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A TREATISE 
 
 DISEASES OE THE DOG; 
 
 MANUAL OF CANINE PATHOLOGY. 
 
 ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE USB OF VETERINARY 
 PRACTITIONERS AND STUDENTS. 
 
 JOHN HENRY STEEL, M.R.C.V.S., A.V.D., 
 
 PBOFESSOB OF VETEBINABY SCIENCE AND SUPEBINTENDENT, BOMBAY 
 
 VETEBINABY COLLE&E; 
 
 LATE DEMONSTBATOB OE AND LEOTUBEB ON ANATOMY AT THE 
 
 EOYAL VETEBINABY COLLE&E OE LONDON; 
 
 COBBESPONDINO MEMBEB OE THE ITALIAN VETEBINABY ACADEMY; 
 
 ATJTHOB OP 'OUTLINES OP EQUINE ANATOMY,' 'DISEASES 
 
 OE THE ELEPHANT,' ' BOYINE PATHOLOGY ;' AND 
 
 CO-EDITOB OP THE ' QUABTEBLY JOUENAL OP VETEBINABY SCIENCE IN 
 
 INDIA.' 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 / 
 
 JOHN WILEY & SONS, 15, ASTOR PLACE. 
 1888. 
 
SIR DINSHAW MANOCKJEE PETIT, Ki\, 
 
 SHBBIFP OF THE CITY OV BOMBAY; 
 
 WHOSE 
 
 LAEGE-HEAETED LIBEEALITY HAS, AMONG NUMEEOUS FORMS 
 
 OP BENEFACTION, POUND EXPRESSION IN THE 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
 
 BAI SAKARBAI DINSHAW PETIT HOSPITAL FOR ANIMALS, 
 
 THIS WOEK, 
 
 WHICH ALSO AIMS AT ALLEVIATION OF THE ILLS THE FLESH 
 
 OF LOWER ANIMALS IS HEIE TO, IS DEDICATED 
 
 BY THE FIRST SUPERINTENDENT OF 
 
 THAT HOSPITAL, 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This book has its origin in the feeling that though 
 since the days of Blaine and Youatt there have been 
 many writers on canine pathology, the true bearings and 
 progress of. that science -have not been dealt with so 
 systematically and thoroughly as is needed to meet the 
 requirements of the present day. As canine practice is 
 more and more coming, into the hands of veterinary 
 surgeons, the want of a modern systematic text-book has 
 become more felt, and it is to. meet this want the author 
 has prepared the following chapters. The enormous 
 amount of valuable material contained in English periodi- 
 cal literature has been carefully studied, the work of 
 leading veterinarians on the Continent has been laid 
 under contribution, and the author has not failed to con- 
 sult all available British authorities in the interests of his 
 readers j thus it is hoped that the combined experience of 
 the British and foreign canine pathologists will be found 
 condensed in this work, digested, arranged, and "steadied" 
 by the author's not inconsiderable experience of diseases 
 of the dog and of the specialties of canine practice. 
 
 Tt is for the profession to determine whether the aims 
 of this work have been carried out; it has been hoped to 
 continue the systematic arrangement, careful record of 
 personal observations, and constant eye to comparative 
 study of Blaine, with the thorough collection and digest of 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PA OB 
 
 croton oil, Epsom salts, castor-oil, cathartic mixture. Preparation 
 for physic. Emetics i salt with mustard is a common emetic, 
 tartar emetic, calomel. Vermifuges : areca nut, oil of turpentine, 
 santonin, calomel, kousso, hellebore, filix mas. Stimulants, Seda- 
 tives, and Narcotics: opium; differences between the action of 
 certain agents on the dog and on man ; chloroform. Anesthetics : 
 administration ; Gruby on the effects of ether on dogs. Relation 
 of doses for dogs to those for horses. Subcutaneous injection of 
 medicines. External Applications and Minor Surgery : blisters, 
 firing, setons, fomentations j baths, warm, cold ; washing, bleeding, 
 rough means'for local bleeding; bandaging, muzzling. Leading 
 differences between canine and veterinary surgery , 14 — 2 
 
 CHAPTER III.— DISEASES OP THE BLOOD. 
 
 General remarks. SPECIFIC DISORDERS: Rabies. Its import- 
 ance in relation to public health. Symptoms to be studied only in 
 relation to diagnosis. Liability of owners for acts of dogs known 
 to be mad. Diagnosis. Varieties of the disorder. Bouley's rule. 
 Excessive affection suspicious. Fury. Escape and journeying. 
 Attack. The water fallacy. Peculiar expression, especially in 
 the dumb form. Bone-in-the-throat fallacy. State of appetite. 
 Influence of sex. The eye of a mad dog. Digestive and sexual 
 derangements. Alteration in voice. Local irritation. Blaine's 
 views on temporary localisation of the virus. Post-mortem dia- 
 gnosis. Mistake in prompt slaughter of a dog which has bitten a 
 man. Incubation. Lesions of alimentary and respiratory organs. 
 Of nervous centra. Accessory observations. The eye changes in 
 rabies by Siedamgrotzsky. On the minute changes of the nerve- 
 centres, by Coats, Gowers, and Kolessnikow. Pasteur's researches 
 on the virulence of the substance of nerve-centra. Diagnostic 
 inoculation of rabies to rabbits and birds. The differential dia- 
 gnosis of rabies ; popular errors ; distemper, fits, canker of the 
 ear, tetanus, &c. Appliances for seizure of mad dog. Prophylaxis. 
 Means of conveyance of the disease. Post-mortem examinations^ 
 precautions in. Destruction of carcass. Curative treatment un- 
 successful. Possibility of fortifying the constitution against it 
 not unlikely. Pasteurean system of rabies' inoculation. Extermi- 
 nation of dogs (note on skunk bite), dogs' homes, quarantine, and 
 other measures of repression, valuable but limited in efficacy. 
 Breed most liable to convey the disease. Muzzling. Bourrel's 
 operation of blunting the teeth. Measures in case of actual inflic- 
 tion of a bite by a mad dog. If the patient be a dog and has not 
 since bitten a man. Chances of the animal not developing the 
 
CONTENTS; IX 
 
 PAGE 
 disease after a bite. Measures to be taken when a human being 
 has been bitten. Difficult double duty of the canine pathologist 
 in dealing with rabies. Distemper: its fatality, specificity, 
 prevalence, and invasion. Its relations to similar disorders of 
 other species. Semmer's bacterium. Effects of the poison on the 
 blood. Types. Predisposing causes. Supposed spontaneous origin. 
 Differential diagnosis. Symptoms : General j eye ulceration. Pro- 
 gnosis. Nervous sequela. Intestinal form. Respiratory and hepatic 
 forms. Skin eruption. Post-mortem appearances by. Semmer. 
 Treatment. Disinfection and measures against contagion not 
 sufficiently enforced. Blaine's " virulent or putrid type." Medi- 
 cinal treatment. Debilitating measures to be specially avoided. 
 Nursing tonics. Persistency apt to be rewarded. Diphtheria : 
 Robertson's outbreak. Structural alterations. Three types : first, 
 second, third or nasal. Sequelae. Opinions of Law and Boss! on 
 this subject ; the latter records a case of conveyance from a child 
 to a dog. Letzerich on vaccination of a dog with lymph con- 
 taining diphtheritic material. Eczema EfizoOtioa : occurs in 
 dog. Pallin's case in a cat. Relapsing Fever, "Subba." 
 Anthrax : not frequent in carnivora. Intestinal form most fre- 
 quent, its causes and symptoms. Post-mortem appearances. 
 Rougieux' account of an outbreak in fox-hounds. Toussaint's 
 conclusions concerning anthrax vaccination of dogs. . The liability 
 of dogs to anthrax in the form of blebs or pustules in the mouth. 
 Conveyance of the disease by the bite. Variola Canina rare. 
 Its relations to smallpox and Var. ovina. Malignant or Benign. 
 Symptoms. Treatment. " Unicity " of this disease. Influence 
 of heat and cold on its development. Glanders : Lafosse, Polli, 
 Renault, Hertwig, St. Cyr, and Nordstrom on its conveyance to 
 dogs. Measles: a case of fatal communication from a child. 
 Cholera : Surgeon-Major Fairweather's Report on the cat epizooty 
 at Delhi. Tuberculosis. Does true " consumption " occur in the 
 dog ? Colin and Laulanie on false pulmonary tubercle due to 
 parasites. Nodular disease apparently tubercular. Causes. Here- 
 dity. Breeding errors. Tabes. Symptoms. Bowel and lung 
 cases. Treatment. Gowing on scrofulous change of the liver. 
 Septicemia : especially frequent in parturient bitches. Symptoms 
 and post-mortem appearances. NON-SPECIFIC DISORDERS : 
 Rheumatism. Frequent in sporting dogs. Causes. Acute or ^ 
 chronic. Richardson's experiment on the artificial production of 
 rheumatism. Special features of this disease in the dog. Lumbago. 
 Chest founder and Kennel lameness. Youatt's views. Treatment 
 of the chronic and acute forms. Prevention. Rickets : M. Voit's , 
 experimental study of the disease. Hill's remarks. Symptoms . 
 and differential diagnosis. Treatment. Leukemia : its study , 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 by Siedamgrotzsky. Three forma. Autopsy. Diagnosis. Inno- 
 renza's views. Jaundice or Icterus : Causes. " The Yellows." 
 Symptoms. Treatment. Special liability of the dog to nutritive 
 defects. An;emia. Plethoea : "Foul" (Mayhew). Fevee: 
 Simple, Malarious. Obscurity of such cases . . 26 — 72 
 
 CHAPTER IV.— DISEASES OP THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 
 
 Introduction. Simplicity of the organs. Deficiency in records of 
 disease of them. Heart. Fibrous Deposits on. the Valves. 
 Fatty Degeneration op the Heart. Rupture op the 
 Heart walls. Diseases op the Pericardium. Punctured 
 wound of the pericardium and walls of the chest. CANINE 
 HJSMATOZOA : Filaria immitis. Worm in the Heart. 
 Manson's researches. Diagnosis. Tuberculoid disease of the. 
 lungs as a sequela. Symptoms. Hollingham's case. Filaria 
 sanguinolenta. Observations by Dr. Lewis of Calcutta. Dr. 
 Manson's views. Autopsy. Manson on the effects of these worms 
 as causing stricture of oesophagus, pleurisy, and paraplegia. 
 Relations of these worms to hannatozoa of man. Supposed source 
 of the parasites. Congenital malformation of pre-caval veins in 
 the dog ..... 73—81 
 
 CHAPTER V.— DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 
 
 Introduction. Variation according to breed — the acute, Segenera- 
 tive, and parasitic. Nasal chambers and their accessories ; their 
 anatomy and physiology. Catarrh or Coeyza. Sore-throat. 
 Ozosna. Paeasitic Ozojna due to pentastomes. Polypus in 
 the Nostrils : Snorting, Fpistancis. Diseases op the Air 
 Pabsages : Preliminary remarks on anatomy and physiology. 
 Cough (Acute and Chronic), Loss of voice, Snoring, Acute Laryn- 
 gitis, Laryngismus stridulus, Chronic laryngitis. Mayhew's cau- 
 tion as to insertion of seton in the throat. Of the essential organs of 
 'Respiration : anatomy, auscultation, percussion, succussion, mea- 
 surement. Inflammation op the Organs in the Chest, i.e. 
 Bronchitis, Pneumonia, and Pleurisy, and their complica- 
 tions. Causes. Symptoms. Hydeothorax : Blaine on diagnosis 
 of this affection. Treatment. Paracentesis thoracis. Ver- 
 minous Bronchitis : Osier's researches. Asthma or Chronic 
 Bronchitis : Congestive and spasmodic . , g2 9* 
 
CONTENTS. XI 
 
 CHAPTER VI.— DISORDERS OP THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Mouth and its appendages. Anatomy. The lingual cartilage. 
 Worming. Teeth, their anatomy and physiology. Taktae ACCU- 
 
 MULATIONS. BBOKEN TbETH. EXCESSIVE WEAB. DISPLACEMENT. 
 
 Catting and rasping the Tushes. Cabies. Abscess of the Jaw. 
 " Cankeb of the Mouth." Loss of Molars. Cleft Palate. DIS- 
 EASES OP THE TONGUE : Glossitis. Pabaltsis. Wounds op 
 the Tongue, incised, punctured. Blaine. Youatt's views. Ranula. 
 Ftyalism. Ulcebation op the Lips. Wabts in the Mouth. 
 Pharyngitis. Anatomy of the oesophagus, stomach, and bowels. 
 Sinuses of Morgagni. Diseases and accidents of the (Esophagus. 
 Stbiotube. Filaria sanguinolenta. Choking. (Esophagotomy. 
 Some general symptoms of disorder of the alimentary canal : 
 Inappetence, Indigestion, Pyrosis, Vomition, persistent vomi- 
 tion. Colic. Diabbhosa. Constipation, Costiveness, and 
 Tobpidity op the Bowels. DISEASES OP THE STOMACH : 
 Gastbic Catabbh, "Husk," Gastritis, Ulceb op the Stomach, 
 Gastbic .Fistula, Gastbic Dilatation. Pobbign Bodies in the 
 Stomach. Observations by Mr. W. Hunting. Youatt's cases. 
 Pabasites : Ascaris marginata, Spvroptera sanguinolenta, Olulanus 
 tricuspis (of the cat). Whether dogs should be allowed to feed on 
 bones ? DISEASES OP THE INTESTINES : Entebitis. Blaine 
 on rheumatic enteritis. Dysenteby, Impaction, Calculus rare, 
 Volvulus not recorded. Invagination or Intussusception. Lapa- 
 rotomy. Mayhew's views on csecal disease. Pbolapsus becti v. 
 Ani. HiEMOBBHOlDS or Piles. Fistula in Ano. Atony of the 
 Rectum. Stbictube op the Bowel. : Mr. A. Broad's views. Ab- 
 dominal Hebnle rare in dog. Epiplocele. Femoral and 
 Inguinal Semite ; Hill and Friederberger's cases. Ventral Hernia. 
 Wobms in the Bowels. " Maw worms." Ascaris marginata. 
 Other round worms found in the intestines of the dog. Tapeworms. 
 Taenia cucumerina, T. ccenurus, T. marginata, T. eehinococcus, T. 
 serrata, T. literata, and Bothriocephahis latus. The corresponding 
 cystic worms. Tseniafuges. Solosloma and Cheiracantlms. Poly- 
 pus becti. 
 
 Appendix 1.— THE DISEASES AND SURGERY OP THE PERI- 
 TONEUM AND BELLY: Lapabotomy, Peeitonitis, Ascites. 
 Differential diagnosis. " Tapping the Belly " v. Pabacentesis 
 Abdominis. 
 
 Appendix 2.— THE LIVER, PANCREAS, AND SPLEEN, &c. : Ana- 
 tomy of the liver and gall-bladder. Hepatitis, Acute. " Bilious 
 inflammation of the bowels." Mayhew's case of ' liver abscess. 
 Chronic. Degenerations op the Lives, Rupture, Malignant 
 
Xll CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 Disease, Parasitic Disease. Distoma conjunctnm. Echinococci 
 recorded by Reiman. Filaria hepatica, by Mather. Ectopia hepatis. 
 The Excretory Apparatus of the Liver. Biliaby Fistula. 
 Biliaby Calculi. Pancreas : its duct. Bernard's case of absorp- 
 tion of the pancreas. Spleen. Splenitis. Excision of the organ. 
 H-EMOBBHAGJo Tumoubs. Rupture of the spleen. Splenic apoplexy. 
 Sarcomatous growth in, and other malignant disease of, the spleen. 
 Diseases of the other ductless glands : Thyroid body. Bboncho- 
 oele or Goitbe (" Kernels"). Youatt on heredity in this disease, 
 and his account of acute cases. The thymus body . 98--152 
 
 CHAPTER VII.— THE URINARY APPARATUS. 
 
 Anatomy. Diseases of the Kidneys. Albuminous Nephbitis (Bright's 
 disease). Accounts of the disorder by Axe and Mathis. Nephbitis 
 ». Retinitis. Renal Calculus. Atrophy and hypertrophy of 
 kidney. Hydatids (Blaine), more probably cysts of retention. Para- 
 sites. JSustrongylus gigas. Ureter blocked by calculus or dilated. 
 Cystitis. Epizooty recorded by Blaine and Youatt. Cystic 
 Calculus, induced artificially by Boerhaave. Mayhew on diagnosis 
 of stone in the bladder. Lithotomy. Hill's case. Youatt's men- 
 tion of natural lithotrity. Ruptubb op the Bladdeb. Cystic 
 Hebnia. Stricture of neck and eversion not recorded.- Abnobmal 
 Ueination. Retention, Suppression, Scantiness, Strangury, Incon- 
 tinence. Pabalysis op the Bladdeb. Passing the Catheter. Pro- 
 fuse staling. The urine of carnivora contrasted with that of herbi- 
 vora. H.IMATUEIA. Diabetes mellitus, by Prof. Perraro. 
 Urine with copious sediment. Pbostatio Disease. Mannington 
 and MacGillivray's cases. Frequence of this disorder. Ubbthbitis, 
 Balanitis, and Posthitis. Gonobbhosa. Stricture and spasm 
 of the urethra. Seon's case of parasite in the urethra. Ubethbal 
 Calculus ..... 153—164 
 
 CHAPTER VIII.— THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 
 
 OF THE MALE: Anatomy and physiology. Structure of the penis. 
 Lauscat's description of its glans. The phenomenon of " locking '' in 
 sexual union. Posthitis. Wabty Gbowths. "Polypi of the 
 Sheath" (Blaine). Congenital malformation of the Penis. Imper- 
 forate Prepuce. , Amputation oe the Penis. Inflammation of 
 the Sobotum. Castbation. Impotence. Sareocele. Obchitis. 
 Scirrhous Testis. OF THE FEMALE : Ovaeiotomy. Atrophy 
 
CONTENTS. XU1 
 
 PAGE 
 of the ovaries. Malignant disease. Metbitis : caused by artificial 
 attempts to induce oestrum. Ulceration of the lining Mucous Mem- 
 brane. Yeoman's case. Hydeombtea or Hydrops utebi. TJiebinb 
 Displacements. Hbbnia utebi v. Hystbbooele. Bainard's case. 
 Selle's case. Corby's case. Kopp's case. Torsio uteri. Pbolapsus 
 utebi or " Inversion.'' Differential diagnosis. Restoration by taxis; 
 Amputatio utebi, or Excision of the Womb. Leech's case. Broad's 
 , inethod. Brown's case complicated with Uterine Tumour. Uterine 
 inertia (Fleming). Post-partum Hjeiiobrhage. Mayhew's case. 
 Lacebation op the Vaginal Walls. " Cancer?' or Tumoues op 
 the Vagina. True Canceb. Lipomata. Condylomata, " Warts." 
 Fibromata. Polypus. Leucorrhcea. Inversio v. Pbolapsus 
 Vagina. Bainard's method of amputation. " Infibulation." Passage 
 op the Catheteb. PARTUBITION AND OTHER SPECIAL 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA OP THE FEMALE : (Estrum. 
 Superpcetation. Spurious Pregnancy (Fleming's account). Absence 
 of oestrum. Constant desire. Pbegnancy : False pains. Hygiene 
 of pregnancy. Parturition : normal. Difficulty not common. 
 Beasons for this. Malposition of the Foetus. Assistance to be 
 rendered at parturition. Premature Birth and Abortion. Delayed 
 Pabtubition. Opebatite Intebpebenoes : embryotomy. Ompha- 
 lotomy. Mayhew's Parturition instrument. Extractors. Forceps. 
 The crochet, as described by May hew. The new-born pup and foetal 
 membranes. Monstrous conditions. Moles or anidian monsters. 
 
 EXTBA-UTEBINB FETATION. CESAREAN OPEBATIONS : Franck's 
 
 statistics. Feser's cases. Adam's method of operation. After- 
 treatment of Parturient Animals. Overstraining the milking powers. 
 Adoption of a foster mother. Liability of bitch to eat her pups. 
 The lochia. 
 Appendix.— ORGANS AND PROCESS OF LACTATION AND 
 THEIB DISOEDEES : The mammary glands and milk. Beten- 
 tion op Mile. " Milk abscess," and concretions in the ducts of the 
 teats. Mammitis. Lacteal Fistula. Malignant Gbowths op 
 the Mammaby Gland. Tumours. To " dry up" a bitch. Warty 
 growths and " chaps " of the teats . . , 165 — 198 
 
 CHAPTEE IX.— THE NEEVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 Extreme nervousness of temperament of some breeds of dogs as a special 
 feature in canine surgery and medicine. Neuralgia. Williams's 
 views as to mental disorders. Epilepsy. Vertigo. Megnin on 
 epileptiform acariasis. Mayhew's precautions for dealing with 
 " fits." Apoplexy, the parturient form. Injubibs to the Head 
 Concussion, Compression, Fracture (Symond's case), Apoplectic com- 
 
XIV CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 plications. Encephalitis : Leblanc's case. Gowing's case. Hydbo- 
 oephaluS: Illustrative case. Parasites. Paealysis. Blaine on 
 Acupuncturation. Stross on spinal pachymeningitis. Locomotor 
 ataxy. Pueepebal Eclampsia : Fleming's account of this disorder. 
 Chobea or St. Vitus's Dance. Gowers and Sankey on its patho- 
 logical anatomy. Harley's artificial production of the disease. 
 Cbamp. Tetanus. Opisthotonos and Pleurosthotonos. Coats on 
 the pathology of the disorder . . . 199 — 213 
 
 CHAPTER X.— THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 
 
 THE EYE : Anatomical comparison with that of horse. Ulceration 
 op the Eyelids : " Watery Eye," entropion, ectropium, trichiasis. 
 Obstruction of the Lachrymal Duct. Laceration of the Supra-orbital 
 Ligament. Tumoubs on Cabtilago Nictitanb. Conjunctivitis 
 and Simple Ophthalmia. Granular conjunctivitis. Uloebation 
 op the Cobnea. Staphyloma. Opacity. Deopsy op the 
 Aqueous Chambeb. Traumatic distension of the eyeball. Deb- 
 moid Tumoubs. Catabaot. Accidental extraction of the lens by 
 a cat. Amaurosis. Dislocation op the Eyeball. Extirpation 
 of the Eyeball. Persistence of Membrana pupillavis (Youatt). In- 
 flammation of the iris and choroid. THE EAR : Ear-ache. Otitis. 
 Deafness, peculiar form resulting from too low " cropping." Intbb- 
 nal Cankeb, Coculet's treatment. External Cankeb. Amputa- 
 tion of Dogs' Ears (" cropping " or " rounding "). Ear caps (Peuch's, 
 Hill's, Mayhew's). Ticks in the Eab. Scurfiness of the flap. 
 Hematoma or Seko-s anguineous Abscess OP the FLAP : Hunting's, 
 Mayhew's, and Trinchera's method of treatment. Aubiculab 
 Acabiasis : accounts by Megnin and Nocard. Polypi of the Ear. 
 THE SKIN : Empirical notions on the subject. Views of various 
 canine pathologists. Anatomy of the skin of the dog. Foulness. 
 Simple Ebythema. Eczema (True dermatitis or "Surfeit"). 
 Pityriasis and psoriasis. Gamgee on mercurial eczema. Pruritus. 
 Alopecia or " Baldness." Vbbbuoe or " Warts." Anasabca. 
 Erysipelas (?). PARASITIC AFFECTIONS. DERMATOZOA: 
 General remarks on the diseases to which they give rise. Tbue 
 Mange or Sabcoptic Scabies. Detection of sarcoptes and symbi- 
 otes. " Dry," " scabby," and " watery " mange. " Red mange." 
 Special points concerning the treatment of parasitic skin diseases. 
 Blaine on mange dressings. The preparations suggested by different 
 canine, pathologists. Folliculab Mange. The characters of 
 Demodex folliculorum. Gruby's experiments with it. Hunting on 
 treatment of the disease. Various authors on this subject. Skin 
 
CONTENTS. XV 
 
 PAGE 
 
 disease due to Leptus autumnalis, the Harvest Bug, described by 
 Friedberger and Fleming. Ticks : Anderssen on the bush tick of 
 South Africa. Fleas: various methods for removal of them. 
 Lice. The Debmatophytic Diseases op the Dos : their general 
 characters. St. Cyr's conclusions. Tinea tonsubans v. " Ring- 
 wobm." Not to be confounded with Simple Herpes. Tinea Favosa 
 v. " Honeycomb Ringwobm." . . . 214— 244 
 
 CHAPTER XI.— THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. 
 
