CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME 
 OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT 
 FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY 
 
 HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE 
 
Cornell University Library 
 
 PR 508.R3M13 
 
 England's antiphon 
 
 3 1924 013 265 560 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tliis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013265560 
 
£'iS'-i'/J's Antipho 
 
W ;-^;5? 
 
 Antiphon 
 
 BY 
 
 Gi:ORCE:. MACDONAI^D, L.L.D. 
 
 
 MaCMII/IvAN &• Co 
 
Jtit up goui -^carip.' 
 
 Mt lift tljnn up unto t^c XorD.' 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In this book I have sought to trace the course of 
 our religious poetry from an early period of our 
 literary history. 
 
 This could hardly be done without reference to 
 some of the principal phases of the religious history 
 of the nation. To give anything like a full history 
 of the religious feeling of a single county, would 
 require a large book, and — not to mention sermons 
 — would involve a thorough acquaintance with the 
 hymns of the country,— ^a very wide subject, which 
 I have not considered of sufficient importance from a 
 literary point of view to come within the scope of the 
 volume. 
 
 But if its poetry be the cream of a people's thought, 
 some true indications of the history of its religious 
 feeling must be found in its religious verse, and I 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 hope I have not altogether failed in setting forth 
 these indications. 
 
 My chief aim, however, will show itself to have 
 been the mediating towards an intelligent and cordial 
 sympathy betwixt my readers and the writers from 
 whom I have quoted. In this I have some confidence 
 of success. 
 
 Heartily do I throw this my small pebble at the 
 head of the great Sabbath-breaker Schism. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTION I 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 SACRED LYRICS OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY ... . 5 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE MIRACLE PLAYS, AND OTHER POEMS OF THE FOURTEENTH 
 
 CENTURY 21 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 44 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE ELIZABETHAN ERA 55 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 SPENSER AND HIS FRIENDS .... 62 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 LORD BACON AND HIS COEVALS 93 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 DR. DONNE "3 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 BISHOP HALL AND GEORGE SANDYS I25 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 A FEW OF THE ELIZABETHAN DRAMATISTS 131 
 
viii CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER X. PAGE 
 
 SIR JOHN BEAUMONT AND DRUMMOND OF HAWTHORNDEN . I42 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE BROTHERS FLETCHER • '5° 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 WITHER, HERRICK, AND QUARLES 159 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 GEORGE HERBERT . . . -174 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 JOHN MILTON .... ... . . . I94 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 EDMUND WALLER, THOMAS BROWN, AND JEREMY TAYLOR . . 212 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 HENRY MORE AND RICHARD BAXTER ... . . . 223 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 CRASHAW AND MARVELL ... 238 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 A MOUNT OF VISION — HENRY VAUGHAN 25 1 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE PLAIN . . 280 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 THE ROOTS OF THE HILLS . . 292 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 THE NEW VISION . . . . 301 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 THE FERVOUR OF THE IMPLICIT. INSIGHT OF THE HEART . 312 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 THE QUESTIONING FERVOUR 326 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 If the act of worship be the highest human condi- 
 tion, it follows that the highest human art must find 
 material in the modes of worship. The first poetry 
 of a nation will not be religious poetry : the nation 
 must have a. history at least before it can possess any 
 material capable of being cast into the mould of 
 religious utterance ; but, the nation once possessed of 
 this material, poetry is the first form religious utter- 
 ance will assume. 
 
 The earliest form of literature is the ballad, which 
 is the germ of all subsequent forms of poetry, for it 
 has in itself all their elements : the lyric, for it was 
 first chanted to some stringed instrument ; the epic, 
 for it tells a tale, often of solemn and ancient report ; 
 the dramatic, for its actors are ever ready to start 
 forward into life, snatch the word from the mouth of 
 the narrator, and speak in their own persons. All 
 these forms have been used for the utterance of 
 religious thought and feeling. Of the lyrical poems 
 of England, religion possesses the most ; of the epic, 
 the best ; of the dramatic, the oldest. 
 
 S.L. IV. B 
 
ENGLAND'S AN TIP HON. 
 
 Of each of these I shall have occasion to speak ; 
 but, as the title of the book imphes, — for Antiphon 
 means the responsive song of the parted choir, — I 
 shall have chiefly to do with the lyric or song form. 
 
 For song is the speech of feeling. Even the prose 
 of emotion always wanders into the rhythmical. 
 Hence, as well as for other reasons belonging to its 
 nature, it is one chief mode in which men unite to 
 praise God ; for in thus praising they hold communion 
 with each other, and the praise expands and grows. 
 
 The individual heart, however, must first have 
 been uplifted into praiseful song, before the common 
 ground and form of feeling, in virtue of which men 
 might thus meet, could be supplied. But the vocal 
 utterance or the bodily presence is not at all neces- 
 sary for this communion. When we read rejoicingly 
 the true song-speech of one of our singing brethren, 
 we hold song-worship with him and with all who have 
 thus at any time shared in his feelings, even if he 
 have passed centuries ago into the " high countries " 
 of song. 
 
 My object is to erect, as it were, in this book, a 
 little auricle, or spot of concentrated hearing, where 
 the hearts of my readers may listen, and join in the 
 song of their country's singing men and singing 
 women. 
 
 I will build it, if I may, like a chapel in the great 
 church of England's worship, gathering the sounds 
 of its never-ceasing choir, heart after heart lifting up 
 itself in the music of speech, heart after heart respond- 
 ing across the ages. Hearing, we worship with them. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 For we must not forget that, although the individual 
 song springs from the heart of the individual, the 
 song of a country is not merely cumulative : it is vital 
 in its growth, and therefore composed of historically 
 dependent members. No man could sing as he has 
 sung, had not others sung before him. Deep answereth 
 unto deep, face to face, praise to praise. To the sound 
 of the trumpet the harp returns its own vibrating 
 response— alike, but how different ! The religious 
 song of the country, I say again, is a growth, rooted 
 deep in all its story. 
 
 Besides the fact that the lyric chiefly will rouse 
 the devotional feeling, there is another reason why 
 I should principally use it : I wish to make my book 
 valuable in its parts as in itself The value of a 
 thing depends in large measure upon its unity, its 
 wholeness. In a work of these limits, that form of 
 verse alone can be available for its unity which is 
 like the song of the bird— a warble and then a still- 
 ness. However valuable an extract may be— and I 
 shall not quite eschew such — an entire lyric, I had 
 almost said however inferior, if worthy of a place at all, 
 is of greater value, especially if regarded in relation to 
 the form of setting with which I hope to surround it. 
 
 There is a sense in which I may, without presump- 
 tion, adopt the name of Choragus, or leader of the 
 chorus, in relation to these singers : I must take upon 
 me to order who shall sing, when he shall sing, and 
 which of his songs he shall sing. But I would rather 
 assume the office of master of the hearing, for my 
 aim shall be to cause the song to be truly heard ; to 
 
 B 2 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 set forth worthy points in form, in matter, and in 
 relation; to say with regard to the singer himself, 
 his time, its modes, its beliefs, such things as may 
 help to set the song in its true light — its relation, 
 namely, to the source whence it sprung, which alone 
 can secure its right reception by the heart of the 
 hearer. For my chief aim will be the heart; seeing 
 that, although there is no dividing of the one from 
 the other, the heart can do far more for the intellect 
 than the intellect can do for the heart. 
 
 We must not now attempt to hear the singers of 
 times so old that their language is unintelligible with- 
 out labour. For this there is not room, even if other- 
 wise it were desirable that such should divide the 
 volume. We must leave Anglo-Saxon behind us. 
 In Early English, I shall give a few valuable lyrics, 
 but they shall not be so far removed from our present 
 speech but that, with a reasonable amount of assist- 
 ance, the nature and degree of which I shall set forth, 
 they shall not only present themselves to the reader's 
 understanding, but commend themselves to his ima- 
 gination and judgment. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 SACRED LYRICS OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 In the midst of wars and rumours of wars, the 
 strife of king and barons, and persistent efforts to 
 subdue neighbouring countries, the mere effervescence 
 of the life of the nation, let us think for a moment of 
 that to which the poems I am about to present bear 
 good witness — the true life of the people, growing 
 quietly, slowly, unperceived — the leaven hid in the 
 meal. For what is the true hfe of a nation .■' That, 
 I answer, in its modes of thought, its manners and 
 habits, which favours the growth within the individual 
 of that kingdom of heaven for the sake only of which 
 the kingdoms of earth exist. The true life of the 
 people, as distinguished from the nation, is simply 
 the growth in its individuals of those eternal prin- 
 ciples of truth, in proportion to whose power in 
 them they take rank in the kingdom of heaven, the 
 only kingdom that can endure, all others being but 
 as the mimicries of children playing at government. 
 
 Little as they then knew of the relations of the 
 wonderful story on which their faith was built, to 
 everything human, the same truth was at work then 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 which is now — poor as the recognition of these rela- 
 tions yet is — slowly setting men free. In the hardest 
 winter the roots are still alive in the frozen ground. 
 
 In the silence of the monastery, unnatural as that 
 
 life was, germinated much of this deeper life. As we 
 
 must not judge of the life of the nation by its kings 
 
 and mighty men, so we must not judge of the life in 
 
 the Church by those who are called Rabbi. The 
 
 very notion of the kingdom of heaven implies a secret 
 
 growth, secret from no affectation of mystery, but 
 
 because its goings-on are in the depths of the human 
 
 nature where it holds communion with the Divine. 
 
 In the Church, as in society, we often find that that 
 
 which shows itself uppermost is but the froth, a sign, it 
 
 may be, of life beneath, but in itself worthless. When 
 
 the man arises with a servant's heart and a ruler's 
 
 brain, then is the summer of the Church's content. 
 
 But whether the men who wrote the following songs 
 
 moved in some shining orbit of rank, or only knelt 
 
 in some dim chapel, and walked in some pale cloister, 
 
 we cannot tell, for they have left no name behind them. 
 
 My reader will observe that there is little of theory 
 
 and much of love in these lyrics. The recognition 
 
 of a Hving Master is far more than any notions about 
 
 him. In the worship of him a thousand truths are 
 
 working, unknown and yet active, which, embodied 
 
 in theory, and dissociated from the living mind that 
 
 was in Christ, will as certainly breed worms as any 
 
 omer of hoarded manna. Holding the skirt of his 
 
 garment in one hand, we shall in the other hold the 
 
 key to all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge. 
 
MODE OF PRESENTMENT. 
 
 I think almost all the earliest religious poetry is 
 about him and his mother. Their longing after his 
 humanity made them idolize his mother. If we 
 forget that only through his humanity can we ap- 
 proach his divinity, we shall soon forget likewise that 
 his mother is blessed among women. 
 
 I take the poems from one of the Percy Society 
 publications, edited by Mr. Wright from a manuscript 
 in the British Museum. He adjudges them to the 
 reign of Edward I. Perhaps we may find in them 
 a sign or two that in cultivating our intellect we 
 have in some measure neglected our heart. 
 
 But first as to the mode in which I present them to 
 my readers : I have followed these rules : — 
 
 1. Wherever a word differs from the modern word 
 only in spelling, I have, for the sake of readier com- 
 prehension, substituted the modern form, with the 
 following exception : — Where the spelling indicates a 
 different pronunciation, necessary for the rhyme or 
 the measure, I retain such part of the older form, 
 marking with an acute accent any vowel now silent 
 which must be sounded. 
 
 2. Where the word used is antique in root, I give 
 the modern synonym in the margin. Antique phrases 
 I explain in foot-notes. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that our modern pronun- 
 ciation can hardly fail in other cases as well to injure 
 the melody of the verses. 
 
 The modern reader will often find it difficult to get a 
 rhythm out of some of them. This may arise from any 
 of several causes. In the first place many final e's were 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 then sounded which are now silent ; and it is not easy 
 to tell which of them to sound. Again, some words 
 were pronounced as dissyllables which we treat as 
 monosyllables, and others as monosyllables which we 
 treat as dissyllables. I suspect besides, that some of 
 the old writers were content to allow a prolonged 
 syllable to stand for two short ones, a mode not 
 without great beauty when sparingly and judiciously 
 employed. Short supernumerary syllables were like- 
 wise allowed considerable freedom to come and go. 
 A good deal must, however, be put down to the 
 carelessness and presumption of the transcribers, who 
 may very well have been incapable of detecting their 
 own blunders. One of these ancient mechanics of 
 literature caused Chaucer endless annoyance with his 
 corruptions, as a humorous little poem, the last in his 
 works, sufficiently indicates. From the same sources 
 no doubt spring as well most of the variations of text 
 in the manuscripts. 
 
 The first of the poems is chiefly a conversation 
 between the Lord on the cross and his mother 
 standing at its foot. A few prefatory remarks in 
 explanation of some of its allusions will help my 
 readers to enjoy it. 
 
 It was at one time a common belief, and the 
 notion has not yet, I think, altogether vanished, that 
 the dying are held back from repose by the love that 
 is unwilling to yield them up. Hence, in the third 
 stanza, the Lord prays his mother to let him die. 
 
 In the fifth, he reasons against her overwhelming 
 sorrows on the ground of the deliverance his suffer- 
 
MARY AT THE CROSS. 
 
 ings will bring to the human race. But she can only- 
 feel her own misery. 
 
 To understand the seventh and eighth, it is neces- 
 sary to know that, among other strange things ac- 
 cepted by the early Church, it was believed that the 
 mother of Jesus had no suffering at his birth. This 
 of course rendered her incapable of perfect sympathy 
 with other mothers. It is a lovely invention, then, 
 that he should thus commend mothers to his mother, 
 telling her to judge of the pains of motherhood by 
 those which she now endured. Still he fails to turn 
 aside her thoughts. She is thinking still only of her 
 own and her son's suffering, while he continues bent 
 on making her think of others, until, at last, forth 
 comes her prayer for all women. This seems to me 
 a tenderness grand as exquisite. 
 
 The outburst of the chorus of the Faithful in the 
 last stanza but one, — 
 
 When he rose, then fell her sorrow, 
 
 is as fine as anything I know in the region of the 
 lyric. 
 
 " Stand well, mother, under rood ; ^ the cross. 
 
 Behold thy son with glade mood ; cheerful. 
 
 Blithe mother mayst thou be. " 
 " Son, how should I blithe stand? 
 I see thy feet, I see thy hand 
 
 Nailed to the hard tree. " 
 
 ^ The rhymes of the first and second and of the fourth and fifth 
 lines throughout the stanzas, are all, I think, what the French call 
 feminine rhymes, as in the words " sleeping," " weeping." This I think 
 it better not to attempt retaining, because the final unaccented syllable 
 is generally one of those «'s which, having first become mute, have 
 since been dropped from our spelling altogether. 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 " Mother, do way thy wepynde : 
 I thole death for mankind — 
 
 For my guilt thole I none." 
 " Son, I feel the dede stounde ; 
 
 The sword is at my heart's ground 
 
 That me byhet Simeon. " 
 " Mother, mercy ! let me die, 
 For Adam out of hell buy. 
 
 And his kin that is forlore. ' ' 
 " Son, what shall me to rede ? i 
 My pain paineth me to dede : 
 
 Let me die thee before !" 
 
 " Mother, thou rue all of thy bairn ; 
 Thou wash away the bloody tern ; 
 
 It doth me worse than my ded." 
 " Son, how may I teres werne ? 
 I see the bloody streames erne 
 
 From thy heart to my fet." 
 
 " Mother, now I may thee seye, 
 Better is that I one deye 
 
 Than all mankind to helle go." 
 " Son, I see thy body byswongen, 
 Feet and hands throughout stongen : 
 
 No wonder though me be woe." 
 
 " Mother, now I shall thee tell, 
 If I not die, thou goest to hell : 
 
 I thole death for thy sake." 
 " Son, thou art so meek and mynde, 
 Ne wyt me not, it is my kind ^ 
 
 That I for thee this sorrow make.' 
 
 g-iz/e ffvcr thy weeping, 
 siiffer. 
 
 death-fang. 
 
 bottom. 
 
 foreshowed. 
 
 for to buy Adam, 
 lost. 
 
 death. 
 
 rue thou: all is only exple- 
 
 ■wash thou : tears. [tive. 
 
 hiirts me more : death. 
 
 turn aside tears, 
 flow, 
 feet. 
 
 say to thee, 
 die. 
 
 lashed. 
 
 pierced through and 
 
 woe be to me. 
 
 eyidure. 
 thoughtful. 
 
 \through. 
 
 " Mother, now thou mayst well leren learn. 
 What sorrow have that children beren, they have : bear. 
 What sorrow it is with childe gon.'' to go. 
 
 1 For the grammatical interpretation of this line, I am indebted to 
 Mr. Richard Morris. Shall is here used, as it often is, in the sense of 
 mi{st, and rede is a noun ; the paraphrase of the whole being, " Son, 
 what must be to me for counsel ? " " IVhal counsel must I follow ? " 
 
 ' " Do not blame me, it is my nature." 
 
MARY AT THE CROSS. 
 
 " Sorrow, I wis ! I can thee tell ! 
 But it be the pain of hell 
 More sorrow wot I none. " 
 
 " Mother, rue of mother-care, 
 For now thou wost of mother-fare, 
 
 Though thou be clean maiden mon." 
 " Sone, help at alle need 
 Alle those that to me gvede, 
 
 Maiden, wife, and full wymmon. " 
 
 " Mother, may I no longer dwell ; 
 The time is come I shall to hell ; 
 
 The third day I rise upon. " 
 " Sou, I will with thee founden ; 
 I die, I wis, for thy wounden : 
 
 So sorrowful death nes never none.'' 
 
 When he rose, then fell her soitow ; 
 Her bliss sprung the third morrow : 
 
 Blithe mother wert thou tho ! 
 Lady, for that ilke bliss. 
 Beseech thy son of sunnes lisse : 
 
 Thou be our shield against our foe. 
 
 except. 
 
 take pity upon, 
 knowest. 
 
 cry. 
 
 woman with child. 
 
 set out, go. 
 
 was not never 7ione. 
 
 then, 
 same. 
 for sin's release. 
 Be thou. 
 
 Blessed be thou, full of bliss ! 
 Let us never heaven miss, 
 
 Through thy sweete Sones might I 
 Loverd, for that ilke blood. Lord. 
 
 That thou sheddest on the rood. 
 
 Thou bring us into heaven's hght. Amen. 
 
 I think my readers will not be sorry to have another 
 of a similar character. 
 
 I sigh when I sing 
 
 For sorrow that I see. 
 When I with weeping 
 
 Behold upon the tree, 
 
 1 Mon is used for man or woman : human being. 
 Lancashire still : they say mon to a ^^oman. 
 
 It is so used in 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 And see Jesus the sweet 
 
 His heart's blood for-lete yield quite. 
 
 For the love of me. 
 His woundes waxen wete, 'i^et. 
 
 They weepen still and mete :^ 
 
 Mary nieth thee. pitieth. 
 
 High upon a down, hill. 
 
 Where all folk it see may, 
 A mile from each town, 
 
 About the mid-day. 
 The rood is up areared ; 
 His friendes are afeared. 
 
 And clingeth so the clay ; - 
 The rood stands in stone, 
 Mary stands her on. 
 
 And saith Welaway ! 
 
 \N'hen I thee behold 
 
 With eyen brighte bo, eyes bright both. 
 
 And thy body cold — 
 
 Thy ble waxeth bio, colour : livid. 
 
 Thou hangest all of blood bloody. 
 
 So high upon the rood 
 
 Between thieves tuo — two. 
 
 Who^may sigh more ? 
 Mary weepeth sore. 
 
 And sees all this woe. 
 
 The nails be too strong, 
 
 The smiths are too sly ; skilful. 
 
 Thou bleedest all too long ; 
 
 The tree is all too high ; 
 The stones be all wete ! •met. 
 
 Alas, Jesu, the sweet ! 
 
 For now friend hast thou none. 
 
 ' "They weep quietly and becoiniugly." I think there must be in 
 this word something of the sense oi gently, uncomflainingly. 
 
 " "And are shrunken [clung with fear) like the clay." So here is 
 the same as as. For this interpretation I am indebted to JMr. Morris. 
 
THE MOURNING DISCIPLE. 
 
 But Saint John to-mournynde, 
 And Mary wepynde, 
 For pain that thee is on. 
 
 Oft when I sike 
 
 And makie my moan, 
 Well ill though me like, 
 
 Wonder is it none,i 
 When I see hang high 
 And bitter pains dreye, 
 
 Jesu, my lemmon ! 
 His woundes sore smart, 
 The spear all to his heart 
 
 And through his side is gone. 
 
 Oft when I syke. 
 
 With care I am through-sought ; 
 When I wake I wyke ; 
 
 Of sorrow is all my thought. 
 Alas ! men be wood 
 That swear by the rood 
 
 And sell him for nought 
 That bought us out of sin. 
 He bring us to wynne. 
 
 That hath us dear bought ! 
 
 mourning greatlj '. 
 "Weeping, 
 
 sigh. 
 
 dree, endure, 
 love. 
 
 sigh. 
 
 searched through. 
 
 languish. 
 
 mad. 
 
 swear ly the cross. 
 
 may l,e : liliss. 
 
 I add two stanzas of another of like sort. 
 
 Man that is in glory and bliss, 
 
 And lieth in shame and sin, 
 He is more than unwis unwise. 
 
 That thereof will not blynne. cease. 
 
 All this world it goeth away, 
 Me thinketh it nigheth Doomsday ; 
 
 Now man goes to ground : perishes. 
 
 Jesus Christ that tholed ded endured death. 
 
 He may our souls to heaven led lead. 
 
 Within a little stound. moment. 
 
 ' " It is no wonder though it pleases me very ill." 
 
14 ENGLA.\D'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Jesus, that was mild and free, 
 
 Was with spear y-stongen ; stung or pierced. 
 
 He was nailed to the tree, 
 
 With scourges y-swongen. lashed. 
 
 All for man he tholed shame, endured. 
 
 Withouten guilt, withouten blame, 
 
 Bothe day and other. ^ 
 Alan, full muchel he loved thee, much. 
 
 When he wolde make thee free, 
 
 And become thy brother. 
 
 The simplicity, the tenderness, the devotion of 
 these lyrics is to me wonderful. Observe their realism, 
 as, for instance, in the words : " The stones beoth al 
 wete;" a realism as far removed from the coarseness 
 of a Rubens as from the irreverence of too many 
 religious teachers, who will repeat and repeat again 
 the most sacred words for the merest logical ends 
 until the tympanum of the moral ear hears without 
 hearing the sounds that ought to be felt as well as 
 held holiest. They bear strongly, too, upon the out- 
 come of feeling in action, although doubtless there 
 was the same tendency then as there is now to regard 
 the observance of church-ordinances as the service of 
 Christ, instead of as a means of gathering strength 
 wherewith to serve him by being in the world as he 
 was in the world. 
 
 From a poem of forty-eight stanzas I choose five, 
 partly in order to manifest that, although there is 
 in it an occasional appearance of what we should 
 
 1 I think the poet, wisely anxious to keep his last line just what 
 it is, was perplexed for a rhyme, and fell on the odd device of saying, 
 for " both day and night," " both day and the other," 
 
LOVE AND OBEDIENCE. 15 
 
 consider sentimentality, allied in nature to that wor- 
 ship of the Virgin which is more a sort of French 
 gallantry than a feeling of reverence, the sense of 
 duty to the Master keeps pace with the profession of 
 devotedness to him. There is so little continuity 
 of thought in it, that the stanzas might almost be 
 arranged anyhow. 
 
 Jesu, thy love be all my thought ; 
 
 Of other thing ne reck I nought ; reckon. 
 
 I yearn to have thy will y- wrought, 
 
 For thou me hast well dear y-bought. 
 
 Jesu, well may mine hearte see 
 
 That mild and meek he must be. 
 
 All unthews and lustes flee, bad habits. 
 
 That feelen will the bliss of thee. feel. 
 
 For sinful folk, sweet Jesus, 
 Thou lightest from the high house ; 
 Poor and low thou wert for us. 
 Thine heart's love thou sendest us. 
 
 Jesu, therefore beseech T thee 
 
 Thy sweet love thou grant me ; 
 
 That I thereto worthy be. 
 
 Make me worthy that art so free. thou that art. 
 
 Jesu, thine help at my ending ! 
 
 And in that dreadful out-wending, going forth of the sprit. 
 
 Send my soul good weryyng, guard. 
 
 That I ne dread none evil thing. 
 
 I shall next present a short lyric, displaying more 
 of art than this last, giving it now in the old form, 
 and afterwards in a new one, that my reader may 
 
i6 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 see both how it looks in its original dress, and what 
 it means. 
 
 Wynter wakeneth al my care, 
 
 Nou this leves waxeth bare, 
 
 Ofte y sike ant mourne sare, sigh ; sore. 
 
 When hit cometh in my thoht 
 
 Of this worldes joie, how hit goth al 
 to noht. 
 
 Now hit is, ant now hit nys, it is not. 
 
 Also hit ner nere y-wys,i 
 
 That moni mon seith soth hit ys," 
 
 Al goth bote Godes wille, 
 
 AUe we shule deye, thah us like ylle. thottgh it pleases us ill. 
 
 Al that gren me graueth grene,^ 
 
 Nou hit faleweth al by-dene; grows yellow : speedily, 
 
 Jhesu, help that hit be sene, seen. 
 
 Ant shild us from helle ; 
 
 For y not whider y shal, ne hou longe 
 her duelle.'' 
 
 I will now give a modern version of it, in which 
 I have spoiled the original of course, but I hope as 
 little as well may be. 
 
 Winter wakeneth all my care ; 
 
 Now the trees are waxing bare ; 
 
 Oft my sighs my grief declare ° 
 
 When it comes into my thought 
 
 Of this world's joy, how it goes all to nought. 
 
 ' " All as if it were not never, I wis." 
 
 " " So that many men say — True it is, all goeth but God's will." 
 
 " I conjecture " All that grain (mie) groweth green." 
 
 * Not is a contraction for ne wot, know not. " For I know not 
 
 whither I must go, nor how long here I dwell." I think _j' is omitted 
 
 by mistake before duelle. 
 
 ^ This is very poor compared with the original. 
 
WILLIAM DE SHOREHAM. 17 
 
 Now it is, aiid now 'tis not — 
 As it ne'er liad been, I wot. 
 Hence many say — it is man's lot : 
 
 All goeth but God's will ; 
 
 We all die, though we like it ill. 
 
 Green about me grows the grain ; 
 Now it yelloweth all again : 
 Jesus, give us help amain. 
 
 And shield us from hell ; 
 
 For when or whither I go I cannot tell. 
 
 There were no doubt many religious poems in 
 a certain amount of circulation of a different cast 
 from these ; some a metrical recounting of portions 
 of the . Bible history — a kind unsuited to our ends ; 
 others a setting forth of the doctrines and duties 
 then believed and taught. Of the former class is one 
 of the oldest Anglo-Saxon poems we have, that of 
 Caedmon, and there are many specimens to be found 
 in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. They 
 could, however, have been of little service to the 
 people, so few of whom could read, or could have 
 procured manuscripts if they had been able to use 
 them. A long and elaborate composition of the latter 
 class was written in the reign of Edward II. by 
 William de Shoreham, vicar of Chart-Sutton in Kent. 
 He probably taught his own verses to the people 
 at his catechisings. The intention was, no doubt, by 
 the aid of measure and rhyme to facilitate the remem- 
 brance of the facts and doctrines. It consists of a 
 long poem on the Seven Sacraments ; of a shorter, 
 associating the Canonical Hours with the principal 
 events of the close of our Lord's life ; of an exposi- 
 tion of the Ten Commandments, followed by a kind 
 
 S.L. IV. C 
 
1 8 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 of treatise on the Seven Cardinal Sins : the fifth part 
 describes the different joys of the Virgin ; the sixth, 
 in praise of the Virgin, is perhaps the most poetic ; 
 the last is less easy to characterize. The poem is 
 written in the Kentish dialect, and is difficult. 
 
 I shall now turn into m.odern verse a part of " The 
 Canonical Hours," giving its represented foundation 
 of the various acts of worship in the Romish Church 
 throughout the day, from early in the morning to the 
 last service at night. After every fact concerning 
 our Lord, follows an apostrophe to his mother, which 
 I omit, being compelled to choose. 
 
 Father's wisdom lifted high, 
 
 Lord of us aright — 
 God and man taken was, 
 
 At matin-time by night. 
 Tlie disciples that were his, 
 
 Anon they him forsook ; 
 Sold to Jews and betrayed, 
 
 To torture him took. 
 
 At the prime Jesus was led 
 
 In presence of Pilate, 
 Where witnesses, false and fell, 
 
 Laughed at him for hate. 
 In the neck they him smote. 
 
 Bound his hands of might ; 
 Spit upon that sweet face 
 
 That heaven and earth did light. 
 
 " Crucify him ! cnicify ! " 
 
 They cried at nine o'clock ; 
 A purple cloth they put on him — 
 
 To stare at him and mock. 
 They upon his sweet head 
 
 Stuck a thorny crown ; 
 To Calvary his cross he bears. 
 
 Pitiful, from the town 
 
THE CANONICAL HOURS. 19 
 
 Jesus was nailed on the cross 
 
 At the noon-tide ; 
 Strong thieves they hanged up, 
 
 One on either side. 
 In his pain, his strong tliirst 
 
 Quenched they with gall ; 
 So that God's holy Lamb 
 
 From sin washed us all. 
 
 At the nones Jesus Christ 
 
 Felt the hard death ; 
 He to his father "Eloi !" cried, 
 
 Gan up yield his breath. 
 A soldier with a sharp spear 
 
 Pierced his right side ; 
 The earth shook, the sun grew dim. 
 
 The moment that he died. 
 
 He was taken off the cross 
 
 At even-song's hour ; 
 The strength left and hid in God 
 
 Of our Saviour. 
 Such death he underwent. 
 
 Of life the medicine ! 
 Alas ! he was laid adown — 
 
 The crown of bliss in pine ! 
 
 At complines, it was borne away 
 
 To the burying. 
 That noble corpse of Jesus Christ, 
 
 Hope of life's coming. 
 Anointed richly it was, 
 
 Fulfilled his holy book : 
 I pray. Lord, thy passion 
 • In my mind lock. 
 
 Childlike simplicity, realism, and tenderness will 
 be evident in this, as in preceding poems, especially 
 in the choice of adjectives. But indeed the combina- 
 
 C 2 
 
ENGLAND'S AN TIP HON. 
 
 tion of certain words had become conventional ; as 
 "The hard tree," "The nails great and strong," and 
 such like. 
 
 I know I have spoiled the poem in half-translating 
 it thus ; but I have rendered it intelligible to all my 
 readers, have not wandered from the original, and 
 have retained a degree of antiqueness both in the 
 tone and the expression. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE MIRACLE PLAYS AND OTHER POEIIS OF THE FOURTEENTH 
 CENTURY. 
 
 The oldest form of regular dramatic representation 
 in England was the Miracle Plays, improperly called 
 Mysteries, after the French. To these plays the 
 people of England, in the fourteenth and fifteenth 
 centuries, owed a very large portion of what religious 
 knowledge they possessed, for the prayers were in 
 an unknown tongue, the sermons were very few, and 
 printing was uninvented. The plays themselves, in- 
 troduced into the country by the Normans, were, in 
 the foolish endeavour to make Normans of Anglo- 
 Saxons, represented in Norman French ^ until the 
 year 1338, when permission was obtained from the 
 Pope to represent them in English. 
 
 The word Miracle, in their case, means anything 
 recorded in Scripture. The Miracle Plays had for 
 their subjects the chief incidents of Old and New 
 Testament history ; not merely, however, of this 
 history as accepted by the Reformed Church, but of 
 
 ■■ I owe almost all my information on the history of these plays to 
 Mr. Collier's well-known work on English Dramatic Poetry. 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 that contained in the Apocryphal Gospels as well. 
 An entire series of these Miracles consisted of short 
 dramatic representations of many single passages of 
 the sacred story. The whole would occupy about three 
 days. It began with the Creation, and ended with 
 the Judgment. That for which the city of Coventry 
 was famous consists of forty-two subjects, with a long 
 prologue. Composed by ecclesiastics, the plays would 
 seem to have been first represented by them only, 
 although afterwards it was not always considered 
 right for the clergy to be concerned with them. The 
 hypocritical Franciscan friar, in " Piers Ploughman's 
 Creed," a poem of the close of the same century, 
 claims as a virtue for his order— 
 
 At markets and miracles we meddleth us never. 
 
 They would seem likewise to have been first repre- 
 sented in churches and chapels, sometimes in church- 
 yards. Later, when the actors chiefly belonged to 
 city-guilds, they were generally represented in the 
 streets and squares. 
 
 It must be borne in mind by any who would 
 understand the influence of these plays upon the 
 people, that much in them appearing to us grotesque, 
 childish, absurd, and even irreverent, had no such 
 appearance in the eyes of the spectators. A certain 
 amount of the impression of absurdity is simply the 
 consequence of antiquity ; and even that which is 
 rightly regarded as absurd in the present age, will not 
 at least have produced the discomposing effects of ab- 
 surdity upon the less developed beholders of that age; 
 
THE MIRACLE PL A VS. 23 
 
 just as the quaint pictures with which their churches 
 were decorated may make us smile, but were by them 
 regarded with awe and reverence from their infancy. 
 
 It must be confessed that there is in them even 
 occasional coarseness ; but that the devil for instance 
 should always be represented as a baffled fool, and 
 made to play the buffoon sometimes after a disgusting 
 fashion, was to them only the treatment he deserved : 
 it was their notion of " poetic justice ; " while most of 
 them were too childish to be shocked at the discord 
 thus introduced, and many, we may well hope, too 
 childlike to lose their reverence for the holy because 
 of the proximity of the ridiculous. 
 
 There seems to me considerably more of poetic 
 worth scattered through these plays than is generally 
 recognized ; and I am glad to be able to do a little 
 to set forth the fact. I cannot doubt that my 
 readers will be interested in such fragments as the 
 scope and design of my book will allow me to offer. 
 Had there been no such passages, I might have 
 regarded the plays as but remotely connected with 
 my purpose, and mentioned them merely as a dra- 
 matic form of religious versification. I quote from 
 the Coventry Miracles, better known than either of 
 the other two sets in existence, the Chester Plays 
 and those of Widkirk Abbey. The manuscript from 
 which they have been edited by Mr. Halliwell, one 
 of those students of our early literature to whom 
 we are endlessly indebted for putting valuable things 
 within our reach, is by no means so old as the plays 
 themselves ; it bears date 1468, a hundred and thirty 
 
24 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 years after they appeared in their Enghsh dress. 
 Their language is considerably modernized, a process 
 constantly going on where transcription is the means 
 of transmission — not to mention that the actors 
 would of course make many changes to the speech of 
 their own time. I shall modernize it a little further, 
 but only as far as change of spelling will go. 
 
 The first of the course is Tlie Creation. God, and 
 angels, and Lucifer appear. That God should here 
 utter, I cannot say announce, the doctrine of the 
 Trinity, may be defended on the ground that he 
 does so in a soliloquy ; but when we find afterwards 
 that the same doctrine is one of the subjects upon 
 which the boy Jesus converses with the doctors in the 
 Temple, we cannot help remarking the strange ana- 
 chronism. Two remarkable lines in the said soliloquy 
 are these : 
 
 And all that ever shall have being 
 It Is closed in my mind. 
 
 The next scene is the Fall of Man, which is full of 
 poetic feehng and expression both. I must content 
 myself with a few passages. 
 
 Here is part of Eve's lamentation, when she is 
 conscious of the death that has laid hold upon her. 
 
 Alas that ever that speech -vizs, spoken 
 
 That the false angel said unto me ! 
 Alas ! our Maker's bidding is broken, 
 
 For I have touched his own dear tree. 
 Our fleshly eyes are all unlokyn, unlocked. 
 
 Naked for sin ourself we see ; 
 That sorry apple that we have sokyn sucked. 
 
 To death hath brought my spouse and me. 
 
■ THE FALL OF MAN. 
 
 When the voice of God is heard, saying", 
 
 Adn.m, that with my hands I made, 
 
 Where art thou now ? what hast thou wrought ? 
 
 Adam replies, in two lines, containing the whole truth 
 of man's spiritual condition ever since : 
 
 Ah, Lord ! for shi our flowers do fade : 
 I hear thy voice, but I see thee nought. 
 
 The vision had vanished, but the voice remained ; for 
 they that hear shall live, and to the pure in heart one 
 day the vision shall be restored, for " they shall see 
 God." There is something wonderfully touching in 
 the quaint simplicity of the following words of God to 
 the woman : 
 
 Unwise woman, say me wliy 
 That thou hast done this foul folly. 
 And I made thee a great lady. 
 In Paradise for to play ? 
 
 As they leave the gates, the angel with the flaming 
 sword ends his speech thus : 
 
 This bliss I spere from you right fast ; bar. 
 
 Herein come ye no more, 
 Till a child of a maid be born. 
 And upon the rood rent and torn. 
 To save all that ye have forlorn, lost. 
 
 Your wealth for to restore. 
 
 Eve laments bitterly, and at length offers her throat 
 to her husband, praying him to strangle her : 
 
 Now stumble we on stalk and stone ; 
 My wit away from me is gone ; 
 Writhe on to my neck-bone 
 
 With hardness of thine hand. 
 
EXGLAXD'S AXTIPHON. 
 
 Adam replies — not over politely — 
 
 Wife, thy wit is not wortli a nisli ; 
 
 and goes on to make what excuse for themselves he 
 can in a very simple and touching manner : 
 
 Our hap was hard, our wit was nesche, soft, weak, still in use 
 
 To Paradise when we were brought : [in some iirovinces. 
 
 My weeping shall be long fresh; 
 
 Short liking shall be long bought. pleasure. 
 
 The scene ends with these words from Eve : 
 
 Alas, that ever we wrought this sin ! 
 Our bodily sustenance for to win, 
 "\'e must delve and I shall spin. 
 In care to lead our life. 
 
 Cain and A bel follows ; then Noah's Flood, in which 
 God says, 
 
 They shall not dread the flood's flow ; 
 
 then Abraham's Sacrifice ; then Moses and the Two 
 Tables ; then The Prophets, each of whom prophesies 
 of the coming Saviour ; after which we find ourselves 
 in the Apocryphal Gospels, in the midst of much 
 nonsense about Anna and Joachim, the parents of 
 Mary, about Joseph and Mary and the birth of Jesus, 
 till we arrive at The Shepherds and The Magi, The 
 Purification, The Slaughter of the Innocents, The Dis- 
 puting in the Temple, The Baptism, The Temptation, 
 and Tlie Woman taken in Adultery, at which point 
 I pause for the sake of the remarkable tradition 
 embodied in the scene — that each of the woman's 
 accusers thought Jesus was writing his individual sins 
 on the ground. While he is writing the second time. 
 
THE WOMAN IN THE TEMPLE. 
 
 27 
 
 the Pharisee, the Accuser, and the Scribe, who have 
 chiefly sustained the dialogue hitherto, separate, each 
 going into a different part of the Temple, and solilo- 
 quize thus : 
 
 Pharisee. Alas ! alas ! I am ashamed ! 
 
 I am afeared tliat I sliall die ; 
 All my sins even properly named 
 
 Yon prophet did write before mine eye. 
 If that my fellows that did espy, 
 
 They will tell it both far and wide ; 
 My sinful living if they outcry, 
 
 I wot not where my head to hide. 
 
 Accuser. Alas ! for sorrow mine heart doth bleed, 
 
 All my sins yon man did write ; 
 If that my fellows to them took heed, 
 
 I cannot me from death acquite. 
 I would I were hid somewhere out of sight, 
 
 That men should me nowhere see nor know ; 
 If I be taken I am aflyght 
 
 In mekyl shame I shall be throwe. 
 
 Scribe. Alas the time that this betyd ! 
 
 Right bitter care doth me embrace. 
 All my sins be now unhid, 
 
 Yon man before me them all doth trace. 
 If I were once out of this place, 
 
 To suffer death great and vengeance able,i 
 I will never come before his face, 
 
 Though I should die in a stable. 
 
 Upon this follows TJie Raising of Lazarus ; next 
 The Council of the Jews, to which the devil appears as 
 a Prologue, dressed in the extreme of the fashion of 
 the day, which he sets forth minutely enough in his 
 speech also. The Entry into Jerusalem; The Last 
 
 ' Able to suffer, deserving, subject to, obnoxious to, liable to death 
 and vengeance. 
 
 afraid, 
 much. 
 
 happened. 
 
ENGLAND'S AN TIP HON. 
 
 Slipper; The Betrayal ; King Herod ; The Trial of 
 Christ ; Pilate's Wife's Dream come next ; to the 
 subject of the last of which the curious but generally 
 accepted origin is given, that it was inspired by 
 Satan, anxious that Jesus should not be slain, because 
 he dreaded the mischief he would work when he 
 entered Hades or Hell, for there is no distinction 
 between them either here or in the Apocryphal 
 Gospel whence the Descent into Hell is taken. Then 
 follow Tlic Crucifixion and The Descent into Hell— 
 often called the Harrowing of Hell — that is, the 
 making luar iipon or despoiling of hell} for which the 
 authority is a passage in the Gospel of Nicodemus, full 
 of a certain florid Eastern grandeur. I need hardly 
 remind my readers that the Apostles' Creed, as it now 
 stands, contains the same legend in the form of an 
 article of faith. Tlje allusions to it are frequent in 
 the early literature of Christendom. 
 
 The soul of Christ comes to the gates of hell, and 
 says : 
 
 Undo your gates of sorwatorie ; flace of sorrow. 
 
 On man's soul I have memorie ; 
 There cometh now the king of glory, 
 
 These gates for to breke ! 
 Ye devils that are here within, 
 Hell gates ye shall unpin ; 
 I shall deliver man's kin — 
 
 From woe I will them wreke. av:ntye. 
 
 ^ The word harry is still used in Scotland, but only in regard to a 
 bird's nest. 
 
FIRST REVIVAL OF LITERATURE. 29 
 
 Against me it were but waste 
 To holdyn or to standyn fast ; 
 Hell-lodge may not last 
 
 Against the king of glory. 
 Thy dark door down I throw ; 
 My fair friends now well I know ; 
 I shall them bring, reckoned by row, 
 
 Out of their purgatory ! 
 
 The Burial ; The Resurrection ; The Three Maries ; 
 Christ appearing to Mary ; The Pilgrim of Emmaus ; 
 The Ascension ; The Descent of the Holy Ghost ; The 
 Asstmiption of the Virgin ; and Doomsday, close the 
 series. I have quoted enough to show that these 
 plays must, in the condition of the people to whom 
 they were presented, have had much to do with their 
 religious education. 
 
 This fourteenth century was a wonderful time of 
 outbursting life. Although we cannot claim the 
 Miracles as entirely English products, being in all pro- 
 bability translations from the Norman-French, yet 
 the fact that they were thus translated is one remark- 
 able amongst many in this dawn of the victory of 
 England over her conquerors. From this time, English 
 prospered and French decayed. Their own language 
 was now, so far, authorized as the medium of religious 
 instruction to the people, while a similar change had 
 passed upon processes at law; and, most significant 
 of all, the greatest poet of the time, and one of the 
 three greatest poets as yet of all English time, wrote, 
 although a courtier, in the language of the people. 
 Before selecting some of Chaucer's religious verses, 
 however, I must speak of two or three poems by 
 other writers. 
 
30 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 The first of these is The Vision of William con- 
 cerning Piers Plowman, — a poem of great influence 
 in the same direction as the writings of WycHffe. It 
 is a vision and an allegory, wherein the vices of the 
 time, especially those of the clergy, are unsparingly 
 dealt with. Towards the close it loses itself in a meta- 
 physical allegory concerning Dowel, Dobet, and Do- 
 best.^ I do not find much poetry in it. There is 
 more, to my mind, in another poem, written some 
 thirty or forty years later, the author of which is 
 unknown, perhaps because he was an imitator of 
 William Langland, the author of the Vision. It is 
 called Pierce the Ploughman's Crede. Both are written 
 after the fashion of the Anglo-Saxon poetry, and 
 not after the fashion of the Anglo-Norman, of which 
 distinction a little more presently. Its object is to 
 contrast the life and character of the four orders 
 of friars with those of a simple Christian. There 
 is considerable humour in the working plan of the 
 poem. 
 
 A certain poor man says he has succeeded in 
 learning his ABC, his Paternoster, and his Ave 
 Mary, but he cannot, do what he will, learn his 
 Creed. He sets out, therefore, to find some one 
 whose life, according with his profession, may give 
 him a hope that he will teach him his creed aright. 
 He applies to the friars. One after another, every 
 order abuses the other ; nor this only, but for money 
 offers either to teach him his creed, or to absolve 
 
 1 Do-well, Do-better, and Do-best. 
 
PIERCE THE PLOUGHMAN'S CREED. 
 
 him for ignorance of the same. He finds no helper 
 until he falls in with Pierce the Ploughman, of whose 
 poverty he gives a most touching description. I shall, 
 however, only quote some lines of The Believe as 
 taught by the Ploughman, and this principally to 
 show the nature of the versification : 
 
 Leve thou on our Lord God, that all the world wroughte ; fe/«rv. 
 
 Holy heaven upon high wholly he formed ; 
 
 And is almighty himself over all his workes ; 
 
 jh.uA wrought as his will was, the world and the heaven ; 
 
 And on gentle Jesus Christ, engendered of himselven, 
 
 His own only Son, Lord over all y-knowen. 
 
 * * * * 4r 
 
 With thorn y-crowned, crucified, and on the cross died ; 
 
 And sythen his blessed body was in a stone buried ; after that. 
 
 And descended adown to the dark helle. 
 
 And fetched out our forefathers ; and they full fain weren. glad. 
 
 The third day readily, himself rose from death, 
 
 And on a stone there he stood, he stey up to heaven, where: ascmded. 
 
 Here there is no rhyme. There is measure — a 
 dande-movement in the verse ; and likewise, in most of 
 the lines, what was essential to Anglo-Saxon verse — 
 three or more words beginning with the same sound. 
 This is somewhat of the nature of rhyme, and was all 
 our Anglo-Saxon forefathers had of the kind. Their 
 Norman conquerors brought in rhyme, regularity 
 of measure, and division into stanzas, with many 
 refinements of versification now regarded, with some 
 justice and a little more injustice, as peurilities. 
 Strange as it may seem, the peculiar rhythmic move- 
 ment of the Anglo-Saxon verse is even yet the most 
 popular of all measures. Its representative is now 
 that kind of verse which is measured not by the 
 
32 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 number of syllables, but by the number of accented 
 syllables. The bulk of the nation is yet Anglo- 
 Saxon in its blind poetic tastes. 
 
 Before taking my leave of this mode, I would give 
 one fine specimen from another poem, lately printed, 
 for the first time in full, from Bishop Percy's manu- 
 script. It may chronologically belong to the begin- 
 ning of the next century : its proper place in my 
 volume is here. It is called Death and Liffe. Like 
 Langland's poem, it is a vision ; but, short as it is in 
 comparison, there is far more poetry in it than in 
 Piers Plozvnian. Life is thus described : 
 
 She was brighter of her blee ' than was the bright sun ; 
 Her rudd - redder than the rose that on the rise 3 hangeth ; 
 Meekly smiling with lier mouth, and merry in her loolcs ; 
 Ever laughing for love, as she like would. 
 
 Everything bursts into life and blossom at her 
 presence. 
 
 And the grass that was gi-ey gi-eened belive. forthwith. 
 
 But the finest passage is part of Life's answer to 
 Death, who has been triumphing over her : 
 
 How didst thou joust at Jerusalem, with Jesu, my Lord, 
 
 Where thou deemedst his death in one day's time ! judgedst. 
 
 There wast thou shamed and shent and stripped for aye ! rebuked. 
 
 When thou saw the king come with the cross on his shoulder, 
 
 On the top of Calvaiy thou earnest him against ; 
 
 Like a traitor untrue, treason thou thought ; 
 
 Thou laid upon my liege lord loathful hands, 
 
 Sithen beat him on his body, and buffeted him rightly, then. 
 
 Till the railing red blood ran from his sides ; pouri)!" down. 
 
 Complexion. " Ruddiness — complexion. 3 Xwig. 
 
DBA TH AND LIFE. 33 
 
 Sith rent him on the rood with full red wounds : tlitti. 
 
 To all the woes that him wasted, I wot not few, 
 
 Then deemedst (him) to have been dead, and dressed for ever. 
 
 But, Death, how didst thou then, with all thy derffe words, fierce. 
 
 When thou pricked at his pap with the point of a spear. 
 
 And touched the tabernacle of his true heart, 
 
 Where my bower was bigged to abide for ever ? built. 
 
 When the glory of his Godhead glinted in thy face. 
 
 Then wast fliou feared of this fare in thy false heart ; , affair. 
 
 Then thou hied into hell-hole to hide thee belive ; at once. 
 
 Thy falchion flew out of thy fist, so fast thou thee hied ; 
 
 Thou durst not blush once back, for better or worse, look. 
 
 But drew thee down full in that deep hell. 
 
 And bade them bar bigly Belzebub his gates. greatly, strongly. 
 
 Then thou told them tidings, that teened them sore ; grieved. 
 
 How that king came to kithen his strength, show. 
 
 And how she ^ had beaten thee on thy bent, 2 and thy brand taken, 
 
 With everlasting life that longed him till. belonged to him. 
 
 When Life has ended her speech to Death, she 
 turns to her own followers and says : — 
 
 Therefore be not abashed, my bames so dear, children. 
 
 Of her falchion so fierce, nor of her fell words. 
 
 She hath no might, nay, no means, no more you to grieve. 
 
 Nor on your comely corses to clap once her hands. 
 
 I shall look you full lively, and latch full well, search for : lay hold of. 
 
 And keere ye further of this kithe,' above the clear skies. 
 
 I now turn from those poems of national scope and 
 wide social interest, bearing their share, doubtless, in 
 the growth of the great changes that showed them- 
 selves at length more than a century after, and from 
 the poem I have just quoted of a yet wider human 
 interest, to one of another tone, springing from the 
 grief that attends love, and the aspiration born of the 
 
 1 Life (?). — ! think she should be he. - Field. 
 
 ^ " Carry you beyond this region.'' 
 
 s.L. IV. D 
 
34 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 grief. It is, nevertheless, wide in its scope as the 
 conflict between Death and Life, although dealing 
 with the individual and not with the race. The 
 former poems named of Pierce Ploughman are the 
 cry of John the Baptist in the English wilderness ; 
 this is the longing of Hannah at home, having left 
 her little son in the temple. The latter seems a 
 poorer matter ; but it is an easier thing to utter 
 grand words of just condemnation, than, in the silence 
 of the chamber, or with the well-known household- 
 life around, forcing upon the consciousness only the 
 law of things seen, to regard with steadfastness the 
 blank left by a beloved form, and believe in the 
 unseen, the marvellous, the eternal. In the midst 
 of "the light of common day," with all the per- 
 sistently common things pressing upon the de- 
 spairing heart, to hold fast, after what fashion may 
 be possible, the vanishing song that has changed its 
 key, is indeed a victory over the flesh, however 
 childish the forms in which the faith may embody 
 itself, however weak the logic with which it may 
 defend its intrenchments. 
 
 The poem which has led me to make these re- 
 marks is in many respects noteworthy. It is very 
 different in style and language from any I have 
 yet given. There was Httle communication to blend 
 the different modes of speech prevailing in different 
 parts of the country. It belongs.i according to 
 students of English, to the Midland dialect of the 
 
 ^ For the knowledge of this poem I am indebted to the Early Eng- 
 lish Text Society, now printing so many valuable manuscripts. 
 
THE PEARL. 35 
 
 fourteenth century. The author is beyond con- 
 jecture. 
 
 It is not merely the antiquity of the language that 
 causes its difficulty, but the accumulated weight of 
 artistically fantastic and puzzling requirements which 
 the writer had laid upon himself in its composition. 
 The nature of these I shall be enabled to show by 
 printing the first twelve lines almost as they stand 
 in the manuscript. 
 
 Peile plesaunte to prynces paye, 
 To clanly clos in golde so clere ! 
 Oute of oryent I hardyly saye, 
 Ne pioued I neuer her precios pere ; 
 So round e, so reken in vche araye, 
 So smal, so smothe her sydes were ! 
 Quere-so-euer I iugged gemmes gaye, 
 I sette hyr sengeley in synglure : 
 Alias ! I leste hyr in on erbere, 
 Thurh gresse to grounde hit fro me yot ; 
 I dewyne for-dolked of luf daungere, 
 Of that pryuy perle with-outen spot. 
 
 Here it will be observed that the Norman mode — 
 that of rhymes — is employed, and that there is a far 
 more careful measure in the line that is found in the 
 poem last quoted. But the rhyming is carried to 
 such an excess as to involve the necessity of constant 
 invention of phrase to meet its requirements — a 
 fertile source of obscurity. The most difficult form 
 of stanza in respect of rhyme now in use is the 
 Spenserian, in which, consisting of nine lines, four 
 words rhyme together, three words, and two words. 
 But the stanza in the poem before us consists of 
 twelve lines, six of which, two of which, four of 
 
 D 2 
 
36 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 which, rhyme together. This we should count hard 
 enough ; but it does not nearly exhaust the tyranny 
 of the problem the author has undertaken. I have 
 already said that one of the essentials of the poetic 
 form in Anglo-Saxon was the commencement of 
 three or more words in the line with the same 
 sound : this peculiarity he has exaggerated : every line 
 has as many words as possible commencing with the 
 same sound. In the first line, for instance, — and it 
 must be remembered that the author's line is much 
 shorter than the Anglo-Saxon line, — there are four 
 words beginning with// in the second, three begin- 
 ning with cl, and so on. This, of course, necessitates 
 much not merely of circumlocution, but of con- 
 trivance, involving endless obscurity. 
 
 He has gone on to exaggerate the peculiarities of 
 Norman verse as well ; but I think it better not to 
 run the risk of wearying my reader by pointing out 
 more of his oddities. I will now betake myself to 
 what is far more interesting as well as valuable. 
 
 The poem sets forth the grief and consolation of a 
 father who has lost his daughter. It is called The 
 Pearl. Here is a literal rendering, line for line, into 
 modern English words, not modern English speech, 
 of the stanza which I have already given in its original 
 form : 
 
 Pearl pleasant to prince's pleasure, 
 Most cleanly closed in gold so clear ! 
 Out of the Orient, I boldly say, 
 I never proved her precious equal ; 
 So round, so beautiful in every point ! 
 So small, so smooth, her sides were ! 
 
THE PEARL. 37 
 
 Wheresoever I judged gemmes gay 
 
 I set her singly in singleness. 
 
 Alas ! I lost her in an arbour ; 
 
 Through the grass to the ground it from me went. 
 
 I pine, sorely wounded by dangerous love 
 
 Of that especial pearl without spot. 
 
 The father calls himself a jeweller ; the pearl is his 
 daughter. He has lost the pearl in the grass ; it has 
 gone to the ground, and he cannot find it; that is, 
 his daughter is dead and buried. Perhaps the most 
 touching line is one in which he says to the grave : 
 
 O moul, thou marrez a myry mele. 
 (O mould, thou marrest a merry talk. ) 
 
 The poet, who is surely the father himself, cannot 
 always keep up the allegory ; his heart burns holes in 
 it constantly ; at one time he says she, at another 
 it, and, between the girl and the pearl, the poem is 
 bewildered. But the allegory helps him out with 
 what he means notwithstanding ; for although the 
 highest aim of poetry is to say the deepest things 
 in the simplest manner, humanity must turn from 
 mode to mode, and try a thousand, ere it finds the 
 best. The individual, in his new endeavour to make 
 " the word cousin to the deed," must take up the 
 forms his fathers have left him, and add to them, if 
 he may, new forms of his own. In both the great 
 revivals of literature, the very material of poetry was 
 allegory. 
 
 The father falls asleep on his child's grave, and has 
 a dream, or rather a vision, of a country where every- 
 thing — after the childish imagination which invents 
 
38 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 differences instead of discovering harmonies — is super- 
 naturally beautiful : rich rocks with a gleaming glory, 
 crystal cliffs, woods with blue trunks and leaves of 
 iaurnished silver, gravel of precious Orient pearls, form 
 the landscape, in which are delicious fruits, and birds 
 of flaming colours and sweet songs : its loveliness no 
 man with a tongue is worthy to describe. He comes 
 to the bank of a river : 
 
 Swinging sweet the water did sweep 
 With a whispering speech flowing adown ; 
 (Wyth a rownande rourde raykande aryght) 
 
 and the stones at the bottom were shining like stars. 
 It is a noteworthy specimen of the mode in which 
 the imagination works when invention is dissociated 
 from observation and faith. But the sort of way. in 
 which some would improve the world now, if they 
 might, is not so very far in advance of this would-be 
 glorification of Nature. The barest heath and sky 
 have lovelinesses infinitely beyond the most gorgeous 
 of such phantasmagoric idealization of her beauties ; 
 and the most wretched condition of humanity strug- 
 gling for existence contains elements of worth and 
 future development inappreciable by the philanthropy 
 that would elevate them by cultivating their self-love. 
 At the foot of a crystal cliff, on the opposite side 
 of the river, which he cannot cross, he sees a maiden 
 sitting, clothed and crowned with pearls, and wearing 
 one pearl of surpassing wonder and spotlessness 
 upon her breast. I now make the spelling and forms 
 of the words as modern as I may, altering the text 
 no further. 
 
THE PEARL. 
 
 39 
 
 " O pearl," quoth I, " in perles pight, 
 Art thou my pearl that I have plained? 
 Regretted by myn one, on night ? 
 Much longing have I for thee layned 
 Since into grass thou me a-glyghte ; 
 Pensive, payred, I am for-pained,i 
 And thou in a life of liking light 
 In Paradise-earth, of strife unstrained ! 
 What wyrde hath hither my jewel vayned, 
 And done me in this del and great danger ? 
 Fro we in twain were towen and twayned, 
 I have been a joyless jeweller." 
 
 That jewel then in gemmes gente, 
 Vered up her vyse with eyen gray, 
 Set on her crown of pearl orient, 
 And soberly after then gan she say : 
 
 " Sir, ye have your tale myse-tente. 
 To say your pearl js all away, 
 That is in coffer so comely clente 
 As in this garden gracious gay. 
 Herein to lenge for ever and play. 
 There mys nor mourning come never — here. 
 Here was a forser for thee in faye, 
 If thou wert a gentle jeweller. 
 
 " But jeweller gente, if thou shalt lose 
 Thy joy for a gem that thee was lef. 
 Me thinks thee put in a mad purpose. 
 And busiest thee about a reason bref. 
 For that thou lostest was but a rose, 
 That flowered and failed as kynd hit gef 
 Now through kind of the chest that it gan close. 
 To a pearl of price it is put in pref ; 2 
 And thou hast called thy wyrde a thef, 
 That ought of nought has made thee, clear ! 
 Thou blamest the bote of thy mischef : 
 Thou art no kynde jeweller." 
 
 pitched, dressed. 
 
 mourned. 
 
 by myself. 
 
 hidden. 
 
 didst glide from me. 
 
 pined wway^ 
 
 bright pleasure. 
 
 untortured with strife. 
 
 destiny: carried off. 
 
 sorrow. 
 
 since : pulled : divided. 
 
 gracious, 
 turned : face. 
 
 mistaken. 
 
 clenched. 
 
 abide. 
 
 where: wrong. 
 
 strong-box : faith. 
 
 had left t/iee. 
 
 poor object. 
 
 nature gave it. 
 nature. 
 
 doom, fate: theft, 
 something of nothing, 
 reniedy: hurt, 
 natural, reasonable. 
 
 ' The for here is only an intensive. 
 
 ''■ Pref \s, proof. Put in pref seeTos to stand for something more than 
 being tested. Might it not mean proved to be a pearl of price ? 
 
40 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 When the father pours out his gladness at the 
 sight of her, she rejoins in these words : 
 
 " I hold that jeweller little to praise 
 
 That loves well that he sees with eye ; 
 
 And much to blame, and uncortoyse, uncourteous. 
 
