inspection, and valuable assistance rendered in the work of analyzing the rate schedules, many of which had become obsolete years before the present incumbents in office had entered the service. From a preliminary examination of the field from which most of the records and material would have to be collected it was ascertained that it would be quite impossible to begin the investigation with a date as early as 1850. From personal inquiry at the principal oflSces of the railrords it was learned that in few cases were the rate schedules avail- able for any considerable number of years. With some, a system had been adopted for the preservation of such records, but various occur- rences, such as fire, bursting of steam pipes, removals, changes in offi- cial personnel of the roads, had caused their destruction or misplace- ment, and as no pressing necessity had arisen, their restoration had not been attempted. With other companies very complete records were found, but only in one or two cases for years prior to 1864. In a majority of instances rates prior to the year named were only to be obtained from 401 S. Eep. 1394 ^26 402 EEPOET OJT CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. the accounting records of the railroads, most of which have taken their place in the archives of the companies and could not now be repro- duced without enormous labor to the roads, by whom tlie work would necessarily have to be performed. From 1864 to 1866 schedules were to be had in fragmentary form only and were not found to contain material sufflcieutly reliable to be of service. In view of this condition it was seen that if the investigation was to be concluded within a reasonable period no extended research for ma- terial could be made for years prior to 1867, as this would require much time without the assurance of results to justify the labor. The determination of the amount of data which would satisfactorily meet the requirements of a report of this character has not been the least of its troublesome features. In the several sections of the coun- try are numerous railroads ojjerating under the same general conditions and charging- similar rates. To iuclude the rates of all of such roads would result in much repetition and enlarge the report unnec- essarily. The plan pursued has been to collect rates for as long a period as possible, for both competitive and local traf&c of such raU and water carriers as will best represent the tendency of the changes in different sections. Articles of commercial prominence, such as grain, dressed beef, cotton, oil, coal, lumber, etc., are provided for by separate tables showing the rates between points where these articles comprise a large proportion of the traffic transported by the rail and water carriers. Ter- ritorial divisions of traffic associations and prominence of places have also largely guided in the selection of the rates. These, together with the somewhat elaborate exhibit of the operations and changes in freight classifications, as well as various data relating to mileage rates, it is believed wiU fully meet the purpose for which the investigation was undertaken. Apropos of the general subject there have been included various data arranged to show the increase in tonnage movement by the carriers in different parts of the country. From such statements some idea may be formed of the revenue involved by the rate reductions and the con- sequent benefit to the shipping public. The form of presentation chosen for the report will divide the data in four general headings, namely: 1. Development of Freight Classifications. 2. Changes in Competitive Eates. 3. Miscellaneous Data relating to Mileage Eates and Tonnage Move- ment. 4. Changes in Local Eates. The numerous tables given are arranged to simplify the work of com- parison, and are accompanied by such analysis and explanation as has been deemed necessary. From all of the forms of comparison presented it is clearly demonstrated that there has been a constant downward tendency in freight charges in all sections of the country. Very respectfoUy submitted, C. C. McCain. THE DEVELOPMENT OF FREIGHT CLASSIFICATIONS. 403 THE DEVELOPMENT OF FREIGHT CtASSIFICATIONS. The freight traffic of the railways of the United States is carried under two general classes of schedules, commonly known as Class Tar- iffs and Commodity Tariffs. The latter has reference to schedules ap- plicable to such articles as grain, lumber, coal, live-stock, dressed beef, fertilizers, oil, etc., transported between sections of the country where these articles have attained a commercial and shipping importance which has made necessary specific rules for their transportation differ- ing from those covering classified traffic, as well as a somewhat lower scale of rates than is applied to the latter. . Class tariffs are arranged to show the rates of the respective classes contained in the freight classifications. In the latter are found the great majority of articles carried by the railways, classified in accord- ance with the various elements that properly enter into the determina- tion of freight charges ; under these are also found the commodities above mentioned, and although exceptionally treated in certain sections as to rates, they are all amenable to some rule of the classification. The rate-making foundation for all commodities is seen to lie largely in the freight classification. With the development of the railroad business of the country has followed the enlargment and extension of freight classifications. These publications are now current guides to the shipping public and have an enormous circulation. They are arranged in an enlarged and con- venient manner, wherein may be found all commodities of commerce, described in every probable form of shipment, with a rate reference for each description, together with the rules and regulations under which each will be accepted for carriage. An effort will be here m ade to present the extent of the changes which have taken place in the principal classi- fications, and the advantages to the public resulting from the advance- ment in this branch of the railroad service. Concerning the basis of constructing classifications, it may be said to have been early discovered that the charges for transportation of dif- ferent articles of freight could not be apportioned among such articles with regrrd alone to the cost of carriage. This basis of determining the charges, it was found, would confine to narrow limits the move- ment of different articles whose bulk or weight was large in comparison to their value, while heavier articles with less bulk would be made to pay disproportionately low rates. " Under the system of apportion- ing the charges strictly to the cost some kinds of commerce which have been very useful to the country, and have a tendency to bring different sections into more intimate business and social relations, could never have amounted to any considerable magnitude, and in some cases could not have existed at all, for the simple reason that the value at the place of delivery would not equal the purchase price with the transportation added. The traffic would thus be precluded, because the charge for carriage would be greater than it could bear. On the other hand, the rates for the carriage of articles which, with small bulk or weight, con- centrated great value would, on that system of making them, be ab- surdly low when compared to the value of the articles, and perhaps not 404 EEPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT BATES. less SO when the comparison was with the value of the service in trans- porting them." Accordingly it was found not to be unjust to distribute the entire cost of service among all articles carried, on a basis that gave greater con- sideration to the relative value of the service than to the cost. Such a method would be most beneficial to the country; it would enlarge commerce and extend communication, and would be better for the rail- roads because of the increased traffic which would be brought to them. The value of the article, carried under this system, would be the most important element in determining what freight charge it should bear. Other considerations, however, equally important, must not be overlooked when the freight classification is to be made. The classifi- cations as now constructed have for their foundation the following ele- ments : The competitive element, or the rates made necessary by competition. The volume of the business; that is, the tonnage movement. The direction in which the freight moves; that is, whether it moves in the direction in which most of the freight is transported or in the re- verse direction in which empty cars are running. The value of the article. The bulk and weight. The degree of risk attending transportation. The facilities required for particular or special shipmfents. The conditions attending transportation, such as furnishing special equipment, as in the case of private dressed-beef cars or cars specially adapted for freight of a perishable nature, or cars of large size for freight of extraordinary bulk. Another condition which has also received consideration is the anal- ogy which the new articles to be classified bear to other articles found in the classification. The conditions under which railroad companies can afford to trans- port traffic have a large influence in determining the classification. These are the general rules under which classifications are con- structed, and while to a large extent controlling, the classifications are, notwithstanding, in a great measure a series of compromises, the par- ticipants of which are not alone the railroads, but also the shippers and representatives of business interests throughout the country, the latter being afforded ample opportunity to join with the railroads in the dis- cussion as to the proper classification of articles of shipment affecting their interests. "While the pressure for reductions is very strong from certain localities, concessions are not now so readily granted, as the territory covered by the freight classifications is so large that great care in the assignment of articles to particular classes must be taken in order to avoid work- ing an injury to any particular section. The commercial and transpor- tation interests are regarded as identical, and the welfare of the whole territory and all interests affected must be considered. It is, however, occasionally observed that particular localities are to some extent prefer- entially served by the action of carriers who resist proposed changes in the classification for the reason that in their opinion they will operate to the prejudice of certain patrons. Thus exceptions to the classifica- tion are created by a road continuing to carry some article at one class, when in the opinion of a majority of the roads using the classification, the articles could well stand a higher rating. At this time fewer articles are rated independently of the classification than ever before in the history of the railroads. THE DEVELOPMENT OF FREIGHT CLASSIFICATIONS. 405 The tendency of the character of classification is constantly toward uniformity, and this frequently in the face of strong opposition made by different carriers who have found it dififlcult to repel the pressure for special changes sought by patrons in the districts which they serve, and especially in the face of local influences which would seemingly benefit both the road and the shipper. At this time there are practically but three freight classifications in use throughout the United States, namely, the Official classification, the Southern Eailway and Steamship Association classification, and the Western classification. The application of these is as follows: First. The Official classification is used almost exclusively through- out the territory east of I»ke Michigan, Chicago, and the Mississippi Eiver, and north of the Ohio and Potomac Elvers, to the Atlantic sea- board. Second. The Southern Eailway and Steamship Association classifi- cation is applied generally by roads south of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi Eiver to the seaboard. Third. The Western classification governs in the territory north and west of Chicago, west of a line drawn from Chicago to St. Louis, and west of the Mississippi Eiver, St. Louis to New Orleans. In each of the three divisions of territory described exceptions to these particular classifications are made to some extent by State com- missions, and by individual roads for State or local traffic. Traffic carried between different points in the sections above described is usually taken at either one or the other of these leading classifications. For example, the classified traffic from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific coast is carried under the Western classification ; traffic from , Chicago to Atlanta, Ga., is carried under the Southern Eailway and Steamship Association classification. The territory throughout which the Official classification is shown to govern is the largest both in point of tonnage and communities served. At the date of the passage of the act to regulate commerce, one hun- dred and thirty-one railroad companies within the territory defined above as governed by the Official classification each had a separate classification. In addition to those classifications which had grown up mainly to foster local conditions, and were thought to be beneficial to the particular roads and shippers, there were five associations of rail- road companies, each having a classification. These classifications were as follows: First. The local classification of each railroad company. Second. The through west-bound classification, generally known as the "Trunk line west-bound classification," applying upon through traffic originating at the seaboard cities and points east of the western termini of the trunk lines, and destined to Buffalo, Brie, Pittsburg, Parkersburg, etc., and to a number of competitive points, trade centers, or railroad junctions beyond. Third. The East-bound classification, which alone applied to east- bound traffic originating in the territory east of Chicago and the Mis- sissippi Eiver, west of the western termini of the trunk lines and north of the Ohio Eiver and destined to the western termini of the trunk; lines and points east thereof. Fourth, Traffic between competitive interior points in the Middle States, namely, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia, and between the several trunk lines and connecting roads was governed by the Joint Merchandise classification, which also applied to the local traffic on certain roads. 406 EEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Fifth. The Middle and Western States classification applied to traf&o between competitive interior points west of the western termini of the trunk lines east of the Mississippi Eiver and north of the Ohio Eiver. When it became certain that the interstate-commerce act would become a law, early in 1887, the railroad companies decided at a meeting held for the purpose that it would be necessary to create and if possible adhere to a uniform classification. At this meeting there was appointed a special committee, composed of representatives of ten or twelve different roads, whose duty it was to go over the various classifications then in force and unite them into one classification, and the residt of the work of this committee was the formation of Official classification No. 1. Under the former arrangement the through or larger portion of the classified traffic was carried in two classifications; the West-bound clas- sification was applied to traffic moving westward while an entirely sep- arate classification was applied to traffic moving eastward. These two classifications, as well as the rates of the respective classes, were en- tirely dissimilar ; the latter made provision for twelve or thirteen classes which embraced the heavier or bulk freight carried mainly in carload quantities from the western centers to the seaboard, while the former provided almost exclusively for package freight, usually transported in small or less than carload shipments, the rules and regulations appli- cable to each classification being in a few instances similar. The conditions and the requirements upon which the. present classi- fication is based are of an entirely different character, as the new issue governs all traffic, through and local, between all stations of the roads within the territory described. It may be interesting to learn the methods under which an article may receive its place in the classification. This will be here briefly explained for the Official classification, which is applied exclusively by carriers covering more tonnage than any of the other classifications in use. The Official classification committee is composed of twelve general and assistant general freight agents, representing twelve of the principal lines in the territory using that classification. While the twelve men referred to are the official representatives of only twelve railroads the Official classification governs and is used by one hundred and fifty dif- ferent railroads the total mileage of which is 65,000 miles. Over 50 per ceut of the total tonnage of all roads in the United States is carried under the Official classification. This classification committee was created for the purpose of defining the classes under which freight shall be transported by the various lines within the territory above described. What is known as the " through " business of the Trunk Line Asso- ciation and the Central Traffic Association is arranged for by a joint committee composed of members of the two associations named, and this joint committee appoints the classification committee, which latter committee has a permanent chairman. AU applications bearing upon changes or additions in the classification may be submitted in writing at any time, either by the railroads or shippers, to the chairman of t^ classification committee, together with the various reasons in sup- port of the application for such changes. The chairman acknowledges the receipt of every such application, following which an investigation is made as to the value, bulk, and various other features relating to the article for which ft change is sought and which are usually consid- ered when making a classification. THE DE-VTJLOPMENT OF FREIGHT CLASSIFICATIONS. 407 Upon the conclusion of the investigation the chairman renders a report to the classification committee for its consideration and action, with a recommendation for or against the granting of the application. The chairman may make temporary rulings regarding the cLissiflcation of any article, but the final classification of aU articles is only obtained by vote of the roads in joint committee. Oflftcial classification No. 1 was issued April 1, 1887, and may be said to have been largely experimental, as it was hardly to be expected that the commerce of so large an area could at once be made to conform to the new conditions resulting from the consolidation of the widely differ- ent classifications formerly in use. Protests and applications for changes were at once received from shippers, as well as from many of the railroads, and a revision of the first issue was almost immediately begun, resulting in the publication of Official classification Xo. 2, on July 15, 1887. Application s from various interested parties, committees of shippers, and the raUroads, were constantly before the classification committee, the greater portion of which received favorable considera- tion. The consequent revisions in the classifications have necessitated frequent issues of this publication, the last being Ifo. 11 of January 2, 1893. It is proposed to show by comparative statements what changes have taken place in the classification of many of the important articles of shipment resulting from a consolidation of different classifications as well as from direct reductions in the existing classifications, together with the resulting changes in the rates. Data for this purpose are given to some extent for each of the leading classifiacations now in use. The separate tables are provided with notes of explanation from which it will be possible to determine to what extent lower rates are due to changes in the classification alone. The first of these tables is arranged to show for a large number of articles the classification and rates under the three important classifi- cations employed between the Mississippi Eiver and the seaboard prior to 1887, in comparison with the consolidated or Official classification as now governing throughout this territory. Changes in the rates under these comparisons result from three causes : First, a reduction in the classification; second, a reduction in the rate; third, the assignment of a carload classification to articles which were formerly provided for by a less than carload rate only and were charged the same rate when in carload quantities. The first comparison made is that of the Joint Merchandise classifi- cation, which prior to 1887 applied between interior points in the Mid- dle States. The points selected for the comparison are Philadelphia, Pa., to Elmira, N. T. The present rates between these points are shown to be somewhat lower than in 1886, and the Official classification is now applied, which is on a very much lower scale. The table is ar- ranged to show the class and rate under which articles were taken in 1886 compared with the class and rate now charged. The effect of the change in the charge to the public resulting from the adoption of the new OflScial classification and the lowering of the rates in this territory is illustrated by the commodity of glassware N. O. S. (not otherwise specified). TJuder the Joint Merchandise classi- fication glassware N. O. S., L, 0. L. (less than car loads) was first class, rate 40 cents per 100 pounds. The same rate applied to shipments of carload quantities. Under the present Official classification glassware is classed as second class, rate 30 cents per 100 pounds; in less than carloads, and when in carloads, it is third class, rate 25 cents 408 EEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT KATES. per 100 pounds. If there had been no change in the rate the lowering of the classification would have reduced the rate from first class, 40 cents, to second class, 32 cents; but the combined result of the lower classification and the lower rate produces a reduction of 10 cents per 100 pounds for quantities less than carloads, and 16 cents per 100 pounds for carload shipments. The second comparison is that of the Middle and Western States classification, applying from Buffalo, Pittsburg, etc., to the Mississippi Eiver, with the present Official, which embraces the same territory. The points and rates chosen for this comparison are those from Buffalo to East St. Louis ; the rates of 1886 are given and those of 1893. There has been a material reduction in these rates, and a majority of the articles under the Official are found in lower classes than under the former or Middle and Western States classification. The combined results of these changes show important reductions in the charges to the public. The third comparison is that of the present Official, which applies in both directions between New York and Chicago with the two former classifications as applied westward and eastward between the same points. In 1886 the rates between these points were on a distinct basis as between eastward and westward traffic, the eastward rates being considerably higher than those applied to westward business. The eastward-bound traffic was divided into thirteen classes. By the adoption of the Official classification in 1887 the traffic was confined to six classes, and the rates in both directions were made alike. This effected very large reductions in the rates on traffic moving eastward formerly taken in the higher classes. The effect of this consolidation Is illustrated by the article of liquid bluing, in glass. Less than car- load shipments moving eastward, Chicago to New York, are now clas- sified as second class, at a rate of 65 cents per 100 pounds, whereas for- merly they were classified as second class at a rate of 85 cents per 100 pounds. Shipments in the same quantity moving westward were clas- sified as first class with a rate of 75 cents, and are now taken at second class with a rate of 65 cents per 100 pounds. The same article in car- load quantities prior to 1887 was carried from Chicago to New York at fourth class, 60 cents, and from New York to Chicago first class, 75 cents. At the present time carload shipments in both directions are taken at 30 cents per 100 pounds. These tables should be studied carefully, as it will be seen, from the points for which comparisons are given, important sections of the country are represented, throughout which an enormous traffic is an- nually carried by the railroads. Eeductions in the rates will appear for most of the articles given. In a few cases the rates for the less than carload shipments have been advanced, but it is noticed that in all of such instances reductions have been made on the same articles when carried in carload (quantities. 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R eocQC4kOtn-^iAkamcc>n4ftiocOiHo (DiHOcomeio •ll 'OR IgpBgQ I '9S8T t-TfC-COWtDt-CDtOL-COM -'cot-ooeow •988T im CQOD C4 ■8681 'TI ' OJI l^PSO 1 ■*rHCOM«-H coeoc«"*i*'cic^ • d fa to -^ la IS •tOiHia ^jT^c^ io ■8681 ■9881 'B8!>i;!>S ■^eSj^ png pre •6681 'II ■OR I'ippO i p COCO«"*-*OD»«»i-t"*'«JieO'*i~<-*»OU5(N"« ■988r 'aa^w^S •^B3^pag--PK I eOrHCOWM,- •Hcisesic^ci •fricQDKM ia-'« "^rf^ioiavt'^ a 1-5H ^,n!^ 1 ^ 8|1 s o s^fi ■=-■■« ^o" iL ^i'^^d ■ges .Sop. 11 -g^ J ^ ■g68T ■ 'IT 'OR I^PtgO 1 kOioouMoaototauiAkakooc3to>ocQeQOta ■988T 'aeip i ■UBqojypQujofj ■6681 'XT OR IgPIPO I mccettatO'^ to us mcokOkaoceiHiacecQOto ■9881 'QSip ire qoiaK9.u|Ofj ■^iHCO W^ "* HCO^^N'-H'* ^^-^^^ :o'^'*-««l- 5e^ ,3 o Ha ' 0) S •? bu fc e e QPQQ .9 8 MA Sggp. ■SS 13 Bfc 'coo g ft.^.^.^ »•! ^ «- s bl] !e £?i "is .go THE DEVELOPMENT OP FREIGHT CLASSIFICATIONS. 413 JlOift ooo omMeOMCoweocoeo :>ui lA Q u t-6ei 5co(DI>(Ob-«Jt--< e4rHU3ma'4(0<0'^inveDcorHtDcotAio-^ • CO N CO i-l O ■<*< O t-t-t-crs"*ffOffl»coct3tocoeoroc-t-eDcO'vcDco'W«ct>-^(D«(DinnDL— tot-tr- -"lieoL-to-^iic^t-crs-^jtL-mtD-^ • t-tO(D«iOt-^-^t-COCIO-*QOO-*CQt-(D"< SOOOiOOift = CO c- in w CD T(( «— («W-^eOUSmW"T)lTflllOCO-^C^CONW-^WM'(N"*^«»OiH"*NrHCOeOiHM-<*l-^"*MTl(C*iH-*-^TH"OCOMOCOOO • CQOOO 9400 Dl O N O ?4 O C4 00 OOOfi^ CO COOCOCO O00«PS CO 5? ■« ■* fH N t-( tH »iHo 414 EEPOBT ON CHANGES Df FREIGHT RATES. bWl ' le ^ rt cs r=?)i- - -- ■S?%I = = = o jp™^ J g^A = = = ~ «S iC c =^ 3B8I -prolog }BEa £681 J-» — fC— c: ;i^s:s-?K3S '-^OKSo -9 ■= ■= kCK: laiOO^-* 1 "«8I j cinri-. :^-!'- : ■pgnoa is»^ I : J-*-)»-yT)-'-»-*-*'^-»'»-^'r=^"* "9B8I ! cno = ri-- ; ^ = ri^ 3 'EGBI I TCJos iro> BO I "9881 I -piraog jea^ :^>=>=>c^^iCida ■9881 ! 'SS8I ! ;inn.a-j^ I 'n •OK lepaiO i "9381 ' - n n - 'pgnog tea A i 'pmiog tgyj -n^xri — «=:n :in-? — s ■ooori" I ■£681 555 '? ' ' r* ? ? ? ■ ? 5 r* ^ ? ? ■r"'"?r'"^ - — 5 • ■?? £69t ■n -ox: T^P''3^o n -r -# 51 -s = c; ■= — ic := =; -r-o S ■ — =: ic ^s ic .= «5 ^ ^ 1= ■[= — -r ?-> -» ■ -^ r ;iii--.ati^«s.s*^-r-»-- "H^Al fi^ PTC e«sar»ie-^-?-*-# — "-^KS-^saT f -» "? -^ ■-* -9 =5 = «s X X r: 3: r : .^ ^ .i o r ■x=^.= icx»=.= i£.i^»=.;xx CI t^ -^ • -.rxxxxnsxx -30 8681 ;>c«=«st;i=«;'*-^ ^88i'38rp I '^^^ . = •S881 •988i-M!P I =a :x 'n-oje I»PBO I »nrii=-?---f-? — r^-^»s-*r ■988T-3»B> ! _n :- I sMi:gi:-5.>.ii ji L| *= i-:il THE DEVELOPMENT OF FREIGHT CLASSIFICATIONS. 415 iconsooMcocraeoeoMconseocoeo m o o o ifs lo iraift in ifio o om o o o oipo • m ■ ous o o m in oo »o o m «5 "O »« o in ■ ia m o tn "ftw o ■-' tH ■ rH 1-1 iH ■ rH ■^ ■ CO i-t ^ m la in ko ta tn in to cc o u tn kc m lAiM in t1* CO (M CO in in ■<# lA «o -^ u) >n "ill >A mio U3 tA ta ■*>*-*iH->*(C3'*r-l"*'*C0 tOCOO i-l(D • «D tO CO C>1 O O i-t in ■ in CO o WU3 •»n»noinin»nmoininoinmwomminoinio»nmmm»ommoioomominoomm eoco •c-cocDcot-eopo(Dir-t-(OcOT(icoeo:o(OC4co(ocoaot- (1 m in CO CO to T ■ i>"'*'*ociooot--Tji-'*imT)iTfi-aoo(MCflcciin ^d- coNWineicomMciinNcocacacviTj Cfl 'COOOCl NCJcac^MC^MWiHrHCflCQCOCQWM.--]WsqQ4MMWNC*«mmmmin-*t-M-')'cot-cac*mmcococie4CJC^Cflco'JCflmcac5c4MMcaeoc4ia Cfl 'MtMCO cococo-^'-*eocom-*"*«>HTHcoco^-^'*Ttirttco«mcorHca"*'*^co"«*i''»iT-i-^TH'*m"«iiTt(eo'*TH cqcOi-li-tCO eO ■*"*■*■* W "* •■*"*COr-l 'MCO • CI CO CO -^ -* iH -^ CQ iH CO ■* -^ "^ ■* CO -^ 1-t ■* ■* ■* in ■* « CO ■* I- CB ImcoQO irinmmmmmoococommmooaomcommmmomcomocommxmeocommajmminmmm "■' r-i 'C^miH ,H tH r^ -H iH iH iH i-H T-l tH rH C^ M ^J rH rH 1-4 iH iH rH ^J CO r-* 1-^ CJ CO iH rH i— iM 1-1 tH iH iH t-* i-( rH 1-1 iH r-( iH iH « rafnra ' G9 moooo Icoaoooc5m"*oo •oooO"<*# tP rH M CO rH r-t rH -^ rH rH • rH rH -^ rH fH CO eoeoeo-«*'*cococo-*"*c^'HrHcoco"*"*"*-*-*coo««rHc;i-<*i'*-^coTj(-*tH'^'#-«#m-<*-<*- ■« ffl t^ h & Pi 1.9 1=1 = ' fl^ t3 n-^a-t^-H s SI S S -1 to '3 . 2 « OOOOP cob*(D« 3t-"*con-4coiarat0ocotAto^coco^tniaiAiAOiHia)-iiaiH-^CD •9881 '«iHnS •^sajVi pn» PTC ^■^-^lO^WlO 'lOlOTOOlfllOiAmifS Irt ^W*inM«0»H •iHOfH-^Tit ■E68I 'II •OJI F PffiO ^t- -^ »ft ift 1(3 o ^ ift tfs ifs ift »o ift ^^ ift in 10 ^m ift^mcoxieistncot-io eo'*coejNmwNC4Mc«iMcoei3Dioica«Mff4 CO • 94 C^ S<1 C4 C4 C4 04 CO e^ C>) C^ (M C4 04 in n CO ■CDCICDCOC^ ■S68I 'IT OK I 'g pffiO CO*'^eOCO->*<-*-*CO-^-*CO-*rH-*»H-*rHWT|l •9881 'sai^JS •^eaAP^'PTC fH CO CO ■^ CO ■^ CO • TjtT)< -^ -^-^-^ ^ eO-^lO-^ 10 -^^ M -^tH • rH ■* W CO ■* agg £!3 3 "•3 «» ■sgs •39- •8681 IT •OK IiiPSgO K5iftm»noocomif5cococoi«eomiaooco?OQOU5icsmifteomuiiomioooco •9881 asip •868T 'IT •OK Fproo COlOmuO-^^CDlACOCDCOCOlACDiniOifCDCO-^lOiainiACOrHLni-Hint-l-^CO •988T osip C-1 rH-TfCO ^ pq<) : ■**'"*'*^'* •*fTHffq'*eO"< ^s Ki-5 HO ^^ ^ o ^^ MS as ■"1 &i go m gj go ^ .VI o o o J. 9A0q« 93B!^a3»J[9d iB^jox •a 5 a IB 5 a ^■3 121-1 u * o a OS § «2 3 ^1 ^ o a Ph ® CO U5 CO 7]V^ ■^ OS 00 T-H CJ CC 00 Ti" O c^ CO CO tH CO SJ O (D CO M ■ M T-i ■-* oJ t-* OS CJ O CO ifl 00 ff^ i-H Oi <0 O CO C^ C4 -« -rf OS D- Oi r-i m ift (O CO N r-l O CO O r-( 1(3 O r-t t> OO O t- lO iH " CO COCM in iH o o o o oo o o o o o o OCO OS O 00 CO .OP'S .J "^"^ fl fcj « ti °^ n I'll « p a S^§ s p a « o o g) 60 tin Sap |g§ b ^ ^ © ® © THE DEVELOPMENT OF FREIGHT CLASSIFICATIONS. 419 In exx)lanation of the figures in the foregoing table it shouhl be stated that the number of items shown represents the entire number of descrijitions under which classified freight is shipped, and is much greater than the actual number of articles classified. The class under ■which any particular article may be shipped and the rate that maybe obtained often varies, depending upon its relative size, the manner in which it is packed for shipment, and the degree of risk assumed by the carrier. For example, lead pipe is classified as follows : Class. Lead pipe, on reels or in rolls, carriers risk, less than car loads 1 car load 4 Lead pipe, on reels or in rolls, owner's risk, less than car loads 3 car load 4 Lead pipe, not boxed, not otherwise specified, less than car loads 2 Lead pipe, in boxes or casks, less car load 4 This article is included in the total number of items given in the table as four descriptions, though in fact but one article is classified. The same rule is observed for each ot the classifications embraced in the table. The largest increase in the classification is shown from a comparison of the old West Bound classification in effect prior to April, 1887, which applied from the seaboard to Chicago and other western competitive points. This provided for only 971 separate items. Of this number 824: or 84.86 per cent were classifications for shipments in quantities less than carloads, and which took the same rating when in carloads; 137 or 14.11 per cent were classifications for shipments in quantities less than carloads which had a separate lower rating when in carloads, and 10 or 1.3 per cent covered shipments in carloads only. In the present Official classification there are 5,634= separate items, of which 2,121 or 87.65 per cent are for shipments in quantities less than carloads, which are given the same rating when in carloads; 3,105 or 55.11 per cent are for shipments in less than carload quantities, which have a separate lower rating when in carloads; and 408 or 7.24 per cent are for shipments in carload quantities only. From these figures it is shown that the total number of items in the present OfBcial classification exceeds by 4,663 the number in the former West Bound classification applying from the seaboard, and that the pro- portion classified as L. 0. L., with the same rating for C. L., has de- creased from 84:.86 per cent in the old to 37.65 per cent in the new, while the proportion classified as L. C. L., with a lower rating when in carloads, has increased from 14.11 per cent in the old to 55.11 per cent In the new, and that 7.24 per cent of the present total number of items are for carload qnan titles only, as compared with 1.03 per cent in the former West Bound classification. Of the total number of items in the old West Bound classification 66.78 per cent of the articles classified were classed above fourth-class, and 33.22 per cent were in fourth class or lower. These relations are shown to have greatly changed by the present Oificial classification, from which it is noticed that only 53.21 per cent of the articles classi- fied are in classes higher than fourth class, and that 46.79 per cent are in fourth class or lower. The number of articles for which no distinction was made as between the L. 0. L. and 0. L. rates were relatively more in the old classifica- tion than in the Ofiicial as now arranged, and conversely the number of articles which are classified lower when in C. L. than in L. 0. L. quantities in the Official is relatively greater than the number similarly provided for in the old classification. Including the number of articles classified only in carload quantities with the articles classified both L. 420 KEPOET ON CECANGES IN FREIGHT BATES. 0. L. and G. L., the total number of items in the former West Bound classification given a carload rating was 147 or 15.14 per cent, while in the present OfBcial there are 3,513 or 62.35 per cent receiving a carload rating. A similar comparison made with the Joint Merchandise classification, which governed shipments between the interior points in the Middle States, shows that there has been relatively a much greater increase m the articles which now may be taken at carload rates. The same may be said for the Middle and Western States classification, formerly ap- plied westward from Buffalo and Pittsburg. The former East Bound classification embraced a relatively larger tonnage taken at carload rates than either of the other old classifica- tions mentioned, yet the application of the Official shows an increase of 2,686 items which may be now carried at carload rates between the points to which the East Bound classification formerly applied. While the total number of items in the new classification is much greater than in the old classifications, it should be again explained that this numerical increase does not imply an addition to the traiiic of new articles of commerce; it simply means that in many cases a commodity which under the old classifications was found in one class only, regard- less of the manner in which it might be oftered for shipment, is under the new classification placed in two or more different classes, according to the form in which it is received for transportation. It is made apparent by a comparison of the percentages of classified items now receiving the carload rating, under the old and new classifica- tions, that the public has been to a large degree benefited by the resulting lower rates thereon. A further illustration of the extent of the enlargement of the classifica- tion now under consideration is found in the articles of furniture, agricultural implements, and machinery, as shown by the followiag table : Table 3. — Number of Desceiptions. 1867. 1876. 1887. 1893. 3 1-4 d hi 6 3 S i4 d i4 hi d 1 hi d hi hi d 3 o 4 d ►4 hi d 8 4 5 8 4 5 20 5 5 20 5 5 2 2 2 84 114 63 65 89 47 19 25 16 193 180 105 147 128 59 46 Agricultural implements 52 46 It would appear from the above figures that the carriers have now provided a classification and rating for every possible form of package in which these articles are offered for shipment, and that the number receiving a lower or carload rating has greatly increased. Throughout all the tables presented a gradual downward tendency is observed for the entire classification. The extent of these changes is further shown by a comparison of the average rates on all traffic from New Tork to Chicago. Expressed on the basis of the number of descriptions carried in each class the average rate for all descriptions in the classification was, in 1886, 63.53 cents, and in 1893, 48.77 cents per 100 lbs. Thus the variation in the classification of 20.91 per cent from the higher to lower classes is equivalent to a reduction in the average rate of 14.75 cents per 100 lbs. THE DEVELOPMENT OF FREIGHT CLASSIFICATIONS. 421 In the numerous publications wMcli have appeared from time to time, intended to show the dechiie in rates, only passing comment has been bestowed upon changes in the rates resulting from chauges in freight classili cations. It is common to compare the rates for various classes between two points for diiierent periods and to draw conclusions from the changes shown by such comparisons. "When these comparisons omit reference to the changes made within the same period in the clas- siflcation they are obviously incomplete. It is a part of the history of freight classitications that from the date of their adox)tion constant pressure is brought to bear upon carriers using them from all classes of shippers for a lower classification of the articles in which they have business interest. These demands have usually been met by the car- riers, as is shown by the frequent revision and changes in the leading classifications. The changes which have taken place in the classifica- tions since 1887 have been far-reaching in their benefits to the public by the consequent reduction in the freight charges. This has been especially noticeable throughout the section now governed by the Offi- cial classification, and the tables have been arranged to present as fully as possible the effect of these changes. Similar results for the other sections governed by a general classification will be shown by appro- priate tables. THE .-WESTERN CLASSIFICATION. The Western classification governs the territory north and west of Chicago, west of a line drawn from Chicago to St. Louis, and west of the Mississippi River and St. Louis to New Orleans. Prior to 1887 there were many local classifications used throughout this territory, which it is understood have since been suiDcrseded and there are now few roads in the territory described not using the Western classifica- tion exclusively. Traffic not covered by commodity rates to and from the Pacific coast was formerly carried under classifications different in name though similar to the Western. A comparison of these with the present Western would no doubt show important changes. As the greater portion of the traffic to and from the Pacific coast is carried afc commodity rates, and a very full statement of the changes in these rates is given else- where, no comparison of the classifications applied to Pacific coast traffic will here be made. Seventy important Western roads, with a mileage of 90,000 miles, officially announce the adoption of the present Western classification. The section served by this classification is seen to cover a vast area in which are located thousands of villages, towns, and cities, the trans- portation business of which is to a large extent affected by its operation. Excluding grain, coal, lumber, live stock, etc., which are principally carried at commodity rates, there yet remain many classes of merchan- dise, such as clothing, groceries, drugs, machinery, household effects, and innumerable other articles consumed in one form or another by the people, and which are covered by this classification. Important changes have taken place resulting in lower freight charges to the public, the extent of which will be shown in the following table: 422 REPORT OX CHANGES IX FREIGHT RATES> a (4 > O o o !zi >• a o i-i « M □0 CD tH o a ft B !z =i i-H cs :::"-■ CO ro t- :^ — 1-- lO C .5 5 1 1 s a § s P4 "1 Sggggg |i|||"§ 100 M 1>CM.-H s : : ! CD re '■ 1-3 d CC — X ^ -^ — Tl -.1 0' -h' .-.' rA D CO-? X f '» c& 'T r^ ^. !? i-( .-".-: c4 -h' rj M 00 i; lt X -— » eo t:~ oc n --. i-i eo u: ^3 r: ei ?3 ce c: la c; ?] c4 r: C-; c-' ci to ; ■ t>x' d T^ X c-M t-aa r-^ ci of = 13 so eo «N-H r-. Cfl -*io =1 » 00 t-" ?i ?) :i -r: m' C4 ^2 ShSS X T^C-J r CI n t> -H ?i a Sg4 = -•5 COS tr~ IT. — oi cq.-o- l3 r; -1 i-i CO CM » ocoo s s Pk t-M—i roe* "^ 00 -s ^ X « I-t r-1 U « CO ■^ i ■^ CO -a — — . CO c- =■- := .~3 IH I-H rl lO « l> 59 i 1^ t 00 a M 1/5 !a ca t- cr; — c: ?i 00 i t- t- Q CS ^ =.2 gggggS d d =; = 000 6 c- 1> ea «! Ti 00 WrHT-TeO ^ coa tot- CO ocn " r"-?^ !^ ^- = h;).^ — ;::! c = =; r^- C C D ? ." =s I'M'U oSii^ne.Lioil ii:)'M, 3m c- O I jgg c rivers e been of the Percentage of total nmnber of classifications in each class. Classes. ic'w :S3 i N <-i « 'd d cB , 1 . III fs • odd f the Ohio and mentioned, th reuuder. A su m 0.18 0.44 0.54 fi o • odd •W 0.45 0.59 0.64 south Dus ones ried the <) c If c ■^ ci »ri w* 'tH ^ 15.00 13.31 14.54 M 12. ?.4 14.55 14.05 14.59 plies throughout cation, as well as of descriptions o al years : >H!9eu[0 <§l 5.26 11.90 14.87 15.41 1 Sd d^ BOl'Jl^llltub "t; ■;) put: •^8 94.07 84.33 82.07 82.02 The classification of this of the Mississippi Eiver. reductions by the increase i such descriptions is given b ^ 840 829 966 1,437 ■BUOlltJOlJlB -B»io JO .laquiuii imnx II 893 100.00 983 100. OO 1,177 100.00 1,752 100.00 i ^^ tH i a THE DEVELOPMENT OP FREIGHT CLASSIFICATIONS. 427 From tlie foregoing it is shown that Si! per cent of the articles are now classified at less than carload (|nantitics only, and that 17.98 per cent are assigned a carload rating. The latter proportion is observed to be relatively lower than for either of the other classifications for which data has been given. The rate reductions will be more folly illustrated by table following, which shows the changes between two important points in this section. The arrangement of the table permits of a comparison of changes in the classification and also of the rate changes. COMPAEISOX OF CLASSIFICATION AXD EATES. TABtB 7. — COMPAMSOX OF CLiSSinCATIOX AND KATES EETECTTVE DURIXG THE TEAKS 1876, ISSO. 18S7, AXD 1S03. ix the territort GOVEr.xED Bv Southern Eatt.wat and Steamship Association. Rates used ap.e is cents per 100 pouxDS FROM Louisville, Kt,, to Atlanta, Ga., as follows : 1 2 SlS6ABCD£FeH 1876 150 125 100 65 53 46 .- 85 73 .. .. 132 1S80 119 IM S9 76 61 d6 23 47 43 38 52 81 138 71 18S7 107 92 31 65 56 46 23 36 31 27 JS 64 ... 5! 1893 107 92 31 63 56 46 23 35 28 24 48 48 ... 53 Commoditiea. liOnisTille, Ky., to Atlanta, Ga. Class. £ate» Id cents per 100 ponnds. 1S76 ISSO : 1687 1S93 , 1676 1880 16S7 Agricnltnral implements, C. L , A |. Agricultnxal implements. L. C. L., as follows : Harrow teeth, packed ' 1^ . Sliellers, com. packed — 1 ] Spreaders, manorf, K.D Bal)bitt,metal,C.I. 2 Barley, I.. C. L 5 Barrel half barrels, and keg-s. except ale and ' heer, empty, C.L -^ A aBatting, cotton,ir.0 S--- j Dl pressed in bilcs I Dl Bells, east iron, L. C. L ! 2 C.L 2 Blning liqnid. in glass, packed — Bine, stone, in barrels or o.isks 4 i BoHeis, engines, or parts tLertof. C.L ' Boots, and meases, C.L > 1 . Brimstone in barrels, L. C. L ! 4 i Broom8,C.L ! 1 : Borlaps - 5 i Canned goods, K. O. S., C. L 4 , Cider, in wood. O.K. B.L.. or spoiani: ' 5 Coffee, green, in doable satl:- 5 Creameries, packed or wrapped I>ry goods made wholly of cotton, tIz; c.iliei.'-es, can- i ton flannels, cotton rope or twine, drlH.^, etc., I*, j C.L ] 1 Drags and medicine, ^.O. S ! 1 Dry goods, same as above, C.L i 1 Dye staff, ^. O. S.. dry, in barrels ! 1 Excelsior, pressed in bales, C.L ' 3 IPacinga, coal and iron, in baiTLlj. L. C.L | 4 C.L I 4 Telting ; 2 Fish, in cans, boxed. C.L I 5 Fittings, iron pipe, in bondles, wired, L. C. L ■ Foil, tin, in boxes 1 2 Freezers, ice cream .- Fmit in cans, boxed, Ilf. O. S- C. L Frnit, green, K. O. S.. prepaid, gnaranteed... Fose Glassware, commoiL X. O. S. C. L .. Glae,8cr^> QrindstaoeB, unjnotuited, C. 1. — ..... ... 4 Dl Dl 2 2 1 5 1 1 4 4 '^ 3 1 1 3 2 & 5 4 1 2 4 6 4 Dl I Dl 2 1 3 1 6 4 2 6 Dl 1 4 1 4 4 4 2 4 Dl 1 1 4 3 D 1 225 lad i64 125 76 53 38 7a 300 2S3 3X1 "o* 125 104 lio 114 119 85 61 15-1 150 119 ; 61 I 119 5-5 61 35 76 53 61 58 46 150 119 150 U9 , 150 119 130 119 S 100 89 i S3 76 35 76 125 104 5S 61 125 104 130 119 85 76 125 S9 150 119 100 104 68 61 56 46 OS 46 107 92 0--. 31 68 63 46 24 68 46 214 92 214 68 92 81 92 36 lo7 92 36 46 66 46 107 92 ,sl 36 107 92 46 83 56 y2 36 46 46 214 81 81 36 lli7 107 6-S 56 lo7 lu7 6S 46 c-i 46 68 28 92 81 68 56 214 81 107 92 ln7 81 68 56 81 46 214 1U7 SI 31 56 46 46 28 428 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 7.- -COMPAEISON or CLASSIFICATION AND BATES EFFECTIVE DURING THE TEAKS 1876, 1880, 1887, and 1893, etc.— Continued. Commodities, LouisviUe, K7., to Atlanta, Ga. Class. 1876 1880 1887 18D3 Bates in cents per 100 pounds. 1876 1880 1887 1893 Groceries, N. O. S Handles, if . O. S.,l)Oxed operated Hardware,N. O. S., boxed Hessians, in original bales Bides, dry, in b^es compressed green salted Hinges and nooks, in bbls. or casks Iron roofing, N. O. S Jellies, in cans, boxed, C. L Logwood, extract, in bbls. or casks Machinery, all kinds, C.L Hatches, G. L Meal, oat, in boxes, L. C. L C.L Milk, condensed, boxed, C. L Moss, pressed in bales, C.L Pins, clotkes, boxed, L. C. L C.L Plaster, calcined, C. L Plaster of Paris, C. L , Plumbago (ship's option), in sacks, bbls. or box... Badiators, bteam, packed, L. C. L C.L Bice, rough Boots and herbs, value not over 6 cents per pound, L.C.L. Boots and herbs, value not over 6 cents per pound, Eope,if.o.s.,L!b.L .".".".!''.'!"!".'.'.".!!!!!!!1!!!!! C.L bed cord, L. C. L C.L clothes line, L. C. L , C.L ■vrire Saddlery, horse collars, bark or shuck Seed, garden, C.L millet, C.L sorghum, 0. L Shot, tukegs, or doubled sacked Slates, school, L.C.L C.L Starch, except com starch Sulphur, in barrels, L.C.L Tallow, in barrels Tacks, iron, in kegs Tar, coal, in barrels, L.C.L Tin plate, in boxes, O. B. wet rust and damage to tin or packing, C.L Waters, miner^ in wood, C.L Wheat, cracked, in barrels, C.L boxes, L.-C.L C.L Whiting, in barrels Wool, mineral Zinc, oxide 125 58 125 85 125 100 125 85 150 85 100 125 125 68 85 85 85 85 125 125 85 125 150 85 100 100 85 85 85 100 58 100 58 85 104 61 104 100 89 85 76 85 76 61 46 76 104 61 119 104 104 61 92 68 92 46 81 68 68 56 81 81 68 92 56 107 92 92 68 68 92 92 46 46 66 81 81 56 68 81 81 81 81 81 81 68 92 92 81 92 56 92 92 68 81 36 92 66 56 56 56 92 92 56 107 81 92 68 92 28 68 56 56 46 56 46 56 56 46 81 68 28 56 68 81 56 28 28 46 24 46 68 46 68 46 68 46 56 68 68 46 46 46 56 56 35 56 46 46 66 46 56 56 46 92 56 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE BATES. 429 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. The through or competitive traffic of the United States is divided into several well-defined sections, the rate-making basis of each of which, as well as the competition, is distinctive in many features. Briefly de- scribed these sections are as follows : (1) The territory north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers and east of Chicago and the Mississippi Eiver. (2) The territory south of the Ohio and Potomac rivers and east of the Mississippi Eiver. (3) The territory west of Chicago and the Mississippi Eiver. (4) Competitive traffic to and from Pacific coast. In each of these sections the traffic is divided into several general descriptions, distinguishable by the character of the commodities, the direction of movement, and the operation of freight associations. For each the more important rates have been selected and such data given as will most fuUy present the tendency of the changes. CHANGES IN BATES ON TRAFFIC FROM EASTERN SEABOARD CITIES TO WESTERN COMPETITIVE POINTS, VIA ALL-BAIL ROUTES. Before proceeding to a study of the changes in the rates as shown by the tables for this traffic it is important that the methods under which the schedules are constructed should be first explained. Freight tariffs covering the traffic from the eastern seaboard terri- tory to western points are established under the rules and regulations of the associations known as the Trunk Line and Central Traffic Asso- ciations, the former embraces the important roads leading from the eastern seaboard to Buffalo, Erie, Salamanca, Pittsburg, Parkersburg, and Wheeling, which points are known as the western termini of the trunk lines, and are also the eastern termini of roads in the Central Traffic Association. Under agreements of several years standing it has been the custom of these roads, forming by connections through lines from the seaboard to the West, to determine through rates from New York to Chicago, and to adopt such rates as the standard or basis for the construction of tariffs from other eastern cities and points adja- cent thereto, which are directly or indirectly in competition for western business. The principal seaboard cities are, New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Baltimore, and adjacent to each of these are important industries commanding for the points at which they are located equal transporta- tion rates and facilities with the larger cities. For twenty years or more the rates from Boston to Western competitive points have been the same as from New York. From Philadelphia and Baltimore the rates are "agreed differentials" less than New York, the Baltimore rates being also lower than Philadelphia rates. 430 KEPOKT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. The westward traffic from the seaboard is carried principally under classified tarifls. The number of classes and the rates for each as now in effect are shown in the following table : Table 8. — ^West Bound hates, seaboard cities to Chicago. From IN'ew Tort to Chicago 75 From Boston to Chlontio . From Philiulelpliia to c'liiiMgo Philadelphia lower than New York. From Baltimore to Chicai^o Baltimore lower than Ne'w York Baltimore lower thau Pliiladelphia. . Classes in cents pel 100 ponnda. 