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 UNIVERSITY 
 
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 Gas Mask Research Section 
 
 olin 
 
 3 1924 030 765 90?' e« 
 
 Overs •* 
 
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 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030765907 
 
« 
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 WAR DEPARTMENT 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISIOH 
 AMERICAH UHIVERSITY EXPERIMEKT STATION 
 WASHINGTON, D.O. 
 
 MAJOR GEiiiERAL W. L» SI3ERT, DIRECTOR 
 COLONEL G. A. BURRELL, CHIEF RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 GAS MASK RESEARCH SECTION 
 A. C. PIELDKER, IN CHARGE 
 
 SUMMARY OF ACHIEVEMENTS 
 1917--1918. . 
 

 /).93 3 4/5^ 
 
GA S MASK EE SEARCH SEGTIOM . 
 TABLE OP GOHTENTS. 
 
 1. Methods of Testing Gas Mask Absorbents. 1 
 
 2. Absorption Values of Various Gas Mask Absorbents* 1 
 
 3. Absorbents for G:G. 1 
 
 4. Methods of Testing the Effioienoy of Canisters 
 
 against Various Gases. 2 
 
 5. Protection Afforded by Various Canisters against 
 
 Toxic Gases. 3 
 
 5. Protection Afforded by Foreign Canisters against 
 
 Various Gaees. 3 
 
 7. Improvements in the Wavy Brum. 4 
 
 8. Testing of Carbon Dioxide SJanisters. 7 
 
 9. Development of Carbon Monoxide Canisters. 8 
 
 9A. Development of Canister for Protection against 
 
 Ammonia. 10 
 
 10. Offensive Value of Various Gas Mixtures. 12 
 
 11 .Effect of Temperature on the Efficiency of 
 
 Canisters against Various Gases. 16 
 
 12. Effect of Temperature on the Absorbing Power 
 
 of Various Absorbents 16 
 
 13. Effect of Humidity and Aging on Canisters and 
 
 Absorbents. 17 
 
 14. Relation of Concentration of Gas to the Life of 
 
 Standard Canisters and Absorbents. 19 
 
 15. Relation between Hate of Flow and Life of 
 
 Standard Canisters. 21 
 
16 1 Couiparison of Continuous and Intermittent 
 Machine Tests and Man Tests on standard 
 
 Canisters. 22 
 
 17. Standard Canister Pilling and Design. 25 
 
 18. Methods of Testing Gas Mask Fabrics and 
 
 Protective Clothing. 30 
 
 19. Routine Permeability Tests of Mask Fabrics 
 
 and Protective Clothing, 30 
 
 20. Development of Protective Coatings for Fabrics. 30 
 
 21. Renovation of Fabrics Contaminated with HS. 31 
 
 22. Effect of Exposure to Weather on Fabrics. 32 
 
 23. Mechanism of Fabric Penetration* 33 
 
 24. Dugout Protection. 35 
 
 25. Comfort. Fit and General Wearing Properties 
 
 of Masks. 37 
 
 26. Smoke Testing. 40 
 27 » Field Penetration Tests. 44 
 28. Impregnation and Testing of Horse MasJ^s. 50 
 29 r Stabilization of G-4. 50 
 
 30. G-34 Field Detectors. 50 
 
 31. Detection of Hydrogen in Submarine Atmospheres. 51 
 
 32. Estimation of Arsine in Air. 51 
 
 33. Portable Or sat Gas Analysis Apparatus. 51 
 
Appendix - 
 
 Table I 52 
 
 Table II 60 
 
 Table III 71 
 
 Table 17 74 
 
&AS MASK RESEARCH SSCTIOii. 
 
 1. METHODS OF TSSTIHQ GAS MASK ABSQRBBHTS: 
 
 Standard tube teats havQ been devised for detexmin- 
 ing the absorption value of charcoal and soda lime fc* various 
 toxic gaaas. These methods have been introduced and are in 
 daily use in the laboratories of the Sas Defense Division, as 
 wen as the Research Division- They have been of great value 
 in the development of the superior absorbents in the U.S. mask. 
 These methods include tests with the following gases: chloro- 
 picrin, phosgene, hydrocyanic acid, arsine, superpalite., cyan- 
 ogen chloride, chlor- and bromacetone, benzyl and xylyl bromides 
 chlorine, carbon monoxide and cyanogen. 
 
 Many of these methods were studied in considerable 
 detail and reports issued showing the influence of such factors 
 as the method of filling tubes, size of mesh, temperature and 
 humidity of air-gas mixture, rate of flow, depth of absorbent 
 column, etc. 
 
 2« ABSORPTION VALUES OF VARIOUS GAS MASK. AflSORBBKTS: 
 
 The Absorbent Testing Unit has conducted some 4000 
 tests on various kinds and grades of charcoal^ soda-lime and 
 other absorbents, to determine their precise value for absorb- 
 ing toxic gases. Prom April 1 to Sept. 1, 1917, at which time 
 the control laboratory at Astoria was established, this Unit 
 tested all production samples. After this date and up to the 
 present time, one daily check sample from Astoria was tested 
 to insure accurate control of the quality of sibsorbents produced. 
 
 In Table 1 of the Appendix to this "eport will be 
 found a compilation of results of representative absorbtnt tests. 
 
 g« ABSORBENTS FOR PC: 
 
 A wide variety of materials has been studied as 
 possible agents for impregnating charcoal to improve its value 
 for absorbing cyanogen chloride, without injuring its chloro- 
 picrin value. Bo impregnating agent was found, however, which 
 would improve a charcoal in the dried condition. When the 
 samples were equilibrated at 70^ relative humidity before test- 
 ing, impregnation in a 80% potassium carbonate solution showed 
 an improvement of about ZOfo over the hase charcoal, 
 
 -1- 
 
The fact that German 1917 aharooal , oontaining 
 hexame thylene tetracaine and alkali, showed a very long 
 service time against oyanogen chloride while wet, led to an 
 attempt to impregnate Mierioan charcoal in this way. Hexa- 
 methylene tetramine alone lowered the service time, hut in 
 conjunction with alkali, an improvement of about 200^ was 
 obtained, several samples showing a service time of 200 
 minutes* 
 
 The conditions of impregnation, such as time, con'- 
 centration of impregnating solution, washing, etc., were 
 studied in detail, and the optimum conditions determined. 
 Charcoals impregnated according to the final specifications 
 retain much of their ohloropicrin capacity. 
 
 On impregnating a low grade whetlerite with hexa- 
 methylene tetramine and alkali, a service time of 75 minutes 
 was obtained; although this was a 6-fold improvement over 
 the base whetlerite, it did not indicate a high grade absorb- 
 ent for cyanogen chloride. Attempts on better grade whetler- 
 ite have so far yielded poor results i 
 
 Gellite impregnated with hexame thylene tetramine 
 and alkali, or with ferric hydroxide, proved to be a failure,, 
 though the former had a large capacity. 
 
 4. METHODS OF TESTHG THE EFFICIEHOY OF 
 3MISTERS SGAI US T VARIOUS GA^S T 
 
 Methods have been devised and machines constructed 
 for testing canisters with continuous flow against the follow- 
 ing gases: 
 
 Acrolein Diphenyl ohloroarsine 
 
 Ananonia Diphenyl cyanarsine 
 
 .fljumonium chloride smoke Ethyl chloride 
 
 Arsenic? chloride Gasoline (casing-head) 
 
 Arsine Hydrogen chloride 
 
 Benzene Hydrogen cyanide 
 
 Benzyl bromide Hydrogen sulphide 
 
 Brom benzyl cyanide Methyl dichloroarsine 
 
 Carbon bisulphide Perchlormethylmercaptan 
 
 Carbon dioxide Phenyl carbylamine chloride 
 
 Carbon monoxide Phenyl dichloroarsine 
 
 Carbon tetra chloride Phosgene 
 
 Chloracetone Phosphorus trichloride 
 
 Chloraoetophenone Stannic chloride 
 
 Ghloracetyl chloride Sulphur diohloride 
 
 Chlorine Sulphur dioxide 
 
 Chloropicrin Sulphur monochloride 
 
 Cyanogen bromide Sulphuric acid smoke 
 
 Cyanogen chloride Trichlormethyl chloroformate 
 2-4 dichlor benayl bromide Xi 
 Dichlor diethyl sulphide Xg 
 
 Dimethyl sulphate Xylyl bromide 
 Thiophosgene Tobacco smoke 
 
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In nearly all cases these methods involve the 
 necessity of finding a suitable method of analysis for air 
 mixtures of the gases. 
 
 In order that the csonditions of testing canisters 
 might more nearly resemble those encountered vHieia. masks are 
 actually worn in gas, several different types of so-called 
 intermittent machines were devised. These are susceptible 
 to wide variations in the volume and number of oscillations 
 per minute, being thus adjustable to simulate any type or 
 rate of breathing. Comparison tests on men have shown that 
 the intermittent machines give results in excellent agree- 
 ment with man tests and are much more precise and convenient 
 to operate. Multiple machines capable of testing eight 
 canisters simultaneously have been installed, to facilitate 
 routine testing, against phosgene, chloropicrin and hydrogdn 
 cyanide. 
 
 Methods of establishing, controlling and determin- 
 ing the concentrations of gases in the man test chamber 
 have been thoroughly investigated, and a standard method 
 devised for obtaining smokes by detonation. 
 
 5. PHOa^GTIOIJ APFO RDED BY yARIOUS 
 QANISTERS AGAIUST TOXIQ GASES : 
 
 Approximately 40,000 canister tests have been mafle 
 to date by this section,, both on men and on machines, to 
 determine the absorbent value of the canisters for various 
 toxic gases. About 0.2^ of all canisters manufactured by 
 the Gas Defense Division, or roughly 6000 canisters have 
 been tested as controls, to maintain a high standard of effi- 
 ciency. The other canisters were tested for purposes of 
 development to determine the protection against new gases, 
 to decide the optimum canister filling, etc* A considerable 
 number of these canisters was packed by this section. 
 
 In Table 11 of the Appendix to this report, will 
 be found a summary of all tests made by this Section to de- 
 termine the protection afforded by various U.S. Army, Kavy 
 and special canisters, and proposed industrial canisters, 
 against toxic gases. A brief description of the various 
 canisters is there included. 
 
 6. PROTEOTION AFFORDED BY FOREIGIt 
 OAUISTERS AGAllgST VARIOUS GASES : 
 
 A large number of foreign canisters have been ex- 
 amined by this Sect?iou, on men and on machines, to determine 
 the protection afforded against toxic gases. In many cases 
 tube tests have been made on the various absorbents; these 
 are reported under the results of tube tests. 
 
 -3- 
 
A summary table of the results of canister tests 
 made by this Section on foreign canisters is included in 
 the Appendix to this report, Table IIT; the average results 
 of standard Types H and J, U.S. Array caniste,rs are included 
 for comparison. 
 
 y. IMPROVEMSMTS IM THE NAVY DRUM ; 
 
 The Navy drum or head canister, which is similar in 
 a general way to the German drum, was originally rather defi- 
 cient in general protection against gases and offered no 
 protection against smokes such as stannic chloride. The 
 plan of filling was as follows: 
 
 1. Toweling, 
 
 2. 5 ou. in-, charcoal, 
 
 3. Iron screen, 
 
 4. 5 cu. in of granules f possibly the 
 
 Gribbs lime absorbent) 
 
 Iron screen, 
 
 in charcoal, 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 7. 
 
 5 cu, 
 Soreen- 
 
 The Man Test Unit has been able .to improve materially 
 on this filling. Canisters filled in the mapn^r indicated 
 below have been found to be generally much more' satisfactoary 
 than the original filling: 
 
 Recommended filling: 
 
 Absorbent mixture: 2/5 A-4; 35 A- 25 (Easton) 
 
 6-14 mesh. 
 Canister painted inside with asphalt paint, 
 2 layer cottonpad, 
 
 6 cu. in absorbent mixture, 
 Iron screen 
 
 •2 layer cotton pad, 
 
 7 cu. in, absorbent mixture, 
 Screen. 
 
 The amount of improvement in efficiency is shown in 
 the results of man tests tabulated as follows: 
 
 Gas 
 
 : Pressure drop : 
 
 ;mm H2O ® 85 l/m :Conc. 
 
 : Old : Recommended: p. p.m. 
 
 Life-Minutes : 
 
 Old : Recommended; 
 
 Percent 
 Improvement 
 
 S-25 20 
 PS 30 
 
 GG 30 
 
 46 
 40 
 40 
 
 300 60 (no break) od 
 500 19 36 90 
 
 1000 12 24 100 
 
 -4- 
 
i.ns" 
 
 Sorgen 
 
 2 layer cotton pa| 
 4-0 mesh screen 
 
 40 mesh screen 
 
 ^(■■^l^^^co^onpaj 
 
 3.4-37 ■' 
 
 3.56Z " 
 
 CROyy ySCT/ONAL \/IBW 
 o/NAVY CANI/TBP- 
 
 
 BUl?£AU OF^ MINBS 
 AMERICAN UNmnSITY BXPBRlMEHT STATION 
 WASHINOTON, D.C. 
 
 GAJ- MAJ-K RBJ-eARCH ~ A. C.FIE^.DNER. 
 
 CQOyy SBC r ZONAL 
 
 VIEW OF-- 
 NAVY CAN/J-TBR. 
 
 SCA.L.E - FULL- riT'^ 
 DR^WN RY L.EH 
 
 A^PROVJib BY 
 
 NUMBBR. 
 
 OH.A 
 
 E^^S^^^I 
 
 fffSHMidLW^ 
 
 fONl!:I» 
 
 COR 
 
 mtdk 
 
 l^^fW 
 
Part -Of this improvement is due to the war gas 
 mixture and pkrt to the prevention of cjhanneling by the 
 asphalt paint.. 
 
 It has also been shown that a ring^ baffle placed 
 half way between top and bottom of the canister will 
 materially improve on the life of the drum, (Thtts two 
 sets of canisters, each containing 12 o^u. ih.of mixture 
 of 3/5 A-4 and 2/5 A25B and two 2-layer cotton pads, one 
 set having a ring baffle in the middle of the drum, gave 
 the following results on man tests: 
 
 Gas 
 
 : Pressure drop : 
 :mm. H2O J 85 1/m: 
 : Without :With :Conc. • 
 : Baffle : Baffle :p.p,m. 
 
 >.-•.•••. — « — — _— — -.^. 
 
 : Life -Minutes 
 Without : With 
 Baffle : Baffle 
 
 Percent 
 > ifiiprdvement 
 
 PS 
 
 GG 
 
 44 48 1000 
 51 40 5000 
 
 38 57 
 20 40 
 
 50 
 100 
 
 Three later types of Navy drums have been sub- 
 mitted and the possibility of improving on them, by the addi- 
 tion of a ring baffle and substitution of a mixture of 3/5 
 Astoria A-4 and 2/5 Astoria Purple Granules, Type B fASSB) 
 for the Uavy f ill'ing of equal layers of charcoal with a 
 layer of some type of granule i4 between, has again been 
 proven.. 
 
 The three original types. A, B and C are thought 
 to differ in the type of granule used but nothing definite 
 is Icnown. The packing of these canisters may be represented 
 as follows: 
 
 Type A. B and 
 
 2 layer pad 
 
 5 cu. in charcoal 
 
 Screen 
 
 5 cu, in granules 
 
 Screen 
 
 5 au. in^charcoal 
 
 2 layer pad 
 
 Type D (Proposed) 
 
 Absorbent mixture 3/5 A4; 2/5 A25B 
 
 2 layer pad 
 
 6 cu. in mixture 
 
 8 layer pad 
 
 Screen 
 
 Metal ring baffle 
 
 6 cu. in mixture 
 
 Screen 
 
 -5- 
 
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 exfrCOTvan Wfloo 
 
 4-0 f^£SH 
 
 RESEARCH DtVJSION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMEHICAH UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 aA» MA3K RCSHtAHCH 
 
 A C. FICLDHER 
 
 TYPE.1> DBUM 
 
 aCALE V^LJL, L^ \ APPROVl-D OY^ 
 
 DRAWN BY ^ 
 
 ICMeCKf^O BY 
 
 i««HanBaw»»Bain««t*affTOWisuntawji''Jwnnn!iMii«w.'«k'ai^ 
 
 ^^iM...JLL:&^^ 
 
•Below are oompared the 9Sfo e-lf iolemy /pofrite 
 as indiqated by maohine tests on the oaiita^ersr ■ . 
 
 -32. l/m continuous flow 
 50^ relative humidity 
 
 Gas : 
 
 OonG. ; 
 p«p*m> 
 
 99^ 
 
 Eff .- pdlnft 
 B : 
 
 D 
 
 Initial press, drop 
 @ 86 l/m, mm. HgO 
 A • B : C i D 
 
 PS ; 
 
 4000 
 1000 
 
 ■ 3 : 
 
 • 
 
 3 : 4 - 
 
 3.5 
 
 '- 9 r5 
 
 145 
 
 140 
 
 ■ 114 *. 38 
 : 40 
 
 CJG 
 
 '2000 
 
 •1000 
 
 5000 
 
 12 : 
 
 13 V 11 
 
 « 
 
 30 - 
 
 66 
 
 10 
 
 140 
 
 : 180 
 
 : 160 : 33 
 
 • 38 
 
 • 35 
 
 G43 
 
 -2000 
 "1000 
 
 . 6 : 
 
 6. -5^ 
 
 . 26 • 
 
 4 
 7 
 
 ' 84 
 
 . 178 : 
 
 137 *. 38 
 
 :. 40 
 
 G49 
 
 :2000 
 1000 
 
 ■ Q : 
 
 8 
 
 8.5. 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 ■ 147 
 
 ; 127 
 
 185 ; 41 
 
 : -38 
 
 G7 
 
 225 
 
 100 
 
 1000 
 
 . 5.5; 
 
 5.5 
 
 . 6 ; 
 
 0.7 
 
 1' 
 
 .■■0 
 
 163 . 
 
 170 
 
 : 135' .; 38 
 
 : 36 
 ' : 33 
 
 The pressure drop is seen to be out to 25-30^ of 
 its former value and the efficienoy to equal or better the 
 old canister with the exception of protection against G-7 . 
 
 Further work on Kavy drums has been done with the 
 idea of increasing the quantity of absorbent mixture . Drums 
 containing 20 and 85 cu. in. of standard absorbent mixture, 
 1-2 layer pad and a ring baffle have been tested at high 
 breathing rates and on the intermittent machines with the 
 following results: 
 
 -6- 
 
: Life . Minutes 
 
 Gas : 
 
 Rate 1/ml. . ■ 
 
 
 20 
 
 Absorbent 
 , Qu'. in;:25 
 
 i 
 
 cui in 
 
 . : 
 
 Peroent 
 Tmprov.ement 
 
 PS. ' 
 
 32 lit. 
 
 man -hard 
 breathing 
 
 : 1000 : 
 ; 2500 : 
 
 
 IS 
 1 
 
 
 21 
 li5 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 62 
 50 
 
 CG-. ' 
 
 S2 lit; 
 . man-hard 
 ; breathing 
 
 : 2500 : 
 : 10000 : 
 
 
 '36 
 0.7 
 
 
 43 
 
 i 
 
 .• 
 
 ■*. 
 ♦ 
 
 19 
 40 
 
 G43 
 
 ;32 lit. 
 
 : 500 : 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 28 
 
 • 
 
 55 
 
 Average pressure drop at 85 1/m - 
 
 52-65 mto.* iHgO 
 
 It will be seen that the added absorbent has' 
 materially Increased the life, 1-e. for 25^^ increase in 
 volume of absorbent there has been 19 to 62^ increase in 
 life. 
 
 The use of whetlerite as absorbent in the iJavy 
 drum gives the following results against OG* The drum 
 contains: 
 
 2 layer pad, . 
 
 6 Gu.in. whetlerite i 14-20 mesh; 
 
 2 layer pad, 
 
 Soreen, 
 
 Ring baffle, 
 
 6 Gu.in. whetlerite. 
 
 Life J 32 l/m. oontinuous flow and 5000 p*p.m'. fl(J', 
 is is minutes. The pressure drop ® 85 l/m. is 55 mm; HgOi 
 
 8* TESTING OF OAHBOM DIOXIDE Q AGISTERS : ■ 
 
 Six Gibbs irescu? apparatus, canisters and six small 
 Salvus diarbori dioiclde oanlst'ers have been tested for the 
 Defense Ghemioai Research Section, against 3^ GO2 at 32 l/m. 
 continuous flow^ 90^ relative humidity and room temperature. 
 The efficiehdl'esi of the four regular Gibbs canisters were 
 very irregular i ranging from Si to. el hours fto the 50f6 
 point). Less thiah half Of the abscifbent appeared to have 
 beeh used; a; modified Gibbs. canister ,. about 2/3 as large, 
 and packed with ^^pecial absorbent, remained above 90% 
 
 -7- 
 
f-^-" 
 
 3B» 
 
 
 
B mm 
 
 BtxRHLA-ui or- tAt Nmm 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVf»«TV UPCRIMINi ^ 
 WASHiWaTOM, p. c 
 
 A? >»*S< HtitABCM- 
 
 Vt'f '^1-0148 
 
 TOP. DETERMINflTlON OF 
 CO^ «N AIR.. 'KEPftOOUC- 
 TION OF TRENCH ytCETCM. 
 
 V P 
 
 ■»^«»Vlli BT 
 
 '^ 
 
 countmoiOmb:; 
 
 
 m 
 
M 
 
 "A 
 
 .r 
 
 w 
 
 \/ 
 
 \ 
 
 D 
 
 T 
 
 )le< 
 
 c/TOPCOCK C 
 
 «M«lCAN UNIVERSITY MPtRIMEHT STATIOM 
 
 WASHIWajTaW^B;;^ c __^ _ 
 
 iiJS-«i£!LR£5MS£iL 
 
 -44.&-LlSABa£« 
 
 T(//OT APPARATU/ FOR 
 
 DETERMINATION OF CO^ 
 
 TrPE Uy£DATAn[iilCAN UNiVaJlTY 
 
 ^- 74"=!" 
 
 DH'^WN aY/^,p, 
 
 CrttC t^Ei^ 0Y, 
 
 7-22-?8 
 
 COUNTHRSrOHCD 
 
 il3-C 
 
effiGienoy for about 6 hours. The absorbent was uniformly 
 used up and showed no oaking as did the Gibbs absorbent. 
 Another cjanister of the same type but oontalning a different 
 absorbent had a life to the SO^/o of about 4-1/3 hours. 
 
 The results of tests 
 given in the following table: 
 
 on Salvus oanisters are 
 
 
 
 
 Capacity 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 = %X 
 
 Max 
 
 ► rise in temp 
 
 
 Peroent 
 
 time to 
 
 of ^ 
 
 3ffluent gas 
 
 
 Efficiency 
 
 50^ 
 
 over entering 
 
 Ga:. 
 
 I Minute s 
 
 effici- 
 
 gas 
 
 •- 
 
 No. 
 
 Description g^ 
 
 50 
 
 ency 
 
 
 OC 
 
 1 
 
 Regular Salvus GOg 52 
 
 72 
 
 6750 
 
 
 50 
 
 2 
 
 i» " If /^ff 
 
 73 
 
 6500 
 
 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 Modified " " 80 
 
 115 
 
 9900 
 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 " " " 103 
 
 (193) 
 
 12680 
 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 1 hr- rescue oanl- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (147) 
 
 12740 
 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 1 hr, " " 37 
 
 71 
 
 5680 
 
 
 19 
 
 9. 
 
 DElllLOPMEKT OF OABBON M0J30XIDE 
 
 CANISTERS: 
 
 
 
 Two types of CO absorbent (known as HL and HG) 
 have been developed by the Defense Ghemical Research Section, 
 Lieut. Col. A.B. Lamb in charge. Both of these absorbents 
 remove GO by oxidizing it to form a non-toxio gas. When 
 these absorbents are employed in the standard U.S. Army 
 canisters in the usual way the heat of oxidation causes the 
 temperature of the effluent gas to rise to such an extent 
 that it is impossible to breathe through the canister. It 
 was, therefore, necessary to develop a canister that would 
 make the use of the CO absorbents practical, (NOTE: The 
 canister was developed for HL and later adapted to HG ) . The 
 in'vestigation took three general lines of procedure: (1) ex- 
 periments on lowering the temperature by mechanical means, 
 (2) experiments on lowering the temperature by chemical 
 means and (3) experiments on lowering the temperature by a 
 combination of mechanical and clhemioal means. 
 
 By varying the shape of the canister to lower the 
 effluent temperature by increafsed radiation, the minimum 
 rise ieoQ.) was obtained from a thin flat canister 8"xl0"xl" 
 fitted with 10 inside horizontal fins and 22 outside vertical 
 fins. The test was made against Ifc GO at 32 l/m. continuous 
 
 -8- 
 
IfOJ 
 
 CANJSTER DIAGRAM 
 CMA-1 
 
 o 
 
 TOF VIEW 
 
 COPPBH 9t.flBBH 
 
 4 LAYEK COTTON ««>£> 
 
 /6CU.IN. WAR OAT MIX 
 
 COPPBR OAUZB 
 /KOif/ SCRBBN- 
 
 METAL BOX FILLBD WITH 
 5M.T HYDRATE CRYSTAU ~ 
 (3ooQ.) 
 
 COPPER 0AUZE- 
 ieOf4 SCRBBN— 
 
 locum. HOaVBRITU 
 
 10 CU. IN. DRIER 
 
 IRON SCRB£N 
 
 I6CU.IN. WAR GAS MIX. V^'"' 
 
 METAL LOOP 
 
 U 
 
 V/\LVB 
 
 ■* IK 
 
 /caU ^-/ 
 
 50-A 
 
fHRTIDL REPORT NO. 
 
 BY- 1 
 
 INVESTIGATION CMfl-l 
 TYPE THREE CANISTER. 
 METHOD USED IN PRCKING CANISTERS NOI 
 
 CVJ 
 
 (f) 
 
 ro 
 4^ 
 
 a H£SH HEWVT IRON SCREEM . 
 I LAYER PHD. 
 
 |C MESH HEHVY CORRUGRTED 
 mow aCREEN. 
 
 jGHT FIHE MESH 
 M SCREEN 
 
 HERVY >ROW DOME SCREEH . 
 ic wesi-fl. 
 
 BuaSEW STOPPER 
 
flow. This type of oanlster would be very hard to pack 
 uniformly and would be clumsy to wear* 
 
 The minimum rise in temperature obtained by 
 ohemioal means was foujsd by taking' advantage of the 
 negative heat of transformation of sodium thiosulphate 
 pentahydrate to the anhydrous salt. The most praotiaal 
 method of using the hydrate was to place it in a sealed 
 metal box inside the canister immediately above the liL 
 (or HO) zone. Placed thus in an Sf- inch standard cross- 
 section canister^ the rise was 8^0 » at the 90fo efficiency 
 point when run against ifo GO at 52 l/m continuous flow. 
 
 Attempts to lower the effluent temperature by a 
 coaoination of mechanical, and chemical means resulted in 
 a maximum rise of 50G, from a double canister connected 
 by a non-heat conducting material and each part surrounded 
 with a jacket containing the above salt hydrate* This 
 canister would be clumsy to use and expensive to build, 
 
 A canister employing a sealed metal box of sodium 
 thiosulphate pentahydrate was selected as the most effici- 
 ent and practical* Three sizes have been made and are 
 designated as CJMA-1, GMA-Sr and OMA-3* 
 
 G MA-1 QAHISTERS 
 
 This canister is &h inches high with a standard 
 oval cross-section of 10 sq. in* Packed with 333 cc. 
 of HL-I fold type) it will hold up OO^fa efficiency point) 
 about 35 minutes against an air mixture of 1% carbon mon- 
 oxide at 32 l/m continuous flow, 5Qfo relative humidity at 
 room temperature. The rise in temperature f effluent) at 
 the "break" f 90^ point) is from 7° to S^'C - Its resistance 
 (at 85 l/m) is about 90 mm. (water). 
 
 SMA-2 OAMIS^R 
 
 Gl>aA-2 is a large canister of oval cross-section, 
 2i"x6i"x7i-" and is intended to be used primarily for rescue 
 work. When packed with 443 c.c. of HL-T this canister, 
 under the same conditions as above mentioned for GMA-1, has 
 a life of 45 minutes. The temperature rise is about S^G . 
 and a re^ stance fat 85 l/m) of 45 urn. fwater). 
 
 -9- 
 
CANISTER DIflGRflM 
 
 COPPER, 
 pant SCAE£N 
 
 ONEUrfOl PRO. 
 
 (cotton) 
 
 CLOSeo WITH PflMFF/tXD PI.U9 
 
 TINE eof^JIXJUEH. 
 
 vmr commoHtED 
 /iMesH/ztoNSutieN 
 
 HE/WY 
 aC/lE£/Y 
 
 /laoesTos band 
 
 KEQUUtH aPHMO 
 
 BUnCAU OF MINES 
 
 AHDICAII UaWEniTT fXPUmEIIT STUTIOII 
 •MHIUTOH C 
 
 ... MAM MW..W 
 
 »■ °- "«i.»n" 
 
 CANISTER DIAGRAH 
 
 eMWM tr* i-y. Fi 
 
 »%t Y 
 
 wffc fc-r4-iq 
 
 y4.Cf^g^£'Ag5/^ 
 
 ilA 
 
C/INISTER DIAGRAn 
 CI1A3 
 
 SPECIAL SMALL SPRING 
 
 I6MESH HBAVY OlON Stlt etN 
 ILAYCR COTTON MO 
 
 16 ME3U HEAVY COKfUOAT EO 
 IBON SOItSSf} 
 
 
 HEAVY IRON BOMB SCK BBht 
 I6MESN 
 
 BUREAU OP MINeS 
 
 AUCftiCM univcnn cxkiii«iit sTtTim 
 
 WAHIIieTM, t. C 
 
 a, •■ Fmpwm 
 
 CANISTtR \mm 
 
 cnA3 
 
 Tv^Tr 
 
 owe fe-g^- , l «. 
 
 f6mtt0tGHin n 
 
 A.C^IJSLbNSK. 
 
 \u 
 
■Urn i' wI»!e«MBat»:>iig»rT!a»-i»CT^»i»ii»iii»>,Titji-»n" -g^:ga,.^, CT^J■- -. ;^ag-,-rfwrwBiiMJi«to-WBK>-m«nMMFW»Tiia»w giiiti Timwrn ■iiii gi^igiiaBPaHf-'af.'JJKKy ax -.rjgtt. ^- j.r.j^fc..T;^ja'. --„. 
 
