ASIA DS'77/.5' B3fc (5ot;ncU Utttocraitg Sitbrarg CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1876 1918 Date Due 23233G CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 075 243 356 a Cornell University y Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924075243356 THE i^AFEGUARp AND y^RMORyi E. P. WoopwAKD, Editor, ^ l Issued Q,uarterly. G Price, 35 Cents per Year. YEUOW mhi AND "TttE YEUOW ftmt." I \. CHINA and History. 2. CHINA and the Boxers. 3. CHINA and Missions. 4. CHINA and Prophecy. 5. CHINA and the Coming King. By Eev. Z. Chas. Beals, Wu-Hu, China, and Eev. E. P. Woodwakd, Portland^ Me. iJditoMal, Book l^eviewg, ^Ef . Copyright^ 1901, by the Safeguard. Fublislilng Company. I Special Terms to Tract Distributors, etc>, on Prospectus Pages* Published by the SAFEGUARD PUBLISHINa £OMPAHY, S05 Cumberland St Portland, Maine, IJ. S. A. lii^ I Entered at tbe Fost Office, Portland, aa Second-class Mat! rmrm^^ NNa&ob p^il^yf©^. For the fikst time in the history of the world, Chi- ua has come to the front as an object of interest, study and apprehension to all mankind. The events of the past few years have been a surprise and shock to all Christendom, and men now, as never before, are asking "What next?" Fob many centuries China and the great East have been ignored in world-politics, and Western nations have planned and executed as though they owned the earth. That day is passed. Henceforth, through all time, the men of the West will seriously consider the unknown possibilities which lie hidden in the East, ere they launch their world-projects on the sea of time. Bible Prophecy alone can give us exact informa- tion regarding the things which lie before us. If there is light ahead in the present tangle of earthly affairs, it will come from no other source than that. Light WE MUST HAVE, if obtainable: conjecture will not satisfy human needs. If no light comes, men's hearts will be sorely distressed as the years pass by ; for, even human wisdom can safely forecast approach- ing disaster for the troubled nations, whatever that disaster may prove to be. Primarily to point out the source of this light, and aid even slightly in preparing men for the greater shock which will come upon those who are " in dark- ness " when the Time of Trouble breaks on the world ; and, also, because it is believed that China will be inti- mately associated with the world-movements of that awful hour, — the fallowing pages are sent out into the world. God grant that, as a result, some may be led to foresee the coming evil, and hide themselves in the shel- tering shadows of THE ROCK OF AGES, Y. D. OF HQMINn REQEMFTIQN By Eev. E. p. Woodward. A Seiies of Discourses on Tlie Slg^us of the Times, delivered in Portland, Maine, beginning May 14, '99. The subject of " The End of the 'World," so often spoken of in these days, is here treated from original points of view, ana entirely outside the ordinary methods. There is no dogmatic statement, but a continual appeal to facts, which are multiplied and piled up until they become absolately unanswerable. The first claim — that tne world is rapidly approaching the greatest Crisis in all its history— is established with the exactness of a mathematical demonstration. The second — that this crisis will bring Jesus of Nazareth back to earth — is proved by the most indubitable evidence from all the principal prophecies of the Bible. Nothing like it ever published before. Though you should deny the author's conclusions, the remorseless force of the facts cannot be evaded — that something is soon to happen ; and the nature of that something, as given here, is the only thing which leaves standing room for human hope ! A good book for Higher Critics and Infidels. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Introductory and Explanatory:— A brief statement of the subject, and the principles governing its discussion. CHAPTER II. Celestial Tokens:— sl complete account of the " signs in sun, moon and stars " predicted by Christ, with a graphic description of the Aurora Borealis and the Star Showers of the last few centuries. CHAPTER III, Terrestrial Tokens:— a statistical statement of the recent wonderful Increase in volcanoes, earthquakes, tidal waves and tornadoes, as related to thephenomena mentioned in Chapter II. CHAPTER IV. Social Jofcens;— startling statistics regarding decrease of marriages, childless homes, divorce, insubordination of children, im- morality, wealth, trusts, strikes, the liquor, tobacco and opium habits, etc. CHAPTER V. Religious Tokens: — a multitude of facts respecting Infidelity in the world, the Faines and IngersoUs in the pulpit, the decadence of vital Christianity, the absence of the masses from church services; and sharply in contrast with this, the modern world-wide Mission movement. CS.APTER VI. Political Tokens:— tTa.e uprising of the people for free- dom, the war preparations of the nations. Socialism ana Anarchy, the national " plague-spots " and " storm-centers," and the proof of approach- ing national chaos. CHAPTER VII. Prophetical Tokens:— a, careful statement (with dia- grams) of the Bible prophecies, showing that all the prophetic periods must end in the lifetime of this generation. CHAPTER VIII. Comcittsion:— a most thrilling and startling statement from one of the great writers of our age, regarding the perilous condition of human affairs, and the gulf of ruin lying just before us; followed by a bird's-eye view of preceding chapters, with the inevitable conclusion to be drawn therefrom. Printed on heavy paper, from new type, tinted paper covers, 175 pages. Price twenty-five cents, $2.60 per dozen, postpaid. Liberal discount to the trade, and special terms to agents. It will appear entire in the October (1899) Safeguard and Armory, a new Eeligious Magazine, the subscription pnceot which, including this book, is only 25 cents per year. Sample copies of the Maga- zine, with prospectus and reduced rates for back numbers, sent free on application. Address Safeguard Publishing Company, Portland, Maine, U. S. A CBG YGLLOOJ DRSGOn PaH I (JRIDA ADD RISCORY By Rev. E. P. Woodwakd. Human History is largely a record of struggle and strife, aggression and conquest: eliminate all these from our histories, and but little would be left. It is only -within the last few centuries that the peaceful pursuits of men, the arts and sciences, have claimed a proportionate place in human records. History, prin- cipally, tells us of the things which are least creditable to the ' Race, and which in most cases should cause either sorrow or indignation. Under the fiction of ex- ploits and deeds of renown, mankind has preserved the memory of acts which stain indelibly the fair fame of earth's greatest heroes. The "great" men are too often the robbers of the people, and the terror of all their contemporaries ; the men of genius and scholar- ship are generally overshadowed by the men of blood ; the cries of the warrior have drowned the words of the men who love peace and win its victories. For this reason, in part, China holds an insignificant place in History. Essentially quiet and peace-loving, and as a race having no traditions of conquest or ag- gression, the history of its people is easily adjudged to be dull and uninteresting — chiefly details of names and dates which are not well understood or easily remem- bered. Add to this China's great distance from the centers of Western civilization, the impassible moun- taius and deserts on the West, and the ocean on the East — all this reenforced by the traditional policy of exolusiveness only just now being seriously interfered with, and we need not wonder that China's history may be given almost on a single pag-e. 6 CHINA AND HISTORY. CHINA — Known to the ancients as the land of SineB or ISeres, to mediseval Europe as " far Cathay," and sometimes mentioned under the forms Sin and Chin — as the word is used at present, includes within its boundaries not only China Proper, but the dependencies of Manchuria, Mongolia and Thibet. It is difficult for the ordinary reader to comprehend the extent of its territory, as it reaches, approximately, 2500 miles East and West, and 3500 miles North and South, including nearly every variety of climate, soil and productions. Concerning China Proper Chambers Encyclopedia says, "It is inhabited by more than 360 millions of the human race, living under the same government, ruled by the same laws, speaking the same language, study- ing the same literature, possessing a greater homogenei- ty, a history extending over a longer period, and a more enduring national existence than any other people, whether of ancient or modern times. Indeed, when we consider its high antiquity, its peculiar civilization, its elaborate administrative machinery, its wondrous lan- guage, its philosophy and classic literature, its manu- facturing industry and natural productions, China is perhaps the most remarkable country in the world." The people of the whole Empire, estimated at 400.000. 000, though not possessing the homogeneity of the Chi- nese in China Proper, are racially connected, and have many of the same characteristics. Taken all together, the isolation of centuries has given them a language, a literature, habits of thought and of life, and many personal and national characteristics, which suggest a striking contrast between China and the great West. Omitting further mention of these peculiarities as for- eign to the purpose of this Treatise, and referring the reader to the excellent books now extant on Chinese customs and characteristics, further remarks will be confined to CHINA AND HISTORY. 7 Chinese History. If we take the assertions of the Chinese, we may- speak of a history Tunning back more than two million years: and, as a matter of fact, Chinese historians give itemized statements regarding long lines of dynas- tic rulers filling the vast time between their fabled be- ginning and the present era. Although this claim of antiquity has been taken very seriously by some who are on the lookout for material wherewith to discredit Bible chronology, the latest coticlusion of candid inves- tigators is that the most of this so-called Chinese His- tory is pure fable. Some writers claim that there is no genuine history for China previous to about 2000 B. C., while " some date the real history of China from the Chow dynasty," which began with Wu-wang about 1100 B. C. The truth probably lies somewhere between these two dates. Until the sixteenth century Chinese history is mostly a story of home matters, insurrections and rebellions, contests with their immediate neighbors, and the gradu- al consolidation into the Empire of primeval, indepen- dent States and Provinces. This vast Empire has been under the nominal control of the present Manchu dy- nasty since about 1650 : the " cue," now considered by the Chinese as the only correct " fashion," having been originaly imposed on the whole nation by the Manchus, as a mark of servitude. Previous to this there were many " dynasties" of rulers,- of no importance in this sketch. It does not appear that the Chinese were originally so averse to foreign intercourse as they have been in later years, since we learn that restrictions regarding such intercourse were first rigidly enforced as a result of difficulties between the Chinese and Spanish and Portuguese traders between 1520 and 1570. The feel- ing on this line since then is probably largely the fault of the foreigners themselves — owing to their sharp, overreaching methods of doing business. 8 CHINA AND HISTORY. Under the Manchu dynasty, after 1650, the British trade was restricted to Canton. Later on, differences and disputes over various matters arose, notably The Opium Trade between India and China, which wa,s steadfastly op- posed by the ruling dynasty — on the high moral ground of care for the public Weal, leading at last to the cele- brated Opium War in 1840, resulting in much public odium against Great Britain, and the utter defeat and humiliation of China. A treaty of peace was signed in 1842, whereby four other ports were opened to outside trade, the island of Hong Kong was ceded in perpetuity to Great Britain, and China paid her conqueror $21,000. 000 toward the expenses of the war. On the face of this transaction, and by the admission of loyal Britons, this was a war in which China was principally in the right. About 1850, an obscure man, Hung-sew-tseuen, who had obtained a glimpse of Christianity with very little of its spirit and power, proclaimed himself the divinely- appointed leader of a movement to uproot idolatry in China; and, placing himself practically pn a level with the Christ of Christianity, he came into collision with the authorities, organized a rebellion, and for a time seemed to be reasonably certain of overturning the ruling dynasty. After fourteen years of intermittent successes, accompanied with many barbarities and ex- cesses, this Tae-ping ( " Universal Peace " ) Rebellion was crushed by the imperial troops, but not until offi- cered by American and British generals, prominent among whom was the celebrated "Chinese" Gordon who was killed later in the Soudan. In the execution of these " rebels," the atrocities of the Chinese troops were almost beyond belief, and cannot be described in public print. In 1856 trouble again sprang up between China and Great Britain, — both sides presumably at fault, result- ing in another war, in which Canton was stormed in CHINA AND HISTORY. 9 1857, the forts at the mouth of the Peiho were cap- tured in 1869, followed by the Tien-tsin treaty of peace, in which still greater concessions were made to outside trade, with an additional " indemnity " paid by China toward the expenses of the war. In 1859 the British and French ambassadors were attacked from the Taku forts while on their way to Pekin to secure the final ratification of the treaty, this apparent act of treachery resulting in the capture of the forts, the occupation of Pekin itself in 1860, and a modification of the Tien-tsin treaty, making it still more favorable for the foreigner. Since 1861 a change has been going on in China, especially in adopting modern methods of warfare, etc., and also in taking a more prominent position among the nations. Evidently China has found out that some things may be learned from the "foreign devils," and in some directions the lesson has been learned well. Telegraphs were planned in 1868, railways in 1876, and now both railways and telegraphs are being rapidly introduced through the country. Since 1866, especially, emigration from the country has been al- lowed, and now John Chinaman can be found nearly everywhere, working for what he can get, always living within his means, and quite frequently exciting the antagonism of the working classes where he lives. In 1871 there was a massacre of foreigners at Tien- tsin, which aroused the governments of Europe, and which as usual resulted in further exactions and penal- ties. In 1894 came the war with Japan over the mat- ter of Corea, demonstrating" at once the marvelous strides Japan had made since adopting Western ideas and methods, and her overwhelming superiority over China with her antiquated methods and almost utter lack of personal patriotism among the masses. Most of the fruits of Japan's victory were plucked from her grasp by the joint action of Eussia, France and Ger- many ; but China, while losing immensely in prestige and 10 CHINA AND HISTOEY. present advantage, was a gainer from having learned the bitter lesson of her own weakness when pitted against the hitherto despised nations of the West : and since that unwelcome defeat she has evidently been trying to adapt herself to the new order of things, and take the place which, other things being equal, she might easily occupy as the oldest, most populous nation on the earth. So far as can be ascertained, the years which have intervened since then, have been spent in making tre- mendous efforts to put the Empire in a position where foreign dictation and "spheres of influence" would be wholly facts of the past. And it is in the midst of this gigantic effort, unprecedented in China's whole history, that we come to the latest and most startling phase of Chinese world-politics — The Boxer Movement-, which, prematurely launched though it was, filled the civilized world with alarm, at least at the thought of the dormant possibilities hidden in the near future. This event — which for the first time really links the history of China with the history of the whole world, is minutely and graphically described by Eev. Mr. Beals in Part II of this work — " China and the Box- ers," and in many respects it exceeds in interest all other phases of Chinese history. «• ^ CP)G YGLLOm DRAGOn PaH II (JRIDA ADD Cf)G BOXGRS By Kbv. Z. Chas. Beals. THE BOXER ORGANIZATION. Chapter I. The I-Ho-Ch'uan (Righteous Harmony Fists or Vol- unteer Bands), commonly called the "Boxers," is a secret society who made its present appearance over a year ago in Northern Shantung province. It rapidly attracted multitudes of men, both young and old, who formed themselves into small bands of gymnasts. Each band was conducted by a "demonized" leader, who, by the selec- tion of an epileptic patient or by the aid of hypnotism, caused a "medium" to display wild and unnatural symp- toms or to utter strange and peculiar speech, this serving as a basis for the claim of this society to spiritual power. Every follower was assured of immunity from death or physical injury — their bodies being spiritually protected from sword cuts and bullets. In order to present this matter intelligently, it will be necessary to give a brief summary of the uprising from its beginning. While confined principally to Shantung and Chihli Provinces, it affected seriously all Christian work ii. the North, and rapidly assumed vast .proportions and spread like a forest fire frgm village to village. Most of the statements given below are those which have been communicated officially to the Foreign Min- isters by the missionaries, and they do not include the re- ports of innumerable outrages of which we have not full information- 12 CHINA AND tHE BOXERS. By the first of July of last year the Boxers had added vast numbers to their ranks, and all were armed with broad-swords, and in some cases with firearms. Gym- nastic exercises and drills were going on in hundreds of villages, and the 'Boxers soon announced their inten- tion of rising against the Roman Catholics. They rep- resented to the multitudes that the sympathies of the Government were with them, and adopted as a motto, "Exalt the Dynasty and extirpate the foreigners." One placard, which was widely circulated by them, read as follows : "THE UNIVERSAL BOXER SOCIETY. "You are personally invited to meet on the seventh day of the ninth moon, "Elevate the Manchus, "Kill the foreigners, "Unless this summons is obeyed you will lose your heads." From the time this placard was issued the movement gradually grew into opposition to everything foreign, and the natives in both Catholic and Protestant churches were the sufferers. Hundreds of native families were rendered homeless, many were killed, and the Boxers, unchecked, looted and burned and robbed and killed until they were ajpparently beyond control. In December, in one district alone, the homes of two hundred families have been looted and burned, all available property confiscated and the sufferers forced to flee without food or sufficient clothing, in the midst of an unusually cold winter. Some were captured and held for ransom, others were taken to temples and forced to kneel before heathen idols, but many of them were taken in by missionaries and given such aid and protection as was possible. In the mean- THE BOXER ORGANIZATION. 13 time the officials were wholly unmindful of the terrors surrounding them. Indeed, it is now known that the former Governor of Shantung (Yii Hsien) had encour- aged and aided the Boxers in their organization, and this with the approval of the Central Government. What seemed at first anti-Catholic, then anti-Christian, now proves to go deeper — it is anti-foreign. The Peking Government spoke of the Boxers as "patriots," formed as a sort of militia to prevent the encroachments of the Germans in Shantung and to support the Government. Thus the pillaging and rioting went on unchecked, not- withstanding repeated warnings and petitions both from the native sufferers and the missionaries. The Ministers promptly reported to the Tsung-Li-Yamen (Foreign Bu- reau) all information received, but, in spite of polite let- ters from the Tsung-Li-Yamen, nothing was really done to put down the Boxers. On December 31st Mr. Brooks, of the English Church Mission, was captured by the Box- ers, mutilated and beheaded, and then the extreme gravity of the situation was revealed. If we go back two years we find the Germans required the dismissal of Li Ping-Heng, then Governor of Shan- ^tung, under whose rule two priests were murdered, and the edict in the Peking Gazette dismissing him contained the words "yung-pu-t'i-yung" (not to be, mentioned for employment again). This same man also was iput in a new and highly influential position, created for his sole use, where his power is almost unlimited. Recently this Li Ping-Heng, once in disgrace, but now in office and favor, was recommended to the throne as one loyal and patriotic and to be implicitly trusted. Yii Hsien, who succeeded him as Governor of Shantung, also left a track of ruin behind him and gave to the Boxers a new lease of 14 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. life. Such is Chinese duplicity— such is China's hopeless- ness. The Manchu princes were surrounded at this' time by Boxers, and half their retainers belonged to the associa- tion, and half of the palace servants were members of the same Boxer brotherhood. The Empress Dowager "boxers" reading placards. and the Emperor were attended by persons who did not read the newspapers, but repeated only court gossip if they were asked for information. Half the court attend- ants, therefore, believed that a new era had dawned, which was to be anti-foreign. At this time many Boxer placards were posted up, calling upon the people to rise up and exterminate the THE BOXER ORGANIZATION. 15 foreigners. The following one, a fair sample of many, was posted on the walls of Peking: "Our Emperor is about to become powerful. "The leader of the 'Boxers' is a royal iperson. "Within three months all foreigners will be killed and driven away from China. "During forty years the Empire has become full of foreigners. "They have divided the land. "The Kwo-wen-pao (Chinese newspaper) always talks nonsense about the 'Boxers,' since it is under the protection of Japan. "\^'e remind the Editors that hereafter they must not talk nonsense; if they continue to do so their building will be burnt. "The Brethren need not fear. "There are 100,000 ( ? E. G. A.) in the North. "When the foreigners are driven away. "We will return to our hills !" One of the many charges against officials in connection with the I-Ho-Ch'uan rebellion is given below against H. E. Yu Hsien, late Governor of Shantung: "That knowing the existence of the I-Ho-Ch'uan in his province, on a large and threatening scale, a society wholly contrary to the Imperial laws, and in previous reigns severely punished, he took no steps to antagonize it. That after a fight had taken place in October, between the provincial troops and the Boxers, the said Governor was very angry that about a hundred of the latter had been killed, although told by military officials that the en- counter was unavoidable. That he encouraged the Box- ers by releasing the prisoners taken in that action, re- quiring no guaranty of good behavior, to the immediate l6 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. encouragement of the leaders, who had been ready to give up the cause after this fight. That he secretly pro- moted and fom,ented the rebellion by refusing to allow the troops to fight, repeatedly sending them into the field with these explicit orders. That his well known at- titude was immediately influential in strengthening the rebellion, and was the direct cause of the murder of the late Mr. Brooks, as much as if the late Governor had dispatched him with his own hand. That in a secret memorial to the throne he advocated the employment of the I-Ho-Ch'uan as an agency for driving foreigners out of the province, thus giving an official sanction to the movement." This Governor was afterwards transferred to Shan-si, and massacred over 250 foreigners and many thousands of native Christians. What we have stated will show that the Boxers' move- ment was, if not started by ofificials, soon taken up by them and received their protection. You have also now, on the above charge, insight into the state of affairs of Shantung .province. We need hardly say that under these circumstances all religious work was at a standstill. The report that thousands of the Imperial troops had united with the Boxers at this time (particularly those under Prince Tuan) added a new and serious phase to the matter. In all sections it was anti-foreign, affecting mission- aries, native Christians and foreigners generally. The Edicts of the Empress Dowager to the people of Shan- tung, calling upon them to form militia fpr local and national defense, encouraged the lawless people to join the Boxers. This will be sufficient to give an idea of the formation of the Boxer movement, and wiH lead us up to our next chapter. REASONS FOR THE MOVEMENT AND OUT- BREAK. Chapter II. Every great movement has usually a central cause. There may be many side issues, but they are not, as a rule, of sufficient force to cause a rising in themselves, however much they may tend to swell the number of mal- contents. The Boxer movement has unquestionably had as its chief reason the hatred and contempt of the for- eigner. As such it received the smiles of the dominant party in Peking; on such it based its hopes of success. I think we may be safe in giving besides the first or great central cause five others which helped to bring to an is- sue the present state of things in China. We will give them in order, as follows : First, or great central cause, contempt and hatred of foreigners. The reason for this hatred was brought about, first, by abuse from foreigners themselves. Sec- ond, political "land grabbing." Third, oppression and law- suits by the natives who entered the church (especially Roman Catholic) for that purpose. Fourth, Boxer super- stition. Fifth, inability of our Consuls and Ministers to deal with Chinese officials as they should have been dealt with. All who have lived in China know how the foreigner and his ways have been despised. The poorest beggar on IS CHINA AND THE BOXERS. the street would not exchange places with the best of them. All droughts, famine and pestilence of every kind is attributed to him. A translation of a Boxer placard which we give below will give some idea of what we mean: "Greater calamities still have overtaken the nation. Foreign devils come with their teaching and converts to Christianity, Roman Catholic and Protestant, have be- come numerous. Telegraphs and railways have been es- tablished, foreign rifles and guns have been manufactured, and machine shops have been a delight to their evil na- ture. Locomotives, balloons, electric lamps, the foreign devils think excellent. The Volunteer Associated Fists will have a row with the devils. They will burn down the foreign buildings and restore the temples. They will extirpate the evil demons and establish right teaching — the honor of the spirits and the sages — they will cause to flourish their sacred teaching. Within three years all will be accomplished. The bad will not escape the net and the goodness of the gods will be seen. The secrets of heaven are not to be lightly disclosed, but the days of peace to come are not unknown." Millions of people therefore believed that the time had come to expel the foreigners from China. The con- tinuous drought and the imminence of famine is repre- sented by wilful agitators to be through the anger of the gods against foreign heresies and ways. In many districts reports were spread as tcT emissaries of the foreigners going everywhere poisoning the water, and the poor deluded people, well nigh frantic with ter- ror, cleaned out their wells, guarding them day and night, planting red flags on their houses to keep away the evil influences, and, lastly, joining the Boxers, who taught REASONS FOR THE MOVEMENT. II9 that by the aid of their charms victory against the for- eigners was certain, when all their troubles would end. The foreigners in building their railways disturb their dead, so they claim, and this in itself is enough at any time to create a riot in China. Foreigners think nothing of removing their dead, but to the superstitious Chinaman it means much. This great hatred of all foreigners and foreign innovations, with contempt for the Yang-Keo-tsi (foreign dog), is the first great cause of the trouble. WHY THIS HATRED? First, abuse from foreigners themselves. This point is best told by a Chinese gentleman, Mr. Wong-Kai- Kah, and what he says is not exaggerated, but put in a mild form. This kind of abuse is seen in any place where the foreigner lives. The Chinese are counted as dogs, made to be kicked, and kicks they get. There are exceptions, thank God, but even those are few and far between. Mr. Wong, in a letter to the "North China News," says: "I read in your to-day's issue a short notice of an al- leged assault by four foreigners on the Bubbling Well Road on a messenger in uniform of the Chinese tele- graiphs on the night before last. I have heard of late several instances of foreigners committing unprovoked assaults on the natives, and I have seen with my own eyes during the past two days two instances, which I will now relate. A shabbily dressed, emaciated and sickly-look- ing Chinese was walking along the edge of the sidewalk on Nanking Road when a foreigner walked up from be- hind, pushed him off the sidewalk and kicked him. There was plenty of room for the foreigner to walk past ; as I have said, the Chinaman was on the edge of the sidewalk. 20 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. The other case occurred in Hongkew. A white-haired hawker, with a basket of mud dolls, was crossing the street when he met a foreigner coming from the opposite direction, who shoved him aside and with his stick struck the mud dolls, a few of which were smashed, not costing much perhaps, but they are the means of his livelihood. "In both cases the foreigners were decently dressed and endowed with all the physical qualifications that na- ture has to give, and in both cases the victims walked away without a word, but the sullen looks on their faces betrayed powerless rage and bitter resentment at the un- just treatment they had received. "Some foreigners in these settlements may, in the pride of their strength, consider the knocking about of natives simply a lark, and of no consequence. Yes, they may be safe enough when troubles come, but think of the mis- sionaries with their families in the isolated places, and think also of thousands of innocent Chinese who will be involved in the general ruin. It would be too much on my part to ask such foreigners to come down from their lofty attitude, to be friendly to Chinese ; all I have to re- quest of them is to behave in a gentlemanly manner, which is taught them in their own families and in their schools. "I would thank you, Mr. Editor, for publishing this letter. Should it ever meet the eyes of the two for- eigners whose exploits I have described, may they take no offense, but may they be more temperate in their ac- tions in future, and may they utilize their courage and prowess to better purpose for their own sake, for the sake of the interests of the commonwealth, and for the sake of the good reputation of foreigners in general. I am, etc., Wong Kai-kah. r. MR. CONGER^ U. S. MINISTER TO PEKING, WHO WENT THROUGH THE SIEGE 2. PRINCE TUAN, THE "bOXER" CHIEF. 3. MR. WU, CHINESE MINISTER TO WASH- INGTON. 4. BURNING OF LEGATIONS AT PEKIN DUR- ING THE SIEGE. 5. BURNING OF TIENTSIN BY THE BOXERS. REASONS FOR THE MOVEMENT. 23 Second, political "land grabbing." There are matters to be considered which have had a great influence in bringing on this hatred and which has exasperated the Chinese beyond measure. There was the war with France of a few years ago and the appropriation of a no small slice of Chinese territory, including Tong-King and Annam. There was the Japan- ese war, and China lost Formosa, which was followed in the appropriation by Russia of just so much of Man- churia as she might be disposed and able to occupy from time to time. There was the seizure of Kiao-chow by the Germans, followed by the friendly (?) ceding of Wei-hai-wei and Kow-loong to the British; the opening up of mines and railroads, which was thought by the Chinese (stupidly, of course, but nevertheless a very im- portant fact) to disturb the repose of the dead and bring calamity upon the living. Some of these innovations of civilization were introduced in a manner not calculated to quiet the prejudices of the Chinese or disabuse them of the thought that their nation was certainly to be cut up into morsels for the benefit of the all-absorbing for- eigner. If we could but for a moment see ourselves as the Chinese see us, we should recognize at once that our un- blushing despoilment and proposed despoilment, thinly veiled under the phrase "spheres of influence," was suf- ficient to arouse the deepest animosity in the heart of every patriotic native, except such as have lost all hope of regeneration from within. Almost every paper published in China contains col- umns of "How shall we divide China," etc., etc., which, if printed in any other country, would create riot and blood- shed, and the editor would be arrested as a traitor and 24 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. banished from the land and the paper and building de- stroyed. Yet this has been going on for years in China. The officials have had these papers translated to them, and, naturally, in the highest circles, and even in the court itself the spirit of revenge and a determination to oppose this has arisen. The court, thus insulted, decided that the country could be saved from division by the powers by the help of the Boxers who claimed such wonderful pres- ervation from death. Therefore, on June 21st, Prince Tuan and Kang-Yi were declared to be the Supreme Chiefs of the "Volunteer Harmony Fists." This Prince Tuan, if not a scholar and a politician, was at any rate a brave man, and worthy of a better end than that which he fatuously chose for himself. With more education and with wiser counsels than those of the execrable Kang-Yi, he might have done real good to the Empire, but now that he has nearly succeeded in bringing the dynasty to an end, he must suffer for his ignorance, pride and rash- ness. A semi-barbarian. Prince Tuan was really a pa- triot in his own savage way. And there was undoubt- edly an element of heroism in the man, who sacrificed everything to realize his ideal, and who, stung by the indignities inflicted by the world, had the courage to challenge the civilized nations of the earth to wrest the imperial sceptre from his hands. Third, oppression and lawsuits by the natives who have entered the church (especially Roman Catholic) for that purpose. The right policy to follow in dealing with China is to insist on and enforce right and fair treatment of foreign- ers, absolute safety of the life of every law-abiding for- eign resident anywhere in China, also to demand and ob- tain security of foreign property, with absolute religious REASONS FOR THE MOVEMENT. 