 That leves our Lord would make a lie, believes. 
 
 That lelly hyghte your life to raise who truly promised. 
 
 Though fortune did your flesh to die ; caused. 
 
 To set his words full westernays i 
 
 That love no thing but ye it syghe ! see. 
 
 And that is a point of surquedrie, presumption. 
 
 That each good man may evil beseem, ill become. 
 
 To leve no tale be true to tryghe, trust in. 
 
 But that his one skill may deme." - 
 
 Much conversation follows, the glorified daughter 
 rebuking and instructing her father. He prays for a 
 sight of the heavenly city of which she has been 
 speaking, and she tells him to walk along the bank 
 until he comes to a hill. In recording what he saw 
 from the hill, he follows the description of the New 
 Jerusalem given in the Book of the Revelation. He 
 sees the Lamb and all his company, and with them 
 again his lost Pearl. But it was not his prince's plea- 
 sure that he should cross the stream ; for when his eyes 
 and ears were so filled with delight that he could no 
 longer restrain the attempt, he awoke out of his dream. 
 
 My head upon that hill was laid 
 
 There where my pearl to grounde strayed. 
 
 I wrestled and fell in great aifray, fear. 
 
 And sighing to myself I said, 
 
 " Now all be to that prince's paye. '' pleasure. 
 
 1 A word acknowledged to be obscure. Mr. Morris suggests on the 
 left hand, as unbelieved. 
 - " Except that which his sole wit may judge." 
 
CHAUCER'S GOOD COUNSEL. 41 
 
 After this, he holds him to that prince's will, and 
 yearns after no more than he grants him. 
 
 "As in water face is to face, so the heart of man." 
 Out of the far past comes the cry of bereavement 
 mingled with the prayer for hope : we hear, and lo ! 
 it is the cry and the prayer of a man like ourselves. 
 
 From the words of the greatest man of his age, 
 let me now gather two rich blossoms of utterance, 
 presenting an embodiment of religious duty and 
 aspiration, after a very practical fashion. I refer to 
 two short lyrics, little noted, although full of wisdom 
 and truth. They must be accepted as the conclusions 
 of as large a knowledge of life in diversified mode as 
 ever fell to the lot of man. 
 
 GOOD COUNSEL OF CHAUCER. 
 
 Fly from the press, and dwell with soothfastness ; truthfulness. 
 
 Suffice ^ unto thy good, though it be small ; 
 
 For hoard hath hate, and climbing fickleness ; ^ 
 
 Praise hath envy, and weal is blent over all. ^ 
 
 Savour ^ no more than thee behove shall. 
 
 Rede well thyself that other folk shalt rede ; counsel. 
 
 And truth thee shall deliver — it is no drede, there is no doubt. 
 
 Paine thee not each crooked to redress, eveiy crooked thing. 
 
 In trust of her that turnetli as a ball : Fortune. 
 
 Great rest standeth in little busi-ness. 
 
 Beware also to spurn against a nail ; nail — to kick agai?ist 
 
 Strive not as doth a crocke with a wall. [the pricks. 
 
 Deme thyself that demest others' deed ; judge. 
 
 And truth thee shall deliver— it is no drede. 
 
 ^ " Be equal to thy possessions : " " fit thy desires to thy means." 
 ^ " Ambition has uncertainty. " We use the word ticklish still. 
 ^ " Is mingled everywhere." 
 * To relish, to like. . " Desire no more than is fitting for thee." 
 
42 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 That thee is sent receive in buxomness : submission. 
 
 The wrestling of this world asketh a fall. tempts destruction. 
 
 Here is no home, here is but wilderness : 
 
 Forth, pilgrim, forth ! — beast, out of thy stall ! 
 
 Look up on high, and thanke God of i all. 
 
 Waive thy lusts, and let thy ghost ^ thee lead. 
 
 And truth thee shall deliver — it is no drede. 
 
 This needs no comment. Even the remark that 
 every line is worth meditation may well appear 
 superfluous. One little fact only with regard to the 
 rhymes, common to this and the next poem, and 
 usual enough in Norman verse, may be pointed out, 
 namely, that every line in the stanza ends with the 
 same rhyme-sound as the corresponding line in each 
 of the other stanzas. A reference to either of the 
 poems will at once show what I mean. 
 
 The second is superior, inasmuch as it carries one 
 thought through the three stanzas. It is entitled 
 A Balade made by Chaitcer, teaching what is gentil- 
 nesse, or whom is worthy to be called gcntill. 
 
 The first stock-father of gentleness — ancestor of the race of 
 
 What man desireth gentle for to be \the gentle. 
 
 Must follow his trace, and all his wittes dress track, footsteps : apply. 
 Virtue to love and vices for to flee ; 
 For unto virtue longeth dignity, belotigeth. 
 
 And not the reverse falsely dare I deem, ^ 
 
 All wear he mitre, crown, or diadem. although he wear. 
 
 The first stock was full of righteousness ; the progenitor. 
 
 True of his word, sober, piteous, and free ; 
 Clean of his ghost, and loved busi-ness, pure in his spirit. 
 
 Against the vice of sloth in honesty ; 
 
 1 For. 
 
 - " Let thy spiritual and not thine animal nature guide thee.'' 
 
 i "And I dare not falsely judge the reverse." 
 
WHAT IS GENTLENESS. 43 
 
 And but his heir love virtue as did he, except. 
 
 He is not gentle, though he rich seem. 
 All wear he mitre, crown, or diadem. 
 
 Vicesse may well be heir to old Richesse, Vice: Riches. 
 
 But there may no man, as men may well see, 
 Bequeath his heir his virtue's nobleness ; 
 
 That is appropried unto no degree, rank. 
 
 But to the first father in majesty. 
 That maketh his heires them that him queme, please him. 
 All wear he mitre, crown, or diadem. 
 
 I can come to no other conclusion than that by the 
 first stock-father Chaucer means our Lord Jesus. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 After the birth of a Chaucer, a Shakspere, or a 
 Milton, it is long before the genial force of a nation 
 can again culminate in such a triumph : time is required 
 for the growth of the conditions. Between the birth 
 of Chaucer and the birth of Shakspere, his sole 
 equal, a period of more than two centuries had to 
 elapse. It is but small compensation for this, that 
 the more original, that is simple, natural, and true 
 to his own nature a man is, the more certain is he to 
 have a crowd of imitators. I do not say that such 
 are of no use in the world. They do not indeed 
 advance art, but they widen the sphere of its 
 operation ; for many will talk with the man who 
 know nothing of the master. Too often intending 
 but their owu glory, they point the way to the 
 source of it, and are straightway themselves for- 
 gotten. 
 
 Very little of the poetry of the fifteenth century is 
 worthy of a different fate from that which has befallen 
 it. Possibly the Wars of the Roses may in some 
 measure account for the barrenness of the time ; but 
 
JOHN LYDGATE. 45 
 
 I do not think they will explain it. In the midst of 
 the commotions of the seventeenth century we find 
 Milton, the only English poet of whom we are yet 
 sure as worthy of being named with Chaucer and 
 Shakspere. 
 
 It is in quality, however, and not in quantity that 
 the period is deficient. It had a good many writers 
 of poetry, some of them prolific. John Lydgate, the 
 monk of Bury, a great imitator of Chaucer, was the 
 principal of these, and wrote an enormous quantity 
 of verse. We shall find for our use enough as it 
 were to keep us alive in passing through this desert to 
 the Paradise of the sixteenth century — a land indeed 
 flowing with milk and honey. For even in the desert 
 of the fifteenth are spots luxuriant with the rich 
 grass of language, although they greet the eye 
 with few flowers of individual thought or graphic 
 speech. 
 
 Rather than give portions of several of Lydgate's 
 poems, I will give one entire — the best I know. It 
 is entitled, Thonke God of alle} 
 
 Thank God for All. 
 
 By a way wandering as I went, 
 
 Well sore I sorrowed, for sighing sad ; 
 
 Of hard haps that I had hent 
 
 Mourning me made almost mad ;^ 
 
 1 A poem so like this that it may have been written immediately 
 after reading it, is attributed to Robert Heni7son, the Scotch poet. It 
 has the same refrain to every verse as Lydgate's. 
 
 - " Mourning for mishaps that I had caught made me almost mad." 
 
46 
 
 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Till a letter all one me lad/ 
 That well was written on a wall, 
 
 A blissful word that on I rad,^ 
 That alway said, ' Thank God for ^ all. ' 
 
 And yet I read furthermore ^ — 
 
 Full good intent I took there till :' 
 Christ may well your state restore ; 
 
 Nought is to strive against his will ; it is useless. 
 
 He may us spare and also spill . 
 Think right well we be his thrall. slaves. 
 
 What son'ow we suffer, loud or still, 
 Alway thank God for all. 
 
 Though thou be both blind and lame, 
 
 Or any sickness be on thee set, 
 Thou think right well it is no shame — think thou. 
 
 The grace of God it hath thee gret. ^ 
 
 In sorrow or care though ye be knit, snared. 
 
 And worldes weal be from thee fall, fallen. 
 
 I cannot say thou mayst do bet, better. 
 
 But alway thank God for all. 
 
 Though thou wield tlris world's good. 
 
 And royally lead thy life in rest, 
 Well shaped of bone and blood. 
 
 None the like by east nor west ; 
 
 Think God thee sent as him lest ; as it pleased him. 
 
 Riches turneth as a ball ; 
 
 In all manner it is the best in every condition. 
 
 Alway to thank God for all. 
 
 If thy good beginneth to pass, 
 
 And thou wax a poor man, 
 Take good comfort and bear good face. 
 
 And think on him that all good wan ; did win. 
 
 "Led me all one ;" "brought me back to peace, unity, harmony. "(?) 
 
 "That I read on (it)." 
 
 Of in the original, as in the title. 
 
 Does this mean by contemplation on it ? 
 
 " I paid good attention to it. " 
 
 " Greeted thee " — in the very affliction. 
 
THANK GOD FOR ALL. 47 
 
 Christ himself forsooth began — 
 He may renew both bower and hall : 
 
 No better counsel I ne kan am capable of. 
 
 But alway thank God for all. 
 
 Think on Job that was so rich : 
 
 He waxed poor from day to day ; 
 His beastes died in each ditch ; 
 
 His cattle vanished all away ; 
 
 He was put in poor array, 
 Neither in purple nor in pall, 
 
 But in simple weed, as clerkes say, clothes : learned men. 
 And alway he thanked God for all. 
 
 For Christes love so do we ; 1 
 
 He may both give and take ; 
 In what mischief that we in be, whatever trouble xoe 
 
 He is mighty enough our sorrow to slake. \be in. 
 
 Full good amends he will us make. 
 And we to him cry or call : if. 
 
 What grief or woe that do thee thrall,^ 
 Yet alway thank God for all. 
 
 Though thou be in prison cast. 
 
 Or any distress men do thee bede, offer. 
 
 For Christes love yet be steadfast, 
 
 And ever have mind on thy creed ; 
 
 Think he faileth us never at need, 
 The dearworth duke that deem us shall ;" 
 
 When thou art sorry, thereof take heed,* 
 And alway thank God for all. 
 
 Though thy friendes from thee fail. 
 
 And death by rene hend '^ their life, 
 Why shouldest thou then weep or wail ? 
 
 It is nought against God to strive : it is useless. 
 
 1 "For Christ's love let us do the same." 
 
 - " Whatever grief or woe enslaves thee." But M^-a// is a blunder, for 
 the word ought to have rhymed with make. 
 s " The precious leader that shall judge us. " 
 ♦ " When thou art in sorry plight, think of this." 
 " And death, beyond renewal, lay hold upon their life. " 
 
48 ENGLAND'S AN TIP HON. 
 
 Himself maked both man and wife — 
 To his bliss he bring us all : may he bring. 
 
 However thou thole or thrive, suffer. 
 
 Alway thank God for all. 
 
 What diverse sonde ' that God thee send, 
 
 Here or in any other place, 
 Take it with good intent ; 
 
 The sooner God will send his grace. 
 
 Though thy body be brought full base, low. 
 
 Let not thy heart adovm fall. 
 
 But think that God is where he was, 
 And alway thank God for all. 
 
 Though thy neighbour have world at will. 
 
 And thou far'st not so well as he, 
 Be not so mad to think him ill, wish. (?) 
 
 For his wealth envious to be : 
 
 The king of heaven himself can see 
 Who takes his sonde, ^ great or small ; 
 
 Thus each man in his degree, 
 I rede thanke God for all. counsel. 
 
 For Cristes love, be not so wild. 
 
 But rule thee by reason within and without ; 
 And take in good heart and mind 
 
 The sonde that God sent all about ; the gospel, i^) 
 
 Then dare I say withouten doubt. 
 That in heaven is made thy stall. place, seat, room. 
 
 Rich and poor that low will lowte, bow. 
 
 Alway thank God for all. 
 
 I cannot say there is much poetry in this, but there 
 is much truth and wisdom. There is the finest 
 poetry, however, too, in the hne — I give it now 
 letter for letter: — 
 
 But think that God ys ther he was. 
 
 1 Sending, message : "whatever varying decree God sends thee.'' 
 
 2 " Receives his message :" " accepts his will." 
 
OUR DUTY TO JESUS. 
 
 49 
 
 There is poetry too in the line, if I interpret it rightly 
 as intending the gospel — 
 
 The sonde that God sent al abowte. 
 
 I shall now make a few extracts from poems of the 
 same century whose authors are unknown.^ A good 
 many such are extant. With regard to the similarity 
 of those I choose, I would remark, that not only will 
 the poems of the same period necessarily resemble 
 each other, but, where the preservation of any has 
 depended upon the choice and transcription of one 
 person, these will in all probability resemble each 
 other yet more. Here are a few verses from a hymn 
 headed The Sweetness of Jesus : — 
 
 If I for kindness should love my kin, 
 
 Then me thinketh in my thought 
 By kindly skill I should begin 
 
 At him that hath me made of nought ; 
 His likeness he set my soul within, 
 
 And all this world for me hath wrought ; 
 As father he fondid my love to win, sel about. 
 
 For to heaven he hath me brought. 
 
 for natural reasons. 
 \_Kind is nature, 
 by natural judgment. 
 
 Our brother and sister he is by skill, 
 
 For he so said, and lerid us that lore, 
 That whoso wrought his Father's will. 
 
 Brethren and sisters to him they wore. 
 My kind also he took ther-tille ; 
 
 Full truly trust I him therefore 
 That he will never let me spill. 
 
 But with his mercy salve my sore. 
 
 reason, 
 taught. 
 
 •were. 
 
 my nature also he took 
 [for that purpose, 
 perish. 
 
 1 Recently published by the Early English Text Society. 
 S.L. IV. E 
 
so ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 With lovely lore V& works to fill, fulfil. 
 
 Well ought I, wretch, if I were kind— natural. 
 Night and day to work his will. 
 
 And ever have that Lord in mind. 
 But ghostly foes grieve me ill, spiritual. 
 
 And my frail flesh maketh me blind ; 
 Therefore his mercy I take me tUl, betake me to. 
 
 For better bote can I none find. aid. 
 
 In my choice of stanzas I have to keep in view 
 some measure of completeness in the result. These 
 poems, however, are mostly very loose in structure. 
 This, while it renders choice easy, renders closeness 
 of unity impossible. 
 
 From a poem headed — again from the last line of 
 each stanza-^.5^ my comfort, Christ Jesus, I choose 
 the following four, each possessing some remarkable 
 flavour, tone, or single touch. Note the alliteration 
 in the lovely line, beginning " Bairn y-born." The 
 whole of the stanza in which we find it, sounds so 
 strangely fresh in the midst of its antiquated tones, 
 that we can hardly help asking whether it can be 
 only the quaintness of the expression that makes the 
 feeling appear more real, or whether in very truth 
 men were not in those days nearer in heart, as well 
 as in time, to the marvel of the Nativity. 
 
 In the next stanza, how oddly the writer forgets 
 that Jesus himself was a Jew, when, embodying the 
 detestation of Christian centuries in one line, he says, 
 
 And tormented with many a Jew ! 
 
 In the third stanza, I consider the middle quatrain, 
 that is, the four lines beginning " Out of this world," 
 perfectly grand. 
 
BE MY COMFORT, CHRIST JESUS. 
 
 51 
 
 The oddness of the last line but one of the fourth 
 stanza is redeemed by the wonderful reality it gives 
 to the faith of the speaker : " See my sorrow, and 
 say Ho ! " stopping it as one would call after a man 
 and stop him. 
 
 Jesus, thou art wisdom of wit. 
 
 Of thy Father full of might ! 
 Man's soul — to save it. 
 
 In poor apparel thou wert pight. 
 Jesus, thou wert in cradle knit, 
 
 In weed wrapped both day and night ; 
 In Bethlehem bom, as the gospel writ. 
 
 With angels' song, and heaven-light. 
 Bairn y-bom of a beerde bright, 1 
 
 Full courteous was thy comely cus : 
 Through virtue of that sweet light, 
 
 So be my comfort, Christ Jesus. 
 
 Jesus, that wert of yearis young. 
 
 Fair and fresh of hide and hue. 
 When thou wert in thraldom throng. 
 
 And tormented with many a Jew, 
 When blood and water were out-wrung. 
 
 For beating was thy body blue ; 
 As a clot of clay thou wert for-clong, 
 
 So dead in trough then men thee threw. 
 But grace from thy grave grew : 
 
 Thou rose up quick comfort to us. 
 For her love that this counsel knew. 
 
 So be my comfort, Christ Jesus. 
 
 Jesus, soothfast God and man. 
 Two kinds knit in one person. 
 
 The wonder-work that thou began 
 Thou hast fulfilled in flesh and bone. 
 
 understanding. 
 
 pitched, placed, dressed. 
 originally, dress oj any kind. 
 
 kiss. 
 
 driven. 
 
 shrunk, 
 coffin. 
 
 living. 
 
 1 " Child born of a bright lady." Bird, berd, brid, burd, means lady 
 originally : thence comes our bride. 
 
 E 2 
 
52 
 
 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 thoii didst win, or make thy 
 [way, powerful /y. 
 
 there are no more — thoit art 
 [all in all.C.) 
 from 
 
 the rhyme fails here. 
 think on vie. 
 
 Out of this world wightly thou wan, 
 
 Lifting up thyself alone ; 
 For mightily thou rose and ran 
 
 Straight unto thy Father on throne. 
 Now dare man make no more moan — 
 
 For man it is thou wroughtest thus, 
 And God with man is made at one ; 
 
 So be my comfort, Christ Jesus. 
 
 Jesu, my sovereign Saviour, 
 
 Almighty God, there ben no mo : 
 Christ, thou be my governor ; 
 
 Thy faith let me not fallen fro. 
 Jesu, my joy and my succour. 
 
 In my body and soul also, 
 God, thou be my strongest food. 
 
 And wisse thou me when me is woe. 
 Lord, thou makest friend of foe. 
 
 Let me not live in languor thus. 
 But see my sorrow, and say now " Ho,'' 
 
 And be my comfort, Christ Jesus. 
 
 Of fourteen stanzas called Richard dc Castres 
 Prayer to Jesus, I choose five from the latter half, 
 where the prayer passes from his own spiritual neces- 
 sities, very tenderly embodied, to those of others. It 
 does our hearts good to see the clouded sun of prayer 
 for oneself break forth in the gladness of blessed 
 entreaty for all men, for them that make Him angry, 
 for saints in trouble, for the country torn by war, for 
 the whole body of Christ and its unity. After the 
 stanza — 
 
 Jesus, for the deadly tears 
 
 That thou sheddest for my guilt. 
 Hear and speed my prayers 
 
 And spare me that I be not spilt ; 
 
 the best that is in the suppliant shines out thus : 
 
A PRA YER FOR ALL MEN. 53 
 
 Jesu, for them I thee beseech 
 
 That wrathen thee in any wise ; 
 Withhold from them thy liand of wreche, vengeance. 
 
 And let them live in thy service. 
 
 Jesu, most comfort for to see 
 
 Of thy saintis every one, 
 Comfort them that careM be, 
 
 And help them that be woe-begone. 
 
 Jesu, keep them that be good, 
 
 And amend them that have grieved thee ; 
 
 And send them fruits of earthly food. 
 As each man needeth in his degree. 
 
 Jesu, that art, withouten lees, lies. 
 
 Almighty God in trinity. 
 Cease these wars, and send us peace. 
 
 With lasting love and charity. 
 
 Jesu, that art the ghostly stone spiritual. 
 
 Of all holy church in middle-erde, the world. 
 
 Bring thy folds and flocks in one, 
 
 And rule them rightly with one herd. 
 
 We now approach the second revival of hterature, 
 preceded in England by the arrival of the art of 
 printing ; after which we find ourselves walking in a 
 morning twilight, knowing something of the authors 
 as well as of their work. 
 
 I have little more to offer from this century. There 
 are a few religious poems by John Skelton, who was 
 tutor to Henry VIII. But such poetry, though he 
 was a clergyman, was not much in Skelton's manner 
 of mind. We have far better of a similar sort already. 
 
 A new sort of dramatic representation had by 
 this time greatly encroached upon the old Miracle 
 Plays. The fresh growth was called Morals or Moral 
 
54 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Plays. In them we see the losing victory of invention 
 over the imagination that works with given facts. No 
 doubt in the Moral Plays there is more exercise of 
 intellect as well as of ingenuity; for they consist of 
 metaphysical facts turned into individual existences 
 by personification, and their relations then dramatized 
 by allegory. But their poetry is greatly inferior both 
 in character and execution to that of the Miracles. 
 They have a religious tendency, as everything moral 
 must have, and sometimes they go even farther, as 
 in one, for instance, called Tlie Castle of Perseverance, 
 in which we have all the cardinal virtues and all 
 the cardinal sins contending for the possession of 
 Htmianum Genus, the Human Race being presented 
 as a new-born child, who grows old and dies in the 
 course of the play ; but it was a great stride in art 
 when human nature and human history began again 
 to be exemplified after a simple human fashion, in 
 the story, that is, of real men and women, instead 
 of by allegorical personifications of the analysed and 
 abstracted constituents of them. Allegory has her 
 place, and a lofty one, in literature ; but when her 
 plants cover the garden and run to seed. Allegory 
 herself is ashamed of her children : the loveliest 
 among them are despised for the general obtrusive- 
 ness of the family. Imitation not only brings 
 the thing imitated into disrepute, but tends to de- 
 stroy what original faculty the imitator may have 
 possessed. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE ELIZAEETHAN ERA. 
 
 Poets now began to write more smoothly — not a 
 great virtue, but indicative of a growing desire for 
 finish, which, in any art, is a great virtue. No doubt 
 smoothness is often confounded with, and mistaken 
 for finish ; but you might have a mirror-Hke polish 
 on the surface of a statue, for instance, and yet the 
 marble be full of inanity, or vagueness, or even vul- 
 garity of result — irrespective altogether of its idea. 
 The influence of Italian poetry reviving once more in 
 the country, roused such men as Wyat and Surrey to 
 polish the sound of their verses; but smoothness, I 
 repeat, is not melody, and where the attention paid to 
 the outside of the form results in flatness, and, still 
 worse, in obscurity, as is the case with both of these 
 poets, little is gained and much is lost. 
 
 Each has paraphrased portions of Scripture, but 
 with results of little value ; and there is nothing 
 of a religious nature I care to quote from either, 
 except these five lines from an epistle of Sir Thomas 
 
 Wyat's : 
 
 Thyself content with that is thee assigned, 
 And use it well that is to thee allotted ; 
 
56 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Then seek no more out of thyself to find 
 
 The thing that thou hast sought so long before, 
 
 For thou shalt feel it sticking in thy mind. 
 
 Students of versification will allow me to remark 
 that Sir Thomas was the first English poet, so far as I 
 know, who used the terza rima, Dante's chief mode of 
 rhyming : the above is too small a fragment to show 
 that it belongs to a poem in that manner. It has never 
 been popular in England, although to my mind it is 
 the finest form' of continuous rhyme in any language. 
 Again, we owe his friend Surrey far more for being 
 the first to write English blank verse, whether invented 
 by himself or not, than for any matter he has left us 
 in poetic shape. 
 
 This period is somewhat barren of such poetry as 
 we want. Here is a portion of the Fifty-first Psalm, 
 translated amongst others into English verse by 
 John Croke, Master in Chancery, in the reign of 
 Henry VHI. 
 
 Open my lips first to confess 
 
 My sin conceived inwardly ; 
 And my mouth after shall express 
 
 Thy laud and praises outwardly. 
 
 If I should offer for my sin, 
 
 Or sacrifice do unto thee 
 Of beast or fowl, I should begin 
 
 To stir thy wrath more towards me. 
 
 Offer we must for sacrifice 
 
 A troubled mind with sorrow's smart : 
 
 Canst thou refuse? Nay, nor despise 
 The humble and the contrite heart. 
 
GASCOIGNE'S GOOD MORROW. 57 
 
 To us of Sion that be born, 
 
 If thou thy favour wilt renew, 
 The broken sowle, the temple torn, threshold. 
 
 The walls and all shall be made new. 
 
 The sacrifice then shall we make 
 
 Of justice and of pure intent ; 
 And all things else thou wilt well take 
 
 That we shall offer or present. 
 
 In the works of George Gascoigne I find one poem 
 fit for quoting here. He is not an interesting writer, 
 and, although his verse is very good, there is little 
 likelihood of its ever being read more than it is now. 
 The date of his birth is unknown, but probably he 
 was in his teens when Surrey was beheaded in the 
 year 1547. He is the only poet whose style reminds 
 me of his, although the wherefore will hardly be evi- 
 dent from my quotation. It is equally flat, but more 
 articulate. I need not detain my reader with remarks 
 upon him. The fact is, I am glad to have something, 
 if not " a cart-load of wholesome instructions," to cast 
 into this Slough of Despond, should it be only to see 
 it vanish. The poem is called 
 
 GASCOIGNE'S GOOD MORROW. 
 
 You that have spent the silent night 
 
 In sleep and quiet rest, 
 And joy to see the cheerful light 
 
 That riseth in the east ; 
 Now clear your voice, now cheer your heart ; 
 
 Come help me now to sing ; 
 Each willing wight come bear a part, 
 
 To praise the heavenly King. 
 
58 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 And you whom care in prison keeps, 
 
 Or sickness doth suppress, 
 Or secret sorrow breaks your sleeps. 
 
 Or dolours do distress ; 
 Yet bear a part in doleful wise ; 
 
 Yea, think it good accord, 
 And acceptable sacrifice, 
 
 Each sprite to praise the Lord. 
 
 The dreadful night with darksomeness 
 
 Had overspread the light. 
 And sluggish sleep with drowsiness 
 
 Had overpressed our might : 
 A glass wherein you may behold 
 
 Each storm that stops our breath. 
 Our bed the grave, our clothes like mould. 
 
 And sleep like dreadful death. 
 
 Yet as this deadly night did last 
 
 But for a little space. 
 And heavenly day, now night is past. 
 
 Doth shew his pleasant face ; 
 So must we hope to see God's face 
 
 At last in heaven on high, 
 When we have changed this mortal place 
 
 For immortality. 
 
 This is not so bad, but it is enough. There are 
 six stanzas more of it. I transcribe yet another, that 
 my reader may enjoy a smile in passing. He is 
 " morahzing" the aspects of morning : 
 
 The carrion crow, that loathsome beast. 
 
 Which cries against the rain. 
 Both for his hue and for the rest, 
 
 The Devil resembleth plain ; 
 And as with guns we kill the crow. 
 
 For spoiling our relief. 
 The Devil so must we overthrow. 
 
 With gunshot of belief. 
 
EACH THING HURT OF ITSELh. S9 
 
 So fares the wit, when it walks abroad to do its 
 business without the heart that should inspire it. 
 Here is one good stanza from his De Profundis : 
 
 But thou art good, and hast of mercy store ; 
 
 Thou not delight'st to see a sinner fall ; 
 
 Thou hearkenest first, before we come to call ; 
 Thine ears are set wide open evermore ; 
 Before we knock thou comest to the door. 
 
 Thou art more prest to hear a sinner cry, ready. 
 
 Than he is quick to climb to thee on high. 
 Thy mighty name be praised then alway : 
 Let faith and fear 
 True witness bear 
 How fast they stand which on thy mercy stay. 
 
 Here follow two of unknown authorship, belonging 
 apparently to the same period. 
 
 THAT EACH THING IS HURT OF ITSELF. 
 
 Why fearest thou the outward foe. 
 
 When thou thyself thy harm dost feed ? 
 Of grief or hurt, of pain or woe. 
 
 Within each thing is sown the seed. 
 So fine was never yet the cloth. 
 
 No smith so hard his iron did beat. 
 But th' one consumed was with moth, 
 
 Th' other with canker all to-freate. fretted away. 
 
 The knotty oak and wainscot old 
 
 Within doth eat the silly worm ; ^ 
 Even so a mind in envy rolled 
 
 Always within it self doth bum. 
 Thus every thing that nature wrought. 
 
 Within itself his hurt doth bear ! 
 No outward harm need to be sought, 
 
 Where enemies be within so near. 
 
 1 In Chalmers' English Poets, from which I quote, it is selly-worme ; 
 but I think this must be' a mistake. Silly would here mean weak. 
 
6o ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Lest this poem should appear to any one hardly- 
 religious enough for the purpose of this book, I 
 would remark that it reminds me of what our Lord 
 says about the true source of defilement : it is what 
 is bred in the man that defiles him. Our Lord him- 
 self taught a divine morality, which is as it were the 
 body of love, and is as different from mere morality 
 as the living body is from the dead. 
 
 TOTUS MUNDUS IN MALIGNO POSITUS. 
 The whole world lieth in the Evil One. 
 
 Complain we may ; much is amiss ; 
 
 Hope is nigh gone to have redress ; 
 These days are ill, nothing sure is ; 
 
 Kind heart is wrapt in heaviness. 
 
 The stem is broke, the sail is rent, helm or rudder — the 
 
 The ship is given to wind and wave ; [thing to steer with. 
 
 All help is gone, the rock present. 
 
 That will be lost, what man can save ? that which ■will be lost. 
 
 When power lacks care and forceth not, carcth. 
 
 When care is feeble and may not, is not able. 
 
 When might is slothful and will not. 
 
 Weeds may grow where good herbs cannot. 
 
 Wily is witty, brainsick is wise ; wiliness is counted 
 
 Truth is folly, and might is right ; \jirtideini\ 
 
 Words are reason, and reason is lies ; 
 The bad is good, darkness is light. 
 
 Order is broke in things of weight : 
 
 Measure and mean who doth nor flee ? who does not avoid 
 
 Two things prevail, money and sleight ; [moderation 'i 
 
 To seem is better than to be. 
 
 Folly and falsehood prate apace ; 
 
 Truth under bushel is fain to creep ; 
 Flattery is treble, pride sings the bass, 
 
 The mean, the best part, scant doth peep. 
 
A PRAYER FOR THE NATION. 6i 
 
 With floods and storms thus be we tost : 
 
 Awake, good Lord, to thee we cry ; 
 Our ship is almost sunk and lost ; 
 
 Thy mercy help our miseiy. 
 
 Man's strength is weak ; man's wit is dull ; 
 
 Man's reason is blind these things t'amend : 
 Thy hand, O Lord, of might is full — 
 
 Awake betimes, and help us send. 
 
 In thee we trust, and in no wight ; 
 
 Save us, as chickens under the hen ; 
 Our crookedness thou canst make right — 
 
 Glory to thee for aye. Amen. 
 
 The apprehensions of the wiser part of the nation 
 have generally been ahead of its hopes. Every age 
 is born with an ideal ; but instead of beholding that 
 ideal in the future where it lies, it throws it into 
 the past. Hence the lapse of the nation must ap- 
 pear tremendous, even when she is making her best 
 progress. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 SPENSER AND HIS FRIENDS. 
 
 We have now arrived at the period of English history 
 in every way fullest of marvel — the period of Eliza- 
 beth. As in a northern summer the whole region 
 bursts into blossom at once, so with the thought and 
 feeling of England in this glorious era. 
 
 The special development of the national mind 
 with which we are now concerned, however, did not 
 by any means arrive at its largest and clearest re- 
 sult until the following century. Still its progress is 
 sufficiently remarkable. For, while everything that 
 bore upon the mental development of the nation 
 must bear upon its poetry, the fresh vigour given 
 by the doctrines of the Reformation to the sense of 
 personal responsibility, and of immediate relation 
 to God, with the grand influences, both literary 
 and spiritual, of the translated, printed, and studied 
 Bible, operated more immediately upon its devotional 
 utterance. 
 
 Towards the close of the sixteenth century, we 
 begin to find such verse as I shall now present to 
 my readers. Only I must first make a few remarks 
 
THE FAIRY QUEEN. 63 
 
 upon the great poem of the period : I mean, of 
 course, The Faerie Queen. 
 
 I dare not begin to set forth after any fashion the 
 profound religious truth contained in this poem ; 
 for it would require a volume larger than this to set 
 forth even that of the first book adequately. In this 
 case it is well to remember that the beginning of 
 comment, as well as of strife, is like the letting out 
 of water. 
 
 The direction in which the wonderful allegory of 
 the latter moves may be gathered from the following 
 stanza, the first of the eighth canto : 
 
 Ay me ! how many perils do enfold 
 
 The righteous man to make him daily fall ; 
 Were not that heayenly grace doth him uphold, it understood. 
 
 And steadfast Truth acquit him out of all ! 
 
 Her love is firm, her care continual, 
 So oft as he, through his own foolish pride , 
 
 Or weakness, is to sinful bands made thrall : 
 Else should this Redcross Knight in bands have died. 
 For whose deliverance she this Prince doth thither guide. 
 
 Nor do I judge it good to spend much of my 
 space upon remarks personal to those who have not 
 been especially writers of sacred verse. When we 
 come to the masters of such song, we cannot speak 
 of their words without speaking of themselves ; 
 but when in the midst of many words those of the 
 kind we seek are few, the life of the writer does not 
 j ustify more than a passing notice here. 
 
 We know but little of Spenser's history: if we might 
 know all, I do not fear that we should find anything 
 to destroy the impression made by his verse — that 
 
64 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 he was a Christian gentleman, a noble and pure- 
 minded man, of highest purposes and aims. 
 
 His style is injured by the artistic falsehood of 
 producing antique effects in the midst of modern feel- 
 ing.i It was scarcely more justifiable, for instance, 
 in Spenser's time than it would be in ours to use 
 glittcrand for glittering ; or to return to a large 
 use of alliteration, three, four, sometimes even five 
 words in the same line beginning with the same con- 
 sonant sound. Everything should look like what it is : 
 prose or verse should be written in the language of 
 its own era. No doubt the wide-spreading roots of 
 poetry gather to it more variety of expression than 
 prose can employ ; and the very nature of verse will 
 make it free of times and seasons, harmonizing many 
 opposites. Hence, through its mediation, without 
 discord, many fine old words, by the loss of which 
 the language has grown poorer and feebler, might be 
 honourably enticed to return even into our prose. 
 But nothing ought to be brought back because it is 
 old. That it is out of use is a presumptive argument 
 that it ought to remain out of use : good reasons 
 must 'be at hand to support its reappearance. I 
 must not, however, enlarge upon this wide-reaching 
 question ; for of the two portions of Spenser's verse 
 which I shall quote, one of them is not at all, the 
 other not so much as his great poem, affected with 
 this whim. 
 
 1 The first poem he wrote, a very fine one, The Shcpkeard's Calender, 
 is so full of old and provincial words, that the educated people of his 
 own time required a glossary to assist them in the reading of it. 
 
SPENSER'S LOVE POEMS. 65 
 
 The first I give is a sonnet, one of eighty-eight 
 which he wrote to his wife before their marriage. 
 Apparently disappointed in early youth, he did not 
 •fall in love again, — at least there is no sign of it 
 that I know, — till he was middle-aged. But then — 
 woman was never more grandly wooed than was his 
 Elizabeth. I know of no marriage-present worthy to 
 be compared with the Epithalamion which he gave 
 her " in lieu of many ornaments," — one of the most 
 stately, melodious, and tender poems in the world, 
 I fully believe. 
 
 But now for the sonnet — the sixty-eighth of the 
 A moretti : 
 
 Most glorious Lord of Life ! that, on this day, 
 
 Didst make thy triumph over death and sin, 
 
 And having harrovi^ed hell, didst bring away 
 
 Captivity thence captive, us to win : 
 
 This joyous day, dear Lord, with joy begin ; 
 
 And grant that we, for whom thou diddest die, 
 
 Being with thy dear blood clean washed from sin. 
 
 May live for ever in felicity ! 
 
 And that thy love we weighing worthily, 
 
 May likewise love thee for the same again ; 
 
 And for thy sake, that all like dear didst buy, 
 
 With love may one another entertain. 
 
 So let us love, dear love, like as we ought : 
 Love is the lesson which the Lord us taught. 
 
 Those who have never felt the need of the divine, 
 entering by the channel of will and choice and 
 prayer, for the upholding, purifying, and glorifying of 
 that which itself first created human, will consider 
 this poem untrue, having its origin in religious 
 affectation. Others will think otherwise. 
 
66 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 The greater part of what I shall next quote is 
 tolerably known even to those who have made little 
 study of our earlier literature, yet it may not be 
 omitted here. It is from An Hymne of Heavenly 
 Love, consisting of forty-one stanzas, written in 
 what was called Rime Royal — a favourite with 
 Milton, and, next to the Spenserian, in my opinion 
 the finest of stanzas. Its construction will reveal 
 itself I take two stanzas from the beginning of the 
 hymn, then one from the heart of it, and the rest 
 from the close. It gives no feeling of an outburst of 
 song, but rather of a brooding chant, most quiet in 
 virtue of the depth of its thoughtfulness. Indeed, 
 all his rhythm is like the melodies of water, and I 
 could quote at least three passages in which he 
 speaks of rhythmic movements and watery pro- 
 gressions together. His thoughts, and hence his 
 words, flow like a full, peaceful stream, diffuse, with 
 plenteousness unrestrained. 
 
 AN HYMN OF HEAVENLY LOVE. 
 
 Before this world's great frame, in which all things 
 Are now contained, found any being place, 
 
 Ere flitting Time could wag his eyas ^ wings 
 About that mighty bound which doth embrace 
 The rolling spheres, and parts their hours by space. 
 
 That high eternal power, which now doth move 
 
 In all these things, moved in itself by love. 
 
 It loved itself, because itself was fair, 
 
 For fair is loved ; and of itself begot 
 Like to Itself his eldest son and heir, 
 
 Eternal, pure, and void of sinful blot. 
 
 ' Eyas is a young hawk, whose wings are not fully fledged. 
 
H YMN OF HE A VEKL Y LOVE. 67 
 
 The firstling of his joy, in whom no jot 
 Of love's dislike or pride was to be found, 
 Whom he therefore with equal honour crowned. 
 
 * * » * « 
 
 Out of the bosom of eternal bliss, 
 
 In which he reigned with his glorious Sire, 
 He down descended, like a most demisse humble. 
 
 And abject thrall, in flesh's frail attire, 
 
 That he for him might pay sin's deadly hire, 
 And him restore unto that happy state 
 In which he stood before his hapless fate. 
 
 » * * * * 
 
 O blessed well of love ! O flower of grace ! 
 
 O glorious Morning-Star ! O Lamp of Light ! 
 Most lively image of thy Father's face ! 
 
 Eternal King of Glory, Lord of might ! 
 
 Meek Lamb of God, before all worlds behight ! promised. 
 How can we thee requite for all this good ? 
 Or what can prize that thy most precious blood ? equal in value. 
 
 Yet nought thou ask'st in lieu of all this love 
 
 But love of us for guerdon of thy pain : 
 Ay me ! what can us less than that behove ? 1 
 
 Had he required life of us again. 
 
 Had it been wrong to ask his own vrith gain? 
 He gave us life, he it restored lost ; 
 Then life were least, that us so little cost. 
 
 But he our life hath left unto us free — 
 
 Free that was thrall, and blessed that was banned ; enslaved : 
 Nor aught demands but that we loving be, [cursed. 
 
 As he himself hath loved us aforehand. 
 
 And bound thereto with an eternal band — 
 Him first to love that us ' so dearly bought. 
 And next our brethren, to his image wrought. 
 
 1 "What less than that is fitting?" 
 " Ear, even in Collier's edition, but certainly a blunder. 
 " Was, in the editions ; dearly wrong. 
 F 2 
 
68 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Him first to love great right and reason is, 
 
 Who first to us our life and being gave, 
 And after, when we fared had amiss, 
 
 Us wretches from the second death did save ; 
 
 And last, the food of life, which now we have, 
 Even he himself, in his dear sacrament, 
 To feed our hungry souls, unto us lent. 
 
 Then next, to love our brethren that were made 
 Of that self mould, and that self Maker's hand. 
 
 That' we, and to the same again shall fade. 
 
 Where they shall have like heritage of land, the same grave- 
 However here on higher steps we stand ; \t'oom. 
 
 Which also were with selfsame price redeemed. 
 
 That we, however, of us light esteemed. as. 
 
 And were they not, yet since that loving Lord 
 
 Commanded us to love them for his sake, 
 Even for his sake, and for his sacred word, 
 
 Which in his last bequest he to us spake. 
 
 We should them love, and with their needs partake ; share 
 Knowing that, whatsoe'er to them we give, \their needs. 
 
 We give to him by whom we all do live. 
 
 Such mei'cy he by his most holy rede instruction. 
 
 Unto us taught, and to approve it true, 
 Ensampled it by his most righteous deed, 
 
 Shewing us mercy, miserable crew ! 
 
 That we the like should to the wretches^ shew. 
 And love our brethren j thereby to approve 
 How much himself that loved us we love. 
 
 Then rouse thyself, O earth ! out of thy soil. 
 
 In which thou wallowest like to filthy swine, 
 And dost thy mind in dirty pleasures moyle, defile. 
 
 Unmindful of that dearest Lord of thine ; 
 
 Lift up to him thy heavy clouded eyne. 
 That thou this sovereign bounty mayst behold, 
 And read through love his mercies manifold. 
 
 "Of the same mould and hand as we.'' 
 
 There was no contempt in the use of this word then. 
 
HYMN OF HE A VENL Y LOVE. 69 
 
 Begin from first, where he encradled was 
 
 In simple cratch, wrapt in a wad of hay, a rack or crib. 
 
 Between the toilful ox and humble ass ; 
 
 And In what rags, and in what base array 
 
 The glory of our heavenly riches lay, 
 When him the silly ,■'■ shepherds came to see. 
 Whom greatest princes sought on lowest knee. 
 
 From thence read on the story of his life. 
 
 His humble carriage, his unfaulty ways, 
 His cankered foes, his fights, his toil, his strife. 
 
 His pains, his poverty, his sharp assays, temptations or trials. 
 
 Through which he passed his miserable days. 
 Offending none, and doing good to all, 
 Yet being maliced both by great and small. 
 
 And look at last, how of most wretched wights 
 
 He taken was, betrayed, and false accused ; 
 How with most scornful taunts and fell despites 
 
 He was reviled, disgraced, and foul abused ; 
 
 How scourged, how crovmed, how buffeted, how bruised ; 
 And, lastly, how 'twixt robbers crucified. 
 With bitter wounds througli hands, through feet, and side ! 
 
 ******* 
 With sense whereof whilst so thy softened spirit 
 
 Is inly touched, and humbled with meek zeal 
 Through meditation of his endless merit. 
 
 Lift up thy mind to th' author of thy weal. 
 
 And to his sovereign mercy do appeal ; 
 Learn him to love that loved thee so dear. 
 And in thy breast his blessed image bear. 
 
 With all thy heart, with all thy soul and mind. 
 
 Thou must him love, and his behests embrace ; commands. 
 All other loves with which the world doth blind 
 
 Weak fancies, and stir up affections base. 
 
 Thou must renounce and utterly displace, 
 And give thyself unto him full and free. 
 That full and freely gave himself to thee. 
 
 1 Simple-hearted, therefore blessed ; like the German seli^. 
 
70 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Thenceforth all world's desire will in thee die, 
 And all earth's glory, on which men do gaze. 
 
 Seem dust and dross in thy pure-sighted eye, 
 Compared to that celestial beauty's blaze, 
 Whose glorious beams all fleshly sense do daze 
 
 With admiration of their passing light. 
 
 Blinding the eyes and lumining the sprite. 
 
 Then shalt thy ravished soul inspired be 
 
 With heavenly thoughts far above human skill, reason. 
 
 And thy bright radiant eyes shall plainly see 
 The Idea of his pure glory present still 
 Before thy face, that all thy spirits shall fill 
 
 With sweet enragement of celestial love. 
 
 Kindled through sight of those fair things above. 
 
 There is a companion to the poem of which these 
 verses are a portion, called Aji Hyinnc of Heavenly 
 Beautie, filled like this, and like two others on Beauty 
 and Love, with Platonic forms both of thought and 
 expression ; but I have preferred quoting a longer 
 part of the former to giving portions of both. My 
 reader will recognize in the extract a fuller force of 
 intellect brought to bear on duty ; although it would 
 be unwise to take a mind like Spenser's for a type 
 of more than the highest class of the age. Doubt- 
 less the division in the country with regard to many 
 of the Church's doctrines had its part in bringing 
 out and strengthening this tendency to reasoning 
 which is so essential to progress. Where religion 
 itself is not the most important thing with the indi- 
 vidual, all reasoning upon it must indeed degenerate 
 into strifes of words, vcrmiculate questions, as Lord 
 Bacon calls thenj — such, namely, as like the hoarded 
 manna reveal the character of the owner by breeding 
 
SIR WALTER RALEIGH'S PILGRIMAGE. • 71 
 
 of worms — yet on no questions may the light of the 
 candle of the Lord, that is, the human understanding, 
 be cast with greater hope of discovery than on 
 those of religion, those, namely, that bear upon man's 
 relation to God and to his fellow. The most partial 
 illumination of this region, the very cause of whose 
 mystery is the height and depth of its truth, is of 
 more awful value to the human being than perfect 
 knowledge, if such were possible, concerning every- 
 thing else in the universe ; while, in fact, in this 
 very region, discovery may bring with it a higher 
 kind of conviction than can accompany the results 
 of investigation in any other direction. In these 
 grandest of all thinkings, the great men of this 
 time showed a grandeur of thought worthy of their 
 surpassing excellence in other noblest fields of 
 human labour. They thought greatly because they 
 aspired greatly. 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh was a personal friend of Ed- 
 mund Spenser. They were almost of the same age, 
 the former born in 1552, the latter in the following 
 year. A writer of magnificent prose, itself full of 
 religion and poetry both in thought and expression, 
 he has not distinguished himself greatly in verse. 
 There is, however, one remarkable poem fit for my 
 purpose, which I can hardly doubt to be his. It 
 is called Sir Walter Raleigh's Pilgrimage. The 
 probability is that it was written just after his 
 condemnation in 1603 — although many years 
 passed before his sentence was carried into exe- 
 cution. 
 
72 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Give me my scallop-shell i of Quiet ; 
 
 My staff of Faith to walk upon ; 
 
 My scrip of Joy, immortal diet ; 
 
 My bottle of Salvation ; 
 
 My gown of Glory, hope's true gage ;, 
 
 And thus I'll take my pilgrimage. 
 
 Blood must be my body's balmer, — ^ 
 
 No other balm will there be given — 
 
 Whilst my soul, like quiet palmer, 
 
 Travelleth towards the land of Heaven ; 
 
 Over the silver mountains. 
 
 Where spring the nectar fountains — 
 
 There will I kiss 
 The bowl of Bliss, 
 
 And drink mine everlasting fill 
 
 Upon every milken hill : 
 
 My soul will be a-diy before, 
 
 But after, it will thirst no more. 
 Then by that happy blissful day. 
 More peaceful pilgrims I shall see, 
 That have cast off their rags of clay. 
 And walk apparelled fresh like me : 
 I'll take them first. 
 To quench their thirst. 
 
 And taste of nectar's suckets, sweet things — things 
 
 At those clear wells \to suck. 
 
 Where sweetness dwells. 
 Drawn up by saints in crystal buckets. 
 And when our bottles and all we 
 Are filled with immortality, 
 Then the blessed paths we'll travel, 
 Strowed with rubies thick as gravel. 
 Ceilings of diamonds ! sapphire floors ! 
 High walls of coral, and pearly bowers ! — 
 From thence to Heaven's bribeless hall. 
 Where no corrupted voices brawl ; 
 No conscience molten into gold ; 
 No forged accuser bought or sold ; 
 
 1 A shell plentiful on .the coast of Palestine, and worn by pilgrims 
 to show that they had visited that country. 
 
SIR WALTER RALEIGH'S PILGRIMAGE. 73 
 
 No cause deferred ; no vain-spent journey ; 
 
 For there Christ is the King's Attorney, 
 
 Who pleads for all without degrees, irrespective of rank. 
 
 And he hath angels, but no fees. 
 
 And when the grand twelve million jury 
 
 Of our sins, with direful fury, 
 
 'Gainst our souls black verdicts give, 
 
 Christ pleads his death, and then we live. 
 
 Be thou my speaker, taintless Pleader, 
 
 Unblotted Lawyer, true Proceeder ! 
 
 Thou giv'st salvation even for alms, — 
 
 Not with a bribed lawyer's palms. 
 
 And this is my eternal plea 
 
 To him that made heaven, earth, and sea. 
 
 That, since my flesh' must die so soon. 
 
 And want a head to dine next noon, — 
 
 Just at the stroke, when my veins start and spread, 
 
 Set on my soul an everlasting head : 
 
 Then am I ready, like a palmer fit. 
 
 To tread those blest paths which before I writ. 
 
 Of death and judgment, heaven and hell 
 
 Who oft doth think, must needs die well. 
 
 This poem is a somewhat strange medley, with a 
 confusion of figure, and a repeated failure in dignity, 
 which is very far indeed from being worthy of 
 Raleigh's prose. But it is very remarkable how 
 wretchedly some men will show, who, doing their 
 own work well, attempt that for which practice has 
 not — to use a word of the time — enabled them. 
 There is real power in the poem, however, and the 
 confusion is far more indicative of the pleased success 
 of an unaccustomed hand than of incapacity for 
 harmonious work. Some of the imagery, especially 
 the "crystal buckets," will suggest those grotesque 
 drawings called Emblems, which were much in use 
 
ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 before and after this period, and, indeed, were only 
 a putting into visible shape of such metaphors and 
 similes as some of the most popular poets of the time, 
 especially Doctor Donne, indulged in ; while the pro- 
 fusion of earthly riches attributed to the heavenly 
 paths and the places of repose on the journey, may 
 well recall Raleigh's own descriptions of South Ame- 
 rican glories. Englishmen of that era believed in an 
 earthly Paradise beyond the Atlantic, the wonderful 
 reports of whose magnificence had no doubt a share 
 in lifting the imaginations and hopes of the people 
 to the height at which they now stood. 
 
 There may be an appearance of irreverence in the 
 way in which he contrasts the bribeless Hall of 
 Heaven with the proceedings at his own trial, where 
 he was browbeaten, abused, and, from the very 
 commencement, treated as a guilty man by Sir 
 Edward Coke, the king's attorney. He even puns 
 with the A\'ords angch and fees. Burning from a 
 sense of injustice, however, and with the solemnity of 
 death before him, he could not be guilty of conscious 
 irreverence, at least. But there is another remark I 
 have to make with regard to the matter, which will 
 bear upon much of the literature of the time : even 
 the great writers of that period had such a delight 
 n words, and such a command over them, that like 
 their skilful horsemen, who enjoyed making their 
 steeds show off the fantastic paces they had taught 
 them, they played with the words as they passed 
 through their hands, tossing them about as a juggler 
 might his balls. But even herein the true master of 
 
AN ASPIRATION. 75 
 
 speech showed his masterdom : his play must not be 
 by-play ; it must contribute to the truth of the idea 
 which was taking form in those words. We shall see 
 this more plainly when we come to transcribe some 
 of Sir Philip Sidney's work. There is no irreverence 
 in it. Nor can I take it as any sign of hardness that 
 Raleigh should treat the visual image of his own 
 anticipated death with so much coolness, if the writer 
 of a little elegy on his execution, when Raleigh was 
 fourteen years older than at the presumed date of 
 the foregoing verses, describes him truly when he 
 says : 
 
 I saw in every stander-by 
 Pale death, life only in thy eye. 
 
 The following hymn is also attributed to Raleigh. 
 If it has less brilliance of fancy, it has none of the 
 faults of the preceding, and is far more artistic in 
 construction and finish, notwithstanding a degree of 
 irregularity. 
 
 Rise, oh my soul, with thy desires to heaven ; 
 
 And with divinest contemplation use 
 Thy time, where time's eternity is given ; 
 
 And let vain thoughts no more thy thoughts abuse, 
 But down in darkness let them lie : 
 So live thy better, let thy worse thoughts die ! 
 
 And thou, my soul, inspired with holy ilame. 
 View and review, with most regardful eye. 
 That holy cross, whence thy salvation came, 
 On which thy Saviour and thy sin did die ! 
 For in that sacred object is much pleasure. 
 And in that Saviour is my life, my treasure. 
 
76 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 To thee, O Jesus, I direct my eyes ; 
 
 To thee my hands, to thee my humble knees, 
 To thee my heart shall offer sacrifice ; 
 
 To thee my thoughts, who my thoughts only sees — 
 To thee myself, — myself and all I give ; 
 To thee I die ; to thee I only live ! 
 
 See what an effect of stately composure quiet 
 artistic care produces, and how it leaves the ear of 
 the mind in a satisfied peace ! 
 
 There are a few fine lines in the poem. The last 
 two lines of the first stanza are admirable ; the last 
 two of the second very weak. The last stanza is 
 good throughout. 
 
 But it would be very unfair to judge Sir Walter by 
 his verse. His prose is infinitely better, and equally 
 displays the devout tendency of his mind — a tendency 
 common to all the great men of that age. The worst 
 I know of him is the selfishly prudent advice he left 
 behind for his son. No doubt he had his faults, but 
 we must not judge a man even by what he says in 
 an over-anxiety for the prosperity of his child. 
 
 Another remarkable fact in the history of those 
 great men is that they were all men of affairs. 
 Raleigh was a soldier, a sailor, a discoverer, a politi- 
 cian, as well as an author. His friend Spenser was 
 first secretary to Lord Grey when he was Governor 
 of Ireland, and afterwards Sheriff of Cork. He has 
 written a large treatise on the state of Ireland. But 
 of all the men of the age no one was more variously 
 gifted, or exercised those gifts in more differing 
 directions, than the man who of them all was most in 
 favour with queen, court, and people — Philip Sidney. 
 
SIJi PHILIP SIDNEY. 77 
 
 I could write much to set forth the greatness, culture, 
 balance, and scope of this wonderful man. Renowned 
 over Europe for his person, for his dress, for his car- 
 riage, for his speech, for his skill in arms, for his 
 horsemanship, for his soldiership, for his statesman- 
 ship, for his learning, he was beloved for his friend- 
 ship, his generosity, his steadfastness, his simplicity, 
 his conscientiousness, his religion. Amongst the 
 lamentations over his death printed in Spenser's 
 works, there is one poem by Matthew Roydon, a few 
 verses of which I shall quote, being no vain eulogy. 
 Describing his personal appearance, he says : 
 
 A sweet, attractive kind of grace, 
 A full assurance given by looks. 
 Continual comfort in a face, 
 
 The lineaments of Gospel books ! — 
 I trow, that countenance cannot lie 
 Whose thoughts are legible in the eye. 
 
 Was ever eye did see that face, 
 
 Was ever ear did hear that tongue, 
 Was ever mind did mind his grace 
 That ever thought the travel long ? 
 But eyes and ears, and every thought, 
 Were with his sweet perfections caught. 
 
 His Arcadia is a book full of wisdom and beauty. 
 None of his writings were printed in his lifetime ; 
 but the: Arcadia ^'2iS for many years after his death 
 one of the most popular books in the country. His 
 prose, as prose, is not equal to his friend Raleigh's, 
 being less condensed and stately. It is too full of 
 fancy in thought and freak in rhetoric to find now- 
 a-days more than a very limited number of readers ; 
 
78 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 and a good deal of the verse that is set in it, is 
 obscure and uninteresting, partly from some false 
 notions of poetic composition which he and his friend 
 Spenser entertained when young ; but there is often 
 an exquisite art in his other poems. 
 
 The first I shall transcribe is a sonnet, to which 
 the Latin words printed below it might be prefixed 
 as a title : Splendidis longtim valedico nugis. 
 
 A LONG FAREWELL TO GLITTERING TRIFLES. 
 
 Leave me, O love, which reachest but to dust ; 
 
 And thou, my mind, aspire to higher things ; 
 Grow rich in that which never taketh rust : 
 
 What ever fades but fading pleasure brings. 
 Draw in thy beams, and humble all thy might 
 
 To that sweet yoke where lasting freedoms be ; 
 Which breaks the clouds, and opens forth the light 
 
 Tliat doth both shine and give us sight to see. 
 Oh take fast hold ; let that light be thy guide, 
 
 In this small couree which birth draws out to death ; 
 And think how evil ^ becometh him to slide 
 
 Who seeketh heaven, and comes of heavenly breath. 
 Then farewell, world ; thy uttermost I see : 
 Eternal love, maintain thy life in me. 
 
 Before turning to the treasury of his noblest verse, 
 I shall give six lines from a poem in the Arcadia — 
 chiefly for the sake of instancing what great questions 
 those mighty men delighted in : 
 
 Wliat essence destiny hath ; if fortune be or no ; 
 Whence our immortal souls to mortal earth do stow': 
 
 ' Evil was pronounced almost as a monosyllable, and was at last 
 contracted to ///. 
 
 ' " Come to find a place.'' The transitive verb stow means to put 
 in a place : here it is used intransitively. 
 
PSALMS OF SIR PHILIP AND LADY MARY. 79 
 
 What life it is, and how that all these lives do gather, 
 
 With outward maker's force, or like an inward father. 
 
 Such thoughts, me thought, I thought, and strained my single mind, 
 
 Then void of nearer cares, the depth of things to find. 
 
 Lord Bacon was not the only one, in such an age, 
 to think upon the mighty relations of physics and 
 metaphysics, or, as Sidney would say, " of naturall 
 and supernaturall philosophic." For a man to do 
 his best, he must be upheld, even in his speculations, 
 by those around him. 
 
 In the specimen just given, we find that our reli- 
 gious poetry has gone down into the deeps. There 
 are indications of such a tendency in the older times, 
 but neither then were the questions so articulate, nor 
 were the questioners so troubled for an answer. The 
 alternative expressed in the middle couplet seems to 
 me the most imperative of all questions^both for the 
 individual and for the church : Is man fashioned by 
 the hands of God, as a potter fashioneth his vessel ; 
 or do we indeed come forth from his heart? Is 
 power or love the making might of the universe .'' 
 He who answers this question aright possesses the 
 key to all righteous questions. 
 
 Sir Philip and his sister Mary, Countess of Pem- 
 broke, made between them a metrical translation of 
 the Psalms of David. It cannot be determined which 
 are hers and which are his ; but if I may conclude 
 anything from a poem by the sister, to which I shall 
 by and by refer, I take those I now give for the 
 brother's work. 
 
 The souls of the following psalms have, in the 
 
So ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 version I present, transmigrated into fairer forms than 
 I have found them occupy elsewhere. Here is a 
 grand hymn for the whole world : Sing unto the 
 Lord. 
 
 PSALM XCVI. 
 
 Sing, and let your song be new, 
 
 Unto him that never endeth ! 
 Sing all earth, and all in you — 
 Sing to God, and bless his name. 
 
 Of the help, the health he sendelh. 
 Day by day new ditties frame. 
 
 Make each country know his worth : 
 
 Of his acts the wondered story 
 Paint unto each people forth. 
 For Jehovah great alone, 
 
 All the gods, for awe and glory. 
 Far above doth hold his throne. 
 
 For but idols, what are they 
 
 Whom besides mad earth adoreth ? 
 He the skies in frame did lay. 
 Grace and honour are his guides ; 
 
 Majesty his temple storeth ; 
 Might in guard about him bides. 
 