 Separation of Epiphyses. Fbactube : of walls of cranium, of lower 
 jaw, of vertebral, of ribs, of pelvis, of bones of the fore limb. Treat- 
 ment of fractures. Blaine on application of splints. Peuch on 
 fractured tibia. Mayhew on setting fractures. Fractured meta- 
 tarsals. False Joint. Dislocations : of elbow-joint, of shoulder, 
 of knee, hock, patella, coxee, femoral-joint, small joints of the foot. 
 Luxation of the lower jaw. Anchylosis and Exostosis. Stiff 
 joints, splints, spavins. Spbains. Laceration of the trapezius 
 muscle in the cat. The FOOT : examination of it as to soundness. 
 Sore or over-worn Feet. " Founder." Mange as affecting the feet. 
 Sinuous ulcer beneath the Claw. Thorns. Wounds. Overgrown 
 Claws. Amputation op the Toe. " Dew Claws." Parasites be- 
 tween the Toes. Congenital Depoemities op the Limbs. Wolsten- • 
 holme's case. Tenotomy. Cancerous diseases of Bones, Ostitis, and 
 Periostitis. Amputation of the whole limb . . 245 — 257 
 
 CHAPTER XII.— POISONING. 
 
 In its practical aspects. Toxicological and other experiments with drugs 
 on dogs. Idiosyncrasies of these animals. Cabbolic Acid, its 
 specific action on carnivora. Broad, of Bath, his method of using it 
 with safety, and his treatment for carbolic poisoning. Kuude's 
 treatment in the same emergency. Tobacco Water and Hellebore 
 solutions. Mebcuby Compounds. Eczema mercuriale. Bennett 
 on the effects of mercury on bones and its analogy to supposed 
 syphilitic lesion's. VEGETABLE POISONING. Not common in 
 dog. How he obtains mineral poisons. Treatment. Stbychnia. 
 Valenti on monobromide of camphor. Feser on the toxic action of 
 strychnia nitrate. Butler's successful case of strychnia poisoning. 
 Lead poisoning. EUTHANASIA. Carbonic-acid poisoning (Dr. 
 
XVI CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 Richardson). Electric shock. Drowning. Prussia Acid. Snake 
 Bite. Curara poison. Not to be used in vivisection. Stings of 
 venomous insects .... 258 — 264 
 
 CHAPTER XIII.— MINOR SURGERY. 
 
 Tusioues : Malignant. Frequent in dog. Care essential when using 
 chloroform for operations. Melanosis. Sarcomata. Non-malig- 
 nant, Fibrous or Fibro-vascular growths, Simple fibroma, Fibro- 
 cystic Tumours. " Capped hock " and " Capped elbow." Warty 
 growths. Fatty and Osseous Tumours. Wounds : their general 
 nature, causes, and peculiarities in dogs. Reference to Parkes' 
 experiments on gunshot wounds of the abdomen. Fleming on the 
 best method of separating and securing fighting dogs . 265 — 268 
 
 Tabulae Statement oe Medicines eob Inteenal and External 
 Use ...... 269—277 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Fia. PAGE 
 
 1. Physiognomy of disease in dogs as depicted by Mayhew — Pneumonia 9 
 
 2. „ „ „ „ Asthma . 9 
 
 3. „ „ „ „ Gastritis . 9 
 
 4. „ „ „ „ Colie . 9 
 
 5. „ „ „ „ Rheumatism 9 
 
 6. 7. Administration of medicines — pills (Mayhew) . . .15 
 
 8. „ „ liquid (Mayhew) . . .16 
 
 9. Dog seton needle (Feuch and Toussaint) . . . .22 
 
 10. Bandages for ears and abdomen (Peuch and Toussaint) . .24 
 
 11. Method of fastening tape on a dog's nose to muzzle him (Mayhew) 25 
 
 12. Figure of mad dog (furious stage). After Sanson . . .29 
 
 13. „ „ (dumb form). After Sanson . . .32 
 
 14. Pince collier pour saisir le chien (Peuch and Toussaint) . . 39 
 
 15. Bouley's sticks and rope for seizing suspicious dogs . . 39 
 
 16. Wire muzzle (after Fleming) . . . . .46 
 
 17. BourreFs rasp and gag for teeth (Peuch and Toussaint) . . 47 
 18 — 21. Distemper organisms (after Krei jewski) . . .49 
 
 22. Surra organisms, spirilloids . . . . . .58 
 
 23. Rachitic dog (Hill) ....... 67 
 
 24. General representation of circulatory organs of the dog (Chauveau) 74 
 
 25. Fatty degeneration (Quain) . . . . . .75 
 
 26. Fatty infiltration (Quain) . . . . . .75 
 
 27. Pentastome (Cobbold) ...... 85 
 
 28,29. Parasites of verminous bronchitis (from Hill on/ Dogs,' after 
 
 Osier) 93 
 
 30. Arnold's patent syringe for intratracheal injection . . .97 
 
 31. Arnold's improved patent hypodermic syringe . . .97 
 32 and 33. Dog's teeth (Chauveau). Anterior and lateral views . 99 
 
 34. Intestines and omentum major (after Chauveau) . . . 109 
 
 35. Throat forceps (Arnold) . . . . . .110 
 
 36. Stomach (after Chauveau) . . . . . .118 
 
 37—39. Parasites (after Stonehenge) .... 134, 135 
 
 40. Liver, &e. (from Fleming's translation of Chauveau's 'Anatomy ') . 140 
 
 41. Liver disorder (Mayhew) ...... 144 
 
 42. Distoma conjunctum (after Cobbold) .... 146 
 
 b 
 
XV111 LIST OF ILLOSTBATIONS. 
 
 fig. PAGE 
 
 43. Pancreas (after Gamgee) ...... 148 
 
 44. Eustrongylus gigas (after Cobbold) ..... 155 
 
 45. 46. Cystic calculi (after Morton) ..... 157 
 
 47. Os penis (after Strangeways, by Vaughan) .... 165 
 
 48. Gravid uterus of a muciparous mammal contrasted with that of 
 
 the human female (from Fleming's ' Obstetrics ') . . 182 
 
 49. Mayhew's parturition instrument ..... 188 
 
 50. Mayhew's crochet ....... 189 
 
 51 — 56. Forceps and extractors of various kinds (after Fleming) 190, 191 
 
 57. Fcetus in its membranes (Fleming) ..... 192 
 
 58 — 61. Aspects of cerebral hemispheres of cat, life-size . . 202 
 
 62—65. „ „ of dog (retriever), life-size . 203 
 66—68. Ear-caps— 66 (Peuch and Toussaint), 67 (Mayhew), 68 (Hill) 222, 223 
 
 69. Sarcoptes canis (Gerlach) ...... 231 
 
 70, 71. Parasites in skin-follicles of dog, follicular scabies (Williams, 
 
 after Gruby) . . . . . . .235 
 
 72. Acari folliculorum in hair-follicles, and also in sebaceous glands 
 
 (Gruby) . 236 
 
 73. Leptus autumnalis (Friedberger) ..... 239 
 
 74. Achorion Lebertii (after Fleming) ..... 242 
 
 75. 76. Achorion SchSnleinii, illustrating stages of development (Ben- 
 
 nett) ........ 243 
 
 77. Thalli, mycelia, and sporidia of Achorion (Bennett) . . 244 
 
 78. Tinea favosa crusts in various stages (Bennett) . . . 244 
 
 79. Skeleton of the dog (Chauveau) ..... 247 
 
 80. Method of setting fractured legs (Mayhew) .... 249 
 
 81. Bandage for fractured scapula (Hill) .... 251 
 
 82. Dislocation of Bhoulder-joint (Hill) ..... 251 
 
 83. Muscles of forearm and foot of the dog (Chauveau) . . 253 
 
 84. Muscles of antero-external aspect of forearm and foot (Chauveau) . 255 
 
 85. Bones of forearm and foot of dog (Chauveau) . . , 255 
 
 86. Skeleton of dog illustrating the effects of mercury (Bennett) . 260 
 
 87. 88. Two views of the femur of the same (Bennett) . . . 261 
 
THE 
 
 DISEASES OE THE DOG. 
 
 CHAPTER I.— INTRODUCTION— GENERAL 
 REMARKS. 
 
 A woke on the dog has an all but universal interest. It 
 is almost impossible to enumerate in full the various sport- 
 ing uses to which this noble and sagacious animal has been 
 put : greyhound, foxhound, beagle, and their allies ; pointer, 
 retriever, setter, spaniel; terriers of various kinds and 
 most mongrels are all more or less used in sport, and all 
 by their conformation and mental qualities have been 
 adapted to their special duties through the long-continued 
 and skilled regulation of their breeding operations by intel- 
 ligent men. In war the use of dogs is reviving ; recently 
 an organised dog service for sentry duty at outposts has 
 been officially originated in Russia ; and it certainly seems 
 a legitimate method of defence in those wars where the 
 acute senses and stealthy movements of the savage are apt 
 to be pitted against senses blunted by civilisation and 
 movements cramped by discipline. The fierce bloodhound 
 tracking the runaway negro slave through marsh and over 
 mountain may not be pleasing to our minds, but when we 
 see his instincts turned to the detection of murderers and 
 other criminals we agree that they are being put to a 
 legitimate use. In agriculture throughout the world the 
 dog finds scope for honorable and useful work, whether 
 in the care of sheep, in the extermination of predatory 
 rodents, or the defence of farm buildings. In travel, 
 
 1 
 
2 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 whether in search of the Poles or " Through the Dark 
 Continent," the dog is a necessary part of the bold 
 explorer's equipment. In trade some use is made of the 
 dog in the defence of property ; but his qualities are not 
 mercantile, he is adapted neither for pack nor cart, and 
 although attempts have been made to force him to settle 
 down to the quiet ways of trade in the service of the 
 cats'-meat man, happily the law has stepped in to prevent 
 such a perversion of the uses to which the dog was intended 
 by nature. Arctic explorers, indeed, above the highest 
 latitude of the reindeer, legitimately use teams of dogs 
 of the grand Esquimaux breed, but serious mortality from 
 epizootic diseases is a sad drawback to such use, and 
 threatens the poor Esquimaux with practical loss of his 
 best friend. The humane operations of the dogs of St. 
 Bernard are well known. 
 
 We have hitherto represented our canine companion as 
 an essentially feudal animal, and so he remains to the end ; 
 prompt in attack, sudden in raid, fierce in onslaught, 
 obstinate and relentless in pursuit, skilled in the driving 
 and protection of flocks, watchful on guard, and, withal, 
 of an adventuresome and exploring turn of mind — when 
 not more seriously engaged bringing all his valuable 
 faculties keenly to bear on the chase — that " mimicry of 
 noble war •" altogether he much reminds us of a Border 
 forayer such as Scott loved to portray. 
 
 Although thus bold in the field he is also a very 
 accomplished " Carpet Knight ;" his eyes beaming with 
 intelligence and trustful love, his docile temper, his lively 
 temperament, all his points and qualities adapt him as 
 the trusted and loved companion of woman and the friend 
 of man. He has often become strangely changed in con- 
 sequence into the so-called " fancy " breeds. To fit him 
 for the boudoir and the dwelling-house man has so arti- 
 ficially selected him that some dogs have no hair and 
 others are completely concealed by their more or less 
 beautiful locks ; some dogs are light of limb as the most 
 delicate deer, others resemble a prize-fighter in build • 
 some have their faces so shortened that there is no room 
 
INTRODUCTION. 3 
 
 for the full complement of teeth granted by nature, and 
 some all but entirely refuse their natural flesh food and 
 become as pampered and fastidious in their diet as human 
 epicures. 
 
 But man's interference with the works of nature has 
 not been without its drawbacks. As the varieties of the 
 dog are so numerous and his uses so varied, we find that 
 his diseases and accidents are very important and diver- 
 sified. Whereas the hunting dog generally suffers little 
 from disease and much from accidents to which his reiving 
 habits expose him, and spends his life in a state of hard 
 " condition," at the other extreme we find the ladies' lap- 
 dog, whose stomach refuses all but the most delicate 
 morsels artificially prepared, whose limbs can scarcely 
 support his weight, whose natural atmosphere is that of 
 a close and heated room, and who has become petulant 
 and snappish through the enervating influence of his 
 surroundings. It is commonly said that so diverse are 
 the manners of dogs of the sporting and fancy breeds, 
 that he who is competent to treat the diseases of the one 
 is not best adapted to deal with those of the other. This 
 is not correct. The science and practice of canine 
 pathology is applicable to all dogs — for " a dog is a dog 
 all the world over." The skilful practitioner duly con- 
 siders all the special features of each case, both in the 
 determination of the nature of an attack and in the adop- 
 tion of proper remedial measures. He certainly has a 
 very difficult task, for in no branch of medical practice are 
 the cases more obscure, the action and doses of medicines 
 more complicated, and the niceties of treatment more 
 elaborate than in canine surgery and medicine. 
 
 It may well be asked whether the practitioner of human 
 medicine or of veterinary surgery is the more competent to 
 treat the dog when diseased. On the one hand, it may be 
 urged that the dog is now practically an omnivore ; he 
 lives in such close association with man that he is affected 
 by like disease-producing influences and is exposed to the 
 same contingencies of life. On the other, that the educa- 
 tion and practice of the veterinarian is the more universal 
 
4 THIS DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 and varied, and that he is specially instructed in the 
 details of disease, anatomy, physiology, and therapeutics 
 of the dog. The latter considerations must bear the most 
 weight, but we must not lose sight of the fact that in the 
 present day veterinary science is becoming so complex that 
 during the period of time devoted by students to it but little 
 attention can be given to the details of canine science, 
 which needs, however, much care and time for appreciation 
 of its specialities. Thus few veterinarians are really good 
 canine pathologists, indeed it is only in London and some 
 of our other large cities, where competition is keen and 
 valuable dogs are numerous, that a veterinary practitioner 
 can afford to consider dog practice on a par with that of 
 horses and cattle. Any veterinary student at college can 
 obtain a good practical and a fair theoretical acquaintance 
 with the diseases of the dog ; only a few graduates can 
 afford to develop this knowledge into a speciality of prac- 
 tice. These remarks are made with a view to thoroughly 
 establishing the position that to be a veterinary practitioner 
 is not necessarily to be a canine practitioner; the two 
 classes of practice, although generally combined, are really 
 quite distinct. At the same time the veterinary surgeon 
 is by education and practice best adapted in all cases to 
 treat diseases of the dog. Touatt and Blaine in the past 
 and Cowing of Camden Town in the present, are notable 
 instances of veterinary surgeons who were (or are) also 
 accomplished canine pathologists ; and if asked to enume- 
 rate some London canine pathologists of the present time 
 we may reply Go wing of Camden Town; Rowe of Regent's 
 Park ; Hunting of Down Street, Piccadilly ; and Sewell. 
 We name them in no spirit of advertisement, nor as imply- 
 ing that they are not also skilled veterinary surgeons, but 
 simply with a view to giving honour where honour is 
 due we mention them as specialists in canine pathology, 
 who are assisting to lay the foundation of an enormous 
 development of this branch of medical science. 
 
 Mr. Hunting started some little time ago a course of 
 special instruction in canine pathology, but the movement 
 was in advance of the times, and, we believe, was, after 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the first course, discontinued. There can be no doubt 
 that before long the public will be sufficiently impressed 
 with a movement of this kind to give it adequate support. 
 
 Pew branches of medical practice are more beset with 
 empirics than this. We are constantly hearing of men 
 who are " good hands with dogs/' who certainly have 
 attained a fair amount of skill in minor operations and 
 nursing, and so are better than the absolutely ignorant, 
 but who are not to be trusted in the treatment of disease, for 
 they have a knowledge neither of the interior economy of 
 the dog nor of the action of the medicines which they 
 use. They like medicines which show some clear and 
 indubitable evidence of their action, hence the very 
 frequent and excessive use commonly made of emetics and 
 cathartics in canine practice. 
 
 There is a delicacy of manipulation and a refinement 
 in practice needed in the medical treatment of dogs 
 which is not required so much in the treatment of larger 
 animals. The tissues are very delicate, the nervous organi- 
 sation is high, these patients can be more readily handled 
 and controlled than the larger forms, and are generally 
 nursed and tended with greater assiduity. Much tact, 
 too, is needed in management of dog owners, especially 
 where the fancy breeds are concerned. The pain neces- 
 sarily inflicted at times for the ultimate benefit of the 
 patient proves distressing to the fair owner ; instructions 
 as to strict regimen are liable to be infringed through 
 mistaken kindness ; and there are a number of other 
 disturbing elements in most dog cases with which the 
 medical adviser soon becomes familiar. 
 
 The dog, as a carnivorous mammal, differs from the 
 herbivora in a number of essential and important respects. 
 That his movements may be prompt, free, and swift, his 
 skeleton is light, and its component parts dense to atone 
 for want of bulk ; they are also numerous, and have well- 
 developed processes for the attachment of muscles. 
 There is not nearly so much fibrous tissue in the carni- 
 vora as the herbivora, the muscles of the former being 
 adapted rather for sharp powerful action than for sus- 
 
6 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 tained and slow exertion. We find (for instance) none of 
 those remarkable fibrous arrangements by which the 
 horse is enabled to sleep standing and to thoroughly rest 
 himself without lying down. The digestive apparatus is 
 relatively much less bulky, especially the dental and 
 intestinal portions. The molar teeth being small and 
 short-fanged the skull requires neither large sinuses nor 
 bulky jaws, hence it is light, and only a very small liga- 
 mentum nuchas is required, with which again is asso- 
 ciated the absence of long anterior dorsal spines, such as 
 constitute " withers." The flesh food is easily digestible, 
 and so the main operations of the process are carried on 
 in the stomach, which is large, while the bowels are short, 
 straight, and small ; consequently the total bulk of abdo- 
 minal contents is small, and so the belly has but little 
 superficial abdominal fascia to support its viscera. Vigo- 
 rous and active movements entail a well- developed 
 nervous and circulatory system, and from this result also 
 well- developed kidneys, liver, and lungs ; the latter 
 being associated with wide air-passages, and a remarkably 
 elastic and capacious chest, which narrows anteriorly to 
 allow free play to the fore limbs. These latter are some- 
 what prehensile as well as adapted for locomotive 
 purposes. Thus, there is a small clavicle, the ulna is very 
 well developed and freely rotatory on the radius, and 
 there are five digits armed with claws and each more or 
 less endowed with special muscles. In the hind limb the 
 arrangements are on very much the same pattern, but the 
 power of rotation is much more limited, and one digit is 
 atrophied and thrown out of work. All the organs of sense 
 are well developed, as being much required to enable the 
 animal in a state of nature to procure its food, also the 
 emergencies of its life sharpen its faculties, increase its 
 intelligence, and enlarge its brain. As the young are born 
 in a very helpless state and are naturally subjected to many 
 emergencies and vicissitudes dogs are polyparous, the 
 number at a birth varying much. When nature's means 
 of preventing dogs becoming over-numerous (such as 
 the influences of starvation and the predations of more 
 
INTRODUCTION. I 
 
 powerful carnivora) are partially or wholly inoperative the 
 effects are very serious. This is seen to an extent in some 
 Eastern cities in the present day, where dogs go about in 
 bands and prove a great nuisance; also the early 
 Australian colonists had to wage fierce war against the 
 dogs, who bred freely and preyed upon flocks of sheep. 
 
 Liability to disease is directly influenced by the size 
 and functional activity of organs, semi-wild dogs are 
 not predisposed to any special diseases, but artificial 
 selection materially alters the state of affairs. It dis- 
 turbes the wholesome balance which has been by nature 
 established between the organs and systems of organs, 
 and those parts which become especially developed are 
 thereby predisposed to disease. The deleterious effects 
 of domestication are very well marked in the prevalence 
 of nervous disorder and cancer among fancy breeds, of 
 rheumatism among sporting dogs, and of canker of the 
 ear and mange among long-haired and long-eared 
 animals. Almost all the disorders of dogs thus arise 
 from man's mismanagement and tampering with natural 
 conditions. Disease is not a necessary attendant on 
 variation, but the latter must be considered a most impor- 
 tant predisposing cause. 
 
 We must accept as established by observation the 
 following statements : — That carnivora among mammals 
 have, as such, some special features of disease ; dogs among 
 carnivores, different breeds among dogs, and individual 
 dogs among those of a breed ; or, in other words, order, 
 genus, species, variety, and individual, influence the type 
 and character of disease. 
 
 Want of care in regulation of surrounding influences is 
 a fruitful cause of disease ; by gradual change the con- 
 stitution may become adapted to the most varied condi- 
 tions of diet, climate, and work, but -sudden transitions 
 throw the animal economy into disorder. Thus the dog 
 has almost become a herbivore in some cases, and indeed 
 generally is an omnivore ; so greatly has the influence of 
 changed diet affected the system that the very teeth are 
 altered accordingly ; but if we suddenly change any dog 
 
8 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 from a flesh diet to meal food disease will result. Again, 
 with regard to climate, no animal has become more 
 universally diffused than the dog, and he has become 
 adapted by variation to the climate of each country, but 
 ordinary English breeds if imported into India rapidly 
 succumb to the exhausting effects of sudden change of 
 climate, unless they be taken very great care of. 
 Finally, although largely due to the effects of breeding, 
 the marked difference between the greyhound and the 
 bulldog is also a result of their special work, and neither 
 could be put to the work of the other without serious ill- 
 consequences. Age, sexj and various physiological con- 
 ditions, such as those of lactation and pregnancy, are, in 
 dogs as in other animals, active predisposing causes of 
 disease. The exciting causes in general are too numerous 
 to bo mentioned in detail here. 
 