25 toleration. But while all this is done the predisposing causes of trouble in the past that can be should be avoid- ed, and one of these is the mistaken, even well-meant, intervention of foreign missionaries in disputes or law- suits between their converts or adherents and other na- tives. There is no longer the slightest doubt that much ill-feeling has been aroused by the course of justice hav- ing, as many natives think, been averted by foreign in- fluence and interference'. Hard as it may seem, all official status should be taken from religious teachers, of what- ever creed they may be. Absolute rules should be en- forced that any missionary attempting to interfere or intervene between natives in their various disputes should be first warned, and on repetition be deported. Any cause of complaint he may think he has should be laid before his Consul, and dealt with through such proper repre- sentative. We have no right whatever, in the interests of any religion, to make converts aliens in their own coun- try. If religious teachers cannot make headway without what amounts to state patronage, then they must fail. Rarely is the missionary so constituted that he can exer- cise judicial functions, or even perform the duties of an advocate wisely. He must naturally be prejudiced in fa- vor of his adherents. If the foreign powers insist on China adopting abso- lute religious toleration, without any state patronage of any religion whatever, as in the United States and Canada, withdrawing from missionaries of any sort and all denominations, whether Taoist, Buddhist, Ro- man Catholic or Protestant, all special official status, a bone of contention would be destroyed and much done to insure peaceful conditions for foreigners in China in the future. A religion that in the last resort needs the 26 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. intervention of arms to support its propaganda is not worth giving to any nation. Paul did not ask for any such help, and yet his missions were the most successful ever conducted. Christian truth is more powerful in making headway unaided by force than any admixture with the error of Crusading zeal in any degree whatever. Official status must ever in the last resort lead to armed intervention in its support or to those who claim it, fore- going their own nationality to obtain that of the country whose fine features they desire. Official status was demanded from China by the Roman Catholic Church through the French Minister, and in an edict sent out by the Empress Dowager in 1899, all Chris- tion ministers were granted this status. A bishop now ranked with a viceroy and a priest with a Tao-tai. The Catholics quickly grasped this temporal power, but the Protestants almost to a man refused it, and they declare this to be not in accordance with their teaching. It is the old story of Rome seeking temporal power. The Cath- olic priests are ever intriguing, and the Chinese have long since been able to discern between the Catholics and Protestants. Very often, yes, almost always, lawsuits and oppres- sions are carried on without the foreigners' knowledge, and never found out. The natives have many ways to carry out their designs, such as stealing the missionary card, which means to the Chinese that the power and influence of the foreigner is behind it. Also the forging of cards, etc., to prove to the victim that he is carrying on this through the orders of the foreigner. A close watch, therefore, should be kept, not only on your neigh- borhood, but surrounding ones as well. Fourth, Boxer superstition. The rise of the Boxer REASONS FOR THE MOVEMENT. 27 movement is a fine illustration of the power of supersti- tion over the mind. European residents of the far East are expressing surprise that intelligent men, such as suc- cessful merchants, scholars and high officials, should really think it possible that the secret rites and incanta- tions of these fanatics have power to make them invul- nerable to attacks by sword, spear or Mauser bullets. Yet a little reflection will show that there is nothing re- markable in this credulity. It has not been so very long since Western people held very similar views. Two hun- dred years ago the belief in witchcraft was universal. Many of the most learned men in Europe and America thought it quite possible for a witch to transport herself at will from place to place and to use occult power for the injury of others or defense of herself, and the man who dared deny this found himself at once under sus- picion of heresy. The text, "Thou shalt not suflfer a witch to live," was sufficient to hurry hundreds of innocent men and women to the gallows. The persecution of witches fortunately has been abandoned, but the super- stition which made such a persecution possible has not even yet wholly disappeared. Astrologers and mediums still have their victims, and the wearing of charms and amulets for protection against disease or the preserva- tion of life in battle or at sea is by no means uncommon. If such credulity is far less common in the West than a hundred years ago, so that even people who hesitate to sit down with thirteen at table or begin a journey on Friday, laugh at themselves and would fain share in the more wholesome scepticism which is abroad. The patient researches of men have discovered many of the secrets so long hidden from their knowledge. The mysterious operations of nature are no longer occult. 28 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. Everywhere man is wresting from her the control of her mighty forces and using them for the blessing of his fel- lows. He finds forces operating according to fixed and immutable laws. A fine illustration of the change which has been wrought by science in the modern world is given in the recently published accounts of the observation at Algiers of the total eclipse of the sun not long ago. While noted astronomers, with all their delicate instruments, were carefully studying the phenomena, photographing the corona and gathering data for the solution of many im- portant problems, the native population was howling in the streets in abject misery, expecting the end of all things. Now, such a fanatical uprising as this of the Boxers is possible only where dense ignorance of natural law prevails. Movements equally preposterous have swept the West in less intelligent times. We shall make a great mistake, therefore, if we treat the Boxer movement as something abnormal, alto- gether unrelated to the common beliefs and practices of the Chinese. It is but one manifestation of a supersti- tion that shows itself in a thousand forms, and only Christianity and civilization can effectually cure or de- stroy this malady. Fifth, inability of our Consuls and Ministers to deal with Chinese officials. The Ministers in Peking have probably realized by this time that the Empress Dowager's coup d' etai was not merely the petty family squabble they afifected to believe it was. Onlookers proverbially see most of the game. In central China we not only saw it; we saw through it. Next, therefore, to the partition error, arid to what seemed to the Chinese mischievous assumpiton of au- REASONS FOR THE MOVEMENT. 29 thority by the Roman Catholic missionary, we attribute our present difficulties to the mis judgment of events by our Consuls and Ministers. Time and time again have the Consuls and Ministers been advised to deal with officials as the source of riots, THE RECEPTION GIVEN BY THE EMPRESS DOWAGER TO THE LEGATION LADIES AFTER SHE HAD DEPOSED THE EM- PEROR. etc., and not accept the heads of a few poor coolies (who in many cases were bought up for a few thousand cash) to expiate the crime of some official or gentry, as it was done in the first Tientsin massacre. At other times a few 30 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. thousand Mexican dollars were received and the mur- derers cleared. Especially was this so in the Sung-pu case, and the settlement of the last called forth the fol- lowing prayer from an exile at Ichang: Because, O Lord, there is none other way Whereby we may escape these evil days, Because we are as jetsam on the strand. Forgotten of our country and our kin, We, who join East to West, the pioneers Of many better days that are to be; Because we, ever toiling overseas, We who have sold our heritage, our all. Excepting certain ancient chartered rights To breathe Thine air and tread the common earth ; Now see these rights invaded day by day By the encroaching tide of pagan wiles. Of native insolence and savagery; Because the distant fate of Margary Is coming ever nearer to our doors. And deeds which once had set the world ablaze. Aye, even to the starting of Crusades, Are looked upon as commonplace and trite; Because a murdered Christian does not bring. As did with Rome's proud citizens of old. Swift-footed vengeance on the slayers' track. But is atoned for by official lies And certain hideous payments of sycee. Which, on a rapidly descending scale. Will soon attain that meagre estimate At which they quoted sparrows long ago ; Because we know not whose it next shall be To guard his home against the howling mob, REASONS FOR THE MOVEMENT. 3I To be the victim of their fierce attack, And then of mild, politely-penned dispatch. To leave his mangled carcass in the street, With face uncovered, while the Consul sits In some Viceregal Yamen, over tea. Assessing the small value of the dead ; And last, because the sacredness of life Rests on nice points of quality and clothes ; Therefore it is, O Lord, that now we pray, When next the rabble moves to deeds of blood. Let not the ipillage or the slaughter be Of Customs hireling or merchant churl, Or humble missionary, glad to gain Exit from trouble to a martyr's crown. But rather grant, when the incited mob, Like unleashed bloodhound, seeks its nearest prey, That it may find obtrusive on its path Some personage important to the state, Or high official representative, Some traveling faddist, potent in the press, Or information-gathering M. P., Some Anti-Opium League authority. Aristocratic trotter of the globe, Or human atom authorized to wear Gold lace upon the edges of his clothes. Upon whose taking off there shall ensue The steady tramp of solid infantry And inexpensive Chinese funerals ; That, with the thunder of artillery. And sack of goodly cities, there may be Restored again that wholesome deference, That usual and necessary respect 32 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. Which, from the Asiatic, is our due — And thus, from evil, shall arise great good. — Tung Chia, in "Lays and Relays." It is right and just to say here that all consuls and min- isters are not alike, for we have notable examples to the contrary. We had two in Shanghai which deserve men- tion here, namely. Consul General Warren, of Great Brit- ain, and Consul General Goodnow, the American repre- sentative. They have been men of the hour. They are in China for the interest of their nationals, which, as fai' as looks go, cannot be said of all. They have shown great shrewdness and sense, and have a capacity to com- prehend situations and ability to adjust themselves to any condition or circumstance. Consul General Goodnow is just the man for the place, and, with his right hand sup- porter, the Vice Consul, Dr. John Hykes, who has spent over thirty years in China, we have had help and advice we could rely upon. America is weak in her consular force simply because politicians are sent out, in many cases, every four years, instead of men fitted for the position. What we want is men who can pass a civil service examination and come to China and learn the language and Eastern ways of thinking for two or more years before taking up consular duties, and then let them work up in the service the same as men of other nations. Why, it takes four years to know anything about China as it should be known, let alone do anything. No mis- sionary society would trust one of their members to transact mission business with the people until after re- siding three or four years in the country. How much more, then, should the consuls who do business for a mighty nation know the people and their ways. REASONS FOR THE MOVEMENT. 33 What business house in the world would allow a green hand to take up the important and diiBcult positions first ? Why, none ; their men would have to work up and show themselves worthy. Then, why, in the name of common sense, should green hands be put to the head of affairs that they know nothing about. I say nothing emphatic- ally, for the Asiatic has neither had the opportunities nor training of the Westerner during the last 500 years, and to attempt to regulate our intercourse with them on the lines with which the mutual relations between the various leading countries are conducted is folly. It is to be hoped <;hat soon, very soon, these consular appointments will be taken out of politics and placed on a common sense plat- form — "civil service" — and serve for the nation, not party. In referring to the exile's prayer, let us say that as loiig as there was uncertainty about the Ministers' safety in Peking all the nations were for destruction and ex- termination, but when relieved, what then? When the question arose of relieving missionaries at Poo-ting- fu or finding out if they were alive, the answer came: "They are only missionaries !" Ah ! that has been the trouble. "Only another missionary gone; what does it matter?" Nations have, therefore, not been strong for honor and life, but — does it pay ? will it help trade ? Or, if they do demand retribution, is it the punishment of the crim- inals ? No, but a few dollars or a slice of territory. This should not be done in the future, but the crim- inals should be dealt with severely. Minister Wu in one of his addresses stated that Christians and the Christian nations are crying out for vengeance when, according to their teaching, they should be willing to accept almost 34 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. any terms. We might call to his honor's mind this fact, that, although God is a God of love He is also a God of justice, and He has decreed that he that taketh the sword shall perish by the sword. BEGINNING OF TROUBLE AND SENDING UP OF LEGATION GUARDS. Chapter III. Mr. Gammon, of Tientsin, writes : "For many months Boxer bands were increasing and countless outrages committed ; but these were confined to native Christians, and did not give cause for strong action on the part of the foreign ministers, though they did all that lay within their power to cause the Chinese Government to suppress them. Men, women and children were put to death out- right, after being robbed and tortured and their homes destroyed. Disturbances, though frequent and plentiful, were in distant and more or less isolated places, from which reports were slow in reaching us, and rendered untrustworthy by the transforming imaginations of the Chinese. For this reason visitors to the North were de- ceived by surface appearances, and while exaggerated re- ports were spread, many of these observers were driven to the other extreme, and pronounced a comparative calm where better informed people could detect the rumbhng of a volcano soon to burst into flame. From many stations in the interior where native churches were established came tales of persecution, sometimes confined to one man alone and in other cases whole families and whole vil- lages suffering loss of life and destruction of property. 36 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. In view of the rapid and gigantic increase both of the Boxers and their nefarious operations, we had come to look for a sudden crisis, and this was soon reached. For a long time past Pao-ting-fu and vicinity (in Chihli) were the center of organization for the Boxers, and it was near that city that a village of native Catholics made, from the roofs of their houses, a successful defense against an attack by the Boxers, killirig seventy of their number, with but little loss to themselves. Another fierce attack on Catholic converts was in the vicinity of Pao-ting-fu, at a village called Kao-lo, thirty li from Tsing Hsien, and also at another place some ten li from Tang-shu. The Christians were holding service, when the chapel was attacked by Boxers, the doors fast- ened and the building fired, and over one hundred per- ished. This would easily account for the great loss of life. It was, therefore, in the Pao-ting-fu district that we expected the beginning of a great uprising, and in this we were not mistaken. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE RAILWAY AND LANDING OF FOREIGN TROOPS. On Sunday, May 27th, 1900, a large body of men, armed with knives, clubs and a few firearms, marched up the line of the Pao-ting-fu Railway stations, A portion of the line was destroyed, the ^elegraph cut, and by Mon- day morning six stations were burned, including the homes of Chinese residents and the shops of native mer- chants. A panic ran along the line long before the arrival of the Boxers, and the places destroyed were mostly de- serted in time to save life. Native refugees came pour- ing into Tientsin, leaving their homes, shops and the property of the railway unprotected and unwatched. At BEGINNING OF TROUBLE. 37 Feng-tai, the junction of the Peking and Pao-ting-fu lines, there was a group of foreign houses (the homes of foreign railway employees), a roundhouse, containing several locomotives, large car and machine shops, store- houses, a small village of native houses and shQps and a large station building, all of which v/ere looted and burned, the residents fortunately escaping by train to Tientsin. The news of this rioting and destruction brought tem- porary chaos to Peking and Tientsin. Immense crowds assembled at the stations and in the streets, eagerly dis- cussing the ever-changing reports that came from a mul- titude of sources. Excitement ran high, and there was a general feeling of alarm, not for residents in either of these cities, but for the many missionaries and colpor- teurs in distant and isolated places, especially those in Pao-ting-fu, with whom communication by rail and by telegraph was entirely cut off. Application was made to the Chinese Government for permission to land marines and sailors from the men-of- war arriving, and to quarter them in Peking, and when the Tsung-Li-Yamen (Foreign Office) replied that Prince Chung must first be consulted, the Minister sent word that, with or without permission of the officials, they would land and station at Peking. Admiral Kempff, on the U. S. F. S. Newark, had arrived at the mouth of the Pei-ho (sixty miles from Tientsin by river, thirty miles by rail) on Sunday, June 3d, but, knowing nothing of what was taking place, did not land men at once. The reports of Monday being confirmed, our Consul imme- diately telegraphed the facts to the Admiral, who landed 100 men, two machine guns and a field piece, within one hour after receiving the Consul's message. 38 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. With the exception of a small party of Japanese, who came during the forenoon, the American sailors and marines were the first to a-rive. On Wednesday guards from the ships of five nations had landed here, and per- mission was then sought to send a portion of them to Peking, but the Viceroy and Peking officials put every obstacle in their way. On Thursday, however, the Chi- nese officials, finding further resistance useless, granted permission for thirty men of each nationality to go hy REVS. NORMAN AND ROBERTSON, MARTYRS ..ain and station themselves at their respective legations, and at 4 o'clock a special train conveyed them to Peking, and guards of like strength were left in Tientsin. Na- tive refugees fled to Tientsin for safety, all of them leav- ing their homes in ashes, and many of them after having seen parents, wives and children hacked to pieces by the heartless mobs. Many villages about Peking have been sacked and the Christians exterminated. A large propor- tion of the refugees were formerly prosperous men, but they are now destitute. BEGINNING OF TROUBLE. 39 Two more English missionaries, Messrs. Norman and Robinson, were slaughtered. Mr. Robinson was killed soon after his capture, after having been tortured, while Mr. Norman for a time was held for a ransom of 40,000 taels. Before terms could be offered or a rescue party sent out, however, he, too, was murdered. A party of French and Belgian engineers, with their wives and children, at- tempted to flee from Pao-ting-fu anc embarked for Tien- tsin on native boats, but the news of their coming went before them, and they were obliged to fight their way desperately through every village. They killed a number of Boxers and received several wounds, and were finally obliged to leave their boats and walk to Tientsin, which they did after three days, living on river water and rice. They reached Tientsin in a terrible condition, the ladies with bleeding feet and several wounds, and the men suf- fering from various injuries. Unfortunately, some of their number had become separated and left behind and were killed. The head of a Frenchman was seen mounted on a pole not far from Tientsin, and later the bodies of a man and his wife were found, the woman having been terribly cut with knives. The missionaries at Pao-ting-fu refused to leave at this time, and they were all murdered on June 30th, 1900. The railway authorities fought hard to maintain com- munication with Peking (the heads of the departments being British), but the line was interrupted by the burn- ing of bridges and stations, and trains frequently re- turned, unable to get through. Three more stations were destroyed in as many days and two bridges burned, each time a step nearer to Tien-tsin. The Chinese troops sent to guard the line failed to accomplish anything, and even if they were not then in sympathy with this anti-foreign 40 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. movement and members of the Boxer society, there is every reason to beHeve that they had secret instructions not to resist or punish the Boxers. Meanwhile the pow- ers were daily landing sailors and marines, and Tientsin was one great military post, full of moving patrols and guards stationed at every vulnerable point. The Boxers assembled by thousands, coming in bands of So to 100, and sometimes 500, from every point of the compass. It was for the people of Peking, Pao-ting-fu, Tung-chow and other points in the interior that we were anxious. The Chinese were in a very excited state, and to enter the native city would mean certain death to any foreigner. Reports were circulated that we had poisoned the wells and food and that we had cast spells on families and houses. Medicine to counteract these evils was sold at high prices, and the foreigner was both hated and feared. Printed red circulars, stating that we were using the eyes of children for medicine, and stories far more horrible, and calling upon men to rise and "sweep the foreign devils into the sea," were freely distributed, in- citing the people to more fanaticism and striking terror to the hearts of peaceful natives. It seems strange to walk the streets armed and to sleep with rifles, revolvers and belts of ammunition by the bedside, but that is what we were forced to do. Perhaips the foe that we had most to dread in Tientsin was fire, for that we could not fight with troops or gunboats. Repeated attempts were made from time to time to fire prominent buildings. Some Christians recanted to save their lives, and were saddled and bridled and forced to crawl to the temple idols, where every indignity was heaped upon them, but be it said to the glory of the church in China and the power of the Word, that thousands have given their lives BEGINNING OF TROUBLE. 4I for Christ's sake, and have been true and steadfast to the end, while others have not hesitated to join the church to share in the persecution. On June 7th twenty-five American marines from the U. S. S. Monocacy were landed. Two men-of-war arrived and landed men also, an elaborate defense of the settlement was arranged for, and the streets barricaded. The railway tracks had been torn up, and as the em- ployees had deserted the stations, no details of the damage done were received, nor could repairs be made. Peking was, therefore, cut off. Edicts from the Empress Dowager pat the Boxers on the back, and General Nieh, the only man who has really tried to do his duty, is to be reprimanded, while Tung Fu-Hsiang, the most anti-foreign general in the army, and the one who has done most to foster the Boxer so- ciety, is to be at the head of the troops. That the sol- diers received distinct orders not to fire upon the Boxers has been proved in many ways. Tientsin, June 10. Late last night telegrams were received from the Min- isters that matters looked very serious in Peking, and asking for the immediate dispatch of troops by any and every possible means. A consular meeting was held at midnight, in which the naval officers of the defense took part, and it was decided to take, by force if necessary, the railway and to run a train through by constructing the line. Early this morning the troops were on the move, .and two trains, with rails, sleepers and constructors, and carrying a thousand troops, with large supplies of am- munition, field pieces and machine guns, were sent off. The Viceroy finally gave permission for the use of the railway, but they soon met with great opposition. It was 42 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. understcwd that the Ministers consider their lives in dan- ger, and that if the troops got through all the foreigners mere would be sent to Tientsin. The Russians and French refused to co-operate, but this morning there were no less than four hundred Russians to go and a large number of French, as well as Italians, Austrians, Amer- icans and British. Five hundred British were sent, and PART OF ADMIRAL SEYMCTUR'S RELIEF COLUMN. also one hundred men who were here from American ships. Fresh troops were sent up the line as fast as the men could be brought and trains made ready. In the meantime we had less than fourteen hundred troops in Tientsin, with more to come. Capt. McCalla was in charge, but afterwards it was decided that Admiral Sey- mour should command the expedition to Peking, which left Tientsin on the morning of the tenth. ADMIRAL SEYMOUR'S RELIEF COLUMN. By a U. S. Officer. Chapter IV. What is known as the Seymour ReHef Column has be- come so famous that a detailed account of that cam- paign by a participant and eye-witness may be of interest to many. The Allied Forces from the various men-of-war lying at Taku, under the command of Admiral Seymour, left Tientsin on trains for Peking about 9 A. M. Sunday, June loth, with the object of escorting the several Ministers from Peking to the ships. The force was about 2,100, divided approximately as follows: Russians, 600; British, 500; Germans, 400; Americans, 200; Japanese, 150, and the balance between the Italians, French and Austrians. Having two heavy trains, and the necessity of keeping as near together as possible, made our progress rather slow. Shortly after noon we passed Yang-tsun, a distance of sixteen miles from Tientsin, without having met with any opposition. At Yang-tsun there were 3,000 Imperial Chinese troops, all armed with the latest improved Maunliclier rifle, but they all appeared very friendly, and we stopped there for half an hour and the men bought eggs and i'ruit. 44 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. About five miles above Yang-tsun we met our first op- position, and I had my first "pop" at a genuine Boxer. There was a small body of them engaged in tearing up the track. We fired on them, killing four, and the rest took to their heels. It took us most of the balance of the afternoon to repair the track, so the train was at a stand- still there until the next morning. Not until we had gone nearly two miles ahead of the train did we see anything alarming, but just as we had decided to push on to Lang-fang, we saw a body of Boxers, whose number we estimated at about 1,200, streaming out of a large village on the lefti>f Ihe line and making for another village lower down, with the inten- tion of cutting us off from the trains. We kept up a run- ning fight with them for a distance of a mile and a half, dropping some thirty of them. When within 700 or 800 yards of the trains we halted on the railway embankment, and gave them so hot a magazine fire that we drove them across the right front of the bluejackets, where they were exposed to a severe fire from the Centurion's Maxim and rifles. No men, however brave, could have stood the punishment, and the Boxers fled, leaving some 450 dead on the field. One cannot withhold a tribute of admiration to the gallantry of these poor wretches, armed mainly with spears and swords, in attempting to rush in open dayliglii a trainload of disciplined European troops, armed witli all the most modern weapons. At night our men had to sleep on top or under the cars, or any place that they could spread tlieir blankets. The next morning we started bright and early, only to find that a number of rails had been removed and had to be relaid. In some places it would be only a couple of ADMIRAL Seymour's relief column 45 rails, but in others there would be several hours' hard work. The men went at it with a will, and there was scarcely any growling, which "Jack," as a rule, considers his special privilege. During Monday we made about fifteen miles advance, and were not attacked by the Boxers. Tuesday was a repetition of Monday, except that we could see a great many Chinese way off in the distance, and had a little scrimmage with a band of about forty or fifty, killing fourteen of them. Camped Tuesday night at Lo-fa, where there is a switch and sidetrack running into a walled enclosure. The company from H. M. S. En- dymion fortified that enclosure and mounted some Nor- denfeldt and some Maxim guns on the walls, and called it Fort Endymion. Wednesday morning we started, leaving a garrison of about 120 British bluejackets in Fort Endymion. Our progress on that day was even slower than on the pre- vious day, and we went only about twelve miles to a sta- tion where there had been a water tank, but it had all been destroyed by the Boxers, and the boys had to water the engines by hand. We camped there that night, and early the next morning, just as we had finished breakfast, we were attacked by a large body of Boxers, estimated to be about 1,20a or 1,500. In some way that I can scarcely understand they were almost upon us before the alarm was given, and for a few minutes it looked as if they were going to drive us. There were eight Italian seamen out foraging unarmed, and five of them were cut down. The Boxers were armed only with swords and spears, but in their fanaticism they kept coming right forward, to be mowed down by the rifles, and it finally became a regular hand-to-hand fight, with our bayonets 46 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. against their swords and spears. Tliere were some ghastly sights on the field that day, as they simply would not stop fighting as long as there was any breath in them. I counted 162 on the field, and there is no know- ing how many more crawled away and died of their wounds. SIEGE TRAIN ON WAY TO PEKIN. That same afternoon a few of the cars were detached and, with a strong guard, took Admiral Seymour and his staff about ten miles further up the road, when they came to a place where the track was torn up and the grading embankment leveled for a distance of two or three miles. While that section was out reconnoitering, four British ADMIRAL Seymour's relief column 47 bluejackets came flying up the road on a handcar from Lo-fa with word that Fort Endymion was being attacked . by overwhelming numbers. You may know that it did not take us long to back that train down there and "sail in." We had a big time there for a few minutes, and the Boxers just dropped in bunches. We counted 230 dead on the field there and, aside from the five unarmed Italians that were killed in the morning, we had no losses that day. After the fight we ran the train back to the water tank and camped there again that night. The next day (Friday, June iSth) we tried to send a train back to Tientsin under Paymaster Jewett for sup- plies, but he returned late in the afternoon, reporting the road and bridges so badly destroyed that it was impos- sible for him to go through. There was a council of war that night, and the next morning we started to back the train and make the best of our way to Tientsin. We left about 120 Gefmans, strongly fortified, at a sta- tion, with an engine to bring them in, if necessary. Also at Lo-fa we left the British garrison in Fort Endymion. 