25 25 23 2 22 3 1 It is not known what differentials were allowed Philadelphia and Baltimore prior to 1875. It is found that the differences in 1875 were as foUows : Table 9. — West Boustd differentials. Classes in cents per LOO pounds. Philadelphia (lower than New York rates). Baltimore (lower than New York rates) In 1876 the system of determining the differentials was from time to time modified. Fixed differentials were again reestablished in 1877. Those shown in connection with the table of rates above have been con- tinuously in effect since that time and may, for the purposes of study- ing the rates herein presented, be considered as applicable to the entire period covered. Under existing arrangements the roads leading from the East publish rates and issue through bills of lading to all western points located on the railroads within the territory west of Buffalo and Pittsburg, east of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio rivers. The agreed rates and distances from New York to Chicago are taken as the standard, or 100 per cent. Through rates to the principal western cities, towns, and junction points in the territory above described are computed at a per- centage of the New York-Chicago rates, based generally on the relative mileage of such points to the Chicago mileage. For example rates New York to Detroit, Mich., are computed at 78 per cent of the rate New York to Chicago. In the same manner rates New York to ludi- anaplis, Ind., are 93 per cent of the New York-Chicago rates- Cincin- nati, O., 87 per cent; Erie, Penn., 60 per centj Columbus, o'., 77 per cent; Cleveland, O., 71 per cent; St. Louis, Mo., 116 per cent. Tims the New York-Chicago rates being at all times applied as the basis would when changed, create relative changes in tlie rates to the other western points. In a similar manner the relation as to ra 1 os is maintained from the other eastern cities. When rates from New York to western points are changed like changes are made from Boston, Philndelphia, and Bal- timore, and points receiving the same rates, the "ditilnentials" as be- tween the eastern cities being at all times maintained. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 431 The general basis f • the construction of tariffs as here described from New York and otlier eastern cities to Chicago and other western points indicated, has been practically the same for years. With this explanation the tables presenting rates from New York may be ac- cepted as indicating the changes from Boston, Philadelphia and Bal- timore, STANDARD AND DIFFERENTIAL ROUTES. An important element in the arrangement of rate schedules is the distinction made in the class of railroads or routes, by which certain routes are under agreement allowed to charge lower rates than others to the same points of destination. This is another feature of the '-dif- ferential " plan, and has within recent years been extensively appUed in the territory now under consideration. From each of the eastern cities there are two classes of roads, which are commonly termed the "standard lines" and the "differential lines." The standard lines are those which are conceded to possess advantages over their competitors by reason of shorter all-rail distance, and superior facilities arising from old and well-established connections and freight organizations. The differential lines are those which, on account of the longer routes and inadequate facilities, or owing to their through routes being partly by water, or from other disadvantages, cannot command, at- even rates with the more direct lines an amount of tonnage which under customary methods for determining such matters would be considered a fair proportion. With a view to equalizing these conditions, and se- curing the permanency of the tariffs, as well as to bring about a fair distribution of the traffic, the "differential lines" are accorded some- what lower rates than the "standard lines." At this time there are ten different lines leading from New York competing for western bus- iness. The rates upon classified traffic. New York to Chicago, as now established by each of these lines are as follows: Table 10.— West Bodnd rates, New Yoek to Chicago by various routes. Classes (id cents per 100 pounds). 1. 6. 6. Standard lines: New Tork Central and Hudson Rivor Bailroad f Pennsylvania Railroad > Ealtimore and OMo Kailroad ) Differential lines : New Tork, Lake Erie and Western Bailroad Lehigh Valley Railroad West Shore Railroad Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad New York, Ontario and Western Railroad Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Route Central Vermont Railroad Route 75 50 35 30 25 24 33 23 21 Prom other eastern cities similar arrangements exist, tinder which certain routes charge lower or differential rates. The data presented by the tables following, covering all-rail rates, has been obtained from the older established companies whose records were found more complete in this respect; such companies are the standard lines under the system just described. Their rates are standard and are higher than those of the differential lines. This should be borne in mind when the tables are studied for the years subsequent to 1881, as since that time traffic of the different classes and commodities ap- pearing in the tables was taken at lower rates when carried by any of 432 KEPOBT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. the roads known as the differential lines. A statement covering the changes of each line, if such data were procurable, would present more fully the actual changes which have taken place. It does not, however, appear necessary to enlarge the report on this account, as under the methods described for constructing the rates the changes from ISew York may be accepted as representing the changes from all other eastern cities, both for the standard and differential lines. Table 11. — Kates of Freight on Classified Traffic via All-rail Eoutes, New York to Chicago. Note The rates shown are those of the standard lines nnder the freight classifications from time to time prevailing. Bates from Boston have heen the same. Philadelphia and Baltimore were lower by amount of differentials. Certain routes charge lower rates. Clasaea (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Date. 1862— Jan. 1 .. Apr. 7.. Oct. 9... 1863— May 14 , Oct. 5... Nov. 23. 1864-^uly 25, Sept. 20. 1865— Mav 8 - . Oct. 16.. 1866— Feb. 5 . . Mar. 5 . . 1867— Nov. 5.. 1868— June 4 . Aug. 10. Sept. 7.. Oot.l... Dec. 7 .. 1869— Feb. 1.. Feb. 7.. Mar. 15 , Jnlyl.. Aug. 11. Ang.23 Aug. 30, Sept. 22, Sept. 24 Oct. 4... Oct.9... Nov.l., Nov. 29 , 1870— Apr. 14 , May 4 . . June 18, July 13 July 18, July 21 July 25, Jnly 28 Aug. 12, Aug. 22 Sept. 8. Nov. 28 Deo. 26 . 1871— Feb. 20 Mar. 7 . Kay 18, June I., July 8. July 28, Aug. 16 Aug. 21 Sept.l., Nov. 27 , Dec. 15 , 1872— Aug. 1., Sepll.. Sept. 2.. 160 149 180 160 160 180 200 216 215 215 215 188 202 188 149 188 70 202 188 45 160 188 25 38 43 40 35 50 75 140 150 140 150 112 80 75 65 65 50 50 100 125 160 180 150 100 75 100 75 45 40 35 30 100 125 75 125 100 Sp'l 2. 3. 4. 5. or 128 117 150 117 128 150 166 180 180 180 170 160 170 160 128 160 60 170 160 45 160 160 25 38 43 40 35 50 75 125 130 125 130 90 70 70 60 60 50 60 90 110 130 150 130 90 65 90 65 45 40 35 30 90 110 70 110 90 107 85 125 94 107 124 111 120 106 90 82 127 138 127 120 127 65 138 127 45 127 127 25 38 43 40 35 50 75 100 100 100 100 90 60 60 60 65 50 50 70 85 100 120 100 70 60 70 60 45 40 35 30 70 85 60 85 70 Date. 1872— Oct. 14., 1873— Apr. 14 June 11, Aug. 11, Aug. 13 Dec. 1., 1874-^an.l .. Aug. 3.. 1875— Jan. 20. Mar. 17 , Apr. 6., May 18 , Aug. 12, Nov. 15 , Dec. 22 . 1878— Jan. 10 . June 12, July 28. Dec. 18. 1877— Mar. 12. Oct. 8... Oct. 22.. Dec. 10 . 1878— Feb. 15 . 1881— Aug. 6 . Nov. 14. 1882— Jan. 24 . Jnlyl.. Nov. 1.. 1883— June 22 1885— Jan. 26 . Oct. 5... Nov. 18. 1887— Apr. 1.. 1888— Jan. 9 .. Mar. 5.. Nov. 12. Deo. 17- Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 125 100 75 40 27 75 100 75 100 75 60 40 50 75 30 75 25 15 50 75 75 100 100 75 45 60 45 60 75 75 60 60 75 75 75 75 50 75 25 * In effect January 1, 1893. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE EATES. 433 By this table is shown the changes in the rates of the several classes of freight from New York to Chicago from 1862 to the present time. The freight charges between the two most important shipping centers in the country are here presented for thirty years — a longer period than has ever previously appeared in one table. Absence of knowledge of the circumstances under which the varying rates of the different years were established precludes the adoption of any form of analysis which could be applied to the whole period. The character of the rates of certain years might be easily traced to the events of those years notably affecting the transportation interests; 1864 and 1865 were years near the end of and just after the war. In 1877 the Trunk Line Association was formed, and in 1887 the Act to Eegulate Commerce was passed. For these years higher rates are observed. During the summer months the all-rail lines are in competition with the lake-and-rail and canal andlake routes, to which competition has frequently been attributed the low all-rail rates; reductions by the latter at such times being necessary to retain a share of the business. While this may explain the changes in many of the years, it loses force when applied to such years as 1869-1875, and 1882, when the low rates were charged on dates on which the lake routes were closed. In part only the foregoing may indicate the causes for changes in different years. Throughout the table maybe recognized " war periods," which for the purpose of comparison it would be well to eliminate, if this could be correctly done, as only in tliis Avay may the changes in the normal rates of each class and commodity be shown. The rates of the table, however, represent figures at which an enormous traffic was carried, and although not in all cases appearing upon the published schedules they were obtained from reliable sources, are accurate, and should be permitted to remain in the tables for what they are worth. It would be of interest to know the exact causes leading to the im- portant fluctuations of each year, and it is to be regretted that the necessary information for this purpose is not at hand. For the present, at least, we shall have to be content with the reasons frequently ad- vanced, viz, that when low rates prevailed the cause has been " active competition," or a "rate war," and when advanced they were simply " restored " to what was at the time considered the " normal basis." While the extent of the variations are shown, the tendency of the changes may not readily be determined by the figures of Table 1, in the absence of knowledge as to what were the normal rates ; the latter might be assumed to be highest rates or the rates prevailing for the longest period. While such a rule could well be applied to the rates of 1868, for example, when $2.02 first class per 1.00 pounds continued in effect for five months and was again restored after a period of lower rates, the same rule could not govern for 1869, during which there were thirteen changes and rates approaching the highest were in effect for an equal period. The comparison which shall show the tendency of the changes must therefore be made upon a basis having the merits of equality. For this purpose the system of averages and percentages has been adopted, as shown by Tables 13 and 14. While the presentation now made will be of interest, historically at least, it must be admitted that the tables fdrnish only a proximate basis for comparison, owing to the fact that in former years the meth- ods of the carriers were such that the instances where the published tariff was charged were rather the exception than the rule. The devi- ces for the secret lowering of rates to shippers commonly resorted to, S, Eep. 1394 28 434 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. in previous years were innumerable. The secret rates or reductions by- rebates of one road were generally based upon the actual or assumed rates of a competitor, and while the rates of all ultimately fell to the same level and became the open rate, for a time at least, charges were made by some differing materially from any rates of record. Before passing to Tables 13 and 14 it may be interesting to notice some of the extreme changes appearing in the preceding table. We find the highest and lowest rates as follows : Table 12.— Highest and Lowest West Boond Rates. Cents per 100 pounds. Highest. Lowest. 1864 and 1865.... $2. 15 1804 and 1865.... 1.80 1867 1.38 1864 and 1865 96 1870 60 $0. 15 in 1876 Class 2 . 15 in 1876 Class 3... . . .. - . 15 in 1876 Class 4 . 10 in 1876 Class 5 . 10 in 1876 For the years prior to 1868 changes do not appear to have been made as often as in years following. In October, 1868, a reduction from $1.88 to 70 cents was made, the latter rate continuing until December 7, or two months. At no time in the previous six years had the first- class rate been lower than $1.49, and for most of this time the normal rate had been nearer $2. The year 1 869 was conspicuous for sharp fluctuations, with a rate at the beginning of the year of $2.02 fijrst class, which was reduced on February 1 to $1.88, and again on the 17th of the same month to 45 cents. The latter was equivalent to a decline of 75 per cent on first class and about 50 per cent on fourth class. By this schedule it will be seen that the same rate was charged upon all classes. Here for the first time it is noticed that the principles of clas- sification are entirely set aside. In March the rates were advanced as abruptly as they declined, and in July $1.88 was again reached. In August a rate of 25 cents was estab- lished for all classes, the lowest rate from 1862 to 1876. This rate (Au- gust, 1869) was advanced on different dates during August, September, October, and ISTovember, until the $1.50 basis was reached. In 1870 im- portant reductions were made, followed by advances to the $1.80 basis iu December, Avhich was again reduced to $1.50 in February, 1871. During the summer of 1871 rates were very low and again the classi- fication was ignored. In December the $1.25 basis was resumed, and after reductions, again adopted in October, 1872, continuing until i April, 1873, after which date no higher basis than $1 was reached. In August, September, October, November, and part of December, 1873, a 27-cent first-class and 17-cent fifth-class basis was charged, which were unusually low rates. The rates for 1874 and 1875 were ' comparatively better. ! The rates of 1876 were far below the rates known to have been charged at any time within the periods covered by the table. In 1877 the 75-cent basis was restored, and in October of the same year the i classification was reduced to four classes. In December the $1 basis ! was established, which lasted until February 15, 1878, when the 75-cent i basis was again made effective. These rates continued in effect until August, 1881, three years and a half, an unusually long period. The ' CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 435 rates of 1881 and 1882 were low; 1883 and 1884 the rates were higher and more steady ; 1885 rates were low. From 1886 to the present time the class rates have been practically on the same basis. These com- ments relate principally to first class, and apply generally to all, although the class relations were not always maintained by the changes. At times there were only four classes and at others five or six. Lower rates usually followed the introduction of new classes. Table 13. — Average Eatbs on Classified Traffic, via All-Rail Routes, New York to Chicago. Date. Classes (rates in cents per 100 ponnds). Date. Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 or spe'l. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5, 6 or spe'l. 1862 159 169 193 215 193 190 170 132 130 90 118 78 90 61 43 75 78 75 75 127 134 161 180 163 162 144 122 113 79 104 71 82 65 41 68 62 60 60 100 110 121 107 120 129 119 100 90 65 81 57 69 46 36 58 51 60 50 60 67 87 93 82 83 78 72 69 61 62 45 54 38 26 42 41 40 40 1881 65 56 75 75 56 75 75 73 75 75 75 75 51 44 60 60 45 60 64 63 66 65 65 66 42 35 45 45 34 45 49 49 60 50 60 60 33 26 35 35 27 35 35 35 35 36 35 35 1863 . .. 1882 1864 . „ 1883 1805 1884 25 1866 1885 1867 1886 '"so' 30 30 30 30 25 1868 1887 25 1869 25 1870 50 40 48 35 41 29 22 1889 25 1871 1890 25 1872 25 1873 1892 25 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 This table gives the average rate of each class, New York to Chicago, for each year. These averages are obtained by multiplying the ratea by the number of days each were in effect and dividing the sum of the multiples by the number of days in the year. This method is thought to be fairly accurate, and is undoubtedly the best available when it is impossible to obtain tonnage statistics showing the exact quantity of traffic carried at the separate rates. The next table will show the percentage or ratio of change in the yearly class averages given above. For this purpose the rates of 1867 are counted as 100, and the rates of the years following are expressed in percentages of the rates of 1867. Thus, in 1892 the first-class rate was 39.47 per cent of the rates of 1867 ; or, in other words, the same weight of freight may be now carried from JSgw York to Chicago for 39 cents as was charged f 1 in 1867. 436 EEPOKT ON CHANGES IN FEEIGHT RATES. Table 14. — Pekcbntages of the Yeaelt Average Rates on Classified Tbaffic, New York to Chicago. Date. Classes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1867 100 89.47 09.47 68.42 47.37 62.11 41.05 47.37 32.11 22.63 39.47 41.05 39.47 39.47 34.21 29.47 39.47 39.47 29.47 39.47 39.47 38.42 39.47 39.47 39.47 39.47 100 88.89 75.31 69.75 48.77 64.20 43.83 50.62 33.95 25.31 41.98 38.27 37.04 37.04 31.48 27.16 37.04 37.04 27.78 37.04 39.51 38.89 40.12 40.12 40.12 40.12 100 92.25 77.52 69.77 50.39 62.79 44.19 53.49 35.66 27.91 41.96 39.53 38.76 38.76 32.56 27.13 34.88 34.88 26.36 34.88 37.98 37.98 38.76 38.76 38.76 38.76 100 93.98 86.75 83.13 61.45 74.70 54.22 65.06 45.78 31.33 50.60 49.40 48.19 48.19 39.76 31.33 42.17 42.17 32.53 42.17 42.17 42.17 42.17 42.17 42.17 42.17 1868 1869 1870 100 80 96 70 82 58 44 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1881 50 1885 1888 1887 1888 60 60 60 60 60 1890 1892 By tHs arrangement of the tables it may be seen at a glance what general changes have taken place. In many of the earlier years lower rates for some classes are noticed than have been charged since 1SS7. A study of the tables, however, will give prominence to the fact that the basis is now lower. In support of this conclusion it must be re- membered that there is now a permanent fifth and sixth class, each ot which has rates lower than was formerly charged for fourth class. The yearly tonnage forwarded by the trunk lines from New York to and beyond the western termini of each shows a marked increase- the shipments for 1892 were 38 per cent higher than iu 1886, The busi- ness for several years is shown iu the table next given: Table 15.— West Bound Tonnage. 1S78 ^°"^- tssn 803,770 |b8i 986,013 {2|i 1,198,097 !S2o 1,363,708 it^ 1,115,052 isSfi 1,194,350 l^^ 1,125 417 iigg 1,314,254 isHQ 1,335,343 isflO 1.219,769 istl 1,405,352 joqi • 1,465,094 ^^^^ 1,551357 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE EATES. 437 The proportions carried in tlie respective classes during these years were as follows : Table 16. — Per cent oe Tonnage in each class. Class. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1 2 3 4 5 30.4 6.9 4.8 57.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.3 7.2 5.0 48.7 6.5 0.0 1.3 100.0 26.4 6.7 4.4 BO.l 10.6 0.0 1.8 25.1 6.4 5.1 53.7 9.7 0.0 0.0 23.1 6.2 4.2 58.9 7.6 0.0 0.0 29.5 8.0 4.9 42.8 14.8 0.0 0.0 25.6 7.6 4.1 32.9 29.8 0.0 0.0 24.8 7.1 4.2 29.3 34.6 0.0 0.0 23.3 7.9 5.2 20.9 42.7 18.9 7.5 8.1 14.1 16.1 35.3 19.3 7.2 10.4 13.6 9.2 40.4 22.2 6.9 12.8 13.0 7.8 37.3 21.0 6.4 12.3 12.7 10.0 37.6 19.4 5.7 11.4 11.1 9.1 43.3 19.9 5.4 11.3 10.4 9.6 6 43.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 The principal purpose served by the introduction of tlie latter table is to point out that about sixty per cent of the tonnage is now carried in the fourth, fifth, and sixth classes, the rates of which are 36, 30, and 25 cents per 100 pounds, respectively, New York to Chicago. Prior to 1886 no considerable number of articles were permanently assigned to fifth and sixth classes; they embraced usually a few commodities which had been assigned a special rate, which rate was seldom lower than 35 cents per 100 pounds, and often higher. It has been shown from an analysis of the freight classifications that 47 per cent of the descrip- tions in the classification now applying westward from tlie seaboard are found in the fourth and lower classes, and the tonnage of the same classes from ISew Tork is 60 per cent of the total traffic. Tbe traffic represented by these figures now permanently receive lower rates than in 1886. Similar results would appear from an analysis of the rates and classification applying from other seaboard cities to the West. The foregoing tables of rates, it will be noticed, refer to the yearly averages of the different classes. In order to ascertain the changes upon the entire traffic of all classes from ISTew York, the following table has been compiled, by which is shown the monthly average rates for each year on the traffic from New York from 1878 to 1892, inclusive, and the yearly averages are given for the years 1886 to 1892, inclusive. These average rates, it should be explained, are arrived at on the assumption that all traffic from New York was destined to Chicago, and carried at the prevailing tariff" rates for the years given. This rule is applied throughout the table, and when it is recalled that rates to all destinations east of the Mississippi Eiver are made proportionate to the New York-Chicago rate, results sufficiently accurate are obtained to illustrate the charges for aU traffic from the seaboard to western points other than Chicago, to which rates are made by the trunk lines. Especial attention is directed to this table, as it contains rates repre- sentative of a traffic more extensive than is carried under any other set of competitive rates in the United States. 438 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Tablb 17. — Average Rates per Hundred Pounds charged to Chicago, III., DURING bach month, 1878 TO 1892, INCLUSIVE, UPON FREIGHT FROM NEW YORK, N. Y., TO POINTS BEYOND TkUNK LiNE TeRMINI. Month. Year (average rate in cents per 100 pounds). 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 Jannaxy February March April May June July August September October November , December Average yearly rate 40 30 30 30 30 23 23 26 1 23 32 41 42 43 42 41 39 41 42 42 42 42 41 53.7 51.9 49.9 37.5 29.4 47.7 44. 6 30. 1 42.6 41.0 41. 43. 7 42.9 41.441.0 I Applying to a number of commodities tlie same plan for computation of averages and percentages as shown above by Tables 13 and 14 for classes, similar results as to tlie extent of the reductions are obtaiued. Tables 18 and 19 next following present the yearly average charges and percentages for a number of selected articles; reference to each will show the rates to be upon a much lower basis in the more recent years than formerly. It will also be noticed that the majority have now been assigned a separate car-load rating, where in xirevious years this dis- tinction was not made and the the shiiDmeuts in carload quantities were taken at higher rates. An extended analysis of the changes in each article appears unnecessary, as the tables fally present the reductions. 440 EEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT BATES. Table 18.— Average Kates on Various Commodities, Year. Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Furni- ture. Stoves. Coffee, Castile and fancy. Com- mon. Starch. Sngar. yA" 1807. 1SC8. 1S09 . 1870. 1871 . 1872. 187:t . 1874. 1875 . 1870 . 1877 . 1878 . IH79. 1880. 1881 . 18S2. if.sa . 1884. 3885 . 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892* 190 170 132 130 90 118 78 90 61 43 75 78 75 75 65 66 75 I 75 75 I 75 56 56 75 I 66 75 I 50 190 190 162 162 129 162 83 83 'Sight months, to August 31, inclusive. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. VIA All-Rail Routes, New York to Chicago. 441 Comnioditjes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Mo- lasses. Eice. s Crock- ery and earthen- ware. Bagging Leather Lead. NaUs. Agricul- tural im- plements Machin- ery. Beer. 9-5 CO ^m m g™; 3- m §-; m g-i ^4 S-"! m" fl»! n g-.! IS h ^'rt •S ■fl'S i '?.'% IS ■f^l ^o fl « "% ^ h ■s ms h ^ V 40 30 35 30 35 S5 65 75 35 30 ,S0 35 50 35 35 25 35 30 65 60 30 35 30 60 30 35 30 35 ?,5 05 75 35 30 50 35 50 35 35 25 35 30 65 60 30 35 30 50 30 35 30 35 25 65 75 35 .30 .50 35 ,50 35 35 25 31 26 65 60 30 36 34 60 30 35 30 35 25 65 75 35 30 50 35 60 35 35 25 30 ;i5 65 60 30 35 35 60 30 442 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 19.— Percentages oe the Yearly Average Rates on Various Tear. 1867, 181)8, 1869. 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1883, 1886 1887, 1888 1889 1890, 1891 1892 Commoaities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). good 100. 00 89.47 69.47 68.42 47.37 62.11 41.05 47.37 32.11 22.63 39.47 41.05 39.47 39.47 34.21 29.47 39.47 39.47 29.47 39.47 39.47 38.42 39.47 39.47 39.47 39.47 Cotton piece goods. 100. 00 89.47 69.47 68.42 47.37 62.11 41.05 47.37 32.11 22.63 39.47 41.05 39.47 39.47 34.21 29.47 39.47 39.47 29.47 34.74 26,32 25.79 26.32 26.32 26.32 26.32 Boots and shoes. 100.00 89.47 69.47 68.42 47.37 62.11 41.05 47.37 32.11 22.63 39.47 41.05 39.47 39.47 34. 21 29.47 39.47 39.47 29.47 39.47 39.47 38.42 39.47 39.47 39.47 39.47 I'umitore. Less tlian car- loads. 100. 00 89.47 69.47 68.42 47.37 62.11 41.05 47.37 32.11 22.63 39.47 41.05 39.47 39.47 34.21 29.47 39.47 39.47 29.47 39.47 89.47 38.42 39.47 39.47 39.47 39.47 Car- loads. Less than car- loads. 100.00 89.47 69.47 68.42 47.37 62. ]1 41.05 47.37 32.11 22. 63 39.47 41.06 39.47 39.47 34.21 29.47 39.47 39.47 29.47 39.47 35.26 33.16 34.21 34.21 34.21 34.21 Stoves. 100. 00 89.47 69.47 68.42 47.37 62.11 41.03 47.37 33.11 22.63 39.47 41.03 39.47 39.47 34.21 29.47 39.47 39.47 29.57 39.47 29.47 25.79 26.32 26.32 18.42 15.79 Car- loads. 100. 00 89.47 69.47 68.42 47.37 62.11 41.05 47.37 32.11 22.63 33.16 21.58 21.05 21.05 17.37 13.68 18.42 18.42 14.06 18.42 16. 32 15.79 15.79 15.79 13.68 13.16 Coffee. Less than car- loads. 100.00 24.69 29.63 21.60 25.31 17.28 13.58 21.60 25.31 24.69 24.69 20.37 16.05 21.60 21.60 16.67 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 2L60 Car- loads. 100. 00 24.69 29.63 21.60 25.31 17.28 13.68 21.60 25.31 24.69 24.69 20.37 16.05 21.60 21.60 16.67 21.60 16.67 15.43 15.43 15.43 15.43 15.43 Tear. Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds), Bice. Less than car- loads. Car- loads. Grocer ies. Drugs. Croctery and earthenware. Less than car- loads. Car- loads. :mg. Less than car- loads. Car- loads. Leather. Less than car- loads. Car- loads. 1867.. 1868.. 1869. . 1870.. 1871.. 1872. . 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876. . 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882., 1883., 1884.. 1885. 1886., 1887. 1888., 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892., 100. 00 93.98 86.75 100. 00 93.98 86.75 61.45 68.67 42.17 49.40 34.94 26.51 42.17 49.40 48.19 48.19 39.76 31.33 42.17 42.17 32.53 42.17 42.17 42.17 42.17 42.17 42.17 42.17 61.45 68.67 42.17 49.40 34.94 26.51 42.17 49.40 48.19 48.19 39.76 31.38 42.17 42.17 32.53 42.17 42.17 30.12 30.12 30.12 30.12 30.12 100. 00 88.89 75.31 69.75 48.77 64. 20 43.83 50.62 33.95 25.31 41.98 38.27 37.04 37.04 31.48 27.16 37.04 37.04 27.78 37.04 39.51 38.89 40.12 40.12 40.12 40.12 100. 00 89.47 69.47 68.42 47.37 62.11 41.05 47.37 32.11 22.63 39.47 41.03 39.47 39.47 34.21 29.47 39.47 39.47 29.47 39.47 39.47 38.42 39.47 39.47 39.47 39.17 100. 00 100. 00 88.89 33.95 56.17 21.60 25.31 20.37 13.58 21.60 35.31 24.69 24.69 20.37 16.05 21.60 21.60 16.67 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 33.95 56.17 21.60 25.31 20.37 13.58 21.60 35.31 24.69 24.69 20.37 16.05 21.60 21.60 16.67 21.60 19.14 18.62 18.52 18.52 18.52 18.62 100. 00 88.89 75.31 69.75 48.77 64.20 43.83 60.62 33,95 25.31 36.42 35.31 24.69 24.69 20.37 16.05 21.60 21.60 16.67 21.60 28.40 30.25 30.86 30.86 30.86 30.86 100. 00 88.89 75.31 69.75 48.77 64.20 43.83 60.62 33.95 25.31 36.42 35.31 24.69 24.69 20.37 16.05 21.60 21.00 16.67 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 100. 00 88.89 76.31 68.52 48.77 64.20 43.83 50.62 33.95 25.31 41.98 38.27 37.04 37.04 31.48 27.16 37.04 37.04 27.78 37.04 32.10 30.25 30.86 30.86 30.86 30.86 100. 00 88.89 75.31 68.52 48.77 64.20 43.83 50.62 33.95 25.31 41.98 38.27 37.04 37.04 31.48 27.16 37.04 37.04 27.78 37.04 25.31 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 21.60 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RA.TES. Commodities, via All-Eail Eoutes, New York to Chicago. 443 Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Soap. Starch. Sugar. Mola sses. Castile and fancy. Common. Tea. Less thau car- loads. Car- loads. Loss thjiu car- loads. Car- loiids. Loss than car- loads. Car- loads. Less than car- loads. Car- loads. Less than car- loads. Car- loads. 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 loo. 00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 88.89 75.31 69.76 48.77 88.89 76.31 69.75 48.77 60.47 53.81 53.49 39.53 60.47 55.81 53.49 39.53 75.31 61.73 65.66 40.12 75.31 61.73 55.56 40.12 89.47 69. 47 68,42 47,37 "48.19' "'48,19' "'oi,'4.5' "6L45 04.20 64.20 48.06 48.06 50.00 50.00 62.11 57.83 57,83 74.70 74.70 43.83 43.83 34.88 34.88 35.19 39.19 41.05 42.17 42.17 54. 'i'i 64.22 50.62 60.62 41.86 41.86 42.59 42.59 47.37 49.40 49,40 65.06 65.06 33.95 33.95 29.46 49.46 28.40 28.40 32.11 33.73 33.73 56.63 56,03 25.31 29.31 20.16 20.16 22 22 22.22 22, 63 26.51 26.51 31.33 31.33 41.98 41.98 32.56 32.56 32.10 32.10 39,47 42.17 42.17 50.60 60,60 38.27 38.27 31.78 31.78 25.31 25.31 41.05 49.40 49.40 49.40 49.40 37.04 37.04 31.01 31.01 24.69 24.69 39.47 48.19 48.19 48.19 48.19 37.04 37.04 31.01 31.01 24.69 24.69 39.47 48.19 48.19 48.19 48.19 31.48 33.48 25.58 25.58 20.37 20.37 34.21 39.76 39.76 39.76 39,76 27.16 27.16 2i). 16 20.16 16.06 16.05 29.47 28.92 28,92 28.92 •28.92 37.04 37.04 27.13 27.13 21.60 21.60 39.47 36.14 36.14 36.14 36,14 37.04 37.04 27.13 27.13 21.60 21.60 39.47 30.12 30.12 30.12 30,12 27.78 27.78 20.93 20.93 16.67 16.67 29.47 24.10 24.10 24. ;o 24,10 37,04 37.04 27.13 27.13 21.60 21.60 39.47 30.12 30.12 30. 12 30.12 39.51 39.51 27.13 24.03 21.00 16.67 39.47 39.76 30.12 39,76 34.94 38.89 38.89 27.13 23.26 21.60 15.43 38.42 42.17 30.12 42.17 36.14 40.12 40.12 27.13 23.26 21.60 15.43 39.47 42.17 30.12 42.17 36.14 40.12 40.12 27.13 23.26 21.60 15.43 39.47 42.17 30.12 42.17 36.14 30.25 27.16 27.13 23.26 21.60 15.43 39.47 42.17 30.12 42.17 36.14 27.13 15.43 27.13 23.26 21.60 15.43 39.47 42.17 28.92 42.17 36.14 Comino dities (ra tes in cen ts per 100 pounds). Lead. Nails. Hard- Agricnl plem ;ural im- ents. Machinery. iBeer. Less than car- loads. Car- loads. Less than car- loads. Car- loads. ware. Less than car- loads. Car- loads. Less than car- loads. Car- loads. . Less than car- loads. Car- loads. 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 100. DO 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100. 03 93.98 98.98 93.98 93.98 88.89 89.47 89.47 88.89 88.89 92.25 92. 3.5 86.75 86.75 86.75 86.75 76.31 69.47 69,47 76.31 75.31 77.62 77.52 84.34 84.34 83.13 83.13 69.75 68.42 68.42 69.75 69.75 69.77 69.77 63.01 53.01 61.45 61.45 48.77 47.37 47.37 48.77 48.77 50.39 50. 39 57.83 57.83 74.70 74.70 64.20 62.11 62.11 64.20 64.20 62.79 62.79 42.17 42.17 54.22 64.22 43.83 32. 63 43.83 43.83 44.19 44.19 49.40 34.94 49.40 34.94 65.06 45.78 65.06 45.78 50.62 33.95 28.42 20.00 50.62 33.95 50.62 33.95 63.49 36.66 53. 4'J 35! 60 26.61 26.61 31.33 31.33 25.31 13.68 25.31 25.31 27.91 27.91 42.17 42.17 50.60 50.60 41.98 21.58 41.98 36.42 40.31 40.31 49.40 48.19 49.40 48.19 49.40 48.19 49.40 48.19 38.27 37.04 21.58 21,05 38.27 37.04 25,31 24.69 31.78 31.01 31.78 31.01 48.19 39.76 48.19 39.76 48.19 39.76 48.19 39.76 37.04 31.48 21,05 17.37 37.04 31.48 24.69 20.37 31.01 25.58 31.01 25. 6 j 31.33 42.17 31.33 42.17 31.33 42.17 31.33 42.17 27.36 37.04 13.68 18.95 27.16 37.04 16.05 21.60 20.16 27.13 20.16 27.13 42.17 42.17 42.17 42.17 37.04 18.96 37.04 21.60 27.13 27,13 32.53 42.17 42.17 32.63 42.17 32.53 32.53 42.17 42.17 32.63 42.17 37.35 27.78 37.04 39.61 14.06 18.42 16. 32 27,78 37,04 25.31 16.67 21.60 19.14 20.93 27.13 35,66 20 93 27:13 24.03 42.17 30.12 42.17 86.14 38.89 "'25.' 79' 15.79 21.60 18.52 37.98 23.28 42.17 30.12 42.17 36.14 40.12 26.32 15.79 21.60 18.52 38.76 23.26 42.17 30.12 42.17 36.14 40.12 26.32 15.79 21.60 18.62 38.76 23.28 42.17 30.12 37.35 31.33 40.12 26.32 15.79 21.60 20.99 38.76 23.26 42.17 30.12 36.14 30.12 40.12 26.32 15.79 21.60 21.60 38.76 23.26 444 EEPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Kext foUowing will be presented numerous taWesshowng changes in rates on important commodities from :^ew York to^ number ot western competitive points. These points have ^een selected Princi^ pallv on account of their importance as commercial and distributing trade centers, and to which the greater portion of the westward traffic from the seaboard cities is carried. ■, ^ ■, -, -ajj The commodities given have been carefully selected and are intended to embrace (1) those representative of different commercial classes, (2) those of universal use, and (3) those which have been carried in prac- tically the same form throughout the entire period covered. The ship- ping terms as now employed for many classified articles are quite un- like those of 1867, and the frequent changes in the nomenclature of the freight classifications have made it very difficult to trace the rating for many of the articles; but so far as has been possible the rates shown throughout the tables cover the same form of package, or represent the standard commercial package from time to time prevailing for these articles. The dates appearing at the left hand in the tables indicate the dates on which a change was made in the rate itself of one or more articles, or a change in the classification of an article resulting in a change in the rate. The headlines are self-explanatory, columns being pro- vided for less than carloads and carload rates for such articles as are carried in both forms. Where the figures are omitted and "special rate " inserted the records of the railroads failed to show the actual rate charged. In such cases the rate may be assumed to have been lower than the preceding rate shown. In the parlance of the railroads in former years the term "special rate" generally implied a secret rate, which was often omitted from the schedules and known only to the company and favored patrons. 446 EEPOKT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 20.— Rates of FEEiGnr, All Rail, Distance via Shortest Route. — From New York, ?12 miles; [Note. — "Where the rates are not specifically described as applying on less than ; Date. 1867^Jan. 1... Nov. 5... 1868— Feb. 4... June 4. . . Aug. 10... Sept. 7... Oct. 1... Dec. 7... 1869— Feb. 1... Feb. 17... Mar. 15... Apr. 12... July 1... Aug. 11... Aug. 23... Aug. 30... Sept. 22... Sept. 24... Oct. 4... Oct. 9... Nov. 1... Nov. 29... 1870— Apr. 14... May 4... May 7... June 18... July 13... July 18... July 21... July 25... July 28... Aug. 12... Aug. 22... Sepl 8... Nov. 28... Dec. 26... 1871— Feb. 20... Mar. 7- . . May 18... June 1. .. July 8... July 28... Aug. 16... Aug. 21... Sept. 1... Nov. 27... Dec. 15... 1872— Aug. 1. . . Sept. 1... Sept. 2 Oct. 14. . . 1873— Apr. 14... June 11 Aug. 11... Aug. 13... Dec. 1... 1874- Jan. 1..., Ang. 3..., 1875— Jan. 20..., Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 188 202 202 188 149 188 70 202 188 45 160 160 188 25 38 43 40 35 50 75 140 150 140 150 150 112 80 75 65 65 50 50 100 125 160 180 150 100 75 100 75 45 40 35 30 100 125 75 125 100 125 100 75 40 27 75 100 75 100 Fur- niture. ■I stoves. 202 202 188 1188 45 160 160 188 25 38 43 40 35 60 75 140 150 140 150 150 112 80 76 65 65 60 50 100 125 160 180 150 100 75 100 75 45 40 35 30 100 125 75 125 100 125 100 75 40 27 75 100 75 100 Coffee. 160 ICO 170 170 Special rate. ..do.... ..do.... 160 |160 Special rate. ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... do... do... do. . . do... do... ..do... ..do... .do., .do.. .do.. .do.. .do-. -do.. .do.. .do.. -do.. .do.. 60 65 45 Soap. Castile and fancy. 1-1" Com- mon. 170 86 160 82 45 I 45 160 I 82 160 82 Starch. 160 188 Sugar. 170 138 127 120 127 55 138 127 45 127 127 127 25 3S 43 40 35 50 75 100 100 1150 100 140 100 150 100 il50 t 90 112 60 I SO 82 82 Special rate. .-do.... ..do.... -.do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... .-do.... ..do.... ..do.... .-do..-. ..do.... ..do.-.. -.do.... ..do.... ..do-... --do.-.. ..do.... ..do.... .-do.... 38 38 38 38 38 38 Special rate. ..do.... ..do... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... do-. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE BATES. 447 FROM New York, N. Y., to Chicago, III. Boston, 1,001 miles ; Philadelphia, 822 miles ; Baltimore, 801 miles, carload or carload quantities, they apply on shipments regardless of quantity .] Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1 Crock- 1 Agri- Mo- lasses. Bice. ery and eartlien- Bag- ging. Leather. Lead. Nails. cultural imple- Ma- chinery. Beer. 03 (C "ware. 1 ment's. ^4 to ^4 ■$1 to si CO ^4 "4 si a 1 "4 Si 1 53 S in 5| 1 ^4 i "S5 = (Or^ o O M «l o »5 3 »■? o «■§ o "■S o "■% o OJ.-H o air-. o SS 1 ss g g 2 o « ■§ s ?g§ 1 S^ 1 sa ci to ^ a u 10 ^ (U ffl s sa 1 &'' o Hi" o cb fi i^o O Kl" o A" o -^° a -H " O w hi" o -1" o ^^ o 82 82 82 82 160 188 100 160 160 160 J60 160 82 82 82 82 160 188 188 160 160 127 127 86 86 86 80 170 202 170 170 170 170 170 170 86 86 86 86 170 202 202 170 170 38 138 Special rate. ..do.... 86 86 170 202 170 170 170 170 170 170 80 86 86 86 170 202 202 170 170 L38 138 82 82 160 188 160 160 160 160 100 160 82 82 82 82 160 188 188 160 160 37 127 ..do.... 82 82 128 149 128 128 128 128 128 128 82 82 82 82 128 140 149 128 128 120 120 ..do.... 82 82 160 188 160 160 160 160 160 160 82 82 83 82 160 188 188 160 160 127 127 ..do.... 50 50 60 70 60 60 60 60 60 60 62 52 50 50 60 70 70 60 60 66 55 ..do... 86 86 170 202 170 170 170 170 170 170 86 86 86 86 170 202 202 170 170 138 138 ..do-.-. 82 82 160 188 160 160 160 160 160 160 82 83 82 82 160 188 188 160 160 127 127 ..do.... 45 45 45 45 45 45 15 45 46 45 46 45 45 45 45 45 45 46 45 45 45 ..do.... 82 82 160 160 100 160 160 160 100 160 82 82 82 82 160 160 160 160 160 127 127 ..do.... 82 82 160 160 Special rate, -.do.... 160 100 160 160 82 82 82 82 160 160 160 160 160 127 127 ..do.... 82 82 160 188 160 160 160 160 82 82 82 82 160 188 188 160 160 127 127 ..do.... 25 25 25 25 ..do.... 25 25 26 25 35 25 25 26 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 ..do.... 38 38 38 38 ..rlo.... 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 ..do.... 43 43 43 43 ..do-... 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 ..do.... 40 40 40 40 .-do.... 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 ..do.... 35 35 35 35 ..do.... 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 ..do.... 50 50 50 50 -do.... 50 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 50 60 50 50 50 ..do 75 75 75 75 --do.-.. 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 76 75 75 75 75 75 76 75 ..do.... 80 80 125 140 .-do.... 125 125 125 125 80 80 80 80 125 140 140 125 125 100 100 ..do.... 80 80 130 160 --do-..- 130 130 125 125 80 80 80 80 130 150 150 130 130 100 100 ..do.... 80 80 125 140 ..do.... 125 126 125 125 80 80 80 80 125 140 140 125 125 100 100 ..do..-. 80 80 130 150 ..do.... 130 130 130 130 80 SO 80 80 130 150 160 130 130 100 100 ..do.... Spe ra ..dc cial 130 150 ..do.... 130 130 130 130 80 80 80 80 130 150 150 130 130 100 100 ..do.... be. 90 112 ..do.... 90 90 90 90 70 70 55 55 90 112 112 90 90 90 90 ..do.... ..do 70 80 ..do.... 70 70 70 70 50 50 50 50 70 80 80 70 70 60 60 ..do.... ..do 70 75 ..do.... 70 70 70 70 50 50 60 60 70 75 75 70 70 60 60 ..do.... ..do 60 65 ..do.... 60 60 60 60 50 50 50 60 60 65 65 60 60 60 60 ..do.... ..do 60 65 -.do.... 60 60 60 60 45 45 45 45 60 65 65 60 60 55 55 ..do ..do 50 50 ..do.... 60 60 60 50 46 45 46 45 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 do.... ..do 50 50 ..do.... 60 60 50 50 60 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 ..do.... ..do 90 100 ..do.... 90 90 90 90 56 55 65 55 90 100 100 90 90 70 70 ..do.... ..do 110 125 ..do.... no no no no 66 65 65 65 no 135 125 no 110 85 85 ..do---. ..do 130 160 ..do.... 130 130 130 130 65 65 65 65 130 160 160 130 130 100 100 80 80 80 'so' 160 180 150 160 150 l50 150 160 SO 80 80 80 150 180 180 150 150 120 120 70 70 70 70 130 150 65 65 130 130 130 130 70 70 70 70 130 150 Igo 130 130 100 lOO 55 55 55 55 90 100 45 46 90 90 90 90 46 45 55 56 90 100 100 90 90 70 70 45 45 45 45 65 75 37 37 66 65 65 65 37 37 45 46 65 75 75 65 65 60 50 55 55 55 55 90 100 45 45 90 90 90 90 45 45 55 55 90 100 100 90 90 70 70 45 45 45 45 65 75 37 37 65 66 65 65 37 37 45 45 65 75 76 65 65 50 60 45 45 45 45 45 45 32 33 45 46 46 45 32 32 46 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 40 40 40 40 40 40 28 28 40 40 40 40 28 28 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 35 35 35 35 35 35 26 26 36 35 35 35 26 26 35 35 35 35 25 35 35 35 3S 30 30 30 30 30 30 24 24 30 30 30 30 24 24 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3C 55 55 65 55 90 100 45 45 90 90 90 90 45 45 55 55 90 100 100 90 90 70 71 65 65 65 65 110 125 110 110 no no 110 no 60 60 65 65 no 125 125 no no 85 8E 45 45 35 35 70 75 70 70 70 70 70 70 35 36 45 45 70 75 75 70 70 60 6C 65 65 65 65 110 125 no 110 110 110 110 no 60 50 65 65 no 125 125 no no 85 s; 55 55 45 45 90 100 90 00 90 90 90 90 45 45 65 55 90 100 100 90 90 70 7C 65 65 50 50 110 125 50 60 no no no no 50 60 66 65 no 125 125 no no 85 S£ 60 60 45 45 90 100 45 45 90 90 90 90 45 45 60 60 90 Spe'l rate. 60 90 90 75 7£ 45 45 35 35 70 75 35 35 70 70 70 70 35 36 45 45 70 -do . 45 70 70 60 6( 30 3D 30 30 40 40 30 30 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 30 40 -do. 30 40 1 40 30 3{ 18 18 17 17 27 27 17 17 27 27 27 27 17 17 18 18 27 .do. 18 27 , 27 18 IS 45 45 35 35 70 75 35 35 70 70 70 70 35 35 46 45 70 .do. 45 70 1 70 60 6 60 60 45 45 90 100 45 45 90 90 90 90 45 45 60 60 90 .do . 60 90 90 75 7. 45 45 35 35 70 75 35 36 70 70 70 70 35 35 45 45 70 .do 45 70 90 60 6 60 60 45 45 90 100 45 45 90 90 90 90 45 45 60 60 90 I.do 60 90 1 90 75 7, 448 EEPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 20.— Rates of Freight, All Rail, from Distance via Shortest Route. — From New York, 912 miles; [Note. — Where the rates are not apeoifloaUy described as applying on less than Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1 og ■1 1 o O 09 g ■s •a 1 Fur. niture. Stoves. Coffee. Soap. Starch. IS Sugar. Date. Castile and fancy! Com- mon. 1" ■a? si •0 1 §4 o 1 o 00 1 §5 1 li (0.3 1 si 1-1 w o 1 30 30 30 25 20 36 15 35 16 10 25 36 40 45 45 40 19 28 19 25 35 25 18 20 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 23 1875— Feb. 23 Mar. 17 Apr. 6 May 18 Aug. 12 Nov. 15 Deo. 23 1876— Jan. 10 June 12 July 28 Dec. 18 1877— Mar. 12 Oct. 8 Oct. 22 Dec. 10 1878-reb. 15 1881— Aug. 6 Nov. 14 1882- Jan. 24 July 1 Nov. 1 1883— June 22 1885-Jan. 26 Oct. 5 Nov. 18..... 1886— Aug. 26 1887— Apr. 1 1888— Jan. 9 Mar. 5 Nov. 12 Deo. 17 1891— Apr. 9 June 20 1892-June 6 100 75 60 40 50 75 30 75 25 15 50 75 75 100 100 75 45 60 45 60 75 75 50 60 75 75 75 75 75 50 75 75 75 75 100 75 60 40 50 75 30 75 25 15 50 75 75 100 100 75 45 60 45 60 75 75 51) 60 75 75 50 50 50 35 50 50 50 50 100 75 00 40 60 75 30 75 25 15 50 75 75 100 100 75 45 60 45 60 75 75 50 60 75 75 75 75 75 50 75 75 75 75 100 75 60 40 50 75 30 75 25 15 60 75 75 100 100 75 45 60 45 60 75 75 50 60 75 75 75 75 75 50 75 75 75 75 100 75 60 40 60 75 30 76 25 15 60 75 75 100 100 75 45 60 45 60 75 76 50 60 75 75 65 65 65 40 65 65 65 65 100 75 60 40 50 75 30 75 25 15 60 75 75 100 100 75 45 60 45 60 75 75 60 60 75 76 50 50 50 35 60 30 30 30 100 75 60 40 50 75 30 75 25 15 50 75 40 45 45 40 19 28 19 30 35 35 26 25 35 35 30 33 30 25 30 25 25 26 30 30 80 26 20 35 15 35 16 10 25 35 40 45 45 40 19 28 19 30 35 35 25 25 35 35 35 38J 35 30 35 35 35 35 30 30 30 25 20 35 15 35 16 10 25 35 40 45 45 40 19 28 19 30 35 36 25 25 35 36 25 27i 25 20 25 25 25 25 90 70 55 40 40 70 25 70 25 15 45 70 70 90 80 60 32 50 32 50 60 60 40 50 60 60 65 65 65 40 65 65 35 35 90 70 55 40 40 70 25 70 25 15 45 70 70 90 80 60 32 50 32 50 60 60 40 50 60 60 65 65 65 40 65 65 25 25 60 45 ^5 25 45 20 45 16 10 30 45 40 45 45 40 19 . ^ ments. i 5^ » 1 1 '° 1 09 1 5l 09 ^4 5| IS <4 H n OS ^4 5a i 5l 1 ^ o o ^ O 8 M 00.2 o o o Zi ® o 'TS o ^ O o Z. o o CD>— 1 IBi-H ^'^ DOf-H (O.-. 1 (Dr-l 09i-H 00 b 1 SU 1 g 2 © c3 1 gi ca 1 S| ^ S^ 1 to M ■B sk 1 fn 1 ss 1 h;° o 1-1 = O CB fl h^ ° o l-)" o i^o U h?° o )-;" o tj" O o hi'' o 60 60 45 45 90 100 46 45 90 90 90 90 46 46 60 60 90 Sp'l rate. 60 90 90 75 75 60 60 35 35 70 75 36 36 70 70 70 70 36 36 46 45 70 -do. 45 70 70 60 60 60 60 30 30 55 60 30 30 65 66 65 55 30 30 40 40 55 do. 40 55 65 50 50 60 60 25 25 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 25 25 35 35 40 .do- 35 40 40 35 35 25 25 20 20 40 50 20 20 40 40 40 40 20 20 25 25 40 -do . 25 40 40 30 30 45 45 35 35 70 75 35 35 70 70 70 70 35 36 46 45 70 .do. 45 70 70 60 60 20 20 15 15 25 30 15 15 25 25 25 25 15 15 20 20 25 .do 20 25 25 20 20 45 45 35 35 70 75 35 35 70 70 70 70 36 35 45 45 70 .JO . 45 70 70 60 60 16 16 16 16 25 25 16 16 25 25 25 25 16 16 16 16 25 .do . 16 25 25 26 2? 10 10 10 10 15 15 10 10 15 16 15 16 10 10 10 10 18 .do. 10 IS 15 15 15 30 30 25 25 46 50 25 25 45 45 45 45 25 25 30 30 46 .do. 25 45 45 40 40 45 45 35 35 70 76 35 85 70 70 70 70 36 35 45 45 70 .do. 46 70 70 60 60 40 40 40 40 70 75 40 40 40 40 70 70 40 40 40 40 70 .do. 40 70 40 40 40 45 45 45 45 90 100 45 45 45 46 90 90 45 45 45 45 90 -do. 45 90 45 45 46 45 45 45 45 80 100 46 46 45 46 80 80 45 45 45 46 80 .do. 45 80 45 45 46 40 40 40 40 60 76 40 40 40 40 60 60 40 40 40 40 60 -do . 40 60 40 40 40 IS 19 19 19 32 45 19 19 19 19 32 32 19 19 19 19 32 .do. 19 32 19 19 19 28 28 28 28 50 60 28 28 28 28 50 50 28 28 28 28 60 -do. 28 50 28 28 28 19 19 19 19 32 45 19 19 19 19 32 32 19 19 19 16 32 -do . 19 32 19 19 19 25 25 30 30 50 60 30 80 30 30 60 50 30 30 30 30 60 -do. 30 50 30 30 30 35 35 35 35 60 75 35 35 35 35 60 60 35 35 35 35 60 .do. 35 60 35 35 35 25 25 85 36 60 75 35 35 35 35 60 60 35 35 35 35 60 .do. 36 60 35 35 36 18 18 25 25 40 50 25 25 35 25 40 40 25 26 25 25 40 .do . 25 40 26 25 25 20 20 25 25 60 60 25 25 25 25 60 50 25 25 26^ 25 50 -do . 25 60 25 25 25 25 25 35 35 60 75 35 35 35 35 60 60 35 35 35 35 60 .do. 35 60 35 35 35 25 25 35 35 60 75 35 35 35 35 60 60 35 35 36 36 60 do. 35 60 35 35 55 35 30 35 35 65 75 35 30 50 35 50 35 35 25 35 30 65 50 30 35 30 60 30 38i 33 38J 27i 65 75 381 33 50 38i 50 384 38J 27i 38i 33 65 60 33 38i 33 60 33 35 30 35 25 65 75 35 30 60 35 50 36 36 25 35 30 65 50 30 36 30 50 30 30 25 30 20 40 50 30 25 •35 30 35 30 30 20 30 25 40 36 25 30 26 35 25 35 30 35 25 65 75 35 30 50 35 60 35 35 26 35 30 65 60 30 35 30 50 30 35 30 35 25 65 75 35 30 50 35 50 35 36 25 30 2.'i 65 50 30 35 35 50 30 35 30 35 25 65 75 35 30 50 86 50 36 36 26 30 25 65 60 30 35 35 50 30 35 30 35 25 66 75 35 30 50 35 60 35 35 25 30 25 65 60 30 35 86 50 30 » Poi T 1 fSQ4 9i ) 450 EEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 21.— Rates of Freight, All Rail, from Distance via Shortest Route. — From New York, 997 miles; [Note.— Where the rates shown are not apeciflcally described as applying on less Sate. 1867— Jan. 1 XoT. 5 1868— Feb. 4 Jnne 4 Aug. 10 Sept. 7 Oct. 1 Deo. 7 U69— Feb. 1 Mar. 15 Apr. 12 Jnly 1 Ang. 11 Ang. 23 Sept. 24 Oct. 4 Oct. 9 Kov. 1 Not. 29 1870— Apr. 14 May 7 Jnite 18 Jnly 13 Jnly 25 Aug. 12 Aug. 22 Not. 28 .... Deo. 26 1871— Feb. 20 Mar. 13 May 18 June 1 July 8 July 28 Deo. 15 1872— Ang. 1 Sept. 1 Sept. 2 Oct. 14 1873— Apr. 14 June 11 Aug. 13 Aug. 21 Sept. 17 1874— Jan. 1 Aug. 3 1875— Jan. 20 Mar. 17 May 26 Ang. 12 Not. 15 Dec. 22 1876— Jan. 10 June 12 1877— Jan. 1 Mar. 12 Oct. 8..... Oct. 22 Deo. 10 1878— Feb. 15 1 Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Furni- ture. Stoves. 100 lioo 75 I 75 188 203 202 188 149 188 88 202 188 160 160 188 44 56 54 69 93 140 150 140 150 112 80 65 50 100 160 ISO 150 100 75 100 75 42 125 75 125 100 125 100 75 45 40 75 100 75 100 75 45 50 68 22 75 25 50 75 40 45 46 40 Coffee. ►-1 " 160 160 J70 170 Special rate. ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... . do . . . Soaps. Castile Com- and fancy, mon. Hi » 160 127 170 138 Starch. 160 160 138 127 120 127 68 138 127 127 127 127 39 38 49 64 89 100 100 :i50 100 '140 100 150 I 70 112 60 80 55 ! 65 50 I 50 70 100 100 160 180 Sugar. 82 83 86 86 Special rate, -do.... ..do.... ..do ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... -do.... -do.... -do.... -do.... ..do.... -do.... 38 38 38 38 38 38 Special rate. ..do.... ..do.... -do... do... 40 40 45 ' 45 45 I 45 40 ifi CHANGES IN COMrETITIVE BATES. New York, N. T., to Milwaukee, Wis. Boston^ 1,086 miles ; Philadelphia, 907 miles j Baltimore, 886 miles. than carload or carload quantities they apply on aMpments regardless of quantity.] 451 Conunoditiea (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1 Crock- Agri- Mo- lasses. Eice. ery aud earthen- Bag- ging. Leather. Lead. Nails. cultural imple- Machin- ery. Beer. ware. ^ ments. « <» (D I« (O g» « S'^ . g» . §» 03 s« m ?" o5 g« oi S«l n 51 ■s ■="= 'S (0 l-s "s ^"rt ■s |l ■% Si l-s 15 C3 !-§ h ■S 511 ■s o o bo o ro O o o o o o Ir. O m o -, _o Xr^ 00^ 'S (Of— 1 •fi «-. 'h r/i t^ t-l o •P ^4 (b'm h tr'h u W U ■§ TK U Tj su g (O'^H u ra (-\ ^1 V c; a •D « rt ^ M e3 (D ri c3 0) CQ « V cd a;> a d d V ri ri O t^<^ O O fi h^i" O HlO o 1-1" o h^" o iA'^ O 82 w 160 )-l" 188 -.1" 160 160 127 82 82 82 82 160 188 160 160 100 160 100 160 82 82 82 188 127 80 80 86 86 170 202 170 170 170 170 170 170 86 86 86 86 170 202 202 170 170 138 138 Special 86 86 170 202 170 170 170 170 170 170 86 86 86 86 170 202 202 170 170 138 138 rate. ..do.... 83 82 160 188 160 160 100 160 160 160 82 82 82 82 160 188 188 100 160 137 127 ..do.... 82 83 128 149 128 128 128 128 128 128 82 82 82 82 128 149 149 128 128 120 120 ..do.... 82 82 160 188 160 160 160 160 ilUO 100 82 82 82 82 160 188 188 160 160 127 127 ..do.... 00 60 74 88 74 74 74 74 i 74 74 60 liO 60 60 1 74 188 188 74 74 68 68 --do.... 80 86 170 202 170 170 170 174 170 170 86 80 86 86 170 202 202 170 170 138 138 ..do 82 82 160 188 160 100 160 160 100 160 82 82 83 82 100 188 188 160 160 127 137 ..do.... 82 82 100 100 160 160 100 160 160 100 82 82 82 82 lUO 100 160 160 100 127 lil ..do.... 82 82 160 100 Special rate. ..do.... 160 160 160 160 82 82 83 83 160 160 160 160 100 127 l-il ..do.... 82 82 160 188 160 160 160 160 82 82 82 82 160 188 188 160 160 127 127 ..do.... 36 36 42 44 --do.... 42 42 42 42 36 36 36 36 42 44 44 42 42 39 39 ..do.... 38 38 32 56 ..do.... 38 38 38 38 38 iS 38 38 38 56 56 38 38 38 38 ..do.... 46 46 42 54 ..do.... 42 42 43 42 46 40 46 46 42 54 64 42 43 49 49 ..do.... 61 61 67 69 ..do...- 67 67 67 67 61 01 61 61 67 69 69 67 67 64 64 ..do 61 61 91 93 ..do-... 91 91 91 91 61 61 61 61 91 9:1 93 91 91 89 89 ..do.... 80 80 125 140 ..do.... 125 125 125 125 80 61 80 80 126 140' 140 125 125 100 100 ..do.... 80 80 130 150 -.do.... 130 130 130 130 80 80 80 80 130 150 150 130 130 100 )00 ..do.... 80 80 125 140 ..do.... 125 125 126 125 80 80 80 80 125 140 140 125 125 100 100 ..do.... Spe cial te. 130 150 --do.-.. 130 130 130 130 80 80 80 80 130 160 150 130 130 100 100 ..do ra ..do 90 112 .