 The general stmptoms of disease in the dog are, in the 
 main, departure from ordinary habits, such as dulness, want 
 of appetite, an unthrifty appearance, the animal being 
 unsocial and endeavouring to hide himself, — they consist in 
 those slight divergences from ordinary habits which will 
 best be recognised by the master ; soon more marked 
 signs of disorder set in and enable us to diagnose the 
 case.* Fever is an accompaniment of most diseases and is 
 easily recognisable ; we shall treat of it in detail hereafter. 
 Although the arterial system of the dog is well developed, 
 the pulse is not so good and reliable a guide as it is in 
 diseases of the horse or man. Many dogs are very 
 nervous, and it will be found that when they are handled 
 by a stranger the pulse runs up so rapidly as to render 
 it anything but a reliable guide. It should always be 
 taken, however, and with as much gentleness as possible. 
 The character of the beat gives us some information, and 
 the knowledge thus acquired increases with experience. 
 The number can best be taken at the heart by placing the 
 
 * Mayhew lays great stress on the physiognomy of disease in dogs, and 
 rightly so. Although his illustrations (as appended) are exaggerated they 
 have a certain value in fixing on the memory the position assumed in various 
 disorders. 
 
INTKODUCTION. 
 
 Fia. 1. — Inflammation of lungs. 
 
 Fig. 2.— Asthma. 
 
 Fia. '3.— Gastritis. 
 
 Fia. 4.— Colic. Fia. 5. — Rheumatism. 
 
 (The physiognomy of disease in dogs, as depicted by Mathew.) 
 
10 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 hands firmly one against each side ; the heart-sounds are 
 distinct on auscultation. The character of the beats can 
 be determined either above the wrist (as is usual in 
 human practice), or inside the elbow, or from the femoral 
 artery inside the thigh. The normal beat of the dog's 
 pulse averages 100 — 120 per minute, but the character as 
 well as number of the beats varies much with the breed.* 
 
 The respirations can best be taken by auscultation or 
 by observation of the movements of the nostril, but they 
 vary so much in health as to afford us really very little 
 guidance. The colour of the mucous membranes gives us 
 the best indications of the state of the circulation ; the 
 state of the skin and nose, also the temperature of the 
 limbs, assist us in our diagnosis. Auscultation is our 
 main guide in testing the respirations and heart's beat. 
 Also we can learn much from the general behaviour of the 
 animal and the state of his ejecta is of value in informing 
 us as to the nature of his diseases. 
 
 The internal temperature has only recently been recog- 
 nised as a valuable guide in canine diagnosis and pro- 
 gnosis ; the thermometer may be inserted inside the cheek, 
 or in the anus, or vulva. The range in normal internal 
 temperature of the dog is 100° — 104° F. 
 
 Prognosis is generally favorable ; it is really wonderful 
 what serious injuries dogs will undergo without fatal 
 effects, and disease makes serious ravages before death 
 ensues, but we must always remember the liability of dogs 
 to sudden death from convulsions. 
 
 Treatment of dogs is a very delicate matter ; the doses 
 to be given are small and require careful adjustment, often 
 frequent repetition. In canine more than veterinary 
 practice "placebos " are required ; the whims and humours 
 of the dog and owner must often be tolerated, and inert 
 agents administered, lest the owner think nothing is being 
 done and be tempted to interfere with the case. There 
 is much scope for zeal and energy of the nurse in superin- 
 tending the numerous details of care of the sick animal. 
 
 * "When a dog pants violently his circulation may be considered as 
 quickened " (Blaine). 
 
INTRODUCTION. 11 
 
 In canine almost as much as in human practice must 
 allowance be made for nervous influences. To those 
 accustomed to handle only our domesticated herbivora 
 under disease it will be somewhat difficult to recognise 
 that sometimes in canine patients the nervous irritability 
 constitutes the most serious feature of the attack. Chloral, 
 opium, and ether are recognised as assuming a high place 
 in the catalogue of dog medicines, and such nerve tonics 
 as nitrate of silver and strychnia, also coffee and tea, are 
 useful in the hands of the skilful canine physician. It is 
 to ladies' pets, drawing-, and bed-room dogs, in fact, that 
 these remarks especially apply — they are extremely tender 
 under disease and suffer from intense mental feeling, and 
 are particularly liable to chorea, fits, paralysis, and other 
 nervous phenomena. It has been remarked, too, that in 
 them delirium usually precedes death. Among such animals 
 we sometimes find " malingerers " ; strange as it may 
 seem, it is an indubitable fact, amply established by expe- 
 rience, that many dogs at times feign sickness deliberately, 
 perhaps with somewhat the same instinct as leads the fox, 
 when hard pressed, to " sham " death. Again, it is such 
 artificially bred and reared animals which, like spoilt 
 children, require the greatest tact and gentleness with 
 firmness on the part of the physician or surgeon in handling 
 them for various purposes. They are apt to prove refrac- 
 tory, especially in the presence of their fair owners, who 
 are too apt to support them in their mutiny against medical 
 authority. There are a number of small details as to the 
 handling of strange and refractory dogs which are to be 
 learned in the school of experience. We must here insist 
 that boldness is essential, freedom from roughness and 
 the infliction of unnecessary pain must be adopted, and 
 seclusion during the examination of the patient. The 
 nervousness of dogs renders attention to the details of 
 nursing very essential in canine practice. Fortunately, as 
 a rule dogs have kind friends and caretakers, who will 
 willingly do what they can to lessen the pain and discom- 
 fort of sickness, and are only apt to err on the side of 
 f ' doing too much." 
 
12 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 The details of nursing consist in strict attention to the 
 animal's comfort and well-being in such matters as food, 
 air, bedding, and administration or application of medica- 
 ments ; warmth is of much benefit to sick dogs, for it is 
 found that convulsions are apt to result from exposure of 
 them to cold ; extreme quietude and unobtrusiveness in 
 treatment, regular administration, as gently as possible, of 
 remedies in exact accordance with instructions ; strict 
 cleanliness of the patient and his surroundings, comfortable 
 arrangement of his bed, and free supply of pure air are 
 details to be attended to in nursing. The diet must be 
 tempting and thoroughly clean, but little weaknesses of 
 the patient, as for pork or horse-flesh, should not be 
 yielded to, nor the animal allowed to eat to excess. Some 
 articles of diet are too stimulating to the skin and bowels 
 to be admissible as food for sick animals. Food, except 
 when used as a vehicle for medicines, should never be 
 forced on a patient. A suitable diet (generally of boiled 
 rice flavoured with a little soup, gravy, beef tea, or 
 chicken broth) should be placed before the animal fre- 
 quently, but if refused taken away and rejected, fresh 
 food being placed before him the next time. Some forms 
 of dog food may with advantage be used semi-medicinally, 
 thus greaves or boiled cabbage mixed with soup causes a 
 looseness of the bowels, and unboiled liver is valuable for 
 a similar purpose, and will be taken when the vegetable 
 matters are persistently refused. Boiled liver is of less 
 value, but useful. In dogs used for outdoor work horse- 
 flesh is valuable for conditioning, but except when much 
 work is done it produces irritation of the skin and foul smell 
 of the body, and is, therefore, described as " heating " ; 
 oatmeal has a similar effect. Certain articles of dog diet 
 are commonly spoken of as " causing worms " or " pro- 
 ducing mange," terms which require a little explanation ; 
 tapeworm is certainly more liable to result from a flesh 
 than from a vegetable diet, but will not be generated by 
 the former if care be taken to ensure the absence from 
 the meat of cystic larvae of taeniae, such as echinococci 
 in the liver, slender-necked hydatids appended to the 
 
INTRODUCTION 18 
 
 abdominal viscera, or measles in the flesh. No food can 
 produce true mange, but stimulating articles of diet can 
 produce the rashes and congestions of the skin commonly 
 known as surfeits. Sick dogs seldom require washing 
 entirely, as do healthy dogs occasionally, but the patient 
 maybe much refreshened by careful cleaning of the natural 
 orifices with tepid water and by such slight grooming, in 
 the form of combing and brushing out the coat, as suffices 
 to prevent matting of the hair and the skin becoming foul. 
 The amount of attention to the skin must be carefully 
 regulated according to the case. Exercise, with care not 
 to weary the animal, should be given in the fresh air 
 whenever the case admits of it. Mayhew's remarks on 
 the examination of DOG patients are very much to the 
 point : " Petted dogs are best examined away from their 
 homes and in the absence of anyone who has been in the 
 habit of caressing them. ... I usually carry such 
 dogs into a room by myself, and commence by quickly but 
 gently lifting them off their legs and throwing them upon 
 their backs. This appears to take the creatures by 
 surprise, and a little assurance soon allays any fear which 
 the action may have excited. The dog seldom after 
 resists, but permits itself to be freely handled. Should, 
 however, any disposition to bite be exhibited, the hand 
 ought immediately to grasp the throat, nor should the 
 hold be relinquished until the creature is fully convinced 
 of the inutility of its malice, and thoroughly assured that 
 no injury is intended towards it. A few kind words, and 
 the absence of anything approaching to severity, will 
 generally accomplish the latter object in a short period." 
 The relations of diseases of the dog to those of other 
 animals, especially man, is a matter of importance upon 
 which we shall have sometimes to lay great stress; in 
 reference to rabies and parasitic diseases this branch of 
 our inquiry attains its greatest importance. 
 
14 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 CHAPTER II. — CANINE PHARMACY, MATERIA 
 MEDICA, AND THERAPEUTICS. 
 
 Bearing in mind the nature and peculiarities of our 
 canine patients, as above indicated, we must consider the 
 specialities of canine pharmacy. Many tasteless pills of 
 various sorts are to be purchased from the veterinary phar- 
 maceutical chemists in London and other large towns, and 
 they will be found neat, clean, cheap, and convenient for 
 every-day routine practice, but they cannot be relied on to 
 meet all requirements. As excipients, diluents, and placebos 
 the syrups have some value, as that of poppies, of buckthorn, 
 and of squills, in addition to their more active medicinal 
 effects. Honey, too, more frequently finds a place in 
 canine than in veterinary practice. Medicines, pleasantly 
 flavoured, can be given as electuaries, placed on the animal's 
 tongue for him to suck in, but generally for dogs the pill, 
 draught, or enema is advocated. 
 
 Pills may be given much larger than those generally 
 used, but the small ones give least trouble ; it is 
 better, however, to give one large pill than several small 
 ones. The following details require consideration in 
 the administration of pills. Firstly, the size of the 
 animal. When it is small it must be taken on the lap, when 
 of medium size placed standing on its hind legs with, in 
 both cases, its back to the operator. If the animal be very 
 large the operator must stand with it between his legs. 
 Secondly, some animals fight and scratch with the fore 
 paws ; their limbs must be held by an assistant or a cloth 
 tightly tied so as to bind them to the chest. Thirdly, the 
 jaws must be separated and kept apart. This is generally 
 done by placing one hand so that the palm rests on the 
 upper part of the muzzle, and pressing, with the fingers on 
 one side and the thumb on the other, the soft parts of the 
 
CANINE PHARMACY, MATERIA MEDICA, AND THERAPEUTICS. 15 
 
 cheeks between the molar teeth ; every effort to bite then 
 pains the animal itself (Fig. 6). Sometimes it is necessary 
 to draw the jaws of very large dogs apart by tape tied one 
 piece round each jaw behind the tusks and drawing them 
 
 Pig. 6. Fig. 7. 
 
 Administration of medicines. (Mathew.) 
 
 forcibly apart, but the head must at the same time be sup- 
 ported firmly from behind, in order that it may not be drawn 
 away. Fourthly, with the unoccupied hand the pill must 
 be placed well in the isthmus of the fauces, on the back 
 of the tongue, and generally it is an advantage to give it 
 a forcible impetus backwards by pressure from the index 
 finger (Fig. 7) . In a little while, the animal having been 
 at once released but his mouth kept shut, he will (on 
 being allowed to open the mouth again) begin to lick his 
 nose, and, if not very sick, to wag his tail, evidently well 
 pleased with himself. 
 
 This method of administration presents difficulties only 
 in the case of large, strong dogs and to them, if not "off their 
 feed," it is better to administer tasteless substances placed 
 in the centre of a piece of meat which will be promptly 
 bolted. Even substances with some strong taste or odour 
 may be given in this way, but it should never be adopted 
 in the case of animals with doubtful appetite, as they may 
 discover or suspect the deceit and go altogether off their 
 feed. Some substances of a pleasant taste or smell can 
 
16 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 be given in food or water, a very useful method in cases 
 which require a long course of alterative or other treat- 
 ment. To prevent expulsion of medicines by vomition, 
 the head may be kept elevated for half an hour after 
 administration. 
 
 Dbaughts should seldom exceed a wineglassful in bulk, 
 generally a dessert-spoonful as a dose will suffice. They 
 may be given with a spoon or from the phial itself. The 
 dog being placed as above directed for giving a pill, the 
 third act consists in drawing out the loose, soft part of the 
 cheek so that it may form a sort of funnel when the head 
 is elevated (Fig. 8). The head should be held up by an 
 assistant. One hand of the administerer is used for pull- 
 ing out the cheek and the other for pouring in the liquid 
 gradually to replace that which trickles between the 
 molars and down the animal's throat to be swallowed in 
 successive gulps. A very small amount of liquid may be 
 given by simply pouring it from a teaspoon on to the back 
 
 Fig. 8. — Administration of medicines. (MATHEW.) 
 
 of the tongue, the mouth being held open as though for 
 giving a pill. Coughing or attempts to cough should cause 
 immediate cessation of the drenching process, but there is 
 less liability to entry of fluid into the air-passages of the 
 dog than of the horse, because the epiglottis of the former 
 animal is relatively much the broader. In cases of 
 emergency, fluid medicines may be administered by means 
 of the stomach pump, or subcutaneous injection syringe ; but 
 
CANINE PHARMACY, MATERIA MEDICA, AND THERAPEUTICS. 17 
 
 with regard to the latter means, especially, we must 
 remember that in some cases, and with some patients, 
 even the slight necessary puncture might bring on con- 
 vulsions. 
 
 Bnemata for the dog must be small in bulk because his 
 large intestine is not capacious. They are a very useful 
 means of administration of medicine and nourishment. 
 When judiciously resorted to they may be made to add 
 very much to the comfort of a sick animal by preventing 
 irritant accumulations in the bowel, such as are apt to give 
 rise to colic or convulsions. They prove also directly use- 
 ful for removal of worms when any occur in the large 
 bowel. With some valuable dogs enemata may be required 
 periodically as a matter of kennel routine, and it must be 
 remembered that, almost always, enemata are a safer and 
 simpler means of arousing torpid bowels than doses of 
 purgative medicine. A syringe capable of containing from 
 four ounces to a pint should be used according to the size 
 of the dog. If the fluid is to be retained as nutriment or 
 medicine, it should be small in quantity and of a bland, 
 mucilaginous character. In all cases the nozzle of the 
 syringe should be introduced very carefully and previously 
 well lubricated. In cases of constipation it is always 
 advisable to explore with the oiled forefinger beforehand in 
 order to determine whether there is a large, dry, hard 
 mass of faeces to be broken down. As an ordinary laxa- 
 tive means, warm water with some soap rubbed up in it is 
 the best enema. Mucilage of starch, linseed tea, gruel, 
 broth, milk, and so on, are given as nutritives in the form 
 of enema, in doses of about one pint. When prompt 
 catharsis is to be induced by enema, castor oil, oil of tur- 
 pentine, and common salt, of each half an ounce, may be 
 given with about eight ounces of gruel. As an anodyne 
 enema, useful in certain forms of colic, laudanum, sulphuric 
 ether, and spirits of turpentine, of each one to two drachms, 
 may be given similarly. 
 
 Canine Materia Medica differs in several very important 
 respects from that of ordinary veterinary practice. Thus 
 emetics assume a prominent place ; a quantity of pleasantly 
 
 2 
 
18 THE DISEASES 01 THE DOG. 
 
 tasting substances, such as the syrups, must be added to 
 the list of excipients ; expectorants and vermifuges are of 
 much importance. Again the question of closes is one 
 which requires careful study and is not to be based on 
 any consideration of the relative sizes of the horse and dog. 
 There are certain special features about the action of some 
 drugs which we shall require to remember. 
 
 Cathartics. — It is really extraordinary the differences 
 of opinion of various authors about the action of remedies 
 on the dog. The explanation lies in the very great 
 differences in size and habits of the different varieties, so 
 that the town and country canine practitioners arrive at 
 very conflicting conclusions. Thus Prof. Dick prefers 
 jalap one drachm, or an ounce of syrup of buckthorn, to 
 aloes, which he considers uncertain, whereas Blaine and 
 Youatt consider aloes in doses from a quarter to one drachm 
 " the best and safest aperient for the dog." Mayhew says 
 aloes is not a purgative to the dog. We may accept 
 the following conclusions concerning cathartics as fairly 
 correct : — 
 
 Aloes may be given in very large doses and is uncertain 
 in its action on the dog. It is not a good cathartic for 
 this animal, nor to be relied upon in the treatment of 
 disease. Jalap, in doses of one drachm, is a useful pur- 
 gative ; sometimes it is combined with scammony. Calomel 
 is too violent in its action to be used safely in most cases ; 
 in doses of one to two grains it effectually opens the bowels. 
 Croton oil, one to three drops, acts similarly, but is irritant. 
 Epsom salts (3J to ^ij) is frequently very drastic. Syrup of 
 buckthorn, rhubarb, colocynth, and senna are apt to prove 
 uncertain in their action and cannot be relied upon except 
 as adjuncts. Universal experience seems to have deter- 
 mined that castor-oil is the best cathartic for the dog in 
 doses of about half an ounce ; and the most convenient 
 routine cathartic is that known as the " Castor-oil mixture," 
 composed as follows : — 01. Eicini, 3 pts. ; Syr. Eham. Cath., 
 2 pts. j Syr. Papav. Bhe., 1 part." Dose, a dessert to a 
 
 * Most dogs will lap up castor-oil given in milk. 
 
CANINE PHARMACY, MATERIA MEDICA, AND THERAPEUTICS. 19 
 
 tablespoonful.* Laxative food, such as vegetable sub- 
 stances, should, when time admits, be given previously to 
 the physic, to gently move on any bones or other hard 
 matters liable to become impacted under the influence of 
 the cathartic. 
 
 Emetics. — We elsewhere deal with the abuse of these 
 important agents. It is to be distinctly understood that 
 they should only be resorted to when we wish to exert a 
 sedative action or to free the stomach from something 
 which is causing or aggravating disease. Thus they are 
 admissible in cases of sedative poisoning, certain forms of 
 epilepsy, and of overgorging with food ; and their adminis- 
 tration requires the greatest judgment. Our main diffi- 
 culty is generally to prevent the animal expelling by 
 vomition useful medicines. A common emetic is a tea- 
 spoonful of salt with half that amount of mustard given 
 in warm water, but there can be no doubt that even this 
 is occasionally dangerously irritant. Tartar emetic, a 
 medicine which scarcely affects herbivora, is violent in its 
 action as a sedative and emetic on the dog. However, it 
 is the best agent with which we are acquainted for the 
 latter purposes in doses of one to three grains. Calomel, 
 in doses of one and a half to four grains, is emetic, but 
 the action of this agent on the dog is very powerful and 
 it is liable to produce violent purgation or ptyalism. 
 
 Expectorants. — Squills, ipecacuanha, and rhubarb are 
 the best agents of this class. 
 
 Vermifuges. — Areca nut, in doses of one to two drachms 
 mixed with the dog's food just before it is given to him, 
 is an excellent, the best, tasniafuge, and is also said to 
 drive out round-worms. Administered in this way it will 
 be taken freely. Oil of turpentine is very prompt in its 
 action as a vermifuge, but its administration is said to be 
 attended with danger. However, mixed with twice its 
 bulk of common oil it may be given safely in doses of a 
 teaspoonful to a dessert-spoonful. Other vermifuges such 
 as santonin (gr. j to iij), calomel (gr. j to iij), kousso, helle- 
 bore, and filix mas are used occasionally. A vermifuge 
 should always be followed up by a cathartic dose. 
 
20 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 Stimulants, Sedatives, and Narcotics sometimes are 
 very violent in their action on dogs of high nervous tem- 
 perament, but tbey prove proportionately valuable in the 
 hands of the skilled practitioner. Opium can be taken in 
 fairly large amounts, the crude gum resin being given in 
 doses oftwo to four grains, and laudanum from half a drachm 
 to a drachm. Blaine in warning us against adopting human 
 doses for the dog, tells us that " a dog could take without 
 any derangement a dose of opium which would destroy a 
 man ; on the contrary, the quantity of nux vomica or 
 crowfig that would destroy the largest dog would fail to 
 destroy a man." Mercurials require the greatest caution 
 in administration to the dog ; tobacco given internally or 
 applied externally is apt to cause death ; and carbolic acid 
 if applied over an extensive surface affected with mange, 
 or licked by the animal, rapidly and fatally disorganises 
 the blood. 
 
 Chloroform, too, requires the greatest caution in its ad- 
 ministration to the dog, and probably laughing gas would 
 prove much better suited. In many cases there is a diffi- 
 culty in obtaining the anEesthetic effects of the drug and 
 the animal does not rally. Prom experience we may lay 
 down the rule that no animal which is debilitated by dis- 
 ease or with irregular heart's beat should be put under 
 chloroform. It must be remembered that the arguments 
 in favour of the use of Anjlsthetics are not nearly so strong 
 in the case of lower animals as in that of man, that we 
 seldom have the necessary skilled assistants available, that 
 in the dog we have not such command over the pulse in- 
 dications as in man and the larger herbivora, and that 
 chloroform is known to be frequently fatal to the dog. 
 With all due respect to the views of some authors, we 
 are fully of opinion that all minor operations on the dog 
 may be most safely and humanely performed without 
 chloroform. In giving chloroform to a dog we must 
 remember how freely he can and does breathe through the 
 mouth. The best method is to hold a sponge on which 
 chloroform has been poured under a cloth loosely thrown 
 .over the head of the animal, which is held lying on its side 
 
CANINE PHARMACY, MATERIA MEDICA, AND THERAPEUTICS. 21 
 
 on a table. Gruby has studied the anmsthetic effects of ether 
 on dogs. He gives fifty minutes as the maximum and forty 
 seconds as the minimum time required to bring on intoxi- 
 cation which lasted twelve to thirty minutes. Dogs twenty 
 days old lost their sensibility in three minutes, and died in 
 eighteen to twenty minutes ; adult dogs lost sensation in 
 eight minutes, and died if the action of the ether was con- 
 tinued for forty-five minutes ; copious bleeding recovered 
 young dogs apparently lifeless ( f Veterinary Record,' iii, p. 
 109). 
 
 Having thus touched briefly on the leading points to be 
 remembered in canine medicine, administration, and pre- 
 scription, we may remark that ordinary and not dangerous 
 remedies may be given in some proportion to the doses for 
 the horse. Generally in a prescription, grains must be 
 substituted for drachms, and half-fluid drachms for ounces. 
 This rule will be found a useful guide to the student as 
 indicating the maximum limit of doses. A posological 
 table will be found at the end of this work. 
 
 The subcutaneous injection of medicines has not yet been 
 largely made use of in canine practice, indeed the facility 
 of administration by other methods renders it necessary 
 only in a few cases, and the high nervous temperament of 
 some sick dogs would render the puncture of skin not' 
 altogether free from danger of inducing convulsions. 
 