1 1 emember saying while passing those two fortified posts that it would take a horde of Chinamen to drive them out, and yet, late that evening, they were all driven in and joined us with their trains, bringing in twenty-two wounded and leaving six dead on the field. They were driven in by Imperial troops, armed with the best of mod- ern rifles. On Sunday, the 17th, our progress was verv slow, the track being almost a total wreck. We were at a standstill all day Monday beside an irreparable bridge over the Pei-ho River. I could begin to see that some of the officers were not as sure of the outcome as they would 48 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. like to have us believe, and to-day we began to serve out half rations. As the bridge was irreparable, it was decided to aban- don the train. So, on the 19th, we left the train, putting the wounded into boats, with the intention of following the course of the river to Tientsin. It was a long, slow job detraining and forming the column, and it was well along in the afternoon before the last detachment left the cars. We only went about three or four miles before going into camp for the night, and as soon as it was dark we could see the flames of the deserted train, which was being destroyed by the enemy. We 'began our march at 5 o'clock the next morning, and about 5 130 I saw a number of red and white banners floating among some trees a little over a mile away. I called the paymaster's attention to them, and just' as he was looking I heard, for the first time in this campaign, the whistle of rifle bullets, and the fight was on — the fight of our lives to reach Tien- tsin. Before I go further it might be well to give some idea of the formation of the column. There were but four- teen United States marines, who had been sent up more as a train guard for a supply train, and that little band of fourteen acted as a sort of advance guard, being any- where from a quarter to half a mile ahead of the rest. Following them was the United States three-inch field piece, with its crew of about forty bluejackets from the U. S. S. Newark, and they were supported by the rest of the Newark battalion. Then followed the British marines and the British bluejackets, with their field pieces and machine guns ; then the Germans, the Japanese, the Ital- ians, French and Austrians, while the Russians were the rear gu^rd to defend the boats containing the wounded. ADMIRAL SEYMOURS RELIEF COLUMN 49 The first shot fired after we left the train was fired by the U. S. three-inch field piece at a 2,000-yard range, and was as pretty a shot as I have ever seen, landing a shrap- nel right among a crowd at the foot of a flagstaff over a mile away. That shot rather scattered them, and we ad- vanced slowly, fighting every foot of the way. The grave mounds and mud fences made first-class cover for us, and we fought from one mud fence to an- other, driving the Chinese before us. They made a very determined stand in a village, and it took us hours of hard fighting to dislodge them. We were having more or less killed and wounded all the time, which made our progress correspondingly slower. We advanced into a village with the American three-inch and Endymion's machine guns. The enemy soon had range, and dropped shells into the village, some falling unpleasantly close, one in particular bursting in the street where our guns were drawn up, but without hurting any one. The village was cleared with much difficulty, and then the enemy retired and took up their position in the next village. The Ger- mans and Russians on the left bank began their advance at 10:15. Many of the enemy threw away their weapons and ammunition, of which a good deal was taken by our men. At 2 P. M. we passed through Pei-tsang, with op- position all the time, every foot being disputed. The fighting during the whole day was of the severest de- scription, the enemy hanging on to his cover with the greatest tenacity. From a prisoner brought in we learned that Tientsin was exceedingly hard pressed, having had almost continuous fighting for the past five days. It was very evident that we could hope for no help from that quarter. The greatest matter for anxiety was the am- 50 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. munition supply. If finished, the column would soon be finished also. The great difficulty our men experienced on Wednes- day was the inability to locate the whereabouts of the enemy's artillery, owing to their using smokeless powder. Fighting lasted continuously from 8:15 A. M. until dark- ness set in. At 7 45 a shell burst close over our boats, wounding severely a German seaman, who was sitting on the deck of the boat containing their wounded. Thursday, the 21st, was a repetition of the continuous fighting of the 20th, with the added element of danger and death from shells and shrapnel that were being thrown in our midst by some fort out of sight way down the river. In the afternoon we were told to stand by for a long march all night, as we were to try and steal by the fort in the darkness. We took such rest as we could till about 10 :30 P. M., when we started silently down the bank of the river in "column of twos." It was pitch dark, and I seemed to realize the gravity of the situation more than ever before. We had been hear- ing the "boom," "boom" of heavy guns ever since we had left the train. It was by no means certain that we would find Tien-tsin in the hands of friends, if we would be able to reach there. About I o'clock in the morning we came to a village sit- uated on both sides of the rivSr, the banks of which at that place were almost perpendicular and about twenty feet high. We were stealing along at the water's edge in the dense blackness, when, without a word of challenge or warning, volleys were fired into us, or at least in our direction. Mercifully, there were none of the men in the ranks hit, but three of the poor wounded fellows in the ADMIRAL SEYMOUR'S RELIEF COLUMN 51 boats were killed. The only way I can account for that is that those in charge had failed to unship the mast of the boat, and as I looked back that night all I could see was that mast, standing out clear and distinct against the sky line. We did not fire one shot in return, but the British marines charged through the town upon their flank and took it at the point of the bayonet. We marched through that town, and had gone but a mile or so when day began BRINGING THE WOUNDED DOWN THE PEI-HO. to break. We were marching along the top of a bank that was a sort of levee, and I could just see across the river, about sixty yards away, a man walking up and down. I called the paymaster's attention to it, and he at first thought it was one of the Germans, as they had been on that side of the river most of the way. It was rapidly getting lighter, and we soon saw that it was a Chinese officer in full uniform, while about every five feet I could see the head and shoulders of Chinese soldiers, evidently 52 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. in rifle pits behind the ramparts, and a number of heavy juns and Hght machine ones, with their gun crews' stand- ing by them. The Httle band of marines and about twenty U. S. bluejackets were all that were in sight at the time. One of the men saw a Chinaman with a rifle going across the bottom land back of us, and he took a shot at him. The echo of the shot had not died away before every big gun and everything else they had was turned loose on us, and a four-inch Krupp shell plowed into the gVound within six feet of mey but fortunately did not explode. All hands at once dropped down below the edge of the levee, and we had as good a fort to fight from as the en- emy had. We made it our point from the beginning not to let them serve their guns, and that first volley was the only time their big guns were used. We were not more than sixty to seventy-five yards from them, and it was hot work for about an hour. The man next to me on my left had a ball right through his cap, which gave him an ugly scalp wound that bled freely. 1 bandaged it up with his "first aid," and he went right on fighting. While we were keeping the enemy occupied in this way, a party of British marines and bluejackets, about 300 strong, crossed the river a mile or so above the fort, and, by making a long flanking march, came upon the fort from the rear, where it was not guarded, and got inside. Before those engaging us knew what happened to them, they were between two fires, and there was a regular panic ; their own guns were turned on them, and they went over the bank like rats. The fort was known as the Se-ku Arsenal, and covered many acres of ground. It was full of arms and ammunition, much of it of the very latest pattern, and more were found in nearly all the ADMIRAL Seymour's relief column. 53 houses we passed through. During the forenoon it was decided to hold the captured forts, and send in a small force of marines, with Mr. Currie as a guide, to endeavor to enter the foreign settlement, starting at 9 P. M. At about I P. M. the enemy attacked the captured arsenal with between 5,000 and 6,000 men. Our firing line was re- inforced to a strength of 700. A gun belonging to the enemy, placed on a railway bridge some 2,uoo yards away, caused us considerable annoyance. The fighting was of the most desperate character, the Chinese troops making several most determined rushes, which were gallantly re- pelled by our men. The attack was finally repulsed by about 2:45 P. M., and our men chased the enemy for some distance across the country, burning the adjacent villages, which were likely to afford cover to them. After allowing us to spend a quiet night, the enemy be- gan by an attack on us at 4 :2o A. M. Our casualties were becoming very frequent, and it was perfectly heart-rend- ing to see the ghastly procession of poor, mangled fellows led and carried in. Captain Beyts, R. M. A., and two men were rushed by the enemy and killed. At 2 A. M. the marines who essayed to get through to Tientsin, re- turned, having been nearly cut off by strong bodies of the enemy ; they had lost four killed and two wounded. The loss of the Chinese was estimated at about 600 during the taking of the fort and about 400 more when they tried to regain it. Now that we had possession of the fort, all we could do was to hold it until relieved, as we could not hope to pass down the river right under the walls of Tientsin. We sent up red rockets each night as a signal for help, hop- ing that they might be seen in Tientsin, which is only Tibout eight miles away in a straight line. Our provisions 54 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. were running pretty low, but we found plenty of rice in the fort and a garden full of onions and turnips, and the boys made some pretty fair stew, some out of canned beef and some out of fresh "mule." We took the fort on the 22d, and stayed there that day and the 23d and 24th, and about noon of the 25th a relief party of 2,000 arrived, and we got ready to begin oi:r final stretch to Tientsin and comparative security. We all crossed the river and camped just opposite the Arsenal all night, leaving a party over there to prepare the Arsenal for blowing up, which was done just after v/e started at daylight. We met no opposition on our march from Se-Ku to Tientsin, arriving there about 10 o'clock with a heart full of unspeakable thankfulness. Of course our fighting was by no means over when we reached Tientsin, as we had still a month more to hear the bullets sing, but as the object of this is to relate the campaign of Admiral Seymour's Column, I will leave the rest for some other pen to describe. THE SIEGE OF TIENTSIN. Chapter V. Mr. Gammon, of the A. B. S., kept a detailed rec- ord of the Boxer troubles, and is well qualified to speak on this subject. We give below extracts of his diary on the siege, which is very interesting: "The Empress Dowager's antagonism was shown when an edict was issued commanding the Chinese troops not to fire on the Boxers. When the society had been vir- tually placed under government protection, it became a power over the whole of Northern China. Those who be- fore had refused to join in the movement, were now com- pelled to or else receive the disfavor of the Government itself. "After this the Boxers gradually worked their way toward Tientsin, and during the first week in June, be- tween 40,000 and 50,000 of them were stationed around the city. "During the second week in June the foreign residents were expecting to be attacked at any moment, and on the iSth day of the same month their fears were realized. Three churches in the city were burned and also one on the outskirts of Tientsin. Many native houses were also destroyed. From a commanding position the foreigners watched the work of destruction. Puring the night 56 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. thousands of red lanterns could be seen flitting about the streets. A number of these would collect together and then a small light would grow and grow until the sur- roundings would be lit up as if by tliousands of electric lights. Again and again this spectacle was repeated, until hundreds of native houses had been reduced to ashes. The red lanterns were carried by the Boxers to identify them from those whose lives they were seeking. "On the i6th of June news was received in Tientsin that the Taku Forts were to be bombarded by the allied fleets, and on the following day the bombardment began. "As soon as the Chinese troops received word that the bombardment had begun, they immediately opened fire on the city. The telegraph, telephone and railway sys- tems had been destroyed, leaving the residents without any means of communication with the outside world. The shelling of the city continued for twelve days, until not a house stood but what had received some damage. There were but 700 Russian troops in Tientsin, and it was owing to their bravery that the lives of the foreign resi- dents were saved. At the railway station 14,000 Chinese troops were held at bay by the Russians. Had assist- ance not arrived, the foreign residents intended to shoot all the women and children, rather than allow them to fall into the hands of the Chinese. A number of men had even been detailed to perform this horrible task. TIENTSIN DEFENSES. It was a huge territory to defend, especially with only fourteen hundred troops, but many of the street ends were barricaded and machine guns placed in the most com- manding positions, so that the enemy must suffer heavy loss even if successful in an attack. The railway station SIEGE OF TIENTSIN. 57 was on the opposite side of the river, which is crossed by a pontoon bridge, and this important position had to be held at any cost, since tlie possession of it by the Chinese would give them the key to the settlement and put an end to the possibility of using the line for transportation purposes. On Friday all seethed quiet, but the Boxers gathered with the darkness and, emboldened by the deeds of the night before, came in a mass to the railway station, plan- ning to cross the pontoon bridge, loot and destroy the houses, and massacre the inhabitants. But, as had been predicted, they were easily repulsed. The Cossacks, who had taken charge of this point of the defense, opened fire upon them at close range with a terrific rifle fire and shots from the field guns. Poor, deluded men — armed with banners and spears, confident of the spiritual protection in which they had been taught to believe — they advanced boldly to the muzzles of the guns that were mowing them down like grass before the scythe, and before they were undeceived hundreds lay torn and bleeding on the ground. In their retreat they carried away most of their dead and wounded, only about a dozen having been left. A TERRIBLE NIGHT. Friday night was wholly spent on the tower, and it was a night long to be remembered. With field glasses we could see the Boxers gather outside the^ city walls, and then began a terrible scene of destruction. Again and again they would gather round a group of buildings and apply their torches, and soon the sky was one red glow from the thousands of burning houses and shops in the suburbs. Why they should thus destroy the property of their own people we could not understand, but it was S8 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. probably that they might satisfy their passion for loot and murder. All night long we watched this terrible work, expecting them to turn upon the settlement at any moment, but it was not until the first streak of dawn ap- peared, at 4 o'clock, that we had serious cause for alarm. We were watching the movements of the mob and saw them suddenly gather in one mass, wave their GORDON HALL, WHERE THE tADIES AND CHILDREN WERE KEPT DURING THE TIENTSIN SIEGE. torches high in the air, hesitate for a moment, then witii a terrible yell they made a mad rush for the settlement. They were no longer human beings, they were blood- thirsty savages, drunk with the sight of fire and blood. MISERIES OF GORDON HALL. ■All this time the forts in the native city were shelling SIEGE OF TIENTSIN. 59 US frightfully, with shrapnel and segment, aiid these were exploding everywhere. Of the great mass of people at the Gordon Hall I know but little, save that they suffered every possible inconvenience. Canned meats were brought in from the looted shops by the men, but there were no stoves, so that nothing could be cooked, and poor little infants had to be fed with cold milk. In hours of quiet the ladies slept on chairs, on the platform, on the stairs, in the halls, and on the floors of various rooms, but during the hours of shelling they were packed in dark cellars, where they passed hours of misery. A few were hysterical, and one or two nearly died from heart failure, but, as a rule, they bore the trouble well. With scanty clothing and little bedding, with none of the conveniences of home, with an unbroken diet of cold canned meats and crackers and with such crowded ac- commodations, it is easy to imagine what the ladies suf- fered during the many days they were confined there. EFFECT OF SHELL FIRE. At Mr. Cousins' we were more pleasantly situated. In the godowns were hundreds of bags of rice, so that our five hundred refugees were well fed, and the Methodist ladies and ourselves had the use of the house and office buildings. For the ladies there was a small cellar, about lo feet by ID feet, and 6 feet high, around the sides of which were piled boxes of soap, ofiFering absolute protec- tion. It may seem remarkable that, although the settle- ment was bombarded for so many days, only five citizens were killed. On the street we were entirely exposed, and it is marvellous that "narrow escapes" could go on in- definitely, day after day, as they did, 60 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. A CRITICAL TIME. The beginning of the bombardment on Sunday was the first fruit of the taking of the Taku forts, and on Mon- day night came the second, when General Nieh's troops made a determined and long attack on the railway sta- tion, held by the Cossacks, who, as every one must ac- knowledge, were our salvation. In the terrific battle which followed they lost no less than one hundred killed, but the Chinese lost many hundreds. With all their cour- age the Cossacks were finally forced to send for aid, and were reinforced by the British, with whom they finally repulsed the Chinese. It was a critical time, and only a dispensation of Providence blinded the eyes of the Chinese to the fact that an attack made on two points simultane- ously must have been successful. For three days more our fate hung in the balance, with all the favor (save the all-important favor of God) on the side of the Chinese. The Imperial troops numbered at least five thousand and we knew that were they to attack from the open plain, or get over the river in a body, assisted by the innumera- ble Boxers, we could not stand against them. But hap- pily they did neither, why, we do not know. They en- trenched themselves in a long line across the river and poured a perfect rain of bullets into the settlement. So thick wer« they that one might pick up five hundred of these little pellets in a space of twenty yards on any street. Many people received wounds from these stray bullets and in our own party one refugee was killed and two were wounded, and Mr. Cousins also received a wound in the leg. One of the shrapnel burst in the go- down, where three hundred refugees were sitting, killing one instantly and wounding another. Had this shell burst lower down, at least fifty would have been killed. SIEGE OF TIENTSIN. 6 1 THE SNIPING, But in Spite of hundreds of bursting shells and showers of stray bullets, our greatest danger qame from hidden riflemen, who seemed to be in a thousand different build- ings in the settlement, especially on the godowns. From many points we were repeatedly shot at as we walked the streets on duty, and only the fact that these Boxer sympathizers were untrained in the use of arms prevented an immense loss of life among us. It was trying enough to have shell shrieking and burst- ing about us and bullets strayingj in showers into our midst, but to feel that from windows and roofs in every part of the settlement we were being repeatedly and in- dividually shot at as we walked the streets, was very wear- ing. The defense lines were skirmishing all the time, and wounded men began to fill the houses set aside as hospitals, which gave employment to our ladies, for thousands of bandages had to be cut and rolled. THE NATIVE CHRISTIANS. And here, too, let me record the excellent work done by the native Christian refugees undei our charge. Their first work was to barricade the whole settlement, especial- ly the line of water front, about two miles, which had to be held by our men and had to be open to a deadly fire from the enemy on the opposite bank. For this purpose huge bales of hides, camel's wool, etc., were used, with which the godowns were fortunately stocked, and the thousands of bales necessary were carted from the go- downs and piled into position by our refugee preachers, teachers and helpers, who were unaccustomed to heavy labor and who did their work while under fire, freely of- fering their services, working day and night until the 62 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. stupendous task was completed, with blistered hands and aching backs. Their efforts saved the lives of many sol- diers, besides placing the settlement in a much more sq- cure position. They carried water, ammunition and pro- visions ; they dug graves, performed every kind of heavy labor, and more than earned their protection as well as unstinted praise. Two of them volunteered to attempt passing the enemy's lines to carry news of our serious situation to the admirals at Taku, and one got back after having been thrown in the river for dead. Even when shells passed so close to our heads as to barely graze the wall by our side, and when bullets sang all around us, these country refugees did not display any unusual alarm, but followed our instructions calmly. Men with no re- gard for mission work, and who had contempt for the Chinese, had to admit that these proved themselves true in every particular, and we could not have held out with- out them. The situation got so bad that Mr. Seeberg and Mr. James Watts, volunteered to carry dispatches to the Taku fort asking for reinforcements. They got through safe- ly and a relief party reached here in time to save us." RELIEF OF TIENTSIN AND TAKING OF THE NATIVE CITY. Chapter VI. From the time the relief party reached Tientsin, on June 23 until July 8 nothing of any great importance oc- curred. The Chinese kept up a slow fire from time to time and sniping was always the order of the day. Our correspondent, therefore, opens his diary again and we will give you his account as he saw and witnessed the bombardment and taking of the Native City of Tientsin, NARROW ESCAPES. On the 8th, 9th and loth the Chinese have given us some sharp times of shelling. Their marksmen did so well that general admiration would have been expressed if only they had been shelling somebody else. Many wonderful escapes are related. One old preacher of the American Board, who with his family had occu- pied a room for some weeks, was persuaded to change his quarters. Half an hour after, a shell came into that very room and burst into some hundred fragments. A mother with her children decided to leave the nursery for a while; they had just gone below when the room was wrecked. CUNNING CHINESE. An attempt was made by the Chinese in large force to cut our communications again. They were discovered 64 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. working around by the West Arsenal, and got as far as the race course. The Japanese, British and Germans, however, were soon in the open against them. By some clever manoeuvring they were completely at the mercy of our men and were soon in full flight, having lost six guns and about 400 killed. The Japanese did splendidly, and with their cavalry and field guns cut off not a few. THE NATIVE CITY OF TIENTSIN. Friday, July 13. The secret has for once been kept. The attack by all the forces on the native city began this morning. Our guns opened fire at 5 A. M. with astounding effect on the atmosphere. The Chinese are punishing us back, but as their efforts are limited to 40 and 85 millimetres, the de- moralization is small compared to that we are inflicting. RELIEF OF TIENTSIN. 6S At 7 A. M. rifle firing began to displace the shell, and the South Gate was the objective of our attack, which was largely in the hands of the Americans and French. July 14. When I closed my notes of yesterday I referred to the attack on the native city then going on. The allies (American, British, French and Japanese) were to make a combined attack on the old walled city from the south and southwest. This was done, but done incompletely, and with very heavy loss. Tientsin emphasizes the les- sons of South Africa that modern arms of precision tend to equate soldiers unequal in morale ; a Chinaman with a gun at two miles, or a rifle at one, is almost as good a man as a European, and if his weapons are sKghtly better, he is quite as good a man. The Chinese still wishes to run and does run when the risk is great, but as long as the gap is big enough to give him a good start in the race for safety, he stands up and shoots commendably straight. The Russians did their part with success, but for once they did not meet the chief piece de resistance. They captured eight 60-millimetre Krupp field pieces, and drove the Chinese clear away from the Canal and the eastern suburbs of the city; they had few casualties. The sole friendly criticism one has to offer on their attack is that they did not keep the other allies infoimed aS to their movements. The Japanese were in the centre to go straight for the South Gate (one mile distant) ; the Americans were to be on their right, but by some misunderstanding (of doubt- ful origin) went to the left, and got themselves landed in a pent-house. The British were the extreme left, and the French the extreme right. A Japanese officer sent a message to General Dorward 66 China and the boxers. that he was in the city, 'would the big battery cease fir- ing?' This was a mistake, but all the same the battery ceased at the very moment it was dealing out death to the enemy. The Japanese were not in the city, but near it (200 to 500 yards) . As the line advanced, all available cover was seized, but the Chinese were in great force on the old wall and behind loopholes, and a hundred rifles answered instantaneous exposure. About 11 A. M. they had advanced to within 500 yards of the wall, and then found themselves in a fix; they could not go on, they could not come back. The consequences were that tliey had to rest there all day, under fair cover (a mud vil- lage), in a heat of from 96° to 100° Fahrenheit. Des- perate efforts were made to bring off the wounded, of whom there were over 500. Blood here showed itself thicker than water. The British lost twenty-five men in bringing off the American wounded and in taking up am- munition, of which all arms ran out. The French were very tenacious and lost 10 per cent., 140 out of 1,400 men. The history of the rest of the day was the arrival of wounded, and the taking out of supplies; the troops re- mained under cover. We had a quiet night, though at 6 P. M. the Shui-sze-ying sent a few hissing brutes into the French concession, and three at our battery. The lat- ter instantly took up the challenge and promptly enforced silence. The allies all got into the city early in the morning, with little opposition, four Japanese wounded on the way in, and the Japanese, French and American flags were clearly seen from the settlement on the walls and high buildings. The capture of the city must have been unexpected, I. THE EMPEROR KWANG-HSU (from an old photograph). 2. THE EMPRESS. 3 AIJD 4. LI-HUNG-CHANG AND PRINCE CHING, THE PEACE ENVOYS. 5. "bOXERS" BEFORE THE COURT TO RECEIVE THEIR VERDICT. 68 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. for large quantities of sycee were found lying exposed in many of the houses and nongs (business houses). Valu- able silks, articles of clothing, curios, etc., were brought away in large quantities. The wounded numbered 600, i e., the casualties were about 10 per cent. The walled city is held by four par- ties of the troops, numbering well over one thousand. The heat was appalling all the time, ranging from 96° to 100°, and often topping the century. In proportion to their number the American troops seem to have suffered most, for out of about 900 men engaged, their casualties amounted to over a hundred, among them brave Colonel Liscumb, who had only arrived from Manila the diay before. Their hospital, packed upstairs and down, was a terrible sight on the morning of the next day. The question at that time was loot ; in one case a raid- ing syndicate of men had a superb spoil of gold bars and watches. Sycee (silver) which was thrown down by fugitives in their haste to quit the doomed place could be picked up all round, and terror struck natives who remain on the scene never show themselves out on the street. It will be years before Tientsin can rebuild and regain her old posi- tion. BOMBARDMENT OF THE TAKU FORTS. Chapter VII. An officer of the S. S. Hsingfung, who has arrived, gave us an interesting account of the bombardment of the forts ; he said : "We were right in the thick of the fight, the shot and shell just clearing our awning boom. There were no big ships in the action, only gunboats or small craft, comprising three Russian, one English, one French and one Qerman. THE DAMAGE TO THE VESSELS. One oi the Russians got a shot in her bow and went aground in shallow water. She was hit five times in all, and another of the Russians was hit three times. The Algerine, the British vessel, sustained no serious damage and took only two shots through her stokehold ventilators. The heavy loss of the Russians is accounted for by the fact that a shot or shell fell in the magazine, causing an explosion of ammunition. AN ULTIMATUM SENT. An ultimatum had been sent ashore to the effect that if the Boxers were not checked other steps would have to be taken. Then some of the naval officers went to see 70 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. the commander at 12 o'clock on Saturday night, to ask what he intended doing. The general replied that HE MEANT TO FIGHT, and a bombardment by the fleet was arranged for at 2 o'clock that morning. The Chinese, however, began fir- ing a little before i a. m., using the searchlight. The U. S. S. Monocacy had been up river on patrol work, and as she came down men on shore near the wharves opened fire on her with rifles, but they were soon silenced. The Russian vessel that was hit five times had foui holes alone in one side, three of them being very near her water line. THE ILTIS LATE AT THE FIGHT. The German cruiser litis came down the river from Tang-ku an hour after the firing began, when she opened and was followed twenty minutes later by the French gunboat Lion. On Monday the Japanese were busy "sniping" all Chi nese in the vicinity of the forts. A Russian torpedo boat went up the river and the people in one of the villages opened fire on her with rifles. She replied with her ma- chine guns and soon cleared the place out. BRITISH USE enemy's GUNS. After taking the North fort, the British turned their guns on the other fort. At daylight the British were ashore with their rifles, picking off the Chinese gtmners from a low wall outside the moat and then, with the Japa- nese, they rushed in over the bridge across the moat and took the place. The ships then steamed down opposite South fort, and it was here the litis sustained her losses. BOMBARDMENT OF THE TAKU FORTS. 