 -=^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 PR5NO, 
 
 'JtREEN 
 
 -TWO C 
 
 SSP^^^^^^^^^^^JM LAYER 
 g^ ABJDR6ENW0 ICOTTON fWDj 
 
 -TaVEUNG 
 
 "TO/EUNG 
 
 ,tfAf. 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 WASHINSTON, D. C. 
 
 GAS MASK RESEARCH 
 
 A. C. MEkDNCR 
 
 c-n-fl-3 cmuTtii. 
 
 Fl LL E P WIT M JTONPOI3C? 
 V&HR. GPU MIVTUR.E.. 
 
 DRAWN a^ 
 
 mi 
 
SUMMAQY TABLE OF RESULTS 
 
 m. 
 
 CAtiiJ'TER 
 A no 
 
 HOOLAMITE 
 
 z as >- 
 
 1- w t! 
 < S <-j 
 
 MIM. 
 
 TEMPERATU/fE /N°C. 
 
 MAX. 
 Hz 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 E,-A 
 
 Z6 
 
 CMA-I ytd. H 
 
 27 
 
 13 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 63 
 
 3235 
 
 Zl 
 
 CMA-I H lio. 26 
 
 46 
 
 16 
 
 36 
 
 16 
 
 61 
 
 4620 
 
 IIB 
 
 do. 
 
 40 
 
 Zl 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 66 
 
 4540 
 
 2Q 
 
 CMA-I H ho. 21 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 2S 
 
 6 
 
 61 
 
 2150 
 
 Zdd 
 
 do. 
 
 n 
 
 23 
 
 ZQ 
 
 5 
 
 51 
 
 1310 
 
 28 
 
 CMA-I H fio.26 
 
 24 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 2585 
 
 Zdd 
 
 do. 
 
 25 
 
 16 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 2865 
 
 30 
 
 CMA-2 c/M.H 
 
 46 
 
 IS 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 65 
 
 5610 
 
 303 
 
 do. 
 
 41 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 61 
 
 4360 
 
 3\ 
 
 do. 
 
 41 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 66 
 
 5310 
 
 316 
 
 do. 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 56 
 
 4255 
 
 32 
 
 CMA-I </td.H 
 
 7/2 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 54 
 
 2235 
 
 33 
 
 CMA-3 c/fd H 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 33 
 
 6 
 
 61 
 
 2580 
 
 33 6 
 
 do. 
 
 2/ 
 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 66 
 
 2130 
 
 34- 
 
 CMA-3 H 110.26 
 
 3/ 
 
 23 
 
 44 
 
 21 
 
 44 
 
 3225 
 
 35 
 
 CMA-2 vTtd.H 
 
 46 
 
 ZQ 
 
 2(9 
 
 8 
 
 63 
 
 5090 
 
 36 
 
 CMA-I H ho. 26 
 
 ' 33 
 
 22 
 
 36 
 
 14 
 
 81 
 
 4140 
 
 368 
 
 do. 
 
 32 
 
 22 
 
 39 
 
 11 
 
 61 
 
 3330 
 
 37 
 
 CMA-3 H No. 36 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 31 
 
 15 
 
 
 3160 
 
 38 
 
 CM A -3 H flQ.37 
 
 29 
 
 23 
 
 44 
 
 21 
 
 
 3575 
 
 33 
 
 CMA-Z J'tdH 
 
 36 
 
 Z3 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 
 4135 
 
 40 
 
 do. 
 
 35 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 
 4040 
 
 41 
 
 do. 
 
 31 
 
 Z5 
 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 
 4015 
 
 42 
 
 CMA-3 H No.38 
 
 11 
 
 26 
 
 32 
 
 6 
 
 
 2050 
 
 43 
 
 CMA~3 H Mo. 39 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 34 
 
 9 
 
 
 1340 
 
 43 B 
 
 do. 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 ^ 
 
 2 
 
 
 1155 
 
 44 
 
 CM A -3 h ho. 42 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 CMA-2 c/'td.H 
 
 & 
 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 
 3250 
 
 46 
 
 CMA-3 H h 0.26 -hFe 60^ 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 33 
 
 9 
 
 
 1330 
 
 47 
 
 CMA-2 c/M. H 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 CMA-3 c/M.H 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^V 
 
0MA.-3 GAKISTER 
 
 GMA-3 is a small canister of oval cross-section, 
 Ig-"x52^"x6", and is designed to lae worn on the head. It is 
 commonly known as the G-31 head canister. Packed with 
 862 CO. of HL-I, this icanister has a life of about 21 min- 
 utes when tested under the same conditions as given under 
 OMA-1. The rise in temperature is about 8°C. and its re- 
 sistance (at 85 l/m) is 50 mm. (water }r When packed with 
 the same amount of HL-II itg life is about 50 minutes- An 
 HL-III has been developed and is expected to have a some- 
 what longer life in canisters than HL^TI. Tests with 
 HI- III will be reported in the near future. aMA,-3 canisters 
 packed with 250 cc . of HO will hold up (90^ point) 3i to 
 4 hours. Since the action of HC on CO is catalytic* the 
 canister will hold up indefinitely, provided the CO is 
 dried before it reaches the HG layer. Hence, the life of 
 canisters packed with HO is limited only by the capacity 
 of the drier. In the above canister 350 co. of OaClg are 
 employed. 
 
 OMA-3 canisters packed with HO are now being manu- 
 factured on a large scale. Several of these canisters have 
 just been received from the plant and preliminary tests in- 
 dicate that they are satisfactory. 
 
 9. DEVELOPMENT OP QAMISTER FOB PBOTECTIQN AGAIUST AMMONIA : 
 
 The need for protection against ammonia in certain 
 industrial plants, as well as by the Navy Department, was 
 first met by the development of ammonia canister #1, which 
 employed pumice soaked in sulphuric acid as an absorbent. 
 A cooling box, containing sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate 
 was made necessary by the intense heat developed during the 
 absorption, and a felt filter had to be provided to remove 
 the ammonium sulphate fumes. At 32 l/m continuous flow this 
 canister afforded complete protection against 1% ammonia 
 for about 40 minutes, and against 2% for about 20 minutes. 
 Its life as shown by man tests was about 2|- hours against 2% 
 and 4 minutes against A%» Skin irritation was, however, 
 found to be unbearable in four or five minutes at a concen- 
 tration of 2^, and immediately at 4%, 
 
 Two new classes of absorbents were then investi- 
 gated, viz., crystalline acids (boric, etc.) and metallic 
 salts, which readily form metal-aram'Ari» compounds. The 
 relative values of a number of such substances were deter- 
 mined in rough tube tests, with the following results: 
 
 -10- 
 
UAGmn e flmowifl amrm. ho.i 
 
 CUOJ*EP WITH •PflE.flrFIMED PLUO" 
 
 -30ME. JCHEEH 
 
 ONE LAYER TOWHUNG 
 7cub.c ,f,ch^r CHAtlCOAL 
 FELT T=IIT-ER. 
 
 fc HE/H HEAVY IRON /CREEN 
 
 IfcME/H IRON CLOTH 
 IfcME/H HEAVY IRON XREEN 
 
 IfcME/H IRON CLOTH 
 - — l6nE/H HEAVY IRON yCCEEN 
 
 \b ME/H IRON CLOTH 
 lb ME/H HEAUYIRON JCBEEN 
 
 ReaULflR vCPRINCr. 
 
 BUREAU OF MINES 
 
 AnEiiicm UNivtKsnr txrt«i»[WT statiok 
 
 <l<^ji w^^tk ■tagAPL C H A c-ri«i.oMiH 
 
 Mia OT/IR, 
 
 ^zn 
 
 ag--wM irTiRJl" 
 
 
 fl."glZL£.^. 
 
 ^ 
 
 lOffl 
 
Material 
 
 Heat effect 
 
 Time 
 
 to odor of 
 
 
 ammonia. 
 
 
 
 MINUTES 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 warm 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hot 
 
 
 2 
 
 is) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 warm 
 
 
 1 
 
 slightly 
 
 warm 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 t» 
 
 6 
 
 t» 
 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 w 
 
 « 
 
 10 
 
 Ft 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Borio acid 
 
 Chlorine aoid 
 
 Oxalic aoid 
 
 Silicic acid 
 
 Tannic acid 
 
 Succinic acid 
 
 Citric acid 
 
 Sulphuric acid on pumice 
 
 Calcium chloride f anhydrous) 
 
 Zinc chloride (anhydrous) 
 
 Copper sulphate 
 
 Copper sulphate^ DHgO 
 
 Zinc sulphate. SHgO 
 
 Cobalt nitrate. 6HgO 
 
 Nickel nitrate. 6H2O 
 
 Ferrous sulphate. 7HgO 
 
 Charaoal 
 
 The most promising of these materials were packed 
 in canisters f44 eu.in. of absorbent), and tes^ted on men 
 and by machiae, with these results: 
 
 Man tests (8 l/m). 
 : Pressure drop mm.HgO 
 
 Pilling. 
 
 ConcP^Ii^ 
 
 ■Ft. f in is h , 
 
 life; 
 
 Remarks 
 
 CUSO4.5H2O ca pumice 
 
 dfo 
 
 fa) 
 
 45 
 
 58 
 
 240 
 
 
 8-14 mesh 
 
 
 rb) 
 
 47 
 
 50 
 
 240 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 5% 
 
 (a) 
 
 54 
 
 58 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 (b) 
 
 52 
 
 58 
 
 110 
 
 
 ditto 
 
 H 
 
 
 42 
 
 53 
 
 48 
 
 20 l/m 
 
 CUSO4.5H2O crystals 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8-14 mesh 
 
 5f. 
 
 
 50 
 
 .. 
 
 180 
 
 •| material 
 
 ditto 
 
 Z$ 
 
 
 50 
 
 80 
 
 150 
 
 used up no 
 break. 
 
 Boric acid plus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 kieselguhr 
 
 2% 
 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 120 
 
 canister 
 2/2 full 
 
 Ferrous sulphate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on charcoal 
 
 2% 
 
 
 50 
 
 65 
 
 150 
 
 No break 
 
 SiOsiHpO 
 
 2% 
 
 
 50 
 
 58 
 
 120 
 
 
 -11- 
 
WIRE SPRING 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 WASHINGTON, 
 
 GAS MASK RESEARCH 
 
 KUPRfiniTE m- 
 
 noNifl mmm 
 
 ^^A\ 
 
 VM'. 
 
Machine TQSts (5Z l/t p CTon-tinuous flow) 
 
 : Pressure Drop 
 : mm* H2O :Teinp: 
 tat 85 l/m : Rise: Life: 
 Filling : Qono: Start: Finish: oQ rMlns: Bemarfes 
 
 CUSO4.5H2O on pamice 
 
 ditto 3% 
 
 ditto Z% 
 
 ditto 5fo 
 
 Sulphuric etc Id on 
 
 pumioe 2% 
 
 (bl} 5& 
 
 »4 
 
 8.7 
 
 45 
 
 
 fb> 51 
 
 56 
 
 4 a 
 
 31 
 
 
 ra> 50 
 
 57 
 
 6»5 
 
 g6 
 
 0*5^ pene- 
 tration 
 from start. 
 
 fh) 51 
 
 47 
 
 14*0 
 
 21 
 
 Per fe est 
 protection 
 
 1&9 
 
 <:o 
 
 34.9 
 
 30 
 
 Fianes in 
 8 mins« 
 
 Of the various absorbents investigated, pumice 
 stone impregnated with GuSOa'^HoO appears to best oombine 
 efficiency of protection, simplioity of preparation and 
 cheapness* Salts of cobalt and nickel seem to afford 
 slightly better protection, but are more expensive, as well 
 as hygroscopic^ than CiuS04.5H20. That the protection given 
 by the latter is sufficient for any possible use to which 
 it may be put will be seen from the following results of 
 man tests with the "Zupramite" canister (H Type, 44 cu. in. 
 of the absorbent, viz- pumice stone impregnated with 
 its weight of CuS04*5H20): Complete protection against 
 ammonia for four hours, and for over E|- hours against 
 with men breathing at rest. With men doing severe exercise 
 the life in 5% ammonia was over 25 minutes* Even at the 
 highest breathing rates used the temperature rise accompany- 
 ing absorption was never over 15°Q- The resistance of the 
 canister at 85 l/m is less than 50 mm. of water, which is 
 approximately 2/3 that of the Type J, tJ»S. Army canister. 
 
 10. CFgEHSIVE VALIXE OF YABIOPS SAS MIZTUHES: 
 
 Prom the standpoint of canister penetration the 
 following 17 mixtures would be less effective in gas shell 
 than their components would be if used separately at the 
 saioe liquid volume: PS and 00, PS and CG, PS and 028. PS and 
 S4, PS and SOg. PS and G43, PS and 325, Od and OC, OS and 
 G2e, CG and SO2, GO and GIO. 00 and G28, GO and SOg, 349 
 and PS, G40 and GH3CHO, G49 and PCI3, G49 and G55. Oonverse- 
 ly the protection afforded by U.S. canisters against these 
 mixtures is better than against the separate components 
 alone. A mixtiKtre of PS and ,328 of approximately equal volumei 
 
 -12- 
 
in the sh«H are considerably more effective thati PS alone, 
 provided the humidity is very low, A mixture of PS and 
 S22 in the proportion of 15*1 (by liquid voluioe) is no more 
 effeotive than PS alone. Gas shell filled with «qual parts 
 by volume flle[uid) of 00 and (JIO are somewhat more effective 
 than shell filled with OG alonei. 
 
 MACEIJSE TESTS 
 Humidity - 50^ Relative 
 
 »p I !■■■ ii j ww w 1 ■■■ ■ > n » i f »«"i« ii' M ■ n nw^-w^ m 
 
 Parts by 
 Tyjpe of : : Concentration -.volume iof: Tiine to broak-mins. 
 
 Canister:Mixtu3feip*p4m-»;mg/l. :liquid)in :Alone Tin mixture 
 '. ■ : shell : 
 
 45 44 
 15 13 
 
 42 40 
 
 21 21 
 
 37 38 
 
 38 38 
 
 3 2 
 
 10 7 
 
 37 31 
 
 46 37 
 
 37 21 
 
 23 21 
 
 37 35 
 
 2 2 
 
 37 34 
 
 1 1 
 
 37 36 
 55 46 
 
 38 38 
 17 17 
 
 -13- 
 
 jj.s*i;i) 
 
 PS 
 
 C3G 
 
 1000 
 500 
 
 6#72 
 
 lr26 
 
 3.97 
 1.03 
 
 y.s^.m) 
 
 PS 
 
 CO 
 
 2500 
 500 
 
 16.80 
 1.26 
 
 9.93 
 IVOS 
 
 U.S.fJ) 
 
 PS 
 
 CG 
 
 1000 
 8500 
 
 6.72 
 10,11 
 
 3.-97 
 7.06 
 
 German 
 
 PS 
 
 GG 
 
 1000 
 1000 
 
 6 r7 2 
 4.04 
 
 3.97 
 2*"82 
 
 U^S.^J) 
 
 PS 
 G-S8 
 
 lOOO 
 2000 
 
 6.72 
 
 5.80 
 
 3.97 
 3.95 
 
 U*S^fJ) 
 
 PS 
 G*28 
 
 1000 
 4000 
 
 6,72 
 11.80 
 
 3.97 
 7.90 
 
 U.S*(J) 
 
 PS 
 S*4 
 
 1000 
 1000 
 
 6.72 
 0.69 
 
 3.97 
 1.11 
 
 U,S.(J) 
 
 PS 
 S-4 
 
 1000 
 2000 
 
 6.72 
 1.39 , 
 
 3.97 
 2.22 
 
 t;:*s*0) 
 
 PS 
 
 1000 
 1000 
 
 6.72 
 2.62 
 
 3.97 
 
 . 1.82 
 
 u^S-^J* 
 
 PS 
 G-43 
 
 1000 
 
 isoo 
 
 6.72 
 1.66 
 
 3.97 
 2.30 
 
Machine Tests (continued }- 
 
 Parts by 
 : : : volume (of: 
 
 Type of : :Oonaentration: liquid) in : Time to break-mlns. 
 anister:Mixture:p>p«m.: mg/l-: shell r Alone : in mixture 
 
 U.S. (J) 
 
 PS 
 S-22 
 
 1000 
 1000 
 
 6.72 
 
 6.96 
 
 3.97 
 4.57 
 
 3^ 
 
 11 
 
 U.S.(JJ PS 
 
 s-22 
 This series run 
 
 1000 
 1000 
 
 at eofo 
 
 6.78 
 
 6.96 
 
 relative 
 
 2.97 
 4.57 
 humidity - 
 
 38 
 
 32 
 
 U.Sv(J) 
 
 PS 
 S-22 
 
 2000 
 100 
 
 13.45 
 0,69 
 
 7.94 
 0.46 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 U.S.(H) 
 
 CG 
 
 5000 
 500 
 
 20.06 
 
 1,26 
 
 14.12 
 
 1.03 
 
 60 
 22 
 
 42 
 16 
 
 U.S. (J) 
 
 GG 
 CG 
 
 2500 
 500 
 
 10.03 
 1.26 
 
 7,06 
 1.03 
 
 42 
 9 
 
 43 
 5 
 
 U.S,{J) 
 
 GG 
 G»28 
 
 5000 
 5500. 
 
 20.06 
 10.19 
 
 14*12 
 6,91 
 
 28 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 U.S. (J) 
 
 CG 
 SO2 
 
 5000 
 3500 
 
 20.06 
 
 ;9.;i7 
 
 14.12 
 6.37 
 
 28 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 9 
 
 U.S. (J) 
 
 CG 
 G-10 
 
 5000 
 3200 
 
 20,06 
 ?;0.73 
 
 14.12 
 10.75 
 
 ■> 28 
 29 
 
 10 
 21 
 
 U.S. (J) 
 
 GG 
 
 8200 
 
 33.88 
 
 23,1 
 
 17 
 
 
 U.S. (J) 
 
 CG 
 G-10 
 
 5000 
 500 
 
 20.06 
 6.72 
 
 14.12 
 1.6 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 U.S. (J) 
 
 CC 
 6-10 
 
 ■ 500 
 2000 
 
 1.26 
 26.90 
 
 1.03 
 6.7 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 64 
 
 U.S.fJ) 
 
 CC 
 G-28 
 
 500 
 3500 
 
 1.26 
 10.19 
 
 1,03 
 6.91 
 
 9 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 2S 
 
 U.S.fJj 
 
 CC 
 
 S02 
 
 500 
 S500 
 
 1.26 
 9.17 
 
 1.03 
 6,37 
 
 9 
 16 
 
 5 
 11 
 
 U.S.(L) 
 
 G-49 
 PS 
 
 3000 
 3000 
 
 24.28 
 20.18 
 
 14.37 
 11.91 
 
 20 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 U-S.fL) 
 
 G-49 
 
 CHgCHO 
 
 3000 
 6000 
 
 24.28 
 11.79 
 
 14.37 
 13.44 
 
 20 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 U.S. (J) 
 
 6-49 
 PGI5 
 
 2500 
 4000 
 
 20.23 
 22.48 
 
 11.97 
 13,94 
 
 20 
 15 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 U.S.fJ) 
 
 G-49 
 
 G-55 
 
 3000 
 2000 
 
 24.28 
 15,21 
 
 14,37 
 8.82 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 -14- 
 
KAJS TESTS 
 
 •.Parts by; 
 . ,.:volTito©- : Time to breath. ■ 
 Type of ' '.Single: Cone". ; (liquid.) : Miris. 
 
 CanistertMixture: Gas :p,p.ia. :.mg/l. ;in shell : Alone ; Mixture 
 
 U.S. (J) 
 
 PS 
 
 
 2160 
 984 
 
 14.53 
 - '2.47 
 
 8.58 
 2.03 
 
 
 53 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 PS 
 
 GG 
 
 2000 
 1000 
 
 13.44 
 2,51 
 
 
 115 
 72 
 
 
 U.S.(H) 
 
 PS 
 
 GG 
 
 
 2246 
 1032 
 
 14.96 
 2.59 
 
 8.92 
 2,13 
 
 
 115 
 
 , 
 
 
 PS 
 
 GG 
 
 2000 
 1000 
 
 13>44 
 2.51 
 
 
 278 
 131 
 
 
 U.S,f,J) 
 
 PS 
 
 CG 
 
 
 26 24 
 
 50 26 
 
 17.65 
 20.43 
 
 10.42 
 14.17 
 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 PS 
 CG 
 
 2000 
 5Q00 
 
 13.44 
 20»06 
 
 
 115 
 196 
 
 
 U.S.(H) 
 
 PS 
 
 GG 
 
 
 2180 
 5189 
 
 14.76 
 21.00 
 
 8.66 
 14.63 
 
 
 171 
 
 
 
 PS 
 
 GG 
 
 2000 
 5000 
 
 13.44 
 20,06 
 
 
 278 
 
 285 
 
 
 U.S. (J) 
 
 PS 
 S-25 
 
 
 2145 
 295 
 
 14.43 
 3.15 
 
 8.52 
 1.38 
 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 PS 
 
 2000 
 
 13,44 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 U.S.(H) 
 
 PS 
 S-25 
 
 PS 
 
 2735 
 
 691 
 
 2000 
 
 18.30 
 
 7.37 
 
 13.44 
 
 10.86 
 3.23 
 
 278 
 
 280 
 
 U.S.fJ) 
 
 CG 
 
 CG 
 
 GG 
 
 4474 
 787 
 (5000 
 flG.O 
 
 18.12 
 
 1.97 
 
 20.06 
 
 .2.61 
 
 12*52 
 1,62 
 
 197 
 72 
 
 37 
 
 U.S.{H) 
 
 CG 
 GG 
 
 CG 
 
 GC 
 
 3693 
 
 1325 
 
 (5000 
 
 (1000 
 
 14«9q 
 3.33 
 
 20.06 
 2.51 
 
 10.42 
 2.73 
 
 285 
 
 131 
 
 lis 
 
 -15- 
 
11 » EgFEaT • Qg TEMPERATURE ON mS EgPigiEKGY ■ 
 
 OF GAKISTSRS A5AMST Y-ARIOUS SASES: ■' 
 
 Inasmuch as oanisters are aotually used in the 
 field over a Gonsiderable range of teioperature , ©xjperiments 
 have been made to determine the effect of temperature on 
 Type H, U»S> Army aanisters\ with' the following Tesalts: 
 
 Against CG the life inoreases with decrease ia • , 
 temperature, being 60^ greater at »-i3®fl . than at 40o'. How- 
 ever, the time required- to pass from th& break to- the 90^ 
 efficiency point is greater at the higher temperatures. 
 
 " Between .-13°C -and 40°G. the, .life of canisters 
 against PS was found to be inde.peadent of temperature. 
 
 Against G-4Z the protection increased with ^e* 
 creasing tempei-ature, the life at -13^0. being more than 
 double that at 40^0 ♦ Moreover, the time required to pass 
 from the break to the 9^?^ point is much increased, with de- 
 crease in teiiq)erature. 
 
 The temperature oae f fie lent of standard canisters 
 tested against CO was found to be very large. At -lO^C the 
 canisters remained 100^ efficient for 62 minutes, while 
 at 20^G .. they broke in 21 minutes. At 40° they broke in 
 11 minutes. 
 
 For offensive purposes it appears that CO will 
 give very much better results during hot weather- 
 
 12, Sg gEOT OP TEMPERATURE OH THE ABSORBING 
 
 POiWER OP VARIOUS AB30RBEHTS ; .:. 
 
 Against G-43 the life of canisters filled with 
 charcoal was found to increase with decreasing temperature. 
 At -13°C. the time to break was four times as great as at 
 40°C., the time to .90^ was approximately five times as 
 great as at the higher temperature. Similar results were 
 obtained in tube tests on charcoal, where- it was found that 
 for normal changes in room:. temperature^ the variation in 
 service time is about S.'^^per degree deviation In tempera- 
 ture from a 25°C basis. 
 
 Against G-43, the life of canisters packed with 
 soda lime increased with decrease in temperature fexcept 
 between 10^0 . and 0°G). The life at -ll^G . was approxi- 
 mately dO% greater than that at 40<'G. Between 15°G and SOOG 
 the teii5>erature coefficient of soda lime is about 1% per 
 degree, based on the standard temperature of 25*^0' Correc- 
 tions can be made accordingly. 
 
 -16- 
 
LIFE-MINUTES 
 
 bO 70 60 30 100 110 
 
 mo /50 iho no 
 
 10 20 30 
 r/GUREL Z. 
 
 40 50 
 
 60 70 80 90 fOO flO 
 
 LIFE-MINUTES. 
 
 no 130 140 150 160 tie 
 
 U. & BUREAU OF MINES 11233 
 
o 
 
 FIGURE 1. 
 
 /O 
 
 20 
 
 30 ■4-0 
 
 LIFE, MINUTES 
 
 >50 
 
 60 
 
 EFFICIENCIES OFU.S.ARMY CANISTERS. 
 
 LIFE u-j TEMPERATURE. 
 Gas ^ G ZS" 
 
 Con cen f ration —4-0 00 P.P.M. 
 Rate— &4- liters through ^Vo canisters, 
 inter m ittentl\j, e(fut\/-a/entto 32. Uteres 
 per minufft continuously . 
 
zeo 
 
 EM. CANI^TEM^ 
 
Against GO, the life of canisters filled with 
 Gharooal changes about S% per degre-e Centigrade, between ' 
 18° and £9°a., the life_being greater the lower the tempera- 
 ture. Against CJG, the life of canisters filled witli" 
 whetlerite increases greatly with decrease "in .temperature. 
 At 40<^G. the life was 19 minutes., whjtle at -I'zHi it was 
 163 minutes. It is apparent that tests of whetlerite 
 against CO should be made at a uniform temperature-. 
 
 Against G-7 the activity (time to break) decreases 
 with increasing temperature j but the capacity,, (time to 80^ 
 efficiency point) increased with increasing t€>raperature. 
 This second effect is probably that of temperature upon 
 the catalytic decomposition of G-7, produced by deposition 
 of the eleaient or its' compounds in the charcoal.-. 
 
 Against G-7 the service time of soda lime was 
 found to increase 30% due to an increase in temperature 
 from 10^0 . to 20 ©0 . 
 
 15. EFFEOT OF HUJJIDITY AMD A5ING ON CANISTERS ARD ABSORBENTS: 
 
 Extensive investigation has. been made of the, 
 effect of exposure to atmospheric conditions on various 
 absorbents and canisters. Standard canisters, exposed to 
 the air for six months, i^derwent the- following changes 
 in efficiency: an increase of Z5fo and a decrease of IZfo 
 and 5Sfo in the case of CG, PS and G-43, respectively- The 
 moisture content of the charcoal was found to have increased 
 fr.oin,Q,5% to 6,6%, while that of the soda lime decreased 
 from about 4ifo to 2%* There was no appreciable change in 
 resis-tance, nor marked deterioration in the canisters* 
 
 Similar results were obtained with charcoal and 
 soda lime. It was found that an increase of moisture con- 
 tent of charcoal is generally accompanied by an increase 
 in the absorption value for OG and G-43. but by a decrease 
 in absorption value for PS and G-7. The moisture content 
 of charcoal varied with the relative humidity of the at- 
 mosphere to which it. was exposed, and lay generally between 
 3% and 7fo for GOBC. The maximum amount of moisture found 
 in any sanqple of the latter was 14%. 
 
 Astoria soda lime, exposed to the air for 3 
 months at an average humidity of 50%, deteriorated in ser- 
 vice time 74% for 06, 65% for SF, 72% for G-43- and 42% 
 for G-7. However, mixtures prepared from the. exposed soda 
 lime and unexposed charcoal, jsh owed practically no deteriora- 
 tion in absorbent power for CG'. During the exposure the 
 mcasture contertt of the soda lime decreased from 11.6% to 
 4.9%. while the COg content increased from 4.8% to 27.1%. 
 
 -17- 
 
Against CG, the life of canisters filled with 
 Gharaoal changes about 3% per degree Ce-ntigrade, between -'^ ;• 
 18° and E9°o., the life , being greater the lower the tempera- 
 ture. Against CG, the life of canisters filled witlJ 
 whetlerite increases greatly with decrease in temperature. 
 At 40^0, the life was. 19 minutes, while at -18®5"-i it was 
 163 minutes* It is apparent that tests of whetlerite 
 against CO should be made at a uniform temperature. 
 
 Against Gr-7 the activity (time to break) decreases 
 with increasing temperature, but the capacity,, ftlme to 80fo 
 efficiency point) increased with increasing temperature. 
 This second effect is probably that of temperature upon 
 the catalytic decomposition of G-7, produced by deposition 
 of the eleaient or its' compounds in the charcoal* •> 
 
 Against G-7 the service time of soda lime was 
 found to increase 30^ due to an increase in temperature 
 from IOOq. to 200C . 
 
 13. EFFECT OF HCTJIPITY ATO AGING ON CANISTERS AKD ABSORBEHTS: 
 
 ■Ml -* »!■■ !■ IWP I .1^1 — ■■■.11 I 1^11 . 1,1 I M ■ I,. ■! IM I 1,1— .■!*■ II >| - 11 ■■ >■ I I ■■■ilM ■><>»■ ■ifcM— !■■ Ilil lli m — M II I !■■> II ■ m m — IP^M^i^ II I ■ ■■ lUl 
 
 Extensive investigation has. been made of the, 
 effect of exposure to atmospheric conditions on various 
 absorbents and canisters. Standard canisters, exposed to 
 the air for six months, xjjaderwent the- following changes 
 in efficiency: an increase of 2)5% and a decrease of ISfo 
 and 565^ in the case of CG, PS and G-43, respectively. The 
 moisture content of the charcoal was found to have increased 
 tr.Gm.Q,5% to 6.6^, while that of the soda lime decreased 
 from about 4% to 2%* There was no appreciable change in 
 resistance, nor marked deterioration in the canisters* 
 
 Similar results were obtained with charcoal and 
 soda lime. It was found that an increase of moisture con- 
 tent of charcoal is generally accompanied by an increase 
 in the absorption value for GG and G-43, but by a decrease 
 in absorption value for PS and G-7. The moisture content 
 of charcoal varied with the relative humidity of the at- 
 mosphere to which it, was exposed, and lay generally between 
 2i% and 7fo for GODC The maximum amount of moisture found 
 in any sample of the latter was 14^. 
 
 Astoria soda lime, exposed to the air for 3 
 months at an average humidity of 50^, deteriorated in ser- 
 vice time 74^ for CG, 55^ for SF, 72fc for G-43- and 42% 
 for 6-7. However, mixtures prepared from the. exposed soda 
 lime and unexposed charcoal, 'showed practically no deteriora- 
 tion in absorbent power forCG. During the exposure the 
 mcasture content of the soda lime decreased from 11.6^ to 
 4.9^, while the CO2 content increased from 4.8% to 27.1%. 
 