-do.... 90 90 90 90 55 05 55 55 90 112 112 90 90 70 70 ..do.... ..do 70 80 ..do.... 70 70 70 70 50 60 50 50 70 80 80 70 70 60 60 ..do -.do 60 65 ..do.... 60 60 60 60 45 45 45 45 60 66 65 60 00 65 65 do ..do 60 60 ..do.... 50 50 DO 60 50 60 50 60 50 60 60 60 60 50 50 --do.... ..do 90 100 ..do.... 90 90 90 90 55 55 65 65 90 100 100 00 90 70 70 ..do---. ..do 130 160 ..do.... 130 130 130 130 66 65 65 05 130 100 160 130 130 100 100 80 80 80 'so' 160 180 160 150 150 160 150 150 80 80 80 80 150 180 180 150 150 13,) 120 70 70 70 70 130 150 66 65 130 130 130 130 65 56 70 70 130 150 150 130 130 10 J 100 55 55 65 55 90 100 45 45 90 90 90 90 45 45 65 66 90 100 100 90 90 70 70 45 45 45 46 65 75 37 37 65 65 65 6S 37 37 45 46 65 75 76 65 66 50 50 55 55 55 65 90 100 46 45 90 90 90 90 45 45 65 65 90 100 100 90 90 70 70 45 45 45 45 65 75 37 37 65 66 65 65 37 37 45 46 65 75 76 65 66 60 50 31 31 31 31 42 42 26 26 42 42 42 42 26 26 31 31 42 42 42 42 42 36 38 65 65 65 65 110 125 110 110 110 110 110 110 50 50 65 65 110 125 125 no no 80 85 45 45 35 35 70 76 70 70 70 70 70 70 35 35 45 46 70 75 75 70 70 60 60 65 65 65 65 110 125 110 110 110 110 110 110 50 50 66 65 no 126 125 110 110 85 85 55 55 45 45 90 100 90 90 90 90 90 90 46 45 55 65 90 100 100 90 90 70 70 65 65 50 60 110 125 50 50 110 110 110 no 50 50 65 66 110 125 126 no no 85 85 60 60 45 46 90 100 45 45 90 90 90 90 45 45 60 00 90 Sp'l rate .do. 00 90 90 75 75 45 45 35 35 70 75 35 36 70 70 70 70 35 35 46 45 70 45 70 70 60 60 35 35 35 35 46 45 36 35 45 46 45 45 36 35 36 35 45 .do. 35 45 45 35 35 30 30 30 30 40 40 30 30 40 40 40 40 60 50 30 30 40 .do. 30 40 40 30 30 45 45 35 36 70 75 35 35 70 70 70 70 36 35 45 45 70 .do. 46 70 70 60 61 60 60 45 45 90 100 45 45 90 90 90 90 45 45 60 60 90 .do. 60 90 90 75 76 45 45 35 36 70 75 35 36 70 70 70 70 35 36 46 45 70 .do. 45 70 70 60 60 60 60 45 45 90 100 4s: 45 90 90 90 90 45 45 60 60 90 .do. 60 90 90 75 75 30 30 35 36 70 75 35 36 70 70 70 70 35 36 45 46 70 -do. 45 70 70 60 60 30 30 30 30 40 45 30 30 40 40 40 40 30 30 35 35, 40 .do. 40 40 40 40 40 26 25 20 20 40 50 20 20 40 40 40 40 20 20 ^6 25 40 .do. 25 40 40 30 3( 41 41 32 32 64 68 32 32 64 64 64 64 32 32 41 41 64 -do. 41 64 64 65 6i 10 16 11 11 19 22 11 11 19 19 19 19 11 11 16 16 19 -do. 16 19 19 16 16 25 25 20 20 70 75 20 20 70 70 70 70 20 20 25 25 70 do. 25 70 70 60 6( 16 16 16 16 25 25 16 16 26 25 26 25 16 16 16 16 25 .do. 16 25 25 26 2S 30 30 25 26 45 60 25 25 46 45 45 45 25 25 30 30 45 .do. 30 45 46 40 4C 45 45 36 35 70 75 35 35 70 70 70 70 36 36 45 45 70 .do. 46 70 70 60 6C 40 40 40 40 70 75 40 40 40 40 70 70 40 40 40 40 70 -do. 40 70 70 40 4C 45 45 45 45 90 100 45 45 46 45 90 90 46 45 45 45 90 -do . 46 90 45 46 4S 45 45 46 45 80 100 45 46 45 45 80 80 46 45 45 45 80 -do . 45 80 45 45 4i 40 40 40 40 60 75 40 40 40 40 60 60 40 40 40 40 60 .do. 40 60 40 4Q *( 452 KEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 21. — Bates of Freight, Axl Bail, from New Distance via Shortest Bouts. — From New York, 997 miles j Boston, [Note. — Where the rates ahown are not speciflcally described as applying on leas Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds.) j o i o ■s 1 s o o Furni- ture. Stoves. Coflfee. Soap. Starch. 1 Sugar. Date. Castile and fancy. Com- nwn. 1 1 1 1 ^4 1 la 1 "■3 ta o S3 u 1881— Aug. 6 Nov. 14 1882— Jan. 24 July 1 Nov. 1 1883— June 22 1885- Jan. 26 Oct. 5 Nov. 18 1886— Aug. 26 1887— Apr. 1 1888— Jan. 9 Mar. 5 Nov. 12 Dec. 17 1889— Feb. 18 1891— Apr. 9 1892— June 6 45 60 45 60 75 75 50 60 75 75 75 75 75 50 75 75 75 75 45 60 45 60 75 75 50 60 75 50 50 50 SO 35 50 50 50 SO 45 60 45 60 75 75 50 60 75 75 75 75 75 50 75 75 75 75 45 60 45 60 75 75 50 60 75 75 75 75 75 50 75 75 75 75 45 60 45 60 75 75 50 60 75 75 65 65 65 40 65 65 60 60 45 60 45 60 75 75 60 60 75 75 50 50 5C 35 50 50 30 30 19 28 19 30 35 35 25 25 35 35 30 33 30 25 30 30 25 25 19 28 19 30 35 85 25 25 35 35 23 3SI, 35' 30 35 35 35 35 19 28 19 30 35 35 25 25 35 35 25 27i 25 20 25 25 25 25 32 50 32 60 60 60 40 60 60 60 65 65 65 40 65 65 65 35 32 50 32 50 60 60 40 50 CO 60 65 65 65 40 65 65 65 25 19 28 19 30 35 35 25 25 35 35 35 35 30 35 35 35 35 19 28 19 30 35 35 25 25 35 35 30 33 30 25 30 30 30 25 19 28 19 30 35 35 25 25 35 35 35 38i 35 30 35 35 35 35 19 28 19 30 35 35 25 25 35 35 25 274 25 20 25 25 25 25 45 60 45 60 75 75 50 60 75 75 75 75 75 50 75 75 75 75 19 28 19 25 35 25 18 20 25 25 35 384 35 30 35 35 35 35 19 28 19 25 35 25 18 20 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 23 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE BATES. York, N. Y., to Milwackbe, Wis.— Continued. 1,086 miles ; Philadelphia, 907 miles ; Baltimore, 886 miles — Continued, than oarlofid or oarload quantities tlioy apply on shipments regardless of quantity.] 453 Commodities (rates in cents p6r 100 pounds). Croot- Agri- ' Molas- ses. Eice. ery and earthen- Bag- ging- Leather. Lead. Nails. cultural imple- Machin- ery. Beer. i ware. s ments. i' n § ^ » II g" m 5| OD Si a §• CO §» CD §« s» □9 l« ■s H % 00 M S| ■s h l-s i $•% 1 I'S ■§ 5'^ ■3 -. o o o ba o o Z. o o Z, o o frt o o at ° o 00 ~4 » OSi— 1 DOi— 1 X<— 1 t-i 1 (Ci— 1 ^ Si "i ® ^ 1 g 2 si 1 si 1 s^ 1 s^ 1 ss S3 su 1 si 1 ID ^ S 19 o 19 19 o 19 32 45 1-4 ® 19 o 19 19 O 19 32 o 19 V 19 1-t" 19 o W 32 >^" o 19 32 O 19 ^ O o 32 19 Sp'l 19 19 rate. 28 28 28 28 50 60 28 28 28 28 50 50 28 28 23 28 50 .do . 28 50 28 28 28 19 19 19 19 32 45 19 19 19 19 32 32 19 19 19 19 32 -do . 19 32 19 19 19 25 25 30 30 50 60 30 30 30 30 60 50 30 30 30 30 50 -do. 30 50 30 30 30 35 35 35 35 60 75 35 35 35 35 60 60 35 35 35 35 60 -do. 35 60 35 35 35 25 25 35 35 BO 75 35 35 35 35 60 60 35 35 35 35 60 .do. 35 60 35 35 35 18 18 25 25 40 50 25 25 25 25 40 40 25 25 25 25 40 -do. 25 40 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 50 60 25 25 25 25 60 50 25 25 25 23 50 .do. 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 60 75 35 35 35 35 60 60 35 35 36 35 60 .do. 35 60 35 35 35 25 25 35 35 i 60 75 35 35 35 35 60 60 35 35 35 35 60 -do. 35 60 35 35 35 35 30 35 35 65 75 35 30 50 35 50 35 35 25 35 30 65 50 30 35 30 50 30 38i 33 38i 27i 65 75 38i 33 50 38i 38^ 274 3BJ 274 33i 33 65 50 274 384 33 50 33 35 30 35 25 65 75 35 30 50 35 50 35 35 25 35 30 65 50 30 35 30 50 30 30 25 30 20 40 50 30 25 35 30 35 30 30 20 30 25 40 35 25 30 25 35 25 30 25 35 25 65 75 35 30 50 35 50 35 35 25 35 30 65 50 30 35 30 50 30 35 30 35 25 65 75 35 30 50 35 50 35 35 25 35 30 65 50 30 35 30 50 30 35 30 35 25 65 75 35 30 SO 35 50 35 35 25 30 25 65 SO 30 35 30 50 30 35 30 35 25 65 75 35 30 50 35 50 35 35 25 30 25 65 50 30 35 30 60 30 454 EEPOKT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT KATES. Table 22. — Bates of Freight, All Rail, prom Distance via Shortest Route. — From New York, 998 miles; proTE. — Where the rates shown are not specifically described as applying on less Dat«. 1867— Jan. May Kov. 1868— Feb. June Ang. Sept. Oct. Oct. Dec. 1859- Feb. Feb. Mar. Ai>r. Jnly Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. Nov. Kov. 1870— Apr. June July July July July Au£. Aug. Sept. H'ov, Deo. 1871— Feb. Mar. Mar. May Jnne July July Aug. Aug. Sept. Nov. Deo. 1872— April Aug. Sept. Sept. Oct. 187J— April June Ang. Sept. 1874— Jan. Aug. 1876— Jan. Mar. April April Aug, Sea. 1.. 15.. 5.. i.. 4.. 10.. 7.. 1.. 22.. 7.. 1.. 17.. 15.. 12.. 1.. 11-. 22.. 4.. 9.. 1.. 29.. 14.. 7.. 18., 13.. 21.. 25.. 28.. 12.. 22.. 8., 28., 28.. 20., 7.. 13., 18.. 1.. 8.. 28.. 16.. 22.. 1.. 27.. 15.. 27.. 1.. 1.. 2.. 14.. 14.. 11.. 11.. 17.. 1.. 3.. 20.. 17.. 1.. 6.. 12.. Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 205 217 235 235 217 173 217 110 59 235 J: 217 57 185 185 217 35 45 60 87 163 176 176 176 124 92 80 75 65 57 110 145 Il78 202 168 110 113 84 113 84 63 45 40 35 113 140 140 84 140 112 140 112 84 45 84 112 84 112 112 105 112 80 66 205 205 217 217 235 235 235 235 217 '217 173 1 173 217 217 110 IJO Furni- ture. Stoves. Coffee. Castile and fancy. 205 1205 176 1 176 170 il70 176 178 s o 176 185 19» Special rate. ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... do Soap. 176 185 198 198 185 148 185 94 59 198 183 57 185 185 185 35 45 60 87 146 151 151 151 99 80 70 65 55 57 99 129 144 168 144 99 101 72 101 72 53 45 40 35 101 123 123 78 123 101 123 101 78 45 78 101 78 101 101 95 101 60 46 176 185 198 198 185 148 185 94 59 198 185 57 185 185 185 35 45 60 87 146 151 151 151 99 80 70 65 55 57 99 129 144 168 144 99 101 72 101 72 53 45 40 35 101 123 123 78 123 101 123 101 78 45 78 101 78 101 101 95 101 60 45 Com- il 139 146 161 94 94 94 7.! 59 99 161 94 148 57 Starch. OE— . , ^.1 ij -I o Sugar. 176 205 185 217 198 233 161 235 I 148 217 138 173 148 217 I 84 110 I 59 I 59 ilGl 2a5 il48 217 I 57 94 H8 148 185 94 148 148 185 94 148 148 217 35 35 35 35 45 45 45 45 60 60 60 60 60 87 87 87 94 117 117 163 94 117 117 176 94 117 117 176 94 117 117 176 63 80 80 124 55 68 68 92 55 63 6:s 80 48 60 60 75 4S 55 .55 35 57 67 57 57 63 80 80 no 76 99 99 1145 72 113 113 178 89 134 1.34 2U2 79 113 113 168 63 80 80 no 62 79 79 113 60 .57 57 84 62 79 79 113 50 .57 57 84 50 63 53 53 45 45 45 45 40 40 40 40 35 35 35 35 62 62 62 113 73 96 95 1140 73 95 95 140 50 67 67 84 73 95 95 HO 62 78 78 112 73 95 95 140 67 84 84 112 50 67 67 84 34 34 34 45 50 67 67 84 67 84 84 112 50 67 67 84 67 84 84 112 67 84 84 112 62 81 81 105 67 84 84 112 37 46 46 80 33 32 36 65 99 I 90 94 94 99 ! 99 Special rate. ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do... ..do.... ..do.... .do.... ..do.... .do.... .do.... .do... ..do.... do.... 45 45 45 45 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 455 New Yokk, N. Y., to Peoria, III. Boston, 1,164 miles; Philadelpliia, 908 miles; Baltimore, 887 miles. than carload or carload (Quantities they apply on shipmonts regardless of q^uantity .] Commodities {rates in cents per 100 pounds). Crock- Agri- Molas- ses. Eice. i ery and eartlien- ware. Bag- ging- Leather. Lead. Nails. ^ cultural imple- ments. Machin- ery. Beer. i- m i» » §i (D ii m g« aS ' §4 a ».2 m i» g« oS i< f£ 5| ■% 5« ■c IS 5| S'S % !■§ ■^ -| cd 3'rt CO g'S ■g §•3 ■3 i'3 1 [0-2 o "■§ O 8 M ajr- _o »5 o «s o sg'S o BrS O 03i— 1 o Zs s 0-2 s 09 H 1 SS 1 o S SS e3 s§ 1 V Cl 1 —t r^ * "T^ ™"ii (0--, T! a f— 1 "S rXr-* ra^H Dii-^ ss 1 a a g g 2 ^i 1 cS cd 1 a) 3 1 3" O .^" '^ -1" o A'^ o A" o w bJ ^ O Kl" O 1^" o 125 125 125 225 270 235 236 235 235 235 !35 25 125 125 L25 !35 270 I 270 235 236 1 175 175 125 125 125 125 222 256 222 222 322 222 222 222 125 L25 125 L25 222 256 356 222 222 175 175 Special rate. ..do.... 125 125 222 256 322 222 322 322 222 222 126 L26 126 125 322 250 256 222 222 175 175 125 125 200 234 200 200 200 200 200 200 125 125 125 126 200 234 234 200 200 175 175 ..do.... 113 113 190 215 190 190 190 190 190 190 113 113 113 113 190 216 215 190 190 160 160 ..do.... 86 86 113 127 113 113 113 113 113 113 86 86 86 86 113 127 127 113 113 103 103 ..do.... 113 113 190 215 190 190 190 190 190 190 113 113 113 113 190 215 216 190 190 160 160 ..do.... 74 74 85 87 85 85 85 85 85 85 74 74 74 74 85 87 87 85 85 80 80 ..do.... 113 113 X90 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 113 113 113 113 190 190 190 190 190 160 160 ..do.... 113 113 190 190 Special rate. ..do.... 190 190 190 190 113 113 113 113 190 190 190 190 190 160 160 ..do.... 81 I 81 100 107 100 100 100 100 81 81 81 81 100 107 107 100 100 93 93 ..do.... 76 : 76 87 88 ..do.... 87 87 87 87 76 76 76 76 87 88 88 87 87 83 83 :.do.... 57 57 68 69 ..do.... 68 68 68 68 57 67 57 57 68 69 69 68 68 63 63 ..do.... 80 1 80 93 102 ..do.... 93 93 93 93 80 80 80 80 93 102 102 93 93 86 83 ..do.... 73 i 73 86 95 ..do.... 86 86 86 86 73 73 73 1 73 86 95 95 86 86 78 78 . do.... 70 i 70 83 92 ..do.... 83 83 83 83 70 70 70 < 70 83 92 92 83 83 75 75 ..do.... 121 121 183 209 ..do.... 183 183 183 183 121 121 121 121 183 209 209 183 183 148 148 ..do.... Special rate. ..do.... 183 209 ..do.... 183 183 183 183 121 121 121 121 183 209 209 183 183 148 148 ..do.... 130 148 ..do.... 130 130 130 130 90 90 90 90 130 148 148 130 130 108 108 ..do.... ..do.... 130 145 ..do.... 130 130 130 130 94 94 94 94 130 145 146 130 130 114 114 ..do.... ..do.... 124 142 ..do.... 124 124 124 124 87 87 87 87 124 142 142 124 124 108 108 ..do.... ..do.... 115 125 ..do.... 115 115 115 115 87 87 87 87 115 125 125 115 115 104 ' 104 ..do.... ..do.... 115 125 ..do.... 115 115 115 115 94 94 94 94 115 125 126 115 115 101 1 104 ..do.... ..do.... 148 166 ..do.... 148 148 148 148 95 95 95 96 148 166 166 148 148 120 i 120 ..do.... ..do.... 176 193 ..do.... 176 176 176 176 109 109 109 109 176 198 198 176 176 139 139 ..do.... ..do.... 191 229 ..do.... 191 191 191 191 105 105 105 105 101 229 229 191 191 1.53 !l53 105 jl05 105 105 191 229 191 191 191 191 191 191 103 103 105 105 191 229 229 191 191 153 ■ 153 111 111 HI 111 182 207 83 83 182 182 182 132 81 83 111 111 182 207 207 182 182 148 148 95 9:-, 95 95 148 166 75 75 148 148 148 148 75 75 95 , 93 14S 166 166 143 148 120 , 120 05 95 05 95 151 168 78 78 151 151 151 151 73 78 95 95 !151 168 Il68 151 151 121 1 121 87 87 87 87 139 154 74 74 139 139 139 13Sr 74 74 87 87 ;l;i9 154 154 139 |13Q 110 1 lie 65 65 65 65 104 115 56 56 104 104 104 104 56 56 65 65 101 115 115 104 104 83 1 83 65 65 65 65 lu4 115 56 56 104 104 104 104 56 56 65 65 104 115 115 104 104 83 83 62 62 62 62 90 95 53 53 90 90 90 90 53 53 62 62 90 95 95 90 90 77 77 69 69 69 69 82 86 57 57 82 82 82 82 57 57 60 69 82 86 86 82 82 77 77 69 69 69 69 80 84 51 51 80 80 80 80 51 51 69 69 80 84 84 80 80 75 75 69 69 69 69 70 70 51 61 70 70 70 70 51 51 69 69 70 70 70 70 70 70 71 75 75 75 75 90 100 60 60 90 90 90 90 60 60 75 75 90 100 100 90 90 80 3C 65 65 65 65 104 115 66 56 104 104 104 104 56 50 6-) 65 104 115 115 lOi 104 83 8; 105 105 105 105 172 193 172 172 172 172 172 172 82 82 105 105 172 103 193 172 172 135 13; 105 105 82 82 171 192 171 171 171 171 171 171 82 82 105 105 171 192 192 171 171 134 13 79 79 63 63 125 130 125 125 125 125 12) 125 63 63 79 79 123 130 130 125 125 79 7£ 79 79 63 63 125 135 125 125 125 12.5 125 125 63 63 79 79 123 135 135 125 125 105 10. 72 72 67 57 107 114 107 107 107 107 107 107 57 57 72 72 107 114 114 107 107 94 9 105 105 82 82 171 192 171 171 171 171 171 171 82 82 105 105 171 192 192 171 171 134 13^ 89 89 74 74 146 162 146 146 146 146 146 146 74 74 89 89 146 162 162 146 140 113 11. 100 100 79 79 167 188 167 167 167 167 167 167 79 79 100 100 167 188 188 167 167 131 i:i] 95 95 74 74 146 162 74 74 146 146 146 146 74 74 95 95 146 Sp'l rate -do . 95 140 146 120 17( 79 79 63 63 125 136 63 63 125 125 125 125 63 63 '/» 79 125 79 125 125 105 10 79 79 63 63 125 135 63 63 125 125 125 125 63 63 79 79 125 .do . 79 125 125 105 10 63 63 58 58 93 98 58 58 93 93 93 93 53 58 63 63 93 do - 63 93 93 73 7 79 79 63 63 125 135 63 63 125 125 125 125 63 63 • 79 79 125 .do . 79 126 125 106 10 95 95 74 84 146 162 74 74 146 146 146 146 74 74 95 95 146 -do 95 146 146 120 12 84 84 67 67 118 131 67 67 118 113 118 118 67 67 84 8i 118 .do 84 118 113 102 10 72 72 57 67 108 115 67 57 108 108 108 108 57 57 72 72 108 do- 72 108 108 94 9 84 84 67 67 118 131 67 67 118 113 113 118 67 67 84 84 118 .do 84 118 118 102 10 72 72 67 57 108 115 57 57 108 lOS 108 108 57 57 72 72 103 .do 72 103 108 94 9 51 51 41 41 78 94 41 41 78 78 78 78 41 41 51 51 78 .do 51 78 78 63 6 72 72 57 57 110 120 57 57 110 110 110 110 57 57 72 72 110 .do 72 110 no 96 9 45 45 36 36 63 73 36 36 63 63 63 63 36 36 46 45 63 -do 46 63 63 52 5 72 72 57 57 UO 120 S7 57 110 110 110 110 57 57 72 72 110 .do 72 UO UO OS 91 468 EEPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT HATES. Table 25. — Kates of Freight, All Rail, from Distance via Shortest Route. — From New York, 1,158 miles; [Note. — Where the rates slioirn are not speolficallj described as applying on less Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). IS •1 1 i -s 1 1 Furni- ture. StoTes. Coffee. Soap. Starch. 1 Sugar. Sate. CastUe. and fancy Com- mon. « |4 11 Q CO 1 o 1 o 1 1 Il Pi ji 11 1 6 1870— June 2 13 Dec. 18 1877— Mar. 12 Sept. 10 Oct. 8 22 1878— Feb. 15 Mar. 4 1880— Feb. 12 1881— Aug, 6 Not. 14 1882— Jan. 22 June 28 July 1 Sept. 1 Not. 1 1883— June 22 1884— Jan. 1 1885-Jan. 1 28 Jane 1 Oct. 5 1887— Apr. 1.... 1890— Apr. 1 Not. 1 1891— Apr. 9 June 20 120 68 94 145 114 114 116 114 114 107 75 83 100 99 116 99 114 114 114 112 40 80 102 102 100 100 100 100 120 68 94 145 114 114 116 114 114 107 75 83 100 99 116 99 114 114 114 112 40 80 70 70 «5 65 65 65 120 68 94 145 114 114 116 114 114 107 75 83 100 99 116 99 114 114 114 112 40 80 102 102 100 100 100 100 120 68 94 145 114 114 116 114 114 107 75 83 100 99 116 99 114 114 114 112 40 80 102 102 100 100 100 100 120 68 94 145 114 114 116 114 114 107 75 83 100 99 116 99 114 114 114 112 40 80 102 86 85 85 85 85 120 68 94 145 114 114 116 114 114 107 75 83 100 99 116 99 114 114 114 112 40 80 102 70 65 65 33 38 120 68 94 145 114 65 67 65 63 49 35 41 45 53 57 53 58 58 58 56 25 42 50 H 38 38 35 35 41 37 47 61 56 65 67 65 63 49 35 41 45 53 57 53 58 58 58 56 25 42 50 50 45 45 45 45 41 37 47 61 56 65 67 65 63 49 35 41 45 53 57 53 58 58 58 56 25 42 50 44 35 35 35 35 110 63 84 130 107 107 109 97 93 87 50 63 80 82 99 82 93 93 93 91 35 65 86 86 85 85 85 45 110 63 84 130 107 107 109 97 93 87 50 63 80 82 99 82 93 93 93 91 35 65 86 86 85 85 85 35 72 41 56 74 71 65 67 65 63 49 35 41 45 53 57 53 58 58 58 66 25 42 50 80 45 45 45 45 72 41 56 74 71 65 67 65 63 49 35 41 45 53 57 53 .58 58 58 56 25 42 50 50 38 38 35 35 95 58 73 110 93 65 67 65 63 49 35 41 45 53 57 53 58 58 58 56 25 42 50 50 45 45 45 45 95 58 73 110 93 65 67 65 63 49 35 41 45 53 57 53 58 88 58 56 25 42 50 SO 35 35 35 35 120 68 94 145 114 114 116 114 114 107 75 83 100 99 116 99 114 114 114 112 40 80 102 102 100 100 100 100 41 87 47 74 66 65 67 65 63 49 35 41 45 44 52 44 58 48 44 42 20 39 44 50 45 45 45 45 41 37 47 74 56 65 67 65 63 49 35 41 45 44 52 44 58 48 44 42 20 39 44 44 35 35 35 35 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 469 New York, N. Y., to Memphis, Tknn.— Continued. Boston, 1,371 miles; Philadelphia, 1,068 miles; Baltimore, 972 milea. than carload or carload quantities tliey apply on sliipiueuts regardless of quantity.] Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Crock- Agri- Molas- ses. Klce. 1 m ery and earthen- ware. Bag- ging. Leather. Lead. Nails. ? cultural imple- ments. Machin- ery. Beer. ID Id 31 1 M i si 1 i 5l 1 li i Si 1 Si OB 1 «5 = (e3 O bjo •"S, S »5 s, ®5 5 ai.S o «5 o 1 «5 Q a. .2 o mS o to H S CO ss a 2 sa ^ s^ ^ su g a> OS 1^ S^ c3 Sg 1 Sg 1 ss a AO O ^A^ o 0; Q i-^o o A « O Ao o l-^o O ■A " o M i-1" o i-io o lA « u 51 51 41 41 110 120 4i 41 110 110 110 110 41 41 51 51 110 Sp'l rate, .do. 51 110 110 95 95 41 41 37 37 63 68 37 37 63 63 63 63 37 37 41 41 63 41 63 63 58 58 56 56 47 47 84 94 47 47 84 84 84 84 47 47 56 56 84 do. 56 84 84 73 73 61 61 61 61 130 145 61 61 130 130 130 130 61 61 74 74 130 .do. 74 130 130 110 110 71 71 56 56 107 114 56 56 107 107 107 107 56 56 71 71 107 .do. 71 107 107 93 93 ns 65 65 65 107 114 65 65 65 65 107 107 65 65 65 65 107 .do. 65 107 65 66 65 67 67 67 67 109 116 67 67 67 67 109 109 67 67 07 67 109 .do. 67 109 67 67 67 65 65 65 65 97 114 65 65 65 65 97 97 65 65 65 65 97 .do. 65 97 05 65 65 63 63 63 63 93 114 63 63 63 63 93 93 63 63 63 63 93 .do. 63 93 63 63 63 49 49 49 49 87 107 49 49 49 49 87 87 49 49 49 49 87 -do. 49 87 49 49 49 35 35 35 35 50 75 35 35 35 35 50 50 35 35 35 35 50 .do. 35 50 35 35 35 41 41 41 41 63 83 41 41 41 41 63 63 41 41 41 41 63 .do. 41 63 41 41 41 45 45 45 45 80 100 45 45 45 45 80 SO 45 45 45 45 80 .do. 45 80 45 45 45 44 44 53 Sli 82 99 53 53 53 63 82 82 53 53 63 53 82 -do. 53 82 53 53 63 52 52 57 57 99 116 57 57 57 57 99 99 57 57 57 57 99 .do. 57 99 57 57 67 44 44 S3 63 82 99 53 53 44 44 82 82 53 53 53 53 82 .do. 53 82 63 53 63 68 58 58 58 93 114 58 58 58 58 93 93 58 58 58 68 93 .do. 58 93 58 58 58 48 48 58 58 93 114 58 68 58 58 93 93 58 58 58 58 93 do. 58 93 68 68 58 44 44 68 68 93 114 58 58 58 58 93 93 58 58 58 58 93 .do. 58 93 68 58 68 42 42 56 66 91 112 56 56 56 56 91 91 56 56 56 56 91 .do. 66 ,91 56 56 66 20 20 25 25 35 40 25 25 25 25 35 35 25 25 25 25 36 .do. 25 35 25 25 25 39 39 42 42 65 80 42 42 42 42 65 65 42 42 1 42 42 66 .do. 42 66 42 42 42 44 44 SO 50 86 102 50 50 50 50 86 86 60 50 I 60 50 86 .do. 50 86 60 50 50 50 44 i 50 44 86 102 50 44 70 50 70 50 50 44 1 60 44 86 .do. 44 50 44 70 44 45 35 45 35 85 100 45 38 65 45 65 45 45 35 45 38 85 65 38 45 38 65 38 45 38 45 35 85 100 45 38 6ri 45 65 45 45 35 45 38 85 65 38 45 38 65 38 45 38 45 35 85 100 45 38 65 45 65 45 45 35 38 35 85 65 38 45 38 65 38 45 38 45 35 85 100 45 38 65 45 65 1 45 45 35 38 35 85 65 38 45 38 65 38 470 EEPORT ON CHANGES IN FEEIGHT ttATES. Table 26.— Eates of Freight, All Kail, feom Distance via Shortest Koute.— From New York, 999 miles; [Note.— "WTiere the rates ahoim are not specifically described as applying on less Date. Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Furni- ture. Stoves. S,2 Coffee. Castile and fancy. Soaps. Kl'- Com- mon. Starch. a as ti .313 Sugar. Hi " 18C7^ran. May Nov. 1868— Feb. June Aug. Oct. Bee. ISOO—Feb. Mar. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Sept. Sept. Nov. 1870— May July July July July Aug. Aug. Sept Nov. Dec. 1871— Feb. Mar. Mar. Mar. Apr. July July Aug. Aug, Aug. Nov. Dec. 1872— Apr. Aug. Aug. Sept. Sept. Oct. 1873— Apr. June Aug. Sept. 1874^-Jan. Feb. Aug. 1875— Jan. Mar. June Sept. Nov. Dec. Dec. 1876— Jan. June June Deo. 1877— Mar. 1. 15. 5. 4. 4... 10... 1... 7... 17... 15... 2. 11.. 23.. 22.. 24.. 1. • 7.. 15... 21... 25... 28... 12... 24... 26. 20., 7., 27. 29., 29., 26., 28., 16., 17., 21., 27., 15.. 27.. 1.. 16., 1.. 9.. 14.. 14.. 11.. 12.. 17.. 1.. 17., 3.. 20.. 17.. 15.. 255 255 262 262 280 1280 280 280 262 205 108 205 70 176 88 70 53 80 73 70 187 187 123 120 117 100 100 141 173 204 204 182 141 143 135 115 95 74 72 70 85 115 168 167 110 101 167 137 163 137 110 73 110 137 lis 101 115 115 101 59 67 103 56 115 103 103 51 77 262 !262 205 205 108 1 108 205 205 70 70 176 176 123 123 137 137 163 163 137 137 12 125 |125 110 110 73 73 110 110 137 il37 115 115 101 101 115 115 120 117 100 100 141 173 204 204 182 141 143 135 115 95 74 72 70 85 115 168 167 110 101 167 137 163 137 110 73 110 137 115 101 110 73 110 137 115 101 115 1115 70 53 80 73 70 187 187 123 120 117 100 100 141 173 204 204 182 141 143 135 115 95 74 72 70 85 115 168 167 110 101 167 70 53 80 73 70 187 187 123 120 117 100 100 141 173 204 204 182 141 143 135 115 95 74 72' 70 85 115 168 167 110 101 167 137 137 163 163 137 137 101 59 67 103 56 115 103 103 61 77 125 215 215 223 ! 223 234 223 215 223 234 Special rate. ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... .-do.... ..do.--. ..do.... ..do-... ..do.... --do.... ..do.... ..do.... .-do.... .do.-. 223 176 96 176 69 176 83 69 51 75 68 65 165 .do.... 165 ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... .-do... ..do... ..do... do. 81 72 64 67 66 56 53 51 45 46 53 56 72 72 53 50 72 64 69 64 53 48 63 64 75 50 75 44 53 34 50 29 60 50 34 30 40 I 40 55 I 56 107 108 102 93 93 125 153 168 168 169 125 128 122 104 90 72 70 70 175 104 149 148 102 95 148 123 144 123 102 70 102 123 105 96 106 95 59 63 95 48 105 95 95 48 69 115 215 223 234 223 223 176 96 176 09 176 83 69 51 75 68 65 165 165 107 108 102 125 153 168 168 159 125 128 122 104 90 72 70 70 175 104 149 148 102 95 148 123 144 123 102 70 102 123 105 95 105 95 69 63 95 48 105 96 96 48 69 116 170 177 189 126 122 100 75 100 65 100 75 65 48 68 61 58 109 109 75 79 72 72 79 80 94 90 90 96 80 80 66 65 62 63 63 63 65 65 91 91 68 64 91 78 89 84 68 52 68 84 75 64 75 64 53 42 63 36 76 63 42 32 47 1 47 69 ' 69 255 U8 262 122 126 134 204 129 182 101 141 102 143 135 115 95 74 72 70 85 115 168 167 no 101 167 137 163 137 118 122 126 Special rate. .-do... ..do... ..do... ..do-.. ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... .-do... -.do... ..do... ..do... 123 ..do... 120 ..do... 117 ..do... 100 -do... 100 ..do. . 141 ..do... 173 --do-- .i04 ..do... 81 81 72 72 64 64 67 67 66 66 66 56 53 53 ,51 61 46 45 45 45 ,53 53 66 66 72 72 72 ,53 53 .60 60 72 72 64 64 69 69 64 64 ,53 63 48 48 .63 63 64 64 60 60 50 60 60 60 44 44 41 41 .34 34 ,60 50 29 29 60 60 .60 50 .34 34 30 30 40 40 55 6S CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE BATES. 471 New York, N. Y., to Nashville, Tenn. Boston, 1,202 miles ; Philadelphia, 909 miles ; Baltimore, 813 miles. than carload or carload ijuantities they apply on aliipments regardlos8 of c[aantity.] Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Mo- ^4 5 rt 3" Rioe. Croclt- firy and earthen- ware, Bag- ging. Leather PI ^ 00 h 1-1" Lead. Nails. Agri- cultural imple- ments. Machin- ery, Boer. 118 118 122 122 126 ll26 Special rate. ..do.... ..do. ..do.... ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do., .do., .do., .do., .do.... .do... .do... .do... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... ..do.... .do.... ..do... ..do... 90 90 90 96 96 96 80 SO 80 80 80 80 66 06 66 65 65 65 62 02 62 63 63 63 n» 63 63 63 63 63 65 65 65 e.5 65 65 91 91 91 91 91 91 68 68 53 (J4 64 60 91 91 91 78 78 64 89 89 69 84 84 64 63 68 53 52 62 48 (;« 68 S3 84 84 64 75 75 60 64 64 50 75 75 60 64 64 50 53 53 41 42 42 34 63 63 50 36 36 29 75 75 60 63 63 50 42 42 34 32 32 30 47 47 40 69 69 56 118 122 126 120 122 100 75 100 65 100 75 65 48 68 61 58 109 Special rate. ..do.--. ..do.... ..do.... .do.... .do-... .do.... ..do.... do.... 90 96 80 80 66 65 62 63 63 63 65 65 91 91 53 50 91 64 69 64 53 48 53 64 60 50 60 50 41 34 50 29 60 50 34 30 40 55 51 75 68 65 165 165 107 108 102 93 93 125 153 168 168 159 125 128 122 104 90 72 70 70 175 104 149 148 102 95 148 123 144 123 102 70 102 123 105 95 105 95 .59 63 95 48 105 95 95 48 69 115 262 205 108 205 70 176 88 70 53 80 73 70 187 187 123 120 117 100 100 141 173 204 204 182 141 143 135 115 95 74 72 70 85 115 168 107 110 101 167 137 163 137 110 73 110 137 115 101 115 101 59 67 103 56 115 103 103 51 77 125 Special rate. ..do.... ..do.... do.... ..do.-.. ..do.... do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do..'.. ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... 108 ,168 72 72 176 61 I 51 75 ' 75 68 ! 68 65 65 165 165 165 165 83 83 69 69 51 64 67 66 56 I 63 61 45 45 53 56 149 148 102 95 148 123 69 64 63 48 53 64 60 50 60 50 41 34 50 29 60 60 34 30 40 66 64 107 108 102 93 ; 93 125 153 168 168 159 125 128 122 104 90 72 70 70 76 104 149 148 102 95 148 123 144 123 102 70 102 123 105 95 105 95 59 63 95 48 105 95 95 48 69 115 107 108 102 9:i 93 125 153 168 168 159 125 128 122 104 90 72 70 70 75 104 149 148 102 95 148 123 144 123 103 70 102 123 105 95 105 95 59 63 95 48 105 95 95 48 69 115 65 165 165 107 108 102 93 93 125 153 168 168 159 125 128 122 104 90 72 70 70 75 104 149 148 102 95 148 123 144 123 118 122 126 126 122 100 75 100 65 100 75 65 51 48 75 68 65 165 165 107 108 102 93 93 125 153 168 168 I 90 159 72 102 102 70 70 102 1102 123 105 95 105 95 59 63 95 48 105 95 95 48 69 [115 118 122 126 126 122 100 75 100 65 100 75 65 48 68 61 58 109 109 75 79 72 72 79 80 94 90 90 72 64 67 66 66 I 63 51 45 45 63 50 72 72 53 5') 72 64 69 64 63 48 53 64 60 50 60 50 41 34 60 29 60 50 34 30 40 65 118 122 126 120 122 100 76 100 65 100 76 65 48 68 61 58 109 109 75 79 72 72 79 80 94 90 90 96 80 80 06 65 62 63 63 63 65 05 91 91 68 64 91 78 75 107 108 102 93 93 125 153 168 168 159 125 128 122 104 90 72 70 70 75 101 149 118 102 95 148 123 144 123 102 70 103 123 105 95 105 95 59 63 95 48 105 95 95 48 69 115 255 202 280 280 262 205 108 205 70 176 70 70 53 53 80 73 70 187 187 123 120 117 100 100 141 173 204 204 182 141 143 135 115 95 74 72 70 85 115 108 167 110 101 167 137 163 Sp'l rate. .do. .do. .do . .do. -do. .do . -do . .do. -do . .do. .do. .do. .do . .do . .do. .do. .do. .do 80 73 70 187 187 123 120 117 100 100 141 173 204 2U4 182 141 143 135 115 95 74 72 70 85 115 16ft 167 110 101 167 137 163 84 107 107 108 108 170 177 189 189 177 140 87 140 67 140 77 67 49 71 64 61 134 134 134 134 89 94 88 84 84 101 120 134 134 129 101 102 97 83 77 69 67 67 70 83 117 116 88 83 116 14t 114 123 103 102 88 70 56 102 88 123 103 105 90 95 83 105 90 95 83 ,59 53 63 60 96 82 48 39 106 90 95 82 95 82 48 45 69 60 115 100 472 EEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Tablb 26.— Rates of Fkeight, All Rail, from Distance via Shortest Route.— From New York, 999 miles; PTOTE.— Where the rates shown are not specifically described as applying on lesi Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1 , Furni- ture. Stoves. Cofiee. Soap. Starch. Sugar. Castile Com- Date IS o o s •ft 00 and fancy. mon. GO -^3 4 ■^5 X u "4 i §4 than ads. ads. 9 s ^=i O U]S s o^ (BfS o -"•S ^ s "■a ° b ■s g sa S s » ss a sa a ID a s ■i sa IS n o « ^" 3 lA " o Kl" O u 1-1- U r-l" o H M-|0 1877-S6pt. 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 49 49 94 94 63 63 82 .82 100 49 49 Oct. 8 125 125 125 125 125 125 57 57 57 115 115 57 57 57 57 125 57 .57 Oct. 22 113 113 113 113 113 113 55 55 55 102 102 55 55 55 55 113 55 55 1878— Feb. 15 ino 100 100 mo 100 100 57 57 57 84 84 57 57 57 57 100 57 57 Mar. 4 inn 100 100 inn 100 100 55 55 55 82 82 55 55 55 55 100 ,55 .55 1880— Fob. 12 93 93 93 93 93 93 53 53 53 76 76 53 53 53 53 93 .53 .53 1881— Aug. 6 65 65 65 65 65 65 30 30 30 50 50 30 30 30 30 65 30 30 Nov. U 69 69 69 69 69 69 33 33 33 52 52 33 33 33 33 69 33 33 1882-Jan. 22 S3 83 83 83 83 83 37 37 37 64 64 37 37 37 37 K) 37 37 June 28 94 94 94 94 94 94 49 49 49 78 78 49 49 49 49 94 49 49 July 1 99 99 99 99 99 99 49 49 49 78 78 49 49 49 49 99 49 49 1 109 109 109 109 109 109 54 54 54 89 89 54 54 .54 ,54 109 54 .54 1883— June 22 109 109 109 109 109 109 54 54 54 89 89 54 54 54 54 109 44 44 1885— Jan. 1 107 107 107 107 107 107 52 52 52 87 87 52 52 .52 ,52 107 42 42 Jan. 26 40 40 40 40 40 40 25 25 25 35 35 25 25 25 25 40 20 20 June 1 75 75 75 75 75 75 37 37 37 60 60 37 37 37 37 75 34 34 Oct. 5 97 65 97 97 97 95 47 45 46 81 81 45 45 45 45 97 39 39 1800- Apr. 21 91 60 91 91 78 60 36 42 31 78 78 42 36 42 31 91 42 31 1891— Apr. 9 91 60 91 91 78 36 31 42 31 78 78 42 31 42 31 91 42 31 Jnne 20 91 60 91 91 78 36 31 42 31 42 31 42 31 42 31 91 42 31 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 473 New Yoke, N. Y., to Nashville, Titiof.— Continued, . Boston, 1,202 miles ; Philadelphia, 909 miles ; Baltimore, 813 miles, than carload or carload q[iiantities they apply on shipments regardless of quantity.] Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Crock- Agricul- Molas- ses. Bice. 00 Crock- eryand earthen- ware. Bag- ] Leather. Lead. Nails. 1 Agricul- tural im- plenieuts. Machin- ery. Beer. §4 IB ■% o 3 * "1 1 3d § S3 S4 05 o E3 §4 ^1 1 1 9 « Si Si 1 §4 §1 D9 1 II += o EO'TJ 1 S3 11 1 iA" o -1 ° o o fi o o A ° O A " o A" "^ w yA" o A ° o A " O 76 76 76 76 150 176 150 160 150 150 160 150 76 76 76. 76 150 176 176 150 160 120 120 80 76 80 80 160 190 160 160 160 160 160 100 80 80 80 80 160 190 190 160 160 L30 130 especial 80 80 160 190 160 160 160 160 160 160 80 80 80 80 160 190 190 160 160 130 130 rate. ..do.... 76 76 150 176 160 150 150 150 150 150 76 76 76 70 150 176 176 150 150 120 120 ..do.... 76 76 120 140 120 120 120 120 120 120 76 76 76 76 120 140 40 120 120 112 112 ..do.... 76 76 160 176 160 160 150 150 150 150 76 76 76 76 150 176 76 150 160 120 120 ..do.... 45 46 66 60 56 56 56 56 66 66 45 45 45 45 56 60 60 56 56 50 50 ..do.... 80 80 160 190 160 160 160 160 160 160 80 80 80 80 160 190 190 100 160 130 130 ..do.... 76 76 150 176 150 150 160 160 150 150 76 76 76 76 150 176 176 150 150 120 120 ..do.... 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 ..do.... 76 76 160 150 160 160 150 150 150 150 76 76 76 76 150 150 160 150 150 120 120 ..do.... 76 76 150 150 Special rate. ..do.... 160 150 160 160 76 76 76 76 160 150 150 150 150 120 120 ..do.... 40 40 40 40 •40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 ..do 76 76 150 176 ..do.... 150 150 150 160 76 76 76 76 160 176 176 150 150 120 120 ..do.... 40 40 40 40 ..do.... 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 ..do.... 25 25 25 25 ..do.... 25 26 25 25 25 25 25 26 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 ..do.... 86 35 35 35 ..do.... 36 35 35 35 35 35 35 ■35 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 ..do.... 40 40 40 40 ..do.... 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 ..do.... 35 36 35 35 ..do.... 36 35 35 35 36 36 35 36 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 ..do.... 48 48 48 48 ..do.... 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 do 48 48 70 70 ..do.... 70 70 70 70 48 48 48 48 70 70 70 70 70 TO 70 ..do.... 62 62 96 118 ..do.... 95 95 95 95 62 62 62 62 95 118 118 95 95 70 70 ..do 76 76 118 132 ..do.... 118 118 118 118 76 76 76 76 118 132 132 118 118 94 94 do.... 76 76 122 142 ..do.... 122 122 122 122 76 76 76 76 122 142 142 122 122 94 94 . do 76 76 122 142 ..do.... 122 122 122 122 76 76 76 76 122 142 142 122 122 94 94 ..do.... Special 122 142 ..do.... 122 122 122 122 76 76 76 76 122 142 142 122 122 94 94 ..do rate. ..do 80 100 ..do.... 80 80 80 80 60 50 50 50 80 100 100 80 80 65 65 ..do ..do 65 74 ..do.... 65 66 65 65 45 46 45 45 65 74 74 65 65 55 55 ..do ..do 65 70 ..do.... 66 65 65 65 45 45 45 45 65 70 70 65 65 55 65 "ao ..do 60 65 ..do.... 60 60 60 60 45 45 45 45 60 65 66 60 60 55 55 do ..do 54 60 ..do.... 64 54 64 54 40 40 40 40 64 60 60 54 54 50 50 do ..do 45 45 ..do.... 46 45 46 45 40 40 40 40 45 45 45 46 45 45 45 ..do.... ..do... 45 45 ..do.... 45 45 45 45 46 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 4S ..do ..do.... 80 90 ..do.... 80 80 80 80 50 50 50 50 80 90 90 80 80 65 6S ..do ..do.... 104 118 ..do.... 104 104 104 104 62 62 62 62 104 118 118 104 104 80 8C ..do ..do 118 146 ..do.... 118 118 118 lis 59 59 69 69 118 146 166 118 118 93 9: 73 73 73 73 138 166 138 138 138 138 138 138 73 73 73 73 138 166 166 138 138 110 IK 65 65 65 65 118 138 51 51 118 118 118 118 51 51 65 65 118 138 138 118 118 93 9; 50 50 50 50 80 90 40 40 80 80 80 80 40 40 50 50 80 90 90 80 80 65 6> 51 51 51 51 83 93 42 42 83 83 83 83 42 42 51 51 83 93 93 83 83 65 6t 41 41 41 41 69 69 34 34 59 59 59 69 34 34 41 41 59 69 69 59 69 46 4 51 51 51 51 83 93 42 42 83 83 83 83 42 42 51 81 83 93 93 83 83 65 6 41 41 41 41 69 69 34 34 59 59 69 69 34 34 41 41 69 69 69 ■59 59 46 4 37 37 37 37 51 65 30 30 51 61 51 61 30 30 37 37 51 55 55 51 51 42 4 40 40 40 40 40 40 30 30 40 40 40 40 30 30 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 4 35 35 35 35 35 35 25 25 35 35 36 35 25 25 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 3 32 32 32 32 32 32 24 24 32 32 32 32 24 24 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 3 28 28 28 28 28 28 23 23 28 28 28 28 23 23 28 28 28 23 28 28 28 28 2 28 28 28 28 28 28 22 22 28 28 28 28 22 22 28 28 23 28 28 28 28 28 2 51 61 51 51 83 93 42 42 83 83 83 83 42 42 51 51 83 93 93 83 83 65 6 60 60 60 60 101 115 101 101 101 101 101 101 46 46 60 60 101 115 115 101 161 78 7 60 60 46 46 101 115 101 101 101 101 101 101 46 46 60 60 101 115 115 101 101 78 7 41 60 41 32 32 64 70 64 64 64 64 64 64 32 32 41 41 64 70 70 64 64 55 5 60 60 60 101 115 101 101 101 101 101 101 46 46 60 60 101 115 115 101 101 78 7 51 60 51 60 41 41 83 92 83 83 83 83 83 83 41 41 51 51 83 92 92 83 83 64 6 46 46 101 115 46 46 101 101 101 101 46 46 60 60 101 115 115 101 101 78 7 55 55 41 41 83 92 41 41 83 83 83 83 41 41 55 55 83 Sp'l rate 55 83 83 70 7 41 28 . 30 41 28 30 32 32 64 70 32 32 64 64 64 64 32 32 41 41 64 .do . 41 64 64 55 6 28 28 37 37 28 28 37 37 37 37 28 28 28 28 37 .do . 28 37 37 28 2 30 30 40 40 30 30 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 30 40 .do. 30 40 40 30 3 480 EEPOKT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT BATES. Table 28.— Rates op Feeight, All Bail, from ■DisTAucB, VIA Shortest Route. — From New York, 757 miles; [Nora.— Where the rates ahomi are not speoifloally described as applying on less Date. Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Fnmi- ture. Stoves. 3" Coffee. to u Soap. Castile and fancy, Com- mon. 00 ^ Starch. «4S J « 3 k1 = Sagar. 1873— A ng. 16. Sept. 17. 1874— Jan. 1. Ang. 3. 1875_Jan. 20. Feb. 23. Mar. 17. Apr. 6., Apr. 23. May 18. May 29- Aug. 12. Not. 15., Dec. 22. 1876- Jan. 10. June 2. June 12. July 28-, Ang. 7. Deo. 18. 1877— Mar. 12. Oct. 8., Oct. 22-, Dec. 10.. 1878— reh. 15., 1881— Aug. 6-. Nov. 14., 1882— Jan. 24., June 22., July 1., Not. 1., 1883— June 22., 1H85— Jan. 26., June 1-, Oct. 8.. Not. 18., 1886— Mar. 10. , Aug. 26., 1887— Apr. 1. 1888— Jan. 9., Mar. 5-, Not. 12., Dec. 17.. 1891— Aur. 9.. 1892— Mar. 6., May 2.. June 6. . 22 28 28 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 481 New York, N. T., to Cincinnati, Ohio— Continued. Boston, 907 miles ; Philadelphia, 667 miles ; Baltimore, 593 miles. than carload or carload qoantities they apply on ahipmonta regardless of quantity.] Commodities (rates in cents per 100 ponnds) . Crock- Agli- Molas- ses. Kice. i ery and earthen- ware. Bag- ging- Leather. Lead. NaUs. i cultural imple- ments. Machin- ery. Beer. 11 o §• m |» £ s'^ o §JS ware. 1 i >lements is i o eg si 1 II o 1 si ■s o 1 Si i1 1 o 11 §1 O 1 o 1 1 = 11 1 11 11 O C3 3" 3" o JL ^ Hi" O A'' o -1" o A° " J o O w 1-1 ° O A" o Hi" o 48 48 36 36 72 80 36 36 72 72 72 72 36 36 48 48 72 Sp'l rate, .do. 48 72 72 60 60 48 48 30 36 72 80 36 36 72 72 72 72 36 36 48 48 72 48 72 72 60 00 24 24 28 28 56 60 28 28 56 56 60 66 28 28 36 36 66 .do. 36 56 66 48 48 32 32 24 24 44 48 24 24 44 44 44 44 24 24 32 32 44 .do. 32 44 44 40 40 29 29 23 23 40 43 23 23 40 40 40 40 23 23 29 29 40 .do. 29 40 40 36 36 28 28 18 18 27 27 18 18 27 27 27 27 18 18 20 20 27 .do. 20 27 27 25 25 20 20 16 IG 32 40 16 16 32 32 32 32 16 16 20 20 32 -do. 20 32 32 25 25 36 36 28 28 56 60 28 28 56 56 66 66 28 28 36 36 56 .do. 36 56 56 48 48 20 20 15 15 25 30 15 15 25 25 26 25 15 15 20 20 26 .do. 20 26 25 20 20 36 36 28 28 56 60 28 28 56 56 56 56 28 28 36 36 66 .do. 36 56 56 ■48 48 25 25 20 20 56 60 20 20 56 66 56 56 20 20 25 25 66 .do. 25 66 56 48 48 16 16 18 16 25 25 16 16 25 25 25 25 16 16 16 16 25 .do. 16 25 25 25 25 10 10 10 10 15 15 10 10 15 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 15 -do. 10 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 25 25 16 16 25 25 25 25 16 16 16 16 25 .do. 16 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 36 40 20 20 36 36 36 36 20 20 25 25 36 .do. 25 36 36 32 32 36 36 28 28 56 60 28 28 56 66 56 56 28 28 36 36 66 .do. 36 56 66 48 48 32 32 32 32 56 60 32 32 32 32 56 66 32 32 32 32 66 .do. 32 50 32 32 32 36 36 36 36 72 80 36 36 36 36 72 72 36 36 36 36 72 .do. 36 72 36 30 36 36 36 36 36 64 80 36 36 36 36 04 64 36 36 36 36 64 .do. 36 64 36 36 36 32 32 32 32 48 60 32 32 32 32 48 48 32 32 32 32 48 .do- 32 48 32 32 32 15 15 15 15 26 36 15 15 15 15 26 26 15 15 15 16 26 .do. 15 26 15 15 16 22 22 22 22 40 48 22 22 22 22 40 40 22 22 22 22 40 .do. 22 40 22 22 22 18 18 18 18 32 39 18 18 18 18 32 32 18 18 18 18 32 .do. 18 32 18 18 18 20 20 24 24 40 48 24 24 24 24 40 40 24 24 24 24 40 .do. 24 40 24 24 24 28 28 28 28 48 60 28 28 28 28 48 48 28 28 28 28 48 .do. 28 48 28 28 28 20 20 28 28 48 60 28 23 28 28 48 48 28 28 28 28 48 .do. 28 48 28 28 28 14 14 20 20 32 40 20 20 20 20 32 32 20 20 20 20 32 -do. 20 32 20 20 20 12 12 14 14 24 32 14 14 14 14 24 24 14 14 14 14 24 .do. 14 24 14 14 14 16 16 20 20 40 48 20 20 20 20 40 40 20 20 20 20 40 .do. 20 40 20 20 20 So- 20 28 28 48 60 28 28 28 28 48 48 28 28 28 28 48 .do. 28 48 28 28 28 lo 19 27 27 46 58 27 27 27 27 46 46 27 27 27 27 46 .do. 27 46 27 27 27 19 19 27 27 46 F8 27 27 27 27 46 46 27 27 27 27 46 .do. 27 46 27 27 27 27 23 27 27 60 58 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 19 27 23 60 39 23 27 23 39 23 2T 2» 27 27 51 59 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 27 23 51 39 23 27 23 39 23 30 iG 30 21 51 .59 30 26 39 30 39 30 30 21 30 26 51 39 26 30 26 39 26 27 23 27 20 51 59 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 27 23 51 39 23 27 23 39 23 23 20 23 16 31 39 23 20 27 23 27 23 23 16 23 20 31 27 20 23 20 27 20 27 23 27 20 51 59 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 27 23 61 39 23 27 23 39 23 27 23 27 20 51 59 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 23 20 51 39 23 27 23 39 23 27 23 27 20 51 59 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 23 20 51 39 23 27 23 39 23 27 23 27 20 51 59 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 23 20 51 39 23 27 23 39 23 27 23 27 20 51 59 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 23 20 51 39 23 27 23 39 23 490 REPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. TABT.E 31.— RA.TE8 OF FREIGHT, ALL RAIL, FROM Distance via Shortest Route. — From New York, 639 miles; [Note. — Where the rates shown are not apcoifioally described as applying on less Sate. 1867— Jan. May Nov. 1868— reb. June Aug. Sept. Dec. 1869— Feb. ¥eh. Mar. Apr. July AuGf. Oct'; Oct. Nov. Nov. 1870— Apr. May May June July July Aug. Aug. Sept. Nov. Dec. 1871— Feb. Feb. Mar. Hay June July July July Aug. Aug. Sept. Sept. Nov. Dec. 1872— Apr. Aug. Sept. Sept. Ocl. 1873— Apr. Jnly Aug. Aug- Sept. 1874— Jan. Aug. 1875- Jan. Mar. Aug. Nov. Dec. 1... 15... 5... i... Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). as ^ Fumi ture. Stoves. Coffee. Caatile and fancy. Special rate. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.-.. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do- -do:... ..do. ..do. ..do. --do. ..do.... -.do.. ..do.- -.do-. ..do.. -do-. ..do.. ..do.. ..do-... ..do.-- ..do... ..do... 42 42 35 35 Soaps. "s jg'2 114 114 121 121 114 91 114 121 114 57 114 114 114 28 53 72 90 93 93 98 98 114 114 121 121 114 91 114 121 114 57 114 114 114 28 53 72 90 93 93 98 Co m- mon. Si c cc ^ 1-1" 92 91 Starch. a . 114 114 121 99 91 86 91 35 Sugar. Special rate. -do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do..-. ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... 30 30 30 30 30 Special rate. .do.... .do..'., .do CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 491 New York, N. Y., to Detroit, Mich. Boston, 710 miles ; PhiladelpWa, 648 miles ; Baltimore, 628 miles. fhsm carload or carload quantities tliey apply on shipments regardless of quantity.] Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Crock. 1 Agri. 1 Molas- ses. Eice. c Dry and arthen. fS^l Leather. Lead. Nails. cultural Maoliin- imple- ery. Beer. i ware. 1 ments. 1 g^ GO S'i in a^ 09 I 09 in 5« . i« « U\ » tn s»l £ s «! «5 3'rt H •3 ■g £ = ■3 S'S "S : ii 1 5 h 1 Si 1 ■S3 "S •='3 ■2 ■S'SJ rt bdS o mS s o i^i ^ (C^H p a} — o ^s o "=■§ o "2 W'T O «•? o «.a ^ CO u s CO u S s £ D ^ C3 ss C3 01 fH 1 to H s St3 u cfl £S 1 ss 1 D cd 'S ^^ O A'^ o o R -1" o ^" O h .^" O ► A'^ O i-!"| o w Hi ° O 14 114 92 o 58 58 63 58 114 134 114 14 114 114 114 114 58 68 58 58 114 134 134 92 59 59 59 59 114 134 114 114 114 14 114 114 59 69 59 59 114 134 134 114 114 91 91 64 64 64 64 121 144 121 21 121 121 121 121 64 64 64 64 121 144 144 121 L21 99 99 Special 64 64 121 144 121 121 121 121 121 121 64 64 64 64 121 144 144 121 121 99 99 rate. ..do.... 50 59 114 134 114 114 114 114 114 114 69 59 59 59 114 134 134 114 114 91 91 ..do.... 59 69 91 106 91 91 91 91 91 91 59 59 69 59 91 106 106 91 91 86 86 ..do.... 59 59 114 134 114 114 114 114 91 91 59 59 59 69 114 134 134 114 114 91 91 ..do.... 60 60 121 150 121 121 121 121 99 99 60 60 60 60 121 150 150 121 121 99 99 ..do.... 59 59 114 134 114 114 114 114 91 91 59 59 69 59 114 134 ia4 114 114 59 69 ..do.... 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 67 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 67 ..do.... 59 59 114 114 114 114 114 114 91 91 69 59 59 59 114 114 114 114 114 91 91 ..do.... 59 59 114 114 Special rate. 114 114 91 91 69 59 59 69 114 114 114 114 114 91 91 ..do 59 59 114 134 ..do.... 114 114 114 114 59 59 59 69 114 134 134 114 114 91 91 ..do.... 28 28 28 28 ..do.... 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 ,28 28 28 28 28 28 ..do.... 37 37 53 53 ..do.... 53 53 63 53 37 37 37 37 53 53 53 53 53 53 63 ..do 47 47 72 90 ..do.... 72 72 72 72 47 47 47 47 72 90 90 72 72 54 54 ..do.... 58 58 90 100 ..do.... 90 90 90 90 58 68 58 58 90 100 100 90 90 72 72 ..do.... 58 58 93 108 ..do.... 93 93 93 ->93 58 68 58 58 93 108 108 93 93 72 72 ..do 58 58 93 108 ..do.... 93 93 93 93 58 58 58 58 93 108 108 93 93 72 72 ..do.... 58 58 98 113 ..do.... 98 98 98 98 58 58 58 58 98 113 113 98 98 79 79 ..do.... Special rate. ..do.... 98 113 ..do.... 98 98 98 98 58 63 58 68 98 113 113 98 98 79 79 ..do.... 68 84 ..do.... 68 68 68 68 43 43 43 43 68 84 84 68 68 54 54 ..do ..do.... 42 46 ..do.... 42 42 42 42 31 31 31 31 42 46 46 42 42 39 39 ..do.... ..do.... 35 35 ..do.... 35 35 35 35 31 31 31 31 35 35 36 35 35 35 35 ..do.... ..do.... 36 36 ..do.... 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 ..do.... ..do.... 68 72 ..do.... 68 68 63 68 43 43 43 43 68 72 72 68 68 54 54 ..do ..do.... 79 90 ..do.... 79 79 79 79 47 47 47 47 79 90 90 79 79 61 61 ..do ..do.... 91 112 ..do.... 91 91 91 91 46 45 45 45 91 112 112 91 91 71 71 56 56 56 56 106 127 106 106 108- 106 106' 106 56 56 56 56 106 127 127 106 106 84 84 46 46 46 46 78 88 35 35 78 78 78 78 35 36 46 46 78 88 , 88 78 78 60 60 50 50 50 50 91 106 39 39 91 91 91 91 39 39 50 60 91 106 ilOO 91 91 71 71 39 39 39 39 64 71 32 32 64 64 64 64 32 32 39 39 64 71 1 71 64 64 50 50 31 31 31 31 45 53 26 26 45 45 45 45 26 26 31 31 45 53 ' 53 45 45 36 36 39 39 39 39 64 71 32 32 64 64 64 64 32 32 39 39 64 71 71 64 64 50 50 31 31 31 31 45 58 26 26 45 45 45 45 26 26 31 31 45 53 53 45 45 36 36 28 28 28 28 39 42 23 23 39 39 39 39 23 23 28 28 39 42 42 39 39 32 32 35 35 35 35 44 52 30 30 44 44 44 44 30 30 35 35 44 62 52 44 44 39 39 31 31 31 31 31 31 21 21 31 31 31 31 21 21 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 25 25 25 25 25 25 19 19 25 25 25 25 19 19 26 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 21 21 21 21 21 21 17 17 21 21 21 21 17 17 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 35 35 35 35 44 52 30 30 44 44 44 44 30 30 35 35 44 52 62 44 44 39 39 39 39 39 39 64 71 32 32 64 64 64 64 32 32 39 39 64 71 71 64 64 50 50 46 46 46 46 78 88 78 78 78 78 78 78 36 36 46 46 78 88 88 78 78 60 60 46 46 35 35 78 88 78 78 78 78 78 78 36 35 46 46 78 88 88 78 78 60 60 32 32 25 25 49 53 49 49 49 49 49 49 25 25 32 32 49 53 53 49 49 42 42 46 46 46 46 78 88 78 78 78 78 78 78 35 35 46 46 78 88 88 78 78 60 6( 39 39 32 32 63 70 63 63 63 63 63 63 32 32 39 39 63 70 70 63 63 49 4! 46 46 35 35 78 88 35 35 78 78 78 78 36 35 46 46 78 88 88 78 78 60 60 42 42 32 32 63 70 32 32 63 63 63 63 32 32 42 42 63 Spe' rate 42 63 63 53 53 32 32 25 25 49 53 25 25 49 49 49 49 25 25 32 32 49 .do 32 49 49 42 42 30 30 30 30 40 50 30 30 40 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 40 .do 30 40 40 30 31 22 22 22 22 29 29 22 22 29 29 29 29 22 22 22 22 29 .do 22 29 29 22 22 32 32 25 25 49 53 25 25 49 49 49 49 25 25 32 32 49 -do 32 49 49 42 42 42 42 32 32 63 70 32 32 63 63 63 63 32 32 42 42 63 .do 42 63 63 53 53 32 42 32 20 32 20 32 42 32 20 32 20 25 25 49 53 25 25 49 49 49 49 25 25 32 32 49 .do 32 49 49 42 42 32 32 63 70 32 32 63 63 63 63 32 32 42 42 63 .do 42 63 63 53 53 25 25 49 53 25 25 49 49 49 49 26 25 32 32 49 do 32 49 49 42 42 15 15 30 40 15 15 30 30 30 30 16 15 20 20 30 .do 20 30 30 25 2£ 25 25 49 53 25 25 49 49 49 49 25 25 32 32 49 .do 32 49 49 42 42 15 IS 25 30 15 15 25 25 25 25 15 15 20 20 25 .do 30 25 25 20 2( 492 EEPOET ON CHANGES IN FKEIGHT BATES. Table 31. — Eatbs or Freight, All Rail, from Distance via Shortest Route. — From New York, 639 miles; [Note. — "Wiiere the rates shown are not specifically described as applying on less Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds.) o §. 1 a 1 o Q CO g ■s g s o o W Furni- ture. Stoves. Coffee, Soaps. Starch. H Sugar. Date. Castile and fancy. Com- mon. §4 .as OS O a O II 4 o 1 1 1 D TO 2 1^" OS O 1 1 1 g m D9 1876-J^an. 10 June 12 Deo. 18 1877— Mar. 12.1... 1877— Oct. 8 Oct. 22 Deo. 10 1878— Feb. U 1881- Aug. 6 Nov. 14 1882— July 1 Nov. 1 1883— June 22 1885^ran. 26 June 1 Oct. 5 Nov. 18 1886— Mar. 10 Aug. 26 1887— Apr. . 1 i£88— Jan. 9 ■ Mar. 5 Aug. 15 Nov. 12 Deo. 17 1889-Feb. 18 1H91— Apr. 9 1892— Mar. 16 May 2 June 6 53 25- 40 53 53 70 70 53 32 42 42 53 53 35 28 42 53 59 59 59 59 59 59 39 59 59 59 59 59 59 53 25 40 53 53 70 70 53 32 42 42 53 53 35 28 28 32 35 39 39 39 39 39 27 39 39 39 39 39 39 53 25 40 53 53 70 70 53 32 42 42 53 53 35 28 42 53 59 59 59 59 59 59 39 69 59 59 59 59 59 53 25 40 53 53 70 70 53 32 42 42 53 53 35 28 42 53 59 59 59 59 59 59 39 59 59 59 59 59 59 53 25 40 53 53 70 70 53 32 42 42 53 53 35 28 42 53 59 59 51 51 51 51 31 51 51 51 51 51 51 53 25 40 53 53 70 70 53 32 42 42 53 53 35 28 42 53 59 59 39 39 39 69 27 39 59 23 23 23 23 53 25 40 53 28 32 32 28 14 20 21 25 25 18 13 18 25 37 27 23 26 23 23 20 23 23 20 20 20 20 25 16 20 25 28 32 32 28 14 20 21 25 25 18 13 18 25 27 27 27 30 27 27 23 27 27 27 27 27 27 25 16 20 25 28 32 32 28 14 20 21 25 25 18 13 18 25 27 27 20 21 20 20 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 25 35 49 49 63 56 42 22 35 35 42 42 23 21 35 42 47 47 51 51 51 51 31 51 51 51 27 27 2r 49 25 35 49 49 63 56 42 22 35 36 42 42 28 21 35 42 47 47 51 5i 51 51 31 51 51 51 20 20 20 32 16 25 32 28 32 32 28 14 20 21 25 25 18 13 18 25 27 27 27 30 27 27 23 27 27 27 27 27 27 32 16 25 32 28 32 32 28 14 20 21 25 25 18 13 18 25 27 27 23 26 23 23 20 23 23 20 20 20 20 42 25 30 42 28 32 32 28 14 20 21 25 25 18 13 18 25 27 27 27 30 27 27 23 27 27 27 27 27 27 42 25 30 42 28 32 32 28 14 20 21 25 25 18 13 18 25 27 27 20 21 20 20 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 25 40 53 53 70 70 53 32 42 42 53 53 35 28 42 53 59 59 59 59 59 59 39 59 69 59 59 59 59 25 16 20 25 28 32 32 23 14 20 18 25 18 13 U 14 18 20 20 27 30 27 27 23 27 27 27 27 27 27 25 16 20 25 28 32 32 28 14 20 18 25 18 13 U 14 18 20 20 20 • 21 20 20 16 20 20 20 16 20 18 CHANGES IK COMPETITIVE KATES. 493 New York, N. Y., to DBTnoJT, Mich. — Continuod. Boston, 710 miles; Philadelphia, 648 miles; Baltimore, 628 miles. than carload or carload c[uantities iliey apply on sliipraonts regardless of quantities.] Co mmodities (rate in cents per 100 pounds). Crock- Agri- Molas- ses. nice. ■§ o s o OB g ery and earthen- ware. Bag- ging. Leather. Lead. Nails. g cultural imple- ments. Machin- ery. Beer. rtrq 32 n o is IS 1 3g 1 o Si O g O S4 1 O eg 1 T3 32 25 25 49 53 25 25 49 49 49 49 25 25 32 32 49 Spe'l 82 49 49 42 42 rate. 10 16 16 16 25 25 16 16 25 25 25 25 16 16 16 16 25 -do. 16 25 26 25 25 25 25 20 20 35 40 20" 20 36 36 35 35 20" 20 25 25 35 -do . 25 35 35 30 30 32 32 25 25 49 53 2h 25 49 49 49 49 25 25 32 3? 49 -do- 32 49 49 42 42 28 28 28 28 19 53 28 28 28 28 40 49 28 28 28 28 49 -do. 28 49 28 28 28 32 y2 32 :!2 63 70 32 32 32 32 63 63 32 32 32 32 63 -do . 32 63 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 50 70 32 32 32 32 56 56 32 32 32 32 56 -do. 32 56 32 32 32 28 28 28 28 42 53 28 28 28 28 42 42 28 28 28 28 42 -do- 28 42 28 28 28 14 14 11 14 22 32 14 14 14 14 22 22 14 14 14 14 22 -do - 14 22 14 14 14 20 20 20 20 35 4J 20 20 20 20 36 36 20 20 20 20 35 do. 20 35 20 20 20 18 18 21 21 35 42 21 21 21 21 35 35 21 21 21 21 35 -do. 21 35 21 21 21 25 25 25 20 42 53 26 25 25 25 42 42 25 26 25 25 42 -do . 26 42 25 25 25 18 18 25 2» 42 53 25 25 25 26 42 42 25 26 26 25 42 do- 25 42 25 25 25 13 13 18 18 28 35 18 18 18 18 28 28 18 18 18 18 28 -do- 18 28 18 18 18 11 11 13 13 21 28 13 13 13 13 21 21 13 13 13 13 21 .do. 13 21 13 13 13 14 14 18 18 35 42 18 18 18 18 35 35 18 18 18 18 35 -do - 18 35 18 18 18 18 ]8 25 25 42 53 25 25 25 25 42 42 25 25 25 25 42 .do . 2.5 42 25 25 25 20 20 27 27 47 69 27 27 27 27 47 47 27 27 27 27 47 -do - 27 47 27 27 27 20 20 27 27 47 59 27 27 27 27 47 47 27 27 27 27 47 -do . 27 47 27 27 27 27 23 27 27 51 69 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 27 23 51 39 23 27 23 39 23 30 26 30 21 61 50 30 26 39 30 39 30 30 21 30 26 51 39 26 30 26 39 26 27 23 27 20 51 59 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 27 23 51 39 23 27 23 39 23 27 23 27 20 51 69 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 27 23 51 39 23 27 23 39 23 23 2U 23 16 31 39 23 20 27 23 27 23 23 16 23 20 31 27 20 23 20 27 20 27 23 27 20 51 59 27 23 38 27 39 27 27 20 27 23 51 39 23 27 23 39 23 27 23 27 20 51 69 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 27 23 51 39 23 27 23 29 23 27 23 27 20 51 59 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 23 20 51 39 23 27 23 39 23 27 23 27 20 51 59 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 23 20 51 39 23 27 23 39 23 27 23 27 20 51 59 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 23 20 51 39 23 27 23 39 23 27 23 27 20 51 69 27 23 39 27 39 27 27 20 23 20 51 39 23 27 23 39 23 494 KEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT BATES, Table 32. — Rates of Freight, All Rail, from Distance via Shortest Route. — From New York, 592 miles; [NoTB.