 We must now proceed to make a few remarks about Ex- 
 ternal Applications and Minor Surgery. The skin of the 
 dog is readily affected by external stimulants, which, there- 
 fore, may be weaker than would be required for the horse 
 by one-fourth. Their application must be followed by pre- 
 vention of the animal scratching himself and biting the 
 irritated parts. The latter may be effected by means of a 
 wire or perforated tin muzzle, the perforated one having 
 also the advantage that it prevents the patient licking the 
 blistered parts and so suffering from the effects of the 
 cantharides, turpentine, or mercury compound unintention- 
 ally ingested. The Blister used may be in the form of a 
 plaster, ointment, or liquid application ; it is applied as for 
 the horse and the usual after-treatment adopted. This 
 
22 THE DISEASES OE THE DOG. 
 
 method of dealing with cases is specially required among 
 sporting dogs in injuries, tumours, and, most frequently, 
 joint diseases. Mustard plasters, sheep-skin, soap lini- 
 ment, and other external stimulants familiar to veterinary 
 surgeons are also resorted to in dog practice. Fibing is 
 specially used for greyhounds, and other sporting dogs. 
 The French and Arabs are very fond of it in canine prac- 
 tice. Peuch and Toussaint urge the necessity of firing 
 lightly and with great delicacy by means of a light leaf- 
 shaped cautery with slightly blunted point, heated to a 
 red-brown (about 20° of Daniel? s pyrometer). The patient 
 may be placed under the influence of anaesthetics and the 
 hair cut off. Some advocate the use of copper firing irons 
 in dog cases. Setons are very useful in canine prac- 
 tice, and are generally inserted at the nape of the neck 
 (as in convulsions, chorea, &c.) beneath the throat in 
 coughs, and along the sides in chest diseases. The 
 smallest-sized veterinary seton needle may be used, or one 
 specially manufactured for dog practice with an elliptical 
 cutting head, long narrow shank, and longitudinal eye. 
 
 Pig. 9. — Dog seton needle. (Peuch and Toussaint.) 
 
 Fomentation presents no special features except that 
 with long-haired dogs great care is necessary to prevent 
 after-chill, and it is not generally advisable to remove the 
 coat. The canine practitioner has a great advantage over 
 the veterinary in that he can resort to the effects of Baths 
 of various temperatures, which prove most valuable thera- 
 peutic means. The warm hath, at about 76° Fahr., is 
 specially useful in cases of nervous disorder, internal 
 spasm, fainting, and many other disordered conditions, as 
 an anodyne, antispasmodic, and sedative means. The 
 head must never be submerged. The patient must at once 
 be removed on the occurrence of any signs of weakness 
 
CANINE PHARMACY, MATERIA MEDICA, AND THERAPEUTICS. 23 
 
 such as panting and a tendency to faint. The bath should 
 not be continued more than ten minutes, and the patient 
 should be rapidly dried to an extent, and then wrapped 
 up in a blanket on removal. Occasionally it will be found 
 that the hot bath proves too much for the animal ; he 
 must then be swiftly withdrawn and supported by 
 stimulants. 
 
 Cold Bathing and Bandaging prove valuable for general 
 or local tonic purposes. The former is specially needed 
 in certain nervous disorders and in atony of the skin, the 
 latter for certain injuries. After bathing or washing of 
 any kind it is well that dogs should have their ears and 
 eyes thoroughly cleansed from soap or water and tho- 
 roughly dried, even with greater assiduity than other parts 
 of the body. In dogs with rheumatic or jaundice ten- 
 dency cold bathing is specially to be avoided, and for 
 routine daily cleansing dry rubbing is to be preferred to 
 washing. 
 
 Washing should not be practised too often, or it will 
 spoil the coat. The yolk of egg is preferable to soap for 
 cleansing the skin of the dog. We owe this useful fact 
 to Mayhew, who smears the yellow well into the hair, 
 pours a little water on to the back and rubs it up into a 
 lather, then clears it off by copious ablutions ; but, even if 
 some is left on, the dog will not on its account neglect his 
 personal appearance. The egg does not irritate his eyes 
 and skin as soap does. 
 
 Blkeding of dogs is seldom resorted to in the present 
 day but will occasionally be found useful. It may be per- 
 formed at the jugular or, less often, at the cephalic and 
 saphena. The dog is first muzzled and then held steady j 
 the vein is opened by means of a small fleam as used for 
 sheep, or of a lancet, after having in the case of the jugular 
 been raised by a ligature around the neck and the hair 
 over the seat of operation having been cut off ; 6 — 12 fluid 
 ounces may be withdrawn, but this is rather too much 
 in most cases, Blaine says one to eight ounces may be taken 
 according to the size of the dog. Ohabert agrees that 
 one or two hectogrammes of blood may be withdrawn from 
 
24 
 
 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 a medium-sized dog. The bleeding may be checked by 
 removal of the ligature. Slitting the ear or cutting of the 
 tail are rough means of local bleeding, sometimes resorted 
 to in emergency. 
 
 Bandaging is especially useful in cases of fracture, 
 hernia, and " canker of the ear." Dogs are very liable to 
 shift ordinary bandages, so pitch plaster, plaster of Paris, 
 gutta percha, and starch are used to stiffen and " set " 
 them in cases of fracture or dislocation. Peuch and 
 Toussaint insert a useful illustration of the means of 
 applying some forms of bandage to the dog. 
 
 lie. 10. — A. Bandage des Oreilles v. Beguin. B. Abdominal bandage. 
 (Peuch and Toussaint.) 
 
 Muzzling is valuable from a surgical point of view as 
 a means of protection of the surgeon and assistants during 
 operations ; also to prevent the patient gnawing irritable 
 parts in cases of disease or stimulant applications. The 
 open wire muzzle is the best for general use j occasionally 
 the perforated leather or punctured tin muzzle will be 
 required to prevent licking. The ordinary leather muzzle 
 answers very well in most cases, or a muzzle may be im- 
 provised out of an ordinary piece of seton tape by winding 
 
CANINE PHARMACY, MATERIA MEDICA, AND THERAPEUTICS. 25 
 
 it around the nose and securing it as in the accompanying 
 figure, which explains itself. 
 
 Pro. 11. — Method of fastening tape on a dog's nose to muzzle him. 
 (Mayhew.) 
 
 The fore legs may need to be tied down by means of 
 a towel to prevent the patient scratching. Big dogs may 
 prove unamenable to reason and so need to be put under 
 the influence of anaesthetics even for minor operations. 
 It is probable that canine operative surgery will in time 
 undergo developments to an extent much exceeding that 
 of veterinary surgery. In dealing with dogs we often 
 have exceptional facilities for nursing and also the patients 
 are freely manipulable, hence the strict application of 
 the system of antiseptic surgery is more possible here than 
 in ordinary veterinary surgery. Also the fact that a dog, 
 unlike most larger animals, is generally valued as a friend 
 and companion rather than from a strict pecuniary point 
 of view, gives room for operative interference for simple 
 saving of life without restoration to usefulness, a surgical 
 triumph not likely to lead to thanks from the owner of 
 either a horse or ox in most instances. On the other 
 hand, the domesticated herbivora as a rule require less 
 delicate surgery than does the dog, the parts operated on 
 are much larger, and these patients are much less liable 
 to exaggerated nervous disturbance such as has some- 
 times to be combated by the canine surgeon. 
 
26 THE DISEASES OV THE DOS. 
 
 CHAPTBE III.— DISEASES OP THE BLOOD. 
 
 The blood of the dog is estimated to amount to one 
 eighteenth the total weight of the body, its red corpuscles 
 are smaller than those of man. The majority of dogs may 
 be considered as of the sanguine temperament, although 
 the nervous temperament predominates in toy terriers and 
 some of the larger breeds are deeidedly lymphatic. 
 These differences materially influence the doses in which 
 medicaments are to be given, and also, to an extent, the 
 remedies to be resorted to in special cases. 
 
 The blood diseases of the dog have always been deemed 
 of much importance, even when but two of them were 
 recognised as such, distemper and rabies ; but latterly 
 the addition of many others, such as anthrax, diphtheria, 
 foot-and-mouth disease, glanders, and relapsing fever, 
 to the list have rendered this branch of canine pathology 
 specially important. The non-specific blood affections 
 have been comparatively little studied, but they are fairly 
 numerous and very important clinically. 
 
 SPECIFIC BLOOD DISOEDEES : Babies.— This 
 formidable disease has a terrible importance from a com- 
 parative pathological point of view, since it annually 
 claims human victims in considerable numbers and induces 
 symptoms which, by their severity and the amount of 
 mental disorder which they comprise, excite the greatest 
 apprehension among the friends and onlookers of the case, 
 together with the greatest pity for the sufferer. Babies 
 has attained a sensational notoriety disproportioned to the 
 actual number of human beings which succumb to it, and 
 which notoriety at times becomes almost morbidly exagge- 
 rated, indeed so much so as to impress excessively nervous, 
 
DISEASES OP THE BLOOD. 27 
 
 and hysterical persons with the severest apprehension, 
 inducing symptoms almost resembling those of the disease. 
 An average amount of notoriety is a decided advantage as 
 ensuring the necessary legislative and other measures 
 required for the repression of rabies, which otherwise 
 would make headway, to the detriment of man and all 
 kinds of domesticated animals, no species of which, quad- 
 ruped or bird, is capable of resisting inoculation with 
 rabid virus. As we wish to deal with this disease espe- 
 cially on a sound practical basis, we shall in turn deal 
 with its diagnosis and its prevention. We may preface 
 these divisions of our subject by saying a little about 
 the other matters which require notice in a systematic 
 record of a disease. 
 
 The symptoms of rabies should be examined only in so 
 far as is required for diagnosis, and can be ascertained 
 with safety to the observer and the public. Responsibility 
 lies with anyone who having a dog which he knows to be 
 " mad " keeps him alive and so runs the risk of his 
 escaping and injuring the public* This disease has 
 hitherto resisted curative treatment so obstinately that in 
 ordinary cases destruction of the patient should at once 
 follow exact diagnosis. This is a sound principle to go 
 on, with the distinct reservation that probably, in the 
 future, science will throw light on the treatment of specific 
 disorders to bring about cure, whereas she now can but 
 insist on prevention. We must leave the geography and 
 history of the disorder to be perused in such works as 
 Fleming's on ' Rabies and Hydrophobia,' where the sub- 
 ject is thoroughly dealt with. Thus there remains for our 
 consideration the question of how to determine the disease 
 when present and how to prevent its occurrence and 
 extension. 
 
 Diagnosis. — Dogs affected with rabies differ much in 
 their mode of manifesting the disorder, such differences 
 depending to an extent on the habits of the animal in 
 health. These varieties in the symptoms have led canine 
 
 * As has been legally established by a ruling of Lord Kenyon quoted by 
 Yonatt, ' The Dog,' p. 153. 
 
28 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 pathologists to consider that every strangeness in behaviour 
 of a dog is to be observed with suspicion ; and Bouley has 
 established the rule of always looking at a sick dog with 
 apprehension, especially one which seems too fond of 
 you, considering him to be rabid until proved otherwise. 
 It so often happens that dangerously rabid animals but 
 not known to be mad are brought by their owners for 
 medicinal treatment that this rule cannot be too strictly 
 enforced. It is remarkable that in rabies the owner is 
 the last person to whom the animal is inclined to be 
 aggressive, and, moreover, in certain cases the patient 
 is excessively affectionate, licking the hands and face 
 of his mistress, which practice has in many recorded 
 instances conveyed the disease, especially when a pimple 
 or other small wound has been on the licked part. 
 The popular idea that a mad dog is furious is correct 
 only as concerns certain forms of the disease. In the 
 furious form paroxysms of rage are well marked, and are 
 especially excited by the sight of strange dogs or the 
 glistening of light on the surface of water. The violence 
 of these paroxysms exhausts the animal, so that between 
 them he dozes or sleeps soundly, but if disturbed awakens 
 in a fury. The wrath of the patient varies in different 
 individuals and stages of disease; it either assumes the 
 form of a blind fury, prompting the dog to fly at and 
 worry any strange object, such as a stick inserted through 
 the bars of his cage, or there seems a sort of " method in 
 his madness," which has been considered an "instinctive 
 desire to propagate the affection " ; thus dogs are the 
 special object of aversion, and cats, too, excito the animal 
 to fury, but later herbivora and then men come on the list 
 of those to whom he will do mischief. It is remarked 
 that in the case of rabid herbivora the greatest fury is felt 
 towards dogs, and this is sometimes seen in the case of 
 human beingB. The fury is preceded by a period of 
 strange restlessness, a quickness and irritability of the 
 temper, and sometimes a remarkable amount of treachery. 
 The animal is dull but watchful, and a very characteristic 
 symptom is a tendency to snap at flies or other real or 
 
DISEASES OP THE BLOOD. 
 
 2d 
 
 imaginary objects, after watching their course for a little 
 time, as though to obtain a favorable opportunity for the 
 act of aggression. While dozing between the paroxysms 
 the animal often starts up suddenly and wildly. 
 
 Manifestations of irksomeness of restraint occur early 
 in the case, and the mad dog will show the greatest cun- 
 ning in getting loose. Having done so, he will traverse 
 enormous distances and finally return home, if he has 
 escaped the various dangers of his journey, in a tho- 
 roughly exhausted, perhaps paralysed, condition. The 
 pace adopted is a slow, dogged sort of trot ; at first the 
 
 Pia 12. — Figure of mad dog (furious stage). After Sanson. 
 
 animal may go from side to side, evidently intending mis- 
 chief to creatures met by him on his track, but soon he 
 goes straight forward, attacking only when opposed, in a 
 state of semi-stupor, his movements becoming uncertain in 
 consequence of the combined effects of weariness and 
 imminent paralysis. The furious animal is very sudden 
 in his attacks, the unprovoked nature and elan of which 
 overawe the assaulted animal, which is simply rolled over 
 if small enough, and bitten by one or two snaps, and left 
 in the search for a fresh victim. In this way an incredibly 
 
30 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 large number of sheep may be injured by one dog in a very 
 short time. It has been supposed that sound dogs mani- 
 fest an instinctive aversion to rabid ones, but such is not 
 the case, as has been amply proved. The unfortunate 
 tendency of mad dogs to travel great distances, especially 
 during the night, has much increased the belief in the 
 spontaneous origin of this disease ; the animal which 
 brought it into the neighbourhood having passed through 
 and done the mischief unobserved. Numerous cases of 
 this kind are on record where very strict inquiries have 
 proved instances of supposed spontaneity to be, really, 
 unobserved inoculation. The mad dog is characterised 
 by his contempt for threats and his fearlessness ; this is 
 partly due to perverted or lost sensation and partly to 
 mental perversion, which latter seems in some cases in the 
 dog, as in hydrophobic men, associated with a remarkable 
 degree of self-restraint, so that the hand will be seized 
 with apparent fury, but freed without infliction of a wound 
 after being retained in the mouth and champed for a little 
 while. The question of whether or no this mental aversion 
 extends to the fear of water in the dog and the superven- 
 tion of paroxysms at the sound of falling water, as in man, 
 has been much discussed, because it was thought that the 
 fear of water would be a sound and easily applied test for 
 diagnosis of rabies in the dog. Suffice it to say that it 
 has been amply established that this is not a pathogno- 
 monic symptom, and is altogether insufficient as a test. 
 The rabid animal will approach water freely and drink 
 when not prevented by spasm of the throat or the loss of 
 swallowing power seen in the latter stages ; even then, 
 however, he will endeavour to slake his almost insatiable 
 thirst. The mouth becomes very dry and of a dark 
 purple colour after the disease has been present for some 
 time, and in the " dumb " form the lower jaw drops and 
 the throat is swollen (a symptom which disappears at 
 death). Occasionally the whole head is oedematous, gene- 
 rally the tongue is pendulous, it often has been injured, 
 and the teeth, especially the canines, may have been broken 
 by the furious attempts of the animal to escape from con- 
 
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 31 
 
 finement or to destroy hard objects. In the early stages 
 there is profuse salivation, but this does not last longer 
 than a couple of days ; a small amount of froth may collect 
 at the angles of the mouth, and the patient endeavours to 
 remove it by rubbing with the paws. The animal-in such 
 cases is generally, supposed to have a bone in the throat, 
 a report which must be always looked upon with the 
 greatest suspicion as probably dumb rabies. Only in the 
 earliest stages is vomition present, and a small amount of 
 blood may be expelled ; later there is paralysis of the 
 alimentary canal, as indicated by obstinate constipation and 
 the tendency of foreign bodies to accumulate in the 
 pharynx and stomach. Such foreign matters as straws, 
 sticks, and hair are picked up by the dog in the earliest 
 stages of the disorder, when there is perverted appetite as 
 indicated by appreciation of anything cold to the tongue 
 when licked, by tendency to eat dung, either his own or 
 that of other dogs, horses, &c, also to lap urine (which is 
 considered very diagnostic). As paralysis of the throat 
 sets in, the ingested matters are retained at the back of 
 the mouth against or in the pharynx. Male dogs are most 
 often affected, probably because there are more of them, 
 and hot on account of any special sexual features, or 
 deprivation of opportunity for sexual gratification simul- 
 taneously with high excitement, as was at one time sup- 
 posed. It has been observed, but not proved, that when 
 a pregnant female has been bitten, any active manifesta- 
 tion of the effects of inoculation is reserved until after 
 parturition has taken place, then the bitch may for a time 
 perform well her duties as a mother, but it is possible, 
 although not proved, that she may convey the disease to 
 her offspring in her milk. Fever is present in rabies, and 
 in the more advanced stages there is a hollow sound in 
 breathing, which act is especially performed through the 
 nose. The eye of the mad dog is at times abnormally 
 bright and red, and may present a certain amount of stra- 
 bismus, which gives the animal an excessively sinister 
 appearance ; in other cases (especially of the dumb form of 
 the disease) the eyes are dull, sad, and heavy looking, and, 
 
32 
 
 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 very occasionally, there is an accumulation of pus at the 
 inner angle, and simultaneously there is a purulent discharge 
 from the nostrils. The dull appearance of the eyes, generally 
 distressed appearance, pendulous tongue and lower jaw, 
 dark colour of the tongue, and dry state of the mouth, give 
 the animal a very diagnostic appearance in the dumb form, 
 in which the disease runs its course with special rapidity, 
 and there is a marked tendency to the early supervention 
 of paralysis preceded by twitchings and stiffness. In this 
 way the face, back, and hind limbs are successively 
 invaded, and at last the animal becomes thoroughly 
 paralysed. 
 
 Fig. 13.— Figure of mad dog (dumb form). After Sanson. 
 
 Apart from the gastric derangement above alluded to, 
 the digestive organs are sometimes the seat of spasm, and 
 the animal may collect the straw of his bed underneath 
 his belly and press on it, apparently in the hope to relieve 
 the abdominal pain. It has been noticed that when the 
 digestive canal is affected the case proves rapidly fatal. 
 In the early phases of the disorder sexual excitement is 
 common, and bitches are much less liable to be bitten 
 than dogs ; it has been observed in dog-packs of hounds 
 that one of the earliest symptoms is a tendency to lick 
 
DISEASES OP THE BLOOD. 33 
 
 the anus and generative organs of another dog. Another 
 warning symptom noticed especially early among hounds 
 has been an alteration in the voice ; the howl of a mad dog 
 must be heard to be realised and once heard will never 
 be forgotten j any description will necessarily be insuffi- 
 cient to convey its true characters, but it has been spoken 
 of as an imperfect bark followed by a series of incompleted 
 howls, the animal being seated on his rump with the 
 muzzle elevated in the air and often turned backwards 
 while it rests against the wall. Another symptom of 
 great diagnostic value is the tendency of the animal to 
 constantly lick or, later, bite and lacerate with the teeth 
 some one part of the body, the seat of the inoculation 
 wound which may be found in a green gangrenous state 
 or merely a scar. The persistence of irritation at the 
 seat of injury, or its recurrence with pathological changes 
 after the wounds have apparently healed, is one of the 
 most remarkable of the many extraordinary facts about 
 rabies. It has led to the belief that the virus is not 
 absorbed, but remains at the seat of injury, and there 
 undergoes changes which render it capable of affecting 
 the system in general ; on this is based the practice of 
 excision of the parts around the wound as a preventive 
 at any time before active manifestation of symptoms. 
 Blaine was firmly convinced of the benefit of such 
 excision, but it cannot be accepted as conclusively proved 
 that rabies may thus be prevented. However, active 
 measures adopted with every evidence of thorough con- 
 fidence in their efficacy are specially necessary in dealing 
 with dogbite in mankind, for people if not thoroughly 
 convinced that they are out of danger are apt to work 
 themselves into a serious semi-hysterical state closely 
 resembling actual hydrophobia. In the dog rabies proves 
 invariably fatal, the cases lasting from three to seven days 
 when allowed to pursue their natural course. Even after 
 death diagnosis is often a matter of importance ; the 
 canine surgeon may be called on to give an opinion 
 about the emaciated bedraggled carcass of an unfortunate 
 animal which has been killed after being run down in the 
 
 3 
 
34 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 public streets, or of some less bruised and injured dog which 
 has been more humanely but injudiciously destroyed after 
 infliction of a bite on its owner or someone who has had to 
 do with it. Such revengeful slaughter or prompt destruc- 
 tion with a view to prevent accidents is an error of 
 judgment, for if the dog had been kept alive with due 
 precautions his freedom from rabies might be established 
 on the clearest evidence, and thus the apprehensions of 
 persons bitten thoroughly allayed ; for it is almost certain 
 that no animal free from rabies, however angry he be, can 
 give another animal or man rabies by a bite. The dog 
 should be kept alive in order that it may be thoroughly 
 established that rabies was not incubating in his system. 
 The incubation of the disorder in the dog varies from a 
 week to a year, but it is highly probable that only during 
 the time immediately preceding and during active mani- 
 festations of the symptoms is it that the saliva is virulent. 
 Therefore keeping the animal alive for a short time, say 
 a fortnight, should suffice to prove whether he was in a 
 condition to convey the disease. It must be remembered 
 that the body of a dog in the latter stages of incubation 
 would present no definite and absolutely distinctive lesions 
 of rabies. However, when the disease has set in there 
 are some abnormalities detectable post mortem which 
 amply suffice for diagnosis. Even in a body considerably 
 advanced in decomposition (such as has sometimes to be 
 examined in this relation) the accumulation of foreign 
 bodies, generally of a nature not to readily decompose, 
 will be detectable in the stomach and at the back of the 
 mouth. In fresher cases the respiratory and alimentary 
 tracts should be examined with the greatest care, as also 
 the central organs of the nervous system (cerebro-spinal), 
 both macroscopically and microscopically. Increased 
 vascularity, a streaky congestion, is found at the base of 
 the tongue and sometimes invading the whole of the 
 fauces, especially the tonsils.. The upper part of the 
 larynx also, is a frequent seat of this lesion, and the whole 
 lining membrane of the trachea may be congested, or, in 
 severe cases, spotted. In the larynx the membrane about 
 
DISEASES 0£ THE BLOOD. 3& 
 
 the epiglottis is specially liable to be affected, and the 
 pharynx is more or less involved. It has been remarked 
 that the raging form of the disease is specially charac- 
 terised by respiratory lesions, even the costal pleura and 
 diaphragm being affected in some cases, whereas in the 
 dumb form the changes are most marked throughout the 
 alimentary canal. The salivary glands are congested, and 
 the lining membrane of the stomach, and to a variable 
 extent also of the intestines, is the seat of spots of extrava- 
 sated blood and streaky stagnation; also we may find sphace- 
 lated ulcerated patches or extravasations of blood between 
 the coats of the stomach, and Blaine speaks of the mucous 
 membrane as "not unfrequently sprinkled over with 
 pustular prominences." Adhesions of the peritoneum and 
 intussusception are often present. The body rapidly 
 decays. The contents of the stomach are, in addition to 
 the usual accumulation of indigestible substances, merely 
 a small amount of coffee-coloured material, apparently 
 extravasated blood altered in colour and characters by the 
 digestive juices. In this, as in almost all other blood 
 diseases, petechias may be found in any or every of the 
 tissues, as the peritoneum, mediastinum, or substance of 
 the heart. The meninges of the brain (especially the pia 
 mater), and of the spinal cord at its anterior extremity, 
 show an exceptional amount of congestion which the sub- 
 stance of the enclosed nerve masses also occasionally 
 shares. The arachnoid and subarachnoid fluids are gene- 
 rally somewhat increased in quantity. The lymphatic 
 glands throughout the body, and the spleen and liver are 
 generally found enlarged and congested. Such are the 
 most frequent and constant lesions detectable on naked- 
 eye examination of the carcases of rabid animals. The 
 degree of blood extravasation varies in different cases, 
 being sometimes excessive and sometimes with difficulty 
 detectable, the lining membrane of stomach, endocardium, 
 and brain are the most frequent seat of extensive escape 
 of blood. The conditions of the stomach, its contents, of 
 the larynx, fauces, and base of the tongue are most 
 useful for diagnostic purposes. Inflammations of various 
 
36 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 parts are described as present in this disease, but the 
 correctness of this pathological statement has not been 
 established. In the critical post-mortem examination it 
 must not be forgotten to record absence of any morbid 
 condition which might give rise to symptoms such as 
 could be mistaken for those of rabies, nor to note the 
 state of the tongue and teeth, whether injured or intact, 
 nor the state of the eyes, body in general, and any 
 evidences of severe injury. It is probable that some of 
 the latter have been entered in published accounts of the 
 morbid anatomy of rabies. Siedamgrotzsky (' Bericht 
 iiber d. Veterinarwesen in Sachsen/* 1874) has 
 recorded his special observations of the rare cases in 
 which the eyes undergo morbid changesf in true rabies 
 such as make the case liable to be confounded with dis- 
 temper. These changes are essentially degenerative, 
 such as moderate cell-heaping in the vicinity of the 
 ulcers which form, fatty degeneration of the corneal 
 elements, and opening out of the interstitial substance. 
 The ulcer progresses rapidly, and may lead to complete 
 perforation, and escape of the aqueous humour, or this 
 may be prevented by a thin layer of fibrin or a blood-clot 
 in the anterior chamber. Siedamgrotzsky found these 
 changes in only six cases ; he does not attribute them to 
 injury, but to trophic alterations due to the nervouB 
 lesions of the affection. 
 