71 Besides the litis and the Algerine, there were engaged here the two Russians and the Frenchman. The Algerine ceased fire for a time just before daylight and the lookers on feared she was out of action. With the dawn, however, she was soon as busy as ever, her crew making fine practice. - The last shot was fired at 6 :4S A. M., according to the Poo-chi's time. Very few guns in the fort appeared to be seriously damaged. The weapons used were all the late-pattern guns, the heavy muzzle-loaders being found with their tompions still in their throats. The fighting united forces were represented by three Russian ships, one Japanese, one German (the litis) and one English (the Algerine). The latter was directly un- der the forts and did magnificent work and markmanship, and escaped with slight damage. The litis fared worse ; a lieutenaht was blown to pieces and the commander was wounded, but the greater punishment was meted out to a Russian gunboat, which received a shell in the boiler room, and many were killed. She drifted ashore, disabled in one sense, but not in another, for she poured an ex- tremely hot fire into the forts and finally succeeded in blowing up the magazine. The concussion was terrific and will be ever memora- ble to those that heard it. The Chinese fought with great pluck and pertinacity, and for six hours there was no re- laxation of the furore. The Japanese landed a force and attacked the enemy at the point of the bayonet, and finally took the forts with a gallant charge. The pity is their captain lost his life leading the troops. The forces of the other countries followed the Japa- nese, and thus the Northern and the Western forts were occupied by the Japanese, the Right and the Left 72 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. forts by the other forces. At 7 A. M. the fight was over, when the British took charge of the Western fort, and the Japanese left the forts to guard the station. The railway track going to Tientsin did not appear to have been wrecked, but as the locomotive had been damaged, the crew of the Atago were told off to repair it. A SCENE OF CARNAGE The forts do not show much damage from the outside, but on entering them a very vivid idea is gained as to the effect of modern shell fire. The place was wrecked, and mutilated men and horses were thickly strewn over the blood-stained ground. A number of foreign houses ashore suffered severely, Mr. Limberg's being entirely destroyed. One shell went right through one of the Tang-ku hotels. The shell that smashed Mr. Limberg's house also killed three Chinese. Everything soon quieted down and the different flags are now flying from the forts.'^ MURDER OF THE JAPANESE SECRETARY ANL. GERMAN MINISTER. Chapter VIII. On June nth occurred the murder of the Japanese Chancellor, Sugiyama, by the Boxers, and Tung Fu- hsiang's Kansu troops. The Chancellor attempted to leave Peking by the Yung-ting gate in order to meet Ad- miral Seymour's relief force, which was on its way to the capital from Tientsin, and which was apparently expected to reach Peking that day. Sugiyama rode in a cart with a broad red band round the body, denoting that the oc- cupant was of, at least, the second rank. When he ar- rived at the Yung-ting gate he was accosted by a number of Tung Fu-hsiang's men who were guarding it. It seemed that Prince Tuan had that day given secret orders that no foreigner was to be allowed either to leave the city or enter it. He was therefore stopped and asked who he was. Sugiyama told them that he was a member of the Japanese legation. "Are you the Japanese minister?" "No, I am only a chancellor of the legation." "Then what right have you, a petty officer like that, to ride in such a high official's cart?" So they pulled him out of his cart and began to mob the unlucky Chancellor. Sugi- yama then demanded to be brought before General Tung THE EMPRESS DOWAGER. (From a recent photograph.) MURDER OF THE GERMAN MINISTER. 75 Fu-hsiang. "What! You to speak to our Great Gen- eral! (Ta Shuei.) Why, you are too insignificant to have such an honor!" At last, however, a red-buttoned Kansu officer appeared on the scene, to whom Sugiyama appealed for help. Instead of doing so the ruffian merely ordered the Japanese Chancellor's head to be struck off as a sacrifice to their war banner, and stuck near the gate, "for trying to break out of Peking." Sugiyama was the first foreigner murdered inside Peking. The great mass of the population of Peking were great- ly alarmed at these blood-thirsty proceedings, and all were expecting that the Empress Dowager would show some disapproval of the murder of the Japanese Chan- cellor, belonging to a friendly State, and the member of an Embassy ; but the Manchus, one and all, were jubilant when they heard of the murder. Finally the official seal of approval from the highest quarter for this dastardly murder was made by Prince Tuan, who, when he met General Tung Fu-hsiang the next morning, slapped the latter on the back and raising his right thumb called out "Hao" (good!) The raising of the thumb denotes that the person addressed is a "first-class hero." We should here mention that during the \.'hole of the time whilst the Chinese party were arguing with the Manchus in this to be ever notable Grand Council, His Majesty the Emperor maintained a moody and even tear- ful silence ; and what could he do ? Bereft of power and influence, despised of the Manchus, silence was doubtless his only way of showing passive dissent of his Manchu nobles' and ministers' policy. But when at last it ap- peared to His Majesty that the warlike policy of his coun- trymen was about to prevail. His Majesty could no longer contain himself, and turned impulsively to the Empress 76 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. Dowager, who sat a foot or so in front on his left, and begged her to reconsider her decision to fight all foreign nations, saying that the movement once inaugurated by the Government would make peace an impossibility in the future and destruction of the country imminent. His Majesty was going on to say something more, but seemed to pull himself suddenly up, for, instead of listening to His Majesty, as court etiquette required, the Empress Dowager openly aflronted the Emperor by ignoring his words and turning her back on His Majesty. This was the last stroke on the Chinese party, whose words were simply drowned in the uproar of the Manchus, who unanimously shouted for war to the knife, and who looked with deep hate on their Chinese colleagues, whom they now considered as enemies and traitors to their cause. At this time the German Minister decided he would visit the Tsung-li Yamen. The ministers of the Yamen were dumfounded when they received the note and wrote back begging him to forego his visit until affairs became more settled, as the crisis at the moment was in a most dangerous pitch and the streets and alleys in the vicinity of the legations were crowded with wild and savage troops over whom the Tsung-li Yamen had not the least control, but the German Minister detemained to visit the Yamen, and was accordingly murdered en route by the Kansu troops and some of Yung Lu's Manchu troops of the Wu-wei Corps. This occurred on the 20th of June. After this, pandemonium broke loose and all Peking seemed to be in confusion. Panic reigned everywhere amongst the most law-abiding of the Chinese inhabitanVs. The murder of the German Minister opened the eyes of the Imperial Court. They saw that things were now in danger of being beyond recall and the more reckless MURDER OF THE GERMAN MINISTER. 11 joined Prince Tuan and Kang Yi in pressing the Em- press Dowager to declare war and bring inside Peking all Yung Lu's troops, who were armed with modern fire- arms, machine and field guns, as from what had been ex- perienced before by the Boxers and Kansu men in their attacks on the legations, swords, spears and rifles were BARON VON KETTELER. useless to destroy the foreign quarters. The most promi. nent and active of the Manchu party presented themselves at the Palace, therefore, on the 20th of June, the day of the murder, and got the Empress Dowager to issue a de- cree to Yung Lu, as Generalissimo of the Grand Army of the North, commanding him to bring in his army into J?8 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. Peking and formally attack the legations, destroy them, and then leave for Tientsin, to destroy the foreigners there and so on until all were driven into the sea. The late German Minister, who was murdered by the Chinese on the 20th of June, was comparatively a young man. Baron Clemens August von Kettler was born at Potsdam on the 22^ of November. He entered the Diplo- matic Service and passed a special examination for Chi- nese. In the eighties he was appointed interpreter to the German consulate at Canton. During the Chinese ris- ing in 1888, when the Foreign settlement at Canton was attacked, Baron von Ketteler distinguished himself by the energy with which, with the assistance of a few German residents, he defended a house in which the women and children had sought refuge. It was largely due to him that the rioters were expelled from the settlement. His services on this occasion were recognized by the Emperor William I., who conferred on him the fourth class of the Red Eagle Order. After filling various other posts in the diplomatic service. Baron von Ketteler was appointed German Minister to Mexico in 1896. Last year, on the retirement of Baron von Heyking, who had successfully carried through the Kiao-Cheo negotiations. Baron von Ketteler was appointed to succeed him. He was very popular in European society in Peking, and, owing to his intimate knowledge of Chinese, frequently represented the legations in confidential communications with the Tsung-li Yamen. It was on such a mission as this that he was engaged when he met his death. Baron von Ket- teler married Miss Maud Ledyard, an American lady, at Detroit, in 1897. THE SIEGE OF PEKING. Chapter IX. Next to the particulars of the fall of Peking, the in- formation most eagerly sought after, just now, by the reading public is probably the story of the gallant defense in which a handful of foreigners, as compared with the surrounding myriads of the Chinese, so bravely with- stood a siege of nine long, dreary and desperate weeks in the midst of privations and ill-suppressed despair and were finally rescued, as if brought back from death to life. It will, therefore, be with much interest that a diary of Peking during the siege from the pen of Rev. Gilbert Reid, D. D., taken from the "Shanghai Mercury," will be read. PEKING ALARMED. "The tide of fury which swept up higher and higher to the capital from the Boxers' movement alarmed us all by June 8th. The American missionaries consulted and decided to concentrate at the large and suitable quarters of the American Methodist Mission. The concentration of the missionaries at one place meant the desertion of all their houses and work. The converts of the London Mission not being granted en- trance to the British Legation, also went to the same ren- 80 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. dezvous, and two or three of the English missionaries were there to help. There were sixty-six men, women and children, and over 600 natives. Twenty of the American guards were sent over to give protection to them. The Catholics were mostly gathered at the North Cathedral. Refugees came in from the city and country, until there were nearly 2,000 of them. There were there also a dozen fathers, including Mgr. Favier, and about the same number of sisters. Thirty of the French guards and ten of the Italians were sent to protect them. THE WORK OF DESTRUCTION. The desertion of so much property instigated the Box- ers to attack, but there was no other course open, so long as the officials and the throne seemed indisposed to sup- press the growing disturbance. WAR DECLARED. On June 19th the Tsung-li-Yamen handed passports to all the foreign ministers, and gave them one day's limit to leave Peking. By an edict of June 20th China de- clared war. Here then was the beginning of the trouble for us. THE MURDER OF BARON VON KETTELER. Baron von Ketteler, the German Minister, had written the night before to the Yamen, asking for audience with the two princes, Ching and Tuan, at 8 o'clock the next morning, and saying he would call at that hour. The Minister, with his secretary, M. Cordes, proceeded at the time mentioned in their sedan chairs on a mission of real friendliness, to try to warn China of the peril of the 82 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. policy which had been entered upon, and at least secure proper escort. They left their German guard behind to excite no needless animosity. On their way up the main street, perhaps twenty minutes from their legation, a mili- tary oiScer, with button and feather on his hat, raised his rifle and aimed directly at the Minister, killing him in- stantly. The secretary was just rising from his seat, when he was shot, but not fatally. He managed to get out of his chair and without further accident, but bleed- ing profusely, wended his way, in a roundabout course, to the American Mission. As soon as he saw a foreigner, he fainted away. Ger- man guards came to carry him to his legation. The news went quickly from one to the other. The thought of at- tempting a journey to Tientsin was then given up. PREPARATIONS FOR THE SIEGE. The missionaries were ordered to proceed to their re- spective legations, and also immediately to the British le- gation, as the international rendezvous. Only a few things could be taken, such as personal servants could carry. THE FATE OF REV. HUBERTY JAMES. The one who had made the arrangements for the Catholics, and who was much respected by the Prince, was Rev. Francis Huberty James. About 4 o'clock in the afternoon, Mr. James was passing along the north side of the palace on his way to the British legation. We saw him motioning with his hand ; a shot was heard, and he disappeared. Our only conjecture is that he was killed. The murder of these two eminent Europeans on the same day was China's seal to her declaration of war! SIUGE OF PEKING. 83 IN THE BRITISH LEGATION. All the non-combatants were directed to establish them- selves at the British legation, which had been decided upon as final defense in case the other legations would have to be forsaken. All through the afternoon of the 20th, the foreign community came passing into the lega- tion, each building being set apart for the use of some one nationality or company. The siege had begun. No one knew the outcome. The American missionaries were all tumbled down in the chapel, with no food, kitchen or beds, except the bed- ding brought with them. While no preparation had been made for a siege or defense, things, however, got into shape in a most remarkable manner. THE LINE OF DEFENSE Was about i,ooo yards east and west, from the Russian and American legations at the west to the Italian legation it the east, and some 600 yards north and south from the Austrian legation at northeast and British legation at the northwest to the city wall at the south. Between were tlie French, German, Japanese and Spanish legations, the quarters of the Customs, the Hotel of Peking, the Club, Kierulff's store, Imbeck's store. Hong Kong Bank, house of Peking Syndicate, the palace of Prince Su, and several native houses and shops. The Germans and Americans also occupied positions on the wall. This was the parallelogram of international de- fense. At the British legation were over 400 foreigners (not including the marines) and over 350 Chinese, men, women and children. About 2,300 Chinese were congrc- 84 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. gated at the palace of Prince Su, all of which was turned over to their use the second day of the siege. The guns were Colt's automatic with the Americans, the Nordenfeldt with the British, a Maxim gun with the Austrians, and a one-pounder with the Italians. On July 7th we utilized what was termed the International Gun. Some gave it the name of 'Betsy.' It was an old English gun of '60 found that day ih a Chinese shop by a China- man. The shells fitted to this gun were Russian, the Rus- sians having brought shells but no gun. She was placed on an Italian carriage and had an American gunner. THE FORTIFICATIONS. Hardly had the cosmopolitan company assembled at che British legation, when not only the food supply be- came an important question, but the whole matter of for- tification was seen to have been left almost neglected. , Less had been done than at the American Methodist Mission, and yet there was the possibility of needing the legations as a place of defense. Rev. Mr. Gamewell, of that mission, who had shown skill in making fortifica- tions, was chosen by Sir Claude Macdonald as chief of fortifications. Day after day, and many nights, he toiled, until at the end we began to feel ourselves quite secure. The rifle firing was mostly at night, but the injury in- flicted was greater in the day There were some sharp- shooters, showing that under proper drill the Chinese could make good soldiers. Many of those wounded were from stray shots or from carelessness. At night the main thing for our men to do was to lie low and save their ammunition. THE BIG GUN PRACTICE. Firing from guns began on June 23d, and became real SIEGE OF PEKING. 85 cannonading by the 28th. There was a large three-inch gun at the gate to the west of the American position ; an- other at the gate to the east of the German position; a large Krupp gun north of Prince Su's palace and French legation ; a smaller gun for a few days west of the British legation, and probably three guns in the Imperial City north of the British legation. In proportion to the num- ber of shells or cannon balls fired the harm done was very slight. From July 5th to July 13th the number of shots fired, as actually counted, was 2,614. The total number could not have been less than 4,000. Bombshell shelters were prepared in the British legation, but never used. FAILURES OF SORTIES. Our sorties all proved worse than failures. The first, on June 24th, under Captain Halliday, was made from the British legation to capture the gun which fired from the west. The gun was not reached, and Captain Halli- day was so severely wounded that until the troops came he was unfit for service. The second sortie was made on July ist to capture the large gun to the north. There were two routes taken from the grounds of Prince Su. One route was taken by a few Italians and British under the Italian commander, Lieutenant Paolini. The second was taken by the Japa- nese under Captain Ando. The former course proved a bad one, leading right up against a Chinese barricade. At once tlie trap was sprung. Two Italian marines were killed, the Italian commander, two British marines, and a student of the British legation, Mr. W. C. Townsend, were wounded. In the Japanese party one was killed. A third sortie to capture the same gun was made on July 6th by the Japanese under Captain Ando. The gun 86 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. was not captured, but just when it was reached Captain Ando was killed, and two Japanese were wounded. THE EMPRESS AND THE BOXERS. The guns and most of the rifles were fired by Chinese soldiers, as the regimentals proved to us when they were captured; still, as the edicts early in the war show, the aid of the Boxers was called in by the throne. On June the 24th the edict was issued appointing Prince Chuang, one "of the heriditary princes like Prince Su, in supreme command of the Boxers. On the following day recognition was continued by the Empress Dowager giving 100,000 taels, not only to the two divisions of Manchu troops, but to the Boxers. She exhorted the Imperial nobles not to be behind the Boxers in courage and loyalty. Then and afterward the Christian adherents were condemned, warned or insulted. A GERMAN DISASTER. On June 30th and July ist came a serious encounter with the Chiiiese on the part of the Germans. On the former day the Chinese placed a gun east of the German position on the wall, and began to put up a new barricade nearer the Germans. The Germans, with a weak barri- cade and only rifles, but with plenty of pluck, began to fire. The Chinese from a sheltered position answered hotly. The result was a bad one for the Germans, the worst of the whole siege. Two were killed instantly; two were wounded, who soon died ; and four others were wounded, but recovered. The same day three others were wounded, and one died from wounds. AN UNFORTUNATg RETREAT Early on the ist of July the Germans retired from their (position on the city wall to their legation. The Ameri- SIEGE OF PEKING. 87 cans, further to the west, saw their German comrades rushing down the ramp, and Captain Hall, realizing that his men would now be exposed to fire from both east and west, and in fact were already being shelled, gave orders to his men to retire to their legation from the other ramp. The Minister and secretary, both participants in the Civil War, saw clearly that this retreat would endanger their legation, and that, if the guns should be placed nearer they would endanger the general defense at the British legation. The British Minister and Captain Myers were consulted, and the order was given to return to the wall and hold it at all hazards. All of us were willing to as- sist, and so spent the Sunday morning in making sand bags, filling them and transferring them to the American legation. The Chinese were also busy in barricading, and having a larger number of men could accomplish more. They began a new barricade thirty yards west and ex- tended it crosswise into a bastion almost up to the Ameri- can barricade. The two were so near that bricks were thrown by the Chinese upon the Americans. A plan was formed to make an assault upon the Chinese that night. The aid of British and Russians was given, and about 2 o'clock on the morning of the 3d of July, the advance was made. Captain Meyers led the British and Ameri- cans by the south end to the bastion and inside the bar- ricade of the Chinese. As he passed through he struck his leg against a spear, which inflicted a painful wound. The Chinese were taken by surprise and fled clear down to their second barricade. Two of the American marines were killed. The Russians took the direct course along the north edge of the wall up to the Chinese barricade, which they afterward held. One Russian was wounded. 88 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. By the combined attack some forty of the Chinese were killed and some rifles and ammunition captured. New and very strong barricades were built, making the posi- tion almost impregnable. The French and Austrians at the French legation had a dangerous position to hold. Shell fire, rifle shots and mine explosions, all fell to their lot. On the 12th of July the Chinese were discovered making a mine into the lega- tion from the east. A DETERMINED ATTACK. The 13th of July was the day of a most severe assault, and the only real forward move from the Chinese. About dusk the mine, which had been dug, exploded, burying three in the ruins, one of whom was Dr. von Rosthorn, Charge d'Affaires for Austria. In a few minutes a second explosion came, which blew Dr. von Rosthorn out of the ruins, he having only a slight bruise. Several of the Chinese were also buried in the ruins. The explosion destroyed part of two buildings. Fires were started which destroyed the Minister's main building. The Chinese at the same time kept up a heavy firing. The French and Austrians, though forced to give up over half of the legation and occupy oqly the western part, maintained a steady fire. Besides the two buried in the ruins, one French marine was killed, the French com- mander. Lieutenant Darcy, two French marines and one Austrian were wounded. The Chinese are reported to have lost over 200. SPLENDID DEFENSE. There must have been an unusually large number making this attack. The bugles blew, and the turmoil kept up for nearly two hours. All the eastern line of de- SIBGE OF PEKING. 89 fense was under tremendous fire, but considering the numbers, our men made a gallant fight and splendid re- sistance, enough to prevent a similar attempt. While our combined forces had to give up' a position on the wall at the German legation, a position in the French legation and the grounds of Prince Su, we advanced by occupying a stronger and larger position on the wall at the Ameri- can legation, a position in the Hanlin, and latterly a Mon- gol market west of the British legation, where the Chi- nese at the beginning had done their heaviest firing. The rifle firing, though slack in the day time, had its se- rious effect. Our own men, after the first few days, sel- dom shot except to hit. The Chinese sometimes aimed, but more often fired into walls or space. Some of our number were hit in the British legation from shots fired in the palace of Prince Su, and others were hit in the American legation from shots on the city wall. We give below a list of the casualties during the siege: CASUALTIES. Killed or No. of died of wounds. Wounded. Volunteers Legations— Off. Men. Off. Men. Off. Men. K'ed.W'ed American 3 53 •• 7 2 8 .. i Austrian 5 3° i 8 3 8 British 3 79 i 2 2 18 3 6 French 3 45 29 ••37 26 German i 5° . . 12 • • 15 i i Japanese i 24 . . 5 Italian i 23 . . 7 Russian 2 79 . . 4 21 58 II 18 I I Totals 19383 4 44 9136 12 23 90 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. pei-t'ang (Roman Catholic Mission). French i6o i 4 •• 8 Itahan iii .. 6 i 3 Totals 2 71 I 10 I II Total killed, 67; wounded, 167. We had less than 600, which gradually diminished to 400, defended one wide circuit against a foe which at one time -must have been as many as 10,000. The foe for nearly a month kept up a severe attack in one form or another, and had no compunctions because innocent women and c hildren, high representatives of foreign powers, or old friends in the pay of the Chinese Govern- ment, were the objects of their wrath. It was all done, too, with the consent of the Chinese Government THB commissariat. Besides the military part of the siege, including the work of fortifications, a serious problem was that of providing a supply of food not only for nearly 1,000 for- eigners, but for over 2,500 Chinese. Little thought had been given this subject before we were suddenly in the midst of a forced imprisonment. The members of the British legation staff had, of course, a supply of canned goods, but each group had to form plans for itself, which resulted in greater comfort for some than for others. The purchase of vegetables was no longer possible. As to meat, there were a few sheep, sufficient for the sick, wounded and the favored only a few weeks. There were, fortunately, a good number of horses and mules in the legation or brought in the first day. Thus our meat sup- ply kept up until the end. As to flour, there were only a SIEGE OF PEKING. 93 few bags of white flour for the whole company. Fortu- nately, again, there were native shops within our line of defense, and therein was an abundant store of rice, coarse wheat and still coarser grain. A mill was started and kept a-going grinding flour, which was both nutritious and really palatable. A public bakery was also started. Coffee, tea and sugar lasted, and butter for occasional use. SAD POSITION OF THE CHILDREN. The main anxiety was concerning the little children. It was difficult to keep a supply of condensed milk, for the grown-up were disinclined at the outset to forego its use. In various ways the children were cared for. There were several cases of sickness among them. The only deaths from sickness were of children. There were five of these little ones called away to their happier home, one child of Mrs. Kruger, two of Mrs. Imbeck, one of Mrs. Inglis and one of Mrs. Book. The sickness among the Chinese, and especially the children, was much greater, owing to poorer food and accommodations. On August loth a secret message arrived from Gen- eral Fukushima, after communication had been inter- rupted with the reinforcements for a few days. It was dated Mang-tsi-tsun, August 8th, 8:20 A. M., and stated that the reinforcements had already arrived there, and. unless there occurred eome unforeseen event, Peking would be reached either on the 13th or 14th. This trust- worthy information visibly encouraged the besieged people. After the message reporting the approach of the relief troops was received all the people were craning their necks, expecting their arrival, though their coming had 94 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. been almost despaired of and the reinforcements were seldom spoken of. The French Minister had heard from a coolie that there had been a severe engagement at Chang-chia-wang August nth, and i,ooo Chinese had been killed and wounded. According to General Fukushima's message, the allies were to arrive in Peking to-morrow or the day after to-morrow, and we expected every moment to hear the sound of cannonading, but we listened in vain. No one came from the Tsung-Li Yamen, in spite of the promise that some one would come. We expected that the enemy would make a last desperate attack on us when the allies approached Peking. As was expected, rifle firing was commenced at 5 P. M., and it was briskly kept up till dawn the following morn- ing. The British legation suffered the brunt of the at- tack. This was the hardest fighting we had since the conclusion of the armistice. On August 13th the Tsung-Li Yamen notified the for- eign Ministers that Prince Tuan and other Ministers would come to the British legation at 11 A. M., for the purpose of carrying on peace negotiations. The promise was not fulfilled. A message was sent instead, in which it was said that China desired the restoration of peace, but the foreign soldiers having unreasonably fired on the Chinese, had killed twenty-six of them. The foreign Ministers, the message added, evidently did not wish the restoration of peace, and it was necessary for the Chinese officials to come to negotiate peace. About 1 1 A. M. the sound of cannonading was heard toward the southeast, apparently heralding the approach of the relief columns ; at 10 P. M. the enemy commenced a severe attack, which, unlike former occasions, was very determined. SIEGE OF PEKING. 95 August 14th was the day on which the aUies were to arrive in Peking. All were expecting the sound of the bombardment. At 2 A. M. the sound of field and gatling guns was heard in the direction between the Tung-pien and the Tse-hwa gates. The delight of all may well be imagined. The bombardment grew fiercer. A report was brought that 200 foreign troops had entered Peking early this morning. The reinforcements which we had been awaiting for sixty long days arrived at last. The dark- complexioned and yellow-clad Indian troops were the first to arrive at the foreign legations. THE SONG OF THE SIEGE. By the Rev. C. H. Fern, to the American air, "Tramp, tramp, tramp, the boys are marching": In the city of Peking, with its ancient walls of brick, And its streets for mud and filth afar renowned, We have been besieged for weeks by a beastly Chinese trick, And the buildings all around us burned to ground. CHORUS. Tramp, tramp, tramp, the troops are marching, Cheer up, comrades, they will come. And beneath our various flags we shall breathe fresh air again, In the Freeland of our own beloved home. Here are diplomats galore, representing foreign Powers, And they cause the Tsung-Li Yamen anxious care; They will neither march straight home, nor reside mid fruit and flowers At the Yamen, though they've been invited there. Chorus. From all nations have we come on a peaceful mission bent, ' Be it preaching. Customs, banking, or what not. China wanted not our help, so she stupidly has sent For- the Boxers to exterminate the lot. Chorus. 96 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. They have poured in shot and shell, with an aim so far from true. That most of us still live to tell the tale; Six-pound shot and shrapnel fierce, walls and barracks have passed through, Yet in every wild attack they always fail. Chorus. We've 400 brave marines, who have borne fatigue and pain, And have seen some scores of captives fall in death. And we feel it certain sure that no enemy can gain Our strong fortress while these men have vital breath. Chorus. We have rice and corn and wheat, store of grain for weeks to come, Pony-steak and stew we find not bad to eat; Why need we at all to count on Imperial favor's crumb, Be it water melons, squashes or fresh meat? Chorus. We've a cannon old and tried, from a tin-shop saved by chance, Which we fire on the enemy with glee. When they first did hear it roar, how it made them hop and dance, For our Betsy is a wonder for to see. Chorus. We've been kept in best of cheer by the faithful ladies fair. Who have worked with might and main to help the men; Of the wounded and the sick they have taken best of care. And have made a million sandbags, lacking ten. Chorus. News from Tientsin cheers our hearts that our troops are on the way. Three and thirty thousand men of valor tried; So in joyful hope we wait, sure that they will bring the day Of relief to us and death to Chinese pride. Chorus. THE RELIEF OF PEKING. Chapter X. A full account of the taking of Peking is given by the "Nagasaki Press," from which we take the following salient points : The allied forces left Tientsin on August 3d, and did not meet with any great opposition until they reached Pei- tsang and Yang-tsun. At these places serious engage- ments took place, but the enemy was soon routed in both places. From Yang-tsun on to Tun|^-Chow there was no organized efifort on the part of the enemy to stop us. The Twenty-first Brigade, with headquarters, moved out of Tung-Chow at 3 130 A. M., the Forty-second Regi- ment forming the main body. These troops moved rap- idly to a position 1,200 metres from the Tsi-hwa Gate. The Twenty-first Regiment, however, bore off to the right, taking the Tung-chih Gate for an objective point. Outside the 1 se-hwa Gate there is a stone bridge, and this was reached by the Forty-first Regiment at 6:10 A. M. The cavalry scouts reported that the enemy were ranged on the wall in fighting order. The artillery of the Forty-first Regiment, therefore, came into action on one wing, and the infantry advanced under cover of its fire. The enemy opened a severe fire from the wall, and the Japanese troops pushed on gradually, finding cover in the gB CHINA AND THE BOXERS. houses on either side of the road. On approaching the gate, they found the walls and towers intact, and so high that to scale them was quite out of the question. Yaz-ki, with a detachment of the First Company, and Captain Minamiyama, with the Tenth Company, attempted to force the gate, but failed. Major Saiki then led the fore- most battalion to the gate, for the purpose of blowing it up with gun-cotton, but the enemy's fire was so heavy that it was found impossible to effect this purpose. The casualties at this stage were very heavy. The ar- tillery now received orders from Lieutenant General Ya- maguchi to fire at the enemy crowding the wall. The ar- tillery's position was on an elevated spot about 1,500 or 1,600 metres from the Tse-hwa Gate, under the com- mand of Colonel Nagata. It commenced firing at 9:40 A. M., the eighteen field guns and twenty-six mountain guns keeping up an incessant cannonade. Several at- tempts were made to carry forward gun-cotton, but the men could not yet cross the zone of fire. The Tung-chi Gate, which was attacked by the Twenty- first Regiment, was captured in a similar manner to that of the Tse-hwa Gate, the outer and the inner gates being blown up by gun-cotton. Then the Twenty-first Regi- ment charged through the streets, and the enemy fled, leaving several hundreds of dead and seventy pieces of ar- tillery. The Forty-second Regiment, which had formed the main body of the division, took no part in the attack on the city. It entered Peking on the night of the 14th by the Tse-hwa Gate, after the latter had been blown up by the Eleventh Regim.ent and 200 rank and file killed or wounded. Major Murayama, who was in command of RELIEF OF PEKING. 