— "Where the ratts shown are not specially described as applying to less Sate. 1867— Jan. Nov. 1868— Feb. Jane Aug. Sept. Oct. Dec. 1869— Feb. Mch. May Jnly Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 1870— Mch. Apr. May 1., 5. i. i. 10. 7. 1. 7., 1. 17. 15. 12.. 1. U. 2S. 30. 22. 24. 4. 9. 13. 1. 1870— Sept. Nov. Dec. 1871— Feb. Mch. May June July Aug. Sept. Nov. Dec. 1872— Aug. Sept. Out. 1873— Apr. 19. 4. June 18. July Aug. 25.... 28.... 12.... 22.... 24.... 8.... 28.... 26.... 20.... 7 13.... 18.... 1.... 28.. 29.. 16.. 22.. 5.. 6., 11.. 27., 15. 1. 1., 2. 14., 14. June 1. 11. 12. Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Furni- ture. ** o Stoves. Coffee. 107 107 114 114 Special I ate. ..do.... ..do.... ..do... ..do... .-do... ..do... ..do.... ..do.... ..do... ..do.... ..do... ..do... ..do.... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... -do.... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... .-do.... ..do.... ..do-.. .-do... 39 36 28 33 24 33 29 21 30 29 20 17 80 20 16 33 33 23 33 30 33 30 23 20 23 Soap. Castile or fancy. 87 Com- mon. Starch. 126 136 136 126 100 126 60 136 126 35 107 107 126 20 25 29 25 22 34 50 84 94 101 101 101 112 71 43 32 32 63 73 84 104 118 Sugar. 64 54 57 57 Special rate, -do.... ..do.... .do.... .do.... -do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do..-, .do.... .do.... .do.... -do-... -do.... .do.... ..do.... ..do.... 31 I 31 Special rate. .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... -do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE BATES. 495 New York, N. Y., to Clkviland, Ohio. t Boston, 663 miles; Philadelphia, 541 miles ; Baltimore, 531 miles. thau carload or carload quantities they apply on shipmentB regardless of quantity.] Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds) . Crock- .4gri- cnltnral imple- 1 Molas- ses. Eice. ery and earthen. Bag. ging- Leather. Lead. Nails. Machin- ery. Beer. 1 1 ■vrare. 1 13 meuts. 33 o 1 to o ■si to p 5l §1 ■s 1 9« 11 □g ■3 09 1 1 1 H 1 o h^° o 5 B tA° k!" v^" Hi" hJ W 3° " v^° •a" 54 54 54 54 107 126 107 107 107 107 107 107 54 54 54 54 107 126 126 107 107 86 86 67 57 57 57 114 136 114 114 114 114 114 114 57 57 67 67 114 136 136 114 114 93 93 Special 57 57 114 136 114 114 114 114 114 114 57 67 67 67 114 136 136 114 114 93 93 rate. ..do.... 54 54 107 126 107 107 107 107 107 107 54 54 54 54 107 126 126 107 107 86 86 ..do.... 54 54 88 100 86 86 86 86 86 86 64 5'4 54 64 36 100 100 86 86 80 80 -do.... 54 54 107 126 107 107 107 107 107 107 64 54 54 54 107 126 126 107 107 86 86 ..do... 45 45 56 60 56 66 56 56 56 56 45 45 45 45 56 60 60 56 56 50 50 ..do.... 67 57 114 113 114 114 114 114 114 114 57 57 57 67 114 136 136 114 114 93 93 ..do.... 64 54 107 126 107 107 107 107 107 107 54 64 54 64 107 126 126 107 107 86 86 ..do.... 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 3.5 35 35 :i5 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 35 35 ..do.... 54 54 107 107 iOT 107 107 107 107 107 54 54 54 54 107 107 107 107 107 80 86 ..do.... 54 54 107 107 Special rate. 107 107 107 107 54 64 64 54 107 107 107 107 107 86 86 ..do.... 54 64 107 .126 ..do.... 107 107 107 107 54 64 54 54 107 126 126 107 107 86 86 ..do.... 20 20 20 20 ..do.... 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ..do.... 25 25 25 25 ..do.... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 ..do.... 29 29 29 29 ..do..-. 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 ..do.... 25 25 25 25 ..do.... 25 26 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 25 25 25 25 ..do.... 22 22 22 22 ..do.... 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 ..do.... 34 34 34 34 ..do.-.. 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 ..do.... 34 34 60 50 ..do.... 50 50 50 50 34 34 34 34 50 60 60 50 60 50 50 ..do.... 44 44 67 84 ..do.... 67 67 67 67 44 44 44 44 67 84 84 67 67 51 51 ..do.... 54 54 84 94 ..do.... 84 84 84 84 54 54 64 54 84 94 94 84 84 67 67 ..do.... 64 64 87 101 ..do.... 87 87 87 87- 54 54 54 54 87 101 101 87 87 67 67 ..do.... Spe ra ..do Dial 87 101 ..do.... 87 87 87 87 54 54 54 64 87 101 101 87 87 67 67 ..do.... ie. 87 101 ..do.... 87 87 87 87 64 64 54 64 87 101 101 87 87 67 67 ..do.... 62 '62' 96 112 ..do... 96 96 96 96 62 62 62 62 96 112 112 96 96 78 76 ..do.... Spe ra cial te. 57 71 ..do.... 57 57 57 67 36 36 36 36 57 71 71 57 67 46 46 ..do.... ..do 38 43 ..do.... 38 38 38 38 28 28 28 28 38 43 43 38 38 35 35 ..do.... ..do 32 32 ..do.... 32 32 32 32 28 28 28 28 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 ..do.... ..do 32 32 ..do.... 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 ,32 32 ..do.... ..do 57 83 ..do.... 57 57 57 57 36 36 36 36 57 63 63 57 .'i7 46 46 ..do ..do 65 73 ..do.... 65 65 65 65 42 42 42 42 65 73 73 65 65 52 1 52 ..do.... ..do 74 84 ..do.... 74 74 74 74 44 44 44 44 74 84 84 74 74 57 57 ..do.... ..do 84 104 ..do.... 84 84 84 84 42 42 42 42 84 104 104 84 84 66 66 52 52 62 '52' 98 lis 98 98 98 98 08 98 52 52 52 52 98 118 118 98 98 78 78 46 46 46 46 84 98 36 36 84 84 84 84 36 36 46 46 84 98 98 84 84 66 66 36 36 36 36 57 63 28 28 57 57 57 57 28 28 36 36 57 63 63 57 57 46 46 40 40 40 40 65 73 33 33 65 66 65 65 33 33 40 40 65 73 73 65 65 50 50 29 29 29 29 42 49 24 24 42 42 42 42 24 24 29 29 42 49 49 42 42 33 33 40 40 40 40 65 73 33 33 65 65 65 65 33 33 40 40 65 73 73 65 65 50 50 34 34 34 34 47 64 29 29 47 47 47 47 29 29 34 34 47 54 64 47 47 38 38 26 26 26 26 36 39 21 21 36 36 36 36 21 21 26 26 36 39 39 36 36 30 30 35 35 35 35 40 40 30 30 40 40 40 40 30 30 35 35 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 34 34 34 34 40 40 29 29 40 40 40 40 29 29 34 34 40 40 40 40 40 38 38 29 29 29 29 29 29 20 20 29 29 29 29 20 20 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 28 23 23 23 23 23 23 17 17 23 23 23 23 17 17 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 35 35 35 35 40 40 30 30 40 40 40 40 30 30 35 35 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 23 23 23 23 23 23 20 20 23 23 23 23 20 20 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 20 20 20 20 20 20 16 16 20 20 20 20 16 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 40 40 40 40 65 73 33 33 65 65 66 65 33 33 40 40 65 73 73 65 66 50 50 43 43 33 33 72 82 72 72 72 72 72 72 33 33 43 43 72 82 82 72 72 56 56 30 30 23 23 46 49 46 46 46 46 46 46 23 23 30 30 46 49 49 46 46 39 39 43 43 33 33 72 82 72 72 72 72 72 72 33 33 43 43 72 82 82 72 72 56 56 36 36 30 30 59 65 69 59 59 59 69 59 30 30 36 36 69 65 65 69 59 46 46 43 39 43 39 33 33 72 82 33 33 72 72 72 72 33 33 43 43 72 82 82 72 72 56 56 30 30 59 65 30 30 59 69 69 59 30 30 39 39 59 39 Sp'l rate 69 59 49 4» 30 20 30 30 23 23 46 49 23 23 46 46 46 46 23 23 30 30 46 30 -do 46 40 49 49 '20 30 20 20 26 26 20 20 26 26 26 26 20 20 20 30 26 20 .do 26 26 20 20 23 23 40 40 23 23 40 40 40 40 23 23 30 30 40 30 .do 40 40 30 SO 4a6 EEPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Tablb 32.— Rates of Fkbight, All Rail, from Distance via Shorikst Route. — From New York, 593 miles; pfoTK.— Where the rates shown are not specifically deBcrihed ae applying on les> Date. 1873— June 13. 16. Sept. 17. 1874^-Jau. 1. Aug. 3. 1875— Jan. 20. Mar. 17. May 26. 29. Aug. 12. Not. 15. Dec. 22.. 1876— Jan. 10.. June 13.. July 28-. 1877— Mar. " Oct. 12. Dec. 10 1878— Feb. 14 1881— Aug. 6 Not. 14 1882— Jan. 24. July 1. Not. 1 1883— June 22 Jan. 26, June 1 Oct. 5 Not. 18 1886— Mar. 10 Aug. 26. 1887— Apr. 1. 1888— Jan. 9. Aug. 15 Not. 12 Dec. 1891— Apr. 1892— Mar. May June 17. 16. 2. 6.. Commodities (rates ii) cents per 100 pounds). Furni- ture. Stores. 43 rt to tj h3 Coffee. Soaps. Caatile and fancy. Com- mon. 03 r^ Hi" 22 Starch. 22 22 Sugar. CO U 22 22 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE BATES. 497 New York, N. Y., to Cleveland, Ohio — Contimied. Boston, 663 milea; Philadephia, 541 miles; Baltimore, 521 mileg. ttan carload or oarload qaantltles they apply on shlpmenta regardless of quantity.] Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Crock- 1 Agri- onliural imple- Molas- ses. Eioe. ery and sarthen- Bag- ging- Leather. Lead. Nails. Machin- ery. Beer. i ware. ^1 ments. 11 DO g» E& I« A ■g ss 1 U <0 M 1 si 1 ai rt ^ h^ « w iJ" o cB fi Ki" O ^^" o 1-1 '-"1 o iJ ^ O ,Kl" o M Hl'= o 1^" o hi ° o 2i 24 24 24 ■36 40 24 24 24 24 40 40 24 24 24 24 35 Spe'l rate. 24 40 24 24 24 26 26 26 26 60 60 26 26 26 26 50 50 26 26 26 26 50 -do. 26 50 26 26 36 26 26 26 26 44 60 26 26 20 26 44 44 26 20 26 26 44 -do. 26 44 26 26 26 25 25 20 20 35 40 20 20 36 35 35 35 20 20 25 25 35 -do. 25 35 20 30 30 23 23 23 23 35 43 23 23 23 23 35 35 23 23 23 23 35 -do. 23 35 23 23 23 13 13 13 13 21 30 13 13 13 13 21 21 13 13 13 13 21 .do. 13 21 13 13 13 10 10 10 10 16 19 10 10 10 10 16 16 10 10 10 10 16 .do . 10 16 10 10 10 13 13 17 17 30 35 17 17 17 17 30 30 17 17 17 17 30 -do. 17 30 17 17 17 20 20 20 20 35 43 20 20 20 20 35 35 20 20 20 20 35 .do. 20 35 20 20 20 15 16 20 20 35 43 20 20 20 20 35 35 20 20 20 20 35 .do. 20 35 20 20 20 21 18 21 21 39 46 21 18 30 21 30 21 21 15 21 18 39 30 18 21 18 30 18 23 20 23 16i 39 45 23 20 30 23 30 23 23 16i 23 20 39 23 20 23 20 30 20 21 18 21 15 39 46 21 18 30 21 1 30 21 21 15 21 18 39 30 18 21 18 30 18 18 15 18 12 24 30 18 15 21 18 i 21 18 18 12 18 15 24 21 15 18 15 21 15 21 18 21 16 39 45 21 18 30 21 1 30 21 21 15 21 18 39 30 18 21 18 30 18 21 18 21 15 39 45 21 18 30 21 ! 30 21 21 15 21 18 39 311 18 21 18 30 18 21 18 21 15 39 45 21 18 30 21 30 21 21 15 18 15 39 30 18 21 18 30 18 21 18 21 15 39 45 21 18 30 21 30 21 21 15 18 15 39 45 18 21 18 30 18 21 18 21 15 39 45 21 18 30 21 30 21 21 15 18 15 39 45 18 21 18 30 13 502 EEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 34. — Rates of Freight, All Rail, prom Distance via Shortest Route. — From New York, 409 miles; [KoTE. — Where the rates shown are not speciflcaUy described as applying on less OommoditiCH (rates in cents per 100 pounds.) 1 Soap. 5 o EQ Furni- ture. Stoves. Coffee. Starch. Sugar. Castile Com- Date. if and fancy mon. .2 'ft ^« to 9 =5 oj a» ID 3» ^ a ^ » a - IB § ■" o 01 .3 mS g !l o ■gg a o 1 o to 1 ■s S SS s s « IS 4) ci 3 iSS o d s 1? ?, !3 M o w i-l" o 1-1'-' o ^4^ o l_^ o O ^^ 60 ►4 " 7» o 75 H 88 33 o 33 1867— May 15 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 75 76 76 75 60 Nor. 5 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 80 SO 80 80 65 66 SO SO 96 40 40 Deo. 23 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 95 95 96 95 75 75 95 06 110 66 .65 1868— Feb. 4 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 Special rate. 05 95 55 55 76 76 110 Special rate.. Mar. 24 9!) 95 95 96 95 96 96 ..do.... 80 SO 40 40 65 66 95 ..do.... May June 8 95 95 95 95 95 96 95 ..do.... 80 80 35 35 66 66 96 ..do.... 23 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 ..do.... 71 71 35 36 68 .68 87 ..do.... Dec. 8 110 110 110 110 no ino 110 ..do.... 96 95 55 .66 75 76 no ..do.... 1869- Mar. 1 95 95 05 95 95 95 95 ..do.... 80 80 40 40 66 66 95 ..do.... Apr. 12 9b 95 95 -95 95 95 95 ..do.... 80 80 40 40 65 65 95 ..do.... Apr. 16 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 ..do.... 71 71 36 35 68 58 87 ..do.... Sept. 24 5U 50 50 50 60 50 50 ..do.... 40 40 20 20 30 30 60 ..do.... Oct. 4 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 ..do.... 50 60 30 30 40 40 60 ..do.... Nov. 18 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 ..do.... ,69 69 38 38 47 47 66 ..do.... Deo. 7 110 110 110 110 110 no 110 ..do.... 95 96 55 56 76 75 110 -.do.... 1870— Mar. 7 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 ..do.... 96 95 55 55 76 75 no ..do.... Apr. 1 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 ..do.-.. 71 71 36 36 71 71 87 ..do.... Jnly 7 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 ..do.... 50 60 30 30 40 40 60 ..do-... Nov. 28 80 80 80 80 8U 80 80 ..do.... 65 65 321 32J 60 50 80 ..do.... Dec. 26 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 30 30 72 73 40 , 40 60 60 90 30 30 1871— Feb. 20 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 30 30 72 72 40 40 60 60 90 30 30 May 18 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 25 25 60 60 35 36 50 60 70 25 25 Dec. 2 00 90 90 90 90 90 90 30 30 72 72 40 40 60 60 90 30 30 Dec. Deo. H5 H^i H6 86 H6 86 K6 65 66 40 40 60 60 86 16 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 3D 30 72 72 43 43 66 56 82 30 30 1B72-Apr. 27 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 25 25 60 60 35 35 60 50 70 25 25 Aug. Sept. Sept. 1 55 65 55 66 55 65 55 26 25 45 45 35 35 40 40 65 25 25 m 86 86 K6 K6 86 Ki 65 66 40 10 60 60 m 2 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 26 25 60 60 35 35 .60 50 70 25 25 Oct. 14 85 86 S5 H6 85 86 85 30 30 65 65 40 40 60 60 85 30 30 1873— Jan. 14 75 76 75 75 75 75 76 30 30 60 60 40 40 60 60 76 30 30 Apr. 14 65 66 65 65 65 65 65 25 25 55 56 35 35 45 46 65 25 26 July 22 60 .60 .60 50 60 50 50 20 20 40 40 30 30 36 35 ,60 20 20 Aug. 13 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 17 17 22 22 17 17 17 17 22 17 17 1874— Jan. 1 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 2b 25 50 50 30 30 40 40 60 2b ao Aug. 1 45 45 45 45 46 45 45 20 20 40 40 30 30 35 35 45 20 20 Deo. 1875— Jan. 24 20 85 85 85 86 86 85 H6 65 65 40 iO 60 60 86 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 25 25 60 60 30 .30 40 40 60 25 25 Mar. 17 45 45 46 45 45 45 45 20 20 40 40 30 30 36 36 45 20 20 Deo. 22 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 15 15 25 25 20 20 20 20 30 15 lb 1876— Jan. 10 45 46 46 45 45 45 45 20 20 40 40 30 30 36 36 46 20 20 June 12 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16 16 26 26 16 16 25 25 25 16 16 July 28 15 16 16 16 15 15 15 10 10 15 16 10 10 15 15 16 10 10 Aug. 7 25 26 25 25 25 25 25 16 16 26 26 16 16 26 25 25 16 16 Dec. 18 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 20 20 35 .35 26 26 30 30 40 20 20 1877— Mar. 12 45 45 45 45 45 45 46 20 20 40 40 30 30 36 36 46 20 20 Oct. 8 45 45 45 45 45 46 24 24 24 40 40 24 ?A ?4 24 46 24 24 Oct. 22 60 60 60 60 60 60 2B 26 26 60 60 26 26 26 26 fin 26 26 Dec. 10 60 60 60 60 60 60 26 26 26 44 44 26 26 26 25 60 26 26 1878— Feb. 14 43 43 43 43 43 43 23 23 23 35 35 23 23 23 23 43 23 23 Mar. 28 43 43 43 43 43 43 23 23 23 35 36 23 23 23 23 43 23 23 1880-Jan. 1 43 43 43 43 43 43 23 23 23 36 36 23 23 23 23 43 23 23 1881— Aug. 6 30 30 30 30 ,30 30 13 13 13 21 21 13 13 13 13 30 13 13 1882— Jan. 24 30 39 39 39 39 39 18 18 18 32 32 18 18 18 18 39 18 18 July 1 35 35 35 36 35 35 17 17 17 30 30 17 17 17 17 ,35 13 13 Nov. 1 43 43 43 43 43 43 20 20 20 35 35 17 17 17 17 43 20 20 1883— Jnne 22 43 43 43 43 43 43 20 20 20 35 35 20 20 20 20 43 IS 15 18S7— Apr. 1 39 28 39 39 33 28 16 19 13 33 33 19 16 19 13 39 19 13 1888— Jan. 9 39 28 39 39 33 28 17 20 14 33 33 20 17 20 14 39 20 14 Mar. 5 39 28 39 39 33 28 16 19 13 33 33 19 16 19 13 39 19 13 1891— June 20 39 28 39 39 33 28 16 19 13 19 13 19 13 19 13 39 19 13 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES, 503 New York, N. Y., to Buffalo, N. Y. Boston, 480 miles; Philadelpliia, 418 miles; Baltimore, 398 miles, than carload or carload quuntities they apply on shipments regardless of quantity.] Commodities (rates In cents). Crock- 1 Aerioul- , . ,. 1 Molas- ses. Eico. L 3ry and arthen- Bag.- ] S'ng. ^oather. Lead. Nails. buralim- laacnin- ple- ery- Beer. i 8 ware. 6 ments. 1 5| o3 i CI i » i 3^ 3^ 31 1 %i 1 "3 S'S . .1 . S « '^^ 1 -S o o a o bO o '* oS. ji-^ ^ ^ ' i:.S 0^ ti~-t ^ jj 1 ^ ■ ^ St. "h i'ti u o d ^'^^ 'u nl^ TI r. t. T^ u j> ^- ^3 1 H 1) a s issi ^ £ ej S i rt S h h i 03 'A !« V rt d ►^l" O h A'' O i3 fl h 5 " y A " ^ q ^ C> ^-l"| y ^ = X h^ "1 V 75 -1 i- u 33 33 33 33 75 88 75 75 75 75 75 75 33 33 33 33 75 88 88 75 1' 50 50 40 40 40 40 80 95 80 80 80 80 80 80 40 40 40 40 80 95 95 80 80 65 65 55 ^ 65 66 55 95 LIO 96 96 95 95 95 95 55 55 55 55 95 110 110 95 95 75 75 Special 55 55 95 LIO 95 95 95 95 95 95 55 55 56 55 95 110 110 96 95 75 75 rate. ..do 40 40 80 96 80 80 80 80 80 80 40 40 40 40 80 95 95 80 80 65 65 ..do ... 35 35 80 95 80 80 80 SO 80 80 35 35 35 35 80 95 95 80 80 05 1 65 ..do.... 35 35 71 87 71 71 71 71 71 71 35 36 35 35 7] 87 87 71 71 68 1 58 ..do 65 55 95 110 95 96 95 95 96 95 55 65 55 55 95 110 110 95 95 75 1 75 .do 40 40 80 95 80 80 80 80 SO 80 40 40 40 40 80 95 95 80 80 65 1 "■ 65 ..do.... 40 40 80 95 Special rate. 80 80 80 80 40 40 40 40 80 95 95 80 80 05 65 do 35 35 71 87 ..do..-. 71 71 71 71 35 35 35 35 71 87 87 71 71 58 68 ..do.... Special rate. 40 50 ..do.... 40 40 40 40 20 20 20 20 40 50 50 40 40 30 30 . do ... ..do...- 60 60 ..do.... 50 60 60 50 30 30 30 30 50 60 60 60 50 40 40 ..(Jo ..do.... 59 66 -.do.... 59 59 69 59 38 38 38 38 69 66 66 59 59 47 47 do 55 ] 55 95 110 ..do.-.. 95 95 95 95 55 55 55 55 95 110 110 95 95 76 75 ..do.... Special 95 110 ..do.... 96 95 95 95 65 55 55 55 95 110 110 95 95 75 75 ..do rate. ..do.... 71 87 ..do... 71 71 71 71 35 35 35 35 71 87 87 71 71 71 71 ..do .. ..do.... 60 60 ..do.... 60 60 50 60 30 30 30 30 60 60 60 50 50 40 40 ..do - ..do...- 85 80 ..do.... 65 65 65 65 324 324 324 324 65 80 80 80 80 50 50 40 40 40 40 72 90 72 72 72 72 72 72 40 40 40 40 72 90 90 90 90 60 00 40 40 40 40 72 90 30 30 72 72 72 72 30 1 30 40 40 72 90 90 90 90 60 60 35 35 36 35 60 70 25 25 60 60 60 60 25 25 35 35 60 70 70 70 70 50 50 40 40 40 40 72 90 30 30 72 72 72 72 30 30 40 40 72 90 90 90 90 60 60 40 43 40 43 66 72 85 82 65 72 65 72 65 72 65 72 40 43 40 43 65 72 85 82 86 82 65 72 65 72 60 tiu 43 43 '72" '72' '30" '36' ^1 " 56 35 35 30 30 60 70 60 60 60 60 00 CO 25 25 35 35 60 70 70 60 60 50 50 35 35 25 25 46 55 45 45 45 45 45 45 25 25 35 36 45 65 55 46 45 40 40 60 40 40 40 40 65 85 65 65 65 65 C) 65 324 324 40 40 65 85 85 65 65 60 36 35 25 25 60 70 60 60 60 60 00 60 25 25 35 36 60 70 70 00 60 50 50 60 40 40 30 30 65 86 30 30 65 65 65 65 30 30 40 40 65 85 85 65 65 60 40 40 30 30 60 75 30 30 60 60 60 60 30 30 40 40 60 75 75 60 60 50 50 36 35 25 25 65 65 25 25 55 55 55 55 25 26 35 35 55 Sp'l rate 35 65 65 45 45 30 30 20 20 40 50 20 20 40 40 40 40 20 20 30 30 40 .do. 30 40 40 35 35 17 40 35 60 17 17 17 17 22 22 17 17 22 22 22 22 17 17 17 17 22 .do . 17 22 22 17 30 30 25 26 50 60 25 25 60 60 50 50 25 25 30 30 50 .do. 30 60 60 40 3D 40 30 30 30 40 30 20 20 40 65 50 45 86 60 20 20 40 65 60 40 65 60 40 65 50 40 65 60 20 20 30 40 30 30 40 30 40 65 50 .do . .do. .do. 30 40 30 40 65 50 40 66 60 35 60 40 25 25 '25' 25 25' '25' 40 35 20 35 25 15 25 30 35 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 18 IT 20 20 18 17 18 18 30 20 20 40 45 20 20 40 40 40 40 20 20 30 30 40 .do. 30 40 40 35 20 30 16 10 16 25 30 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 13 13 20 15 19 20 19 19 20 30 16 10 16 25 30 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 18 13 20 15 16 17 16 16 15 20 16 10 16 20 20 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 18 17 20 20 19 20 19 19 15 20 16 10 16 20 20 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 18 17 20 20 19 14 13 13 25 40 25 15 25 35 40 40 50 44 35 35 35 21 32 30 35 35 33 33 33 33 30 45 25 16 25 40 45 45 60 60 43 43 43 30 39 35 43 43 39 39 39 39 15 20 16 10 16 20 20 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 18 17 20 20 19 20 19 19 15 20 16 10 16 20 20 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 18 17 20 20 16 17 16 18 25 40 25 15 25 35 40 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 18 17 20 20 28 28 28 28 25 40 25 15 25 35 40 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 18 17 20 20 19 20 19 19 25 40 25 15 25 35 40 40 50 44 35 35 36 21 32 30 35 35 28 28 28 28 25 40 25 15 25 35 40 40 60 44 36 35 35 21 32 30 35 35 19 20 19 19 15 20 10 10 16 20 20 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 18 17 20 20 19 20 19 19 16 20 16 10 16 20 20 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 18 17 20 20 13 14 13 13 20 30 16 10 16 25 30 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 18 17 20 .20 19 20 19 19 20 30 18 10 16 25 30 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 i? 20 20 16 17 16 16 25 40 25 15 25 35 40 40 50 44 35 35 35 21 32 30 35 35 33 33 33 33 .do. .do. do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do .do .do do .do .do .do .do .do .do .do 28 28 28 28 20 30 16 10 16 25 30 24 20 26 25 23 23 13 18 17 20 20 16 17 16 16 25 40 25 15 26 36 40 40 60 44 35 43 35 21 32 30 35 35 19 20 19 19 25 40 26 16 25 35 40 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 18 17 20 20 16 17 16 16 20 35 25 16 25 30 35 24 26 26 23 23 23 13 18 17 20 20 28 28 28 28 504 EEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 35. — Rates oe Pkbighi , All Rail, Distance via Shortest Route. — From New York, 359 miles; PTOTB.— "Where the rates shown axe not specifloally described as applying on less Commodities (rates ir cents per 100 pounds). Furni- ture, Soap. ■y ffi Stoves. Coffee. Castile Com- Starch. Sugar. Date 1 S 'p. a m and i'ancy . mon. Si ■i H 03 1 ^4 £5 II 07 4j re i 1 00 ® IS & o S'B 1 03 2 i ■a-n ■ft 1 ^•a '% 1§ ^ 51 'i o M h-1" u A"^ o ^A" U ^A" o -1" o -1 " U H 1867— May 15 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 71 71 71 71 46 46 71 71 84 32 32 Nov. 5 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 76 75 75 76 60 60 75 7b 90 36 36 Deo. 23 1,15 105 106 105 105 106 105 90 90 90 9(1 70 70 90 90 .05 53 b.H 1868— Feb. 4 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 Special rate. 90 90 63 53 70 70 10b Special rate. Mar. 23 85 85 85 85 86 85 85 ..do.... 70 70 36 36 58 58 8b ..do-... May 8 85 85 85 85 86 86 86 ..do.... 70 70 30 30 58 58 8b ..do.... May 16 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 ..do.... 66 66 30 30 bb 55 'I'l ..do.... 1869— Mar. 1 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 ..do.... 70 70 36 36 58 68 8b -do.... Apr. 15 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 -.do.... G6 66 30 30 55 55 77 -do.... Dec. 7 105 105 105 106 106 105 105 ..do..-. 90 90 53 b3 70 70 10b ..do.-.. 1870— Max. 7..-. 105 105 105 105 105 105 106 ..do.... 90 90 53 b3 70 70 105 -do.... Apr. 1 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 ..do-.-. 66 66 30 30 65 55 77 ..do.--. Nov. Dec. 28 26 77 R5 77 85 77 85 77 86 77 77 85 77 62 62 30 'to 48 W 77 85 85 30 30 67 67 40 40 55 65 85 30 30 1871— Feb. 20 85 85 85 85 86 86 86 30 30 67 67 40 40 5b bb Sb 30 30 Mar. 13 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 30 30 68 68 34 34 b8 58 81 30 30 May Deo. 18 fiO fin 60 60 60 60 60 25 25 60 50 30 30 40 40 60 2b 2b 2 85 85 85 85 86 85 85 30 30 67 67 40 40 bb 5b 8b 30 30 Dec. Dec. 8 16 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 62 62 37 37 55 5=. 77 77 30 30 62 62 37 37 55 55 77 30 30 1872— Apr. Apr. 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 62 62 34 27 30 30 62 62 37 37 55 55 77 30 30 Sept. Oct. 2 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 30 30 62 62 34 34 5b bb 77 30 30 14 77 77 77 77' 77 77 77 30 30 62 62 34 34 bb bb 77 30 30 1873— Jan. 14 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 27 27 5b bb 3b 3b 45 4b 70 27 27 Apr. 14 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 22 22 50 50 30 30 40 40 00 22 22 Ang. Dec. 8 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 20 20 40 40 30 30 35 35 60 20 20 6 45 45 46 45 45 45 45 20 20 40 40 30 30 3b 3b 45 20 20 1874— Jan. 1 55 65 55 55 .56 55 65 22 22 45 4b 30 30 3b 3b bb 22 22 Aug. Dec. 1875 Jan. 1 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 20 20 40 40 30 30 3b 3b 4b 20 20 24 20 77 56 77 55 77 55 77 55 77 66 82 62 37 37 55 56 77 55 55 22 22 45 45 30 30 40 40 55 22 22 Mar. 17 45 46 46 45 46 46 46 20 20 40 40 30 30 3b 3b 4b 20 20 Dec. Dec. 2 22 77 30 77 30 77 30 77 30 77 30 77 30 77 62 62 17 37 55 iS 77 30 15 15 25 25 20 20 20 20 30 15 15 1876— Jan. 10 45 46 45 45 46 45 45 20 20 40 40 30 30 3b 3b 4b 20 20 Apr. 3 45 45 46 4,5 46 4,5 45 20 20 40 40 30 30 3b 3b 4b 20 20 12 45 45 45 46 46 45 45 20 20 40 40 30 30 35 35 4b 20 20 1877 Oct. 8 45 45 45 4.5 45 45 22 22 22 40 40 22 22 22 22 45 22 22 Oct. 22 55 .55 55 .55 56 55 24 24 24 45 4b 24 24 24 24 66 24 24 Dec. 10 55 55 ,55 65 ,55 55 24 24 24 40 40 24 24 24 24 bb 24 24 1878 Feb. 14 40 40 40 40 40 40 20 20 20 80 30 20 20 20 20 40 20 20 1881- Aug. 1882— Jan. 6 30 ,30 .30 30 30 30 13 13 13 21 21 13 13 13 13 30 13 13 24 ,39 39 39 39 39 39 18 18 18 82 32 18 18 18 18 39 18 18 July 1892— Feb. 1 35 35 36 36 36 36 17 17 1'/ 30 30 17 17 17 17 3b 13 13 1 39 39 39 39 33 28 16 19 13 19 13 19 13 19 13 39 19 13 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. FROM Ne-w Yoek, N. Y., to Eochestee, N. Y. Boston, 412 miles ; Philadelphia, 375 miles ; Baltimore, 354 miles, than carload or carload qnantitiea they apnly on shipments regardless of quantity.] 505 Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds) . Crock- Agri- Molas- ses Eice. ery and earthen. Bag- ging. Leather. Load. Nails. cultural iniple. Machin- ery. Beer. ware. s nionts. °s 05 ^S CO §« m i.s 1^ aa g« CO s» £ 9.-i 03 i» n« CO 5« -a 5| ■s s (C S'S -g 5| ra rO'^ •Z ra ■s '^'i ■s ^ ra 13 rt ■«'S ■a 1^ 13 CQ "1 o n 60 ^1 si 1 1 il s-§ ca C4 TS a tC ra 03 h 1 -1" o ^A" R ^■■^ 1-1" tA" H^ = » M^ 5 M" Kl" 32 32 32 32 71 84 71 71 71 71 71 71 32 32 32 32 71 84 84 71 71 46 46 3e 36 30 36 75 90 76 75 75 75 75 76 36 36 36 36 75 90 90 75 75 60 60 53 53 53 53 90 105 90 90 90 90 90 90 63 63 63 53 90 105 105 90 90 70 70 Special rate. ..do.... 53 53 90 105 90 90 90 90 90 90 53 63 63 53 90 105 105 90 90 70 70 36 36 70 85 70 70 70 70 70 70 36 36 36 36 70 85 85 70 70 58 63 ..do.... 30 30 70 85 70 70 70 70 70 70 30 30 30 30 70 86 S5 70 70 68 68 ..do.... 30 30 66 77 66 66 66 66 66 66 30 30 30 30 66 77 77 66 66 55 65 ..do.... 86 36 70 85 Spe ra cial te. 70 70 70 70 36 36 36 36 70 85 85 70 70 68 58 ..do.... 30 ,10 66 77 ..do 66 66 66 66 30 30 30 30 66 77 77 66 66 65 55 ..do.... 53 63 90 106 ..do 90 91) 90 90 53 53 63 53 90 106 105 90 90 70 70 ..do.... Special rate. ..do.... 90 105 62 62 90 90 90 90 53 53 63 53 90 105 105 90 90 70 70 ..do... 66 77 ..do 66 66 66 66 30 30 30 30 66 77 77 66 66 65 55 30 30 80 30 62 77 ..do 62 62 62 02 30 30 30 30 62 77 77 62 62 48 48 30 40 40 40 67 86 67 67' 67 67 67 87 40 40 40 40 67 86 85 67 67 66 66 40 40 40 40 67 85 30 30 67 67 07 67 30 30 40 40 67 85 85 67 67 56 55 34 34 34 34 68 81 30 30 68 68 68 68 30 30 34 34 68 81 81 68 68 68 58 30 30 30 30 50 60 26 26 50 50 60 60 25 26 30 30 60 60 60 50 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 67 85 30 30 67 67 07 67 30 30 40 40 67 85 85 67 67 55 56 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 62 62 77 77 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 37 37 37 37 62 62 77 77 77 77 62 62 62 62 65 65 55 62' 62' '36 '30' 55 34 37 34 37 34 30 34 30 62 62 77 77 62 62 62 62 62 02 62 62 34 37 34 37 62 62 77 77 77 77 62 62 62 62 65 65 55 62 62' 30' '36 55 34 34 30 30 62 77 62 62 62 62 62 62 30 30 34 34 62 77 77 62 62 55 65 34 34 30 30 62 77 30 30 62 62 62 62 30 30 34 34 62 77 77 62 62 65 65 35 35 27 27 55 70 27 27 65 66 65 55 27 27 35 35 65 70 70 65 65 45 45 30 30 22 22 SO 60 22 27 50 50 60 50 22 22 30 30 60 Spe'l rate. 30 60 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 40 50 20 20 40 40 40 40 20 20 30 30 40 .do. 30 40 40 35 35 30 30 20 20 40 45 20 20 40 40 40 40 20 20 30 30 40 .do. 30 40 40 35 35 22 22 22 22 45 65 22 22 46 45 46 45 22 22 30 30 46 .do. 30 45 46 40 40 20 20 20 20 40 46 20 20 40 40 40 40 20 20 30 30 40 .do. 30 40 40 35 35 37 30 37 30 62 45 77 65 62 45 62 46 62 45 62 45 37 30 37 30 62 46 .do. .do. 37 30 62 45 62 45 66 40 55 "22' '22' '22' '22' 22' "22' 40 30 30 20 20 40 46 20 20 40 40 40 40 20 20 30 30 40 .do. 30 40 40 36 35 37 20 37 20 62 25 77 30 62 25 62 25 62 25 62 26 37 20 37 20 62 26 do. .do. 37 20 82 25 62 25 55 20 55 is "55 15 is' is' is' 20 30 30 20 20 40 46 20 20 40 40 40 40 20 20 30 30 40 .do. 30 40 40 36 35 30 30 20 20 40 46 20 20 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 30 40 do. 30 40 40 35 35 30 30 20 20 40 45 20 20 40 40 40 40 20 20 30 30 40 .do. 30 40 40 35 35 22 22 22 22 40 45 22 22 22 22 40 40 22 22 22 22 40 .do. 22 40 22 22 22 24 24 24 24 45 55 24 24 24 24 45 45 24 24 24 24 45 .do. 24 45 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 40 55 24 24 24 24 40 40 24 24 24 24 40 .do. 24 40 24 24 24 20 20 20 20 30 40 20 20 20 20 30 30 20 20 20 20 30 .do. 20 30 20 20 20 13 13 13 13 21 30 13 13 13 13 21 21 13 13 13 13 21 .do. 13 21 13 13 13 18 18 18 18 32 39 18 18 18 18 32 32 IB 18 18 18 32 .do. 18 32 18 18 18 13 13 17 17 30 35 17 17 17 17 30 30 17 17 17 17 30 .do. 17 30 17 17 17 19 16 19 13 33 39 19 16 28 19 28 19 19 13 19 16 33 28 16 19 16 28 16 506 EEPORT ON CHANGES IN PEEI6HT KATES. Table 36. — Rates of Freight, All Rail, feom Distance via Shortest Route. — From New York, 444 miles ; [KoTE. — Where the rates shown are not speoiflcaUy described as applying on leas Date. 1868-Oot. Oct. Kov. Doc. 1869— -May Aug. Aug. Sept. !Nov. Dec. Dec. 1871— -Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jtme June July Ang. Aug. Ang. Sept. Dec. Deo. 1872— Jan. 1872— Apr. Aag. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 1873— Apr. June July Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Sept. Sept. Sept. 1874-Apr. July 1876— Jan. Feb. M.ar. June Aug. Aug. Nov. Deo. Nov. 29. 1870— May 7. July 13., July 28. Aug. 11. Aug. 15., 22. 24. 8. 29., 1. 26.. 1., 20., 13., 21., 18.. 1.. 15.. 28.. 7.. 16.. 22.. 5.. 1.. 15.. 1.. 27.. 1.. 6.. 2.. 14.. 15.. 19.. 29.. 14.. 26. 22. 2., 11. 13., 10.. 20.. 17.. 18.. 20.'. ii.. 19.. 17.. 16.. 21.. 12.. 13.. 15.. 22.. GommoditieB (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 65 56 33 71 86 i 86 86 j 86 71 ' 71 71 ' 71 56 66 66 55 55 Furni- ture. Stoves, 45 45 38 38 32 32 29 23 20 54 54 54 54 45 48 63 63 66 45 32 32 60 59 71 71 86 86 86 S6 I 30 59 I 26 55 I 25 45 22 59 25 45 1 22 Coffee. 1^" Speci.ll rate, .do.... .do.... .do-... .do.... Soaps. Castile and fancy. ..do... do... ..do... .do.... ..do ,.do -do -do -do 33 33 do.. ..do 56 Com- mon. 48 ■ 30 48 : 30 48 i 30 36 36 36 36 i. Starch. en ^ ID ctj 35 35 32 32 40 40 46 46 56 56 56 56 41 40 32 41 32 32 32 29 23 20 38 38 38 38 37 33 37 37 41 32 41 41 35 35 31 28 28 25 22 35 30 30 35 30 35 35 30 19 22 23 23 18 I 18 Sngar. 55 Special rate. ..do.... ..do.... ..do.-.. ..do.... ..do. ..do. Special rate. ..do... ..do.... .do-... ..do-... ..do.... 33 I 33 CHANGES IK COMPETITIVE RATES. 507 Philadelphia, Pa., to Pittsburg, Pa. Boston, 657 miles ; Philadelpliia, 354 miles ; Baltimore, 333 miles, than carload or carload quantities they apply on shipments regardless of quantity.] Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Crock- Agri- Molas- ses. Eice. 1 ery and earthen- ware. Bag- ging. Leather. Lead. NaUs. i cultural imple- ments. Machin- ery. Beer. 5« n ■% 1 +3 rt 13 ;3 a Hi 13 4 a 5^ 5| 1 gl 01 1 Si 1 ^ o o o Ml *^ o o * o o o Z, o o \^ o o o « o SOi— 1 ilod from reports of Eleventli Census.] Vessels. Net tonnage capacit,Y. Classification. Niimber. Percentage. Tons. Percentage. 1886. 1890. Increase. Decrease. 1886. 1890. Increase. Decrease. Total 1,997 43 335 72 21 466 730 330 2,055 2.9 634, 652 826, 360 30.2 A — Structure : Side-wheel steamers . . 42 431 122 110 448 657 31i5 2.3 14, 150 177, 402 86,728 34, 868 n,737 183, 792 125, 975 16, 949 154, 232 151, 611 188, 390 12, 520 158,620 144, 038 19.8 Propellers under 1,000 tons 25.7 69.4 423.8 13 1 Proi>eUers between 1,000 and 1,600 tons- 74.8 440.3 6.7 Propellers over 1,500 Tugs 3.9 23.7 1.5 14.3 B— Material: Steel 6 35 2 1,954 68 39 13 1,935 1, 033. 3 11.4 650.0 6,459 22, 714 63 605, 416 99, 457 24, 673 13, 554 688, 676 1, 439. 8 8.6 21,414.3 13.8 Wood 1.0 C— Motive power: 937 1,060 1,153 902 23.1 324, 885 309, 769 523, 702 302, 658 61.2 Sailing vessels 14.9 2.3 Table 50. — Rates charged for the Transportation op Wheat and Corn from Buffalo to New York, via Erie Canal, during the Years 1856 and 1857. Date. Bates (in cents per bushel). Date. Eates (in cents per bushel). Date. Bates (in cents per bushel). Wheat. Com. Wheat. Com. Wheat. Com. 1856— May 13... May 20... May 27... June 3... June 10... June 17... June 24... July 1... July 8... July 15... July 22... July 29... Aug. 5... Aug. 12... Aug. 19... Aug. 26... Sept. 2... Sept. 9... 18 19 22 22 J?* 18 18 18 18 18 17i 19 18 17 16 17 19 15 15i 17* m 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 14 13 12 13 15 1856-Sept. 16.. Sept. 23- Sept. 30.. Oct. 7.. Oct. 14.. Oct. 21.. Oct. 28.. Nov. 4.. Nov. 11.. 1857— May 13.. May 20.. May 27.. Jnne 3.. Jnne 10.. June 17.. June 24.. July 1.. July 8.. 20 21 22i 224 23 23 23 23 21 174 \l' i?» 15 13 ill 16 164 18 18 18^ 18 18 18 16 144 144 124 134 10 1857- July 15.. July 22.. July 29.. Aug. 5.. Aug. 12.. Aug. 19.. Aug. 26.. Sept. 2.. Sept. 9.. Sept. 16.. Sept. 23.. Sept. 30.. Oct. 4.. Oct. 7.. Oct. 11.. Oct. 14.. Oct. 21.. Oct. 28.. 13 15 14 14 14 14 134 13 15 15 15 14 18 15 16 16 18 16 1? 11 l^l 'I' 94 12 11 12 11 i? ........ 16 13 524 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 51. — The Average Rates charged for the Transportation of 'Wheai AND Corn via Canal from Buffalo to New York, during Each Month of THE Season of Navigation, from 1862, and also the Highest A-ND Aver- age Rate on Wheat during Each Season. Teaxg. Rates (in cents per bushel). May. June. Julj. August. Septem- ber. October. Novem- ber. o . 1362.... 18(i3.... 1864.... 1865.... 1866.... 1867.... 1868.... 1869.... 1870.... 1871.... 1872.... 1873.... 1874.... 1875.... 1876.... 1877..., 1878.... 1879.... 1880..-. 1881.... 1882.... 1883.... 1884.... 1885... . 1883 1887.... 1888.... 1889.... 1890... . 1891.... 1892.... 13.5 14.6 16.8 14.7 13.6 12.3 14.5 13.9 11.5 1L6 12.8 11.8 11.8 7.4 6.7 5.8 5.8 4.7 6.9 5.3 4.9 5.0 3.8 4.2 5.7 571 3.4 4.0 3.9 2.8 2.7 11.5 12.6 14.8 12.7 11.6 10. 3 11.8 11.6 10.7 10.0 11.8 10.6 10.8 6.6 5,8 5.0 5.2 4,2 5.5 4.8 4.5 4,5 3.4 3.8 5.1 4.6 3.1 3.6 3.5 2.5 2.4 12,8 14, 18,1 13,6 16,6 13.2 13,5 13.7 10.8 10.2 12.1 10.6 11. 6.9 6.2 5.0 4.7 4.1 6.9 4,7 4.3 4.3 3.4 3.1 3 4.5 2.5 3.8 3.8 2.9 2.2 10.8 12.3 16.2 1L6 14.3 11.2 U.O 11.7 9,6 9,2 n.o 9,6 10.3 6.3 5.4 4.9 4.1 3.6 6.4 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.1 2.9 3.4 4.1 2.3 3.4 3.4 2.6 2.0 14.2 14.6 19.0 14.4 17.8 13.8 13.7 12.5 10.9 ILl 11,5 10,2 9,6 7,5 5,9 5.4 4.3 5.2 6.0 4.3 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.0 4.0 3,8 2.5 4,0 3.6 2.8 2.4 12 2 12.6 16.9 12,4 14. 11, 11.2 10.5 9.5 10.1 10.5 9.2 8.6 6.9 5.4 4.7 3.8 4.7 5.4 3.8 4.0 3.6 3.2 2.8 3.6 3.4 2.3 3.6 3.2 2.5 2,2 15,1 13,9 21,3 14.5 15.7 13.7 14.1 14.0 9.4 11.7 12.0 10.6 9.0 8.1 5.8 7.0 5,2 6,5 5,9 4,0 5,4 4,6 4,2 3,7 5,4 4,0 4,1 4.4 3 3 3.0 13.1 11,9 18,8 12,5 13. ■,! 1L7 11.6 12,0 9.2 10.7 11.0 9.6 8.0 7.4 5.3 6.4 4.6 5.9 5.4 3.5 4.9 4.3 3.8 3.3 4.8 3.6 3.4 3.5 2.6 17,2 14,0 18,4 15,6 17,5 16,3 16,2 16 10,8 13,6 12,5 U.8 9.5 7.0 6.2 7.7 8.0 8.1 6.9 4.8 .5.8 6.3 4.7 3.5 6.0 4.5 3.3 5.0 3.9 4.2 15.1 12.0 16,3 13,6 14,6 13,4 13.6 13.7 10,0 12.6 11.3 10.0 8.6 6.5 5.8 6.7 7.1 7.4 5. 4, 5.3 5.9 4.2 3.2 5.5 4.1 3.6 4.5 3.5 18.3 16.4 18.7 2L7 17.7 2L1 18.0 21.5 13.3 13.9 14.2 12.7 9.5 8.2 8.3 10.9 8.0 8.0 6.7 5.0 6.8 5.6 5.0 4.2 5.5 4.8 3.7 5.0 4.0 4.6 4.7 16.1 14.4 16.2 19.2 14.8 18.1 15.3 18.4 11.9 12,9 12,6 11,3 8.5 7.4 7.5 9.2 7.0 7.9 6.0 4.5 6,2 5,0 A. 4! 3.9 5,0' 4.4 3.4 4.5 3.6 4.2 4.4 19.6 19.0 18.9 23.1 19,6 19,1 19,2 21,7 11.9 16.0 15.0 12.3 9.7 10.5 7.6 10.0 5.8 10.2 8.8 5.0 6.1 4.6 4 5.0 4 5.8 3.5 5.0 3.5 4.0 4.6 17.3 17.6 16.4 20.3 16.3 16.3 16.2 19.0 11.5 14.5 13.9 10.6 8.7 9.1 5.5 8.7| 5.2 8.8 7.5 4.6 5.5 4.1 4.2 4.5 4.5 5.3 3.2 4.4 3.1 3.6 4.3 25 22 26 23 25 24 24 16 17 18 14 12 11 10 12 8.5 12 6.5 5.5 6 6.5 7 4.5 5 4.2 4i 6 14.4 15.3 18.7 16.8 16.9 15.6 15.6 16.2 11.2 12.6 13 1L4 10 7.9 6.6 7.4 6 6.8 6.5 4.6 5.4 4.9 4.2 3.8 5 4.6 3.4 4.8 3.8 3.5 3.4 LITE STOOB: and dressed meats TRAITIO from CHICAGO. Practically all the live stock and dressed meat traffic forwarded to tlie Atlantic seaboard may be said to originate at Chicago, so far as the purposes of the rates now to be referred to are concerned. The basis upon which the rates covering this traffic are constructed is similar to that explained for the previous tables covering what is called the " dead freight" traffic; the rates from other Western points east of the Missis- sippi Eiver to the seaboard are made with regard to the rates from Chicago. In former years it was not invariably the custom to preserve the relation between such points; the roads from St. Louis and other Western points would make such rates as the interests of the business might require without regard to the rates from Chicago. St. Louis has been an important shipping point for traffic of this character, and it has been generally the custom to maintain the rate from St. Louis to the seaboard on these articles 5 cents higher than from Chicago. The present rates from Chicago to the Eastern cities are as follows: CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 525 Table 52.— East Bound Live Stock and Dressed Meats Rates. Cattle Hogs Sheep Horses and miiles Dressed beef Dressed hogs, refrigerator cars Dressed hogs, common cars Eates {in cents per 10& pounds) from Chicago to — Boston. Philadel- phia. Balti- Kew York. 30 ■30 60 45 45 45 Here following is given a statement showing the rates on live stock and dressed meats from Chicago to New York, from 1872 to the pres- ent time. The differences shown in the above table for points other than Kew York may, for the purposes of comparison, be accepted as applying throughout the period covered by this table; and it may be also understood that the changes from Chicago were followed by simi- lar changes from other points east of the Mississippi Eiver from which this trafiSc is forwarded. Table 53.— Freight Rates Charged for the Transportation op Live Stock AND Dressed Meats prom Chicago to New York via all Rail Lines from March 26, 1872. Eates (in cents per 100 pounds.) )ate. Cattle. Hogs. Sheep. Horses and mules. Dressed beef. Dressed hogs, refriger- ator cars. Dressed hogs, common cars. 1 ft7? Mir ^R 90 95 85 70 66 85 70 76 90 67i 56 80 80 80 88 88 88 88 88 80 80 40 40 40 40 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 48 48 48 32 70 70 1 Q7K "NTov 2 1 H7fi W(jv 1 8 Sept 4 ^ Oct 2^ ' 1R70 .TnTirr Q 35 85 50 50 60 55 55 55 55 55 60 50 26 25 25 25 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 80 30 30 20 40 40 35 35 40 45 50 55 50 40 35 40 40 36 35 30 25 30 80 35 80 85 25 35 25 20 20 25 30 30 30 25 60 60 60 60 60 66 65 65 65 65 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 50 50 60 50 60 60 40 40 40 40 50 60 60 60 60 60 60 65 65 65 66 65 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Aug 25 Oct 13 Apr 1 1882-Mar. 13 1885— Mar. 23 526 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 53. — Freight Bates Chaeged foe the Transportation of Live Stock AND Dressed Meats from Chicago to New York, etc. — Continned. Date. Rates (in cents per 100 pounds.) Cattle. Hogs. Sheep. Horses and moles. Dressed beef. Dressed hogs, refriger- ator cars. Dressed hogs, common cars. 1885— May 3 July 1 July 13 Nov. 23 18BG— Jan. 1 Mar. 1 Dec. 20 1887— Apr. 22 June 4 Nov. 21 Nov. 23 Nov. 24 Nov. 25 Nov. 26 Nov. 28 Nov. 29 Dec. 26 1888— May 14 June 18 Juno 25 June 26 June 29 July 2 July 3 July 5 July 6 July 7 July 9 July 10 July 11 July 12 July 13 July 14 Aug. 3 Aug. 20 Aug. 25 Sept. 24 Oct. 15 Oct. 22 Nov. 7 Dec. 17 1889— May 1 1890— May 26 June 16 Jime 20 June 26 June 30 July 3 July 11 Nov. 24 1891-Apr. 20 1892— June 16 Oct. 10 30 25 25 25 25 35 35 35 35 31i 28i 25i 23 20i 18i 16J 35 25 16J 16* lOi 16J 14i 12i 11 n 7A H 6i 5i 5i 1*4 10 15 15 15 15 22i 26 26 22J 22i 21 18 18 26 28 28 28 40 40 40 40 25 45 45 40 40 36 32i 29 26 23} 21 19 40 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 29 25 25 25 25 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 52i 43i m 43} 43 65 65 65 65 58} 52i 47 42i 38} 34} 31 65 65 65 40 35 30} 26} 23 20 17} 15} 13} 12 10} 7 22} 25 25 35 35 35 35 50 45 45 42 39 36 33 30 30 45 45 45 45 43} 55 55 65 65 58} 52} 47 42} 38} 34} 31 65 65 65 40 35 30} 26} 17} 15} 13} 12 10} 9 8 7 22} 25 25 35 35 35 35 50 45 45 42 30 30 45 45 45 45 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE BATES. 527 Prom the above it is slipwn that following each period of redaction the rates were again advanced to a figure considered by the railroads as the normal rate. In 1882, 1883, and 1884 the normal rates were not higher than 40, 30, 50, 60, and 64 cents per 100 pounds on the respective commodities. The rates established in March, 1886, namely, 35, 30, 45, 60, and 65, were apparently deemed the maximum rates which could then be obtained. This basis continued until November, 1887, when the rates rapidly declined, and were again restored, in December, to the preceding basis. In May, 1888, certain reductions were made, which were followed in June and July by frequent and greater de- clines, when the following lowest open rates found were reached, namely, 5J, 18, 25, 60, and 7. Slight advances were made on different dates until December 17, when the following basis was adopted, 22J, 30, 30, 60, and 50. Further adjustment occurred on May 1, 1889, when the rates were changed to 26, 30, 30, 60, 45. These rates continued until June 16, 1890, over a year, without change, but the rates were again several times rediiced until July 3, wlien the low basis of 18, 25, 30, 50, 30 was reached. Advances were made in November of the same year, and again in Ajiril, 1891, whentlie following rates were established, namely, 28, 30, 30, 60, 45, which have continued in eifect iip to the present time. The changes in the cattle rates show that the normal or standard rates have been considerably reduced. The normal rate in 1885 was 40 cents, 1886 35 cents, and in 1891 and 1892 28 cents. No higher rate than 28 cents on cattle from Chicago to New York has been charged since May, 1888. Similar resultp are shown for the dressed beef rates; in 1885 the normal rate was 70 cents ; 1886, 65 cents. This latter rate prevailed a part of 1887 and 1888, but the restoration which took i)lace after the numerous reductions in 1888 gave the rate of 50 cents to dressed beef, which on May 1, 1889, was reduced to 45 cents. Further reductions were made in 1890, and the 45 cent rate was restored in the latter part of the same year, since which time it has not been higher. The highest rates now applied to this traffic, when peace prevails between the competitive carriers, are on a much lower basis than were charged under similar conditions in former years. The tonnage of live stock and dressed beef carried from Chicago and points west thereof to the Eastern cities and the Atlantic seaboard at the above rates is shown in the following table, covering from 1880 to and including 1892. From this table it is possible to estimate the enor- mous saving in revenue to the public by the leductions in the rates for this trafiic. Table 54— Live Stock and Dbessed Meats Tonnage from CmcAGO, Year. Tons. 1880 649,464 1881 720,923 1882 775,406 1883 847,793 1884 788,111 1885 848,020 1886 912,352 1887 1,047,273 1888 1,194,224 1889 •- 1,498,226 1890 1,639,495 1891 1,569,396 1892 -. , 1,582,254 528 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. OIL RATES. Here below is given a table showing the changes in the rates on crude petroleum and its products from the points in the oil region as indi- cated by the table to the seaboard points named, from 1877 to 1888. Tablk 55. — Freight Rates charged for the Transportation op Crude Pe- troleum AND ITS Products from the Oil Regions to Philadelphia, Pa., Baltimore, Md., and Communipaw, N. J., from December 1, 1877. Eates (in cents, per barrel). Eefinery products. Crude. Date. From Pittsburg, Pa., Oil City, Pa., and Oleam, N. Y., to— Prom Olean, N. T., Claren- don, Kane, and Warren, Pa, to— From Pitts- burg and Oil City districts to— Philadelphia, Pa., and Baltimore, Md. Communipaw, N.J. Bal- timore, Md., and Phila- delphia, Pa. Com- muni- Bal- timore, Md., and Phila- delphia, Com- muni' In tanks. In barrels. In tanks. In barrels. O. 1877 Dec. 1 175 45 175 45 190 50 190 50 100 115 125 140 1879— Jan. 23 May 9 70 85 95 50 75 90 41 50 48 June 23..-..- 25 50 65 41 .50 33 30 60 75 60 50 33 55 1880— April 1 50 ■ 69* 38 50 50 69J 38 50 63 51 60 63 82* 51 60 May 15 June 7 51 Aug. 10 Sept. 27 48 1881— Oct. 1 43 45 45 43 45 58 48 52 52 48 52 66 1884— Feb. I 40 45 50 55 1888— Sept. 13 * CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 529 COAL BATES. Here foTlowing are given three statements showing the rates on an- thracite and bituminous coal fi'om the principal regions on the Lehigh Valley and Pennsylvania railroads. The first table shows anthracite coal rates to tide-water and the successive changes therein from 1877 to the present time. The second table covers rates from the same regions westward to Buffalo for the same period. The third covers the changes in the bituminous coal rates from collieries in the Olearfleld re- gion on the Pennsylvania railroad to Jersey City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Table 56. — The Average Freight Rates per ton op 2,240 pounds Charged FOR THE Transportation op Anthracite Coal prom Collieries on the Lb- high Valley Railroad in the Lehigh, Mahanoy, and Wyoming Regions, TO Perth Amboy, prom June 7, 1875. From Lehigh and Mahanoy regions. From "Wyoming region. From Lehigh and Mahanoy regions. From Wyoming region. « M M o A i Date. ■i N 1. Date. .s 1 •a Id P. ■53 -s i £ 1 rd £ SI a & i ■'J ca J u h ^ I^ u a> en Ph o Ph Ph o PM Ph o Ph Ph O 1875— June $2.56 $2.86 1880— Jan. 4... $1.40 $1.61 July 2.54 2.84 Mar. 1... L60 L81 Aug. 2.56 2.86 Apr. 5.-- 1.75 1.96 Sept. 2.58 2.88 Sept. 13... LOO 2.11 Oot. 2.60 2.90 1882— May 29... 1.75 1.96 1876— Feb. 2.41 2.71 July 10... 1.90 2.11 Mar. 2.30 2.60 1884— Apr. 1 ... 1.77 $i.'57 $i.'67 L80 $i.'66 ii.'ee May 2.32 2.62 1885— Feb. 2... L67 1.37 L37 L6G 1.46 1.46 June 2.34 2.64 Aug. 27... 1.37 L17 L17 L46 1.26 L26 July Sept! Not. 2.36 2.66 1886— Oct. 1 ... 1.47 L27 1.27 1.56 1.36 L36 2.42 2.72 1887— Apr. 4... 1.66 L41 L41 L67 1.62 1.52 L59 1.89 Nov. 21... L81 1.66 1.66 1.92 1.77 1.77 1.62 1.92 Dec. 12... L90 1.75 L75 2.00 L85 L85 1877 — Apr. 1.36 1.67 1888— Mar. 12... L70 L55 L55 L80 1.65 1.65 Sept. Sept. Oot. 1.49 1.70 Apr. 2... 1.70 L45 L45 1.80 1.56 1.65 24 1.59 L80 May 1... L70 L40 L20 1.80 1.50 L30 29 1.49 1.70 Sept. 1... L80 1.40 1.20 LOO L60 1.30 1878— reb. 1.... 1.62 L83 1889— Apr. 15*.- L70 L40 L20 L75 1.45 1.25 Mar. 25.... 1.67 1.88 1892-Sept. 12... 1.85 1.55 L35 L85 L55 1.35 June 3.... L72 L93 June 26 1.75 L96 1879— Jan. 13.... 1.62 1.83 I-eb. 17.... 1.49 1.70 Mar. 1.... 1.36 L57 Mar. 19.... 1.25 L46 Apr. 1..-. LIO 1.31 Apr. 14.... 1.00 1.21 Ifov. 1.... 1.15 1.36 Nov. 10.... 1.25 1.46 Not. 24.... L40 L61 * On and after this date buckwheat takes the same rate aa onlm. S. Eep. 1394 34= 530 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 57 — Avbkage Freight Rates, pee ton of 2,240 pounds, charged fob THE Transportation of Anthracite Coal from Collieries on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, in the Wyoming and Lehigh Regions, to Buffalo, N. Y.,'from August 1, 1875. Bate. From "Wyoming region. From LeWgh region. Data. From "Wyoming region. From Lehigh region. Coal cars. Box cars. Coal cars. Box cars. Coal cars. Box- cars. Coal cars. Box cars. 1875— Aug. 1 Sept. 1 1876— May 1 $4.09 4.12 3.80 3.72 2.83 2.97 3.22 3.26 2.61 2.43 2.38 2.61 3.41 2.97 2.74 2.90 2.53 2.69 2.85 2.00 2.10 2.34 2.58 2.77 2.77 2.87 2.96 3.12 3.26 2.93 3.01 3.15 2.84 2.78 1882-Jnly 10 Sept. 4 Not. 1 1883— Apr. 23 July 2 Sept. 1 1884^May 1 Aug. 1 188,5— May 1 Nov. 2 1886— May 1 Aug. 2 Not. 15 1887-Apr. 4 Apr. 21 Nov. 7 1888— Apr. 16 May 1 Sept. 1 1889— Apr. 15 1892— May 2 Sept. 12 Sept. 19 $2.92 3.00 3.11 2.74 2.87 2.93 2.62 2.71 2.35 2.60 2.20 2.30 2.30 2.25 2.00 2.25 2.00 2.00 2.25 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.50 $2.62 2.70 2.81 2.44 2.57 2.63 2.32 2.41 2.15 2.30 2.00 2.00 2.15 2.25 2.00 2.25 2.00 2.00 2.25 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.50 $3.49 3.57 3.68 3.06 3.19 3.25 2.94 3.03 2.74 2.97 2.57 2.77 2.72 2.72 2.32 2.25 2.00 2.00 2.25 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.70 $3.19 3.27 3.38 2.76 2.89 2.95 2.64 2.73 2.62 2.77 2.47 2.47 2.62 2.72 2.32 2.25 2.00 2.00 2. 25 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.70 Sept. 1 Oct. 1 1877 Jan 1 . May 1 May 21 Aug. 6 Aug. 20 Oct 15 Oct 22 1878 Feb. 1 May 1 July 1 Sept. 2 1879— Apr. 1 Oct. 20 $2.85 1.85 1.85 2.05 2.38 2.47 2.47 2.57 2.66 2.82 2.96 2.63 2.71 2.85 2.54 2.48 May 1 Dec. 1 1880— Apr. 1 May 3 June 1 Aug. 2 Deo. 1 1881^ran. 1 Apr. 25 July 1 Oct. 1 1882— Apr. 17 June 1 '$3.'35" $3.02 3.07 3.13 3.29 3.58 3.25 3.13 3.27 2.96 3.05 Table 58 — Average Freight Rates charged during each "yfar from 1873 fob the Tbanspoetation of Bituminous Coal from Coixibeies in the Clearfield Region, on Pennsylvania Railroad, to Jersey City, Philadel- phia, AND Baltimore. Tear. Jersey City. Phila- del- phia. Balti- more. Tear. Jersey City. Phila- del- phia. Balti- more. Tear. Jersey City". Phila- del- phia. Balti- more. 1873 1874 ]875 1876 1877 1S78 1879 ]880 1881 1882 $4.05 4.05 3.80 3.55 3.55 3.55 3.55 3.75 3.33 3.33 $3.55 3.55 3.55 3.55 3.25 2.25 2.50 2.60 2.50 2.50 $3.56 3.55 3.55 3.55 3.25 3.26 2.50 2.60 2.60 2.60 1883 1884 1885 1886 ]887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 $3.33 2.93 2.45 2.45 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.26 $2.50 2.20 2.00 2.00 2.10 2.10 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 $2.25 2.20 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Botes shown for years 1S73 to 1886, inclusire, are for net ton; subsequent rates are for gross tons. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 531 BATES ON CLASSIFIED TEAPFIO AND COMMODITIES BETWEEN VARI- OUS WESTERN POINTS. Here following will be given a series of tables showing the changes in rates between principal competitive localities west of Chicago and the Mississippi Eiver. The points selected are the termini of the prin- cipal competitive routes in the section indicated. The rates between such points are the standard, or basis upon which the charges to numerous other places axe establisffed, and should be accepted not alone as showing the changes between the points given by the tables, but as also representing the reductions which have taken place in a large area of country tributary to the carriers operating between the points embraced in the tables. Traffic coming to or destined beyond these termini has also been to a large extent affected by these changes : BATES ON CLASSIFIED TRAFFIC AND COMMODITIES FEOM CHICAGO TO ST. PAUL, MINN. The two tables following show the rates from Chicago to St. Paul. The first embraces the class rates from 1883 to the present time; the second covers the rates on the various commodities, some of which are shown for as early as 1871. The class rates are governed by the West- ern classification, in connection with which it should be remembered that the classification has been greatly reduced. The table of com- modities is compiled based upon the rates of the commodoties and the classification, and embraces for such articles both the changes which may have taken place in the rates and in the classification. Table 59. — Freight Eatbs charged for the Transportation of Classified Traffic from Chicago to St. Paul, prom November 1, 1883. [Governed by Weatem classification.] Classes (rates In cents per 100 ponnds). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E. low* Vnv 1 r. 75 75 60 50 60 40 72 80 75 50 60 50 60 60 60 60 40 60 40 50 60 60 60 60 45 40 45 30 60 70 60 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 35 60 35 40 60 50 40 40 39 30 35 20 40 48 45 30 30 30 35 35 40 40 22 40 22 30 40 40 30 30 25 20 22} 15 28 33 30 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 17 25 17 20 25 25 25 25 20 15 17i 10 24 28 20 11 17 17 20 20 12i 20 12i 15 18 20 25 25 25 20 ?7l 26 30 25 174 17i 17i 18 g* 25 17 25 17 20 25 25 20 20 20 17i 20 15 23 26 20 15 15 15 16 15 20 20 13 20 15 15 18 20 l?l 18 23 IB 13 13 13 14 14 17 17 10 17 12 12i 15 17 15 15 15 121 15 10 18 20 13 10 10 10 12 12 14 14 10 14 10 11 13 14 iQQK A-nr 13 --r- IflRfi .Tnlv 9lO IfOT 1 12 A-nv 1 8 8 IfOT 15 8 IRflft. .Tnnn i 10 10 Oct. 10 13 IRRO .Tnlv S 13 Sept 25 10 Nov. 20 13 1890 Feb. 17 10 _A.Tie 1 10 Ifov 17 12 IBDl— JiuL 1^.