 -17- 
 
mm 
 
miiik^i^. 
 
 
fLiiiilHilLLnHItt 
 
 £•5x1+ 
 
 sSiMiiM 
 

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 ii^;yj|-'i:e:ir-:£fc:*5 
 
 
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 'I-!7MJ:4-;r^-!'fj:; 
 
 
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 THE ETFECT OPKUhlDlTY lI 
 : UPON THE A B/OPTl ON 
 j CAPACiT"! OF/ODA-L!M£. 
 
It was very early found necessary to control the 
 humidity of the air-gas mixture when testing the absorption 
 power of canisters or absorbents. The absorption of water 
 vapor is very rapid at first, and varies with the humidity, 
 thus causing appreciable differences in service time unless 
 the humidity is carefully controlled. For example, the 
 efficiency of charcoal against PS was found to decrease 
 rapidly with increase of relative humidity of the air-gas 
 mixture. Experiments with standard canisters showed that 
 changing the relative humidity from 50^ to 70fo decreased 
 their life 11^ for PS and 6% for G-43, and increased it 
 12% for GG. • 
 
 Inasmuch as the humidity on certain sectors of 
 the battle front in France is said to average as high as 
 70%, it seemed desirable to find what effect continued 
 breathing of such air would have on a canister when subse- 
 quently used in gas. Accordingly canisters were equili- 
 brated with air of 70% relative humidity and then tested 
 on machines* As a result the efficiency decreased about 
 50?^ fitr PS, but increased 18% for G-43 and 69^ for CO. There 
 was very little caking of the absorbent mixture except at 
 the bottom, but the interior of the canister as well as the 
 wire screens were heavily corroded. The pressure drop, 
 however, increased only about 
 
 Two further sets of canisters were equilibrated, 
 by man test, one set at 70^ humidity, the other at 90^^ 
 Subsequent man tests of these canisters showed that equi- 
 libration with air of 70^ humidity increased the life 44^ 
 against GG, and decreased it 41^ against PS. When air of 
 90^ humidity was used for equilibrating the increase in 
 life against GG was 545^, and the decrease with PS was 58^. 
 All these tests ^owed that in spite of the marked reduction 
 in life of canisters against PS, the protection was still 
 adequate. 
 
 Similar experiments were conducted with charcoal 
 equilibrated at 70J^ and at Z0% relative humidity. Equili- 
 bration at 70^ humidity decreased the service time of char- 
 coal 75% for PS and 95^ for G-7, but increased its life 
 795^ for GG and Zl% for G-43* Equilibration at 30^ humidity 
 decreased the efficiency 8% for PS and 44^ for G-7, and in- 
 creased it 5% for GG. With G-43 there was no change in 
 service time. 
 
 Soda lime as received at the laboratory contains 
 about 13^ moisture and is in eqiilibrium with air of about 
 70^ humidity. Considerable reduction in activity is ob- 
 served, however, in samples equilibrated at 70^ humidity, 
 although the moisture content is not appreciably affected. 
 
 -18- 
 
A Gonsiderabl© nmnber of canisters of the earlier 
 types, withdrawn from training camps in this country, were 
 examined to determine their resistance to deterioration. 
 Types A and B canisters containing wood charcoal offered 
 no protection against either PS and OG. The canisters 
 were in very had condition, the resistance was much in- 
 creased, and many were completely plugged,, apparently due 
 to the disintegration of the Easton green granules. Can- 
 isters containing wood charcoal were in fairly good con- 
 dition, and though they gave hut little protection against 
 PS, they hold up longer against CG than similar canisters 
 received direct from the filling plant. Unfortunately nothing 
 was known of the previous history of any of these canisters. 
 
 Another lot of canisters (Type G), whose history 
 was known, was tested in the same way. They had heen used 
 two to three hours in gas, but had been breathed through 
 for much longer periods. Though the life against PS was 
 somewhat reduced, they still gave good protection, and 
 showed marked improvement in absorbent power for GG over 
 those received direct from the plant. Their condition was 
 much better than the earlier types examined » largely due 
 to the fact that they contained Astoria purple granules 
 instead of the Easton. 
 
 14. RELATIOH OF COMGEHTRATIOK OF GAS TO THE 
 
 LIFE OF STANDARD GAMISTERS AHD AB-S0RBEI3TS: 
 
 Considerable work has been done on the protection 
 given by the standard canister over a wide range of gas 
 concentration, such as might be expected to be met in field 
 use. In order to simplify the manipulation, these tests 
 were run with a continuous rate of flow and the relation 
 between tests with this type of flow and tests with inter- 
 mittent flow- simulating breathing-was determined at some 
 standard rates and concentrations. 
 
 Below are tabulated the summarized results of 
 the concentration-time relation investigations. The times 
 taken are those during which the canisters in each case 
 gave complete protection and are the averages of three to 
 five results* 
 
 It should be noted that the results obtained on 
 different gases are not exactly comparable even when the 
 same type of canister is used as the value of the absorbent 
 may vary by as much as 800^. 
 
 All runs were made JS2 l/m continuous flow and 
 50fo relative humidity xinless otherwise indicated under 
 remarks. 
 
 -19- 
 
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 -20- 
 
It will be seen that tnt the 32 l/m rate the life 
 of a canister is approximately inversely proportional to 
 the oonoentration, the times for the lower concentrations 
 being for the most part a little shorter than the times at 
 the high concentrations indicate. For all-charcoal canisters 
 against CC and tube tests of charcoal and soda lime against 
 G-43, there is much less variation than for the tests of 
 standard cans, the time varying inversely as the 1/2 or a 
 lower power of the concentration. 
 
 15. BELATIOJy BETVilEER RATE OP FLOW 
 AMD LIgE OP STAUDAHD CAJJISTEHS : 
 
 In order to facilitate the establishment of a 
 proper standard rate of flow in testing canisters, a series 
 of experiments was carried out to measure the rate and 
 volume of breathing and the rate of inhalation of men,, both 
 at rest and while performing different amounts of work. For 
 men at rest the averages of a large number of tests gave 
 about 8 l/m for breathing rate, and 15 inhalations v^r 
 minute. Tests made with suTsjects performing various 
 measured amounts of work showed that for light exertion, 
 the average breathing rate had increased to 18 l/m, but the 
 respiration rate only to 17. At moderate exertion the 
 values were 31 l/m and S2 inhalations per minute- The high- 
 est averages obtained for severe work, were 38 l/m and 24 
 inhalations per minute. The maximum individual values, ob- 
 served for short periods, were 51 l/m and 37 inhalations 
 per minute. 
 
 The rate of flow adopted for routine canister 
 te^s was 32 l/m. 
 
 Owing to the fact that canisters are used in the 
 field by men at all stages of activity, it seemed desirable 
 to examine canisters at various representative rates of 
 flow. This has been done for Standard Types H and J, 
 U.S. Army canisters, against PS and CG. The results are 
 given below. The tests were all made at continuous flow, 
 505^ relative humidity and room temperature. 
 
 ;PS (2000 ppm) :0G (5000 ppm) 
 :Mins.to break :Mins.to break 
 Rate :Type H :Type J: Type H :Type J 
 l/m :Can :Can : Pan : Gan 
 
 8 
 
 254 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 85 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 19 
 
 47 
 
 19 
 
 85 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 15Q_.. 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 -._-i.. 
 
 -21- 
 
The relation between rate of fiow and life is 
 not a simple one, The life is approximately inversely 
 proportional to the liS power of the rate — it decreases 
 muQh faster than the rate increases ^- for the lower rates. 
 It decreases muoh faster than this for the higher rates^r- 
 85 l/m and above . 
 
 16. 30MPARIS0K OF 30HTIMU0US aUD INTEBMITTEMT 
 
 MAOHIHE TESTS AHP MAN TESTS OK STAMBARP QAMXSTEB8 : 
 
 ■ " " ■ " !■■ ■ ■■ *■■ M—1-..^i I 1>i-g-i—W» I ■ I* ■Ill am , m III l.i-.i^— ■W».»«<t y wfc Ml III .! > .MIMI ■ <i ! ■ M il ^ ^T I l> !■ »f 
 
 It was appreciated rather early in tlie work th^t 
 the establishment of factors by means of which continuous 
 flow machine tests could be compared with man tests or 
 converted to intermittent tests. Which slmijlate rather 
 closely actual use by a man, should become an important 
 part of the work of the Canister Research Unit. According^ 
 ly tests were run at different rates against chlorine, 
 ohlorpicrin, phosgene, hydrocyanic acid, superpalite and 
 chlor cyanogen* The results obtained and the factors cal- 
 culated are tabulated below. 
 
 All intermittent tests were run at 20 inhala" 
 tions per minute. 
 
 -Si:.- 
 
A HEW LiULTIPM kAGHIWil. fOU TESl'ISQ CANISTERS 
 WITH INTEIMITTiiiJT B'LOW 
 (Front 7iew) 
 
A NSW MULTI-PLS- MACHIBE- FOB TSSTINS CANISTERS 
 WITH INTERMItI^SHT FLOW 
 (Rear View) 
 
CHLORINE INTERMITTENT CANISTER TESTING MACHINE 
 
 (Front View) 
 
CHLORINE IWTERMITTEflT CANISTER TESTING MCHINE 
 
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The effexjt of varying the inhalation is ahown 
 hy the results given below: 
 
 Against iS : 
 
 ' "^ 111 I — ■ II 1 , 11 I i . l u. I 
 
 Rate - 85 l/m Intermittent 
 Gonaentration - 4000 p. p.m. 
 Type B Canisters 
 
 Against OG : 
 
 Rate - 32 l/m intermittent 
 Gonoentration - 5000 p. p.m. 
 Type H Canisters 
 
 Oscilla- 
 tions per 
 minute 
 
 Minutes 
 at 
 
 100^ 
 
 20 
 15 
 
 211 
 231 
 
 36 
 
 27 
 
 9 
 
 46 
 
 .39 
 
 31 
 
 Since the intermittent tests indicate that periods 
 of rest between exposure to gas-air have an appreciable 
 effect on the life of the canister, it was thought worth 
 while to determine if a single relatively long rest parliod 
 between exposures to gas-air, su.ch as a canister would 
 surely experience in field use, would lead to any chasge 
 in the total life of the canister. 
 
 -Standard T.jToe H canisters were run for a period 
 equal to 1/3 or 2/3 of the normal life, allowed to stand 
 stoppered for loeriods of three hours up to 14 days, and 
 then run to .90^ efficiency » (Peats were made against both 
 PS and CG. The sum of the times of the preliminary period 
 and the time at 100?^ efficiency on the final run was com- 
 pared to the life of the control canisters. 
 
 Against PS, the rest periods resulted in no 
 appreciable change in life. The tests were made at 32 l/m 
 continuous and 2500 pop.m. The controls ran 34 minutes at 
 100^ efficiency while the total life of the canisters with 
 1/3 of normal life before the rest period was 33 to 36 
 minutes and that of the canisters run 2/3 of normal life 
 prior to rest period was 32 to 34 minutes for all rest 
 periods, the variation being accidental. 
 
 Against GG, the tests with 3 hour rest periods 
 showed no change, but indicated that the life was increas- 
 ing regularly for longer initial exposures and rest periods. 
 The greatest increase was -in -the canisters run 2/3 of 
 normal life and allowed tt? stand 14 days. These ran 35?^ 
 longer than the controls* 
 
 The tests were run at 32 l/m continuous and 
 5000 p...p...ffl. 
 
 ■24- 
 
TOTAL LIFE— MIJSUTES 
 
 Rest period 3 hrs. :lday:3days;7days:14 daysi 
 Run 1/3 of Normal life 45 49 49 50 49 ^ 
 
 " 2/3 of normal life 46 53 58 56 60 
 
 Controls - 45 minutes life- 
 
 These results seem to oontradict the intermittent 
 tests especially when the doubled rat© of flow in inter- 
 mittent tests during exposures is taken into consideration. 
 Ho satisfactory explanation of this apparent disarapancy 
 has been made . 
 
 17. STAHDARP OAUISTER FILLIMQ AMD DESISN: 
 
 The development of the canister has been along 
 two general lines, viz: decrease in volume as better ab- 
 sorbents were obtained, and reduction of resistance to 
 breathing. A brief description of the various canisters, 
 together with a complete summary of the protection afford- 
 ed against toxic gases will be found in Table II of the 
 appendix to this report. 
 
 The absorbents used in filling the first can- 
 isters consisted of wood charcoal and a high caustic green 
 soda lime developed by the Bureau of Mines and the General 
 Chemical Company of Easton, Pa. The first gases to be 
 dealt with were chlorine, phosgene, and hydrocyanic acid. 
 Early experiments showed that with 56 cu« in. of absorbent, 
 2/5 soda lime was the minimum amount that could be used 
 and still furnish the required protection against the then 
 known war gases. Since charcoal absorbs most gases to a 
 considerable extent it was desired to have as much char- 
 coal in the canister as possible to furnish some protection 
 at least against any surprise gas the enemy might use. 
 Therefore, it was decided to use 2/5 soda lime and 3/5 char- 
 coal by volume, and this proportion has been used in all 
 types of caniste?^s to the present.. Tests conducted dtirina: 
 the early part of 1918 by the Canister Research Unit son- 
 firmed this proportion as giving the best protection, con- 
 sidering all war gases. Tests by the Man Test Unit showed 
 that a 60^ soda lime mixture gave a slightly longer life 
 against phosgene, but the advantage was not considered 
 sufficient to recommend a change as it was desirable to 
 have as much charcoal as possible for protection against 
 
 -25- 
 
Ghloropicrin and other possible gases. The 60-40 mixture 
 of charcoal and soda lirne has, therefore, been adopted 
 as the standard proportion. 
 
 The first change in filling canisters was to 
 mix the charcoal and soda lime together instead of sepa-r 
 rating them in layers. Early experiments by this section 
 proved that the protection afforded by a mixture was 
 equal to that of layers. From a productive standpoint 
 the mixture was easier to handle and was adopted- Later 
 the British confirmed these results and just recently a 
 series of experiments have been conducted by the Canister 
 Pilling Unit confirming them. Several combinations of 
 layers of absorbents were tested against the three standard 
 gases, phosgene, hydrocyanic acid and chloropicrin. The 
 following conclusions were drawn: (1) The mixture of char- 
 coal and soda lime is better than any combination of lay- 
 ers of the two for filling canisters which are to be used 
 against all gases. (Z) The mixture is far superior to 
 any combination of layers against phosgene and the same 
 protection is afforded whether phosgene enters charcoal 
 first and then soda lime or whether it enters soda lime and 
 then charcoal, (3) The best combination to use against hy- 
 drocyanic acid is charcoal in the bottom of the canister 
 and the soda lime on top, (4) The best combination to use 
 against chloropicrin is soda lime in the bottom of the can- 
 ister and charcoal on top. 
 
 In Types B and G canister a side ring paper baffle 
 was placed to prevent channeling of the gases up the sides 
 of the canister. The work which lead to this change was 
 done by Withrow and Young at Ohio State University. The 
 canisters were filled with Easton green soda lime and 
 gassed with chlorine at 120 l/m. continuous flow. The course 
 of the gas was ahown by the color change of the soda lime 
 which came in contact with the chlorine. At this rate of 
 flow the gases channeled up the sides. Later » considerable 
 work on channeling was done by the Oanister Pilling Unit 
 with several types of canisters and at several rates of 
 flow. In these experiments the canisters were filled with 
 pink soda lime and gassed with hydrogen sulphide to obtain 
 the course of the gas through the canister. It was soon 
 proven that at the rates of flov; to which the canisters 
 would be subjected, 8 l/m to 52 l/ra, the dome in the bottom 
 of the canister was sufficient to direct the gases through 
 the center. So in later fillings the baffles were omitted 
 and still later the dome in the bottom was lowered. A 
 few general conclusions which can be drawn from the channel- 
 ing or "wave front" experiments are given here: 
 
 -25- 
 
•:; -J 
 
Kt>tTe-filM<3 A<I2 VA1.VE/ 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 WASHINGTON. D. C. 
 
 GAS MASK RESEARCH 
 
 A. C. FIELDNER 
 
 U. J*. flR.MY C/qN- 
 TYPE CTHE-WME.. 
 
 A^OjoU^ 
 
iPRIMG 
 
 (NO.I3.B.e'XWIRE) 
 
 EJt ^-'CE^la3S^rP_^rl5; ^ 
 
 IRON JCREEN 
 
 •TOWELING- 
 
 PfKk.mG JCREEN 
 
 3 Lf=ixea.j- 
 
 COTTOhi Wf^O- 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY E;XPERIMENT STATION 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 GAS MASK RESEARCH 
 
 A. C. FIELONER 
 
 jTflWfiaPDTrPED 
 
^g 
 
 
 JCK.ES.H 
 it nE5H 
 
 rJCREEN 
 12- (^eSH 
 
 3 LAYER. 
 COT TOW 
 WAPO/A«0 
 
 AT CBNTeH 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 WASHINCTON. D. C. 
 
 «^S MASK RESEARCH 
 
 A. C. FIELDNER 
 
 JTflNDMDTYPEF 
 
 FVLC 
 
 :^ff^ 
 
iCREEN 
 16 ME/H 
 
 SCPEEN 
 IE ME/H 
 
 OOME 
 JtSESN 
 
 TOWELING 
 
 2 i-flYER. 
 Cotton wao 
 0JN6 PAD 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 WASHIN6T0N. D. C 
 
 CAS MASK RESEARCH 
 
 A. C. FIELDNER 
 
 
 SCACE^UJ-L. 
 
 pPAyH by3> 
 
 CHECKED BY 
 
 omff-Z^-fi 
 
 M 
 
 5 
 ^ 
 
 
 V^^^f^fS 
 
 5y 
 
GaJ' £x/t. 
 
 
 \^ Screen 
 
 O-aj- Entrance- 
 
 Weight of Ab^orbe^nt 
 
 Unchanged 
 
 Res/jt ance @ 8S / /m 
 
 Time @ /qOOO p.p.w. 
 
 60^.0 Q. : 
 
 ^s5 //7. 
 
 / 7 0.0 min. 
 
 Llnclmn^erd. 0-runu Jes 
 
 Parih ChanQ^cd 
 
 Mo<st ChanyecL 
 
 \5^AVE -FRONT QF 
 /TONDADD"H"TYPE 
 MflCHilNE TF/TED CflNI/TIR 
 
Gay Exit 
 
 , ybreen 
 Towel in 
 
 ■ycreen 
 
 Gay Eni-rcince 
 
 ./tandard Cani>ter 
 
 Weight of Abrorbent^ 5\7 q- 
 
 Unchanged- " \3J > 
 
 HeyiAQDce <? 65 Um A. 07 m. 
 
 Time @ \opoo pp.m. 155.0 min. 
 
 Unchanqeci Gronuley 
 
 Por+l_ij. Changed " 
 
 Mo/- + 
 
 I1_»UTB."HLA t--' or MUCBTBUB 
 *.M..';.C/.'- a»l«Ri(l> OCPtRIMSN. srArh> 
 
 sMJAaoiitaflii 
 
 WAVE FDONT OF 
 
 /TANDARD H TVPE 
 CANiy"TEf?-MAN TE/T 
 
 BHAWN «T J. P ij 
 
 
1, There is less tendency for a gas to channel 
 up the sides of canisters at lower rates of flow than at 
 higher rates. 
 
 2« There is less tendency for a gas to channel 
 up the sides of canisters at intermittent flow than at con- 
 tinuous flow. 
 
 3. The manipulation used in packing canisters is 
 an important factor in channeling as it influences the 
 course of the gas materially* 
 
 In connection with the work from which the last 
 conclusion above was drawn an improved method of packing 
 was developed. The original method of packing experimental 
 canisters was to pour the absorbents into the canisters and 
 then tamp them down with a wood block. This method packs 
 the center harder than the sides and causes the gas to 
 channel up the sideso The improved method consists in fill- 
 ing the canister with the absorbents, then inserting the 
 top screen and springs. The canister with the spring pres- 
 sure applied on the absorbents is then jolted on a machine 
 designed to give the canister a 1 inch drop at a rate of 
 150 drops a minute. This method settles the absorbents 
 evenly and decreases irregular channeling to a great extent. 
 With the latest type of canister, the central breathing 
 tube type, it is absolutely necessary to jolt the canister 
 with the spring pressure applied in order to avoid channel- 
 ing. 
 
 When gas warfare developed from wave or cylinder 
 attacks to shell attacks the gas mask was called upon to 
 furnish protection against smokes such as SnCl4, SiCl^, 
 TiGl^, etc. The charcoal and soda lime in the canister 
 furnished no protection against these smokes and it was 
 found necessary to place £wo 2 or 3 layer cotton wadding 
 pads in the canister to completely filter out the smokes. 
 Cottoa wadding pads were chosen after considerable research 
 by this section in conjunction with the Mechanical Research 
 Section, with several kinds of material. When the first 
 snokes proved effective in gas warfare it was certain that 
 new smokes would follow, which would be more penetrating, 
 so that this stage research on the gas masks divided into 
 two lines, chemical protection and smoke protection. The 
 development of smoke protection is given in another place 
 and only the work done on it that directly affects the chem- 
 ical protection is given here. 
 
 Tests were conducted for the purpose of deter- 
 mining the most desirable positions for the pads in the 
 canister. A series of tests conducted by the Man Test 
 Unit in February 1918, showed that the use of two filter 
 pads located at 1/3 and 2/3 the distance from the bottom of 
 
 -27- 
 
the canister was preferable to the use of one pad located 
 either at the middle or at the top. These conclusions 
 Were drawn from the tests against S-22. Test by the Can- 
 ister Research Unit a little later showed that the position 
 of the pads does not influence the efficiency of the can- 
 ister against the common gases, GG, G-28, or PS. Man tests 
 showed that with respect to the protection against S-25 
 the total weight of the filter pads is of rery much more 
 importance than the amount of the pad surface or the posi- 
 tion of the pads in the canister. 
 
 Along with the other research work on absorbents 
 and pads a series of experiments was conducted for the pur- 
 pose of determining the effect on the life of an absorbent 
 of separating the various meshes and placing them in differ- 
 ent layers in the canister. As a result of these tests the 
 following conclusions were drawn: 
 
 1. Uo increase in life is produced by placing the 
 coarse material in the bottom of the canister and the fine 
 in the top. 
 
 2. Ho advantage in efficiency is gained by using 
 fine charcoal and coarse soda lime or fine soda lime and 
 coarse charcoal. 
 
 The change from H to J and L type was entirely a 
 change— t-Q^ obtain lower resistance and although a lowering 
 of the resistance of 27^ was obtained at a sacrifice of 
 50^ in the protection, it was considered justifiable. At 
 this time all energy was put on developing a canister with 
 a low resistance, less than 2 inches, that would furnish 
 30 minutes protection against CG, 10,000 p.p-m., and PS 
 2,000 p. p.m., man tests, and 30 minutes protection against 
 a nominal concentration of 40 p. p.m. of G76 on man test. 
 About the only limits to the shape and size of the canister 
 were that it should fit in the standard haversack. In 
 order to obtain some practical data which would furnish a 
 working basis for designing the most efficient canister 
 possible, a series of experiments were conducted to deter- 
 mine the most efficient grain size and depth for an sbB<R>ent 
 in a canister of approximately 500 cc. and resistance less 
 than 1 in. In these tests the volume and resistance were 
 held constant while the me ah and cross sectional area were 
 varied. As a result it was found that the best grain size 
 of iabsorbent and area of cross section for a canister of 
 approximately 500 cc. volume and from 15 to 25 mm. pressure 
 drop was one of 130 sq. cm^ cross sectional area, using 
 14-20 mesh material. The tests showed that there was a 
 marked decrease in the life when a thinner layer than 38 ram. 
 of absorbents were used. This was caused largely by the 
 
 -28- 
 

 /\Qyu\r>f\^Annnl 
 
 ^dS ab/orbeint 
 m^ ife-f cc. 
 
 rnacER 
 
 JPP'NG 
 
 HEflVYJCfiKN 
 
 CDTTON 
 PAD 
 
 trPACKINQJCREEN 
 <OOTTON P/^D 
 
 CHECK VALVE 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 WASHINGTON. D. C. 
 
 A. C. FIELDNER 
 
 /TANDflPDTYPEJ' 
 Ui/imYCaNI/TER 
 
 CHECKED BY I 
 
 Enir»»;.'ii/.'i 
 
 ~M.^rrU^A^ 
 
 3l| 
 
Qo/" Exit 
 
 O^a/' Exit 
 
 adop+er 
 
 /////// 
 
 / /■ / /////// // / ,' 
 
 adap+e 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 -i-U ,^L^__— ,^:^^___V_, 
 
 
 /■O' ///////// 
 
 
 ' ,' 1'.JjUJjJI/ 
 
 ■T-rr-, //';■/ /7"/ ' 
 
 /"ere en 
 
 y+ondord ChecK" Vol we 
 &cy Enfronce 
 
 PROBLEM E-2-9 
 
 — fcrt^e-r^ 
 
 Unchonoed 
 
 P-e^iy + once @ (35" Ly'n 
 
 Time 6> loooo p p- m 
 
 15. 7% 
 3. \7 in 
 6 4-. 3 Tiin 
 
 Unchanaed Grdnule./* 
 
 Portlu Ch<inoef] 
 
 Mo^-t 
 
 rrPE j'cANr/TER/ 
 
 
BtS»!»_E2iJ; n"- 3WK '..iSiAl-. - 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 
 C 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 6 CM. 
 
 r 
 
 
 HE.AVV 
 5cB-e£N 
 
 COTTON 
 PRO 
 
 LIGHT 
 
 'jcfi.eeN 
 
 _ Light 
 
 -/as-, 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 WASHINGTON. D. C. 
 
 GAS MASK RESEARCH 
 
 A. C. FIELONER 
 
 JTflNDflRDTyPEL 
 
 SCALF- fUL.U 
 
 DRAWN ey 
 
 CHECKED B- 
 DATE 
 
 
 APPROVED BY 
 
 couNrgasidRCb by 
 
 C7^f<^, 
 
 mi 
 
variations in the depth of absorbent which sould not be 
 avoided with the flat type of canisters used. In order 
 to get a fair test of efficiency of thinner layers of ab- 
 sorbent than 38 mm. additional tests were conducted with 
 canisters known as the central breathing tube type. In 
 these canisters the absorbent was held between two con- 
 centric cylinders of perforated metal. As in the previous 
 tests the volume and resistance were held constant while 
 the mesh and depth of absorbent were varied. As a result 
 of this series of tests the following conclusions were 
 drawn : 
 
 1. The roost efficient depth of layer and grain 
 size of absorbent for use in a central breathing tube cani- 
 ster of 500 CO. volume and 15 mm. resistance is one of 
 approximately 80 mm. and 22 to 26 mesh material, 
 
 2. The central breathing tube type of canister 
 gives approximately 40^ longer life to the same volume of 
 absorbent than a flat type canister or one of the general 
 construction of the TJ.S.B-R. Type"JV 
 
 3. The better type of central breathing tube 
 canister from the standpoint of packing and testing is one 
 in which the central tube does not extend entirely through 
 the absorbent. 
 
 4. Due to the variations in material and pack- 
 ing which cannot be altogether avoided, a 15 mm. resist- 
 ance packing is found to be much more practical than a 
 10 mm. 
 
 5. In order to control the resistance within 
 fairly close limits it is necessary to remove all dust 
 from the absorbent. The dust was found to clog the pores 
 of the toweling and thereby increase the resistance. 
 
 6. Jolting the canisters during packing was 
 found to be absolutely essential to uniformity of resist- 
 ance and good utilization of the absorbent. 
 
 7. With the volume and resistance constant, and 
 a 100^ utilization of absorbent realized, the efficiency 
 of an absorbent increased indefinitely with the fineness 
 of the mesh. The poor efficiency obtained in the tests 
 with the fine mesh material were the results of poor 
 utilization, unavoidably caused by channeling. 
 
 As a result of these investigations, and with 
 the experience with the British central breathing tube 
 type of canister, the Gas Defense Division designed the 
 Logan canister. Its chief advantages are its low resist- 
 ance and its adaptability to the best type of smoke filters, 
 giving a compact one-uait canister. Wave-front experiments 
 on the original iogan canister showed that the gas 
 
 -89- 
 
eNTER/NG- flip. VfliVE. 
 
 ,BREBTHIN6 J\}Vt OF PERFOR- 
 ^fJTEV METfli- 
 
 TTWEUNQONTUftt 
 
 FILTER COMPOSED OF 
 RfJPER WMPPED ON 
 CflNIJTER" flNDCCM- 
 EREO WITH BURlflR 
 
 TIGHT TOP £'0OrT(n 
 
 -7T3v.VEi.INQ- 
 
 SCQ.EEN 
 
 -JFR\NQ 
 fibSoirhent 
 
 OK "PERFDRflTEO METflL. 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISrOM 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 WASHINGTON. D. C. 
 
 OAS MASK REBCARCH 
 
 A. C. FIKLDNSS 
 
 LOGAN TYPE 
 CANI/TER 
 
oms EXIT 
 
 GA5 ENTRANce 
 
 e:x/t 
 
 Inner Tohe ^ 
 
 .Tap«uJ £■ S<s^Je<^ ^ 
 
 Oote.r Tvbe. 
 
 She,/! 
 
 
 .3 Ba^P 
 
 PROBLEn-E-I6 
 
 ^J&i^Ui oC Fihsorher\t' . 
 
 PiPJ-ysZ-^nce. (p 85 L/m' 
 Tim& at 5'000 V.VfM. 
 
 A-50 6tr, 
 
 J Sis' Jn.m. 
 -4- (p. itnn. 
 
 /Vfs/j. ^'f<^'i/ r-a-f-ri /z~/-f , /-^-/G^ /G-'yS , /^Zo, 
 
 UtncinamSacJ Gri)tiuleS 
 
 P^rtiij Chan<^0cl " 
 
 Most 
 
 f^ n 
 
 RESEARCH DrVJSION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 WASHINSTON.' D, C. 
 
 UQUE FRONT OF 
 
 TJEVI/ED JLOG-flN 
 CflNI/TER.3fS!;f.'»X 
 
<^as E.xi4' 
 
 ^ /r?ne.r Screen 
 
 PPOSLBM £-2' 18 
 
 We'i^h-^ of Absorbent 483 ^ 
 
 UnchanqeJ ' • 55.4- y^ 
 
 Resis^nce, ^ SS Y/-j 5Z mm. 
 
 f/o^y -//7/. 32 y,^, ?2 5/rakcs/Af/n 
 
 'Per/orated 
 Mcfa/ Inner 
 Can/5l6r 
 
 ■J'cre^t^n 
 
 Une/ian(^eJ (^rana/es 
 Pa li/t/ Changed ". 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 WASHINGTON. O. C. 
 