 The changes in the central nervous organs detectable 
 by means of the microscope have been variously described 
 by different observers. Coats (' Eoyal Med. and Ohir. 
 Society,' Dec. 11th, 1877) found an aggregation of leuco- 
 cytes around the medium sized vessels of the spinal cord, 
 medulla oblongata, pons Varolii, and corpora quadrigemina, 
 the smallest being in the convolutions. These aggrega- 
 tions are similar to those detectable in the salivary glands 
 and mucous follicles of the larynx. He concludes that 
 the lesions are very like those of tetanus, and that both 
 
 * Vide ' Veterinary Journal,' October, 1876. 
 
 + Youatt, especially, noted deep-seated ulceration in the eye in some cases 
 of rabieB. 
 
DISEASES OP THE BLOOD. 37 
 
 disorders are due to blood poisons affecting the central 
 nervous system and remarkably nearly identical localities, 
 the irritation seeming to centre in the medulla oblongata, 
 as probably determined by the anatomical and physio- 
 logical relations of the nutrient vessels. Dr. Growers had 
 found in the medulla in hydrophobia not only leucocytes 
 around the blood-vessels but also an infiltration of the 
 tissues with them, forming in places groups which might 
 be termed miliary abscesses. Kolessnikow, of the Veteri- 
 nary Institute of St. Petersburgh, found the small veins 
 distended with white corpuscles, their walls infiltrated 
 with similar elements, and the endothelial cells of the 
 intima of the veins and capillaries proliferating freely, as 
 also did the connective tissue cells of the adventitia. He 
 also found a clear, yellowish, refractive substance between 
 the endothelial cells and adventitia and inner coat, rarely 
 in the lumen. These changes were especially well marked 
 in the parietal and frontal lobes of the cerebral hemi- 
 spheres, but were also found in other parts. Infiltration 
 of the walls of the vessels was especially seen in the 
 medulla oblongata. Changes were noted around the 
 deep-seated origins of the hypoglossal, spinal accessory, 
 and vagus nerves. The spinal canal was usually plugged 
 with a granular mass and surrounded by lymphoid 
 elements. Recent researches show the "leucocytes" or 
 lymphoid cells of these observers to be bacteria. 
 
 Among the other brilliant discoveries made by M. 
 Pasteur recently, has been his observation that rabies 
 may be communicated by inoculation with substance of 
 the cerebral cortex, of the medulla oblongata, and with 
 the cerebro-spinal fluid. By trephining a healthy dog 
 and placing in contact with its brain cerebral tissue from 
 an animal affected with either form of rabies, the disease 
 may be conveyed with certainty m a few days. This 
 method has been applied to rabbits and other harmless 
 animals as a diagnostic means ; Gibier uses fowls, and 
 considers that they recover from the disease spontaneously ; 
 he describes a special bacterium of rabies, but his views 
 have not been accepted by Pasteur. 
 
38 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 In the differential diagnosis of rabies a number of 
 popular errors as regards the disease have to be avoided. 
 Thus extensive frothing from the mouth, fear of water, 
 constant firm compression of the tail between the hind 
 legs are not seen in this disease so invariably as to 
 make them pathognomonic. Also the presence of ranula, 
 or cysts beneath the tongue, which used to be insisted 
 on, is not to be relied on. It has been supposed that 
 bitches never turn mad spontaneously, but then we do 
 not know that dogs do so either ; certain it is that 
 spaying as a preventive of rabies is a fallacy, although 
 it seems to be rather extensively resorted to in France. 
 That dogs which have been " wormed " do not go mad, 
 and that removal of the tip of an animal's tail, taking care 
 that one of the tendons of the depressors is drawn out and 
 shall curl up like a worm in elastic recoil when broken, 
 are ideas based on ignorance but not yet obsolete. The 
 occasional occurrence of a pustular discharge from the 
 nose and eyes with corneal ulceration in rabies have some- 
 times led to confusion of this disease with distemper, yet 
 the differences between the two disorders are so marked 
 as to render such a mistake possible only with very care- 
 less diagnosis. Pits due to epilepsy, especially those 
 which follow distemper, differ altogether from symptoms 
 shown in rabies. The rabid dog does not lose conscious- 
 ness, he does not lie on the ground struggling and champ- 
 ing the jaws and foaming at the mouth as an epileptic 
 does ; the latter may on " coming to " bite anyone holding 
 him and rush off, but his escape is very different from the 
 way in which the mad dog "runs a muck." Youatt 
 speaks of cases where dogs have been bitten on the ear 
 and the disease thus conveyed been mistaken for canker 
 of the ear ; in each the irritable part will be energetically 
 scratched, but in rabies some of the earlier symptoms of 
 general disorder will be present at this stage, and there 
 will be no such local eruptions as are found in ear canker ; 
 tetanus, colic, and (as we have already seen) bone in the 
 throat have been confused in diagnosis with rabies. Such 
 errors can occur only with imperfect examination of the 
 
DISEASES OP THE BLOOD. 
 
 39 
 
 case. The practitioner must never arrive at conclusions 
 hastily, he must, with due precautions, thoroughly examine 
 the animal and not decide that rabies is present without 
 ample evidence in support of this view. 
 
 For the seizure of mad dogs several mechanical means 
 have been devised, one of which is shown in Peuch and 
 Toussaint's 'Surgery;' the figures of these will explain 
 themselves. 
 
 Fig. 14. — Pince collier pour saisir le Chien. (After Peuoh and Toussaint.) 
 
 Fig. 15. — Bouley*s sticks and rope. 
 
 It must be remembered that the disease has been con- 
 veyed by saliva smeared over the coat,* by the face of a 
 human being having been licked by a mad dog, and even 
 by still more obscure methods. Thus Dr. Evans, in the 
 ' Journal of the United Service Institution of India ' for 
 1883 (July), mentions a case of fatal hydrophobia in a 
 tanner, traceable to currying the skin of a cow which died 
 from rabies in London, Canada "West, in 1866. In making 
 post-mortem examinations of the carcases of mad dogs every 
 precaution should be observed, although it has been 
 
 * Galtier has shown that rabific saliva remains virulent in drinking-water 
 even twenty-four hours after the diseased dog has tried to drink. This 
 source of possible conveyance of the disease should he carefully avoided. 
 
40 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 accepted that virulence does not persist in the carcass 
 twenty-four hours after death. The autopsy should not 
 be performed by anyone with sores on the hands ; the 
 bodies of rabid animals should be disposed of by thorough 
 and complete destruction by means of fire or quicklime. 
 Similar precautions should be taken with the carcases of 
 rabid animals of species other than the canine, the several 
 fluids and tissues of which have been found just as viru- 
 lent as those of the dog, although the liability of the 
 patierit to communicate the disease varies in direct relation 
 to his natural normal ferocity. These measures of pre- 
 caution may seem too elaborate for prevention of a disease 
 the spontaneity of which has not been proved, and which 
 in 98 per cent, of the cases which occur is directly trace- 
 able to a bite ; but it should be remembered that our 
 knowledge of disease-producing agents and their modes 
 of diffusion, although much increased of late years, is as 
 yet open to great expansion, and every carcass of an 
 animal which has succumbed to specific disorder should 
 be looked on with apprehension as a possible centre of 
 communication and diffusion of the disease. 
 
 Eabies seems to differ somewhat in accordance with 
 geographical range, just as anthrax and other important 
 specific disorders are known to do. Dr. Oolam, writing 
 to the 'Veterinary Journal/ describes the dog disease of 
 the Arctic regions. It broke out about 1859 and spread 
 over nearly the whole of North Greenland. It is com- 
 municable from dog to fox but there is no record of its 
 communication to man, yet the natives have a horror of 
 being bitten by an affected animal, although they use the 
 skin and even eat the flesh occasionally. The Danish 
 Government has circulated official directions for prophy- 
 laxis. On post-mortem examination a pitchy substance 
 is found in the intestines and ulceration for four inches on 
 either side of the ilio-cascal valve. This disease is the 
 same probably as occurred in Dr. Hayes 5 expedition to 
 Smith's Sound in 1866-67, and Wares' expedition in 1875- 
 76. Dr. Kane in 1854 observed in the Arctic regions a 
 disease the symptoms of "which go closely resembled rabies 
 
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 41 
 
 as to cause alarm," such as avoidance of water, drinking 
 with aversion and spasm, and staggering gait, head de- 
 pressed, and mouth foaming and tumid, also snappishness. 
 The sunless Arctic winter is supposed to be the cause of an 
 anomalous form of disease, " as clearly mental as in the 
 case of any human being. The material functions of the 
 poor brutes go on without interruption ; they eat vora- 
 ciously, retain their strength, and sleep well. But all the 
 indications beyond this go to prove that the original epi- 
 lepsy, which was the first manifestation of brain disease 
 among them, has been followed by a true lunacy. They 
 barked frenzically at nothing and walked in straight and 
 curved lines with anxious and unwearying perseverance. 
 They fawn on you, but without seeming to appreciate the 
 notice you give them in return, pushing their heads against 
 your person, or oscillating with a strange pantomime of 
 fear. Their most intelligent actions seem automatic. 
 Sometimes they remain for hours in moody silence, and 
 then start off howling as if pursued, and run up and down 
 for hours." A strong tendency to tonic spasm, attributed 
 to lengthened cold and darkness, affected both men and 
 dogs. In the latter it assumed the form of tetanus, and 
 carried off fifty-seven of them with symptoms not unlike 
 those of hydrophobia ('Arctic Explorations/ quoted by 
 Fleming). Rabies has been observed to assume some 
 special features in some parts of North America ; thus we 
 read of the " Californian Dog Disease." Walley has 
 pointed out some of its peculiarities in Edinburgh. It 
 most frequently assumed the dumb form and was seen in 
 well-bred dogs, strange to say, fresh cases were most 
 frequent on Saturday, Sunday, and Monday. Hiccough, 
 a very rare phenomenon in dogs, occurred in one or two 
 cases. The temperature was noted as 104'5° Fahr, in the 
 earlier stages, very low in the late stages, in one or two 
 instances below 95°. It was most liable to be confounded 
 with cerebro-spinal meningitis, a sequela of distemper. 
 Intravenous injection served to prolong life (' Veterinary 
 Journal '). 
 
 From time to time specific remedies for rabies have 
 
42 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 been extensively vaunted, and to an extent accepted by 
 the medical profession, but all have sooner or later been 
 found inefficacious ; thus, Blaine and Touatt were inclined 
 to agree with the ancients as to the value of the box tree ; 
 Touatt speaks favorably of Scutellaria; curara has been 
 thought of value, and cases have recovered under its use. 
 These specifics have temporarily enjoyed reputations not 
 only as curatives, but as prophylactics, and have been 
 found about as valuable for the latter purpose as spaying, 
 worming, or extraction of the tendon of the tail. Blimi- 
 native treatment haB proved equally ineffectual with 
 specifics. The actual and immediate cause of the disorder 
 is a blood poison (probably G-ibier's micrococcus), without 
 which no case of rabies can occur. Our efforts must, 
 therefore, be directed to limiting its range. We know 
 some facts about this poison which tend to the encourage- 
 ment of future research with a view to rendering the con- 
 stitutions of animals unfitted for its development and pro- 
 pagation. Thus, although none of the elaborate experi- 
 ments which have been made to generate rabies 
 spontaneously by exposure to heat, cold, ungratified sexual 
 desire, and so on, have succeeded, and although the old 
 idea of there being certain seasons (known as " dog days ") 
 when as the result of heat the disease prevails especially, 
 it is certain that some years and in certain places the 
 disease assumes an enzootic or epizootic form. Moreover 
 all animals bitten by mad dogs and untreated do not go 
 mad, even many dogs entirely resist the disease. Also in 
 different cases the period of incubation varies very con- 
 siderably, and the disease assumes two distinct forms in 
 the dog, the furious being especially the variety in young 
 dogs, whereas the dumb form is seldom seen except in 
 adults. Thus the action of the poison is influenced by 
 constitution, and Pasteur considers that he has devised a 
 method of rabies modulation by which the disease may be 
 prevented or cured. This method has been tested by a 
 French Commission of Scientists which has accepted M. 
 Pasteur's conclusions, which are, therefore, as well sub- 
 stantiated as they can possibly be until time and the 
 
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 43 
 
 practical experience of several generations shall have 
 submitted them to as thorough a test as the Jennerian 
 system of vaccination has been able to stand successfully. 
 Pasteur, Chamberland, and Eoux find that the virus trans- 
 ferred from the dog to the ape, and cultivated by propa- 
 gation through several members of the latter order, 
 becomes progressively feebler after each inoculation-. 
 After a certain period of such cultivation, if it be hypo- 
 dermically administered to dogs, guinea-pigs, or rabbits> 
 even by intracranial injection (the most deadly method), 
 death does not result, but the animal acquires an immunity 
 from hydrophobia. If, on the other hand, the poison of 
 rabies be cultivated in successive rabbits, or guinea-pigs 
 only, its potency is intensified, and after a time is so great 
 that a fatal issue invariably follows its inoculation. The 
 poison as found in the dog is intermediate in strength 
 between that of the two methods of cultivation just men- 
 tioned. Thus, by careful selection of the medium, and 
 the stage of cultivation, it is possible to accumulate a 
 store of attenuated virus, which can be relied on to com- 
 municate a modified rabies, whose inoculation shall be 
 protective against its severer forms as that of vaccinia is 
 against variola. Since these results were obtained Pas- 
 teur has shown with regard to the virus of rabies that it 
 affects the spinal cord before the medulla oblongata j it 
 has its seat in all parts of the nervous system ; may be 
 retained with all its virulence in the brain and cord for 
 several weeks by freezing or by exclusion of air. This 
 virus has not yet been found associated with any special 
 microbe, it does not seem to be attenuated by cold, and 
 in different species of animals comes to vary greatly in 
 strength and properties when, by successive inoculations, 
 the virus has attained the fixity proper to each genus. 
 Pasteur has different kinds of rabies virus of which he 
 is able to exactly prognosticate the action on special 
 species. He believes that one of these serves to secure 
 immunity to dogs virulently inoculated. He has twenty- 
 three dogs thus rendered insusceptible of rabies. The 
 hypothesis of the passage of the virus from the bite 
 
44 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 through the nervous system from the periphery is not 
 entirely correct ; some virus enters the circulation — 
 although intravenous or intracellular inoculation ordi- 
 narily produces " dumb madness," furious rabies will 
 follow when the amount of virus injected is very small, 
 and the smaller the amount the more easily is the furious 
 rabies brought on. In a subsequent communication we 
 find it stated that " by a few transmissions of the virus 
 from monkey to monkey there can be easily obtained a 
 virus so attenuated as shall never communicate, by hypo*- 
 dermic inoculations, the disease to a dog. Inoculations 
 by trepanning of such virus will likewise produce no result ; 
 but an animal will, notwithstanding, be rendered thereby 
 proof against the disease. The virulence of the virus 
 becomes, on the contrary, augmented in its passage from 
 rabbit to rabbit." 
 
 Such is the basis of the important Pasteurean system 
 for rabies vaccination of dogs, as applied to mankind his 
 methods have attained much notoriety. It is evident 
 that we must for the present rely on the other methods 
 of repressing the disease which have been suggested by 
 experience. Extermination of the whole race of dogs 
 would not suffice for the eradication of , rabies, even if 
 such an extensive measure were practicable, for it has 
 been amply proved that cats, also jackals, foxes, skunks,* 
 wolves, and other wild animals, convey the disease. 
 Something may, however, be done, especially in large 
 towns, by causing the number of homeless dogs, such as 
 are little under supervision and so may pass unnoticed 
 
 * Col. Dodge in his 'Hunting Grounds of the Great West,' says that 
 skunk bites (generally on a sleeping man) are invariably followed by hydro- 
 phobia, although the skunk is not necessarily himself affected. This singu- 
 larly fatal result of skunk-bite is supposed to be confined to the Arkansas 
 Valley (' Veterinary Journal,' vol. v). These opinions must be taken with 
 much reserve. Hovey considers hydrophobia from skunk-bites a different 
 form from that caused by dog-bite, and terms it rabies mephitica. He con- 
 siders the generation of the poison possibly associated with inactivity of the 
 anal glands and with development of poisonous matter in the mouth follicles. 
 He suggests that the mephitic secretion may be a natural antidote to the 
 salivary virus ('Forest and Stream'). 
 
DISEASES OP THE BLOOD. 45 
 
 through dangerous stages of the disease, working mischief 
 unobserved, to be lessened by painless slaughter after a 
 definite detention in a Dogs' Home whereby the owners of 
 dogs may have a fair chance of reclaiming favourites or 
 useful animals which have strayed or been lost. Dogs' 
 homes require to be most carefully supervised and worked 
 on sound principles, lest they become centres for diffusion 
 of disease. Quarantine is rendered unsatisfactory by the 
 indefiniteness of the period of incubation of the disease, 
 although a period of six months' strict quarantine would 
 give most cases full opportunity for development, we have 
 no guarantee that all inoculated animals would thereby be 
 detected. Australia is at present endeavouring to secure 
 quarantine of imported dogs, and so to ensure continued 
 freedom from rabies which would, doubtless, spread with 
 terrible rapidity among the dingoes or wild dogs, but 
 quarantine, to be effectual, will require to be supplemented 
 by other methods. Perhaps, in the future, Pasteur's 
 system will ensure immunity ; Gibier has found that birds 
 which have once recovered from rabies resist future attacks. 
 Although neither " stamping out " nor quarantine can be 
 relied on as a means of extermination of this disease, they 
 are both valuable means of repression. There can be no 
 doubt that the measures adopted in many large cities for 
 the incarceration or destruction of ownerless dogs, dog 
 taxes, enforced wearing of collars with the owner's name on, 
 diffusion of popular information as to the detection of 
 rabies, and the combating of popular errors on the subject, 
 are of great value in limiting the range of this formidable 
 disorder, and they should be encouraged as much as pos- 
 sible and the Legislature advised to insist on them. 
 Statistics of prevalence of rabies should be carefully prer 
 pared, and the disease considered one of the most impor- 
 tant to be dealt with by the authorities. That it has not 
 been included in the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act is 
 a very extraordinary and serious omission, which ought at 
 once to be rectified. No breed of dog should be specially 
 subjected to supervision on account of rabies ; authorities 
 are by no means agreed as to the kind in which the dis- 
 
46 THE DISEASES Of THE DOG. 
 
 ease is most often seen. Touatt has found it most fre- 
 quently in curs and lurchers, and speaks of it being most 
 •often communicated to horses by Dalmatians. Mayhew, 
 whose practice lay among toy and other fancy breeds, con- 
 sidered them most liable ; whole packs of foxhounds have 
 had to be destroyed on account of it ; Esquimaux sledge- 
 dogs succumb to the disorder, and the Indian pariah dog 
 diffuses it through the country, causing deaths of such 
 valuable animals as horses, elephants, camels, and oxen, 
 in addition to an annual fatality among mankind. It is 
 evident that mutszlmg cannot be universal, and there- 
 
 Fm. 16.— Wire muzzle. (After Fleming). 
 
 fore, although beneficial to an extent, cannot be abso- 
 lutely relied on to prevent outbreaks of the disorder ; for 
 dogs which have been bitten by others which are naturally 
 ferocious, or which have been behaving at all strangely 
 Or been sick, the muzzle should be used, that made of wire 
 being the least inconvenient to the animal and most humane. 
 Blunting dogs' teeth, as specially recommended by M. 
 Bourrel, is no more reliable as thoroughly effectual than 
 muzzling, but still has a limited value which would sanc- 
 tion its adoption under certain circumstances. A muzzle 
 must be removed for the animal to feed, but blunt teeth 
 
DISEASES Of TfiE BtOOl). 
 
 4? 
 
 are permanently lessened in their power of causing wounds. 
 To perform the operation the mouth is kept open by 
 means of a gag, the tips of the canines are snipped off 
 with small shears, and then the incisors and canines are 
 rounded with a small rasp. 
 