^...^.. 13 532 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Tablb 60. — Ratks op Freight, All Rail, from [ITOTK. — Where the rates shown are not specificallj described as applying on less than DatSb 1871— Jan. 9 . Mar. 25. Aug. 10. Oct. 16 . Deo. 1. 1872— Apr. 22. Aug. 15 . 1873— Jiov. 17 . 1874— Apr. 7 . May 21 . Aug. 10 . Sept. 1 . Not. 23 . 1879— Jan. 2 . Mar. 30 . Nov. 3 . 1880— Mar. 22. 1881— Jan. 24. Apr. 11. Nov. 15. 1882— Feb. 2 . Feb. 20. 1883— Nov. 1 . 1884— Mar. 1. Apr. 1 . 1885- Apr. ». Nov. 16. 1886— July 1. July 20. Nov. 1 . 1887— Apr. 1 . June 6 . Aug. 1 . Nov. 15., 1888— June 4. July 19., Sept. 4., Octu 10., Nov. 20 . 1889— Jan. 10. Apr. 1., July 5 . Sept. 5 . Sept. 25 . , Nov. 20 . , 1890— Feb. 17., Aug. 1 .. Nov. 17., 1891— Jan. 1.. Jan. 22.. 1892— June 10 .. Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). ^ Stoves. 40 40 35 30 35 35 20 40 48 45 30 30 35 35 'io' '46' 40 22 40 22 25 25 20 15 171 17i 10 24 28 20 12i 12i 17 17 26 26' 20 Cofiee. 30 30 25 20 22} 221 15 70 35 25 50 70 30 30 SO 35 35 35 35 55 45 25 35 25 35 25 25 35 25 25 25 20 15 171 171 10 24 2S 20 121 121 17 17 17 20 20 20 20 10 20 121 20 121 15 18 20 20 20 Sngar. Mo. lasses. 60 30 30 25 20 221 221 15 28 20 20 25 25 '25" 70 35 25 50 70 30 30 50 35 35 35 35 55 45 25 35 25 25 35 25 25 25 20 15 171 171 10 24 28 20 1-4 30 30 25 20 174 171 15 28 33 30 20 12i 20 1: 17 17 20 20 20 20 10 121 131 20 121 15 18 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 17 25 17 20 25 25 2S 20 15 171 171 10 24 28 20 121 121 17 17 121 20 121 15 18 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. Chicago, III., to St. Paul, Minn. carload or carload quantities tliey apply on shipments regardless of qnantity.] 533 Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Bice. 1 s> CroclE ery and earthen- ware. Bag- ging- Leather. Lead. Nails. 1 i (3 1 CO Ma- chinery. Beer. 6 i s' airr* Si 7^ 6 is ■Si Hi" m 1 O 1-1° 1 1 Si 1 li J o 1 Si 1 ' *60 30 30 *60 *60 30 20 *60 *50 20 20 *30 124 20 174 20 174 124 124 30 30 25 20 15 28 33 30 20 20 25 25 25 25 20 15 m 17i 10 24 28 20 in 17 17 75 75 60 50 60 60 40 72 80 75 50 50 60 60 75 75 60 50 60 60 40 72 80 75 60 50 60 60 30 30 25 20 22i 22i 15 28 33 30 20 20 25 25 25 20 20 17i 20 221 15 28 33 20 12i 12i 17 17 30 30 25 20 22i 15 28 33 30 20 20 25 25 30 30 25 20 15 28 33 30 20 20 25 25 60 60 45 40 45 45 30 60 70 60 40 40 60 50 60 60 45 40 45 45 30 60 70 «0 40 40 50 50 30 30 25 20 22i 224 15 28 33 30 20 20 25 25 174 25 20 15 174 17i 10 24 28 20 124 If 17 30 30 25 20 224 224 15 28 33 30 20 20 26 26 25- 25- 20 15 174 174 10 25 28 20 124 124 17 17 60 60 46 50 45 45 30 60 70 60 40 40 60 60 60 60 45 40 45 45 30 60 70 60 40 40 50 50 25 25 25 20 224 174 26 30 25 174 174 18 174 40 36 30 35 35 20 40 48 46 30 30 35 35 ?4 20 16 18 18 12 1A 1(i 124 12 12 14 14 14 U 10 12 12 16 20 20 25 20 60 60 25 20 25 25 60 60 25 20 26 20 50 14 U 14 60 25 40 20 25 25 20 20 60 60 60 60 50 25 20 20 25 25 25 20 50 60 50 25 25 26 20 20 25 25 20 20 60 50 60 60 25 25 40 40 20 '0 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 84 14 8i 124 1 17 25 17 20 25 12i 20 12i 15 18 40 60 40 50 60 40 60 40 60 GO 17 25 17 20 25 124 20 12i 15 18 17 25 17 40 25 12i 20 12 15 18 35 50 35 40 50 17 25 17 20 25 17 25 17 20 25 124 20 124 15 18 17 25 17 20 25 9 20 124 10 18 35 50 35 40 50 35 50 35 40 50 17 25 17 20 25 22 40 22 30 40 124 20 124 15 18 * Bate in cents per barreL 534 EEPOET ON CHAKGES IN FEEIGHT KATES. RATES ON CLASSIFIED TBAPFIC, ST. PAUL, MINN., TO CHICAGO. The following table shows the changes which have taken place in rates of freight carried in the classes from St. Paul, Minn., to Chicago, from 1883 up to the present time. With this table, as well as the others referred to, the changes which have been pointed out for the Western classification are to be also here considered, in order that the correct result of the reductions which have taken place may be fully understood. Table 61.— Freight Eatbs Charged for the Transportation of Classified Traffic and Grain from St. Paul to Chicago prom November 1, 1883. [Governed by Western classification.] Class (ratee in cents per 100 pounds.) « a 1 Date. ■^3 a . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. U. C. i). K. 1g |l -^k ^ 1 75 60 60 45 40 35 30 ?5 25 25 20 ?0 17* 17i 15 15 15 20 20 20 17* 20 1884— Apr. 1885— Apr. Not. 1 17* 13 10 m 30 90 15 20 m 20 12i 15 17* 15 15 16 60 45 35 22i 17i 22+ m m 15 15 1886^July Nov 20 45 35 ■"i 20 1 15 'O 17J 23 26 20 15 15 15 12i 18 20 13 10 in 1 .. 72 80 75 50 10 60 70 60 40 40 48 48 45 30 30 28 33 30 20 ?0 24 28 20 12i 12i 26 30 25 17i I7i 18 23 16 13 13 18 12* 18 1887- Apr. 1 16 12 8 a Ang. Sept. 1 1 if 12* 12* 12* 4 60 60 50 50 35 35 25 ?.5 17 17 18 17i^ 16 15 14 14 12 12 10 10 12* Jnly 19 12* Oct. 10 60 60 50 50 40 40 25 20 18 25 25 20 18 17 15 14 13 13 12 12* 12* 1?,. 1890— Nov. 17 i4 1891— Jan. 1 1 60 50 40 25 20 25 20 17 14 13 4 12* BATES FEOM CHICAGO TO MISSOUEI EIVEE POINTS. Bates from Chicago to Missouri Eiver points, such as Kansas City and St. Joseph, Mo., and Atchinson and Leavenworth, Kans,, are used as a basis for constructing the rates from Chicago to points in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Utah. They are therefore important rates, at which a large traffic is carried, and when changed sunUarly affect rates to the western points indicated. A table is here given showing the changes in rates from Chicago to the Missouri Eiver from 1877 to date. The traffic taken between these points is governed by the Western classification, which, it has elsewhere been shown, has by its expansion reduced the classification on a large proportion of articles carried there- under. Accordingly the traffic taken at the classified rates here given has received the benefit of the changes in the classification, and this fact should be kept in mind when the rates of this table are under con- sideration. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 535 Data have also been collected showing the actual changes in the rates of a number of articles between Chicago and Kansas City, and are given in the second table following. This table covers a period of nearly thirty years, and the rates of 1892 are shown to be in many instances less than a third of those of 1864. Some remarkable reductions are i observed, notably the rates on stoves. Table 62. — Freight Rates Charged for the Transportation ob' CLASsiriBD Traffic from Chicago to Kansas City Mo. ; Atchison, Kans. ; Leaven- worth, Kans., and St. Joseph, Mo., from January 1, 1877. [Governed by Western classi&cation.] Date. Classes (rates In cents per 100 pounds). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. 0. D. E. 1877— Jan. 1 85 90 90 90 90 90 75 75 75 60 70 75 70 75 75 75 75 75 60 60 60 50 58 60 40 50 50 50 50 50 40 40 40 35- 42 42 ao 32 32 35 35 35 30 30 30 25 28 30 25 28 28 30 30 30 25 25 25 18 21 25 37i 37i 37i s^ 82J 30 30 30 25 28 30 30 32 32 29i 29J 25 25 25 20 23 25 20 23 23 23 23 23 20 15 20 15 18 20 1882 — Aug 1 Nov. 1 23 23 20 20 1? 1? 16 17i 1884^ June 2 1887 April 1 .. 16 Aug. 1 16 16 1868— Jan. 9 15 Mar. 26 16 1890— Feb. 22 13 Aug. 1 15 1891 Jan. 1 16 636 BEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 63 — Rates of Freight, Axl-rail, fkom [S'OTE.— Where the rates shown are not specifically described as applying on less than carload Sate. 1864— Feb. 12 1865 -Mar. 27 1869 -Oct. 25 1870— Mar. 24 1871_lfov. 1 1874— Apr. 20 1875-Mar. 1 1876-Jan. 19 Feb. 1 1877— Jan. 29 ^■.)V. 1 1878-Jan. 28 Mar. 25 1882— Ang. 1 KOT. 1 1883— Jan. 1 Apr. 16 1884-June 2 1885— Nov. 23 1887- Aug. 1 Dec. 20 1888— Jan. 9 Mar. 26 Apr. 2 1889— Jan. 10 Apr. 1 1890— Feb. 22 Ang. 1 1891— Jan. 1 1892— Sept. 1 Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 154 170^ 120' 100 100 90 100 85 90 85 85 85 85 90 90 90 90 90' 90 90 75 75 75 75 75 75 60 70 75 75 J &0 s .a J! ■o P< a a O W \M 1,54 170 170 12U 120 100 100 lou 100 90 100 85 90 85 85 65; 85 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 55 45 55 45 45 45 40 47; 47, 47 Stoves. Hi" 90 lOOl S5 90{ 85 85 85 85! 90 1 9o: 90' 90 90 90 90| 75, 75 75 75 75 75 60 7o; 75 75 154 154 170 170 120 100 45 75*8500 45 Coffee. 25 40 25 25 25 25 28 28 28 28 30 30 30 25 25' 25, 94 103 65 50 45 60 60 45 50 30 30 30 30 32 32 32 32 35 33i 33i 2*i 28i 28i 28i 28i 28^ 234 28 30 30 94 l'J3 65 501 451 35 Sugar. 25' 30' 301 25: 28 28 28 28 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 21 25 25 131 152 85' 70, 70 90 45 lOU, 25' &5J 35 90( 85: 85! 85! 85: 90 90 90 90 90 90 9o: 75 75 75 75 75 60 70 75 94 103 65 50 '45 40 45 30 40 30 30 30 30 32 32 35 33i 33i 28i 28i 28i 28J 2«4 28i 23J 28 30 30 94 103 65 50 45 35 40 25' 35 25 30 30 25 28 28 28 28 30 30| 30 25! 25 25i 25 ?5i 23; 18 21 25 25 Molasses.! 94 103 65 50 45 40 45 30 40 30 30 30 30 32 32 32 32 35 33i' 334: 284 284 2«4 284 284 28i 234 28 30 30 10: 45 35 40: ^i 35 25 30 30 25 23 28| 28 28 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 21 25 25 » far carload. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. Chicago, III., to Kansas City, Mo. or oarload quantities, they apply on sliipmeiits regardlesB of quantity.] 537 Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). nice. Gunny, jute, aud burlaps. -el's Leather. Soap, common. Hi" Kails. Agri- cultural imple- ments. !1 O0f-( Hi" Machin- ery. Beer. Hi" 32 32 35 33i 33i 284 28i 284 284 284 284 234 28 30 30 9i 103 65 50 45 35 40 35 25 25 30 30 25 28 28 28 28 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 21 25 25 131 152 65 50 45 75 75 70 70 85 85 85 85 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 75 75 75 75 75 75 60 70 75 75 131 162 120 100 100 90 100 90 85 85 85 85 85 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 75 75 75 76 75 75 60 70 75 75 131 152 105 70 70 40 131 162 105 70 70 40 45 40 30 30 30 30 30 32 32 32 32 35 35 35 30 30 30 30 30 25 18 21 25 25 131 152 85 70 70 75 76 50 70 70 70 70 70 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 60 131 162 86 70 70 75 76 50 70 70 70 70 70 76 76 75 75 75 75 75 60 94 103 66 60 45 40 45 40 30 30 30 30 30 32 32 32 32 35 35 35 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 28 30 30 94 103 65 50 45 35 40 35 26 26 30 30 25 28 28 28 28 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 26 25 18 21 25 25 112 119 65 50 45 40 45 40 30 30 30 30 30 32 32 32 32 35 36 35 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 28 30 30 U2 119 66 50 45 >$85 40 35 25 25 30 30 25 23 25 28 28 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 21 25 25 112 119 86 90 70 60 60 50 45 45 45 45 45 50 75 75 75 75 75 75 60 60 60 60 60 60 50 58 60 60 Special ..do 120| 100 100 90 100 90 do $100 •$76 374 374 374 374 374 374 374 374 324 324 324 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 28 30 30 131 152 120 70 70 90 100 90 85 70 70 70 70 75 75 75 76 75 76 76 60 60 60 60 60 60 50 68 60 60 131 162 Sp'l. $110 $100 $85 $90 $80 ■$75 374 374 374 374 37* 374 374 374 324 324 324 30 30 30 30 30 30 26 28 30 30 50 25 60 25 * f er oaiload. 538 KEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. RATES FROM ST. LOUIS TO MISSOURI RITER POINTS. Two tables following are given, the first table showing the rates on various classes from St. Louis to Missouri Eiver points, and the second table showing the rates on a number of commodities between the same points. These tables are governed by the Western classiflcation: Table 64. — West-Bound Rates, St. Louis to Missouri Eivbk Points, viz, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Atchison, and Leavenworth. Sate. Classes (in cents per 100 ponnds). L 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. c. D. E. 1877— Jan. 1 65 70 70 70 70 70 55 65 55 40 50 55 50 55 55 55 55 55 40 40 40 30 38 40 35 40 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 25 32 32 25 27 27 30 30 30 25 25 25 20 23 25 20 23 23 25 25 25 20 8U 20 13 16 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 22J 22i 17i 20J 22i 20 22 22 22 22 22 15 18 18 18 18 18 15 10 15 10 13 15 1882— Aug. 1 Kov. 1 18 18 15 15 11 12i 1884— June 2 1887 Apr. 1 12 Aug. 1 11 Deo. 20 U 1888— Jan. 9 10 Mar. 26 11 1890— Feb. 22 8 Mar. 3 10 JSQI— Jap. 1 11 540 EEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 65. — Rates of Fheight, All rail, from [Note.— Where the rates shown are not specifically described as applying on less than Sate. 1883— Jan. 1 . Apr. 16 . 1884— Mar. 1 . June 2 . I8-1— X..V. iV, . IVdC— .Julv 1. t»,7-A]'V. 1. Aug. 1. Dec. 20 . 1888— Jan. 9 . Mar. 26 . Apr. 2 . 1889— Jan. 10 . Apr. 1 . 1890— Feb. 22 . Aug. 1 . 1891- Jan. 1 . Commodities (rates in cents per 100 poonds) 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 65 55 S.O 55 55 55 40 50 55 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 40 30 40 30 30 30 25 32 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 55 55 55 55 55 55 40 50 55 Stoves. 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 32 23 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 13 16 20 Coffee. 27 27 27 30 28J 28i 234 23i 23i 23J 23* 234 184 23 23 23 23 23 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 13 16 20 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 55 55 55 .50 55 Sngar. .s-g 27 27 27 30 2^ 284 2^ 284 234 234 234 234 234 234 i** 23 25 Molasses. 23 23 23 2.5 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 13 16 20 27 27 27 30 284 284 284 284 234 234 234 234 234 234 184 23 23 23 23 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 13 16 20 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. St. Louis, Mo., to Kansas City, Mo. carload or carload quantities they apply on shipments regardless of quantity.] 541 Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Eioe. IS to 2 R Crockery and earth- en ware. Bagging. Leather. Lead. Kails. 1 55 55 55 55 55 55 65 65 40 40 40 40 40 40 30 38 40 Ma- chinery. Beer. a ■ ! to o 1 o M 1 o 01 Hi" -3 o to eS 1-1 " ■i o 6 If 3S 27 27 27 30 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 23 25 09 ■% o il ^g 55 56 56 55 55 66 55 66 40 40 40 40 40 40 30 38 40 o u O 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 224 22* 224 224 204 224 $4 09 1 o 27 27 27 30 23J 231, 23i 23^ 23i 18i 23 25 23 23 23 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 13 16 20 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 55 55 55 55 55 55 40 50 55 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 55 55 55 55 55 55 40 50 55 27 27 27 30 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 40 25 20 23 25 23 23 22 22 22 30 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 13 16 20 27 27 27 30 30 30 30 30 25 25 26 25 25 25 20 23 25 27 27 27 30 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 20 13 16 20 55 55 55 65 55 55 55 65 40 40 40 40 40 40 30 38 40 65 55 65 55 55 65 55 65 40 40 40 40 40 25 20 23 25 27 27 27 30 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 23 25 18 23 23 25 25 25 12i 12i 12i 124 124 124 124 1 23 23 23 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 13 IG 20 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 ■ 32 32 214 214 24 24 24 24 24 20 20 20 20 20 20 13 16 20 542 REPORT ON CHANOES IN FREIGHT RATES. RATES FROM ST. LOUIS, MO., TO ST. PAOT., MINN. The following table presents the r»t«8 firom 1883 to 1890, inolnsive, on the traflBc above indicated. Important reductions are sliown to ha\'e taken place in the n\tes of each ola^s. It will also be reoAlled that tlio Western dassification, which governs this traffic, has been gi. 00 65.00 $42.50 45.00 45.00 42.50 42.60 42.50 42.50 42. 50 42.50 $45.00 45.00 45. 00 45. 00 45. 00 45.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 1887— Apr. 1 (new classification) . Ang. 1 Dec. 20 1888— Jan 9 Mar. 26 Oct. 1 Oct. 25 1889— July 16 Dec. 21 11890— Jan. 25 Ang. 25 Oct. 1 1891— Jan. 1 Jan. 15 Bates (in cents per 100 pounds). A. 25 .SO 25 30 25 HO 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 30 D. E. Bates per car. $65. 00 65.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 *27J •22 *18 *12J *22 *22 *23J *231 $55. 00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 40.00 *25 *25 *25 *25 *25 »22 $45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 40.00 *271 *22 •22 •22 •25 *25 •25 •25 *Iii cents pel 100 poondi. t Com 19 cents, oats 20 cents. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE BATES. 549 Tahlk 71.— Fheicht Rates Charged for the Transportation oe Important Commodities from Kansas City, Mo., to Chicago, III., erom May 25, 1869. Date. 1869— Mny 1871— July Nov. 1874— Apr. 1870-.Iiiii. Mar. Sept. Oit. (lit. >i' ov . 1880— Apr. Apr. Apr. Nov. 1881 — Apr. July Dec. 1882— Feb. Feb. Mar. Apr. Nov. Dec. 1888— Jan. May Juno Dec. 1884— Jan. 1685— Jan. 1886— Jan. Aug. Aug. 1887— .Jan. Jan. Live hogs per car. $04. 00 70.00 57.60 57.60 47.50 47.60 47.50 47.50 47.60 47.50 47.60 47.60 47,50 47,60 47.50 ■47,50 45,00 45,00 47,50 M. 00 60,00 60,00 42.60 42,60 42.60 45. 00 42. 50 42.50 42.60 42. 50 42,50 42,50 42.50 In cents per 100 pounds. Pack- ing- house prod- ucts. 31 31 26 25 26i 28i 26^ 25i 25i 251 26i 261 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 25 25 25 25 221 221 221 25 Otlier grain 34 35 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 23 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 18, 18,2 16.1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Date. Live hogs per car. 1887— Fob. 1 Feb. 15 Apr. 1 Aug. 1 Dec. 20 1888— Jan. 9 Feb. 8 Feb. 9 Feb. 16 Feb. 27 Mar. 1 Mar. 26 May 11 June 29 Oct. 1 Oct. 16 1889— Apr. 1 May 25 July 19 Nov. 1 1890— Mar. 3 Apr. 22 Aug. 25 Oct, 1 1891— Jan. 1 Jan. 15 Paok- ing- biouse prod ucts $42. 60 42.60 55.00 45.00 45,00 45,00 45,00 35, 00 30.00 30,00 30,00 45.00 46.00 40.00 40.00 37.60 37,50 37,50 37,60 33,00 33,00 33,00 37.50 37.50 33.00 33.00 In cents per 100 pounds. 25 25 26 25 20 20 13 121 13 11 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 18 18 18 12 18 18 22 22 Other grain. 26 25 25 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 221 20 20 23 20 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 •20 •20 t20 * Com and oats, 17 cents. t Com, 19 cents. KATES PKOM MISSOURI EIVEE POINTS TO ST. The following table shows the rates from the principal Missouri River points, such as Atchison, Kansas City, St. Joseph, and Leavenworth, to St. Louis, for classified traffic, the principal grain articles, and cattle, hogs, and sheep, the period covered being from 1877 to the present time. The freight cliissiflcation governing these rates has changed at various times, and such changes have resulted in a lower classillcation of the articles taken under the class rates in this table. For the articles specially mentioned it may be seen exactly what changes have taken place. The second table, although partially covering rates shown in the first, embraces also the rates for packing-house products, and shows the changes since January 17, 1879. 550 REPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Tahlk 72.— Freight Rates Charged tor the Transportation of Ciassdmed Trafkio and various Commodities from Atchison, Kans., Kansas City, Mo., St. Joseph, Mo., and Leavenworth, Kans., to St, Louis, Mo., via Rail Lines, from January 2, 1877. [Governed by Western olassifloatlon.] Katoa (i a cents per 100 pounds). Bates per ear. Date. I. 2. 3. i. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1 1 1 f 1 a) 6 1 1 1R77 .Tnn 9. 60 60 60 60 60 CO 60 60 60 60 60 60 00 00 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 00 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 45 45 45 45 45 45 46 45 45 45 45 15 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 46 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 30 80 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 20 20 20 20 25 2.5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 23 23 25 25 25 23 25 24 24 24 24 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 13 10 18 20 20 20 20 17 17 20 -^ 20 m 18 l«i 10 20 19 19 19 18 16 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 9 7 13 15 16 16 16 15 12i 15 I7i 15 16 i«i 10 20 19 10 19 16 10 •16 15 15 16 15 16 16 9 7 13 16 15 15 15 16 12i 15 17J 15 15 $50. 00 60.00 50.00 60.00 60.00 60,00 60. 00 50.00 50,00 50.00 60,00 50.00 60.00 46,00 60.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 60.00 50.00 60.00 50,00 45,00 45.00 46,00 45.00 47.60 47.60 47,60 47.60 $.70.00 60.00 50.00 60.00 50.00 60.00 50.00 60.00 60.00 50.00 50.00 40.00 40.00 3(1. 00 40.00 40,00 40.00 40,00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40,00 40,00 30.00 30. 00 40,00 40.00 40.00 40.00 30.00 $37.60 May 1 37,60 37, 60 37, 60 A 11 ir 20 37,60 37,50 Oct 19 37.50 Nov 1 33,00 33,00 38.00 Mnv t! 38.00 30.00 Nov IK . ... 30.00 Nov 27 30.00 1879 Feb 1 30.00 30, 00 1880— Apr. 5 (new claBBifi cation) . Apr 21 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 •JO 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 22 '.■0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30,00 30,00 :>0. 00 Sept. 29 Oct. 27 311. 00 30,00 Nov. 30,00 1881 Nov 7 30,00 1882 — Jan. 2 30,00 Fob. 1 80,00 Mar. 13 30, 00 Apr. I 30.00 Aug. I 30.00 Oct. 16 30.00 1883— Jan. 1 30.00 Bates (in cents per 100 pounds). Bates per oar. Date. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 0, A. B. C. D. t ■a i o 1 1 1 M 6 1 1 1883-May 16 (new cluBsiflcatiou) . Nov. 12 .... 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 65 65 55 55 55 66 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 27 27 27 30 30 30 30 23 23 23 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 26 25 25 25 26 25 26 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 15 15 16 15 15 16 16 16 15 15 15 15 15 16 $47, 60 47. ,50 47, 50 47, 50 47, 60 47,50 47.60 $30, 00 32. 60 30,00 30,00 30.00 30, 00 30.00 $30. 00 Deo, 17 80.00 1884 June 2 80 00 June 16 25.00 1880 Aug.23 25.00 1887 Jan. 1 25 00 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 651 Tablk 7i!.— FuKUiHT Kates CiiAUiiKD FOR the TitANSPORTATiON OF Classified Traffic and various Commoditiiss, btc. — Coatmued. Bate (in cents per 100 pounda • Rates per oar. i i" Data. § 1. 2. S. 4. S. A. B. 0. 1). K. ^i § S k i 5 IP i Eg 1887— Apr. 5 (n e w rliissitication} . TO 55 40 30 25 25 22 18 15 12 20 15 15 $47.50 135, 00 30.00 Aug, 1 70 5.5 40 30 25 :w n 18 15 12 174 15 15 47.50 30.00 30.00 IVc. 20 (is 40 30 25 20 22* 17* 15 12i 11 17* 15 15 42.50 30.00 30.00 18SS — .l;»n. 9 55 40 »0 •A5 20 w* 17* 10 io 10 17* 15 15 42.50 30.00 30.00 51ar. 2li 40 40 30 30 25 25 20 ■'0 22i 17* 17^ 15 15 12* 1"* 11 n "t 15 15 15 15 42.50 42. 50 30.00 30.00 Oct. 1 55 25.00 2.'i. 00 Oit. -5 55 40 30 "5 ■^0 .lOi 174 17J 17* 15 12 124 12* 11 17* 15 15 •183 *15 1 *20 18SQ_,Tnlv 11' . ... 55 40 30 25 "0 3, 15 11 15 15 *13jl •214 *14i •Hi. '214 *U4 iW. Jl ,W 40 30 25 20 15 11 15 15 1890- Jan. :'.0 .55 40 30 25 20 '~2h 17* 15 12 11 17* lb 15 •7* *214l *144 Aug. 2o .55 40 3U 25 20 17* 16 12 11 17* 15 15 •Iti* *214 *214 Oct. 1 55 .55 40 40 30 30 25 25 20 20 2"'! 17* 17* 15 15 12 12 11 11 15 IS 12 tu 15 15 *lSi •2H *214 1891— Jau. 15 *1SJ -214: *2U 1892— Aug. 1 55 40 30 25 20 22i 174 15 12 11 18 tl4 15 •14il *15 *17| * Cents per 100 pounda. tOats, 15 cents. Tablk 73. — Freight Rates Charged for the Transportation of Grain and Mkai- Products from Kansas City, Mo., to St. Louis, Mo., from January 17, iSTy. Cents per 100 Cents pei 100 Cents per 100 pounds. Date. pouude . Date. pounds. Date. u 1 .a 1 u r & is is Si P4 "S t 1 1879— Jan. 17... 25 25 15 1883— June 11.. 20 20 15 1888— June 29 . . 15 174 15 Feb. 1... 25 25 15 Deo. 17.. 20 20 16 Oct. 1.. 16 17* 15 Mar. 1... 20 20 15 1884— Jan. 15.. 20 20 15 Oct. 16.. 16 r,* 16 Sept. 15... "0 2ft 15 1885— Jan. 1 .. 20 20 15 1889— Apr. 1.. 16 I'm, 16 Oct. 16... ■1(1 20 15 1886— Jan. 1.. 20 20 15 May 2o .. 16 1,4 15 Oct. 22... 20 20 15 Aug. 23.. 17* 20 15 July 19.. 13 r; 15 Not. 10... "ft 20 15 Aug. 26.. 17* 20 16 Nov. 1.. 13 1'* 16 1880— Apr. 17 ... 2ft 20 15 1887^1 an. 1.. 17* 20 16 1890— Mar. 3 . . 13 17^ l.i Apr. 21 ... 20 20 15 Jan. 10.. 20 20 15 Apr. 29 . . 7 !■* 15 Apr. 24 . . . ?il 20 15 Feb. 1.. 20 20 16 Aug. 2ci . . 13 !■* 15 Nov. 8... ■>!> 20 15 Feb. 16.. 20 20 15 Oct. 1.. 13 1:. *15 1881— Apr. 1... Jiily 23... •?o 20 15 Apr. 1.. 20 20 15 1891— Jan. 1 .. 1,. 15 •15 20 20 15 Aug. 1 .. 20 IV 16 Jan. 15.. Id 18 tl6 Dec. 20... 20 20 15 Deo. 20.. 15 17 15 1882— Feb. 1... 20 17 15 1888-Jan. 9.. 16 17 15 Feb. 6... 20 17 15 Feb. 8.. 9 IV 6 Mar. 13... 20 17 12* Feb. 11.. 7i IV 5 Apr. 1... 20 20 15 Feb. 16.. 6 17 6 Nov. 27... 20 20 15 Feb. 27.. 6 17 5 Deo. 1 . . . 20 20 15 Mar. 1.. 6 17 5 188S-Jan. 1... i 20 15 Max. 26.. 15 174 15 May 16... 20 15 May U.. lb 171 16 * Com and oats, U cents. t Con, U cents. 552 EEPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. GRAIN RATES FROM KANSAS AND NEBRASKA POINTS. Below are given two tables showing changes in rates on wheat, corn, and other grain from Kansas and Nebraska points to Chicago. The first table begins with 1883, and shows the successive changes up to the present time from Nebraska points. In the second table will be found similar data from Kansas points, beginning with 1886. An eifort has been made to collect data which would show the changes in the through rates from Kansas and Nebraska to the sea- board. Owing to the fact that the rates from these localities to the seaboard are not published as through rates, it has been found impos- sible to compile these rates for a period sufficiently long to serve for the purposes of comparison. In explanation of the manner in which the through rates are determined it may be said that rates are published by the Western roads from Kansas and Nebraska to Chicago and to the Mississippi Eiver. The rates to the Mississippi Eiver are usually 5 cents per 100 pounds less than the rates to Chicago. The through rates to the Eastern seaboard are generally made on the combination of the rates east and west of the Mississippi River. It has been ex- plained that the rates eastward from the Mississippi Eiver to the sea- board are constructed upon a percentage basis of the Chicago rate; at present this percentage is 116. In order to ascertain the rates from the Mississippi Eiver the tables showing the grain rates via all-rail from Chicago may be extended to apply from the Mississippi Eiver by increasing them 16 per cent. By this process it is shown that a rate of 25 cents per 100 pounds all-rail from Chicago to New York is equiva- lent to 29 cents per 100 pounds from the Mississippi Eiver to New York. The rates from Kansas and Nebraska to the Mississippi Eiver, as above mentioned, may be obtained by deducting 5 cents from the Chicago rate. For example, the rate on oorn from Lincoln, Nebr., to Chicago is at present 20 cents per 100 pounds; accordingly the rate to the Mississippi Eiver would be 15 cents per 100 pounds. Combining the rates thus obtained east and west of the Mississippi Eiver it is shown that the through rate from Lincoln, Nebr., to New York on corn would be 15 cents plus 29 cents, or 44 cents. This plan of computing the through rate would apply to traffic passing as through shipments from Western points to the seaboard for equal periods, and may be fol- lowed, if rates are to be obtained for even dates, in the table showing the eastward rates from Chicago (see Table 45, p. 118) and in the tables here given. Traffic of this character may be taken to Chicago, and thence for- warded Bast via the lakes. In such cases it would be almost impossi- ble to compute the through rate; there would always be doubt as to the proper charge eastward from Chicago. The method suggested will assist in arriving at through rates to the seaboard if such rates aie de- sired for the uU-rail routes. CHANflES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 553 Table 74. — FubiCtUT Ratks Charged i'or the Tuanspohtation of Wheat and Corn from points in Nkukaska named to Chicago, from January 1, 1883, to thm present time. Kates, in cents 3cr 100 pounds. Wheat. Corn. % u ,S ri Date. u u u ■s "A 1^ u |Zi ^, .^ ■3 •A a « -S ^ 13 >> fii ^ & ■s a; ^ 'A "A^ 1 53 1 ^ « 'A P 'A in PH u ^ ^ '?; •c H S % 1£k ■3 B R Si a ^ ^ § -o c 13 a rs a £ O W >A n i-< o o M i-l n 1883— Jan. 1 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Feb. 1 38 38 38 38 38 35 33 33 33 33 33 30 Feb. •20 37 37 37 37 35 35 35 35 35 35 '.if 32 32 32 32 30 30 30 30 30 30 "3?," 16 40 40 40 3« 35 33 33 33 1884— Jan. 10 "45" 45 43 43 43 38 40 40 1885— July Sept. 13 10 38 1886— Aug. lU 35 35 35 37 33 38 45 43 30 30 30 3?, 98 33 40 38 Aug 19 35 35 35 37 33 38 45 43 43 30 .30 30 32 28 33 40 38 8K Nov. 1 3.S 3.') 35 37 35 38 4? 43 43 30 30 30 39 30 33 37 38 :[8 1S87— Apr. Apr. 5 35 35 35 37 35 38 43 do 30 30 30 T) 30 33 37 3S 7 ?7 ?,7 31 31 30 34 38 39 40 ?? "W, 96 '5 ■)q 33 34 3.') June « S7 i!7 VR 311 ?8 M 30 .30 33 ??, W? 93 95 93 94 95 "5 '2S 1 '^ •'7 28 27 •") 30 30 33 20 *>0 22 23 22 24 25 '^5 ''8 1890— June 16 ?5 K5 ?7 llf. in fl9 31 SO 33 ?0 ?0 n 93 '!'> ''4 '6 25 '>A July Oct. 17 f^ ?.5 ■"> ■^fi ?5 26J 24* 284 27 274 26 30 in •'0 '0 91 •'0 214 21* 24 20 21 .■>.> 22 22 .30 17 18 19 19 19 23^ 22^ 25 1891— Jaa. 15 23 2!) 25 2B 25 27 29 28 30 19 20 20 21 20 22 24 23 KOTE.— Between March 7 and 26, 1888, all through rates on grain were withdrawn, and rates were made on a co ibinatiou of luuUs. 554 EEPORT ON CHANGES IN FEEIGHT RATES. Table 75. — Freight Rates Charged for the Transportation of "Wheat, Corn, AND Oats from points in BIansas and Nebraska to Chicago, I'll., from 1886 to the present time. To Chiosgo, ni., from- Kates, In cents per 100 poimde. Wheat. Com. Oata. 00 C5 00 QO Abiline, Kans Axgonia, Kans Ausuata, Kans Belle Flaiue, Kans ... Beloit, Kau» Benedict, Kans Barliugton, Kana Chanute, Kans Cherokee. Kans Cherryvale, Kans ClearTcater, Kans CofiTeoTille, Kans Colby.Kans Colouy,Kan8 .- Columbua, Kans Concoi'dia, Kan s Xtodge City, Kans Sldorado, Kans ElkCity,Kan8 Bmporia. Kans Eureka, Kans Fairbury , Nebr Fort Scott, Kana Fredonia, Kana Garnett, Kana Girard, Kans Great Bend, Kana Hiawatha, Kans Hnmboldt, Kans Hutchinson, Kana Independence, Kans . . Zola, Kana Kin ginan, Kana Kinsley, Kana Larned,Kan3 Lenora, Kans Lyons, Kans McFherson, Kana Mankato, Kana Manhattan, Kans MarysTille, Kana Mound Valley, Kana. • Neosho Falls, Kana . . . Niota, Kana N"orwich, Kans Osage City, Kans Ottawa, Kans Faola, Kans Parsons, Kans Pittsburg, Kana Fleasanton, Kans . . . Pratt, Kana Sabetha, Kans Salina, Kana Severy, Kana Boott City, Kans Seneca, Kans Topeka, Kans Walnut, Kana Weir City, Kans Wichita, Kans Winfleld, Kana , 38^0 44 35 38i31 39i!33 30 32} 35 35 35 35 29 32 32 31 41i 27' 35 404 34 31 40 49"j42i 47 42i 45J40i 45 .40^ 27 37 31 30 31 2Si 31 33 32 34 30 30 30 37 31 32 30 31 29 27 31 29i 28J 32 25 31 31 31J 31 33 37 34i 32 31 31 30 29 29 31 31 32 33 2!1 :5 35 28 31 :;6 33 27 31 126 31426 30 |25 33 28 27 30 34430 32 |29 31 '26 31 26 ... 33 25 25 36 33 30 30 341324 2« !26 35i34 28 128 , . - 26 30 30 25 29 2S 31 ... 34 !7 31 30 271. 27 1 25 28 34' 45 30, 34,324 3128 32 31 34 31 32 30 25 23 28 22 28'28 34t:i4 30 lis 26 j26 25 |25 26 126 25 25 32 ,32 26 26 17 25 |25 26 26 24 24 234234 - .6 25 34 25 25 27 20 20 M 25 20 l26 27 !27 26 25 24 24 26 26 27 28 24 24 24 254 25 25 31 20 25 26 29 22 24 25 25 26 |26 27 27 224 25 234' 25 224 234 224 224 224 234 25 244 25 224 '34 224 25 234 244 224 234 214 1 234 2241 224 244 20 224 234 244 224 28 1 25 32 125 29425 27 ,244 26 i234 26 1234 25 — 24 23 26 25 27 28 24 24 234 25 25 234 31 20 25 26 29 22 24 25 25 26 27 ... 33 25 36 33 30 34 32.* 26 3d 34" 28 ..\...>2i 30 30 25 27 27 1 26 25 25 |25 29 28 ';6 . . 34 '28 3128 11 23| 21[ 231 45 37 34 32J 31 28 32 31 34 31 32 '30 25 23 ...126 20 26 25125 34134 28 22 20 28 28 26 34134 30'2S 27J27 36;34 40135 37 35 25 25 25 26 28 128 21 |27 29 28 26 26 25 125 32 I32 26 ,26 32 28 34 31 40 27 28 25 24 25 25 34 34 35 34 25 125 26 26 24 '24 234 -^34 2o 26 25 125 25 25 27 I27 10 5 20 126 27 ;27 26 25 28 l28 13: 294294 21 23 24 28 22 25 23 27 21! 23 22, 23 21 23 21 1 23 21 23 22 23 26 23 25 23 23 23 27 25 24 23 25 24 234 21' 23 24 211 23 211 23 23 26 17| 19 21' 23 22 25 23 23 27 27 27 25 21 23 23 26 24 27 20| 22 20 22 20| 22 21! 25 21 234 21 31 20 20 17 25 21 26 22 29 25 0.1 18 24 20 25 21 25 21 26 22 27 23 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 555 BATES ON GKAIN AND OTHER AETICLES TBANSrOBTED VIA THE MISSISSIPPI BIVEB BOUTES. Several tables are here presented showing the rates on grain, flour, pork, meats, and hay, carried by the river lines from St. Louis to the important river points south, to and including New Orleans. A statement is also given showing the tonnage of grain carried from St. Louis to New Orleans via the Mississippi River boats from 1870 to 1892, inclusive. Table 76. — Avbhagb Freight Bates charged during various Years for the Transportation of Grain in Sacks, via Steamers, and Wheat, Corn, and Eye, via Barges from St. IjOUis, Mo., to New Oklkans, La. [Compiled from reports of St. Louis MercJiants' Exchange.] Kate in cents. Tear. Eate in cents. Grain In sacks (per 100 pounds). Per bushel. Grain in eacks (per 100 pounds) . Per bushel. Tear. Wheat, in bulk. Com and rye. Wheat, in bulk. Corn and rye. High water. Low water. High water. Low water. 1866 in ll* 7 5i P 5 5 7 4 1* 6 15| 13i lif 218 11 9 lli 12J 9 9 11 1* 7 7 7 1885 15 16 18J 15 17.93 15.66 16.28 16.87 6| 1' eh 5.05 6.58 6.88 6.50 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 7 J867 1868 1887 7 1869 ?* 1870 1889 1871 1890 7 1872 1891 7' 1873 1892 1874 1875 1876 1877 21 17J 18 19 20 20 84 6J 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 556 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Taislk 77. — Showing the Highest and Lowest Febight Rates and that Con- tinuing FOR THE Longest Period during each Year, Charged fob the Tkanportation ok Flour, Pork, Grain, Meats, and Hay, from St. Louis, Mo., to Memphis, Tenn., Vicksburg, Miss., and New Orleans, La., via Mis- sissippi River Steamers, from 1866. [Compiled from reports of St. Xouls Merchants' Exchange.] Bates in cents. Flour (per bar- rel). Pork (per bar- rel). Sa<;k grain (per 100 pounds). Meats (per 100 pounds). Hay (per 100 pounds). g H .2 a ■S & S ID 1 1 1 1 'A a 1 > 4 00" a •a 1 p. 09 .a CO a ;2i 1 la .3 a J CO •g 1 1866— Highest 60 50 50 150 40 70 150 40 100 100 20 40 75 30 45 125 35 50 125 25 25 125 30 40 100 25 100 70 15 35 75 20 40 80 20 35 60 30 40 70 20 20 60 20 25 50 30 30 50 30 45 50 40 40 45 25 50 45 40 40 35 30 125 75 75 200 60 100 250 60 150 175 40 65 125 50 70 125 50 90 190 40 40 190 46 60 150 374 Lowest Longest period. 1867~HigEest " ... 1868— Higfiest " Lowest "■ Longest period. ... 1869— Highest 60 30 30 75 10 50 80 25 30 75 25 30 126' 30 40 110 30 40 100 50 50 125 40 75 140 40 60 110 40 50 '175" 45 75 175 45 65 Lowest " Longest period. .... 1870— Highest Lowest Longest period. '• 1871— Highest 50 25 25 45 25 40 65 25 40 75 30 40 100 Lowest 25 Longest period, 1872— Highest 25 75 Lowest 30 Longest period . 35 1873— Highest 60 224 60 Longest period. 1874— Highest 150 105 374 60 108 30 60 132 30 50 90 524 60 75 30 30 90 30 374 75 45 46 75 46 674 76 60 60 67* ^* 45 524 s* 52i Lowest 174 20 Longest period . 1875— Highest 80 20 25 80 20 25 50 25 30 100 15 15 45 20 25 45 25 40 45 30 30 35 25 25 35 25 25 30 25 25 30 30 30 30 20 24 80 20 40 90 25 35 60 40 40 100 20 20 70 25 35 60 40 40 60 40 60 60 40 40 50 40 40 45 40 40 45 45 45 40 35 35 120 30 60 115 30 374 70 374 45 150 30 30 60 30 374 60 30 60 674 45 45 524 45 45 524 374 374 35 25 25 45 125 30 75 132 374 50 90 60 60 150 30 .30 105 45 524 90 60 60 90 60 90 90 60 60 75 60 75 674 60 60 674 674 674 60 62jl 40 15 20 43 15 224 30 174 20 30 15 15 25 15 174 2.i 174 25 274 40 15 25 48 15 224 36 25 26 35 15 15 40 20 224 35 25 25 35 40 Lowest """"" 15 Longest period. 1876-Highest 25 40 124 i^i 25 124 15 50 74 7i 20 10 124 20 15 20 224 15 174 174 15 15 174 12 12 15 13 13 15 IS 15 16 10 12 45 124 174 35 20 20 60 10 10 35 16 174 30 20 20 30 20 30 40 10 174 36 15 20 35 10 10 30 10 124 25 15 15 25 15 224 45 Lowest 15 224 35 20 25 30 15 15 35 15 J74 30 20 20 324 Longest period. 1877— Highest 26 124 15 50 74 74 20 10 124 61 124 20 224 15 15 174 124 124 174 16 13 13 15 15 15 15 10 12 35 20 20 50 10 10 35 15 174 30 20 20 30 20 30 30 20 20 25 20 25 224 20 20 224 ill 20 174 17|l 35 15 20 35 10 10 30 10 124 25 15 15 25 16 224 25 20 20 224 124 20 174 124 124 174 15 174 174 15 17J Longest period. 1878— Highest Lowest Longest period . IB'59-Highest Longest period . 1880— Highest Longest period . 1881— Highest Lowest Longest period . 1882-Highest Lowest 20 1 S5 22i 35 17} 25 174 25 224 30 1741 25 174 30 20 1 274 1741 25 18 25 174' 274 1741 274 174; 274 174 25 13 1 20 13 1 20 274 30 25 25 Longest period . 1883— Highest Lowest .---.-. 25 20 25 224 20 20 224 224 224 20 174 174 224 ^^ IS 174 174 15 174! v\ Longest period . 1884— Highest Hi 25 Longest period . 1885— Highest Lowest . - . 1^* Longest period . 1886-Highe8t Lowest Longest period . 35 45 35 45 30 30 35 36 20 224 224 20^ 224 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 557 Table 77. — Showing the Highest and Lowest Fkbight Eates, etc.— Continued. [Complied from reports of St. Loais Merchants' Exchange.] Bates in cents. 1887— Highest Lowest - Longest period . 1888— Higiieat Lowest Longest period 1889— Highest Lowest Longest period 1890— Highest Lowest Longest period . 1891— Highest Lowest . Longest period . 1892— Highest Lowest Longest period Flour (per bar- rel.) Pork (per bar- rel.) 60 30 30 45 30 30 52J 37i 371 374 30 30 60 30 30 60 30 30 60 52i 60 60 52i 52J 75 60 60 60 45 52i 75 52i 52J 75 52i 524 60 45 524 524 374 374 60 594 524 524 45 45 60 45 45 60 45 524 Sack grain (per 100 pounds.) 20 10 10 15 10 10 174 10 11 124 10 10 20 10 10 20 10 10 20 174 20 20 174 174 25 17* 174 174 15 174 25 174 174 25 174 174 20 15 174 174 124 124 20 174 174 174 16 15 20 15 15 20 15 174 Meats (per 100 pouuds.) 20 10 10 15 10 10 174 10 12* 124 10 10 20 10 10 20 10 10 20 174 20 I 20 ! 174 174, 25 i 20 20 174 15 174 25 174 174; 25 174! 174 20 15 174 174 124 124 20 174 174 174 15 15 20 15 15 20 15 174 Hay (per 100 pounds. 25 13 13 17 13 13 224 13 13 15 124 124i 224| 1'.; 224 12 12 25 20 22J 20 20 20 25 20 20 20 174 20 274 20 20 34 20 20 224 20 174 20 20 20 20 20 174 174 224 174 174 224 174 20 558 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 78.— Statbmekt showing the Number of Bushels of the biff ^^^^^ RiETiES of Bulk Grain and the Total of all Grain Shipped fbub^ . TO New Orleans via Mississippi River Boats during bach ybab *«" [CompUed from reports of St. Louis Merchants' Exchange.] Tear. Wheat. Com. Eye. Oats. Total. Buihelt. 66, 000 BuiheU. BushtU. Buihe\t. Buthelt. 66,000 1871 309, 077 1, 711, 039 1,373,969 1, 047, 794 172, 617 1,737,237 3, 678, 057 2, 857, 056 3,585,589 9, 804, 392 8, 640, 720 2,529,712 9, 029, 509 4, 496, 785 8,180,039 7,501,730 7,365,340 5,844,042 12, 398, 955 8,717,849 1,482,731 3,228,645 3,000 312, 077 1,711,039 1,373,969 1872 1873 1874 365, 252 135, 961 37,142 351, 453 1,876,639 2, 390, 897 5, 913, 272 4, 197, 981 5, 637, 391 1, 435, 043 1, 318, 688 50, 000 743, 439 3,973,737 1, 247, 952 1, 651, 950 1, 409, 440 6,940,215 6,149,708 10, 000 1, 423, 046 1875 308, 578 1, 774, :^79 1877 171, 843 609, 041 157, 424 45,000 22, 423 15, 994 205, 430 341,864 36,093 4,101,353 1878 ioS, 867 30,928 5, 451, 603 1879 6,164,838 15,762,664 ]881 .. .. 132,823 150, 320 389, 826 487,221 401,787 598,755 217,722 160,584 89, 707 89,960 12, 993, 947 8,333,417 1883 11,059,508 6,647,556 1885 8, 667, 919 1886 8, 834, 924 11,556,799 7, 252, 578 14, 158, 046 10,217,244 8, 468, 546 8,415,211 1888 1889 17,432 45,600 1892 ,.....---------. 36,857 SATES ON CLASSIFIED TRAFFIC AND COMMODITIES BETWEEN TARIOUS SOUTHERN POINTS. An effort has been made to procure the changes between such points in the territory south of the Ohio Eiver as will represent the principal competitive traffic. The Southern Eailway and Steamship Association classiiication applies throughout this section. This classification is so arranged that the lower or lettered classes embrace only one commodity, the tables are accordingly worded to show these articles separately and the changes which hare taken place in the rates of each. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES 559 Table 79. — Freight Rates Charged for the Transportation of Classified Traffic and Important Commodities via All-Rail, St. Louis, Mo., to Chat- tanooga, Tenn., from January 15, 1879. Bates (in cents per 100 pounds). Bates (in cents per barrel. ) i)ate. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. o Q M 1 ifii III! in 1 iS a u 5 .g 1 1 a 1 a 1879— Jan. 15 Apr. 1 Sept. 19 Not. 15 1880— Apr. 8 Sept. 1 1881— May 5 Sept. 1 Oct. 1 Nov. 25 1882— Jan. 1 Apr. 12 July 10 1883— May 1 June 15 1884— Feb. 17 Mar. 3 Apr. 10 1885— Feb. 18 Jnly 15 1887— Jnly 15 1888— Jan. 23 Sept. 30 1889— Oct. 14 Mar. 1 1891— Mar. 31 95 95 98 98 101 107 107 90 87 87 87 102 102 119 119 111 112 95 104 .104 106 104 104 104 104 104 83 83 86 86 87 94 94 80 78 78 78 90 90 102 102 94 95 88 88 88 90 88 88 88 88 88 72 72 75 75 74 80 80 70 70 70 70 75 75 84 84 81 82 81 77 77 79 77 77 77 77 77 46 46 56 56 60 69 69 61 61 61 61 60 60 66 66 66 66 63 62 62 64 62 62 62 61 61 41 41 48 48 61 56 56 52 52 52 62 52 32 55 65 64 54 52 52 62 54 52 52 52 52 62 39 39 42 42 40 46 46 44 43 43 43 43 43 44 44 43 43 43 43 43 45 43 43 40 40 40 32 37 41 46 36 30 36 37 26 36 36 31 31 31 31 27 27 27 27 27 29 27 27 27 27 27 42 42 37 42 44 44 44 40 38 43 43 38 33 42 42 35 35 24 34 34 36 34 34 34 34 34 41 41 35 40 41 41 41 35 34 39 39 34 29 22 32 30i 30i 29i 28i 29 32 30 30 30 32 30 38 38 31 36 37 37 37 33 32 37 37 30 25 30 30 27 27 24 24 24 26 24 24 24 26 24 42 42 41 41 60 48 48 52 50 55 60 42 42 48 48 44 44 42 42 42 44 42 42 42 42 42 '"'46' 66 56 61 65 65 61 59 64 59 60 60 55 65 53 53 48 48 48 60 48 47 43 43 43 76 76 61 71 78 77 77 68 65 75 75 61 51 61 61 57 57 51 51 52 56 62 62 52 56 52 115 115 131 146 160 132 132 129 U7 133 133 109 99 126 122 103 103 99 84 84 ♦36 *34 *34 *34 *34 *34 *C«iits per 100 ponnda. 560 REPOKT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT KATES. Table 80.— Freight Eates Chakged for the Transpobtation ok Classifibd Traffic and Important Commodities via All-Eail, St. Louis, Mo., to Atlanta, Ga., from September 19, 1879. Bates (in cents per 100 pounds). Bates (in cents per barrel). Date. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1 1 1^ 5.2 a •a 1 Lard, meats, bacon, pork, and packed and loose meats (carloads). a 3 O S '6 •1 u S a 1879— Sept. 19 Nov. 15 1S80— Apr. 8 Sept. 1 1881— Sept. 1 Oct. 1 Nov. 25 1882— Jan. 1 Apr. 12 July 10 Sept. 1 1883-May 1 June 15 Julv 15 1884— Feb. 17 ilar. 3 Apr. 10 1885— Feb. 18 July 15 1887— July 15 1888— Jan. 23 1891— Oct. 15 133 133 133 140 118 115 115 115 130 130 1S3 153 153 153 145 140 135 135 135 137 135 135 115 115 115 123 105 103 103 103 115 115 132 132 132 132 124 125 115 115 115 117 115 115 97 97 97 105 92 92 92 92 97 97 no 110 110 110 107 108 101 101 101 103 101 101 79 79 79 90 80 80 80 80 79 79 87 87 87 87 87 87 82 82 82 84 82 82 66 66 66 72 68 68 08 68 68 68 72 72 72 72 71 71 68 68 68 70 68 68 52 52 52 54 57 56 56 56 56 66 57 57 57 57 56 56 56 56 56 58 56 56 49 54 47 33 47 34 40 40 41 39 39 39 39 39 35 35 35 35 35 37 35 3S 53 58 58 55 51 48 53 53 51 44 57 50 50 48 46 46 44 44 44 46 44 43 54 59 53 51 45 43 48 48 46 39 42 42 42 40 39i 394 ^ 38 40 38 35 49 54 48 45 42 40 45 45 42 35 40 40 40 38 36 36 32 32 32 34 32 29 58 58 65 61 67 64 69 64 61 59 63 63 63 61 58 58 56 56 56 58 56 56 80 84 81 75 80 75 66 66 73 73 73 71 70 70 63 63 63 65 63 63 98 107 97 96 87 83 93 «3 84 70 80 80 80 76 75 75 67 67 68 72 68 62 185 200 196 163 162 148 164 164 153 132 171 ISO 146 140 136 136 130 108 108 *46 *a 43 * Cents pel 100 poonda. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 561 Tablm 81. — Fkeight Rates Chakged for the Transportation of Classified Traffic and Important Commodities via All-Rail, St. Louis, Mo., to Char- leston, S. C, AND Savannah, Ga., from January J.5, 1879. Rates (in Eato (in cents per 100 pounds) cents » per barrel). a d-as a .S Date. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1 ard, meats, baco pork, and pack and loose mea (carloads). 1 .9 g d n ^ ,-H 1 ■S 09 1 1 1, 11 n 1-4 s (i << P«( m 1879-Jan. 15 207 167 135 84 83 72 64 64 62 56 64 112 220 Apr. 1 1fi2 127 ion 63 61 ,52 59 62 60 54 62 73 108 210 Sept. 19 105 130 103 73 59 50 57 60 60 55 65 70 104 200 Nov. 15 105 130 103 73 59 50 67 70 70 65 65 70 124 236 1880— Feb. 1 105 130 103 73 59 50 62 65 65 60 60 70 114 220 Apr. 8 105 125 100 85 70 60 63 65 60 55 70 70 104 223 Sept. 1 105 125 100 85 70 60 53 55 62 50 70 75 94 183 ] 881— Apr. 15 165 125 100 85 70 60 61 58 47 47 73 78 88 199 May 5 105 125 100 85 70 60 61 58 52 52 73 78 98 199 Sept. 1 145 120 100 85 70 60 49 63 47 44 70 83 91 160 Uov. 25 131 108 HO 77 63 53 46 46 42 42 67 71 82 150 1882— Apr. 20 130 115 97 79 68 56 50 45 41 37 51 61 74 126 July 10 130 115 97 79 68 .56 .50 40 36 32 51 51 64 120 Sept. 1 l.SO 110 97 84 71 57 50 49 44 42 64 84 84 147 1883— May 1 1,W 110 97 84 71 57 60 42 37 36 61 51 70 126 Joiie 15 130 110 97 84 71 57 46 42 37 36 51 51 70 122 1884— Feb. 17 122 102 94 84 70 66 42 40 sei 3D 48 50 69 118 Mar. 3 123 103 95 84 70 56 42 40 36^ 30 48 69 69 118 Apr. 10 123 103 95 84 70 56 42 40 36J 30 48 50 63 118 1885— Feb. 18 123 103 95 84 70 .56 42 40 35* 30 43 63 63 99 July 15 123 103 95 84 70 56 42 40 35i 30 48 50 63 99 Nov. 2 123 103 95 84 70 56 42 40 36 30 48 50 64 99 1887— July 15. ...'.. 125 105 97 8B 72 58 44 42 38 32 50 52 68 •42 1888— Jan. 23 123 103 95 84 70 56 42 40 36 30 48 60 64 *40 Sept. 30 123 103 95 84 70 ,56 42 40 31 25 48 60 54 ♦40 1889— Oct. 14 123 103 fl5 84 70 56 42 43 37 31 48 50 66 *43 1890— Mar. 1 123 103 95 84 70 56 42 43 39 33 48 60 70 •43 1891— Oct. 15 123 103 95 84 70 56 42 43 34 23 48 50 60 •43 S. Kep. 1394 36 562 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 82.— Freight Rates Charged for the Transportation of Classified Traffic and Important Commodities via All-Rail, St. Louis, Mo., to Jack- sonville, Fla., from January 15, 1879. Eates (in cents per 100 ^imds). Kates (in cents per barrel). Date. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1 n ill lilt 1 I u 1 a U * . a < t3 1 .3 1 i a a ■0 g §1 1879— Jan. 15 Jan. 15 Apr. 1 Sept. 19 Nov.15 1880— Apr. 8 Sept. 1 1881— May 5 Sept. 1 Nov. 25 1882— Apr. 20 Jdy 10 Sept. 1 1883— May 1 13S4-Jan. 15 Feb. 17 Mar. 3 Apr. 10 1885— Feb. 18 July 15 1887— July 15 1888— Jan. 23 1889— Oct. 14 1890— Mar. 1 18»1— Oct. 15 238 213 ]93 105 ]C5 105 165 175 155 111 340 IdO 140 140 140 132 i:i:i 12:1 123 125 123 123 123 123 12U 192 167 152 130 130 125 125 134 129 117 124 124 119 119 119 111 112 103 103 103 105 103 103 103 103 154 129 119 103 103 100 100 108 108 98 105 105 105 105 105 102 103 95 95 95 97 95 95 95 95 96 81 75 73 73 85 85 92 92 84 86 86 91 91 91 91 91 81 84 84 86 84 84 84 84 95 80 73 59 59 70 70 70 76 69 74 74 77 77 77 76 76 70 70 70 72 70 70 70 70 87 72 07 60 50 60 60 65 65 58 61 61 62 62 62 61 61 56 58 56 58 56 56 56 56 72 57. 07' 47 57 58 53 66 54 51 55 55 55 55 51 47 47 42 42 42 44 42 42 42 42 75 65 73 60 60 60 60 63 58 51 50 50 54 47 47 45 45 40 40 40 42 40 43 43 43 72 62 70 60 60 65 57 67 62 47 46 46 49 42 42 41J 41J 36i 35J 36 38 36 37 39 65 55 63 45 55 60 55 57 49 47 42 42 47 41 41 35 35 30 30 30 32 30 31 33 28 75 65 73 55 65 65 78 78 75 72 56 66 69 56 50 53 53 48 48 48 50 48 48 48 48 "'co' 60 70 78 83 88 76 66 56 68 66 58 55 55 50 50 50 62 50 50 60 50 130 110 12a 81 104 94 105 108 101 92 81 84 94 80 80 79 79 63 63 64 63 64 66 70 60 2.57 225 247 174 204 237 212 215 185 166 142 150 162 141 137 133 133 118 99 99 '42 *40 ♦43 *43 •43 > Ceiits per 100 pooncU. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 563 Table 83. — height Rates Charged fok the Transportation of Classified Traffic and Important Commodities via All-Rail, Chicago, III., to Chat- tanooga, Tenn., from April 1, 1879. Jlates (in cents per 100 pounds). Eatos (in cents per barrel). Date. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1" •a Lard, meats, bacon, pork, and packed and loose meats (carloads). CO a 1 a 5 a u Important Commodities via AlI/-Eaii,, Chicago, III., to Atlanta, Ga., from September 19, 1879. Sates (in Bates (in centa per 100 pounds). cents per barrel.) 1 5 \s~S \ s ' _ Date. : I 'JgS ; ^ ■ ^ 5 T i. 1. 2. : 3. 4. 1 5. 6. Si -;5|-i s " 5 -S ~ _ ii U-- ■ 1 = - S a ; * -;. .= =J I l"^=^, 1 ' 1 c r. 1 1 ^ — . — -^ '^ 1S79— Sept. 19 Jiov. 15 Sept 8 U30— Sept 1 1881— May 3 Oct 1 KoT-, 25 1882-.Jan. 1 -•vr-T. 12 .lulv 10 -':r.>- 1 1885— May 1 .inrie 15 Jnlv 15 «rb. 17 .i.r.r. 10 -Feb. 18 ]fyr^- ifar. 1 1«>8— Jan. l.v l>>;,_/,,-t. 14 1890— Mar. 1 1891— Oct 15 l.iO 128 1.t0 j ]2fl 150 155 155 129 129 129 145 145 168 1«8 168 li.= l^^.S 129 IV, 135 116 116 116 125 125 142 142 142 142 HW 142 1S2 1S2 157 I 132 U7 I ]25 71 « 71 85 I 71 58 51 ! ?S 4.3 i V. 4.3 43 45 1 43 : 43, 4.^ ! 43 41 41 40 40 40 40 63 61 n .50 1 -50 1 50 I i'n 30 48 I 47 I 31 48 4.3 61 if. '4 4fi| ■Vl 46 32 44 ' 32 44 ; 43 43 4,; 42 **\ 41 49 49 42 1 47 ' 47 ' 4li \ SB I 44 44 : 44 I 42 ' 41 I 71 78 71 65 63 ' 63 « 63 a 61 92 106 n<5 103 !03 103 90 I 100 100 I 7* 74 74 74 195 210 17'» 179 K» 172 172 165 144 1«t i':2 14« 12« •SO •48 •i7 * CcdU p«x 190 poonda. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 565 Table 85. — FnniGHT Eati-,s Charged for the Tkajtsportatk )>r ov Classified TUy^FFic AND Important Commodities via All-Rail, Chicago, III., to Charles- ton S. C, AND Savannah, Ga., from April 1, 1879. Eatea (in Kates (in cents per 100 pounds) cents per barrel). g §%s a .9 Dato. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1 1.8 lll s M s a •1 S-t 1| a 1 ard, mc pork, a and Ic (carloa .9 i <0 d S O h^ ffl «i ^ N P3 187eP— Apr. 1 162 127 100 63 61 52 59 62 60 54 62 73 108 210 Sept. 19 162 127 100 70 56 47 54 57 57 62 52 67 99 194 Nov. 15 163 127 100 63 61 52 64 67 07 62 02 07 119 224 ISSO— Feb. 1 162 127 100 70 56 47 69 62 62 57 57 02 100 208 Apr. 8 162 127 97 83 67 57 60 62 67 52 67 72 99 211 Sept. 1 11V2 122 97 82 67 .57 50 52 49 47 67 72 89 171 1881— Apr. 15 16'1 122 97 82 67 67 68 65 44 44 70 76 83 187 Milv 5 16?, 122 97 82 67 .57 88 55 49 49 70 75 93 1.^7 Oct. 1 142 117 97 82 67 57 46 80 44 41 67 80 86 157 Nov. 25 U2 117 97 82 67 57 47 47 42 42 70 75 84 150 1882— Apr. 20 145 125 105 85 72 60 54 49 45 41 65 65 82 138 Julv 10 145 125 105 85 72 60 54 44 40 36 55 72 72 132 Sept. 1 145 120 105 90 75 61 64 53 48 46 68 68 92 159 1883— May 1 145 120 105 90 75 61 54 46 41 40 65 78 78 138 June 15 145 1?0 105 90 75 61 64 46 41 40 56 55 78 134 1884— Feb. 17 145 120 105 90 75 61 50 46 35 40 55 55 76 134 Mar. 3 145 120 105 90 75 61 60 46 41 35 65 55 76 134 Apr. 10 145 120 105 90 75 61 60 46 41 35 65 55 70 134 1885- Feb. 18 145 120 105 90 73 59 48 46 41 35 65 55 70 115 Julv 15 U.'> 130 105 00 73 .59 48 46 41 35 65 56 70 117 1886— Mai-. 1 145 120 106 90 73 69 48 46 41 35 65 65 70 •46 1888— Jan. 23 1.S5 114 100 87 73 58 47 44 40 36 53 55 70 *44 Sept. 30 135 114 100 87 73 58 47 44 35 30 53 55 60 *44 1889- Oct. U 135 114 100 87 73 58 47 47 40 36 63 55 72 *47 1890-Mar. 1 135 114 100 87 73 58 47 47 42 38 63 55 76 *47 1891— Oct. 15 135 114 100 87 73 58 47 47 37 33 53 SS 66 *47 •Cents ym 100 poonda. 566 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 86.— Freight Rate8 Charged for the Transportation of Classified Traffic and Important Commodities via Axl-Rall, Chicago, III., to Jack- sonville, Fla., from April 1, 1879. Kates (in cents per 100 pounds). Hates (in cents per barrel). Date. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. g 1 1 ■Sol" -reb. 18 7fi 65 57 48 40 33 2U 26 22 19 34 38 38 62 Mar. 1 7fi 65 •W 48 40 .33 20 26 22 19 34 38 38 *26 1887— Jnly 15 7R 65 57 48 40 33 20 26 23 19 34 38 37 ♦26 1888— .Sept. 30 7« 65 57 48 40 ,33 20 26 23 19 34 37 38 •26 1889— Oct. 14 7fi 65 57 48 40 30 20 26 23 19 34 33 38 *28 1890— Mar. 1 7« So 57 47 40 30 20 26 25 21 34 33 42 *26 18»l-,Mar.31 76 65 57 47 40 30 20 26 23 19 34 33 38 *26 * Cents per 100 ponnda. 572 EEPOKT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT KATES. Table 92.— Fkeight Rates Charged fob the Transportation of Classifikd Traffic and Important Commodities via All-Eail, Louisville, Ky., to At- lanta, Ga., from July 15, 1870. Date. 1870— July 1871- Feb. 1878— Jan. July 1879— Jan. Sept. !Nov. 1880— Sept. Sept. 1881— May Sept. Oct. Nov. 1882— Jan. Apr. July Sept. 1883— May July 1884— Mar. Apr. 1885— Feb. 1891— Oct. Bates (in cents per 100 pounds). 134 125 94 .s 2 « o B S ' ® 57 Kates (in cents per barrel), II 153 132 82 CO 88 151 166 138 180 146 115 115 134 134 127 102 141 120 114 114 108 86 *35 * Cents per 100 pounds. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE EATE8. 573 Table 93.— Freight Rates Charged for tub TKAN.spORT.vTiox of Classifikd Traffic and Important Commodities via All-Rail, Louisville, Ky., to Charleston, S. C, and Savannah, Ga., i-rom January 15, 1879. Bates (In cents per 100 pounds). Bates (in cents per barrel). Bate. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. «. ■4-3 § 09 n Lard, meats, bacon, pork, and packed and loose meats (carloads). 1 .g 1 5 .9 1 a 5 a u 0) . e ID 1 a 1 .a a i 11 1 1879-Jan. 15 Apr. 1 Sept. 19 Kov. 15 1860— Sept. 8 Sept. 1 1881-S6pt. 1 Nov. 25 1882— Apr. 20 Jifly 10 Sept. 1 1883— May 1 1884-Feb. 17 Apr. 10 188&— Feb. 18 1886— Mar. 1 1889— Oct. 14 1890— Mar. 1 1891— Oct. 15 187 173 142 142 142 146 139 122 105 105 105 105 105 95 95 95 95 95 95 148 135 110 110 105 110 116 102 94 94 89 89 89 80 80 80 80 80 80 116 105 86 86 83 88 03 86 83 83 83 83 83 75 75 75 75 75 75 73 63 58 58 70 74 81 73 72 72 77 77 77 70 70 70 70 70 70 73 63 46 46 57 60 67 59 61 01 64 64 64 58 58 58 58 58 58 65 58 38 38 48 51 56 49 50 50 51 51 51 46 46 46 46 46 46 50 60 37 47 48 45 41 43 44 44 40 40 40 35 35 85 35 35 35 65 65 39 49 49 52 45 43 40 40 44 37 37 32 32 32 3S 35 35 62 63 10 60 45 50 41 40 38 38 41 34 34 29 29 29 30 32 27 55 56 35 45 40 48 38 40 35 35 40 34 30 25 25 25 26 28 23 65 65 44 44 .54 69 60 63 45 45 57 45 45 40 40 40 40 40 40 '"'73' 45 45 55 69 70 67 45 45 57 45 45 40 40 40 40 40 40 110 112 65 8S 75 92 80 79 70 70 80 66 66 50 50 50 52 56 46 225 235 140 170 173 186 138 140 116 120 132 111 111 96 77 *32 *35 *35 '35 I* Cents per 100 pounds. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 575 Table 95. — Freight Rates Chakged for the TnANSPOKTATioN op Classified Tkaffio and Important Commodities via All-Rail, Nashville to Chat- tanooga, Tenn., from April 1, 1879. Bates (in cents per 100 pounds). Eates (in cents. per barrel). Date. 1. 2 3, 4. 5. 6. 1 Lard, meats, bacon, pork, and packed and loose meats (carloads). § IB g O & a « . 73 i a F CS .9- 1 1 .9 1 Cm 1 1879— Apr. 1 Sept. 19 Not. 15 1880— Apr. 8 Sept. 1 1881— May 5 Sept. 1 Oct. 1 Nov. 25 1882-Jan. 1 Apr. 12 July 10 1883— May 1 June 15 1884— Feb. 17 Apr. 10 1885— Feb. 18 1886— Mar. 1 1887— July 15 1889— Oct. 14 1890— Mar. 1 )891— Mar. 31 63 55 55 58 44 41 47 43 43 43 32 32 49 49 49 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 49 49 49 60 39 39 43 39 39 39 30 30 42 42 42 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 44 44 44 43 33 33 39 34 34 34 28 28 37 37 37 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 22 29 29 33 29 29 34 30 30 30 24 24 30 30 30 26 26 26 26 26 25 25 21 or. 28 24 24 29 25 25 25 21 21 24 24 24 22 22 22 22 22 23 22 21 21 21 19 17 17 23 21 21 21 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 17 17 17 2:i 24 29 19 10 12 17 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 26 18 23 25 18 18 19 19 24 24 20 15 24 24 19 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 27 18 23 24 16 16 17 17 22 22 18 13 16 16 15 14 15 15 18 18 20 18 24 14 19 20 14 14 15 15 20 20 16 11 16 16 15 12 14 14 14 14 16 14 26 22 22 31 19 19 29 25 30 25 17 17 23 22 21 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 22 29 29 34 . 26 26 31 30 35 30 18 18 25 23 22 17 17 ■17 17 15 15 15 48 28 38 41 30 30 33 32 42 42 33 23 33 33 30 24 28 28 28 28 32 28 71 75 90 106 51 51 60 55 71 71 43 45 72 72 57 53 43 *18 *18 *18 "18 *18 * Sate per 100 pound«. 57G EEPUET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 96.— Freight Katks (.:iiai;i;f,i> kou tiU'-, Tnanspouia ih>n oi.- Classifikd 'riiAlllC A>'D liMPOUTANT CoMMOlilTIKS MA Ai.L-KaIL, NaSUVILLE, Te.NN., TO Atlanta, Ga., from Si-.tikmiuu; 1;i, 187'J. Entoa (in Kates (iu cents per 100 poonds). cents per barrel). g d^S a .a Date. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Lard, meats, baco pork, and pack and loose mea (carloads). a .9 ® . i .9 c4 H o ^ o 5 i CI 1 1879— Sept. m 90 7S 66 62 43 31 32 34 37 82 30 52 121 Nov. 1."' 5)0 73 66 53 43 31 37 39 43 87 89 52 74 144 1680— Apr. S no 78 (i6 4:! 31 30 30 36 31 46 53 63 1.">S Sept. 1 84 74 63 54 43 33 20 34 31 27 37 50 58 9S 18S1— May 5 84 74 63 54 43 :'.;! 20 37 34 20 40 54 63 106 Sept. 1 Oct. 1 75 ns 61 53 45 36 27 30 27 24 44 49 52 93 71 (i4 50 4!1 41 34 20 29 20 23 39 46 50 80 Nov. 25 71 64 flit 49 41 34 24 34 31 28 44 51 (HI 102 1882— Jan. 1 71 04 fill 411 41 34 24 34 31 28 39 40 60 102 Apr. 12 US Bl r.4 46 39 32 22 33 30 28 26 41 56 90 July Ui (iS Gl ,54 46 "''.< 32 22 2S 25 23 30 34 46 84 Sept. 1 iU! 72 63 51 41 33 20 39 26 20 37 41 17 1883— May 1 S3 72 (i3 51 41 33 20 32 20 26 37 41 52 06 June 15 8.! 72 63 61 41 33 20 30 24 24 35 39 48 90 1884— Apr. 10 1885— Feb. IS 72 (12 56 46 3S 33 20 28 23 20 33 32 40 1 84 72 63 56 46 38 33 20 28 23 211 33 32 40 '07 18S7— .Inly 1 72 63 56 46 38 ;'>3 20 2S •_'( 20 33 32 40 '28 18S1— Oct. 15 63 68 40 38 33 20 21 17 33 32 1 84 '27 * Cents per 100 pouuda. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 577 Table 97. — Freight Rates Charged for the Transportation of Classified Traffic and Important Commodities via All-Rail, Nashville, Tenn., to Charleston, S. C, and Savannah, Ga., from April 1, 1879. Eatea (in cents per 100 pounds). Bates (in cents per barrel). Dato. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Lard, meats, bacon, pork, and packed and loose meats (carloads). .9 & .a |l « 5 i o .a 1 .a a 1 .9 % 11 "i 1879— Apr. 1 Sept. 19 Nov. 15 1880-reb. 1 Apr. 8 Sept. 1 1881— Apr. 15 Mly 5 Sept. 1 Nov. 25 1882-Apr. 20 July 10 Sept. 1 1883-May 1 1884— Mar. 3 Apr. 10 1885— Feb. 18 1886— Mar. 1 1888— Sept. 30 1889— Oct. 14 1890— Mar. 1....:. 1891— Oct. 15 122 122 122 122 122 126 126 126 109 92 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 93 93 93 93 83 93 93 93 90 76 65 65 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 72 72 72 72 07 74 74 74 74 64 57 57 57 57 57 S7 57 57 57 57 67 67 39 46 46 46 58 62 62 62 62 54 50 50 55 55 55 65 55 55 55 55 55 65 39 36 36 36 47 60 60 60 60 43 42 42 45 45 45 46 45 45 45 45 46 45 34 29 2D 29 39 42 42 42 42 36 34 34 35 35 35 36 35 35 35 35 36 36 46 40 40 45 46 38 46 46 29 31 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 46 41 41 46 46 39 42 42 32 30 27 22 31 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 27 27 46 43 43 48 43 36 33 38 29 28 26 20 28 22 22 22 22 22 19 20 25 21 40 38 38 43 38 36 33 38 26 28 23 18 28 22 19 19 19 19 15 31 21 17 46 46 37 41 51 63 56 66 47 50 31 31 43 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 49 43 33 38 48 54 67 67 63 50 31 31 43 31 31 31 31 31 31 39 31 31 80 71 71 81 71 67 61 71 66 56 46 36 66 42 42 38 38 38 30 21 42 34 166 160 148 164 167 136 151 151 100 102 76 66 93 72 73 73 58 *24 *24 *23 *27 ♦27 S. Eep. 1394: 37 ' In cents per 100 ponndaa 578 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 98.— Fkeight Rates Charged for the Tkanspoktation of Classified Traffic and Important Commodities via All-Rail, Nashville, Tbnn., to Jacksonville, Fia., from September 19, 1879. Date. 1879-S6pt. 19. Nov. 15. 1880-Apr. 8. Sept. 1., 1881— May 5. Sept. 1. Nov. 25.. 1882-Apr. 20., July 10., Sept. 1.. 1883— May 1.. 1884— Feb. 17.. Mar. 3.. Apr. 10.. 1885— Feb. 18.. 1886— Mar. 1.. 1887-July 15.. 1889— Oct. U.. 1890— Mar. 1.. 1891— Oct. 15.. Bates (in cents per 100 povinds). n ■a O iJ « ® rt o 5 30 40 41 38 61 34 36 32 32 32 32 32 32 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 31 41 41 44 47 37 35 32 32 36 29 29 30 24 24 24 24 27 27 27 41 43 43 34 83 30 30 33 27 27 27 22 22 22 23 23 25 21 ltate« (in cents per barrel). 33 43 67 62 58 55 30 36 48 36 36 36 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 a 3 118 148 151 164 167 116 118 108 87 87 88 73 58 '24 '24 •27 *27 *27 * |Ute per 100 pounds. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE BATES 579 Table 99.— Freight Rates Charged for the Transportation of Classified Traffic and Important Commodities via All-Kail, Memphis to Chatta- nooga, Tenn., from April 1, 1879. Date. Kates (in cents per 100 pounds). a 111 a A Kates (in cents per barrel). I , '^ u c a 1879— Apr. 1. Sept. 19. Nov. 15. 1880-Apr. 8 1880— Sept. 1 1881— May 5 Sept. 1 Oct. 1 Nov. 25 1882-Jan. 1 Apr. 12. July 10 1883— May 1 1884— Feb. 17 Apr. 10 1885— Fob. 18 1887— July 15 1889— Oct. 14 1890— Mar. 1 1891— Mar. 31. 62 55 86 80 95 lU 81 81 65 67 8a 83 66 54 81 66 62 55 *22 •22 •22 •22 * Coats per 100 goxaxit. 580 EEPOKT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Tabm 100 —Freight Rates Charged for the Tkanspoktation of Classified MFic AND Important Commodities via All-Rail, Memphis, Tenn., to Atlanta, Ga., from September 19, 1879. Kates (in cents per 100 pounds). Kates (in cents per barrel). Date. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1 .3 bo 1 Lard, meats, bacon, pork, and packed and loose meats (carloads). .g u O & a it (3 5 .3 >> 3 4 .3 h 11 CM ID ID n 1879— Sept. 19 Nov. 15 1880- Apr. 8 Sept. 1 1881— May 5 Sept. 1 Oct. 1 TTov. 25 1882— Jan. 1 Apr. 12 July 10 Sept. 1 1883— May 1 July 15 1884-Mar. 3 Apr. 10 1885-Feb. 18 1887-Jiily 15 1891— Oct. 15 105 105 105 114 114 90 • 90 90 00 90 90 113 113 113 113 102 104 103 103 90 90 90 100 100 80 80 80 80 80 80 97 97 97 97 87 89 88 88 75 75 75 85 85 70 70 70 70 70 70 83 83 83 83 76 78 77 77 59 59 69 73 73 60 60 60 60 60 60 68 68 68 68 63 65 64 64 48 48 48 59 69 60 60 50 60 60 50 54 54 54 54 51 63 52 52 35 35 35 44 44 40 40 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 41 43 42 42 34 39 32 27 35 29 23 31 29 31 25 23 23 23 23 23 25 24 24 37 42 42 45 48 33 33 39 38 36 31 42 35 33 35 31 33 32 ' 31 39 44 38 41 44 29 29 35 34 33 28 29 29 27 29 26 28 27 ' 21 34 39 33 36 38 26 26 32 31 30 25 28 28 20 28 22 24 23 20 42 42 49 60 53 47 47 53 47 45 45 47 47 45 47 43 45 44 44 59 59 60 68 72 5« 56 62 56 52 60 57 57 55 57 48 60 49 49 68 78 67 78 83 56 56 68 66 60 50 56 56 52 56 44 48 46 40 134 149 164 132 140 98 98 111 114 110 93 126 105 99 105 93 79 ■>32 *31 • Cents per 100 pounds. CHAKGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 581 Table 101. — Freight Rates Gharged for the Transportation op Classified TiiAFFic AND Important Commodities via All-Rail, Memphis, Tens., to Charleston, S. C, and Savannah, Ga., from April 1, 1879. Date. Kates (in cents per 100 pounds). IS §"■21 13 O Kates (in cents per barrel).. .9 ■a e s 1879— Apr. 1. Sept. 19. Nov. 15. 1880— Feb. 1. Sept. 1. 1881— Apr. 5. Apr. 8. May 5. Sept. 1. Oct. 1. Nov. 25. 1882— Jan. 1 . Apr. 20. July 10. Sept.. 1. 1883— May 1. 1884^Mar. 3. 1885— Feb. 18. 1887— Jnlv 15. 1888— Sept. 30. 1889— Oct. 14. 1890— Mar. 1. 1891— Oot. 15. UO 137 137 137 141 141 137 141 124 124 107 107 90 90 90 90 90 92 91 91 91 91 91 50 42 62 47 40 48 48 48 31 31 33 33 30 30 30 30 30 32 31 31 31 31 31 45 40 50 45 38 40 43 40 28 28 30 30 25 20 30 24 20 22 21 16 22 24 19 59 181 155 185 169 140 156 172 156 105 105 107 107 85 75 102 81 81 70 •28 *28 *31 *81 *31 * Cents per 100 pounds. 582 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 102. — Feeight Rates Charged for the Tkansportation of Classififb Traffic and Important Commodities via All-Rail, Memphis, Tenn., to Jacksonville, Pla., from September, 19, 1879. Bates (in cents per 100 pounds). Bcl^s (in cents per barrel). Date. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1 Is 1 III .art a a i 4 O a u « . o a .g o 3 h 1 1879-Sept. 19 Nov. 15 1880— Feb. 1 Apr. 1 Sept. 1 1881— May 5 Sept. 1 Oct. 1 Kov. 20 1882- Jan. 1 Apr. 20 July 10 Sept 1 1883-May 1 1884— Feb. 17 Mar. 3 Apr. 10 1885_Feb. 18 July 15 1888— Mar. 1 1887-July 15 1889- Oct. 14 1890— Mar. 1 1881-Oct. 15 137 137 139 137 141 151 134 134 117 117 100 ^00 100 100 100 100 90 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 105 105 105 100 105 114 111 111 97 97 89 89 84 84 84 84 75 77 77 77 76 76 76 76 81 81 81 78 83 91 91 91 81 81 78 78 78 78 78 78 70 72 72 72 71 71 71 71 53 53 53 65 69 76 76 76 68 08 67 67 72 72 72 72 65 67 67 67 66 66 66 66 41 41 41 52 55 61 62 62 54 64 56 56 59 59 59 59 53 55 55 55 54 54 54 64 33 33 33 43 46 51 51 51 44 44 45 45 46 46 46 46 41 43 43 43 42 42 42 42 32 42 42 43 40 53 36 36 38 38 39 39 35 35 35 35 30 32 32 32 31 31 31 31 34 44 44 44 47 60 40 40 38 38 35 36 39 32 32 32 27 29 29 29 28 31 31 31 85 45 45 40 45 45 36 36 '35 35 33 33 36 29 29 29 24 26 26 26 25 26 28 23 30 40 40 35 43 45 33 33 35 35 30 30 35 29 25 25 20 22 22 22 21 22 24 19 39 39 39 49 64 64 65 55 58 58 40 40 52 40 40 40 35 37 37 37 36 36 36 36 40 40 40 50 64 69 65 65 62 62 40 40 52 40 56 40 35 37 44 37 36 36 36 36 58 78 78 67 82 85 70 70 69 69 60 60 70 56 56 56 40 44 44 44 42 44 48 88 123 163 153 156 169 172 121 121 123 123 100 105 117 96 96 96 81 70 70 *29 •28 ♦31 *31 •31 * Cents per 100 ponnda. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE BATES. 683 COTTON BATES. Four tables here follow showing the changes in cotton rates between various Southern and Eastern points. Table 103. — Freight Rates Charged for the Transportation of Compressed Cotton from Memphis, Tenn., to New York and Boston via all rail from September 1, 1880. [Bates ia cents per 100 pounds.] From Memphis, Xeun.,to New York, N.Y. Boa- ton, Mass. From Memphis, Tenn., to New York, N.Y. Boa- ton, Mass. From Memphis, Teuu.,to New York, N.Y. Bos- ton, Mass. 1880— Sept. 1 74 79 1884-reb. 2.... 50 55 1888- Oct. 1.... 50i 65} 1881— Apr. 20 68 73 Apr. 5.... (*) (*) July 20 65 o 70 Sept. 17.... 62 67 Sept. 9 52 57 1885 -May 21.... 45 50 Sept. 27 65 70 Sept. 25.... 62 67 Nov. 14 52 57 Dec, 22.... 53 58 Dec. 12 57 62 1886— Sept. 18.... (*) (*) 188i-Apr. 8 47 52 Oct. 1.... 53 68 May 5 57 62 1887— Sept. 29.... (*) (*) Sept. 16 72 77 Not. 4.... 504 65i 1883— Dec. 27 62 67 1888— Feb. 27.... 45 50 1884— Jan. 17 55 60 * Nominal. Table 101. — Freight Rates charged for the Transportation of Compressed Cotton from New Orleans, La., to Boston, Nbw York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, via all rail lines from December 10, 1880. Date. 1880— Deo. 10, 1881— Nor. 4 1882— Sept. 20 1886— Mar. 13 1887— July 5. 1888— June 12 Sept. 24. Nov. 10. 1889— Sept. 25. Oct. 29. 1890— Mar. 6. 1892— Apr. 7. Batea (in cents, per 100 pounds). To Bos- ton.Mass. To New York, N. Y. To Phila- delphia, Pa. To Balti- more, Md. 55 60 62 42 42 37 52 42 62 60 50 69 584 EEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT EATES. Table 105, — ^Freight Eates charged for the Transportation op Compressed Cotton from New Orleans, La., to New York and Boston by steamer from September, 1875. [There being no regular steamers from New Orleans to Boston, cotton for the latter point is shipped Tia steamer to New York, and thence via rail or water to destination.] [Bates in cents, per 100 ponnds.] Date. 1875— Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Oct. Nov. Deo. 1876— Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Mar. Oct. Nov, 1877— Jan. Jan. Mar. May June June Nov. Nov. Nov. Deo. 1878— Jan. 1879- Feb. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1 62i 13 30 15 50 29 .. 22 27 62^ 28 75 22 . . 9 87i 6 75 14 . 27 62i 24 561 11 50 7 62i 29 75 5 6^ 11 50 3 47} 19 3Ii 5 47i 11 SO 14 62+ 21 75 22 21 62i^ 3 50 10 37+ 7 50 29 1 62i To New York. To Boston. 100 87i 100 87J 75 62+ 75 87+ 75 62+ 87+ 75 62+ 50 Date. 1880- Jan. 3. Feb. 18. Mar. 10. Sept. 2. Sept. 4. Oct. 27. Nov. 10., 1881-Nov. 9. No-*-. 10.. 1882-Mar. 15.. Sept. 30.. Oct. 17.. 1883— Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. June 22. Nov. 7. 1884— Jan. 11.. Mar. 22.. Apr. 3. . Apr. 5. . May 1.. May 2. . Sept. 16.. Nov. 24.. 1885— Jan. 8.. May 14.. Sept. 25.. Sept. 26. . 1886— Peb. 18.. 2. 5. 12. 25. To New York. 50 37+ 50 25 To Boston. 62+ '56' 62+ 55 60 52 50 55 40 45 43-45 38-40 53-55 43-45 38-40 46-48 Date. 1886— Feb. 24.. Sept. 9.. 1887— Mar. 24.. Sent. 2.. 1888— Feb. 28.. Jane 29.. •Aug. 30.. Sept. 27. . Oct. 15.. Dec. 18.. Dec. 19.. 1889— Aug. 20. . Oct. 8.. Oct. 29,. 1890— Feb. 15.. Sept. 15. . 1891— Fel). 9.. Sept. 21.. 1892— Feb. 11.. Sept. 14. . lS93-Jaii. 14.. To New York. To BoBton. 36-38 46-50 36-10 50 40-43 38 48-50 48-56 48-56 56 56 51 38 51 40 51 40 45 40 Table 106.— Bates in Cents Per 100 Pounds Charged for the Transportation of Compressed Cotton via Eail from Points m Georgia and Aiabama to THE various Atlantic Seaboard Cities during 1886, 1890, and 1893. [Bates in cents per 100 pounds.] From— To- Atlanta, Ga. Augusta, Ga Chatta- Tenn., Dal- ton, Ga. Macon, 6a. Borne, Gra. Montgom- ery, Ala., Selma, Ala. 1886 1890 1893 1886 1890 1893 1886 1890 1893 1886 1890 1893 1886 1890 1893 1 18861890 1893 Bmns-wict, Ga 45 45 ^45 45 |56 66 Ise 67 [75 [85 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 59 64 69 43 43 43 43 54 54 54 59 84 69 45 45 45 45 56 56 56 67 75 85 45 45 45 45 56 56 56 61 66 71 51 61 51 61 62 62 62 67 72 77 40 40 40 40 63 53 53 64 70 80 34 34 34 34 45 45 46 SO 55 60 84 34 34 34 46 45 45 50 55 60 46 45 45 45 66 56 56 67 75 85 45 45 45 45 66 56 56 61 66 71 61 51 51 51 62 62 62 67 72 77 '45' 45 45 56 56 56 67 75 85 45 45 45 45 56 56 56 61 66 71 45 27 27 27 40 40 40 51 57 67 25 25 25 36 36 86 41 46 51 25 25 25 36 36 36 41 46 51 Port Eoyal, S. C Charleston, S. C Wilmington, N. C Eichmond,Va West Point, Va Petersburg, Va Portsmouth, Va Norfolk, Va 45 45 50 56 56 Baltimore, Md NewYork,N.Y Philadelphia, Pa Providence, E. I Boston, Mass . . . 61 66 71 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE KATES. 585 RATES ON ORANGES FEOM SOTJTHEKN POINTS TO EASTERN CITIES. Three tables are next presented showing the changes in the rates on oranges from Jacksonville, Fla., to Eastern cities. Three principal routes are employed for the carriage of this trafiic, one via all rail, the second via rail to Norfolk and Portsmouth, Ya., and thence via water, and the third via rail to Savannah, Ga., and thence via water. The charges by each vary, the water lines charging lower rates than via all rail. Each table shows the changes which have taken place in these rates so far as the data have been obtainable. Tablk 107. — Rates on Oranges from Jacksonville, Fla., to Points named, VIA Savannah, all rail, from Decemukr 6, 1887. Kates in cents. Taking effect— To Baltimore, Md. To Philaaolphia, Pa: To New York, N.X. To Boston, Mass. Ber box. Per barrel. Per box. Per barrel. Per box. Per barrel. Per box. Per barrel. 1887 Dec. 6 40 40 40 50 50 50 80 80 80 100 100 100 40 41 41 51 51 51 80 81 81 102 102 102 40 43 43 S3 53 53 80 85 85 100 106 106 40 49 49 59 01 61 80 1888 Oct. 8 98 1889 Sept. 31 93 1890 Nov 23 118 1892 Jan. 2 122 Hot. 1 122 Table 108.— Bates on Oranges from Jacksonville, Pla., to Points named, VIA Savannah, kail to Norfolk or Portsmouth, and thence via water, FROM October 15, 1883. Bates in cents. Taking effect To Baltimore, Md. To Philadelphia, Pa. To New Tori, N.r. To Boston, Mass. Per box. Per barrel. Per box. Per barrel. Per box. Per barrel. Per box. Per barrel. 1883 Oct 15 60 50 30 40 120 100 60 80 60 SO 30 40 120 100 60 80 60 50 30 40 120 100 60 80 65 60 45 64 40 35 38 404 504 504 504 130 120 1884— Oct. 15 80 1885 Jan 12 96 60 KoT. 30 35 70 35 70 35 70 70 76 1889 Oct 15 37J 471 474 474 75 95 95 95 374 474 474 474 75 95 95 t5 374 474 i^ 474 75 95 95 95 81 1890 Nov. 23 101 1892— Jan. 2 101 JJOT. 1 101 \ 586 KEPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES, Table 109.— Rates on Okanges from Jacksonville, Fla., to Points named, VIA Savannah and Steamship, from October 3, 1881. Bates in cents. Taking effect— To Baltimore, Md. To Philadelpbia, Pa.. To New York, N.Y. To Boston, Mass. Per box. Per barrel. Per box. Per barrel. Per box. Per barrel. Per box. Per barrel. 1S31— Oct. 3 1883 Oct 15 50 50 50 30 40 40 40 30 30 30 30 40 40 40 100 100 100 60 80 80 80 60 60 60 60 80 80 80 50 50 50 30 40 40 40 30 30 30 80 40 40 no 100 100 100 60 80 80 80 60 60 60 60 80 80 80 50 50 60 30 40 40 40 30 30 30 30 40 40 40 100 100 100 60 80 80 80 60 60 60 60 80 80 80 50 50 60 30 40 40 40 30 30 30 35 45 45 45 100 100 100 1884 Oct. 6 60 1885— Jan 12 80 Sept. 7 80 1886— Sept. 15 Nov 18 . . .. 80 60 1887 Sent. 1 60 Sept. 15 60 1889 Sept. 20 70 1890 !Nov. 2y 90 1892— Jan. 2 90 Kov. 1 90 Table 110.— Freight Rates Charged for the Transportation of Classified Traffic and Important Commodities via Ai.l-Rail, Savannah to Atlanta, Ga., from August 27, 1878. Rates (in Eatea (in cents per 100 pounds) cents per barrel). Date. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Lard, meats, bacon, pork, and packed and loose meats (carloads). a ■a 1 .a 1 a .3 1 a 1 4 a i 1878— Aug. 27 100 85 70 55 40 40 40 35 25 *60 100 Sept. 11 85 86 75 75 60 64 45 55 35 44 '33' 30 20 30 30 33 20 29 85 62 1881— May 5 40 55 106 Nov. 25 68 61 64 47 40 .32 20 34 31 29 45 52 60 104 1882-Jan. l...... . 68 61 S4 47 40 32 20 34 31 29 40 47 60 104 Apr. 12 68 61 54 47 40 32 20 30 20 19 37 42 40 89 Jnly 20 68 61 54 47 40 32 20 26 20 19 37 42 40 78 Sept. 1 80 73 58 48 38 33 20 33 20 19 38 48 40 99 1883-May 1 78 72 67 47 36 32 20 27 19 18 36 47 38 81 1884— Apr. 10 69 63 51 .43 35 33 20 28 19 18 38 48 38 84 1885— Feb. 18...... 69 63 61 43 35 33 20 28 19 18 38 48 38 67 July 15 69 63 51 43 36 33 20 28 21 20 38 48 42 67 1886— Mar. 1 69 ej 61 43 35 33 20 28 21 20 38 48 42 f23 * Bate per barrel. t Bate per 100 pounds. CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 587 Tablb 111. — ^Freight Rates Ciiakgkd for the Transportation ov Classified Traffic and Important Commodities via All-Rail, Savannah, Ga.^ to Chattanooga, Tenn., from August 27, 1878. Eatos (in Eates (in cents per 100 pounds) cents per barrel). ^ ard, meats, bacon, pork, and packed and loose meats (carloads). a •H .9 Date. 1 « ^ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. •a 5f ■a s .g s .a .2 1 a i o « t^ fcH ii H ^ P- h M 1877 June 29 145 125 130 110 105 85 85 75 70 00 CO 45 1879-June 15 .JO 45 ■K 45 60 85 150 Sept. 19 Vl:> 110 85 75 60 45 34 45 45 45 50 7S 85 150 1880-Bept. 1 120 110 94 Rl 6S 49 80 53 49 43 08 81 01 166 1S81— May 5 12li 110 94 81 65 49 36 63 i9 43 58 81 91 160 Sept. 1 100 90 80 70 58 48 30 42 38 35 58 09 74 129 Oct. 1 1(10 90 80 70 .58 48 30 4a 38 35 BH li!) 74 129 Not. 25 100 90 SO 70 58 48 30 47 43 40 03 74 84 145 1882-Jan. 1 100 90 80 70 58 48 36 47 43 40 58 69 84 145 Apr. 12 100 90 80 70 58 48 30 43 38 35 54 02 73 131 July 10 lUO 90 80 70 68 48 30 38 35 32 51 03 64 114 Sept. 1 125 108 u;i 78 63 49 36 53 40 39 68 68 78 169 1884- Apr. 10 114 08 SO 73 60 49 30 48 40 39 68 08 78 144 1885— Feb. 18 114 98 8B v:i 00 49 30 48 40 39 58 68 78 115 1888— Mar. 1 114 98 8(i TJ 00 49 30 48 40 39 68 68 78 *48 * In cents per 100 pounds. TRANSCONTINENTAL TRAFFIC— WESTWARD BOUND. Traffic originating at points east of the Missouri Kiver and destined to the Pacific coast is known as transcontinental traffic. The rates on such traffic are established from various grouped points east of the Missouri Eiver, beginning at the Atlantic seaboard. The tables fol- lowing have been arranged to show the changes in important ooraraod- ities carried to the Pacific coast from a principal point in each of tL« groups from which through rates are published. CHANGES IN COirrETlTIVE RATES, 693 I ■a t i O o •©JB^pJBH s-gs so a 'bSiu(I ce o 3 00 Si SI Oo -spood eo9id aof^oQ P -J«c!5-*T(t(Mc5THrHT-Hr-liHr-l 003QtAQOOU30>nU3 o o o o o CO O CJ o o t-l CO M .-'0 CO ooooooootnmkn ;3S ooooooooou ifi>ommFHi-HcoTj(i>o (MNNr-lrHrH i-HrHrHr Soooc OQO 2 oooo lOLOO CO l(MC3COCO COCO OQooinoooooioto oooooooooomu) ■t ^ -* Ifl (D «o 0O9OQO0O0O00 OOOOlOOOOOOOO e4Qoo?40oaooc4LAu» oooooooooQoe NOQOUdlOiqcOOQQC OOOiftlO oo X t- coco tH .-irHMCa inmiom(MT-(r-li-l.-INON S3 ooocimt- oo OS eJ S. Eep. 1394 38 594 EEPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. o ■< H H H H O 4 O »-) H 14 O PM o o 5 £^ « 3 CO o o n o o ■§■§« ^1 I-5S3 « o IB d • '3 0so>ifit-t- mmmoomoo CO CO o W W r era CO o CM Wf irjmr-(QO=iricqc 0»OiOtHOOOIO mifseomooot- rHiHiH CN irt o ift tft TT :■; ir;' in o s", 03 C3 ino-*^CJcococo t^ 3 p X'"E. =^ C A* ^ •-? t-5 t-S y; l-S >-? 1-9 M I I I M I CO ~ m t— 'y- CJ — 71 596 EEPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. W H O «■ ■< -«1 O -« 1-1 H e; ' o Ph o o to 3 ■< • O m O ■< -l ■-! C-l 1-1 .-< 1— I 1— I i-l oio 0000 = 0000 if: m iri M ^ -r C-J I- O -O O O O r: ro C-i rt c-1 CI i-i *# -H i-H M TJ r^ — ro 51 i1 ooooooinoooooooios eilOini-HOlOt-OOCOOOCiHi— li-H "* r-l tH i-( i-< CJ rH .-I iH iH oiOiAOOomoocoNO oioun wcMeaeoNcocooOQOi-H-*n-3'-i' 0(MCS)t-(iH CO r^-^^^^ OL'^oooomoooDcaoomio ciriTir^cJOcooocOTH-^co-q"* Wn ri --< i-H CO »-( rt i-H iH r-t ocsooocsmooiaooaia OOOOOOlfSlOOOlOOOOO «»r5»nr?c]-^t-OQ0-^ooot- ■t* i-t r-t I-l -H «M i-IMMMi-l OOCSOOOlOOOlOOOOO oooioooLnooi^ooo CI o o — t o o :- -I 71 -T o o o o loooooom-^ooooiom M O '^ O CO GO t- O -^ -? -^ 1" 7J C-1 OSMrlMi-l Wi-l'-n-fT-'. .-ii-ii-l ■epoo3 fif. in o o o o o ■OLtooors — omi~oo OC-]" -t'— (I— i-'i-lr—iCM'M o-z^c:ooooc:i.Oinooo iT. ^on — Otr- — -triOOiCSOi t-mmTi'-^'Titcic-iccc^OQcoeo O iH 1-t rH O -O O t~ ^ O .H t-H-O » 1-1 •— r J M '— — . .-« I II i I I I I f7 O <0 O O or— oj c: — M OOSOCOCC OCQO 00 00X00 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 697 o O ■«! (I4 H O Q < o o o fU o D m 5S Is a o (4 a e> i-t » o 1^ g 3 1 s 8 n 1 a i y S||S|Sg2§SSSS||S ■ £3 . a i-)5o ggsssgssggssgss ^OoaoSrHrtr^r-lr-X-lr^r-lf-lt-li-l ^■a§ y iliaSSSFjgaissgi MS 00 ;;;;;;;; -oo 000 -anuipjeB: liisss=g2SS iSii il y |gg|sS|E:E:S|5gS ,35 i| g|3|§g|SS^§5|S l|i Oo -sSiua oioioooioo---!Soox:^ir« -ft « -k S If Sgg5|§S|E:E:S||23 i|ai His 05 P)o»n-trocsiac«aofloa'«'<*ioio 1 1 i| cflcgcq.— cfl.— ieciaooco-t-iotAioo>o> III ^1 ug iggSSSSSKErSSSSS *ff)e>ie4rHrH CM Less than oar- loads. iisssgsge&gggss • WNMr-trH W i-«f-lr-( 'bSiuq !iaooQour3oooiAtaoe4c« CO CMm"*COOQOlOlfJC-t-OOCOOSOO Less than car- loads. eOfHrHrHrH » r-t rH lH i 5 «l in o o o o in eT o t- 1- o o't- iH <-h C400r-(iHOkOOI>t>OOr-imeQ tONWMiH^ 00 r-1 rH r-1 r-l i-l Less than oar- loads. in O O O O lO m"o it- t- O O t* rH iH 11 ggSggSgSggSSSSB lOrHi-tiHiH M rH rH r-l i-t Less than car loads. gg!SSSg^ggE:^SSSS in i-( iH i-l iH r-4 dOJI iHiHrHrHiH i H og ininoooooinooinioac-t- 000000O00incat-C-CJCSI03r-lr-l rHiHiHi-H « rHi-l tH i-C Less than car- loads. inininioint-oinininininmu* COOOQCiOOD-QOOOOMCQMCqN i-lT-lrHr4rH CO r-i rH r-l rH i-l iH »-* s 1 M iHCS)(NtHr-< Ci rHrHiHiHiHiH Less than car- loads. :::::::: :^£^SS ....•■••HHiHr-lr-lr-t •BpOOS 909ia 1IO!}.!100 CO (O CO JO rH 1-! -# iH i-l i-H iH i—l iH rH »1 inooio»noinooooo.-HOO 1 1 1876— Kov. 1 1880— Jan. 1 1882— Oct. 2 1885,-Jan. 1 Mar. 16 1886— Apr. 26 1887— Apr. 5 Apr. 27 June 16 1888— Mar. 6 Sept. 1 1889-Jan. 1 1891-Jan. 15 1892— July 18 CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 599 TKANSCONTINENTAL TEAFPIO EASTWARD BOUND, Through rates from the Pacific coast are established by traBSconti- neutal lines on traflfic destined to the Missouri River and grouped terri- tory east thereof. Traflc carried thereunder is known as "eastward bound transcontinental traffic." Important reductions have taken place in these rates during the last twenty years. The tables following show such changes irom the several Pacific coast points to a representative point in each of the groups to which through rates are published. 600 EEPOKT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. o o o o M o ■ ;4 a . §■9 ID V O p to ® (3^ •epBotJBO TIBqiJ. 8S91 •speoiJBQ •SpBO^JBO TTEH^ 9B91 '9pBO|JB0 •ffpBOXJBO HcaNMcacawc^'McaN OOOkOOOOOOOOOtAtCOOOtOVmiAOOOOOOOOOO .__ s -. . .- > — -ii"U3C._ __ OOOOOOOOOOONOmCOtDQOOOOOOOOOOOOOO^ ■^ ■^ ■^ rH ,H 1-4 r-1 fH i-t .-( rH CO iH iH .-( CO CO CO CO CO »-l iH iH CO i-l o ooo tAO oo oo o la lOco •eococoiomoooooooooo "" ■-" -■— liHi-trHCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOW •epBOXJBQ epBoxJBO UBqi^ BB91 •eyBoxJBQ ■BpBO|JBO •BpBOtJBO •BpBOIJBO ■BpBOXJBO •spvQixeo ireq^ 8801 •BpBoia?BO •BpBOXJBO WSm BB91 ■BpEOIIEQ 'spBO^JBO n-eqij, esai •Bp-BO^J'BQ •Bp«OXJBO HBq^ 8891 ■SpBOpBQ ■Bp-BOIIED U-Bq^ BB91 OiAO OOO C4e4ca oo o omoo OO O A003U3 M «N i-l .-(CO ooooooooooooo COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCQ kniAtniAiflOOOoooooco oomiAiaooooooo iouac0«o-(iOO-^i-HCOOOOOC-t-000000000000 lO U3 « rH rH rH t-H i-( rH r-( iH iH rH i-l r^ iH rt iH rt iH r^ iH »H rt gOOOlOOOOOOlOOOOeOMCOrtCOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOt-r-«0(DtO(D«t-lOOOC>J)7adC4C4 laiAiClOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO gc^e>4ooa>oocoooooooa>oooao^-^-^-^OAC3Oo«0coov(oootD O CO iH iH iH iH >-l fH i-H pH CO iH 1-1 rH •-< rH r-( tH i-l iH i-l r-l iH rH (-1 iH iH r-l iH CStOOCSlC4C>IC4C4C^C4iHC^t}lC4iHT-Cr-lrHrHr- 04 i-l i-i CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO OO laiOkOoooooooiooootooooDoooooiotoiousiotOkaoia CflMMlQtO"<*(-*T>(-.*COOCOlOCOOt>D-OOOOrHi-(OCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO «C CO CO iH iH tH i-l (H r-l r-H i-l CO r-l i-l rH iH CO iH i-l i-l iH pH i-l rH rH tH OOOtOOOOOOOiOOOOkOkOiOiOtOiOiOOOOOOOOOOO »oioioooas^oo=ooocoeoeoiQeoooooes)OlO'«-i>i>4<'4<>-lt0i-lcSrHa0000000r-(i-li-Ht~t-OC-t>t~t-'L-t>t:- lO »0 lO rt r-l i-( rt iH f-l »H iHCMrH rH tH f-4 r-l p-i i-* iH iH i-i m i-i i-t i-( OOC OOC tOlOU SOOOOOlOOOOCOCOCOeoOOOOOOOOOOOOO ba0C0a0a0t0C~kOkOkaCMC4C4C4<^'^OOOOOOOOOO HrHpHWrHrt rl M rH i-t iH r-1 iH iH rH iH CM « CSI « CJ M W CM CM C* OO lOlO lOlO OOC kom ■« lOrHr ^?'5^^9S®S5>oooooou3io>o»oiooooooooooo joioinioio^-^Tji^cocoeoiococoeooococowooo^oooooo ■iC4CMC4C4^(MCMCMCMCSI I 25^!f5riS*°"3®"5'^*0 eg el CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE RATES. 601 oo oaoo O O O Q O O C4lN (N ff4C4 e^ oo o o o o o oo o oo U3 m U3 lo tn o« mncomeacQ o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o oo o w M CO eomco o ooooc o oo o o c (MM W W*'*;*og iH'-HiHrHi—lNWMNW'-'rH lOinusooooooQOOopg i-d-Hi-Ht-t-r-t-t-t-e-t-t-t-C-t* eococorocoeocoeoeoeocococococo •speoxjuo OOQOOWINIMiMOOC'OO ■*■*>*■* IH i-H tH i-( l-( I-< (Hi-lrO •Sp'GOXJ'BO "^"^■'^li'lNNCaiMNMrHNNCO iniOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOO rHi-*rHr1THCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOeOCOCOCO •Sp'BOXJ'BO •ep«oiJED UBq^ 8891 moococooomNifsmoirt-^'^'^-^oioioiftiooiomwusioioiowo t>CD(OtDtDeDOO«D(OM(DeOCOMCOt--*-'*»lMTP-*m-*aS»OSOJOaO)000000000000 U3U5m»OCOCOCOCOCOdi-ilMi<'<#t>«OeOOOOOOOOQOOOOOO C4 7ac4 CM o om ojc^o aiAa> ■o)kmot-aao»>-i>-icl>t-t>Q>ftOOOO"*"<*l"*-^OOOC •iC4c*lMMCI(M WrH rH rH CO rH rH rH rH rH iH rH rH r »ooo OO OO HC4C4C4 OOO O O O H *~trHt-«^ oooooc C4C4 71C4C4e' oooooo O DI74 74CM M 03 CO CO CO CO CQ US tn m iau3 oooooo C4 CM C^l C4 C4 C4 oooooo C4CMC4 74C4 74 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO M CO CO CO oooooo 74 7^ 74 74 C4 74 CO CO CO CO CO CO oooooo O 74 74 74 7174 C4 74 74 74 74C4 an to in U3 miA §00000 ^74 74 74 74 U3 in lOIA >AIO oooooo C4 74 74 74C4 74 ITT G04: REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. ^ ■< t^ aa a 'A < s o u < o o » o p" . ■^ -J 1-1 l-H H ., P« O O O «^ ^- CO 5 « A : CO CO CQ ■ ooinmifloo or; o sooo .■*j*"ti«MeD!DCJcriOc:c: OJ0>0>0> ■ r-4 rH CO W ^^ r^ rC rO CO CO CO CO CO CO oooooooooc;t-oio Ww3ooomu3ou^ocoeoc- * -fjl -.Jl -^ ,-( ^^ r- i-i l-H r-l (-H r-i i-l CO o OO ou3kO to to mm lA t> o t- o tn o • e^ • im ?4 la mm o o o o o o o o o M NMCawWCJTJ W« i-H CO re O •-■■-< O ■ t- • C- t- t- C- t- '*-*' -^ -^ "*■*■* ■^ -* ■*-«<'«*-^ MM« WCJ WCl iH M C4 -»■ '^ ■ 1-1 i-:i i-H i-t i-i CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO oooommmmmoooo ooooooo:=.ommmm rHrti-ir-ir-tr-l'-l.-'-IWDJrJM o o o o o o o A 03 o o n o ot C9 CO CO CO CO CO CO -r-.r-ii-li-HC4PIC^C4C4ff4C4C4?J m mm mmmm t-o c^ m m m mo o o o m o OO i^oooooo t-t-t-t>t-t-i--cococot-t-«i--*->r'*-*i>ifsm-H >t-(<-ii-<,-Hr-<>-<^ »-H-li-liHi~lrHrH i-li-HiXiHT-li-lrHr-li-li-ir-lW iC^C^C^elC^eqc^ ^OOOOOOOOOOt-OOOOm — 00000000 = 0000000 CaWC^MOOOOOOOCOCOOO^ " OOtOO(DO^O'i;00000000 mmmmcas^Mc^fNcJM r-iM?jrorii->i-ii-i>-io»eacii-r-(,-ji-i,-(,-irHt-(r-( oooooommmmo r*io moooooooooooooooooooo wcacJiMoocaMMMmt-cowmmt-mooooooooooooooo^ .• — iMIM-^MCJMC^NMOJWCOeOCOMeOCOCOeoeO mmmmcococococococ4co m mmmC4C4>-lCMCooooootomooooooooo Pldffgt-omooi^ooooooooooooooooo C2C2«£20omOOOmcOCOt-u=li.-. l-mM.';>-iM,-.,-^,-H,_(rH.-( •BpBOXJBQ •BpBOXJBO IMq-J 8891 ^1 iri lO L- ^1 - ot-wmrHmcooo)m oommmmmoo3 o3o^ riTtt-D-i>t-t*->-<^-'— — •— — -H CHANGES m COMl'ETITIVK BATES. 605 oooooopoo OOOOOOQOO OOOOOOOOQ OQOO(NCMWMM oaooooooc inooooOfHOo Mi-li-ii-tr-t.HNrHiH ooooooe OOOOOOOOO C4ff4e4ff4esic4c» OOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOO torn CD 606 EEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT KATES. H H ■* a ■< M ■< of ■< « M M o bD 4P4G4C^C494C1C« C4 i-i fH C4 C4 ?4 C4 e^ C4 ff4 C4 C4 C4 ffl C4 N P) lOooooo-^-^iataooomtomioooo^oooooo comiaminkr3-f-<#t>t>ocoooo>a30aa3oooooooooo MiH— ii-ti-lrH iH CO CO CO CO rH ^-1 1-1 ^ i-l i-l i-H rl iH rH tDt-C-t-t-l>-W*COOO"*"*-*0»OsmOS03CJ«OOO^C-iCOCOCOCOCOeOCOC4C^C')C4C4DlC4 (aiamiauaiatntoiAiatmokAto coeococoeocoeocococococoeoco oooooo'^TfiooaoaoooiotAio'0>a>otnu3mtotAu3tAia owmoioso-^coooeoeocoiftuamioujmuiwininiftioo 5cJCOCOCOOJ'^(NC'1C>1O000CO-*"*"*tH in in US »o tfs '*-*-* -^-^ •IWWWWW rH M M i-( iH ?-( CO CO eO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ec CO CO iaiakmammHH rH rH iH iH i-l i-H iH rH i-i N C4 £4 Cg C^ C4 C4 S<] C4 C^ 04 C4 £4 C4 oooooo-^c^oooooQoooooooootnmiatA 000000"*iHO^t-t~t-S«0<0®CO»<0(OtDotoiakakniotatoioiA OOOOOO"^II.-IO^t-0000r-li-<^r-tiHrti-<.-lr-(i-lf-l»-lrH^ C4e404C4caeM t-IC^COtH d C4 C4 C4 C4 C4 D1 C4 C4 C4 C« C^ C4 C4 ooaoso i-^f -* T# CO CO CO • -^ c!lC4JiH OiOOJfflOO-^NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO -*CJCOCOCOOTlli-tOOt-t-t-OfeOOOOOOOOMCa5MCH C4 » C4 C4 C^ C4 fH C4 e4 iH 1-1 iH e0-^Ol0t0OOOOOOOOOO^ '3iOko>oioci'^t>C4c<)oodc4o>oao}a^o>a3aaao>03aaa»o> oooootO'^ooiouscsa^c^LOkOioiotoLOusoioiaioiaioio ooinioio-^oooimotoooooooooooo^o^ l0kOC4C^C4'«t>OacD00CX)r-ltHC4OOOOSOOi-^r-(O^ ^ooQoo^-^ooaoooooiomtotou3ioiou3U3»nkOioiata C4 C4 O aODCO oe i CHANGES IN COMPETITIVE BATES. G07 < t O U o a K O s « Ph m oPh "S <( > a ' P O O Jo a M SS -< H OB t>fi M •^ o ^1 2" O fi S5 Hi H -•I M H » M 3 o o n •SpUOlJ-BO •Bpwoi.mo •SpBOpBO •epBoxjBo •ep-BoiJBO •ep-BotiBO n-eq^ seal ■SpBOXJ-BQ •SpBOtJ-BO irBq:^ hs9t •SpBOXXEQ •Bp'BO'[J*BO UVfll S891 •epBoxiBQ •SpBO^aBD ■epBOlJBQ ■apBoiJBO nvq;), sb91 •fipBOXJBO ■Sp^OlJBO tlBq!^ 8891 'spBoxaBQ •8^0p*80 UBq-J 8891 •SpBOXJBO •epBOXJED •apBoxJBO ■BpBOXJBO iraqi^ 8S91 (3 OOtH COOO t- C3 t-t>rH»01CvlC4Qc:.0000000000<: i>L*i:*i>ooooooooooooooooin»ni« 00C000Q0iOm«0'XC0OOOOOOOOOOOCM in w m N CJ CI W N (M as; OOOOOOOOOOOU3300000000000000000 ioif5in»owooinu5>niOOTco-^^-#cow3caj2Sffi5fi9ogooo33gqQg» 1NN(MM(N(Ncac>JMMC5CJC>lMC ooooiftco»ra»o>om-*ji-*ooooooooooooooooooooo ta^mknevicoc<)(MiMff>i03C30>o>A>nmmmiALOomtnmmioiom>n wcic ■- ■ ■ 5lWCMCqrHC5MCVl(Nt- H r-\ CO CO CO CO lO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO mmiomio-^iommiftoocoooooQoooooooooooooo t:-t-t»c-t-ot>c-t-t-mmos(0(oc&Oi-»OO(0t-t-l>t- e4Coj-*-*irnnif3iominifliomifj(M(M[M!Mc-ii— nio>ntnkntotnu3tntnin CflMCa NIM rH « M (MM i-l r-n-l i-H CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ooooooiooooiomooooooooooooooioooo oooo»oao»fiiinw3'o:ocoTti-*"*"tH-*"*-<*ic>JCMCvi^"-( i-l r-l iH rH rH tH rH tH T-t iM rH tH iH rH iH -H rH ^ tH r-l r-l r-l rH rH OO00O"iAa)oio>o>ooa>0)0)0>09aiO> ocsooiA-^ioiAiatnoooooooooooooooooooooo SoocC-Otr-D-l— l>inmeO1C^ « P £^ ij n i/; ii ".i lO lO to in IfJ lO m TJ C I C J 7 1 C 1 C ) CI ooo-oo^oooog '8pn0XJ«0 aisq:^ seei ■Bp^O^JBO •ep^oiJ-BO •epwoxJEO •sjyeo\jiso ■epwotJBjj *Bxn!OXJ«o a^q). 8891 I 000000 = 0000000 loiotftooooooomcjo O lO m Cl Cl CI CI 71 TJ C» iHC* OOOOOOOOOOO'^O M cj c I o o lo o c :i 1." lo o in OOOOO-QOOOOrXO CI 7 I (N -O uO iG 'ft <', 'O ^ lO 7 1 O '^-J'^74TI71CICI7I7I i- in U5 M lO 00 ff OOOOOOiftOMlO OC-OOOOL-O^t- 71 71 CI 71 CI CI 1—1 iH rH ooooooiomoinor-(i^ CI CI 7 1 imn in 71 71 71 CI mec CJ ooooooooooocoo c^c4nu}mtammmtninA>A '#■*■* iH M iH r-i iH r-t W iH OO-^OOOOQpC OOOOOOOOOQOC soooooooo sociciC'icio =o lOlOOOOOOOOOOOpO t- FiO ':- O'/JOT'M CICIONCI 71 r-lp-trH.-«m»l-trHr-''-lr-(rtW .ooooopoooooo tOOOOOC1ClCIClCI717l ,^^ -^ cr, cts •* -r -* t "t* -f ^ go o o o o o m m >o ^n tn m tn m 'O in in -f ^ ■:?- cv td o t, m a* rHW.-Hr-lt-l'-'^717l71CICICI« . iC oooooooooooo - C I 7 1 7 I 'A '^j I - I- t- C* I - f - • - ClClCIClrH^rTrmeOMPSfiCO .inmiomotnmooooooooo . t- I- t- I- 7 M - I- yj 'rj T. n '.r) T-i i^ mn >,-|,Hr-^r-IClrHrH — ^--iCIClClCICIC^Cl • inmininininicoooooogoo • «cacMM««7ic5m«cocoMcor3r^ mooooooocioooooooo oooooommoor-t^t-i^t-r^t— ClCI71C4r-liHrHr-(CICi:^CO«COCOeC« cc 1-^ r-« c* w M ;'- r: n '.n m St i ,-, ,_r.H n-( ^ r-, ;•; 77. ei> « « 'Oooirjinininooooooooo • o o OCI NC^ C^ -fCO L- t- I- L- t- i~ r- • «(Nr-(f-Ar^a 00000000000000 iHiHiH71CI.- t- eo 'C CO CO CQ CO GO oootoiniAua eo «D © c- t> t- 1- OOOOOOO OO O t-t-l-t- CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ooooooo t- 1- 1- 1- 1> t- 1- ' CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ooooooo I- 1- 1- 1> t- 1- 1- CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ooooooo t- 1- r- 1- 1- 1- 1- CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ^^ Ti .. 16 8.40 Jimo 1^ .. 8 6.011 Nor. 16.. 18i June 21t .. 16 8.40 June 22 .. 84 6.00 Deo. 4 .. 18i 1876— Jan. 7 .. 18 9.60 June 29 . . 10 6.00 Deo. 18 .. 16 Jan. 14.. 174 9.O0 July .. 9 4.80 1873— Jan. 1 .- 17 Jan. 21 .. 10 7. 80 July 13 .. 10 4.80 Jan. 15 .. 15i Jan. 28 .. 16 7.20 July 20 .. 12 4,8 ) Feb. 1 .. 14J Feb. 4 .. 364 8.40 July 27 .. 11 6.00 Feb. 15 .. 14 Feb. 11.. 16 7.80 Aus. 3 .. 12 6. Oil Mar. 1 .. 14 Yrh. 18.. 16 7.20 Aug. 10 .. 17 9, 1)1) Mar. 15 .. 14 Feb. 25.. 15 7.20 An-. 17 .. 16 9. i;o Apr. 2 .. 16 JIar. 3 .. 15 7.20 Aim. 21 .. 22 9.00 Apr. 16 .. 17 M^iv. 10 .. 15 7.20 All-. :il -. 2n 0,00 May 3 - 11 Mar. 17 .. 16 7.20 S(>lit. 7 .. 21* 111, 811 May 17 .. 17 Mar. 24 . . 17 7.20 Srpt. 14 .. 21 9, till June 4 .. 22 Mar. 31 .. 15 7.20 Si'lit. 21 .. 18 8, .Pl . June 18 -. 24 Apr. 7 .. 10 6.00 Sept. 28 .. 18 8.40 July 2 .. 24 Apr. 14 . . 8 6.00 Oct. 5 .. 17 8. JO July 16 .. 25 Apr. 21 .. 9 4.80 Oil. 12.. 18 i 8, .111 Aug. 2 -. 27 Apr. 28 . . 13 6.00 Got. 19.. 20 8, Jl) Aug. 16 -. 25 May 5 .. 16 7.20 Oct. 26.. 20t 8 Hi Sep! 3 .. 26 May 12 .. 17 8.40 Niiv. 2.. 18'. 8,40 Sept. 17 .. 27 May 19 .. 17 9.00 Nov. 9 .. 17 7.08 Oct. 1 .. 27 May 26 .. 10 9.60 Ni.v. 16 .. 16 7,68 Oct. 15 .. 26 June 2 -. 19 9.60 Nov. 23 .. 164 7 80 Nov. 1 .. 27 June 9 .. IS 9.60 Nov. 30 .. 16 7,20 Not. 15 .. 28 June 20 .. 17 9.60 Dec. 7 .. ir. * . _'ll Deo. 3 .. 24^ June 2;i -. 164 9.60 Deo. 14 .. 16 8-40 Dec. 17 .. 244 June 30 .. 14 9.60 Dec. 21 .. 17 9. GO 1875-Jan. 5 .. 23' ■$i2."6o' July 7.. 17 P. 60 Deo. 28 . . 19 9. 60 Jan. 8 .. 24 12.00 July 14 .. 19 9.60 1878— Jan. 4 . . 19 9. tjii Jan. 12 .. 21} 12.00 July 21 .. 20 9.60 Jan. 11 -. 20 9.60 Jan. IS .. 22' 12.00 July 28 .. 184 9.60 Jan. 18 .. 19 9. GO Jan. 19 .. 21 12.00 Aug. 4 .. 16 9.60 Jan. 25 -. 19 9.60 Jan. 22 .- 21 10.80 Aug. 11 .. 17 9.60 Feb. 1 .. 19 9.60 Jan. 26.. 21 9.60 Aug. 13 .. 14 8.40 Feb. 8 -. 19 9.60 Jan. 29 .. 22 9.60 Aug. 25 .. Sept. 1 .. 15 8.40 Feb. 15 .. 20 9.60 Feb. 2 .. 214 9.60 16 8.40 Feb. 22 . . 18 9.61) Feb. 6 .. 2l| 22 9.60 Sept. 8.. 17 9.00 Mar. 1 . . 16 9.00 Feb. 9 .. 9.60 Sept. 15.. 17 8.40 Mar. 8 . . 15 7.80 Feb. 12 .. 21 9.60 Sept. 22 .. 154 7.80 Mar. 15 .. 134 6.60 Feb. 16 .. 15 7.20 Sept. 29 .. 16 7.20 Mar. 22 . . 134 6.00 Feb. 19 .. 16 7.20 Oct. 6 .. 174 7.20 Mar. 29 .. 14 6.00 Feb. 23 .. m 7.20 Oct. 13.. 10 7.80 Apr. 5 .. 164 7.20 Feb. 26 .. 16 7.20 Oct. 20 .. 18 8.40 Apr. 12 .. 16 7. -0 Mar. 2.. 14 7.20 Oct. 27 .. 15 8.40 Apr. 23 .. 14 6. 'i" Mar. 5 .. 154 7.20 Nov. 3 .. 154 8.40 Apr. 26 . . 15 6. 60 Mar. 9 .. 3 7.20 Nov. 10 .. 15 8.40 May 3 .- 17 6. 60 Mar. 12 .. 7.20 Nov. 17 .. 16 10.80 May 10 . . 16 7. -0 Mar. 16 . . If 6.60 Nov. 24 .. 18 11.40 May 17 .. 17 7. -" Mar. 19 .. 7.20 Deo. 1 .. 18 11.40 May 24 . . \l^ 7.-0 Mar. 23 .. 15 7.20 Dec. 8 . . 18 11.28 M.iy 31 .. 16 7.20 Mar. 26 .. 14i 14 7.20 Dec. 15 .. 17 10.80 June 7 . . \fl 7. -0 Mar. 30 . . 7.20 Deo. 22 .. 16 10.80 Juno 14 .. IG4 7. 2.) Apr. 2.. Apr. 6 .. Apr. 9.. Apr. 13 .. Apr. 16 .. Apr. 20 .. Apr. 23 .. Apr; 27 .. Apr. 30 .. 14 6.60 Deo. 29 .. 17 10.80 Juno 21 .. 164 7. 20 12 6.00 1877— Jan. 5 .. 14 9.60 June 28 . . 154 7. SO 12 6.00 Jan. 12 .. 14 9.60 July 9 . . 14 7. 80 12 6.00 Jan. 19 .. 13 9.60 July 12 .- 14 7. 20 13 6.00 Jan. 26 .. 12 8.40 July 19 .. W' 7.20 13 6.00 Feb. 2 .. 84 7.20 July 26 .. 12 7. 20 10 6.00 Feb. 9 .. 11 7.20 Aug. 2 .. J^ 7.20 12 6.00 Feb. 16 .. 10 7.20 Aug. 9 .. 16 7.20 13 6.00 Feb., 23.. 9i 6.60 Aug. 16.. 16 7.20 12 6.00 Mar. 2 .. » 6.00 Aug. 23 .. 15 7.20 612 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 129. — Freight Rates charged for the Transportation of Wheat and Provisions from New York to Liverpool, etc. — Continued. Date. 1878— Aug. 30 Sept. 6 Sept. 13 , Sept. 20 . Sept. 27 , Oct. 4 . Oct. 11 . Oct. 18 , Oct. 25 , Nov. 1 . Nov. 8 . Nov. 15 . Nov. 22 . Nov. 29 . Doc. 6 . Dec. 13 . Doc. 20 . Dec. 27 . 1879— Jan. 3 . Jan. 10 . Jam. 17 . Jan. 25 . Jan. 31 . Feb. 7 . Feb. 14 . Feb. 21 . Feb. 28 . Mar. 7 . Mar. 14 . Mar. 25 . Mar. 28 . Apr. 4 . Apr. 15 . Apr. 18 . Apr. 25 . May 2 . May 9 . May 16 . May 23 . May 27 . June 6 . Jnne 13 . June 20 . June 27 . July 8 . July 11 . July 18 . July 25 . Aug. 1 . Aug. 8 . Aug. 15 . Aug. 22 . Aug. 29 . Sept. 5 . Sept. 12 . Sept. 19 . Sept. 26 . Oct. 3 . Oct. 10 . Oct. 17 . Oct. 24 . Oct. 30 . Nov. 7 . Nov. 14 . Nov. 21 . Nov. 28 . Dec. 5 . Dec. 12 . Dec. 19 . Dec. 30 . 1880— Jan 6 . Jan. 10 . Jan. 23 . Jan, 30 . Feb. e . Feb. 13 . Feb. 20 . Wheat per bnshd. Oentt. 14 11 12i 13 13 35 16 16 16i 15 15i 15i "i 12 11 llj lOJ •12 Hi 12i Hi Hi 12 12 12 12i 13 12 Hi Hi 12 12 \f lOi lOi 101 m lOi 10 !* P 10 13 15 16i 17 15 15i 15i 14 13 15i 16i 18 18 17 15i 13i 16 13 12i 12i 8 6 6 8 8 6 Bil 6»l Provi- sionB per ton. Dolli. 7.20 7.20 6.60 6.00 6.60 8.40 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.60 9.60 8.40 7.20 6.00 6.00 3.60 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.20 4.2U 4.20 Date. 1880— Feb. 27 Mar. 5 Mar, 12 , Mar. 19 . Mar. 30 . Apr. 2 , Apr. 9 , Apr. 16 . Apr. 23 . Apr. 30 , May 7 . May 14 . May 21 . May 28 . June 4 , June 11 . June 18 . June 25 . July 2 . July 9 . July 16 . July 23 . July 30 . Aug. 6 . Aug. 13 . Aug. 20 . Auk. 27 . Sept. 3 . Sept. 10 . Sept. 17 . Sept. 24 . Oct. 1 . Oct. 8 . Oct. 15 . Oct. 22 . Oct. 29 . Nov. 5 , Nov. 12 . Nov. 19 . Nov. 28 . Deo. 3 . Deo. 10 . Deo. 17 . Dec, 29 . 1881— Jan. 7 . Jan. 14 . Jan, 21 . Jan, 28 . Feh. 4 . Feb, 11 . Feb, 18 . Fob. 25 . Mar, 4 . Mar, 11 . Mar. 18 . Mar, 25 . Apr. 1 - Apr, 8 . Apr. 19 . Apr. 22 . Apr, 29 . May G . May 13 . May 20 . May 27 . June 3 . June 10 . June 17 . June 24 . July 5 . July 15 . July 22 . July 29 . Aug. 6 . Aug, 12 . Aug. 19 . Aug, 26 . Wheat per bushel. Oentt. 11 10 lOi 12i IS 15 13i 13 9 9 9 9 10 8 8 9i 11 12 12 13 13 16i 18i 17 14i 13i 14 1? 11 11 11 13 12i 12 13 14i 15 15i 15i 15 15 15 13i 13 Wi 14 12 lOi lOi 11 11 10 94 8i 8 6i 4 4 7 6 ?* 7 6 9i 11 lOi 12 Provi- uions per ton. Dollr. 7.20i 6,60 7,20 7,20 7.20 7,20 7,20 7.20 7,20 6.00 6,00 6,00 6,00 6.00 6.00 6,00 6,00 0,00 6,00 6,00 6.00 6.60 7,20 8,40 8,40 7,20 7,20 7,20 7,20 7.20 7,20 7,20 7,20 7,20 7.20 7.20 8.40 9,60 10.80 10,20 10.20 9,60 8,40 8,40 7,20 7,20 7,68 7,20 7,20 7,20 7,80 7.80 7.80 7,20 6,00 6,40 4,80 4.80 4,80 4.80 4,20 3.60 3,00 3,00 2.40 2,40 2,40 3,00 3,00 3.00 3,60 3,60 5.40 6,40 6,40 6,40 6.40 Date. 6. 1881— Sept. 2 Sept. 9 Sept. 16 Sept. 23 Sept. 30 Oct. 7 Oct, 14 Oct. 21 Oct. 23 Nov, 4 Nov, 11 Nov. 18 Nov, 25 Dec. 2 Dec. 9 Deo. 16 Dec, 27 Deo. 30 1882— Jan, Jan. 13 Jan, 20 Jan. 27 Feb, 3 Feb. 10 Feb, 17 Feb, 24 Mar, 3 Mar, 10 Mar. 17' Mar. 24 Mar. 31 Apr, 11 Apr. 14 Apr, 21 Apr, 28 May 5 May 12 May 19 May 26 June 2 June 9 June 16 June 23 June 30 July 7 July 14 July 21 July 28 Aug, 4 Aug, 11 Aug. 18 Aug, 25 Sept. 1 Sept, 8 Sept, 15 Sept, 22 Sept, 29 Oct. 6 Oct, 13 Oct, 20 Oct. 27 Nov. 3 Nov. 10 Nov. 17 Nov. 24 Deo, 1 Deo. 8 Doc. 15 Dec. 22 Deo. 29 1883— Jan. 6 Jan. 12 Jan. 19 Jan. 26 Feb. 2 Feb Feb, Wheat per bushel. 16.. I* 7 ? 6 6 6 ? I* 7 I* 6 !* 6i 5» 74 74 74 7 84 84 7 7 ? 4 1 2* 3 2 4 1 Provi- 'sions per ton. 4 7 8 6 8 8 10 12 'I' 9 9 104 10 10 8 7 9 74 ,'* 10 10 lOi 13 14 17 13J 13 14 15 15 14 13 14 14t 12» Dolls. 5.40 4.80 4.80 4.80 3,60 3.60 3,00 2,40 2,40 2,40 2.40 3.00 3,00 3,00 3.00 3.00 3,00 3.00 4,20 4.80 4,80 5,40 5. 40 5.40 4.80 4.80 4,20 4,20 3,00 2,40 2,^0 1.80 1.80 1.20 1,30 1,20 1.20 1.20 1.20 .60 1.20 3.60 4,80 4.80 4,20 3,60 4.80 6,00 4,80 4,80 4,20 4,20 4,20 6,00 4.80 4.20 4,20 6,00 7,20 7.20 «,00 6,00 6.60 6.00 4,80 7.20 9,60 9,60 9,60 8.40 7.80 8.40 8.40 8.40 7.80 8,40 8.40 MISCELLANEOUS DATA — OCEAN RATES, ETC. 613 Tablb 129.-^Freigiit K'ates charged fob the Tkajstsportation of Wheat and Provisions from New York to Liverpool, etc. — Continued. Date. 1883— Feb. 23 .. Mar. 2 .. Mar. 9.. Mar. 16 .. Mar. 20.. Mar. 27 .. Apr. 6 .. Apr. 13 .. Apr. 20 .. Apr. 27 .. May 4 -- May 11 .. May 18 .. May 25 .. June 1 .. June 8 .. June 15 . . June 22 .. June 29 .. July 6 .. July 13 .. July 20 .. July 27 .. Aug. 8 .. Aug. 10 .. Aug. 17 .. Aug. 24 .. Aug. 31 .. Sept. 7 .. Seiit. U .. Stilt. 21 .. Si-pt. 28 .. Oct. 5 .. Oct. 12 .. Oct. 19 .. Oct. 26 .. Nov. 3.. Nov. 10 .. Nov. 17 .. Nov. 24 .. Bee. 1 .. Dec. 8 .. Dec. 15 . . Dec. 22 .. Dec. 29 . . 1884— Jan. 4 .. Jan. 11 .. Jan. 18 .. Jan. 25 .. Feb. 1 . . Feb. 8 .. Feb. 15 .. Feb. 22 . . Feb. 29 . . Mar. 7 . . Mar. 14 .. liar. 21 .. Mar. 28 .. Apr. 4 .. Ayr. 15 .. Apr. 12 .. Apr. 29 -. May 9.. May 16 .. Wheat per bushel. Oentt. 12 11 9 8 Si 5 6i 2i 5 7 6 6i 7 5 4 6 6 7 7i 10 10 9 8 'i 54 5i 7i 7 7i 8 10 10 10 8 9i Provi- sions per ton. DoUt. 7.74 5.40 5.40 4.80 3.60 2.70 3.60 4.8U 3.72 2.40 2.40 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.60 3.60 3.60 4.20 4.20 3.60 3.60 3.00 3.00 3.00 4.20 3.60 4.80 6.00 6.00 6.60 6.60 5.28 6.00 6.00 5.40 4.20 4.20 2.00 4.80 4.80 6.00 6.00 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.40 3.00 2.40 2.40 2.4U 2.10 2.40 Date. 1884— May 23 May 30 June 6 June 13 June 20 June 27 July 4 July 11 July 18 July 25 Aug. 1 Aug. 8 Aug. 15 Aug. 22 Aug. 29 Sept. 5 Sept. 12 Sept. 19 Sept. 26 Oct. 3 Oct 10 Oct. 17 Oct. 24 Oct. 31 Nov. 7 Nov. 14 Nov. 21 Nov. 28 Dec. 5 Dec. 12 Dec. 19 Dec. 20 1887— Jan Feb Mar.... Apr May.... June ... July... Aug Sept.... Oct Nov .... Dec .... t8.S8^Tan Feb .... Mar Apr ... May . . . June ... July.... Aug..., Sept .. . Oct Nov Doc .... 1889— .T.in Feb Mar .... Apr ... May ... June . . . July... Aug.... Wheat Provi- per bushel. c Oent.1. DoVU. 5i 3.60 4 4.20 6 4.20 6 4.20 H 4.20 64 3.60 6i 4.20 »i 4.80 10 4.80 9i 5.40 10 5.40 11 6.00 9 6.00 8 6.00 9 4.80 5 3.60 5 3.60 6 3.60 ; 7 4.20 : 7i 6.00 i 7 6.00 7 6.00 7 6.00 . 74 6.00 10 6.60 12 8.40 12 7.20 ■ 12 7.20 12 8.40 12 7.20 12 7.20 13 6.60 9 5. 47* 71 5.10 35 3.12 2.25 ' 4 2.10 4 2.10 \ 6 3.60 ^1 3.974 2.061 5i 3.60 64 4.50 4.26 ; 44 3.52 24 2.85 li 1.85 1 1.65 n- 1.68 -■i 2.14 ■4 2.34 7 3.41 9} 6.00 7i 6.00 11 6.96 10 7.08 9i 3.96 9» 3.15 5J 2.55 *i 2.40 Si". 2.22 5i 2.25 H 2.58 41 3.7S Date. 1889— Sept . Oct.. Nov . Deo . 1890— Jan.. Feb.. Mar . Apr . May. June. July Aug. Sept . Oct. . Nov, Dec . 1891— Jan . Feb.. Mar . Apr . May. June July Aug Sept. Oct.. Nov. Dec. 1892-Jan.. Feb.. Mar . Apr . May . June July Aug. Sept. Oct.. Nov. Wheat per bushel. OenU. H 84 8i 9* D* 10| 8 4 1 4i b 7i 3 3 3i 4 4 6 8S 11* 114 8i 9 61 74 35 *i 4 54 4i 4 6 4 Provi- sions per ton. Doliv. 3.48 3.80 3.824 4.05 7.50 7.35 5.774 4.47 3.182 3.00 3.30 2.70 2.40 1.864 3.30 4.35 4.87 4.65 3.414 3.00 2.244 2.85 3.30 3.30 4.424 6.18 6.90 6.36 Note.— For ;earg 1887 to 1892, figures shown are monthly averages. 614 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. AVERAGE FREIGHT RATES PER TON PER MILE. ]^o presentation of the tendency toward lower charges for freight transportation by railways is at once so comprehensive, accurate, and readily understood as a statement of the average charges per ton per mile prevailing during successive periods. Such a statement has the ad^•antage over all others that no portion of traf&c is excluded, but that all business, whether through or local, of relatively great or incon- siderable importance, is represented in the final average. Table Ko. 130 following is arranged to show the average freight rates per ton per mile charged by a number of important railways which have been selected with a view to the presentation of fairly representative data covering each of the physical divisions of the rail- way system. It has been found practicable to include in this table the average rates for several roads from 1S52; many others are given for periods covering their entire existence, and it may be said that the table as here presented is much more complete than any heretofore published. The full significance of these data cannot be appreciated by a merely superficial examination; they should be considered in connection with tables JSTos. 131, 132, and 133, showing, respectively, the num- ber of millions of tons of freight carried 1 mile, the number of tons carried regardless of distance, and the gross freight earnings of the same railways. Selecting as an individual example the Fitchburg Railroad, it is observed that its gross revenue from freight in 1852 was 3.12 cents for each ton carried 1 mile, or more than three times the amount received in 1892 for the same service, which was 0.925 cent. The earliest years for which it is possible to present statistics of the amount of traffic for this road is 1860. During that year the average rate per ton per mile was 4.10 cents, the aggregate transportation of fr-eight was equivalent to the carriage of 9,000,000 tons 1 mile, and the actual number of tons carried was 395,003. Dui-ing 1892 the tonnage carried was i,570,377, and the ton mileage 496,000,000, The average distance carried (and it should be remembered that this is a most im- portant factor in the tendency toward cheaper transportation) increased from 22.7 miles in 1860 to 108.5 miles in 1892. Had the tonnage of 1892 been carried at the rates of 1860, the gross fr'cight earnings would have amounted to more than twenty-one mil- lions, or over sixteen millions more than was actually received. Con- versely, had the rates of 1S92 been charged upon the business of 1860, the gross Height revenue, which was 8360,000, would have been only about 884,000, a sum probably wholly insufficient to have paid the ex- penses of operation. Such spciulation, however interesting, can have little practical value. The intimate connection between the rates charged and the quantity of traffic is so thoroughly understood at the present time as to re- quire little or no comment. That an increase in traffic from 395,000 to 4,570,377 tons carried, and from 9,000,000 to 496,000,000 ton miles, could not have taken place without a substantial reduction in charges, is as evident as that such an increase in quantity of traffic itself makes the required reduction in charges practicable. The New York, Lake Erie and Western road presents a curious con- trast to the Fitchburg Eailroad in that, whUe the average distance freight is ti ansi>ortcd on the latter has increased to nearly foiu' times tliat of 1860, the former carried traffic an average distance of only 153 miles in 1892 against 222 miles in 1852. Thus, Avhatever may be said in the case of the Fitchburg Kailroad as to the apparent reduction be- MISCKLLANE0U8 DATA OCEAN RATES, ETC. 615 ing largely the i esull of the piescut preponderance of long-distance traffic, wliieb is naturally taken at lower rates, it must be said thatthe reduction niaile by the Eric from 1.03 cents per ton per mile in 1852 to 0.G14 cent in 1892 is probably the result of more economical methods and the greater volume of traffic. The student of this table will undoubtedly find it practicable to carry on similar comparisons almost indefinitely, and will find that each of the roads shown presents some interesting and valuable contribution to the subject of reductions in railway freight charges. Tablb 130. — Average Freight Bates Pkr Tux Per Mile Charged by Import- ant Railways named during each Year h:iim 1852, for which such data can be obtained. [A verage ratea for the years 1888 to 1892 are frMi reporta made by the railways to the Tntentate Com- merce Cotnmission ; those for previons years hare Decn compiled from Bonrces believed to be reliable, and, with few exceptions, have been verified by officials of the roails. Figorea for 1892 are as reported and have not been verified by the statistician. 