 SA« MASK RiaiANCH 
 
 WAVE FRONT Of^- 
 
 LOOAN CAN/STER 
 
 4/) Ca ft/. OP ABSORBENT 
 
 '■'.<«*<2Sfeft^. 
 
 f^EhSlvjNCD BY 
 
 ■CflEUT>NE"PL. 
 
&RS ENTRfl/\/Ce 
 
 I^^^H ^^^^1 ^^^^^^^4 
 
 COTT0^4 Pfl D. 
 
 TIN. DUG 
 
 EXlTf 
 
 
 Tflpep RHpSoo\e<i 
 
 Tube 
 
 Ooler Jhell 
 
 -.3"6a|f|. 
 
 PDQB-UEM E-14 
 
 l^sish^nce. (^ 8S L/M / /. ?T7.m. 
 
 Ume. (p S'ooo P RM S3. Tvm 
 
 Flow Jut, 3Z.l/M^j2a Jtt^okes //^fM. 
 
 /7«r V; 'f^aa/ /Jar^j /^ -/^, /^ -/6 ^ /6 -J<3 , /S ^O, 
 
 Une.*nand««| Gfatiulej; . 
 
 fiv-tiy C\^<iv^^ 
 
 Mo* I- 
 
 GAS MASK neSEARCH 
 
 WAVE FRONT OF REVISED 
 LOGAN CPNI/TEC^.^O 
 CU.IN.flBJORBENT 
 
 ^BBEBBii 
 
(fas Bxii- > 
 
 - lnne>rScrc>e^n 
 
 
 i i 
 
 m 
 
 'Pe>rfora/'et:/ 
 Meh/ Inner 
 Can/'s/e^r 
 
 ^- Felt n/fer ^^ 
 
 PPOSLEM £-2-/S 
 
 Weigh f- a^ Absorb&nl- 4-7? g. 
 Unchanged 60.4"^ 
 
 P&5isfanc.€^ (S) 8S V^ f-7 m. 
 
 HowM, 329f^, 22 SI-rokes/M/n, 
 T/me. ^ 5ooo P. P.M. 37 Min. 
 
 Toweling 
 -JcrC'C^n 
 
 RKSE*RCH DIVISION 
 
 Unchanged Cfranufes 
 Porf-ltf Changed " 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMtK -AN UNlVERSnir EXPtRIMENT STATION 
 WAbHINGTON. DC. 
 
 GAS MASK RESEARCH ^ 
 
 WAV£- F/^ONT Of- 
 LOQAN CANISTHQ 
 35CU./N. 0PA3MSENT 
 
 " ;■ i 1^8- J 8 -A G ^ I E t-r^H^T Z^ , 
 
No.l 
 
 fMf^If^^^ 
 
 
 StV.W.Eft( 
 
 Toui/e-linc| 
 
 
 LITTLE CANUTES 
 
 Weta/itofAl^sor/pe/it S^So 
 T//7?e. @ /O 000 /'./'/n. J^^.O 
 
 u^4CKAN(»eo 
 
 PARTLY CHftN<»BO 
 
 MO/T O«AN&£0 
 
 U//4l/^ F/^OA/T 
 
 ^S/'fc/Ai c^/y/jTv; 
 
 
No.iL 
 
 ro^ue I in<j 
 
 0CLffle 
 
 
 e>o.i-f><! 
 
 5Cfecc» oni' 
 
 little: CANI/TEU 
 
 V/efs/ft of A/><sorl>e/it S^S.O 
 
 %a/icfyar?gec( "ZCTri^"''- Z23 
 
 UNCHANOeo 
 
 PARTLY 
 CH<?r<GE.O 
 
 MoyrcHAnroto 
 
 JBl.JWBLA.1L- OW MrisnKfa 
 AMERICAN UNIVIRSHTV RimmMKN. STATION 
 
 WASH'«eiTo«. 0. « 
 
 '^Q 1^* A"/- 
 
 L/TTL£ ^/^£C/AL C/}yV/^r£/^ 
 
 
Mo. nr. 
 
 
 ffar^/^/" 
 
 
 0<l ///<■ 
 
 
 <?Ai ^y/2^ 
 
 LITTLE C/iNI/TER. 
 
 /.;-r^ /7.e 
 
 
 kS49. 
 
 2S.8 
 /r 
 
 U>4CHANGED 
 
 
 \/./rrc£ \sf*ecf^L c^A//^r£^ 
 
 B«l*w*i it'f;gO. ■ 
 
mm 
 
 
 &a.ff(e 
 
 Ba.ffl<l 
 
 LITTLE CANI/TER. 
 
 7 //Tie ^ /O.OOO /f/^/ri / 6^ 
 
 UNChflNGE.0 
 
 PARTUY 
 
 MOyj CHAMGE.P 
 
 AMEv'iCAN UNIVERJIT* PXPtfllMiN, STiTIC 
 
 
 UTTL£ •3/'£C/yiL C/i/i/^r£/i 
 
No. J. 
 
 roiijeliiac 
 
 eaz-c^^f 
 
 JCreeh 
 
 ycreen. 
 
 <5-a.o Ky/Zr 
 
 
 Section 
 
 -at- 
 
 CANl/TER. 
 
 -3>RAWM 
 
 •— — • " 
 
 ^■^ « »«■ 
 
 ^w * ^— .^ 
 
 . 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 • II * !*•• < 
 
 »» • t * 
 
 ■ H 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 >• 
 
 WO 1 
 
 d 
 
 line. 
 
 J 
 
 V/e/^Jit of A^Jori?ent S^^. 
 /fej/jj^a/7ce <^ (3 J /.//n. 2.0, 
 
 TAvcn-Y 
 
 MO/T Ctt/HHOEO 
 
 
A/o.m 
 
 LITTLE CAHUrm 
 
 We/fAt a/ AS^cr^e^ii- S^3. 
 
 u/t/'fr^oa g^^ 
 
 7//77€ @ /C OOO />.^.^. 
 
 27.8 
 /SO, 
 
 1 "iSTJRKAtJ OW «^DSrK» ■ 
 
 .M.m c*H uyyggim gPtm yn. 5tatk>h 
 
 \ Little J7>£ciAL(hN/JTiR 
 
 '"Smm^SB 
 

 ,/CREEN 
 
 TOWEUHG 
 
 ■^Cfietn 
 
 Gay Enft^^hcje, 
 
 0<j^ Ehircii'Kje. 
 
 Weight ofAhyotl?ent Z^^ 
 
 % C/nc/jahoed / 8.0 
 
 T^e/uiohce. @8S//m. Z /.^ 
 
 T/me. of /?un 44.6 
 
 /iVef<ao& V^j/fe Tyont-. 
 
 l/ncli<ih^eJ 
 
 H^f/y . 
 
 Mo/t 
 
 PROBLEM E-6 
 
 III StreAL Of LYilTVH 
 OM£.HlC/iW lIMVFRSirV MPERlMtN. •- 
 
 WAVE FRONT OF LOW 
 "RE/I/TAWC£ CANI/TER 
 
0<as EnrKanoe. 
 
 Gfl5 ex-iT 
 
 
 Ou\e.r'To\>e. 
 on i-iA*roNV 
 
 > I 
 Circular 'Rot>\3<3r 
 
 ^-^ I M n c kTu b«- 
 
 hides' 
 
 ^BQSS 
 
 TJnokaw^wd Cjvtj.hole-^ 
 
 CManSed G rsiwu )©S 
 
 JECT"IO(N AT PI. 
 
 PROBLEM E ^-^0 
 
 iC^si^fe^Tce (a) a? i-/M iS-^/M. 
 Time.(a> S^ooo PPM. 31 Mf^/. 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 WASHINGTON. D. C. 
 
 GAS MASK RESEAf 
 
 MsjU c^ ffbioKbent- 8-/-t. 
 
 WEPeQNTonypE 
 
 UMaanwirijWifiiwai 
 
„.,_,J 
 
T 
 
 I. 
 
 J. 
 
 
 ILIP Foil 5P«IMG 
 
 ;z_ 
 
 TT 
 — «k 
 
 ^ 
 
 c: 
 
 Scaeen 
 
 3 (aOO c.c 
 AB50ABBNT 
 
 I 
 
 X 
 
 ) 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^' 
 
 ■Jt. 
 
 "^«: 
 
 oi. 
 
 vy *'*'• 
 
 ~"^~ 
 
 5^ 
 
 LI. 
 
 KESEAIICH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIIIEHT STATION 
 WASHINOTON, 0, C. 
 
 AAi MASK RCaCARCH 
 
 A. C. PICLDNIR 
 
 LARGE ^wrreiflL 
 
 CC CANUTES. 
 
 — * If D 
 
 
 m 
 
Oax E^iT 
 
 /CREE.N 
 
 ^^Towelinf 
 
 Towtim 
 
 ;rCREEN 
 
 'Crf\J E.NTRANCEr 
 
 T^roblem Z - 14: 
 
 WeidVit of Pibjorhent ia76 . j. 
 
 UMchaKi^ed " 12.1 9^^ 
 
 I^e/»/UK?ce @ as /jm 1.75 ih. 
 
 Time(§) lO.ooo ppm. 108. n-n/H. 
 
 T'lo>o»' Intermittent , 3^ L/m , 22 t/TRoKEy: 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ^^^HH 
 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 
 
 UncHdi 
 
 'S.rri. 
 
 Mo/h 
 
 Granule/" 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 WASHINGTON. I 
 
 GAS M«SK RESEARCH 
 
 WAVE FRONT OF 
 no CU IN CANIST- 
 ER AT 32m FLOW. 
 
 CHECKED f>lJP^, Corf/ninSiClN£0 BY 
 
GRS EXIT 
 
 , INNER TUBL 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 y 
 A 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 S^ 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 ifi 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 A 
 
 / 
 / 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 Q\i\e.r "fube 
 
 O^X^y SViell 
 
 PROBLETl E-11 
 
 WftiiW'oX PIbiOrbent..... < , ^ 
 
 T^e^i^fance (d) 85 yM I? ^.Z^. 
 
 TTme@ 5O0O P.PM. -^3 MW. 
 
 y\o^ Int. ^2-L^^ J.isTf3.o^zs/Nih, 
 Uncbdnoed Qhsoirbeht about ^o_^ 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 WASHINGTON. D. C. 
 
 WAUE FRONT OF OPT 
 IMUn GRANULE J* IN 
 CENTRAL bRERThlNQ 
 TUBE CAN. flBIDTH^IOm 
 
Gaj Ex/f 
 
 
 |l _l^ 
 
 
 v ,/ 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 <! kI' .-^f 
 
 I '^tf I' 
 
 
 Me^h " " (30-35) 
 
 TT^ne. (p S'obo P.RM. 3fo.5'm/n 
 
 F)owJm^: 3Z i-/M ,2^ JTfLOKCS J Miin. 
 
 • OoTeir Tube 
 
 
 ' C U£i-r)6&,4 
 
 Tin disc. 
 
 .RtSEARCH' DIVISION ' :- 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN. UNtVERSITV. EXPtRIMENT'.. STATION; 
 WASHINGTON. p.,iG. 
 
 GAS MASK ttESEARf.M. . ■ ' ■ .A,"c ■rre^DNE.R 
 
 nuMGRflNULEXlNCE^J- 
 TRflLBREflTHINGTUaE 
 CAN. flBS. DEPTH -15 m 
 
I'-ffI 
 
 Gas Exit' 
 
 . lr\n&y ^'ob< 
 
 'Oufei- Tube 
 
 Outer 3 hell 
 
 'Jprini PeUpter 
 
 GRS ENTU-RNCE. 
 
 PRGBLEH E-11 
 
 Time. <it 5-000 P- ^/^ ■ 
 ■yriov^ . THt. 32. l-IhA 
 Mcjh of Hbsorbe-hT 
 
 Unchanoecl Granules 
 
 /// 'Pdr-Hy Chamded 
 
 /^. M.M. 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 WASHINGTON. D. C. 
 
 OAS MASK RESEARCH 
 
 WAVE FRONT OF OPT I 
 nun GRflNULE/ IN C^H- 
 TRfiLBRBflTHINGTUBE 
 
 can. ms. DiPiwzom. 
 
GHS HX/T 
 
 
 Ootet- Tube 
 
 OuPsi- vSlxcH 
 
 fts/eto'^r 
 
 - Gas P-nfniTKeL ,^ 
 
 PDOBLETl E-J] 
 
 VJex^l^f of nyforb&rit 4-^0 . 
 
 l^esistdtic^ (q) 85: l/yl /^ 
 
 Time (p5'_ooo T^'P. /i. ^5' 
 
 Flow. Int. , 52 L/H ,Z2- Shi-oUes/HiM. 
 
 Mesh of /^hso^he.nt /4- -/^ 
 
 /77/n. 
 
 Most 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 WASHINCTON, 
 
 GAS MASK RESEARCH 
 
 WAVE FRONT or OPTI- 
 MUM GRANULES IN CfN- 
 TRAL BRCflTH INC- TUBE 
 CflNliTE)^. fl55, DEPTH- 
 
 PRAWN QY 
 
 5" 
 
 CHECK fcD B 
 
 ^ p. 
 
 oate//- 
 
 iOlh 
 
^^m 
 
 Jnne^r to he 
 
 PHGBLLM £-11. 
 V/eijht of Ai^sorifent ^50^ j^r 
 Unchaajed /* J 2.5 % 
 
 ^ej/jta/7ce& ejZ//7 /S,5 Ttl.m. 
 
 T/me (§> 6 00 OP. l^M. 4- 9. m in, 
 
 r/o^Jnt.,3ZL/rr, Z2 strokes/ run 
 riejh of At^soti^ertt IQ- ZO 
 
 /Outer 
 
 ■Outer 
 Can I si €K 
 
 
 Sprinq 
 
 C/nchanje4 (ftanu/es 
 
 tloit 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 WASHINGTON, D, C, 
 
 GAS MASK RE3EAP 
 
 WAVE. FRONT Of oPTinun 
 (/KAHULEJ IH CE.MTRAL 
 BKEATHinO- TUBE CAH- 
 IJTER ABJ. l>EPTM'^5n.n. 
 
 -r>^ 
 
Qei^ Sxftr 
 
 ,7/rJfer T{/he 
 
 aoter 
 
 " Qaier 
 Canister 
 
 ve 
 Adopter. 
 
 >^ PrGBLEM E-11 
 
 V/e/jht Of Al^sor^erjt ^60. 
 
 U/rchc/i^ed " 16.0 
 
 ^es/sta/rce ^ 66 l/H 1^. O 
 
 T/rrre <S) 5000 RFH. A-O. O 
 
 Q-QS 
 
 ^ntrartce. 
 
 m.Tn. 
 m ir7. 
 
 L/nc/tofioeef (/•ronu/ej 
 Port/y Change </ " 
 
 /^ost 
 
 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATIO' 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C 
 
 GAS MASK RESEARCH 
 
 WAVEFROMTOFOPTinUn 
 <?f^AnULEJ IN CEMTRAL 
 BREAThlPlQ' TUBE CAH- 
 IJTEF\ ABJ.PEPTM--35rn.in 
 
 Jl: "^^ 
 
 =^?9€ 
 
penetrated first from the bottom, and that a better de- 
 sign was obtained by closing off the bottom with solid 
 tin and having the inner breathing tube e:?:tend nearly 
 to the bottom. This so-called Revised Logan canister 
 has a resistance (including filter) of less than 2 inchea 
 and the protection afforded per unit volume of absorbent 
 is much greater than in any other type so far designed. 
 
 18. METHODS OP TESTIMQ SAS MASK FABRICS 
 AM D PROTECTIVE QLOTHIHG: 
 
 Methods have been devised and standardized for 
 testing the permeability of gas mask fabrics and protective 
 clothing for the following gases: chloropicrin» phosgene, 
 acrolein, dimethyl chloroargine, mustard gas, superpallte. 
 Lewisite, ethyl iodoacetate, ohloraoetophenone, and xylyl 
 bromide. Both chemical and physiological tests have been 
 employed. These methods have been adopted by the Gas De- 
 fense Division. 
 
 19. ROUTIME PERMEABILITY TESTS Of 
 
 MASK FABRICS AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHIMG: 
 
 The Fabric Testing Unit has examined about 625 
 different fabrics, making in all some 2500 separate per- 
 msabilit* tests- Fabrics intended for gas mask use were 
 gene'-ally tested against PS only^ i)\toile those considered 
 as possible material for protective clothing were tested 
 against both PS and HS. The times of penetration for HS 
 are merely relative values, and do not show the actual time 
 required for HS to penetrate, because of the lesser sensi- 
 tivity of the indicator used as compared with a physiolog- 
 ical test. 
 
 The results of permeability tests on about 85 
 representative fabrics will be found in the Appendix to 
 this report. Table lY. 
 
 It will be seen that fabrics fall into four 
 general classes, according as the gas-proofing material 
 is il) rubber, (2) pyroxylin (cellulose acetate, nitrate, 
 etc), (3) oxidized oil (e.g. linseed, chinawood, etc), or 
 (4) gelatin (glue-glycerine, gelatine-formaldehyde , etc.). 
 In general these groups show resistance to penetration by 
 the common war gases of organic nature, in the order list- 
 ed, the gelatin fabrics being extremely resistant. 
 
 20. DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTIVE QOATIMGS FOR FABRICS: 
 
 (Q) Impervious fabrics: Fabric coated with "Vis- 
 camite" a starch plumbate , proved extremely resistant to 
 
 -30- 
 
I J 
 
 jIijjjjjjj 
 
 
 O 
 
SddccI^ 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 ■s« il li 
 
 ,s ? 
 
 III 
 
 wz?zL4: 
 
 I 
 
 it 
 
i ^ ^ 
 
 
 ^. ^ — A 
 
 @ ® 
 
HS, giving a time to penetration of 24 hours* The mater- 
 ial had the disadvantage of not being entirely waterproof, 
 although its other mechanioal qualities were excellent. 
 When mixed with 25% of pyroxylin varnish, the material 
 was waterproof, but offered no great resistance to HS- 
 Fabrics coated with viscose have been found to be extreme- 
 ly resistant to HS (48 hours> and to aerate very rapidly, 
 but it has not been possible to make a coating with suffi- 
 cient elasticity. Chlorinated gelatine resists HS for 
 long periods. When mixed with oil this material is flex» 
 ible, but not completely waterproof. 
 
 (b) Air- and Water-permeable fabrics; Considerable 
 work has been done in an attempt to produce a fabric which 
 would permit transpiration of water vapor and preferably 
 air as well, but resist the passage of HS. A variety of 
 oil impregnating media were investigated. It was found 
 advantageous to substitute cheaper and more readily avail- 
 able material, i.e. rosin and cylinder oils, for the lano- 
 lin in the lanolin- zinc soap emulsion for impregnating 
 fabrics (developed by 3r, Hill of the Defense Chemical 
 Research Section). An improvement was made in protective 
 underwear by using a soluble soap mixture in .oil instead 
 of the insoluble soap, since in washing a high percentage 
 of the insoluble soap was lost, and it seemed better to 
 use a soluble soap which could be completely removed by 
 washing. The sodixim soap-cylinder oil mixture, when im- 
 pregnated on thin sheeting to about 50fo of the weight of 
 the sheeting, gave protection against saturated HS vapor 
 for 20 minutes, as shown by physiological test. 
 
 All these impregnating media serve merely to dis- 
 solve HS and have no destructive action. Mixtures of 
 chlorazene with soluble soaps and glycerine were, however, 
 found to afford considerably better protection than the 
 soaps alone, and gave only a very slight residual burn 
 after being broken down by HS. 
 
 81. REIfOVATIOlf OF FABRICS QONTaI/IIMATED WITH HS t 
 
 A large number of solutions have been investi- 
 gated with a view to the destruction of HS on fabrics. 
 Small scale tests were made first, using pieces of diaper 
 cloth, after which large scale test using CD, woolen uni- 
 forms were carried on. The solutions showing the greatest 
 hydrolyzing effect in the first tests were used for re- 
 novating the uniforms. From the results of the preliminary 
 tests, the following solutions seemed to be the most effi- 
 c lent . 
 
 -31- 
 
EXPOiED MA/K FABRIC. 
 
 nmr £5, 1918 TO AUG. £,1918. 
 
 FABRIC NO. P. 297 
 
 RUBBER EXPO/ED. 
 
 QuWKy a.^WK/ -^mi/. (o-^im/. fi^MV. lovvK/ 
 
 ■ Im mm\ ft^^^ f-k:'^ 
 
 
 o ^azK/. 
 
 CLrOTn EXPOSED. 
 
 TOWK/. 
 
 UNDER GL^yy 
 
 H£/\TED AT I50C.IN OVEN. 
 
 6 HR/. I£ HTt/. 18 HR>. 
 
 .2368 
 
EXPOSED MA/K FABRIC. 
 
 HUBBER EXPO/ID. 
 
 <o^^flV. 6-syiU JOWK/ 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 CLOTH EXPO/ED. 
 
 O,^^/ LWK/. ^iWK/. G^^K/ 8^yK>/. TO WK>y. 
 
 UNDER GLAiV HEATED AT BOtiN OVEN. 
 
 O B^msJ. S. WK/. 4 WfL/ 6 HR/. IS flTt/. 18 HR/ 
 
 r^ 
 
 2361 
 
EXPOiED MAiKE^BRIC. 
 
 riAV £5, 1918 TO AUG.£,T9I8. 
 
 FABRIC NO. P. £93 
 
 RUBBER EXPOyiD. 
 Q.^^^^ _2JWR/ -i^gWiv/. t>^5^K/ 
 
 o ^yK/. 
 
 CLOTH EXPOSED. 
 
 UNDER GLA>y HEATED AT I30lC.IN OVEN. 
 
 O WK>. 2 WK/. 4 WIL/^ 6 HRy. la HFt/. 18 HR/. 
 
 2i364 
 
 '1 
 
 -S3- 
 
EXPOiED MAiKE^RlC. 
 
 Tl/V\ £5, 19I8TO AUG. £,1918. 
 
 FABRIC NO. P- 366 
 
 RUBBER EXPO/ED. 
 
 N^K/ 8\Vh/. 10\VK/ 
 
 O.^SVK/. 
 
 o.^azK/. 
 
 CLOTH EXPO/ED. 
 
 :/. A \\K>1 G WK/ 8 ^a/K/. TO WK>. 
 
 UNDER GL^JJ HE/\TEDATI30C.INOVEN. 
 
 2862 
 
 -S3- 
 
of all fabrics dec?3:eas©d about 15^ as a result of the ex* 
 posure. Exposure to higji oonGehtrations of CS for 15 
 hoajrs rotted both the fabric and the rubber. Chemical 
 analysis of the fabrioa ih^ 1<? ate d that more' than 10% 
 bitumen is undesirable aiid that as high as ZOfo of carbon 
 tends to preserve the fabric, especially when exposed to 
 sunlight. Fabrics with a high percentage of gum were fbuad, 
 in general, to be more resistant to the effects of weather 
 than those containing a large amount of filler. ' On the " 
 v/hole the results showed that any 'of the fabrics te steel, 
 with the exception of the Kenyon Oompany samples, were 
 satisfactory from the standpoint of resistance to weather. 
 
 A number of other aging tests were made on vari- 
 ous fabrics. Materials submitted by the JDuPont Fabrikoid 
 Company for use in overall garments for protection against 
 HS were exposed to sun and rain for two week^, after which 
 the fabrics were swollen and brittle and quite useless* A 
 considerable nximber of permeability tests Were ^s6 made 
 to determine the effect of aging on a variety of fabrics 
 submitted by the Gas Defense Division. 
 
 23. MECHAHISM OF FABRIC PEME!PEATIOH: 
 
 The mechanism of the passage of gas through rubber 
 is undoubtedly one of solution; ail the evidence Is in- har- 
 mony with this point and some results cannot be explained 
 on any other basis. Thus the relative rates of diffusion 
 of some gases are as follows: nitrogen 1, oxygen 2.5 , ' 
 hydrogen 5.5. carbon dioxide 13.6; results which ooul^- not 
 be accounted for on the basis of a diffusion through the 
 pores. Again the very large effect of temperature is' far 
 beyond what it could possi^Jiy be if the' passage were through 
 actual pores. 
 
 The war gases, especially those which are easily 
 condensible vapors penetrate rubber fabric very readily. A 
 rubber sheeting 0.10 inch "thick is penetrated by the satur- 
 •ated vapor of chloropiorin in about 15 minutes'. Phosgene 
 under" the- same conditions (1,000,000 p. p.m.) penetrates in 
 about 5"minutes, acrolein in 4 minutes, superpalite in 15 
 minutes, xylyl bromide in 30 minutes, moncmethyldlchlor- 
 arsine (liquid) in 8 minutes, chlbroyanogen (1,000,000 
 p.p.m.) in 8 minutes, ' --^ ■ mustard gas liquid in 10 
 minutes, mustard gas- saturated vapor in 45 miniatesi All 
 figures- are for 20^0 . 
 
 Aeration is very important. A fabric initially 
 permeated by the gas will continue to give off this gas for 
 scane time thereafter and is consequently useless until this 
 evolution of gas has ceased. The importance of the rapi42:y 
 
 -33- 
 
These results show that small quantities of 
 water in the capillaries of the fabric actually hasten 
 the rate of penetration by mustard gas. 
 
 24. DUGOUT PEOTECTIOJS; 
 
 tn protecting dugouts from gas, blanket curtains 
 which roll down over a wooden d"oor frame have been found 
 most satisfactory- Usually two of these blankets are 
 employed with an air lock between. When in use. the blan- 
 kets were kept saturated by spraying with the Vermorel 
 spray solution (sodium carbonate and sodium thiosulphate) . 
 The function of this solution was not that of filtering 
 a1r which passed through the fabric but was to render the 
 fabric impermeable. Dugouts are apparently not closed 
 for long enough continuous periods to require ventilation. 
 This apparently very imperfect means of protection had the 
 advantages of simplicity and durability, which enabled it 
 to survive other schemes such as gas-tight doors and the 
 like. 
 
 The drawbacks of the method were principally in 
 the solution used for saturating the blankets. Blankets 
 sprayed with the Vermorel solution dried out quickly and 
 had to be resprayed very frequently. Calcium chloride 
 and glycerine solutions were found to be unsatisfactory 
 due to their tendency to sweat and collect moisture on 
 the floor. The ideal impregnating medium should keep the 
 blanket at the proper degree of dampness without draining. 
 Mixtures of mineral oil and lanoline and vaseline proved 
 more impermeable than any impregnating media before tried 
 and had the advantage that they did not drain out at tem- 
 peratures as high as 600p. It is not known that these 
 oil- impregnated blankets were ever used by the British in 
 the field. 
 
 In response to a cabled request from General 
 Pershing an intensive study of the available oils in this 
 country suitable for impregnating blankets was made. At 
 the san^ time a search was made for a substitute for the 
 army blanket which should be cheaper, stronger and more 
 efficient. Investigation of the possibility of using a 
 pyroxylin or linseed oil coated fabric for the purpose 
 was also undertaken* 
 
 As a result of several months of work in which 
 tests of blankets impregnated with a great variety of im- 
 pregnating materials were made in a model dugout test 
 chamber, it was decided that the best oil impregnating 
 medium from the point of view of efficiency and availability 
 was a mixture consisting of 85^ of a steam refined cylinder 
 
 -35- 
 
stock or topped cjrude oil with a viscosity over SOO seconds 
 Saybolt and 155^ boiled linseed oil. The linseed oil was 
 added to give a curtain with a less sticky surface and to 
 prevent draining. Such a curtain would resist field con- 
 centrations of gas for an almost indefinite period of tiiae, 
 would not drain appreciably even in summer weather and 
 would retain its flexibility to a large degree even at 
 temperatures as low as 0°F. 
 
 As a result of conferences with several blanket 
 manufacturers, a number of experimental fabrics were made 
 up for testing. The blanket finally selected was an all- 
 oottoa blanket made on the American cotton system, weighing 
 about 3.5 lbs. (4 ft, x 7 ft.) costing about|3.50. It had 
 a very tight weave which showed a tendency to slide on the 
 warp, it absorbed the oil well leaving a semi-dry surface, 
 and had a tensile strength over 60 lbs. in each direction* 
 This blanket was much superior in e^ery way to the army 
 blanket for the purpose and cost about 25^ less» 
 
 Due to difficulties in shipping the impregnated 
 blankets, impregnation was to be carried out in Prance, 
 For this purpose two types of machine were recommended: fl) 
 a power driven machine designed by the H.W. Butterworth 
 Company of Philadelphia which would be capable of handlir^ 
 the entire needs of our army. Blankets sewed end to end 
 with a coarse chain stitch are sent through the machine 
 in an endless chain. A folding device deposits the im- 
 pregnated material in wooden cars from which the blankets 
 are hung on racks and dried for several days. Blankets 
 are shipped to the front in 50 yd. rolls, each roll in a 
 wooden box to prevent squeezing out of the oil by pressure 
 on the roll from above. (2) a field impregnating apparatus 
 to supplement the power machine. This machine was to be 
 used for re impregnation and for initial impregnation if 
 for any reason the supply of impregnated blankets should run 
 out. In both apparatus the oil was kept at a temtperature 
 of about 70°a. 
 
 The finished blanket weighed about 15 pounds. 
 Two Butterworth machines and 40 of the field impregnating 
 apparatus were constructed. 
 
 Blankets were being manufactured by five con- 
 cerns at the rate of about 40,000 per month beginning 
 August 1, 1918. The number of blankets required was fig- 
 ured on the basis of 2500 blankets per 25,000 men sent to 
 France. About 72,000 blankets had been shipped to the 
 terminals in New York and Boston by October 5, 1918. Oil 
 was shipped overseas in steel drums, 2620 gallons of min- 
 eral oil and S80 gallons linseed oil per thousand blankets 
 
 -36- 
 
produoed were provided. This provided sufficient oil 
 for saturating the oioth oovered supports and for one 
 re impregnation. 
 
 A pyroxylin coated fabric made by the BuPont 
 Company showed some promise. The fabric consisted of a 
 napped moleskin cemented to a cotton sheeting coated with 
 a pyroxylin composition. The back of this fabric was 
 to be saturated with oil where it fitted against the 
 supports in order to secure a gas-tight fit. About 100 
 of these blankets were made up and were to be sent to 
 France for trial. They had the advantage of being light, 
 clean, cheap and requiring no impregnation in France. It 
 was a question whether the coating would stand the rough 
 handling of field use, especially in cold weather. 
 