 Kindreds come ! Jehovah give — 
 
 O give Jehovah all together, 
 Force and fame whereso you live. 
 Give his name the glory fit : 
 
 Take your ofF'rings, get you thither. 
 Where he doth enshrined sit. 
 
 Go, adore him in the place 
 
 Where his pomp is most displayed. 
 Earth, O go with quaking pace, 
 Go proclaim Jehovah king : 
 
 Stayless world shall now be stayed ; 
 Righteous doom his rule shall bring. 
 
GOD IS OUR REFUGE. 
 
 Starry roof and earthy floor, 
 
 Sea, and all thy wideness yieldeth. 
 Now rejoice, and leap, and roar. 
 Leafy infants of the wood. 
 
 Fields, and all that on you feedeth, 
 Dance, O dance, at such a good ! 
 
 For Jehovah cometh, lo ! 
 
 Lo to reign Jehovah cometh ! 
 Under whom you all shall go. 
 He the world shall rightly guide — 
 
 Truly, as a king becometh. 
 For the people's weal provide. 
 
 Attempting to give an ascending scale of excellence 
 — I do not mean in subject but in execution — I now 
 turn to the national hymn, God is our Refuge. 
 
 PSALM XLIV. 
 
 God gives us strength, and keeps us sound — 
 
 A present help when dangers call ; 
 Then fear not we, let quake the ground, 
 
 And into seas let mountains fall ; 
 
 Yea so let seas vrithal 
 In watery hills arise. 
 
 As may the earthly hills appal 
 With dread and dashing cries. 
 
 For lo, a river, streaming joy. 
 
 With purling murmur safely slides. 
 That city washing from annoy, 
 
 In holy shrine where God resides. 
 
 God in her centre bides : 
 What can this city shake ? 
 
 God early aids and ever guides : 
 Who can this city take ? 
 
 When nations go against her bent. 
 
 And kings with siege her walls enround ; 
 
 The void of air his voice doth rent, 
 Earth fails their feet vnth melting ground. 
 S.L. IV. G 
 
82 ENGLAND'S ANTJPHON. 
 
 To strength and keep us sound, 
 The God of armies arms ; 
 
 Our rock on Jacob's God we found, 
 Above the reach of harms. 
 
 O come with me, O come, and view 
 
 The trophies of Jehovah's hand ! 
 What wrecks from him our foes pursue ! 
 
 How clearly he hath purged our land ! 
 
 By him wars silent stand : 
 He brake the archer's bow. 
 
 Made chariot's wheel a fiery brand. 
 And spear to shivers go. 
 
 Be still, saith he ; know, God am I ; 
 
 Know I will be with conquest crowned 
 Above all nations — raised high, 
 
 High raised above this earthly round. 
 
 To strength and keep us sound. 
 The God of armies arms ; 
 
 Our rock on Jacob's God we found. 
 Above the reach of harms. 
 
 " The God of armies arms " is a grand line. 
 
 Now let us have a hymn of Nature — a far finer, I 
 
 think, than either of the preceding : Praise waiteth 
 
 for thee. 
 
 PSALM LXV. 
 
 Sion it is where thou art praised, 
 
 Sion, O God, where vows they pay thee : 
 
 There all men's prayers to thee raised, 
 Return possessed of what they pray thee. 
 
 There thou my sins, prevailing to my shame, 
 
 Dost turn to smoke of sacrificing flame. 
 
 Oh ! he of bliss is not deceived, disappointed. 
 
 Whom chosen thou unto thee takest ; 
 And whom into thy court received, 
 
 Thou of thy checkrole i number makest : 
 
 1 The list of servants then kept in large houses, the munber of such 
 lieing far greater than it is now. 
 
PRAISE WAITETH FOR THEE. 
 
 The dainty viands of tliy sacred store 
 Shall feed him so he shall not hunger more. 
 
 From thence it is thy threat'ning thunder — 
 
 Lest we by wrong should be disgrac^d^ 
 Doth strike our foes with fear and wonder, 
 
 O thou on whom their hopes are 'placed, 
 Whom either earth doth stedfastly sustain. 
 Or cradle rocks the restless wavy plain. 
 
 Thy virtue stays the mighty mountains, power. 
 
 Girded with power, with strength abounding. 
 The roaring dam of watery fountains the " dam of fountains " 
 
 Thy beck doth make surcease her sounding. \is the ocean. 
 
 When stormy uproars toss the people's brain, 
 That civil sea to calm thou bring'st again. political, as opposed to 
 
 Where earth doth end with endless ending, 
 
 All such as dwell, thy signs affright them ; 
 And in thy praise their voices spending, 
 
 Both houses of the sun delight them — 
 Both whence he comes, when early he awakes. 
 And where he goes, when evening rest he takes. 
 
 Thy eye from heaven this land beholdeth, 
 
 Such fruitful dews down on it raining. 
 That storehouse-like her lap enfoldeth 
 
 Assured hope of ploughman^s gaining : 
 Thy flowing streams her drought doth temper so, 
 That buried seed through yielding grave doth grow. 
 
 Drunk is each ridge of thy cup drinking ; 
 
 Each clod relenteth at thy dressing ; groweth soft. 
 
 Thy doud-bome waters inly sinking. 
 
 Fair spring sprouts forth, blest with thy blessing. 
 The fertile year is with thy bounty crowned ; 
 And where thou go'st, thy goings fat the ground. 
 
 Plenty bedews the desert places ; 
 
 A hedge of mirth the hills encloseth ; 
 The fields with flocks have hid their faces ; 
 
 A robe of corn the valleys clotheth. 
 Deserts, and hills, and fields, and valleys all. 
 Rejoice, shout, sing, and on thy name do call. 
 
 G 2 
 
 \iiatural. 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 The first stanza seems to me very fine, especially 
 the verse, " Return possessed of what they pray thee." 
 The third stanza might have been written after the 
 Spanish Philip's Armada, but both King David and 
 Sir Philip Sidney were dead before God brake that 
 archer's bow.^ The fourth line of the next stanza 
 is a noteworthy instance of the sense gathering to 
 itself the sound, and is in lovely contrast with the 
 closing line of the same stanza. 
 
 One of the most remarkable specimens I know of 
 the play with words of which I have already spoken 
 as common even in the serious writings of this cen- 
 tury, is to be found in the next line : " Where earth 
 doth end with endless ending." David, regarding the 
 world as a flat disc, speaks of the ends of the earth : 
 Sidney, knowing it to be a globe, uses the word of 
 the Psalmist, but re-moulds and changes the form 
 of it, with a power fantastic, almost capricious in its 
 wilfulness, yet causing it to express the fact with a 
 marvel of precision. We see that the earth ends ; we 
 cannot reach the end we see ; therefore the " earth 
 doth end with endless ending." It is a case of that 
 contradiction in the form of the words used, which 
 brings out a truth in another plane as it were ; — a para- 
 dox in words, not in meaning, for the words can bear 
 no meaning but the one which reveals its own reality. 
 
 1 There has been some blundering in the transcription of the last two 
 lines of this stanza. In the former of the two I have substituted doth 
 for dost, evidently wrong. In the latter, the word cradle is doubtful. I 
 suggest cradled, but am not satisfied with it The meaning is, however, 
 plain enough. 
 
LORD, THOU HAST SEARCHED ME. 85 
 
 The following little psalm, The Lord reigneth, is 
 a thunderous organ-blast of praise. The repetition 
 of words in the beginning of the second stanza pro- 
 duces a remarkably fine effect. 
 
 PSALM XCIII. 
 
 Clothed witli state, and girt with might, 
 
 Monarch-like Jehovah reigns ; 
 He who earth's foundation pight — pikhed. 
 
 Pight at first, and yet sustains ; 
 
 He whose stable throne disdains 
 Motion's shock and age's flight ; 
 
 He who endless one remains 
 One, the same, in changeless plight. 
 
 Rivers — yea, though rivers roar. 
 
 Roaring though sea-billows rise, 
 Vex the deep, and break the shore — 
 
 Stronger art thou. Lord of skies ! 
 
 Firm arid true thy promise lies 
 Now and still as heretofore : 
 
 Holy worship never dies 
 In thy house where we adore. 
 
 I close my selections from Sidney with one which 
 I consider the best of all: it is the first half of Lord, 
 thou hast searched me. 
 
 PSALM CXXXIX. 
 
 O Lord, in me there lieth nought 
 But to thy search revealed lies ; 
 For when I sit 
 Thou markest it ; 
 No less thou notest when I rise : 
 Yea, closest closet of my thought 
 
 Hath open windows to thine eyes. 
 Thou walkest with me when I walk ; 
 When to my bed for rest I go, 
 I find thee there. 
 And every where: 
 
86 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Not youngest thought in me doth grow, 
 No, not one word I cast to talk 
 But, yet unuttered, thou dost know. 
 
 If forth I march, thou goest before ; 
 If back I turn, thou com'st behind : 
 So forth nor back 
 Thy guard I lack ; 
 Nay, on me too thy hand I find. 
 Well I thy wisdom may adore. 
 But never reach with earthy mind. 
 
 To shun thy notice, leave thine eye, 
 O whither might I take my way ? 
 To starry sphere ? 
 Thy throne is there. 
 To dead men's undelightsome stay? 
 There is thy walk, and there to lie 
 Unknown, in vain I should assay. 
 
 O sun, whom light nor flight can match ! 
 Suppose thy lightful fiightful wings 
 Thou lend to me, 
 And I could flee 
 As far as thee the evening brings : 
 Hv'n led to west he would me catch. 
 Nor should I lurk with western things. 
 
 Do thou thy best, O secret night, 
 In sable veil to cover me : 
 Thy sable veil 
 Shall vainly fail : 
 With day unmasked my night shall be ; 
 For night is day, and darkness light, 
 O father of all lights, to thee. 
 
 Note the most musical play with the words light 
 and flight in the fifth stanza. There is hardly a line 
 that is not delightful. 
 
 They were a wonderful family those Sidneys. Mary, 
 for whom Philip wrote his chief work, thence called 
 " The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia," was a woman 
 
THE COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE. 87 
 
 of rare gifts. The chief poem known to be hers 
 is called Our Saviour's Passion. It is full of the 
 faults of the age. Sir Philip's sport with words is so 
 graceful and ordered as to subserve the utterance 
 of the thought : his sister's fanciful convolutions 
 appear to be there for their own sake — certainly are 
 there to the obscuration of the sense. The difficulty 
 of the poem arises in part, I believe, from corruption, 
 but chiefly from a certain fantastic way of dealing 
 with thought as well as word of which I shall have 
 occasion to say more when we descend a little further. 
 It is, in the main, a lamentation over our Saviour's 
 sufferings, in which the countess is largely guilty 
 of the very feminine fault of seeking to convey the 
 intensity of her emotions by forcing words, accumu- 
 lating forms, and exaggerating descriptions. This 
 may indeed convince as to the presence of feeling, 
 but cannot communicate the feeling itself The right 
 word will at once generate a sympathy of which all 
 agonies of utterance will only render the willing mind 
 more and more incapable. 
 
 The poem is likewise very diffuse — again a common 
 fault with women of power ; for indeed the faculty 
 of compressing thought into crystalline form is one 
 of the rarest gifts of artistic genius. It consists of a 
 hundred and ten stanzas, from which I shall gather 
 and arrange a few. 
 
 He placed all rest, and had no resting place ; 
 
 He healed each pain, yet lived in sore distress ; 
 
 Deserved all good, yet lived in great disgrace ; 
 
 Gave all hearts joy, himself in heaviness ; 
 
 Suffered them live, by vifhom himself was slain : 
 Lord, who can live to see such love again ? 
 
88 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Whose mansion heaven, yet lay within a manger ; 
 
 Who gave all food, yet sucked a virgin's breast ; ■ 
 
 Who could have killed, yet fled a threatening danger ; 
 
 Who sought all quiet by his own unrest ; 
 
 Who died for them that highly did offend him, 
 And lives for them that cannot comprehend him. 
 
 Who came no further than his Father sent him. 
 And did fulfil but what he did command him ; 
 Who prayed for them that proudly did torment him 
 For telling truly of what they did demand him ; 
 Who did all good that humbly did intreat him, 
 And bare their blows, that did unkindly beat him. 
 
 Had I but seen him as his servants did. 
 At sea, at land, in city, or in field, 
 Though in himself he had his glory hid, 
 That in his grace the light of glory held, 
 
 Then might my sorrow somewhat be appeased. 
 That once my soul had in his sight been pleased. 
 
 No ! I have run the way of wickedness, 
 Forgetting what my faith should follow most ; 
 I did not think upon thy holiness, 
 Nor by my sins what sweetness I have lost. 
 Oh sin ! for sin hath compassed me about, 
 That, Lord, I know not where to find thee out. 
 
 Where he that sits on the supernal throne. 
 In majesty most glorious to behold. 
 And holds the sceptre of the world alone. 
 Hath not his garments of imbroidered gold, 
 But he is clothed with truth and righteousness, 
 Where angels all do sing with joyfulness. 
 
 Where heavenly love is cause of holy life. 
 And holy life increaseth heavenly love ; 
 Where peace established without fear or strife, 
 Doth prove the blessing of the soul's behove;^ 
 
 Where thirst nor hunger, grief nor sorrow dwelleth. 
 But peace in joy, and joy in peace excelleth. 
 
 1 " The very blessing the soul needed." 
 
S/Ji FULK GREVILL. 89 
 
 Had all the poem been like these stanzas, I should 
 not have spoken so strongly concerning its faults. 
 There are a few more such in it. It closes with a 
 very fantastic use of musical terms, following upon 
 a curious category of the works of nature as praising 
 God, to which I refer for the sake of one stanza, or 
 rather of one line in the stanza : 
 
 To see the greyhound course, the hound in chase, 
 
 Whilst little dormouse sleepeth out her eyne ; 
 
 The lambs and rabbits sweetly run at base,! 
 
 Whilst highest trees the little squirrels climb, 
 The crawling worms out creeping in the showers, 
 And how the snails do climb the lofty towers. 
 
 What a love of animated nature there is in the lovely 
 lady ! I am all but confident, however, that second 
 line came to her from watching her children asleep. 
 She had one child at least : that William Herbert, 
 who is generally, and with weight, believed the W. H. 
 of Shakspere's Sonnets, a grander honour than the 
 earldom of Pembroke, or even the having Philip Sidney 
 to his uncle : I will not say grander than having Mary 
 Sidney to his mother. 
 
 Let me now turn to Sidney's friend. Sir Fulk 
 Grevill, Lord Brooke, who afterwards wrote his life, 
 " as an intended preface " to all his " Monuments to 
 the memory of Sir Philip Sidney,'' the said monuments 
 being Lord Brooke's own poems. 
 
 My extract is from^ Treatise of Religion, in which, 
 
 1 An old English game, still in use in Scotland and America, but 
 vanishing before cricket. 
 
90 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 if the reader do not find much of poetic form, he will 
 find at least some grand spiritual philosophy, the stuff 
 whereof all highest poetry is fashioned. It is one of 
 the first poems in which the philosophy of religion, 
 and not either its doctrine, feeling, or history, pre- 
 dominates. It is, as a whole, poor, chiefly from its 
 being so loosely written. There are men, and men 
 whose thoughts are of great worth, to whom it never 
 seems to occur that they may utter very largely and 
 convey very little ; that what is clear to themselves 
 is in their speech obscure as a late twilight. Their 
 utterance is rarely articulate : their spiritual mouth 
 talks with but half-movements of its lips ; it does not 
 model their thoughts into clear-cut shapes, such as 
 the spiritual ear can distinguish as they enter it. Of 
 such is Lord Brooke. These few stanzas, however, 
 my readers will be glad to have : 
 
 What is the chain which draws us back again, 
 And lifts man up unto his first creation? 
 Nothing in liim his own heart can restrain ; 
 His reason lives a captive to temptation ; 
 
 Example is corrupt ; precepts are mixed ; 
 
 All fleshly knowledge frail, and never fixed. 
 
 It is a light, a gift, a grace inspired ; 
 
 A spark of power, a goodness of the Good ; 
 
 Desire in him, that never is desired ; 
 
 An unity, where desolation stood ; 
 
 In us, not of us, a Spirit not of earth. 
 Fashioning the mortal to immortal birth. 
 * * * * 
 
 Sense of this God, by fear, the sensual have. 
 
 Distressed Nature crying unto Grace ; 
 
A TREATISE OF RELIGION. gr 
 
 For sovereign reason then becomes a slave, 
 And yields to servile sense her sovereign place, 
 
 When more or other she affects to be 
 
 Than seat or shrine of this Eternity. 
 
 Yea, Prince of Earth let Man assume to be, 
 Nay more — of Man let Man himself be God, 
 Yet without God, a slave of slaves is he ; 
 To others, wonder ; to himself, a rod ; 
 
 Restless despair, desire, and desolation ; 
 
 The more secure, the more abomination. 
 
 Then by affecting power, we cannot know him. 
 By knowing all things else, we know him less. 
 Nature contains him not. Art cannot show him. 
 Opinions idols, and not God, express. 
 
 Without, in power, we see him everywhere ; 
 
 Within, we rest not, till we find him there. 
 
 Then seek we must ; that course is natural — 
 For owned souls to find their owner out. 
 Our free remorses when our natures fall — 
 When we do well, our hearts made free from doubt- 
 Prove service due to one Omnipotence, 
 And Nature of religion to have sense. 
 
 Questions again, which in our hearts arise — 
 Since loving knowledge, not humility — 
 Though they be curious, godless, and unwise. 
 Yet prove our nature feels a Deity ; 
 
 For if these strifes rose out of other grounds, 
 Man were to God as deafness is to sounds. 
 * * * * 
 
 Yet in this strife, this natural remorse, 
 If we could bend the force of power and wit 
 To work upon the heart, and make divorce 
 There from the evil which preventeth it, 
 
 In judgment of the truth we should not doubt 
 Good life would find a good religion out. 
 
92 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 If a fair proportion of it were equal to this, the 
 poem would be a fine one, not for its poetry, but for 
 its spiritual metaphysics. I think the fourth and 
 fifth of the stanzas I have given, profound in 
 truth, and excellent in utterance. They are worth 
 pondering. 
 
 We now descend a decade of the century, to find 
 another group of names within the immediate thres- 
 hold of the sixties. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 LORD BACON AND HIS COEVALS. 
 
 Except it be Milton's, there is not any prose fuller 
 of grand poetic embodiments than Lord Bacon's. 
 Yet he always writes contemptuously of poetry, 
 having in his eye no doubt the commonplace kinds 
 of it, which will always occupy more bulk, and hence 
 be more obtrusive, than that which is true in its 
 nature and rare in its workmanship. Towards the 
 latter end of his life, however, being in ill health at 
 the time, he translated seven of the Psalms of David 
 into verse, dedicating them to George Herbert. The 
 best of them is Psalm civ. — just the one upon which 
 we might suppose, from his love to the laws of 
 Nature, he would dwell with the greatest sympathy. 
 Partly from the wish to hear his voice amongst the 
 rest of our singers, partly for the merits of the version 
 itself, which has some remarkable lines, I have resolved 
 to include it here. It is the first specimen I have 
 given in the heroic couplet. 
 
 Father and King of Powers both high and low, 
 Whose sounding fame all creatures serve to blow ; 
 My soul shall with the rest strike up thy praise, 
 And carol of thy works, and wondrous ways. 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 But who can blaze thy beauties, Lord, aright ? 
 
 They turn the brittle beams of mortal sight. 
 
 Upon thy head thou wear'st a glorious crown, 
 
 All set with virtues, polished with renown : 
 
 Thence round about a silver veil doth fall 
 
 Of crystal light, mother of colours all. 
 
 The compass, heaven, smooth without grain or fold, 
 
 All set with spangs of glittering stars untold. 
 
 And striped with golden beams of power unpent, 
 
 Is raised up for a removing tent. 
 
 Vaulted and arched are his chamber beams 
 
 Upon the seas, the waters, and the streams ; 
 
 The clouds as chariots swift do scour the sky ; 
 
 The stormy winds upon their wings do fly. 
 
 His angels spirits are, that wait his will; 
 
 As flames of fire his anger they fulfil. 
 
 In the beginning, with a mighty hand. 
 
 He made the earth by counterpoise to stand, 
 
 Never to move, but to be fixed still ; 
 
 Yet hath no pillars but his sacred will. 
 
 This earth, as with a veil, once covered was ; 
 The waters overflowed all the mass ; 
 
 But upon his rebuke away they fled. 
 And then the hills began to show their head ; 
 The vales their hollow bosoms opened plain. 
 The streams ran trembling down the vales again ; 
 
 And that the earth no more might drowned be. 
 
 He set the sea his bounds of liberty ; 
 
 And though his waves resound and beat the shore. 
 
 Yet it is bridled by his holy lore. 
 
 Then did the rivers seek their proper places. 
 
 And found their heads, their issues, and their races ; 
 
 The springs do feed the rivers all the way, 
 
 And so the tribute to the sea repay : 
 
 Running along through many a pleasant field. 
 
 Much fruitfulness unto the earth they yield ; 
 
 That know the beasts' and cattle feeding by, 
 
 Which for to slake their thirst do thither hie. 
 
 Nay, desert gi-ounds the streams do not forsake, 
 
 But through the unknown ways their journey take ; 
 
 The asses wild that hide in wilderness, 
 
THE HUNDRED AND FOURTH PSALM. 95 
 
 Do thither come, their thirst for to refresh. 
 
 Tlie shady trees along their banks do spring, 
 
 In which tlie birds do build, and sit, and sing, 
 
 Stroking the gentle air with pleasant notes. 
 
 Plaining or chirping through their warbling throats. 
 
 The higher grounds, where waters cannot rise. 
 
 By rain and dews are watered from the skies. 
 
 Causing the earth put forth the grass for beasts, 
 
 And garden-herbs, served at the greatest feasts. 
 
 And bread that is all viands' firmament. 
 
 And gives a firm and solid nourishment ; 
 
 And wine man's spirits for to recreate, 
 
 And oil his face for to exhilarate. 
 
 The sappy cedars, tall like stately towers. 
 
 High flying birds do harbour in their bowers ; 
 
 The holy storks that are the travellers. 
 
 Choose for to dwell and build within the firs ; 
 
 The climbing goats hang on steep mountains' side ; 
 
 The digging conies in the rocks do bide. 
 
 The moon, so constant in inconstancy. 
 
 Doth rule the monthly seasons orderly; 
 
 The sun, eye of the world, doth know his race. 
 
 And when to show, and when to hide his face. 
 
 Thou makest darkness, that it may be night, 
 
 Whenas the savage beasts that fly the light. 
 
 As conscious of man's hatred, leave their den. 
 
 And range abroad, secured from sight of men. 
 
 Then do the forests ring of lions roaring, 
 
 That ask their meat of God, their strength restoring ; 
 
 But when the day appears, they back do fly. 
 
 And in their dens again do lurking lie ; 
 
 Then man goes forth to labour in the field. 
 
 Whereby his grounds more rich increase may yield. 
 
 O Lord, thy providence sufficeth all ; 
 
 Thy goodness not restrained but general 
 
 Over thy creatures, the whole earth doth flow 
 
 With thy great largeness poured forth here below. 
 
 Nor is it earth alone exalts thy name. 
 
 But sea,s and streams likewise do spread the same. 
 
 The rolling seas unto the lot do fall 
 
 Of beasts innumerable, great and small ; 
 
96 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 There do the stately ships plough up the floods ; 
 
 The greater navies look like walking woods ; 
 
 The fishes there far voyages do make, 
 
 To divers shores their journey they do take ; 
 
 There hast thou set the great leviathan, 
 
 That makes the seas to seethe like boiling pan : 
 
 All these do ask of thee their meat to live. 
 
 Which in due season thou to them dost give : 
 
 Ope thou thy hand, and then they have good fare ; 
 
 Shut thou thy hand, and then they troubled are. 
 
 All life and spirit from thy breath proceed. 
 
 Thy word doth all things generate and feed : 
 
 If thou withdraw'st it, then they cease to be. 
 
 And straight return to dust and vanity ; 
 
 But when thy breath thou dost send forth again, 
 
 Then all things do renew, and spring amain, 
 
 So that the earth but lately desolate 
 
 Doth now return unto the former state. 
 
 The glorious majesty of God above 
 
 Shall ever reign, in mercy and in love ; 
 
 God shall rejoice all his fair works to see. 
 
 For, as they come from him, all perfect be. 
 
 The earth shall quake, if aught his wrath provoke ; 
 
 Let him but touch the mountains, they shall smoke. 
 
 As long as life doth last, I hymns will sing. 
 
 With cheerful voice, to the Eternal King ; 
 
 As long as I have being, I will praise 
 
 The works of God, and all his wondrous ways. 
 
 I know that he my words will not despise : 
 
 Thanksgiving is to him a sacrifice. 
 
 But as for sinners, they shall be destroyed 
 
 From off the earth — their places shall be void. 
 
 Let all his works praise him with one accord ! 
 
 Oh praise the Lord, my soul ! Praise ye the Lord ! 
 
 His Hundred and Forty-ninth Psalm is likewise 
 good ; but I have given enough of Lord Bacon's 
 verse, and proceed to call up one who was a poet 
 indeed, although little known as such, being a Roman 
 Catholic, a Jesuit even, and therefore, in EHzabeth's 
 
ROBERT SOUTHWELL. 97 
 
 reign, a traitor, and subject to the penalties according. 
 Robert Southwell, " thirteen times most cruelly tor- 
 tured," could "not be induced to confess anything, 
 not even the colour of the horse whereon on a certain 
 day he rode, lest from such indication his adversaries 
 might conjecture in what house, or in company of 
 what Catholics, he that day was." I quote these 
 words of Lord Bifrleigh, lest any of my readers, 
 discovering weakneiss in his verse, should attribute 
 weakness to the mah himself 
 
 It was no doubt on political grounds that these 
 tortures, and the death that followed them, were 
 inflicted. But it was for the truth as he saw it, that 
 is, for the saTffe'of duty, that Southwell thus endured. 
 We must not impute all the evils of a system to 
 every individual who holds by it. It may be found 
 that a man has, for the sole sake of self-abnegation, 
 yielded homage, "^he're, if his object had been per- 
 sonal aggrandizement, he might have wielded autho- 
 rity. Southwell, if that which comes from within a 
 man may be taT<en as the test of his character, was 
 a devout and humble Christian. In the choir of our 
 singers we only ask : " Dost thou lift up thine heart 1 " 
 Southwell's song answers for him : " I lift it up unto 
 the Lord." 
 
 His chief poem fe called St. Peter's Complaint. It 
 is of considerable 'length — a hundred and thirty-two 
 stanzas. It reminds us of the Countess of Pem- 
 broke's poem, but is far more articulate and far 
 superior in versification. Perhaps its chief fault is 
 that the pauses are so measured with the lines as 
 
 S.L. IV. H 
 
98 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 to make every line almost a sentence, the effect of 
 which is a considerable degree of monotony. Like 
 all writers of the time, he is, of course, fond of anti- 
 thesis, and abounds in conceits and fancies ; whence 
 he attributes a multitude of expressions to St. Peter 
 of which never possibly could the substantial ideas 
 have entered the Apostle's mind, or probably any 
 other than Southwell's own. There is also a good 
 deal of sentimentalism in the poem, a fault from 
 which I fear modern Catholic verse is rarely free. 
 Probably the Italian poetry with which he must 
 have been familiar in his youth, during his residence 
 in Rome, accustomed him to such irreverences of 
 expression as this sentimentalism gives occasion to, 
 and which are very far from indicating a corre- 
 spondent state of feeling. Sentiment is a poor 
 ape of love ; but the love is true notwithstand- 
 ing. Here are a few stanzas from St. Peters 
 Complaint : 
 
 Titles I make untruths : am I a rock, 
 
 That with so soft a gale was overthrown ? 
 Am I fit pastor for the faithful flock 
 
 To guide their souls that murdered thus mine own ? 
 A rock of ruin, not a rest to stay ; 
 A pastor, — not to feed, but to betray. 
 
 Parting from Christ my fainting force declined ; 
 
 With lingering foot I followed him aloof; 
 Base fear out of my heart his love unshrined, 
 
 Huge in high words, but impotent in proof. 
 My vaunts did seem hatched under Samson's locks. 
 Yet woman's words did give me murdering knocks. 
 
ST. PETER'S COMPLAINT. 99 
 
 At Sorrow's door I knocked : they craved my name. 
 
 I answered, "One unworthy to be known." 
 " What one? " say they. " One worthiest of blame." 
 
 "But who?" " A wretch not God's, nor yet his own." 
 "Aman?" "Oh, not" "Abeast?" "Much worse.'' "What creature?" 
 " A rock." "How called?" " The rock of scandal, Peter. " 
 
 Christ ! health of fevered soul, heaven of the mind. 
 
 Force of the feeble, nurse of infant loves. 
 Guide to the wandering foot, light to the blind, 
 
 Whom weeping wins, repentant sorrow moves ! 
 Father in care, mother in tender heart. 
 Revive and save me, slain with sinful dart ! 
 
 If King Manasseh, sunk in depth of sin. 
 
 With plaints and tears recovered grace and crown, 
 
 A worthless worm some mild regard may win. 
 And lowly creep where flying threw It down. 
 
 A poor desire I have to mend my ill ; 
 
 1 should, I would, I dare not say I will. 
 
 I dare not say I will, but wish I may ; 
 
 My pride is cliecked ; high words the speaker spilt. 
 My good, O Lord, thy gift — thy strength, my stay — 
 
 Give what thou bidst, and then bid what thou wilt. 
 Work with me what of me thou dost request; 
 Then will I dare the worst and love the best. 
 
 Here, from another poem, are two little stanzas 
 worth preserving: 
 
 Yet God's must I remain. 
 
 By death, by wrong, by shame ; 
 
 I cannot blot out of my heart 
 That grace wrought in his name. 
 
 I cannot set at nought, 
 
 Whom I have held so dear ; 
 I cannot make Him seem afar 
 
 That is indeed so near. 
 
 The following poem, in style almost as simple as 
 H 2 
 
ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 a ballad, is at once of the quaintest and truest. 
 Common minds, which must always associate a 
 certain conventional respectability with the forms of 
 religion, will think it irreverent. I judge its reverence 
 profound, and such none the less that it is pervaded 
 by a sweet and delicate tone of holy humour. The 
 very title has a glimmer of the glowing heart of 
 Christianity : 
 
 NEW PRINCE, NEW POMP. 
 
 Behold a silly, i tender babe, 
 
 In freezing winter night, 
 In homely manger trembling lies ; 
 
 Alas ! a piteous sight. 
 
 The inns are full ; no man will yield 
 
 This little pilgrim bed ; 
 But forced he is with silly beasts 
 
 In crib to shroud his head. 
 
 Despise him not for lying there ; 
 
 First what he is inquire : 
 An orient pearl is often found 
 
 In depth of dirty mire. 
 
 Weigh not his crib, his wooden dish, 
 
 Nor beasts that by him feed ; 
 Weigh not his mother's poof attire, 
 
 Nor Joseph's simple weed. 
 
 This stable is a prince's court. 
 
 The crib his chair of state ; 
 The beasts are parcel of his pomp, 
 
 The wooden dish his plate. 
 
 1 Silly means innocent, and therefore blessed ; ignorant of evil, and in 
 so far helpless. It is easy to see how affection came to apply it to idiots. 
 It is applied to the ox and ass in the next stanza, and is often an epithet 
 of shepherds. 
 
ST. PETER'S REMORSE. 
 
 The persons in that poor attire 
 
 His royal liveries wear ; 
 The Prince himself is come from heaven : 
 
 This pomp is praised there. 
 
 With joy approach, O Christian vi'ight ; 
 
 Do homage to thy King ; 
 And highly praise this humble pomp, 
 
 Which he from heaven doth bring. 
 
 Another, on the same subject, he calls Neiv Heaven, 
 New War. It is fantastic to a degree. One stanza, 
 however, I like much : 
 
 This little babe, so few days old. 
 Is come to rifle Satan's fold ; 
 All hell doth at his presence quake, 
 Though lie himself for cold do shake ; 
 For in this weak, unarmed wise, 
 The gates of hell he will surprise. 
 
 There is profoundest truth in the symbolism of this. 
 Here is the latter half of a poem called St. Peters 
 
 Remorse : 
 
 Did mercy spin the thread 
 
 To weave in justice' loom ? 
 Wert then a father to conclude 
 
 With dreadful judge's doom ? 
 
 It is a small relief 
 
 To say I was thy child, 
 If, as an ill-deserving foe. 
 
 From grace I am exiled. 
 
 I was, I had, I could — 
 
 All words importing want ; 
 They are but dust of dead supplies, 
 
 Where needful helps are scant. 
 
 Once to have been in bliss 
 
 That hardly can return, 
 Doth but bewray from whence I fell. 
 
 And wherefore now I mourn. 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 All thoughts of passed hopes 
 
 Increase my present cross j 
 Like ruins of decayed joys, 
 
 They still upbraid my loss. 
 
 mild and mighty Lord ! 
 Amend that is amiss ; 
 
 My sin my sore, thy love my salve. 
 Thy cure my comfort is. 
 
 Confirm thy former deed ; 
 Reform that is defiled ; 
 
 1 was, I am, I will remain 
 
 Thy charge, thy choice, thy child. 
 
 Here are some neat stanzas from a poem he calls 
 
 CONTENT AND RICH. 
 
 My conscience is my crown. 
 
 Contented thoughts my rest ; 
 My heart is happy in itself. 
 
 My bliss is in my breast. 
 
 My wishes are but few. 
 
 All easy to fulfil ; 
 I make the limits of my power 
 
 The bounds unto my will. 
 
 Sith sails of largest size 
 
 The storm doth soonest tear, 
 I bear so small and low a sail 
 
 As freeth me from fear. 
 
 And taught with often proof, 
 
 A tempei-ed calm I find 
 To be most solace to itself. 
 
 Best cure for angry mind. 
 
 No chance of Fortune's calms 
 
 Can cast my comforts down ; 
 When Fortmie smiles I smile to think 
 
 How quickly she will frown. 
 
DANIEL.—SIR HENRY WOTTON. 103 
 
 And when in frowal-d mood 
 
 She proves an angry foe : 
 Small gain I found to let her come, 
 
 Less loss to let her go. 
 
 There is just one stanza in a poem of Daniel, who 
 belongs by birth to this group, which I should like to 
 print by itself, if it were only for the love Coleridge 
 had to the last two lines of it. It needs little stretch 
 of scheme to let it show itself amongst religious poems. 
 It occurs in afine epistle to the Countess of Cumberland. 
 Daniel's writing is full of the practical wisdom of the 
 inner life, and the stanza which I quote has a certain 
 Wordsworthian flavour about it. It will not make a 
 complete sentence, but must yet stand by itself: 
 
 Knowing the heart of man is set to be 
 The centre of this world, about the which 
 These revolutions of disturbances 
 Still roll ; where all th' aspects of misery 
 Predominate ; whose strong effects are such 
 As he must bear, being powerless to redress ; 
 And that unless above himself he can 
 Erect tiimseif, how poor a thing is man ! 
 
 Later in the decade, comes Sir Henry Wotton. It 
 will be seen that I have arranged my singers with 
 reference to their birth, not to the point of time at 
 which this or that poem was written or published. 
 The poetic influences which work on the shaping 
 fantasy are chiefly felt in youth, and hence the 
 predominant mode of & poet's utterance will be 
 determined by what and where and amongst whom 
 he was during that season. The kinds of the vari- 
 ous poems will therefore probably fall into natural 
 
104 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 sequence rather after the dates of the youth of 
 the writers than after the years in which they were 
 written. 
 
 Wotton was better known in his day as a pohtician 
 than as a poet, and chiefly in ours as the subject of 
 one of Izaak Walton's biographies. Something of 
 artistic instinct, rather than finish, is evident in his 
 verses. Here is the best and the best-known of the 
 few poems recognized as his : 
 
 THE CHARACTER OF A HAPPY LIFE. 
 
 How happy is he born and taught, 
 
 That serveth not another's will j 
 Whose armour is his honest thought, 
 
 And silly truth his highest skill ; 
 
 Whose passions not his masters are ; 
 
 Whose soul is still prepared for death, 
 Untied to the world with care 
 
 Of prince's grace or vulgar breath ; 
 
 Who hath his life from humours freed ; 
 
 Whose conscience is his strong retreat ; 
 Whose state can neither flatterers feed. 
 
 Nor ruin make accusers great ; 
 
 Who envieth none whom chance doth raise, 
 
 Or vice ; who never understood 
 How swords give slighter wounds than praise. 
 
 Nor rules of state, but rules of good ; 
 
 Who God doth late and early pray 
 
 More of his grace than gifts to lend ; 
 And entertains the harmless day 
 
 With a well-chosen book or friend. 
 
 This man is free from servile bands 
 
 Of hope to rise, or fear to fall : 
 Lord of himself, though not of lands ! 
 
 And having nothing, yet hath all. 
 
S/R JOHN DA VIES. 105 
 
 Some of my readers will observe that in many- 
 places I have given a reading different from that in 
 the best-known copy of the poem. I have followed 
 a manuscript in the handwriting of Ben Jonson.^ I 
 cannot tell whether Jonson has put the master's hand 
 to the amateur's work, but in every case I find his 
 reading the best. 
 
 Sir John Davies must have been about fifteen 
 years younger than Sir Fulk Grevill. He was born in 
 1 5 70, was bred a barrister^ and rase to high position 
 through the favour of James I. — gained, it is said, by 
 the poem which the author called Nosce Teipsum,"^ 
 but which is generally entitled On the Immortality 
 of the Soul, intending by immortality the spiritual 
 nature of the soul, resulting in, continuity of exist- 
 ence. It is a wonderfwi instance of what can be 
 done for metaphysics in verse, and by means of 
 imagination or poetic embodiment generally. Argu- 
 mentation cannot of course naturally belong to the 
 region of poetry, however weU it may comport itself 
 when there naturalize4; an,4 consequently, although 
 there are j Bost poetiQ B»4^ _ than pro found passages 
 in the treatise, a lighit scruple aris,Qs whether its con- 
 stituent matter cai* properly be called poetry. At 
 all events, however, certain of the more prosaic 
 measures and stanzas lend themselves readily, and 
 with much favour, to some of the more complex 
 of logical necessities. And it must be remembered 
 
 1 See Poems ky Sir Henry Wotton and others. Edited by the Rev. 
 John Hannah. 
 
 2 " Know thyself." 
 
io6 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 that in human speech, as in the human mind, there 
 are no absolute divisions : power shades off into 
 feeling; and the driest logic may find the heroic 
 couplet render it good service. 
 
 Sir John Davies's treatise is not only far more 
 poetic in image and utterance than that of Lord 
 Brooke, but is far more clear in argument and firm 
 in expression as well. Here is a fine invocation : 
 
 O Light, wliich raak'.st the light which makes tlie day ! 
 
 Which sett'st the eye without, and mind within ; 
 Lighten my spirit with one clear heavenly ray, 
 
 Which now to view itself doth first begin. 
 
 * ^* * * 
 
 Thou, like the sun, dost, with an equal ray. 
 
 Into the palace and the cottage shine ; 
 And show'st the soul both to the clerk and lay, learned and 
 
 By the clear lamp of th' oracle divine. [unlearned. 
 
 He is puzzled enough to get the theology of his time 
 into harmony with his philosophy, and I cannot say 
 that he is always triumphant in the attempt ; but 
 here at least is good argument in justification of the 
 freedom of man to sin. 
 
 If by His word he had the current stayed 
 Of Adam's will, which was by nature free. 
 
 It had been one as if his word had said, 
 
 " I will henceforth that Man no Man shall be." 
 * * * * 
 
 For what is Man without a moving mind. 
 
 Which hath a judging wit, and choosing will ? 
 
 Now, if God's pow'r should her election bind, 
 
 Her motions then would cease, and stand all still. 
 * * * * 
 
 So that if Man would be unvariable, 
 
 He must be God, or like a rock or tree ; 
 
 For ev'n the perfect angels were not stable. 
 But had a fall more desperate than we. 
 
07V THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL. 107 
 
 The poem contains much excellent argument in 
 mental science as well as in religion and metaphysics ; 
 but with that department I have nothing to do. 
 
 I shall now give an outlook from the highest peak 
 of the poem — to any who are willing to take the 
 trouble necessary for seeing what another would 
 show them. 
 
 The section from which I have gathered the follow- 
 ing stanzas is devoted to the more immediate proof 
 of the soul's immortality. 
 
 Her only end is never-ending bliss, 
 
 Which is the eternal face of God to see, 
 Who last of ends and first of causes is ; 
 
 And to do this, she must eternal be. 
 
 Again, how can she but immortal be. 
 
 When with the motions of both will and wit. 
 
 She still aspireth to eternity, 
 
 And never rests till she attains to it? 
 
 Water in conduit-pipes can rise no higher 
 
 Than the well-head from whence it first doth spring ; 
 
 Then since to eternal God she doth aspire. 
 She cannot but be an eternal thing. 
 
 At first her mother-earth she holdeth dear, 
 
 And doth embrace the world and worldly things ; 
 
 She flies close by the ground, and hovers here. 
 And mounts not up with her celestial wings. 
 
 Yet under heaven she cannot light on ought 
 
 That with her heavenly nature doth agree ; 
 She cannot rest, she cannot fix her thought, 
 
 She cannot in this world contented be. 
 
 For who did ever yet, in honour, wealth. 
 
 Or pleasure of the sense, contentment find ? 
 Whoever ceased to wish, when he had health ? 
 
 Or having wisdom, was not vexed in mind ? 
 
io8 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Then as a bee, which among weeds doth fall, 
 
 Which seem sweet flowers, with lustre fresh and gay — 
 
 She lights on that, and this, and tasteth all, 
 But, pleased with none, doth rise, and soar away ; 
 
 So, when the soul finds here no true content. 
 And, like Noah's dove, can no sure footing take, 
 
 She doth return from whence she first was sent. 
 And flies to him that first her wings did make. 
 
 Wit, seeking truth, from cause to cause ascends. 
 
 And never rests till it the first attain ; 
 Will, seeking good, finds many middle ends, 
 ^ But never stays till it the last do gain. 
 
 Now God the truth, and first of causes is ; 
 
 God is the last good end, which lasteth still ; 
 Being Alpha and Omega named for this : 
 
 Alpha to wit. Omega to the will. 
 
 Since then her heavenly kind she doth display 
 
 In that to God she doth directly move, 
 And on no mortal thing can make her stay. 
 
 She cannot be from hence, but from above. 
 
 One passage more, the conclusion and practical 
 summing up of the whole : 
 
 O ignorant poor man I what dost thou bear. 
 Locked up within the casket of thy breast ? 
 
 What jewels and what riches hast thou there ! 
 What heavenly treasure in so weak a chest ! 
 
 Think of her worth, and think that God did mean 
 This worthy mind should worthy things embrace : 
 
 Blot not her beauties with thy thoughts imclean; 
 Nor her dishonour with thy passion base. 
 
 Kill not her quickening power with surfeitings ; 
 
 Mar not her sense with sensuality ; 
 Cast not her serious wit on idle things ; 
 
 Make not her free-will slave to vanity. 
 
PHASES OF RELIGIOUS POETRY. 109 
 
 And when thou think'st of her eternity, 
 
 Think not that death against our nature is ; 
 Think it a birth ; and when thou go'st to die, 
 
 Sing like a swan, as if thou went'st to bhss. 
 
 And if thou, like a child, didst fear before, 
 
 Being in the dark where thou didst nothing see ; 
 
 Now I have brought thee torch-light, fear no more ; 
 Now when thou diest thou canst not hood-wink'd be. 
 
 And thou, my soul, which turn'st with curious eye 
 To view the beams of thine own form divine. 
 
 Know, that thou canst know nothing perfectly. 
 While thou art clouded with this flesh of mine. 
 
 Take heed of over-weening, and compare 
 
 Thy peacock's feet with thy gay peacock's train : 
 
 .Study the best and highest things that are, 
 But of thyself an humble thought retain. 
 
 Cast down thyself, and only strive to raise 
 
 The story of thy Maker's sacred name : 
 Use all thy powers that blessed Power to praise, 
 
 Which gives the power to be, and use the same. 
 
 In looking back over our path from the point wc 
 have now reached, the first thought that suggests 
 itself is — How much the reflective has supplanted the 
 emotional ! I do not mean for a moment that the 
 earliest poems were without thought, or that the 
 latest are without emotion ; but in the former there 
 is more of the skin, as it were — in the latter, more 
 of the bones of worship ; not that in the one the 
 worship is but skin-deep, or that in the other the 
 bones are dry. 
 
 To look at the change a little more closely : we 
 find in the earliest time, feeling working on historic 
 fact and on what was received as such, and the result 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 simple aspiration after goodness. The next stage is 
 good doctrine — I use the word, as St. Paul uses it, 
 for instruction in righteousness — chiefly by means of 
 allegory, all attempts at analysis being made through 
 personification of qualities. Here the general form is 
 frequently more poetic than the matter. After this 
 we have a period principally of imitation, sometimes 
 good, sometimes indifferent. Next, with the Refor- 
 mation and the revival of literature together, come 
 more of art and more of philosophy, to the detri- 
 ment of the lyrical expression. People cannot think 
 and sing : they can only feel and sing. But the 
 philosophy goes farther in this direction, even to the 
 putting in abeyance of that from which song takes 
 its rise, — namely, feeling itself. As to the former, 
 amongst the verse of the period I have given, there 
 is hardly anything to be called song but Sir Philip 
 Sidney's Psalms, and for them we are more indebted 
 to King David than to Sir Philip. As to the latter, 
 even in the case of that most mournful poem of 
 the Countess of Pembroke, it is, to quite an un- 
 healthy degree, occupied with the attempt to work 
 upon her own feelings by the contemplation of them, 
 instead of with the utterance of those aroused by the 
 contemplation of truth. In her case the metaphysics 
 have begun to prey upon and consume the emotions. 
 Besides, that age was essentially a dramatic age, as 
 even its command of language, especially as shown 
 in the pranks it plays with it, would almost indicate ; 
 and the dramatic impulse is less favourable, though 
 not at all opposed, to lyrical utterance. In the cases 
 
HISTORIC WA VES OF PROGRESS. 1 1 £ 
 
 of Sir Fulk Grevill and Sir John Davies, the feeling 
 is assuredly profound ; but in form and expression 
 the philosophy has quite the upper hand. 
 
 We must not therefore suppose, however, that the 
 cause of religious poetry has been a losing one. The 
 last wave must sink that the next may rise, and the 
 whole tide flow shorewards. The man must awake 
 through all his soul, all his strength, all his mind, that 
 he may worship God in unity, in the one harmonious 
 utterance of his being : his heart must be united to 
 fear his name. And for this final perfection of the 
 individual the race must awake. At this season and 
 that season, this power or that power must be chiefly 
 developed in her elect ; and for its sake the growth of 
 others must for a season be delayed. But the next 
 generation will inherit all that has gone before ; and 
 its elect, if they be themselves pure in heart, and indi- 
 vidual, that is original, in mind, will, more or less 
 thoroughly, embody the result, in subservience to 
 some new development, essential in its turn to further 
 progress. Even the fallow times, which we are so 
 ready to call barren, must have their share in working 
 the one needful work. They may be to the nation 
 that which sickness so often is to the man — a time of 
 refreshing from the Lord, A nation's life does not 
 lie in its utterance any more than in the things which 
 it possesses : it lies in its action. The utterance is a 
 result, and therefore a sign, of life ; but there may 
 be life without any suck sign. To do justice, to love 
 mercy, to walk humbly with God, is the highest life 
 of a nation as of an individual ; and when the time 
 
ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 for speech comes, it will be such life alone that causes 
 the speech to be strong at once and harmonious. 
 When at last there are not ten righteous men in 
 Sodom, Sodom can neither think, act, nor say, and 
 her destruction is at hand. 
 
 While the wave of the dramatic was sinking, the 
 wave of the lyric was growing in force and rising in 
 height. Especially as regards religious poetry we are 
 as yet only approaching the lyrical jubilee. Fact 
 and faith, self-consciousness and metaphysics, all are 
 needful to the lyric of love. Modesty and art find 
 their grandest, simplest labour in rightly subordinating 
 each of those to the others. How could we have 
 a George Herbert without metaphysics .-' In those 
 poems I have just given, the way of metaphysics 
 was prepared for him. That which overcolours one 
 age to the injury of its harmony, will, in the next or 
 the next, fall into its own place in the seven-chorded 
 rainbow of truth. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 DR. DONNE. 
 
 We now come to Dr. John Donne, a man of justly 
 great respect and authority, who, born in the year 
 1 573) the fifteenth of Queen Elizabeth, died Dean of 
 St. Paul's in the year -16 3 6.' But, although even Ben 
 Jonson addresses him as " the delight of Phoebus and 
 each Muse," we are too far beyond the power of his 
 social presence and the influence of his public utter- 
 ances to feel that admiration of his poems which was 
 so largely expressed during his lifetime. Of many 
 of those that were written in his youth, Izaak Walton 
 says Dr. Donne "wished that his own eyes had 
 witnessed their funerals." Faulty as they are, how- 
 ever, they are not the less the work of a great and 
 earnest man. 
 
 Bred to the law, but never having practised it, he 
 lost his secretaryship to the Lord Chancellor Elles- 
 mere through the revenge of Sir George More, 
 whose daughter Donne had married in secret because 
 of her father's opposition. Dependent thereafter for 
 years on the generous kindness of unrelated friends, 
 he yet for conscience' sake refused to take orders when 
 
 S.L. IV. I 
 
114 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 a good living was offered him ; and it was only after 
 prolonged thought that he yielded to the importunity 
 of King James, who was so convinced of his surpass- 
 ing fitness for the church that he would speed him to- 
 wards no other goal. When at length he dared hope 
 that God might have called him to the high office, 
 never man gave himself to its duties with more of 
 whole-heartedness and devotion, and none have proved 
 themselves more clean of the sacrilege of serving at 
 the altar for the sake of the things offered thereon. 
 
 He is represented by Dr. Johnson as one of the 
 chief examples of that school of poets called by him- 
 self the metaphysical, an epithet which, as a definition, 
 is almost false. True it is that Donne and his fol- 
 lowers were always ready to deal with metaphysical 
 subjects, but it was from their mode, and not their 
 subjects, that Dr. Johnson classed them. What this 
 mode was we shall see presently, for I shall be justi- 
 fied in setting forth its strangeness, even absurdity, by 
 the fact that Dr. Donne was the dear friend of George 
 Herbert, and had much to do with the formation of 
 his poetic habits. Just twenty years older than 
 Herbert, and the valued and intimate friend of his 
 mother, Donne was in precisely that relation of age 
 and circumstance to influence the other in the highest 
 degree. 
 
 The central thought of Dr. Donne is nearly sure to 
 be just : the subordinate thoughts by means of which 
 he unfolds it are often grotesque, and so wildly associ- 
 ated as to remind one of the lawlessness of a dream, 
 wherein mere suggestion without choice or fitness 
 
DR. DONNE: HIS MODE AND STYLE. ir; 
 
 rules the sequence. As some of the writers of whom 
 I have last spoken would play with words, Dr. Donne 
 would sport with ideas, and with the visual images or 
 embodiments of them. Certainly in his case much 
 knowledge reveals itself in the association of his ideas, 
 and great facility in the management and utterance 
 of them. True likewise, he says nothing unrelated 
 to the main idea of the poem ; but not the less 
 certainly does the whole resemble the speech of a 
 child of active imagination, to whom judgment as 
 to the character of his suggestions is impossible, his 
 taste being equally gratified with a lovely image 
 and a brilliant absurdity : a' butterfly and a shining 
 potsherd are to him similarly desirable. Whatever 
 wild thing starts from the thicket of thought, all is 
 worthy game to the hunting intellect of Dr. Donne, 
 and is followed without question of tone, keeping, or 
 harmony. In his. play with words. Sir Philip Sidney 
 kept good heed that even that should serve the end 
 in view ; in his play with ideas. Dr. John Donne, so 
 far from serving the end, sometimes obscures it almost 
 hopelessly: the hart escapes while he follows the 
 squirrels and weasels and bats. It is not surprising 
 that, their author being so inartistic with regard to 
 their object, his verses themselves should be harsh 
 and unmusical beyond the worst that one would 
 imagine fit to be called verse. He enjoys the un- 
 enviable distinction of having no rival in ruggedness 
 of metric movement and associated sounds. This is 
 clearly the result of indifference ; an indifference, how- 
 ever, which grows very strange to us when we find 
 
 I 2 
 
1 1 6 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 that he can write a lovely verse and even an exquisite 
 stanza. 
 
 Greatly for its own sake, partly for the sake of 
 illustration, I quote a poem containing at once his 
 best and his worst, the result being such an incon- 
 gruity that we wonder whether it might not be called 
 his best and his worst, because we cannot determine 
 which. He calls it Hymn to God, my God, in my 
 Sickness. The first stanza is worthy of George Herbert 
 in his best mood. 
 
 Since I am coming to that holy room, 
 
 Where with the choir of saints for evermore 
 
 I shall be made thy music, as I come 
 I tune the instrument here at the door. 
 And what I must do then, think here before. 
 
 To recognize its beauty, leaving aside the depth 
 and truth of the phrase, " Where I shall be made 
 thy music," we must recall the custom of those days 
 to send out for " a noise of musicians." Hence he 
 imagines that he has been summoned as one of a 
 band already gone in to play before the king of 
 "The High Countries :" he is now at the door, where 
 he is listening to catch the tone, that he may have 
 his instrument tuned and ready before he enters. 
 But with what a jar the next stanza breaks on heart, 
 mind, and ear ! 
 
 Whilst my physicians by their love are grown 
 Cosmographers, and Ji their map, who lie 
 
 Flat on this bed, that by them may be shown 
 That this is my south-west discovery. 
 Per /return febris — by these straits to die ; — 
 
 1 " And I have grown their map." 
 
THE LAND OF THE WEST. 117 
 
 Here, in the midst of comparing himself to a map, 
 and his physicians to cosmographers consulting the 
 map, he changes without warning into a navigator 
 whom they are trying to follow upon the map as he 
 passes through certain straits — namely, those of the 
 fever — towards his south-west discovery, Death. 
 Grotesque as this is, the absurdity deepens in the 
 end of the next stanza by a return to the former 
 idea. He is alternately a map and a man sailing 
 on the map of himself. But the first half of the 
 stanza is lovely : my reader must remember that the 
 region of the West was at that time the Land of 
 Promise to England. 
 
 I joy that in these straits I see my West ; 
 
 For though those currents yield return to none, 
 What shall my West hurt me ? As west and east 
 
 In all flat maps (and I am one) are one, 
 
 So death doth touch the resurrection. 
 
 It is hardly worth while, except for the strangeness 
 of the phenomenon, to spend any time in elucidating 
 this. Once more a map, he is that of the two hemi- 
 spheres, in which the east of the one touches the 
 west of the other. Could anything be much more 
 unmusical than the line, " In all flat maps (and I 
 am one) are one " .' But the next stanza is worse. 
 
 Is the Pacific sea my home ? Or are 
 The eastern riches ? Is Jerusalem ? 
 
 Anvan, and Magellan, and Gibraltar ? 
 
 All straits, and none but straits are ways to them, 
 Whether where Japhet dwelt, or Cham, or Sem. 
 
 The meaning of the stanza is this : there is no 
 
1 1 8 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 earthly home : all these places are only straits that 
 lead home, just as they themselves cannot be reached 
 but through straits. 
 
 Let my reader now forget all but the first stanza, 
 and take it along with the following, the last two : 
 
 We think that Paradise and Calvar)', 
 
 Christ's cross and Adam's tree, stood in one place : 
 
 Look, Lord, and find both Adams met in me ; 
 As the first Adam's sweat surrounds my face. 
 May the last Adam's blood my soul embrace. 
 
 So, in his purple wrapped, receive me. Lord ; 
 By these his thoms give me his other crown ; 
 
 And as to others' souls I preached thy word. 
 Be this my text, my sermon to mine own : 
 Therefore, that he ?nay raise, the Lord throws down. 
 
 Surely these are very fine, especially the middle 
 verse of the former and the first verse of the latter 
 stanza. The three stanzas together make us lovingly 
 regret that Dr. Donne should have ridden his Pegasus 
 over quarry and housetop, instead of teaching him 
 his paces. 
 
 The next I quote is artistic throughout. Perhaps 
 the fact, of which we are informed by Izaak Walton, 
 " that he caused it to be set to a grave and solemn 
 tune, and to be often sung to the organ by the 
 choristers of St. Paul's church in his own hearing, 
 especially at the evening service," may have some- 
 thing to do with its degree of perfection. There is 
 no sign of his usual haste about it. It is even ela- 
 borately rhymed after Norman fashion, the rhymes 
 in each stanza being consonant with the rhymes in 
 every stanza. 
 
DR. DONNE'S EVENING HYMN. 119 
 
 A HYMN TO GOD THE FATHER. 
 
 Wilt thou forgive that sin where I begun, 
 
 Which was my sin, though it were' done before ? 1 
 Wilt thou forgive that sin, through which I run,* 
 And do run still, though still I do deplore ? — 
 When thou hast done, thou hast not done ; 
 For I have more. 
 
 Wilt thou forgive that sin which I have won 
 
 Others to sin, and made my sins their door ? » 
 Wilt thou forgive that sin which I did shun 
 A year or two, but wallowed in a score ? — 
 When thou hast done, thou hast not done ; 
 For I have more. 
 
 I have a sin of fear, that when I've spun 
 
 My last thread, I shall perish on the shore ; 
 But swear by thyself, that at niy death thy Son 
 Shall shine, as he shines now and heretofore ; 
 And having done that, thou hast done : 
 I fear no more. 
 
 In those days even a pun might be a serious thing : 
 witness the play in the last stanza on the words son 
 and sun — not a mere pun, for the Son of the Father 
 is the Sun of Righteousness : he is Life and Light 
 
 What the Doctor himself says concerning the 
 hymn, appears to me not only interesting but of 
 practical value. He "did occasionally say to a friend, 
 ' The words of this hymn have restored to me the 
 same thoughts of joy that possessed my soul in my 
 sickness, when I composed it.'" What a help it 
 
 1 The guilt of Adam's first sin, supposed by the theologians of Dr. 
 Donne's time to be imputed to Adam's descendants. 
 
 2 The past tense : ran. 
 
 ^ Their door to enter into sin — by his example. 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 would be to many, if in their more gloomy times 
 they would but recall the visions of truth they had, 
 and were assured of, in better moments ! 
 
 Here is a somewhat strange hymn, which yet 
 possesses, rightly understood, a real grandeur : 
 
 A HYMN TO CHRIST 
 
 At the Author's last going into Germany.^ 
 
 In what torn ship soever I embark. 
 That ship shall be my emblem of thy ark ; 
 What sea soever swallow me, that flood 
 Shall be to me an emblem of thy blood. 
 Though thou with clouds of anger do disguise 
 Thy face, yet through that mask I know those eyes. 
 Which, though they turn away sometimes — 
 They never ■will despise. 
 
 I sacrifice this island unto thee, 
 And all whom I love here and who love me : 
 When I have put this flood 'twixt them and me. 
 Put thou thy blood betwixt my sins and thee. 
 As the tree's sap doth seek the root below 
 In winter, in my winter " now I go 
 Where none but thee, the eternal root 
 Of true love, I may know. 
 
 Nor thou, nor thy religion, dost control 
 The amorousness of an harmonious soul ; 
 But thou wouldst have that love thyself: as thou 
 Art jealous. Lord, so I am jealous now. 
 Thou lov'st not, till from loving more thou free 
 My soul : who ever gives, takes liberty : 
 Oh, if thou car'sl not whom I love, 
 Alas, thou lov'st not me ! 
 
 I He was sent by James I. to assist an embassy to the Elector Pala- 
 tine, who had married his daughter Elizabeth. 
 
 ' He had lately lost his wife, for whom he had a rare love. 
 
DR. DONNE: HIS HOLY SONNETS. 
 