1 Years. .a i 1 « 1 i 3 1 A PS p4 PS 1 § > 1 1 ■2PS 1 N IS 1 1 a i ft es c 1 ■a a it ll PS CS £- .a » 1 s 1 3 bO I-? if 13 PS ■a 43 S o S a 11 11 c (S ^ E 'A ^ s fi !zi. •A Hi S ^ Q ou. ou. ou. Of. m». OU. Of. ou. ou. OU. ou. ou. Ots. : Ou. Cts. cu. 3.ia 2.77 1 1853 1 3.03 3.36 3.68 4.14 4 25 2.86 !l 29 3.51 2.66 2.60 1855 2. 8313. 66 3. ISU. 24 3 223 93 3.02 ■i 21 1856 ■ 3 jii 99S 2 .flfi 2..55 1857 1858 4 44 ].^.12 |2 74 1 2.52 3.64 3.87 3.58 3.09 2.93 3.78 2.96 3.88 2.544.10 2.43 3.94 2.60 3.75 2.7513.26 3 013 51 4.18 4.20 4.04 4.54 4.50 4.09 4.21 4.76 5.52 4.94 5 12 2.59 2.38 2.26 1.97 2.12 1859 2.13 2.29 2 16 2.05 2 18 L96 2.09 1.% 2.22 2.10 1.91 2.38 2.30 L99 1.86 1862 L98 2.13 1864 2.70 2.83 2.26 3.26 2.90 3.06 2. 87 |2. 48 2. 60 2.46 12.43 2.49 2. .19 2. 34 2. i^ 2.64 1865 3 88 ■A '& 4 ns 2.65 3.63' 3. is 4! 33 3. 36 2. 98 4. 21 2.85 2.75 2 53 6 40 2.iV7 2.16 1868 1869 3870 1871 2.81 2.43 2.19 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.82 L53 1.28 1.21 1.13 1.10 1 ?.^ 4 08 2.13 L94 2.40 2.20 1.71 2.09 L80 4.31 1.86 1.75 1.83 L'ii' 1 24 4.46 4.54 4.27 4.42 4.80 4.81 4.72 4.22 2 60 6.23 5.69 3.74 3.78 3.70 4.10 3.54 3.34 2 87 5.87 2.60 2.50 2.47 2.28 2.61 2.73 2.75 2.93 2.27 1.88 L50 1.98 L 39 1 61 L37 bl.56 1.52 2.25 2.01 2.11 2.13 2.06 L72 L40 1 36 L62 L59 L57 L46 L27 L05 LOl 93 1.36 3.92 3.77 4.32 4.13 2.51 L34 1873 L34 L18 LOl .82 .86 73 L57 L29 L16 103 .98 85 1.36 1.19 LOl 3876 .81 1877 2.08 1.60 .89 1878 1879 1880 .75 L08 1.13 2.36 2 81 1 06 ,78 64 69 .70 1.36 2.86 2.09 L30 2.87 L34 .87 .75 .84 .79 1881 1 04 1.26 1.03 2.20 1.63 L28 2.40 L27 .78 .62 .72 .67 1882 1 07 1.17 1,02 1.77 1.76 LIB hVI L33 .'« .63 .77 .71 1883 1 19 1.19 1,09 1.38 1.89 LOB L93 1.33 .91 .73 .83 .60 .75 ]xg4 L09 94 1.09 1 06 1.11 1 00 L41 1 81 L96 1.96 1.45 1.20 .97 .94 1.65 L20 L26 L07 .83 .68 .65 .55 .65 .56 .48 .44 .63 18^5 ..- .58 1886 1 in 1.07 .91 1.67 2.00 1.10 .93 1.53 Lll .76 .64 .69 .54 .68 1 10 1.13 .91 1.63 1.95 1.01 .96 L65 L12 .78 .67 .69 . 55 : . 70 1888 1 fl9» 1.116 .914 1.192 1.752 L007 L070JL 395 1.069 .753 .673 .702 .577 .685 1889 1 030 1.015 .869 1.3+4 1.8.30 .949 . 983 L 400' .942 .712 .632 .V02 .506 .675 1890 1 ins .995 .771 1,220 1.810 .885 . 948 L 271' .855 .730 . 664 . 701 .524i .674 1891 1.089 .991 1,140 1.793 .871 . 896 L 033 .774 .740 .630 .723 .619 .683 1892 1.060 .925 1.155 L756 .869 .903 .939 .700 .602 .687 .537, .710 - Consolidated daring 1867, forming Boston imd Albany E. E. t Formed bv consolidation, in 1872, of New York and New Haven and Hartford and New Haven Railroads, i'ignres prior to 1872 are for New York and New Haven only. + Fignres prior to 1870 do not include Hudson Kiver K. K. \ figures prior to li63 show Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Swy. G16 EEPOET ON CHANGES IN FEEIGHT RATES. Table 130. — Avbbage Freight Bates Per Ton Per Mile Charged by Import ANT Railways named, etc. — Continued. Tears. 1 ■L 1 1 IS 1 O 1 § Pi 1 fi 1 s 1 li .a -2 y Jo? a i ■a a a .Spi f 3 o P XI o So P5 O 1 ■3 n i .2M ■SB 09 P? 1 at s -a § O §03 wi li •3 a 3 Pi «• § ■i 1 h ■g o Hi h r 1 1 ft 3pi u i 1852 Ct3. 1.95 2.50 2.58 2.42 2.48 2.46 2.32 1.62 1.81 1.77 1.89 2.09 2.34 2.76 2.43 2.04 L81 1.54 1.33 1.43 1.53 1.45 1.31 L21 LIO .96 .97 .78 .84 .81 .75 .79 .72 .66 .66 .69 .716 .644 .665 .658 .614 Of. Ots. Cts. 6.42 Cta. m. ou. Ote. cts. Ots. Cts. Cts. Cts. Ott. au. Ott. 1853 3.76 3.29 2.76 2.71 1 1854 1855 1856 1857 2.41 2.18 2.03 1.96 1.93 2.04 2.19 2.50 2.72 2.32 2.08 1.86 1.66 L60 1.35 1.46 L44 L29 1.13 .95 1.01 .93 .82 .92 .86 .87 .88 .80 .70 .75 .73 .723 .685 .661 .656 .647 2.27 1.90 1.65 1.67 1.71 1.90 2.01 2.38 2.44 2.02 1.95 1.70 1.62 L45 1.43 1.40 1858 3.25 2.75 2.38 2.20 2.35 2.81 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 3.34 3.82 4.31 3.76 3.94 3.49 3.10 2.82 2.54 2.43 1864 1865 3.43 1866 1867 1868 .....j 1869 i.26 1-43; 1.34' 1.5D! 1.45' 1.19 .98 .911 L81 6.60 2.24 2.03 2.14 1.71 1.81 1.59 1.54 1.27 1.04 1.14 .99 1.09 1.04 1.17 1.00 1.05 .82 .70 .72 .763 .813 .8.T4 .937 .911 1870 1871 1872 L41 1.27 1.18 1.09 1.06 .85 .90 .78 .70 .80 .67 .66 .72 .60 .52 .69 .63 .646 .594 .626 .6271 2.71 2.'3i' 2.04 1.54 1.56 1.40 1.31 1.26 1.18 1.15 1.07 .98 .98 .91 .869 .865 .873 .858 .828 L49 1.41 1.26 1.11 1 1873 1.401.40 1. 26 1. 30 1874 1.24 L19 L03 .85 2.38 2.10 1875 1876 .93 1.09 .87 .76 .92 .75 .75 .79 .67 .58 .69 .72 .66 .69 .69 .88 .93 .79 .72 .84 .72 .73 .76 .63 .63 .62 .66 .727 .646 .669 .657 1877 .91 .84 .70 .83 .67 .52 .44 .42 .46 .511 .525 .541 .532 .625 .83 2.08 1878 1879 L72 1880 .86 .93 .95 .95 .86 .80 .82 .86 .744 .709 .047 .733 .705 .'99' .96 .98 .83 .82 .811 .856 .853 .917 .863 .868 .62 .62 .58 .66 .57 .62 .62 .59 .590 .582 .6C0 .669 .5931 I 76 1881 .70 1882 1883 I 39 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 ."736 .706 '.'655 .637 .6.% .643 .651 .95 .95 .93 .84 .84 .757 .79r .839 .765 1.29 L.28 1.17 1.09 1.020 L.067 .995 L.003 1.026 MISCELLANEOUS DATA — OCEAN RATES, ETC. 617 Table 130.— Aveuage Freight Rates Per Ton Per Mile Charged by Imi'out- ANT Railways named, etc. — Continued. 1 h r 1 1 ■O i n ftf t 1.24 1 26 1.52 1.42 2.01 2.11 2.16 2.01 2.23 2.21 2.28 2.29 3.62 3.65 3.36 2.28 .89 .79 1.50 1.35 2. OV 1.95 2.06 2.15 3.20 1882 3.04 1883 1,42 L03 1.17 1.13 1.43 2. .36 2.07 2.05 L99 2.89 1.76 .72 L32 2.06 2.-i8 2.71 1884 1.31 .97 1.10 1.01 1.37 2.11 1.90 L80 1.93 2.90 1.64 .67 L24 2. 09 L9V 2.46 1885 1 19 .95 1 04 1 01 1.31 1.77 1.78 1.72 L75 2.72 1.56 .65 1.10 1.9b 1.70 2.24 1886 1 19 .94 1,07 ,96 1.16 1.44 1.67 l.liS 1.60 2.60 l.BV .64 1.10 1.93 1.61 2.04 1887 1 10 .87 1 01 95 1,09 1,30 1.63 1.42 1.35 2.39 iL46 .64 1.02 1.92 L32 L81 1888 983 .78 964 973 l.flfiE 1.437 L17t 1.289 2. 340 1. 314 .54 1.049 1.710 L.0I8 L42 1889 1.013 .977 1.028 .88 .79 .88 ,971 .995 1 0;i9 L002 .898 .839 94? .971 1 4''i| 1.100:1.289 1. 13811.129 2. 213 1. 4S5 2. 0541 1.249 2. 006 1. 279 .638 .561 .525 .998|1.476 .i>M 1.60 1890 . 936 1. 4:10 .97'.',1. 310| .924 . 9u8 1. .JIO . 8u7 1.49 1891 .980 .9J4 . 988 1, 38ii|l. 131 L 175 1.41 1892 1.013 .987 L055 .973 .908 . 863 1. 402 1. 081 L 130 1.863iL226 .948jl.365 .815 FREiaHT TONNAGE AND EARNINGS OF THE PRINCIPAL RAILWAYS IN THE UNITED STATES. . For the purpose of showing the increase which has taken phiv-e in the freight traflBLc of the United States data have been collected which are shown in the following tables. The first table shows the number of tons of freight carried one mile by the more important railways of the United States, which, for conven ience of expression, has been_reduced to millions of tons. The growth of the business of each line is shown li-om as early a date as the data were available. The carriers selected are the important roads in differ- ent sections of the country, and represent about 60 per cent of the total railway mileage of the United States. The second table shows the aggregate tonnage carried by various important roads in different sections of the country. The data of this table is shown, for a majority of the roads, for a period of thirty years. 618 KEPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. The third table shows for the same carriers the gross freight earn- ings for as many years as such data could be obtained. The data in- cluded in these tables for years prior to 1888 have been collected from what are believed to be the most reliable sources available, while for theyearsfrom 1888 to 1892, inclusive, the figures shown are those given in the reports of the several railways to the Interstate Commerce Com- mission, Table 131. — Number of Miluons of Tons of Freight Carrieo one Mile by THE MORE Important Railways of the United States during each Year FROM 1852, FOR WHICH SUCH DATA CAN BE OBTAINED. [Compiled A:om reports to Interstate Commerce Commission and varions nnmbers of Poor 8 iranval. 13 •0 fd M T3 1 a . T3 Pi s &» 1 k .H Pi Pi 1 > 3 _t6 r— "^ pi .■ a GO MM Years. < i 1 1 •a S3 r ■as '3 & .2 ■sg C p ii 1 -!3 u m c 1 15 3^ ■="a 11 ■as M |4 o 'A 'A M •a Ph Ki -A l-I 'A 'A i>^ 1852 97 1853 102 1854 "■■90 l8l 151 1865 115 IOC. 1856 183 1857 100 161 187 280 358 165 1858 166 1859 . . 53 56 61 67 69 76 70 96 107 121 159 149 227 290 SIR 147 18bO - 9 8 9 13 14 14 14 14 16 17 16 .<..- 214 1861 251 1862 . 3 4 6 6 7 7 21 25 82 loo 92 73 85 92 101 351 1863 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 387' 387! 319 389 4:;0 450 580 700 FiTi 404 1864 422 1865 389 1866 478 550 1867 "47 64 66 3 9 6 6 8 I 1868 95 116 149 211 256 696 1869 132 133 191' 818 1870 29 29 39 39 3 8 24 39 899 1871 897 1872 20 21 *164 6 1 0:211 9".". 217 mi 1873 1, 247 1. 054 246i 374 1, 033 1874 29) 282 302 314 330 22 22 42 63 *244 '128 123 9 9 9 11 19 36 212 229 175 16P 188 34 15 13 14 13 694 606 606 779 666 1,392 1,404 1,674 1,620 999 943 1,131 1 . osn 313' 318! 396 2641,047 1875 35 37 40 46 ' 262 1. 017 1876 312 1, 040 1877 f474 (♦252 ^48 §721 736 790 703 276 1, 115 1878 2, 043 1 340 3461.22.5 1879 325 375 417 374 93 109 117 129 148 176 170 177 37 44 65 104 63 78 ll7 117 308 317 676 712 13 14 20 31 889 861 957 1 032 2,296 2,525 2,647 2 395 1,733 1,851 2,032 1 893 12 401 420 481 447 1,569 1880 ... 1, 721 1881 l,98i 1,954 1882 1883 374 136 1.53 131 1,080 39 1,490 2, 201 1,090 1,U1 334 408 2 307 1884 374 144 139 126 1 149 69 1,695 1 970 1, 4III1, 179 604 398 2,499 1885 393 16?! 108 1?4 407 1 163 94 1,902 2,138 1, 603 1, 232 1,5921,157 1,8441,341 1,8401,333 1,7821.214 668 429 3,382 2,882 3,022 2,990 1886 390 195 135 139 555 1,315 61 2,098 2 414 669 424 1887 400 'ffll 269 153 150 688 1,476 55 1,380 2,705 811 453 1888 4115 283 289 188 108 757 1,551 87 1,347 712 2,688 826 209 1889 423 346 30?, 237 225 853 1,.52B 93 1,306 1 220 2,781 849 223 3,109 1890 402 390 390 283 249 1,0.57 1,612 115 1,562 1 .517 3, 9.56 2 087 1,328 978 1 087 3 .515 1891 401 437 322 ','55 1,337 1,762 196 I, 631 1,804 2,890 2 061 1,298 1 067 1,222 1,286 3,496 114,048 1892 447 496 311 1,624 1,817 264 3,830 2,430 1,548 1,085 •Two years ending July 1, 1872 and 1874. t Tear ending May 31. J Eiglit months, Jane 1 to December 31. § Tear ending December 31. U I'igures as reported, not verified in this office. MISCELLANEOUS DATA — OCEAN EATEg, ETC 619 Table 131. — Number of Milmons hf Tons of Freight Carbied one Mile bit THE more Important Railways of the United States, etc. — Contiuued. Yeara, 2 t (2.2 o d M •n i o 1 w 1 > 1 1 a u o 1 It Hi'/: 1 s a P til . I- c .^ c: Jl 'a o t n 1 m 3 o« 11 a ■a 1 'S .2 •0 g 5 1 •■3 S' 1 .a i i.- so k 1 a 3 r a to -a u .1 g 1 h i ::::: 1854 102 120 140 162 180 214 280 376 394 421 420 513 566 676 753 826 1.012 1,190 1,385 1,373 1,479 1,630 2,180 2,432 3,061 3,293 3,701 3,977 4,127 4. 192 185(i 1858 :i.5 58 78 185iJ 111 123 167 175 194 233 229 307 310 • 336 391 488 480 465 491 563 440 637 803 806 1,044 992 945 908 954 903 1,107 1,005 1,087 1 , 226 1862 ' 1865 41 44 96 1868 120 320 232 261 228 311 319 283 293 329 331 436 474 610 695 94 41 58 70 88 108 143 147 145 173 "167 209 247 283 179 261 225 253 319 33I 297 273 285 249 271 158 181 1 365 ■ 1741 268 197 206 204 208 250 237 288 367 385 401 415 428 432 523 561 657 744 767 879 22 21 22 22 289 307 278 214 187 1 288 280 247 240 275 254 305 403 258: 366 112 101 HJ8 111 2.'i9 461 273 455 1876 265 503 93 381 602 272 485 322' U24 39 "io3 120 116 "iei 202 184 189 187 217 246 "ieo 229 244 402 505 697 945 682 441 642 548 '•401 485 613 588 684 642 667 782 208 "139 "166 169 170 "237 235 250 270 323 1,106 1, 150 1,248 1,264 1,374 1,184 1,102 1,075 610 635 1,430 1,209 1,391 866 981 1,192 301 1, 177 376 1, 247 1,184 196 1,350 209 4, 501 212 4, 635 320 5, 261 339 5, 413 299 5,834 371 6, 908 373 364 416 401 380 477 456 464 1,338 1,417 1,4871,467 1,746 2,048 2,192 2,248 2,6-45 2,662 2,723 176 "150 83 164 220 1, 629,1, 755 1, 660 1, 954 1889 1, 621:1, 778 1390 1,813 2,034 310 8,87»;i,122' 23i I89:i 2, 266 2, 302 * 'Sine mouths, ending December 31. 620 REPORT ON CHAXGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Tabij: 131.— Number of Millions of Tons of Freight Carried one Mili: bt THE jioRE Important Railways of the United States, etc. — Continued. Yeara. a o u . tj. o" 5 p4 "a 5 1 5 1 ~ -> < © o "■A 3 > o 1 3 1 1 5 3 > « S 31 "3 3 1 u 3 3 1 1 185''' i l-'jj ' 1 ^ . I 185-t ' 1 1 ! ' - . i i-:.5 .... ■ ....; ■ . t 1 ' ' 1>57 1 ■ .__., 1 _ !.__.' . l-^5i 1 1 ! l>.',i.» . ! 1 ! 1 j 1 "* Ifctjl ..;;.i'""': 1 1 1 i-ie"* ...., I8fj:j . 108 39 U7 57 108 63 lU 59 ]:j-^ SO 132 as 146 120 liT 131 20" 152 241 169 418 219 446 250 436 2Si 477 268 Gdd 337 652 370 1, 139 511 ^. 1865 "ie-i 169 218 212 24* 402 481 447 475 M9 6CJ3 529 561 642 582 494 595 477 562 136 133 171 226 253 265 262 •275 274 285 264 249 306 335 381 386 418 603 578 623 720 331 Til 1.061 1,063 1. 302 1,411 l&'^'j 4 1*K,7 5 8 9 "29 41 'U2 136 "202 225 320 493 597 664 687 751 954 1,104 773 884 002 1 1,051 6 l.-O^ .'.'..'. 6 lyUJ 6 8 .% 1S71 ' 134 9 10 13 14 47 187-^..- 3 4 4 5 57 1^7^ 223, 25 262' 27 269 46 292, 62 335! 73 M 1>74 . ... 15 19 7 6" 14 66 28 98 43 117 51 15;. 51 16* 66 '230 102 298 208 345 259 426 245, 406 125 4«J 257; 613 287; 653 333 655 305 612 4061. 0>i« 380 1 136 52 16 46 1^76 23 '.'.'.'.'. 23 31! 17' 53 1>77 14 22 61 24 71 d3fi 33 58 18-0 i^ 81 9!P7 120 121 193 132 16J 193 242 239 48 280 309 323 41 70 119 126 130 80 1 "75 712 48 96 783 396 i 193 733 461 39 244 746 521 43| 400 922 635 56 391 1. 110 608 70! 4821,261 687 105 5?7 1, 490 909 152 705 1, 171 817 123 875 1, 102 755 367 1, 096 1, 281 1, 330 379 1.258 1,2091,456 459 tl *»8 1 3181 691 «7 1>8-"' 1 ooo 75 3t^;:J L 552 7ic;' 75 laU 18-:.5 ltt-;6 1.813 1. .iS" 735 781 720 794 87 90 98 1887 1888 2, 126 1 5,^1 315 428 555 473 46S 133 192 1. 727 903 1.998 1,235 1, C4G 1, 082 t2 173 1 IJW 218 1890 256 306 1893 387 302 * For fift-eeu months, t«rmmation of year being changed from September 30 to December 31. t Figures as reported, notTerlfied in this office. MISCELI-ANEOUS DATA — OCEAN RATES, ETC. 621 Table 132. — Aggregate Tonnage Caeried between all points by various Important Railways duiung bach Year from 1852, for which such data CAN BE procured. Tear. Speight (tons carried). Boston and Albany K. E. Fitchbnrg B. E. Central Vermont R.E. New York, and New England K. E. NewTorTj, New Haven and Hart- ford E.E Canadian Pacific Ewy. Delaware, Lat'ka- wanua and Western R. E. New Turk, On- tario and AVeatern E.E. 1859.. 1880.. 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1884.. 1865. . 1866.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869. . 1870. . 1871.. 1872. . 1873.. 1874.. 1875., 1876. , 1877- . -1878.. 1879., 1880. 1881. 1882., 1883. 1884. im>. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 775, 695 858, 546 853, 353 969, 998 1, 077, 658 1, 174, 892 1, 121, 158 1, 433, 883 1, 532, 005 1, 319, 059 1, 613, 940 n, 531, 149 2, 209, 332 2, 732, 907 2, 884, 520 2, C68, 403 2, 439, 472 2,541,274 2, 601, 657 2, 642, 555 2, 738, 096 3, 310, 539 3, 593, 923 3, 415, 329 3, 411, 324 3,325^517 3,446,413 3, 506, 476 3, 674, 589 B, 719, 992 3, 859, 516 3,883,115 3,913,873 4, 250, 575 395, 003 325, 500 345, 254 419, 314 466, 530 486, 015 512, 874 511, 488 559, 368 670, 439 634, 615 740,1231 777, 268; 965, 7961 726, 766 887, 859 955, 771 1, 115, 771 1,313,289 1, 546, 950 1,776,960 1, 822, 262 2, 031, 122 2, 112, 155 2, 158, 283 2, 509, 131 2, 919, 629 3, 117, 152 3,448,160 3, 971. 318 4, 215, 024 4, 570, 377 1, 069, 822 1, 006, 162 1, 204, 637 1, 811, 228 1, 465, 712 1, 661, 887 1, 612, 352 1, 544, 871 1, 600, 266 1, 802, 956 2, 659, 031 2, 586, 334 2, 715, 251 3, 273, 143 102, 314 370, 191 233, 271 214, 191 294, 177 345, 662 363, 734 362, 513 344, 508 330, 667 350, 005 435, 367 871,187 968, 549 1, 176, 795 1, 672, 374 1, 801, 360 1, 786, 531 1, 716, 661 2, 099, 339 2, 225, 141 2, 526, 937 2, 705, 332 2, 973, 813 3, 299, 876 3, 272, 110 245, 307, 375, 406, 472, 482, 489, 688, 695, 755, 892, 895, 815, 827, 830, 1, 209, 1, 348, 1, 655, 1, 908, 2. 180, 2. 181, 2, 148, 2, 376, 2, 602, 2, 336, 3, 246, 3, 563, 3, 802, 1, 996, 365 2, 046, 195 2, 144, 327 2, 321, 957 2, 636, 121 3, 095, 784 3, 675, 113 4, 058, 575 1, 316, 892 1, 510, 495 1, ti21, 360 1, 200, 097 1, 920, 874 2, 140, 134 2, 128, 612 1, 993, 946 8, 398, 004 2, 363, 508 3, 347, 671 4, 448, 769 3, 653, 763 3, 898, 344 2, 923, 039 2, 922, 803 3, 193, 531 5, 283, 442 5, 269, 359 7, 115, 066 7, 452, 757 8, 159, 299 8, 411. 216 8, 203, 714 9,318,773 10, 558, 055 11, 070, 369 10, 70.1, 278 10, 9:11;, 685 12, 19a, U63 12, 910, 744 50, 006 137, 151 370, 418 400, 706 455, 372 235, 042 228, 103 222, 507 212, 541 216. 100 265, 410 348, 513 4b9, 626 56J, 836 1, 004, 248 1, 470, 808 807, 441 661, 825 1, 277, 619 1, 'jry.i. 885 1, 473, 788 1, 737, 059 2, 085, 769 • Te« moBtha only. • Two years eudmg July 1, 1872. • Two years ending July 1, 1871, 622 EEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT KATES. Table 132.— Aggregate Tonnage Carried between all points bt various Important Railways during each Year, etc.— Continued. Freight (tons carried). Tear. Philadel- phia and Eeadinc; E.K.*" LehiRh Valley E.K. New Tork Central and Hndaon EiTer E.E. Lake Shore and Michi- gan South- em Ewy. Michigan Central E. E. NewTork, Chicago and Saint Louis E. E. Cleve- land, Cin- cinnati, Cliicago and Saint Lrmia KiFy. NewTork, Lake Erie and WfcHt- cmE. E. 438,460 1 631,039 1854 540 HT) 743.250 1855 0711, 073 932, »4 4 1, 07.5, 5,10 925. 604 1,093,284 1, 366, 035 l,6:i7,400 1, 905, 173 2, 106. .571 2, 15H, 972 1, 767, 149 2, 099, 504 2, 249, 363 2, 562, 862 3,390,840 4,322,000 4, 532, 056 4. 393, 965 5, 522, 724 6,114.678 8,001,954 6,803,680 8, 351, 356 7, 695, 413 9, 015, 753 10, .533, 038 11, 591, 379 11, 330, 393 10, 892, 440 10,212,418 10, 802, 957 12,718,101 14, 626, 954 14, 939, 255 14,988,281 18, 108, 441 16,621,567 20,721,752 842,055 983,221 1857 ... 1 978,067 1858 816,964 1859 869,072 1,139,554 1861 1, 253, 41» 1862 403, 812 504, 827 542,410 485.275 533, 451 578, 177 638, .588 802,835 823, 770 1,105.875 1, 708. 964 1, 999, 671 2,186,786 2,375,496 2,886,248 U, 764, 611 3,564,731 3,513,819 3, 797, 137 4,196.896 .3, 91-! i'm 5, 197, 278 5, 141. 597 5,236,276 5,345,570 6,034.233 6, 076, 936 6,194,473 6, 798, 467 6,947,945 7,731,061 L 6.32, 955 1863 1, 815, 096 1864. . . 2, 170, 798 1865 2,234.350 3,242.972 3,484.546 3. 908. 209 1866 1807 1868 628, 356 1869 82.5.465 ' 4,312 209 1870 2,978,725 3,784,525 4.443,092 6, 178, 661 5,221,267 5, 022, 490 5, 635, 167 5, 513, 398 6.098,445 7, 541, 294 8, 350, 336 9, 164, 508 9,195.538 8.478,605 7, 365, 688 8, 023, 093 8. 30.5, .597 9,326,852 9, 262, 397 9, 304, 575 10, 975, 241 11,259,811 13,332,519 935, 840 1 4, 852 .505 1,777,6,57 ' 4,844,208 1871 1872 l,444,3.>t 5,664,274 1873 . 10. 663, 333 10. 209. 500 8, 880, 317 8, 759, 908 10, 963, 604 9, 376, 075 13, 303, 265 13, 184, 982 14,384,710 15. 212. 320 19, 118,517 19,781.705 20, 208, 932 22, 669, 394 18, 195, 990 17, 747, 615 18, 438, 707 19,401,123 21,084,490 6, 901, 905 6, 608, 555 5,402,271 6, 148, 583 7, 424, 969 6, 127, 093 7, 616, 523 8, 8fJ7, 246 10, 761, 795 10, 693, 454 10, 434, 508 9, 336, 906 10, 179, 171 11, 295, 044 11, 247, 513 9,670,987 14, 371, 247 13, 550, 147 14, 394, 933 1, 08 ), 588 6, 312, 702 1874.... 1875 1, 531. 952 i 6, 364, 276 1, 61 1 , 174 6, 239, 94S 1876.... 1877.... 1878.... 1879 1880.... 1881 1882.... 1883.... 1884.... 1885.... 1888 1887.... 1888.... 1889.... 1890 1891.... 1892 45 75,=! 981,, "30 1, 762. 778 1,984.364 2. 050, 148 2. 408. 796 2, 582, 308 2. 732. 102 3. 0S4. 590 3,31)4.425 3, 445, 947 1, 745, 307 1 5, »72, 818 1, 624. 200 6, 182, 458 1,949.484 i 6,150,468 2.299.711 8,212,641 2.441013 8,715,892 2. 8'«).Ci23 11,086,823 2.7.55.867 31,895,238 2, r527. i/.a 13, 610, 623 2,.347. 7;.2 31,071,938 2.513,780 : 10,2.53.498 2. 644, (/J 1 ' 12,806,918 2,808, 149 ' 1.3,949.260 1,705,293 '■ 20,829,840 1.778.372 21,287,751 6,591,610 23,926,198 7,801,377 21,304,597 8,524,986 '26.531,7B» ' X wenty months. Tigorea as reported, not rerifled in this office. MISCELLANEOUS DATA — OCEAN RATES, ETC. 623 Table 132. — Aggregate T»nnagh Carried between alt, points by various Important Railways during each Year, etc. — Continued. Freight (tons carried; Tear. Hew York, Pennsyl- vania and OMo E.B.' Chicago and KrioE-E. Ponnayl- Taniall. K.' Pittshnrg, I'ort Wayne, and Chicago Ewy. Pittsburg^ Cincinnati and St. Lonis E-wy. CHcago, St. Louia and Pittsburg Ewy. Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Ewy. Baltimore and Ohio E.E. 1857 828, 518 1,046,899 1, 170, 249 1, 346, 525 1,482,087 2, 058, 518 2,265,413 2, 585, 379 2,655,709 3, 186, 356 3,709,224 4, 427, 884 4,991,995 5, 427, 401 6, 575, 843 7, 844, 778 9, 211, 234 16, 420, 321 15, 772, 722 16, 333, 353 16, 382, 268 17, 600, 447 22,867,162 26, 051, 091 32,606,264 35, 840, 060 37, 379, 546 38, LOO, 544 40, 880, 100 44, 121, 327 51, 215, 785 51, 782, 247 54, 686, 113 65, 173, 118 50, 013. 674 54,769,382 304, 769 285, 663 362. 606 465, 204 526, 379 643, 107 805, 525 858, 928 832, 615 1,025,978 1, 154, 351 1, 509, 052 1, 665, 190 1, 740, 585 2, 047, 114 2,407,018 2, 292, 644 2, 309, 128 ■ 2, 496, 148 2, 604, 767 2, 690, 735 3, 020, 250 3, 679, 382 3, 866, 675 4, 753, 220 4.837,236 5,076,311 4, 696, 583 4, 711, 888 5,413,597 6, 315, 075 6, 210, 816 7, 113, 671 7,942,888 1859 1860 1863 1866 1869 516, 815 1, 390, 597 1, 473, 623 1, 3'JO, 483 1, 370, 069 1, 617, 133 1, 521, 141 ), 791, 981 2,310,053 2, 484, 321 2,967,149 3, 001, 619 2, 135, 148 2, 517, 062 3, 031, 595 3, 075, 385 3, 546, 260 3,374,433 3, 997, 634 4, 772. 290 n, 254, 398 1874.... 1875.... 1876...- 1877.... 1878.... 1879 1880.... 2,709,134 2,429,421 2, 607, 195 2, 761, 493 2, 653, 839 3, 259, 843 4, 125, 979 1,471,207 1, 536, 261 1, 808, 761 1,722,386 2, 142, 155 2,726,847 3, 099, 994 3, 297, 844 3, 125, 645 3,466,544 3, 630, 919 4,066,386 4, 864, 889 5, 560, 539 7,717,282 7, 909, 760 8, 936, 566 32, 375, 841 831, 761 900, 209 955, 334 1, 274, 204 1, 582, 324 1, 445, 143 1, 792, 782 1, 491, 301 1,992,932 1885..., 11, 438, 320 12, 236, 223 14, 245, 975 < 10, 231,022 13,725,857 15, 097, 632 15,738,858 > Tears snbseqnent to 1880 included in New York, Lake Erie and Western R. E. • Figures for 1873 and previous years cover Pennsylvania E. E. division only, » Ihree months. ' Nine mouths. 624 REPOBT OH CHAHGES IH FREIGHT BATi:8. Tablz 132. — Ab^bboaxm Toxkack Cakbikd iSKiWKEJi Aii ronm bt wamuhm Impoktast Bailwaxb DUHise EACH Tkab, ETC. — C gu U ii imd. Xear. ftrei^t (ton cazrieO. BaJfinofef and Ohio ' OIdo afen k xr— a*— " lan.. 1882.. 24 5M 1»S. 02,847 B.K. 1873L. 1874.. 18<3.. ]8;c.. I«!7.. lgS9.. 1887.. 1888- «7.4«( 908,02 3e.432 991. S* 9H.9e CUi,»8 C17.8M 7U.23B 741, 723 79*, S« 8I3|,*e . Ewy. cuoe* f cucaei^ aad6iaadtMilwaida Tra^l aadM. Swy. |Faa!S«T. -! ^187.i i.»9.«e2 -- ■ns2.ms 1-277.116 I. OSS, 21* ■ ].SS2,«3 1,33. 9 8.73:7.312 1L0W.811 13.547.4W U.7«!.34S 'Kgacea lisr yeazB ] rtoiaB*9h«nrf^iiriinrifi,H»MiHiMa»JBasyf B.B.1 • fiBevB^. Kcdg^ttoB* eaztied). ^- J^^l^SS 'MgrniM M 1 1 pi ltd. —4 MISCELLANEOUS DATA — OCEAN RATES, ETC. 62 f> Table 132. — AGGKKaATu: Tonnage Carried between: all points by va];iiius Important Railways during each Year, etc.— Continued. Tjeight (tons carried). . Tear. Denver and Rio Grande E.B. Texas and Paoiflo llwy. Chesapeake and Ohio Kwy. Louisville and Nash- TiUe E. E. Eichmond and Diurivillo E.E. Mobile cind Ohio Ewy. 1806 68,121 81, 638 88, 679 99, 323 120, 959 161,122 174, 919 225, 446 107, 920 221, 017 227, 651) 241, 081 235, 962 308, 060 372, 226 710, 706 1, 210, 267 1, 311, 624 1, 319, .585 1,451,646 . 1, 600, 164 1,671,687 1,764, 283 2, 675, 690 3, 617, 723 2, 766, 530 5,359,408 1867 63, 537 82,544 222, 937 243, 918 317, 208 438, 413 535, 711 716, 753 947, 468 1, 348, 214 1, 212, 160 1868 1869 1870 86, 585 99, 596 115, 473 248, 226 3C6, 465 359, 669 415, i62 471,660 688, 066 686, 526 941, 123 1, 435, 597 1, 367, 469 1, 748, 676 1,579,106 1, 849, 938 2, 174, 623 2, 414, 303 2, 485, 322 2,663,350 3, 760, 577 4, 166, 102 258, 409 H:y.\, 059 4:17, 307 3-17, 488 343, 488 305, 243 1871 1872 46, 212 59, 229 65, 430 57, 969 78, 794 132, 838 1873 1874 88, 343 138, 596 254, 288 355, 789 388, 967 379, 125 626, 093 715, 204 1, 049, 262 946, 219 1, 066, 726 952, 017 1,099,304 1, 152, 858 1, 192, 727 1,263,895 1, 617, 201 1, 554, 857 1, 545, 328 1875 1876 1877 1, 905, 044 2, 644, 007 2, 282, 180 2, 139, 153 3, 286, 000 6,533,317 7,302,145 7,969,776 8, 365, 521 8, 942, 102 11, 257, 812 13, 675, 170 9, 212, 322 10, 306, 013 10, 367, 379 ■12,149,938 251,427 276, 017 246, 898 1878 ]879 1880 661, 833 1, 136, 311 1, 151, 330 1,416,426 1,093,841 1, 207, 897 1, 352, 252 1, 694, 207 1, 662, 118 353, 469 1, 833, 874 2,093,660 1,904,266 1881 364, 431 346, 755 357, 493 408, K!i9 429, 141 ]882 )K83 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1 205 ''7'J 1889 1890 1, 142, 708 1891 1 230 029 1892 1, 193, 641 ^Figures as reported, not verified in tliis office. Table 133. — Gross Freight Earnings exclusive of Receipts from Elevators, Wharves, Stock Yards, etc., of various Important Railways, during bach Year from 1852 for which such data can be procured. Tear. Freight (gross earnings). Boston and Albany E.E. Fitchbnrg E.E. Central Vermont E.E. New York and New England E.E. New York, New Haven and Hart- ford E. E. Canadian Pacific Ewy. Delaware, Lacka- wauiiii and Western E. E. New York On- tario and A\'t^3tern E.E. 1862... 1863.-. 1864... 1865... 1866... 1867... 1868... 1869... 1870... 1871... 1872... 1873... 1874... 1875... 1876... 1877..., 1878..., 1879..., 1880.... 1881.... 1882.... 1883.... 1884.... 1885.... 1886.... -1887.... 1888.... 1889.... 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... $3, 410, 893 3, 861, 052 3, 265, 481 4, 747, 180 5, 846, 768 6, 221, 183 6, 283, 599 4, 328. 131 3, 886, 132 3, 790, 781 3,721,436 3, 588, 839 4,630,913 4, 328, 906 3,984,133 4,472,180 4, 090, 302 3, 765, 929 4, 299, 083 4, 493, 588 4, 458, 688 4. 350, 172 4, 446, 586 4, 369, 007 4, 722, 856 $639, 592 736, 796 2684, 360 755, 837 769, 936 788, 554 932, 030 909, 629 1, 046. 780 1, 106, 161 1,091,516 1, 205, 954 1, 496, 469 1,658,139 1, 821, 576 1, 836, 422 1, 775, 248 1, 712, 162 2, 078, 446 2, 707, 544 3, 164, 311 3, 508, 281 3, 880, 252 4, 330, 784 4, 591, 008 $1, 209, 857 1, 319, 934 1, 439, 288 1, 529, 111 $557, 761 3:12, 926 2 264,823 364, 488 '4,471,489 1, 858, 064 1, 531, 486 1, 699, 364 1, 993, 378 1, 752, 740 1, 806, 826 1, 885, 526 1, 664, 753 1, 643, 503 1, 663, 380 2, 354, 355 2, 644, 267 2, 621, 988 3, 032, 887 404, 473 449, 108 447, 261 447, 385 477, 400 605, 809 1, 058, 722 1, 250, 527 1, 420, 758 1, 837, 890 2, 114, 524 1, 955, 686 1, 850, 266 2, 262, 479 2, 486, 913 3, 033, 397 3, 189, 904 3, 445, 385 3, 666, 545 3, 601, 462 $125, 092 166, 614 214, 354 263, 904 340, 017 333, 381 953, 966 1,138,311 31,475,956 21,176,772 1, 445, 952 1, 468, 578 1, 331, 527 1, 431, 498 1, 317, 646 1, 326, 7U7 1, 309, 778 1, 492, 261 1, 634, 092 1, 903, 703 2, 065, 856 2, 607, 623 2, 440, 919 2, 423, 694 2, 795, 241 2, 928, 001 2, 953, 645 4, 109, 128 4, 489, 611 4, 557, 071 4, 900, 936 $231, 378 890, 385 3, 112, 932 3, 410, 365 4, 881, 866 6, 112, 379 6, 924, 130 7, 619, 758 8, 095, 114 9, 354, 480 11, 643, 641 13, 249, 454 $1, 417, 196 1, 614, 813 1,788,058 1, 485, 8,12 2, 466, 797 2, 476, 010 3, 414, 644 2, 201, 115 «3, 820, 002 3, 095, 573 4, 266, 081 6, 607, 388 4, 629, 862 5, 422, 850 3, 418, 245 2, 954, 636 3, 128, 974 4, 695, 694 8, 871, 475 10, 426, 766 9, 634, 910 12, 638, 812 12,382,015 12, 149, 083 14, 647, 355 18, 317, 758 16, 608, 146 15, 004, 531 15, 293, 486 16, 790, 689 16,418,334 $166, 470 210, 989 600, 826 971, 275 781,911 393, 355 354, 207 371, 991 371, 850 353,530 377, 926 469, 156 605, 479 754, 279 1, 007, 808 1, 125, U03 938, 285 907, 247 1, 218, 326 1,291,097 1, 455, 994 2, 013, 685 2,466,04g. « 2 years ending Jnly 1, 1874. S. Eep. 1394— ' 10 months. ' 15 months. * 14 months. 626 KEPOET ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 133. — Gross Freight Earnings exclusive or Receipts from Elevators, Wharves, Stock Yards, etc. — Continued. Tear. Ifl52.. 1853.. 1854- - 1855. - 1856. . 1857. . 185a- ]Kr,9.. I860.. 1861.. 1862. . 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1866... 1867.., 1888... 1869... 1870... 1871... 1872... 1873... 1874... 1875... 1876... 187?.... 1878... 1879... 1880... 1881... 1882... 1883... 1884... 1885... 18S6... 1887. . . ihsa... IHIIO. . . 1891... 1892. . . Freight (grosB earnings). Philadel- phia and Beading E.B. $2, 289, 641 2, 435, 306 3, 485, 449 3, 989, 946 3,591,157 2, 742, 909 2, 201, 608 2, 358, 573 2, 927, 778 2, 517, 344 3, 402, 838 5, 570, 343 8, 157, 551 9, 792, 569 9, 667, 236 7, 970, 429 7, 667, 947 9, 925, 863 8, 189, 315 10, 593, 936 10, 201, 145 12. 707, 271 12, 301, 215 10, 662, 707 9, 658, 183 10, 418, 795 9, 897, 718 11, 013, 718 13, 415, 957 14, 756, 547 16, 062, 379 21,675,654 22, 308, 523 20, 971, 666 22, 103, 555 15, 967, 363 15,099,105 14, 717, 172 16, 328, 628 16, 714, 855 Lehigh Valley U.S.. $4, 270, 650 4, 482, 033 5, 462, 607 4, 825, 667 5, 513, 439 6, 202, 892 6,224,927 5, 526, 366 6, 221, 740 6, 035, 697 5, 117, 053 5, 500, 023 7,232,178 8, 805, 347 9, 427, 765 9, 387, 201 8, 058, 711 7, 696, 778 7, 775, 705 8, 596, 172 7, 615, 665 11, 498, 017 12, 981, 104 13, 971, 815 New Tork Central and Hud. eon River E..E. $2, 943, 966 3. 755, 320 5, 052, 059 5, 275, 876 4, 244, 639 4, 049, 530 4, 943, 638 5, 557, 019 7, 972, 304 9, 449, 554 10, 685, 672 11, 000, 058 12, 017, 532 11, 993, 008 12, 479, 950 14, 066, 386 14, 489, 217 14, 470, 402 16, 259, 647 19, 616, 018 20, 348, 725 17, 899, 702 17, 593, 265 16.424,317 19, 045, 830 18, 270, 250 22, 190, 966 20, 736, 750 17, 672, 252 20, 142, 433 16, 434, 983 14, 702, 538 18,476,532 21, 143, 098 20, 259, 352 19, 821, 550 21, 515, 907 21, 392, 168 26, 777, 687 Lake Shore Ti«-i«T,i andMichi-'^"''''?'™ gan South- ern Kwy. Central E.B. New Tork, Chicago and St. Louis Ewy. *8, 746, 10, 341, 12,824, 14, 192, 11, 918, 9, 639, 9, 405, 9, 476, 10, 048, 11,288, 14, 077, 12, 659, 12, 022, 12, 480, 9, 358, 9, 031, 10, 329, 12, 547 12, 197, 11, 270, 13, 433, 12, 988, 14,617 126 218 ,862 ,399 ,350 ,038 ,629 608 952 261 294 987 577 094 816 417 625 923 661 451 192 400 655 , 559, 661 , 983, 757 , 073, 275 , 233, ."•.29 , 208, 592 285, 522 480, 974 755, 200 634, 439 072, 558 398, 346 8.52, 933 447, 839 417, 276 158, 887 516, 686 646,248 Cleve- land, Gin. cinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Ewy. 195, 971 675, 731 426, 455 472, 365 620, 887 906, 207 938, 572 309, 987 3ii5, 073 519. 068 307, 029 389, 985 628,916 2, 000, 562 2, 879, 309 2, 909, 246 3, 522, 548 4, 471, 697 4, 787, 223 4, 292, 586 5, 122, 149 5, 534, 574 5,823,882 $1,843,130 2, 090, 544 2, 269, 038 2, 873, 536 3, 439, 999 3, 735, 895 3, 148, 197 2, 647, 225 2, 5.37, 009 2, 453, 804 2, 601, 385 2, 796, 405 3, 328, 209 3, 225, 356 3,159,417 3, 068, 717 2, 518, 873 2, 471, 883 2, 877, 157 3, 170, 563 3,150,474 2, 971, 110 7, 319, 921 8, 337, 130 9,129,417 New York, Lake Erie and West- em E. E. $1, 883, 198 2, 537, 215 3,659,590 3, 655, 002 4,545,722 *, 097, 610 3,843,310 3,195,869 3,884,343 4,351,464 6,642,915 8,432,234 9, 855, 088 10,726,264 11, 6U, 023 11, 204, 689 10,780,976 12,583,794 11,983,547 12,861,999 14,509,745 15, 015, 807 13, 740, 042 12, 287, 399 11,429,929 10, 647, 807 11,914,489 12,233,481 14, 391, U5 15,979,576 14, 642, 128 17,212,621 15, 773, 005 13, 813, 249 16, 894, 908 18, 466, 701 20, 359, 293 20,023,148 22,507,184 22, 233, 916 24, 859, 494 MISCELLANEOUS DATA — OCEAN RATES, ETC. 627 Table 133.— Gross Eueight Earnings exclusive of Receipts feom Elevators Wharves, Stock Yards, etc.— CoBtinued. ' Troight (groas earnings). Year. New Tort PennsylTa nia aud Ohio E. E Chicago and Erie E.E, Pennsyl- vania 1{. E Pittsburg Fort Wayne and (Jhi- oagoEwy. Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis Ewy. Chicago, St. Louis and Pitts- burg Ewy Pittsburg Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Ewy. Baltimore and Ohio E.K. 1855.... $2, 805, 306 3, 244, 292 3,374,041 3, 536, 206 3, 656, 111 4, 191, 784 5, 398, 026 7, 668, 420 8, 602, 262 10, 361, 999 11, 193, 665 11, 709, 294 11, 832, 300 12,882,166 12, 932, 657 12, 793, 100 14, 052, 305 16, 856, 891 19, 608, 555 17, 227, 604 15,651,741 14, 539, 786 14, 642, 109 15, 904, 601 17, 016, 989 20, 234, 046 32, 572, 448 34, 829, 240 36, 400, 651 30, 366, 227 30, 896, 748 34, 623, 877 38, 060, 823 39, 147, 056 39, 935, 701 45, 632, 959 45, 085, 147 47, 619, 280 1856 1857.... $657, 686 067, 296 964, 133 1, 309, 714 1, 906, 707 2, 401, 630 3,341,034 4, 148, 604 4, 739, 068 4,707,582 4, 483, 616 5,231,857 5, 020, 874 4, 892, 326 5, 581, 061 6, 909, 306 6, 716, 399 6,811,961 5, 430, 511 5, 266, 172 4, 790, 424 5, 600, 567 6, 066, 693 7, 395, 452 7, 785, 730 7, 464, 057 7, 432, 479 6,111,217 6, 600, 653 6, 249, 610 7, 940, 113 6, 671, 751 7,443,913 8, 434, 588 1858.... 1859.... I860.... 1861.... $2,324,367 2,712,362 4, 177, 139 5,963,110 6, 704, 337 6, 516, 261 6,224,376 6,619,864 7, 999, Oil 7, 471, 007 9, 133, 518 9, 738, 885 10,658,999 10, 175, 432 8, 900, 940 7,957,885 6, 897, 241 7, 363, 110 7, 693, 794 9, 849, 891 9,407,337 8, 634, 169 9, 559, 555 9,424,494 8,003,037 7,895,976 15, 780, 460 14, 382, 285 14 311 052 1862.... 1863.... 1864.... 1865.... 1866 1867.... 1868.... $3, 702, 860 4, 022, 915 3,318,902 $l,483,4,'i4 1, 690, 382 1, 880, 024 2, 320, 076 6, 863, 733 2, 725, 024 2,653,317 2, 317, 645 2, 193, 116 2,191,782 2, 270, 836 2,643,714 3,217,078 2, 884, 041 2, 927, 998 3, 243, 667 2,700,212 2, 793, 620 3, 604, 742 4, 327, 355 5, 414, 648 4, 961, 085 5,877,749 1869.... $2, 299, 595 1870.... 1871.... 2, 852, 014 3, 201, 585 3, 298, Oil 2,691,990 2, 522, 693 2,328,911 2, 293, 411 2,379,661 2,815,910 3, 521, 559 3, 626, 608 3, 636, 670 3,781,107 2, 902, 433 3, 159, 887 3, 448. 447 4, 314, 563 4,086,640 3, 895, 286 4,895,496 1872.... 4, 126, 479 4, 134, 844 3, 738, 243 2, 913, 581 2, 729, 627 2, 911, 543 2, 764, 781 3, 084, 716 3, 945, 494 4, 057, 264 4,315,028 1873 1874.... 1875 1876.... 1877.... 1878.... 1879.... 1880 1881.... 1882.... 1883 1884.... $1, 028, 730 927, 004 896, 689 1, 497, 819 1, 731, 648 1, 570, 293 2, 003, 964 1, 646, 426 2, 202, 798 1885. . . 1886 1887.... 1888.... 1889 1890 16,820,156 16, 475, B03 17, 742, 040 1891 $11, 300, 325 12, 328, 623 1892. . . Freight (gross earnings). Tear. Baltimore and Ohio South- western E.E. Ohio and Mississippi Ewy. Cincin- nati, Ham- ilton, and Dayton E.E. Wabash E.E. Louisville, New Al- bany and Chicago Ewy. Chicago and Grand Trunlc Ewy. Chicago, Milwaukee and St.Paul Ewy. Chicago and North- western Ewy. 1865 $4, 448, 599 5, 393, 191 6, 649, 690 8,266,809 9, 291, 478 8, 187, 597 7, 700, 808 7, 621, 275 1866 1867 1868 . $1, 586, 819 1,567,498 1,789,140 1, 883, 780 2, 164, 499 2, 689, 361 2, 329, 745 1, 949, 619 $727, 276 696, 692 493, 342 544. 160 692, 215 SDO, 161 574, 847 531, 980 509, 696 521, 954 492, 643 505. 161 1, 493, 977 1, 721, 790 1, 748, 872 1, 855, 381 1, 772, 569 1, 657, 670 1, 668, 424 2, 030, 879 2, 062, 668 2, 036, 071 2, 183, 089 2, 317, 789 2, 676, 120 $4, 266, 284 4,909,525 5, 148, 366 4, 444, 668 4, 566, 991 6,421,369' 6, 137, 152 5, 690, 568 5, 384, 231 6, 627, 906 5, 750, 497 6, 850, 755 8, 884, 227 11, 844, 796 14, 002, 335 16, 365, 354 16,128,964 17, 101, 742 17, 358, 294 17, 742, 142 16, 933, 042 17,297,317 18, 337, 010 19,012,159 23,241,421 1869 1870 1872. .. 1873 8, 614, 260 10,270,519 8,837,828 9, 001 178 1875 . . 1876 1877 ' 1, 295, 832 1, 908, 809 2, 522, 838 2, 680. 608 2, 940, 350 2, 099, 34S' 2,631,748 2, 379, 626 2,063,548 2, 227, 255 2, 407, 825 2, 268, 672 2, 218, 962 2, 433, 555 2, 332, 248 2,487,779 8, 415, 599 1878 . $3, 514, 999 10, 016, 921 1879 9, 924, 030 11, 995, 975 1880 $618, 778 710, 490 1, 022, 2il3 1, 142, 329 1, 087, 240 1, 185, 286 1, 343, 664 1, 627, 217 1,570,822 1, 612, 300 1, 718, 962 1, 871, 460 2,139,357 1, 086, 849 1, 182, 106 1,419,726 1, 9S9, 757 2, 166, 807 1, 944, 598 2, 900, 990 2, 444, 932 2, 382, 385 2, 244, 049 2, 848, 656 2, 591, 371 2, 749, 298 14,414,151 1882. .. 17, 525, 134 1883 ' 16, 894, 352 17, 677, 866 1885 16, 917, 394 1886 17, 503, 244 19, 329, 484 1888 ... 4, 537, 282 4, 502, 257 9, 258, 053 8, 860, 819 9, 800, 969 19,208,436 1889.... 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... n, 135, 195 .657, 433 1, 375, 221 1, 678, 800 18,018,182 19, 864, 162 19, 980, 910 23,320,914 ' 8 months. 628 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 133.— Gross Freight Earnings kxclusivk or Rkckipts from Elkvators, Wharves, Stock Yards, mtc. — Contiunod. rrolght (gross earnings). Tear. Chicago, Burlington and Quinoy U.S.. Chicago, Kook Is. land and Fociflo Ewy. Chicago and Alton B. R. Illinois Central B.B. Wisconsin Central B.B. Northern PoolfloE.E. Union Pa- olflo Kwy. Atchison, Topoka and Santn JFii R. R. 1802.... '$215,407 1,120,448 1, 479, 059 2, 165, 152 2, 809, 499 2, 430, 008 2, 963, 029 3, 000, 144 8,312,008 3, 740, 203 3, 007, 043 3, 897, 402 3, 440, RHl 3, 173, ,031 8, 541, 340 3, 007, 709 3,409,510 4, 242, 701 5, 808, 484 0, 0.(0, 870 0, 948, 128 0, 107, 081 6, 073, 676 6, 432, 033 5, 302, 059 0, 070, 639 6, 672, 808 4, 952, 0.02 6, 3.16, 020 4, 072, 880 6, 472, 271 $1,808,998 2, 600, 900 3, 706, (133 4, 040, 587 8, 945, K05 4, 490, 521 4, 172, 841 4, 002, 817 4,009,890 4, 737, 975 4, 30.5, 017 4,148,001 3, 986, 091 8, 019, 230 8, 190, 448 8, 082, 337 3,174, 1(10 3, 202, 020 8,071,373 6, 875, 649 ■ 6,918,152 8,664,960 7, 002, 043 8, 145, 920 8, 832, 161 9, 0.34, 803 8, 240, 103 8,010,404 10, 004, 754 12, 100, 600 •12, 800, 073 1883 $2,642,827 2, 979, 016 8, 019, 860 4, 204, 741 4, 124, 093 4, 210, 911 4,768,864 4, 614, 020 4, 949, 084 6, 209, 874 8,035,349 8, 445, 010 8, 602, 017 $1,034, 81)0 1,448,905 2, 222, 309 2,010,800 2, 428, 824 2,934,504 8, 675, 916 8,587,002 4, 023, 272 4,218,872 4, 607, 983 6,003,001 5,292,412 5,121,557 6, 353, 779 5, 070, 733 6, 920, 920 8, 036, 105 8, 690, 480 9, 687, 097 7, 928, 237 8, 066, 816 8, 144, 142 7, 718, 669 8, 037, 452 8, 975, 020 8, 773, 820 12,293,176 11,240,988 12, 525, 794 1804 1805.... 1866 1867.... 1808.... $3, 468, 104 1869.... 1870.... 1871.... 3,0.08,010 3, 620, 489 4, 708, 419 6, 616, 908 5, 004, 731 0,641,512 7,804,123 7, 697, 081 8, 295, 878 8, 092, 414 16, 218, 607 17, 003, 127 16, 402, 107 14, 268, 202 11, 600, 311 12,070,749 12, 230, 271 13,436,495 13, 700, 499 12,849,083 l'l,676, 124 13,079,227 14,261,909 $110,754 1872.... $08,214 OH, H(14 378, 098 420, 038 1873.... 1874.... 1876.... 1876.... $237, 104 201,325 20O, 31H 806, 557 8;i6, 107 1,116,749 1877.... 1878.... 1879.... 1880.... 1881.... 1882.... 1883.... 1884.... 1885.... 1880.... 1887.... 1888.... 1880.... 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 0, 554, 544 11, 152, 179 U, 660, 623 16, 064, 197 10, 595, 819 16, 711, 610 19,614,161 18, 614. 431 19, 005, 863 19, 3(i7, 936 18, 075, 055 16, 000, 444 17, 222, 739 19, (iliH, 608 10, 400, 602 21, 444, 240 483, 006 490, 018 596. 544 810,417 000, 046 9;i7, 132 021,000 010, 202 900, 258 1,012,309 1,358,246 1,410,176 2,042,711 3,437,206 8, 743, 347 =3, 087, 838 603, 780 770, 010 701, 006 1,685,614 2, 207, 299 8,909,423 6, 409, 080 7, 866, 807 7,446,266 *8, 189, 616 8,730,647 10, 127, 401 12, 671, 096 16,447,886 17,888,955 "17, 220, 706 1, 803, 2 18 2, H2(i, 4h:i 4,HH3,4;i5 6, 400, 981 9, 051, 623 10,0:i7,2()l 10,374,012 11,940,463 10,87:1,(121 11, 100, 0(17 12, 248. 3.14 10, 638, 402 9,731,076 16, 017, 156 17, 114, 821 19, 114, 978 ' 2J niontht . ^ As reported ; not verified in this office. Freight (gross earnings). Tear. Don rar and Bio trrando K.B. Texas and PaoiilcKwy. Chesapeake and Ohio Bwy. LoulsvlUo and Nash- ville B. B. Blchmond and DanvlUo B. it. Mobile and Ohio B. B. 1862 $403, 281 831, 050 1,110,100 1,811,342 1, 420, 800 1,152,477 1,215,708 l,30;l,706 1,723,044 1,847,089 2,010,200 3,13.0,798 3, 172,660 2,«10, 9;j6 1868 1864 1865 «.$K1|.|,541 1,433,491 1,4(111,815 1, 170, IK2 1,384,402 1, 760, 072 1800 $381,778 899, 600 863, 001 876, 192 406, 701 476, 536 614, 648 013, 872 002, 130 608, 798 580, 518 012,037 000,718 801,247 1 , 270, HBO 1,437,(116 2,318, 122 2, (10(1, 225 2,611,760 2, 660, 766 2, 046, 484 2,716,699 B, 886, 869 6, 323, 718 7,311,008 6, 00(1, 880 'fl, 33.1, 433 1867 1808 $310, 986 1860 1H7(( 800, 481 421,004 '893, 201 710, 386 950,312 993, 802 1, 177, 942 1, 2H5, 184 1,527, 101 1,444,7(18 1,0113,812 2, OOK, IIOI 2, 00(1, 030 3, OH 1,032 2, 72H, 40K 2, (1311, 500 3,310,871 3,0(14,421 3, 0.10, 009 8, 20(1, 801 6, 3H0, 402 6, 003, 610 1R71 1872 2,080,681 2,074,796 1 , H38, 024 1,423,998 1,493,421 1,614,240 1,(120,071 1.444,737 1,772,084 1,791,603 1,617,932 1H73 $21111, 129 2 '(), KIO 213,031 .f 23 1,. 007 .072, 473 7211, 800 1, li::, 044 1,4411,988 1,(1(11), 046 1, 0H2, 020 2, 003, 018 2, 408, 083 3, 80(1, 044 4,507,043 4,037,484 3, 8(lK,7]fl 4,2H2, 448 4,180,782 4,3HI,009 4,3(111,922 0,(1(10,007 4,807,2(10 4,748,077 1H74 1H75 , 1876 1H77 620,269 8, 456, 704 8,728,043 8, 027, 020 6, 184, 225 7,407,403 8, 050, 880 8, 786, 674 0, 2;i;i,671 H, 703, 795 K, (105, 860 1(1,2.0.|,4«8 11,504,266 7,715,866 8, 00(1, 2(17 8, 730, 8113 '9,966,200 1K78 1879 IHSO 2,411,457 4,832,160 4, 412, 186 5,851,912 4, 232, 447 4,680,491 5, 003, 100 6, 772, 172 6,621,209 6,243,879 6, 743, 750 8, 180, 300 6,017,044 1881 1KS2 1K83 HH4 H86 1,712,928 IHHfl 1,471,007 1,7(12, 181 1KH7 1«88 ]889 1890 1891 1892 "2, 504, 407 ■ Bastem (llvlsion. 'As reported! not vorlfled in this offloe. ■7^ months. CHAJTGES IS LOCAL BATES. 629 CHANGES nr LOCAL RATES. Bates charged between points located upon the same road are desig- nated as -local rates.'" Numerous causes have operated to reduce the charges upon traffic carried at such rates; principal among tbese have been the redactions in treight classifications and the operation of the aet to regulate commerce. Prior to April, 1SS7, local rates were in many instances upon a higher basis than those charged between termi- nals, the latter, in the majority of cases. beiDo competitive points and having the benefit of competitive rates. When the act referred to be- came eflective it was found that the majority of tliese rates were at v;mance with the fourth section, known as the long and short haul clause of the act. A very general revision of the tariffs covering the local traffic therefore became necessary, which has resulted in large reductions to local points. Aside from these causes there has been a gradual downward tendency of rates of this character, and there are few roads throughout the United States which within the last ten or fifteen years have not re- duced their local rates from 10 to 50 per cent. Considerable data have been collected for the purpose of showing the extent of these changes uixm roads in various sections of the United States, and will here fol- low. The most satisfactory form of presenting these changes would be to show the rates upon the principal commodities canied by the different roads for which tables are given. It has been, however, im- XKjssible to do this through failure to obtain the classifications applying exclusively to local traffic, and the comparisons are, therefore, neces- sarily confined to the rates of the respective classes. Tabib 134. — Comparison of Locai, Milbage Kates Chabged by Matsts Cesteai. Kailboad dubisg 1872 asd 1893. Classes (rates in cents per 100 poands). Bistaooes. L 1 2. 3. 1 4. 1872. 1S:3. 1672. 1893. 1872. 1 1S93. 18T2. 1893. For 50 miles n 42 49 54 26 22 34 32 40 39 45 44 t 18 26 31 35 12i 12i 18 18 22 22 25 25 9 15 19 22 9 Tur 100 miles ..__. 15 For 150 mile.^ ... - 19 Por i^JO miles . ........ 22 630 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 135.— Comparison op Freight Ratks Charged for the Transportation OF THE articles NAMED FROM BOSTON, MASS., TO LOCAL STATIONS IN MASSA- CHUSETTS DURING 1868, 1874, 1881, 1887, and 1893. [Compiled from taxiffs of Boston and Albany BaUroad.] [Cents per 100 pounds.] From Boston, Mass., to- South Framingham, Mass. "Westboro, Mass. Worcester, Mass. Articles. rH 1874. 1881. 1887. 1893. 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 1874. 1881. 1887. 1893. 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 12 12 la 12 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 1874. 1881. 1887. 1893. 6 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 I I 9 8 6 8 8 8 6 6 d h4 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 I 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 9 9 8 d 8 9 6 9 9 9 6 9 6 5 I 6 6 5 6 6 6 5 5 ►4 d ►4 8 ►4 d d i-i 5 9 5 8 9 8 5 9 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 9 5 d 5 9 5 8 9 6 5 5 5 6 5 S 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 5 d l4 5 9 5 8 9 8 5 9 5 6 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 6 9 5 ►4 d 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 9 9 11 11 11 9 7 t 9 7 7 d h4 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 9 9 11 11 11 9 9 9 9 11 11 9 ►4 d 9 10 8 10 10 10 8 10 8 6 8 9 8 8 6 8 8 8 6 6 i4 d >4 9 10 8 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 8 ►4 d 6 10 6 9 10 9 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 d h4 6 10 6 9 10 9 6 10 6 6 6 6 8 6 6 6 6 6 10 6 ►4 d 6 10 6 9 10 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 G 6 d 4 1^ 6 9 10 9 6 10 6 6 6 6 8 6 6 6 6 G 10 6 Hi d 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 10 10 12 12 12 10 9 10 10 10 9 9 4 d h4 15 i4 d 11 4 d 4 11 12 9 12 12 12 9 12 9 9 9 11 9 9 9 9 9 11 11 9 4 d 7 12 7 11 12 11 7 12 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 4 d 4 4 d 4 d 4 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 12 7 11 12 11 7 12 7 7 7 7 9 7 7 7 7 7 12 7 7 12 7 11 12 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Boots and shoes 9 9 6 5 9, 8 9 9 9 8 6, 6 9| 9 6 5 6 6 6 5 81 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 8 5 8, 5 V 1512 15 9 1512 1512 1512 15 9 1512 10 9 10' 7 12' 9 1211 12 9 12 7 11 12 11 7 Twine ...... !■> Crockery, in hoga- lioads or casks 7 7 7 10 10 10 10 12 12 10 9 7 t 9 7 7 7 7 7 trails 7 Sagar, in hogsheads. 1^ Plaster 7 IVoni Boston, M asa, t )— S pring field, ] VLaaa. North Adams Mass Brookfleld, Mass. Artlclea. iH 1874. 1881. 1887. 1893. 1874. [1881. 1887. 1893. rH 1874. 1881. 1887. 1893. hj d 6 hi d i4 d d 4 d ►4 d d 1^ hi d h4 d h4 i4 d Hi d h4 h4 d h4 d v4 4 d d ►4 4 d i4 d 4 i4 d 4 d 4 4 d 9 15 9 13 15 13 9 15 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 d 4 9 15 9 13 15 13 9 15 9 9 9 9 11 9 9 9 9 9 16 9 4 d 9 15 9 13 15 11 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 d 4 25 •>f 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 17 17 21 21 21 21 17 17 17 21 21 17 17 20 14 20 20 20 14 20 14 12 14 17 14 14 12 14 14 14 12 12 17 20 14 20 20 20 14 20 14 14 14 17 14 14 14 14 14 17 17 14 12 20 12 17 20 17 12 20 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 20 12 17 20 17 12 20 12 12 12 12 14 12 12 12 12 12 20 12 12 20 12 17 20 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 20 12 17 20 17 12 20 12 12 12 12 14 12 12 12 12 12 20 12 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 32 32 32 32 32 25 25 fr Jr) 25 21 21 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 25 25 32 32 32 25 21 25 21 21 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 25 25 32 32 32 25 25 25 25 32 32 25 27 31 23 31 31 31 23 31 23 19 23 27 23 23 19 23 23 23 19 19 27 31 23 31 31 31 23 31 23 23 23 27 23 23 23 23 23 27 27 23 15 30 15 27 30 27 15 30 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 30 15 27 30 27 15 30 15 15 15 15 22 15 15 15 15 15 30 15 15 30 15 27 30 22 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 30 15 27 30 27 15 30 15 15 15 15 22 15 15 15 15 15 30 15 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 17 17 17 17 17 14 14 14 14 14 12 12 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 13 13 16 16 16 13 11 13 13 13 11 11 18 18 IS 13 15 11 13 15 11 15 15 15 11 15 11 11 11 13 11 11 11 11 11 13 13 11 9 Boots and shoes 25[24 2o;24 25'24 25;24 25^24 25 !M 15 » 1815 13 \l 18 18 13 13 16 16 16 13 13 13 13 16 16 13 15 15 11 15 11 9 11 13 11 11 9 11 11 11 9 9 in 13 9 25 21 21 21 21 21 18 18 18 18 18 15 1& 24 17 17 21 21 21 21 14 17 17 17 14 14 15 Crockery, in hogs- heads or casks Flour 9 9 liice 9 Soap 9 11 9 fl Lard 9 Ifailfl 9 9 Coal 15 Plaster 9 CHANGES IN LOCAL RATES. 631 Table 135.— Comparison op Fkeioht Rates Charged for the Tkanspoktation OF THE articles NAMED PROM BOSTON, MASS., ETC.— Continued. Artiolos. rrom Boston, Mass., ( Fittsflold, Hass. Bacon Boots and shoes Coffee Cutlery Dry goods Glassware Starch Twine Crockery, in hogs- heads or casks Konr Eice Soap Vinegar Axle grease Cement Lard Nails - Sugar Coal Plaster 1874. 1881. 1887. 1893. 23 30 23;i6 29120 29'2I 29 30 23'20 23jl6 23 20 23I2O 29 20 2916 2316 38,24 28 28 20 20 20 24 20 20 1, Chatham, If . T. 1874. 1881. 1887. 1893. 38 38 38 38 27 32 23 32 32 32 23 32 23 18 23 27 23 27 23 2718 27 23 23 15 23|l5 23 1 15 Phi Hi d 1515 30 30 1515 27 27 30'30 27,22 IS'lS 3015 1515 15|l5 15 15 1515 2215 1515 15ll5 1515 1515 15 15 3015 1515 East Albany, K. T. 1874. 1881. 1887. 1893. 37 37 37 37 37 30 30 30l 30,30 30 30 25 24 25 21 36 4286 25 20 25 30 25 30 25 3020 30|25 30,25 36 25 36 20 30 20 Hi h4lb h) 1511 1515 15'15 3015 2515 Table 136. — Compakison of Local Freight Rates Charged by the New York AND New England Railroad prom Boston to stations named during 1886 AND 1893. [1886, Local classr&cation ; 1893, OfScial classification.] « From Boston, Mass., to— Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. s 1886. 1893. 1886. 1893. 1886. 1893. 1886. 1893. 1893. 1893. Miles. 57 18 19 21 23 25 26 25 25 25 28 30 30 30 38 38 40 40 40 40 42 42 42 46 49 18 18 20 22 22 24 22 22 22 22 26 26 27 30 80 30 30 30 3D 30 30 30 30 30 15 16 19 19 21 22 21 21 21 24 25 25 25 33 33 35 35 35 35 37 37 37 40 43 15 16 18 19 19 21 19 19 19 19 23 23 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 12 14 15 15 17 18 17 17 17 19 20 21 21 28 28 29 29 29 29 31 31 31 34 36 12 13 15 16 16 17 16 16 16 16 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 10 12 J3 13 15 16 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 23 23 24 24 24 24 26 26 26 28 30 10 11 13 14 14 15 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 15 16 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 9 10 11 12 12 13 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 g 74 9 86 9 95 10 101 109 109 117 10 11 10 10 126 10 131 10 133 13 135 Bristol, Conn 13 150 13 174 14 180 14 185 Mill Plain N Y 14 190 Brewster N. T 14 166 15 198 207 West Patterson, IJ.Y 16 15 211 15 215 Hopewell, ir.X 15 228 229 KshkiU Landing, IT. Y Newbure.N.X 15 15 632 EEPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT BATES. Table 137. — Comparison of Local Freight Rates Charged by the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad between Elmira, N. Y., and stations named during 1886 and 1893. Miles. 