 25. COMFORT FIT MID GEHERAL WEARING 
 
 '"*'"* ' ' ■ I I ^— — ■■ ■ ■ II tm • II !■ — ■■.ii» m » I I m il I a 
 
 PROPERTIES OF MASKS: 
 
 The earlier experiments along these lines were 
 largely confined to tests of fit and protection of variious 
 types of face-pieces. A ntmiber of tests were made to de- 
 termine the effect of punctures on the protection afford- 
 ed by Tissot type masks. A comparison of U.S. and foriegn 
 masks showed that the French type was by far the most com- 
 fortable; the German type was more comfortable than the 
 British or U.S. and was comparatively free tram the dimming 
 of the eye-pieoes» observed in the case of the two latter. 
 A number of types of modified Tissot masks were worn 15- 
 30 minutes in the gas chamber, in nearly all oases with 
 comfort and perfect protection to the weasr. The absence 
 of dimming in this type of mask was very satisfactory.. 
 
 The question of the physiological effect of 
 breathing against resistance was studied and although no 
 quantitative results were obtained because of the large 
 number of variables involved, it was nevertheless fiirmly 
 established that, qualitatively increased resistance re- 
 duces a man's working capacity and endurance. 
 
 Later a new unit was formed to investigate system-r 
 atically the whole question of fit and wearing qualities 
 of masks. Three standard tests have been devised for com- 
 paring different types of masks. Test Wo. 1, is a five- 
 hour continuous-wearing test for comfort. During this time 
 various activities are engaged in, and at the beginning and 
 end of the period each subject fills out a questionnaire 
 covering every detail of the protection, vision and especi- 
 ally the comfort afforded by his mask. There are 25 question 
 each so worded that an answer of "yes" is at once indicative 
 of dissatisfaction with that particular feature of the 
 
 -37- 
 
WAE DEPiiRT.lEKT 
 AMERICSM.UKIV^iiSiTY EXPERix^iENT STATION 
 Chemical Yi/arfare Service, U.S.A. 
 Research Division 
 V\/ashington, D* C, 
 
 ST.kKDARD FIELD TEST # 1 
 Ga? Mask Research Section 
 
 Pt'C tilem No • 
 
 Da4e .......••. r . 
 
 FIELD TEST. No. 
 INDIVIDUAL TEST 
 
 No. 
 
 NALIE 
 
 TliiE 
 
 Answer "YES" or "NO" toy "X" 
 PROTECTION 
 l.In gas-chamoer, does the mask leak? 
 2 Does masK need adjustment to keep out gas? 
 VISION 
 3 VJpuld you prefer eyepieces higher? 
 4 Would you- prefer. eyepieces lower? 
 
 ^_FOEE REiJ.ARKB AFTER REMARKS 
 ; Ye 3: No 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 i> 
 
 4 
 
 jjnpairea laterally?5 
 
 impaired vertical l^fS 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 5 Is your. angle of vision 
 
 6 Is your angle of vision 
 
 7 ■'^o you get any dimming? 
 
 8 ■'^idyou use anti-dim? 
 
 COLIFOEI 
 
 9 Is the head-harness uncomfortable? 9 
 
 10 Are tai>es crossing the ears uncomf ortatoie?10 
 
 11 Is the forehead band uncomfortable? 11 
 
 12 Does air blow into your eyes? 12 
 
 13 Does the resistance seem high? 13 
 
 14 Is the nose-clip tmcomf ortable? 14, 
 
 15 Does the mask touch. your face? 1& 
 
 16 Does the mask touch. your nose? 16 
 
 17 Do air-tubes or deflectors touch your facel7 
 
 18 Do air- tubes or deflectors touch your noselB 
 
 19 Is the chia-rest uncomfortable? 
 
 20 Does the mar.k draw up on the chin? 
 
 21 Does the mask hurt Adam's apple? 
 
 22 Is the mask too full under chin? 
 
 23 Does flutter-valve gi.iard interfere? 
 
 24 Ls ability to talk hindered by mask? 
 
 25 Does perspiration accumulate in mask? 
 
 Tota.ls 
 Wearer^s Facial Characteristicss Forehead,,. 
 
 Binders , ,, inche s : Cranial .... 
 
 Nose s inches . 
 
 Size of mask indicated... ,.... ♦ ..••.••• 
 
 1 
 
 1? 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 
 ies 
 
 No 
 
 .,,.,. .inches. 
 , ,, . . ..inches. 
 
 Bate your mask by checking one of these: 
 
 Absolutely unbearable 
 
 2 ; Almost unbearable 
 
 3 : Highly lancomf ortable 
 
 4 t Fairly comfortable 
 
 5 : -^niirely comfortable 
 
 •^curate description, of mask> . 
 
 Have you woi-ii mask before? ..How many total nouvs? 
 
 When worn?,. ,..,.. ^, ^^Jypes of masks?........ 
 
 Uncomfortable feature B'-Or^.er of impor-ances 
 
 Remarks: 
 
 Signed... 
 
 ^ajor 
 
 C.y;,S. in Charge Gas Ivlask 
 Research 
 
 By, 
 
mask being tested. The percentage of affirmative answers 
 received is, therefore, a measure of the general desira- 
 bility, the best mask making the lowest percentage. 
 Results follow: 
 
 Type of Mask 
 
 $ answers indicating dissatisfaction 
 Wo. Tested Start of Test End of Test 
 
 K.M. Tissot 
 
 15 
 
 11.0 
 
 ii;2 
 
 Akron " 
 
 7 
 
 10.3 
 
 26.3 
 
 Kops " 
 
 3 
 
 18.7 
 
 80.0 
 
 Miller " 
 
 6 
 
 22.4 
 
 24.0 
 
 R.P.K. (U.S.) 
 
 \ 
 
 16,0 
 
 28.0 
 
 German 
 
 14 
 
 35.1 
 
 30.4 
 
 The ratings given to the masks by their wearers 
 at the end of five hours are given below; 
 
 rEntire- iFair- rHighly; r 
 :ly :ly :com- :A1- : Absolute ■ 
 : comfort- room- :fort~ rmost ;ly un- 
 Wo. :able : fort-; able :xinbear- ; bearable 
 Type of Mask : Tested; :able ; :able ; 
 
 K.M. Tissot 
 
 15 
 
 93.3 
 
 6.7 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0,0 
 
 Akron " 
 
 7 
 
 14 ;3 
 
 71.4 
 
 14.3 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 Kops 
 
 3 
 
 0.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 Miller " 
 
 5 
 
 0.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 R.P.K. (U.S.) 
 
 1 
 
 OiO 
 
 100.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 0,0 
 
 German 
 
 14 
 
 0.0 
 
 42.9 
 
 28.6 
 
 28.6 
 
 
 Miller 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Rubber Dam) 
 
 12 
 
 16.7 
 
 75.0 
 
 8.3 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 It will be seen that the German mask was found 
 to be much less comfottable than any of the Tissot types 
 tested. The Z.M. Tissot proved to be by far the most com- 
 fortable. 
 
 Test NO. 2, is for the protection afforded by^ 
 the masks under conditions of increasingly severe activity, 
 Visits to the gas chamber after each period of activity 
 show whether the masks have been disarranged enough to 
 cease protecting the weefer- A speed trial for adjustment 
 is included in the test. 
 
 -38- 
 
fo of ma sks fai ling to give p ro t eat i on 
 
 :Ko. 
 Type of Mask; Tested 
 
 15 
 
 : :mins. : : : Average 
 Start: 15 :oalis-:15 : :time for 
 of :inin.:then- :mins. ; Speed '.adjustment 
 
 Test :hike:ics 
 
 game s : Te at 
 
 (seconds) 
 
 Z.M. Tissot 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 14.3 
 
 5 ..7 
 
 Zops 
 
 5 
 
 20.0 
 
 
 
 60.0 
 
 5.2 
 
 Akron 
 
 15 13.3 6.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 33.3 
 
 ■6,0 
 
 (Jerman " 
 
 14 35.7 21.4 
 
 14.3 
 
 
 
 7.1 
 
 2.5 
 
 R.P.E.IU.S.) 
 
 Not neoessary to 
 exous leakage; 
 
 test--no 
 
 poss 
 
 ibllity 
 
 of dan- 
 
 Test Uo. 3 is for vision; A special hemispherical 
 chart» marked off in degrees-, has /been designed ^ so that 
 measurements of the sdtanpe of vision may be taken in all 
 directions. The test also includes a speed trial over a 
 course filled with obstacles calculated to test especially 
 downward and lateral vision. The percentage increase in a 
 man's time when wearing a mask gives a measure of the valai^ 
 of that mask from the standpoint of vision. 
 
 ;HOi 
 Type of Mask: Tested 
 
 So mask worn 
 
 E.Mi Tissot 15 
 
 Akron " 14 
 
 Zops " 14 
 Miller " 
 
 R.P.Z.fU.S.) 23 
 
 German 14 
 
 Percent of field included 
 by observer without mask 
 
 : Above 
 total thori-* 
 
 :Bin- 
 : Below :ocu- 
 :hori* :lar 
 
 :Percent in- 
 : crease in time 
 : in obstacle 
 
 field : zontal : z ontal : vis ion : race 
 
 100 :10G : 
 32.5: 30.5: 
 35.7: 37.6: 
 27.1: 22.1: 
 37.4: 22.9: 
 
 ^ ^ MM • 
 
 39.6: 23.2; 
 
 100 : 100 
 33.6: 7.5 
 34.7: 8.0 
 29.9:15.9 
 45.4:10.9 
 
 37.8: 5.0 
 
 2.80 
 8.57 
 4.29 
 
 3.17 
 8.59 
 
 A simple guage has been developed whereby the 
 tension on any particular tape of the head-harness of a 
 maek may be read direc.tly^ Another apparatus has been con- 
 structed to measure the leakage around the edges of the 
 
 -39- 
 
POSITION OF MASk' 
 BEFOQL ■ TEST 
 
 fliOHT 
 
 FtELD TEXT QEF>0/^T 
 
 Left 
 
 SCOPE OF VISION 
 Projection points of- Lent Center indicated by\X) 
 
 POSITION OF mask: 
 
 AFTER TEST 
 
 
 vr^ 
 
 
 Left 
 
 Field Test NS_ 
 
 Standard TestNO_ 
 
 Individual TestN^^ 
 
 . Name. - 
 Date- 
 Time.^ 
 
 Accurate. Description of MASk:- 
 
 / 
 
 
 Rk^ht 
 
 Ob/ervedBy^ 
 
 . Checked By.. 
 
 { 
 J 
 
 Back 
 
 Potted Line./ Denote 
 Nei}ve Couaj-E/- 
 
 Right Left 
 
 Location of Pupil Center 
 
 ^ 
 
 i \ 
 
 Back 
 
 DOTTID LiNEJ- DsNOTB- 
 tiEBVE- COUBSBS 
 
 RiqHT Left 
 
 Location of Pupil Center 
 
 r T 1 1 UA I 
 
EMIBPIIERICiiL VISION CH/iST. 
 
Tissot type masks. Together these teats form a means of 
 determining the relation between tightness of head-harness 
 and mask leakage. These tests are not yet aoroplete, but 
 it has been found that for any given amount of face-piece 
 leakage , the tension of the head tape must be greatest 
 for the Kops Tissot, less for the Akron Tissot, and 
 least for the K.M. Tissot. A secondary result of these 
 tests was that faae piece leakage is less at high breath- 
 ing rates than at low ones* 
 
 Taken together, these tests indicate a very 
 marked superiority of the K.U. Tissot mask, in respect to 
 fit, scope of vision, comfort, etc., over all other tsnpes 
 tested* Other modifications of Tissot type masks were, 
 in turn, superior to the German mask in these respects* 
 
 26. SMOKE TEST INS: 
 
 Until early in 1918, the chief amokes encountered 
 in gas warfare were stannic chloride^ silicon tetrachloride, 
 arsenic trichloride and titanium tetrachloride. In each 
 case the dense white smofee was due to the hydrolysis of 
 the original substance- The particles were comparatively 
 large, moist and would rapidly clog filters. In testing 
 canisters against such smokes it was therefore important 
 to determine not only the efficiency- time curve but also 
 the resistance-time relation. 
 
 The Gas Mask Research in connection with the 
 Mechanical Research Section conducted an extensive investi- 
 gation to determine the best material as well as its weight 
 and position ill the canister to offer adequate protection 
 against these smokes. The chief materials tried were the 
 following: lintene pads, absorbent cotton, cotton wadding, 
 canton flannel, outing flannel, wool flannel, glass wool 
 and steel wool. The work included both the army and navy 
 canisters. Two 2-layer pads of cotton batting were re- 
 commended l/S and 2/3 distance in the navy canister while 
 two 3-layer pads were similarly placed in the army canister. 
 (Each pad used in the army canister weighed from 3.5 to 
 3.8 grams ). The addition of the pads gave fl) perfect 
 protection against these so-called heavy smokes except per- 
 haps S-E2» (2) increased protection against other war 
 gases by the prevention of channeling. (3) smaller vari- 
 ation in resistance, f4) greater uniformity in life but 
 (5) a material increase in the resistance of the canister 
 (2 inches for the army canister). 
 
 The problem of protection against s-22 without 
 an excessive increase of resistance was slightly more 
 
 -40- 
 
RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 WASHINGTON. D. C. 
 
 CAS MASK RESEAACH 
 
 CANISTER FOR 
 DETZRM/NINQ 
 BREATHING RATES 
 
difficult. It was in this connection that' the Gas Mask- 
 Research Section first suggested the use of paper- as a 
 filtering medium. (The British had previously, employed, 
 a cellulose pad inside the canister.).. In order- to avodd, 
 its great resistance the canister itself- was placed;, in-- 
 side a bag of closely woven paper... Other, materials in- 
 vestigated for use as bag filters were: brown wool, 
 white wool felt,, loosely woven felt, shoddy felt,, gray 
 wool shoddy,, analytical filter paper and cellulose sur- 
 gical paper. It was at this time that DA was first in- 
 trbduced by the Germans, which made necessary an :i/39finite- 
 ly greater smoke protection.. To obtain this,, the British 
 as well as the Americans have since adopted- the above 
 paper bag filter idea. 
 
 In order to develop a filter- which would give 
 adequate protection against BA. it was essential that an 
 accurate and rapid method of testing- the proposed filters 
 be established. This introduced many diff iculti-es.. The 
 Gas Mask Research Section,, therefore,, confined^ i1)self 
 largely to this phase of the problem, the fur-thexj developr. 
 ment of the filter itself being carried on by othei; seottdns. 
 
 Due (1) to varying amounts of: impurities in the- 
 samples of G-76 with which the work had to be carried out, 
 (2) to the widely different degrees of sensitivity of men^ 
 to G-76 and (3)- to the small concentrations then obtainable,, 
 the problem was not found to be an easy one.. Considerable 
 experience had first to be galiied in purifying the material, 
 after which a large so-called standard sample was prepared.. 
 
 •Three methods of analysis were developed (1) de- 
 termination of the arsenic as arsenious acid by titration 
 with iodine,. (2) the so-called "iodine method" viz; absofp" 
 tlon of the smoke in glacial acetic acid and titration 
 with iodine, and (3) a modification of the Gutzeit method, 
 in which arsine, formed from the 'DA is estimated colori- 
 metrically by means of mercuric chloride paper. The first 
 two methods are specially adapted to determining -the purity 
 of the solid material itself ► 
 
 To determine the protection afforded by the stand- 
 ard canisters an apparatus similar to that used for chlor- 
 picrin was first employed. They were found to give ex-^ 
 cellent protection against the saturated vapor air mixtures, 
 due to the charcoal in the canisters. Protection was not 
 afforded, however, against the "smoke-air" mixtures in 
 which form DA was being used. The apparatus was then modi- 
 fied to acoonHaodate the bag type of filter canister. The 
 DA air*-mixture was introduced into a shell jar in which the 
 
 -41- 
 
,^ENyiTlZED PAPER 
 
 GLAry WOOL-MO/J-T 
 
 -4.7 GMy. H2J'0^ 
 
 lll'HSOAV Ok" MINKH 
 
 f^^a^^l^^^^m. 
 
 MODIFIED GUTZEIT APPAfiATUr 
 FOR THt DBTERMINATION OF 
 
 ARSENIC IN 
 Dl PHENYL CHL OR AR SINE 
 
 
 ^^iSKiSBSMM'f'KMSii 
 
csanister was tested* this Insuring the uae of tiie' entire 
 filtering surface against the smoke -air. mixture. 
 
 The method to be used in putting up Goncentra- 
 tions of DA in the gas chamber was investigated quite 
 thoroughly.. (1) The M was dissolved in ethyl alcohol 
 and this soi-ution. sprayed into the chamber by means of 
 small atomizers. (Z) Either the liquid _or solid material 
 together with #6 electric detonators was placed in gela- 
 tine capsules; the. cap sul.es were stispended within iron 
 guard shells (open at; top and bottom] in the oham'ber, 
 and detonation then effected. (3) 1 rapid stream. -of ait 
 was passed through heated DA and then into the- chamber. 
 The effect of size of . detonated:, amount of detonator per 
 capsule, frequency of detonation, concentration of DA 
 in the alcohol, temperature of bath aind, temperature and 
 humidity in the gas chamber we re- 'care fully studied.. Af$&T 
 considering the effect of these various factors, the con- 
 venience of operation of the methods and the constancy 
 of concentrations maintained by them, a carej^ullyvo on- 
 trolled detonation test was selected fusing a •'Standard*' 
 sample of DA). This method was later adopted by the Oo- 
 ordinating Committee on Analytical and Research Methods 
 as the Standard DA. Man Test to be used in all control, 
 laboratories. 
 
 There has been considerable dispute as. to the^ .. , 
 reality of the so-called break point of the filter. Much.' 
 work has been carried out in this connection with the re- 
 sult that the break point is now believed to be unreal. 
 DA, it is thought, comes through the -filter from the start 
 of the test, but in amounts too minute for detection; the 
 concentration is being increased as the test progresses 
 urtil finally the effluent concentration is sufficient 
 to be detected physilogioally. 
 
 Due to the lack of sufficient data to furnish 
 statistical "'^tersges and due to the use of impure samples, 
 no apparent relation was observed between the man and 
 machine DA tests. In view of the difficulties encountered 
 in developing a convenient chemical qualitative test and 
 to the fact that the man tesi; most nearly resembled actual 
 field conditions., the machine method of development testing 
 was discontinued. 
 
 Considerable effort was next exerted in develop- 
 ing other and more convenient methods of grading filters 
 and establishing their relation to the standardized DA 
 Man. Test, This effort has iflet with gratifying results. 
 There have been two methods (ammonium chloride and tobacco 
 smokes) developed and these together with a third (Sulfuric 
 acid smoke) studied in detail by this section. 
 
 -42- 
 
«/r(V a3J.3NM0-rj © 
 
 LU o 
 
 I s 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2r» s 
 
 " » a 
 
 5 i S 
 
 » o o 
 
 ■*^/Tor a3j.3w/vsoij 
 
The ammonium chloride method consists in allow- 
 ing a stream of hydrochloric acid-air-mixtures to meet a 
 similar stream of ammonia in a reaction chamber, thus pro- 
 ducing the ammonium chloride smoke. The quantitative 
 determination of the filtering efficiency was made photo- 
 metrically by measuring the relative intensity of the two 
 Tyndall beams produced by the entering and effluent streams. 
 Several standard forms of photometer were used, but owing 
 to the difficulty in obtaining them, a new form, made of 
 easily obtainable parts, was designed, and this has proved 
 highly satisfactory for filter testing. The correlation 
 between this method of testing canisters and the DA man 
 test was found to be excell«nt. An ammonium chloride 
 machine was installed at the Bureau of Standards for flange 
 testing, and a thorough study made of the effect on the 
 filtering efficiency of paper against ammonium chloride 
 smoke of various factors, such as the rate of flow, con- 
 centration, humidity, and area of flange. 
 
 The tobacco smoke method of testing canisters 
 and filtering materials was the product of considerable 
 investigation of possible materials for testing purposes. 
 Tobacco powder molded into sticks with potassium nitrate 
 and rosin was finally chosen* These sticks burn slowly 
 and uniformly to a clean ash, giving a dense homogeneous 
 smoke. Filtering efficiencies were determined photometricall 
 in much the same way as with ammonium chloride. Canisters 
 tested by this method gave results in very satisfactory 
 agreement with the efficiencies as determined by the stand- 
 ard DA man test. Tobacco smoke machines for testing vari- 
 ous filtering materials were installed, along with the ^ 
 necessary operators, in the Bureau of Standards, A. D. Little, 
 Inc. at Cambridge, Mass., and at the Forest products Lab- 
 oratory at Madison, Wis. This method of test proved en- 
 tirely adequate as a guide in the development of canisters 
 and papers for protection against toxic smokes. A thorough 
 study was made of the variables involved in the test, and 
 standard specifications drawn up for source .of smoke, con- 
 centration, rate of flow and humidity. 
 
 The Manufacturing Development Section has studied 
 sulphuric acid smoke for testing purposes, and this work 
 was continued by this Section. This method has the ad- 
 vantage over the other two in that it is possible to deter- 
 mine the exact concentration of smoke which will penetrate 
 a canister, whereas only relative percentage filtering 
 efficiencies are determined by the other methods. The cor- 
 relation between the sulfuric acid method and the DA man 
 test was also very satisfactory. The method at first did 
 
 *43- 
 

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 RESEARCH DIVISION 
 
 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE 
 
 AMXRICAN UNIVERSITY EXPCRtMENT STATION 
 WASHINOTON. D. C. 
 
 SAB HAflX HKBKAKCM 
 
 TOBACCO SnOKE riflCHINE 
 TOR FLANGE TE/TING", 
 
 WITH fLLUn/NOMETER 
 
 PTTflCHnENT 
 
 
 
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not give reproduoible rasults and was diffioult to mani- _ 
 pulate, but after oonsiderable investigation, these diffi- 
 culties were removed, and very satisfactory checks ob- 
 tained between the results of this Section and those of 
 the Long Island laboratory. 
 
 The following tabulation shows the approximate 
 number of different smoke tests made by this section. In 
 all about 22,000 tests were madei 
 
 
 KUMBER OF 
 
 TESTS 
 
 
 r 
 
 -.Canister 
 
 
 : Flange 
 
 Smoke :Man Tests 
 
 •Machine Tests 
 
 : Machine Tests 
 
 Stannic chloride 500 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Arsenic trichloride 25 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Titanium tetrachloride 75 
 
 -. 
 
 
 
 .» . ^ 
 
 Silicon tetrachloride 125 
 
 — — 
 
 
 
 . — 
 
 DA 3100 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 .... — 
 
 Ammonium chlor ide 
 
 3700 
 
 
 
 1000 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 4600 
 
 
 
 5500 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 2000 
 
 
 
 1000 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 3825 
 
 10950 
 
 7500 
 
 27. FIELD PEKETRATIQg TESTS : 
 
 Various canisters have been tested against 
 smokes, gases and smoke-gas mixtures under as nearly as 
 possible actual field conditions. 
 
 The tests can be classified as follows; 
 
 1. Field tests with smoke candles. 
 
 2. Bomb pit tests with smoke shell. 
 
 3. Field tests with smoke shell and smoke- gas 
 
 mixtures. 
 
 4. Field tests with gases. 
 
 5. Bomb pit tests on NG dugout grenades. 
 
 Smoke Candles - a field test was conducted October 5,1918, 
 . .. at Burrell Field, to determine the pro- 
 
 tection afforded by various canisters against DA candles 
 designed by the Pyrotechnic Section. The conditions were 
 unfavorable for a fair estimation of the penetrating power 
 of the smokes. 
 
 In this test ail Cover Cartridge, flat felt and 
 rectangular accordion filters afforded complete protection 
 at all distances from the source of cloud. One German drum 
 
 -44- 
 
LU 
 
 , mi 
 
 ^ <«z 
 
 i 
 
 IS jil 
 ii 
 
 111 u 
 I E 
 
 lij 
 
 
 Is 
 
 !=S C3-3 
 
 ihi 
 
 3an/y3^i 
 
was penetrated unbearably in 6 minutes, 50 yds. from the 
 candles while the U.S. B.R. in the same group was penetrated 
 unbearably in 10 minutes. Two hundred yards from the 
 candles the two observers with German canisters reported 
 slight penetration.. No olfervers at 500 yds. stations 
 reported penetrations, but observers with German masks 
 instructed to vary their positions to determine the effect- 
 ive area of the cloud reported penetrations at distances 
 of 700 and 800 yards from candles. A logen canister from 
 the first shipment of these canisters to this station 
 was strongly penetrated at 50 yds. in 8 minutes, but did 
 not become unbearable* 
 
 A field test carried out in cooperation with 
 the Dispersoid Section at Bradley Pield^ October 22,1918, 
 had for its object the determination of the protection 
 afforded by various canisters against pure and impure TM 
 smoke from M candles, and resulted unsatisfactorily 
 because the test was not made on a large enough scale. 
 The impure DM candles produced a smoke which was much more 
 penetrating 50 yds» from the candles than that produced 
 by the pure DM as evidenced by the complete breakdown 
 of even the flat felt filters and Cover Cartridges, but 
 v/as much less penetrating at a distance of 150 yards 
 where not even the German canister was penetrated. The 
 pure DM smoke broke both the German and U.S#B.R. canisters 
 at 150 yards* The conditions were slightly more favor- 
 able for the impure candles test and the subjects in 
 this test were in a dense cloudy but the particles in 
 this cloud appear either to have coagulated between 50 
 yards and 150 yards to a size that would not penetrate 
 the filters or to have lost their effectiveness in some 
 other manner. The German and U.S.B.H., "J" Type canistens 
 gave about equal protection in both tests. The Cover 
 Cartridge and flat felt filters gave perfect protection 
 against the pure DM, but both were broken by the smoke 
 from the impure candles. 
 
 A test was conducted at Berlin, Md., November 
 2nd, 1918, to determine (1) the protection afforded by 
 various canisters against 300 DM candles and (2) the 
 effective area of the resultant cloud from these candles 
 which were made by the Dispersoid Section* 
 
 The German drum with paper extension and the 
 Standard Box Respirator gave little or no protection in 
 any part of the oloud . The Cover Cartridges which were 
 placed on J canisters packed without filtering pads, fail- 
 ed to protect in the higher concentrations ^ but ga^re per- 
 fact protection in less dense portions of the cloud. The 
 
 -45- 
 
2002 
 
 TROOPS SECElVtNG FINAL INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE 
 
 TEST. 
 
Pogler flat felt filters gave oomplete protection except 
 in the 100 and 300 yards groups where they were slightly 
 penetrated. The principal achievement of these tests 
 was that they showed the possibility of "building up a 
 concentration of DM in the field that will easily pene- 
 trate both the Standard B.R» and the German canisters 
 at distances of at least a mile. 
 
 A test very similar to the Berlin test was 
 conducted at Lakehurst Proving Grounds, December 12» 
 using 500 DM candles. Virtually all German and U.S.B^R. 
 canisters were penetrated unbearably to a distance of 
 1800 yards. The Pogler flat felt filter gave complete 
 protection at all points in the cloud, while the Logan 
 felts were slightly penetrated in almost every instance 
 to a distance of 1000 yards. One Logan canister with 
 sucked- on pulp filter was unbearably penetrated at 400 
 yards, but others of this type gave oomplete protection 
 beyond that point. The Cover Cartridges performed ex- 
 actly as the Logan canister with sucked- on pulp filters. 
 Of the three English canisters used in this test, one 
 was found unbearable at 400 yards, one was slightly pene- 
 trated at 900 yards, and the other gave complete protectiop 
 at 1000 yards. 
 
 A field test in which 30 DA candles designed 
 by the Pyrotechnic Section were burned to determine the 
 protection afforded by various canisters was conducted 
 October 5. 1918. at Conduit Road Field. One German can- 
 ister and one U-S.B.R. "J" Type ^ were unbearably pene-- 
 trated at 50 yards, but beyond that point only two German 
 canisters were slightly penetrated, both 200 yards from 
 the candles. One Logan canister from this first shipment 
 of this type to this section was strongly penetrated at 
 50 yards. The other types of protection viz: Cover 
 Cartridge, flat felt and accordion filters afforded com- 
 plete protection throughout. 
 
 A comparative field test with D4 candles de- 
 signed by the Dispersoid Section and candles designed by 
 the Pyrotechnic Section was conducted at the Montgomery 
 County Country Club, Md.. October 30, 1918. Conditions 
 were ideal for the favorable performance of smoke clouds 
 and remained the same throughout both tests. The smoke 
 from the Pyrotechnic candles was more dense than that frofn 
 the Dispersoid candles due to the presence of zinc ohlor- 
 ide in the former. The penetrability of DA set up by the 
 Dispersoid candles was greater than that set up by the 
 Pyrotechnic candles up to distances of 600 yards, but 
 from 600 to 1100 yards there was not much difference. 
 
 -46- 
 
2004 
 
 Vim FBOM 100 PSET BiiCK OF OBIGIN aFTEE 
 CLOUD Had OBTAINED ITS MaX^. 
 IMUM DEKSITYo 
 
vim FBOM BEHIND aEIGIU AFTER IGWITIOK OF 
 THIED ROW OP CiiWDLES, 
 
The German drum again gave the least protetftleu of all 
 types represented and the U.S.B.fi. gave only slightly 
 better proteotion. The Cover Cartridges were slightly 
 penetrated up to distanoes of SOO yards by the oloud 
 from the Pyrotechnic oandles, but beyond that point 
 afforded complete proteotion. The Dispersoid candles 
 penetrated one Clover Cartridge unbearably at 100 yards 
 and slightly at a distance of $00 yards. Only one flat 
 felt filter was penetrated but that was unbearable at 
 100 yards in the clouds froip the Dispersoid candles • A 
 final DA candle test using 5^00 PA candles made by the 
 Dispersoid Section was made at Lake hurst Proving Grounds, 
 but owing to the unsuitability of the locstlod to gather 
 information of the nature desired, the results were not 
 satisfactory* 
 
 75 mm. Gas Shell in Bomb Pit: October 4» 1918, a 75 mm# 
 
 gas shell containing 375 8q< 
 of crude DA with a booster charge of 75 ►& gms. 1?.K.T. and 
 10 gms. tetryl was exploded emd men equipped with various 
 protections were sent into the pit to remain 15 minutes 
 if possible* The men equipped with Oerman masks and those 
 with U.S.B.R. Type J canisters were forced out while de- 
 scending the stairs leading into the pit, having received 
 practically no proteotion from their filters. The average 
 time In pit for each type of proteotion represented was as 
 follows: 
 
 5 German canisters no protection 
 
 5 U.S.B.R. " -- - --- 24 seconds 
 
 2 Plat Pelt Filters 5 min.48 sec. 
 
 4 Rectangular Accordion filters — - 10 " 18 " 
 
 5 Cover Cartridges * 13 " 24 " 
 
 Another similar test was made October 10, 1918, 
 this time firing a 75 mm, gas shell containing 43 ccr of 
 crude DA and 392 cc. of GG. with a booster charge of 27 gms. 
 T.U.T. and 9«5 gms. tetryl. The purpose of this test was 
 to determine the possibilities of particles of DA carry- 
 ing enough C6 through the canisters with them to cause 
 casualties. The German mask offered no protection against 
 DA. In contrast to this the Type^U-S-B^R. canister gave 
 good protection, two of the five giving complete pro- 
 tection. The Cover Cartridges and flat Utt filters gave 
 complete proteotion. The 10^ DA and 90^ CG mixture was 
 not nearly as penetrating as the DA alone, and whenever 
 a canister attached to RPK face pieces was penetrated DA 
 was the only gas reported coming through. Some observers 
 with Tissot facje pieces reported both DA and CG, but the 
 
 -47- 
 
indloatione were that the GG osme through badly fitting 
 faoe pieces. 
 