99 the leading battalion of the Eleventh Regiment, disposed his men to assist the attack on the Tse-hwa Gate, but as news reached him just then that the Russians had effected an entry at the Tung-pien Gate, he ordered the battalion to march thither, with the object of opening speedy com- munication with the legations. But the battalion, on reaching the gate, found that it had not been breached, and, therefore, the troops were marched back. At 6 P. M., however, another message was received saying that the Tung-pien Gate had been breached, and the First and Third Battalions marched at once to the place, enter- ing in succession to the Russian troops. The Russians had experienced unlooked-for resistance, and had many killed and wounded, a number also falling into the en- emy's hands. Between the gate and the ground there was an interval suf5Scient for a man to creep through. Into this interval Captain Hayashi thrust himself, carrying a hand electric lamp. He was able to ascertain that the gates were formed of a single panel, and that the enemy were not in sight. Accordingly he and ten men crept under the gate, and, on ascending the parapet, found that the gate was constructed so as to be raised and lowered in a groove. They raised it sufficiently to allow of the passage of a horse, and the Japanese treops then took the lead, the Russians following. They reached the legations at 8:55 P.M. It is impossible to describe the delight of the foreigners and the warmth of their thanks. We were not the first to reach the legations, however, for the Indian troops w ere before us, having found a special route to the center cf the city, and this they took with a small force. It was a brilliant achievement. Their plan of action was this: 100 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. Between the British and the Japanese legations runs a canal, which has its exit under the city wall. The point where the canal emerges is guarded by an iron grating, which does not reach fully to the surface of the canal. It happened that the water in the canal was exceptionally low, and the British officers, taking advantage of the fact, let a body of Indian troops under the grating, a pro- ceeding against which the enemy had made no sort of preparation. These troops reached the legations at 2 P. M. on the 14th. The measures for defense taken by the foreign com- munity were remarkably strong. All around the conces- sion and from thence to the Chinese town a brick parapet had been built. This parapet had been rebuilt several times, the extent being reduced on each occasion, so that it tells a plain tale of how the foreigners were gradually driven back. The British legation had been regarded as the citadel. Sand bags were piled up in all the windows, and the defenses were of the most minute character. It is said that these defenses were planned chiefly by Rev. F. D. Gamewell and Lieutenant Colonel Shiba. The spirit of the garrison had never flagged, but their appearance indicated great exhaustion, the natural result of protracted anxiety and deficient provisions. The na- tive converts in the British legation often had nothing to eat but grass and leaves ; several of them died of starva- tion. I have myself seen many of them since the relief, who appear to be in an almost hopeless condition of ex- haustion. The sudden revulsion from death to life was almost too much for human nerves, "And there was great joy in the city." The next day the 7th verse of the 124th Psalm THE FLEEING OF THE COURT FROM PEKIN. RELIEF OF PEKING. I03 was telegraphed home by Rev. Mr. Smith, as a summary of the situation : "Our soul is escaped as a bird out of the snare of the fowlers ; the snare is broken and we are escaped." The loss by death of the allies in entering Peking was remarkably small, being, all told, under 130 men, or less than it cost to take the position at Pei-tsang, anid very considerably less than the city of Tientsin. The clearing out of Peking has been finished. The enemy, consisting principally of the troops of the Eight Flags and of the Boxers, have retired, dispersing in all directions. Our guards for the palace have rescued and liberated the foreign Christians and native converts in other parts of the ctiy. The Empress Dowager and her court made their es- cape from the city through the Western Gate, taking the Emperor along as a prisoner. They left none too soon, for when they were going through the Western Gate the allied forces were coming in the Eastern Gate. Th'jy kept up their flight, over hilf and dale, for many days, until they reached S'i-An-fu, the capital of Shen- s'l. Here they have taken up their abode and have opered up communication with Peking through Li-Hung-Chang and Prince Ching, who have been appointed as peace en- voys. NOTES ON THE SIEGE OF PEKING. The defense of the legations' pales, we are told by one of the besieged, began before the defense of the Pei-tang, or Roman Catholic Mission, at Peking. There were there Bishop Favier, six or seven priests, some twenty sisters and some 2,000 native converts, men women and chil- dren, with thirty French and ten Italian guards, only I04 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. forty rifles in all. When one of the guards fell his rifle was handed to a native convert. The enemy exploded five mines altogether under the besieged, in one of which some eighty persons, principally women and children, and five Italian guards were buried.. The Italian officer was buried in it for three-quarters of an hour, and was got out almost unhurt. After the relief another large mine was discovered under the church itself, the explosion of which would have caused a tremendous loss of life. Electric conductors were found in this mine. The Pei- tang beat the legations in one thing — in that the converts succeeded in capturing one of the enemy's guns, with its ammunition, and in making ammunition for it when the captured supply came to an end. For two months there was no communication between the Pei-tang and the le- gations, and neither knew how the others were faring. At the end the rations at the Pei-tang were reduced to two ounces of rice a day a head, with a little horse meat for the fighting men, and if the relief had not come when it did the majority of the 2,000 converts, the priests and the sisters must have died of starvation. The relief was not a day too soon, as far as the mine under the British legation was concerned. As we have already mentioned, some traitor within the legation must have given the enemy the necessary information, for it was driven through the only place where the trenches running north and south, east and west did not quite meet. It came from the ruined Hanlin College, and was about 170 feet long, the chamber being underneath the students' quarters. There was one barrel of powder in RELIEF OF PEKING. ICS the chamber and twelve other barrels waiting to be stacked there, and the fuse was laid. Had it been ex- ploded the Japanese Minister and his family and staff would have been victims, for they were quartered in the students' premises, with several of the students them- selves and the mess of the Royal Marines, and the loss of life would probably have been very large. Some of the Peking besieged are loud in their praise of the conduct of the American, as well as the British, mis- sionaries during the siege. As has already been men- tioned, the defenses of the British legation were the fruit of the engineering talent of the Rev. F. D. Gamewell, of the American Methodist E^piscopal Mission, who was as indefatigable as he was resourceful. The missionaries generally were not armed, and did not take their places in the fighting line, but they were most useful in many other equally valuable ways, and in their unabated cheer- fulness under all circumstances, which was often as good as a tonic to those who were wearied or inclined, as they were sometimes, to be despondent. One of the mission- aries started a bakery, there being a good stock of flour, from which he turned out excellent bread, and all made themselves useful one way or the other. The mission- aries were quartered in the legation chapel, and over eighty of them slept there. The commissariat might have been worse and it might have been better. There was plenty of rice, and two ponies were killed daily for meat. There were a very few sheep, J. R. Brazier, Chief Secretary of the Customs, being shepherd, but these were kept for the hospital. I06 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. Several children died for the want of milk. Eggs were occasionally procurable from a Chinese soldier, who also sold ammunition and false intelligence for a considera- tion. One very deplorable item was that there were not enough medicines and lint in the legation. There was only one bottle of chloroform available and no bandages. Had the siege lasted much longer, or had more serious explosions occurred, there would have been no help for the wounded. Throughout the siege the behavior of the ladies was beyond praise. After the first shock they went about their duties, tending the sick and wounded as calmly as trained nurses. Not one flinched, and they were ex- amples to some of the men. Although there were plenty of doctors, a lady, Dr. Sa- ville, shewed conspicuous courage under fire, and was untiring in her efforts to relieve the sick and wounded. One sad occurrence was the wounding of a lady, the first lady hit in Peking after the occupation. While tending a wounded man, she was struck by a bullet in the thigh, and her attendant, a Sikh, was also wounded. In defiance of orders, the looting by the allies was uni- versal. It is curious to note that the Chinese were more frightened of the dusky faces of the British Indian troops than they were of their bullets. Upon entering the Im- perial City the allied forces found in the carriage park arsenal many thousand stands of arms, also ammunition, cannon, etc., all of which were new and of German make. FEARFUL SUFFERING OF FOREIGNERS IN IN- LAND CHINA. Chapter XL The following accounts have been gathered, when pos- sible, from those who had to pass through these fearful trials. In some cases the information regarding the fiends were through native sources. Especially is this so in the case of the wholesale butchery by the infamous Yii Hsien, Governor of Shan-si, who at one time mur- dered fifty-one men, women and children to satisfy his cruel hate of foreigners. A native Christian from Shan-si, vouched for by mis- sionaries who know him well, gives the following regard- ing the Shan-si massacre: Miss Whitchurch and Miss Sewell were murdered at Hsiao-i-hsien on the 29th of June. A crowd of Boxers came to the house, broke in the door and acted in a most alarming manner. The ladies, who were quite alone, sent at once to the Magis- trate, who came in person, flew into a rage, and told them his soldiers were for the protection of the Chinese, not for such as they. The Boxers then rushed into the house and removed everything of value, looting it thoroughly. The two helpless ladies were seized, stripped of all their clothes, and clubbed to death. After all was over the Magistrate returned and buried them in the baptistry. I08 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. On the same day the house of Mr. Stokes, a C. I. M. missionary at Tai-yuan-fu, was attacked by soldiers. Mr. Stokes had some firearms, and he and the others in the house managed to keep the troops at bay for some time. They saw that they must be outnumbered, however, and as the soldiers prepared to fire the house, they made their escape by the back of the house to Mr. Farthing's English Baptist Mission. One lady, a Miss E. Coombs, however, in her anxiety about some native Christians, became sep- arated from the others, and in the confusion she got left behind. The soldiers caught her and knocked her down, but did not stun her. She pleaded with them for her life, but the ruffians seized and flung her into the burning building, where, it is to be hoped, her sufferings were brief. All the Protestant missionaries collected in Mr. Farthing's house, and there they stayed until summoned to Governor Yii's Yamen, on July 9th, under a promise of escort to Tientsin. This party consisted of Mr. and Mrs. Stokes, of the C. I. M.; Mr. and Mrs. Simpson, Hsou-yang Mission; Mr. apd Mrs. Beynon, with, it is believed, two children ; Mr. and Mrs. Farthing, with sev- eral children ; Dr. and Mrs. Wilson, C. I. M., Ping-yang- fu ; Dr. and Mrs. Lovitt, Dr. and Mrs. Piggott, child and tutor, of the Hsou-yang Mission, and others. Just at the end of June the English missionaries at Hsou-yang fled to the mountains, there being serious signs of trouble, and then, for some reason not quite clear, they returned there. They were immediately arrested by the Magistrate, who put them in chains, with iron collars round their necks, and sent them in carts to Tai-yaun-fu, refusing any food on the way. On arriving at Tai-yaun- fu, about the loth of the sixth moon, July 6th, they were sent to Governor Yii's Yamen, and then sent by him to SUFFERING IN INLAND CHINA. IO9 the District Magistrate's Yamen, where they were shut up, the men and women being kept separate and the hus- bands and wives being refused all intercourse. Including the Hsou-yang party from Mr. Farthing's house already mentioned, their total number was fifty-one. When they were all in the Yamen, the doors were closed, and the missionaries realized that they had been trapped. They were not kept in suspense long. The Boxers were ordered to enter and slaughter them, the Governor's troops mounting guard while the ghastly deed was being done. No particulars are positively known about the massacre beyond the fact that the heads of all the victims were displayed outside the Yamen later in the day. On the same day forty native Christians were killed, and on the following day ten Catholic priests, in the same place and manner. The narrative then takes us to Tai-kou, on July 31st, where the Boxers attacked the mission there, first kill- ing the preacher, Mr. Fiu Fong-chi,' and Mr. Liu, his as- sistant. Messrs. Clapp, Williams and Davis, who had firearms, fired on the Boxers from the roofs of their houses, and for a time kept them at bay, the ladies of the mission, Mrs. Clapp, Miss Bird and Miss Partridge, meanwhile taking refuge in one of the outhouses of the mission compound. They were soon overpowered and all killed, and the heads of the whole party were taken to Tai-yuan-fu. One hundred native Christians, including sixty Catholics, were also massacred at this place. His last story of massacre brings us to August 15th and Yen-chou-fu. There were at the station when the trouble began, Mr. and Mrs. Price and little girl, Mr. and Mrs. Atwater and two girls, belonging to the American Board; Mr. and Mrs. Landgren and Miss Eldred, of the lib CHINA AND THE BOXERS. C. I. M. On the isth of August the party were ordered by the Prefect to leave the place, he promising to give them a guard of twenty soldiers as an escort to Tien- tsin. The Prefect had been ordered to drive them out, and there was, therefore, no help for it but to go, and although the Magistrate again pleaded for a few days' delay it was refused, and early on the iSth they started under an escort of twenty soldiers. When they had gone about twenty li he discovered that another band of soldiers were lying in wait ten li further on, and, knowing he could not save them, he managed to get away. He subsequently learned that, on meeting the other band of soldiers, the escort gave a signal, and the little band of missionaries were hacked to pieces. Their death was cruel and lingering. At Hao-lu he heard that some missionaries had escaped into the mountains, but had been captured by Boxers and handed over to officials, who had them sent to Chung- ting-fu. He was not sure of their names or fate. He went on to Chung-ting-fu, where he found the gates closed, on account of the numbers of Boxers who were looting all round the villages outside. He waited until the city guards opened the gates for a few minutes to let some persons through, when he slipped in and made his way to the Catholic Cathedral, which was uninjured, though, as above stated, some of the other missions were destroyed. In the Cathedral he found Mr. and Mrs. Griffith and child, and Mr. Brown, both of the China Inland Mission; a Catholic bishop, three priests, five nuns, all French; three Italians, one Belgian and one Frenchman, all railway engineers. Messrs. Brown and Griffith told him they had been driven from place to place until they had at last found SUFFERING ^J INLAND CHINA. Ill refuge with the priest at Chung-ting-fu. They gave in- formant a slip of calico with "This maft is trustworthy" on it, not caring to endanger his life by giving him a A VIEW OF PAO-TING-FUj WHERE MANY MISSIONARIES WERE MASSACRED. letter, and told him to come to Tientsin as quickly as pos- sible and inform the military authorities of their posi- tion. He arrived at Tientsin late on Saturday night and 112 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. gave his statement to the authorities on Sunday morning. We have also obtained the following narrative from one of the unfortunate Belgian engineers, who has lately reached here from Pao-ting-fu. No attempt has been made to describe the sufferings of the party, especially the women, but those who saw the first party arrive and can imagine what four days' exposure at this hot season without food or drink and being, hunted like wild ani- mals means will realize how keen those sufferings were The writer states: "On Sunday, May 27th, four of us were in the train due at Liu-li-ho at 4 p. m. In the neighborhood of Cho- chow our train stopped. The station master told us the Boxers had destroyed the bridges and track. We imme- diately backed the train to Kao-pei-tien,. where we found 1,900 soldiers, under the command of a general, who re- fused to encounter the Boxers, protesting that he had no orders from his chief on the subject. The train then started for Pao-ting-fu. The following day, 28th, we, seven other engineers and myself, left Pao-ting-fu on a special train at 4 a. m., with materials for repairing the track. On our arrival at Kao-pei-tien a band of villagers, incited by Boxers, rifled the train and station* leaving nothing but bare walls. The next day we all left Pao- ting-fu under escort — thirty-two men, six women and one little girl of three years. "About 3 o'clock we secured twelve sampans, one oc- cupied by the mandarin. Sun, and another by the interpre- ter. The former left us next day about 4 p. m. Orders were given by him to shut in the sampans entirely. On Tuesday, at 5 a. m., the Boxers, who had been waiting for us at the hills, opened fire on the boats, seven of our party being wounded by the volley. The soldiers escort- SUFFERING IN INLAND CHINA. II3 ing US thereupon decamped, and as soon as they were gone the boatmen dropped anchor and refused to go on. We then went on shore and faced the Boxers, and fell back on the plains, where we gave them battle and suc- ceeded in putting them to flight after killing several. We then discovered that four of our party were missing. We reached another river, but were followed by the mob. Two of us swam out and secured a boat, in which we got the whole party over to the other bank. Before long we discovered another mob on our track, and had to fight some fifty Boxers. About midday we again reached the river. The women were exhausted, the men for the most part demoralized. We had had nothing to eat or drink since we left the evening before. To proceed on foot was impossible. "Though the river was deep and wide, and we were much exhausted, two of us swam out again and detached a boat from a bend in the river. We remained in this till 8 in the evening, the strongest of our iparty going along the bank as an escort. Then we found ourselves between two fires. Behind us came a small mob, while men armed with guns awaited us on either bank. We had to fight again, and though we killed several we had to retreat once more to the plains, where we succeeded in keeping up such a murderous fire that the enemy retreated. We stayed thereabouts all night, and started out again the next morning to try and reach Tientsin. Early on Wednesday morning we were three times in contact with the Boxers, and each time we killed or wounded many. About midday, on nearing a big village, we were obliged to wage a regular battle again, the Boxers numbering more than a thousand and led by a mounted leader, who was protected by four gingals. We thought our last 114 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. hour had come, and bade farewell to each other ; but the younger men determined to make one more effort. A desperate charge on our part made them abandon their gingals, and the mob then fled, followed by our shots. Great courage was shown by several members of our party. We then resumed our tramp to Tientsin, still some 200 li away. At about 4 p. m. we had repulsed the Boxers several times, but they kept reforming. Each time we killed several of the mob, which had the effect of driving them away. In the evening we camped in a marsh, after having crossed a small river, and resumed our journey about 3 a. m. We cut the lines of the enemy about 4 a. m., and surprised an advance post, whose ob- ject was to stop our progress. But we routed this de- tachment, and this was the last encounter we had, and finally reached Tientsin." ESCAPED FROM SHAN-SI. A TERRIBLE STORY. Of all the provinces, Shan-si holds the record for dia- bolical massacres and barbarities. At one tinie it looked as if not a single foreigner could by any possibility es- cape the murderous purpose of Yii Hsien, whom our Ministers sc supinely allowed to be made governor there. Fortunately, some have escaped. A party of refugees from Shan-si arrived here (Hankow) to-day, after en- countering such sufferings and hairbreadth escapes as will be difficult to find a parallel anywhere. The party consisted of Mr. and Mrs. A. R. Saunders, with two children (other two of their children died on SUFFERING IN INLAND CHINA. II5 the way), and Mr. A. Jennings and Miss Guthrie, all from Ping-yao ; Mr. E. J. Cooper and two children, from Lu-cheng (Mrs. Cooper, Miss Rice and Miss Houston, also from that city, were killed on the way or died from injuries received) ; Mr. and Mrs. A. E. Glover, with two children, and Miss Gates, from Lu-an. All are members of the China Inland Mission, and of the nineteen who started five perished. The story they tell is as follows: "All was quiet in Ping-yao up to the 25th of June. The Magistrate was friendly, and had issued a proclamation denouncing the Boxers and promising protection to foreigners and Chris- tians. We were aware that there was trouble on the route between us and Tientsin, but did not know much as to what was going on, or anticipate danger. On that day, however, we received a letter from Tai-yuan, inclos- ing a copy of a proclamation which had just been issued by Yii Hsien, the governor, in which the people were informed thai China was at war with foreigners, and that all foreign devils must be destroyed. On the back of that we learned that our Magistrate was having his favorable proclamation taken down from the walls, and that a mob had already begun to demolish our chapel in the city. Later on, in the evening, a mob arrived at our house in the suburb, and we were driven to take refuge in the Yamen. The Magistrate declared he could not help us. He had received orders no longer- to protect for- eigners, and bade us depart in peace. At length, in an- swer to our entreaties, he agreed to send us to Tai-yuan, 150 li distant, under escort, so we started north for the capital. We got within 20 li of it without adventure, when we met a native Christian, whom we knew, fleeing south. He implored us to turn back, as the Inland Mis- Il6 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. sion had already been burned, the Roman CathoUc estab- Ushment pulled down, and all the foreigners were in the Baptist Mission compound surrounded by a great mob, who were threatening to burn it with all who were inside. On this we turned back toward Ping-yao, and our escort at once left us. We had not much money, and the people demanded exorbitant prices for everything, even for the simple permission to pass along the road. We sold our clothes and pawned whatever would pawn, including our wedding rings, and in this way reached our station at Lu-cheng, safe but stripped. "Lu-cheng had not yet been rioted, but only two days' peace was allowed us, when, with the friends there, we had to flee for our lives at midnight, with nothing but one donkey load of bedding and clothes and supply of silver, which we divided up among the party. Which direction to take we did not know. To go north again was out of the question, and eastward to Shan-tung was equally impossible, so we made for the south, hoping to get through Honan and Hupeh to Hankow. But we had only' got 40 li from Lu-cheng, when we were stopped at a large village by some two hundred people, who de- manded money. We could not satisfy them, so they seized our donkey, and in sheer wanton mischief tore all our bedding and clothes to pieces. Then they stripped us next, taking each person's clothes, hat, shoes and stock- ings, and little store of silver, leaving us nothing, ladies and children alike, but a single pair of native drawers each. In this affair we lost the natives who were accom- panying us, some of whom we fear were killed, while we were driven along the road by men with clubs. It was a terrible situation. The blazing sun burned us to the bone, and some of us had not so much as a little piece of SUFFERING IN INLAND CHINA. II7 / rag to wet and put on the top of our heads. At ever}- village we were attacked and driven from one to the other with blows and curses. The villages there are very thick, and before we got clear of the mob from one the mob from the next had already arrived to take us in hand. Neither food nor water could be obtained. How we con- trived to exist we hardly know. For days our only sup- port was found in the filthy puddles by the roadside. When we reached a city it was a little better. Apparently, each Magistrate was anxious that we should come to our end in the next county, so when we went to the Yamen they would give us a little food and send an escort to see us safely over the borders of that particular Yamen's jurisdiction. Arrived at that point, the escort always left us, and we had to struggle on as before. "Miss Rice was killed on the road 50 li north of Tseh- chau-fu, in Shan-si. That day both she and Miss Houston sat down on the roadside, saying they would willingly die, but walk another step they could not. In the previous city the Magistrate had given us a small piece of silver, which we had to carry in our hands, having nowhere else to put it. We thought we might be able to hire a cart for these ladies with this piece of silver, so two of us went to a village to negotiate. The villagers refused the cart, but at the same time they pounded our knuckles with a stick till we dropped the silver, and then drove us down the road away from our party. Just then it began to rain, and the party, with the exception of the two ladies, retired for shelter to an empty guard-house near. There a mob fell upon them and drove them on, and in this way the two helpless ladies got left and were beaten to death. Nothing could be done till Tseh-chau was reached, when the Magistrate sent back to inquire. Miss Il8 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. Rice was found to be already dead, but Miss Houston, although dreadfully injured, was still alive. She died afterward at Yun-mung, in Hupeh^ and the body was brought on to Hankow for burial. "The crossing of the Yellow River was one of our most trying experiences. The Yamen had placed us in carts, and promised to send us over. But as soon as we were in the boat the carts drove away, and the boatmen ordered us to land again, as they declined ipointblank to have anything to do with us. For two days we sat on the bank of the Yellow River, not knowing what to do. We were like the Israelites at the Red Sea. Pharaoh was behind ; neither right nor left was there any retreat and no means of crossing over. On the third day the boatmen unex- pectedly changed their minds and took us over. "The first city we came to south of the river was Chang-chou. The Magistirate here was bitterly anti-for- eign, and said had we only arrived twenty-four hours sooner he would have had the pleasure of killing us all. His orders were to allow no foreign devil to escape, but the Empress-Dowager had taken pity on them, and he had just been instructed to have them all sent as pris- oners into Hupeh. Accordingly, from this point we were sent on across Honan, from city to city, as prisoners, by the Yamens, some in carts and sometimes mounted on the hard wooden pack saddles of donkeys. For food they gave us bread and water, and nowhere showed us any kindness till we reached Sin-yang-chou, the last city in Honan. Here we were no longer treated as prisoners, and here we met with the Glovers, from Lu-an, who had arrived there after a similar journey. The Hupeh Mag- istrates were exceedingly kind. At the first city, Ying- shan, we were supplied with food and clothing and kept I20 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. in the Yamen five days, as the road south was blocked by soldiers proceeding to Peking, whom it would not be safe to meet. The Ying-shan native Christians also sought us out and showed us great kindness, as they also did at the cities of Teh-ngan, Yun-mung and Hsao-kan. Mrs. E. J. Cooper died at Ying-shan of the injuries and hardships undergone, and her body was brought to Han- kow for burial. Mrs. Glover was confined a few days after their arrival at Hankow. The child was dead, and in a short time she, too, passed over the river, and is with her blessed Lord. Thus ended at Hankow, on the 14th of August, a journey of fifty days' duration, of which the wonder is that a single one survived to tell the tale." The Rev. Father Jeremiah was delivered in a most marked manner. His station was at Pa-shan, Hunan. His life was saved by an old Chinese woman, who, though a heathen, was moved to pity by his distressed condition and hid him for six days in a rice box. At the end of the six days the disturbance had subsided some- what, and he managed to get away to Hankow. The Rev. Father -Stephanus Sette, who had charge of the station at Hing-shui, Hunan, was attacked on the 4th of July, and he owes his escape to the reverence of the Chinese for the remains of the dead. He was dumped in a box somewhat resembling a coffin, and in this way was carried by native Christians a distance of over 300 li (100 miles) to Lien-chau, the journey taking about seven days. The party was frequently stopped on the way, but when informed that the box contained hu- man remains, which were being carried to their native country for burial, all inquiries were satisfied. SUFFERING IN INLAND CHINA. 