 Seal then this bill of my divorce to all 
 On whom those fainter beams of love did fall ; 
 Marry those loves, Vfhich. in youth scattered be 
 On face, wit, hopes, (false mistresses), to thee. 
 Churches are best for prayer that have least hght : 
 To see God only, I go out of sight ; 
 And, to 'scape stormy days, I choose 
 An everlasting night. 
 
 To do justice to this poem, the reader must take 
 some trouble to enter into the poet's mood. 
 
 It is in a measure distressing that, while I grant 
 with all my heart the claim of his "Muse's white 
 sincerity," the taste in — I do not say of^aome of his 
 best poems should be such that I will not present 
 them. 
 
 Out of twenty-three Holy Sonnets, every one of 
 which, I should almost say, possesses something re- 
 markable, I choose three. Rhymed after the true 
 Petrarchian fashion, their rhythm is often as bad as 
 it can be to be called rhythm at all. Yet these are 
 very fine. 
 
 Thou hast made me, and shall thy work decay ? 
 
 Repair me now, for now mine end ioXh haste ; 
 
 I run to death, and death meets me as fast. 
 And all my pleasures are like yesterday. 
 I dare not move my dim eyes any way, 
 ' Despair behind, and death before doth cast 
 
 Such terror ; and my feeble flesh doth waste 
 By sin in it, which it towards hell doth weigh. 
 Only thou art above, and when towards thee 
 
 By thy leave I can look, I ^rise again ; 
 But our old subtle foe so tempteth me, 
 
 That not one hour myself I can sustain : 
 Thy grace may wing me to prevent his art, 
 And thou like adamant draw mine iron heart. 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 If faithful souls be alike glorified 
 
 As angels, then my father's soul doth see, 
 And adds this even to full felicity. 
 
 That valiantly I hell's wide mouth o'erstride : 
 
 But if our minds to these souls be descried 
 By circumstances and by signs that be 
 Apparent in us — not immediately' — 
 
 How shall my mind's white truth by them be tried ? 
 They see idolatrous lovers weep and mourn, 
 
 And, style blasphemous, conjurors to call 
 
 On Jesu's name, and pharisaical 
 
 Dissemblers feign devotion. Then turn, 
 
 O pensive soul, to God ; for he knows best 
 
 Thy grief, for he put it into my breast. 
 
 Death, be not proud, though some have called thee 
 
 Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so ; 
 
 For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow, 
 Die not, poor Death ; nor yet canst thou kill me. 
 From rest and sleep, which but thy picture be. 
 
 Much pleasure, then from thee much more must flow ; 
 
 And soonest ^ our best men with thee do go. 
 Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery ! 
 
 Thou'rt slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men. 
 And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell ; 
 And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well. 
 
 And better than thy stroke. Why swell'st^ thou then? 
 One short sleep past, we wake eternally, 
 And death shall be no more : Death, thou shalt die. 
 
 In a poem called The Cross, full of fantastic con- 
 ceits, we find the following remarkable lines, embo- 
 dying the profoundest truth. 
 
 . As perchance carvers do not faces make 
 But that away, which hid them there, j take : 
 Let crosses so take what hid Christ in thee, 
 And be his image, or not his, but he. 
 
 1 " If they know us not by intuition, but by judging from circumstances 
 ,uk1 signs." 
 
 2 " With most willingness." ' " Art proud." 
 
RESURRECTION. 123 
 
 One more, and we shall take our leave of Dr. 
 Donne. It is called a fragment ; but it seems to me 
 complete. It will serve as a specimen of his best 
 and at the same time of his most characteristic mode 
 of presenting fine thoughts grotesquely attired. 
 
 RESURRECTION. 
 
 Sleep, sleep, old sun ; thou canst not have re-past 1 
 As yet the wound thou took'st on Friday last. 
 Sleep then, and rest : the world may bear thy stay ; 
 A better sun rose before thee to-day ; 
 Who, not content to enlighten all that dwell 
 On the earth's face as thou, enlightened hell. 
 And made the dark fires languish in that vale, 
 As at thy presence here our fires grow pale ; 
 Whose body, having walked on earth and now 
 Hastening to heaven, would, that he might allow 
 Himself unto all stations and fill all, 
 For these three days become a mineral. 
 He was all gold when he lay down, but rose 
 All tincture ; and doth not alone dispose 
 Leaden and iron wills to good, but is 
 Of power to make even sinful flesh like his. 
 Had one of those, whose credulous piety 
 Thought that a soul one might discern and see 
 Go from a body, at this sepulchre been. 
 And issuing from the sheet this body seen, 
 He would have justly thought this body a soul. 
 If not of any man, yet of the whole. 
 
 What a strange mode of saying that he is our 
 head, the capt^;in of our salvation, the perfect hu- 
 manity in which our life is hid ! Yet it has its 
 dignity. When one has got over the oddity of these 
 
 1 A strange use of the word ; but it evidently means recovered, and 
 has some analogy with the French repasser. 
 
ENGLAND'S AN TIP HON. 
 
 last six lines; the figure contained in them shows itself 
 almost grand. 
 
 As an individual specimen of the grotesque form 
 holding a fine sense, regard for a moment the words, 
 
 He was all gold when he lay down, but rose 
 All tincture ; 
 
 which means, that, entirely good when he died, he 
 was something yet greater when he rose, for he had 
 gained the power of making others good : the tincture 
 intended here was a substance whose touch would 
 turn the basest metal into gold. 
 
 Through his poems are scattered many fine pas- 
 sages ; but not even his large influence on the better 
 poets who followed is sufficient to justify our listening 
 to him longer now. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 BISHOP HALL AND GEORGE SANDYS. 
 
 Joseph Hall, born in 1574, a year after Dr. Donne, 
 bishop, first of Exeter, next of Norwich, is best known 
 by his satires. It is not for such that I can mention 
 him : the most honest satire can claim no place 
 amongst religious poems. It is doubtful if satire ever 
 did any good. Its very language is that of the half- 
 brute from which it is well named. 
 
 Here are three poems, however, which the bishop 
 wrote for his choir. 
 
 ANTHEM FOR THE CATHEDRAL OF EXETER. 
 
 Lord, what am I ? A worm, dust, vapour, nothing ! 
 
 What is my life ? A dream, a daily dying ! 
 What is my flesh ? My soul's uneasy clothing ! 
 What is my time ? A minute ever flying : 
 My time, my flesh, my life, and I, 
 What are we, Lord, but vanity ? 
 
 Where am I, Lord? Down in a vale of death. 
 
 What is my trade ? Sin, my dear God offending ; 
 My sport sin too, my stay a puff of breath. 
 
 What end of sin ? Hell's horror never ending : 
 My way, my trade, sport, stay, and place. 
 Help to make up my doleful case. 
 
126 ENGLAND'S ANTJPHON. 
 
 Lord, what art thou ? Pure life, power, beauty, bliss. 
 
 Where dwell'st thou ? Up above in perfect light. 
 What is thy time ? Eternity it is. 
 
 What state? Attendance of each glorious sprite : 
 Thyself, thy place, thy days, thy state 
 Pass all the thoughts of powers create. 
 
 How shall I reach thee. Lord? Oh, soar above, 
 Ambitious soul. But which way should I fly ? 
 Thou, Lord, art way and end. What wings have I ? 
 Aspiring thoughts — of faith, of hope, of love ; 
 Oh, let these wings, that way alone 
 Present me to thy blissful throne. 
 
 FOR CHRISTMAS-DAY. 
 
 Immortal babe, who this dear day 
 Didst change thine heaven for our clay. 
 And didst with flesh thy Godhead veil, 
 Eternal Son of God, all hail ! 
 
 Shine, happy star ! Ye angels, sing 
 
 Glory on high to heaven's king ! 
 
 Run, shepherds, leave your nightly watch ! 
 
 See heaven come down to Bethlehem's cratch ! manger. 
 
 Worship, ye sages of the east, 
 
 The king of gods in meanness drest ! 
 
 O blessed maid, smile, and adore 
 
 The God thy womb and arms have bore ! 
 
 Star, angels, shepherds, and wise sages 1 
 Thou virgin -glory of all ages! 
 Restored frame of heaven and earth ! 
 Joy in your dear Redeemer's birth. 
 
 Leave, O my soul, this baser world below ; 
 
 O leave this doleful dungeon of woe ; 
 
 And soar aloft to that supernal rest 
 
 That maketh all the saints and angels blest : 
 Lo, there the Godhead's radiant throne, 
 Like to ten thousand suns in one ! 
 
THE HAPPY-MAKING SIGHT. 
 
 Lo, there thy Saviour dear, in glory dight, dressed. 
 
 Adored of all the powers of heavens bright ! 
 Lo, where that head that bled with thorny wound, 
 Shines ever with celestial honour crowned ! 
 
 That hand that held the scornful reed 
 
 Makes all the fiends infernal dread. 
 
 That back and side that ran with bloody streams 
 Daunt angels' eyes with their majestic beams ; 
 Those feet, once fastened to the cursed tree, 
 Trample on Death and Hell, in glorious glee. 
 Those lips, once drenched with gall, do make 
 With their dread doom the world to quake. 
 
 Behold those joys thou never canst behold ; 
 Those precious gates of pearl, those streets of gold. 
 Those streams of life, those trees of Paradise 
 That never can be seen by mortal eyes ! 
 
 And when thou seest this state divine, 
 
 Think that it is or shall be thine. 
 
 See there the happy troops of purest sprites 
 That live above in endless true delights ! 
 And see where once thyself shalt ranged be. 
 And look and long for immortality ! 
 
 And now beforehand help to sing 
 
 Hallelujahs to heaven's king. 
 
 Polished as these are in comparison to those of 
 Dr. Donne, and fine, too, as they are intrinsically, 
 there are single phrases in his that are worth them 
 all — except, indeed, that one splendid line, 
 
 Trample on Death and Hell in glorious glee. 
 
 George Sandys, the son of an archbishop of York, 
 and born in 1577, is better known by his travels in 
 the east than by his poetry. But his version of the 
 Psalms is in good and various verse, not unfrequently 
 
1 2 8 ENGLAND 'S AN TIP HON. 
 
 graceful, sometimes fine. The following is not only 
 in a popular rhythm, but is neat and melodious as 
 well. 
 
 PSALM XCII. 
 
 Thou who art enthroned above, 
 
 Thou by whom we Uve and move, 
 
 O how sweet, how excellent 
 
 Is't with tongue and heart's consent, 
 
 Thankful hearts and joyful tongues, 
 
 To renown thy name in songs ! 
 
 When the morning paints the skies. 
 
 When the sparkling stars arise, 
 
 Thy high favours to rehearse, 
 
 Thy firm faith, in grateful verse ! 
 
 Take the lute and violin. 
 
 Let the solemn harp begin, 
 
 Instruments strung with ten strings, 
 
 While the silver cymbal rings. 
 
 From thy works my joy proceeds ; 
 
 How I triumph in thy deeds ! 
 
 Who thy wonders can express ? 
 
 All thy thoughts are fathomless — 
 
 Hid from men in knowledge blind. 
 
 Hid from fools to vice inclined. 
 
 Who that tyrant sin obey. 
 
 Though they spring like flowers in May — ■ 
 
 Parched witli heat, and nipt with frost. 
 
 Soon shall fade, for ever lost. 
 
 Lord, thou art most great, most high ; 
 
 Such from all eternity. 
 
 Perish shall thy enemies. 
 
 Rebels that against thee rise. 
 
 All who in their sins delight, 
 
 Shall be scattered by thy might. 
 
 But thou shalt exalt my horn 
 
 Like a youthful unicorn. 
 
 Fresh and fragrant odours shed 
 
 On thy crowned prophet's head. 
 
GEORGE SANDYS: HIS PSALMS. 129 
 
 I shall see my foes' defeat, 
 Shortly hear of their retreat ; 
 But the just like palms shall flourish 
 Which the plains of Judah nourish, 
 Like tall cedars mounted on 
 Cloud-ascending Lebanon. 
 Plants set in thy court, below- 
 Spread their roots, and upwards grow ; 
 Fruit in their old age shall bring. 
 Ever fat and flourishing. 
 This God's justice celebrates : 
 He, my rock, injustice hates. 
 
 PSALM CXXIIL 
 
 Thou mover of the rolling sphered, 
 I, through the glasses of my tears. 
 
 To thee my eyes erect. 
 As servants mark their master's hands, 
 As maids their mistress's commands. 
 
 And liberty expect, 
 
 So we, depressed by enemies 
 And growing troubles, fix our eyes 
 
 On God, who sits on high ; 
 Till he in mercy shall descend. 
 To give our miseries an end; 
 
 And turn our tears to joy. 
 
 O save us. Lord, by all forlorn. 
 The subject of contempt and scorn : 
 
 Defend us from their pride 
 Who live In fluency and ease, 
 Who with our woes their malice please. 
 
 And miseries deride. 
 
 Here is a part of the 66th Psalm, which makes a 
 complete little song of itself : 
 
 S.L. IV. c K 
 
130 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Bless the Lord. His praise be sung 
 
 While an ear can hear a tongue. 
 
 He our feet establisheth ; 
 
 He our souls redeems from death. 
 
 Lord, as silver purified, 
 
 Thou hast with affliction tried, 
 
 Thou hast driven into the net. 
 
 Burdens on our shoulders set. 
 
 Trod on by their horses' hooves. 
 
 Theirs whom pity never moves. 
 
 We through fire, with flames embraced. 
 
 We through raging floods have passed. 
 
 Yet by thy conducting hand. 
 
 Brought into a wealthy land. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 A FEW OP THE ELIZABETHAN DRAMATISTS. 
 
 From the nature of their adopted mode, we cannot 
 look for much poetry of a devotional kind from the 
 dramatists. That mode admitting of no utterance 
 personal to the author, and requiring the scope of a 
 play to bring out the intended truth, it is no wonder 
 that, even in the dramas of Shakspere, profound as 
 is the teaching they contain, we should find nothing 
 immediately suitable to our purpose ; while neither 
 has he left anything in other form approaching in 
 kind what we seek. Ben Jonson, however, born in 
 1574, who may be regarded as the sole representative 
 of learning in the class, has left, amongst a large 
 number of small pieces, three Poems of Devotion, 
 whose merit may not indeed be great, but whose 
 feeling is, I think, genuine. Whatever were his faults, 
 and they were not few, hypocrisy was not one of 
 them. His nature was fierce and honest. He might 
 boast, but he could not pretend. His oscillation 
 between the reformed and the Romish church can 
 hardly have had other cause than a vacillating 
 conviction. It could not have served any prudential 
 
 K 2 
 
1 32 ENGLAND 'S ANT/PI/ON. 
 
 end that we can see, to turn catholic in the reign of 
 Elizabeth, while in prison for killing in a duel a player 
 who had challenged him. 
 
 THE SINNER'S SACRIFICE. 
 
 I. — TO THE HOLY TRINITY. 
 
 O holy, blessed, glorious Trinity 
 Of persons, still one God in Unity, 
 The faithful man's believed mystery, 
 
 Help, help to lift 
 Myself up to thee, harrowed, torn, and bruised 
 By sin and Satan, and my flesh misused. 
 As my heart lies — in pieces, all confused — ■ 
 
 O take my gift. 
 
 All-gracious God, the sinner's sacrifice, 
 
 A broken heart, thou wert not wont despise, 
 
 But, 'bove the fat of rams or bulls, to prize 
 
 An offering meet 
 For thy acceptance : Oh, behold me right. 
 And take compassion on my grievous plight ! 
 What odour can be, than a heart contrite, 
 
 To thee more sweet ? 
 
 Eternal Father, God, who didst create 
 This All of nothing, gav'st it form and fate. 
 And breath'st into it life and light, with state 
 
 To worship thee I 
 Eternal God the Son, who not deniedst 
 To take our nature, becam'st man, and diedst. 
 To pay our debts, upon thy cross, and criedst 
 
 All's done in met 
 Eternal Spirit, God from both proceeding, 
 Father and Son — the Comforter, in breeding 
 Pure thoughts in man, with fiery zeal them feeding 
 
 For acts of grace ! 
 Increase those acts, O glorious Trinity 
 Of persons, still one God in Unity, 
 Till I attain the longed-for mystery 
 
 Of seeing your face. 
 
BEN yoNSON'S HYMNS. 133 
 
 Beholding one in three, and three in one, 
 
 A Trinity, to shine in tJnion — 
 
 The gladdest light, dark man can think upon — 
 
 O grant it me. 
 Father, and Son, and Holy Ghost, you three. 
 All co-eternal in your majesty. 
 Distinct in persons, yet in unity 
 
 One God to see ; 
 
 My Maker, Saviour, and my Sanctifier, 
 To hear, to mediate, 1 sweeten my desire. 
 With grace, with love, with cherishing entire ! 
 
 O then, how blest 
 Among thy saints elected to abide. 
 And with thy angels placed, side by side ! 
 But in thy presence truly glorified. 
 
 Shall I there rest ! 
 
 2. — AN HYMN TO GOD THE FATHER. 
 
 Hear me, O God ! 
 
 A broken heart 
 
 Is my best part : 
 Use still thy rod. 
 
 That I may prove 
 
 Therein thy love. 
 
 If thou hadst not 
 
 Been stem to me. 
 
 But left me free, 
 I had forgot 
 
 Myself and thee. 
 
 For sin's so sweet 
 
 As minds ill bent tAai. 
 
 Rarely repent 
 Until they meet 
 
 Their punishment. 
 
 "Who more can crave 
 Than thou hast done ? 
 Thou gav'st a Son 
 
 ^ To understood : to sweeten. 
 
134 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 To free a slave, 
 
 First made of nought, 
 With all since bought. 
 
 Sin, death, and hell 
 
 His glorious name 
 
 Quite overcame ; 
 Yet I rebel. 
 
 And slight the same. 
 
 But I'll come in 
 
 Before my loss 
 
 Me farther toss, 
 As sure to win 
 
 Under his cross. 
 
 -AN HYMN ON THE NATIVITY OF MY SAVIOUR. 
 
 I sing the birth vifas bom to-night, 
 The author both of life and light ; 
 
 The angels so did sound it. 
 And like the ravished shepherds said, 
 Who saw the light, and were afraid, 
 
 Yet searched, and true they found it. 
 
 The Son of God, the eternal King, 
 That did us all salvation bring, 
 
 And freed the soul from danger ; 
 He whom the whole world could not take, 
 The Word which heaven and earth did make. 
 
 Was now laid in a manger. 
 
 The Father's wisdom willed it so ; 
 The Son's obedience knew no No ; 
 
 Both wills were in one stature ; 
 And, as that wisdom had decreed, 
 The Word was now made flesh indeed. 
 
 And took on him our nature. 
 
 What comfort by him do we win. 
 Who made himself the price of sin. 
 
 To make us heirs of glory ! 
 To see this babe, all innocence, 
 A martyr bom in our defence ! — 
 
 Can man forget this story ? 
 
HE YWO OD 'S HIERARCH Y. 135 
 
 Somewhat formal and artificial, no doubt ; rugged 
 at the same time, like him who wrote them. When 
 a man would utter that concerning which he has only 
 felt, not thought, he can express himself only in the 
 forms he has been taught, conventional or traditional. 
 Let his powers be ever so much developed in respect 
 of other things, here, v/here he has not meditated, 
 he must understand as a child, think as a child, 
 speak as a child. He can as yet generate no sufficing 
 or worthy form natural to himself But the utterance 
 is not therefore untrue. There was no professional 
 bias to cause the stream of Ben Jonson's verses to 
 flow in that channel. Indeed, feeling without thought, 
 and the consequent combination of impulse to speak 
 with lack of matter, is the cause of much of that 
 common-place utterance concerning things of religion 
 which is so wearisome, but which therefore it is not 
 always fair to despise as cant. 
 
 About the same age as Ben Jonson, though the 
 date of his birth is unknown, I now come to men- 
 tion Thomas Heywood, a most voluminous writer of 
 plays, who wrote also a book, chiefly in verse, called 
 The Hierarchy of the Blessed Angels, a strange work, 
 in which, amongst much that is far from poetic, occur 
 the following remarkable metaphysico-religious verses. 
 He had strong Platonic tendencies, interesting himself 
 chiefly however in those questions afterwards pursued 
 by Dr. Henry More, concerning witches and such like 
 subjects, which may be called the shadow of Platonism. 
 
 I have wandered like a sheep that's lost, 
 To find Thee out in every coast : 
 
1 36 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Without I have long seeking bin, been. 
 
 Whilst thou, the while, abid'st within. 
 
 Through every broad street and strait lane 
 
 Of this world's city, but in vain, 
 
 I have enquired. The reason why? 
 
 I sought thee ill : for how could I 
 
 Find thee abroad, when thou, mean space, 
 
 Hadst made within thy dwelling-place ? 
 
 I sent my messengers about. 
 To try if they could find thee out ; 
 But all was to no purpose still. 
 Because indeed they sought thee ill : 
 For how could they discover thee 
 That saw not when thou entered'st me ? 
 
 Mine eyes could tell me ? If he were 
 Not coloured, sure he came not there. 
 If not by sound, my ears could say 
 He doubtless did not pass my way. 
 My nose could nothing of him tell. 
 Because my God he did not smell. 
 None such I relished, said my taste, 
 And therefore me he never passed. 
 My feeling told me that none such 
 There entered, for he none did touch. 
 Resolved by them how should I be. 
 Since none of all these are in thee, 
 
 In thee, my God ? Thou hast no hue 
 That man's frail optic sense can view ; 
 No sound the ear hears ; odour none 
 The smell attracts ; all taste is gone 
 At thy appearance ; where doth fail 
 A body, how can touch prevail ? 
 What even the brute beasts comprehend — 
 To think thee such, I should offend. 
 
 Yet when I "seek my God, I enquire 
 For light than sun and moon much higher. 
 More clear and splendrous, 'bove all light 
 Which the eye receives not, 'tis so bright. 
 
POETRY AND PHILOSOPHY. 137 
 
 I seek a voice beyond degree 
 
 Of all melodious harmony : 
 
 The ear conceives it not ; a smell 
 
 Which doth all other scents excel : 
 
 No flower so sweet, no myrrh, no nard. 
 
 Or aloes, with it compared ; 
 
 Of which the brain not sensible is. 
 
 I seek a sweetness — such a bliss 
 
 As hath all other sweets surpassed, 
 
 And never palate yet could taste. 
 
 I seek that to contain and hold 
 
 No touch can feel, no embrace enfold. 
 
 So far tliis light the rays extends, 
 
 As that no place it comprehends. 
 
 So deep this sound, that though it speak 
 
 It cannot by a sense so weak 
 
 Be entertained. A redolent grace 
 
 The air blows not from place to place. 
 
 A pleasant taste, of that delight 
 
 It doth confound all appetite. 
 
 A strict embrace, not felt, yet leaves 
 
 That virtue, where it takes it cleaves. 
 
 This light, this sound, this savouring grace. 
 
 This tasteful sweet, this strict embrace, 
 
 Nc> place contains, no eye can see. 
 
 My God is, and there's none but he. 
 
 Very remarkable verses from a dramatist ! They 
 indicate substratum enough for any art if only the art 
 be there. Even those who cannot enter into the phi- 
 losophy of them, which ranks him among the mystics 
 of whom I have yet to speak, will understand a good 
 deal of it symbolically : for how could he be expected 
 to keep his poetry and his philosophy distinct when 
 of themselves they were so ready to run into one ; or 
 in verse to 'define carefully betwixt degree and kind, 
 when kinds themselves may rise by degrees .' To 
 
138 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 distinguish without separating ; to be able to see that 
 what in their effects upon us are quite different, may- 
 yet be a grand flight of ascending steps, " to stop — no 
 record hath told where," belongs to the philosopher 
 who is not born mutilated, but is a poet as well. 
 
 John Fletcher, likewise a dramatist, the author of 
 the following poem, was two years younger than Ben 
 Jonson. It is, so far as I am aware, the sole non- 
 dramatic voice he has left behind him. Its opening 
 is an indignant apostrophe to certain men of pre- 
 tended science, who in his time were much consulted 
 — the Astrologers. 
 
 UPON AN HONEST MAN'S FORTUNE. 
 
 You that can look through heaven, and tell the stars ; 
 
 Observe their kind conjunctions, and their wars ; 
 
 Find out new lights, and give them where you please — 
 
 To those men honours, pleasures, to those ease ; 
 
 You that are God's surveyors, and can show 
 
 How far, and when, and why the wind doth blow ; 
 
 Know all the charges of the dreadful thunder. 
 
 And when it will shoot over, or fall under ; 
 
 Tell me — by all your art I conjure ye — 
 
 Yes, and by truth — what shall become of me. 
 
 Find out my star, if each one, as you say. 
 
 Have his peculiar angel, and his way ; 
 
 Observe my fate ; next fall into your dreams ; 
 
 Sweep clean your houses, and new-line your schemes ; ' 
 
 Then say your worst. Or have I none at all ? 
 
 Or is it burnt out lately? or did fall? 
 
 Or am I poor? not able ? no full flame ? 
 
 My star, like me, unworthy of a name ? 
 
 ' He plays upon the astrological terms, houses and schemes. The 
 astrologers divided the heavens into twelve houses ; and the diagrams by 
 which they represented the relative positions of the heavenly bodies, 
 they called schemes. 
 
AN HONEST MAN'S FORTUNE. 139 
 
 Is it your art can only work on those 
 That deal with dangers, dignities, and clothes, 
 With love, or new opinions ? You all he : 
 A fishwife hatli a fate, and so have I — 
 But far above your finding. He that gives, 
 Out of his providence, to all that lives — 
 
 And no man knows his treasure, no, not you ; — 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 He that made all the stars you daily read, 
 And from them filch a knowledge how to feed, 
 Hath hid this from you. Your conjectures all 
 Are drunken things, not how, but when they fall : 
 Man is his own star, and the soul that can 
 Render an honest, and a perfect man, 
 Commands all light, all influence, all fate ; 
 Nothing to him falls early, or too late. 
 Our acts our angels are, or good or ill. 
 Our fatal shadows that walk by us still ; 
 And when the stars are labouring, we believe 
 It is not that they govern, but they grieve 
 For stubborn ignorance. All things that are 
 Made for our general uses, are at war — 
 Even we among ourselves ; and from the strife 
 Your first unlike opinions got a life. 
 Oh man ! thou image of thy Maker's good, 
 What canst thou fear, when breathed into thy blood 
 His spirit Is that built thee? What dull sense 
 Makes thee suspect, in need, that Providence ? 
 Who made the morning, and who placed the hght 
 Guide to thy labours ? Who called up the night. 
 And bid her fall upon thee like sweet showers 
 In hollow murmurs, to lock up thy powers ? 
 Who gave thee knowledge ? Who so trusted thee. 
 To let thee grow so near himself, the Tree ? * 
 Must he then be distrusted ? Shall his frame 
 Discourse with him why thus and thus I am ? 
 He made the angels thine, thy fellows all ; 
 Nay, even thy servants, when devotions call. 
 Oh ! canst thou be so stupid then, so dim, 
 To seek a saving influence, and lose him ? 
 
 1 The tree of knowledge. 
 
140 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Can stars protect thee ? Or can poverty, 
 Which is the hght to heaven, put out his eye ? 
 He is my star; in him all truth I find, 
 All influence, all fate ; and when my mind 
 Is furnished with his fulness, my poor story- 
 Shall outlive all their age, and all their glory. 
 The hand of danger cannot fall amiss 
 When I know what, and in whose power it is ; 
 Nor want, the cause ^ of man, shall make me groan : 
 A holy hermit is a mind alone. ^ 
 Doth not experience teach us, all we can, 
 
 To work ourselves into a glorious man ? 
 
 * * * * 
 
 My mistress then be knowledge and fair truth ; 
 
 So I enjoy all beauty and all youth ! 
 
 * * « * 
 
 Affliction, when I know it, is but this — 
 A deep alloy, whereby man tougher is 
 To bear the hammer ; and the deeper still, 
 We still arise more image of his will ; 
 Sickness, an humorous cloud 'twixt us and light ; 
 And death, at longest, but another night. 
 Man is his own star, and that soul that can 
 Be honest, is the only perfect man. 
 
 There is a tone of contempt in the verses which is 
 not religious ; but they express a true philosophy 
 and a triumph of faith in God. The word honest is 
 here equivalent to true. 
 
 I am not certain whether I may not now be calling 
 up a singer whose song will appear hardly to justify 
 his presence in the choir. But its teaching is of 
 high import, namely, of content and cheerfulness 
 and courage, and being both worthy and melodious, 
 
 ' Dyce, following Seward, substitutes curse. 
 
 2 A glimmer of that Platonism of which, happily, we have so much 
 more in the seventeenth century. 
 
A SONG OF LABOUR. 141 
 
 it gravitates heavenward. The singer is yet another 
 dramatist : I presume him to be Thomas Dekker. I 
 cannot be certain, because others were concerned with 
 him in the writing of the drama from which I take it. 
 He it is who, in an often-quoted passage, styles our 
 Lord "The first true gentleman that ever breathed;" 
 just as Chaucer, in a poem I have given, calls him 
 " The first stock-father of gentleness." 
 We may call the little lyric 
 
 A SONG OF LABOUR. 
 
 Art thou poor, yet hast thou golden slumbers ? 
 
 Oh, sweet content ! 
 
 Art thou rich, yet is thy mind perplexed ? 
 
 Oh, punishment ! 
 Dost thou laugh to see how fools are vexed 
 To add to golden numbers, golden numbers ? 
 Oh, sweet content ! 
 Chorus. — Work apace, apace, apace, apace ; 
 Honest labour bears a lovely face. 
 
 Canst drink the waters of the crisped spring? 
 Oh, sweet content ! 
 Swimm'st thou in wealth, yet sink'st in thine own tears ? 
 
 Oh, punishment ! 
 Then he that patiently want's burden bears, 
 No burden bears, but is a king, a king ! 
 Oh, sweet content ! 
 Chorus. — Work apace, apace, apace, apace; 
 Honest labour bears a lovely face. 
 
 It is a song of the poor in spirit, whose is the 
 kingdom of heaven. But if my co-listeners prefer, 
 we will call it the voice, not of one who sings in the 
 choir, but of one who " tunes his instrument at the 
 door." 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 SIR JOHN BEAUMONT AND DRUMMOND OF HAWTHORNDEN. 
 
 Sir John Beaumont, born in 1582, elder brother 
 to the dramatist who wrote along with Fletcher, has 
 left amongst his poems a few fine religious ones. 
 From them I choose the following : 
 
 OF THE EPIPHANY. 
 
 Fair eastern star, that art ordained to run 
 
 Before the sages, to the rising sun, 
 
 Here cease thy course, and wonder that the cloud 
 
 Of this poor stable can thy Maker shroud : 
 
 Ye, heavenly bodies, glory to be bright. 
 
 And are esteemed as ye are ricli in light ; 
 
 But here on earth is taught a different way. 
 
 Since under this low roof the highest lay. 
 
 Jerusalem erects her stately towers, 
 
 Displays her windows, and adorns her bowers ; 
 
 Yet there thou must not cast a trembling spark : 
 
 Let Herod's palace still continue dark ; 
 
 Each school and synagogue thy force repels, 
 
 There Pride, enthroned in misty errors, dwells ; 
 
 The temple, where the priests maintain their choir. 
 
 Shall taste no beam of thy celestial fire. 
 
 While this weak cottage all thy splendour takes : 
 
 A joyful gate of every chink it makes. 
 
THE PRINCE OF LIFE. 143 
 
 Here shines no golden roof, no ivory stair, 
 
 No king exalted in a stately chair. 
 
 Girt with attendants, or by heralds styled. 
 
 But straw and hay enwrap a speechless child ; 
 
 Yet Sabae's lords before this babe unfold 
 
 Their treasures, offering incense, myrrh, and gold. 
 
 The crib becomes an altar : therefore dies 
 
 No ox nor sheep ; for in their fodder lies 
 
 The Prince of Peace, who, thankful for his bed, 
 
 Destroys those rites in which their blood was shed : 
 
 The quintessence of earth he takes and^ fees. 
 
 And precious gums distilled from weeping trees ; 
 
 Rich metals and sweet odours now declare 
 
 The glorious blessings which his laws prepare. 
 
 To clear us from the base and loathsome flood 
 
 Of sense, and make us fit for angels' food. 
 
 Who lift to God for us the holy smoke 
 
 Of fervent prayers with wbich we him invoke, 
 
 And try our actions in that searching fire. 
 
 By which the seraphims our lips inspire : 
 
 No muddy dross pure minerals shall infect. 
 
 We shall exhale our vapours up direct : 
 
 No storms shall cross, nor glittering lights deface 
 
 Perpetual sighs which seek a happy place. 
 
 The creatures, no longer offered on his altar, stand- 
 ing around the Prince of Life, to whom they have 
 given a bed, is a lovely idea. The end is hardly 
 worthy of the rest, though there is fine thought in- 
 volved in it. 
 
 The following contains an utterance of personal 
 experience, the truth of which will be- recognized by 
 all to whom heavenly aspiration and needful disap- 
 pointment are not unknown. 
 
 1 Should this be "in fees ;" that is, in acknowledgment of his feudal 
 sovereignty ? 
 
144 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 IN DESOLATION. 
 
 thou who sweetly bend'st my stubborn will, 
 Who send'st thy stripes to teach and not to kill ! 
 Thy cheerful face from me no longer hide ; 
 Withdraw these clouds, the scourges of my pride ; 
 
 1 sink to hell, if I be lower thrown : 
 I see what man is, being left alone. 
 
 My substance, which from nothing did begin. 
 
 Is worse than nothing by the weight of sin : 
 
 I see myself in such a wretched state 
 
 As neither thoughts conceive, nor words relate. 
 
 How great a distance parts us ! for in thee 
 
 Is endless good, and boundless ill in me. 
 
 All creatures prove me abject, but how low 
 
 Thou only know'st, and teachest me to know. 
 
 To paint this baseness, nature is too base ; 
 
 This darkness yields not but to beams of grace. 
 
 Where shall I tlien this piercing splendour find ? 
 
 Or found, how shall it guide me, being blind ? 
 
 Grace is a taste of bliss, a glorious gift, 
 
 Which can the soul to heavenly comforts lift : 
 
 It will not shine to me, whose mind is drowned 
 
 In sorrows, and with worldly troubles bound ; 
 
 It will not deign within that house to dwell, 
 
 Where dryness reigns, and proud distractions swell. 
 
 Perhaps it sought me in those lightsome days 
 
 Of my first fervour, when few winds did raise 
 
 The waves, and ere they could full strength obtain, 
 
 Some whispering gale straight charmed them down again ; 
 
 When all seemed calm, and yet the Virgin's child 
 
 On my devotions in his manger smiled ; 
 
 While then I simply walked, nor heed could take 
 
 Of complacence, that sly, deceitful snake ; 
 
 When yet I had not dangerously refused 
 
 So many calls to virtue, nor abused 
 
 The spring of life, which I so oft enjoyed, 
 
 Nor made so many good intentions void, 
 
 Deserving thus that grace should quite depart, 
 
 And dreadful hardness should possess my heart : 
 
ANNUNCIA TION AND RESURRECTION. 145 
 
 Yet in that state this only good I found, 
 
 That fewer spots did then my conscience wound ; 
 
 Though who can censure whether, in those times, judge. 
 
 The want of feeUng seemed the want of crimes ? 
 
 If solid virtues dwell not but in pain, 
 
 I will not wish that golden age again 
 
 Because it flowed with sensible delights 
 
 Of heavenly things : God hath created nights 
 
 As well as days, to deck the varied globe; 
 
 Grace comes as oft clad in the dusky robe 
 
 Of desolation, as in white attire, 
 
 Which better fits the bright celestial choir. 
 
 Some in foul seasons perish through despair. 
 
 But more through boldness when the days are fair. 
 
 This then must be the medicine for my woes — 
 
 To yield to what my Saviour shall dispose ; 
 
 To glory in my baseness ; to rejoice 
 
 In mine afBictions ; to obey his voice. 
 
 As well when threatenings my defects reprove. 
 
 As when I cherished am with words of love ; 
 
 To say to him, in every time and place, 
 
 " Withdraw thy comforts, so thou leave thy grace. " 
 
 Surely this is as genuine an utterance, whatever its 
 merits as a poem — and those I judge not small — as 
 ever flowed from Christian heart ! 
 
 Chiefly for the sake of its beauty, I give the last 
 passage of a poem written upon occasion of the 
 feasts of the Annunciation and the Resurrection 
 falling on the sam.e day. 
 
 Let faithful souls this double feast attend 
 In two processions. Let the first descend 
 The temple's stairs, and with a downcast eye 
 Upon the lowest pavement prostrate lie : 
 In creeping violets, white lilies, shine 
 Their humble thoughts and every pure design. 
 The other troop shall climb, with sacred heat. 
 The rich degrees of Solomon's bright seat : steps. 
 
 S.L. IV. L 
 
146 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 In glowing roses fei-vent zeal they bear, 
 And in the azure flower-de-lis appear 
 Celestial contemplations, which aspire 
 Above the sky, up to the immortal choir. 
 
 William Drummond of Hawthornden, a Scotch- 
 man, born in 1585, may almost be looked upon as 
 the harbinger of a fresh outburst of word-music. No 
 doubt all the great poets have now and then broken 
 forth in lyrical jubilation. Ponderous Ben Jonson 
 himself, when he takes to song, will sing in the joy of 
 the very sound ; but great men have always so much 
 graver work to do, that they comparatively seldom 
 indulge in this kind of melody. Drummond excels 
 in madrigals, or canzonets — baby-odes or songs — 
 which have more of wing and less of thought than 
 sonnets. Through the greater part of his verse we 
 hear a certain muffled tone of the sweetest, like the 
 music that ever threatens to break out clear from 
 the brook, from the pines, from the rain-shower, — 
 never does break out clear, but remains a suggested, 
 etherially vanishing tone. His is a voix voilde, or 
 veiled voice of song. It is true that in the time we 
 are now approaching far more attention was paid not 
 merely to the smoothness but to the melody of verse 
 than any except the great masters had paid before ; 
 but some are at the door, who, not being great 
 masters, yet do their inferior part nearly as well as 
 they their higher, uttering a music of marvellous and 
 individual sweetness, which no mere musical care could 
 secure, but which springs essentially from music in the 
 thought gathering to itself musical words in melodious 
 
THE ANGELS— THE SHEPHERDS. 147 
 
 division, and thus fashioning for itself a fitting body. 
 The melody of their verse is all their own — as original 
 as the greatest art-forms of the masters. Of Drum- 
 mond, then, here are two sonnets on the Nativity ; 
 the first spoken by the angels, the second by the 
 shepherds. 
 
 The Angels. 
 Run, shepherds, run where Bethlehem blest appears. 
 
 We bring the best of news ; be not dismayed : 
 A Saviour there is bom more old than years, 
 
 Amidst heaven's rolling height this earth who stayed. 
 
 In a poor cottage inned, a virgin maid 
 A weakling did him bear, who all upbeai-s ; 
 
 There is he poorly swaddled, in manger laid. 
 To whom too narrow swaddlings are our spheres : 
 Run, shepherds, run, and solemnize his birth. 
 
 This is that night — no, day, grown great with bliss, 
 
 In which the power of Satan broken is : 
 In heaven be glory, peace unto the earth ! 
 
 Thus singing, through the air the angels swam, 
 
 And cope of stars re-echoed the same. 
 
 The Shepherds. 
 
 than the fairest day, thrice fairer night ! 
 Night to best days, in which a sun doth rise 
 Of which that golden eye which clears the skies 
 
 Is but a sparkling ray, a shadow-light ! 
 
 And blessed ye, in silly pastors' sight, simple. 
 
 Mild creatures, in whose warm ^ crib now lies 
 That heaven-sent youngling, holy-maid-born wight, 
 
 Midst, end, beginning of our prophecies ! 
 Blest cottage that hath flowers in winter spread ! 
 
 Though withered — blessed grass, that hath the grace 
 
 To deck and be a carpet to that place ! 
 Thus sang, unto the sounds of oaten reed, 
 
 Before the babe, the shepherds bowed on knees ; 
 
 And springs ran nectar, honey dropped from trees. 
 
 1 Warm is here elongated, almost treated as a dissyllable. 
 
 I. 2 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 No doubt there is a touch of the conventional in 
 these. Especially in the close of the last there is 
 an attempt to glorify the true by the homage of 
 the false. But verses which make us feel the marvel 
 afresh — the marvel visible and credible by the depth 
 of its heart of glory — make us at the same time 
 easily forget the discord in themselves. 
 
 The following, not a sonnet, although it looks like 
 one, measuring the lawful fourteen lines, is the closing 
 paragraph of a poem he calls^ Hymn to the Fairest Fair. 
 
 O king, whose greatness none can comprehend, 
 
 Whose boundless goodness doth to all extend ! 
 
 Light of all beauty ! ocean without ground, 
 
 That standing flowest, giving dost abound ! 
 
 Rich palace, and indweller ever blest. 
 
 Never not working, ever yet in rest ! 
 
 What wit cannot conceive, words say of thee. 
 
 Here, where, as in a mirror, we but see 
 
 Shadows of shadows, atoms of thy might. 
 
 Still owly-eyed while staring on thy light. 
 
 Grant that, released from this earthly jail. 
 
 And freed of clouds which here our knowledge veil. 
 
 In heaven's high temples, where thy praises ring, 
 
 I may in sweeter notes hear angels sing. 
 
 That is, " May I in heaven hear angels sing what wit 
 cannot conceive here." 
 
 Drummond excels in nobility of speech, and espe- 
 cially in the fine line and phrase, so justly but dispro- 
 portionately prized in the present day. I give an 
 instance of each : 
 
 Here do seraphim 
 Burn with immortal love ; there cherubim 
 With other noble people of the light. 
 As eaglets in the sun, delight their sight. 
 
A MADRIGAL. 149 
 
 Like to a lightning through the wellcin hurled, 
 That scores with flames the way, and every eye 
 With terror dazzles as it swimmeth by. 
 
 Here are six fine verses, in the heroic couplet, from 
 An Hymn of the Resurrection. 
 
 So a small seed that in the earth lies hid 
 And dies — reviving bursts her cloddy side ; 
 Adorned vpith yellovir locks, of nevp is bom. 
 And doth become a mother great with corn ; 
 Of grains bring hundreds with it, which when old 
 Enrich the furrows with a sea of gold. 
 
 But I must content myself now with a little ma- 
 drigal, the only one fit for my purpose. Those which 
 would best support what I have said of his music are 
 not of the kind we want. Unfortunately, the end of 
 this one is not equal to the beginning. 
 
 CHANGE SHOULD BREED CHANGE. 
 
 New doth the sun appear ; 
 
 The mountains' snows decay ; 
 Crowned with frail flowers comes forth the baby year. 
 
 My soul, time posts away; 
 
 And thou yet in that frost, 
 
 Which flower and fruit hath lost, 
 As if all here immortal were, dost stay ! 
 
 For shame ! thy powers awake ; 
 Look to that heaven which never night makes black ; 
 And there, at that immortal sun's bright rays. 
 Deck thee with flowers which fear not rage of days. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE BROTHERS FLETCHER. 
 
 I NOW come to make mention of two gifted bro- 
 thers, Giles and Phineas Fletcher, both clergymen, 
 the sons of a clergyman and nephews to the Bishop 
 of Bristol, therefore the cousins of Fletcher the 
 dramatist, a poem by whom I have already given. 
 Giles, the eldest, is supposed to have been born in 
 1588. From his poem Christ's Victory and Triumph, 
 I select three passages. 
 
 To understand the first, it is necessary to explain 
 that while Christ is on earth a dispute between Justice 
 and Mercy, such as is often represented by the theo- 
 logians, takes place in heaven. We must allow the 
 unsuitable fiction attributing distraction to the divine 
 Unity, for the sake of the words in which Mercy 
 overthrows the arguments of Justice. For the poet 
 unintentionally nullifies the symbolism of the theo- 
 logian, representing Justice as defeated. He forgets 
 that the grandest exercise of justice is mercy. The 
 confusion comes from the fancy that justice means 
 vengeance upoti sin, and not the doing of what is right. 
 Justice can be at no strife with mercy, for not to do 
 what is just would be most unmerciful. 
 
MERCY AND JUSTICE, 151 
 
 Mercy first sums up the arguments Justice has 
 been employing against her, in the following stanza : 
 
 He was but dust ; why feared he not to fall? 
 
 And being fallen how can he hope to live? 
 Cannot the hand destroy him that made all? 
 
 Could he not take away as well as give? 
 
 Should man deprave, and should not God deprive? 
 Was it not all the world's deceiving spirit 
 (That, bladdered up with pride of his own merit, 
 Fell in his rise) that him of heaven did disinherit? 
 
 To these she then proceeds to make reply : 
 
 He was but dust: how could he stand before him? 
 
 And being fallen, why should he fear to die? 
 Cannot the hand that made him first, restore him? 
 
 Depraved of sin, should he deprived lie 
 
 Of grace? Can he not find infirmity 
 That gave him strength ? — Unworthy the forsaking 
 He is, whoever weighs (without mistaking) 
 Or maker of the man or manner of his making.' 
 
 Who shall thy temple incense any more, 
 
 Or to thy altar crown the sacrifice, 
 Or strew with idle flowers the hallowed floor ? 
 
 Or what should prayer deck with herbs and spice, why. 
 
 Her vials breathing orisons of price, 
 If all must pay that which all cannot pay ? 
 O first begin with me, and Mercy slay, 
 And thy thrice honoured Son, that now beneath doth stray. 
 
 But if or he or I may live and speak, 
 
 And heaven can joy to see a sinner weep. 
 
 Oh ! let not Justice' iron sceptre break 
 
 A heart already broke, that low doth creep. 
 
 And vrith prone humbless her feet's dust doth sweep. 
 
 Must all go by desert? Is nothing free? 
 
 Ah ! if but those that only worthy be, 
 None should thee ever see ! none should thee ever see ! 
 
 1 " He ought not to be forsaken : whoever weighs the matter rightly, 
 will come to this conclusion." 
 
152 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 What hath man done that man shall not undo, 
 Since God to him is grown so near akin ? 
 
 Did his foe slay him ? He shall slay his foe. 
 Hath he lost all ? He all again shall win. 
 Is sin his master ? He shall master sin. 
 
 Too hardy soul, with sin the field to try ! 
 
 The only way to conquer was to fly ; 
 But thus long death hath lived, and now death's self shall die. 
 
 He is a path, if any be misled ; 
 
 He is a robe, if any naked be ; 
 If any chance to hunger, he is bread ; 
 
 If any be a bondman, he is free ; 
 
 If any be but weak, how strong is he ! 
 To dead men life he is, to sick men health, 
 To blind men sight, and to the needy wealth ; 
 A pleasure without loss, a treasure without stealth. 
 
 Who can forget — never to be forgot — 
 
 The time that all the world in slumber lies, 
 When like the stars the singing angels shot 
 
 To earth, and heaven awaked all his eyes 
 
 To see another sun at midnight rise? 
 On earth was never sight of peril fame; pareil: equal. 
 
 For God before man like himself did frame. 
 But God himself now like a mortal man became. 
 * * * ♦ ♦ 
 
 The angels caroUed loud their song of peace ; 
 
 The cursed oracles were stricken dumb ; 
 To see their Shepherd the poor shepherds press ; 
 
 To see their King, the kingly Sophies come ; 
 
 And them to guide unto his master's home, 
 A star comes dancing up the orient. 
 That springs for joy over the stravi^ tent, 
 Where gold, to make their prince a crown, they all present. 
 
 No doubt there are here touches of execrable taste, 
 such as the punning trick with man and manners, 
 suggesting a false antithesis; or the opposition of 
 the words deprave and deprive; but we have in them 
 
THE LAST HYMN. 153 
 
 only an instance of how the meretricious may co-exist 
 with the lovely. The passage is fine and powerful, 
 notwithstanding its faults and obscurities. 
 Here is another yet more beautiful : 
 
 So down the silver streams of Eridan,i - ' 
 
 On either side banked with a lily wall, 
 Whiter than both, rides the triumphant swan. 
 
 And sings his dirge, and prophesies his fall, 
 
 Diving into his watery funeral ! 
 But Eridan to Cedron must submit 
 His flowery shore ; nor can he envy it, 
 If, when Apollo sings, his swans do silent sit.^ 
 
 That heavenly voice I more delight to hear 
 Than gentle airs to breathe ; or swelling waves 
 
 Against the sounding rocks their bosoms tear ; ' 
 Or whistling reeds that rutty* Jordan laves, 
 And with their verdure his white head embraves ; adorns. 
 
 ' The Eridan is the Po. — As regards classical allusions in con- 
 nexion with sacred things, I would remind my reader of the great 
 reverence our ancestors had for the classics, from the influence they had 
 had in reviving the literature of the country. — I need hardly remind 
 him of the commonly-received fancy that the swan does sing once — 
 just as his death draws nigh. Does this come from the legend of 
 Cycnus changed into a swan while lamenting the death of his friend 
 Phaeton? or was that legend founded on the yet older fancy? The 
 glorious bird looks as if he ought to sing. 
 
 2 The poet refers to the singing of the hymn before our Lord went 
 to the garden by the brook Cedron. 
 
 ' The construction is obscure just from the insertion of the to before 
 breathe, where it ought not to be after the verb hear. The poet does 
 not mean that he delights to hear that voice more than to breathe gentle 
 airs, but more than to hear gentle airs (to) breathe. To hear, under- 
 stood, governs all the infinitives that follow ; among the rest, the -winds 
 (to) chide. 
 
 * Rut is used for the sound of the tide in Cheshire. (See HalliweW s 
 Dictionary.) Does rutty mean roaring? or does it describe the deep, 
 rugged shores of the Jordan ? 
 
154 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 To chide the winds ; or hiving bees that fly- 
 About the laughing blossoms^^ of sallowy,^ 
 Rocking asleep the idle grooms ^ that lazy lie. 
 
 And yet how can I hear thee singing go, 
 When men, incensed with hate, thy death foreset ? 
 
 Or else, why do I hear thee sighing so. 
 
 When thou, inflamed with love, their life dost get,* 
 That love and hate, and sighs and songs are met ? 
 
 But thus, and only thus, thy love did crave 
 
 To send thee singing for us to thy grave, 
 While we sought thee to kill, and thou sought'st us to save. 
 
 When I remember Christ our burden bears, 
 
 I look for glory, but find misery ; 
 I look for joy, but find a sea of tears ; 
 
 I look that we should live, and find him die ; 
 
 I look for angels' songs, and hear him cry : 
 Thus what I look, I cannot find so well ; 
 Or rather, what I find I cannot tell, 
 These banks so narrow are, those streams so highly swell. 
 
 We would gladly eliminate the few common-place 
 allusions ; but we must take them with the rest of 
 the passage. Besides far higher merits, it is to my 
 ear most melodious. 
 
 One more passage of two stanzas from Giles 
 Fletcher, concerning the glories of heaven : I quote 
 them for the sake of earth, not of heaven. 
 
 Gaze but upon the house where man embowers : 
 With flowers and rushes paved is his way ; 
 
 Where all the creatures are his servitours : 
 The winds do sweep his chambers every day, 
 And clouds do wash his rooms ; the ceiling gay, 
 
 1 A monosyllable, contracted afterwards into bloom. ^ Willows. 
 
 ■* Groom originally means just a man. It was a word much used 
 when pastoral poetry was the fashion. Spenser has herd-grooms in his 
 Shepherd^! Calendar. This last is what it means here : shepherds. 
 
 ■• Obtain, save. 
 
THE PURPLE ISLAND. 155 
 
 Starred aloft, the gilded knobs embrave : 
 If such a house God to another gave, 
 How shine those glittering courts he for himself will have ! 
 
 And if a sullen cloud, as sad as night. 
 
 In which the sun may seem embodied, 
 Depured of all his dross, we see so white. 
 
 Burning in melted gold his watery head, 
 
 Or round with ivory edges silvered ; 
 What lustre super-excellent will he 
 Lighten on those that shall his sunshine see 
 In that all-glorious court in which all glories be ! 
 
 These brothers were intense admirers of Spenser. 
 To be like him Phineas must write an allegory ; 
 and such an allegory ! Of all the strange poems in 
 existence, surely this is the strangest. The Purple 
 Island is man, whose body is anatomically described 
 after the allegory of a city, which is then peopled 
 with all the human faculties personified, each set 
 in motion by itself. They say the anatomy is cor- 
 rect : the metaphysics are certainly good. The action 
 of the poem is just another form of the Holy War 
 of John Bunyan — all the good and bad powers 
 fighting for the possession of the Purple Island. 
 What renders the conception yet more amazing is the 
 fact that the whole ponderous mass of anatomy and 
 metaphysics, nearly as long as the Paradise Lost, 
 is put as a song, in a succession of twelve cantos, 
 in the mouth of a shepherd, who begins a canto every 
 morning to the shepherds and shepherdesses of the 
 neighbourhood, and finishes it by folding-time in the 
 evening. And yet the poem is full of poetry. He 
 triumphs over his difficulties partly by audacity, partly 
 by seriousness, partly by the enchantment of song. 
 
156 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 But the poem will never be read through except by- 
 students of English literature. It is a whole; its 
 members are well-fitted ; it is full of beauties — in 
 parts they swarm like fire-flies ; and yet it is not a 
 good poem. It is like a well-shaped house, built of 
 mud, and stuck full of precious stones. I do not care, 
 in my limited space, to quote from it. Never was 
 there a more incongruous dragon of allegory. 
 
 Both brothers were injured, not by their worship of 
 Spenser, but by the form that worship took — imitation. 
 They seem more pleased to produce a line or stanza 
 that shall recall a line or stanza of Spenser, than to pro- 
 duce a fine original of their own. They even copy lines 
 almost word for word from their great master. This 
 is pure homage : it was their delight that such adapta- 
 tions should be recognized — just as it was Spenser's 
 hope, when he inserted translated stanzas from Tasso's 
 Jerusalem Delivered in TJie Fairy Queen, to gain the 
 honour of a true reproduction. Yet, strange fate for 
 imitators ! both, but Giles especially, were imitated by 
 a greater than their worship — even by Milton. They 
 make Spenser's worse : Milton makes theirs better. 
 They imitate Spenser, faults and all : Milton glorifies 
 their beauties. 
 
 From the smaller poems of Phineas, I choose the 
 following version of 
 
 PSALM CXXX. 
 
 From the deeps of grief and fear, 
 
 O Lord, to thee my soul repairs : 
 From thy heaven bow down thine ear ; 
 
 Let thy mercy meet my prayers. 
 
HE GIVETH HIS BELOVED SLEEPING. 157 
 
 Oh ! if thou mark'st what's done amiss, 
 What soul so pure can see thy bUss? 
 
 But with thee sweet Mercy stands, 
 
 SeaHng pardons, working fear. 
 Wait, my soul, wait on his hands ; 
 
 Wait, mine eye ; oh ! wait, mine ear : 
 If he his eye or tongue affords, 
 Watch all his looks, catch all his words. 
 
 As a watchman waits for day, 
 
 And looks for light, and looks again : 
 
 When the night grows old and gray, 
 To be relieved he calls amain : 
 
 So look, so wait, so long, mine eyes. 
 
 To see my Lord, my sun, arise. 
 
 Wait, ye saints, wait on our Lord, 
 
 For from his tongue sweet mercy flows ; 
 
 Wait on his cross, wait on his word ; 
 Upon that tree redemption grows : 
 
 He will redeem his Israel 
 
 From sin and wrath, from death and hell. 
 
 I shall now give two stanzas of his version of the 
 127th Psalm. 
 
 If God build not the house, and lay 
 The groundwork sure — whoever build, 
 
 It cannot stand one stormy day. 
 If God be not the city's shield, 
 
 If he be not their bars and wall. 
 
 In vain is watch-tower, men, and all. 
 
 Though then thou wak'st when others rest, 
 Tliough rising thou prevent'sl the sun, 
 
 Though with lean care thou daily feast, 
 Thy labour's lost, and thou undone ; 
 
 But God his child will feed and keep, 
 
 And draw the curtains to his sleep. 
 
 Compare this with a version of the same portion 
 by Dr. Henry King, Bishop of Chichester, who, no 
 
ts8 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 great poet, has written some good verse. He was 
 about the same age as Phineas Fletcher. 
 
 Except the Lord the house sustain, 
 The builder's labour is in vain ; 
 Except the city he defend. 
 And to the dwellers safety send, 
 In vain are sentinels prepared. 
 Or armed watchmen for the guard. 
 
 You vainly with the early light 
 
 Arise, or sit up late at night 
 
 To find support, and daily eat 
 
 Your bread with sorrow earned and sweat ; 
 
 ^Vhen God, who his beloved keeps. 
 
 This plenty gives with quiet sleeps. 
 
 What difference do we find .'' That the former has 
 the more poetic touch, the latter the greater truth. 
 The former has just lost the one precious thing in the 
 psalm ; the latter has kept it : that care is as useless 
 as painful, for God gives us while we sleep, and not 
 while we labour. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 WITHER, HERRICK, AND QUARLES. 
 
 George Wither, bom in 1588, therefore about the 
 same age as Giles Fletcher, was a very different sort 
 of writer indeed. There could hardly be a greater con- 
 trast. Fancy, and all her motley train, were scarcely 
 known to Wither, save by the hearing of the ears. 
 
 He became an eager Puritan towards the close of 
 his life, but his poetry chiefly belongs to the earlier 
 part of it. Throughout it is distinguished by a 
 certain straightforward simplicity of good English 
 thought and English word. His hymns remind me, 
 in the form of their .speech, of Gascoigne. I shall 
 quote but little ; for, although there is a sweet calm 
 and a great justice of reflection and feeling, there is 
 hardly anything of that warming glow, that rousing 
 force, that impressive weight in his verse, which is 
 the chief virtue of the lofty rhyme. 
 
 The best in a volume of ninety Hymns and Songs 
 of the Church, is, I think, The Author's Hymn at the 
 close, of which I give three stanzas. They manifest 
 the simplicity and truth of the man, reflecting in their 
 very tone his faithful, contented, trustful nature. 
 
1 60 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 By thy grace, those passions, troubles, 
 
 And those wants that me opprest, 
 Have appeared as water-bubbles, 
 
 Or as dreams, and things in jest ; 
 For, thy leisure still attending, 
 I with pleasure saw their ending. 
 
 Those afflictions and those terrors. 
 
 Which to others grim appear. 
 Did but show me where my errors 
 
 And my imperfections were ; 
 But distrustful could not make me 
 Of thy love, nor fright nor shake me. 
 
 Those base hopes that would possess me. 
 
 And those thoughts of vain repute 
 Which do now and then oppress me, 
 
 Do not. Lord, to me impute ; 
 And though part they will not from me, 
 Let them never overcome me. 
 
 He has written another similar volume, but much 
 larger, and of a somewhat extraordinary character. 
 It consists of no fewer than two hundred and thirty- 
 three hymns, mostly long, upon an incredible variety 
 of subjects, comprehending one for every season of 
 nature and of the church, and one for every occur- 
 rence in life of which the author could think as 
 likely to confront man or woman. Of these subjects. 
 I quote a few of the more remarkable, but even from 
 them my reader can have little conception of the 
 variety in the book : A Hymn whilst we are wash- 
 ing ; In a clear starry Night ; A Hymn for a House- 
 warming ; After a great Frost or Snow ; For one 
 whose Beauty is much praised ; For one upbraided 
 with Deformity ; For a Widower or a Widow deli- 
 
GEORGE WITHER. i6i 
 
 -I'ered from a troublesome Yokefellow ; For a Cripple ; 
 For a Jailor ; For a Poet. 
 
 Here is a portion of one which I hope may be 
 helpful to some of my readers. 
 
 WHEN WE CANNOT SLEEP. 
 
 What ails my heart, that in my breast 
 
 It thus unquiet lies ; 
 And that it now of needful rest 
 
 Deprives my tired eyes ? 
 
 Let not vain hopes, griefs, doubts, or fears. 
 
 Distemper so my mind ; 
 But cast on God thy thoughtful cares. 
 
 And comfort thou shalt find. 
 