 Pia. 17. — Bourrel's rasp and gag for teeth. (Pbuch and Tottssaint.) 
 (1) The operation. (2) The gag. (3) Tape. (4) Shears. (5) ~ 
 
 In cases where a bite has actually been inflicted, and it 
 has been proved that the inflictor was mad, or he may 
 reasonably be considered dangerous, no time should be 
 lost in dealing vigorously with the wounds. If the vic- 
 tim be a dog (and has not since bitten a man) he should 
 be destroyed, if of little value, rather than run the risks 
 of retaining him alive, because dogs of all animals are the 
 creatures opposing least constitutional resistance to the 
 rabies virus, and they are among the most dangerous 
 because of their predatory instincts as carnivora. When 
 there are urgent arguments against destruction, the bitten 
 animal should, with the greatest care, be thoroughly ex- 
 amined, in order to make sure that all his wounds are 
 detected and treated ; he may even need to be shaved for 
 this purpose. The wounds having been treated' by ex- 
 
48 THE DISEASES OS 1 THE DOCt. 
 
 cision and cautery, he should be carefully washed and 
 then must be isolated for at least two months (five or six 
 weeks being the average incubation in dogs), and wear 
 the wire muzzle when out of doors, and be kept under 
 supervision (and promptly isolated on any sign of disorder 
 of any kind or strangeness of temper) for at least one 
 year. Few dogs will be worth the risk and solicitude 
 necessitated in these precautions. The chances against 
 the animal developing the disease after a bite are — (1) The 
 inflictor of the bite may not be rabid, but if he be, (2) his 
 teeth may have been thoroughly cleaned from morbific saliva 
 by frequent bites of other animals or through clothing ; 
 (3) the bitten animal may be constitutionally fitted to resist 
 the disease, (4) or the treatment of the wound as adopted 
 may be effectual in destruction of the virus, (5) or the free 
 flow of blood from the wound as inflicted may suffice to 
 wash away the virus, especially if the flow has been en- 
 couraged by suction or cupping. When a human being has 
 been bitten the following measures may be taken : — Suction 
 of the wounds by some individual whose mouth is free 
 from abrasions ; encouragement of free bleeding from the 
 wounds ; neglect of no wound, however apparently trivial, 
 in which the cuticle has become abraded ; application of 
 ligature or tourniquet above the seat of injury j prompt 
 application of caustic, especially the nitrate of silver or 
 caustic potash, butter of antimony, or the actual or gal- 
 vano-cautery. In deep wounds this must be followed 
 by excision all round the injury, taking care never to 
 actually cut into the wound, and to wipe the knife after 
 each stroke, then cauterise the fresh wound thus pro- 
 duced. It is advisable to repeat application of the cautery 
 after separation of the first eschar. These measures, if 
 carefully carried out, should be considered as practically 
 ensuring immunity from ill effects and absolutely sufficient 
 to allay alarm on the part of the patient and his friends. 
 Such measures as bleeding, the cold bath, allowing a 
 stream of water to fall from a height on the wound, and 
 so on, must never be deemed sufficient. The duty 
 of the canine practitioner in dealing with rabies is a 
 
DISEASES OP THE BLOOD. 
 
 49 
 
 difficult one, for it comprises the constant excitement of ap- 
 prehension of the Legislature to secure adequate measures 
 of repression, and the simultaneous insistance on the con- 
 siderable chance of escape of individuals unhappily bitten. 
 Distemper is, of the numerous diseases to which canine 
 flesh is heir, that which annually exacts the largest tribute 
 of fatality. It is' a specific disorder ; very wide spread 
 in its prevalence, and supposed to have become domiciled 
 in Great Britain within the last century, but of this we 
 have no absolute proof. It resembles, to an extent, those 
 specific disorders of other animals which are known as 
 " influenza," but it seems to be a distinct and special 
 
 Figs. 18 — 21. — Distemper organisms intermingled with various cells. 
 (After Kreijewski.) 
 
 disease, and not the pathological equivalent of any known 
 disorder of man or other animals. An attempt has been 
 made to demonstrate that it is similar to human typhoid, 
 
 4 
 
50 THE DISEASES Otf THE DOG. 
 
 but unsuccessfully, and the same result has followed com- 
 parison of it with influenza of the horse and strangles. 
 Possibly through confusion between this disease and true 
 variola, the idea has spread abroad that vaccination is a 
 preventive, but it is erroneous. All the phenomena of 
 distemper are traceable to an altered condition of the 
 blood, and Semmer of Dorpat, who has investigated the 
 disorder on modern methods, comes to the conclusion that 
 that fluid contains a special bacterium of the micrococcus 
 form. When the blood becomes contaminated with the 
 distemper poison almost every tissue in the body may 
 become the seat of asthenic manifestations, and according 
 as the symptoms are most intense in any one system of 
 organs has the disease been considered to assume a spe- 
 cial type, such as the hepatic, pulmonary, intestinal, 
 cerebro- spinal, or catarrhal. It is not evident to what 
 the occurrence of either qf these types in any particular 
 case is traceable, but it is remarkable that when the 
 disease is prevailing in an epizootic, form some one special 
 type markedly predominates. Certain conditions of the 
 system seem to favour the development of the disorder, 
 which in this respect resembles strangles of the horse ; 
 thus the young are especially liable to suffer, but it 
 may occur in animals of any age ; also it is especially 
 frequent among foreign animals, more particularly those 
 recently imported, and it is most severe in type and 
 symptoms in animals which are subjected to specially 
 artificial systems of management. Various defective 
 sanitary conditions, such as damp, ill-drained kennels, too 
 low feeding, want of light and fresh air, and no exercise, 
 have been considered to generate it spontaneously, but 
 this view must be received with the greatest caution. 
 Such influences certainly render animals liable to attack, 
 but the contagium of the disease is so wide spread, and 
 its communicable nature so little recognised among people 
 in charge of dogs, that we ought to hesitate before con- 
 sidering this specific disorder as capable of originating 
 spontaneously. It is well worthy of inquiry whether in 
 everyday practice there are not several distinct disorders 
 
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 51 
 
 diagnosed roughly as " distemper," every attack with 
 typhoid symptoms being deemed an instance of the affec- 
 tion. Doubtless variola is sometimes thus confused, and, 
 also, those remarkable malnutritions which are caused in 
 the dog by deficient light and defective feeding, and 
 which manifest themselves as ulcerative degeneration of 
 the cornea and of the bowels are usually considered to 
 be distemper. , 
 
 Symptoms. — The poison after incubating in the system 
 for a period estimated as varying from one to three weeks 
 induces febrile disturbance. As a rule the local mani- 
 festations are those of nasal catarrh ; they begin by a 
 watery discharge from the nostrils, which becomes mucous 
 and subsequently purulent and most tenacious, gluing 
 the nasal alee together, and obstructing the respiratory 
 passages. The eyes simultaneously are involved in the 
 catarrh, and quickly become the seat of a muco-purulent 
 discharge which glues together the eyelids, so that in the 
 morning they cannot be separated without artificial assis- 
 tance. Changes in the blood supply of the Schneiderian 
 and conjunctival membranes lead ultimately to ulceration 
 as a result of defective nutrition ; thus in time the nasal 
 discharge may smell most foul and be occasionally inter- 
 mingled with blood ; the eye-changes consist in the 
 appearance of one or more opaque spots which increase 
 in size and extend inwards, sometimes they produce 
 complete perforation with escape of the aqueous humour. 
 In other instances abscesses form in the substance of the 
 cornea and burst; they are surrounded by a ring of con- 
 gested blood-vessels, but evacuation of their contents is 
 followed by rapid clearing and thorough repair. Ulcera- 
 tive changes are, in bad cases, found affecting the mucous 
 membrane of the mouth, especially the gums against 
 the teeth, the mouth is laden with sordes and smells most 
 foully. This ulceration may extend to the lips, face, and 
 neck in very severe cases (Blaine) . Cleanliness of mouth, 
 eyes, or nostrils materially lessens their liability to ulcer- 
 ation. During the progress of these symptoms the dog 
 .is out of spirits, listless in movements, and falls away 
 
52 THE D18M8K8 OF THE D00. 
 
 most rapidly in flesh; he endeavours to keep in a warm place 
 and away from observation, and in the earlier stages may 
 vomit freely, and usually is troubled by a husky cough. 
 Distemper is a disease the prognosis of which is attended 
 with a very great deal of uncertainty j sometimes the 
 antemia " pulls the animal down " to such an extent as 
 to make it seem probable that he will be utterly unable 
 to survive the attack, and yet he suddenly takes a turn 
 for the better, and improves with the greatest rapidity. 
 Not rarely in the earlier stages of the disorder he suddenly 
 seems to improve, his fever is less, his membranes clear 
 up, and he seems to be progressing most favorably until 
 convulsive twitchings, or deficient power in the hind 
 limbs, or extreme excitability indicate the imminence of 
 the nervous system becoming involved, either in the form of 
 epileptic fits, chorea, or paralysis. It is noted that espe- 
 cially dogs of fancy breeds and high nervous tempera- 
 ment are liable to epileptic fits when suffering from 
 distemper ; the least excitement, even an angry word to 
 another dog, will sometimes bring on this complication. 
 In the earlier stages these fits, especially when they are 
 not recurrent and paroxysmal, are looked upon as not a 
 bad sign, but when they occur in more advanced cases 
 and rapidly succeed one another, the patient is generally 
 ultimately killed by them. In their phenomena and mani- 
 festations the epilepsy, chorea, and paralysis differ little 
 from those affections when they are due to other causes. 
 The paralysis is generally paraplegia and usually precedes 
 the fatal result. More rarely the symptoms shown in 
 these nervous cases are those indicative of brain pressure, 
 and the patient may walk round in one direction continu- 
 ously in a state of stupor for some time. 
 
 Young dogs suffer most from the intestinal form, which 
 seems determined by irritation from the presence of 
 worms in the bowels, or, perhaps, reflexly by teething. 
 There is generally in the disorder a tendency to looseness 
 of the bowels, and the evacuations, at first laden with 
 mucus, are liable to become dark coloured and of most 
 foul odour. When blood begins to appear it indicates 
 
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 53 
 
 ulceration of the bowels and the case is desperate. Colicky 
 pains are not unfrequently present, and after death a very- 
 considerable portion of the bowel may be found spas- 
 modically contracted. 
 
 In the respiratory form of the disease the symptoms are 
 those of bronchitis of an extremely asthenic type, and 
 corresponding lesions are found post mortem, in addition 
 to those indicative of general derangement of the blood. 
 
 In the hepatic form there is severe jaundice, with its 
 ordinary indications, and the depression of the system is 
 most extreme. 
 
 Skin eruption, varying from puncta to large purulent ac- 
 cumulations beneath the cuticle, sometimes occurs. Farfrom 
 constituting a favorable critical evacuation, it is generally 
 considered to indicate the imminence of fatal termination 
 to the case. In India it has seemed to me much less 
 ominous, and skin eruption is frequently followed by re- 
 covery, the blebs burst and repair rapidly ensues, the 
 skin* remaining scurfy for some time. The most frequent 
 seat of this eruption is over the belly. 
 
 Semmer of Dorpat records as present on post-mortem 
 examination the following appearances : — Body emaciated, 
 eyes and nostrils glued with purulent mucus. Lungs 
 reddish brown, heavy, dense in consistency, and having 
 their parenchyma infiltrated with fibrinous exudate. Com- 
 mencing cell-infiltration of the alveoli, respiratory mucous 
 membrane reddened, tumefied, and covered with mucus 
 (or muco-pus) . Brain and spinal cord oedematous (and 
 their membranes highly congested and the seat of serous 
 effusions in some cases). Liver bright yellow and of 
 nutmeg-like appearance, and studded with brick-red and 
 brownish-red streaks and spots, these appearances being 
 due to fatty degeneration. Spleen enlarged and with a 
 marrow-like infiltrate. Kidneys congested and fatty, but 
 this state (as also the granular degeneration of the liver) 
 not constant. The digestive and% urinary. -mucous mem- 
 branes present stellate patches of hyperemia and ecchy- 
 moses. Muscular tissue of heart pale, and commencing 
 to undergo fatty degeneration. Blood watery, serum 
 
54 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 contains many " globular bacteria," isolated or in ball- 
 like clusters, or adherent to both, red and white corpuscles. 
 Also, in addition, some delicate and fine staff-shaped 
 bacteria. The liver-cells and tubuli uriniferi full of bac- 
 teria. The urine brownish red and muddy, containing 
 red and white corpuscles and epithelial cells, and many 
 bacteria of both kinds, either free or enclosed in the blood- 
 corpuscles or in the cells. Twenty-four hours after death 
 the bacteria were very numerous, but they disappeared 
 when putrefaction commenced. In the earlier stages the 
 lungs are found in a state of oedema, later they show the 
 signs of broncho-pneumonia ( f Deut. Zeit. f . Thier-med./ 
 Band i, p. 204). In addition to the above, ulceration or 
 infiltration of the nasal membrane and of that of the 
 intestines, especially the ileum, and affecting particularly 
 the solitary glands and Peyer's patches, congestion and 
 dropsy of the pericardium, swelling of the lymphatic 
 glands, especially those of the mesentery, and engorgement 
 of the gall-bladder with thick bile have been noted. Spots 
 due to ecchymosis are very frequent on the different 
 serous membranes. 
 
 Treatment comprises prevention and cure. We must 
 respect the opinion, almost universally entertained, that 
 the disease arises spontaneously, but at the same time we 
 must adopt every measure of disinfection and isolation 
 necessary to prevent contagion. Semmer relates a re- 
 markable case where the disease was conveyed to two 
 puppies from the carcass of an animal which had been 
 -left in the cold for fourteen days prior to examination, a 
 most extraordinary instance of contagion, which some will 
 be inclined to consider rather one of spontaneity. How- 
 ever that may be, there can be no doubt that hitherto 
 disinfection has been too much neglected in this disease. 
 Of course thorough disinfection involves destruction of 
 carcasses, dressings, &c. We must avoid being imposed 
 on by vaccination or inoculation as preventives. We 
 must insist on careful avoidance of contact with the sick 
 especially in spring and autumn, and with young dogs! 
 Some dogs are capable of resisting contagion, but very 
 
DISEASES OP THE BLOOD. 55 
 
 few escape the disease altogether, and it may recur several 
 times. Improved kennel hygiene should be insisted on 
 when distemper is prevalent, and it may be necessary to 
 " cross " a breed which seems to specially suffer from 
 this disorder, and thus to an extent counteract any heredi- 
 tary liability to it. When neglected, or in very hot 
 weather, distemper assumes what Blaine has termed the 
 virulent or putrid type, in which considerable ulceration 
 of mucous membranes of the mouth, nostrils, and rectum 
 takes place, the evacuations are most foul, and the body 
 is coated with offensive discharge. The duration of 
 attacks of this disease ranges up to three weeks, and 
 during the whole of this time the tendency to extreme 
 -debility is most marked, and our principal resource in 
 medicinal treatment lies in supporting the strength of the 
 patient in every possible way. We know no specific 
 remedy for this disorder, but medicines will be of value 
 in dealing with the complications which occur ; thus the 
 catarrhs, eye lesions, epilepsy, chorea, jaundice, diarrhoea, 
 and so on, will be dealt with on the principles elsewhere 
 detailed in this work, but we must studiously avoid all 
 debilitating influences and measures. Laxatives, blisters, 
 and bleeding have been recommended, but should be 
 never resorted to ; even the mild preliminary emetic which 
 is spoken of as "sometimes cutting short a threatened 
 attack" must be administered only in the very earliest 
 stages and with excessive caution. The effects of setons 
 may be tried for chorea when a sequela of distemper, but 
 not during its active stages. Worms should be expelled 
 from the alimentary canal as soon as possible, because 
 they are apt to induce intestinal or epileptic complications. 
 While in every respect careful nursing is being carried 
 out, especially cleanliness being insisted on, the animal 
 should receive quinine in port wine or in beef tea or 
 mutton broth. Strong coffee is considered of special 
 value in arresting the tissue changes so apt to occur in 
 this disorder, and some of the salts of iron, such as the 
 carbonate and the citrate, may be resorted to for a gentle 
 tonic action. Nunn uses three to five grains of sulphate of 
 
56 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 quinine in a little dry sherry as a tonic for small dogs, or 
 liquor arsenioalis five drops twice a day. It is remarkable 
 to what an extent the animal may be reduced before 
 death occurs and with recovery still possible. No disease 
 of the dog requires more sustained and careful treatment 
 and nursing than distemper, and in none is more fully 
 exemplified the maxim that " while there is life there is 
 hope." The vegetable tonics should be persisted in 
 throughout the attack. Once the animal takes a turn 
 for the better he will be found to improve very rapiply. 
 
 Diphtheeia of the dog and the horse have been dealt 
 with by Principal Kobertson, then of Kelso, in the ' Veter- 
 inary Journal ' for 1875, p. 82. He found it extremely 
 fatal, only three or four recoveries having occurred in 
 between twenty and thirty seizures. The outbreak was 
 in a kennel of high-bred greyhounds ; it first appeared 
 among the puppies, and nearly all of them died before 
 any of the older dogs were affected. The kennel-man 
 thought the disease was distemper. The average duration 
 of cases was a little over two days, but it always, when 
 fatal, proved so before the fourth. The structural alter- 
 ations were confined to the fauces and air-passages ante- 
 rior to the glottis ; the glands of the throat and neck, 
 however, were swollen, and the urine was opaque, increased 
 in density, and charged with albumen. The disorder 
 was observed in three types : in the first there was high 
 fever from the outset, acute local inflammation, the mucous 
 membrane of the fauces being dark red, tense, glistening, 
 and smooth (apparently in consequence of infiltration of 
 its submucous tissue). All the gland structures of the 
 mouth and throat were more or less swollen or tender, so 
 that deglutition was almost impossible. Emesis and 
 diarrhoea were sometimes present. These symptoms were 
 succeeded by a second stage, in which there was marked 
 depression. The characteristic grey exudation appeared 
 only when the animal survived over twenty-four hours • 
 it was arranged in stripes or spots, always adherent, 
 glossy, tenacious, soft, and devoid of structure, varying 
 in thickness in different situations. Type number two 
 
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 57 
 
 was less acute, the fever less marked, and the local lesions 
 never severe enough to entirely prevent deglutition. The 
 glands of the throat and neck were early swollen, and in- 
 creased in size rapidly. Owing to extensive infiltration 
 of the areolar tissue there was very awkward carriage of 
 the head, and the patient was very restless until coma 
 set in. The third type was nasal. With less fever than 
 in the other forms the animal was dull, had sore-throat, 
 and a sanious discharge from the nostrils and from the 
 mouth (the latter mixed with saliva). In these, death 
 supervened less rapidly than in cases of the other types, 
 and before death the mouth became laden with sordes, 
 the breath foetid, and the lymphatic glands much swollen. 
 Autopsy showed that the disease had involved the posterior 
 nares but that the pharynx was most affected. Of the 
 animals which recovered one was temporarily blind of 
 both eyes from opacity of the cornea, another suffered 
 from clonic spasms of the face and neck followed by 
 paraplegia, but ultimately thoroughly recovered. The 
 outbreak occurred in kennels in a very unsanitary state. 
 Law mentions " croup " as one of the diseases of the 
 dog and recommends its treatment by emetics. Bossi 
 records a case where a dog ate excreta from a child with 
 diphtheria, and died on the third day from suffocation. 
 Autopsy showed the mucous membrane of the fauces 
 pulpy and denuded of epithelium. Membranous exuda- 
 tion was here and there found, forming compact, thick, 
 adherent excrescences, or ulcerations blackish and very 
 deep. The inflammation extended to the pharynx and 
 larynx. The heart and lungs were blackish and flabby, 
 and contained pitchlike blood, and several fibro-albu- 
 minous concretions. Letzerich, in ' Virchow's Archiv ' for 
 April, 1875, p. 178, describes how a dog was vaccinated 
 with matter to which a small amount of diphtheritic mate- 
 rial had been added. On the third day after, a soft 
 swelling was observed at the seat of inoculation. The 
 wound became indurated, gaping, and covered with a 
 whitish, doughy-looking exudate. The swelling continued 
 until the dog died, when wandering vegetable organisms 
 
58 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 were found in the various organs. Local diphtheria had 
 occurred followed by secondary general diphtheria ('Veter- 
 inary Journal/ 1875). 
 
 Eczema Bpizootica is transmissible to the dog, and 
 cases are recorded in which it has resulted from consump- 
 tion of milk of affected animals. Veterinary Surgeon D. 0. 
 Pallin related a serious case in a cat in which the palate 
 was much disorganised, and which originated in this way. 
 
 Bilapsing Feveb, " Sueka," has been conveyed by 
 inoculation to dogs. The spiral organisms found in the 
 blood in that affection propagate their species, and are 
 
 
 "CI X* 
 
 Fig. 22.— Surra organisms, " Spirilloids." 
 
 very active in the blood of the dog. The period of incu- 
 bation is about ten days, the relapsing character of the 
 fever is well marked, and at length the animal dies from 
 exhaustion. 
 
 Antheax, although not very frequent in carnivora, yet 
 is seen in the dog more often than is generally supposed. 
 It is liable to result when dogs have access to the evacu- 
 ations of cattle affected with the intestinal form of anthrax, 
 also from consumption of uncooked flesh of animals 
 which have succumbed to either of the varieties of this 
 formidable disorder. Perhaps the form most frequently 
 assumed by anthrax in the dog is the intestinal, in which 
 the animal suffers colicky pains; the evacuations from the 
 bowels are mixed with blood ; sanguineous matter may be 
 expelled from the stomach by vomition, convulsions ensue 
 after a period of deep depression, and the animal speedily 
 dies. It is remarked that recovery takes place more fre- 
 quently in the dog than in herbivora, and, moreover, 
 
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 59 
 
 that more of the former escape after exposure to infection 
 than of the latter. However, occasionally the incautious 
 use of a diseased carcass as food gives rise to severe 
 disease and high fatality in a whole pack. In the most 
 severe cases the animal falls dead, and no marked lesions 
 are found after death, but the blood is black and thick, 
 and the spleen enlarged. Generally some blood extra- 
 vasations and petechise of the serous and mucous mem- 
 branes are present, and yellow gelatinous material is 
 thrown out round the lymphatic glands, especially those 
 of the mesentery. Eougieux gives an interesting account 
 of an outbreak among foxhounds near Paris, which is 
 quoted in extenso in Fleming's ' Veterinary Sanitary 
 Science and Police.' The disease began as swelling of 
 the parotid (lymphatic ?) glands ; then a tumour, small 
 and round, occurred on some part of the head, rarely on 
 the body or limbs. Soon acute oedema of the tissues 
 around the tumour set in, and respiration was so interfered 
 with as to threaten suffocation. The skin covering the 
 tumour and the buccal mucous membrane became ecchy- 
 mosed and gangrenous, viscid saliva flowed from the 
 mouth, the fasces were mixed with blood. The disease 
 lasted seldom beyond five days, and death or improvement 
 was noted about the third day. We need not enter into 
 details as to the anthrax contagium and so on, for the 
 veterinary surgeon will apply his knowledge as gained 
 from experience of the disease in herbivora. Toussaint 
 ('Veterinary Journal/ xi, p. 150) reports the results of 
 experiments with his system of anthrax vaccination as 
 applied to the dog. He finds that young dogs from, birth 
 to six months old readily contract the disease from 
 simple puncture, and die with the blood laden with bac- 
 teridia, local and gland lesions being well marked. The 
 first inoculation causes slight fever, and in two cases he 
 found slight oedema at the seat of inoculation. All four 
 animals vaccinated resisted successive inoculations by 
 puncture. It is noteworthy that in the dog authrax is 
 very liable, when it does occur, to assume the form of 
 blebs or pustules in the mouth (which are probably the 
 
60 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 lesions described by Blaine as being by " country people " 
 attributed to the animal having killed a toad or serpent, 
 or having been poisoned with some acrid herb), and dogs 
 affected with anthrax have been known to convey the 
 disease by their bite. 
 