121 On reaching Lien-chau, one of the native Christians hunted up a boatman, who agreed to take him and two friends to Canton for $io. When he found out, however, that one of the party was a European he said he should want much more pay, and ultimately $50 was agreed upon. During the trip down the river the boatman, think- ing this a good chance to make money, threatened to have Father Sette thrown overboard unless 300 ounces of silver was forthcoming. The party had nothing like the amount with them, but, putting on a bold front, they in- formed the man that he could have double that amount if he 'took them safely to Canton, where, they said, the missionary had a rich brother residing. He accordingly landed them safely in Canton and accompanied them to the head of the Roman Catholic Mission there, and sub- sequently to the French Consul, who gave him a fair recompense for his trouble. A Boxer who saw the murder of Mr. Chao, an evan- gelist of the London Tilission, and of Mr. Liu, an inquirer of the same mission, gave the following account of the occurrence to a friend of his in this city : "On May 12th the Boxers crossed the River Tsz-tsun, about three li from Kung-tsun, when they met Mr. Liu. They recognized him as one of the adherents of the Christian Church and at once attacked him and wounded him with their swords. Then they took him and tied him up securely to a tree on the bank of the river. This done, they proceeded to the London Mission Chapel at Kung- tsun, found Mr. Chao, the evangelist, bound his tumbs and great toes tightly together and carried him to a tree near to that on which Mr. Liu was bound. They then 122 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. chopped off Mr. Liu's arms, disemboweled him, cut off his head and cast all into the river. Afterward all set to work in fury and hacked Mr. Chao into pieces and threw the fragments into the river. Then they returned to the chapel at Kung-tsun, looted the furniture, smashed the inscription board to pieces and went away." The Christians, being forewarned, left the place the day before the murders took place. They begged Mr. Chao to come away, but he absolutely refused, saying: "I was sent here to work for the Church, and it is my duty to stay. If I lose my life for the sake of religion, I shall be content, and it will be an honor to my name." STORY OF THE FLIGHT OF THE MEMBERS OF THE CANADIAN PRESBYTERIAN MISSION. By T. Craigie Hood. Chapter XII. Everything seemed perfectly quiet in North Honan when, on June 4th, Drs. McClure and Menzies, with their famihes, and Dr. Margaret S. Wallace, set out by houseboat for Pei-tai-ho via Tientsin. We had no thought of being disturbed, except, perhaps, that a famine, whose certain coming became every day more evident as the rain held off, might cause us trouble. Scarcely a week had gone by when news came to us of the Pao-ting-fu trouble, and we found our mail service cut off and our communication with the outside world broken. On June 14th we received, via Liu^ching, a telegram, which ran somewhat as follows: "Traveling toward Tientsin unsafe; foreign troops rescuing Peking; all es- cape south." On June isth a local disturbance arose. That morning a Chinese woman was washing the up- stairs windows of Mr. Mackenzie's new foreign-built house at Chu-wang, when some women on the street caught sight of her and immediately started the report 124 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. that just as the clouds were gathering and the rain begin- ning to fall the "foreign devils" were seen waving a cloth with strange characters on it, and this drove the clouds away. A fruit-seller spread the report through the town, and soon a mob of about i,ooo people were at the com- pound gate clamoring for admittance, and could scarcely be restrained by the officials. The days that followed were anxious ones. Every few days the mob would be- come frantic and threaten the lives of the missionaries. Reports from the north of alleged Boxer successes, and a report that Dr. McClure and party had been murdered, added fuel to the fire. On June 25th we received a tele- gram from Dr. McClure, who had escaped with his party to Chi-nan-fu, having been stopped by the Pang-chwang missionaries in time to prevent their running into the death-trap before them. This telegram said: "Powers occupy Taku ; consuls urge all foreigners leave ; come im- mediately to Chi-nan ; steamer waiting." This, added to the local troubles, decided us to leave. We were com- pelled to take the southern route. On June 27th the Chu- wang friends left their station and came to Shang-te. They left not a day too soon. The night before had been spent by them in a Chinese home that was kindly thrown open to them. The mob had already begun to loot some of the houses that night, and next morning, a couple of hours after they teft their houses, dispensaries, hospital buildings and chapel were being torn down. We left Chang-te with ten carts early next morning, June 28th, having been provided with a good escort. On July ist we reached the Yellow River, and there jofned the mem- bers of our third station, Hsin-chen. They were travel- ing with Messrs. Jameson, Reid and Fisher, of the Pe- king Syndicate, who had a good escort. FLIGHT OF MISSIONARIES. 1 25 All that week we wended our way to the southward. On Saturday, July 7th, we reached a region which seemed to be very much disturbed. Our escort had grad- ually dwindled down till we had none at all. Mr. Jame- son felt that his escort was not sufficient to protect both parties, so he decided to leave our party at Hsin-tien, while he pressed on 30 li to Nan-yang-fu to ask for an escort for us and for his own party. We had scarcely got settled in our inn at Hsin-tien when the mayor of the town came to us and told us that a gang of about one hundred were going to attack and rob us. He advised us to buy them ofif with a few tens of silver, but we re- fused, for we felt that this would not insure us against them even then taking what might be left. We barri- caded our inn doors with carts, etc., and prepared to de- fend ourselves as best we could, meanwhile sending word of the threat to Mr. Jameson. The night passed without our being disturbed. About 8 o'clock next morning word came from Mr. Jameson that the official would neither see him nor give hiin nor us an escort. We must all get through as best we could. We left the inn at Hsin-tien at about 8.30 a; m. The streets were packed with people, and over the city gate hung hundreds of spectators upon the wall. The crowd outside the gate has been estimated at 10,000. But these were not the fiends, except that now we think they took a fiendish delight in watching us pass on to what they thought was our doom. Outside of this crowd we were passing along an ordinary deep Chinese road, where there was showered down upon us a perfect hailstorm of stones, bricks, clubs, etc., etc. The carters whipped up the animals and made a mad dash to get through, but the mob shot and slashed and pounded the mules till they 126 CHINA AND THE BOXERS were killed or disabled, and thus brought us to a stand- still. My cart was wedged in among four or five others. My first glance about me told me that the fearful fight was on. The swords and spears and clubs were now turned, not against the mules, but against the mission- aries. In front of me Mr. Griffith was sitting in his cart, the blood streaming from his forehead and hands. The second stone thrown at him had smashed his revolver in pieces. A sweep with a sword had been aimed at his head, but his hat prevented it making a very deep gash. He sprang from his cart, and, seizing a club that lay near, defended himself against the brute who was attack- ing him. On my right Mr. Mackenzie was valiantly de- fending his wife and little son, while his upper garments were literally saturated with his own blood. On the left was Mr. Goforth, being beaten over the head with clubs, any blow from which was enough to kill him had he not been able to ward them off to some extent.'^ When I glanced toward him again the blood was streaming from an ugly sword gash in the back of his head and from a cut in his left arm. The ladies and children had been ordered from the carts, and stood in different places, while the stones and bricks flew about them in all direc- tions. I did not see Dr. Leslie attacked. I am thankful I did not see that awful hacking. Well, all this and far more (for I haven't said anything about the soldiers, who fought so nobly for us and who were slashed and stabbed and trampled under their horses' feet right before my eyes) passed before me in far less time than it takes to tell it. Stones hurled in at the front of my cart told me that it was time to leave it. T got down and seized a rock and thought that with this I would try to keep the fiends at a safe distance. In a FLIGHT OF MISSIONARIES. 12 7' few moments there came a lull in the fight. All seemed to be busy with the looting, except the brute who had at- tacked Mr. Griffith and had also attacked Mr. Mackenzie several times. He still stood and threatened to kill us, while he swung his sword about his head in the fiercest fashion possible. I think I never saw such a hellish look on a human face. At last he snatched a pig-skin trunk that Mr. Griffith threw to him, snatched it as a ravenous wolf would snatch a child, and ran off to his companions to see what it contained. Some of our number had already escaped from the scene of conflict, and we who were left, taking advantage of the lull, gathered ourselves together into a little company and began to walk slowly away. We were twice surrounded by men with swords and daggers and compelled to give up our watches, rings, etc. They even took parts of our clothing, leaving us barely enough to cover ourselves. It was an hour or so before we knew that every member of the party had got away alive. Mr. Goforth was quite seriously wounded. He and his famil\ were taken in by a Mohammedan family and kindly cared for. Dr. Leslie was very seriously wounded. Mr Mackenzie's and Mr. Griffith's wounds were of a superfi- cial nature. The rest of us (seven adults and five chil- dren) had escaped practically without a bruise or a scratch. Dr. Leslie had been hacked twelve or fifteen times. After he had received all these wounds, and he and Mrs. Leslie were away from the carets altogether, a fiend came up to attack them again, and would have killed them (the doctor surely couldn't bear much more), when, raising his revolver in his left hand, the doctor sent the last bullet he had into the fiend's face and drove him away. Just at this stage my "boy" whipped' out one 128 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. of the carts, picked up one of the ladies and one of the children and Dr. and Mrs. Leslie, and thus they escaped, after having passed through the ordeal of being searched in the way we had been. When we overtook the. cart the doctor had lost so much blood that he could scarcely speak. One of the ladies tore her underskirt into band- ages and Dr. Dow hastened to bind up his wounds. The carter took him on for five or six li and then declared he would go no farther. We had to carry the doctor into a small guard-house by the roadside and lay him on some straw mats. There we were, with no food, no "cash," and no means of going forward. Toward evening a military ofificial from Nan-yang-fu and twenty or thirty horse-soldiers came along, and we hoped they would help us. Word had been sent to the officials of the robbery, and these soldiers had been sent out to look into the matter. Shortly after they reached us our carts unexpectedly came along, and we got on them, expecting that the soldiers would escort us into the city as our only hope of getting money. But instead of escorting us, they deliberately rode off and left us to get along as best we could. The crowd from the city came out for half a mile or more to meet us, and as we passed on it gathered fiends as a flood gathers debris. We man- aged to get into an inn, but we weren't the only ones who got in. Officials were sent for, but would do nothing to keep the crowds out. They ordered us to leave at once. We demanded (we could afford to talk strongly — it was a case of desperation) food and money and protection. They brought us food and nineteen tiao (about $io), and promised an escort of twenty horses and forty foot-sol- diers and said we must go at once. We refused to move until the escort should appear ; w«» waited in vain, at le*"" FLIGHT OF MISSIONARIES. 12 9 as far as that number of soldiers was concerned. At last eight or ten foot-soldiers appeared, and as it was after midnight, and things were black, we concluded we had better start. The people told us we would not be allowed to get out alive. The soldiers and officials went to our servants and tried to persuade them to leave us, as we were all to be killed. The Roman Catholics of the place were defending themselves in a "chai," and we were to be murdered before this to terrify them. Why we were al- lowed to escape we shall perhaps never know. In getting out of the city Mr. Griffith and Paul Goforth (aged nine) were mysteriously separated from the party, and we saw nothing more of them till midnight next night, when they managed to overtake us. That day we passed through a very disturbed region. Thousands of people rushed wildly through the country. They would gather in mobs by the roadside and wait our coming. If we were stopped once that day, we were stopped thirty times, and would have been robbed as often had we had anything they could take. The carters made matters worse by driving at a mad rate. Imagine, if you can, what Dr. Leslie must have suffered as he lay flat in the cart, his head bumping over the axle, and his wounded limbs jolting about. Im- agine what the women and children suffered, for all the carts were practically without quilts, cushions, etc. That night, at Hing-yie-hsien, the officials offered us four tiao. Mr. Jameson had heard of the robbery, and immediately sent a man back to meet us with fifty taels of silver, and this reached us in time to enable us to refuse the four tiao. However, those officials gave us a splendid escort, and next day, although thousands of people lined the roads, neither man nor boy dared open mouth against us. 130 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. SO well did those soldiers do their work. We reached Fan-cheng that evening, Tuesday, July loth, about 8 o'clock, just fourteen days from the time the start was made. The members of the Peking Syndicate supplied us liberally with silver, and they and the Hsin-chen friends gave us what clothing they could spare. There was a real "community of goods" for the remainder of the trip. Both parties boarded the houseboats shortly after mid- night, and were escorted down the Han River by two Chinese gunboats, provided by Chang Chih-tung. We reached Hankow in about ten days, having been towed for the last 300 li by a steam launch sent out by the con- suls at Hankow. The flight had been hard, but its lessons for us were not a few. We were shown how helpless we are and what a mighty God is ours. We understand more fully then we ever before understood the greatness of that greatest of all the great needs — the need of giving the Gospel of Jesus Christ to the heathen, especially the Chinese heathen. ARE THE MISSIONARIES RESPONSIBLE? Chapter XIII. Certain shortsighted people attribute all the present trouble to the pernicious influence of missionaries. Some, no doubt, have made mistakes, but to those who take the trouble to go into the matter thoroughly there is no deny- ing the fact that the good done by far outweighs the evil. The patience, devotion and heroism with which the mis- sionaries, both men and women, have met and endured the afflictions of the last two months cannot but be admired. It has been well said that the nth chapter of Hebrews is being rewritten in China. The Chinese Recorder also asks and answers the ques- tion thus : "Are the missionaries responsible for the pres- ent crisis? Yes and no. If furnishing good literature, books on history, astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, morals and religion, many of which fell into the hands of the Emperor and others, and caused the reform edicts —books and literature, the tendency of which, like Paul's preaching was to turn such a country as China 'upside down,' then the missionaries are responsible, though we can scarcely see how they are to blame." A writer to the "Celestial E^mpire" speaks forth the truth boldly, and it is worth repeating. He says : "Sir: The blind objections to missionaries being made 132 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. by some writers just now exhibit a want of thought and discrimination. Not a missionary myself, I, from the purely commercial standpoint, appreciate their devoted la- bors, their moral example and influence. The great ma- jority of the Protestant missionaries wisely have refrained from assuming or desiring any official status, and in doing so have avoided making themselves stumbling blocks to the non-Christian natives, as the Roman Catholics have done. "But the foreign resident who now rushes into print demanding that missionary labors cease in China is want- ing in the exercise of common sense. The missionary, with good reason, might retort that all commercial men and civilian foreigners should be deported, because the lives of a number of them in the treaty ports are an out- rage on all the best ideas of the natives and a libel on Western civilization. In the Boxer placards it has been said that 'foreign men disregard all the human obliga- tions and their women commit adultery.' Now, in no in- stance can this be asserted of the missionaries in China, but, unfortunately, it does hold true of a certain minority among the foreign residents. Instead of clamoring for the expulsion of all foreign residents because of the sins of the few, the missionaries are level-headed enough to see that what is needed is not expulsion, but decided pro- test by all those foreigners who desire the higher stand- ards of their respective nations to be emphasized in this land. The protest should be made privately and publicly, both in and out of the press, so that the natives around us can plainly see that foreign public opinion does not for a moment condone what its highest ideals distinctly condemn. The man or woman of foreign birth who lives A TYPICAL BOXER/ WITH ALL HIS IMPLEMENTS OF WARFARE. 134 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. an immoral life, the foreigner who ill-treats a coolie as he would not dare for an instant to treat a common cabman; the Westerner, be he an ordinary private individual or a city father, who encourages, establishes or patronizes lot- teries; in fact, any among the foreign communities in China who any way lower the standard of life they have in the home lands been taught to respect and aim at, do more to prepare the way for corrupt officials, bent on stirring up the ignorant people of China, than all the mis- takes of all the missionaries put together. The writer is well aware that among certain conceited, sick-brained circles it is fashionable to deride the methods, objects and personal characters of missionaries ; and while not claim- ing for them absolute perfection, nor asserting that they are free altogether of minor errors, it is certain that, tak- ing them in a body, the percentage of those among them that are actuated by selfish motives is minute. The num- ber among them who fail to give an example of pure morality in their stations in the interior and elsewhere is less than the proportion of similar failures among the es- tablished clergy of home lands. "Even the Consular services owe to missionary work- ers in the past, as also to several who are still among us. But when consideration is carefully given to the fact that all over the interior, in places where the foreigner is otherwise unknown, he is first introduced In the person of a missionary, who lives quietly a moral life, so that all his immediate neighbors, on close acquaintance, acquire a favorable knowledge of an individual foreigner, and from that particular knowledge argue favorably in general of foreigners. "All over the empire, again and again, in times of ARE MISSIONARIES RESPONSIBLE!' I3S trouble and riot, the immediate acquaintances of the mis- sionaries, as well as the converts, have stood by their for- eign teachers at the peril of their own lives, proving con- clusively the good opinions won by the example of their lives and teachings. All through the horrid riots of 1891-2 the native converts remained faithful, not only to their missionary pastors (laying down, in some instances, their own lives to save the foreigner's), but also were stanch to their faith, in spite of all tortures and persecu- tions, too horrible to relate in detail. Such centres ©f en- lightenment as to what foreigners are and have to give the Chinese open up the country ready for trade, and again and again can the demand for foreign goods be traced directly to the influence of missionaries in the interior. "If trade follows the flag, it is because the flag is usu- ally made known by a good introduction on the part of missionaries. Withdraw your missionaries and send into the interior your young, rowdy man, with his 'sleeping dictionary' concubines, his drunkenness and bullying con- duct, and see how much worse your trade and reputation will soon be. It is high time that we dropped all mad talk about missionaries, and instead of trying to make scape- goats of any one section of foreign residents, while en- deavoring to reform all those evils that prejudice us in the eyes of the natives, show that we know that behind all anti-foreign agitation is the Peking Government, as chief instigator and offender. The day will never come when missionaries are withdrawn from China, but if it did, the writer, as a commercial man, would venture to prophesy, with certainty, the early ruin of foreign trade with China. The criticism of their objects comes ill from men whose 136 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. whole heritage of worth is the main result of similar prop- aganda in their own native lands in the past. At the foundation of much ill-natured, ignorant criticism of mis- sionaries, and the real cause of the lying reports that are spread abroad, is an uncomfortable feeling, resulting from the critics often living in a manner that would, if known, shut them out from their own parental roof. Where mis- sionaries live in the interior, away from all foreign civil- ians or officials, there are no houses of ill-fame kept for or by foreigners. In such places • there are no lotteries licensed by and supported by foreigners. There no na- tives are cuffed and kicked, for there are no rowdy for- eign 'drunks' to drag their nation's character in the mire. Ninety per cent, of the foreigners who glibly calumniate the missionaries have absolutely no real knowledge of the subject on which' they air their gaseous opinions. Few of them have ever visited a mission station or seen a na- tive convert. If they had, the writer can testify that often the native convert's character and life would cause many a foreigner to hang his head in shame for better oppor- tunities unavailed of. When 'loaves and fishes' are quoted as the raison d'etre of missionaries being in China, it never occurs to the uncultured, ill-educated carpers that they should first make sure of the past history of those whom they so readily vilify, or they might discover that never was assertion more unfounded and that many now in the mission field have given up freely more than their small-brained mud-fliingers are ever likely to attain. 'When the wine is in the fool comes out,' and hotel and club bar critics we will waste no more space on." THE FUTURE OUTLOOK. Chapter XIV. It is believed by some who understand the Chinese and the present situation in their land that the difficulties are only beginning, and that there are yet many months, and perhaps years, of trial for Christians, both native and foreign, who undertake to propagate the Gospel in China. Many are puzzled about the whole situation. To others it seems clear that the cost of life and treasure is so great that the end gained by preaching Christ to the Chinese does not justify it. The heart of the believer feels faint as it dwells upon the past of suffering and sorrow, and it is tempted to tremble as it looks into the future. It feels keenly the disappointment that a prosperous work has fallen, and is moved with sympathy for the suffering vic- tims of pagan cruelties. Thus touched, it is not out of place to look up to Him who worketh all things according to the counsel of His own will and reverently ask, "Why does He permit all this sorrow and pain and bloodshed ?" This is no new question, for the Church has not forgot- ten the terrible price in human blood that was paid for the introduction of Christianity into the Roman Empire, and the fierce measures which were taken for the exter- mination of the new religion. Evangelical churches do not allow their children to forget the firnmess with which our fathers stood for the truths of the Gospel and endured 138 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. the fiendish tortures of the "Holy Inquisition." Every glorious page in the history of the Church is written in blood, and this is not the time to count God's authority less absolute, or His message to the lost less worthy of a martyr's blood than in other centuries. It does not diminish the glory of those who have suf- fered that the cause of their persecution is largely the political aggression of the Western nations and the intol- erable meddling of Romish agents in the internal affairs of China. The charge against Christ was the false one of sedition. Nero's persecution was founded on the untruth- ful story that the Christians had set fire to Rome, and missionary martyrs of recent years have frequently suf- fered because the natives confounded them with the traders who had shamefully mistreated them. It is there- fore in keeping with history to recog;nize this uprising against Christians, because of false ideas of their work, as instigated by the father of lies, who has been the author of former persecutions as well. The Greek word for witness is "Martyr," and it has come to mean one who dies for his belief, simply because so many chose to do that rather than deny the Lord. The courage, joy and patience of martyrs have touched the hearts of millions, and their blood has truly been the seed of the Church; and China, like Europe, is to be blessed with an abundance of such testimony as will never cease to speak of the sincerity of the witness and the power of God to keep His people faithful and sustain them in trial. To the Foreign Ministers the Empress Dowager was the de facto ruler of China, and that was enough for them. They also recognized that the Emperor, Kwang Hsu, was the de jure ruler, as they showed recently by insisting on being received in audience by hira, and pro- EMPEROR KWANG-HSU. (From a recent photograph.) THE FUTURE OUTLOOK. I4I viding that it should be understood that the visit of their wives to the Empress Dowager was merely a social func- tion, with no political significance. The Empress Dow- ager was one of the secondary wives of the Emperor Hsien Feng, and the mother of the Emperor Tung Chi. After the death of Tung Chi she acted as Regent during the minority of her nephew, the present Emperor Kwang Hsu ; but as soon as he was old enough to take the reins of government her rights of ruler ceased entirely, and the legations knew, as well as every one else in China knew, that she was simply usurping the throne of Kwang Hsu, who was only kept alive because she feared the wrath of the people. The Emperor, as soon as he attained to years of dis- cretion, had begun to take an unexpected interest in the affairs of his great heritage. By chance thrown in the way of learning English, and deeply affected by the mis- erable part his country had played, determined to study for himself the cause of its sudden decadence, and to pre- pare himself for the task, determined to study the lan- guage of these wonderful Outlanders, who had proved themselves so far ahead in all the arts that serve to build up nations. He recognized that what his country most required was an honest administration, yet about his Court there were few on whom he could depend. The war with Japan he saw had exposed the weakness of his country, and toward the removal of the foul blot which that unhappy contest had exposed the young mon- arch devoted all his energies. He saw, as every sensible man has seen, that Japan owed her remarkable success to the manner in which she had assimilated the warlike ks- 142 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. sons of the West, and that if China wished to emerge from her slough of despond she must adopt like meas- ures. He was statesman enough to comprehend that it was not in the mere imitation of foreign forms and prac- tices that Japan had been able to raise herself from in- significance to a position but little behind the first-class Powers, but that her real success lay in the careful manner in which she had studied and applied the springs of great- ness. What Japan had done China, he argued with him- self, could do; and to this end he devoted all his ener- gies. To get rid of the ignoble crowd he saw was the first necessity, but it was equally necessary to surround himself with honest and capable men. The events succeeding the coup d'etat disclosed the men whom he had made his choice, and, compared with the crowd that surround the intruding ex-Regent, they are as light to darkness. Men like Kang and Chang may not have had the capacity or the knowledge to grasp the more complicated problems of State, but they were at least honest and earnest men — and honest and earnest men are just the want of the country, which has grown weary of the shifting and shallow opportunism of political jugglers. Unfortunately, Kwang Hsu worked without his host. He was too honest and earnest a man to believe that hu- man nature could sink to the depths it had done in the instance of the woman who had just laid down the Re- gency after years of failure and misgovemment. For himself he bore no ill-will to the arch fiend who had blasted his life, but who had now, nominally at least, re- tired from the charge she had disgraced. But the woman who was to be superseded for her crimes recognized no THE FUTURE OUTLOOK. 143 such lofty code of morals as did the young sovereign, and, apprehensive of the just punishment due to her in- iquities falling at last upon her head, seized the Emperor and confined him to an inner room and assumed herself the reins of the government. England, the most interested of all the States having relations with China, weakly offered no objection, and stood humbly by while the tragedy was being prepared under her very eyes. The woman whom the misplaced indifference of the British Government permitted unchallenged to usurp the throne of China no sooner found herself in a position to do so than she turned all the venom and spite of which even she was capable against England, joined hands with the Boxers against the world — and all know the misery and death that have followed. With an Emperor who is weak in body and mind, and with the crafty and wicked Empress Dowager, what is the solution to this Chinese puzzle? The almost universal opinion of all missionaries and a majority of all business men in China is that the Emperor should be restored to his throne and then surround him with men of the reform party and those who have shown a spirit of progression and wisdom. Now the settling day has come, and the nations have sent in a collective note, which virtually makes China a vassal to the world. This has been modified from time to time, and below we give a disipatch from Dr. Morrison, of Peking, to the London Times, under date of Dec. 20th, 1900. It is as follows : "Equitable indemnity is to be paid to States, societies and individuals, and also to Chinese who have suffered 144 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. injury on account of their employment by foreigners. China will adopt financial measures acceptable to the Powers to guarantee the payment of indemnity and the service loans." The Times correspondent says the note contains the following stipulations, in addition to those already cabled : "Reparation to Japan for the murder of Sugiyama. "Expiatory monuments erected in all foreign ceme- teries where tombs have been desecrated. "The posting of a proclamation throughout the empire for two years, enumerating the punishments inflicted upon the guilty officials, and threatening death to any one join- ing an anti-foreign society. "An imperial edict to be issued, holding Viceroys and Governors responsible for anti-foreign outbreaks or vio- lations of treaties. "China to undertake negotiations for a revision of the commercial treaties." Dr. Morrison goes on to say that in the discussion of the translation of the word "compdy" in the British pro- posal not to remove the troops until the demands should be satisfied, one Minister suggested "accepter." The German Minister wanted "relimplir." Finally it was agreed to use the expression "se conformer d." The original note, as given below, was far too severe, and could not possibly have been accepted : "Article i. An extraordinary mission, headed by an Imperial Prince, shall be sent to Berlin in order to ex- press the regret of the Emperor of China and of the Chinese Government for the murder of Baron Von Ket- teler. On the scene of the murder a monument worthy of the assassinated Minister shall be erected, with an in- THE FUTURE OUTLOOK. 145 scription in Latin, German and Chinese, expressing the regret of the Emperor of China. "Article 2. (a) The death penahy is to be inflicted on Princes Tuan and Chuang, upon Duke Lan, and, further, upon Ying-nien, Kang-yi, Chiao-Shu-Chioa, Tung-fuh- COUNT VON WALDERSEE. Siang, Yu-Hsien and other ringleaders, who will be named by the representatives of the Powers. "(b) In all places where foreigners have been killed or maltreated official examinations shall be suspended for five years. "Article 3. The Chinese Government shall erect a monument in every foreign or international cemetery which has been desecrated or where the graves have been destroyed. 146 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. "Article 4. The prohibition of the import of arms into China shall be maintained till further notice. "Article 5. China has to pay a just indemnity to Governments, corporations and individuals, as well as to those Chinese who suffered in the recent events in person or in property in consequence of being in the service of foreigners. "Article 6. Every single foreign Power is granted the right of maintaining a permanent legation guard and of placing the quarter of Peking where the legations are situated in a state of defense. Chinese are not to be al- lowed to live in that quarter of Peking. "Article 7. The Taku forts and those forts which might prevent free communication between Pekin and the sea shall be razed. "Article 8. The Powers acquire the right of occupy- ing certain points, on which they will agree among them- selves, with the object of maintaining free communica- tion between the capital and the sea. "Article 9. The Chinese Government is bound to post Imperial decrees for two years at all sub-prefectures. In these decrees (a) to belong to any anti-foreign sect is forever forbidden, under penalty of death ; (b) the pun- ishments inflicted upon the guilty are recorded; (c) to prevent fresh disturbances, it is declared that the Vice- roys, as well as the provincial and local authorities, are made, responsible for the maintenance of order in their districts. In the event of fresh anti-foreign disturbances or other infringements of the treaties which are not. at once stopped and avenged by punishment of the guilty, these officials shall be promptly deposed and never agaiu intrusted with official functions or invested with fresh dignities. THE FUTURE OUTLOOK. 