 In vain that soul attempteth ought, 
 
 And spends her thoughts in vain, 
 Who by or in herself hath sought 
 
 Desired peace to gain. 
 
 On thee, O Lord, on thee therefore. 
 
 My musings novjr I place ; 
 Thy free remission I implore. 
 
 And thy refreshing grace. 
 
 Forgive thou me, that when my mind 
 
 Oppressed began to be, 
 I sought elsewhere my peace to find, 
 
 Before I came to thee. 
 
 And, gracious God, vouchsafe to grant. 
 
 Unworthy though I am. 
 The needful rest which now I want, 
 
 That I may praise thy name. 
 
 Before examining the volume, one would say that 
 no man could write so many hymns without frequent 
 
 C T. TV ^*- 
 
i62 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 and signal failure. But the marvel here is, that the 
 hymns are all so very far from bad. He can never 
 have written in other than a gentle mood. There 
 must have been a fine harmony in his nature, that 
 kept him, as it were. This peacefulness makes him 
 interesting in spite of his comparative flatness. I 
 must restrain remark, however, and give five out of 
 twelve stanzas of another of his hymns. 
 
 A ROCKING HYMN. 
 
 Sweet baby, sleep : what ails my dear ? 
 
 What ails my darling thus to cry ? 
 Be still, my child, and lend thine ear 
 
 To hear me sing thy lullaby. 
 My pretty lamb, forbear to weep ; 
 Be still, my dear; sweet baby, sleep. 
 
 Whilst thus thy lullaby I sing, 
 
 For thee great blessings ripening be ; 
 Thine eldest brother is a king. 
 
 And hath a kingdom bought for thee. 
 Sweet baby, then forbear to weep ; 
 Be still, my babe ; sweet baby, sleep. 
 
 A little infant once was he, 
 
 And strength in weakness then was laid 
 
 Upon his virgin mother's knee, 
 That power to thee might be conveyed. 
 
 Sweet baby, then forbear to weep ; 
 
 Be still, my babe ; sweet baby, sleep. 
 
 Within a manger lodged thy Lord, 
 
 Where oxen lay, and asses fed ; 
 Warm rooms we do to thee afford. 
 
 An easy cradle or a bed. 
 Sweet baby, then forbear to weep ; 
 Be still, my babe ; sweet baby, sleep. 
 
ROBERT HERRICK. 163 
 
 Thou hast, yet more to perfect this, 
 
 A promise and an earnest got, 
 Of gaining everlasting bliss, 
 
 Though thou, my babe, perceiv'st it not. 
 Sweet baby, then forbear to weep ; 
 Be still, my babe ; sweet baby, sleep. 
 
 I think George Wither's verses will grow upon the 
 reader of them, tame as they are sure to appear at 
 first. His Hallelujah, or Britain! s Second Remem- 
 brancer, from which I have been quoting, is well 
 worth possessing, and can be procured without 
 difficulty. 
 
 We now come to a new sort, both of man and poet 
 — still a clergyman. It is an especial pleasure to 
 write the name of Robert Herrick amongst the poets 
 of religion, for the very act records that the jolly, 
 careless Anacreon of the church, with his head and 
 heart crowded with pleasures, threw down at length 
 his wine-cup, tore the roses from his head, and knelt 
 in the dust. 
 
 Nothing bears Herrick's name so unrefined as the 
 things Dr. Donne wrote in his youth ; but the impres- 
 sion made by his earlier poems is of a man of far 
 shallower nature, and greatly more absorbed in the 
 delights of the passing hour. In the year 1648, when 
 he was fifty-seven years of age, being prominent as a 
 Royalist, he was ejected from his living by the domi- 
 nant Puritans ; and in that same year he published his 
 poems, of which the latter part and later written is his 
 Noble Numbers, or religious poems. We may wonder 
 at his publishing the Hesperides along with them, but 
 we must not forget that, while the manners of a time 
 
 M 2 
 
i64 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 are never to be taken as a justification of what is wrong, 
 the judgment of men concerning what is wrong will be 
 greatly influenced by those manners — not necessarily 
 on the side of laxity. It is but fair to receive his 
 own testimony concerning himself, offered in these 
 two lines printed at the close of his Hesperides: 
 
 To his book's end this last hne he'd have placed : 
 Jocund his muse was, but his life was chaste. 
 
 We find the same artist in the Noble Numbers as in 
 the Hesperides, but hardly the same man. However 
 far he may have been from the model of a clergyman 
 in the earlier period of his history, partly no doubt 
 from the society to which his power of song made him 
 acceptable, I cannot believe that these later poems 
 are the results of mood, still less the results of mere 
 professional bias, or even sense of professional duty. 
 
 In a good many of his poems he touches the heart 
 of truth ; in others, even those of epigrammatic form, 
 he must be allowed to fail in point as well as in 
 meaning. As to his art-forms, he is guilty of great 
 offences, the result of the same passion for lawless 
 figures and similitudes which Dr. Donne so freely 
 indulged. But his verses are brightened by a certain 
 almost childishly quaint and innocent humour ; while 
 the tenderness of some of them rises on the reader 
 like the aurora of the coming sun of George Herbert. 
 I do not forget that, even if some of his poems were 
 printed in 1639, years before that George Herbert 
 had done his work and gone home : my figure stands 
 in relation to the order I have adopted. 
 
LITANY TO THE HOLY SPIRIT. 165 
 
 Some of his verse is homelier than even George 
 Herbert's homeUest. One of its most remarkable 
 traits is a quaint thanksgiving for the commonest 
 things by name — not the less real that it is some- 
 times even queer. For instance : 
 
 God gives not only com for need, 
 But likewise superabundant seed ; 
 Bread for our service, bread for show ; 
 Meat for our meals, and fragments too : 
 He gives not poorly, taking some 
 Between the finger and the thumb, 
 But for our glut, and for our store. 
 Fine flour pressed down, and running o'er. 
 
 Here is another, delightful in its oddity. We can 
 fancy the merry yet gracious poet chuckling over the 
 vision of the child and the fancy of his words. 
 
 A GRACE FOR A CHILD. 
 
 Here a little child I stand. 
 
 Heaving up my either hand ; 
 
 Cold as paddocks though they be, frogs. 
 
 Here I lift them up to thee, 
 
 For a benison to fall 
 
 On our meat, and on us all. Amen. 
 
 I shall now give two or three of his longer poems, 
 which are not long, and then a few of his short ones. 
 The best known is the following, but it is not so well 
 known that I must therefore omit it. 
 
 HIS LITANY TO THE HOLY SPIRIT. 
 
 In the hour of my distress. 
 When temptations me oppress, 
 And when I my sins confess, 
 Sweet Spirit, comfort me. 
 
1 66 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 When I lie within my bed, 
 Sick in heart, and sick in head. 
 And with doubts discomforted, 
 Sweet Spirit, comfort me. 
 
 When the house doth sigh and weep, 
 And the world is drowned in sleep. 
 Yet mine eyes the watch do keep, 
 Sweet Spirit, comfort me. 
 
 When the artless doctor sees without skill. 
 
 No one hope, but of his fees. 
 And his skill runs on the lees. 
 Sweet Spirit, comfort me. 
 
 When his potion and his pill. 
 His or none or little skill, 
 Meet for nothing but to kill. 
 Sweet Spirit, comfort me. 
 
 When the passing-bell doth toll, 
 And the furies in a shoal 
 Come to fright a parting soul. 
 Sweet Spirit, comfort me. 
 
 When the tapers now burn blue, 
 And the comforters are few. 
 And that number more than true. 
 Sweet Spirit, comfort me. 
 
 When the priest his last hath prayed, 
 And I nod to what is said, 
 'Cause my speech is now decayed. 
 Sweet Spirit, comfort me. 
 
 When God knows I'm tossed about. 
 Either with despair or doubt. 
 Yet, before the glass be out, 
 Sweet Spirit, comfort me. 
 
 When the tempter me pursu'th 
 With the sins of all my youth. 
 And half damns me with untruth, 
 Sweet Spirit, comfort me. 
 
THE WHITE ISLAND. 167 
 
 When the flames and helhsh cries 
 Fright mine ears and fright mine eyes, 
 And all terrors me surprise, 
 Sweet Spirit, comfort me. 
 
 When the judgment is revealed, 
 And that opened which was sealed ; 
 When to thee I have appealed, 
 Sweet Spirit, comfort me. 
 
 THE WHITE ISLAND, OR PLACE OF THE BLEST. 
 
 In this world, the Isle of Dreams, 
 While we sit by sorrow's streams. 
 Tears and terrors are our themes, 
 Reciting ; 
 
 But when once from hence we fly. 
 More and more approaching nigh 
 Unto young eternity, 
 
 Uniting ; 
 
 In that whiter island, where 
 Things are evermore sincere ; 
 Candour here and lustre there. 
 
 Delighting : 
 
 There no monstrous fancies shall 
 Out of hell an horror call. 
 To create, or cause at all. 
 
 Affrighting. 
 
 There, in calm and cooling sleep 
 We our eyes shall never steep, 
 But eternal watch shall keep. 
 
 Attending 
 
 Pleasures such as shall pursue 
 Me immortalized and you ;' 
 And fresh joys, as never too 
 
 Have ending. 
 
1 68 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 TO DEATH. 
 
 Thou bid'st me come away ; 
 And I'll no longer stay 
 Than for to shed some tears 
 For faults of former years ; 
 And to repent some crimes 
 Done in the present times; 
 And next, to take a bit 
 Of bread, and wine with it ; 
 To don my robes of love. 
 Fit for the place above ; 
 To gird my loins about 
 With charity throughout, 
 And so to travel hence 
 With feet of innocence : 
 These done, I'll only cry, 
 " God, mercy ! " and so die. 
 
 ETERNITY. 
 
 O years and age, farewell ! 
 
 Behold I go 
 
 Where I do know 
 Infinity to dwell. 
 
 And these mine eyes shall see 
 All times, how they 
 Are lost i' th' sea 
 
 Of vast eternity, 
 
 Where never moon shall sway 
 The stars ; but she 
 And night shall be 
 
 Drowned in one endless day. 
 
 THE GOODNESS OF HIS GOD. 
 
 When winds and seas do rage, 
 And threaten to undo me, 
 
 Thou dost their wrath assuage, 
 If I but call unto thee. 
 
DIVINE EPIGRAMS. 169 
 
 A mighty storm last night 
 
 Did seek my soul to swallow ; 
 But by the peep of light 
 
 A gentle calm did follow. 
 
 What need I then despair 
 
 Though ills stand round about me ; 
 
 Since mischiefs neither dare 
 To bark or bite without thee ? 
 
 TO GOD. 
 
 Lord, I am like to mistletoe, 
 Which has no root, and cannot grow 
 Or prosper, but by that same tree 
 It clings about : so I by thee. 
 What need I then to fear at all 
 So long as I about thee crawl ? 
 But if that tree should fall and die, 
 Tumble shall heaven, and down will I. 
 
 Here are now a few chosen from many that — to 
 borrow a term from Crashaw — might be called 
 
 DIVINE EPIGRAMS. 
 
 God, when he's angry here with any one, 
 His wrath is free from perturbation ; 
 And when we think his looks are sour and grim, 
 The alteration is in us, not him. 
 
 God can't be wrathful ; but we may conclude 
 
 Wrathful he may be by similitude : 
 
 God's wrathful said to be when he doth do 
 
 That without wrath, which wrath doth force us to. 
 
 'Tis hard to find God ; but to comprehend 
 Him as he is, is labour without end. 
 
170 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 God's rod doth watch while men do sleep, and then 
 The rod doth sleep while vigilant are men. 
 
 A man's trangression God does then remit, 
 When man he makes a penitent for it. 
 
 God, when he takes my goods and chattels hence, 
 
 Gives me a portion, giving patience : 
 
 What is in God is God : if so it be 
 
 He patience gives, he gives himself to me. 
 
 Humble we must be, if to heaven we go ; 
 High is the roof there, but the gate is low. 
 
 God who's in heaven, will hear from thence. 
 If not to the sound, yet to the sense. 
 
 The same who crowns the conqueroi; will be 
 A coadjutor in the agony. 
 
 God is so potent, as his power can tkat. 
 
 Draw out of bad a sovereign good to man. 
 
 Paradise is, as from the leam'd I gather, 
 A choir of blest souls circling in the Father. 
 
 Heaven is not given for our good works here ; 
 Yet it is given to the labourer. 
 
 One more for the sake of Martha, smiled at by so 
 many because they are incapable either of her blame 
 or her sister's praise. 
 
 The repetition of the name, made known 
 No other than Christ's full affection. 
 
'THE TEACHING OF THE POSITIVE. 171 
 
 And so farewell to the very lovable Robert 
 Herri ck. 
 
 Francis Quarles was born in 1592. I have not much 
 to say about him, popular as he was in his own day, 
 for a large portion of his writing takes the shape of 
 satire, which I consider only an active form of nega- 
 tion. I doubt much if mere opposition to the false is 
 of any benefit. Convince a man by argument that the 
 thing he has been taught is false, and you leave his 
 house empty, swept, and garnished ; but the expulsion 
 of the falsehood is no protection against its re-entrance 
 in another mask, with seven worse than itself in its 
 company. The right effort of the teacher is to give 
 the positive — to present, as he may, the vision of 
 reality, for the perception of which, and not for the 
 discovery of falsehood, is man created. This will not 
 only cast out the demon, but so people the house that 
 he will not dare return. If a man might disprove 
 all the untruths in creation, he would hardly be a 
 hair's breadth nearer the end of his own making. 
 It is better to hold honestly one fragment of truth 
 in the midst of immeasurable error, than to sit alone, 
 if that were possible, in the midst of an absolute 
 vision, clear as the hyaline, but only repellent of 
 falsehood, not receptive of truth. It is the positive 
 by which a man shall live. Truth is his life. The 
 refusal of the false is not the reception of the true. 
 A man may deny himself into a spiritual lethargy, 
 without denying one truth, simply by spending his 
 strength for that which is not bread, until he has 
 none left wherewith to search for the truth, which 
 
172 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 alone can feed him. Only when subjected to the 
 positive does the negative find its true vocation. 
 
 I am jealous of the living force cast into the slough 
 of satire. No doubt, either indignant or loving rebuke 
 has its end and does its work, but I fear that wit, 
 while rousing the admiration of the spiteful or the like 
 witty, comes in only to destroy its dignity. At the 
 same time, I am not sure whether there might not be 
 such a judicious combination of the elements as to 
 render my remarks inapplicable. 
 
 At all events, poetry favours the positive, and from 
 the Emblems named of Quarles I shall choose one in 
 which it fully predominates. There is something in 
 it remarkably fine. 
 
 PHOSPHOR, BRING THE DAY. 
 
 Will 't ne'er be morning? Will that promised ligbt 
 Ne'er break, and clear those clouds of night ? 
 Sweet Phosphor, bring the day, 
 Whose conquering ray 
 May chase these fogs : sweet Phosphor, bring the day. 
 
 How long, how long shall these benighted eyes 
 
 Languish in shades, like feeble flies 
 Expecting spring? How long shall darkness soil 
 
 The face of earth, and thus beguile 
 Our souls of sprightful action? When, when will day 
 
 Begin to dawn, whose new-born ray 
 May gild the weathercocks of our devotion. 
 
 And give our unsouled souls new motion ? 
 Sweet Phosphor, bring the day : 
 The light will fray 
 These horrid mists ; sweet Phosphor, bring the day. 
 
PHOSPHOR, BRING THE DAY. 173 
 
 Let those whose eyes, like owls, abhor the light — 
 Let those have night that love the night : 
 Sweet Phosphor, bring the day. 
 How sad delay 
 Afflicts dull hopes ! Sweet Phosphor, bring the day. 
 
 Alas ! my light-in-vain-expecting eyes 
 
 Can find no objects but what rise 
 From this poor mortal blaze, a dying spark 
 
 Of Vulcan's forge, whose flames are dark, — 
 A dangerous, dull, blue-burning light, 
 
 As melancholy as the night : 
 Here's all the suns that glister in the sphere 
 
 Of earth : Ah me ! what comfort's here ! 
 Sweet Phosphor, bring the day. 
 Haste, haste away 
 Heaven's loitering lamp : sweet Phosphor, bring the day. 
 
 Blow, Ignorance. O thou, whose idle knee 
 
 Rocks earth into a lethargy, 
 And with thy sooty fingers hast benight 
 
 The world's fair cheeks, blow, blow thy spite ; 
 Since thou hast puffed our greater taper, do 
 
 Puff on, and out the lesser too. 
 If e'er that breath-exiled flame return, 
 
 Thou ha.st not blown as it will bum. 
 Sweet Phosphor, bring the day : 
 Light will repay 
 The wrongs of night : sweet Phosphor, bring the day. 
 
 With honoured, thrice honoured George Herbert 
 waiting at the door, I cannot ask Francis Quarles to 
 remain longer: I );an part with him without regret, 
 worthy man and fair poet as he is. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 GKORGE HERBERT. 
 
 But, with my hand on the lock, I shrink from 
 opening the door. Here comes a poet indeed ! and 
 how am I to show him due honour ? With his book 
 humbly, doubtfully offered, with the ashes of the 
 poems of his youth fluttering in the wind of his priestly 
 garments, he crosses the threshold. Or rather, for I 
 had forgotten the symbol of my book, let us all go 
 from our chapel to the choir, and humbly ask him 
 to sing that he may make us worthy of his song. 
 
 In George Herbert there is poetry enough and to 
 spare : it is the household bread of his being. If I 
 begin with that which first in the nature of things ought 
 to be demanded of a poet, namely. Truth, Revelation — 
 George Herbert offers us measure pressed down and 
 running over. But let me speak first of that which 
 first in time or order of appearance we demand of 
 a poet, namely music. For inasmuch as verse is for 
 the ear, not for the eye, we demand a good hearing 
 first. Let no one undervalue it. The heart of poetry 
 is indeed truth, but its garments are music, and the 
 garments come first in the process of revelation. The 
 
THE ELIXIR. 175 
 
 music of a poem is its meaning in sound as distin- 
 guished from word — its meaning in solution, as it 
 were, uncrystallized by articulation. The music goes 
 before the fuller revelation, preparing its way. The 
 sound of a verse is the harbinger of the truth con- 
 tained therein. If it be a right poem, this will be 
 true. Herein Herbert excels. It will be found im- 
 possible to separate the music of his words from the 
 music of the thought which takes shape in their sound. 
 
 I got me flowers to strow thy way, 
 
 I got me boughs off many a tree ; 
 But thou wast up by break of day. 
 
 And brought'st thy sweets along with thee. 
 
 And the gift 'it enwraps at once and reveals is, I 
 have said, truth of the deepest. Hear this song of 
 divine service. In every song he sings a spiritual 
 fact will be found its fundamental life, although I 
 may quote this or that merely to illustrate some 
 peculiarity of mode. 
 
 The Elixir was an imagined liquid sought by the 
 old physical investigators, in order that by its means 
 they might turn every common metal into gold, a 
 pursuit not quite so absurd as it has since appeared. 
 They called this something, when regarded as a solid, 
 the Philosopher' s Stone. In the poem it is also called 
 a tincture. 
 
 THE ELIXIR. 
 
 Teach me, my God and King, 
 
 In all things thee to see ; 
 And what I do in anything, 
 
 To do it as for thee ; 
 
176 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Not rudely, as a beast, 
 
 To run into an action ; 
 But still to make thee prepossest, 
 
 And give it his perfection. its. 
 
 A man that looks on glass, 
 
 On it may stay his eye ; 
 Or, if he pleaseth, through it pass, 
 
 And then the heaven spy. 
 
 All may of thee partake : 
 
 Nothing can be so mean, 
 Which with his tincture^^r thy sakd — its. 
 
 Will not grow bright and clean. 
 
 A servant with this clause 
 
 Makes drudgery divine : 
 Who sweeps a room as for thy laws, 
 
 JNIakes that and the action fine. 
 
 This is the famous stone 
 
 That turneth all to gold ; 
 For that which God doth touch and own 
 
 Cannot for less be told. 
 
 With a conscience tender as a child's, almost 
 diseased in its tenderness, and a heart loving as a 
 woman's, his intellect is none the less powerful. Its 
 movements are as the sword-play of an alert, poised, 
 well-knit, strong-wristed fencer with the rapier, in 
 which the skill impresses one more than the force, 
 while without the force the skill would be valueless, 
 even hurtful, to its possessor. There is a graceful 
 humour with it occasionally, even in his most serious 
 poems adding much to their charm. To illustrate 
 all this, take the following, the title of which means 
 The Retort. 
 
GEORGE HERBERT: HIS HUMOUR. 177 
 
 THE QUIP. 
 
 The merry World did on a day 
 
 With his train-bands and mates agree 
 
 To meet together where I lay, 
 And all in sport to jeer at me. 
 
 First Beauty crept into a rose ; 
 
 Which when I plucked not — "Sir," said she, 
 " Tell me, I pray, whose hands are those ? " ' 
 
 But thou shall answer, Lord, for me. 
 
 Then Money came, and, chinking still — 
 " What tune is this, poor man ? " said he : 
 
 " I heard in music you had skill." 
 But thou shalt answer, Lord, for me. 
 
 Then came brave Glory puffing by 
 
 In silks that whistled — who but he ? 
 He scarce allowed me half an eye ; 
 But thou skalt answer. Lord, for me. 
 
 Then came quick Wit-and-Conversatlon, 
 
 And he would needs a comfort be, 
 And, to be short, make an oration : 
 
 But thou shalt answer. Lord, for me. 
 
 Yet when the hour of thy design 
 
 To answer these fine things, shall come. 
 
 Speak not at large — say I am thine ; 
 And then they have their answer home. 
 
 Here is another instance of his humour. It is the 
 first stanza of a poem to Death. He is glorying over 
 Death as personified in a skeleton. 
 
 Death, thou wast once an uncouth, hideous thing — ■ 
 Nothing but bones. 
 The sad effect of sadder groans : 
 Thy mouth was open, but thou couldst not sing. 
 
 1 Equivalent to " What are those hands of yours for ? " 
 S.L. IV. N 
 
178 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 No writer before him has shown such a love to 
 God, such a childHke confidence in him. The love is 
 like the love of those whose verses came first in my 
 volume. But the nation had learned to think more, 
 and new difficulties had consequently arisen. These, 
 again, had to be undermined by deeper thought, 
 and the discovery of yet deeper truth had been the 
 reward. Hence, the love itself, if it had not strength- 
 ened, had at least grown deeper. And George Her- 
 bert had had difficulty enough in himself; for, born 
 of high family, by nature fitted to shine in that 
 society where elegance of mind, person, carriage, and 
 utterance is most appreciated, and having indeed 
 enjoyed something of the life of a courtier, he had 
 forsaken all in obedience to the voice of his higher 
 nature. Hence the struggle between his tastes and 
 his duties would come and come again, augmented 
 probably by such austere notions as every conscien- 
 tious man must entertain in proportion to his ina- 
 bility to find God in that in which he might find him. 
 From this inability, inseparable in its varying degrees 
 from the very nature of growth, springs all the 
 asceticism of good men, whose love to God will be 
 the greater as their growing insight reveals him in his 
 world, and their growing faith approaches to the 
 giving of thanks in everything. 
 
 When we have discovered the truth that whatsoever 
 is not of faith is sin, the way to meet it is not to for- 
 sake the human law, but so to obey it as to thank 
 God for it. To leave the world and go into the desert 
 is not thus to give thanks : it may have been the only 
 
THE COLLAR. 179 
 
 way for this or that man, in his blameless blindness, 
 to take. The divine mind of George Herbert, how- 
 ever, was in the main bent upon discovering God 
 everywhere. 
 
 The poem I give next, powerfully sets forth the 
 struggle between liking and duty of which I have 
 spoken. It is at the same time an instance of wonder- 
 ful art in construction, all the force of the germinal 
 thought kept in reserve, to burst forth at the last. 
 He calls it — meaning by the word, God's Restraint — 
 
 THE COLLAR. 
 
 I struck the board, and cried "No more ! — 
 
 I will abroad. 
 What ! shall I ever sigh and pine ? 
 My lines and life are free — free as the road, 
 Loose as the wind, as large as store. 
 
 Shall I be still in suit ? 
 Have I no harvest but a thorn 
 To let me blood, and not restore 
 What I have lost with cordial fruit ? 
 Sure there was wine 
 Before my sighs did dry it! There was corn 
 Before my tears did drown it ! 
 Is the year only lost to me ? 
 
 Have I no bays to crown it ? 
 No flowers, no garlands gay ? All blasted ? 
 All wasted ? 
 Not so, my heart ; but there is fruit, 
 
 And thou hast hands. 
 Recover all thy sigh-blown age 
 On double pleasures. Leave thy cold dispute 
 Of what is fit, and not. Forsake thy cage, 
 
 Thy rope of sands, 
 Which petty thoughts have made— and made to thee 
 Good cable, to enforce and draw. 
 
 And be thy law, 
 While thou didst wink aiid wouldst not see. 
 N 2 
 
i8o ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Away ! Take heed — • 
 I will abroad. 
 Call in thy death's-head there. Tie up thy fears. 
 He that forbears 
 To suit and serve his need, 
 Deserves his load. " 
 But as I raved, and grew more fierce and wild 
 At eveiy word, 
 Methought I heard one calling " Child!" 
 ' And I replied, " My Lord!" 
 
 Coming now to speak of his art, let me say some- 
 thing first about his use of homeliest imagery for 
 highest thought. This, I think, is in itself enough 
 to class him with the highest kind of poets. If my 
 -eader will refer to The Elixir, he will see an instance 
 m the third stanza, " You may look at the glass, or 
 at the sky : " " You may regard your action only, or 
 that action as the will of God." Again, let him listen 
 to the pathos and simplicity of this one stanza, from a 
 poem he calls The Flower. He has been in trouble ; 
 his times have been evil ; he has felt a spiritual 
 old age creeping upon him ; but he is once more 
 awake. 
 
 And now in age ^ I bud again ; 
 After so many deaths I live and write ; 
 I once more smell the dew and rain, 
 And relish versing. O my only light, 
 It cannot be 
 That I am he 
 On whom thy tempests fell all night ! 
 
 Again : 
 
 Some may dream merrily, but when they walce 
 They dress themselves and come to thee. 
 
 ' He was but thirty-nine when he died. 
 
AARON'S DRESS. 181 
 
 He has an exquisite feeling of lyrical art. Not 
 only does he keep to one idea in it, but he finishes 
 the poem like a cameo. Here is an instance wherein 
 he outdoes the elaboration of a Norman trouv^re ; 
 for not merely does each line in each stanza end 
 with the same sound as the corresponding line in 
 every other stanza, but it ends with the very same 
 word. I shall hardly care to defend this if my reader 
 chooses to call it a whim ; but I do say that a large 
 degree of the peculiar musical effect of the poem — 
 subservient to the thought, keeping it dimly chiming 
 in the head until it breaks out clear and triumphant 
 like a silver bell in the last — is owing to this use of 
 the same column of words at the line-ends of every 
 stanza. Let him who doubts it, read the poem aloud. 
 
 AARON. 
 
 Holiness on the head ; 
 Light and perfections on the breast ; 
 Harmonious bells below, raising the dead, 
 To lead them unto life and rest — 
 
 Thus are true Aarons drest. 
 
 Profaneness in my head ; 
 
 Defects and darkness in my breast ; 
 
 A noise of passions ringing me for dead 
 
 Unto a place where is no rest — 
 
 - Poor priest, thus am I drest ! 
 
 Only another head 
 I have, another heart and breast, 
 Another music, making live, not dead, 
 Without whom I could have no rest— 
 In him I am well drest. 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Christ is my only head, 
 My alone only heart and breast, 
 My only music, striking me even dead, 
 That to the old man I may rest. 
 And be in him new drest. 
 
 So, holy in my head. 
 Perfect and light in my dear breast, 
 My doctrine turned by Christ, who is not dead, 
 But lives in me while I do rest — 
 Come, people : Aaron's drest. 
 
 Note the flow and the ebb of the lines of each 
 stanza — from six to eight to ten syllables, and back 
 through eight to six, the number of stanzas corre- 
 sponding to the number of lines in each ; only the 
 poem itself begins with the ebb, and ends with a full 
 spring-flow of energy. Note also the perfect anti- 
 thesis in their parts between the first and second 
 stanzas, and how the last line of the poem clenches 
 the whole in revealing its idea — that for the sake of 
 which it was written. In a word, note the iinity. 
 
 Born in 1593, notwithstanding his exquisite art, he 
 could not escape being influenced by the faulty ten- 
 dencies of his age, borne in upon his youth by the 
 example of his mother's friend. Dr. Donne. A man 
 must be a giant like Shakspere or Milton to cast ofi" 
 his age's faults. Indeed no man has more of the 
 " quips and cranks and wanton wiles " of the poetic 
 spirit of his time than George Herbert, but with this 
 difference from the rest of Dr. Donne's school, that 
 such is the indwelling potency that it causes even 
 these to shine with a radiance such that we wish 
 them still to burn and not be consumed. His muse is 
 
GEORGE HERBERT: HIS OVER-ART. 183 
 
 seldom other than graceful, even when her motions 
 are grotesque, and he is always a gentleman, which 
 cannot be said of his master. We could not bear 
 to part with his most fantastic oddities, they are so 
 interpenetrated with his genius as well as his art. 
 
 In relation to the use he makes of these faulty 
 forms, and to show that even herein he has exer- 
 cised a refraining judgment, though indeed fancying 
 he has quite discarded in only somewhat reforming 
 it, I recommend the study of two poems, each of 
 which he calls Jordan, though why I have not yet 
 with certainty discovered. 
 
 It is possible that not many of his readers have 
 observed the following instances of the freakish in his 
 rhyming art, which however result well. When I say 
 so, I would not be supposed to approve of the freak, 
 but only to acknowledge the success of the poet in 
 his immediate intent. They are related to a cer- 
 tain tendency to mechanical contrivance not seldom 
 associated with a love of art : it is art operating 
 in the physical understanding. In the poem called 
 Home, every stanza is perfectly finished till the last : 
 in it, with an access of art or artfulness, he destroys 
 the rhyme. I shall not quarrel with my reader if he 
 calls it the latter, and regards it as art run to seed. 
 
 And yet — and yet I confess I have a latent 
 
 liking for the trick. I shall give one or two stanzas 
 out of the rather long poem, to lead up to the change 
 in the last. 
 
 Come, Lord ; my head doth burn, my heart is sick. 
 While thou dost ever, ever stay ; 
 
i84 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Thy long deferrings wound me to the quick ; 
 My spirit gaspeth night and day. 
 O show thyself to me, 
 Or take me up to thee. 
 
 Nothing but drought and dearth, but bush and brake. 
 
 Which way soe'er I look I see : 
 Some may dream merrily, but when they wake 
 They dress themselves and come to thee. 
 O show thyself to me, 
 Or take me up to thee. 
 
 Come, dearest Lord, pass not this holy season, 
 
 My flesh and bones and joints do pray ; 
 And even my verse, when by the rhyme and reason 
 The word is siay^ says ever come. 
 O show thyself to me, 
 Or take hie up to thee. 
 
 Balancing this, my second instance is of the con- 
 verse. In all the stanzas but the last, the last line in 
 each hangs unrhymed : in the last the rhyming is 
 fulfilled. The poem is called Denial. I give only 
 a part of it. 
 
 When my devotions could not pierce 
 Thy silent eai-s, 
 Then was my heart broken as was my verse ; 
 My breast was full of fears 
 And disorder, 
 
 O that thou shouldst give dust a tongue 
 To cry to thee. 
 And then not hear it crying ! All day long 
 My heart was in my knee : 
 But no hearing ! 
 
 ' To rhyme with pray in the second line. 
 
THE PULLEY. 185 
 
 Therefore my soul lay out of sight, 
 Untuned, unstrung ; 
 My feeble spirit, unable to look right, 
 Like a nipt blossom, hung 
 Discontented. 
 O cheer and tune my heartless breast — 
 Defer no time ; 
 That so thy favours granting my request, 
 They and my mind may chime, 
 And mend my rhyme. 
 
 It had been hardly worth the space to point out 
 
 these, were not the matter itself precious. 
 
 Before making further remark on George Herbert, 
 
 let me present one of his poems in which the oddity 
 
 of the visual fancy is only equalled by the beauty 
 
 of the result. 
 
 THE PULLEY. 
 
 When God at first made man. 
 Having a glass of blessing standing by, 
 " Let us, " said he, " pour on him all we can : 
 Let the world's riches, which dispersed lie. 
 
 Contract into a span." 
 
 So strength first made a way ; 
 Then beauty flowed ; then wisdom, honour, pleasure. 
 When almost all was out, God made a stay. 
 Perceiving that, alone of all his treasure. 
 
 Rest in the bottom lay. 
 
 " For if I should, " said he, 
 " Bestow this jewel also on my creature. 
 He would adore my gifts instead of me. 
 And rest in nature, not the God of nature : 
 
 So both should losers be. 
 
 " Yet let him keep the rest — 
 But keep them with repining restlessness : 
 Let him be rich and weary, that, at least. 
 If goodness lead him not, yet weariness 
 
 May toss him to my breast." 
 
1 86 ENGLAND'S AN TIP HON. 
 
 Is it not the story of the world written with the 
 point of a diamond ? 
 
 There can hardly be a doubt that his tendency to 
 unnatural forms was encouraged by the increase of 
 respect to symbol and ceremony shown at this period 
 by some of the external powers of the church — Bishop 
 Laud in particular. Had all, however, who delight 
 in symbols, a power, like George Herbert's, of setting 
 even within the horn-lanterns of the more arbitrary 
 of them, such a light of poetry and devotion that 
 their dull sides vanish in its piercing shine, and we 
 forget the symbol utterly in the truth which it can- 
 not obscure, then indeed our part would be to take 
 and be thankful. But there never has been even a 
 living true symbol which the dulness of those who 
 will see the truth only in the symbol has not de- 
 graded into the very cockatrice-egg of sectarianism. 
 The symbol is by such always more or less idolized, 
 and the light within more or less patronized. If the 
 truth, for the sake of which all symbols exist, were 
 indeed the delight of those who claim it, the secta- 
 rianism of the church would vanish. But men on all 
 sides call that tJie truth which is but its form or 
 outward sign — material or verbal, true or arbitrary, 
 it matters not which — and hence come strifes and 
 divisions. 
 
 Although George Herbert, however, could thus 
 illumine all with his divine inspiration, we cannot 
 help wondering whether, if he had betaken himself 
 yet more to vital and less to half artificial symbols, 
 the change would not have been a breaking of the 
 
SYMBOLS AND SIGNS. 187 
 
 pitcher and an outshining of the lamp. For a symbol 
 may remind us of the truth, and at the same time 
 obscure it — present it, and dull its effect. It is the 
 temple of nature and not the temple of the church, 
 the things made by the hands of God and not the 
 things made by the hands of man, that afford the 
 truest symbols of truth. 
 
 I am anxious to be understood. The chief symbol 
 of our faith, the Cross, it may be said, is not one of 
 these natural symbols. I answer— No ; but neither 
 is it an arbitrary symbol. It is not a symbol of a 
 truth at all, but of a fact, of the infinitely grandest 
 fact in the universe, which is itself the outcome 
 and symbol of the grandest Truth. The Cross is an 
 historical sign, not properly a symbol, except through 
 the facts it reminds us of On the other hand, baptism 
 and the eucharist are symbols of the loftiest and pro- 
 foundest kind, true to nature and all its meanings, as 
 well as to the facts of which they remind us. They 
 are in themselves symbols of the truths involved in 
 the facts they commemorate. 
 
 Of Nature's symbols George Herbert has made 
 large use ; but he would have been yet a greater 
 poet if he had made a larger use of them still. 
 Then at least we might have got rid of such oddities 
 as the stanzas for steps up to the church-door, the 
 first at the bottom of the page ; of the lines shaped 
 into ugly altar-form ; and of the absurd Easter wings, 
 made of ever lengthening lines. This would not 
 have been much, I confess, nor the gain by their loss 
 great ; but not to mention the larger supply of images 
 
iSS ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 graceful with the grace of God, who when he had 
 made them said they were good, it would have led 
 to the further purification of his taste, perhaps even 
 to the casting out of all that could untimely move 
 our mirth ; until possibly (for illustration), instead of 
 this lovely stanza, he would have given us even a 
 lovelier : 
 
 Listen, sweet dove, unto my song. 
 
 And spread thy golden wings on me ; 
 Hatching my tender heart so long, 
 
 Till it get wing, and fly away with thee. 
 
 The stanza is indeed lovely, and true and tender 
 and clever as well ; yet who can help smiling at the 
 notion of the incubation of the heart-egg, although 
 what the poet means is so good that the smile 
 almost vanishes in a sigh ? 
 
 There is no doubt that the works of man's hands will 
 also afford many true symbols ; but I do think that, in 
 proportion as a man gives himself to those instead of 
 studying Truth's wardrobe of forms in nature, so will 
 he decline from the high calling of the poet. George 
 Herbert was too great to be himself much injured by 
 the narrowness of the field whence he gathered his 
 symbols ; but his song will be the worse for it in the 
 ears of all but those who, having lost sight of or 
 having never beheld the oneness of the God whose 
 creation exists in virtue of his redemption, feel safer 
 in a low-browed crypt than under " the high em- 
 bowed roof." 
 
 When the desire after system or order degenerates 
 from a need into a passion, or ruling idea, it closes, as 
 
THE PROFESSIONAL WORM. 
 
 may be seen in many women who are especial house- 
 keepers, like an unyielding skin over the mind, to the 
 death of all development from impulse and aspiration. 
 The same thing holds in the church : anxiety about 
 order and system will kill the life. This did not go 
 near to being the result with George Herbert : his 
 life was hid with Christ in God ; but the influence of 
 his profession, as distinguished from his work, was 
 hurtful to his calling as a poet. He of all men would 
 scorn to claim social rank for spiritual service ; he of 
 all men would not commit the blunder of supposing 
 that prayer and praise are that service of God : they 
 are prayer and praise, not service ; he knew that God 
 can be served only through loving ministration to 
 his sons and daughters, all needy of commonest 
 human help : but, as the most devout of clergymen 
 will be the readiest to confess, there is even a danger 
 to their souls in the unvarying recurrence of the out- 
 ward obligations of their service ; and, in like manner, 
 the poet will fare ill if the conventions from which 
 the holiest system is not free send him soaring with 
 sealed eyes. George Herbert's were but a little 
 blinded thus; yet something, we must allow, his 
 poetry was injured by his profession. All that I say 
 on this point, however, so far from diminishing his 
 praise, adds thereto, setting forth only that he was 
 such a poet as might have been greater yet, had the 
 divine gift had free course. But again I rebuke 
 myself and say, " Thank God for George Herbert." 
 
 To rid our spiritual palates of the clinging flavour 
 of criticism, let me choose another song from his 
 
1 90 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 precious legacy — one less read, I presume, than many. 
 It shows his tendency to asceticism — the fancy of 
 forsaking God's world in order to serve him ; it has 
 besides many of the faults of the age, even to that 
 of punning ; yet it is a lovely bit of art as well as a 
 rich embodiment of tenderness. 
 
 THE THANKSGIVING. 
 
 Oh King of grief ! a title strange yet true, 
 
 To thee of all kings only due ! 
 Oh King of wounds ! how shall I grieve for thee. 
 
 Who in all grief preventest me ? goest before me. 
 
 Shall I weep blood ? Why, thou hast wept such store. 
 
 That all thy body was one gore. 
 Shall I be scourged, flouted, boxed, sold? 
 
 'Tis but to tell the tale is told. 
 My God, my God, why dost thou part from me .' 
 
 Was such a grief as cannot be. 
 . Shall I then sing, skipping thy doleful story. 
 
 And side with thy triumphant glory ? 
 Shall thy strokes be my stroking ? thorns my flower ? 
 
 Thy rod, my posy ? ^ cross, my bower ? 
 But how then shall I imitate thee, and 
 
 Copy thy fair, though bloody hand ? 
 Surely I will ^e^■enge me on thy love. 
 
 And try who shall victorious prove. 
 If thou dost give me wealtli, I will restore 
 
 All back unto thee by the poor. 
 If thou dost give me honour, men shall see 
 
 The honour doth belong to thee. 
 I will not marry ; or if she be mine, 
 
 She and her children shall be thine. 
 My bosom-friend, if he blaspheme thy name, 
 
 I will tear thence his love and fame. 
 One half of me being gone, the rest I give 
 
 Unto some chapel — die or live. 
 
 Bunch of flowers. He was thinking of Aaron's rod, perhaps. 
 
THE REPRISAL. 191 
 
 As for my Passion 1 — But of that anon, 
 
 When with the other I have done. 
 For thy Predestination, I'll contrive 
 
 That, three years hence, if I survive,^ 
 I'll build a spital, or mend common ways. 
 
 But mend my own without delays. 
 Then I will use the works of thy creation, 
 
 As if I used them but for fashion. 
 The world and I will quarrel ; and the year 
 
 Shall not perceive that I am here. 
 My music shall find thee, and every string 
 
 Shall have his attribute to sing, its. 
 
 That all together may accord in thee. 
 
 And prove one God, one harmony. 
 If thou shalt give me wit, it shall appear ; 
 
 If thou hast given it me, 'tis here. 
 Nay, I will read thy book,* and never move 
 
 Till I have found therein thy love — 
 Thy art of love, which I'll turn back on thee ; 
 
 my dear Saviour, Victory ! 
 
 Then for my Passion — I will do for that — 
 Alas, my God ! I know not what. 
 
 With the preceding must be taken the following, 
 which comes immediately after it. 
 
 THE REPRISAL. 
 
 1 have considered it, and find 
 
 There is no dealing with thy mighty Passion ; 
 For though I die for thee, I am behind : 
 My sins deserve the condemnation. 
 
 ^ To correspond to that of Christ. 
 
 2 Again a touch of holy humour: to match his Master's predestina- 
 tion, he will contrive something three years beforehand, with an if. 
 
 2 The here in the preceding line means his book; hence the thy book 
 is antithetical. 
 
192 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 O make me innocent, that I 
 May give a disentangled state and free ; 
 And yet thy wounds still my attempts defy, 
 
 For by thy death I die for thee. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 Ah ! was it not enough that thou 
 By thy eternal glory didst outgo me ? 
 Couldst thou not grief's sad conquest me allow, 
 
 But in all victories overthrow me ? 
 
 Yet by confession will I come 
 Into the conquest : though I can do nought 
 Against thee, in thee I will overcome 
 
 The man who once against thee fought. 
 
 Even embracing the feet of Jesus, Mary Magdalene 
 or George Herbert must rise and go forth to do his 
 will. 
 
 It will be observed how much George Herbert goes 
 beyond all that have preceded him, in the expression 
 of feeling as it flows from individual conditions, in 
 the analysis of his own moods, in the logic of wor- 
 ship, if I may say so. His utterance is not merely of 
 personal love and grief, but of the peculiar love and 
 grief in the heart of George Herbert. There may 
 be disease in such a mind ; but, if there be, it is a 
 disease that will burn itself out. Such disease is, for 
 men constituted like him, the only path to health. By 
 health I mean that simple regard to the truth, to the 
 will of God, which will turn away a man's eyes from 
 his own conditions, and leave God free to work his 
 perfection in him — free, that is, of the interference of 
 the man's self-consciousness and anxiety. To this 
 perfection St. Paul had come when he no longer cried 
 out against the body of his death, no more judged 
 
DISEASE THE PATH TO HEALTH. 193 
 
 his own self, but left all to the Father, caring only 
 to do his will. It was enough to him then that God 
 should judge him, for his will is the one good thing 
 securing all good things. Amongst the keener de- 
 lights of the life which is at the door, I look for the 
 face of George Herbert, with whom to talk humbly 
 would be in bliss a higher bliss. 
 
CHAPTER XIY. 
 
 lOHN MILTON. 
 
 John Milton, bora in 1608, was twenty-four years 
 of age when George Herbert died. Hardly might two 
 good men present a greater contrast than these. In 
 power and size, Milton greatly excels. If George 
 Herbert's utterance is like the sword-play of one skil- 
 ful with the rapier, that of Milton is like the sword-play 
 of an old knight, flashing his huge but keen-cutting 
 blade in lightnings about his head. Compared with 
 Herbert, Milton was a man in health. He never 
 shows, at least, any diseased regard of himself His 
 eye is fixed on the truth, and he knows of no ill- 
 faring. While a man looks thitherward, all the move- 
 ments of his spirit reveal themselves only in peace. 
 
 Everything conspired, or, should I not rather say.' 
 everything was freely given, to make Milton a great 
 poet. Leaving the original seed of melody, the 
 primordial song in the soul which all his life was an 
 effort to utter, let us regard for a moment the cir- 
 cumstances that favoured its development. 
 
 From childhood he had listened to the sounds of 
 the organ ; doubtless himself often gave breath to the 
 
THE BLINDED NIGHTINGALE. igj 
 
 soundboard with his hands on the lever of the bellows, 
 while his father's 
 
 volant touch, 
 ' Instinct through all proportions low and high, 
 Fled and pursued transverse the resonant fugue ; 
 
 and the father's organ-harmony we yet hear in " the 
 son's verse as in none but his. Those organ-sounds 
 he has taken for the very breath of his speech, and 
 articulated them. He had education and leisure, free- 
 dom to think, to travel, to observe : he was more than 
 thirty before he had to earn a mouthful of bread by 
 his own labour. Rushing at length into freedom's 
 battle, he stood in its storm with his hand on the 
 wheel of the nation's rudder, shouting many a bold 
 word for God and the Truth, until, fulfilled of expe- 
 rience as of knowledge, God set up before him a canvas 
 of utter darkness : he had to fill it with creatures of 
 radiance. God blinded him with his hand, that, like 
 the nightingale, he might " sing darkling." Beyond 
 all, his life was pure from his childhood, without which 
 such poetry as his could never have come to the birth. 
 It is the pure in heart who shall see God at length ; the 
 pure in heart who now hear his harmonies. More 
 than all yet, he devoted himself from the first to the 
 will of God, and his prayer that he might write a 
 great poem was heard. 
 
 The unity of his being is the strength of Milton. 
 He is harmony, sweet and bold, throughout. Not 
 Philip Sidney, not George Herbert loved words and 
 their melodies more than he ; while in their use he 
 
 o 2 
 
k/j ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 is more serious than either, and harder to please, 
 uttering a music they have rarely approached. Yet 
 even when speaking with " most miraculous organ," 
 with a grandeur never heard till then, he overflows 
 in speech more like that of other men than theirs — he 
 utters himself more simply, straightforwardly, digni- 
 fiedly, than they. His modes are larger and more 
 human, more near to the forms of primary thought. 
 Faithful and obedient to his art, he spends his power 
 in no diversions. Like Shakspere, he can be silent, 
 never hesitating to sweep away the finest lines should 
 they mar the intent, progress, and flow of his poem. 
 Even while he sings most abandonedly, it is ever 
 with a care of his speech, it is ever with ordered 
 words : not one shall dull the clarity of his verse by 
 unlicensed, that is, needless presence. But let not my 
 reader fancy that this implies laborious utterance 
 and strained endeavour. It is weakness only which 
 by the agony of visible effort enhances the magnitude 
 of victory. The trained athlete will move with the 
 grace of a child, for he has not to seek how to effect 
 that which he means to perform. Milton has only to 
 take good heed, and with no greater effort than it 
 costs the ordinary man to avoid talking like a fool, 
 he sings like an archangel. 
 
 But I must not enlarge my remarks, for of his 
 verse even I can find room for only a few lyrics. In 
 them, however, we shall still find the simplest truth, 
 the absolute of life, the poet's aim. He is ever 
 soaring towards the region beyond perturbation, the 
 true condition of soul ; that is, wherein a man shall 
 
MILTON IN YOUTH AND IN MIDDLE AGE. 197 
 
 see things even as God would have him see them. 
 He has no time to droop his pinions, and sit moody- 
 even on the highest pine : the sun is above him ; he 
 must fly upwards. 
 
 The )'outh who at three-and-twenty could write the 
 following sonnet, might well at five-and-forty be 
 capable of writing the one that follows : 
 
 How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, 
 
 Stolen on his wing my three-and-twentieth year ! 
 
 My hasting days fly on with full career, 
 
 But my late spring no bud or blossom shew'th. 
 
 Perhaps my semblance might deceive the truth 
 
 That I to manhood am arrived so near ; 
 
 And inward ripeness doth much less appear, 
 
 That some more timely happy spirits endu'th. 
 
 Yet be it less or more, or soon or slow. 
 
 It shall be still in strictest measure even 
 
 To that same lot, however mean or high, 
 
 Toward which time leads me and the will of heaven : 
 
 All is — if I have grace to use it so 
 
 As ever in my great Task-master's eye. 
 
 The It which is the subject of the last six lines is 
 his Ripeness : it will keep pace with his approaching 
 lot ; when it arrives he will be ready for it, whatever 
 it may be. The will of heaven is his happy fate. 
 Even at three-and-twenty, " he that believeth shall 
 not make haste." Calm and open-eyed, he works to 
 be ripe, and waits for the work that shall follow. 
 
 At forty-five, then, he writes thus concerning his 
 blindness : 
 
 When I consider how my life is spent 
 
 Ere half my days in this dark world and wide. 
 
 And that one talent, which is death to hide, 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHOlSi. 
 
 Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent 
 
 To serve therewith my Maker, and present 
 
 My true account, lest he, returning, chide — 
 
 " Doth God exact day-labour, hght denied ? " 
 
 I fondly ask. But Patience, to prevent foolislily. 
 
 That murmur, soon replies : " God doth not need 
 
 Either man's work or his own gifts : who best 
 
 Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best : his state 
 
 Is kingly : thousands at his bidding speed. 
 
 And post o'er land and ocean without rest : 
 
 They also serve who only stand and wait." 
 
 That is, " stand and wait, ready to go when they 
 are called." Everybody knows the sonnet, but how 
 could I omit it .' Both sonnets will grow more and 
 more luminous as they are regarded. 
 
 The following I incline to think the finest of his 
 short poems, certainly the grandest of them. It is a 
 little ode, written to be set on a clock-case. 
 
 ON TIME. 
 
 Ely, envious Time, till thou run out thy race. 
 
 Call on the lazy leaden-stepping hours, 
 
 Whose speed is but the heavy plummet's pace, 
 
 And glut thyself with what thy womb devours — 
 
 Which is no more than what is false and vain. 
 
 And merely mortal dross : 
 
 So little is our loss ! 
 
 So little is thy gain ! 
 
 For whenas each thing bad thou hast entombed, 
 
 And last of all thy greedy self consumed, 
 
 Then long eternity shall greet our bliss 
 
 With an individual kiss ; that cannot be divided— 
 
 And joy shall overtake us as a flood ; [eternal. 
 
 When everything that is sincerely good. 
 
 And perfectly divine 
 
 With ti-uth and peace and love, shall ever shine 
 
ATA SOLEMN MUS/C. 199 
 
 About the supreme throne 
 
 Of him to whose happy-making sight alone 
 
 When once our heavenly-guided soul shall climb, 
 
 Then, all this earthy grossness quit, 
 
 Attired with stars, we shall for ever sit 
 
 Triumphing over Death and Chance and thee, O Time. 
 
 The next I give is likewise an ode — a more beauti- 
 ful one. Observe in both the fine effect of the short 
 lines, essential to the nature of the ode, being that 
 which gives its solemnity the character yet of a song, 
 or rather, perhaps, of a chant. 
 
 In this he calls upon Voice and Verse to rouse and 
 raise our imagination until we hear the choral song of 
 heaven, and hearing become able to sing in tuneful 
 response. 
 
 AT A SOLEMN MUSIC. 
 
 Blest pair of sirens, pledges of heaven's joy 
 Sphere-born harmonious sisters. Voice and Verse, 
 Wed your divine sounds, and mixed power employ 
 Dead things with inbreathed sense able to pierce — 
 And to our high-raised phantasy present 
 That undisturbed song of pure concent 1 
 Aye sung before the sapphire-coloured throne 
 To him that sits thereon, 
 With saintly shout, and solemn jubilee ; 
 Where the bright seraphim, in burning row. 
 Their loud uplifted angel-trumpets blow ; 
 And the cherubic host in thousand choirs. 
 Touch their immortal harps of golden wires. 
 With those just spirits that wear victorious palms, 
 Hymns devout and holy psalms 
 Singing everlastingly ; 
 
 Concent is a singing together, or harmoniously. 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 I'hat we ou earth, with undiscording voice, 
 
 May rightly answer that melodious noise — 
 
 As once we did, till disproportioned ^ Sin 
 
 Jarred against Nature's chime, and with harsh din 
 
 Broke the fair music that all creatures made 
 
 To their great Lord, whose love their motion swayed 
 
 In perfect diapason, 2 whilst they stood 
 
 In first obedience and their state of good. 
 
 may we soon again renew that song, 
 
 And keep in tune with heaven, till God ere long 
 
 To his celestial consort^ us unite. 
 
 To live with him, and sing in endless morn of light ! 
 
 Music was the symbol of all Truth to Milton. He 
 would count it falsehood to write an unmusical verse. 
 I allow that some of his blank lines may appear un- 
 rhythmical ; but Experience, especially if she bring 
 with her a knowledge of Dante, will elucidate all 
 their movements. I exhort my younger friends to 
 read Milton aloud when they are alone, and thus 
 learn the worth of word-sounds. They will find him 
 even in this an educating force. The last ode ought 
 to be thus read for the magnificent dance-march of 
 its motion, as well as for its melody. 
 
 Show me one who delights in the Hymn on the 
 Nativity, and I will show you one who may never 
 indeed be a singer in this world, but who is already a 
 listener to the best. But how different it is from 
 anything of George Herbert's ! It sets forth no feeling 
 peculiar to Milton ; it is an outburst of the gladness of 
 the company of believers. Every one has at least read 
 
 ' Music depends all on proportions. 
 
 * The diapason is the octave. Therefore " all notes true. " 
 See note 2, p. 205. 
 
HYMN ON THE NATIVITY. 
 
 the glorious poem ; but were I to leave it out I should 
 have lost, not the sapphire of aspiration, not the 
 topaz of praise, not the emerald of holiness, but the 
 carbuncle of delight from the high priest's breast- 
 plate. And I must give the introduction too : it is 
 the cloudy grove of an overture, whence rushes the 
 torrent of song. 
 
 ON THE MORNING OF CHRIST'S NATIVITY. 
 
 This is tlie montii, and tliis the happy morn, 
 Wherein tlie son of heaven's eternal king, 
 
 Of wedded maid and virgin mother born. 
 Our great redemption from above did bring ; 
 For so the holy sages once did sing, 
 
 That he our deadly forfeit should release, 
 And with his Father work us a perpetual peace. 
 
 That glorious form, that light insufferable, 
 
 And that far-beaming blaze of majesty. 
 Wherewith he wonti at heaven's high council-table 
 
 To sit the midst of trinal unity. 
 
 He laid aside, and here with us to be, 
 Forsook the courts of everlasting day. 
 And chose with us a darksome house of mortal clay. 
 
 Say, heavenly Muse, shall not thy sacred vein 
 Afford a present to the infant God ? 
 
 Hast thou no verse, no hymn, or solemn strain 
 To welcome him to this his new abode, 
 Now while the heaven, by the sun's team untrod. 
 
 Hath took no print of the approaching light. 
 And all the spangled host keep watch in squadrons bright ? 
 
 See how, from far upon the eastern road, 
 
 The star-led wizards haste with odours sweet ! 
 O run, prevent them with thy humble ode, 
 
 1 An intransitive verb : he was wont. 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 And lay it lowly at his blessed feet; 
 Have thou the honour first thy Lord to greet ; 
 And join thy voice unto the angel choir, 
 From out his secret altar touched with hallowed fire. 
 
 THE HYMN. 
 
 It was the winter wild 
 While the heaven-born child 
 All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies ; 
 Nature, in awe to him. 
 Had doffed her gaudy trim, 
 With her great master so to sympathize : 
 It was no season then for her 
 To wanton with the sun, her lusty paramour. 
 
 Only with speeches fair 
 She woos the gentle air 
 To hide her guilty front with innocent snow ; 
 And on her naked shame. 
 Pollute with sinful blame. 
 The saintly veil of maiden white to throw ; 
 Confounded that her maker's eyes 
 Should look so near upon her foul deformities. 
 
 But he, her fears to cease. 
 Sent down the meek-eyed Peace. 
 She, crowned with olive green, came softly sliding 
 Down through the turning sphere. 
 His ready harbinger, 
 With turtle wing the amorous clouds dividing ; 
 And waving wide her myrtle wand, 
 She strikes a universal peace through sea and land. 
 
 No war, or battle's sound, 
 
 Was heard the world around ; 
 The idle spear and shield were high uphung ; 
 
 The hooked chariot stood 
 
 Unstained with hostile blood ; 
 The trumpet spake not to the armed throng ; 
 
 And kings sat still vnth awful eye, awe-filled. 
 
 As if they surely knew their sovereign Lord was by. 
 
THE NATIVITY. 203 
 
 But peaceful was tlie night 
 Wherein the Prince of Liglit 
 His reign of peace upon the earth began ; 
 
 The winds, with wonder whist, silent. 
 
 SniootUy the water kissed. 
 Whispering new joys to the mild Ocean, 
 Who now hath quite forgot to rave. 
 While liirds of calm ^ sit brooding on the charmed wave. 
 
 The stars with deep amaze 
 Stand fixed in stedfast gaze, 
 Bending one way their precious influence ; 
 And will not take their flight 
 For all the morning light, 
 Or Lucifer,- that often warned them thence ; 
 But in their glimmering orbs did glow 
 Until their Lord himself bespake, and bid them go. 
 
 And though the shady gloom 
 Had given day her room, 
 The sun himself witliheld his wonted speed, 
 And hid his head for shame, 
 As his inferior flame 
 The new enlightened world no more should need : 
 He saw a greater sun appear 
 Than his bright throne or burning axle-tree could bear. 
 
 The shepherds on the lawn. 
 
 Or e'er the point of dawn, ere ever. 
 
 Sat simply chatting in a rustic row : 
 
 Full little thought they than then. 
 
 That the mighty Pan 3 
 Was kindly come to live with them below ; 
 Perhaps their loves, or else their sheep, 
 Was all that did their silly thoughts so busy keep. 
 
 ^ Tlie birds called halcyons were said to build their nests on the 
 water, and, while they were brooding, to keep it calm. 
 
 2 The morning star. 
 
 3 The God of shepherds especially, but the God of all nature— the 
 All in all, for Pan means the AH. ^ 
 
204 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 When such music sweet 
 Their hearts and ears did greet 
 As never was by mortal finger strook — 
 Divinely warbled voice 
 Answering the stringed noise, 
 As all their souls in blissful rapture took : 
 The air, such pleasure loath to lose. 
 With thousand echoes still prolongs each heavenly close. 
 
 Nature, that heard such sound. 
 Beneath the hollow round 
 Of Cynthia's seat ^ the airy region thrilling. 
 Now was almost won 
 To think her part was done, 
 And that her reign had here its last fulfilling : 
 She knew such harmony alone 
 Could hold all heaven and earth in happier union. 
 
 At last surrounds their sight 
 A globe of circular light, 
 That with long beams the shame-faced night arrayed ; 
 The helmed cherubim 
 And sworded seraphim 
 Are seen in glittering ranks with wings displayed. 
 Harping in loud and solemn choir, 
 With unexpressive ^ notes to heaven's new-born heir. 
 Such music, as 'tis said. 
 Before was never made. 
 But when of old the sons of morning sung. 
 While the Creator great 
 His constellations set. 
 And the well-balanced world on hinges hung,' 
 And cast the dark foundations deep. 
 And bid the weltering waves their oozy channel keep. 
 
 1 Milton here uses the old Ptolemaic theory of a succession of solid 
 crystal concentric spheres, in which the heavenly bodies were fixed, 
 and which revolving carried these with them. The lowest or innermost 
 of these spheres was that of the moon. " The hollow round of Cynthia's 
 seat " is, therefore, this sphere in which the moon sits. 
 