 Field Tests with Smoke Shells: One of the first field 
 
 tests made with shell was 
 made October 19, 1918. with 75 mm. gas shell containing 
 the following: 
 
 Type 1 Type 2 
 
 , lO^fc.CrudeM 25^ Crude DA' 
 
 The shells with type 2. filling exhibited greater penetra- 
 bility than type 1, for it sla-bngly" penetrated, one Cover 
 Cartridge and pne standard 3.R. while the flrsi only pene- 
 trated 2 U.S.B.H's slightly. The' German masks were all 
 penetrated by DA. All Cover Cartridges except the ohe 
 noted above and all flat felt filters gave perfebt: protectioi. 
 as did nine U.S.BeR's; two.. 0.S.B.E 's were slightly pene- 
 trated by type 1, and one strongly by type, Z» The German 
 masks were all penetrated, 60fo of them unbearably. The 
 indications were that if such a cloud could be maintained 
 along a considerable front for aboU:t 30 minutes none of 
 these canisters vould afford complete protection within 
 50 yards of the center of iropact. 
 
 A field test conducted in cooperation with the 
 Dispersoid Section at Bradley Field, October 16, 1918, had 
 for its purpose the determination of the most effective 
 type of DA shell and the establishing of the relative pro- 
 tection afforded by various canisters against the vari- 
 ous types of DA shell. Fight shells were fired simultane- 
 .ously in each test... Cover Cartridges and flat felt filters 
 gave absolute protection against the resulting clouds from 
 all six types of Da shell. The German masks were pene- 
 trated by the resulting clouds from 5 of the 6 types of 
 shell, while the U.S.B»R. gave ample protection against 
 4 of the 6 types, but was wholly inadequate for the tvve 
 1 1-7/16" and type M 70/30 shells. 
 
 In another test carried out at Lakehurst Proving 
 Grounds, November EO-22, the type L and tyrie M DA shells 
 were fired by artillery. In one test 100 of the type M 
 shells were fired by six 75 mm.- guns, consuming a period 
 of 7 minutes. After the firing ceased subjects entered 
 the cloud and followed it down the range as far as T)ossible 
 Owing to unfavorable conditions, the men -ere unable to 
 get into the main part of the cloud and only one of the 
 
 -48- 
 
I 
 
 1758 ? 
 
 FIELD DETECTOR FOR (J-34 
 
WIELD DiSTECTOH FOR G-24 IB USfi 
 
MUSTARD GAS DET3CT0R 
 LAIJTERH TYP3 
 
A seoond method consisted in absorbing the 
 traces of G-34 in Patrick absorbent (silica gel), and 
 subsequently breaking up the gas with heat and testing 
 for the resulting H2S with lead acetate paper^ A suit- 
 able field apparatus was designed. This test is apoarent- 
 ly specific, and sensitive to 0.5 - 1 p.p,m. 
 
 A solution of selenious acid in 1:1 sulphuric 
 acid was found capable of detecting 0-1 p. p.m. of G-34, 
 This principle has been embodied in a compact field 
 apparatus. Heating is unnecessary. A negative test is 
 given by the common war gases with the exception of ar- 
 senic compounds and mercaptans. The selenious acid re- 
 agent hasfi been found capable of quantitative application 
 to the estimation of traces of G-34 in air, and the 
 details of a nephelometric method have been described. 
 Pumice stone impregnated with selenious acid reagent has 
 been found to indicate the presence of G-34 in contam- 
 inated soil in concentrations as low as 1 p. p.m. 
 
 31. :gETEGTIOM OF HYDROGEH IH SUBMABIKE ATMQSPHERgS : 
 
 The Burrell methane detector has been modified 
 and rendered more sensitive so as to detect the presence 
 of hydrogen in air. ^ Several of these hydrogen detectors 
 have been made up for the Navy Department, who have found 
 them satisfactory. 
 
 32. ESTIMATION OF ARSIHE IN AIR: 
 
 Paper dipped in a saturated solution of mercur- 
 ic bromide in alcohol, and dried, has been found to give 
 marked changes of color when exposed to a few parts of 
 arsine in 100,000,000 parts of air, Specifications for 
 test paper and standard color charts have been prepared 
 and submitted to the Navy Department, for the estiination 
 of arsine in submarine atmospheres. 
 
 55. PORTABLE ORSAT GAS ANALYSIS APPARATUS: 
 
 A portable Orsat gas analysis apparatus has been 
 designed for determining oxygen and carbon dioxide in sub- 
 mar ine atmospheres. Working drawing and specifications 
 have been submitted. 
 
 - 51 - 
 
■■■] '{■ I "^M ^=^'"#1 ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 -,T^^yy;»,v,T - . ^^ 1,1. i ry ??j^$M, ;-, 
 
 y 
 
 p: 
 
 ^7■•"■^ ^ 
 
 
 "'■ 
 
 i 
 
 
 S^ 
 
 i i^-~^ 
 
 p^ 1 ^ likililiMiiilililiJi'lilM! 
 
 :'i' 'v V'' , !^ 
 
 
 
 1 f 
 
 ^^ \: .u-/ --•'- 
 
 V 
 
 :.. 
 
 - 
 
 
 '>^ 
 
 ^T?s^ 
 
 ^f=-^ 
 
 I ^^'^ 
 
 1 
 
 ^ C; >/ -o s 
 ■* ^ S ; 
 
 ^ t y <S > 
 
 > 5 -r. <; ? ^ 
 
 y* s «* ^, ^ 
 
 ?v. 
 
 
 . ^ ^ s ^ 
 ■ji S 4 G <l 
 
 
 : ? 
 
 i)""*; 
 
 5 i 5 * 5 ^ », g > |. 
 
 ^ « 2 § . 
 
 If) t: ^ 4, ^ V „ J 
 
 c §■■<>. n 5. Is «< < i. 1 
 
 
 i^ O O o <j 
 
 5 ' ?^*5 5 5 
 
 :isx; 
 
 $.^i 
 
 .11 
 
 "O-o 
 
 
APPiiN DlA 
 T able 1 
 Absorption Values of Varioa s Absorbent s 
 
 (a); Gfaarcoa is: 
 
 Period 
 
 :Kinti of 
 ; Qbardoal 
 
 1917 jAstoria 
 
 Sept.29-i\lov'a8: QQl/Q 
 HOV. 19-3/8/18 i •• 
 
 ■ 1918 
 aay 9-June 12 ; •• 
 June 13-AUg.23:jiir aoti 
 :vated 
 
 :aixed 
 •.shfell 
 
 Aug.24-Nov.22 : Steam 
 
 vactivat 
 
 :ed mixed 
 
 i shell 
 
 Me^h 
 
 Accelerated 
 
 _PS_TfiSTS_^ 
 
 Standard 
 
 10 cm. layer ;5 cm. layer ;10 cm. layer 
 
 Ko.of :Time in:lif0',of, :Tiroe iniKo.of :Time 
 Sam'pleijaihutes ;Saapies ; Minutes'; Sample :;>Ii33iS. 
 
 10-14: 45 : l^.U: 
 
 8-10: 167 : 15.00: 
 
 8-14: 29 : 15»25: 
 
 8-14: 70 : 14.28: 
 
 • t • 
 
 9-i4j 69 ; 24.59: 
 
 46 
 96 
 
 55.8 
 53,0 
 
 9 : 190 
 
 Large drum 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Astoria 
 
 : COPO 
 
 10-14 
 
 4 : 
 
 19.2 
 
 4 : 
 
 88 : 
 
 
 
 . '• 
 
 8-10 
 
 7 J 
 
 19.7 • 
 
 3 : 
 
 65 : 
 
 1 : 147 
 
 
 >» 
 
 8-14 
 
 : 3 : 
 
 16.3 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, ;Air acti^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jvated 
 
 8-14 
 
 . 11.: 
 
 19.7- 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 : mixed 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : shell 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 : Steam j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lactivat- 
 
 8-14 
 
 . 10 :. 
 
 24.2' 
 
 . 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 ied. mixed- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : shell : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : CIHT : 
 
 10-20 
 
 1 . : 
 
 
 1 
 
 48 
 
 : 
 
 
 '» 
 
 8-14 
 
 2 ; 
 
 7.^ 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 :Whetler- 
 
 . as 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :ite A 
 
 rec4 
 
 11 I 
 
 27.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : '* B ; 
 
 8-14 
 
 3 < 
 
 30.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : Batch! te: 
 
 8-14 
 
 8 : 
 
 19.2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 . 197 
 
 
 : Hudson 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jcocoanut: 
 
 8-10 
 
 2 : 
 
 3^.3 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 . » 
 
 8-14 
 
 1 : 
 
 15.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 -52- 
 
Perioji 
 
 Kind of 
 Sjaarcoai 
 
 
 PS I£STS 
 
 
 Standard 
 
 : iiccelerated 
 
 : $ cm. layer : 10 czd. layer 
 
 Natl. Car. 
 Company : 10-14: 
 Bodttan 
 activated: 8-20: 
 " ! 10-14: 
 
 Natl.XjBp 
 Co. 
 
 i)orsey 
 
 It 
 
 Dorsite 
 Paimetto 
 German 
 1916 
 Abs.fl 
 
 " #2 
 
 '• #3 
 Germ. 1918: 
 ^g.i^l? 
 jSng* 1918 
 ij^g. smpl 
 
 :Ko»of :Time injMo.of :rime injMo.of :TiB3e in 
 <iiiesto;Satapleg;Jitinu te3 : Sample ;Minutes;Sainple;Alinutes 
 
 B 
 C 
 D 
 
 iretiQXi 
 191? 
 1918 
 
 57.0 
 
 13»3 
 8*6 
 
 35.0 
 
 16.9 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 8-10 
 8-iO 
 8-10 
 8-10 
 8-10 
 8-10 
 
 8-14: 1 i 2.5 
 
 212 
 
 8-10 
 
 > 2 
 
 : 24.7 
 
 : 1 
 
 : 89 
 
 
 10-14 
 
 4 
 
 : 28.2 
 
 4 
 
 101 
 
 1 
 
 8'iO 
 
 1 
 
 : 11.6 
 
 1 
 
 • 46 
 
 : 
 
 10-14 
 
 1 
 
 : 17.9 
 
 1 
 
 . 66 
 
 
 14. -2( 
 
 ): 1 
 
 , 19.4 
 
 1 
 
 94 
 
 
 8-14 
 
 ! i « 
 
 . 63>6 
 
 
 
 
 8-14 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.5 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 91 
 
 
 . 33 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 i5 
 
 
 26 
 
 Other ab;9Qrt>ent.s ; 
 
 ; Silica 
 
 I Gel. 
 It 
 
 : Calif-. 
 : wMte 
 clay 
 
 : 3-10 
 
 3 
 
 . 24,2 
 
 I 3 
 
 45 
 
 2 : 
 
 t as 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : reed 
 
 i 3 
 
 : 27.6 , 
 
 
 
 
 : 8-14 
 
 : 1 
 
 Z.5 
 
 
 
 . 1 
 
 144 
 
 11 
 
 -53- 
 
Period 
 
 •lOQO ppm . 
 ; 5 cm;l a^rer 
 iNOr : 
 :Kia(l of : ;sam-:Time 
 
 ;Qhare o al;iaesii:Ples;Axins. 
 
 STANDABP CG 
 
 9/19/17-11/18/17: CODC 
 11/19/17-5/8/18 : " 
 
 5/9/ia-6/i2/l8 : •» 
 
 6/13-8/23/18 
 
 8/24-11/22/18 
 
 :iiir acti; 
 :vated : 8-14; 
 :mixed 
 
 :sheU 
 
 :Steam 
 
 : activated 8-14: 
 
 :mii:ed : 
 
 : shell ;. 
 
 10-14: 46; 57 
 8-10:1-14: 48 
 8-14: : 
 
 1000 ppm* ;5000 ppra* jiOOOO ppm. 
 10 cmila.ver;lQcni>tfyar^XQoai»laye i 
 
 No. 
 
 sam- 
 
 pies 
 
 tNo. : '.m, I 
 
 TxTTiQ :sam-:!I!:izae:saia*:Tia9 
 Ma.ns« ;ples ;i>:tins;ples^iii|iios« 
 
 235 : 6 i25.4 
 
 ; 10 t25.4j 
 
 1&.3 
 
 i 10 :27.3; 2 : 13.5 
 
 Large drum 
 Astoria 
 
 OOi'O 
 It 
 
 steam ac 
 tivated 
 imixed 
 shell 
 
 10-14: 4: 67 
 8-10; 7; 53 
 
 8-14: ; 
 
 i : 2 i25.0: 
 
 « 4 
 
 3 16^0 
 
 CIHT 
 
 vihet.A 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 Batshite 
 
 Natl. 
 
 Oar. Co. 
 
 BoG^aji 
 
 8-14 
 
 * 
 
 
 • 
 
 J 
 
 * 
 
 1 :12 
 
 • 
 
 f 
 
 as 
 
 • 
 
 
 : 
 
 1 : 30 
 
 « 
 
 • 
 
 : 
 
 * 
 
 8-14 
 
 i 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 » 
 
 : 
 
 : 3 
 
 ; 
 
 8-10; 
 
 10-14 
 8-14 
 
 : 
 
 52 
 
 > 
 
 1 ; 36 
 
 i 
 
 « 
 
 : 
 
 • 
 
 11 
 
 
 10-14 
 
 1: 
 
 65 
 
 , 
 
 • 
 
 ; 
 
 • 
 
 ft 
 
 % 
 
 57 
 
 38 
 
 Activated: 8-20 
 J " ; 10-14 
 :Slatl.Lamp 8-10 
 J Cor : 10-14 
 ji^rsey j 8-10 
 : " : 10-14 
 : " : 14-20. 
 
 , 1 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 
 , 1 
 
 ; 1 
 : 1 
 
 49 : 
 
 72 : 
 . 59 : 
 
 82 : 
 
 124 : 
 
 268 
 267 
 
 
 
 
 
 :Ger.i916: 
 
 :Abs.#l : 
 
 : " #2 : i 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 : 30 : 
 
 142 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : •♦ #3 : 
 :Ger.i918: 8-14 
 
 . 2 
 
 5 : 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6.5 
 
 :Bng.i917: 
 
 : " li#18; 3-14 
 
 1: 
 
 i 
 
 10 : 
 
 14 : 
 
 
 
 
 . 1 
 
 Us.o 
 
 -54- 
 

 
 5 
 
 
 
 S3]&NmED, CG 
 
 
 1000 
 
 ppm* 
 
 :1000 ppm. :5000 ppm. riOOOO ppm. 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 ,<!in. 
 
 laijer 
 
 : 10cm . layer j 10 cm. layer : 10 an . layer 
 
 
 :iio^ 
 
 • 
 
 :Ko'. •: .,, .:Jq.'i. .. . ..sNO:. :. 
 
 
 :Kind of 
 
 • « 
 
 sam- 
 
 {Time 
 
 {Sam.-i.Tiine sSam-jUime ;.sam-:Tinie 
 
 Perioct 
 
 1 Charcoal :^esli : 
 
 ples 
 
 :Min3 . 
 
 » :.pieai;Mins' ► :.pX«s ;i^lWl. . tPles -Mim. . 
 
 
 iSsBSpia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. A : 
 
 •10-14: 
 
 1 
 
 : 8 
 
 • • • • • » 
 
 • • • • ». « 
 
 
 : B 
 
 . B-IC : 
 
 1 
 
 : S6 
 
 : : ^ : : : 
 
 
 Q 
 
 a- 10: 
 
 i 
 
 : ifi 
 
 ^1^ at • « 
 
 
 : D 
 
 ^ 8*10 t 
 
 1 
 
 ; 14 
 
 I. t • «. * •- 
 
 
 : £ 
 
 8-iO: 
 
 i. 
 
 '. 10 
 
 t I t : ; : 
 
 
 :j?rench 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1917 
 
 ■» 
 
 1 
 
 : 29 
 
 • • ». i * ♦ 
 
 
 i 1918 
 
 &-I4'} 
 
 
 • - 
 
 I t : ; 1 J; 4*^ 
 
 Other absorb ei 
 
 itS; 
 
 Siliea 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gel 
 
 , 8-10: 
 
 1 
 
 : 3 
 
 ; 1 t & : : : : 
 
 
 .Calif. 
 
 8-14: 
 
 
 » 
 
 : 1 : : ^ 1 ; 
 
 
 .white 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 iGlay i 
 
 • ^ •» ■•• ^ •«■ — • 
 
 
 
 _„_ 
 
 -55- 
 
Period 
 
 sKind of 
 ; Charcoal 
 
 Std. G-45 ;Std. G -7 ;Std»5i!' iStd.G-X78 
 :io. : uiO. : iNo. ; :1I0. ; 
 :sam-:!Pime :saim-;Tinie ;sani-:Time isam-jTime 
 ;Me8h iplQS siflias . j pies ;Min3 » ;pl9S ;Mins . ; ple& -.Mins , 
 
 9/19/18- li/lS/iaus toria 
 
 COiC 
 II 
 
 >i 
 
 :Air acti 
 
 ivated 
 
 iAstoria 
 
 :mixed 
 
 ;she^i 
 
 :Steam 
 
 lactivat- 
 
 :ed raided 
 
 ; shell 
 
 : AS tori a s 
 
 11/19-5/8/18 
 5/9/18-6/12/18 
 6/13 to 8/23 
 
 8/24 to 11/22 
 
 10-14: 4 
 8-10: 25 
 8-14; 6 
 
 8-14: 20 
 
 8-14: 17 
 
 27 
 29 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 6 
 
 22 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 19 ; 14 ; 37 
 
 16 : 61 
 
 75 
 
 29 
 
 78 
 
 51 
 
 95 
 
 Large drums 
 
 Astoria 
 
 COPC 
 
 10-14 
 
 4 
 
 31 , 
 
 4 ; 
 
 33 : 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 8-10, 
 
 7 : 
 
 34 . 
 
 7 
 
 29 , 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 * 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 8-14 
 
 3 : 
 
 22 
 
 3 ; 
 
 24 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 ii.ir acti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 vated 
 
 8-14 
 
 9 • 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 a^ 
 
 8 : 
 
 67 
 
 
 .mixed 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shell 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Steam 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 activat- 
 
 8-14 
 
 . 4 
 
 34 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 9 , 
 
 77 : 
 
 8 : 
 
 99 
 
 
 , ed miied. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .shell 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CiHT 
 
 8-14 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 2 . 
 
 26 
 
 
 .Whet. A 
 
 as 
 reed 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 113 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 8-14 
 
 2 
 
 62 
 
 I 
 
 260 
 
 1 
 
 116 
 
 5 
 
 64 
 
 
 .Bacnite 
 
 8-14 
 
 i 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 39 
 
 
 jiodtoan 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Activatec 
 
 1:8-20 
 
 , 1 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 )i 
 
 . 8-14 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 . 1 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nat . Lainp 
 
 8-10 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 If 
 
 10-14 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Porsite 
 
 8-14 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Palmetto 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 1 
 
 . 
 
 
 iiop^alite 
 
 8-20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 1 
 
 : 66 
 
 
 ii033 #i 
 
 as re< 
 
 5d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 1 
 
 : 95 
 
 -56- 
 
3td.G^4^ ;dta« G-7 
 
 •Stdi 
 
 tStd. G-178 
 
 Period 
 
 sKlnci iaf 
 jChurooalj 
 
 : German 
 : 1916 
 lADS.fl 
 ' #2 
 
 • #3 
 iGer.iyia: 
 
 • 1918: 
 [itogiish 
 
 L Sample 
 
 B 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 ^ 
 
 'u 
 
 V 
 
 £ 
 
 S 
 
 F 
 
 i? 
 [French 
 1917 
 l';»i8 
 
 1 cm ; lay er { lOcm.; layer ; 10 cm.' layer.; lOcm^ layer 
 :No. : :No. ; -No. : i^Ot : 
 ;sain^:Iime :sani-:!rime :saai-:'iima :sam-;.Time 
 i^esh,-; pies iMins ; : pies ;Mias .spies tMla s . ; pla s;Mi ns* 
 
 
 2 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 : 
 
 19 
 
 
 2 : 
 
 
 
 8-14 
 
 • 1 : 
 
 19 
 
 
 I' I 
 
 8 
 
 8-14 
 
 i; 
 
 39 
 
 : 2 
 
 
 
 ) : i : 
 
 : 2 - 
 
 
 
 \5 ciDiiayeiif't 
 
 : 2 . 
 
 
 
 ) : : : 
 
 J 1 
 
 35 
 
 : 1 : 26 : i : 
 
 : 1 
 
 
 
 : : . : : 
 
 : 1 
 
 . 36 
 
 : 1 : 70 : 1 s 
 
 8-14: 
 
 8 
 20 
 
 25 
 67 
 
 10-14; 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8-14 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 1 
 
 . 4 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 8-10 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10-14 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 10-14 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 8-10 
 
 . 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10-14 
 
 
 
 
 6 . 
 
 
 
 
 8-10 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10-14 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 3-10 
 
 1 
 
 ! 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10-14 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 4? 
 
 1 : 
 
 Other absorbents: 
 
 
 
 
 
 •Silica 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gel 
 
 8-10: 2 : 10 
 
 : 2 : 6 ! : 
 
 i i 
 
 
 
 If 
 
 as reed: 
 
 : : : : 
 
 i 1 : 
 
 15.5 
 
 
 Salvas 
 
 8-14: 1 : 52 
 
 : (5 cifl. layer) : 
 
 * • 
 
 
 
 Calif. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 white 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •clay 
 
 , 8-14: : 
 
 : : : : 
 
 : 1 : 
 
 
 
 -57- 
 

 
 
 ■Standard GG 
 
 
 : Std. 
 
 3*^ 
 
 
 
 tiOOO Pi 
 
 p.m. 
 
 .10000 p.p-.m; 
 
 ;iOOO p. p.m. ; 
 
 
 
 10 cm. ; 
 
 La.ver 
 
 . lOcn^ 
 
 layer 
 
 .iOcm. layer 
 
 
 Kind of 
 
 ■No. of 
 
 Time 
 
 No. of :Time 
 
 [No. of :Time 
 
 Period 
 
 Soda- lime 
 
 '.KQSh 
 
 : Sample 
 
 Mins. 
 
 , Sample 
 
 rMins . 
 
 .Sample 
 
 :Mins« . 
 
 *^eb.25-iiar.25 
 
 i istoria 
 
 ■ 8-10 
 
 7 
 
 164 
 
 , 20 
 
 , 16.6 
 
 
 
 ii/tar,S&-iNov.l3 
 
 II 
 
 8-14 
 
 
 
 161 
 
 : 24,7 
 
 ,104 
 
 , 130 
 
 
 , '* drums 
 
 6-20 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5,0 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 
 i« »i 
 
 8-14 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 25.1. 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 
 II II 
 
 8-10 
 
 7 
 
 103 , 
 
 2 
 
 9.0 
 
 
 
 
 '• v/iaite- 
 
 8-14 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 23.8: 
 
 3 : 
 
 190 
 
 Geni.Gnttm.Co. 
 
 Green 
 i» 
 
 Wilson 
 II 
 
 McNeil 
 
 II 
 
 li 
 II 
 
 8-10 
 8-14 
 8-10 
 8-14, 
 6-18 
 8-10: 
 ,10-14 
 6-14. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 3 , 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 ■ 122 
 35 
 
 160 ; 
 
 14 : 
 
 15 i 
 50 , 
 
 3 ; 
 
 2 ': 
 
 2.5' 
 
 
 
 Period 
 
 :Kind of : 
 
 : Soda- lime: Mesh 
 
 1000 p.p.m 
 5 cm. laye r 
 
 Standard G-43 '. Standard G-7 
 
 .No. 
 
 :sam- 
 
 iples 
 
 Time 
 Mins. 
 
 1000 pjffli. :1000 ppm. ;1000 ppm. 
 IQcm. layer; 15cm. layer; IQcm^ayer 
 
 No. : ;No. : :B0. ; 
 
 sam-:Time ;sam-:Time ;sam-:!rime 
 pies :Mins . :ples «Mins . ;ples iMins . 
 
 J!'eb.25-Mar.25 
 
 Mar,26-Kov.l3 
 
 Astoria 
 »i 
 
 '» drums 
 II .1 
 
 II ir 
 
 Green 
 II 
 
 V^ilson 
 II 
 
 " wnite 
 McNeil 
 
 ; 8-iOi 
 
 19 : 
 
 : 8-14- 
 
 
 : 6-20: 
 
 
 : 8-14 
 
 
 : 8-10 
 
 8 : 
 
 : 8-10 
 
 1 : 
 
 : 8-14 
 
 • 1 : 
 
 : 8-10 
 
 
 : 8-14 
 
 
 : 3-14 
 
 
 ; 6-8 
 
 • 1 : 
 
 : 8-10 
 
 : 3 : 
 
 :10-14 
 
 : 1 : 
 
 : 8-14 
 
 1 : 
 
 34 
 
 29 
 258 
 112 
 
 13 
 19 
 25 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 141 
 106 
 103 
 
 398 
 
 166 
 
 22 J 11.8 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 ).2.5 
 7,8 
 
 8.1 
 
 : 19 : 
 
 5. "6 : 
 
 :139 J 
 
 8,0 : 
 
 : 1 : 
 
 3.5 : 
 
 : 16 : 
 
 6.7 : 
 
 : 7 ! 
 
 3.4 : 
 
 ; 2 
 
 4.0 : 
 
 : 4 
 
 5.3 : 
 
 i 1 
 
 '. '•■ 
 
 : 3 
 
 : 2.3 : 
 
 : 1 
 
 I ; 
 
 : 1 
 
 : : 
 
 -58- 
 
Period : Sample of cilesh 
 
 Std, GQ 
 
 atd.- Gr45: ; Std.. Q-7 
 
 lO QQ p. p.m. ; 1 00 -p. p.m..; IQOQ p. p.m. 
 
 5 cm .layer -. 5 cm., layer: 10 om.. layer. 
 No. of :'rime xiio.of :aiiroe:No.of -Time. 
 samples.;LiIins. rsanples -.jidns ; samples -.dios . 
 
 :i!nglish soda :- 
 
 iliMxe 1917 : : 1 : 10. 
 
 :Bnglisix permangan- 
 
 :ate granules : 
 
 :of 30/10/17. : 8-10: 1 : 2 
 
 :iiiuglisii caustic-; 
 
 : soda of 30/10/17:8-10: 1 : 12 
 
 :£inglish cnem- ; 
 
 :ical absorbent: 8-10; 1 ;. 61, 
 
 : French chem. : 
 
 : absorbent : : i 
 
 L 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 i300 : 
 :a28 : 
 
 Standard G-28 
 
 10,000 p. p.m. 10 cm." layer 
 
 :. 8. 
 
 : 25 
 :- 37 
 : 8 
 :960 
 
 :¥nite soda lime:as ; 
 :racd: 
 
 16 
 
 42.0: 
 
 1 
 1. 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 1.7 
 .1 
 .6 
 1 
 
 (c) Charcoal-sc 
 
 >da lim« 
 
 Mesh 
 
 i miitures: 
 
 GG 10,000 ppm. 
 
 .: 10 cm. layer : 
 
 Period 1918 
 
 Ko. of samples 
 
 Service time in minutes: 
 
 3/30 to 6/2 
 6/3 to 7/17 
 7/18 to 3/5 
 8/6 to 8/29 
 8/30 to 9/21 
 
 . 8-14 : 
 It 
 i» 
 II 
 
 31 
 
 28 ! 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 
 26.5 ': 
 
 26.1 : 
 
 25 .0 
 
 24.7 : 
 
 30.8 
 
 -59- 
 
TABLE II 
 
 PROTEQTIOK AFFORDED BY VARIOUS GAMISTEBS AGAINST 
 
 TOXIG GASES . 
 
 Be aoription of Oaniatera : 
 
 With the exoeption of the Logan canister and 
 the Eavy drum, all the canisters mentioned "below are of 
 the same general form. The oanister is of corrugated 
 tin plate with a flattened oral cross section and straight 
 sides. There is an oval dome screen in the bottom of the 
 oanister. Inspired air enters through a circular valve 
 at the hottom of the oanister, passes up through the ab- 
 sorbent, and is drawn out through a tube at the top of 
 the canister* 
 
 Logan Ganister : The absorbent mixture is con- 
 tained in a perforated metal cylinder of proportions simi- 
 lar to those of the standard type .S canister, but of small- 
 er dimensions. The cylinder is surrounded by a felt bag 
 filter and the whole enclosed in a rather closely fittxng 
 metal container having two inlets at the top of either 
 side of the outlet tube. The outlet tube connects with 
 a flattened tube of perforated metal which runs down in- 
 to the absorbent. This extension is covered by a piece 
 of towelling. 
 
 Volume of absorbent 6J0 c.c. 
 
 Weight of absorbent """tSS ^"^^* 
 
 Area of absorbent exposed to entering air--33C sq.cm. 
 Approximate thicJcness of absorbent layer --3-4 cm. 
 
 Surface area of outlet tube extension 84 sq.cm. 
 
 Press. drop «*85 l/m, mm. H2O 44 
 
 Press. drop at 85 l/m. mm. HgO without 
 
 felt filter ^^ 
 
 Havy Dr um Type D . Caavyl).: The Navy drum is some- 
 what like W^GiiSSiTIiTiESpa. The ';°.ll^lll\l\^^%lt 
 iv tftTiPrPd metal cylinder, 9 cm. m diameter at the Dot 
 t?m! "^'tS ortimim'Llling'for this drum is designated as 
 "Tvpe D". It consists of two layers, 98 c.c. of each of 
 a Itlnda^d mixture of 60^; A-4 and 40% A-25B J; 20 mesh, 
 separated by a cotton-wadding pad and a ring baffle, 
 
 -60- 
 
Volume of absorbent — ; 800 o.g. 
 