 Variola is rare in the dog and apt to be confused, in 
 hasty diagnosis, with the cutaneous form of distemper. 
 There seems to be a form of variola special to the canine 
 species, but evidence tends to show that smallpox and 
 vaccinia are communicable to the dog, the former being 
 liable to prove fatal, and the effects of vaccination being 
 usually trivial. Bosenroth ('Mag. f. Thierh.,' 1860, 
 p. 341) shows that Var. caninse is communicable to man. 
 Canine variola very closely resembles the allied disorders in 
 man and the sheep ; indeed, Leblanc has recorded an 
 instance of where eleven out of seventeen dogs died as a 
 result of disease caused by ingestion, as food, of the 
 carcasses of sheep affected with sheep-pox. The variola of 
 the dog is malignant or benign ; the pox may be confluent 
 or discrete, it passes through the various stages of ery- 
 thema, nodule, vesica, and pustule, and the latter becomes 
 flat or even concave on the surface. Desquamation fol- 
 lows and brownish spots are left. As these disappear, 
 small hairless spots with scars or " pits " are left to indi- 
 cate the seat occupied by the pox. These eruptions occur 
 especially where the skin is thin, such as over the belly, inside 
 the forearms and thighs. Their advent is preceded by fever, 
 they cease to develope as soon as the desquamative stage 
 has set in for any of the pustules. There are cases in 
 which the respiratory organs are involved, and broncho- 
 pneumonia, with specially early and rapid pus formation 
 from the whole of the lining mucous membrane of the air- 
 passages, occurs, there being much mucous rale and pro- 
 fuse discharge of pus from the nostrils, cough in the 
 earlier stages, and later very stertorous breathing, and a 
 tendency to rapid fatality. In other instances the alimen- 
 tary mucous membrane is invaded, there being profuse 
 diarrhoea of dark, offensive, bilious evacuations. In all 
 cases the breath and skin excretions smell very foul. The 
 
DISEASES OP THE BLOOD. 6l 
 
 disease specially affects young dogs (under eighteen months 
 old), and very young animals almost always succumb to the 
 fever and prostration present, especially as in young 
 animals the disease passes through its several phases most 
 rapidly. 
 
 Treatment consists in careful nursing of the patient, 
 disinfection, isolation, and, when necessary, stimulants, 
 vegetable tonics, and febrifuges. It is stated that in case 
 of recovery the animal is free from future attacks ; a pro- 
 perty of disease which has received the technical name of 
 " unidty." Heat is said to favour eruption and confluence 
 of the vesicles, whereas cold checks the eruption, and undue 
 exposure is almost sure to prove fatal to an affected animal. 
 
 Glanders is communicable to the dog. Lafosse men- 
 tions a case where the animal became affected through 
 living in a stable with a glandered horse ; Polli induced 
 the disease in dogs by intravenous injection of disease 
 matter and spreading it on wounds ; Renault conveyed 
 it to dogs by inoculation from horses, and reinoculated 
 horses from these dogs successfully ; one third of the dogs 
 inoculated took the disease ; the infected dogs lived from 
 three and a half to five months. Hertwig failed to cause true 
 glanders by feeding dogs on the flesh of glandered horses, 
 although Nordstrom succeeded. St. Cyr found the 
 induced disease seldom fatal except when caused by intra- 
 venous injection, and he remarks that probably one attack 
 ensures future immunity, but this has not yet been estab- 
 lished. Chancres seldom appear on the nasal membrane in 
 the dog ; in Nordstrom' s cases there was bloody discharge 
 from the nostrils, oedema of the head, redness of the eyes, 
 and death, although generally spontaneous cure follows. 
 
 Measles. — In 1876 a case was related before the Epi- 
 demiological Society where a dog (which four years before 
 suffered from distemper) licked the hand of a child suffer- 
 ing from severe measles. In twelve days' time the animal 
 sickened, a nasal discharge appeared on the second day, 
 and on the fourth day it died with marked congestion of 
 the throat and air-passages ('Veterinary Journal,' iii, p. 226) . 
 
 Cholera has been supposed communicable to and by 
 
62 TEE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 dogs. In this connection Surgeon-Major Fairweather's 
 report on the cat epizootic at Delhi is worthy of notice. 
 The disease occurred during the prevalence of cholera, and 
 cats were dying by scores, sometimes after a few hours' 
 sickness with vomiting and profuse purging. The post- 
 mortem appearances were like those of cholera. All the 
 cats had a pinched appearance, eyes sunken in their sockets, 
 and the viscera seemed to occupy less space than usual. 
 The intestines generally contained nothing but thin fluid like 
 rice water, in one or two instances slightly tinged pink, 
 always completely free from bile. Congestion of the tube 
 in one or two cases but no ulceration. Liver generally 
 flabby, gall-bladder full. Kidneys much congested, lungs 
 shrunken ; heart, a loose black clot on the right side. An 
 attempt to convey disease by cohabitation with a diseased 
 animal failed, as also did ingestion of the intestinal con- 
 tents. Human choleraic evacuations given to cats caused 
 vomition and purging, and in some cases death, with the 
 ordinary appearances of the cat disease. Subsequent 
 experiments did not confirm this result (' Veterinary Jour- 
 nal,' iii, p. 209). 
 
 Tobeeculosis. — There certainly occur in the dog some 
 disorders of the lungs, mesenteric glands, and other parts 
 of the body which have all the appearance of tuberculosis, 
 and yet we are not aware of any distinct evidence having 
 been brought forward that true " consumption," due to the 
 tubercular bacillus, is ever found in the dog. Observations 
 made by MM. Colin and Laulanie tend to prove the occur- 
 rence in the dog of certain false tuberculoses in the lungs 
 due to the filaria or strongyles in the lungs (Colin) or the 
 arrested ova of Strongylus vasorum (Laulanie). The 
 latter observer shows that the adult strongyles live in the 
 right ventricle and the larger divisions of the pulmonary 
 artery, and from there the fecundated ova pass into the 
 pulmonary arterioles and capillaries, where they are 
 hatched, and the embryos soon migrate into the smallest 
 bronchi, where they are found in great numbers in sections 
 of lung tissue examined under the microscope. The lungs in 
 which these parasites reside are studded with small, grey, 
 
DISEASES OP THE BLOOD. 63 
 
 semi-transparent granules, which realise all the appearances 
 of granular phthisis, but they accumulate towards the base of 
 the pulmonary lobes and becomemore and more rare towards 
 the apices, the reverse being the case in true phthisis. 
 " The ova or embryos arrested in the fine arterioles become 
 the starting-point of a nodular arteritis, combining in its 
 structure all the characters which, since the days of Koester, 
 have been assigned to the elementary follicles of tuberculosis. 
 There is found, in fact, in the centre of each nodular mass 
 an ovum or an embryo embedded in a giant-cell. The 
 latter is surrounded by a more or less abundant circle of 
 epithelial cells, as well as an external embryonic zone, 
 which frequently tends to become fibrous." In fact the 
 ova or embryos have given rise to just such lesions as 
 Would be presented in a true tubercle the result of the 
 bacillus of Koch ; detection of the latter in a nodule is the 
 only exact method of diagnosis of tubercle. In dogs we 
 find nodular disease, developed in some puppies, acquired 
 in others, which stunts their growth and keeps them in an 
 unthrifty, emaciated state. This is especially found as a 
 hereditary derangement in very small terriers, pugs, and 
 other toy breeds which are bred to the smallest possible 
 size to suit the fancy of purchasers. Breeding in and in 
 is supposed to be a special influence at work to induce 
 nutritive derangements in such cases. The hereditary and 
 congenital tendency to disease is liable to be excited by 
 want of exercise and sufficient food, use of contaminated 
 or bad milk, damp dwellings, and exposure to cold. In 
 some cases the little wizened pup seems to " run all to 
 belly," and to be preternaturally sharp, and with a pinched 
 expression ; his coat is harsh, mucous membranes pallid, 
 bowels irregular ; he suffers much from thirst, and his nose 
 is often dry and hot. Post-mortem examination will show 
 a tabid state of the mesenteric glands ; an enlarged, indu- 
 rated condition by which they are rendered quite unfit to 
 bring about the changes in the chyle necessary to render 
 it nutritious. In other cases cough, foetid breath, liability 
 to disturbances in respiration, and a tendency to diarrhoea 
 are present, and lung disorder is found after death. 
 
64 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 Strict hygiene, tonics (such as cod-liver oil and iron iodide), 
 good food, warm bed, and, especially, carefully arranged, 
 easily digestible diet, may keep the patient alive for some 
 time, but as he is quite unfit to breed from and will require 
 constantly the most careful attention, it is generally better to 
 destroy a pup thus affected. Messrs. Growing have recorded 
 a case in the 'Veterinarian' for 1868 in which the liver was 
 dark in colour and speckled here and there with yellow 
 granules. These were so numerous as to render the gland 
 almost globular in shape, compact in texture, and of the con- 
 sistency of an ordinary fatty tumour ; its section was gran- 
 ular and mottled with minute, yellow specks. The heart 
 was fatty ; a fellow pup died of the same disease, marasmus, 
 with distended abdomen due to tuberculous deposit. 
 
 Septicemia. — It is a remarkable fact that although it 
 is, to an extent, natural for dogs to feed on putrid mate- 
 rial, yet when decomposing matter enters a wound fever 
 of a typhoid character, followed by collapse and speedy 
 death, occurs ; or occasionally the animal recovers after 
 profuse diarrhoea with most offensive evacuations. This 
 accident is especially liable to occur in bitches in which 
 laceration of the lining membrane of the genitals has 
 occurred and the foetus is in a decomposed state. The 
 fever sets in some eighteen or twenty hours after inocu- 
 lation. After death the tissues in general are found 
 oedematous and spotted, and it will be observed that they 
 undergo speedy decomposition. Treatment comprises 
 stimulant tonics internally and the use of antiseptic and 
 disinfectant lotions in frequent washing out of the diseased 
 parts. The disease in relation to parturition is carefully 
 described in Fleming's ' Veterinary Obstetrics.' 
 
 NON-SPECIFIC DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 Rheumatism is somewhat frequently seen in dogs, espe- 
 cially those used for sporting purposes, and generally due to 
 the neglect of an old sporting rule to " lie warm and dry." 
 Thus it is seen most often in damp kennels, with a cold, 
 
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 65 
 
 north-easterly aspect, and where the beds are too near the 
 ground, especially if such kennels be ill-ventilated and 
 kept in a dirty state. The disorder is most frequent in 
 spring and also occurs frequently in autumn. Mayhew 
 considers it one of the diseases which result from over- 
 feeding. It assumes either the acute or the chronic form ; 
 the latter often results from an attack acute at the outset. 
 The frequency of rheumatism in its several forms among 
 canine patients contrasts rather remarkably with its infre- 
 quence in herbivora. Dr. Kichardson's experiment on the 
 artificial production of rheumatism has a great deal of 
 interest to the canine pathologist. A solution of lactic 
 acid was thrown into the peritoneal sac of a healthy dog, 
 which died in two days, and on post-mortem examination 
 showed marked endocarditis ; there being tumefaction of 
 the tricuspid valve ; an inflamed and enlarged condition 
 of the aortic valves, with fibrinous beads along their 
 edges; endocardium red; pericardium dry (Watson). These 
 cardiac lesions are seen also in the naturally acquired 
 rheumatism of the dog, in which animal, however, the 
 disease is remarkable for its little tendency to metastasis 
 and for the frequency with which it affects the bowels, 
 causing either inflammation or torpor of them, as specially 
 noticed by Blaine. Also there is less liability for the 
 joints of the limbs to be affected than in man, and more 
 frequently there is paralysis as a sequela, which may be 
 temporary or permanent. The most frequent forms of 
 rheumatism in the dog are lumbago and " chest founder " 
 or "kennel-lameness." The former is denoted by arched 
 back, tenderness of the loins, the animal moves as if half 
 paralysed behind and is most averse to move. He 
 screams pitifully when touched. Generally fever at first 
 runs high and the belly is hot and painful on pressure. 
 The bowels are very liable to be constipated, and, until 
 they can be acted on, the fever and lameness will not 
 yield to treatment. Ghest founder is rheumatism affecting 
 the subscapular muscles and those which unite the fore 
 extremity to the trunk, so that the animal suffers pain 
 when the shoulders and the fore limbs are manipulated, 
 
66 THE DISEASES 01 THE DOG. 
 
 also the dog moves about stiffly and with difficulty as 
 though somewhat paralysed before. Youatt speaks of 
 kennel-lameness as due to washing hounds, and, with 
 Nimrod, he " deprecates even their access to water in 
 the evening after hunting." He speaks of the disease 
 as an ill-understood affection, and seems to distinguish 
 between it and chest founder. The latter he mentions as 
 a " singular complaint, and often a pest in kennels which 
 are built in low situations, and where bad management 
 prevails ; where the huntsman or whippers-in are too 
 often in a hurry to get home, and turn their dogs into the 
 kennel panting and hot ; where the beds are not far 
 enough from the floor, or the building, if it should be in a 
 sufficiently elevated situation, has yet a northern aspect 
 and is unsheltered from the blast, chest founder prevails." 
 He considers it sprain and inflammation of the subscapu- 
 lar muscles from long-continued and considerable exer- 
 tion, leading occasionally to paralysis, as specially seen in 
 pointers. 
 
 Treatment of rheumatism consists in opening the bowels, 
 and then giving salicylic acid, colchicum, or iodide of 
 potassium, together with alkaline carbonates. These sub- 
 stances may be tried in turn, or, since the disease is very 
 liable to recur, at the several attacks. Local treatment 
 should comprise warm water applications followed by 
 stimulating liniments to the affected parts. In chronic 
 cases the joints are liable to become affected and most 
 painful in cold weather ; setons or blisters may then prove 
 useful. The diet must in all cases of rheumatism be 
 moderate and carefully regulated, and the patient be kept 
 in a warm, dry place, under strict hygienic conditions. 
 With a view to prevention, excessive washing must be 
 avoided, and, especially, leaving the animal to dry when 
 he has been washed. In cases of incipient or partial para- 
 lysis the effects of acupuncture or electricity may be tried. 
 
 Eickets is a disease of special interest to the canine 
 surgeon, for, of all domesticated animals, the dog is most 
 liable to it. MM. Voit have carefully studied the relations 
 of this disorder to the use of food devoid of calcareous 
 
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 
 
 67 
 
 matter. They found that " young animals, with imper- 
 fectly formed skeletons, suffer more from deprivation of 
 lime than adults and directly in proportion to their size. 
 Young dogs fed exclusively on fat and flesh became exten- 
 sively rachitic without any other modification of the general 
 nutrition. The disease consisted in an inflammation of the 
 parts of the bones in which growth occurs, and especially 
 in the most freely moveable rays of the limbs. A similar 
 process occurs, even though the aliment contains sufficient 
 lime, when, from any cause, such as disturbance of diges- 
 tion or use of too great quantities of principles tending to 
 
 Fig. 23. — Rachitic dog (Hill). 
 
 increase the amount of excrement, a small proportion 
 only of the lime in the food is absorbed." These facts 
 agree closely with the conclusions of practical observers 
 that the disease depends on improper food, indifferent 
 ventilation, and the want of exercise, which is so essential 
 to the efficient action of the bowels and development of the 
 frame. It has been observed, also, that it prevails as a 
 hereditary disorder, especially among pugs and small bull- 
 dogs (Blaine), and the breed of wry-legged terriers is 
 supposed to have had its origin in the effects of this 
 disease. Hill very justly warns us against concluding 
 
68 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 that all animals in which the legs are twisted and deformed 
 are suffering from this disorder, for young dogs which 
 have not been allowed sufficient exercise during develop- 
 ment will have bodies too heavy for their legs, and the 
 latter will yield under the superincumbent weight and, 
 moreover, will, like all imperfectly used parts, develop 
 but indifferently. Also green-stick fractures of the limb 
 bones, and bones not " set " straight in young animals, 
 give rise to deformity of the limbs. In truly rickety 
 animals the joints especially will be found enlarged, and 
 the head and belly will be disproportionately big. The 
 disease appears at birth, the bones are soft and yield under 
 the weight of the animal, also it is observed that only false 
 union results from the frequent fractures in such cases. 
 The nutritive functions in general are unsatisfactory in 
 natural rickets, and it has been supposed to result 
 especially from the deleterious practice of breeding in 
 and in. 
 
 Treatment. — Avoid rickety parents or such as have 
 produced rickety offspring ; rear all pups on correct 
 hygienic principles, giving good food, healthy milk, plenty 
 of exercise, and adequate shelter. Give bone dust, lime- 
 water, crushed egg-shells, with a view to supplying cal- 
 careous matter to the system, and especially give such 
 nutritive diet as is found to be best suited to the digestion 
 of the patient. Cod-liver oil has been proved to be highly 
 beneficial. 
 
 Leukemia, as a disease of lower animals, has been 
 specially studied by Siedamgrotzsky. It consists in excess 
 of white corpuscles and relative deficiency of red, due to 
 hyperplasia of the blood-making organs, spleen, lymphatic 
 glands, and marrow ; hence it assumes three forms, splenic, 
 lymphatic, and myelitic, as discoverable by autopsy rather 
 than diagnosis. It is more frequent in dogs and cats than 
 in other domesticated animals, and a predisposition to it is 
 most marked in middle and advanced life. The cause is 
 obscure ; the spleen is most frequently enlarged, the result 
 of prolonged hyperemia of the organ, which at first is soft 
 and distended with blood, later, firm and anaemic, its 
 
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 69 
 
 margins become rounded and its surface rough from 
 thickening of its capsule. The Malpighian corpuscles may 
 be enlarged to the size of a pea. The lymphatic glands 
 and medulla undergo similar hypertrophies in other cases, 
 and lymphoid tissue may be developed in other pai'ts of 
 the body such as the liver and kidneys. Leukaemia is 
 best diagnosed by observation of the blood from the living 
 animal. After a progressive anaemia, extending over 
 from three weeks to five months, the patient dies. No 
 therapeutic method has yet been pointed out likely to 
 affect a cure. Innorenza, of the Naples Veterinary School, 
 has described this fatal disorder as a sequela of distemper.* 
 Jaundice or Ictekus is bile-poisoning of the blood ; a 
 condition of frequent occurrence in the dog, especially as 
 a symptom of liver disorder. It is found in hepatitis, 
 obstruction of the bile-ducts by inspissated gall or by 
 calculi, in the earlier stages of malignant liver disease, and 
 especially in gastro-duodenal congestion, where the tumid 
 condition of the mucous membrane prevents the free pour- 
 ing of bile into the bowel. Occasionally it results inde- 
 pendently of appreciable disorder either of liver or alimen- 
 tary canal, where the activity of the bile- secreting elements 
 has become torpid after over-fatigue, sudden chills, ex- 
 posure, or injury of the dog. Animals which have received 
 over-doses of emetic and purgative medicine suffer from it, 
 as also watchdogs constantly tied up. " In-whelp bitches 
 occasionally become jaundiced from uterine pressure, which 
 generally disappears after parturition " (Hill) . This disease 
 is known to sporting men and kennel men as " the yellows." 
 It is found in its most acute form in sporting dogs, especially 
 greyhounds, whereas it appears in fancy breeds only as a 
 primary stage in liver degeneration, or as an important sym- 
 ptom inintestinal disorders such as intussusception of the 
 bowels. Constipation has been spoken of as a common 
 cause, but it would be more correct to consider the two con- 
 ditions simultaneous results of torpidity of the liver and 
 want of exercise or suitable food. The abuse of emetics 
 and purgatives gives rise to jaundice through the turges- 
 * ' Veterinary Journal,' iv, p. 60, 
 
70 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 cence of the gastroduodenal mucous membrane which they 
 produce. 
 
 Symptoms. — The animal is at first dull, sleepy, and dis- 
 turbed in his sleep, thirsty, and refuses his food, and expels 
 it when taken, by vomition. Bilious diarrhoea as indicated 
 by dark stools is not unfrequently present, and some slight 
 colic and pain on pressure over the liver may indicate a 
 congestion of that organ. Soon the patient becomes 
 feverish, but the attack is paroxysmal, much worse some- 
 times than at others. The skin becomes yellow and either 
 dry and harsh, or else, as Mayhew accurately expresses it, 
 "rather like a skin which had been well dressed by a 
 furrier than one which was still on a living animal." 
 The mucous membranes, too, are yellow and may become 
 intensely so, and the urine in severe cases becomes so dark 
 as to look, almost red, and be commonly described as 
 " bloody." The bowels now become very torpid, and the 
 small amount of faeces expelled is of light brown or whitish 
 colour. In the later stages the alvine evacuations are 
 mixed with blood because the mucous membrane of the 
 bowel becomes ulcerated. The patient at this stage is 
 nmch " tucked up " in the flank, and the whole of the 
 belly feels hard and tender ; the dog is much reduced in 
 flesh, his coat becomes rough, his gait staggering, and 
 death follows, generally preceded by convulsions. 
 
 Treatment comprises careful nursing with administration 
 of light soups and mucilaginous vegetable mixtures, which 
 latter are especially useful for sheathing the ulcerated or 
 congested gastro-intestinal mucous membrane from the 
 acrid bile poured into the canal in the early stages. Small 
 doses of sulphate of soda or sulphate of magnesia also assist 
 to free the bowel from acrid bile ; starch and laudanum ene- 
 mata are sometimes required. The kidneys may be gently 
 acted on by nitre in small doses ; quinine and magnesia 
 also are of benefit. When the fever runs high a small 
 amount of blood may be extracted and the sweet spirits of 
 nitre given as a febrifuge and sudorific. Fresh, cool, dry 
 air and gentle exercise are most valuable as curative means 
 and to prevent recurrence. 
 
DISEASES OP THE BLOOD. 71 
 
 Anemia in canine patients sometimes assumes a marked 
 character and can be only imperfectly explained. Thus, 
 dogs kept in dark places, ill cared for, badly fed, and 
 totally deprived of exercise, undergo nutritive defects in 
 almost every tissue of the body such as are particularly 
 visible to the observer in the cornea, which becomes 
 opaque in spots and ulcerated, as in rabies occasionally 
 and in distemper not rarely. Haemorrhage or chronic 
 disease may give rise to a similar state, as denoted by 
 extreme weakness, pallor of visible membranes and skin, 
 bleeding imperfectly when cut, coldness of the mouth and 
 extremities, and, finally, paralysis and death. Autopsy 
 shows a general bloodlessness of the tissues and a ten- 
 dency to serous effusion, such as may have set in, under the 
 form of anasarca of perinasum, intermaxillary space, or 
 limbs, before death. The animal, weakened by disorder or 
 maltreatment, may be subject to fits before death occurs. 
 Tonics, stimulants, good nutritive food, and strict hygiene, 
 with determination and removal of the cause operative ii» 
 the special case, is the line of treatment suited to anasmia 
 Where it is associated with a liability to fatty degenera- 
 tions of organs, as denoted by weak heart with a tendency 
 to palpitation, the effects of small doses of chlorate of 
 potash long continued may be tried. 
 
 Plethora, although common in dogs, is not liable 
 to give rise to pathological states primarily, although 
 secondarily it causes considerable disorder of almost every 
 part of the body. Mayhew alludes to its occurrence, in 
 the form called " Foul," among sporting dogs which are, 
 in spite of close confinement and cessation of work at the 
 end of the season, still highly fed as though in full work. 
 Under such mismanagement the dog soon suffers from a 
 very serious complication of disorders, each of which 
 requires its special treatment. 
 