 2 That cannot be expressed or described. 
 
 3 By hinges he means the axis of the earth, on which it turns as on a 
 hinge. The origin of hinge is hang. It is what anything hangs on. 
 
THE NA TIVITY. 
 
 Ring out, ye crystal spheres ; 
 Once bless our human ears — ■ 
 If ye have power to touch our senses so;^ 
 And let your silver chime 
 Move in melodious time ; 
 And let the bass of heaven's deep organ blow ; 
 And, with your ninefold harmony. 
 Make up full consort ^ to the angelic symphony.'' 
 
 For if such holy song ■ 
 Enwrap our fancy long, 
 Time will run back and fetch the age of gold ; 
 And speckled vanity 
 Will sicken soon and die ;^ 
 And leprous sin will melt from earthly mould ; 
 And hell itself will pass away, 
 And leave her dolorous mansions to the peering day. 
 
 Yea, truth and justice then 
 Will down return to men, 
 Orbed in a rainbow ; and, like glories wearing, 
 Mercy will sit between. 
 Throned in celestial sheen, 
 
 ' This is an apostrophe to the nine spheres [see former note), which 
 were believed by the ancients to send forth in their revolutions a grand 
 harmony, too loud for mortals to hear. But no music of the lower 
 region can make up full harmony without the bass of heaven's organ. 
 The musk of the spheres was to Milton the embodiment of the theory of 
 the universe. He uses the symbol often. 
 
 2 Consort is the right word scientifically. It means the fitting to- 
 gether of sounds according to their nature. Concert, however, is not 
 wrong. It is even more poetic than consort, for it means a striving 
 together, which is the idea of all peace : the strife is together, and not 
 of one against the other. All hannony is an ordered, a divine strife. 
 In the contest of music, every tone restrains its foot and bows its head 
 to the rest in holy dance. 
 
 ' Symphony is here used for chorus, and quite correctly; io^ symphony 
 is a voichig together. To this symphony of the angels the spheres and 
 the heavenly organ are the accompaniment. 
 
 * Die of the music 
 
2o5 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 With radiant feet the tissued clouds down steering ; 
 And heaven, as at some festival, 
 Will open wide the gates of her high palace-hall. 
 
 But wisest Fate says " No ; 
 This must not yet be so." 
 The babe lies yet in smiling infancy, 
 That on the bitter cross 
 Must redeem our loss. 
 So both himself and us to glorify. 
 Yet first, to those y-chained in sleep, 
 The wakeful trump of doom must thunder through the deep, 
 
 With such a horrid clang 
 As on Mount Sinai rang, 
 While the red fire and smouldering clouds oxitbrake : 
 The aged earth, aghast 
 With terror of that blast, 
 Shall from the surface to the centre shake. 
 When, at the world's last session. 
 The dreadful Judge in middle air shall spread his throne. 
 
 And then at last our bliss 
 Full and perfect is : 
 But now begins ; for from this happy day, 
 The old dragon, under ground 
 In straiter limits bound. 
 Not half so far casts his usurped sway ; 
 And, wroth to see his kingdom fail, 
 Swinges^ the scaly horror of his folded tail.^ 
 
 The oracles are dumb : ^ 
 No voice or hideous hum 
 Runs through the arched roof in words deceiving; 
 
 ' Not merely swings, but lashes ahaut. 
 
 ^ Full of folds or coils. 
 
 5 The legend concerning this cessation of the oracles associates it 
 with the Crucifixion. Milton in The A'alivity represents it as the con- 
 sequence of the very presence of the infant Saviour. War and lying 
 are banished together. 
 
THE NATIVITY. 207 
 
 Apollo from his shrine 
 Can no more divine, 
 With hollow shriek the steep of Delphos leaving ; 
 No nightly trance, or breathed spell, 
 Inspires the pale-eyed priest from the prophetic cell. 
 
 The lonely mountains o'er, 
 And the resounding shore, 
 A voice of weeping heard and loud lament ; 
 From haunted spring and dale. 
 Edged witli poplar pale, 
 The parting genius 1 is vrith sighing sent ; 
 With flower-inwoven tresses torn, 
 The nymphs in twilight shade of tangled thickets mourn. 
 
 In consecrated earth. 
 And on the holy hearth. 
 The Lars and Lemures^ moan with midnight plaint ; 
 In urns and altars i-ound, 
 A drear and dying sound 
 Affrights the flamens ^ at their service quaint ; 
 And the chill marble seems to sweat. 
 While each peculiar power foregoes his wonted seat. 
 
 Peor and Baalim 
 Forsake their temples dim, 
 With that twice-battered god of Palestine ; 
 
 And mooned Ashtaroth, the Assyrian I 'enus. 
 
 Heaven's queen and mother both. 
 Now sits not girt with tapers' holy shine ; 
 The Lybic Hammon shrinks his horn ; ■• 
 In vain the Tyrian maids their wounded Thammuz ^ mourn. 
 
 1 The geniics is the local god, the god of the place as a place. 
 
 ' The Lars were the protecting spirits of the ancestors of the fam'ly ; 
 the Lemures were evil spirits, spectres, or bad ghosts. But the notions 
 were somewhat indefinite. 
 
 3 Flamen was the word used for priest when the Romans spoke of 
 the priest of any particular divinity. Plence the peculiar power in the 
 last line of the stanza. 
 
 ■' Jupiter Ammon, worshipped in Libya, in the north of Africa, under 
 the form of a goat. " He draws in his horn." 
 
 ^ The Syrian Adonis. 
 
2o8 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 And sullen Moloch, fled, 
 Hath left in shadows dread 
 His burning idol, all of blackest hue : 
 In vain with cymbals' ring 
 They call the grisly i king, ' 
 In dismal dance about the furnace blue. 
 The brutish gods of Nile as fast — 
 Iris and Orus and the dog Anubis — haste. 
 
 Nor is Osiris 2 seen 
 In Memphian grove or green, 
 Trampling the unshowered ^ grass with lowings loud ; 
 Nor can he be at rest 
 Within his sacred chest; 
 Nought but profoundest hell can be his shroud; 
 In vain, with timbrelled anthems dark, 
 The sable-stoled sorcerers bear his worshipped ark : 
 
 He feels, from Judah's land, 
 The dreaded infant's hand ; 
 The rays of Bethlehem blind his dusky eyn. 
 Nor all the gods beside 
 Longer dare abide — 
 Not Typhon huge, ending in snaky twine : 
 Our babe, to show his Godhead true, 
 Can in his swaddling bands control the damned crew. 
 
 So, when the sun in bed, 
 Curtained with cloudy red, 
 Pillows his chin upon an orient wave, 
 The flocking shadows pale 
 Troop to the infernal jail — 
 Each fettered ghost slips to his several grave ; 
 And the yellow-skirted fays 
 Fly after the night-steeds, leaving their moon-loved maze. 
 
 1 Frightful, horrible, as, a gi-isly bear. 
 
 ' Isis, Orus, Anubis, and Osiris, all Egyptian divinities— the last 
 worshipped in the form of a bull. 
 ' No rain falls in Eg}'pt. 
 
PICTURES AND EPITHETS. 209 
 
 But see, the Virgin blest 
 Hath laid her babe to rest : 
 Time is our tedious song should here have ending ; 
 Heaven's youngest-teemed star ' 
 Hath fixed her polished car, 
 Her sleeping Lord with handmaid lamp attending ; 
 And aU. about the courtly stable 
 Bright-harnessed^ angels sit, in order serviceable.* 
 
 If my reader should think some of the rhymes 
 bad, and some of the wordso ddly used, I would 
 remind him that both pronunciations and mean- 
 ings have altered since : the probability is, that the 
 older forms in both are the better. Milton will not 
 use a wrong word or a bad rhyme. With regard to 
 the form of the poem, let him observe the variety 
 of length of line in the stanza, and how skilfully the 
 varied lines are associated — two of six syllables and 
 one of ten ; then the same repeated ; then one of 
 eight and one of twelve — no two, except of the 
 shortest, coming together of the same length. Its 
 stanza is its own : I do not know another poem 
 written in the same ; and its music is exquisite. The 
 probability is that, if the reader note any fact in 
 the poem, however trifling it might seem to the 
 careless eye, it will repay him by unfolding both 
 individual and related beauty. Then let him ponder 
 the pictures given : the sudden arraying of the shame- 
 faced night in long beams ; the amazed kings silent 
 on their thrones ; the birds brooding on the sea : he 
 will find many such. Let him consider the clear-cut 
 
 1 Last-bom : the star in the east. ^ Bright-armoured. 
 
 * Ready for what service may arise. 
 S.L. IV. P 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 epithets, so full of meaning. A true poet may be at 
 once known by the justice and force of the adjectives 
 he uses, especially when he compounds them, — that 
 is, makes one out of two. Here are some examples : 
 meek-eyed Peace ; pale-eyed priest ; speckled vanity ; 
 smouldering clouds; hideous hum; dismal dance; 
 dusky cync : there are many such, each almost a 
 poem in itself The whole is a succession of pictures 
 set in the loveliest music for the utterance of grandest 
 thoughts. 
 
 No doubt there are in the poem instances of such 
 faults in style as were common in the age in which his 
 verse was rooted : for my own part, I never liked the 
 first two stanzas of the hymn. But such instances 
 are few ; while for a right feeling of the marvel of 
 this poem and of the two preceding it, we must 
 remember that Milton was only twenty-one when he 
 wrote them. 
 
 Apparently to make one of a set with the Nativity, 
 he began to \\x\\.q an ode on the Passion, but, finding 
 the subject " above the years he had when he wrote 
 it, and nothing satisfied with what was begun, left 
 it unfinished." The fragment is full of unworthy, 
 though skilful, and, for such, powerful conceits, but 
 is especially interesting as showing how even Milton, 
 trying to write about what he felt, but without yet 
 having generated thoughts enow concerning the sub- 
 je't itself could only fall back on conventionalities. 
 Happy the young poet the wisdom of whose earliest 
 years was such that he recognized his mistake almost 
 at the outset, and dropped the attempt! Amongst 
 
THE PASSION. 
 
 the stanzas there is, however, one of exceeding love- 
 liness : 
 
 He, sovereign priest, stooping his regal head. 
 
 That dropped witli odorous oil down his fair eyes, 
 
 Poor'fleshly tabernacle entered. 
 
 His starry front low-roofed beneath the skies. 
 
 Oh what a masque was there ! what a disguise ! 
 
 Yet more ! the stroke of death he must abide ; 
 
 Then lies him meekly down fast by his brethren's side. 
 
 In this it will be seen that he has left the jubilant 
 measure of the Hymn, and returned to the more 
 stately and solemn rhyme-royal of its overture, as 
 more suited to his subject. Milton could not be 
 wrong in his music, even when he found the quarry 
 of his thought too hard to work. 
 
 P 2 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 EDMUND WALLER, THOMAS BROWN, AND JEREMY TAYLOR. 
 
 Edmund Waller, born in 1605, was three years 
 older than Milton ; but I had a fancy for not 
 dividing Herbert and Milton. As a poet he had a 
 high reputation for many years, gained chiefly, I 
 think, by a regard to literary proprieties, combined 
 with wit. He is graceful sometimes ; but what in 
 his writings would with many pass for grace, is only 
 smoothness and the absence of faults. His horses 
 were not difficult to drive. He dares little and suc- 
 ceeds in proportion — occasionally, however, flashing 
 out into true song. In politics he had no character 
 — -let us hope from weakness rather than from sel- 
 fishness ; }'Lt, towards the close of his life, he 
 wrote some poems which reveal a man not unaccus- 
 tomed to ponder sacred things, and able to express 
 his thoughts concerning them with force and justice. 
 From a poem called Of Divine Love, I gather the 
 following very remarkable passages : I wish they had 
 been enforced by greater nobility of character. Still 
 they are in them.'^elves true. Even where we have 
 no proof of repentance, we may see plentiful signs of 
 
EDMUND WALLER: OF DLVLNE LOVE. 213 
 
 a growth towards it. We cannot tell how long the 
 truth may of necessity require to interpenetrate the 
 ramifications of a man's nature. By slow degrees 
 he discovers that here it is not, and there it is not. 
 Again and again, and yet again, a man finds that he 
 must be born with a new birth. 
 
 The fear of hell, or aiming to be blest, 
 Savours too much of private interest : 
 This moved not Moses, nor the zealous Paul, 
 Who for their friends abandoned soul and all ; 
 A greater yet from heaven to hell descends, 
 To save and make his enemies his friends. 
 ***** 
 
 That early love of creatures yet unmade. 
 To frame the VFOrld the Almighty did persuade. 
 For love it was that first created light. 
 Moved on the waters, chased away the night 
 From the rude chaos ; and bestowed new grace 
 On things disposed of to their proper place — 
 Some to rest here, and some to shine above : 
 Earth, sea, and heaven, were all the effects of love. 
 ***** 
 
 Not willing terror should his image move. 
 He gives a pattern of eternal love : 
 His son descends, to treat a peace with those 
 Which were, and must have ever been, his foes. 
 Poor he became, and left his glorious seat, 
 To make us humble, and to make us great ; 
 His business here was happiness to give 
 To those whose malice could not let him live. 
 ***** 
 
 He to proud potentates would not be known : 
 Of those that loved him, he was hid from none. 
 Till love appear, we live in anxious doubt ; 
 But smoke will vanish when that flame breaks out : 
 This is the fire that would consume our dross. 
 Refine, and make us richer by the loss. 
 
214 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Who for himself no miracle would make, 
 Dispensed with ^ several for the people's sake. 
 He that, long-fasting, would no wonder show, 
 Made loaves and fishes, as they eat them, grow. 
 Of all his power, which boundless was above. 
 Here he used none but to express his love ; 
 And such a love would make our joy exceed. 
 Not when our own, but others' mouths we feed. 
 ***** 
 
 Love as he loved ! A love so unconfined 
 AVith arms extended would embrace mankind. 
 Self-love would cease, or be dilated, when 
 We should behold as many selfs as men ; 
 All of one family, in blood allied, 
 His precious blood that for our ransom died. 
 ***** 
 
 Amazed at once and comforted, to find 
 A boundless power so infinitely kind. 
 The soul contending to that light to fly 
 From her dark cell, we practise how to die. 
 Employing thus the poet's winged art 
 To reach this love, and grave it in our heart. 
 Joy so complete, so solid, and severe. 
 Would leave no place for meaner pleasures there : 
 Pale they would look, as stars that must be gone 
 When from the east the rising sun comes on. 
 ♦ * * * » 
 
 To that and some other poems he adds the follow- 
 ing — a kind of epilogue. 
 
 ON THE FOREGOING DIVINE POEMS. 
 When we for age could neither read nor write. 
 The subject made us able to indite : 
 The soul with nobler resolutions decked. 
 The body stooping, does herself erect : 
 No mortal parts are requisite to raise 
 Her that unbodied can her Maker praise. 
 
 ' The with we should now omit, for when we use it we mean tlie 
 opposite of what is meant here. 
 
SIR THOMA S BRO WN. 2 1 5 
 
 The seas are quiet when the winds give o'^r : 
 So calm are we when passions are no more ; 
 For then we know how vain it was to boast 
 Of fleeting things, so certain to be lost. 
 Clouds of affection from our younger eyes tassion. 
 
 Conceal that emptiness which age descries. 
 
 The soul's dark cottage, battered and decayed. 
 Lets in new light, through chinks that time has made : 
 Stronger by weakness, wiser men become. 
 As they draw near to their eternal home. 
 Leaving the old, both worlds at once they view 
 That stand upon the threshold of the new. 
 
 It would be a poor victory where age was the sole 
 conqueror. But I doubt if age ever gains the victory 
 alone. Let Waller, however, have this praise: his 
 song soars with his subject. It is a true praise. 
 There are men who write well until they try the 
 noble, and then they fare like the falling star, which, 
 when sought where it fell, is, according to an old 
 fancy, discovered a poor jelly. 
 
 Sir Thomas Brown, a physician, whose prose writings 
 are as peculiar as they are valuable, was of the same 
 age as Waller. He partakes to a considerable degree 
 of the mysticism which was so much followed in his 
 day, only in his case it influences his literature most 
 — his mode of utterance more than his mode of 
 thought. His True Christian Morals is a very valu- 
 able book, notwithstanding the obscurity that some- 
 times arises in that, as in all his writings, from his 
 fondness for Latin words. The following fine hymn 
 occurs in his Religio Medici, in which he gives an 
 account of his opinion^. I am not aware of any- 
 thing else that he has published in verse, though he 
 
2i6 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 must probably have written more to be able to write 
 this so well. It occurs in the midst of prose, as the 
 prayer he says every night before he yields to the 
 death of sleep. I follow it with the succeeding sen- 
 tence of the prose. 
 
 The night is come. Like to tlie day, 
 
 Depart not thou, great God, away. 
 
 Let not my sins, blacl< as the night. 
 
 Eclipse the histre of thy light. 
 
 Keep still in my horizon, for to me 
 
 The sun makes not the day but thee. 
 
 Thou whose nature cannot sleep. 
 
 On my temples sentry keep ; 
 
 Guard me 'gainst those watchful foes 
 
 Whose eyes are open while mine close. 
 
 Let no dreams my head infest 
 
 But such as Jacob's temples blest. 
 
 While I do rest, my soul advance ; 
 
 Make my sleep a holy trance, 
 
 That I may, my rest being wrought, 
 Awake into some holy thought. 
 And with as active vigour run 
 i\Iy course as doth the nimble sun. 
 Sleep is a death : O make me try 
 By sleeping what it is to die. 
 And as gently lay my head 
 On my grave, as now my bed. 
 Howe'er I rest, great God, let me 
 Awake again at least with thee. 
 And thus assured, behold I lie 
 .Securely, or to wake or die. 
 These are my drowsy days : in vain 
 I do now wake to sleep again : 
 O come that hour when I shall never 
 Sleep again, but wake for ever. 
 
 " This is the dormitive I take to bedward. I need no 
 other laudanum than this to make me sleep ; after 
 
JEREM y TAYLOR. 217 
 
 which I close mine eyes in security, content to take 
 my leave of the sun, and sleep unto the resurrection." 
 
 Jeremy Taylor, born in 161 3, was the most poetic 
 of English prose-writers : if he had written verse 
 equal to his prose, he would have had a lofty place 
 amongst poets as well as amongst preachers. Taking 
 the opposite side from Milton, than whom he was five 
 years younger, he was, like him, conscientious and 
 consistent, suffering while Milton's cause prospered, 
 and advanced to one of the bishoprics hated of 
 Milton's soul when the scales of England's politics 
 turned in the other direction. Such men, however, 
 are divided only by their intellects. When men say, 
 " I must or I must not, for it is right or it is not right," 
 then are they in reality so bound together, even 
 should they not acknowledge it themselves, that no 
 opposing opinions, no conflicting theories concerning 
 what is or is not right, can really part them. It was 
 not wonderful that a mind like that of Jeremy Taylor, 
 best fitted for worshipping the beauty of holiness, 
 should mourn over the disrupted order of his church, 
 or that a mind like Milton's, best fitted for the law 
 of life, should demand that every part of that order 
 which had ceased to vibrate responsive to every throb 
 of the eternal heart of truth, should fall into the ruin 
 which its death had preceded. The church was 
 hardly dealt with, but the rulers of the church have 
 to bear the blame. 
 
 Here are those I judge the best of the bishop's 
 Festival Hymns, printed as part of his Golden Grove, 
 or Guide to Devotion. In the first there is a little 
 
2i8 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 confusion of imagery ; and in others of them will be 
 found a little obscurity. They bear marks of the 
 careless impatience of rhythm and rhyme of one who 
 though ever bursting into a natural trill of song, 
 sometimes with more rhymes apparently than he in- 
 tended, would yet rather let his thoughts pour them- 
 selves out in that unmeasured chant, that " poetry in 
 solution," which is the natural speech of the prophet- 
 orator. He is like a full river that must flow, which 
 rejoices in a flood, and rebels against the constraint 
 of mole or conduit. He exults in utterance itself, 
 caring little for the mode, which, however, the law of 
 his indwelling melody guides though never compels. 
 Charmingly diffuse in his prose, his verse ever sounds 
 as if it would overflow the banks of its self-imposed 
 restraints. 
 
 THE SECOND HYMN FOR ADVENT ; OR, CHRIST'S 
 COMING TO JERUSALEM IN TRIUMPH. 
 
 Lord, come away ; 
 
 Why dost thou stay ? 
 Thy road is ready ; and thy paths made straight 
 
 With longing expectation wait 
 Tile consecration of thy beauteous feet. 
 Ride on triumphantly : behold we lay 
 Our lusts and proud wills in thy way. 
 Hosanna ! welcome to our hearts ! Lord, here 
 Thou hast a temple too, and full as dear 
 As that of Sion, and as full of sin : 
 Nothing but thieves and robbers dwell therein. 
 Enter, and chase them forth, and cleanse the floor ; 
 Crucify them, that they may never more 
 
 I'rofane that holy place 
 Where thou hast chose to set thy face. 
 
FROM THE GOLDEN GROVE. 219 
 
 And then if our stiff tongues shall be 
 Mute in the praises of thy deity, 
 The stones out of the temple-wall 
 Shall cry aloud and call 
 Hosanna ! and thy glorious footsteps greet. 
 
 HYMN FOR CHRISTMAS-DAY ; BEING A DIALOGUE 
 BETWEEN THREE SHEPHERDS. 
 
 1. Where is this blessed babe 
 
 That hath made 
 All the world so full of joy j 
 
 And expectation ; 
 
 That glorious boy 
 
 That crowns each nation 
 With" a triumphant wreath of blessedness ? 
 
 2. Where should he be but in the throng, 
 
 And among 
 His angel ministers that sing 
 
 And take wing 
 Just as may echo to his voice. 
 
 And rejoice, 
 When wing and tongue and all 
 May so procure their happiness ? 
 
 3. But he hath other .waiters now : 
 
 A poor cow 
 An ox and mule stand and behold. 
 
 And wonder 
 That a stable should enfold 
 
 Him that can thvxnder. 
 
 Chorus. O what a gracious God have we ! 
 
 How good ? How gi-eat ? Even as our misery. 
 
 A HYMN FOR CHRISTMAS-DAY. 
 
 Awake, my soul, and come away ; 
 
 Put on thy best array, 
 
 Lest if thou longer stay, 
 Thou lose some minutes of so blest a day. 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Go run, 
 And bid good-morrow to the sun ; 
 Welcome his safe return 
 
 To Capricorn, 
 And that great mom 
 Wherein a God was born, 
 Whose story none can tell 
 But he whose every word's a miracle. 
 
 To-day Almightiness grew weak ; 
 The Word itself was mute, and could not speak. 
 
 That Jacob's star which made the sun 
 To dazzle if he durst look on. 
 Now mantled o'er in Bethlehem's night, 
 Borrowed a star to show him light. , 
 
 He that begirt each zone, 
 
 To whom both poles are one, 
 
 A\'ho grasped the zodiac in his hand, 
 
 And made it move or stand, 
 
 Is now by nature man, 
 
 By stature but a span ; 
 
 Eternity is now grown short ; 
 
 A king is born \\ itliout a court ; 
 
 The ^\ ater tliirsts ; tlie fountain's di-y ; 
 
 And life, being born, made apt to die. 
 
 Chorus. Then let our praises emulate and vie 
 A^^itl■l his humility ! 
 Since he's exiled from skies 
 That we might rise, — 
 From low estate of men 
 Let's sing him up again ! 
 Each man wind up his heart 
 To bear a part 
 In that angelic choir, and show 
 His glory high, as he was low. 
 Let's sing towards men goodwill and charity. 
 Peace upon earth, glory to God on high ! 
 
 Llallelujah I Hallelujah ! 
 
JEREMY TA YLOR : THE PRA YER. 
 
 THE PRAYER. 
 
 My soul dotli pant towards thee, 
 My God, source of eternal life. 
 Flesh fights with me : 
 Oh end the strife. 
 And part us, that in peace I may 
 Unclay 
 My wearied spirit, and take 
 My ilight to thy eternal spring, 
 Where, for his sake 
 Who is my king, 
 I may wash all my tears away. 
 That day. 
 
 Thou conqueror of death, 
 Glorious triurapher o'er the grave. 
 Whose holy breath 
 Was spent to save 
 Lost mankind, make me to be styled 
 Thy child, 
 And take me when I die 
 And go unto my dust ; my soul 
 Above the sky 
 With saints enrol, 
 That in thy ai-ms, for ever, I 
 May lie. 
 
 This last is quite regular, that is, the second stanza 
 is arranged precisely as the first, though such will not 
 appear to be the case without examination : the dis- 
 position of the lines, so various in length, is confusing 
 though not confused. 
 
 In these poems will be found that love of home- 
 liness which is characteristic of all true poets — and 
 orators too, in as far as they are poets. The meeting 
 of the homely and the grand is heaven. One more. 
 
ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 A PRAYER FOR CHARITY. 
 
 Full of mercy, full of love, 
 
 Look upon us from above ; 
 
 Thou who taught'st the blind man's night 
 
 To entertain a double light, 
 
 Thine and the day's — and that thine too : 
 
 The lame avi^ay his crutches threw ; 
 
 The parched crust of leprosy 
 
 Returned unto its infancy ; 
 
 The dumb amazed was to hear 
 
 His own unchain'd tongue strike his ear ; 
 
 Thy powerful mercy did even chase 
 
 The devil from his usurped place. 
 
 Where thou thyself shouldst dwell, not he : 
 
 Oh let thy love our pattern be ; 
 
 Let thy mercy teach one brother 
 
 To forgive and love another ; 
 
 That copying thy mercy here. 
 
 Thy goodness may hereafter rear 
 
 Our souls unto thy glory, when 
 
 Our dust shall cease to be with men. ^Imen. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 HENRY MORE AND RICHARD BAXTER. 
 
 Dr. Henry More was born in the year 1614. 
 Chiefly known for his mystical philosophy, which he 
 cultivated in retirement at Cambridge, and taught not 
 only in prose, but in an elaborate, occasionally poetic 
 poem, of somewhere about a thousand Spenserian 
 stanzas, called A Platonic Song of the Soul, he has left 
 some smaller poems, from which I shall gather good 
 store for my readers. Whatever may be thought of 
 his theories, they belong at least to the highest order 
 of philosophy ; and it will be seen from the poems I 
 give that they must have borne their part in lifting 
 the soul of the man towards a lofty spiritual condition 
 of faith and fearlessness. The mystical philosophy 
 seems to me safe enough in the hands of a poet : with 
 others it may degenerate into dank and dusty mate- 
 rialism. 
 
 RESOLUTION. 
 
 Where's now the objects of thy fears, 
 Needless sighs, and fruitless tears? 
 They be all gone like idle dream 
 Suggested from the body's steam. 
 
224 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 What's plagae and prison ? Loss of friends ? 
 War, dearth, and death that all things ends ? 
 Mere bugbears for the childish mind ; 
 Pure panic terrors of the blind. 
 
 Collect thy soul unto one sphere 
 Of light, and 'bove the earth it rear; 
 Those wild scattered thoughts that erst 
 Lay loosely in the world dispersed, 
 Call in : — thy spirit thus knit in one 
 Fair lucid orb, those fears be gone 
 Like vain impostures of the night. 
 That fly before the morning bright. 
 Then with pure eyes thou shalt behold 
 How the first goodness doth infold 
 All things in loving tender arms ; 
 That deemed mischiefs are no harms, 
 But sovereign salves and skilful cures 
 Of greater woes the world endures ; 
 That man's stout soul may win a state 
 Far raised above the reach of fate. 
 
 Then wilt thou say, God rules the "world, 
 Tliough mountain over mountain hurled 
 Be pitclied amid the foaming main 
 Which busy winds to wrath constrain ; 
 t t ^ * 
 
 Though pitchy blasts from hell up-born 
 Stop the outgoings of tire morn, 
 And Nature play her fiery games 
 In this forced night, with fulgurant flames : 
 * * * * 
 
 All this confusion cannot move 
 
 The purged mind, freed from the love 
 
 Of commerce with her body dear. 
 
 Cell of sad thoughts, sole spring of fear. 
 
 Whate'er I feel or hear or see 
 Threats but these parts that mortal be. 
 Nought can the honest heart dismay 
 Unless the love of living clay, 
 
HENR Y MORE 'S RESOL UTION. 2 2 5 
 
 And long acquaintance with the Hght 
 Of this outworld, and what to sight 
 Those two officious beams 1 discover 
 Of forms that round about us hover. 
 
 Power, wisdom, goodness, sure did frame 
 This universe, and still guide the same. 
 But thoughts from passions sprung, deceive 
 Vain mortals. No man can contrive 
 A better course than what's been run 
 Since the first circuit of the sun. 
 
 He that beholds all from on high 
 Knows better what to do than I. 
 I'm not mine own : should I repine 
 If he dispose of what's not mine ? 
 Purge but thy soul of blind self-will. 
 Thou straight shalt see God dothno ill. 
 The world he fills with the bright rays 
 Of his free goodness. He displays 
 Himself throughout. Like common air 
 That spirit of life through all doth fare, 
 Sucked in by them as vital breath 
 That willingly embrace not death. 
 But those that with that living law 
 Be unacquainted, cares do gnaw ; 
 Mistrust of God's good providence 
 Doth daily vex their wearied sense. 
 
 Now place me on the Libyan soil. 
 With scorching sun and sands to toil, 
 Far from the view of spring or tree. 
 Where neither man nor house I see ; 
 * * * * 
 
 Commit me at my next remove 
 
 To icy Hyperborean Jove ; 
 
 Confine me to the arctic pole, 
 
 Where the numb'd heavens do slowly roll ; 
 
 1 It is the light of the soul going out from the eyes, as certainly as 
 the light of the world coming in at the eyes that makes things seen. 
 S.L. IV. Q 
 
226 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 To lands where cold raw heavy mist 
 
 Sol's kindly warmth and light resists ; 
 
 Where lowering clouds full fraught with snow 
 
 Do sternly scowl ; where winds do blow 
 
 With bitter blasts, and pierce the skin, 
 
 Forcing the vital spirits in, 
 
 Which leave the body thus ill bested. 
 
 In this chill plight at least half-dead ; 
 
 Yet by an antiperistasis i 
 
 My inward heat more kindled is ; 
 
 And while this flesh her breath expires, 
 
 My spirit shall suck celestial fires 
 
 By deep-fetched sighs and pure devotion. 
 
 Thus waxen hot with holy motion. 
 
 At once I'll break forth in a flame ; 
 
 Above this world and worthless fame 
 
 I'll take my flight, careless that men 
 
 Know not how, where I die, or when. 
 
 Yea, though the soul should mortal prove, 
 
 So be God's life but in me move 
 
 To my last breath — I'm satisfied 
 
 A lonesome mortal God to have died. 
 
 This last paragraph is magnificent as any single 
 passage I know in literature. 
 
 Is it lawful, after reading this, to wonder whether 
 Henry More, the retired, and so far untried, student 
 of Cambridge, would have been able thus to meet 
 the alternations of suffering which he imagines .' It 
 is one thing to see reasonableness, another to be 
 reasonable when objects have become circumstances. 
 Would he, then, by spiritual might, have risen indeed 
 above bodily torture } It is possible for a man to 
 arrive at this perfection ; it is absolutely necessary 
 that a man should some day or other reach it ; and 
 
 ' The action by which a body attacked collects force by opposition. 
 
DEVOTION. 227 
 
 I think the wise doctor would have proved the 
 truth of his principles. But there are many who 
 would gladly part with their whole bodies rather than 
 offend, and could not yet so rise above the invasions 
 of the senses. Here, as in less important things, our 
 business is not to speculate what we would do in 
 other circumstances, but to perform the duty of the 
 moment, the one true preparation for the duty to 
 come. Possibly, however, the right development of 
 our human relations in the world may be a more 
 difficult and more important task still than this con- 
 dition of divine alienation. To find God in others 
 is better than to grow solely in the discovery of him 
 in ourselves, if indeed the '' tter were possible. 
 
 DEVOTION. 
 
 Good God, when thou thy inward grace dost shower 
 Into my breast, 
 How full of Hght and hvely power 
 Is then my soul ! 
 How am I blest ! 
 How can I then all difficulties devour ! 
 Thy might, 
 Thy spright, 
 With ease my cumbrous enemy control. 
 
 If thou once turn away thy face and hide 
 Thy cheerful look. 
 My feeble flesh may not abide 
 
 That dreadful stound ; hoiir. 
 
 I cannot brook 
 Thy absence. My heart, with care and gi-ief then gride, 
 
 ^ Cut roughly through. 
 
 Q 2 
 
228 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Doth fail, 
 Doth quail ; 
 My life steals from me at that hidden wound. 
 
 My fancy's then a burden to my mind ; 
 Mine anxious thought 
 Betrays my reason, makes me blind ; 
 
 Near dangers drad dreaded. 
 
 Make me distraught ; 
 Surprised with fear my senses all I find : 
 In hell 
 I dwell, 
 Oppressed with horror, pain, and sorrow sad. 
 
 My former resolutions all are fled — 
 Slipped over my tongue ; 
 My faith, my hope, and joy are dead. 
 Assist my heart, 
 Rather than my song. 
 My God, my Saviour ! When I'm ill-bested. 
 Stand by. 
 And I 
 Shall bear with courage undeserved smart. 
 
 THE PHILOSOPHER'S DEVOTION. 
 Sing aloud! — His praise rehearse 
 Who hath made the universe. 
 He the boundless heavens has spread. 
 All the vital orbs has kned, kneaded. 
 
 He that on Olympus high 
 Tends his flocks with watchful eye, 
 
 And this eye has multiplied suns, as centres of systems. 
 Midst each flock for to reside. 
 Thus, as round about they stray, 
 Toucheth^ each with outstretched ray ; 
 Nimble they hold on their way. 
 Shaping out their night and day. 
 Summer, winter, autumn, spring, 
 Their inclined axes bring. 
 Never slack they ; none respires. 
 Dancing round their central fires. 
 
 1 Intransitively used. They touch each other. 
 
THE PHILOSOPHER'S DEVOTION. 
 
 229 
 
 In due order as they move, 
 Echoes sweet be gently drove 
 Thorough heaven's vast hollowness, 
 Which unto all comers press : 
 Music that the heart of Jove 
 Moves to joy and sportful love ; 
 Fills the listening sailers' ears 
 Riding on the wandering spheres : 
 Neither speech nor language is 
 Where their voice is not transmiss. 
 
 God is good, is wise, is strong, 
 
 Witness all the creature throng. 
 
 Is confessed by every tongue ; 
 
 All things back from whence they sprung, goback: averb. 
 
 As the thankful rivers pay 
 
 What they borrowed of the sea. 
 
 Now myself I do resign : 
 Take me whole : I all am thine. 
 Save me, God, from self-desire — 
 Death's pit, dark hell's raging fire — 1 
 Envy, hatred, vengeance, ire ; 
 Let not lust my soul bemire. 
 * 
 
 Quit from these, thy praise I'll sing, 
 
 Loudly sweep the trembling string. 
 
 Bear a part, O Wisdom's sons, 
 
 Freed from vain religions ! 
 
 Lo ! from far I you salute. 
 
 Sweetly warbling on my lute — 
 
 India, Egypt, Araby, 
 
 Asia, Greece, and Tartary, 
 
 Carmel-tracts, and Lebanon, 
 
 With the Mountains of the Moon, 
 
 From whence muddy Nile doth run. 
 
 Or wherever else you won : dwell. 
 
 Breathing in one vital air, 
 
 One we are though distant far. 
 
 1 Self-desire, which is death's pit, &c. 
 
230 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Rise at once ; — let's sacrifice : 
 Odours sweet perfume the skies ; 
 See liow heavenly lightning fires 
 Hearts inflamed with high aspires ! 
 All the substance of our souls 
 Up in clouds of incense rolls. 
 Leave we nothing to ourselves 
 Save a voice — what need we else ! 
 Or an hand to wear and tire 
 On the thankful lute or lyre ! 
 
 Sing aloud ! — His praise rehearse 
 Who hath made the universe. 
 
 In this Philosopher's Devotion he has clearly imitated 
 one of those psalms of George Sandys which I have 
 given. 
 
 CHARITY AND HUMILITY. 
 
 Far have I clambered in my mind, 
 But nought so great as love I find : 
 Deep-searching wit, mount-moving might. 
 Are nought compared to that good sprite. 
 Life of delight and soul of bliss ! 
 Sure source of lasting happiness ! 
 Higher than heaven ! lower than hell ! 
 What is thy tent ? Where raay'st thou dwell ? 
 
 " My mansion hight Humility, is nameii. 
 
 Heaven's vastest capability. 
 
 The further it doth downward tend, 
 
 The higher up it doth ascend ; 
 
 If it go down to utmost nought. 
 
 It shall return with that it sought." 
 
 Lord, stretch thy tent in my strait breast ; 
 
 Enlarge it downward, that sure rest 
 
 May there be pight for that pure fire filched. 
 
 Wherewith thou wontest to inspire 
 
 All self-dead souls : my life is gone ; 
 
 Sad solitude's my irksome won ; divelling. 
 
HUMILITY THE HOUSE OF CHARITY. 231 
 
 Cut off from men and all this world, 
 
 In Lethe's lonesome ditch I'm hurled ; 
 
 Nor might nor sight doth ought me move, 
 
 Nor do I care to be above. 
 
 O feeble rays of mental light, 
 
 That best be seen in this dark night. 
 
 What are you? • What is any strength 
 
 If it be not laid in one length 
 
 With pride or love ? I nought desire 
 
 But a new life, or quite to expire. 
 
 Could I demolish with mine eye 
 
 Strong towers, stop the fleet stars in sky. 
 
 Bring down to earth the pale-faced moon, 
 
 Or turn black midnight to bright noon ; 
 
 Though all things were put in my hand — 
 
 As parched, as dry as the Libyan sand 
 
 Would be my life, if charity 
 
 Were wanting. But humility 
 
 Is more than my poor soul durst crave 
 
 That lies entombed in lowly grave ; 
 
 But if 'twere lawful up to send 
 
 My voice to heaven, this should it rend : 
 
 " Lord, thrust me deeper into dust, 
 
 That thou may'st raise' me with the just." 
 
 There are strange things and worth pondering in 
 all these. An occasional classical allusion seems to 
 us quite out of place, but such things we must pass. 
 The poems are quite different from any we have had 
 before. There has been only a few of such writers in 
 our nation, but I suspect those have had a good deal 
 more influence upon the religious life of it than many 
 thinkers suppose. They are in closest sympathy with 
 the deeper forms of truth employed by St. Paul and 
 St. John. This last poem, concerning humility as the 
 house in which charity dwells, is very truth. A re- 
 pentant sinner feels that he is making himself little 
 when he prays to be made humble : the Christian 
 
232 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 philosopher sees such a glory and spiritual wealth 
 in humility that it appears to him almost too much 
 to pray for. 
 
 The very essence of these mystical writers seems 
 to me to be poetry. They use the largest figures for 
 the largest spiritual ideas — light for good, darkness for 
 evil. Such symbols are the true bodies of the true 
 ideas. For this service mainly what we term nature 
 was called into being, namely, to furnish forms for 
 truths, for without form truth cannot be uttered. 
 Having found their symbols, these writers next pro- 
 ceed to use them logically ; and here begins the pecu- 
 liar danger. When the logic leaves the poetry behind, 
 it grows first presumptuous, then hard, then narrow 
 and untrue to the original breadth of the symbol ; the 
 glory of the symbol vanishes ; and the final result 
 is a worship of the symbol, which has withered into 
 an apple of Sodom. Witness some of the writings 
 of the European master of the order — Swedenborg : 
 the highest of them are rich in truth ; the lowest 
 are poverty-stricken indeed. 
 
 In 1615 was born Richard Baxter, one of the 
 purest and wisest and devoutest of men — and no 
 mean poet either. If ever a man sought between con- 
 tending parties to do his duty, siding with each as 
 each appeared right, opposing each as each appeared 
 wrong, surely that man was Baxter. Hence he fared 
 as all men too wise to be partisans must fare — 
 he pleased neither Royalists nor Puritans. Dull of 
 heart and sadly unlike a mother was the Church 
 when, by the Act of Uniformity of Charles II., she 
 
'BAXTER 'S RESOLUTION. 
 
 ■ drove from her bosom such a son, with his two 
 thousand brethren of the clergy ! 
 
 He has left us a good deal of verse — too much, 
 perhaps, if we consider the length of the poems and 
 the value of condensation. There is in many of 
 them a delightful fervour of the simplest love to God, 
 uttered with a plain half poetic, half logical strength, 
 from which sometimes the poetry breaks out clear and 
 fine. Much that he writes is of death, from the dread 
 of which he evidently suffered — a good thing when it 
 drives a man to renew his confidence in his Saviour's 
 presence. It has with him a very different origin from 
 the vulgar fancy that to talk about death is religious. 
 It was refuge from the fear of death he sought, and 
 that is the part of every man who would not be a 
 slave. The door of death of which he so often speaks 
 is to him a door out of the fear of death. 
 
 The poem from which the following excerpt is 
 made was evidently written in view of some imminent 
 suffering for conscience-sake, probably when the Act 
 of Uniformity was passed : twenty years after, he 
 was imprisoned at the age of sixty-seven, and lay 
 nearly a year and a half. — I omit many verses. 
 
 THE RESOLUTION. 
 
 It's no' great matter what men deem. 
 
 Whether they count me good or bad : 
 In their applause and best esteem, 
 
 There's no contentment to be had. 
 Thy steps, Lord, in this dirt I see ; 
 
 And lest my soul from God should stray, 
 I'll bear my cross and follow thee : 
 
 Let others choose the fairer way. 
 
23+ ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 My face is tneeter for the spit ; 
 
 I am more suitable to stxame, 
 And to the taunts of scornful wit : 
 
 It's no great matter for my name. 
 
 My Lord hath taught me how to want 
 
 A place wherein to put my head : 
 While he is mine, I'll be content 
 
 To beg or lack my daily bread. 
 Must I forsake the soil and air 
 
 Where first I drew my vital breath ? 
 That way may be as near and fair : 
 
 Thence I may come to thee by death. 
 All countries are my Father's lands ; 
 
 Thy sun, thy love, doth shine on all ; 
 We may in all lift up pure hands, 
 
 And with acceptance on thee call. 
 
 What if in prison I must dwell ? 
 
 May I not there converse with thee? 
 Save me from sin, thy wrath, and hell, 
 
 Call me thy child, and I am free. 
 No walls or bars can keep thee out ; 
 
 None can confine a holy soul ; 
 The streets of heaven it walks about ; 
 
 None can its liberty control. 
 This flesh hath drawn my soul to sin : 
 
 If it must smart, thy will be done ! 
 O fill me with thy joys witliin. 
 
 And t}ien I'll let it grieve alone. 
 
 Frail, sinful flesh is loath to die ; 
 
 Sense to the unseen world is strange ; 
 The doubting soul dreads the Most High, 
 
 And trembleth at so great a change. 
 O let me not be strange at home. 
 
 Strange to the sun and life of souls. 
 Choosing this low and darkened room, 
 
 Familiar with worms and moles ! 
 Am I the first that go this way? 
 
 How many saints are gone before ! 
 How many enter every day 
 
 Into thy kingdom by this door ! 
 
THE RETURN. 235 
 
 Christ was once dead, and in a grave ; 
 
 Yet conquered death, and rose again ; 
 And by this method he will save 
 
 His servants that with him shall reign. 
 The strangeness will be quickly over, 
 
 "When once the heaven-born soul is there : 
 One sight of God will it recover 
 
 From all this backwardness and fear. 
 To us, Christ's lowest parts, his feet. 
 
 Union and faith must yet suffice 
 To guide and comfort us : it's meet 
 
 We trust our head who hath our eves. 
 
 We see here that faith in the Lord leads Richard 
 Baxter to the same conclusions immediately to which 
 his faithful philosophy led Henry More. 
 
 There is much in Baxter's poems that I would 
 gladly quote, but must leave with regret. Here is a 
 curious, skilful, and, in a homely way, poetic ballad, 
 embodying a good parable. I give only a few of the 
 stanzas. 
 
 THE RETURN. 
 
 Who was it that I left behind 
 
 When I went last from home. 
 That now I all disordered find 
 
 When to myself I come ? 
 
 I left it light, but now all's dark. 
 
 And I am fain to grope : 
 Were it not for one little spark 
 
 I should be out of hope. 
 
 My Gospel-book I open left. 
 
 Where I the promise saw ; 
 But now I doubt it's lost by theft : 
 
 I find none but the Law. 
 
236 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 The stormy rain an entrance hath 
 
 Through the uncovered top : 
 I low should I rest when showers of wrath 
 
 Upon my conscience drop ? 
 
 I locked my jewel in my chest ; 
 
 I'll search lest that be gone : — 
 If this one guest had quit my breast, 
 
 I had been cjuite undone. 
 
 My treacherous Flesh had played its part, 
 
 And opened Sin the door ; 
 And they have spoiled and robbed my heart. 
 
 And left it sad and poor. 
 
 Yet have I one great trusty friend 
 
 That will procure my peace. 
 And all this loss and min mend, 
 
 And purchase my release. 
 
 The bellows I'll yet take in hand. 
 
 Till this small spark shall flame : 
 Love shall my heart and tongue command 
 
 To praise God's holy name. 
 
 I'll mend the roof; I'll watch the door, 
 
 And better keep the key ; 
 I'll trust my treacherous flesh no more. 
 
 But force it to obey. 
 
 What have I said ? That I'll do this 
 
 That am so false and weak. 
 And have so often done amiss. 
 
 And did my covenants break? 
 
 I mean, Lord — all this shall be done 
 
 If thou my heart wilt raise ; 
 And as the work must be thine own, 
 
 So also shall the praise. 
 
 The allegory is so good that one is absolutely sorry 
 when it breaks down, and the poem says in plain 
 words that which is the subject of the figures, bring- 
 
BROKEN ALLEGORY. 237 
 
 ing truths unmasked into the midst of the maskers 
 who represent truths — thus interrupting the pleasure 
 of the artistic sense in the transparent illusion. 
 
 The command of metrical form in Baxter is some- 
 what remarkable. He has not much melody, but he 
 keeps good time in a variety of measures. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 CRASHAW AND MARVKLL. 
 
 I COME now to one of the loveliest of our angel- 
 birds, Richard Crashaw. Indeed he was like a bird 
 in more senses than one ; for he belongs to that class 
 of men who seem hardly ever to get foot-hold of 
 this world, but are ever floating in the upper air of it. 
 
 What I said of a peculiar ^olian word-music 
 in William Drummond applies with equal truth to 
 Crashaw ; while of our own poets, somehow or other, 
 he reminds me of Shelley, in the silvery shine and 
 bell-like melody both of his verse and his imagery ; 
 and in one of his poems, Musics Duel, the fineness 
 of his phrase reminds me of Keats. But I must not 
 forget that it is only with his sacred, his best poems 
 too, that I am now concerned. 
 
 The date of his birth is not known with certainty, 
 but it is judged about 1616, the year of Shakspere's 
 death. He was the son of a Protestant clergyman 
 zealous even to controversy. By a not unnatural 
 reaction Crashaw, by that time, it is said, a popular 
 preacher, when expelled from Oxford in 1644 by the 
 Puritan Parliament because of his refusal to sign 
 
THE SENTIMENTAL. 239 
 
 their Covenant, became a Roman Catholic. He died 
 about the age of thirty-four, a canon of the Church of 
 Loretto. There is much in his verses of that sentimen- 
 talism which, I have already said in speaking of South- 
 well, is rife in modern Catholic poetry. I will give 
 from Crashaw a specimen of the kind of it. Avoid- 
 ing a more sacred object, one stanza from a poem 
 of thirty-one, most musical, and full of lovely speech 
 concerning the tears of Mary Magdalen, will suit my 
 purpose. 
 
 Hail, sister springs, 
 Parents of silver-footed rills ! 
 
 Ever-bubbling things ! 
 Thawing crystal ! Snowy hills, 
 Still spending, never spent ! — I mean 
 Thy fair eyes, sweet Magdalene ! 
 
 The poem is called The Weeper, and is radiant of 
 delicate fancy. But surely such tones are not worthy 
 of flitting moth-like about the holy sorrow of a re- 
 pentant woman ! Fantastically beautiful, they but 
 play with her grief. Sorrov/ herself would put her 
 shoes off her feet in approaching the weeping Mag- 
 dalene. They make much of her indeed, but they 
 show her little reverence. There is in them, notwith- 
 standing their fervour of amorous words, a coldness 
 like that which dwells in the ghostly beauty of icicles 
 shining in the moon. 
 
 But I almost reproach myself for introducing 
 Crashaw thus. I had to point out the fact, and 
 now having done with it, I could heartily wish I had 
 room to expatiate on his loveliness even in such 
 poems as The Weeper. 
 
240 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 His Divine Epigrams are not the most beautiful, 
 but they are to me the most valuable of his verses, 
 inasmuch as they make us feel afresh the truth which 
 he sets forth anew. In them some of the facts of our 
 Lord's life and teaching look out upon us as from 
 clear windows of the past. As epigrams, too, they 
 are excellent — pointed as a lance. 
 
 Upon the Sepulchre of our Lord. 
 
 Here, where our Lord once laid his head, 
 Now the grave lies buried. 
 
 The Widow's Mites. 
 
 Two mites, two drops, yet all her house and land. 
 Fall from a steady heart, though trembling hand ; 
 The other's wanton wealth foams high and brave : 
 The other cast away — she only gave. 
 
 On the Prodigal. 
 
 Tell me, bright boy ! tell me, my golden lad ! 
 Whither away so frolic ? Why so glad ? 
 
 What ! all thy wealth in council ? all thy state ? 
 Are husks so dear ? Troth, 'tis a mighty rate ! 
 
 I value the following as a lovely parable. Mary 
 is not contented : to see the place is little comfort. 
 The church itself, with all its memories of the Lord, 
 the gospel-story, and all theory about him, is but his 
 tomb until we find himself 
 
 Come, see the place where the Lord lay. 
 
 Show me himself, himself, bright sir ! Oh show ' 
 Which way my poor tears to himself may go. 
 
THE PRIEST AND THE MAN. 241 
 
 Were it enough to show the place, and say, 
 " Look, Mary ; here see where thy Lord once lay ;" 
 Then could I show these arms of mine, and say, 
 " Look, Mary; here see where thy Lord once lay.'' 
 
 From one of eight lines, on the Mother Mary 
 looking on her child in her lap, I take the last tvyo, 
 complete in themselves, and I think best alone. 
 
 This new guest to her eyes new laws hath given : 
 'Twas once look up, 'tis now look down to heaven. 
 
 And here is perhaps his best. 
 
 Two went up into the Temple to pray. 
 Two went to pray ? Oh rather say. 
 One went to brag, the other to pray. 
 
 One stands up close, and treads on high. 
 Where the other dares not lend his eye. 
 
 One nearer to God's altar trod ; 
 The other to the altar's God. 
 
 This appears to me perfect. Here is the true 
 relation between the forms and the end of religion. 
 The priesthood, the altar and all its ceremonies, must 
 vanish from between the sinner and his God. When 
 the priest forgets his mediation of a servant, his duty 
 of a door-keeper to the temple of truth, and takes 
 upon him the office of an intercessor, he stands 
 between man and God, and is a Satan, an adversary. 
 Artistically considered, the poem could hardly be 
 improved. 
 
 Here is another containing a similar lesson. 
 
 I am not worthy that thou shouldst come under my roof. 
 
 Thy God was making haste into thy roof ; 
 Thy humble faith and fear keeps him aloof. 
 He'll be thy guest : because he may not be. 
 He'll come— into thy house ? No ; into thee. 
 
 S.L. IV. R 
 
242 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 The following is a world-wide intercession for them 
 that know not what they do. Of those that reject the 
 truth, who can be said ever to have truly seen it ? A 
 man must be good to see truth. It is a thought 
 suggested by our Lord's words, not an irreverent 
 opposition to the truth of them. 
 
 But now tkey kavs seen and hated. 
 
 Seen ? and yet hated thee ? They did not see — 
 They saw thee not, that saw and hated thee ! 
 No, no ; they saw thee not, O Life ! O Love ! 
 Wlio saw aught in thee that their hate could move. 
 
 We must not be too ready to quarrel with every 
 oddity : an oddity will sometimes just give the start 
 to an outbreak of song. The strangeness of the 
 following hymn rises almost into grandeur. 
 
 EASTER DAY. 
 
 Rise, heir of fresh eternity. 
 From thy virgin-tomb ; 
 Rise, mighty man of wonders, and tliy world with thee ; 
 Thy tomb, the universal East — 
 Nature's new womb ; 
 Thy tomb — fair Immortality's perfumed nest. 
 
 Of all the glories^ make noon gay 
 This is the morn ; 
 This rock buds forth the fountain of the streams of day ; 
 In joy's white annals lives this hour, 
 When life was bom, 
 No cloud-scowl on his radiant lids, no tempest-lower. 
 
 1 Which understood. 
 
CRASHAW—HYMN OF THE NATIVITY. 243 
 
 Life, by this light's nativity, 
 All creatures have ; 
 Death only by this day's just doom is forced to die. 
 Nor is death forced ; for, may he lie 
 Throned in thy grave, 
 Death will on this condition be content to die. 
 
 When we come, in the writings of one who has 
 revealed masterdom, upon any passage that seems 
 commonplace, or any figure that suggests nothing 
 true, the part of wisdom is to brood over that point ; 
 for the probability is that the barrenness lies in us, 
 two factors being necessary for the result of sight — 
 the thing to be seen and the eye to see it. No doubt 
 the expression may be inadequate, but if we can 
 compensate the deficiency by adding more vision, so 
 much the better for us. 
 
 In the second stanza there is a strange combination 
 of images : the rock buds ; and buds a fountain ; the 
 fountain is light. But the images are so much one 
 at the root, that they slide gracefully into each other, 
 and there is no confusion or incongruity : the result is 
 an inclined plane of development. 
 
 I now come to the most musical and most graceful, 
 therefore most lyrical, of his poems. I have left out 
 just three stanzas, because of the sentimentalism of 
 which I have spoken : I would have left out more if 
 I could have done so without spoiling the symmetry 
 of the poem. My reader must be friendly enough to 
 one who is so friendly to him, to let his peculiarities 
 pass unquestioned — amongst the rest his conceits, as 
 well as the trifling discord that the shepherds should 
 be called, after the classical fashion — ill agreeing, 
 
 R 2 
 
244 ENGLAND'S AN TIP HON. 
 
 from its associations, with Qiristian song — Tityrus 
 and Thyrsis. 
 
 A HYMN OF THE NATIVITY SUNG BY THE SHEPHERDS. 
 
 Chorus. Come, we shepherds, whose blest sight 
 Hath met love's noon in nature's night ; 
 Come, lift we up our loftier song. 
 And wake the sun that lies too long. 
 
 To all our world of well-stolen i joy 
 
 He slept, and dreamed of no such thing, 
 
 "While we found out heaven's fairer eye. 
 And kissed the cradle of our king : 
 
 Tell him he rises now too late 
 
 To show us aught worth looking at. 
 
 Tell him we now can show him more 
 Than he e'er showed to mortal sight— 
 
 Than he himself e'er saw before. 
 
 Which to be seen needs not his light : 
 
 Tell him, Tityrus, where thou hast been ; 
 
 Tell him, Thyrsis, what thou hast seen. 
 
 Tityrus. Gloomy night embraced the place 
 Where the noble infant lay : 
 The babe looked up and showed his face : 
 
 In spite of darkness it was day. 
 It was thy day,' sweet, and did rise 
 Not from the east, but from thy eyes. 
 
 Chorus. It was thy day, sweet, &c. 
 
 Thyrsis. Winter chid aloud, and sent 
 
 The angry north to wage his wars : 
 The north forgot his fierce intent, 
 
 And left perfumes instead of scars. 
 By those sweet eyes' persuasive powers, 
 Where he meant frosts, he scattered flowers. 
 Chorus. By those sweet eyes', &c. 
 
 I How unpleasant conceit can become. The joy of seeing the Saviour 
 was stolen because they gained it in the absence of the sun ! 
 
HYMN OF THE NA TI I 'ITY. 245 
 
 Both, We saw thee in thy balmy nesl, 
 
 Young dawn of our eternal day ; 
 We saw thine eyes break from the east, 
 
 And chase the trembling shades away. 
 We saw thee, and we blessed the sight ; 
 We saw thee by thine own sweet light. 
 Chorus. We saw thee, &c. 
 
 Tityrits. " Poor world," said I, " what wilt thou do 
 To entertain this starry stranger ? 
 Is this the best thou canst bestow — 
 
 A cold and not too cleanly manger? 
 Contend, the powers of heaven and earth, 
 To fit a bed for this huge birth." 
 
 Chorus. Contend, the powers, &c. 
 
 Thyrsis. " Proud world," said I, "' cease your contest, 
 And let the mighty babe alone : 
 The phcenix builds the phoenix' nest — 
 
 Love's architecture is his own. 
 The babe, whose birth embraves this morn. 
 Made his own bed ere he was bom." 
 
 Chorus. The babe, whose birth, &c. 
 
 Tityrus. I saw the curl'd drops, soft and slow. 
 Come hovering o'er the place's head, 
 Offering their whitest sheets of snow 
 
 To furnish the fair infant's bed : 
 "Forbear," said I ; "be not too bold : 
 Your fleece is white, but 'tis too cold." 
 Chorus. "Forbear," said I, &c. 
 
 Thyrsis. I saw the obsequious seraphim 
 
 Their rosy fleece of fire bestow ; 
 For well they now can spare their wings, 
 
 Since heaven itself lies here below. 
 " Well done," said I ; " but are you sure 
 Your down, so warm, will pass for pure?" 
 Chorus. "Well done," said I, &c. 
 
246 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Full Chorus. Welcome all wonders in one sight ! 
 
 Eternity shut in a span ! 
 Summer in winter ! day in night ! 
 
 Heaven in earth, and God in man ! 
 Great little one, whose all-embracing birth 
 Lifts earth to heaven, stoops heaven to earth ! 
 
 * * * » 
 
 Welcome — though not to those gay flies 
 Gilded i' th' beams of earthly kings — 
 
 Slippery souls in smiling eyes — 
 
 But to poor shepherds, homespun things, 
 
 Whose wealth's their flocks, whose wit's to be 
 
 Well read in their simplicity. 
 
 Yet when young April's husband showers 
 
 Shall bless the fruitful Maia's bed, 
 We'll bring the firstborn of her flowers 
 
 To kiss thy feet, and crown thy head : 
 To thee, dear Lamb ! whose love must keep 
 The shepherds while they feed their sheep. 
 
 To thee, meek Majesty, soft king 
 
 Of simple graces and sweet loves, 
 Each of lis his lamb will bring. 
 
 Each his pair of silver doves. 
 At last, in fire of thy fair eyes, 
 Ourselves become our own best sacrifice. 
 
 A splendid line to end with ! too good for the pre- 
 ceding one. All temples and altars, all priesthoods 
 and prayers, must vanish in this one and only sacri- 
 fice. Exquisite, however, as the poem is, we cannot 
 help wishing it looked less heathenish. Its decora- 
 tions are certainly meretricious. 
 
 From a few religious poems of Sir Edward Sher- 
 burne, another Roman Catholic, and a firm adherent 
 of Charies I., I choose the following — the only one I 
 care for. 
 
ANDREW MARVELL. 247 
 
 AND THEY LAID HIM IN A MANGER. 
 Happy crib, that wert, alone, 
 To my God, bed, cradle, throne ! 
 Whilst thy glorious vileness I 
 View with divine fancy's eye. 
 Sordid filth seems all the cost. 
 State, and splendour, crowns do boast. 
 
 See heaven's sacred majesty 
 Humbled beneath poverty ; 
 Swaddled up in homely rags. 
 On a bed of straw and flags ! 
 He whose hands the heavens displayed, 
 And the world's foundations laid. 
 From the world 's almost exiled. 
 Of all ornaments despoiled. 
 Perfumes bathe him not, new-bom ; 
 Persian mantles not adorn ; 
 Nor do the rich roofs look bright 
 With the jasper's orient light. 
 