 Average oroas sectional area — '-- — -- 62 sg^.om. 
 
 Height of atsorbeut layer 4.5 cm. 
 
 Press, drop ms l/m'. nm* HgO 2S. ' 
 
 Dimensions and Resigtange of Canisters: 
 
 Below are given th^ dimensions and. realetanoe ,of 
 the. various types of canisters. 
 
 The height of aljs'orbent layer ahov© the dome- has 
 been estimated and is given as being, the approximate 
 effective thickness of absorbent layer in the canister* 
 
 Under "Gross Sectional- ATsa" is given th$ cross 
 section of . the canister normal to, the direction of flow, 
 except in the. I.bgan canister for whi^ah is given the total 
 area of absorbent exposed to the entering gas. 
 
 TYPE 
 
 ABSORBMT 
 
 : Press. 1 ■ ; ' ■ -.Gross 
 
 : Drop : : :Height abs. : section- 
 ; J85 l/m : Volume : We ight : Laye r ( above : al are a 
 imm.^HgO : c^a.; gms..;©Dme) cm. ;sq«om. 
 
 Standard U.S. "B" 
 "0" 
 "D" 
 "P" 
 "G" 
 "H" 
 "J" 
 "L" 
 Artillery ("Art") 
 Spec »G .C . Industri 
 "Sio.G.C 
 Navy — CMA-1 
 Navy -- CMA-2 
 Navy — GMA-3 
 Navy drum Type D 
 ("Navy") 
 Logan Oan ("Logan 
 Ammonia Can #1 
 
 : 51 
 
 ! 920 
 
 : 660 : 
 
 ; 51 
 
 ; 920 
 
 ; 660 : 
 
 : 102 
 
 : 900 
 
 ; 645 : 
 
 : 99 
 
 : 655 
 
 : 425 : 
 
 : 108 
 
 • 690 
 
 : 450 : 
 
 ; 90 
 
 690 
 
 : 450 : 
 
 : 76 
 
 ' 460 
 
 : 300 : 
 
 : 72 
 
 . 500 
 
 325 : 
 
 : 52 
 
 1639 • 
 
 . (10651 : 
 
 al 
 
 ") 
 
 .33 
 92 
 45 
 69 
 
 38 
 44 
 75 
 
 3600 
 
 750 
 
 200 
 620 
 492 
 
 (2340) 
 
 400 
 
 13.5 
 
 13.5 
 
 12.5 
 
 8.5 
 
 8.5 
 
 8.5 
 
 5,5 
 
 5.5 
 
 18,0 
 
 25.0 
 
 15.0 
 
 35 
 65 
 65 
 65 
 65 
 65 
 65 
 65 
 85 
 
 140 
 
 65 
 90 
 45 
 
 4.5 
 
 : 62 : 
 
 (3-4) 
 
 ; (330) 
 
 4.8 
 
 : 90 : 
 
 BESULTSj 
 
 Prot ection against Toxic gases; Under "Date of 
 
 Filling, or Absorbent", if the date of filling is given, it 
 is understood that standard U.S. Army canisters, containing 
 
 -6i- 
 
the standard 60> A-4 and 40% A-25B mixture were used . The 
 A-25 is the green granule type in Types B, G and D cani- 
 sters, and the pink granule type in all others. ., A- 25B 
 designates the pink granules, and the word "green" will be 
 written in to show the green type. 
 
 When the canister is specially packed ♦ the effi- 
 Gienoy of the absorbent used in given in- parentheses -after 
 the description of the absortoeat. This time (in minutes) 
 is the result for A*-4, of the standard accelerated PS tube 
 tests, and for A-85 of the Standard OS' tube test. 
 
 Under "Intermittent" will be given either the 
 number of inhalations per minute or the abbreviation "Cont" 
 signifying continuous flow, or "Man Test" .indicating that 
 tests were run with a man breathing at. rest fapprox. 8 l/m) 
 through the canister. 
 
 ■^62- 
 
Canisters 
 
 Concentration 
 
 Gas :Type 
 
 lAbeorbent or Date 
 of! j?illing 
 
 &-4 
 
 B 
 
 BHP£:i5]U 
 
 K26A 
 100-a4 
 
 (26.5 minutes) 
 i(}Q-^Z5 (green) 
 
 (7 minutes) 
 
 1 
 "2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 500 
 
 5000 
 
 i.l3 
 il.46 
 
 iiate 
 
 Inter- 
 mittent 
 in. 
 
 i/m t-tial/min 
 
 Life 
 Minutes 
 
 32 ;Co^t. :Over 340 
 53 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 G-7 
 
 : H 
 
 :HHE& i2Y 
 
 ; 3 
 
 : 100 
 
 : 0.32 
 
 : 32 
 
 :Cont. 
 
 
 113 
 
 
 
 ■ 11 
 
 : 3 
 
 ; 600 
 
 : 1*60 
 
 . It 
 
 II 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 •1 
 
 : 3 
 
 :iOOO 
 
 : 3.13 
 
 . If 
 
 : " 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 J ■ II 
 
 : 3 
 
 :5000 
 
 ; 16,95 
 
 . It 
 
 It 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 : 100-^^-4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (16 minutes) 
 
 : 2 
 
 :1000 
 
 I 3.19 
 
 . It 
 
 11- 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 :100-A-26B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : (iJ minutes) 
 
 .' 2 
 
 . '< 
 
 . t» 
 
 . It 
 
 • It 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 : 100-Vi(iietierite'»B" 
 
 : 2 
 
 > >i 
 
 If 
 
 . 11 
 
 , u 
 
 
 636 
 
 
 
 .100- " "^"'&"B" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : (miisci sample) 
 
 '. I 
 
 :2500 
 
 : 8.48 
 
 II 
 
 If 
 
 (Over 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 ilOO-iianicinite 
 
 . 1 
 
 aooo 
 
 : 3.19 
 
 . It 
 
 If 
 
 
 606 
 
 
 
 :100-Larsenite 
 
 1 
 
 t " 
 
 It 
 
 ?i 
 
 '1 
 
 
 665 
 
 
 ; "iMavy 
 
 '; 60-^4 ;40-A25B 
 
 ■ 4 
 
 . 225 
 
 ': 0.72 
 
 ti 
 
 It 
 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 ;3 
 
 100 
 
 : 0*32 
 
 II 
 
 It 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 G-10. 
 
 t B 
 
 :BHPi£i-LilX 
 
 1 
 
 500 , 
 
 . 3.71 
 
 i2 
 
 .Cont. 
 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 29 
 
 2000 
 
 . 14.33 
 
 >i 
 
 't 
 
 
 64 
 
 G,-16 
 
 B 
 
 — ^«*^^w«>-* 
 
 — 
 
 (250) 
 
 
 SimiJ 
 
 ^ar to G-172 
 
 (470) 
 
 6-22. 
 
 3 
 
 3HPKi-HLC 
 
 i : 
 
 2000 
 
 7.57: 
 
 32 ! 
 
 Cont. : 
 
 
 226 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 5 : 
 
 8000 : 
 
 30.27; 
 
 'I 
 
 '' : 
 
 
 41 
 
 PS : 
 
 9 .i 
 
 BHPXl-LiiX : 
 
 90 ; 
 
 4000 : 
 
 26.89; 
 
 32 : 
 
 Cont, : 
 
 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 
 BHPKi0-i4.^ ; 
 
 5 ; 
 
 It , 
 
 V : 
 
 8.5 : 
 
 15 : 
 
 
 231 
 
 / 
 
 
 <i 
 
 5 : 
 
 " 
 
 •> . 
 
 It 
 
 20 
 
 
 211 
 
 ( 
 
 
 t» 
 
 5 : 
 
 '» 
 
 n . 
 
 i6 ! 
 
 20 : 
 
 
 J9 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 1* 
 
 5 : 
 
 i( 
 
 ■ > 
 
 32 : 
 
 20 : 
 
 
 42 
 
 1 
 
 ( 
 
 tt 
 
 4. : 
 
 f 
 
 It 
 
 Man 1 
 
 'es t 
 
 
 227 
 
 1 
 
 
 ii3-30X : 
 
 5 : 
 
 2000 : 
 
 13.45: 
 
 It 
 
 II , 
 
 Over 
 
 360 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 I 
 
 60-A4 : 
 
 5 : 
 
 2000 : 
 
 If . 
 
 32 : 
 
 Cont. { 
 
 
 57 
 
 ■ 
 
 : 
 
 40-A^53 : 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 * 
 
 1 
 
 40-A4 : 
 
 o : 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 '1 
 
 11 < 
 
 
 43 
 
 : 
 
 t 
 
 60-^.tt25B : 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -63- 
 
Gas 
 
 PS 
 
 Canisters 
 
 2Z£g_ 
 
 jibsorbent or JJate 
 of ifilixn^ 
 
 Qoncent^atlon 
 
 G 
 D 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 Navy 
 
 Logan 
 
 DHP^1-5Y 
 
 i00-A4 (Hudson) 
 " Ustoria) 
 
 " (aachelorj 
 
 jJ-HPAaa-ESY 
 
 GHPG4y 
 
 199-207 HH 
 175-276 HH 
 143-162 HH 
 60-ii.4(15 minutes) 
 40-ii.25B(20 " ) 
 
 100-%hetlerite"'B" 
 100-flanicinite 
 100 -Lars enite 
 Ell-215 HJ 
 175-275 HJ 
 
 HJ 
 
 60-a4(15 minutes) 
 40-A25Bi 20 '♦ ) 
 
 Mo. 
 
 Of 
 
 ;Cans 
 
 JO. p.m. ;Me/lit 
 
 :lnter- 
 
 :mittent 
 Bate: ia" 
 
 Life 
 
 l/m -,hal/aan«3iinute^ 
 
 264-275 HL 
 60-a4(16.5 minutes) 
 40-a25B(3-1 " ) 4 
 Stan(i»60-40miiture:5 
 
 .4 
 
 Stand. 60-40 " :7 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 51 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 86 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 82 
 
 10 
 
 d 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 4 
 4 
 3 
 15 
 
 :4000 
 
 : 26.89 
 
 i 32 : 
 
 >i 
 
 It 
 
 II . 
 
 :i500 
 
 : 10.09 
 
 
 :1000 
 
 ! 6.72 
 
 
 :3000 
 
 r 20.17 
 
 
 :4000 
 
 26^89 
 
 32 { 
 
 H 
 
 ti 
 
 , 
 
 : 500 
 
 3.36; 
 
 32 : 
 
 :4000 
 
 26.39: 
 
 •• < 
 
 : 10000 : 
 
 67.23 
 
 « . 
 
 : 17500 . 
 
 117.6 , 
 
 !♦ . 
 
 :2500 . 
 
 16*9 J 
 
 32 : 
 
 " 
 
 '» 
 
 w . 
 
 : 500 : 
 
 3.36: 
 
 
 2500 
 4000 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 Cont. 
 
 44 
 
 If 
 
 : 36 
 
 iKian Test 53 
 
 H >i 
 
 : 100 
 
 i« fi 
 
 : 260 
 
 Cont. 
 
 ! 21 
 
 >laii Test 75 
 
 Cont. 
 
 263 
 
 ti 
 
 30 
 
 ff 
 
 12 
 
 It 
 
 7 
 
 Cont. 
 
 35 
 
 22 
 
 41 
 
 : 500 
 
 : 3.36 
 
 : 32 
 
 :Cont, ; 
 
 :2500 
 
 • 16.80 
 
 ir 
 
 ti 
 
 :5000 
 
 . ^3,62 
 
 i« 
 
 " ; 
 
 : 15000 
 
 rlOO.9 
 
 II 
 
 n . 
 
 : 2000 
 
 13.45. 
 
 3 
 
 K 4 
 
 It 
 
 It < 
 
 16 
 
 " . 
 
 It 
 
 If 
 
 32 
 
 11 
 
 : 4000 , 
 
 26.89: 
 
 32 
 
 : 
 
 i» 
 
 •• 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 > It 
 
 •» 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 : 2500 : 
 
 16.80. 
 
 32 . 
 
 Cont. : 
 
 <• 
 
 It 
 
 n 
 
 22 . 
 
 : 2000 i 
 
 13.45: 
 
 
 kan Test 
 
 J 500 
 
 3.36 
 
 32 
 
 Cont. s 
 
 : 2500 
 
 16.80 
 
 It 
 
 
 : 5000 
 
 33,62 
 
 It 
 
 
 : 15000 
 
 100.9 
 
 II 
 
 
 ; 2000 
 
 13.45 
 
 8 . 
 
 
 . 1' 
 
 II 
 
 16 
 
 
 II 
 
 " 
 
 32 
 
 
 : IQOO 
 
 6.72 
 
 32 
 
 . 22 : 
 
 16.80; 
 
 2S.8i»; 
 
 6.72; 
 
 6,72: 
 
 Jian Test Over 60 
 
 195 
 
 29 
 
 15 
 5.5 
 264 
 
 85 
 
 33 
 112 
 111 
 115 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 109 
 
 79 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 2.5 
 
 128 
 
 44 
 19 
 
 59 
 
 49 
 3 
 9 
 
 57 
 
 32 J 22 
 
 32 tCont. 
 
 II , II 
 
 " : 22 
 
 -64- 
 
Gas 
 
 Canisters 
 
 Type 
 
 Absorbent or Date 
 of jfjliing 
 
 Concentration 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Cans 
 
 p.p.ffl.:Jte/lit 
 
 : Inter- : 
 
 :niittent: 
 ^ate: in« j Life 
 l/m ihal/min; idinutes 
 
 &-28: 
 
 fl : 
 
 BHPKi-LllJta. 5 
 
 4 : 
 
 lOOOO : 
 
 29.0 : 
 
 32 
 
 Cont. 
 
 . 33 
 
 
 C : 
 
 CH?Lli-31X : 
 
 2 : 
 
 M 
 
 •1 > 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 42 
 
 
 h : 
 
 : 
 
 DHPA1-5Y : 
 40-A4 J 
 
 6 : 
 
 " : 
 
 t) 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 . 33 
 
 
 
 60-A25 (green) : 
 
 5 : 
 
 26750 ; 
 
 77.6 : 
 
 
 ,Man Test 43 
 
 
 i : 
 
 Stand, 60-40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mixture : 
 
 
 500 . 
 
 . 1.45; 
 
 32 . 
 
 Cont. 
 
 227 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 5000 i 
 
 14.50; 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 10000 
 
 29. Q , 
 
 ft 
 
 It 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 •1 
 
 
 17500 , 
 
 50.8 : 
 
 It 
 
 " ! 
 
 6 
 
 
 G 
 
 GHPA25-Diy : 
 
 83 : 
 
 5000 : 
 
 14.50: 
 
 32 '. 
 
 Cont. 
 
 41 
 
 
 H 
 
 HHP 
 
 23 i 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 •1 . 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 128 
 
 10000 : 
 
 29.0 ': 
 
 
 ^n Test 125 
 
 
 
 .100-Vi/hetlerite"3": 
 
 1 : 
 
 5000 
 
 14.50; 
 
 32 i 
 
 Cont. ; 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 iOO-fianicinite 
 
 . 1 • 
 
 tr 
 
 tl 
 
 i« 
 
 tl 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 , lOO-Larsenite 
 
 1 , 
 
 It 
 
 tl 
 
 '» ! 
 
 It 
 
 82 
 
 G-31 
 
 ,Ci(iii-i 
 
 .300 cc. HL : 
 
 — 
 
 10000 
 
 ; 
 
 •1 . 
 
 " 
 
 35(9S^pt) 
 
 
 Ciifiii-2 
 
 ;440 cc. HL 
 
 — 
 
 It 
 
 , ; 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 45 •' 
 
 
 CM- 3 
 
 :260 cc. HL 
 
 — 
 
 11 
 
 ■ 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 21 •• 
 
 
 :CMo>-3 
 
 :250 cc. HC #200 
 
 2 • 
 
 l» 
 
 _ w- 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 190 " 
 
 
 
 t» 
 
 1 
 
 It 
 
 ; 
 
 
 •Man Test 600 " 
 
 HS 
 
 H 
 
 .HHPL5Y 
 
 2 
 
 100 ■ 
 
 0.651; 
 
 32 
 
 Cont. ' 
 
 1980 
 
 
 
 :100-A25B 
 
 1 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 ° slight 
 
 G-37 
 
 • C 
 
 :GHPL14X 
 
 1 
 
 700 
 
 ! 3.61 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 Over S§^ 
 
 
 i 
 
 :J?HPA21Y 
 
 3 
 
 : 700 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 262 
 
 G-43 
 
 : B 
 
 :BHPKl-LliX 
 
 78 
 
 , 5000 
 
 5,52 
 
 It 
 
 • It 
 
 , 25 
 
 
 : G 
 
 :CHPL11X-A2Y 
 
 . 8 
 
 It 
 
 11 
 
 tl 
 
 * It 
 
 20 
 
 
 : D 
 
 ;DHPAl-5Y 
 
 : 4 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 •1 
 
 : 23 
 
 
 : J? 
 
 :j?HPA-8-25Y 
 
 : 40 
 
 II 
 
 •1 
 
 , It 
 
 It 
 
 ! 11 
 
 
 : G 
 
 :GHPA25-D1Y 
 
 137 
 
 ': 2000 
 
 ': 2.21 
 
 It 
 
 « 1' 
 
 : 29 
 
 
 : fi 
 
 : 198-207 HH 
 
 , 10 
 
 : 2500 
 
 : 2.76 
 
 . It 
 
 II 
 
 : 23 
 
 
 
 : 175-273 HH 
 
 :162 
 
 : 1000 
 
 : 1.10 
 
 . It 
 
 i 22 
 
 : 43 
 
 
 
 :i64 HH 
 
 : 8 
 
 : 250 
 
 : 0.276 
 
 • It 
 
 : 26 
 
 : 217 
 
 
 
 '• 
 
 : 8 
 
 : 1000 
 
 : 1.10 
 
 . It 
 
 II 
 
 : 64 
 
 
 
 ') 
 
 : 24 
 
 ; 2500 
 
 : 2.76 
 
 . It 
 
 II 
 
 : 30 
 
 
 
 • " 
 
 : 8 
 
 : 5000 
 
 ; 5.52 
 
 . It 
 
 . 11 
 
 : 17 
 
 
 
 'i 100-A25B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : {25 minutes) 
 
 i 8 
 
 11 
 
 • 
 
 It 
 
 . II 
 
 : 22 
 
 : 31 
 
 
 
 :100-a25 (green) 
 
 : 8 
 
 *» 
 
 •' 
 
 « It 
 
 * " 
 
 i 67 
 
 -65- 
 
Cas 
 
 Type 
 
 Canisters 
 
 Al>8orbent or Cate:of 
 of j?iliing 
 
 Qoaceatration 
 
 : Cans : 
 
 p.p*m* u 
 
 : i. ; 2000; 
 
 : 2 J " ; 
 
 V 2 : 
 
 " : 
 
 ! 2 i 
 
 '» 
 
 : 8 . 
 
 2500: 
 
 ;i6a < 
 
 . iOOOi 
 
 : 18 i 
 
 500; 
 
 Mg/lit 
 
 l/m 
 
 Inter- 
 zQlttent 
 
 in- 
 J3al/iai2t 
 
 Life 
 Minutes 
 
 G-43 
 
 H 
 
 I. 
 Kavy 
 
 Logan 
 
 Si" 
 
 H 
 
 CG 
 
 Navy 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 J? 
 G 
 
 100- Vhe tleri te"A" 
 100- •• "B": 
 
 lOQ-iianicinite 
 Larsenite 
 211-215 HJ 
 240-'278 HJ 
 266-277 KL 
 60-iv4{16r5 minutes 
 40-A25v31 '• ) 
 Standard 60-40 
 mijcture 
 
 tr 
 
 Standard 60-40 
 mixture 
 
 GHPCiay 
 II 
 It 
 't 
 
 HHPDIY 
 
 100- whet ler ite-'A" 
 100- " "B" 
 
 lOO-Bamcinite 
 100-Larsenite 
 Standard 60-40 
 mixture 
 <i 
 
 BHPKl-LliX 
 
 CHPL11-31X- 
 
 l;HPii.i-6Y - 
 
 /HPA8-25y 
 
 GHPG5Y 
 It 
 
 ir 
 II 
 i» 
 
 t» 
 
 100-A4 
 
 60-A4 
 
 40-A25B 
 
 40-x^4 
 
 60-A25B 
 
 100-A25B 
 
 i00-ri25B 
 
 iOO-A25B 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 8 : 
 
 5 ; 
 
 5 : 
 
 4 : 
 
 5 : 
 
 6 : 
 5 i 
 
 1 : 
 
 2 8 
 2 s 
 2 : 
 
 5 
 6 
 2 
 
 Z*Zl 
 
 ir 
 It 
 
 2.76 
 
 1.10 
 0.552 
 
 1000 i 1.10: 
 2000: 2.2li 
 
 32 
 It 
 
 If 
 
 II 
 It 
 II 
 
 It 
 
 Qont. 
 
 H 
 
 If 
 H 
 
 It 
 
 £2 
 It 
 
 IT . It 
 
 '• :Oont- 
 
 5 : iOOO: 1.10: " ; 
 
 500 i 
 
 0.5&2: 
 
 2000 
 
 M.IQ: 
 
 it 
 
 " : 
 
 It 
 
 If . 
 
 II 
 
 It . 
 
 It , 
 
 t » i 
 
 3000 
 
 : 24.28: 
 
 3000 
 
 If 
 
 2000 
 
 : 16.18: 
 
 It 
 
 !• 
 
 II 
 
 « 
 
 II 
 
 22 
 
 32 :Cont. 
 a.5: 15 
 16 : 20 
 
 33 ; 20 
 92 'Cont' 
 
 4 : 
 
 2000: 
 
 H . 
 
 4 : 
 
 1000: 
 
 8.0*5 
 
 65 : 
 
 •5000: 
 
 20.23: 
 
 6 ! 
 
 It . 
 
 If . 
 
 11 : 
 
 H 
 
 If . 
 
 81 : 
 
 II 
 
 " : 
 
 4 : 
 
 ll 
 
 If 
 
 5 : 
 
 It 
 
 If 
 
 6 1 
 
 rl 
 
 If . 
 
 6 : 
 
 If 
 
 . i< 
 
 6 : 
 
 IT 
 
 II . 
 
 6 : 
 
 If 
 
 " 
 
 3 : 
 
 II 
 
 " . 
 
 4 : 
 
 II 
 
 1' 
 
 32 
 
 ir 
 II 
 
 II 
 It 
 II 
 
 Gont. 
 
 8 
 16 
 32 : 
 
 8 i 
 16 : 
 
 32 : 
 •f . 
 
 If 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 Cont. 
 
 66 
 40 
 $0 
 l& 
 12 
 20 
 36 
 
 57 
 
 4 
 
 48 
 
 5l2 
 
 448 
 
 253 
 
 57 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 46 
 42 
 33 
 
 10 
 23 
 
 31 
 
 29 
 
 36 
 
 46 
 
 236 
 
 104 
 
 42 
 
 271 
 
 117 
 
 47 
 
 18 
 
 37 
 
 47 
 
 't . 
 
 It 
 
 ; 39 
 
 II . 
 
 20 
 
 : 46 
 
 8 : 
 
 II 
 
 : 231 
 
 .-66- 
 

 
 Canisters 
 
 QoncentratioA 
 
 1 
 : 
 
 : jnter- 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 * » 
 
 t : 
 
 
 
 
 * * 
 
 • • 
 
 :lfO,j 
 
 
 * 
 
 {iBltteat: 
 
 
 
 J J Absorbent or Date .-of ; 
 
 
 i&ite 
 
 J in- 
 
 t 
 
 Life 
 
 Oaa 
 
 : Type. of *'iiijLxig 
 
 :Gan3.;p^p.ra 
 
 M^/nt 
 
 ;l/a» 
 
 ',iia,l/min -Minutes 
 
 CG 
 
 ; a J 20^-207 HH 
 
 t lOt sooo, 
 
 20«2d 
 
 ! 32 
 
 :Oont. 
 
 J 
 
 41 
 
 
 i 175-275 HH 
 
 ; 214j •• : 
 
 ■1 
 
 1 " 
 
 i ZZ 
 
 2 
 
 47 
 
 
 : sHHP£l8-i9Y 
 
 . iO: " i 
 
 It 
 
 i 
 
 :Man test 
 
 297 
 
 
 : i60-ii4(14 niinutea) 
 
 : 3; •• : 
 
 If 
 
 * 
 
 lOont, 
 
 , 
 
 47 
 
 
 ! ;40-A25Bl26 ■» ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; . H 
 
 3 J 60000: 
 
 202^3 
 
 J »♦ 
 
 ■1 
 
 ; 
 
 6 
 
 
 : 5 •• 
 
 3:25QDQ): 
 
 1011 »0 
 
 ir 
 
 s " 
 
 • 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 
 t " 
 
 . 4: 2500: 
 
 10,11 
 
 : 85 
 
 If 
 
 J 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 « It 
 
 5 3: 10000 J 
 
 40.45^ •• 
 
 " 
 
 ♦ 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 . M 
 
 3:60000. 
 
 ZOZ^S 
 
 r 
 
 If 
 
 3 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 
 1 >* 
 
 2: 1000; 
 
 4.05 
 
 :i50 
 
 If 
 
 4 
 • 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 >• 
 
 : 3: 5000; 
 
 20,23 
 
 )• 
 
 II 
 
 ! 
 
 7 
 
 
 : : " 
 
 3 1 10000s 
 
 40.45 
 
 •I 
 
 If 
 
 « 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 aoo-A4 
 
 4: 5000: 
 
 20,23^ 
 
 
 .Man lest 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 J rf 
 
 4:10000: 
 
 40.46 
 
 t 
 
 II II 
 
 ; 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 : 100-A25B 
 
 4: 5000: 
 
 20*23, 
 
 
 If II 
 
 J 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 . » 
 
 4:10000; 
 
 40.65 
 
 . 
 
 «« If 
 
 • 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 :100-ij.4li8«6 min.)- 
 
 lOi 10000 : 
 
 >f 
 
 5 
 
 tf -ti 
 
 ■» 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 :fiO-A4(i8«6 •• ); 
 
 10: •• : 
 
 » 
 
 
 11 II 
 
 • 
 
 178 
 
 
 
 :40-A25Bi23 >' ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :40-ii.4 (18,6 " ). 
 
 iOi " : 
 
 t) 
 
 w- 
 
 11 It 
 
 « 
 
 : 
 
 129 
 
 
 
 :60-ii25BU3 " j: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;i00-A25B{23 " ); 
 
 20 ; " : 
 
 X 
 
 
 " ? 
 
 • 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 :100-*i/hetierite"A": 
 
 3: 5000: 
 
 20,23 
 
 . 32 . 
 
 Cont. 
 
 • 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 : (14W1Q(1)) : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :60- " : 
 
 35 " : 
 
 (» 
 
 1) 
 
 If 
 
 : 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 :40-A26B j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 100- Whet lerite^'B": 
 
 3: •• : 
 
 1) 
 
 rt 
 
 11 
 
 : 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 . {24Vk25{I)) : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60- " ; 
 
 3: ' 1 
 
 II 
 
 It 
 
 14 
 
 ■• 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 40-A25B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lOO-flanlcinite^ij." : 
 
 3: " ; 
 
 i( 
 
 •1 
 
 t 
 
 • 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 60- " ; 
 
 3; " : 
 
 ti 
 
 II 
 
 U 
 
 : 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 40-A253 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iOO-HaniCinite 
 
 2i " : 
 
 ii 
 
 If 
 
 If 
 
 • 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 100-Larsen ate 
 
 2: " i 
 
 II 
 
 If 
 
 II 
 
 : 
 
 27 
 
 
 J : 
 
 211-215 HJ : 
 
 8: " : 
 
 11 
 
 It 
 
 t? 
 
 : 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 175-275 HJ : 
 
 116: -^ : 
 
 If 
 
 II 
 
 22 
 
 * 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 HJ ! 
 
 20 : iOOOQ J 
 
 40.45 
 
 
 Man test 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 60-a4( 14 minutes ) : 
 
 3: 5000: 
 
 22.23 
 
 32 , 
 
 Cont. 
 
 : 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 40-A25S(26 " '): 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 If 
 
 di 50000 i 
 
 202.3 : 
 
 It 
 
 ii 
 
 • 
 
 2.5 
 
 67- 
 

 
 Ganiisters 
 
 eoncentra.tion : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inter- , 
 
 
 
 
 
 140 . : : 
 
 
 mittent 
 
 
 
 
 Apsorbent or Date; 
 
 of : 
 
 ,ifeite 
 
 in- 
 
 . Life 
 
 Gas ; 
 
 Type : 
 
 of i>^iliin« , i 
 
 Cans ;.p, p.m. ;Mg/lit 
 
 l/m. ;hai/min 
 
 Minutes 
 
 CG : 
 
 J : 
 
 4i>-A25Bta6 miHtttes), 5 : i-OOOOO :.404,5 : 
 
 32 ;Contr 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 
 »' 
 
 3: 2500: 10.11 
 
 . 85 ! 
 
 "■ 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 ••^ 
 
 2: 10000 i 40>45. 
 
 It . 
 
 •1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 tl , 
 
 5f 100000 t404Ȥ 
 
 (I- 
 
 w 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 ' : 
 
 3: 500: ZJiZ; 
 
 ,150 : 
 
 II 
 
 . 36 
 
 
 
 If , 
 
 3: 2500} 10.-11 
 
 H . 
 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 n , 
 
 4: 6000: 20.23 
 
 '< < 
 
 If 
 
 1 
 
 
 I* : 
 
 264-275 HL ': 
 
 24: 2500: 10-*-ll 
 
 32 '• 
 
 22 , 
 
 . 41 
 
 
 Q'Ma.-3: 
 
 60-iL4li6.5 miji) ; 
 
 4: 5000; 20,23: 
 
 " 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 40.*25B (31" j 
 
 
 
 
 
 .Navy i 
 
 Standard 60-40 : 
 i»Iixture 
 
 3: 5000: •• : 
 
 •* :Cont. 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 5 : 1000 : 4,06 . 
 
 II . II . 
 
 57 
 
 XJ-55 
 
 . H 
 
 HHPi;-Y : 
 : '• (15/a rel. 
 
 3: 1500: 11.41 ; 
 
 " :• " ; 
 
 ea- 
 
 
 
 humidity) 
 
 ' 2j •• . 
 
 It 
 
 II . 
 
 •1 . 
 
 se 
 
 
 
 100-A4U0 minutes) 
 
 \: "' . 
 