73 81 97 HO 138 151 167 163 167 186 198 203 207 210 214 220 224, 226 239 246 250 252 257 262 264 273 274 Between Elmiia, If. Y., and— Great Bend, Pa Susquehanna, Pa . . Deposit, N.Y Hancock, N.y Callicoon, N". Y Narrpwsburg, !N. Y Mast Hope, Pa Lackawaxen, Pa - . , Shohola, Pa Port Jervia, N.Y .. Otisville, N. Y Howells.N.Y Middletown.lf.Y.. Hampton, N.Y Goshen, N.Y Greycourt, N. Y ... Monroe, N. Y Turners, N.Y Steriington, N. Y . . Hamseya, N. J Hohokus, N. J Ridgewood N. J . . . Paterson, N. J Passaic, IN". J Kutherford, N.J... Jersey City, 'N.J... New York, N. Y . . . Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1886. 1893. 2. 1886. 1893, 3. 1886. 1893 4. 1886. 1893. A. 8i 9 10 Hi 11} 12 12i 12i 13 13J 13J 13} 13} 13} 14 14 14 14i 15 15i 15i 15i 15} 15} 16 5. 1893. 1^ 10 11 12* 13 13} 134 13J 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 1886. ? 9 10 10} 10} 10} 10} 11} 111 12} 12} 1.2} 12} 13 13 13 13} 14 14} 14} 14} 15 15 15 1893. 9 10 11} 12 12} 12} 12} 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 1886. 6i ?» l\ 9i 9i 9} 9} 10| Hi Hi Hi Hi 111 11} 11} 12i 12} 12} 12} 12} 13 13 13i NoTB.— Kates given for 1886 vrere subject to Joint Merchandise classiiicationi those for 1893 to Official olassilication. CHANGES IN LOCAL RATES. 633 TAnr,K, 1.".?!.— Comparison oi' Local Fkkkwh Uatkh CiiAniiKD ky the Nkw York Lake Ekib, and Wektkrn Railuoad betwken Pa ikubox, N. J., and staiiovs NAMED DURING 1886 AND 1893. [1888, Joint Morchandise oliwsiflcation ; 1893, Official classification . ] i MiUi. 6 7 11 15 18 31 37 43 47 60 71 94 160 176 184 198 220 239 244 257 274 28S 311 327 332 339 345 351 358 364 368 375 396 406 Between Fatorson, N. J., and — Rldgewood, N . J Holiokue,N.J Ramseys, N.J Suflorn.N.Y Staiiington, N. Y... Tnrnors.N.T Grevcourt, N. T Goshen, N.T Hampton, N. T Middletown, N. T. . . Port Jervis, N. Y . . . Lacka waxen. Pa Depo»it,N.Y Susquehanna, Pa... Great Bend, Pa ninghamton, N. Y . . Ow«*go, N. Y Waverly, N. Y Chemung, N. Y Elinira, N. Y Coming, N. Y Addison, N.y Canisteo, N. Y Canase^go.N. Y... Swains, N. Y Balton, N.Y Portage, N. Y Silver Springs, N. Y ■Warsaw,N.Y Date,H.Y Linden, N.Y Attiea,ir.Y Lancaster, N. Y Bnffalo,N.Y Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1886. 1893. 1886. 1BB3, 1886. 1893, 1886. 3 H 34 4 4 4% H 6i 6i 0| 8J 9 12J 12J 13 13i 14 141 15 154 16 16i 16} 16} 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17i 17J 17i 3i 4 H 5 54 6 04 »i 7 8i 10 134 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 B. 6. 1880. m-j. 2} 24 2* 3 3 3* 34 4 34 H H 5 ^ 5 H 64 5* 54 53 6 ''^ V4 H 9 10} 12 11 13 114 13 lis 13 i:i 13 134 13 14 13 144 13 15 13 15J 13 15} 13 15} 13 16 13 16 13 16 13 16 13 16 13 16 13 16 13 18^ 13 16} 13 Wi 13 C. 24 24 2} 3 3 3i 4 4i H 5i 6i 6i n 10 101 10} 11} 124 124 13i 134 13} 13} 14i 1.1 144 144 141 144 14} 14} 14} Table 139. — Comparison of Rates Charged for the Transportation ojf Clas- sified Traffic by tub Lehigh Valley Railroad from New York to points nambu during 1876, 1886, and 1893. [1876 and 1886, Joint Merchandise elasaification ; 1893, Official classiflcation.] From JTew York, N. Y., to- Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1876. 1. 2, 3. 4. *A. *B. 1886. 4. *A. *B. *C- 1893. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Uilet. 78 90 04 110 123 155 159 177 208 255 308 346 Easton, Fa Bethlehem, Pa Altentown, Pa Slatington, Fa .Mauoh Chunk, Pa . Hazelton, Fa Mahanoy City, Fa. . Wilkesbarre, Pa.-. Tunldiannock, Fa. . XowandaPa Ithao»,N.Y Geneva, K.Y 91 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 *Bategptitaii. 634 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 140. — Comparison op Local Fkeight Rates Upon a Milbagb Basis CHARGED BY THE LiEHIGH VaLLBY RAILROAD FROM 1876 TO THE PRESENT TIME. Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Classes (rates in cents per ton). Distance. 1. 2.1 3. 4.; 5. 6. A. B. C. CO i-i T-l i to- ss CO ! i i ! i CD S8 ss t.- 1 CO I CO QO 3 CO CO i 00 2 16 23 31 36 42 46 52 68 15 21 25 29 32 34 37 40 14 20 24 27 30 32 34 35 13 19 24 28 32 36 41 46 12 17 19 22 24 26 11 16 19 22 24 10 15 19 23 25 29 32 35 9 13 15 18 20 21 23 25 9 13 15 18 19 21 23 25 8 12 15 17 19 21 24 26 7 10 12 14 15 17 18 19 7 10 12 14 15 16 17 18 1' 9 10 11 12 14 15 8 9 10 11 12 13 120 180 250 300 340 110 170 190 220 95 150 180 225 260 300 330 360 100 140 170 190 210 230 250 270 90 50 miles 1W 150 100 miles 170 125 miles 190 150 miles 380 260 410 280 450 3nn ?m 29 28 31 30 wn 200 miles '■lO Note. — Hates 1876 to 1886, inclusive, "were governed by a local classification ; 1887 to 181 siye issues of Official classification. , by SHCoea- Table 141. — Comparison of Freight Rates charged by the Pennsylvania Railroad for the Transportation of Classified Traffic from New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore to points named during the Years, 1876, 1886, AND 1893. [1876 and 1886, Joint Mercbaudise classification ; 1893, Official clasBiflcation.] Year. Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). - ~^ To- Prom If ew York, N. Y. Prom PMladelpMa, Pa. From Baltimore, Md. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. fi. f 1876 1886 1893 1876 1886 1893 1876 1886 1893 1876 1886 1893 1876 1886 1893 1876 1886 1893 20 17 20 45 35 33 45 43 45 45 43 45 40 40 35 40 43 45 17 17 16 30 30 28 30 35 39 30 35 39 35 32 30 35 35 39 15 14 13 25 23 22 25 26 30 25 26 30 30 23 23 30 26 30 12 12 9 20 17 17 20 20 21 29 20 21 25 18 17 25 20 21 "s" 15 18 'V 15 ... 14 10 13 30 30 27 36 37 39 36 37 39 36 37 35 36 37 39 12 10 11 25 25 22 32 29 33 32 29 33 32 29 30 32 .29 33 U 9 10 20 20 18 28 24 28 28 24 28 27 23 23 27 24 28 11 8 1? 15 13i 20 18 19 20 18 19 23 18 17 23 18 19 Trenton, N. J < 35 29 30 35 27 30 24 25 25 22 25 20 20 20 18 18 14i 15 15 13i "i2i 18 'iii 61 6 lOi Harrisbnrg, Pa. - -< Hi 10 10 Altoona,Pa < 35 39 27 33 23 28 17 19 16 13 16 13 35 39 43 35 35 43 35 39 27 33 38 27 30 33 27 33 23 28 33 23 23 32 23 28 17 19 25 17 17 28 17 19 18 15 16 33 16 13 WiUiamsport, Pa.< 15 18 12 15 15 12 15 12 Erie, Pa < 16 13 16 13 CHANGES IN LOCAL RATES. 635 Table 142. — Comparison df Iaical Fim kiiii 1,'aijs ( irAi(<;KD by the IJihat.o, Rochester ani> I'ittsui i!G Railway iii;t\vi:i:x Rociikmi.!;, N. Y., anii staiion-s named during 1886 ajs'd 1893. [1886, Joint Merchandiae classification ; 1893, Official ciassiiication.] Jfife*. 2 12 18 26 34 61 84 94 109 109 118 123 124 131 138 144 166 166 174 192 206 214 228 231 From Eochester, N.T., to— 1886 1893 Lincoln Part. N. T Scottsville, X, r Mnmford, N. Y LeRov.N.T Pavilion, N.T Silver Springs, N. Y Machias, N. X Asliford, N.Y Salamanca, N. Y Kllbuck, X.Y Ijimestonc, N, Y Kendal!, Pa Bradford, Fa Big Shanty, Pa Eiderville, Pa Mt. Jewett, Pa Baaselas, Pa Johnsburg. Pa Bidgeway. Pa Broclcwayyille, Pa Da Boi8,Pa Syliea.Pa Ponxsntawney , Pa Walstou,Pa 10 12 14 15 17 18 20 20 19 L'O 27 27 27 Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds.) 1886 1893 35 35 8 10 13 13 15 17 18 18 ! 19 ! 19 21 22 22 23 I 24 24 2li 27 •2fi , 29 ! 30 ! 31 10 12 12 13 14 15 15 15 16 21 21 21 21 ' 2rt 2S 2H 31 ,30 31 30 3. «!, 4. J 10U.J I 1 r, 6 1 8 7 9 9 10 9 11 10 12 11 13 13 13 13 12 U 13 14 17 15 17 16 17 18 17 16 21 17 21 17 21 18 21 19 18 20 18 21 18 21 j 2r. 22 1 25 25 22 7 7 8 9 9 9 9 10 Ki l.'J 13 13 18 7 7 8 9 9 i) 9 10 11 11 11 12 10 10 10 I 1« i" 1 \H 14 15 14 12 15 14 15 14 12 20 17 17 2U 17 17 20 17 17 B. 1 6. c. >'f ]«Sfi 1893 1886 3 3* 2V 3 3» 4 3 ■H 5 5 4 4 5 3 4 4 6 (; 5 :t r, 1 6 (; I 6 fj 6 fii 7 71, 7 h' 8 8 ' 8 k; 8 9 9 I 10 ! 10 Ill 10 10 10 10 ! 10 12* 15 12j 15 12ii 13 Table 143. — Comparison of Local Freight Rates from Buffalo, X. Y., to STATIONS NAMED CHARGED BY THE LAKE SlI01:E AJs'D MICHIGAN SOUTHERN Eailway during 188tl and 1893. [1886, Middle and \^'estem States classification ; 1893, Official classification.] Dis- tance, UOa. 129 183 239 296 329 388 381 385 388 410 455 470 540 From Boflalo, N. Y., to — Agbtabnla, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio Norwallf , Ohio Toledo, Ohio Adrian, Mich Bntler,lnd Homer, Mich Coldwat«r, Mich Kendall viUe, Ind. - - Eaton Bapids, Mich. South Bend, Ind.... PlainweU, Mich . . . . Chicago, HL Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 2. 1886. 1893. 1886. 1893. 21 22 27i 27i 36i 37 40^ 41 37 40J 41 41 42J 1880. 11803. 1886. 1893. 13 13 16 16 19 19 21 21 19 21 22i 224 1886. 1893. n 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 12 14 14 14 li 636 BEPOBT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT EATES. Tabls 144. — CoMPASisoN or Locaj. Frbght Bates ciiaegrd by thi Vask Shokb akd Michigan Southekn Bailwat fbom Toikdo, Ohio, to stations named dukikg 1886 akd 1893. pass, ICddle and Veatem states eUaaificatian; 1893, OffieiaI< Dis- tance. Classes (rates ia eenta per IW 3. i. 5l 10 8 S 8 f* fi 15 12 7 ll* 9t '♦ 17 13 9 12i n 8 17 » 10 15 11 9 IS 10 8 14 10 8 20 13 11 lai 9* 8 » 15 12 i«t 12 M as 13 13 IS 13 U a> IS 13 17 12* m 20 13 13 18 13 11 ao 15 1* 23 IS 13 Jfila: 33 71 113 U4 136 159 17* 187 241 Adrian, Mich ...... ...... ...... 5 Jackson, Midi . ...< HoDKT.Mich .. , < Coldirater.MicIi i CIeTeIaiid,0]iio. J Eaton Sapida,lficli i ThieeBiTei8.M]ch ^ SonthSend,Ind i i P]ainireIl,Hic]i J A21egan,Mich J [ Clu£ago,in Jj 18S6 1S93 1^ ime 1893 18S6 18r» lg£« ISSO 1$^ 15S3 ]i<86 I«83 ISSS 1893 1S93 1S*6 1898 1886 1893 13 9 22 ^ 3 ]7 26 19 25 20 30 17 33 2t 37 ^ ! 40 ; 40 33 11 19^ U SI iH 18 15i 26 2U 29" at 30 2^ 30 21 30 30 5 ' 4 c « 8 T 8 « i 7 9 H M 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 TaBLS 145. — COMPAMSOil OF LOCAL FREIGHT BATES CHARGKD BT THK'LaKB Shore and Michigan Southern Railway from Chicago, Iix., to stations named during 1886 and 1893. [188S, Middle and Western States daaaificatiiui; 1893, Official elassHJnatiw 1 Dis- tanee. Tnnn Cbicago, HI, 1 Tear. Class (lates in eeats per 100 a. 3l 4. & 14 13 U 8 m 9t 8 «* 23 18 13 10 16 13 10 8 26 23 16 13 2>i IS* 12 10 30 35 18 13 K* m 13 U 28 33 13 13 at ist 13 10 30 20^ 15 13 »* 18* 19* 11* 34 a; 20 15 26t 20 14 Il- 34 27 20 ls 27 M* 144 12* 30 33 16 IJ* aat 31 15 13 30 23 16 1^ 30 SB IS 13 40 30 20 15 34 35 17 15 JfilM. 49 89 130 155 162 168 187 198 211 244 3S7 0ti8,Ind ICiahawaka, Ind . Three Sireis, Mich Cdd water, Mich BatlQr,Ind Plain wen. Mich Homer, Mich ....... Jackson, Mich Adriai>,Mich Toledo, Ohio ClsTelaud, Ohio 1SS6 1833 1886 1833 1886 1893 1888 18^ 18S6 1893 1886 ISit: 18SS 1S93 1886 18»3 1886 189a 1888 1893 16 il* IS 3S »4 37 26 33 27 40 28 40 291 40 30* 40 33 40 33 50 37 6 •5 7* 3 10 8 10 9 10 8* 10 9 13 9 13 • 10 9 10 9 U u CHANGES IN LOCAL BATES. 637 Tablr H6. — Comparison of Freicit Rates Charged for the Tbanbi-orta- noN OF Classified Traffic by thi: Michigan Cextrai. Railroad from Dbtroit, Mich., Kalamazoo, Mich., axd Cui6ago, Iuc, to points named dur- ing Ykass isa AXD 1893. lUa- Jfiln. ^* •m 108 108 96 131 113 108 UO lU 285 110 ITS lOT 115 «8 18S 16S «» 8 105 36 13« IM 141 1S8 IT 84 US 309 I8B 1C4 VS 177 94 57 Classes (rates in cents per 100 poonds). 1884. 1893. 1SS4. !lg03. [1884. >1893. From Detroit Mieh., to— Ann ArlHvr.Mich --■ Tpsilanti. .Mich Jackson. Mich . B»y City. Mich £^t Saginaw, Mich AlMon.Mich Battle Crwk, Mich Lansing. Mich MaishalLMich Owosao,Mieh Kalamazoo. Mich'- Chicagn-IU Giand Rapids, Mich Knee, Mich »- IdOchisan City.Ind Fmm Kaumaioo, Micb., to- Ajm Arbor. Mich Tpailanli.Mich Jachson.Mich Bay City.Mich £ast SiisinMr, Mich Albion. Mitth Battib Cn!d.Miah ijmsinff.Mich . Marshall. Mich Owo^iso. Mich Detroit, Mich Chicapxlll Grand R.npids,Mich Kiles-Mich — MichicJin Citr.lnd From CMcago,lll.,to— Ann Arbor.Mich -.. Tpsilanti. Mich ■- Jackson, Mich > Bar City, Mich £ast Saginaw. Mich . . Albi « 1 s c 12 9 8 51 5' 41 10 I* 21 6 48 Bancroft, Mich Otterbum, Mich 22 22 7J 18 13 7i 14 13 V.[ 7 1 121 12 7 11 34 f>r. iu '}.^ •?() 101 19 ' * Kates under bead of 6th class for 1832 applied on grain and floui ia carloads. CHANGES IN LOCAL, BATES. 639 Tabix 151.— Comparison of Ix>cai, Fkbight Rates Chabged bt thk Chicago AND Gkard Trunk Railwat fbou Chicago, Iu., to stations nauxo during 1882, 1887, AND 1893. [Bates prior to April 5, 18S7, were snineet to Middle ;and Western States claaaificatioii. and aaliee- quenuy to Offieial c]as8ifieatk>n.] Sis- From Chleaeo, HL, t Classes (Tatea in cents per 100 pounds). 5. 55 Ainairart]i,I]id -.... 75 Kingsbury, Ind 113 Sdwardsbnre.llicli. 131 Wakelee.Micli 16 Cliniax.Mich 248 BancrofLUich 263 I Otterbnm. Uich 317 I Rnmet, Midi .-- lOi la 2». 3Sl 381 3^ 45 45 «2 40l ".1 9i 16 20 24 27 9 ! 13 1 18 f 21i' 24 30 3 ^ 13 12 2«i 14 3» l«i ij 18 38 22 28 23 30 23 i ,i 7J' 13.' 9 10' 1 14 U' lOJ 16 16 12 1» I*' 13 2,J 18l 15 25 18; 15 20^201 15 I li 6 T 13' 13, U 13 15 isl 18 14 15 12 18 15 • I I te 7 a< 10 » 10 iff 13 11 1% 13. 15 13^ 1^ 13} 15 I 5 6 10 1 9* 10 U 10 12*1 5 6 7 8 9 9 9 Tabus 152. — Comparison op Local Fbbight Rates Chabgkd bt the Chicago AND Grand Trunk Eailwat pbou Charlotte, Mich., to stations named SORING 1882, 1886, and 1893. [Darii^ 18S2iatasi ; during 1888 tij the Middle and Westecn I daring 1893 by Officii c' '* •" ' Classes (rates in eents per UOpovads). IMs- Tlram Charlotte, Hieh., 1. i. 3. 1 4. aL «. w— si i i s GO i^ d S § 5 S oc . oc oo cc i i s § *_ i .-* JfiZOL 156 126 83 A]na««rl]i,bd Wakdee. ICieh 53 SO 42 39 30 34 37 47 40 40 36 36 18 43 40 33 3(1 30 30 28 24 21 16 14 33 30 26 24 1 i 20 18 27 15 20 16 24 15 20 13 3o; 1» 20 111 1« 15 13 91 :::■ U 11 J2 10 U 7] 10 6 12 9f 20 18 16 U U 12 U 17 10 10 10 10 7 10 10 10 8 8 7 ^ 36 (HiinlT.lfwli .- -- 30 9^ 23 23 9 34 lli 251 25 lOJ. 17 IT 8 i 13. 13' 74 5 47 B^naoO, Mich 19 19 91 IS 15' 8 1(^ 17 15 ^ 15 22 IS 11 8 62 U6 OttarlMini,Mieli :bim0t,Kidi 35 14 ari 28 ™ 22 20 35 2U ^ 30 19l 29 20 _ i 1 'Sates nnder head of 6th dass for 1882 applied on grain and flour in ear loads. TABLX 153. — COMPABIBOH OF LOCAL FREIGHT SaTES CHARGED BT THE CHICAGO akd Gkahd Trunk Satlwat from Port Hobon, MI&h., to stations named DURDTG 1881, 1887, AND 1893. fBatMiricr to Apnl 5, 1887, vere sidgeet to Middle and Western States elasaifleation, and snhse qncmtly to Offieial rlannifinrtiffn ] daases (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Dis- )7romPortHiiraB,M]eh., JfiZn. 290 260 222 204 170 87 72 18 AinswutUi-liid ..... Kingsbnry. Ind £dwardjabiirg, Mich Wakelee, Mich Olimax, Mich Bancroft, Mich Otterbnrii. Mich Emmet, Mich 640 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 154.— Local Freight Rates Charged for Various Distances by the Lake Erie and Western Railroad during 1886 and 1893. [1886, Local classification ; 1893, OfBcial classification.] • Classes (rates in cents per 100 ponnds). DiBtanco. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1886. 1893. 1886. 1893. 1886. 1893. 1886. 1893. 1886. 1893. 1886. 1893. 16 19 27 36 54 65 77 10 13 16i 21 31 36 40 14 17 22 31 44 55 67 9 12 14i 19 29 33 36 12 15 18 26 :i6 45 53 7 8 lOJ 15 23 24 25J 9 11 15 20 28 35 41 5i 7 6 7 8 9 11 14 15 21 17 i 26 18 ' 31 4 5 6J 9 15 f 7 9 13i 18i 22 3i 41 r| i 300 miles - . 11 400 miles 12 Table 155. — Comparison of Local Freight Rates Charged by the Clevelanb, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway from Cincinnati to statio.n's named during 1886 and 1893. Dis- tance. MUet. 22.3 48.8 87.3 113.2 146.7 158.5 From Cincinnati, Ohio, to — Hands, Ohio Carroll ton, Ohio Moorefield, Ohio Marysfield, Ohio "White Sulphur, Ohio . . - Cardlngton, Ohio St. James, Ohio (Iberia) Classes (rates in cents per 100 ponnds). 7i 12 25 25 25 28 28 1886. 1893. 1886. 1893. Hi 22 22 22 24 24 1886. 1893. 11 20 20 20 21 21 7 9 13 13 13 131 13i 5. 5* 9 9 9 10 10 1886. 1893. Table 156. — Comparison of Local Freight Rates Charged by the Cleveland, CiNciNXATi, Chicago, and St. Louis Railway from Cleveland, Ohio, to stations named during 1886 and 1893. Dis- tance. From Cleveland, Ohio, to — Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1886. 1893. 1886. 1893. 5. 1886. Miles. 110.6 150.0 215.6 255.0 North Eaton, Ohio Rochester, Ohio ... Shiloh,Ohio Agosta, Ohio De Graff, Ohio HoQston, Ohio Farmland, Ind Pendleton, Ind 7i 11 15i 16 16J' 20 25 29 35 ^ 14 14 22 26 26 30 32 6i 10 10 13 14 14 15 16 7i 7i 9 11 11 13 13 S 6 6 8 9 9 10 11 CHANGES IN LOCAL BATES. 641 Table 157.— Compakison of Local Pueight Kates Charged by the Ohio and Mississippi Railway from Cincinnati, Ohio, to stations named during YEARS 1876, 1887, AND 1893. [Govomod by Official classiflcation.] Dis- tance. Miles. 52 73 98 130 106 127 158 173 192 223 245 270 293 316 341 From Cincinnati.Ohio, to- ~ Osgood, Ind Korth VernoD, Ind . Lexington, Ind Louisville, Ky Medorn, Ind Mitchell, Ind Loo^ootee, Ind Washington, Ind. . - Vinceiines, Ind 01ney,lll Flora, HI Salem. Ill Carlyle,Ill Lebanon, 111 East St. Louis, 111. . Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds) . 34 24 L'4 21 241 24 25| 25 ■i's, h 31 31 31 31 31 31 33 33 40 40 40 22 22 22 22 22l 22 22 30 13, 20 31 1 20 18, 20 30 22 13 12i 9 124 25' 12i 10 13 25 13 11^ 11 11 11 11 11 13 13 15 15 15 1 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 10| 10 12 12 Table 158. — Comparison of Local Freight Bates Charged by the Ohio and Mississippi Eailway from East St. Louis, III., to stations named during YEARS 1876, 1887, AND 1893. [Governed by Official classification.] Dis- tance. From East St. Louis, Dl., to— Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 00 Oi 00 CO Mileg. 48 96 118 149 191 214 268 289 341 293 325 Carlyle,ni Flora, 111 Olney, 111 Yincennes, Ind Shoals, Ind MitcheU,Ind North Vernon, Ind Osgood, Ind Cincinnati, Ohio. . . Lexington, Ind Louisville, Ky 31 21 40 24 45I 25 40 31 17 •A 11 11 Ki 13 ir. i: 15'.. 15| u 1 9 9 9 10 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2, 12 S. Eep. 1394 11 642 BEPOKT OX CHAXGES Ds FEEIGHT RATES. Table 1o:>. — Ci»eparisox of Locai. Freight Rates Chaegep bt Wabash Eail- KOAD FROM Chicago to stati'^xs xamed durtsg teaks 1S52, IS^, axd 1893. 'Su J , :: to TTestem classification.] Ms- t From Chicago, ni-, to— Tear. 1 Cliases (ntee in cents per 100 ponnds). taii._e. L j 2. 3. ; 4. j 5. 1 A. , B. i C. D. JliUt. 519 BeDaiap.Ia 5^H SloomfieHIa 617 Eurlin^'.-n Jinictioil.Mo--. 4S7 C-TTToUton. SIo 410 Centralia-Mo 511 Cliilli;.;.llie,iIo 636 Cain la 430 CimiiLDgli;iin. iTo 5rj Darlinjitoii, ilo 537 Galtann-ilo Glasgow, Mo 516 Glen wood and Glenirood J. 491 Kirksvllle, Mo Lathrop, Mo 456 ilicoD.Mo I 671 MalTem, Iowa 604 MaryrlUe, Mo I 396 Mexico, Mo 434 Moberlr.Mo 530 Muulton, Iowa 565 <_'trmnwa. Iowa Plattsburg. Mo 616 EoselHjrry, Mo 318 St. Peters Mo 649 Shenandcii. Iowa , 637 AVest GroTe^Iowa... , ( 1S3 ( l.-a3 I Si ( 1SS3 I fir:? 1^93 ! 1».--J 1^93 ij£i-; l-J-2 Si / i.ig-i :i3 sia Si3 ; SSI ( lo33 I 60 I'.'-J IC-J 60 90 90 60 85 90 I 60 60 9t 102 60 70 TO 60 90 60 101 102 60 62 60 60 1112 103 60 70 75 40 SO 61 61 30 66' es ' 50 SSI 50 I es 70 I 5il 50 TO 62 «■-! 50 75 611 7' 60 60 30 85 70 ' 90 60 50 60 54 60 54 GO SO 104 Jt 85 50 81 85 30 GO 601 30 I 60 SO ' 40 50 . 35 25 26 26 25 4> 30 4$ 30 35 25 70 45 70 I 45 25 31 35 i 23 33 I 33 35 I 33 60 45 < 30 33 60 50 60 50 30 22 60 50 55 40 30 22 33 46 46 35 i 23 50 I So -0 30 12.5 40 IS 29 3D 18 24 26 If 40 40 18 '36" IS 30 30 13 30 30 ...T 30 25 18 30 30 30 25 I? 33 •^.i 35 30 40 18 34 33 17 34 35 17 25 26.3 2&3 45 45 25 ."1 33 23 35 32.5 24 p; 27-5 24 ' 40 45 33 45 25 25 24 35 30 24 15 30 i 15 29 30 30 23.5 I 30 li 12 2>i 15 24 25 i 13 a I 13 19 19 15 I lb i 23 [30 I 14 14 17.3 17. 5 12.5 19 19 14 30 20 , 15 30 25 29.5 23 20 1.5 35 3..i U5 i U 23 21 25 2j 14 15 24.5 20 30 U S3 U 20 I 10 ! 20 40 20 15 15 15.3 15 ol 33 15 30 35 15 I 19l5 ! ia.5 15 I 13.5 13 17 17 12-5 2»l 12.5 I 12.5 17 ?5 70 50 33 50 39 50 40 50 35 83 59 85 70 50 35 60 50 60 50 30 ~ 30 15 20 18 40 IS 30 12.5 29 ,»> ' 15 30 I" 47 4.5 23 40 45 25 34 35 17 24 20 12 15 35 33 15 17 15 30 35 15 IS 12. 5 10 24 13 10 14 23 20 10 . CHANGES IN LOCAL RATES. 643 '^nilnoj:^RO^''rn?^r.^^t^'"'''' ^""^'"''^ ^''^^■' Charged by the Wabash "xD 189^ TOMDO, Ohio, to stations named durixg 1876, 18«2, 1887, [lUtesln effect prior to April, !*"■ J«" g^erned by iliddle and NVestem St.tes claaaiBcation ; sub- aetiuent rates by Official classification.] From Toledo, Ohio, to— to '« 't» ,. _ , , . . - oo , X =: i~ IDC oc JKUt. 50 »1 118 IST 160 249 287 285 323 361 395 461 433 Classes (rates in cents per lOO pounds). X X X » XX Defiance, Ohio I24'l6l]6(l2 ,2013 13 Fort AV^ayne, Ind 32 20 20 204 27 1. Ifi Huntington, Ind 37 24|2i|25 32 2rt W.il.ash.Ind- 4028.2827 ;34 23 23 L..f:,uisp{.rt, Ind 4.5 28:;0|30 :3S23 24 D,.Dville. HI 55 40 59,37 U8 30 45 Chanipaigni, HI 50 t-9 38 ;..i40;47 Tolouo.Ill 61 50 03:38 53!4oi-l7 Decatnr.ni 66 55 63 39 574547 Springfield, IH 7160 63 40 i62 50147 J.-lck30nTille, 111 75606340 16650,47 East Hannibal, m ?5 . . 46'47J 74 . . 35 East St. Louis, HI 80 50 46,41 |70'45,35 I'll III! 11 161010 18*251212 24 15 15 27 IS 18 30 18 17 32 2»25 35 33 ..3035 33 (41 30 35 34 '45 35:!5 36 49 40 35 36 52 40 35 42J 59 . . 25; 37 55 35 25, 24 jlO '12! 7 7| 8 14*1710 1011 19 1911 1112 19 211343 13 21 2413 13 14 25 30 20 25 16 26 ]..!25 2518 26 i33;25 2518 20 36 30 25 1 g 26 4u 28 25 18 27 42 30 25 19 31 j48... 17 22i ,27 45 23,17,19 9il0 10 10 9' 10 o 6 IllJ' 9i 6 7 1.- 12* 6 7J M'i 14' 6 ©5 li*j ] 7* il412 25 22J 16 1812^ 22 2i;u 20 11713 ' 20 18;14 il6 |15 13 ;26i 23} 22 1915 Il9 11513 27J 25 22i 19 15 |204 15 13 301 27| 23 1915 '2l"il513 32J30 ...13 20 ... 1016J.36,34 l;i 13 17 17 1014 35" 324 . i I 1 I I I Tabij; 161. — CoMPAKisoN OP LocAi Freight Rates Chakged bt the Terre Haute akd Indiaxapoijs Railroad from Indiakapous to STixioss named DURLNG 1883 AND 1893. Dis- tance. From Indianapolis, Ind., to— Commodities (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Alcohol. Less than carloads. 1883., 1803 Carloads. Apples, dried. Fertiilizers. Less than p,-, 'Less than carloads. ^"'oa«8- ' carloads. 1883. 1893. 1883. 1893. 1883. 1893 Carloads. 1883. 1893. irOei. 38 72 80 90 log 117 140 152 171 185 238 Green castle, Ind . Terre Hante, Ind- 18 11.2 22 114 4 Farrinpron. HI 25. 3 23 14.4 Marshall HI I 25.9' 23 CaseT, HI 27.1 24 Greenup, HI ! 27.7 26 EfSngbam, HI 28. 0| 26 Altamont, HI 29.8)28 VandaUa. HI Smithboro. Hi East St. Louis, lU 15.2 ,10.641 9.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 12 17. 28, 12. 5 18. 56; 13 !l9.36 14 31 28.620 I 14 31. 6 30 !20. 32 14 34. 5 32 i22. 08' 15 19 25 25. 3: 25.9 27.1 28.9 29.8 31 31. 6| 34.5 15 18 19.514 19. 5 15. 20 16. 21 17. 22 18. 22 19. 22. 5 20 23 20. 24 22. 11. 11. 2 , 11. 04 12 2s 12. 14 17.5 11. 18 , 11. 19 ' 11. 5' 5.65' 5 7 I 5 7.2 I 5 7.55' 20.8 12 8.2 21.6 12.5 8.55 1 23.2 13 9.2 24.2 14 9.6 25 14 10 25.4: 14 10.2 ^27.6^15 U.55 6.5 7 7.5 7.5 8 8.5 9 9 9.5 9.5 10 Dis- tance. 38 — o 80 90 108 117 140 152 171 185 238 From Indianapolis, Ind., to — Commodiries (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Glassware. Horse and mule shoes. Less than car- loads. i Less Car- ' than loads. car- loads. Carloads. 1883 1893 1883 1893 1883 1893 1883 1893 Gre«iica5tle. Ind 23 Terre Hante, Ind '30 Farrington, HI ,31 Marshall. HI 32 Casev, HI '34 Greenup, HI 35 Effingham, HI |37 14 15 14 9.5 7.35 ,7. ;17.518 ,17.5115 8.8 I 9 18 19.518 ill. 6' 9 9 il9 19.519 11.5' 9.4 9 '20. 8 20 20. 8 12 !lO. 25 10 21.6 21 '21.6 12.510.7 10. 23.2 22 123.213 ill. 55 11 Altamont.ru '38.428 24.222 124.214 12 11 Vandalia.Hl 40 28.525 22.525 14 ];.6 11. Smithboro.ni '40.830 i25.423 125.414 12.9 11. East St. Louis, HI -..'44.4 32 27.624 127.615 14.5 12 I I I I I I I I Iron fencing. Less than car- loads. 1883 523 30 1 32 1893 Car- loads. Oranges and lemons. Less than car- loads. Car- loads. 1893 1883 1893 1883 1893 9.45 7. 11.75 9 .34 20 5 35 21 37 '22 i38. 4 22 5 40 22. 5 40.8 23 144.4 24 I I 512 512.4 13.2 13.6 14.4 14.8 5il5. 2 15.4 5 28 '18 36 22 37 123 39 ,23 '43 24 5 45 tec j47 2.i '48. 6 28 5 50. 2 2.8, 5 51 30 54-8 32 I I 19 15 '25 IS ;2.'.3 V..,5 125.9 19.5 27. 1 2U 28. 9 22 29. : 5 31 22. 5 31.6 23 !34. 5 24 I I 644 EEPOET OX CHANGES IN FEEIGHT KATES. Tablb 161. — CoMPAEisox OF Local Feeigitt Bates Chaeged by thb Tebek Hacte axi) Lntjiaxai-ous Eailkoad, etc. — Continued. Dis- tance. Commodities (rates in cents per 100 ponnds). Prom Tndianapolia, Ind., to — xan. 38 Greencastl^. Ind 72 Terr'r Hau'.*;, Ind 80 Farrin^oi!- lU 90 MaixJiaD. ni 108 Casey, III 117 'rTrecDirp. Ill ,, 140 Efflnghaaj- in 152 Altarn'mtm 171 Vandalia,!!! iSa Smithboro, Dl 238 East St. Lonis, HI Poultry, dreaged. Seeds, garden. Eluding tvine. Xess than loan*. vg^m» I 1.688 Car- I tlian ) Car- loads, car- I loads. I loads. @p83 tfaan car- Car- loads. Zinc, trigs and slabs. Lees than car- loads. Carloads. lKl3188»iIS93 13831893 1^31893 1883 1893 1^31893 1883 1893 -i- 23 20 14 "20 2i V, 24..vl7..524.5 8f; ■il 25 14 If, y.l 2.0 2.5 2<> 2/ 2!) ;si 5 ■ 9.514 \ 0.51X2 U. 517.511.514 11.518 ^i.TjU.i ill. 519 'n. 5 1.5. 2 12 2».812 16.*;4 2LS12.517.2* S.213 24.214 . 2 13 .214 .-2.5 2.5 14 K IM ;23 124 .414 .615 1>..5« V>. .3« 20 S.414 20.32 27.615 a. 081 8 8. .5 9 g 9.5 Table IK.— Compaeisox of Locai, Fbeight Eatbs Chaegbd bt the Cejctrai, Iowa Eailwat fbom Pzoeia, Ijul., to poixt^ xaaied dueixg Teaes 1886 asd 1893. IGoremeAliy 'Weston elassification.] 3?'rom Peoria, IIL,to— Classes (rates in cents per I'/j pounds). DiB- -\ - S- *. ! 5- ! A. 1 B. j a 1 D. 1 JE. is 5 5 ^- T, 'r. -r. lilllllllirillli MOa. 335 247 190 109 Mason City. Iowa . MarsballtownJCmra Oskalooi=a. linra— - Morning Sim,I IC i/1 1^ 15, Hi... 15 g ^,; 23i 22 21 17 25i 21 2: ;•: J. is| li; Ui-..! 10 31 24, %. 17 21 12 22j 11 li. 1. 1.5 »| U: 8|...S 7 CHANGES IN LOCAL BATES. 645 Table 163.— CoMPARtsoN of Local Freight Eates Charged by the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railroad between Chicago, III. and station b named, during 1886 and 1893. [Subject to ■Western olasaification.] Dis- tance. From Chicago, 111., to — Year. Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). B. Miles. 215 229 261 281 295 327 357 3C2 385 417 431 447 459 Latty.Iowa Morning Sun, Iowa . . . Nichols, Iowa I £lmira,Iowa Ely, Iowa Vinton, Iowa Waterloo, Iowa Cedar Falls, Iowa Clai'ksviUe, Iowa N9ra Junction, Iowa. . Manly Junction, Iowa Gordonsville, Minn . . . Albert Lea, Minn 1880 1893 1880 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1888 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 34 24 15 25 15 26 16 27 16 27 18 26 18 28 20 28 20 29 20 31i 20 31i 20 34 20 35 20 15 11 15 11 16 12 20 13 20 13 20 13 20 14 20 14 20 14 23 14 23 14 23 14 221 14 10 12 12 13 is Table 164.— Comparison of Local Freight Rates Charged for the Transpor- tation OP Classified Traffic by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway prom Chicago, III., to stations named during Years 1883 and 1893, [Governed by "Western classification.} Dis- tance. Miles. 228 282 '365 417 487 From Chicago, 111., to — Marion, Iowa ... Tama, Iowa Melbourne, Iowa Perry , Iowa - Manning, Iowa Council Bluifs, Iowa, Tear. 18R3 1893 1883 1893 1883 1893 1883 1893 1883 1893 1883 1893 Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 2. 3. 5. A. B. C. D. E. 10 646 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 165.— CoMPAnisosr of Local Freight Rates Charged by the Chicago AND Great Western Railway between Chicago, III., and points named DDKtNG 1886 AND 1893. [1886 Joint 'WeBtem classiflcation, 1893 Western classification.] Dis- tance. Between Chicago, 111., and- Tear. Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). B. D. E Miles. 345 354 373 379 393 399 403 410 418 373 368 362 355 350 Hayfield, Minn , Dodge City, Minn. . . West Concord, Minn Kenyon, Minn , Nerstrand, Minn Bandolph, Minn Hampton, Minn Empire, Minn , Eich Valley, Minn . - . Invergrove, Minn — Lyle, Minn Varco, Minn Austin, Minn Bed Book, Minn Waltham, Minn 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 18D3 1886 1893 1880 1893 18SG 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 18 14 17i 14 m 14 17i 14 17i 14 17i 14 16 14 16 14 15 14 15 14 20 14 20 14 20 14 20 14 18 14 13 13 13 13 Table 166. — Comparison of Local Freight Rates Charged by the Wisconsin Central Railroad between Chicago and points named during 1886 and 1893. [Subject to "Western classification.] Classes (rates-4n cents per 100 pounds). ll ■a i ■S.S 1 Between Chicago, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. c. Salt. a"^ ft^ 1 (U m., and— 11 1 1 J O Hi o M rn rn •n m rA -pU ^ «n rn ill 7 7* 6 ^ 5 8)f 5 7 5 s* 7 8* 10 2ai 59 50 51 42 ■i:i :a :!2'23 25'18 'i^ 23 19 18 18 15 13* 10 13* 10 15.if 12 16* 14* 16* 19 250 Stevens Point, Wis 63 50 55 42 44 ■■a 34 2H 25 18 26* 2b 2H IS 19 15 15 10 15 10 16 12 20 14* 20 201 271 281 Marshfield, Wis .. 7a 58 62 48 64 37 41 23 3U 18 31i 23 24* U 22 16 18 10 18 10 20} 12 24 23 24 317 Medford, Wis.... 79 60 67 50 68 40 45 25 33 20 35* 25 28 20 23* 17 20* 12if 20* 12* 22* 13 27*25 27* 32* 358 Phillips, Wis 86 62 74 52 63 42 50 26 40 20 38 26 31* 20 25* 17 23* 15 2a!t 12*241 13* 31 27* 31 34* 402 Glenwood,Wis... 80 6U 70 60 60 40 45 26 30 20 36 26 30 20 25 17 23i 124 23i 10 24 14 30 25 30 27 CHANGES IN LOCAL RATES. 647 Tabub 167.— Comparison of Ciass Rates fkom Milwaukee, Wis., to r.dCAi, STATIONS ON THB MILWAUKEE AND NORTHEUN RaILUOAD DURING 1882 A^'D lo93i [Subject to Weateru olassification.] Dis- tance. MUet. 18 25 36 55 106 99 124 139 Fiom Milwaukee, Wis., to— Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Thienaville, Wis 12 Grafton, Wis 15 Fredonia, \Vi.a 18 PljTnoutli, Wis 22 Kiel, Wis 28 Hayton, Wis 32 Hirbert,Wia (32 .■\ pppleton, Wis |35 Greenleaf , Wis 35 Tremble, Wis '45 Stiles, Wis 53 9 11 11 i:i 13 1^2 27 ,27 3:1 27 2« 35 30 130 35 30 !30 37 37 32 40 43 33 17i 17 115 22.1 20 20 22 22 22 23 24 24 2-4 24 30 25 35 25 18 ,21 20 1 23 9 10 ,10" IlJll 12U2i 12» 14 12i 10 ;i2i 10 |i:ij2i !lj ,25 5 6 7* 10 I 8 1141 9 1-IMlO H"|ll U 12 14 12 15 16 174 18 C. 14J12 1. 16 il21,. Table 168. — Comparison of Class Rates from Chicago, III., to local stations on the milwaukee and northern railroad during 1882 and 1893. [Subject to Western classification.] rrom Cliicago, Hi., to— Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Dis- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. c. D. E. iH .H 1 1 T-t 1 gg i-t 12 13 15 16 18 19 19 19 19 22 23 12 12J 10 11 m n 11 gig 81 84 94 9i CO 8 9 2" 35 8 9 10 11 00 ... CO a s 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 12 00 3 Miles. 103 110 TMensville, Wis Grafton, Wis 27 30 27 30 23 25 28 30 23 25 27 30 19 21 23 25 27 19 21 23 25 27 15 16 18 20 22 24 24 24 24 27 29 15 16 18 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 23 6 fi 121 140 Fredonia, Wis Plymoulb. Wis 33 :J3 37 37 40 411 12il2| 12J 11 11 110 12il4 14 12 12 11 7 8 153 Kiel, Wis 32 '32 36 '36 36 136 36 136 36 36 39 |36 43 ,36 13 15J 16 13 ,13 '12i 12i 8 162 43 43 43 43 48 53 43 43 43 43 43 43 14 |17 17J 14 |14 I13412J ... 8 171 191 Hiibert, Wis 29 29 29 ■19 15 II8 17J15 115 13J 15 ;20 17J 16 :i5 14 15 !20 17J 16 !l5 114 15 234 18 19Jil5il7 17 126 20 ,21J'17 119 It-.:: 15 ... 8 8 184 29 29 33 29 35 29 8 209 11* 224 Stiles Wis _ 1 Table 169.— Comparison of Local Freight Rates Charged by the Minne- apolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway during 1886 and 1893. [1886, Local classification. 1893, Western classification.] Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1. 2. 3- 4. 6. A. B. 0. D. E. 00 rH CO 3 i t-t 1 29 34 33 30 36 45 rH 23 26 21 35 18 21 15 ' CO IB 21 21 rH 16 18 15 CO g CO u 16 13 11 13 11 CO CO CO i 82.5 120.4 217 From Minneapolis, Minn., to— PaynesviUe, Minn. . . Glenwood, Minn From St. Paul, Minn., to— Ehinelander, Wis . . . 58 62 77 45 52 52 47 54 66 38 44 43 37 44 55 9 10 10 648 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 170. — Rates Chauged fok the Transportation op Wheat, Flour, Mill- stuffs, Corn, and Oats from Points on the Northern Pacific Railroad to St. Paul, and Duluth, Minn., from August 5, 1881, to the pkksbnt time. o To St. Paul and Dulnth from — Kates in cents per 100 pounds, carloads. 8§ gFM h 4 Ptr-( ii big r to ■ CO 3 . 1-= in f a-' <1 w o Miles. Fer'nis Falls Minn 25 25 30 33 23 25 30 33 23 25 30 33 21 23 28 30 21 23 27 30 20 23 25 30 17 20 24 30 17 20 24 :io 21 11' 24 30 21 15 18 22 27 19 15 18 22 27 18 21 15 16 22 27 18 19 15 16 22 27 18 19 T) 251 Fargo N Dak 15i 344 445 Bismarck, N. Dak ?•) 95 G-rand Forks K. Dak. - 17 189 18 Table 171. — Comparison of Local Freight Rates Charged by the North- ern Pacific Railroad between the points named during 1886 and 1893. 8§ ■Sta R MUen. 138 204 251 344 445 560 666 891 Between St. Paul, Min- neapolis, or Duluth and- Brainerd, Minn Detroit, Minn Fargo, If . Dak Jamestown, N. Dak Bismarck, N. Dak . . Diakinson, N". Dak. . G-ieudive, Mont Billings, Mont Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1886, Northern classification. 1893, Western classification. 12 10 17 14 20 16 24 19 24 Table 172. — Comparison of Local Freight Rates Charged by the Northern Pacific Railroad between St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Duluth, Minn., and stations named during 1887 AND 1893. [Subject to Western classification.] »1 Between St. Paul, Minneapo- lis, or Duluth, Miun ., and— Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 5^^ Ba 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. D. E. i i i 3 i i-H i 1 H 1 i>^ 1 s i 92 0*> 1 125 g CO 82 82 87 114 123 00 100 100 110 118 cc 72 72 77 92 00 Milei. 1, 032 1 130 Bozeman.Mont 300 300 325 380 430 250 250 260 295 322 250 250 276 319 362 215 216 226 253 275 200 200 v^. 175 ]7^ 145 145 155 160 IGO 1K0 125 125 135 152 166 150 150 110135 11(1 in'i 62 02 67 1 2.54 225|185[-.;0U 25320fi2?0 280!2:iol2-JK 170 12(1 185141 197 163 155 168 178 103 135 134 145 146155 1,356 1,427 'I'liompson Falls, Mont i7i;'2uo 186 -J i:^ 7» CHANGES IN LOCAL BATES. 649 Tabli! 173.— Compahisox of Local Freight Rates Charged dy the Union Pacific Eaii,way Between Omaha and Kansas City and points named DURING 1883, 1887, and 1893. [Subject to "Western classification.] ' 1^ MUe-s. 91 153 196 569 720 1,428 1,165 139 186 420 639 790 746 938 1,656 1,259 1,393 Between Onialia,Ne'br.,and- Colum'bus, Nebr Grand Island, Nebr... Kearney , Nebr Denver, Colo Leadrille, Colo Butte, Mont Pocatello, Idaho Between Kansas City, Mo. and — Junction City, Kans . . SaliDa,Xans Wallace, Kans Denver, Colo Leadville, Colo Chey«-nne. "Wyo Kawlins, Wyo Butte, Mont Ogden, Utah - Pocatello, Idaho Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 125 200 2J5 ,345 250 250 250 305 50 58 114 125 200 235 1 345 125 [170 220 ,228 250 ;250 250 i265 250 305 30 45i 56 95 190 215 215 45i 50 80 95 190 95 180 215 215 215 37 424 72 80 160 80 154 175 175 175 16 26 34 50 110 125 125 24 29 54 50 no 50 104 125 125 125 Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Class A. Class B. Class C. Class D. Class E. Milet. 91 163 196 569 720 1,428 1,165 139 186 420 639 790 746 938 1,656 1,259 1,393 Between Omah a, Nebr., and- Colunibufl, Nebr Grrand Island, Nebr Kearney, Nebr Denver, Colo Leadville, Colo . -■ Butte, Mont Pocatello, Idaho Between Kansas City, Mo., and — Junction City, Kans... Salina, Kans Wallace, Kans Denver, Colo LeatlvUle, Colo Cheyenne, Wyo Eawlings, Wyo Butte, Mont Ogden, Utah Pocatello, Idaho 22i 35 32i 100 195 150 245 22i 29i a2J 100 180 150 153 14 25 27J 55 115 110 110 19i 25 22i 75 160 135 175 19i 13 20 I 18 180 115 150 110 224 75 145 135 142 135 1135 145 1135 175 142 19* 45 100 92 92 15 22i 20 65 118 125 150 15 12 174 15i 15 14 18 17 32 30 65 40 115 , 90 (irj : 40 <.a ' 69 125 I 82 110 I 82 116 82 15 17i 20 50 95 100 84 54 7* 9 30 05 62 62 74 10 19 30 60 30 48 62 62 62 650 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 174. — Cojiparison of Local Freight Rates Charged by the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad between Omaha, Nbbk., and sta- tions NAMED during 1886 AND 1893. [Subject to Western classification.] Dis- tance. Between Omaha, !N"el)r., and — Year. Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). C. D. Miles. 16 73 100 133 155 219 277 333 438 470 Elennard, "Nebr Nickerson, Nebr . . . West Point, Nebr. . Stanton, Nobr Battle Creek, Nebr. O'Neill, Nebr Long Pino, Nebr. . . Valentine, Nebr Eushvillo, Nebr — Chadron, Nebr 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 1886 1893 28 26 31 29 65 37 65 45 65 48 84 63 100 76 124 84 148 99 158 110 26 22 27 26 48 32 55 39 55 42 71 53 80 65 104 76 136 91 145 99 4 "4 "5 "i'i "7' 'ioj "i2i 15' '26' "2ii CHANGES IN LOCAL RATES. 651 S o « Eh a ■« o Hqo ^ '^ Cl I" ^ ^^^ 00 OS "^ O rH <0 C. . , . - . ICJi-H(MWrHMeCiH(MfOrHeOr r^ W "« (M (M rH C4 ^4 rl CI .-O rH J I r^ r-1 (M M ^ 7i 01t-«lOe000t-lOOaD«0r-OOeOCOrHACO>Ot-C~ 2 feS 2 S 2 3 S3 S SE: a as a ^'e: -<; •^ ^ <« -S"™ n S*!- c- :»'« r-i w-ja a Sfo rMNC3t-(CC-*i-HC0-*WM-*HC^CC'*CTj(-^c:t— c-{Ni-'tH(0(Omooocooo»o.-Hwcrjr^momoiomo>oiocoom fiift«(Ot-«Mt-'*t-l:--QO-*t-OOmoOOaX'OSOS(D010t-Oi-(QO'-HlMOCOCO 0j^^C00000OMCt-O0000O00a0OiMiMC0ini0r-(0^f0!DC000t-0>OSTt-ni0001-^a)OimOiOlOOSOmO)0«OOT-lt-i-(CJD-rHNOONCI30SCO-#(N(Dt- r-1 i-l i-H 1-1 rH i-H iH iH i— I T-l i-l iH iH iH i-H iH 1— ( rH »H fH ^ ^ fH ^ r^ r-i rt r^ iM r^ r—i rH i-H 1-i I-l I-H rH 1-1 I— I rH i-l i-H i— I i— I rH r-l i-H i-H i-H iH i-1 1-4 r-( rH i-l i-H M W /^ -« -H I— I to ^D (M t^r— oOtfocotDiftiotommto-— 'T-(cococot-N(NMioiO)"MinoO-*tDCft-tJ iH r-lrH i-( r-l iH iH i-l r-t i-H iH iH rH iH iH iH i-H iH iH rH r-i rH rH OL--coini>eocDt>co(OcOTrii>a>^oooi w :& 3 <0 s ^ re ■« is g p 16 u 652 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. o H Q . ■< O M d H ■ -**-w -*«-w -*i-«M -w-toi -^tHd r*i-w -«H«_ Hwr^ -*i-«ji iprt^^ :^r*''^ :^::*' coTjuot-atoo-^tocomeDomtoc-int-ixot-L— tct^ooc-ooaot-oooot-ooooe-aocot-coco - OCOrtOeOCOW coco OOCStHO coco OTrHWl>010iC-00>l>01C?lXC10COOOa)OrHa>0^«rHrH oif30Mt>w-^a>'«#(»-*a6Mt-cqoomoocflt-Mcoooeooomco;3;2^CDOjoc--gt-oot- •i*(tOC30)OOCJOOOOOCOOOOiOO iococoooomooocorti-40«eocooooiHi-)0»'*eoiHeDioMooo»t-McoTHCOi£smoOOTi>;M (OOOCOrHC-JCOt-OOOt-OiOJt-OaOSt-OSOOOOiOCOOOOOOOOOO'-HOTiHi-HOiT-lrHOJrHCJ rH rl iH r-l r-^ i-l ^ rH rH i-H iH iH iH rH rt r-l iH Hn i*i Ho« -*i i*i ^«i Sm HM hoi i*« Hct ioMoiNo>i--ot>iftific-ioot-inin(NOO)ir)'^«oooioc-*iAi>'*oao«smcoooot-ir3MOco«fleot-(aooo t-03t>t-0Jt>l>0)t-t-0SC- tOC-OOr-(CO-cilQOO'-OSTHC<10Si-(C30MCi30COCOrHfO"*>-tCO-*THCCTt«i-le0^r-ICO-^l*r-l'*atDt-«OJ<3>"*T-i"'#OS«DOlOWi-HOcOlOOt- OMC0U3t-00<-l'W«-*M-«tOt-C0iO(XC0 oOkOifsoorHr-ioi>t-eaoo»acoooc50u50oooortoomooiooo»jnooifloom 10t-C-«-*iOOOOOOOO.-igSi-ti-HOSi-10JOrJcrSOC^(^2-->COCOi-HmcOi-HC005r-"*asiOOlO ooJcoiot-aoM-*ir>M''3iocomtocooo-*c-t-iot-co^c-oo«OoooieDOia3500Joair-oo rHrHi-^i-^rHiMrHr-lrHrHiHr^iHiHrHrHr-iiHr-(iHi-HrHi--I>-lrHi-«iH.-(i-(r-ii-HT-li-(i-li-H.--ir-IC(Nt-lOOlfSmOOCOOir50t-C>at-l>CQ»— C-Mlr-t-Clt-t-Nt- «oosos"<*'C-t-o>wcOt«0>— '00>-HT-Ha0rHC>lO3C4C4 1-^lHr^l^r^I-^r^r^lHr^l-lT^r-Cl-^^-(^--lI-^F^l-(r-lr^I-llHC4^-lr^C*r-(C^M^-lC>l(^^I~le^C<^l-IC^C^ oMC3iot-i>o«eac-asojiHcocoOTiaxoco«-*eoc4"*OTW!»(mN-^me>)-^eceOF-cc^tncoc4tAOcoot~-«t-cou;3oooiOQoaimcooir3aoo»iAoooioaoo>ooDO> ooooooioio»niAioirtasao>ininioiMcsicCOT*0-^miH10«DiHiriCDNeOt*C^'-:^C- iHrHr^MNCflr^NMiHMWi-^WMi-lMeai-lMCaiHCaWMNtNNMeaCJMNClWCQNrJM a>C0iCaiHmt--"#00O-*00O»O0Ji-ie00ii-lt-0Sr-Hr-0»i-lt— Oi-Ht-OSr-It-C5i— It-Cli-iC-CSr-' 0»0»ftO"'»ftj200lftO»^OlOlOt-«C^"^OSO>OS-*-«JI"#OiesCOCOOOOOCOa3-^OOS-*GJO> iOOOoioioocqc250««e2NMcoMwmM(NmM«cr3cH«N mCOiHe4NTHC«Cmioi/5c-t-t-iomm i-lOOOOt— 0»C0OM'SD00 c4CMeoncQcocMCQmdcoeQC4cococicococ4eQcoeO»0C0Oi-li-*-^0i-*t-r-icnb-coc4a3mT)(^t^eoeorHot--«ca03>orci-HO>t^'^ • -iCOO>i-(C-03'Ht-Oi-iI>OC4l>-OC1000(MOOrHC^CO-^COQOr-m CHANGES IN LOCAL KATES. Gb-d Ot-tOt^tOo-Tp-^O* = S"E! O O 00 -t (D -* CO 00 to OMMOOOiOt-t-OO o oo m o 00 tn kn f-S ■* lO CO — ■ .-ins-* Hn Ha Hn oaooomoDoo-^vt* skoiooiaoioo 3 or- oo cocoaa •)C4rHM«iHrHrH ootnoomtAOkA OeOMOCOCOOOiHiH tAlAtOtRlOOOOO coc»ooeot>QpMtolOin»0 i-((NMrHr-li-li-(i-tl-t toiAtniAtnmOkO'O OSOOOOstOOOr-rHCO fli-J.2 aM.a PI1J.S !25 ■"1 n M .a I H « EH ( .^•l EEPORT Oy CHANGES IX FKEIGHT RATES. ?'Ai;r.i-; 17'".— Cri^tPAUis )X or Lucal Freight Rates Chargkd by the Denver AMI Jiiij 'li.AXDi; Railroad from Denver, Colo., to stations xamed during 1SS7 AND 1893. [Gorerned by Western classification.] Dis- From Denver Colo., tance. ! to — 277 Classes (rates in cests per 100 poonds). 1. 1 2. 1 3. I 4. 1 5. [ A. 1 B. 1 C. °- E. X X Ilili.iilillliii 5 I L..i4'. ii:.-. Colo U'12:)125'ir. !lolr.-) ;00 r'5 -.1 i" fO 7.J 70 65 50 eo Jo -;5ii ' i.iiMiit Jniii ijiin. Colo ;'>iL.'i02-!-5il7:.rj-:. 140 i'.'' I-in J'rj li..5 ;:>' 10) j;-j 9j -1' 77 5>rj DoiMii-o C,.:,, -iV. ;35 2-!5'17..:;/) ,-15 2 I'l IJ ' iTi. " 5 150 105 iL;5: 75 >5 65 75 547 Sil\._-rtun. (.''--lo :j'Ai 215 2^U l'j5 ::t;5 i70|2;l0 145 -.0 i JU 150 l.jn 145 95100 7U 90 I i I I I I I i I ' 4o' 4-5 40 50 72 5ij 53 75 55 60 90 60 Table 177. — Co-Mparison of Local Freight Eatks Charged by the Atlantic AND Pacific Railroad between Alucquekqce, X. Mex., and stations named, DUlUNli 1NS7 AND 1893. [1S37. Iiocal cla8si£cation; 1893, Western classification.] Dis- tance. Milet. 2ia 344 401 575 735 I 744 I 815 1 From -Albaqaerqne X. M., to — Winslo*, -Ariz Flagstaff, Ariz Ash Fork, jijiz _ The ^■oel]les, Gal Daggett- Cal Barstow, Cal jlojave. Cal Vear. Classes (rates in cents per VO pounds). I.»i7 l^M l!-'X; 1--.17 1.3'j:; 1S.J7 1893 l.i-7 1 .SCI ; l.>>7 1893 l>--7 1.59, I 195 157 220 168 242 175 312 205 338 258 340 26' I 352 i 294 1(52 3o2 303 240 312 254 157 262 181 263 182 2. 3. 4. 177 1.53 138 143 127 106 200 173 157 I5;i 131 109 219 189 IS-S 159 136 il2 27, 241 201 127 221 149 150 232 155 123 ' 931 96 I 147 ! 98 ; 172 106 { 191 123 I r>2 !l24i ' 201 130 : I I 115 68 131 95 141 100 169 114 187 1.30 188 130 195 14J 90 63 100 66 107 72 126 S? 13 ■* lul 139 103 144 120 80 49 ia ill 38 112 70 124 84 125 n5 )M 95 50 47 53 49 es z>s 74 73 75 74 c5 \ SO Table 178. — Comparison op Local Freight Rates Charged by the A-Tlantic ANi> PACD--IC Railroad between Moj.a-VE. Cal., and stations named, during 18>;7 AND i*yy. Dis- Classes (rates in ciuts pi> r 101 poonds. tance. From Moiare- Cal., to — Tear. 1. 2. 3. 4. - A. B. C. D. E. Man. 71 Barstow, Cal < 1SS7 54 52 50 49 47 47 35 31 54 OL' 50 49 47 47 35 31 ii :>4 80 Da".'elt Cal S 1.--7 60 o.> 56 54 5" 52 3.- 34 ■-/ 1-93 60 dS 56 54 52 -.■■ 38 M ;i4 20 240 The Needles, Cal 1, li-'l 163 i.>4 132 120 106 i'>; i.) 69 163 I4;j 113 95 «i -0 Dl i.-> 46 414 Ash Fork Ariz < 1-..7 255 2^;o 199 17; 151 146 107 % -■/ If'.H 210 ISO 151 113 102 10, 92 77 ai .53 471 Flagstaff, -iriz 1, l-i7 ■-> l.*93 280 225 2-.1 215 170 l.>4 120 lliu lo6 1-54 113 114 97 100 81 68 ".58 657 GaUnp, y. Hex Alb aqaerqne, X Jlei \ 18.-i7 ••) 1893 327 268 292 235 2.>1 1^4 214 142 1-2 120 177 12S 132 110 115 9' 79 71 815 > 1^87 ■•< 1593 352 294 1 313 254 i 1 2:« 155 201 130 193 140 144 120 130 95 "ss" CHANGES IN LOCAL RATES. 655 Table 179.— Comparisox of Freight Rates Charged for the Transportation OF Classified Traffic prom Galveston, Tex., to stations named, via International and Great Northern Railroad and Texas and Pacific Railway during 1893 with those in effect during 1887. 1887, Joint Texas classification j 1893, "Woatern olaaaifloatiou. Dis- tance. From Galveston, Tor., to- Tear. Classes (rates in cents per 100 p'onnds). 4. 5. A. B. 69i 613 660 720 793 811 832 881 908 Sweetwater, Tex 5 LoiTaine, Tex 5 Big Springs, Tex J Odessa, Tex i Pecos City, Tex J Toyah, Tex i San Martine, Tex i Van Horn, Tex J Arispe, Tex < 1887 1893 1887 lb93 1837 1893 1387 1893 1887 1893 1887 1893 1887 1893 1887 1893 1887 1893 101 110 131 110 156 110 leo 110 163 110 173 110 182 110 30 2Q 30 20 35 37 45 38 SI 38 55 38 60 38 62 Table 180.— Comparison of Freight Kates Charged by the Texas and Pacific Railway from New Orleans to stations named, during 1887 and 1893. [1887, Joint Texas classification j 1893, 'WeBtern classification.] Dis- tance. Miles. 562 565 578 602 '628 662 682 708 749 767 816 837 876 918 968 888 1, Oii 1,066 From New Orleans, la., to — Tear. lona, Tex ■ Aledo, Tex ■ "Weatherford, Tex Brazos, Tex Strawn, Tex Cisco, Tex Vigo, Texas Abilene, Tex Sweetwater, Tex Lorraine, Tex j Big Springs, Tex Marionfeld, Tex Odessa, Tex Pecos City, Tox Toyali, Tex San Martine, Tex Van Horn, Tex Arispe, Tex Classes (rates in cents per 100 ponnds). 66 85 85 B. c. D. 64 69 49 61 51 40 64 .59 49 61 51 40 65 00 M 61 61 40 70 65 65 61 51 40 76 70 60 61 51 40 75 70 HO 61 51 40 75 70 60 61 61 40 75 70 60 61 51 40 85 80 65 67 61 60 89 82 67 67 61 60 100 88 71 82 69 57 105 9(1 73 82 69 67 112 94 77 82 69 67 125 100 85 82 69 67 130 103 88 82 69 57 1,36 109 93 82 69 67 143 113 93 82 69 57 14.S 113 93 82 69 57 44 33 44 • 33 45 33 47 33 47 33 47 33 47 33 47 33 49 40 50 40 55 48 58 49 62 49 65 49 68 49 72 49 79 49 82 49 656 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT KATES. Table 181.— Comparison of Local Fkeight Rates Charged between New Orleans and stations named, by the Southern Pacific Company dueing 1887 and 1893. [Subject to Western classification.] Dis- tance- Between New Orleans, La., and— Tear Classes (rates in cents i)er 100 pounds). 3. i. 5. A. B. C. D. E, Miles. 1,217 1,239 1,274 1,300 1,360 1,394 1,434 1,474 1,491 1,519 1, 585, 1,611 Kogers , N. Mex Lanark, N. Mex Cambray, N. Mex . . Deming, N. Mex - . - Lordsborg, N. Mex San Simon, Ariz ... "Willcox, Ariz Benson, Ariz Pantano, Ariz Tucson, Ariz Casa Grande, Ariz . Maricopa, Ariz 230 113 230 129 230 152 230 171 242 185 249 209 256 235 264 250 268 250 273 250 286 250 291 250 195 105 195 121 195 143 195 151 205 169 2)1 192 217 196 224 196 227 196 231 196 242 196 247 196 170 79 170 93 170 116 170 120 179 144 183 164 189 174 195 174 197 174 203 174 211 174 215 174 150 82 150 96 150 119 150 130| 158 150 162 161 167 166 173 172 175 174 179 175 187 175 190 176 120 76 120 87 120 103 120 114 126 124 130 128 134 132 138 136 140 138 143 141 149 147 152 150 95 63 95 72 95 87 95 94 100 102 103 105 106 108 UO 112 111 113 114 116 119 121 121 124 100 100 102 102 107 107 109 109 85 43 85 92 85 62 85 64 90 81 92 92 95 95 98 98 100 99 102 99 107 Table 162. — Comparison of Local Freight Rates Charged by the Kansas City, Fort Scott and Memphis Railroad between Memphis, Texn., and stations named during 1886 and 1893. [Subject to "Western classification.] Between Memphis, Tenn., Year. Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Dis- tance. and— 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A. B. C. D. E. eS a c a 1 Pi ^ Milet. 66 ■ 1886 1893 55 51 45 44 35 34 30 27 25 22 25 20 21 15 17 12 13 12 10 \ 6 10 10 10 172 West Plains, Mo. \ 1886 70 60 .10 4(1 35 3,'i 30 ?,5 ■>o 20 1893 70 60 50 40 30 30 24 20 16 11 25 16 15 285 Springfield, Mo... 1 1886 1893 80 70 7& 60 60 50 45 40 40 30 40 31 30 26 25 22 20 22 17 14 25 16 16 348 Lamar, Mo ] 1886 Kill KO 60 4.') 40 40 37 3? "T ?^ 1893 85 65 50 40 30 33 28 22 18 17 25 22 20 388 Fort Scott, Kana- 5 1880 1893 100 85 80 65 60 50 45 40 40 30 40 40 33 35 28 27 22 27 18 > 17 25 22 ?fl 444 Paola, Kans \ 1886 1115 Hft 65 ,55 45 4!> 45 40 27 27 1893 85 65 50 40 30 33 28 22 18 17 25 22 20 CHANGES IN LOCAL RATES. 657 '^ MFMi^F^?r"wn.^t^'-!° Vt^'*-'^''® CHAKGED FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF Cl,AS- [(Joverued by Western classiilcation.] 1 From St, Louis, Mo., to- 1883. 1893. Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 6. A. A. B. B. C. C. D. D. E. ll II Horses and mules. Cattle. Hogs. Sheep. Miles. 188 283 Sedalia, Mo . . . Kansas C'y.Mo Wichita, Kans Concordia, Ks. Auljnm, Nobr 1883. 1893- 1883. 1893. 1883. 1893. 1883. 1893. 1883. 1893. 70 60 70 55 152 115 125 106 86 _!! 55 40 55 40 127 93 105 67 40 40 29 40 32 102 78 85 70 50 32 27 22 27 25 78 02i 65 56 36 25 23 20 68 53 63 46 31 20 20 19J 22J 65 52 60 47J 28 22i 25 16 25 174 65 39i 51i 35i 34i 17i 22 134 22 15 49 33 43 304 29 15 18 11 18 '^ 27 33 234 24 124 18 10 18 11 41 22 33 184 24 11 18 14 15 114 **37. 00 *39.00 *$35. 00 13| ♦$30. 00 15 *$28. 00 155 463 485 414 18 41 25 36.4 23 14 29 20 27.2 18 *60. 66 *75. 00 *65. 00 *82. 00 *60.00 *67. 60 •50. 00 20 *70. 00 28i *75. OU 27i *57. 50 20 15 *67. 50 35 *61.50 33 *62.00 20 21* *60. 00 34 *54. 50 324 *45 00 14 14 22i * Per car. Table 184. — Comparison of Local Freight Rates Charged by the Louis- ville AND Nashville Railroad from Cincinnati to stations named upon Classes 1, 2, 3, and 4, and also upon Flour and Bacon during 1886 and 1893. [1886 Local classification. 1893 Southern Railway and Steamship Association classification.] Dis- tance. From Cincinnati, Ohio, to- Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1886 1893 1886 1893 1893 Bates in cents per barrel. Flour, less than car loads. 1886 1893 Hour, car loads Rates in cents per 100 pounds. Bacon, any quan- tity. 1886 1893 Milet. 1 6 17 40 52 56 69 77 83 98 106 110 116 123 135 144 149 152 160 183 191 200 210 219 224 232 269 274 280 290 295 306 315 ITewport, Ky Milldale,Ky Bank Lick, Ky Glencoe, Ky Eagle,Ky Worth vill6,Ky Camphellsburg, Ky . Pendleton, Ky La Grange, Ky Anchorage, Ky Crescent Hill, Ky . . . Lonisville, Ky Strawberry, Ky Brooks, Ky . Belmont, Ky Coleshnrg; Ky Tunnel Hill, Ky Elizabethtown, Ky Glendale, Ky Mnnfordville, Ky Horse Cave, Ky (irlasgow Junction, Ky . Smiths Grove, Ky Bristow, Ky Bowling Green, Ky EichPond,Ky Gallatin, Tenn Pilot Knob, Tenn Hendersonville, Tenn .. Maplewood, Tenn Nashville, Tenn Brentwood. Tenn Franklin, Tenn S. Bep. 1394 5 8 11 25 27 20 32 35 85 33 30 20 30 33 40 45 47 46 50 61 62 64 65 67 67 67 67 67 61 68 48 53 I 48 61 1 53 6 5 5 8 6 6 12 a 8 22 15 17 24 20 19 24 20 16 2S 22 22 32 22 24 32 25 24 311 26 22 28 25 19 H 28 17 19 30 19 m 36 23 26 40 28 30 42 30 32 32 30 18 44 31 34 48 37 40 48 38 40 6(1 40 41 50 40 42 62 4(1 43 52 40 43 52 40 43 62 40 38 62 40 36 46 40 32 44 40 29 34 27 23 44 36 29 4B 40 32 ■42 658 REPORT ON CHANGES IN FREIGHT RATES. Table 184. — Comparison of Local Freight Rates Charged by the Louis- ville AND NA8HV^.LB RAILROAD, ETC. — Continued. tance. MOes. 342 382 395 414 417 440 470 480 604 510 521 537 548 568 588 600 616 633 681 719 755 775 780 820 841 862 901 912 9zl From Cincinnati, Ohio, to — Columbia, Tenn Aspen Hill, Tenn . . . Elkmont, Ala Harris, Ala Decatur, Ala ■WJlliite,AJa Blount Springs, Ala. "Warrior, Ala Btrmingnam, Ala ... Oxmoor, Ala Helena, Ala Calera, Ala Jemlson, Ala Verljena, Ala Elmore, Ala Houtgomery, Ala . . . Morganville, Ala Fort Deposit, Ala ... Byergreen, AJa Flomaton, Ala Bay Minnette, Ala . . Magazine Point, Ala MooUe, Ala Scranton, Miss Biloxi, Miss Pass Christian, Miss Chef Menteor, Miss. Lee, Miss Ne\r Orleans, Iia Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). 1886 1893 18861893 1893 1886 1893 Bates in cents per barrel. Flour, less than oar- losas. 18861893 Flour, car- loads. 18861893 76 84 84 84 72 90 100 100 56 106 106 56 106 116 116 56 120 120 130 132 132 132 56 |138 138 138 142 142 44 18861893 Bates in cents per 100 pounds. Bacon, any quan- tity. 38 45 37 30 24 37 47 46 33 33 44 49 54 50 42 33 44 50 57 52 42 33 27 42 42 42 38 33 27 Table 185. — Comparison of Local Freight Rates Charged by the Savan- nah, Florida and Western Railway between Savannah and stations named during 1886 and 1893. [Subject to Southern Bailway and Steamship Association classification.] Dis- tance. MiUi. 86 122 130 166 210 224 236 279 294 From Savannah, Ga., to— Blackshear, Ga. . . . HomervUle, 6a. . . . Dupont, Ga Ousley, Ga Quitman, Ga Boston, Ga Thomasville, Ga. . . Faceville, Ga ..;... Chattahoochee, Fla Classes (rates in cents per 100 pounds). Bates in cents per barreL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A. B. C. D. E. H. 4146 5763 53 53 62160 53 6461 68:61 77|66 60150 O CO 00 at 00 00 24 ,27 27 31 33 34130 34'31 36 33 20,20 19 23 24 28 2026 27 27 30 30 11 11 12il2J 12^13 15j!l5J 29:i5jil5J to M Ita Ico 00 35 » as OO CC 00 3833 34 39 39 39 42I39 40 35 49 49 F. 32 21} 36|25J 37125* ■-'31 31 43{33 45;33 5038 54' 45,45140 kU 214 -5J 26i 31 31 33 3Sj 38 38