 Where, O royal infant, be 
 The ensigns of thy majesty ; 
 Thy Sire's equalizing state ; 
 And thy sceptre that rules fate ? 
 Where's thy angel-guarded throne, 
 Whence thy laws thou didst make known — 
 Laws which heaven, earth, hell obeyed ? 
 These, ah ! these aside he laid ; 
 Would the emblem be — of pride 
 By humility outvied. 
 
 I pass by Abraham Cowley, mighty reputation as 
 he has had, without further remark than that he is 
 too vulgar to be admired more than occasionally, and 
 too artificial almost to be, as a poet, loved at all. 
 
 Andrew Marvell, member of Parliament for Hull 
 both before and after the Restoration, was twelve 
 years younger than his friend Milton. Any one of 
 
248 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 some half-dozen of his few poems is to my mind 
 worth all the verse that Cowley ever made. It is a 
 pity he wrote so little ; but his was a life as diligent, 
 I presume, as it was honourable. 
 
 ON A DROP OF DEW. 
 
 See how the orient dew, 
 
 Shed from the bosom of the mom 
 Into the blowing roses, 
 Yet careless of its mansion new 
 
 For the clear region where 'twas born, 
 
 Round in itself encloses, ^ised intransitively. 
 
 And in its little globe's extent, 
 Frames as it can its native element. 
 How it the purple flower does slight, 
 
 Scarce touching where it lies. 
 But gazing back upon the skies. 
 Shines with a mournful light. 
 Like its own tear. 
 Because so long divided from the sphere : 
 Restless it rolls, and unsecure. 
 
 Trembling lest it grow impure. 
 Till the warm sun pity its pain. 
 And to the skies exhale it back again. 
 
 So the soul, that drop, that ray 
 Of the clear fountain of eternal day, 
 Could it within the human flower be seen. 
 Remembering still its former height. 
 Shuns the sweet leaves and blossoms green ; 
 And, recollecting its own light. 
 Does, in its pure and circling thoughts, express 
 The greater heaven in an heaven less. 
 In how coy a figure wound. 
 Every way it turns away. 
 So the world excluding round. 
 
 Yet receiving in the day ; 
 Dark beneath but bright above. 
 Here disdaining, there in love. 
 
THE CORONET. 249 
 
 How loose and easy hence to go I 
 How girt and ready to ascend ! 
 Moving but on a point below, 
 It all about does upwards bend. 
 Such did the manna's sacred dew distil — 
 White and entire,'' though congealed and chill — 
 Congealed on earth, but does, dissolving, run 
 Into the glories of the almighty sun. 
 
 Surely a lovely fancy of resemblance, exquisitely 
 wrought out ; an instance of the lighter play of the 
 mystical mind, which yet shadows forth truth. 
 
 THE CORONET. 
 
 When for the thorns with which I long too long. 
 
 With many a piercing wound, 
 
 My Saviour's head have crowned, 
 I seek with garlands to redress that wrong, 
 
 Through every garden, every mead 
 I gather flowers — my fruits are only flowers — 
 
 Dismantling all the fragrant towers 
 That once adorned my shepherdess's head ; 
 And now, when I have summed up all my store, 
 
 Thmking — so I myself deceive — 
 
 So rich a chaplet thence to weave 
 As never yet the King of glory wore ; 
 
 Alas ! I find the serpent old, 
 
 That, tvrining in his speckled breast, 
 
 About the flowers disguised does fold, 
 
 With wreaths of fame and interest. 
 Ah, foolish man that wouldst debase with them 
 And mortal glory, heaven's diadem ! 
 But thou who only couldst the serpent tame. 
 Either his slippery knots at once untie. 
 And disentangle all his winding snare. 
 Or shatter too with him my curious frame,- 
 
 1 A trisyllable. ^ His garland. 
 
250 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 And let these wither, that so he may die, 
 Though set with skill, and chosen out with care ; 
 That they, while thou on both their spoils dost tread, 
 May crown thy feet that could not crown thy head. 
 
 A true sacrifice of worship, if not a garland of 
 praise ! The disciple would have his works tried by 
 the fire, not only that the gold and the precious 
 stones may emerge relucent, but that the wood and 
 hay and stubble may perish. The will of God alone, 
 not what we may have effected, deserves our care. 
 In the perishing of our deeds they fall at his feet ; 
 in our willing their loss we crown his head. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 A MOUNT OF VISION — HENRY VAUGHAN. 
 
 We have now arrived at the borders of a long, dreary- 
 tract, which, happily for my readers, I can shorten 
 for them in this my retrospect. From ■ the heights 
 of Henry Vaughan's verse, I look across a stony- 
 region, with a few feeble oases scattered over it, and 
 a hazy green in the distance. It does not soften the 
 dreariness that its stones are all laid in order, that the 
 spaces which should be meadows are skilfully paved. 
 
 Henry Vaughan belongs to the mystical school, 
 but his poetry rules his theories. You find no more 
 of the mystic than the poet can easily govern ; in fact, 
 scarcely more than is necessary to the highest poetry. 
 He develops his mysticism upwards, with relation to 
 his higher nature alone: it blossoms into poetry. His 
 twin-brother Thomas developed his mysticism down- 
 wards in the direction of the material sciences — a true 
 effort still, but one in which the danger of ceasing to 
 be true increases with increasing ratio the further it is 
 carried. 
 
 They were born in South Wales in the year 1621. 
 Thomas was a clergyman ; Henry a doctor of medi- 
 
252 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 cine. Both were Royalists, and both suffered in the 
 cause — Thomas by expulsion from his living, Henry 
 by imprisonment. Thomas died soon after the 
 Restoration ; Henry outlived the Revolution. 
 
 Henry Vaughan was then nearly thirty years 
 younger than George Herbert, whom he consciously 
 and intentionally imitates. His art is not comparable 
 to that of Herbert : hence Herbert remains the master ; 
 for it is not the thought that makes the poet ; it is 
 the utterance of that thought in worthy presence of 
 speech. He is careless and somewhat rugged. If he 
 can get his thought dressed, and thus made visible, he 
 does not mind the dress fitting awkwardly, or even 
 being a little out at elbows. And yet he has grander 
 lines and phrases than any in Herbert. He has occa- 
 sionally a daring success that strikes one with aston- 
 ishment. In a word, he says more splendid things 
 than Herbert, though he writes inferior poems. His 
 thought is profound and just ; the harmonies in his 
 soul are true ; its artistic and musical ear is defective. 
 His movements are sometimes grand, sometimes 
 awkward. Herbert is always gracious — I use the 
 word as meaning much more than graceful. 
 
 The following poem will instance Vaughan's fine 
 mysticism and odd embodiment : 
 
 COCK-CROWING. 
 Father of lights ! what sunny seed, 
 What glance of day hast thou confined 
 Into this bird? To all the breed 
 This busy ray thou hast assigned ; 
 
 Their magnetism works all night, 
 
 And dreams of Paradise and light. 
 
HENRY VAUGHAN— COCK-CROWING. 253 
 
 Their eyes watch for the morning hue ; 
 Their little grain,' expelling night, 
 So shines and sings, as if it knew 
 The path unto the house of light : 
 
 It seems their candle, howe'er done, 
 
 Was lined 2 and lighted at the sun. 
 
 If such a tincture, such a touch. 
 So firm a longing can empower, 
 Shall thy own image think it much 
 To watch for thy appearing hour ? 
 
 If a mere blast so fill the sail, 
 
 Shall not the breath of God prevail? 
 
 O thou immortal Light and Heat, 
 
 Whose hand so shines through all this frame. 
 
 That by the beauty of the seat, 
 
 We plainly see who made the same ! 
 
 Seeing thy seed abides in me, 
 
 Dwell thou in it, and I in thee. 
 
 To sleep without thee is to die ; 
 
 Yea, 'tis a death partakes of hell ; 
 
 For where thou dost not close the eye. 
 
 It never opens, I can tell : 
 
 In such a dark, Egyptian border 
 
 The shades of death dwell and disorder. 
 
 Its joys and hopes and earnest throws, 
 And hearts whose pulse beats still for light. 
 Are given to birds, who but thee knows 
 A love-sick soul's exalted flight ? 
 
 Can souls be tracked by any eye 
 
 But his who gave them wings to fly ? 
 
 Only this veil, which thou hast broke. 
 
 And must be broken yet in me ; 
 
 This veil, I say, is all the cloak 
 
 And cloud which shadows me from thee. 
 
 This veil thy full-eyed love denies, 
 
 And only gleams and fractions spies. 
 
 1 The ■' sunny seed" in their hearts. ' 
 
 2 From tine or tind, to set on fire. Hence Under. 
 
254 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 O take it off. Make no delay, 
 But brush me with thy light, that I 
 May shine unto a perfect day, 
 And warm me at thy glorious eye. 
 
 O take it off; or, till it flee, 
 
 Though with no lily, stay with me. 
 
 I have no room for poems often quoted, therefore 
 
 not for that lovely one beginning " They are all gone 
 
 into the world of light ;" but I must not omit Tlie 
 
 Retreat, for besides its worth, I have another reason 
 
 for presenting it. 
 
 THE RETREAT. 
 
 Happy those early days when I 
 Shined in my angel-infancy ! 
 Before I understood this place 
 Appointed for my second race. 
 Or taught my soul to fancy ought 
 But a white, celestial thought ; 
 When yet I had not walked above 
 A mile or two from my first love, 
 And, looking back, at that short space 
 Could see a glimpse of his bright face ; 
 When on some gilded cloud or flower 
 My gazing soul would dwell an hour. 
 And in those weaker glories spy 
 Some shadows of eternity ; 
 Before I taught my tongue to wound 
 My conscience with a sinful sound. 
 Or had the black art to dispense 
 A several sin to every sense ; 
 But felt through all this fleshly dress 
 Bright shoots of everlastingness. 
 O how I long to travel back. 
 And tread again that ancient track ! 
 That I might once more reach that plain 
 Where first I left my glorious train. 
 From whence the enlightened spirit sees 
 That shady city of palm-trees. 
 
COMPARISON WITH WORDSWORTH. 255 
 
 But ah ! my soul with too much stay- 
 Is drunk, and staggers in the way ! 
 Some men a forward motion love, 
 But I by backward steps would move ; 
 And when this dust falls to the urn, 
 In that state I came return. 
 
 Let any one who is well acquainted with Words- 
 worth's grand ode — that on the Intimations of Immor- 
 tality — turn his mind to a comparison between that 
 and this : he will find the resemblance remarkable. 
 Whether The Retreat suggested the form of the 
 Ode is not of much consequence, for the Ode is the 
 outcome at once and essence of all Wordsworth's 
 theories ; and whatever he may have drawn from The 
 Retreat is glorified in the Ode. Still it is interesting 
 to compare them. Vaughan believes with Words- 
 worth and some other great men that this is not our 
 first stage of existence ; that we are haunted by 
 dim memories of a former state. This belief is not 
 necessary, however, to sympathy with the poem, for 
 whether the present be our first life or no, we 
 have come from God, and bring from him conscience 
 and a thousand godlike gifts. — " Happy those early 
 days," Vaughan begins : " There was a time," begins 
 Wordsworth, "when the earth seemed apparelled 
 in celestial light." " Before I understood this place," 
 continues Vaughan : " Blank misgivings of a creature 
 moving about in worlds not realized," says Words- 
 worth. " A white celestial thought," says Vaughan : 
 " Heaven lies about us in our infancy," says Words- 
 worth. "A mile or two off, I could see his face," 
 says Vaughan : " Trailing clouds of glory do we 
 
256 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 come," says Wordsworth. " On some gilded cloud 
 or flower, my gazing soul would dwell an hour,'' 
 says Vaughan : " The hour of splendour in the grass, 
 of glory in the flower," says Wordsworth. 
 
 Wordsworth's poem is the profounder in its philo- 
 sophy, as well as far the grander and lovelier in its 
 poetry ; but in the moral relation, Vaughan's poem is 
 the more definite of the two, and gives us in its 
 close, poor as that is compared with the rest of it, just 
 what we feel is wanting in Wordsworth's — the hope 
 of return to the bliss of childhood. We may be 
 comforted for what we lose by what we gain ; but 
 that is not a recompense large enough to be divine : 
 we want both. Vaughan will be a child again. For 
 the movements of man's life are in spirals : we go 
 back whence we came, ever returning on our former 
 traces, only upon a higher level, on the next up- 
 ward coil of the spiral, so that it is a going back 
 and a going forward ever and both at once. Life is, 
 as it were, a constant repentance, or thinking of it 
 again : the childhood of the kingdom takes the place 
 of the childhood of the brain, but comprises all that 
 was lovely in the former delight. The heavenly 
 children will subdue kingdoms, work righteousness, 
 wax valiant in fight, rout the armies of the aliens, 
 merry of heart as when in the nursery of this world 
 they fought their fancied frigates, and defended their 
 toy-battlements. 
 
 Here are the beginning and end of another of 
 similar purport : 
 
FANCY'S AID TO THINKING. 257 
 
 CHILDHOOD. 
 
 I cannot reach it ; and my striving eye 
 Dazzles at it, as at eternity. 
 Were now that chronicle alive, 
 Those white designs which children drive, 
 And the thoughts of each harmless hour. 
 With their content too in my power. 
 Quickly would I make my path even, 
 And by mere playing go to heaven. 
 
 An age of mysteries ! which he 
 Must live twice that would God's face see ; 
 Which angels guard, and with it play — 
 Angels which foul men drive away. 
 
 How do I study now, and scan 
 Thee more than e'er I studied man, 
 And only see, through a long night. 
 Thy edges and thy bordering light ! 
 O for thy centre and mid-day ! 
 For sure that is the narrow way ! 
 
 Many a true thought comes out by the help of a 
 fancy or half-playful exercise of the thinking power. 
 There is a good deal of such fancy in the following 
 poem, but in the end it rises to the height of the 
 purest and best mysticism. We must not forget 
 that the deepest man can utter, will be but the type 
 or symbol of a something deeper yet, of which 
 he can perceive only a doubtful glimmer. This will 
 serve for general remark upon the mystical mode, 
 as well as for comment explanatory of the close of 
 the poem. 
 
258 ENGLAND'S ANTJPHON. 
 
 THE NIGHT. 
 John iii. 2. 
 
 Through that pure virgin-shrine, 
 That sacred veiU drawn o'er thy glorious noon, 
 That men might look and live, as glowworms shine, 
 And face the moon, 
 
 Wise Nicodemus saw such light 
 
 As made him know his God by night. 
 
 Most blest believer he, 
 Who in that land of darkness and blind eyes, 
 Thy long-expected healing wings could see 
 When thou didst rise ! 
 
 And, what can never more be done. 
 
 Did at midnight speak with the sun ! 
 
 O who will tell me where 
 He found thee at that dead and silent hour? 
 What hallowed solitary ground did bear 
 So rare a flower. 
 
 Within whose sacred leaves did lie 
 
 The fulness of the Deity? 
 
 No mercy-seat of gold, 
 No dead and dusty cherub, nor carved stone. 
 But his own living works did my Lord hold 
 And lodge alone. 
 Where trees and herbs did watch and peep 
 And wonder, while the Jews did sleep. 
 
 Dear night ! this world's defeat ; 
 
 The stop to busy fools ; care's check and curb. 
 
 The day of spirits ; my soul's calm retreat 
 Which none disturb ! 
 Christ's progress, and his prayer time,^ 
 The hours to which high heaven doth chime ! ' 
 
 1 The body of Jesus. 
 
 " Mark i. 35 ; Luke xxi. 37. The word lime must be associated both 
 \\\\\\ progress ani prayer — his walking-time and prayer-tirae. 
 
 •' Tliis is an allusion to the sphere-music : the great heavens is a clock 
 whose hours are those when Jesus retires to his Father ; and to these 
 hours the sphere-music gives the chime. 
 
THE CELL AND THE SILENCE. 259 
 
 God's silent, searching flight ; ^ 
 When my Lord's head is filled with dew, and all 
 His locks are wet with the clear drops of night. 
 His still, soft call ; 
 
 His knocking time;^ the soul's dumb watch, 
 
 When spirits their fair kindred catch. 
 
 Were all my loud, evil ' days 
 Calm and unhaunted as is thy dark tent. 
 Whose peace but by some angel's wing or voice 
 Is seldom rent, 
 
 Then I in heaven all the long year 
 
 Would keep, and never wander here. 
 
 But living where the sun 
 Doth all things wake, and where all mix and tire 
 Themselves and others, I consent and run 
 To every mire ; 
 
 And by this world's ill guiding light. 
 
 Err more than I can do by night. 
 
 There is in God, some say, 
 A deep but dazzling darkness ; as men here 
 Say it is late and dusky, because they 
 See not all clear : 
 
 O for that night ! where I in him 
 
 Might live invisible and dim ! 
 
 This is glorious ; and its lesson of quiet and retire- 
 ment we need more than ever in these hurried days 
 upon which we have fallen. If men would but be still 
 enough in themselves to hear, through all the noises 
 of the busy light, the voice that is ever talking on 
 in the dusky chambers of their hearts ! Look at his 
 love for Nature, too ; and read the fourth stanza in 
 connexion with my previous remarks upon symbolism. 
 
 1 He continues his poetic synonyms for the uight. 
 
 2 " Behold I stand at the door and knock." 
 ' A monosyllable. 
 
 S 2 
 
26o ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 I think this poem grander than any of George Her- 
 bert's. I use the word with intended precision. 
 
 Here is one, the end of which is not so good, 
 poetically considered, as the magnificent beginning, 
 but which contains striking lines throughout : — 
 
 THE DAWNING. 
 
 Ah ! what time wilt thou come ? When shall that cry, 
 
 The Bridegroom 'j commg, fill the sky ? 
 
 Shall it in the evening run 
 
 When our words and works are done ? 
 
 Or will thy all-surprising light 
 
 Break at midnight, 
 
 When either sleep or some dark pleasure 
 
 Possesseth mad man without measure ? 
 
 Or shall these early, fragrant hours 
 
 Unlock thy bowers,i 
 
 And with their blush of light descry 
 
 Thy locks crowned with eternity ? 
 
 Indeed, it is the only time 
 
 That with thy glory doth best chime : 
 
 All now are stirring ; every field 
 
 Full hymns doth yield ; 
 
 The whole creation shakes off night, 
 
 And for thy shadow looks the light y^ 
 
 Stars now vanish without number ; 
 
 Sleepy planets set and slumber ; 
 
 The pursy clouds disband and scatter ; — 
 
 All expect some sudden matter ; 
 
 Not one beam triumphs, but, from far. 
 
 That morning-star. 
 
 O, at what time soever thou. 
 Unknown to us, the heavens wilt bow. 
 And, with thy angels in the van, 
 Descend to judge poor careless man. 
 
 ^ Often used for chambers. 
 " The creation looks for the light, thy shadow ? " Or, " The light 
 looks for thy shadow, the sun " ? 
 
THE DA WNING. 
 
 261 
 
 Grant I may not like puddle lie 
 
 In a corrupt security, 
 
 Where, if a traveller water crave, 
 
 He finds it dead, and in a grave ; 
 
 But as this restless, vocal spring 
 
 All day and night doth ran and sing, 
 
 And though here born, yet is acquainted 
 
 Elsewhere, and, flowing, keeps untainted. 
 
 So let me all my busy age 
 
 In thy free services engage ; 
 
 And though, while here, of force, 1 1 must 
 
 Have commerce sometimes with poor dust," 
 
 And in my flesh, though vile and low. 
 
 As this doth in her channel, flow. 
 
 Yet let my course, my aim, my love, 
 
 And chief acquaintance be above. 
 
 So when that day and hour shall come, 
 
 In which thyself will be the sun, 
 
 Thou 'It find me drest and on my way, 
 
 Watching the break of thy great day. 
 
 I do not think that description of the dawn has 
 ever been surpassed. The verse " All expect some 
 sudden matter," is wondrously fine. The water 
 " dead and in a grave," because stagnant, is a true 
 fancy ; and the "' acquainted elsewhere " of the run- 
 ning stream, is a masterly phrase. I need not point 
 out the symbolism of the poem. 
 
 I do not know a writer, Wordsworth not excepted, 
 who reveals more delight in the visions of Nature 
 than Henry Vaughan. He is a true forerunner of 
 Wordsworth, inasmuch as the latter sets forth with 
 only greater profundity and more art than he, the 
 relations between Nature and Human Nature ; while, 
 
 1 Perforce: of necessity. 
 
 ^ He does not ni;2n his fellows, but his bodily nature. 
 
262 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 on the other hand, he is the forerunner as well of some 
 one that must yet do what Wordsworth has left almost 
 unattempted, namely — set forth the sympathy of 
 Nature with the aspirations of the spirit that is born 
 of God, born again, I mean, in the recognition of the 
 child's relation to the Father. Both Herbert and 
 Vaughan have thus read Nature, the latter turning 
 many leaves which few besides have turned. In this 
 he has struck upon a deeper and richer lode than even 
 Wordsworth, although he has not wrought it with 
 half his skill. In any history of the development of 
 the love of the present age for Nature, Vaughan, 
 although I fear his influence would be found to 
 have been small as yet, must be represented as the 
 Phosphor of coming dawn. Beside him, Thomson 
 is cold, artistic, and gray: although larger in scope, 
 he is not to be compared with him in sympathetic 
 sight. It is this insight that makes Vaughan a 
 mystic. He can see one thing everywhere, and all 
 things the same — yet each with a thousand sides 
 that radiate crossing lights, even as the airy particles 
 around us. For him everything is the expression of, 
 and points back to, some fact in the Divine Thought. 
 Along the line of every ray he looks towards its 
 radiating centre — the heart of the Maker. 
 
 I could give many insta;nces of Vaughan's power 
 in reading the heart of Nature, but I may not dwell 
 upon this phase. Almost all the poems I give and 
 have given will afford such. 
 
A NAMELESS POEM. 263 
 
 I walked the other day, to spend my hour, 
 
 Into a field. 
 Where I sometimes had seen the soil to yield 
 
 A gallant flower ; 
 But winter now had ruffled all the bower 
 
 And curious store 
 I knew there heretofore. 
 
 Yet I whose search loved not to peep and peer 
 
 I' th' face of things, 
 Thought with myself, there might be other springs 
 
 Besides this here. 
 Which, like cold friends, sees us but once a year ; 
 
 And so the flower 
 Might have some other bower. 
 
 Then taking up what I could nearest spy, 
 
 I digged about 
 That place where I had seen him to grow out ; 
 
 And by and by 
 I saw the warm recluse alone to lie. 
 
 Where fresh and green 
 He lived of us unseen. 
 
 Many a question intricate and rare 
 
 Did I there strow ; 
 But all I could extort was, that he now 
 
 Did there repair 
 Such losses as befell him in this air. 
 
 And would ere long 
 Come forth most fair and young. 
 
 This past, T threw the clothes quite o'er his head ; 
 
 And, stung with fear 
 Of my own frailty, dropped down many a tear 
 
 Upon his bed ; 
 Then sighing, whispered, Happy are the dead! 
 
 What peace doth now 
 Rock him asleep below I 
 
264 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 And yet, how few believe such doctrine springs 
 
 From a poor root 
 Which all the winter sleeps here under foot, 
 
 And hath no wings 
 To raise it to the truth and light of things. 
 
 But is still trod 
 By every wandering clod ! 
 
 O thou, whose spirit did at first inflame 
 
 And warm the dead ! 
 And by a sacred incubation fed 
 
 With life this frame. 
 Which once had neither being, form, nor name ! 
 
 Grant I may so 
 Thy steps track here below, 
 
 Tliat in these masks and shadows I may see 
 
 Thy sacred way ; 
 And by those hid ascents climb to that day 
 
 Which breaks from thee. 
 Who art in all things, though invisibly : 
 
 Show me thy peace, 
 Thy mercy, love, and ease. 
 
 And from this care, where dreams and sorrows reign. 
 
 Lead me above. 
 Where light, joy, leisure, and true comforts move 
 
 Without all pain : 
 There, hid in thee, show me his life again 
 
 At whose dumb urn 
 Thus all the year I mourn. 
 
 There are several amongst his poems lamenting, 
 like this, the death of some dear friend — perhaps hi.s 
 twin-brother, whom he outlived thirty years. 
 
 According to what a man is capable of seeing in 
 nature, he becomes either a man of appliance, a man 
 of science, a mystic, or a poet. 
 
 I must now give two that are simple in thought, con- 
 
CJIIflST'S NA TIVITY. 265 
 
 struction, and music. The latter ought to be popular, 
 from the nature of its rhythmic movement, and the 
 holy merriment it carries. But in the former, note how 
 the major key of gladness changes in the third stanza 
 to the minor key of aspiration, which has always 
 some sadness in it ; a sadness which deepens to grief 
 in the next stanza at the consciousness of unfitness 
 for Christ's company, but is lifted by hope almost 
 again to gladness in the last. 
 
 CHRIST'S NATIVITY. 
 
 Awake, glad heart ! Get up, and sing ! 
 It is the birthday of thy king ! 
 
 Awake ! awake ! 
 
 The sun doth shake 
 Light from his locks, and, all the way 
 Breathing perfumes, doth spice the day. 
 
 Awake ! awake ! Hark how the wood rings ! 
 Winds whisper, and the busy springs 
 
 A concert make : 
 
 Awake ! awake ! 
 Man is their high-priest, and should rise 
 To offer up the sacrifice. 
 
 I would I were some bird or star, 
 Fluttering in woods, or lifted far 
 
 Above this inn 
 
 And road of sin ! 
 Then either star or bird should be 
 Shining or singing still to thee. 
 
 I would I had in my best part 
 
 Fit rooms for thee ! or that my heart 
 
 Were so clean as 
 
 Thy manger was ! 
 But I am all filth, and obscene ; " 
 Yet, if thou wilt, thou canst make clean. 
 
266 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Sweet Jesu ! will then. Let no more 
 This leper haunt and soil thy door. 
 
 Cure him, ease him ; 
 
 O release him t 
 And let once more, by mystic birth, 
 The Lord of life be born in earth. 
 
 The fitting companion to this is his 
 
 EASTER HYMN. 
 
 Death and darkness, get you packing : 
 Nothing now to man is lacking. 
 All your triumphs now are ended, 
 And what Adam marred is mended. 
 Graves are beds now for the weary ; 
 Death a nap, to wake more merry ; 
 Youth now, full of pious duty. 
 Seeks in thee for perfect beauty ; 
 The weak and aged, tired with length 
 Of days, from thee look for new strength ; 
 And infants with thy pangs contest. 
 As pleasant as if with the breast. 
 
 Then unto him who thus hath thrown 
 Even to contempt thy kingdom down. 
 And by his bipod did us advance 
 Unto his own inheritance — 
 To him be glory, power, praise, 
 From this unto the last of days ! 
 
 We must now descend from this height of true 
 utterance into the Valley of Humiliation, and cannot 
 do better than console ourselves by listening to the 
 boy in mean clothes, of the fresh and well-favoured 
 countenance, whom Christiana and her fellow-pilgrims 
 hear singing in that valley. 
 
JOHN BUNYAN. 267 
 
 He that is down, needs fear no fall ; 
 
 He that is low, no pride ; 
 He that is humble ever shall 
 
 Have God to be his guide. 
 
 I am content with what I have. 
 
 Little be it or much ; 
 And, Lord, contentment still I crave, 
 
 Because thou savesti such. 
 
 Fulness to such a burden is 
 
 That go on pilgrimage ; 
 Here little, and hereafter bliss, 
 
 Is best from age to age. 
 
 I could not have my book without one word in it 
 of John Bunyan, the tinker, probably the gipsy, who 
 although born only and not made a poet, like his 
 great brother, John Milton, has uttered in prose a 
 wealth of poetic thought. He was born in 1628, 
 twenty years after Milton. I must not, however, 
 remark on this noble Bohemian of literature and 
 prophecy ; but leaving at length these flowery hills 
 and meadows behind me, step on my way across the 
 desert. — England had now fallen under the influence 
 of France instead of Italy, and that influence has 
 never been for good to our literature, at least. Thence 
 its chief aim grew to be a desirable trimness of speech 
 and logical arrangement of matter — good external 
 qualities purchased at a fearful price with the loss 
 of all that makes poetry precious. The poets of 
 England, with John Dryden at their head, ceased 
 almost for a time to deal with the truths of humanity, 
 and gave themselves to the facts and relations of 
 
 ^ Savour est? 
 
268 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 society. The nation which could recall the family of 
 the Stuarts must necessarily fall into such a decay of 
 spiritual life as should render its literature onlj- 
 respectable at the best, and its religious utterances 
 essentially vulgar. But the decay is gradual. 
 
 Bishop Ken, born in 1637, is known chiefly bj- 
 his hymns for the morning and evening, deservedh' 
 popular. He has, however, written a great man\" 
 besides — too many, indeed, for variety or excellence. 
 He seems to have set himself to write them as acts 
 of worship. They present many signs of a perversion 
 of taste which, though not in them so remarkable, 
 rose to a height before long. He annoys us besides 
 by the constant recurrence of certain phrases, one 
 or two of which are not admirable, and by using, in 
 the midst of a simple style, odd Latin words. Here 
 are portions of, I think, one of his best, and good it is. 
 
 FIRST SUNDAY AFTER CHRISTMAS. 
 
 Lord, 'tis thyself who hast impressed 
 In native light on human breast, 
 That their Creator all 
 Mankind should Father call ; 
 A father's love all mortals know, 
 And the love fiUal which they owe. 
 
 Our Father gives us heavenly light, 
 And to be happy, ghostly sight ; 
 
 He blesses, guides, sustains ; 
 
 He eases us in pains ; 
 Abatements for our weakness makes, 
 And never a true child forsakes. 
 
BISHOP THOMAS KEN. 269 
 
 He waits till the hard heart relents ; 
 Our self-damnation he laments ; 
 
 He sweetly them invites 
 
 To share in heaven's delights ; 
 His arms he opens to receive 
 All who for past transgressions grieve. 
 
 My Father ! O that name is sweet 
 To sinners mourning in retreat. 
 
 God's heart paternal yearns 
 
 When he a change discerns ; 
 He to his favour them restores ; 
 He heals their most inveterate sores. 
 ***** 
 Religious honour, humble awe ; 
 Obedience to our Father's law ; 
 
 A lively grateful sense 
 
 Of tenderness immense ; 
 Full trust on God's paternal cares ; 
 Submission which chastisement bears ; 
 
 Grief, when his goodness we offend ; 
 Zeal, to his likeness to ascend ; 
 
 Will, from the world refined. 
 
 To his sole will resigned : 
 These graces in God's children shine, 
 Reflections of the love divine. 
 
 ***** 
 God's Son co-equal taught us all 
 In prayer his Father ours to call : 
 
 With confidence in need, 
 
 We to our Father speed : 
 Of his own Son the language dear 
 Intenerates the Father's ear. makr, tender. 
 
 Thou Father art, though to my shame, 
 1 often forfeit that dear name ; 
 
 But since for sin I grieve. 
 
 Me father-like receive ; 
 O melt me into filial tears, 
 To pay of love my vast arrears. 
 
270 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 O Spirit of Adoption ! spread 
 
 Thy wings enamouring o'er my head ; 
 
 Filial love immense ! 
 Raise me to love intense ; 
 
 Father, source of love divine, 
 
 My powers to love and hymn incline ! 
 
 While God my Father I revere. 
 
 Nor all hell powers, nor death I fe^ar ; 
 
 1 am my Father's care ; 
 His succours present are. 
 
 All comes from my loved Father's will. 
 And that sweet name intends no ill. 
 
 God's Son his soul, when life he closed. 
 In his dear Father's hands reposed: 
 
 I'll, when my last I breathe, 
 
 My soul to God bequeath ; 
 And panting for the joys on high, 
 Invoking Love Paternal, die. 
 
 Born in 1657, one of the later English Platonists, 
 John Norris, who, with how many incumbents between 
 I do not know, succeeded George Herbert in the cure 
 of Bemerton, has left a few poems, which would have 
 been better if he had not been possessed with the 
 common admiration for the rough-shod rhythms of 
 Abraham Cowley. 
 
 Here is one in which the peculiarities of his theories 
 show themselves very prominently. There is a con- 
 stant tendency in such to wander into the region half- 
 spiritual, half-material. 
 
 THE ASPIRATION. 
 
 How long, great God, how long must I 
 Immured in this dark prison lie ; 
 My soul must watch to have intelligence ; 
 Where at the grates and avenues of sense 
 
JOHN NORRIS. 271 
 
 Where but faint gleams of thee salute my sight, 
 Like doubtful moonshine in a cloudy night ? 
 When shall I leave this magic sphere, 
 And be all mind, all eye, all ear? 
 
 How cold this clime ! And yet my sense 
 Perceives even here thy influence. 
 Even here thy strong magnetic charms I feel, 
 And pant and tremble like the amorous steel. 
 To lower good, and beauties less divine. 
 Sometimes my erroneous needle does decline. 
 But yet, so strong the sympathy. 
 It turns, and points again to thee. 
 
 I long to see this excellence 
 
 Which at such distance strikes my sense. 
 My impatient soul struggles to disengage 
 Her wings from the confinement of her cage. 
 Wouldst thou, great Love, this prisoner once set free. 
 How would she hasten to be linked to thee ! 
 
 She'd for no angels' conduct stay, 
 
 But fly, and love on all the way. 
 
 THE RETURN. 
 
 Dear Contemplation ! my divinest joy ! 
 When I thy sacred mount ascend. 
 What heavenly sweets my soul employ ! 
 
 Why can't I there my days for ever spend? 
 
 When I have conquered thy steep heights with pain. 
 
 What pity 'tis that I must down again ! 
 
 And yet I must : my passions would rebel 
 
 Should I too long continue here : 
 
 No, here I must not think to dwell. 
 But mind the duties of my proper sphere. 
 So angels, though they heaven's glories know. 
 Forget not to attend their charge below. 
 
 The old hermits thought to overcome their im- 
 pulses by retiring from the world : our Platonist has 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 discovered for himself that the world of duty is the 
 only sphere in which they can be combated. Never 
 perhaps is a saint more in danger of giving way to 
 impulse, let it be anger or what it may, than in the 
 moment when he has just descended from this mount 
 of contemplation. 
 
 We find ourselves now in the zone of /y';««-writing. 
 From this period, that is, from towards the close of 
 the seventeenth century, a large amount of the fer- 
 vour of the country finds vent in hymns : they are 
 innumerable. With them the scope of my book 
 would not permit me to deal, even had I inclina- 
 tion thitherward, and knowledge enough to undertake 
 their history. But I am not therefore precluded from 
 presenting any hymn whose literary excellence makes 
 it worthy. 
 
 It is with especial pleasure that I refer to a little 
 book which was once a household treasure in a 
 multitude of families,^ the Spiritual Songs of John 
 Mason, a clergyman in the county of Buckingham. 
 The date of his birth does not appear to be known, 
 but the first edition of these songs ^ was published in 
 1683. Dr. Watts was very fond of them : would that 
 he had written with similar modesty of style ! A few 
 
 ' The first I ever saw of its hymns was on a broad-sheet of Christmas 
 Carols, with coloured pictures, printed in Seven Dials. 
 
 - They passed through twenty editions, not to mention one lately 
 published {fiy Daniel Sedgwick^ of 81, Sun-street^ Bishopsgate, a man 
 -who, concerning hymns and their writers, knows more than any other 
 man I have met], from which, carefully edited, I have gathered all 
 my information, although I had known the book itself for many 
 
JOHN MASON: SONG OF PRAISE. 273 
 
 of them are still popular in congregational singing. 
 Here is the first in the book : 
 
 A GENERAL SONG OF PRAISE TO ALMIGHTY GOD. 
 
 How shall I sing that Majesty 
 
 Which angels do admire ? 
 Let dust in dust and silence lie ; 
 
 Sing, sing, ye heavenly choir. 
 Thousands of thousands stand around 
 
 Thy throne, O God most high ; 
 Ten thousand times ten thousand sound 
 
 Thy praise ; but who am I ? 
 
 Thy brightness unto them appears, 
 
 Whilst I thy footsteps trace ; 
 A sound of God comes to my ears ; 
 
 But they behold thy face. 
 They sing because thou art their sun : 
 
 Lord, send a beam on me ; 
 For where heaven is but once begun, 
 
 There hallelujahs be. 
 
 Enlighten with faith's light my heart ; 
 
 Enfiame it with love's fire ; 
 Then shall I sing and bear a part 
 
 With that celestial choir. 
 I shall, I fear, be dark and cold. 
 
 With all my fire and light ; 
 Yet when thou dost accept their gold. 
 
 Lord, treasure up my mite. 
 
 How great a being, Lord, is thine. 
 
 Which doth all beings keep ! 
 Thy knowledge is the only line 
 
 To sound so vast a deep. 
 Thou art a sea without a shore, 
 
 A sun without a sphere ; 
 Thy time is now and evermore. 
 
 Thy place is everywhere, 
 s. L. IV. T 
 
274 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 How good art thou, whose goodness is 
 
 Our parent, nurse, and guide ! 
 Whose streams do water Paradise, 
 
 And all the earth beside ! 
 Thine upper and thy nether springs 
 
 Make both thy worlds to thrive ; 
 Under thy warm and sheltering wings 
 
 Thou keep'st two broods alive. 
 
 Thy ai-m of might, most mighty king 
 
 Both rocks and hearts doth break : 
 My God, thou canst do everything 
 
 But what should show thee weak. 
 Thou canst not cross thyself, or be 
 
 Less than thyself, or poor ; 
 But whatsoever pleaseth thee, 
 
 That canst thou do, and more. 
 
 Who would not fear thy searching eye, 
 
 Witness to all that's true ! 
 Dark Hell, and deep Hypocrisy 
 
 Lie plain before its view. 
 Motions and thoughts before they grow, 
 
 Thy knowledge doth espy ; 
 What unborn ages are to do. 
 
 Is done before thine eye. 
 
 Thy wisdom which both makes and mends. 
 
 We ever much admire : 
 Creation all our wit transcends ; 
 
 Redemption rises higher. 
 Thy wisdom guides strayed sinners home, 
 
 'Twill make the dead world rise. 
 And bring those prisoners to their doom : 
 
 Its paths are mysteries. 
 
 Great is thy truth, and shall prevail 
 
 To unbelievers' shame : 
 Thy truth and years do never fail ; 
 
 Thou ever art the same. 
 Unbelief is a raging wave 
 
 Dashing against a rock : 
 If God doth not his Israel save, 
 
 Then let Egyptians mock. 
 
CRY FOR COMMUNION WITH GOD. 275 
 
 Most pure and holy are thine eyes, 
 
 Most holy is thy name ; 
 Thy saints, and laws, and penalties. 
 
 Thy holiness proclaim. 
 This is the devil's scourge and sting. 
 
 This is the angels' song. 
 Who holy, holy, holy sing. 
 
 In heavenly Canaan's tongue. 
 
 Mercy, that shining attribute. 
 
 The sinner's hope and plea ! 
 Huge hosts of sins in their pursuit. 
 
 Are drowned in thy Red Sea, 
 Mercy is God's memorial. 
 
 And in all ages praised : 
 My God, thine only Son did fall. 
 
 That Mercy might be raised. 
 
 Thy bright back-parts, O God of grace, 
 
 I humbly here adore : 
 Show me thy glory and thy face, 
 
 That I may praise thee more. 
 Since none can see thy face and live. 
 
 For me to die is best : 
 Through Jordan's streams who would not dive. 
 
 To land at Canaan's rest ? 
 
 To these Songs of Praise is appended another series 
 called Penitential Cries, by the Rev. Thomas Shep- 
 herd, who, for a short time a clergyman in Bucking- 
 hamshire, became the minister of the Congregational 
 church at Northampton, afterwards under the care of 
 Doddridge. Although he was an imitator of Mason, 
 some of his hymns are admirable. The following I 
 think one of the best : — 
 
 FOR COMMUNION WITH GOD. 
 
 Alas, my God, that we should be 
 
 Such strangers to each other ! 
 O that as friends we might agree. 
 
 And walk and talk together ! 
 T 2 
 
376 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Thou know'st my soul does dearly love 
 
 The place of thine abode ; 
 No music drops so sweet a sound 
 
 As these two words, My God. 
 
 * * * ^^ 
 
 May I taste that communion, Lord, 
 
 Thy people have with thee ? 
 Thy spirit daily talks with them, 
 
 O let it talk with me ! 
 Like Enoch, let me walk with God, 
 
 And thus walk out my day. 
 Attended with the heavenly guards, 
 
 Upon the king's highway. 
 
 When wilt thou come unto me. Lord ? 
 
 O come, my Lord most dear ! 
 Come near, come nearer, nearer still : 
 
 I'm well when thou art near. 
 ^^ * * * 
 
 When wilt thou come unto me. Lord? 
 
 For, till thou dost appear, 
 I count each moment for a day. 
 
 Each minute for a year. 
 
 ♦ * * * 
 
 There's no such thing as pleasure here ; 
 
 My Jesus is my all : 
 As thou dost shine or disappear. 
 
 My pleasures rise and fall. 
 Come, spread thy savour on my frame — ■ 
 
 No sw^eetness is so sweet; 
 Till I get up to sing thy name 
 
 Where all thy singers meet. 
 
 In the writings of both we recognize a straight- 
 forwardness of expression equal to that of Wither, 
 and a quaint simphcity of thought and form hke that 
 of Herrick ; while the very charm of some of the best 
 lines is their spontaneity. The men have just enough 
 mysticism to afford them homeliest figures for deepest 
 feelings. 
 
JOSEPH ADDISON. 277 
 
 I turn to the accomplished Joseph Addison. 
 
 He was born in 1672. His religious poems are 
 so well known, and are for the greater part so 
 ordinary in everything but their simplicity of com- 
 position, that I should hardly have cared to choose 
 one, had it not been that we owe him much gratitude 
 for what he did, in the reigns of Anne and George I., 
 to purify the moral taste of the English people at a 
 time when the influence of the clergy was not for 
 elevation, and to teach the love of a higher literature 
 when Milton was little known and less esteemed. 
 Especially are we indebted to him for his modest 
 and admirable criticism of the Paradise Lost in the 
 Spectator. 
 
 Of 'those few poems to which I have referred, I 
 choose the best known, because it is the best. It has 
 to me a charm for which I can hardly account. 
 
 Yet- I imagine I see in it a sign of the poetic 
 times : a flatness of spirit, arising from the evanish- 
 ment of the mystical element, begins to result in a 
 worship of power. Neither po-i^er nor wisdom, though 
 infinite both, could constitute a God worthy of the 
 worship of a human soul ; and the worship of such a 
 God must sink to the level of that fancied divinity. 
 Small wonder is it then that the lyric should now 
 droop its wings and moult the feathers of its praise. 
 I do not say that God's more glorious attributes are 
 already forgotten, but that the tendency of the 
 Christian lyric is now to laudation of power — and 
 knowledge, a form of the same — as the essential of 
 Godhead. This indicates no recalling of metaphysical 
 
278 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 questions, such as we have met in foregoing verse, 
 but a decline towards system ; a rising passion^if 
 anything so cold may be called a passion — for the 
 reduction of all things to the forms of the understand- 
 ing, a declension which has prepared the way for the 
 present worship of science, and its refusal, if not denial, 
 of all that cannot be proved in forms of the intellect. 
 
 The hymn which has led to these remarks is still 
 good, although, like the loveliness of the red and 
 lowering west, it gives sign of a gray and cheerless 
 dawn, under whose dreariness the child will first doubt 
 if his father loves him, and next doubt if he has a 
 father at all, and is not a mere foundling that Nature 
 has lifted from her path. 
 
 The spacious firmament on high, 
 With all the blue etherial sky, 
 And spangled heavens, a shining frame, 
 Their great Original proclaim. 
 The unwearied sun from day to day 
 Does his Creator's power display; 
 And publishes to every land 
 The work of an almighty hand. 
 
 Soon as the evening shades prevail, 
 The moon takes up the wondrous tale ; 
 And nightly to the listening earth 
 Repeats the story of her birth ; 
 Whilst all the stars that round her burn. 
 And all the planets, in their turn, 
 Confirm the tidings as they roll. 
 And spread the truth from pole to pole. 
 
 What though in solemn silence all 
 Move round the dark terrestrial ball ? 
 What though no real voice nor sound 
 Amidst their radiant orbs be found ? 
 
RE VELA riON IN NA TURE. 279 
 
 In reason's ear they all rejoice, 
 And utter forth a glorious voice, 
 For ever singing as they shine : 
 " The hand that made us is divine.'' 
 
 The very use of the words spangled and frame 
 seems — to my fancy only, it may be— to indicate a 
 tendency towards the unworthy and theatrical. Yet 
 the second stanza is lovely beyond a doubt ; and the 
 whole is most artistic, although after a tame fashion. 
 Whether indeed the heavenly bodies teach what he 
 says, or whether we should read divinity worthy of 
 the name in them at all, without the human revela- 
 tion which healed men, I doubt much. That divinity 
 is there — Yes ; that we could read it there without 
 having seen the face of the Son of Man first, I think 
 — No. I do not therefore dare imagine that no revela- 
 tion dimly leading towards such result glimmered in 
 the hearts of God's chosen amongst Jews and Gentiles 
 before he came. What I say is, that power and 
 order, although of God, and preparing the way for 
 him, are not his revealers unto men. No doubt King 
 David compares the perfection of God's law to the 
 glory of the heavens, but he did not learn that per- 
 fection from the heavens, but from the law itself, 
 revealed in his own heart through the life-teaching of 
 God. When he had learned it he saw that the 
 heavens were like it. 
 
 To unveil God, only manhood like our own will serve. 
 And he has taken the form of man that he might 
 reveal the manhood in him from awful eternity. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE PLAIN. 
 
 But Addison's tameness is wonderfully lovely be- 
 side the fervours of a man of honoured name, — 
 Dr. Isaac Watts, born in 1674. The result must 
 be dreadful where fervour will poetize without the 
 aidful restraints of art and modesty. If any man 
 would look upon absurdity in the garb of sobriety, 
 let him search Dryden's Antius JMirabilis : Dr. 
 Watts's" Lyrics are as bad ; they are fantastic to 
 utter folly. An admiration of " the incomparable 
 Mr. Cowley" did the sense of them more injury than 
 the imitation of his rough-cantering ode could do their 
 rhythm. The sentimentalities of Roman Catholic 
 writers towards our Lord and his mother, are not 
 half so offensive as the courtier-like flatteries Dr. 
 Watts offers to the Most High. To say nothing of 
 the irreverence, the vulgarity is offensive. He affords 
 another instance amongst thousands how little the 
 form in which feeling is expressed has to do with 
 the feeling itself In him the thought is true, the 
 form of its utterance false ; the feeling lovely, the 
 word, often to a degree, repulsive. The ugly web is 
 
DR. WATTS: HAPPY FRAILTY. 281 
 
 crossed now and then by a fine line, and even damasked 
 with an occasional good poem : I have found two, 
 and only two, in the whole of his seventy-five Lyrics 
 sacred to Devotion. His objectivity and boldness 
 of thought, and his freedom of utterance, cause us 
 ever and anon to lament that he had not the humility 
 and faith of an artist as well as of a Christian. 
 
 Almost all his symbols indicate a worship of power 
 and of outward show. 
 
 I give the best of the two good poems I have 
 mentioned, and very good it is. 
 
 HAPPY FRAILTY. 
 
 " How meanly dwells the immortal mind ! 
 
 How vile these bodies are ! 
 Why was a clod of earth designed 
 
 To enclose a heavenly star ? 
 
 " Weak cottage where our souls reside I 
 
 This flesh a tottering wall ! 
 With frightful breaches gaping wide, 
 
 The building bends to fall. 
 
 " All round it storms of trouble blow, 
 
 And waves of sorrow roll ; 
 Cold waves and winter storms beat through, 
 
 And pain the tenant-soul. 
 
 " Alas, how frail our state ! " said J, 
 
 And thus went mourning on ; 
 Till sudden from the cleaving sky 
 , A gleam of glory shone. 
 
 My soul all felt the glory come. 
 
 And breathed her native air ; 
 Then she remembered heaven her home, 
 
 And she a prisoner here. 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Straight she began to change her key; 
 
 And, joyful in her pains, 
 She sang the frailty of her clay 
 
 In pleasurable strains. 
 
 " How weak the prison is where I dwell I 
 
 Flesh but a tottering wall ! 
 The breaches cheerfully foretell 
 
 The house must shortly fall. 
 
 " No more, my friends, shall I complain, 
 
 Though all my heart-strings ache ; 
 Welcome disease, and every pain 
 
 That makes the cottage shake ! 
 
 " Now let the tempest blow all round, 
 
 Now swell the surges high. 
 And beat this house of bondage down 
 
 To let the stranger fly ! 
 
 *' I have a mansion built above 
 
 By the eternal hand ; 
 And should the earth's old basis move. 
 
 My heavenly house must stand. 
 
 " Yes, for 'tis there my Saviour reigns — 
 
 I long to see the God — 
 And his immortal strength sustains 
 
 The courts that cost him blood. 
 
 " Hark ! from on high my Saviour calls : 
 
 I come, my Lord, my Love ! 
 Devotion breaks the prison-walls, 
 
 And speeds my last remove." 
 
 His psalms and hymns are immeasurably better 
 than his lyrics. Dreadful some of them are ; and 
 I doubt if there is one from which we would not 
 wish stanzas, lines, and words absent. But some are 
 very fine. The man who could write such verses as 
 these ought not to have written as he has written : — 
 
DR. THOMAS PARNELL. 283 
 
 Had I a glance of thee, my God, 
 
 Kingdoms and men would vanish soon ; 
 
 Vanish as though I saw them not. 
 As a dim candle dies at noon. 
 
 Then they might fight and rage and rave : 
 
 I should perceive the noise no more 
 Than we can hear a shaking leaf 
 
 While rattling thunders round us roar. 
 
 Some of his hymns will be sung, I fancy, so long 
 as men praise God together ; for most heartily do 
 I grant that of all hymns I know he has produced 
 the best for public use ; but these bear a very small 
 proportion indeed to the mass of his labour. We 
 cannot help wishing that he had written about the 
 twentieth part. We could not have too much of his 
 best, such as this : 
 
 Be earth with all her scenes withdrawn ; 
 
 Let noise and vanity begone : 
 
 111 secret silence of the mind 
 
 My heaven, and there my God, I find ; 
 
 but there is no occasion for the best to be so plentiful : 
 a little of it will go a great way. And as our best 
 moments are so few, how could any man write six 
 hundred religious poems, and produce quality in 
 proportion to quantity save in an inverse ratio } 
 
 Dr. Thomas Parnell, the well-known poet, a clergy- 
 man, born in Dublin in 1679, has written a few 
 religious verses. The following have a certain touch 
 of imagination and consequent grace, which distin- 
 guishes them above the swampy level of the time. 
 
2 84 ENGLAND 'S A NTIPHON. 
 
 HYMN FOR EVENING. 
 
 T)ie beam-repelling mists arise, 
 And evening spreads obscurer skies ; 
 The twilight will the night forerun, 
 And night itself be soon begun. 
 Upon thy knees devoutly bow, 
 And pray the Lord of glory now 
 To fill thy breast, or deadly sin 
 May cause a blinder night within. 
 And whether pleasing vapours rise. 
 Which gently dim the closing eyes, 
 Which make the weary members blest 
 With sweet refreshment in their rest ; 
 Or whether spirits ^ in the brain 
 Dispel their soft embrace again. 
 And on my watchful bed I stay, 
 Forsook by sleep, and waiting day ; 
 Be God for ever in my view. 
 And never he forsake me too ; 
 But still as day concludes in night. 
 To break again with new-born light. 
 His wondrous bounty let me find 
 With still a more enlightened mind. 
 
 * Tt * * 
 
 Thou that hast thy palace far 
 
 Above the moon and every star ; 
 
 Thou that sittest on a throne 
 
 To which the night was never known, 
 
 Regard my voice, and make me blest 
 
 By kindly granting its request. 
 
 If thoughts on thee my soul employ, 
 
 My darkness will afford me joy. 
 
 Till thou shalt call and I shall soar, 
 
 And part with darkness evermore. 
 
 Many long and elaborate religious poems I have 
 not even mentioned, because I cannot favour extracts, 
 
 1 The animal spirits of the old physiologists. 
 
POPE'S UNIVERSAL PRA YER. 285 
 
 especially in heroic couplets or blank verse. They 
 would only make my book heavy, and destroy the 
 song-idea. I must here pass by one of the best of 
 such poems, The Complaint, or Night Thoughts of 
 Dr. Young ; nor is there anything else of his I care 
 to quote. 
 
 I must give just one poem of Pope, born in 1688, 
 the year of the Revolution. The flamboyant style of 
 his Messiah is to me detestable: nothing can be more 
 unlike the simplicity of Christianity. All such, equally 
 with those by whatever hand that would be religious 
 by being miserable, I reject at once, along with all 
 that are merely commonplace religious ex;ercises. But 
 this at least is very unlike the rest of Pope's composi- 
 tions : it is as simple in utterance as it is large in 
 scope and practical in bearing. The name Jove may 
 be unpleasant to some ears : it is to mine — not because 
 it is the name given to their deity by men who had 
 had little outward revelation, but because of the asso- 
 ciations which the wanton poets, not the good philo- 
 sophers, have gathered about it. Here let it stand, as 
 Pope meant it, for one of the names of the Unknown 
 God. 
 
 THE UNIVERSAL PRAYER. 
 
 Father of all ! in every age, 
 
 In every clime adored. 
 By saint, by savage, and by sage, 
 
 Jehovah, Jove, or Lord ] 
 
 Thou great First Cause, least understood ! 
 
 Who all my sense confined 
 To know but this, that thou art good, 
 
 And that myself am blind 
 
286 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Yet gave me, in this dark estate, 
 
 To see the good from ill ; 
 And, binding Nature fast in Fate, 
 
 Left free the human will : 
 
 What Conscience dictates to be done, 
 
 Or warns me not to do — 
 This, teach me more than hell to shun, 
 
 That, more than heaven pursue. 
 
 What blessings thy free bounty gives, 
 
 Let me not cast away ; 
 For God is paid when man receives : 
 
 To enjoy is to obey. 
 
 Yet not to earth's contracted span 
 Thy goodness let me bound. 
 
 Or think thee Lord alone of man, 
 When thousand worlds are round. 
 
 Let not this weak, unknowing hand 
 Presume thy bolts to throw. 
 
 And deal damnation round the land 
 On each I judge thy foe. 
 
 If I am right, thy grace impart 
 
 Still in the right to stay ; 
 If I am wrong, O teach my heart 
 
 To find that better way. 
 
 Save me alike from foolish pride 
 
 Or impious discontent. 
 At aught thy wisdom has denied. 
 
 Or aught thy goodness lent. 
 
 Teach me to feel another's woe, 
 
 To hide the fault I see : 
 That mercy I to others show, 
 
 That mercy show to me. 
 
 Mean though I am — not wholly so, 
 Since quickened by thy breath : — 
 
 O lead me wheresoe'er I go, 
 Through this day's life or death. 
 
JOHN BYROM OF MANCHESTER. 287 
 
 This day, be bread and peace my lot : 
 
 All else beneath the sun 
 Thou know'st if best bestowed or not, 
 
 And let thy will be done. 
 
 To thee, whose temple is all space, 
 
 Whose altar, earth, sea, skies, 
 One chorus let all being raise ! 
 
 All Nature's incense rise ! 
 
 And now we come upon a strange little well in the 
 desert. Few flowers indeed shine upon its brink, and 
 it flows with a somewhat unmusical ripple : it is a 
 well of the water of life notwithstanding, for its song 
 tells of the love and truth which are the grand power 
 of God. 
 
 John Byrom, born in Manchester in the year 1691, 
 a man whose strength of thought and perception of 
 truth greatly surpassed his poetic gifts, yet delighted 
 so entirely in the poetic form that he wrote much and 
 chiefly in it. After leaving Cambridge, he gained his 
 livelihood for some time by teaching a shorthand of 
 his own invention, but was so distinguished as a man 
 of learning generally that he was chosen an F.R.S. in 
 1723. Coming under the influence, probably through 
 William Law, of the writings of Jacob Bohme, the 
 marvellous shoemaker of Gorlitz in Silesia, who lived 
 in the time of our Shakspere, and heartily adopting 
 many of his views, he has left us a number of 
 religious poems, which are seldom so sweet in music 
 as they are profound in the metaphysics of religion. 
 Here we have yet again a mj'stical thread running 
 radiant athwart both warp and woof of our poetic web : 
 the mystical thinker will ever be found the reviver of 
 
ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 religious poetry ; and although some of the seed had 
 
 come from afar both in time and space, Byrom's verse 
 
 is of indigenous growth. Much of the thought of the 
 
 present day will be found in his verses. Here is a 
 
 specimen of his metrical argumentation. It is taken 
 
 from a series oi Meditations for every Day in Passion 
 
 Week. 
 
 WEDNESDAY. 
 
 Christ satisfieth i/ie Justice of God by fuljilling all righteousness. 
 Justice demandeth satisfaction — yes ; 
 And t)ught to liave it where injustice is : 
 But there is none in God — it cannot mean 
 Demand of justice where it has full reign : 
 To dwell in man it rightfully demands, 
 Such as he came from his Creator's hands. 
 
 Man had departed from a righteous state, 
 Which he at first must have, if God create : 
 'Tis therefore called God's righteousness, and must 
 Be satisfied by man's becoming just ; 
 iMust exercise good vengeance upon men, 
 Till it regain its rights in them again. 
 
 This was the justice for which Christ became 
 
 A man to satisfy its righteous claim ; 
 
 Became Redeemer of the human race. 
 
 That sin in them to justice might give place ; 
 
 To satisfy a just and righteous will. 
 
 Is neither more nor less than to fulfil. 
 *■ * * * 
 
 Here are two stanzas of one of more mystical 
 reflection : 
 
 A PENITENTIAL SOLILOQUY. 
 What though no objects strike upon the sight ! 
 Thy sacred presence is an inward light. 
 What though no sounds shall penetrate the ear ! 
 To listening thought the voice of truth is clear. 
 Sincere devotion needs no outward shrine ; 
 The centre of an humble soul is thine. 
 
THE SO UL 'S GRA VITA TION. 289 
 
 There may I worship ! and there mayst thou place 
 
 Thy seat of mercy, and thy throne of grace ! 
 
 Yea, fix, if Christ my advocate appear. 
 
 The dread tribunal of thy justice there ! 
 
 Let each vain thought, let each impure desire 
 
 Meet in thy wrath with a consuming fire. 
 
 And here are two of more lyrical favour. 
 
 THE SOUL'S TENDENCY TOWARDS ITS TRUE CENTRE. 
 
 Stones towards the earth descend ; 
 
 Rivers to the ocean roll ; 
 Every motion has some end : 
 
 What is thine, beloved soul ? 
 
 " Mine is, where my Saviour is ; 
 
 There with him I hope to dwell : 
 Jesu is the central bliss ; 
 
 Love the force that doth impel." 
 
 Truly thou hast answered right : 
 Now may heaven's attractive grace 
 
 Towards the source of thy delight 
 Speed along thy quickening pace 1 
 
 " Thank thee for thy generous care : 
 Heaven, that did the wish inspire, 
 
 Through thy instrumental prayer, 
 Plumes the wings of my desire. 
 
 " Now, methinks, aloft I fly; 
 
 Now with angels bear a part : 
 Glory be to God on high ! 
 
 Peace to every Christian heart ! " 
 
 THE ANSWER TO THE DESPONDING SOUL. 
 
 Cheer up, desponding soul ; 
 
 Thy longing pleased I see : 
 'Tis part of that great whole 
 
 Wherewith I longed for thee. 
 
 *; T TV. U 
 
290 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Wherewith I longed for thee, 
 
 And left my Father's throne, 
 From death to set thee free, 
 
 To claim thee for my own. 
 
 To claim thee for my own, 
 
 I suffered on the cross : 
 O ! were my love but known, 
 
 No soul could fear its loss. 
 
 No soul could fear its loss. 
 