 II 
 
 '• . 
 
 '1 . 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 100*a25B 
 
 1: " : 
 
 >• 
 
 II . 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 G-67 
 
 : ^^ 
 
 .i'HPAi7Y 
 
 3 r 5000 : 
 
 21.r66! 
 
 11 . 
 
 « 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 6: 100: 
 
 0.433 
 
 II 
 
 tl 
 
 295 
 
 
 : H 
 
 HHPD19Y 
 
 10 : 1250 
 
 5.43. 
 
 " : 
 
 Man test over 60 
 
 G-73 
 
 : H 
 
 .147 HK : 
 
 3: 250; 
 
 1.78 
 
 ii 
 
 Coat. : 
 
 Z&A 
 
 
 
 .100-A25B 
 
 11 250. 
 
 It 
 
 •I . 
 
 " 
 
 6 
 
 G-iOC 
 
 ) H 
 
 HHP 
 
 9: 5000 
 
 23.52j 
 
 ■ 32 . 
 
 It 
 
 42 
 
 
 : 
 
 :i00-A25B : 
 
 1: " : 
 
 »t 
 
 .1 
 
 •1 ; 
 
 
 
 G-172 
 
 : C 
 
 rCHP 
 
 3; 100 
 
 0.699 
 
 II 
 
 " : 
 
 470 
 
 GO 
 
 : G 
 
 :&HPB-Y 
 
 : 3: 100. 
 
 0.251 
 
 It 
 
 ll . 
 
 144 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 1: 1000 
 
 2.51 
 
 n , 
 
 II 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 3: 5000 
 
 . 7.54 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 : 4 
 
 
 : H 
 
 ! 147-162 HH 
 
 5; 500 
 
 0.754 
 
 ■1 
 
 II 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 ; 164-168 HH 
 
 : 5; 1000 
 
 . 2,51 
 
 
 ■Man tesi 
 
 t 143 
 
 
 
 :100-A4 (25 man.) 
 
 ; 5 : 500 
 
 . 1*26 
 
 '; 32 
 
 :Gont. 
 
 : 77 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 : i : 750 
 
 . 1.88 
 
 . i» 
 
 >t 
 
 : 58 
 
 
 
 . <l 
 
 : 1: 5000 
 
 . 7.54 
 
 n 
 
 1' 
 
 ; 25 
 
 
 
 i i00-A25B 
 
 : 1; iOOO 
 
 : 2.51 
 
 " 
 
 '1 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 aOO-'»Vaetlerite"A" 
 
 : 3: 500 
 
 : 1»26 
 
 '• 
 
 n 
 
 ; 31 
 
 
 
 ; (14wl8tl)) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :60- " 
 
 : 3; 500: '' 
 
 .1 . 't 
 
 : 7 
 
 
 
 ;40-a25B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 100"- Whet lerite 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 : M4«»l-8:15Vd9) 
 
 : 3: 500: 
 
 : 32 :Gont. 
 
 : 95 
 
 
 
 ;.60— 
 
 : 3: " : 
 
 .1 . It 
 
 : 23 
 
 
 
 :4a-A25S 
 
 
 
 
 
 -68- 
 
Qa.8 
 
 . Canisters. 
 
 _9 o ne an t r at i^p .. 
 
 Type 
 
 M 
 
 J 
 "Art" 
 
 Absorbent or Date 
 or j'iiling 
 
 iOO-Haiiicinite"ji'» 
 60- 
 
 40-a253 " 
 iOO-Larsenite 
 214-2i5 H.) 
 100-A4(26 minutes) 
 "Sp.GC" 100-A4 {4J '• ) 
 
 Ko. 
 
 of 
 
 Cans 
 
 } in ter- 
 :iuitt9nt 
 J Bat©: in- 
 
 p. p»m. img/i,it:i/m.^;nal/min 
 
 500 
 
 1.'26; i2 iGont. 
 
 Life 
 Minutes 
 
 72 
 
 &313 
 
 G-337 
 G-349 
 
 Ghfer- 
 aceto 
 pnenone 
 
 S-4 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 J 
 H 
 
 HHPE-Y 
 
 135-144 HH 
 100-A4 (20 min. ) 
 iOO-A25B 
 HEPB-Y 
 100-A25B 
 
 HHP 
 
 171-207 HH 
 100-ii4 (20 min.) 
 lOO-a.253 
 HHP— 
 
 Y29*140 HH 
 
 HJ 
 
 100-a25B 
 
 147 HH 
 II 
 
 ii 
 
 60HC 
 40-CaCi2 
 
 (in layers) 
 100-Whetlerite"3" 
 
 (24V*25tl)) 
 
 iOO'pijmice+isiiCig' 
 
 6Hp0 
 
 iOO-pianice-t 
 
 GoCl-,..6H20 
 It •- .. 
 
 ■ It 
 
 lOO-pumicet 
 
 CUSC4.5H2O 
 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 1 
 3 
 3 
 
 10 
 i 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 10 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 l« 
 
 II 
 
 If 
 
 ! " 
 
 1 
 
 i» 
 
 If 
 
 II 
 
 It 
 
 : 5000 
 
 7.54. 
 
 |^ 
 
 II 
 
 it 
 
 <> • 
 
 : 2500 
 
 16.45 
 
 I* 
 
 r 5000 
 
 32.90; 
 
 •» 
 
 : 500 
 
 3.29 
 
 
 ; 2500 
 
 16.45, 
 
 : 32 1 
 
 : 2500 
 
 II 
 
 ir 
 
 : 28 
 
 0*225: 
 
 II > 
 
 . ti , 
 
 It 
 
 ■1 
 
 : 31 
 
 0.282i 
 
 " : 
 
 : 10 
 
 0,091 2 
 
 
 : 31 
 
 0.282: 
 
 •I 
 
 •1 
 
 '* i 
 
 '• • 
 
 : 15 . 
 
 0.095: 
 
 II 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 213 
 
 
 118 
 
 
 46 
 
 Man te3t.'0.7er 310 
 Cont. i 106 
 
 " : 94 
 
 " J Over 5100 
 -• . 
 
 " jOver 4aoa 
 Man test 16 
 
 Cont. 
 (I 
 
 Over 1000 
 Over 1500 
 Over 150 
 
 '. 1000 ; 
 
 ( sprayed ) 
 
 ; 16 
 
 . II 
 
 : 10000 
 : 5000 
 : 2500 
 
 ; 10000 
 
 6.32: 
 
 : 0.095 
 
 32 
 
 Oont. ; 
 
 . 1* 
 
 II 
 
 II . 
 
 : 6.95 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 : 3.48 
 
 ir 
 
 II • 
 
 : 1.74 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 6.95: " 
 
 1 -2.0000 : 13.90; 
 
 (t 
 
 It 
 
 11 
 
 ; 50000 
 <t 
 
 34.75: 
 
 II 
 
 It 
 
 1 : 20000 
 
 1 ; dOOOO 
 
 2 ; 
 
 13.90 
 34,75 
 
 ;Man test; Over 50 
 
 Over 1800 
 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 
 34 
 18 
 192 
 
 46 
 20 
 175 
 
 Man test; 
 
 Gont. ; 
 I 
 
 Man test: 
 
 .69' 
 
Canisters 
 
 Gas :IyT>e 
 
 :N0, 
 :of 
 
 Concentration! 
 
 Absorbent or Date: 
 
 of ii'illinfi iCansiD.p. nu ima/lit-i l/m Jiial/miniMinut es 
 
 : Inter- j 
 .•mittent: 
 5ate; in- ; iife 
 
 S-4 
 H 
 
 C6H5; 
 
 U 
 
 CS2 
 
 H 
 
 Chlor- H 
 acetyl 
 chlor- 
 ide. : 
 
 H2S 
 
 J>l204i 
 SO2 
 
 H 
 
 G 
 H 
 
 B 
 H 
 
 100 -Pat ri OK 
 
 Absorbent 
 Pumice 4 H„SO. 
 '♦ w * 
 
 » rt 
 
 rt If 
 
 162 HH 
 
 162-203 HH 
 
 100-^4116,6 min.) 
 It 
 
 100 -A4 [iZ min. ) 
 II 
 
 HHP 
 
 100-A4 (42 min.) 
 
 182 HH 
 
 u 
 
 100-ii4 (20 min.) 
 
 100-A25B 
 
 60-^4 (22.5 min.) 
 
 40-A26B (16,5 " ) 
 
 100-A4 (22,5 " ) 
 
 100-..25B116.6 " ) 
 
 93-98X6 
 164-16Q HH 
 BHP 
 
 i84 HH 
 ISO HH 
 166-182 HH 
 100-A4 i20 rain.) 
 100-A25B 
 
 1 ; 20000 
 
 : 13,90 
 
 :32 
 
 :Cont> 
 
 I 
 
 2 : 10000 
 
 : 6.95 
 
 . II 
 
 . " 
 
 4 ; 20000 . 
 
 : 13.90 
 
 
 :Man test: 
 
 2 : 25000 
 
 ! 17,38 
 
 
 . I» M. 
 
 3 :40O00 
 
 : 27.80 
 
 
 . It If 
 
 I 
 
 3 : 10000 
 
 : 31.9 
 
 : i2 
 
 :CQnt. 
 
 
 2 : 40000 
 
 .127,6 
 
 . It 
 
 II 
 
 
 1 : 10000 
 
 31.9 
 
 •1 
 
 II 
 
 
 1 : 40000 
 
 ,127.6 
 
 II 
 
 >t 
 
 
 1 : 10000 
 
 31,9 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 
 2 : 50000 
 
 159.5 
 
 1, 
 
 II 
 
 
 2 : 10000 
 
 31,1 ; 
 
 i» 
 
 II 
 
 
 3 : 10000 : 
 
 >i 
 
 » . 
 
 II 
 
 
 3 : 30000 i 
 
 93.3 ! 
 
 11 
 
 ii 
 
 
 3 : 50000 . 
 
 155.5 : 
 
 '• 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 : 1000 : 
 
 6.27: 
 
 rt 
 
 II 
 
 
 5 : 10000 : 
 
 52.73; 
 
 n 
 
 '• . 
 
 
 1 : 10000 , 
 
 52.73: 
 
 •t 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 : 10000 : 
 
 !• 
 
 >t 
 
 1' 
 
 
 4 : 10000 : 
 
 13,9 5 
 
 " • 
 
 Z2 t 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 : 1500 
 ! 1500 
 i 10000 
 
 : 2500 
 1 5000 
 [50000 
 ! 6000 
 ; 5000 
 
 II 
 n 
 
 5.64 
 II 
 
 26.2 
 
 17 
 42 
 
 145 
 
 104 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 3,6 
 
 46 
 
 11 
 
 71 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 68 
 20 
 8 
 
 408 
 
 29 
 
 21 
 
 39 
 
 97 
 
 37 
 170 
 
 6.55 
 
 32 : 
 
 13.1 
 
 " : 
 
 131.0 
 
 
 13.1 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 •1 . 
 
 Juan test; Over 70 
 '» '•;Ovt*r 70 
 I, . 
 Slight 
 Cont. ; breaK 60 
 
 : 32 
 iuan test : 29 
 Cont. : 7 
 " : 54 
 
 ,-70- 
 
lASLS III 
 QQAIPARISQM Oi? fflQTiSG TlOM A^^i-ORDlJa) BY iTOR^IJM & U. S. CaNISTEBS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 itesist: 
 ance , 
 in mm. ; 
 
 Life in 
 minutes 
 
 ' 
 
 Type 
 
 .Date of : 
 Filling : 
 
 No. : . 
 Tested jMethod of Test: 
 
 Cone* ! 
 
 H20§85: 
 l/m : 
 
 to 
 
 Canister: 
 
 p.p.m:m^/lj 
 
 100;J:90^^ 
 
 
 
 
 .Qas CG 
 
 
 
 
 U.S. : 
 
 H 
 
 .June '18 
 
 . 96 . 
 
 32 l/m cont. . > 
 
 5000:20.1j 
 
 90 : 
 
 45 i 60 
 
 U.S. : 
 
 J 
 
 July' 18 J 
 
 3 
 
 
 5000:20.1: 
 
 79 . 
 
 21 : 29 
 
 Britisn : 
 
 ' 
 
 
 1 J 
 
 : 
 
 5000:20.1: 
 
 101 ; 
 
 13 : 21 
 
 FrencJa j 
 
 Lrge: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tis, 
 
 
 1 
 
 " : 
 
 5000:20.1, 
 
 18 : 
 
 402 :463 
 
 /rench 
 
 Small 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tis. 
 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 5000:20.1; 
 
 9 : 
 
 96 :103 
 
 German 
 
 , 
 
 
 . 1 
 
 ■• 
 
 5000:20.1: 
 
 
 1.2 : 11 
 
 U.S. : 
 
 H . 
 
 June '13 
 
 80 1 
 
 32 l/m inter. • 
 22 strokes : 
 
 2500; 10.0 i 
 
 96 i 
 
 51 : 
 
 U.S. ! 
 
 J 
 
 July* 18 
 
 . 60 
 
 r» 
 
 2500:10.0. 
 
 76 ; 
 
 Z2 : 
 
 German : 
 
 
 : 20/11/17 
 
 1 . 
 
 i» 
 
 2500:10.0; 
 
 
 25 : 27 
 
 German : 
 
 . 
 
 .14/4/18 
 
 : 1 
 
 « 
 
 2500:10.0: 
 
 
 16 : 16 
 
 U.S. : 
 
 H 
 
 June' 18 
 
 , 16 
 
 Test on men at ; 
 rest : 
 
 10000:40,1: 
 
 99 i 
 
 160 s 
 
 U.S. : 
 
 
 
 .July' 18 
 
 . 20 
 
 •« 
 
 10000:40.1- 
 
 67 : 
 
 92 : 
 
 British . 
 
 
 
 : 3 
 
 . '♦ . 
 
 10000:40.1, 
 
 ' 
 
 59^1 
 
 
 
 
 
 6-43 
 
 
 
 
 U.S. : 
 
 H 
 
 June' 18 
 
 10 
 
 :32 l/m cont. 
 
 2500: 
 
 97 
 
 23 : 38 
 
 UiS. : 
 
 J 
 
 •.;uly'18 
 
 8 
 
 i» 
 
 2500 
 
 
 : 79 
 
 12 : 19 
 
 British 
 
 
 
 : 1 
 
 >• 
 
 5000 
 
 
 :i05 
 
 5 : 10 
 
 U.S. 
 
 . J 
 
 ; July 18 
 
 : 26 
 
 :32 l/m inter. 
 
 ; 500 
 
 
 : 75 
 
 • 31 : 58 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 22 strokes 
 
 
 
 
 German : 
 
 
 .30/11/17 
 
 1 
 
 >• 
 
 . 500; 
 
 ■ 
 • 
 
 : 15 : 18 
 
 German ; 
 
 
 : 20/11/17 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 i« 
 
 i 500: 
 
 
 : 5 : 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 PS 
 
 
 
 
 U.S. 
 
 H 
 
 June '18 
 
 10 
 
 :32 l/m cont. 
 
 : 2500:16.8 
 
 : 94 
 
 : 35 ; 47 
 
 U.S. 
 
 : J 
 
 : July '18 
 
 8 
 
 It 
 
 : 2500:16.8 
 
 : 76 
 
 : 14 : 24 
 
 British 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i> 
 
 : 2000: 
 
 J 105 
 
 : 10 : 12 
 
 French 
 
 ;Lrge 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :Tis. 
 
 
 1 
 
 " 
 
 : 2000: 
 
 : 23 
 
 : 90 : 96 
 
 #ench 
 
 :Smal 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :Tis. 
 
 ; 
 
 1 
 
 •f 
 
 : 2000 
 
 * 
 
 : 13 
 
 : 14 ; 15 
 
 - 71- 
 
:&dsist: 
 
 :ance jLife in 
 
 ;in mm.; minutes 
 
 ; sliate of : No. ; ; Qono. !Hf>QS85; 
 
 Canister sTypej£iUing {TestediMethoA of Teatip.ptgumg/l; l/m :100;&;90;j^ 
 
 Gernoau : ; 
 
 U.S. : J jjulyna 
 
 German t 
 German : 
 
 U.S. . : 
 
 Britiaii : 
 
 14/4/18 
 21/12/17 
 
 1 
 
 47 
 
 1 
 1 
 7 
 
 Gas PS 
 32 l/m cont. ; 2000: 
 
 52 i/m inter. 
 22 atroices 
 
 n 
 
 1000; 
 
 1000 
 1000 
 
 lests on men at; 2500 
 rest : 
 •• { 2500 
 
 t45 
 
 6 
 
 144 
 
 32 
 
 72 
 
 76 
 13 
 
 U.S. 
 German 
 
 H {Mar. » 18 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 HS ' 
 :32 l/m oont. 
 
 100: J 105 s 1800 J 
 100; ! ; 40; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SlZ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U.S. 
 U.S. 
 Frencli 
 German 
 
 H 
 
 J 
 
 BM 
 
 June* 18 
 i Aug, '18 
 
 112 
 I4/4/I8 
 
 : 
 
 2 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 
 32 
 
 l/m 
 II 
 
 If 
 
 oont. 
 
 . 250 s 
 250: 
 250: 
 250; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .8; 
 .3: 
 • 8: 
 .8: 
 
 27 
 
 i 9 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 ? 
 
 U.Sr 
 
 German 
 
 U.S. 
 
 U.S. 
 
 ii'rencli 
 
 German 
 
 German 
 
 H 
 
 J 
 Bm 
 
 Feb, « 18 
 
 June '18 
 Aug. ' 18 
 
 112 
 14/4/18 
 11/12/17 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 32 \/m cont. 
 
 1500 1 3. 77 
 
 1500i3»77 
 
 100:04 25 
 
 100:0.25 
 100:0,25 
 100;0..26 
 100:0.26 
 
 107, 
 
 15 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 83 
 
 Zd 
 
 49 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 . 3 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 U.S. 
 British 
 U.S. 
 German 
 
 G 
 H 
 
 e'eb . ' 18 
 
 Mar-na 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 fil28 
 !22 l/m cont. 
 
 iOOQO 
 
 10000 
 
 5000 
 
 2000 
 
 108 ; 18 
 
 58 : ^ 
 
 90 i 47 
 
 El : 38 
 
 27 
 
 14 
 64 
 
 U.S. 
 German 
 
 H 
 Sll 
 
 il 
 
 Jan. 'IS 
 
 320-10- 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 Q-55 
 •32 l/m cont. 
 
 1500; 
 
 1500. 
 
 ^Q : 63 -.idO 
 34 : : 4 
 
 ■72- 
 
iiiesist: 
 
 :ance :Life in 
 
 •in ran. • minutes 
 
 :Date oiP : No. j ; Oonc.' ;H2(5335: to_ ; 
 
 g anis tor ; lype ; j' ill i g£.ii9:3Jg(i^#et^gc^ . 9^..'i9^ t ; p . p . mt-mg/l j l/m ; lOOfjUo^ 
 
 Otis 
 
 German 
 
 H jJime '18; 8 :32 l/m oont. ; 230- 
 Sil-:320-20- : 
 
 11 i 16 
 
 .s 
 
 250; 
 
 d^ :180 : 
 S6 i J 11 
 
 U.S. : H :9/u/l8 : 50 
 
 dritii^h : : (6 
 
 0^76 
 
 : Tests on men ati 
 : rest J. 
 
 i " J 
 
 3; 
 
 90 
 
 ! 1 : 
 
 i 14 5 
 
 U.S. _^ 
 
 Gennan ' 
 
 1 H 
 
 siJune 'IS; 
 _^^10/20/i6 1 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 
 G-IW 
 
 :32 l/m cont* 
 
 > If 
 
 4 
 
 : 5000: 
 1 5000} 
 
 ■} 
 
 
 : 42 ; 59 
 •: : 2 
 
 U.S. 
 Setrhsiii 
 
 : C 
 
 :l»ec;'i7 : 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 (i-4 
 
 :32 i/m cont.' 
 
 : 5000 J 
 
 J 5000s 
 
 • 
 1^ 
 
 51 
 
 : 53 J 
 
 : 1. 1^ 
 
 a*si3 
 
 U.S. 
 
 : K :May '18 : 
 
 3 
 
 t32 
 
 l/m cont. 
 
 : 2500; 
 
 1 
 
 84 
 
 :il8 
 
 :160 
 
 Qermaja 
 
 :Sil-;B20-10- j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 11 : 16 : 
 
 2 
 
 • 
 
 II 
 
 { 2600 i 
 
 • 
 
 ^j^^iJ, 
 
 ? ^ 
 
 : 23 
 
 U.S. : H :iilay "-IS : 9 t32 l/m cont. 
 
 German :15IlHH:il9-i6 i 1 : " 
 
 28 s 
 
 28: 
 
 96 
 
 is 
 
 :180 
 
 tW6 
 
 u.s 
 
 Germain 
 
 H : June '18 
 B4: 11-16 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 t32 i/m cont. 
 
 i 5006: 
 i 5000 1 
 
 , 93 
 I 33 
 
 ; 32 : 43 
 
 i 1 J 4 
 
 2i4D;? 
 
 U.S. : L :Sept.'i8: i :32 i/m cont. 
 
 German : :Oct. '17: 1 : " 
 
 40:393: 
 40:393; 
 
 :30 hrs. 
 :30 Jars, 
 
 U.S. 
 German 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chioracetyl 
 
 chloride 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 U.S. . 
 
 H 
 
 :Juiy 
 
 '18 
 
 5 
 
 52 
 
 l/m 
 
 cont. 
 
 iioooo 
 
 ;46 
 
 .2- 
 
 29 
 
 40 
 
 Gennan 
 
 
 :1917 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 : 10000 
 
 j'ifa 
 
 .2: 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 U.S* 
 
 H 
 
 :July' 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 : 1000 
 
 :4. 
 
 62: 
 
 408 
 
 
 German 
 
 
 _iQcili2— 
 
 3 
 
 
 If 
 
 
 : 1000_ 
 
 !4. 
 
 §§! 
 
 41 
 
 __91_ 
 
 G-349 
 
 ; H :July'18 : 1 :32 l/ra oont. 
 ;S-ll-ll!.B12/lO/l6: 1; " 
 
 31:0.28: 
 3H0.28; 
 
 ;80 nrs. 
 ;72 :12r) 
 
 -73- 
 
■TABLE IV 
 
 PERMBkBILITY 11ESTS QH VARIOUS JfABBICS 
 
 jiianufacturer 
 
 :i!al)ric-.I}escription 
 
 iiime of 
 : peae- 
 : tratioa 
 : in ali^i 
 :Lat>.Mo.: ES:.HS 
 
 Ho«e Rubt>er Co. 
 Ravenna Rubber Co. 
 
 U.S.Naugatauj^ Co« 
 
 Keoyon Rubber Co. 
 It 
 
 n 
 II 
 ti 
 If 
 
 Celluloid Co. 
 
 U.S. Rubber Company 
 
 Keratoi Company 
 Goodrich Rubber Co.. 
 Good year Rubber Co. 
 A.C.Little Co. 
 Pahtasote Co. 
 A.J.lJower Co. 
 L.C. Chase Co. 
 Potter Texile Co. 
 
 Standard Oil Cloth Co. 
 II II II It 
 
 T.H. Goodlatte Co. 
 ti 
 
 Quaker City Rubber Co, 
 II II 
 
 N.Y. Belting &?aclcing Co. 
 Nairn Linoleum Co. 
 
 ■MAAi i'abric, 
 MasiC ..k'abric, 
 
 Mask jfabric. 
 
 iiasK i?abric {3^-382 
 
 Tissot Mask, 705^ rubber, rP-'420 
 
 gauge 60-100 ; 
 
 2 spreader coats, }P- 151 
 
 1 calender ooa.t t 
 Z spreader coats 
 
 2 calender coats 
 2 spreader eoats 
 .2 calender coats 
 
 itesic iJabric Roll "G" 
 
 gauge O»0145'' 
 MasK isib r i c K. ^. 104#13 ( 28M) 
 Mask Fabric " #36(63M) 
 M»sk -i^abric " #34(61M) 
 iiasjc j?abric " #40(67^) 
 Cloth for Mouthpiece Wasiiers 
 Mask ifabric 
 
 Hood Fabric, coated on rubber 
 
 side 
 11 II t» ©loth side 
 
 Brown Rubberized i?abric, 
 
 gauge 0.052* 
 Mask Fabric, 2 spreader coats 
 
 2 calender coats 
 
 Keratoi #2 
 
 Goodrich Standard Tissot Fabric 
 Goodyear Mask Fabric 22 ^,3B 
 Modified Shellac Fabric 
 Pantasote #1112 
 lower Standard Dipped Suit 
 L.C. Chase #iP3 
 
 fi'abric "Potter C" Black,.rubber 
 
 coated 
 San5)le #l,Bi^ck coated fabric 
 liapped moleskin coated with 
 Tni'ee ply brown f,ibric 
 Fabric #A-2, oiled fabric 
 ftuajter City #2 
 Quaker City #2-B 
 Asbestos & Rub.#Ulight weight 
 Canton Flannel blanket material 
 Eiderdown blsmket material 
 JNaim Pipped Suit 
 
 ^120} 
 
 :P-L43 
 
 : 32 
 
 ip7:158 
 
 *: 35 
 
 'iP-174 
 
 \ 25 
 
 :P-146 
 
 ; 21. 
 
 :P^128 
 
 : 17 
 
 :P-il9 
 
 : 25 
 
 :P-.114 
 
 ": 23 
 
 :P-95 
 
 : 18 
 
 ,jK.54:.-^ 
 
 : .19 
 
 Jp-.ia8 
 
 .: Zl. 
 
 SP-.187 
 
 ■', 3.8 
 
 :P-^1 
 
 •125 
 
 il»^49 
 
 P-66 
 
 P-3a5 
 
 P-61 
 
 P-480 
 
 Pt262 
 
 P-4S7 
 
 P-424 
 
 P-219 
 
 P-2fl5 
 
 P-230 
 
 P-272 
 
 P-91 
 
 P-496 
 
 P-514 
 
 P-453 
 
 P-406 
 P^407 
 
 P-438 
 
 150 
 
 : 28. 
 
 i 42 
 :147 
 : 43 
 : 23 
 .: 22 
 
 *:I97 
 : 36 
 
 157 
 
 82 
 21 
 
 58 
 
 151 
 
 ; 32; 64 
 : 46:300 
 ! 62: 45 
 
 105; 
 
 96 hr£, 
 
 :X^3 
 
 : 67 
 
 290:292 
 
 150; 330 
 
 : 3f 
 
 -74- 
 
Manufacturer 
 
 rifabrio-Deseription 
 
 Time of 
 pene- 
 •tration 
 ; in min. 
 fLab.No.t PS ;fiS 
 
 Nairn Xriuoletiin Co. 
 BupoHt Goinpany 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hodgman fiubber Co. 
 Grooden Heed- Co. 
 Bri t ifiii-'ljiier i can 
 
 Mfg. Co. 
 A. C. Lawrence 
 Bancroft & Soixs 
 
 Victor a.Bioede Cc. 
 Western S»Jiade Cloth Co 
 Broolcijtn aiibber Shield 
 
 Co. 
 Metals Coating Co. 
 
 a»s Proof Pucli: saturated with 
 
 conp.' #36 
 (t1ov# i^bric E.S. 539 
 Fabriicoid D-4, imitation leather 
 Blanket li'abrio K.S; 610A 
 Fabric £.5. 623 
 l^iipont Factory Bun #184 
 Dupohji •• " " Mis weave 
 
 Hodman #4 
 Good^' Heed #196 
 
 B.4.M. #Z 
 
 Black Oiled Glove Leather #2 
 
 Cotton Fabric coated with red :P-354 
 
 viscose 
 Special Fabrio #2, gauge 0.022«:P-413 
 Western Shade Cloth Co. #B :P-6i2' 
 
 :P-388 
 
 ; t 
 
 ip-280 
 
 t 
 
 :p-325 
 
 i Z : 
 
 jP-423 
 
 : 50 : 
 
 :?-431 
 
 ; 26 ; 
 
 :P-602 
 
 * -* 
 
 .p-603 
 
 « • 
 
 :P-253 
 
 ; 13 : 
 
 }P-616 
 
 « • 
 
 ;P-261 
 
 I 32 ; 
 
 :P-270 
 
 i 21 : 
 
 Fabric B.B.S.B 
 Ssiil cloth' coated on' both' 
 sides With atiyainXtJii 
 
 General Bakelite Co. 
 Crown Cork & Seal Co. 
 C.fi. Allison 
 Zapon Leather Co. 
 Boston Indurating Co. 
 
 PljBDOuth Bubber Co. 
 
 Federal Rubber Co. 
 Kle inert Rubber Co. 
 Chicago Rubber Cloth 
 
 Littauer Co. 
 Archec Strauss Go. 
 J.O.C.O. Proofing Co. 
 
 FJfenoh American 
 
 Balloon Co. 
 
 Gossard Co. 
 
 j<i§«eral Bakel^t© 00.£*jp».J?^J>rit 
 :Cork Material- 
 jFgtre Retarding F^\)ei(5 
 J alack imitation leather #21005' 
 Black glote treated wjlth rosin 
 
 ai4 gstro latum 
 #81-x-2, 2 spreader coats 
 2 calender coats 
 F.R.C. #1 
 Fabric #24 & 1 
 Co. ;Sait Cloth with smooth coat-s 
 ing. gauge 0»020" 
 Oiled leather #12 
 A.S. #103 
 Cotton fabric treated with 
 
 boiled linseed oil 
 Varnished balloon fabric 
 Charcoal paper F 79 Thickness 
 
 (0.032) 
 
 Linseed oil #200 
 
 English mask fabric (]i3)(53)i30 
 
 Protexweii 
 
 P-85 
 P-94" 
 
 p^k»8' 
 
 P-504 
 
 123 
 
 71 
 
 102 
 
 BO 
 
 128 
 
 135 
 
 25 
 
 i7 
 
 §05 
 
 P-301 
 P^i79 
 
 p-2ia 
 
 P-237 
 
 Pt60 
 
 P-241 
 
 P-244 
 P-,2K3 
 £'191 * 
 
 p-iai 
 
 P-542 
 
 P-623 
 IP-49 
 :P-2I2 
 
 ;■ 49 : 13 
 J : 76 
 
 :' 1*4 ! 
 
 i^DTOedi* 
 tately: 
 : 2§ s 30 
 : 10 i 
 J : 16 
 
 ; 2 ! 
 r :144 
 
 ; 54 
 
 t. 25 
 t IS 
 : 13 
 
 r 18 
 
 98 
 
 20 
 
 92 
 
 : 51 : 
 : 1 ; 
 
 ■140 
 
 : 25 
 
 -K-