147 "Article lo. The Chinese Government undertakes to enter upon negotiations with regard to such alterations in the existing commercial and navigation treaties as the foreign Governments consider to be desirable^ as well as regarding other matters which are concerned with facili- tating commercial relations. "Article ii. The Chinese Government shall be bound to reform the Chinese Foreign Oiifice and the court cere- monial for the reception of the foreign representatives, and to do so in the sense which shall be defined by the foreign Powers." The New York Daily Times gives a good editorial on it, and I can do no better than repeat it. It says : "It is of interest, first, to observe the nature and ex- tent of the penalties imposed on China as the direct atonement for the violent and outrageous acts commit- ted by her people and Government officials. We shall learn in that way what punishment the Ministers thought commensurate with the wrongs they had suffered and within the power of the nations to inflict. A graver in- terest attaches to the measures of security for future peaceful intercourse with China, for these, if executed, will determine the status and control the destiny of the great empire, and profoundly affect the history of the world. "The .punitive clauses of the collective note require that an Imperial Prince shall conduct an extraordinary mis- sion to Berlin to express the Emperor's regret at the murder of the German Minister, and that a monument shall be erected on the scene of the assassination, bearing an inscription in Latin, German and Chinese,, a further and lasting expression of the Emperor's regret. In the place of this latter penalty and humiliation, the usage 148 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. between Powers upon a footing of equality would pre- scribe a formal salute to the flag of the offended nation. But, as we shall see, the note is very far from treating China as an equal of the Powers. In the original draft of the note it was further provided that the death penalty should be inflicted upon Princes Tuan and Chuang, Duke Lan, Ying-Nien, Kang-Yi, Chiao-Shu-Chiao, Tung-fuh- Siang, Yu-Hsien, 'and other ringleaders, whose names will be given by the representatives of the Powers.' After this major demand the requirement that China shall pay a just indemnity to Governments, corporations and indi- viduals, and erect monuments in foreign cemeteries which have been desecrated, may be passed over as of subor- dinate interest. But it is now understood that 'severe punishment' has been substituted for the death penalty. "Guarantees of future security are exacted by pro- visions of the note demanding that the importation of arms into China shall be prohibited until further notice; that each Power may maintain a permanent legation guard in Peking and place in a state of defense the quarter where the legations are situated; that the Taku forts and all others commanding the approach to Peking from the sea shall be razed; that the_ Powers shall have the right to occupy points agreed upon among themselves for the purpose of keeping open communication to the capital; that in all sub-prefectures the Imperial Govern- ment shall for two years post decrees proclaiming the penalty of death against all who belong to any anti-for- eign societies, recording the punishments inflicted for vio- lations of that decree, and making Viceroys and provin- cial and local authorities responsible for public order, under penalty of degradation for life; that the Chinese Government shall enter into negotiations for the amend- EARL LI --THE STATESMAN. THE FUTURE OUTLOOK. ISI ment of commercial treaties, and that the Government shall be bound to reform, in a manner determined by the Powers, the Tsung-Li Yamen, or Foreign Office, and the Court ceremonial for the reception of foreign Min- isters. "China ceases to be a sovereign nation the moment she assents in principle or detail to these demands. It is evi- dent that a Power that permits other Powers to step in -and prescribe her internal laws is no longer sovereign, independent and equal with the rest. She has become subordinate, she is controlled from without. Under the present Manchu dynasty of Ta-tsing (sublime purity) the laws of the empire are contained in the Ta-tsing Huei-tien, or code of the dynasty, and the administration of public affairs is committed to the Interior Council, under whose orders the seven boards of Government act, corresponding to our departments at Washington. The laws and customs to be observed by the people are en- forced by the Li-Pu board. "We may suppose that the subjects of the Emperor are reasonably contented with the liberties they enjoy under this system. It is sufficiently manifest that one of their privileges in the past has been membership in anti-for- eign societies. Now come the Powers with their col- lective note demanding that they shall be permitted to amend the municipal law of China in such a way that the exercise of former 'privileges shall be made a crime punishable with death. China manifestly abrogates her sovereignty in permitting the limits of the privileges of her subjects to be traced by foreigners, and it is further evident that neither she nor all the Powers together would have the ability to enforce the decree save at absolutely 152 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. prohibitory cost. In the text of the collective note as made public by Count Von Buelow last month, the de- mands were declared to be irrevocable. It is now re- ported that this word has been stricken out — that is, the terms are open to discussion between the Powers and China. In the interest of peace and the taxpayers, upon whom falls the ultimate burden of attempting to enforce the unenforcible, it is fortunate that the views of the Ministers are made subject to revision. "At the same time, it is plain that a momentous event in the historical development of the nations of the world is preparing to be accomplished. The overthrow of the Manchu dynasty and the restoration of pure Chinese Gov- ernment might save the empire and make the loss of sovereignty a temporary misfortune. This is improbable. The Chinese are doubtless about to lose the right of the free hand in regulating their internal and external af- fairs. Subjugation will only hasten decay, and in the case of a vast and undeveloped empire in this age of active public conquest and private exploitation, when the drones and the incapables are being driven out of their fallow estates by the busy and eager workers, decay will be ar- rested not far in the future by dismemberment, partition, and the industrial dominance of the men of the living nations." Probably never before has an international question of such moment been before the whole world, and it will need cool heads to keep this caldron from boiling over, as jealousy and greed is lurking around. China herself needs a strong man, who will command respect from the law-abiding people. By showing great tact the country could be brought out of this chaos and anarchy. THE FUTURE OUTLOOK. 153 What if China is divided? Well, if this is brought about, she must go ahead. The conservative China has gone, and gone forever. If the Emperor is reinstated or not, there will be a reconstructed China. All her material conditions will be changed for the better. She will rise in the scale of nationhood; her foreign relations, her financial system, her judicial administration will be lifted immensely above the level where they are now. New soil is always wonderfully rich. Old people, once emanci- ADMIRAL SEYMOUR. pated from old ideas, will grow new ideas with an ex- uberance unwonted. The Japanese are an illustration of this. The Chinese, once started in the same way, will move at a slower gait, but will surpass them in the scale of magnitude. 154 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. It must be remembered that her natural resources have hardly been touched. Her immense coal fields and min- erals of every kind await developing. Her forests will need the rotary saw instead of the slow hand saw ; for as yet she has no other. Her harvests will demand the Western harvester and threshing machine, instead of the tedious hand work of to-day. And so in every industry there will be demands for all the latest and best ma- chinery. Railways also will be needed to hasten travel and carry the produce to the markets. The great steam- ship lines are waking up to see the possibility of China's coming greatness, and have already in course of construc- tion the largest ships in the world to carry the freight which is sure to come to and from China. Not only will there be a new material China, but there will also be a regenerated China. A poirely materialistic China, well equipped ironclads and Mauser rifles, and no ascendancy of moral force, would be a curse to herself and a menace to mankind. God has something far better in store for humanity. By a regenerate China is not meant that all China will ba converted ; far from it as yet ; but it is meant that Christianity will soon move with gi- gantic strides. Drawbacks and checks there will be, but, allowing for them all, after taking into account the nature of the Chinese people, once emancipated from their slavish al- legiance to their literary class, considering that they have no Indian caste to keep them back, counting as we do on the mighty power of God to be provident in the last days, now just ahead of us, we are safe in assuming that there will be such ingatherings as the world has never seen. We had a little foreruimer of this two years ago, when SIR CLAUD MACDONAI^D, BRITISH MINISTER TO PEKING. 156 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. the famous reform edicts of the Emperor came out. Im- mediately missionary work grew immensely interesting, and many who had been secretly serving Christ came out and openly accepted Him. The oppression of the gentry and oiScials became less and less, until the Emperor was dethroned, and then the cloud settled down once more. The foreigner's power has been felt, and will in the fu- ture be respected. This, in turn, will have the effect of causing the Chinese to respect the foreigner and his teaching, and we feel sure missionaries will not need to work so hard to get people into the Church as to keep them out; for the Chinaman, like the Westerner, desires to be connected with those who are in high favor. Teachers in English will be in demand everywhere, as the English language is the preferred one by the Chinese. The editor of the Educational Department in the Chi- nese Recorder wisely calls the attention of the educa- " tionists to the necessity of improving the present time to prepare for what must inevitably follow when peace has been declared. "There is little question but that we shall see such a demand for English and education in modern studies and on modern lines as will quite overwhelm the missionary body. We were almost wholly unprepared, when the Emperor's reform decrees were issued, for the results which followed. And now that reform, in earnest, will doubtless be the cry when matters have again settled down, what a pressure will be brought upon the mission- ary body, not alone for direct evangelistic work, but es- pecially for help in founding schools and conducting edu- cational institutions. Well may every missionary ask himself. What can I do in the present crisis to prepare for the great reactionary wave of progress and reform which is sure to set in?" THE FUTURE OUTLOOK. 157 The missionaries who have retired for a time will go back refreshed in body and spirit, and, therefore, prepared for the great work which will be crowded upon them. New churches and homes will have to be built to take the place of those destroyed, and the friends, therefore, at home will have to stand behind their respective boards, both in prayer and financial aid, to help tide over this time of severe strain. The promise of Isaiah that they shall come from the land of Sinim (China) will surely come true, for God's word cannot fail. Weeping may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the morning. The light is breaking over China to-day. God's servants should not be slow in claiming all the land. The doors of iron and brass are now creaking on their rusty hinges, and the missionary must not be discouraged, but en- ter in. Thus we may conclude that in the events in China our Father is making "All things work together for good to them that love God." We may have to take this by faith for a time for as far as the outward vision now is all looks dark. The final joint note has been delivered and has gone to the peace envoys, Ching and Li. The inser- tion of the word "irrevocable" makes the note, not a basis of discussion, but an ultimatum. The nations are making the attempt to coerce China into the acceptance of the terms which she should not be asked to accept. An easier way could have been found and the ringleaders amply punished if the nations had so desired ; but now it looks as though they have added fuel to the fire. Let every Christian worker pray much that this black cloud hanging over China ma)' soon lift and that peace 158 CHINA AND THE BOXERS. and prosperity in a greater, fuller form may return to the land that we teachers, traders and missionaries have learned to love. X J CBG YGLLOUJ DRAGOn PaH III (^f)inA ADD mission^ By Rev. E. P. Woodwakd. While it is true that Protestant missionaries are not responsible for the terrible outbreak outlined in the preceding pages, as has been unjustly stated by some, it is true that Missions have had much to do with pre- paring the Chinese people for that outbreak. The Founder of Christianity said, " Think not that I am come to send peace on the earth : I am not come to send peace, -but a sword." And from that day to this, although our Lord is the Prince of Peace, and positive- ly commands his followers to live peaceably with all men, it has been a notable fact that, wherever Chris- tianity has gone, emphasizing sharply as it does the glorious personal relation that each one may have the privilege of maintaining with the God of all the earth, and the tremendous destiny which ever looms up in the future as awaiting the "sons and daughters of the Lord Almighty," there has been such a quickening of individual hope, courage, aspiration and independence, even among those who are entirely outside the pale of the true Church, that revolution and political upheaval, and the proclamation of the Rights of Man as man, have followed the preaching of the Cross as surely as the thunder-storm follows the intense heat of Summer. The astounding proposition that our first obliga- tion is to God and not to men, and that as a logical necessity " We ought to obey God rather than men," can never be publicly taught without lifting down- trodden humanity to a higher plane, and fitting men who get just a glimpse of Christianity — and no more, to resist those who oppress them, and ultimately to drive every tyrant from his throne. 160 CHINA AND MISSIONS. Add to this the fact that Christianity is never presented to the world in the lives of its followers, but the contrast somehow engenders hate, followed in near- ly every case by persecution, and we have an additional reason for social and political upheaval wherever Chris- tianity is introduced. Christ's words, "Ye shall be hated of all the nations, for my name's sake," are as true to-day as when first spoken. The thrift and temporal success which usually accompa- nies a genuine conversion to Christianity, is quite likely to add fuel to the fires of persecution — supplementing hate with envy and jealousy. And, taking all these things into consideration, there are visible reasons for the result which has been seen so many times in the his- tory of Missionary work. Armenia is a striking exam- ple of this, and to some extent China has followed in the footsteps of the Turk. To these causes ( in China at least ) must be added another — originatiag in Christianity in appearance only, namely, the peculiar relation of the Roman Hierarchy to " the powers that be." Nominally Christian, really Pagan, its persistent efforts to gain recognition as the representative of a de facto government, and its fre- quent appeals to force for the protection of its adhe- rents, have had much to do with the odium which has rested on Christianity there. Those who blame Christianity for the present condition of things, would do well to study carefully the methods of this Counter- feit of Christianity before they blame the System which has been so grossly caricatured by it ! In view of these facts, missionary work in China becomes a mat- ter of great interest, and will now be briefly considered. There is no reasonable doubt that Christianity was quite extensively preached in China at a very early date, tradition — which may quite likely be correct — giving Thomas, the Apostle, the honor of being the first missionary to that country. How thoroughly the country was canvassed, and just how the message of CHINA AND MISSIONS. 161 life was received, we have no means of knowing. Evi- dently the truth was not accepted as in some other nations, possibly through causes which exist in the nation to-day. tPhe Nestorian missionaries went to China about 500 A. D., and there is reason to believe that many con- verts were made. And the vast distance of that coun- try from the great centers of Christian activity, and the tendency which has existed everywhere from that day to this, to lose the substance of the gospel in sym- bolism and forms, thereby making it far easier to be reabsorbed into the surrounding heathenism, may have had much to do with the fact that so small traces can be found to-day of the work which was done there then. Eome began a systematic crusade in China in the thirteenth century, her work there being done in three distinct epochs, running down into the seventeenth century. But the inevitable political phase of her mis- sionary activity — manifested in the usual Jesuitical manner, brought down the heavy hand of law, and suc- cessive expulsions broke her power and scattered her converts, until the treaties of toleration opened for Romanists as well as for Protestants the door which China has tried so hard to shut during the past decade. And, as before remarked, that attempt was largely due to the same meddling ways which characterized their predecessors. In Protestant mission work, the first effort to evan- gelize China was made by the London Missionary Soci- ety in 1795, which effort was for a time successfully op- posed by the East India Company at Canton ; and it was " only through the kindly interest of an American house, Olyphant and Co.," that the first Missionary was sent to Canton in 1806. This missionary, Eobert Morrison, reached Canton in 1807, but found himself so hindered by the Company, that he went to a point un- der the control of Portugal, where he was permitted to labor. Several other places outside the Company's 162 CHINA AND MISSIONS. JTirisdiction were successively opened for mission work, and other Missionary Societies entered the field, await- ing the time when the door should be thrown open for work throughout the Empire. At the close of the Opium War in 1842, Hong Kong became a center of mission work, and operations were also begun on the mainland. Since the Treaty of Tien- tsin the work of missions has rapidly increased, until at the outbreak of the Boxer movement, more than forty Societies were working in nearly every part of the Empire, the Scriptures had been translated into Chinese — in several versions, even the blind ( of whom there are very many ) were reading the word of God in raised letters, and many thousands of genuine converts, as was abundantly proved during the late massacres, had been made to the religion of Christ. In fact, China has been leavened by the " Jesus doctrine," and infor- mation from the most trustworthy sources seems to prove beyond question that the interest in Christianity is increasing rather than diminishing. The final result of missionary effort there cannot be known, but that subject is touched upon briefly in Part V of this work, to which the reader is now referred. -^ ^^ # ^m * H^ ^ CBG YGLLOUJ DRAGOO PaH IV (JBIDA ADD P K0PI)6gY By Ebv. E. p. Woodwabd. Considering the vast population of China, its great antiquity, its immense territory, and its apparent im- portance as a possible future world-power, one might naturally expect that it would occupy a prominent place in Bible prophecy, especially when so many nar tions of much less apparent importance are noticed with great minuteness. The fact, however, is that Chi- na, if mentioned at all in Scripture, is mentioned so obscurely that some consider the references as belong- ing entirely to another people. The same thing is true of other great nations, the United States for example. Although some have seen a reference to our country in the symbolism of the book of Kevelation, the evidence is- quite conclusive, when ex- amined apart from previous prejudice, that, except in the general prophecies concerning the condition and fate of all the nations existing when our Lord returns, the United States is absolutely ignored in the Bible. The reasons for this statement cannot be given here, but may be given in our next Number. This apparent disproportion of prophetic writing ad- mits of a satisfactory explanation — to those who have no previous theory to uphold. First, Bible prophecy has for its center Jerusalem, Judea and the nation of Israel ; and for its circumference, the Church — militant and triumphant. Second, its purpose is to reveal more or less distinct- ly the final outcome — and the intermediate steps to that goal — of the great controversy between God and man, beginning with man's first sin and. rebellion, and closing when the last sinner is dropped back into the 164 CHINA AND PROPHECY. nothingness from wliich divine love took him at first. Third, the beacon light of Prophecy, both in the Old and New Testament, is the Christ, first as the Coming Saviour, second as the Coming King. " The testimony of Jesus is the spirit of Prophecy" (Eev. 19: 10). He is the one Person who can never be ignored in prophetic study, without bringing partial or total eclipse of the divine vision. He is the One without whom there would have been no Prophecy, for there would have been no future for the revelation of the Seer. He was the inspiration of the prophets, from " Enoch, the sev- enth from Adam," to the beloved disciple who was smitten to earth by the insufferable glory of His face. Therefore, a nation or people whose existence has no special relation either to the " Chosen Nation," or to the " Peculiar People ; " or, which has been in some sense outside the fierce world-conflict between good and evil ; or, which has not some special mission to fulfil in the great Consummation — such a nation has no real place in Prophecy, not standing for that which is the burden and inspiration of all prophecy. Such a nation is China, with apparently one excep- tion to be noted hereafter. The Chosen People have never been vitally dependent on or associated with her ; the Church has won its victories, suffered its defeats, and will finally triumph over its foes, largely apart from China : and with the single exception mentioned, neither the fiirst or second Advent touches China as a nation. So, it would be comparatively safe to assert without examination, that very little prophecy would be found referring specially to China. This is exactly what, after careful examination, we find to be true. Only two places are found where such reference is made, and even these are not accepted by all as predictions concerning China. Having decided, after careful examination, that they do refer to this great nation of the East, I shall give them both, reser- ving until Part V the most of that which needs to be said about them. CHINA AND PEOPHECY. 165 The first apparent reference to China is found in Isaiah 49 : 12— « Behold, these shall come from far : and lo, these from the North and from the West; and these from the land of Sinim." In spite of contrary opinions in the past, the latest critical research seems to establish the fact that " Sinim " has direct reference to the Chinese. And remembering what "was said in Part I about the Chinese being once known as " Sinae," it is not very difficult to accept this theory. What did the prophet mean by this prediction ? His first thought in all this chapter seems to have been the restoration of Israel after the Babylonish captivity; and, taken with the context, — which please read for yourselves, the verse quoted seems to refer to the pre- dicted and desired return, — some Israelites coming from the North, some from the West, and some even from the land of Sinim^^va. the East. Whatevef else is meant here, I feel confident that this was the prima- ry thought in this prophecy: and it is altogether probable that some did come back to Mt. Zion to wor- ship Jehovah, even from the far distant "land of Sinim." There are those, however, who see here only a refer- erence to the triumphs of Christianity in the latter days, bringing converts into the true Church even from the most distant nation of the East, thus making this a prediction of the present mission work in that country. While admitting the possibility of a double fulfilment of this — as of other prophecies, I am nevertheless una- ble thus far to accept this theory. So, while giving it as a prophecy mentioning China — and predicting some event to happen in connection with China, I do not con- sider it a prophecy of China, or of anything which China will do. One other passage seems to me a prophecy of an event in which China will have an important place. It is found in Eevelation 16 : 12 — 16, and is here given in full from the Eevised Version : — 166 CHINA AND PEOPHECT. "And the sixth poured out his bowl upon the great river, the river Euphrates ; and the water thereof was dried up, that the way might be made ready for the kings that come from the sun-rising. And I saw coming out of the mouth of the drs^gon, and out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet, three uncl.ean spirits, as it were frogs : for they are spirits of demons, working signs ; which go forth unto the kings of the whole world, to gather them together unto the war of the great day of God, the Almighty. ( Behold, I come as a thief. Blessed is he that watch- eth, and keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked, and they see his shame ). And they gathered them togeth- er into the place which is called in Hebrew, Har- Magedon." Those who insist that the book of Eevelation is whol- ly symbolical, will of course say that, since the " Eu- phrates," the "Dragon," the "Beast," etc. are symbols, " kings " must also be a symbol, and therefore must mean something besides " kings ; " and therefore that there is here no prediction of literal " spirits " or " de- mons," or " miracles," or the " earth," or the " world," or " the great day of God Almighty." In fact, a very prominent Minister of our day has quoted this as a prophecy of the final conquest of the great East by the missionaries of Christ, thus making it wholly figura- tive! Let us, however, note a few facts regarding this prophecy. 1. It has reference to some event very near the close of time. Before it is actually finished, the Giver of this " Eevelation " breaks in parenthetically, as though the matter in parenthesis was of such importance that He could not wait another moment — " Behold, I come as a thief." If language means anything, we may boldly say that whatever this " war of the great day of God Almighty" is, it is in most intimate and immediate connection with the coming of Christ — so immediate, that, when the " war " comes, there is special need of preparation for His coming. 2. This "war" is something in which "the kings of CHINA AND PROPHECY. 167 the earth and of the whole world " have an active part : in fact, it is principally — as viewed from the outside — their work. 3. The inspiration of this movement, whatever it is, is from beneath — demoniac. 4. This inspiration has three visible points of de- parture or mediums of manifestation — the Dragon, the Beast, and the False Prophet. 5. These are confessedly symbols, and symbols of systems: and there is a deepenirg impression among prophetic students who do not fear to accept the Bible as fully inspired, that these symbols stand for the or- ganized, visible embodiment of the trinity of Satanic false religions — Paganism, Romanism and MohammeA- anism. Many honest students do not accept this state- ment, but among those who are not hopelessly wedded to the Futurist school of interpretation, this view is continually gaining ground. 6. This being all under one " vial," there must be an intimate connection between the preparation for " the kings that come from the sun-rising," and the later gathering oi "the kings of the earth and of the whole world." 7. It is easy for the ordinary Bible student to see a striking similarity between the first part of this symbol- ism, and the historic facts connected with the taking of Babylon by Cyrus — when he turned aside the river Euphrates, and marched his army through the open, unguarded gates on the river bank. 8. The mention of "Armageddon" at the close, taken in connection with the numerous predictions in Scripture of a world-wide conflict among the nations just before the close of time, and closely related to that close having a center of operations in some part of Palestine, apparently very near to Jerusalem, leaves a strong impression on the mind that in the first part of this prediction we have a distinct reference to the remo- val of a previously existing barrier which had served to 168 CHINA AND PEOPHECT. hold back some Power or Powers, who, after that bar- rier is thrown down, move westward, and take a hand in the last great conflict of earth. This I believe to be the meaniag of this prophecy ; and I believe that, prominent among " the kings that come from the sun-rising," will be seen the myriads of China, under a leadership which will wield them as a battle-axe in the last struggle of sinful men before the coming of the Prince of Peace ; and that the event will be preceded by the gradual decay of some Power whose existence in the past, however evil and harmful La itself, has at least thus far made such a catastrophe impossi- ble. The details of this theory of interpretation — in which I am by no means alone, and its bearing on the final consummation, will be given at length in Part V, "China and the Coming King." I trust we shall then all see a good reason why, although not noticed in prophecy before this, it was important that mention should be made at this point, because of the tremendous issue in which China — and other nations as well — will be on the wrong side, in the last mad folly of our Race. -m *^ -m^^ ^* ^ CBG YGLLOUJ DRAGOn Part V (fRIDA ADD Cf)G (^OminG KIDG Bt Rev. E. P. Woodwabd. Human History finds its complete explanation and significance only in that Event which closes up the pres- ent order of things — ^the manifestation of The Coming King. Just as the whole history of the fruit-tree from the seed up, including all the incidents and circumstan- ces of its existence, has no complete significance except with reference to the period of fruitage; just as the river which bears the commerce of nations is simply the aggregate of the thousands of springs and rivulets which are almost unnoticed among the hills — aye, the sum of the raindrops which fall while men sleep ; — even so the myriad circumstances of individual life, the lar- ger details of social and national existence, and the wi- der events of international importance, all lose their real meaning, and become simply items in an " endless chain" of disconnected facts, except as they are viewed from the standpoint of that Throne to establish which nations have been uprooted, kingdoms have gone down, hoary systems have vanished, and individuals without numlDer have been laid aside as obstacles in the march of coming Empire. Those who read History otherwise than with this thought in mind, cannot possibly read it aright. Those who view the Past except from the view-point of the nearing Consummation, invariably find it a vanishing perspective, bitterly disappointing to both head and heart. Those who attempt to solve the problems of the Future except in the light of the great White Throne, find those problems absolutely insoluble, and both Past and Future veiled in impenetrable shadows of gloom. Only as we anticipate the advent of the Coming King, 170 CHINA AND THE COMING KING. have we any assurance of seeing as we are seen, and knowing as we are known. Then will the problems ot the Universe be solved : until then we must wait for answer to the questions which vex and trouble us now. There will be great differences, however, in the rela- tion which individuals and nations will bear to that final Consummation. Paul the apostle is linked to the coming Throne a thousand times more closely than those Christian workers whose " works " are destined to be swept away in the testing-day — themselves " saved," but only " as through fire." IngersoU, the violent oppo- ser of the Christ of Calvary, will be related to the Christ of the Coming Kingdom in a manner which will not be true of many of his humble followers. The na- tions which have been specially active in opposing His religion, as well as those which have been strongholds of the faith, will stand forth at the last sharply in con- trast with those which have been simply neutral or in- different to His claims. Intense loyalty on the one hand, or bitter opposition on the other, will bear corre- sponding (though widely different) fruitage in that Day of days. As the time of the Consummation draws near, the prominence of nations in the closing scenes of time will be in direct ratio, oile way or the other, to their atti- tude toward the Coming One. And it is with this thought in mind, taken in connection with what has already been said on this line in the last Chapter, that I shall now speak briefly concerning " China and the Coming King" — meaning thereby the position which China may occupy with respect to the final cataclysm whose horrors will be the birth-pangs of the New Age. From this standpoint. Part V should, be the most inter- esting portion of this work — the real explanation and solution of all the difficulties which have gone before. As stated in the last Chapter, in only one passage does there seem to be in the Bible any prophetic refer- ence to China — Rev. 16: 12 — 16. If not referred to China and The coming king. 171 here, China is not mentioned in Bible prophecy. And even here, there is a chance for argument — many assert- ing that no reference is made to China or any other Eastern Power. In proof of this assertion, we are re- minded that the figure of the drying up of the Euphra- tes is evidently taken from the method adopted by Cy- rus to capture Babylon, and this imagery is applied to the gradual removal of the defences of mystic Babylon ( Papal Rome ) before her final overthrow. And the fact that the fall of " Babylon, the Great" is mentioned in Rev. 17 and 18, immediately following this passage, is given as proof that the symbol has reference only to that event. Admitting the origin of the figure as above stated, there are reasons which may be gathered from the pas- sage itself, indicating that this view is incorrect. First, there is a gathering of world-forces brought to view, — " the kings of the whole inhabited earth." Sec ond, the purpose of this gathering is to take part in "the war of the great Day of God, the Almighty." Third, a secret, impelling force brings about this gath- ering, — the " spirits of demons, working signs," which go forth to these kings to "gather" them together. Fourth, these demoniac influences proceed from Romish as well as from Pagan and Moslem sources, indicating some sort of harmony of ultimate purpose between these phases of ecclesiastical world-power. Fifth, the striking parallelism between the outlines of this symbolism and the distinct prophecies in Jere- miah 25, Ezek. 38 and 39, Zeoh. 14, Daniel 12 and else- where, make it morally certain that we have here also a prediction of international conflict, brought about even against the wishes and judgment of earth's rulers, they being driven by some unseen Power — they know not what. Sixth, the drying up of the symbolic Euphrates, as a preparation for " the kings that come from the sun- rising," is given in such close connection with the re- corded details of the final gathering, that it is practically 172 CHINA AND THE COMING KING. impossible to refer their coming to any other purpose than to take part in this world-conflict. Seventh, the description in Eev. 19 of a conflict in which thi^ Satanic "triple alliance" stands opposed to the King of kings, seems to be the natural outcome of the words with which this passage closes — " And they gathered them together into the place which is called in the Hebrew tongue, Har-Mageddon " — apparently to pass through the great conflict there. The fact that the intervening chapters speak of the downfall of " Ba- bylon, the Great," does not necessarily break the con- tinuity of the thought which seems to run from chapter 16 to chapter 19. Possibly, even probably, the Harlot Church will be violently overthrown before the last conflict occurs. Recognizing, as I have in the above, the fact that there is an open question regarding the application of this symbolic prophecy, the only thing which can be done is to study the situation, and see if, in China or any other Eastern nation, there are conditions and circumstances which point in the direction of a great Western invasion, in conjunction with, and under the leadership of, some other great World-power. What can we learn in this direction ? 