 But, filled with love divine. 
 Would die on its own cross, 
 
 And rise for ever mine. 
 
 Surely there is poetry as well as truth in this. But, 
 certainly in general, his thought is far in excess of 
 his poetry. 
 
 Here are a few verses which I shall once more 
 entitle 
 
 DIVINE EPIGRAIMS. 
 
 With peaceful mind thy race of duty run 
 
 God nothing does, or suffers to be done, 
 
 But what thou wouldst thyself, if thou couldst sec 
 
 Through all events of things as well as he. 
 
 Think, and be careful what thou art within. 
 For there is sin in the desire of sin : 
 Think and be thankful, in a different case, 
 For there is grace in the desire of grace. 
 
 An heated fancy or imagination 
 May be mistaken for an inspiration ; 
 True ; but is this conclusion fair to make- 
 That inspiration must be all mistake ? 
 A pebble-stone is not a diamond : true ; 
 But must a diamond be a pebble too ? 
 
BY ROM: DIVINE EPIGRAMS. 291 
 
 To own a God who does not speak to men, 
 Is first to own, and then disown again ; 
 Of all idolatry the total sum 
 Is having gods that are both deaf and dumb. 
 
 What is more tender than a mother's love 
 
 To the sweet infant fondling in her arms ? 
 What arguments need her compassion move 
 To hear its cries, and help it in its harms ? 
 Now, if the tenderest mother were possessed 
 Of all the love within her single breast 
 Of all the mothers since the world began, 
 'Tis nothing to the love of God to man. 
 
 Faith, Hope, and Love were questioned what they thought 
 
 Of future glory which Religion taught : 
 
 Now Faith believed it firmly to be true, 
 
 And Hope expected so to find it too : 
 
 Love answered, smiling with a conscious glow, 
 
 "Believe? Expect? 1 ,4«tfa; it to be so. " 
 
 U 2 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 THE ROOTS OF THE HILLS. 
 
 In the poems of James Thomson, we find two 
 hymns to the God of Creation — one in blank verse, 
 the other in stanzas. They are of the kind which 
 from him we should look for. The one in blank verse, 
 which is as an epilogue to his great poem, The 
 Seasons, I prefer. 
 
 We owe much to Thomson. Born (in Scotland) 
 in the year 1700, he is the leading priest in a solemn 
 procession to find God — not in the laws by which he 
 has ordered his creation, but in the beauty which is the 
 outcome of those laws. I do not say there is much 
 of the relation of man to nature in his writing ; but 
 thitherward it tends. He is true about the outsides 
 of God ; and in Thomson we begin to feel that the 
 revelation of God as meaning and therefore being the 
 loveliness of nature, is about to be recognized. I do 
 not say — to change my simile — that he is the first 
 visible root in our literature whence we can follow the 
 outburst of the flowers and foliage of our delight in 
 nature : I could show a hundred fibres leading from 
 the depths of our old Hterature up to the great root. 
 
JAMES THOMSON: HIS HYMN. 293 
 
 Nor is it surprising that, with his age about him, he 
 too should be found tending to magnify, not God's 
 Word, but his works, above all his name : we have 
 beauty for loveliness ; beneficence for tenderness. I 
 have wondered whether one great part of Napoleon's 
 mission was not to wake people from this idolatry of 
 the power of God to the adoration of his love. 
 
 The Hymn holds a kind of middle place between 
 the Morning Hymn in the 5th Book of the Paradise 
 Lost and the Hymn in the Vale of Chamouni. It 
 would be interesting and instructive to compare the 
 three ; but we have not time. Thomson has been 
 influenced by Milton, and Coleridge by both. We 
 have delight in Milton ; art in Thomson; heart, in- 
 cluding both, in Coleridge. 
 
 HYMN. 
 
 These, as they change, Almighty Father, these 
 Are but the varied God. The rolling year 
 Is full of thee. Forth in the pleasing Spring 
 Thy beauty walks, thy tenderness and love. 
 Wide flush the fields ; the softening air is balm ; 
 Echo the mountains round ; the forest smiles ; 
 And every sense and every heart is joy. 
 Then comes thy glory in the Summer months, 
 With light and heat refulgent. Then thy sun 
 Shoots full perfection through the swelling year 
 And oft thy voice in dreadful thunder speaks. 
 And oft at dawn, deep noon, or falling eve. 
 By brooks and groves, in hollow- whispering gales.' 
 
 1 In the following five lines I have adopted the reading of the first 
 edition, which, although a little florid, I prefer to thej scanty two lines 
 of the later. 
 
294 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 A yellow-floating pomp, thy bounty shines 
 
 In Autumn unconfined. Thrown from thy lap, 
 
 Profuse o'er nature, falls the lucid shower 
 
 Of beamy fruits ; and, in a radiant stream, 
 
 Into the stores of sterile Winter pours. 
 
 In winter awful thou ! with clouds and storms 
 
 Around thee thrown — tempest o'er tempest rolled. 
 
 Majestic darkness ! on the whirlwind's wing 
 
 Riding sublime, thou bidst the world adore, i 
 
 And humblest nature with thy northern blast. 
 
 Mysterious round ! what skill, what force divine 
 Deep felt, in these appear ! a simple train, 
 Yet so delightful mixed, with such kind art. 
 Such beauty and beneficence combined ! 
 Shade unperceived so softening into shade ! 
 And all so forming an harmonious whole. 
 That, as they still succeed, they ravish still. 
 » • * « 
 
 Nature attend ! Join, every living soul. 
 Beneath the spacious temple of the sky — 
 In adoration join ; and, ardent, raise 
 One general song ! To him, ye vocal gales. 
 Breathe soft, whose spirit in your freshness breathes ; 
 Oh ! talk of him in solitary glooms. 
 Where, o'er the rock, the scarcely waving pine 
 Fills the brown shade with a religious awe ; 
 And ye, whose bolder note is heard afar. 
 Who shake the astonished world, lift high to heaven 
 The impetuous song, and say from whom you rage. 
 His praise, ye brooks, attune, — ye trembling rills. 
 And let me catch it as I muse along. 
 Ye headlong torrents, rapid and profound ; 
 Ye softer floods, that lead the humid maze 
 Along the vale ; and thou, majestic main, 
 A secret world of wonders in thyself, 
 Sound his stupendous praise, whose greater voice 
 Or bids you roar, or bids your roarings fall. 
 
 1 False in feeling, nor like God at all, although a ready pagan repre- 
 sentation of him. There is much of the pagan left in many Christians 
 — poets too. 
 
SIGNS OF A COMING DA WN. 295 
 
 Soft roll your incense, herbs, and fniits, and flowers, 
 In mingled clouds to him whose sun exalts. 
 Whose breath perfumes you, and whose pencil paints. 
 Ye forests, bend, ye harvests, wave to him ; 
 Breathe your still song into the reaper's heart, 
 As home he goes beneath the joyous moon. 
 » » » ? 
 
 Bleat out afresh, ye hills ! ye mossy rocks. 
 Retain the sound ; the broad responsive low, 
 Ye valleys raise ; for the great Shepherd reigns, 
 And his unsuffering kingdom yet will come. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 Ye chief, for whom the whole creation smiles. 
 At once the head, the heart, and tongue of all. 
 Crown the gieat hymn ! in swarming cities vast, 
 Assembled men, to the deep organ join 
 The long-resounding voice, oft breaking clear, 
 At solemn pauses, through the swelling base ; 
 And, as each mingling flame increases each. 
 In one united ardour rise to heaven. 
 
 * * ♦ * 
 
 Should fate command me to the farthest verge ' 
 Of the gi-een earth, to distant barbarous climes. 
 Rivers unknown to song, where first the sun 
 Gilds Indian mountains, or his setting beam 
 Flames on the Atlantic isles, 'tis nought to me. 
 Since God is ever present, ever felt, 
 In the void waste as in the city full ; 
 And where he vital breathes there must be joy. 
 
 The worship of intellectual power in laws and 
 inventions is the main delight of the song ; not the 
 living presence of creative love, which never sings its 
 own praises, but spends itself in giving. Still, although 
 there has passed away a glory from the world of 
 song, although the fervour of childlike worship has 
 vanished for a season, there are signs in these verses 
 
296 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 of a new dawn of devotion. Even the exclusive and 
 therefore blind worship of science will, when it has 
 turned the coil of the ascending spiral, result in a new 
 sone to " him that made heaven and earth and the 
 sea and the fountains of waters." But first, for a long 
 time, the worship of power will go on. There is one 
 sonnet by Kirke White, eighty-five years younger 
 than Thomson, which is nuite pagan in its mode of 
 glorifying the power of the Deity. 
 
 But about the same time when Thomson's Seasons 
 was published, which was in 1730, the third year of 
 George II., that life which had burned on in the 
 hidden corners of the church in spite of the world- 
 liness and sensuality of its rulers, began to show a 
 flame destined to enlarge and spread until it should 
 have lighted up the mass with an outburst of Chris- 
 tian faith and hope. I refer to the movement called 
 Methodism, in the midst of which, at an early stage of 
 its history, arose the directing energies of John Wesley, 
 a man sent of God to deepen at once and purify its 
 motive influences. What he and his friends taught, 
 would, I presume, in its essence, amount mainly to 
 this : that acquiescence in the doctrines of the church 
 is no fulfilment of duty— or anything, indeed, short of 
 an obedient recognition of personal relation to God, 
 who has sent every man the message of present 
 salvation in his Son. A new life began to bud 
 and blossom from the dry stem of the church. 
 The spirit moved upon the waters of feeling, and 
 the new undulation broke on the shores of thought 
 in an outburst of new song. For while John Wesley 
 
CHARLES WESLEY: WRESTLING JACOB. 297 
 
 roused the hearts of the people to sing, his brother 
 Charles put songs in their mouths. 
 
 I do not say that many of these songs possess 
 much literary merit, but many of them are real lyrics : 
 they have that essential element, song, in them. The 
 following, however, is a very fine poem. That certain 
 expressions in it may not seem offensive, it is neces- 
 sary to keep the allegory of Jacob and the Angel in 
 full view — even better in view, perhaps, than the 
 writer does himself 
 
 WRESTLIXG JACOB. 
 
 Come, O thou traveller unknown, 
 Whom still I hold, but cannot see ! 
 
 My company before is gone, 
 And I am left alone with thee ! 
 
 With thee all night I mean to stay, 
 
 And wrestle till the break of day ! 
 
 I need not tell thee who I am, 
 
 My misery, or sin declare ; 
 Thyself hast called me by my name : 
 
 Look on my hands, and read it there ! 
 But who, I ask thee, who art thou ? 
 Tell me thy name, and tell me now. 
 
 In vain thou struggiest to get free : 
 
 I never will unloose my hold. 
 Art thou the man that died for me ? 
 
 The secret of thy love unfold. 
 Wrestling, I will not let thee go 
 Till I thy name, thy nature know. 
 * ^' * 
 
 What though my sinking flesh complain, 
 And murmur to contend so long ! 
 
298 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 I rise superior to my pain : 
 
 Wlien I am wealc, then I am strong ; 
 And when my all of strength shall fail, 
 T shall with the God-man prevail. 
 
 My strength is gone ; my nature dies ; 
 
 I sink beneath thy weighty hand : 
 Faint to revive, and fall to rise ; 
 
 I fall, and yet by faith I stand — 
 1 stand, and will not let thee go 
 Till I thy name, thy nature know. 
 
 Yield to me now, for I am weak. 
 
 But confident in self-despair ; 
 Speak to my heart, in blessings speak ; 
 
 Be conquered by my instant^ prayer. 
 Speak, or thou never hence shalt move. 
 And tell me if thy name is Love. 
 
 'Tis Love ! 'tis Love 1 Thou diedst for me ! 
 
 I hear thy whisper in my heart ! 
 The morning breaks ; the shadows flee : 
 
 Pure universal Love thou art ! , 
 To me, to all, thy bowels move : 
 Thy nature and thy name is Love ! 
 
 My prayer hath power with God ; the grace 
 
 Unspeakable I now receive ; 
 Through faith I see thee face to face — 
 
 I see thee face to face, and live : 
 In vain I have not wept and strove ; 
 Thy nature and thy name is Love. 
 
 I know thee. Saviour — who thou art — 
 Jesus, the feeble sinner's friend ! 
 
 Nor wilt thou with the night depart, 
 But stay and love me to the end ! 
 
 Thy mercies never shall remove : 
 
 Thy nature and thy name is Love ! 
 * * * 
 
 Contented noAV, upon my thigh 
 I halt till life's short journey end'; 
 
 ^ Insisting — persistent. 
 
WILLIAM COWPER. 299 
 
 All helplessness, all weakness, I 
 
 On thee alone for strength depend ; 
 Nor have I power from thee to move :,' 
 Thy nature and thy name is I^ove. 
 
 Lame as I am, I take the prey ; 
 
 Hell, earth, and sin, with ease o'ercome ; 
 I leap for joy, pursue my way, 
 
 And as a bounding hart fly home ; 
 Through all eternity to prove 
 Thy nature and thy name is Love. 
 
 It seems to me that the art with which his very- 
 difficult end in the management of the allegory is 
 reached, is adniirable. I have omitted three stanzas. 
 
 I cannot give much from William Cowper. His 
 poems — graceful always, and often devout even 
 when playful — have few amongst them that are ex- 
 pressly religious, while the best of his hymns are 
 known to every reader of such. Born in 1731, he 
 was greatly influenced by the narrow theology that 
 prevailed in his circle ; and most of his hymns are 
 marred by the exclusiveness which belonged to the 
 system and not to the man. There is little of it in 
 the following : — 
 
 Far from the world, O Lord, I flee. 
 
 From strife and tumult far ; 
 From scenes where Satan wages still 
 
 His most successful war. 
 
 The calm retreat, the silent shade. 
 
 With prayer and praise agree. 
 And seem by thy sweet bounty made. 
 
 For those who follow thee; 
 
 There if thy spirit touch the soul. 
 
 And grace her mean abode. 
 Oh with what peace, and joy, and love. 
 
 She communes with her God ! 
 
300 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 There, like the nightingale, she pours 
 
 Her solitary lays. 
 Nor asks a witness of her song, 
 
 Nor thirsts for human praise. 
 
 Author and guardian of my life. 
 
 Sweet source of light divine. 
 And — all harmonious names in one — 
 
 My Saviour, thou art mine ! 
 
 What thanks I owe thee, and what love — 
 
 A boundless, endless store — 
 Shall echo through the realms above 
 
 When time shall be no more. 
 
 Sad as was Cowper's history, with the vapours of a 
 low insanity, if not always filling his garden, yet ever 
 brooding on the hill-tops of his horizon, he was, through 
 his faith in God, however darkened by the introver- 
 sions of a neat, poverty-stricken theology, yet able to 
 lead his life to the end. It is delightful to discover 
 that, when science, which is the anatomy of nature, 
 had poisoned the theology of the country, in creat- 
 ing a demand for clean-cut theory in infinite affairs, 
 the loveliness and truth of the countenance of living 
 nature could calm the mind which this theology had 
 irritated to the very borders of madness, and give a 
 peace and hope which the man was altogether right 
 in attributing to the Spirit of God. How many have 
 been thus comforted, who knew not, like Wordsworth, 
 the immediate channel of their comfort ; or even, 
 with Cowper, recognized its source ! God gives while 
 men sleep. 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 THE NEW VISION. 
 
 William Blake, the painter of many strange artd 
 fantastic but often powerful — sometimes very beau- 
 tiful pictures — wrote poems of an equally remarkable 
 kind. Some of them are as lovely as they are care- 
 less, while many present a curious contrast in the 
 apparent incoherence of the simplest language. He 
 was born in 1757, towards the close of the reign of 
 George II. Possibly if he had been sent to an age 
 more capable of understanding him, his genius would 
 not have been tempted to utter itself with such a wild- 
 ness as appears to indicate hopeless indifference to 
 being understood. We cannot tell sometimes whether 
 to attribute the bewilderment the poems cause in us 
 to a mysticism run wild, or to regard it as the reflex 
 of madness in the writer. Here is a lyrical gem, 
 however, although not cut with mathematical pre- 
 cision. 
 
 DAYBREAK. 
 
 To find the western path, 
 
 Right through the gates of wrath 
 
 I urge my way ; 
 Sweet morning leads me on : 
 With soft repentant moan, 
 
 I see the break of day. 
 
302 ENGLAND'S ANTIPBON. 
 
 The war of swords and spears, 
 Melted by dewy tears, 
 
 Exhales on high ; 
 The sun is freed from fears, 
 And with soft grateful tears, 
 
 Ascends the sky. 
 
 The following is full of truth most quaintly ex- 
 pressed, with a homeliness of phrase quite delicious. 
 It is one of the Songs of Innocence, published, as we 
 learn from Gilchrist's Life of Blake, in the year 1 789. 
 They were engraved on copper with illustrations by 
 Blake, and printed and bound by his wife. When 
 we consider them in respect of the time when they 
 were produced, we find them marvellous for their 
 originality and simplicity. 
 
 ON ANOTHER'S SORROW. 
 Can I see another's woe, 
 And not be in sorrow too ? 
 Can I see another's grief, 
 And not seek for kind relief ? 
 Can I see a falling tear, 
 And not feel my sorrow's share ? 
 Can a father see his child 
 Weep, nor be with sorrow filled ? 
 Can a mother sit and hear 
 An infant groan, an infant fear ? 
 No, no ; never can it be ! 
 Never, never can it be ! 
 And can he, who smiles on all, 
 Hear the wren, with sorrows small — 
 Hear the small bird's grief and care. 
 Hear the woes that infants bear, 
 And not sit beside the nest. 
 Pouring pity in their breast ? 
 And not sit the cradle near, 
 Weeping tear on infant's tear ? 
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 303 
 
 And not sit both night and day, 
 Wiping all our tears away ? 
 Ob, no ! never can it be ! 
 Never, never can it be ! 
 
 He doth give his joy to all'; 
 He becomes an infant small ; 
 He becomes a man of woe ; 
 He doth feel the sorrow too. 
 
 Think not thou canst sigh a sigh, 
 And thy Maker is not by ; 
 Think not thou canst weep a tear, 
 And thy Maker is not near. 
 
 Oh ! he gives to us his joy. 
 That our grief he may destroy : 
 Till our grief is fled and gone, 
 He doth sit by us and moan. 
 
 There is our mystic yet again leading the way. 
 
 A supreme regard for science, and the worship of 
 power, go hand in hand : that knowledge is power 
 has been esteerned the grandest incitement to study. 
 Yet the antidote to the disproportionate cultivation 
 of science, is simply power in its crude form — breaking 
 out, that is, as brute force. When science, isolated 
 and glorified, has produced a contempt, not only for 
 vulgar errors, but for the truths which are incapable 
 of scientific proof, then, as we see in the French Revo- 
 lution, the wild beast in man breaks from its den, and 
 chaos returns. But all the noblest minds in Europe 
 looked for grand things in the aurora of this uprising 
 of the people. To the terrible disappointment that 
 followed, we are indebted for the training of Words- 
 worth to the priesthood of nature's temple. So was he 
 .possessed with the hope of a coming deliverance for 
 
304 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 the nations, that he spent many months in France 
 during the Revolution. At length he was forced to 
 seek safety at home. Dejected even to hopelessness 
 for a time, he believed in nothing. How could there 
 be a God that ruled in the earth when such a rising 
 sun of promise was permitted to set in such a sea ! 
 But for man to worship himself is a far more terrible 
 thing than that blood should flow like water : the 
 righteous plague of God allowed things to go as they 
 would for a time. But the power of God came upon 
 Wordsworth — I cannot say as it had never come 
 before, but with an added insight which made him 
 recognize in the fresh gift all that he had known and 
 felt of such in the past. To him, as to Cowper, the 
 benignities of nature restored peace and calmness 
 and hope — sufficient to enable him to look back and 
 gather wisdom. He was first troubled, then quieted, 
 and then taught. Such presence of the Father has 
 been an infinitely more active power in the redemp- 
 tion of men than men have yet become capable of 
 perceiving. The divine expressions of Nature, that 
 is, the face of the Father therein visible, began to heal 
 the plague which the worship of knowledge had bred. 
 And the power of her teaching grew from comfort 
 to prayer, as will be seen in the poem I shall give. 
 Higher than all that Nature can do in the way of di- 
 rect lessoning, is the production of such holy moods 
 as result in hope, conscience of duty, and supplication. 
 Those who have never felt it have to be told there 
 is in her such a power — yielding to which, the meek 
 inherit the earth. 
 
NA TURK 'S BES T I NFL UENCE. 305 
 
 NINTH EVENING VOLUNTARY. 
 Composed upon an evening 0/ extraordinary splendour and beauty. 
 
 Had this effulgence disappeared 
 
 With flying haste, I might have sent 
 
 Among the speechless clouds a look 
 
 Of blank astonishment ; 
 
 But 'tis endued with power to stay, 
 
 And sanctify one closing day. 
 
 That frail Mortality may see — 
 
 What is ? — ah no, but what can be ! 
 
 Time was when field and watery cove 
 
 With modulated echoes rang, 
 
 While choirs of fervent angels sang 
 
 Their vespers in the grove ; 
 
 Or, crowning, star-like, each some sovereign height, 
 
 Warbled, for heaven above and earth below, 
 
 Strains suitable to both. — Such holy rite, 
 
 Methinks, if audibly repeated now 
 
 From hill or valley could not move 
 
 Sublimer transport, purer love. 
 
 Than doth this silent spectacle — the gleam — 
 
 The shadow^and the peace supreme ! 
 
 No sound is uttered, — but a deep 
 And solemn harmony pervades 
 The hollow vale from steep to steep. 
 And penetrates the glades. 
 Far distant images draw nigh. 
 Called forth by wondrous potency 
 Of beamy radiance, that imbues 
 Whate'er it strikes with gem-hke hues. 
 In vision exquisitely clear. 
 Herds range along the mountain side. 
 And glistening antlers are descried, 
 And gilded flocks appear. 
 X 
 
3o6 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Thine is the tranquil hour, purpureal Eve ! 
 But long as godlike wish or hope divine 
 Informs my spirit, ne'er can I believe 
 That this magnificence is wholly thine ! 
 From worlds nor quickened by the sun 
 A portion of the gift is won ; 
 An intermingling of heaven's pomp is spread 
 On ground which British shepherds tread ! 
 
 And if there be whom broken ties 
 
 Afflict, or injuries assail, 
 
 Yon hazy ridges to their eyes 
 
 Present a glorious scale ^ 
 
 Climbing suffused with sunny air. 
 
 To stop — no record hath told where ; 
 
 And tempting Fancy to ascend, 
 
 And with immortal spirits blend ! 
 
 — Wings at my shoulders seem to play ! 
 
 But, rooted here, I stand and gaze 
 
 On those bright steps that heavenward raise 
 
 Their practicable way. 
 
 Come forth, ye drooping old men, look abroad, 
 
 And see to what fair countries ye are bound ! 
 
 And if some traveller, weary of his road. 
 
 Hath slept since noontide on the grassy ground, 
 
 Ye genii, to his covert speed. 
 
 And wake him with such gentle heed 
 
 As may attune his soul to meet the dower 
 
 Bestowed on this transcendent hour. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Such hues from their celestial urn 
 Were wont to stream before mine eye 
 Where'er it wandered in the morn 
 Of blissful infancy. 
 This glimpse of glory, why renewed ? 
 Nay, rather speak with gratitude ; 
 
 • Great cloudy ridges, one rising above the other, like a grand stair 
 up to the heavens. See Wordsworth' s »ote. 
 
U'ORDSWORTn AND COLERIDGE. 307 
 
 For, if a vestige of those gleams 
 
 Survived, 'twas only in my dreams. 
 
 Dread Povfer ! whom peace and calmTiess serve 
 
 No less than nature's threatening voice, 
 
 If aught unworthy be my choice, 
 
 From THEE if I would swerve ; 
 
 Oh, let thy grace remind me of the light 
 
 Full early lost, and fruitlessly deplored ; 
 
 Which, at this moment, on my waking sight 
 
 Appears to shine, by miracle restored : 
 
 My soul, though yet confined to earth, 
 
 Rejoices in a second birth ! 
 
 — 'Tis past ; the visionary splendour fades ; 
 
 And night approaches with her shades. 
 
 Although I have mentioned Wordsworth before 
 Coleridge because he was two years older,- yet Cole- 
 ridge had much to do with the opening of Words- 
 worth's eyes to such visions ; as, indeed, more than 
 any man in our times, he has opened the eyes of the 
 English people to see wonderful things. There is 
 little of a directly religious kind in his poetry ; yet 
 we find in. him what we miss in Wordsworth, an 
 inclined plane from the revelation in nature to the 
 culminating revelation in the Son of Man. Some- 
 how, I say, perhaps because we find it in his prose, we 
 feel more of this in Coleridge's verse. 
 
 Coleridge is a sage, and Wordsworth is a seer ; yet 
 when the sage sees, that is, when, like the son of Beor, 
 he falls into a trance having his eyes open, or, when 
 feeling and sight are one and philosophy is in abey- 
 ance, the ecstasy is even loftier in Coleridge than in 
 Wordsworth. In their highest moods they seem 
 almost to change places — Wordsworth to become 
 sage, and Coleridge seer. Perhaps the grandest hymn 
 
 X 2 
 
3o8 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 of praise which man, the mouth-piece of Nature, utters 
 for her, is the hymn of Mont Blanc. 
 
 HYMN 
 
 Before sunrise, in the X'^ale of Chamouni. 
 
 Hast thou a charm to stay the morning star 
 In his steep course — so long he seems to pause 
 On thy bald awful head, O sovran Blanc ? 
 The Arve and Arveiron at thy base 
 Rave ceaselessly ; but thou, most awful Form ! 
 Risest from forth thy silent sea of pines, 
 How silently ! Around thee and above 
 Deep is the air and dark, substantial, black, 
 • An ebon mass : methinks thou piercest it 
 As with a wedge ! But when I look again, 
 It is thine own calm home, thy crystal shrine, 
 Thy habitation from eternity 1 
 
 dread and silent Mount ! I gazed upon thee 
 Till thou, still present to the bodily sense, 
 
 Didst vanish from my thought : entranced in prayer 
 
 1 worshipped the Invisible alone. 
 
 Yet, like some sweet beguiling melody, 
 So sweet, we know not we are listening to it, 
 Thou, the meanwhile, wast blending with my thought, 
 Yea, with my hfe and life's own secret joy ; 
 Till the dilating soul, enwrapt, transfused, 
 Into the mighty vision passing — there 
 As in her natural form, swelled vast to Heaven ! 
 
 Awake, my soul! Not only passive praise 
 Thou owest ! Not alone these swelling tears, 
 Mute thanks and secret ecstasy ! Awake, 
 Voice of sweet song ! Awake, my heart, awake ! 
 Green vales and icy cliffs, all join my hymn. 
 
 Thou first and chief, sole sovran^ of the Vale ! 
 O stiiiggling with the darkness all the night, 
 
 ^ The mountain. 
 
MONT BLANC FROM CH AMOUNT. 309 
 
 And visited all night by troops of stars, 1 
 Or when they climb the sky or when they sink ! 
 Companion of the morning-star at dawn, 
 Thyself earth's rosy star, and of the dawn^ 
 Co-herald ! wake, O wake, and utter praise ! 
 Who sank thy sunless pillars deep in earth? 
 Who filled thy countenance with rosy light? 
 Who made thee parent of perpetual streams? 
 
 And you, ye five wild torrents fiercely glad ! 
 Who called you forth from night and utter death, 
 From dark and icy caverns called you forth,* 
 Down those precipitous, black, jagged rocks, 
 For ever shattered, and the same for ever? 
 Who gave you your invulnerable life, 
 Your strength, your speed, your fury, and your joy. 
 Unceasing thunder, and eternal foam ? 
 And who commanded — and the silence came — 
 Here let the billows stiffen, and have rest?* 
 
 Ye ice-falls ! ye that from the mountain's brow 
 Adown enormous ravines slope amain — 
 Torrents, methinks, that heard a mighty voice, 
 And stopped at once amid their maddest plunge .' — 
 Motionless torrents ! silent cataracts ! 
 Who made you glorious as the gates of heaven 
 Beneath the keen full moon ? Who bade the sun 
 Clothe you with rainbows ? Who, with living flowers 
 Of loveliest blue, spread garlands at your feet?— 
 God! let the torrents, like a shout of nations. 
 Answer ! and let the ice-plains echo, God ! 
 God! sing, ye meadow-streams, with gladsome voice ! 
 Ye pine-groves, with your soft and soul-like sounds ! 
 And they too have a voice, yon piles of snow. 
 And in their perilous fall shall thunder, God ! 
 
 ' These two lines are just the symbol for the life of their author. 
 2 From the rose-light on the snow of its peak. 
 
 ■■' They all flow from under the glaciers, fed by their constant melting. 
 ' Turning for contrast to the glaciers, which he apostrophizes in the 
 next line. 
 
3IO ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Ye living flowers that skirt the eternal frost ! 
 Ye wild goats sporting round the eagle's nest ! 
 Ye eagles, playmates of the mountain-storm ! 
 Ye lightnings, the dread arrows of the clouds ! 
 Ye signs and wonders of the element ! 
 Utter forth God, and fill the hills with praise. 
 
 Thou too, hoar Mount ! with thy sky-pointing peaks, 
 Oft from whose 1 feet the avalanche, unheard. 
 Shoots dowTiward, glittering through the pure serene 
 Into the depth of clouds that veil thy breast — ■ 
 Thou too again, stupendous Mountain! thou 
 That, as I raise my head, awhile bowed low 
 In adoration — upward from thy base 
 Slow-travelling with dim eyes suffused with tears — 
 Solemnly seemest, like a vapoury cloud. 
 To rise before me ! rise, O ever rise ; 
 Rise like a cloud of incense from the earth ! 
 Thou kingly spirit throned among the hills ! 
 Thou dread ambassador from earth to heaven ! 
 Great hievarch ! tell thou the silent sky. 
 And tell the stars, and tell yon rising sun, 
 Earth, with her thousand voices, praises God. 
 
 Here is one little poem I think most valuable, both 
 from its fulness of meaning, and the form, as clear as 
 condensed, in which that is embodied. 
 
 ON AN INFANT 
 
 Which died before baptism. 
 
 " Be rather than be called a child of God,' 
 Death whispered. With assenting nod. 
 Its head upon its mother's breast 
 
 The baby bowed without demur — 
 Of the kingdom of the blest 
 
 Possessor, not inheritor. 
 
 1 Antecedent, peaks. 
 
HARTLEY COLERIDGE. 311 
 
 Next the father let me place the gifted son, Hartley 
 Coleridge. He was born in 1796, and died in 1849. 
 Strange, wayward, and in one respect faulty, as his 
 life was, his poetry — strange, and exceedingly way- 
 ward too — is often very lovely. The following sonnet 
 is all I can find room for: — 
 
 " SHE LOVED MUCH." 
 
 She sat and wept beside his feet. The weight 
 Of sin oppressed her heart ; for all the blame, 
 And the poor malice of the worldly shame, , 
 To her was past, extinct, and out of date ; 
 Only the sin remained — the leprous state. 
 She would be melted by the heat of love, 
 By fires far fiercer than are blown to prove 
 And purge the silver ore adulterate. 
 She sat and wept, and with her untressed hair 
 Still wiped the feet she was so blest to touch ; 
 And he wiped off the soiling of despair 
 From her sweet soul, because she loved so much, 
 I am a sinner, full of doubts and fears : 
 Make me a humble thing of love and tears. 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 THE FERVOUR OF THE IMPLICIT. INSIGHT OF THE HEART. 
 
 The late Dean Milman, born in 1791, best known 
 by his very valuable labours in history, may be taken 
 as representing a class of writers in whom the poetic 
 fire is ever on the point, and only on the point, of 
 breaking into a flame. His composition is admir- 
 able — refined, scholarly, sometimes rich and even 
 gorgeous in expression — yet lacking that radiance 
 of the unutterable to which the loftiest words owe 
 their grandest power. Perhaps the best representa- 
 tive of his style is the hymn on the Incarnation, in 
 his dramatic poem, The Fall of Jerusalem. But as an 
 extract it is tolerably known. I prefer giving one 
 from his few Hymns for Church Service. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH SUNDAY AFTER TRINITY. 
 
 When God came down from heaven — the living God — 
 What signs and wonders marked his stately way? 
 
 Brake out the winds in music where he trod? 
 Shone o'er the heavens a brighter, softer day? 
 
 The dumb began to speak, the blind to see. 
 
 And the lame leaped, and pain and paleness fled ; 
 
 The mourner's sunken eye grew bright with glee, 
 And from the tomb awoke the wondering dead. 
 
DEAN MILMAN: DR. KEBLE. 
 
 When God went back to heaven — the living God — 
 
 Rode he the heavens upon a fiery car? 
 Waved seraph- wings along his glorious road? 
 
 Stood still to wonder each bright wandering star? 
 
 Upon the cross he hung, and bowed his head, 
 
 And prayed for them that smote, and them that curst ; 
 
 And, drop by drop, his slow life-blood was shed. 
 And his last hour of suffering was his worst 
 
 The Christian Year of the Rev. John Keble (born 
 in 1800) is perhaps better known in England than 
 any other work of similar church character. I must 
 confess I have never been able to enter into the en- 
 thusiasm of its admirers. Excellent, both in regard 
 of their literary and religious merits, true in feeling 
 and thorough in finish, the poems always remind 
 me of Berlin work in iron — hard and delicate. Here 
 is a portion of one of the best of them. 
 
 ST. MATTHEW. 
 
 Ye hermits blest, ye holy maids. 
 The neai-est heaven on earth. 
 Who talk with God in shadowy glades, 
 
 Free from rude care and mirth ; 
 To whom some viewless teacher brings 
 The secret lore of rural things. 
 The moral of each fleeting cloud and gale, 
 The whispers from above, that haunt the twilight vale: 
 
 Say, when in pity ye have gazed 
 
 On the wreath'd smoke afar. 
 That o'er some town, like mist upraised. 
 
 Hung hiding sun and star; 
 Then as ye turned your weary eye 
 To the green earth and open sky. 
 Were ye not fain to doubt how Faith could dwell 
 Amid that dreaiy glare, in this world's citadel? 
 
314- ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 But Love's a flower that will not die 
 
 For lack of leafy screen, 
 And Christian Hope can cheer the eye 
 
 That ne'er saw vernal green : 
 Then be ye sure that Love can bless 
 Even in this crowded loneliness, 
 Where ever-moving myriads seem to say, 
 Go — thou art nought to us, nor we to thee — away ! 
 
 There are in this loud stunning tide 
 
 Of human care and crime. 
 With whom the melodies abide 
 
 O f the everlasting chime ; 
 Who carry music in their heart 
 Through dusky lane and wrangling mart, 
 Plying their daily task with busier feet. 
 Because their secret souls a holy strain repeat. 
 
 There are here some indications of that strong re- 
 action of the present century towards ancient forms 
 of church hfe. This reaction seems to me a further 
 consequence of that admiration of power of which I 
 have spoken. For, finding the progress of discovery 
 in the laws of nature constantly bring an assurance 
 most satisfactory to the intellect, men began to de- 
 mand a similar assurance in other matters ; and what- 
 ever department of human thought could not be 
 subjected to experiment or did not admit of logical 
 proof began to be regarded with suspicion. The 
 highest realms of human thought — where indeed 
 only grand conviction, and that the result not of 
 research, but of obedience to the voice within, can 
 be had — came to be by such regarded as regions 
 where, no scientific assurance being procurable, it 
 was only to his loss that a man should go wander- 
 ing : the whole affair was unworthy of him. And 
 
THE SEARCH OF THE SEEKERS. 315 
 
 if there be no guide of humanity but the intellect, 
 and nothing worthy of its regard but what that in- 
 tellect can isolate and describe in the forms peculiar 
 to its operations, — that is, if a man has relations to 
 nothing beyond his definition, is not a creature of 
 the immeasurable, — then these men are right. But 
 there have appeared along with them other thinkers 
 who could not thus be satisfied — men who had in 
 their souls a hunger which the neatest laws of nature 
 could not content, who could not live on chemistry, 
 or mathematics, or even on geology, without the 
 primal law of their many dim-dawning wonders — 
 that is, the Being, if such there might be, who 
 thought their laws first and then embodied them in 
 a world of aeonian growth. These indeed seek law 
 likewise, but a perfect law — a law they can believe 
 perfect beyond the comprehension of powers of whose 
 imperfection they are too painfully conscious. They 
 feel in their highest moments a helplessness that 
 drives them to search after some Power with a heart 
 deeper than his power, who cares for the troubled 
 creatures he has made. But still under the influence 
 of ,that faithless hunger for intellectual certainty, 
 they look about and divide into two parties: both 
 would gladly receive the reported revelation in Jesus, 
 the one if they could have evidence enough from 
 without, the other if they could only get rid of the 
 difficulties it raises within. I am aware that I dis- 
 tinguish in the mass, and that both sides would be 
 found more or less influenced by the same difficulties 
 — but more and less, and therefore thus classified by 
 
3i6 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 the driving predominance. Those of the one party, 
 then, finding no proof to be had but that in testimony, 
 and anxious to have all they can — delighting too in a 
 certain holy wilfulness of intellectual self-immolation, 
 accept the testimony in the mass, and become Roman 
 Catholics. Nor is it difficult to see how they then 
 find rest. It is not the dogma, but the contact with 
 Christ the truth, with Christ the man, which the 
 dogma, in pacifying th'e troubles of the intellect — 
 if only by a soporific, has aided them in reaching, 
 that gives them peace : it is the truth itself that 
 makes them free. 
 
 The worshippers of science will themselves allow, 
 that when they cannot gain observations enough to 
 satisfy them upon any point in which a law of nature 
 is involved, they must, if possible, institute experi- 
 ments. I say therefore to those whose observation 
 has not satisfied them concerning the phenomenon 
 Christianity, — " Where is your experiment 1 Why do 
 you not thus try the utterance claiming to be the 
 law of life .' Call it a hypothesis, and experiment 
 upon it. Carry into practice, well justified of your 
 conscience, the words which the Man spoke, for 
 therein he says himself lies the possibility of your 
 acceptance of his mission ; and if, after reasonable 
 time thus spent, you are not yet convinced enough 
 to give testimony — I will not annoy you by saying 
 to facts, but — to conviction, I think neither will you . 
 be ready to abandon the continuous experiment." 
 These Roman Catholics have thus met with Jesus, 
 come into personal contact with him : by the doing 
 
THE HYMNS OF DR. FABER. 317 
 
 of what he tells- us, and by nothing else, are they 
 blessed. What if their theories show to me like a 
 burning of the temple and a looking for the god 
 in the ashes ? They know in whom they have 
 believed. And if some of us think we have a more 
 excellent way, we shall be blessed indeed if the 
 result be no less excellent than in such men as 
 Faber, Newman, and Aubrey de Vere. No man needs 
 be afraid that to speak the truth concerning such 
 will hasten the dominance of alien and oppressive 
 powers ; the truth is free, and to be just is to be 
 strong. Should the time come again when Liberty is 
 in danger, those who have defended the truth even in 
 her adversaries, if such there be, will be found the 
 readiest to draw the sword for her, and, hating not, 
 yet smite for the liberty to do even them justice. To 
 give the justice we claim for ourselves is, if there be 
 a Christ, the law of Christ, to obey which is eternally 
 better than truest theory. 
 
 I should like to give many of the hymns of Dr. 
 Faber. Some of them are grand, others very lovely, 
 and some, of course, to my mind considerably repul- 
 sive. He seems to me to go wrong nowhere in 
 originating- — he produces nothing unworthy except 
 when he reproduces what he never could have enter- 
 tained but for the pressure of acknowledged authority. 
 Even such things, however, he has enclosed in pearls, 
 as the oyster its incommoding sand-grains. 
 
 His hymn on The Greatness of God is profound ; 
 that on The Will of God is very wise ; that to The 
 God of my Childhood is full of quite womanly tender- 
 
3 1 8 ENGL A ND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 ness : all are most simple in speech, reminding us in 
 this respect of John Mason. In him, no doubt, as in 
 all of his class, we find traces of that sentimentalism 
 in the use of epithets — small words, as distinguished 
 from homely, applied to great things — of which I 
 have spoken more than once ; but criticism is not to 
 be indulged in the reception of great gifts — of such 
 a gift as this, for instance : — 
 
 THE ETERNITY OF GOD. 
 
 O Lord ! my heart is sick, 
 Sick of this everlasting change ; 
 And life runs tediously quick 
 Through its unresting race and varied range : 
 Change finds no likeness to itself in Thee, 
 And wakes no echo in Thy mute eternity. 
 
 Dear Lord 1 my heart is sick 
 Of this perpetual lapsing time, 
 
 So slow in grief, in joy so quick, 
 Yet ever casting shadows so sublime: 
 Time of all creatures is least like to Thee, 
 And yet it is our share of Thine eternity. 
 
 Oh change and time are storms 
 For lives so thin and frail as ours; 
 
 For change the work of grace deforms 
 With love that soils, and help that overpowers; 
 And time is strong, and, like some chafing sea. 
 It seems to fret the shores of Thine eternity. 
 
 Weak, weak, for ever weak ! 
 We cannot hold what we possess; 
 
 Youth cannot find, age will not seek, — 
 Oh weakness is the heart's worst weariness : 
 But weakest hearts can lift their thoughts to Thee; 
 It makes us strong to think of Thine eternity. 
 
THE ETERNITY OF GOD. 319 
 
 Thou hadst no youth, great God ! 
 An Unbeginning End Thou art ; 
 
 Thy glory in itself abode, 
 And still abides in its own tranquil heart : 
 No age can heap its outward years on Thee : 
 Dear God ! Thou art Thyself Thine own eternity ! 
 
 Without an end or bound 
 Thy life lies all outspread in light ; 
 
 Our lives feel Thy life all around. 
 Making our weakness strong, our darkness bright ; 
 Yet is it neither wilderness nor sea. 
 But the calm gladness of a full eternity. 
 
 Oh Thou art very great 
 To set Thyself so far above ! 
 
 But we. partake of Thine estate. 
 Established in Thy strength and in Thy love: 
 That love hath made eternal room for me 
 In the sweet vastness of its own eternity. 
 
 Oh Thou art very meek 
 To overshade Thy creatures thus ! 
 
 Thy grandeur is the shade we seek ;, 
 To be eternal is Thy use to us : 
 Ah, Blessed God ! what joy it is to me 
 To lose all thought of self in Thine eternity 1 
 
 Self- wearied. Lord ! I come ; 
 For I have lived my life too fast : 
 
 Now that years bring me nearer home 
 Grace must be slowly used to make it last ; 
 When my heart beats too quick I think of Thee,. 
 And of the leisure of Thy long eternity. 
 
 Farewell, vain joys of earth I 
 Farewell, all love that is not His! 
 
 Dear God ! be Thou my only mirth. 
 Thy majesty my single timid bliss! 
 Oh in the bosom of eternity 
 Thou dost not weary of Thyself, nor we of Thee ! 
 
3 2o ENGL A ND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 How easily his words flow, even when he is saying 
 the deepest things ! The poem is full of the elements 
 of the finest mystical metaphysics, and yet there is no 
 effort in their expression. The tendency to find God 
 beyond, rather than in our daily human conditions, 
 is discernible ; but only as a tendency. 
 
 What a pity that the sects are so slow to become 
 acquainted with the grand best in each other ! 
 
 I do not find in Dr. Newman either a depth or a 
 precision equal to that of Dr. Faber. His earlier 
 poems indicate a less healthy condition of mind. 
 His Dream of Gerontius is, however, a finer, as more 
 ambitious poem than any of Faber's. In my judg- 
 ment there are weak passages in it, with others of 
 real grandeur. But I am perfectly aware of the 
 difficulty, almost impossibility, of doing justice to 
 men from some of whose forms of thought I am 
 greatly repelled, who creep from the sunshine into 
 every ruined archway, attracted by the brilliance 
 with which the light from its loophole glows in its 
 caverned gloom, and the hope of discovering within 
 it the first steps of a stair winding up into the blue 
 heaven. I apologize for the unavoidable rudeness 
 of a critic who would fain be honest if he might ; 
 and I humbly thank all such as Dr. Newman, whose 
 verses, revealing their saintship, make us long to be 
 holier men. 
 
 Of his, as of Faber's, I have room for no more than 
 one. It was written off Sardinia. 
 
DR. NEWMAN— SIR AUBREY DE VERE. 321 
 
 DESOLATION. 
 O say not thou art left of God, 
 
 Because His tokens in the sky 
 Thou canst not read : this earth He trod 
 
 To teach thee He was ever nigh. 
 He sees, beneath the fig-tree green, 
 
 Nathaniel con His sacred lore; 
 Shouldst thou thy chamber seek, unseen 
 
 He enters through the unopened door. 
 
 And when thou liest, by slumber bound, 
 
 Outwearied in the Christian fight. 
 In glory, girt with saints around, 
 
 He stands above thee. through the night 
 
 When friends to Emmaus bend their course. 
 
 He joins, although He holds their eyes : 
 Or, shouldst thou feel some fever's force, 
 
 He takes thy hand. He bids thee rise. 
 Or on a voyage, when calms prevail, 
 
 And prison thee upon the sea. 
 He walks the waves, He wings the sail. 
 
 The shore is gained, and thou art free. 
 
 Sir Aubrey de Vere is a poet profound in feeling, 
 and gracefully tender in utterance. I give one short 
 poem and one sonnet. 
 
 REALITY. 
 Love thy God, and love Him only : 
 And thy breast will ne'er be lonely. 
 In that one great Spirit meet 
 All things mighty, grave, and sweet 
 Vainly strives the soul to mingle 
 With a being of our kind : 
 Vainly hearts with hearts are twined : 
 For the deepest stiU is single. 
 An impalpable resistance 
 Holds like natures still at distance. 
 Mortal ! love that Holy One ! 
 Or dwell for aye alone. 
 
 S.L. IV. Y 
 
322 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 I respond most heartily to the last two lines ; but 
 I venture to add, with regard to the preceding six, 
 " Love that holy One, and the impalpable resistance 
 will vanish ; for when thou seest him enter to sup 
 with thy neighbour, thou wilt love that neighbour as 
 thyself." 
 
 SONNET. 
 
 Ye praise the humble : of the meek ye say, 
 
 " Happy they live among their lowly bowers ; 
 
 " The mountains, and the mountain-storms are ours." 
 
 Thus, self-deceivers, filled with pride alway. 
 
 Reluctant homage to the good ye pay, 
 
 Mingled with scorn like poison sucked frSm flowers — 
 
 Revere the humble ; godlike are their powers : 
 
 No mendicants for praise of men are they. 
 
 The child who prays in faith "Thy will be done'' 
 
 Is blended with that Will Supreme which moves 
 
 A wilderness of worlds by Thought untrod ; 
 
 He shares the starry sceptre, and the throne : 
 
 The man who as himself his neighbour loves 
 
 Looks down on all things with the eyes of God ! 
 
 Is it a fancy that, in the midst of all this devotion 
 and lovely thought, I hear the mingled mournful tone 
 of such as have cut off a right hand and plucked 
 out a right eye, which had not caused them to offend '>. 
 This is tenfold better than to have spared offending 
 members ; but the true Christian ambition is to fill 
 the divine scheme of humanity — abridging nothing, 
 ignoring nothing, denying nothing, calling nothing un- 
 clean, but burning everything a thank-offering in the 
 flame of life upon the altar of absolute devotion to 
 the Father and Saviour of men. We must not throw 
 
MRS. BROWNING. 323 
 
 away half his gifts, that we may carry the other half 
 in both hands to his altar. 
 
 But sacred fervour is confined to no sect. Here it 
 is of the profoundest, and uttered with a homely 
 tenderness equal to that of the earliest writers. Mrs. 
 Browning, the princess of poets, was no partisan. 
 If my work were mainly critical, I should feel bound 
 to remark upon her false theory of Enghsh rhyme, 
 and her use of strange words. That she is careless 
 too in her general utterance I cannot deny ; but in 
 idea she is noble, and in phrase magnificent. Some 
 of her sonnets are worthy of being ranged with the 
 best in our language — those of Milton and Words- 
 worth. 
 
 BEREAVEMENT. 
 
 When some Beloveds, 'neath whose eyelids lay 
 
 The sweet lights of my childhood, one by one 
 
 Did leave me dark before the natural sun, 
 
 And I astonied fell, and could not pray, 
 
 A thought within me to myself did say, 
 
 " Is God less God that thou art left undone ? 
 
 Rise, worship, bless Him ! in this sackcloth spun. 
 
 As in that purple ! " — But I answer. Nay ! 
 
 What child his filial heart in words can loose. 
 
 If he behold his tender father raise 
 
 The hand that chastens sorely ? Can he choose 
 
 But sob in silence with an upward gaze ? 
 
 And my great Father, thinking fit to bruise. 
 
 Discerns in speechless tears both prayer and praise. 
 
 COMFORT. 
 
 Speak low to me, my Saviour, low and sweet, ; 
 From out the hallelujahs sweet and low, 
 Lest I should fear and fall, and miss thee so. 
 Who art not missed by any that entreat. 
 Y 2 
 
324 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 Speak to me as to Mary at thy feet — 
 And if no precious gums my hands bestow, 
 Let my tears drop like amber, while I go 
 In reach of thy divinest voice complete 
 In humanest affection — thus, in sooth 
 To lose the sense of losing ! As a child, 
 Whose song-bird seeks the wood for evermore, 
 Is sung to in its stead by mother's mouth ; 
 Till sinking on her breast, love-reconciled. 
 He sleeps the faster that he wept before. 
 
 Gladly would I next give myself to the exposition 
 of several of the poems of her husband, Robert 
 Browning, especially the Christmas Eve and Easter 
 Day ; in the first of which he sets forth in marvellous 
 rhymes the necessity both for widest sympathy with 
 the varied forms of Christianity, and for individual 
 choice in regard to communion ; in the latter, what 
 it is to choose the world and lose the life. But this 
 would take many pages, and would be inconsistent 
 with the plan of my book. 
 
 When I have given two precious stanzas, most wise 
 as well as most lyrical and lovely, from the poems of 
 our honoured Charles Kingsley, I shall turn to the 
 other of the classes into which the devout thinkers 
 of the day have divided. 
 
 A FAREWELL. 
 My fairest child, I have no song to give you ; 
 
 No lark could pipe to skies so dull and grey ; 
 Yet, ere we part, one lesson I can leave you 
 For every day. 
 
 Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever; 
 Do noble things, not dream them, all day long ; 
 And so make life, death, and that vast for-ever 
 One grand, sweet song. 
 
THE DIVINE JUDGMENT. 325 
 
 Surely these last, who have not accepted tradition 
 in the mass, who believe that we must, as our Lord 
 demanded of the Jews, of our own selves judge 
 what is right, because therein his spirit works with 
 our spirit, — worship the Truth not less devotedly 
 than they who rejoice in holy tyranny over their 
 intellects. 
 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 THE QUESTIONING FERVOUR. 
 
 And now I turn to the other class — that which, 
 while the former has fled to tradition for refuge from 
 doubt, sets its face towards the spiritual east, and in 
 prayer and sorrow and hope looks for a dawn — the 
 noble band of reverent doubters — as unlike those of 
 the last century who scoffed, as those of the present 
 who pass on the other side. They too would know ; 
 but they know enough already to know further, that 
 it is from the hills and not from the mines their aid 
 must come. They know that a perfect intellectual 
 proof would leave them doubting all the same ; that 
 their high questions cannot be answered to the intel- 
 lect alone, for their whole nature is the questioner; 
 that the answers can only come as questioners and 
 their questions grow towards them. Hence, grow- 
 ing hope, blossoming ever and anon into the white 
 flov/er of confidence, is their answer as yet ; their 
 hope — the Beatific Vision — the hapfy-making sight, 
 as Milton renders the word of the mystics. 
 
 It is strange how gentle a certain large class of the 
 priesthood will be with those who, believing there 
 
THE DOUBTERS AND THE CLERGY. 327 
 
 is a God, find it hard to trust him, and how fierce 
 with those who, unable, from the lack of harmony 
 around and in them, to say they are sure there is 
 a God, would yet, could they find him, trust him 
 indeed. "Ah, but," answer such of the clergy and 
 their followers, " you want a God of your own making." 
 " Certainly," the doubters reply, " we do not want a 
 God of your making : that would be to turn the uni- 
 verse into a hell, and you into its torturing demons. 
 We want a God like that man whose name is so often 
 on your lips, but whose spirit you understand so little 
 — so like him that he shall be the bread of life to all 
 our hunger — not that hunger only already satisfied 
 in you, who take the limit of your present conscious- 
 ness for that of the race, and say, 'This is all the 
 world needs : ' we know the bitterness of our own 
 hearts, and your incapacity for intermeddling with its 
 joy. We 
 
 have another mountain-range, from whence 
 Bursteth a sun unutterably bright ; 
 
 nor for us only, but for you also, who will not have 
 the truth except it come to you in a system autho- 
 rized of man." 
 
 I have attributed a general utterance to these men, 
 widely different from each other as I know they are. 
 
 Here is a voice from one of them, Arthur Hugh 
 Clough, who died in 1861, well beloved. It fol- 
 lows upon two fine poems, called The Qmstioning 
 Spirit, and Bethesda, in which is represented the 
 condition of many of the finest minds of the pre- 
 
328 'ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 sent century. Let us receive it as spoken by one 
 in the foremost ranks of these doubters, men re- 
 viled by their brethren who dare not doubt for fear 
 of offending the God to whom they attribute their 
 own jealousy. But God is assuredly pleased with 
 those who will neither lie for him, quench their dim 
 vision of himself, nor count that his mind which they 
 would despise in a man of his making. 
 
 Across the sea, along the shore. 
 
 In numbers more and ever more, 
 
 From lonely hut and busy town. 
 
 The valley through, the mountam down, 
 
 What was it ye went out to see, 
 
 Ye silly folk of Galilee ? 
 
 The reed that in the wind doth shake ? 
 
 The weed that washes in the lake ? 
 
 The reeds that waver, the weeds that float ? — 
 
 A young man preaching in a boat. 
 
 What was it ye went out to hear 
 By sea and land, from far and near ? 
 A teacher ? Rather seek the feet 
 Of those who sit in Moses' seat. 
 Go humbly seek, and bow to them. 
 Far ofF in great Jerusalem. 
 From them that in her courts ye saw. 
 Her perfect doctors of the law, 
 What is it came ye here to note ? — 
 A young man preaching in a boat. 
 
 A prophet ! Boys and women weak ! 
 
 Declare, or cease to rave : 
 Whence is it he hath learned to speak ? 
 
 Say, who his doctrine gave ? 
 A prophet ? Prophet wherefore he 
 
 Of all in Israel tribes ? — 
 He teacheth with authority. 
 
 And not as do the Scribes. 
 
IN MEMORIAM. . . 329 
 
 Here is another from one who will not be offended 
 if I class hint with this school — the finest of critics as • 
 one of the most finished of poets — Matthew Arnold. 
 Only my reader must remember that of none of my 
 poets am I free to choose that which is most charac- 
 teristic : I have the scope of my volume to restrain me. 
 
 THE GOOD SHEPHERD WITH THE KID. 
 
 He saves the sheep ; the goats he doth not save ! 
 So rang Tertullian's sentence, on the side 
 Of that unpitying Phrygian sect which cried : 
 " Hin. can no fount of fresh forgiveness lave, 
 Who sins, once washed by the baptismal wave ! " 
 So spake theiierce Tertullian. But she sighed. 
 The infant Church: of love she felt the tide 
 Stream on her from her Lord's yet recent grave. 
 And then she smiled, and in the Catacombs, 
 With eye suffused but heart inspired true. 
 On those walls subterranean, where she hid 
 Her head in ignominy, death, and tombs, 
 She her Good Shepherd's hasty image drew ; 
 And on his shoulders, not a lamb, a kid. 
 
 Of these writers, Tennyson is the foremost : he 
 has written the poem of the hoping doubters, the 
 poem of our age, the grand minor organ-fugue of 
 In Memoriam. It is the cry of- the bereaved Psyche 
 into the dark infinite after the vanished Love. His 
 friend is nowhere in his sight, and God is silent. 
 Death, God's final compulsion to prayer, in its dread, 
 its gloom, its utter stillness, its apparent nothingness, 
 urges the cry. Moanings over the dead are mingled 
 with profoundest questionings of philosophy, the signs 
 of nature, and the story of Jesus, while now and then 
 
330 ENGLAND'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 the star of the morning, bright Phosphor, flashes a 
 few rays through the shifting cloudy dark. And if 
 the sun has not arisen on the close of the book, yet 
 the Aurora of the coming dawn gives light enough 
 to make the onward journey possible and hopeful : 
 who dares say that he walks in the full light ? that 
 the counsels of God are to him not a matter of 
 faith, but of vision ? 
 
 Bewildered in the perplexities of nature's enigmas, 
 and driven by an awful pain of need, Tennyson be- 
 takes himself to the God of nature, thus : 
 
 The wish, that of the Mving whole 
 No hfe may fail beyond the grave ; 
 Derives it not from what we have 
 
 The nicest God within the soul ? 
 
 Are God and Nature then at strife, 
 That Nature lends such evil dreams, 
 So careful of tlie type she seems. 
 
 So careless of the single life ; 
 
 That I, considering everywhere 
 Her secret meaning in her deeds, 
 And finding that of fifty seeds 
 
 She often brings but one to bear ; 
 
 I falter where I firmly trod, 
 
 And falling with my weight of cares 
 Upon the great world's altar-stairs 
 
 That slope thro' darkness up to God ; 
 
 I stretch lame hands of faith, and grope. 
 And gather dust and chaff, and call 
 To what I feel is Lord of all. 
 
 And faintly trust the larger hope. 
 
MARTHA, MARY, LAZARUS, AND ANOTHER. 331 
 
 Once more, this is how he uses the gospel-tale : 
 Mary has returned home from the sepulchre, with 
 Lazarus so late its prey, and her sister and Jesus : — 
 
 Her eyes are homes of silent prayer, 
 Nor other thought her mind admits 
 But, he was dead, and there he sits. 
 
 And he that brought him back is there. 
 
 Then one deep love doth supersede 
 All other, when her ardent gaze 
 Roves from the living brother's face. 
 
 And rests upon the Life indeed. 
 
 All subtle thought, all curious fears, 
 Borne down by gladness so complete, 
 She bows, she bathes the Saviour's feet 
 
 With costly spikenard and with tears. 
 
 Thrice blest whose lives are faithful prayers, 
 Whose loves in higher love endure ; 
 What souls possess themselves so pure. 
 
 Or is there blessedness like theirs ? 
 
 I have thus traced — how slightly! — the course of 
 the religious poetry of England, from simple song, 
 lovingly regardful of sacred story and legend, through 
 the chant of philosophy, to the full-toned lyric of 
 adoration. I have shown how the stream sinks in the 
 sands of an evil taste generated by the worship of 
 power and knowledge, and that a new growth of the 
 
332 ENGLAND 'S ANTIPHON. 
 
 love of nature — beauty counteracting not contradict- 
 ing science — has led it by a fair channel back to the 
 simplicities of faith in some, and to a holy question- 
 ing in others ; the one class having for its faith, the 
 other for its hope, that the heart of the Father is a 
 heart like ours, a heart that will receive into its noon 
 the song that ascends from the twilighted hearts of 
 his children. 
 
 Gladly would I have prayed for the voices of many 
 more of the singers of our country's psalms. Especially 
 do I regret the arrival of the hour, because of the 
 voices of living men and women. But the time is 
 over and gone. The twilight has already embrowned 
 the gray glooms of the cathedral arches, and is 
 driving us forth to part a:t the door. 
 
 But the singers will yet sing on to him that hath 
 ears to hear. When he returns to seek them, the 
 shadowy door will open to his touch, the long-drawn 
 aisles receding will guide his eye to the carven choir, 
 and there they still stand, the sweet singers, content 
 to repeat ancient psalm and new song to the prayer 
 of the humblest whose heart would join in England's 
 Antiphon. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 LONDON : R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS. 
 
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