1. World-invasions from the great East have already happened, and they were events which in some direc- tions dwarf every other world-movement recorded in history. Pour times has Christendom been shaken to its center at the prospect of being overwhelmed by the hordes of Eastern barbarians. First came the Selju- kian Turks, then the Moguls or Mongols, afterwards the Tartars, and lastly the Ottoman Turks. All these invasions came from Central or Eastern Asia, all were not distantly related as to race, and all were Moslems. The ruling race of China, at least, is closely connected by blood with the men of probably two of these human tidal waves. 2. The Ottoman Turks not only subdued the CHINA AND THE COMING KING. 173 countries which they overran, but they established a settled form of government, and during the centuries which have passed since they appeared, have been am- ply able to repel any other invasions which might have come from the same direction. Bad as the Turk has been, under the providence of God he has been a human breakwater against the restless waves of the great Eastern human sea. Moreover, Turkey controls the territory lying on the river Euphrates, and has done so for centuries, which fact may account for the reference to that river in this symbolism. 3, During the last Century there has been a notice- able weakening — " drying up " — of this once formidable Turkish Power. Encroachments in all directions, as well as internal maladministration and corruption, have combined to reduce the Terror of medieval Europe to the " Sick Man " of the present day, A wholesale in- vasion like that which made Turkey the Power it once was, would now meet a comparatively feeble resistance, 4, The raw material for another world-invasion ex- ists to-day in the Chinese empire. So far as mere num- bers are concerned, China far outnumbers all Europe taken together, especially if Russia be left out of the account — for reasons which will be apparent later, 5, Despite the naturally peaceful nature of the Chinese' people, the events of the last few years have shown that we cannot presume too much on that fact. The Boxer movement 'has revealed an element of savage ferocity and brute courage hitherto unsuspected in that people. Eeal or fancied wrongs inflicted by the hated "foreign devils," have caused an astonishing increase of individual and national desire for revenge and repri- sal. And words have been spoken and written by Chi- nese in the higher stations of life, which indicate a fixed purpose to bide their time, and to use it when it comes. 6, This danger, which was at the minimum so long as Western methods and implements of warfare were unknown in China, is rapidly increasing now that the 174 CHINA AND THE COMING KING. example of Japau is being followed, whereby the latest inventions and appliances of warfare are being eagerly accepted and adopted, and foreign drill-masters are rapidly teaching the imitative Chinaman the most mod- ern military tactics. An editorial in the Boston Globe of June 12, 1899, speaking of a review of the Imperial troops at Hsiao Chan, says that " the foreign ofllcers who witnessed the review, had their eyes opened as they had not been for many a day." One of those officers said that " their every step on the hard, smooth clay, was like a mighty drum-beat, and every noise of arms like a single mighty crash." The editor adds, " When the vast military material of that country is some day called out under inspiring impulses, drilled as it is capable of being drilled, the force of the trite say- ing that ' he who laughs last, laughs best,' may find ap- plication in that vast realm of unknown native resources ! " W'e are apt to laugh at the timidity and cowardice of the Chinese, but fear of death does not cause this : and, there are certain Chinese characteristics which, imder some circumstances, may prove the foundation of a cour- age and indomitable persistence which is almost un- known in the world to-day. The spectacle of Chinese troops during the late war driving Frenchmen at the point of the bayonet — as actually happened in one case, is an eye-opener in this direction ! 7. This dangerous possibility has long been seen by careful, thoughtful men. More than one protest has been made against the custom of training and employ- ing native troops in the East, allowing European and American officers to drill Eastern armies, and selling arms, ammunition and modern war vessels to the Eas- tern nations. The article in the late treaty between China and the Powers, prohibiting the importation of arms, evidently grew out of this very fear. 8. Nevertheless, in defiance of protests and treaty prohibitions, China, as never before even just prior to CHINA AND THE COMING KING. 175 the Boxer movement, is not only importing arms and ammunition, but is manufacturing for herself, mean- while training her troops in modern methods of war- fare. The time is not far distant when there will be no such military disparity between China and the rest of the world as there has been for the past few centuries. 9. Given an absorbing purpose and the right kind of leaders, China will soon be able not only to defy the world, but to menace the world as well. The motive is being furnished in every aggression' and outrage by nominal Christendom, in every humiliation and defeat which Western methods of diplomacy and warfare have brought to the proud inhabitants of the celestial King- dom. And the Leader is being made ready for the oc- casion — ready to go before China's millions when the clock of Time shall strike the hour of doom ! To find that Leader we do not have to look far. 10. Russia, the Northern Bear, the self-styled " Ar- biter of war and peace,'' and the avowed coming " Law- giver of Europe and Asia," even now has an influence in China which no other nation has, and that influence is surely strengthening with the passing of each year. Shrewd observers in that country have long been saying that Russian influence there is paramount, and that China is rapidly coming under Russian control. And the strange thing about the matter is that somehow, while Western observers can see that Russia is grasping power there for her own benefit, Iriie natives of Asia seem to be generally well pleased with the present con- ditions and prospects. The Boxer outbreak, attributed by some to Russian intrigue, has been of more advan- tage to Russia than to all other nations combined. And it is only a question of time, and Russia will have Chi- na in some sort of coalition or alliance in which the great White Czar will be the master mind, and China the willing instrument. That time is near. 11. Russia, alone of all so-called Christian Powers, has world-wide ambitions, She distinctly aims at 176 CHINA AND THE COMING KING. supremacy and control of the whole Eastern continent. She claims the right to give law from Constantinople, as the last seat of the Caesars, making herself the right- ful heir of Imperial Rome, and the Czar a lineal de- scendant of the last Caesar. On this assumption — whether true or not, but quite likely to be true — she plans for the sole control of the East, with headquar- ters at Constantinople, and complete possession and control of Palestine. And that means, sooner or later, the control of the Mediterranean — and of Europe ! To this end, apparently, she is subduing and assimi- lating all Central Asia, and is just now placing her feet firmly on the Pacific coast. All nations thus assimila- ted will fall into line with Russian purposes and plans of conquest, and furnish men for that end. In this direction we may note the peculiar influence Russia has in the Courts of Persia and Turkey — as the counterpart to her intrigues in China. Everywhere slie is gaining in power and prestige — which counts for so much in the East, and we may well believe the day near when the myriads of the East will stand ready to do Russia's bidding, even to crossing the Continent in the last great tidal wave of conquest. 12. The Bible prophecies indicate beyond controver- sy that some Power will at the last marshal a multitude of nations under her banners, and make Palestine the objective point of attack : and the weight of evidence seems to be that the chief actor and leader in that tre- mendous undertaking — "Magog" — is none other than Russia herself ( Ezek. 38 & 39 ). If this view of the prophecies is correct, it coincides marvelously with what we know of Russia's present methods and ultimate pur- pose. The fact that sudden and complete destruction is also predicted for this presumptuous act, does not affect the present phase of the matter. 13. There is one more seeming coincidence in the minds of some, which should not be overlooked. The Biblical symbol — and the national symbol as well — of CHINA AND THE COMING KING. 177 old Rome was the dragon — a " red dragon." Eome ap- parently disappeared centuries ago, but there are those who see in the binding and loosing of the dragon in Rev. 20, a prediction of the reappearance of Rome in some form just before the close of time ! Remembering what has just been said regarding Russian claims to be the rightful heir of Rome, and her purpose to reestab- lish the old Eastern Graeco-Roman empire, along with the fact that the Russia of to-day, though nominally Christian, is Pagan at heart — specially intolerant of every phase of vital Christianity, even while tolerating and supporting Pagan religions in her own domains — remembering this, and admitting for a moment at least the possibility of her dreams being realized, it is rather a startling coiacidence that China — whose cooperation in the final conflict seems to be vital to Russia's hopes of success — hangs out on its standard, as its symbol of empire, THE YELLOW DRAGON, yellow to be sure, and not red, hut a dragon all the same. And, when in addition to this we are told that Rome herself received this strange symbol from the far East, it is not dif&oult to imagine that in an alliance of Russia with China we are getting back to the original old Dragon of Paganism — sharply suggestive of the " Dreibund " of the Dragon, the Beast and the False Prophet mentioned in Rev. 16 : 13 — symbolizing in all probability Paganism, Romanism and Mohammedanism in their governTnental forms. Rome, dragonic through- out the period of its supremacy ; Russia its avowed suc- cessor, dragonic in spirit — though lacking the ensign ; China, dragonic in spirit and form, preparing under Russia's tutelage to perform the behests of the original Dragon — ^the great Adversary of the human race ! The above is not claimed as a demonstration of the position taken at first : but it is at least quite sugges- tive of prophetic probabilities which lie at our very doors. And the late outburst of the old dragonic spirit 178 CHINA AND THE COMING KING. against Christ and Christianity, so strikingly reminds us of Christiaijity in its first struggle for existence at the Dragon's seat — Imperial Rome, that we need not be surprised at anything which may develop in this line hereafter. If this view of the matter be correct, China is to be- come a center of interest for the world far more in the future than in the past. The Eastern Question has sud- denly been transferred for the time to China, there to remain perhaps until China moves westward imder the leadership of that Power whose open policy and secret intrigues make standing armies and costly armaments a military necessity, threatening to involve the whole world in universal war during our own lifetime. Whatever may be true of China's connection with prophecy as previously suggested, there is an almost absolute certainty that universal war is impending, with China as one of the great factors in the struggle. This has been seen and feared by those who do not take their inspiration from the Bible ; and it would seem that no one could study the condition of affairs in the world to-day without sharing those fears. This, with all the horrors sure to go with it — as darkly hint- ed at in the Tae Ping rebellion and the late Boxer movement, is what constitutes "THE YELLOW PERIL" which now overhangs the world, and which is sure to be aggravated by the action of nominal Christendom in its relations to and dealings with that country. And we do well to live in such a manner that, when the hour of trouble comes, we may claim the protection of Him who is his people's Shield and exceeding great Reward. This is not written to alarm and distress men, but rather to make them pause in the whirl and rush of business and pleasure, and consider their relations to coming events, and their need of preparation therefor. It is written to show that we are living in the time of CHINA AND THE COMING KING. 179 the end, and that with terrible swiftness circumstances are developing around us which have long been pre- dicted in Holy Writ, and which we have too long ig- nored and forgotten. It is time to awake from sleep, for the morning cometh — ^the morning of redemption and victory, preceded by the awful darkness of impend- ing judgment. " Pear God, and give him glory, for the hour of his Judgment is come.'' China's millions still have a chance to hear and re- ceive the gospel of life: late events have apparently intensified their desire for something better than the religion of their ancestors. The time is short, however, in which to do this work ; and while nothing which is done in this direction will probably sensibly affect the aggregate of trouble when the conflict begins, there may be the satisfaction of knowing that thou- sands of individuals have been saved from the final wreck. That is all the gospel was ever expected to do — to " save some ; " and to make that "remnant" as large as possible, should be the purpose of all our lives. Let us all so act that it may be said of each one at last, " He hath done what he could." Whatever of error may be contained in the preceding pages, the events and facts there set forth portend great and momentous changes in human affairs, and coincide with biblical predictions of the trouble which will pre- cede the coming of the Prince of Peace. Under His beneficent reign — and not before — may we expect jus- tice, righteousness, and that peace which shall never be broken by the rude alarms of war. And since only those who have a personal relationship with the Coming One, may hope to share the glories of his reign, it be- hooves us all to watch and pray with all supplication, that we may be accounted " worthy to escape all those things that are coming upon the earth, and to stand before the Son of man." jcvent^-ba^ ||bvcnfism. — AMVMMvmu^- AN EXPOSURE of the Claims, Teachings, Predictions and Failures of its Prophetess — Mrs. Ellen G. White, with photographic reproductions of her suppbessed kevelations. Tinted paper covers, 96 pages. Price 10 cents, 85 cents per dozen, postpaid. By Kbv. E. p. Woodward. This is not an exposure of " Adventism," but of iSeBeniA- day Adventism — a very different thing. Why different? Because 1. Adventism is practically identical with the original " Second Advent " movement: Seventh-Day Adventism is an off-shoot of that movement, originating later. 2. Adventism is based on God's only revelation to men : Seventh-day Adventism rests — with Mohammedanism, Mor- monism, etc. — on an assumed special revelation. 3. Adventism leaves its foundations untouched : Seventh- day Adventism secretly suppresses parts of its original "visions." 4. Adventism is an acknowledged form of evangelical Christianity: Seventhrday Adventism practically unohris- tianizes all the denominations. 5. Adventism cooperates in all Inter-denominational work : Seventh-day Adventism opposes such work. 6. Adventism teaches the observance of the Christian Sabbath: Seventh-day Adventism wages constant warfare against it. 7. Adventism works principally among the unsaved: Seventh-day Adventism, among Christians. 8. Adventism proclaims its doctrines openly: Seventh- day Adventism works by secret, underhanded, Jesuitical methods. 9. Adventism respects the institutions of Christian civili- zation: Seventh-day Adventism teaches open violation of statute law. 10. Adventism Is a phase of aggressive Christianity: Seventhrday Adventism bears the ear-marks of a Latter-day Delusion. This work demonstrates all the above statements — giving some ocular evidence not obtainable blskwheee. Published entire in the January ( 1903 ) number of the Safeguard and Armory, a new Quarterly Magazine, 250 — 600 pages annually. Price 25 cents per volume of four numbers. Fob fbkb distbibution, without covers, $4.00 per 100, postpaid. Address Safeguard Publishing Company, Portland, Maine, V. S. A. THE Edwakd Patson Woodward, Editor. Vol. 7, No. 2. OCTOBER, 1902. Whole No., 26. Two Letters Have been received at this office, extracts from which are given below, as a sample of what we are getting occasion- ally, and also as an object lesson to all our subscribers. The first letter is from a young lady in this State, who three years ago bought of us a Bible at an exceedingly low figure, which price included one yeqr''s subscription to the Safeguabd and Akmoby — just as scores of others have done and are still doing. We told her at the time, just as we are careful to tell every one under such circumstances, that the rule of the office is to continue all subscriptions until ordered stopped. She made no objection to this ar- rangement, and since then, in every number she has re- ceived, there has been the following statement, several times repeated, "All subscriptions continued till ordered stopped." After she had allowed her subscription to run behind two, years, we sent a very pleasant reminder of the fact, such as was sent to many others in the July number, and such as is being sent by hundrisds of Magazines throughout the coun- try. Her letter will speak for itself. " Sir :— Enclosed find stamps, . 50 cents, to pay for the magazine. Now I want to say that I never subscribed for the book, and do not rightfully owe you one cent, and I never shall pay you another cent for anything you may send tome. There is one of the books in the office now; it will stay there : and if you send them till there is a stack as high as a mountain, I shall not take them out, or pay you one cent. I consider that you have taken a mean, dishonest and underhanded way to get this fifty cents. This lady wrote some other things which for her credit are omitted, but she has one thing in her favor: she paid 182 EDITORIAL. for her magazine, and that is more than many have done after subscribing in good faith, and letting their accounts run on from one to five years. We fear, however, that she has forgotten the obligations of Christian courtesy — saying nothing of morality I It is something astonisliing that people will be as for- getful as this person — as well as others — seems to be. Not long since we received a letter from a subscriber protesting against paying his arrearages, stoutly asserting that he had " never subscribed for the magazine," and had no idea how it came to be sent to him. We looked over our letter files, and found the letter in which he sent the subscription price, and asked us in the plainest possible language to consider him a "subscriber." To his credit, when furnished with a copy of this letter, he promptly paid arrears, and something in advance. Letter number two comes from another subscriber who received the same memorandum in his July number, and it is positively refreshing, after reading the above, to call at- tention to it. It reads as follows: — " Enclosed herewith find P. O. Order for 50 cents, to pay my subscription to the Safe- GVAJSD AND Abmoby. Accept my aincere apology for not sending the money any sooner. Sincerely Tour Friend, We wisli it understood by nil our subscribers — and these letters are published hoping to enforce this thought — that, in common with newspapers and magazines every- where, and in accordance with the wishes of the vast ma- jority of our subscribers, we have for years continued all subscriptions till ordered stopped. If at any time, either when the subscription is taken, or later, we receive notice that the magazine is to be discon- tinued when the time expires, we at once make a note of the request, and hold the subscriber responsible for nothing sent beyond that date. We are fully satisfied that this plan is the best for all concerned, and need work hardship to no one. Moreover, this is not a personal matter at all. No one connected with the Safeguard Publishing Company will lose a cent if a hundred subscribers refuse to pay their honest dues. It is the Lord's Work, and those who refuse to pay that which morally and legally they are under obligations to pay — and this is exactly what EDITORIAL. 183 is true in case a magazine is taken from the office, they are robbing God and not us, and very possibly may have to tallc the matter up with Him hereafter. We trust that our friends and patrons will understand this, and be very care- ful how they " falsely accuse " us of things which, if true, are certainly contrary to true morality, and deserving public censure. We hope also that the above communications will give our warm-hearted supporters a hint of the trials which attend this work, and cause them to pray more earnestly that we may have grace and wisdom to bear all the burdens incident to this enterprise, and succeed in spite of all discouragements. As usual with our October number, the plates are given to the printer before August 1, so that we may have copies on sale at the annual Campmeetings. Some things there- fore must be omitted which might be important one or two months later. Matters of that kind which will bear post- ponement, will appear in the January number. Our sincere thanks — and the gratitude of our subscri- bers as well — are due to Kev. Z. Chas. Beals, of Wu-Hu, China, a resident missionary under the auspices of the American Advent Mission Society, of Boston, for his kind- ness in permitting us to use the electrotype plates of " China and the Boxers" in this number of our Magazine. For several reasons this kindness has been a great help to the Editor, and our subscribers have certainly lost nothing by the arrangement. His fine description of the event by which the whole civilized world has so lately been startled and horrified, will not fail to make the other portions of this number — especially those which suggest the relation of China to the close of our Age — intensely interesting to all. May God bless our brother in the work he loves so dearly. The Society have gained a valuable worker in Bro. Beals. Unwittingly we made an incorrect statement in our July number regarding an advertisement of Kev. H. L. Hastings' anti-iniidel publications, when we stated that it would be found on the page following the last editorial page. After completing our electrotype plates, giving them to the printer, and ordering our paper, we discovered that the plate of this advertisement, which we had owned and used for years, was unaccountably missing, and we were consequently obliged to print another advertisement in its place. Since then we 184 EDITORIAL. have made two plates, and they are printed on the page fol- lowing the last editorial page of the present number. Read them carefully, and order some of the books. We will furnish any or all of them at the regular price. They are the best of their kind. The Editor Is free — as stated in the July number — to preach or lecture on Sunday or through the week, on pro- phetic and practical subjects, as the way may be opened. Correspondents should write us as long as possible before- hand regarding the desired appointments, so that we may be able to arrange business accordingly. Optimistic predictions regarding the twentieth century, which were so freely made when the century opened, are being sadly discounted by the events of the current year. "Earthquakes in divers places," volcanic eruptions, pestilen- ces, tornadoes, cyclones, floods, explosions, accidents, mur- ders, suicides, etc. are following one upon another in a fash- ion absolutely unprecedented. Whatever these startling events portend, all are compelled to acknowledge their existence, as the following extract from the Boston Herald of July 19 will show: — " Calamity treads on the heels of calamity these days. The man of only an average degree of spunk takes up his morning paper with dire apprehensions that he may be called upon to read how, during the past twenty-four hours, he has been drowned, or burned, or swallowed up by an earthquake or something. We may expect the most unex- pected things to happen any minute." Our own firm and rapidly increasing conviction is that they foreshadow the end — " the wreck of matter, and the crush of worlds." "The world is sicfc," a Congregationalist minister remarked to us the other day when speaking of these things. " The world passeth away," said John. " But, according to His promise, we look for new heavens and a NEW BAETH," said Peter. Let us make no mistake about^ being among those who are "ready" to inherit that heavenly world. Seventh=day Adventism will be most thoroughly exam- ined in our next ( January, 1903) number, and much infor- mation will be given regarding this latter-day delusion, taken largely from their own publications. The history of its origin, growth, doctrines and claims will be impartially EDITORIAL. 185 stated, also the true relation of the system to its real Foun- der — Mrs. Ellen G. White — and her "visions." Especially can no one afford to miss the photographic reproductions of her SUPPKBSSED kevelations — something stoutly denied by her followers, but which will be absolutely demonstrated here and nowhere else. See advertisement on another page. " Boys, Don't ! " and " Girls, Don't I " have been out of print a short time, but a large edition of each has just been issued. Parents and all friends of the young should read our advertisement, " Fob ToTmo People," published in this number, and send for copies of these tracts for free distribution. The Library Filing Cabinet, advertised on the second page of our cover, is something which every preacher should own. It enables one to file away newspaper clippings — so important in these days to all who expect to keep up with the times — by subjects, j!^°' where they can be found and used when needed. Those who have lost or mislaid clip- pings which were sorely needed just when they could not be found, will appreciate this labor-saving device. There is connected with it an arrangement for indexing " quotations " which are too long to be conveniently copied, and referring to the book and page where they may be found. These Cabinets are very ornamental. Several of our ministerial friends use them, and we have just procured one for use in this office. Send to the manufacturers for Illustrated Catalogue. For humanity's sake, principally, we ask the indul- gence of our readers when we refer again briefly to the sci- entific treatment of alcoholism by the celebrated Keeley Gold Cure, as used by the Maine Keeley Institute of Portland, advertised on the last page of this number. We are personally acquainted with the management of this In- •stitute, aiid can guarantee the correctness of their state- ments. Send stamp for " confidential " list of persons cured at this Institute — who consent to have their names used for this purpose, 2^= with whom you may correspond for your- selves. If you have a friend in the bondage of strong drink, opium, tobacco, or any other stimulant or narcotic, send immediately for circular of this Institute. 186 EDITORIAL. "Divorce and Remarriage as taught by Christ," adver- tised on another page, is a tract worthy of your perusal. We do not claim to agree with all its positions, but it is most effective in its simplicity of statement and appeal. Evidences constantly accumulate regarding the Shiloh Institution, that, as a prominent jurist in Maine said in our presence the other day, "there is a great iniquity there ! " Thus far we haye been inclined to look with great charity on all Mr. Sandford's proceedings, but we frankly confess to being far less sanguine of his thorough honesty than we once were. New instances of ruined homes and breaking hearts are continually being found, and the end is not yet. One thing is very noticeable to those who have been at- tending his late Conventions ; he has changed his methods very much outwardly, and some of the objectionable fea- ures of his work seem to be put into the background at least for the present. Possibly he feels the force of an aroused public opinion. It is only a question of time, however, when there will be a chapter to write in this matter which will be of unusual interest. BOOK REVIEW. N. B. We will not only furnisli any book noticed editorially, but we so- licit correspondence concerning any other books you may need. Tell us just what you want, give title and publisher's name if possible, enclose a stamp for reply, and we will give you the very lowest rates. Having had no time even to read the books sent us for review, we give here a list of books received, and postpone further criticism to future numbers. "DrvTNE Key op the Eevelation of Jestjs Christ," in two volumes, by Rev. W. E. Brown, Philadelphia, Pa. Vol. I, Chapters 1 — 11 ; 458 pages. Volume II, Chapters 12 — 22, 528 pages. Price postpaid. Vol. I, $1.25, Vol. II, $1.50. "The Higher Ceiticism," by the late Rev. H. L.Has- tings, Boston, Mass. Part I, The Higher Criticism : Part 2, Jesus of Nazareth as a Higher Critic : Part 3, The Penta- teuch, its Origin and Authorship : Part 4, The Moral Aspects of the Higher Criticism : Part 5, Specimen Bricks from the Babel of the Higher Critics. Price 5 cents per part : with manilla covers, 10 cents, postpaid. Price of this number of the Safbquasd and Armoky, 35 cents, $2.50 per dozen, poatpaid. Liberal discount to the trade. AaBNTS WANTED to Sell books advertised in this number. See Frosfeotus. Address all orders, and make all remittances payable to the SAFKGVARD FUBLISHINQ CO., Portland, Maine, V. S. A.