 Fever in the dog is almost always sympathetic or one 
 of the symptoms of blood disease, but there are, neverthe- 
 less, cases in which while fever runs high no local disorder 
 can be detected. Malarious influences undoubtedly affect 
 the dog, inducing recurrent fever with absence of appre- 
 
72 THE DISEA8ES OF THE DOG. 
 
 ciable lesions detectable post mortem, a few petechias on 
 the lungs and beneath the endocardium, a slight excess of 
 serum in the serous sacs, a general pallor of the tissues, 
 and a tendency to congestion of the small bowels only 
 being present. Such cases supervene on severe exertion 
 and exposure. They obstinately resist varied forms of 
 treatment, and much light has yet to be thrown on their 
 nature. 
 
 The system of the dog is specially liable to nutritive 
 changes. Thus fatty degenerations and tumours, as well 
 as a tendency to extreme obesity with age, are extremely 
 common, and has been noticed in spaniels, especially among 
 the different breeds. We shall see how the occurrence of 
 fatty degeneration of the heart and liver is frequent in toy 
 terriers and other pets. 
 
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 73 
 
 CHAPTER IV.— DISEASES OF THE CIRCU- 
 LATORY SYSTEM. 
 
 Introduction. — There is a simplicity about the circula- 
 tory apparatus of the dog which renders it but little liable 
 to disease ; indeed, the works on Canine Pathology of two 
 well-known authors have no notice of this important system 
 of organs. Doubtless with increasing knowledge of the 
 subject we shall gradually learn that cardiac diseases of an 
 organic form are most frequent in sporting dogs ; those of a 
 functional nature in toy breeds. The heart is thin walled 
 and almost globular in form ; the apex is directed back- 
 wards, and the right side lies against the upper surface of 
 the sternum ; but, as the breast bone is inclined obliquely 
 downwards and backwards, the difference in the position 
 of the heart between carnivora and herbivora is not great. 
 The apex is rounded and formed by both ventricles, and 
 the two sides are fairly equal in size. The pericardium 
 is posteriorly attached to the tendinous portion of the 
 diaphragm. The arterial and venous systems are capacious 
 and well developed, but the lymphatic apparatus is small 
 in proportion, although the receptaculum chyli is large 
 and runs far forwards in the chest. The relative develop- 
 ment of blood and lymph systems as above explained is 
 quite in accordance with the sanguine temperament of 
 the animal. It is estimated that the heart of the dog 
 may vary from '3 to '7 per cent, of the weight of the animal. 
 
 Fibrous deposits on the valves of the heart result 
 from rheumatism. They form a rough surface on which 
 fibrin becomes deposited before death, and the clot may 
 prove fatal by occluding the cardiac openings or entangle- 
 ment of the valves in such a way as to interfere with their 
 
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 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
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DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 
 
 75 
 
 action. Nothing can be done to remedy this state of 
 affairs ; indeed, it is not often diagnosed, but when a 
 patient liable to rheumatism has irregularity of the pulse 
 and a sharp jerky beat of the heart, also a rushing sound 
 is detectable on auscultation, this condition may be sus- 
 pected. It has further been observed that animals suffer- 
 ing in this way are liable to give a sudden shrill cry 
 and fall in an attack of syncope. Small doses of calomel 
 alternated with iodide of potassium are indicated ; quiet 
 must be enforced. But the animal is at any time liable 
 to drop down dead. 
 
 Fatty Degeneration op the Heart is frequent in pam- 
 pered asthmatical pets. It must not be confounded with 
 fatty deposit in or upon the heart, for it is much more 
 
 Pig. 25.— Fatty degeneration (Qttain). Fig. 26. — Fatty infiltration (Quain). 
 
 serious, being a true degeneration of the muscular fibres 
 of the organ. There is a marked want of tone in the 
 pulse and heart's beat in these cases, and an incapacity 
 for even moderate exertion, but there are no infallibly dia- 
 gnostic symptoms ; death ensues from syncope. Post 
 mortem the heart is found to be pale, soft, and greasy on 
 section. 
 
 Rupture oe the Heart is occasionally seen, but not so 
 frequently as in the horse and other working animals. 
 Touatt reports a case in which the animal suffered from 
 
76 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 valvular disease, as denoted by the symptoms already 
 described and verified post mortem, and died suddenly 
 from a giving way of tbe wall of the left ventricle. The 
 rent was some two inches in length, and at the base of 
 the ventricle where the walls were thin. There was evi- 
 dently concentric hypertrophy of the cavities. Youatt 
 calls attention to this case as remarkable because the left 
 ventricle had given way, whereas in man and most quad- 
 rupeds the right is the one which generally is ruptured. 
 A mild excitement, playing with another dog, was the 
 immediate cause of death. This indicates the necessity 
 for the avoidance of unnecessary excitement, whether from 
 exercise or emotion, when we suspect heart disease. A 
 nutritious laxative diet and small doses of tonics may 
 assist in prolonging the animal's life in cases of heart dis- 
 ease, but unless he is a " pet " or pensioner it is not 
 advisable to keep him as a valetudinarian. 
 
 Diseases op the Pericardium generally result from 
 those of the pleura. An accumulation of serum in the 
 sac sometimes occurs, and may be suspected when the 
 heart's beat is very feeble and the sounds obscured. Gene- 
 rally the animal dies suddenly. But disorders of the 
 pericardium are rare in the dog. Delafond records a 
 successful case of punctured wound of the pericardium, and 
 walls of the chest. 
 
 Bjimatozoa, Canine. — In 1878 Dr. Patrick Manson 
 contributed to the 'Chinese Customs Gazette 5 (vide 
 ' Veterinary Journal,' vol. vi) a most interesting article 
 on Chinese HEematozoa. He describes two forms, Filaria 
 immitis (v. Canis cordis) and F. sanguinolenta. 
 
 Filaria immitis, a familiar cause of sudden death among 
 English dogs imported into China, is commonly known 
 as "worm in the heart." It is estimated that two out 
 of every three dogs in China are hosts of this parasite, as 
 may be determined by microscopical examination of a few 
 drops of blood from a living animal. The embryo worms 
 will be seen moving freely in a serpentine manner. These 
 cause apparently no inconvenience to the host, but the 
 parent worms " are found coiled up in the right ventricle 
 
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 77 
 
 of the heart for the most part, sometimes extending 
 through the tricuspid valve into the auricle and even into 
 the superior vena cava, and very generally through the 
 semilunar valves far into the pulmonary artery and its 
 branches." In one case forty-one worms were counted. 
 They are found massed together in a thick bundle, con- 
 sisting of the larger female and the male, which has a 
 long narrow tail curved like a corkscrew. The smallest 
 female measured was seven inches in length. How the 
 parasite enters the circulation has not been ascertained. 
 The position in which the mature parasite is found (in 
 the right rather than left side of the heart) is fortunate, 
 for only the immature embryos, smaller than a blood-cor- 
 puscle, can escape the filtering action of the lungs, whereas 
 unhatched ova or debris resulting from death of the para- 
 site, if they passed into the smallest arteries, would give 
 rise to emboli. Probably tuberculoid disease results 
 occasionally from such bodies becoming entangled in the 
 lungs.* The most frequent ill effect, however, is an 
 interference with the valves of the heart and the capacity 
 of the pulmonary arteries and its branches ; it is never- 
 theless astonishing how large the rope of worms may be 
 without causing death. It is noticeable that death gene- 
 rally results after exertion, such as fighting, when the 
 energetic action of the ventricle may force one or more 
 worms suddenly into the pulmonary artery, or entangle 
 them among the valves. After a day or two, during which 
 there are indications of breathlessness or of failing cir- 
 culation, death may come on suddenly. Hollingham 
 mentions dulness, constipation, absence of fever, frequent 
 vomition, irregularity of the pulse, and frequent " fits " 
 as the symptoms in a case observed by him (' Veterinary 
 Journal,' vol. xiii). 
 
 * Rivolta, when at Turin, was surprised to find embryos of F. immitis in 
 the blood of dogs which had during life presented all the symptoms of dumb 
 rabies, and which, from a clinical point of view, might be regarded as suffer- 
 ing from that disease. He attributes the symptoms to the embolic action of 
 the embryos (1875). He also believes they may cause death by producing 
 pulmonary congestion, or enterorrhagia, or grave hsemorrhagic typhus (' Vete- 
 rinary Journal,' June, 1882). 
 
78 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 Filaria sanguinolenta (Schneider and Lewis) has been 
 found by Dr. Lewis in the oesophagus, thoracic aorta, 
 and neighbouring parts of the pariah dogs of Calcutta. 
 Schneider found it (or a closely allied form) in the walls 
 of the stomach. Dr. Manson has found it in Amoy and 
 considers that all dogs there which have attained any con- 
 siderable age are or have been its host. It is debated 
 whether the embryonic filarise in the blood are of this 
 form or of F. immitis; the latter view is most probable, and 
 Rivolta says that when embryos are found in the blood 
 the mature F. immitis can always be found in some part or 
 other of the body. There are no absolutely diagnostic 
 symptoms of their presence during life. " On opening 
 the thorax of an affected animal and drawing the heart 
 and left lung over to the right side, the straight part of 
 the thoracic aorta may be seen studded with small tumours, 
 ranging in size from a small pea to a bean, and the ante- 
 rior and lateral surfaces of the oesophagus bulged out by 
 tumours perhaps as large as a walnut, and where several 
 of these are in juxtaposition a large lobulated tumour 
 may conceal the oesophagus altogether. To the touch 
 these tumours are hard, though at points there may be a 
 feeling of deep fluctuation. If the aorta is excised and split 
 open, its inner surface is found, at the points correspond- 
 ing to the tumours on the outside, to be more or less deeply 
 sacculated, the inner coat roughened and the outer coats 
 thickened. In the latter worms at different stages of 
 development may be found, or perhaps the sacculation 
 and external bulging may only be evidence that a worm 
 has once been there, but has disappeared. When the 
 worm has reached a certain stage in its development a 
 minute orifice can be seen on the inner surface of the 
 tumour, communicating with the cavity containing the ani- 
 mal. Through this hole a purulent fluid can be expressed ; 
 this on microscopic examination is found to be loaded 
 with characteristic ova, and cells resembling those of 
 ordinary pus. The tumours in the oesophagus occupy 
 the muscular wall, and generally are much larger than 
 those of the aorta. On the inner surface of the oesophagus 
 
DISEASES 01? THE CIliCULATORY SYSTEM. 79 
 
 a small hole is, as a rule, to be seen, perhaps several, 
 communicating with the cavity of the tumour, and through 
 this the purulent egg-laden fluid can be easily expressed ; 
 sometimes, and by no means rarely, part of the mature 
 filaria protrudes through this hole and hangs loose in the 
 channel. I have found, connected with the oesophagus, 
 mature tumours embedded, as I have just described, in 
 the muscular walls, similar tumours cretified and enclosing 
 fragments of a long dead filaria, small pedunculated tu- 
 mours of filarian origin projecting into the channel, and 
 long tunnels burrowing between the coats, in some part 
 of which a parasite can be found. In addition to these, 
 the more frequent situations, the animal may be found in 
 large or small glandular-looking lumps in the areolar 
 tissue of the posterior mediastinum, or encysted between 
 the costal and pulmonary pleura. In all these situations 
 I have found them, and also in the same dog. When 
 small, the parasite is found alone, closely invested by the 
 peculiar tissue it seems to create around itself, lying as 
 it were in a tunnel ; but when mature it is found loose in 
 a large tumour, in company with one or more (eighteen I 
 found in one instance), all encapsuled in a common and 
 perhaps cretified cyst, and floating in a purulent fluid." 
 Dr. Manson surmises that the embryo when swallowed 
 attaches itself to the oesophagus, pierces the walls of this 
 tube, remaining in them and becoming encysted, or pene- 
 trating farther to the thoracic aorta. Small worms are 
 most often found in this latter situation, in which pro- 
 bably they do not generally attain maturity, deserting it 
 for the more favorable situation in the oesophagus. Imma- 
 ture worms are single and lie closely invested in their 
 tunnels ; the mature are always in company, sometimes in 
 considerable numbers, and float loose in a fluid enclosed 
 in a cyst. From this it is inferred that when the worm be- 
 comes sexually mature it migrates in search of one of the 
 opposite sex. There are such points of difference between 
 the two blood-worms of the dog as prove that they are 
 not members of the same species in different stages of 
 development, as their frequent occurrence in the same 
 
80 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 host might lead us to anticipate. We continue to quote 
 from Manson's paper : 
 
 " I believe there are three serious morbid conditions 
 produced by Filaria sanguinolenta : 
 
 "1. Stricture of the oesophagus, more or less complete. 
 This most frequently occurs when several large tumours 
 are formed, especially when they are grouped together 
 near the cardiac end of the tube, the most frequent 
 locality. Eegurgitation of food and slow starvation will 
 be the consequence, unless the tumours diminish in 
 size by the escape of their contents or death of the 
 filarise. 
 
 " 2. Pleurisy. — This is not uncommon in dogs here, and, 
 I think, is often caused by the bursting into the pleura of 
 a tumour which does not find vent for its contents by 
 opening in the usual way into the oesophagus or aorta. 
 I have found very distinct evidence of this occurrence in 
 one instance. In it worms were found crawling about 
 amongst recent adhesions in the serous cavity. 
 
 " 3. Paralysis of the hind legs. — This is also common 
 here, and is, I believe, caused by plugging of the capil- 
 laries of the spinal cord by ova escaping into the aorta. 
 The brain is not affected, as the filaria tumours are seldom, 
 if ever, situated on the cardiac side of the arteries proceed- 
 ing to the head. Other affections are doubtless produced 
 by the ova in the intestine, kidneys, and other viscera, but 
 I have no knowledge of them or information to offer on 
 this very interesting and important point." 
 
 In the blood of man (in about 8 per cent, individuals in 
 Amoy) a filaria is found, and may possibly be a cause of 
 stricture of the oesophagus. There are some important 
 anatomical differences between the human and canine 
 hsematozoon. 
 
 It is commonly supposed in China that dogs get worms 
 in the heart from drinking the water of stagnant pools 
 about the settlement, and worms in all respects resembling 
 Fil. immitis have been found in rain water. After attain- 
 ing a length of about three and a half inches they dis- 
 appear, and the water becomes putrid and swarms with 
 
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 81 
 
 embryonic filarise. It is possible that the embryos of the 
 filaria are obtained ordinarily from human faeces. 
 
 Simpson records, in the ' Journal of Anatomy and Phy- 
 siology ' for May, 1875, an interesting congenital malfor- 
 mation in the dog — persistence of two pre-caval veins, 
 owing to Ouvier's left duct remaining pervious. 
 
 At a recent meeting of the Pathological Society of 
 London, Mr. Harrison Oripps mentioned that he had seen 
 aneurysm in hounds, and that the celebrated greyhound 
 Master McGrath died from aneurysm of the aorta. 
 
 Apart from the pathological conditions already noticed 
 as affecting the circulatory apparatus of the dog, doubtless 
 there are others which, aB being less frequent and less 
 marked, have not yet been recorded. They do not need 
 special notice from us here since their diagnosis, prognosis, 
 and treatment must be based on general surgical and 
 medical principles. 
 
82 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 CHAPTER V.— DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATOR"? 
 SYSTEM. 
 
 Introduction. — In accordance with the large size of the 
 circulatory apparatus and the activity of most of the vital 
 processes in the dog, we find the lungs and air passages 
 well developed. "We have also reason to believe that in 
 all the carnivora the lungs are very active organs of 
 excretion. High development and great functional activity 
 entail frequent disease of parts, and so we find that the 
 dog is very liable to derangements of the respiratory 
 organs. But it is to be remarked that, in accordance with 
 the mode of life, disorders of the lungs range themselves 
 in two classes, the acute inflammatory, to which greyhounds 
 and other dogs of speed are liable, and the degenerative, 
 which attack the pampered pets of the boudoir. To these 
 may be added a third class, parasitic, our knowledge of 
 which is due to the researches of Dr. Osier of Montreal, 
 Laulanie' of Toulouse, and Rivolta of Turin. We are not 
 aware of it having been recorded as occurring in England, 
 but it seems frequent in the south of Europe. 
 
 Of the Nasal Chambers and their Accessories. — 
 Anatomy and Physiology. — The anterior nostrils are 
 guarded by moveable boundaries the basis of which is a 
 complex cartilage which is very thin and flexible. The 
 skin of this part of the body is thick, highly glandular, 
 free from hair, and in health is moist and cool. A more 
 or less marked channel runs from the centre down to the 
 upper lip. The nasal chambers are small, but vary much 
 in relative development in the different breeds ; their tur- 
 binated bones are small but complex ; the ethmoid cells, 
 on the contrary, are very well developed and complicated. 
 The sinuses are very small, being practically limited to a 
 frontal cavity. It must be remembered that the mouth is 
 
DISEASES OP THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. &3 
 
 the main passage for air expired or inspired in the dog. 
 In the emergencies of respiratory disease and extreme 
 exertion it is kept open and the tongue protruded ; the 
 velum pendulum palati is short and so allows free respira- 
 tion through the mouth. Indeed, for respiratory purposes 
 we must consider that the nasal passages have only an 
 everyday function ; they become quite subordinate in 
 emergencies. They are, in some breeds, however, very 
 important organs of smell, but from a respiratory point of 
 view will bear no comparison with the wide, complex, 
 highly vascular, air- warming passages seen in herbivora. 
 This adaptation of the mouth to passage of air as well as 
 food is possible in carnivora, because in them the food is 
 rapidly passed through the mouth and feeding takes a very 
 short time, whereas the mouth of herbivora is generally 
 filled with food and its passage occluded in the act of 
 mastication or remastication. These details are necessary 
 in order that we may understand why diseases of the 
 nostrils and their accessories are of so little importance 
 and so infrequent in the dog as compared with the horse. 
 
 Catarrh or Cortza, which is congestion, running on to 
 inflammation, of the lining membrane of the nasal cham- 
 bers, is somewhat frequent. It results from exposure to 
 draughts, severe weather, east winds, and especially when 
 the dog has been used to warm, close quarters. 
 
 The symptoms are fever, more or less severe, discharge 
 from the nostrils, at first watery, later mucous, and then 
 becoming intermingled with pus. The animal snorts out 
 the discharge frequently and snuffles in breathing. The 
 eyes generally water through sympathy or the excess of 
 tears flows through the ductus ad nasum ; persistent 
 sneezing and an occasional cough are present. The dis- 
 ease is liable to extend and involve the pharynx and larynx. 
 When the sinuses are invaded the animal is very dull and 
 " snuffles " a good deal. Difficulty in swallowing and 
 tingeing of the nasal discharge with the liquids of the food, 
 also severe cough, show that the throat is becoming in- 
 volved. 
 
 As treatment simple nursing generally suffices, but in 
 
84 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 severe cases the animal's head must be held over steam fre- 
 quently during the day, and stimulant tonic medicine admin- 
 istered with care — say a drachm each of nitrous ether and 
 tincture of gentian, to which may be added a grain of 
 ipecacuanha or of squills ; to be repeated every eight hours. 
 The strength must be sustained by nutritious diet of a 
 laxative character ; neither emetics nor cathartics should 
 be used. When the disease persists tonic pills may be 
 given. 
 
 When Soee-theoat sets in, great care must be taken in 
 administration of medicine ; in severe cases nutritive and 
 tonic enemata must be resorted to. The throat should be 
 bathed freely and the mouth and nostrils steamed. There 
 will be some swelling of the neighbouring glands, cough 
 (often very troublesome), difficulty in swallowing, breath- 
 ing somewhat obstructed, return of liquids through the 
 nostrils, a fetid state of the saliva which trickles from the 
 mouth, breath offensive, voice altered or lost. In these 
 cases our main aim must be to support the strength of the 
 patient. When the swelling is very great it may be 
 necessary to perform tracheotomy. In sore-throat the 
 parts should be carefully examined through the mouth in 
 order that we may assure ourselves of the absence of 
 sharp pieces of bone (firmly fixed on the top of the 
 molars, for instance) or other impediments to free passage. 
 This disease must not be mistaken for " dumb madness," 
 in which the mouth cannot be closed, and there is no 
 cough. 
 
 Ozjjna bears the same relation to coryza as dysentery 
 does to diarrhoea. In it the mucous membrane is chronic- 
 ally inflamed, perhaps ulcerated, the turbinal structures may 
 be diseased, and pus or vomited matters may be so 
 entangled in them as to keep up the irritation and be 
 unable to escape. 
 
 The symptoms are chronic snuffling and a rattling sound 
 in passage of the air through the chambers ; dulness ; a 
 discharge of ichorous or sanguineous pus from the nostrils 
 often smelling very fetid. It is generally seen in small- 
 faced dogs such as pugs and bulldogs. Touatt considers 
 
DISEASES OP THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 85 
 
 it a disease of old age which must take its course, although 
 in extreme distress an emetic may be required to give the 
 animal relief, and the passages must be kept as clean as 
 possible. He continues, " I scarcely ever knew a very 
 old pug that had not it to a greater or less degree." 
 Syringing the passages with solution of zinc chloride or 
 permanganate of potash lessens the smell and promotes 
 cure. 
 
 Parasitic Oz-ena is of frequent occurrence, for an 
 arachnidan, Pentastoma tsenioides, takes up its abode in 
 and near the nasal chambers of the dog. It is the mature 
 
 Fig. 27. — Pentastome (XJobbold). 
 
 form of Penta. denticulatum, which infests the abdominal 
 viscera of horses, ruminants, man, and other animals, and 
 is tolerably frequent in various parts of Europe. " Oar 
 dogs commonly obtain the worm by frequenting butchers' 
 stalls and slaughter houses, where portions of the fresh 
 viscera are apt to be inconsiderately flung to hungry 
 animals" (Oobbold). Professor Dick records a case of 
 sudden death, supposed to be the result of poisoning, in 
 which three pentastomes had wandered into the larynx, 
 trachea, and left bronchus respectively, probably in search 
 of warmth, and so suffocated the animal (' Veterinarian/ 
 1840, p. 42). 
 
 As these parasites are formidably- armed and rough, 
 they cause a good deal of irritation when they are mi- 
 grating from one part of the nasal chamber to another. 
 The patient rolls violently, sometimes in a convulsive fit, 
 rubs the nose with his paws or against the ground, 
 sneezes paroxysmally, champs the jaws, and occasionally 
 death ensues. These active movements result from the 
 parasite being disturbed in some way, as by cold, frosty 
 
86 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 air. The pentastOme is said to take twelve months in 
 development, and during this time the host suffers from 
 coryza, and, in the event of death, the effects of long- 
 standing inflammation of the Schneiderian membrane will 
 be found on post-mortem examination. 
 
 Treatment comprises inhalations of chlorine, chloro- 
 form, or tobacco smoke, also various injections into the 
 nostrils, and trephining. 
 
 Polypus in the Nostril is a tumour of mucous mem- 
 brane with more or less fibrous tissue ; it hangs into the 
 nasal cavity and may be visible from the exterior or extend 
 back into the pharynx. It gives rise to slight ozsena and 
 to stertorous breathing. Occasionally there is some 
 bleeding in full stream from the nostrils. "When possible 
 it must be removed by ligature or excision. Gohier 
 records two cases detected by resistance to the passage 
 of a gum sound. Gourdon says, " Pass a thread by means 
 of a Belloc's sound on one side of the tumour through the 
 pharynx and into the mouth; then passing the sound to 
 the other side of the tumour draw out the thread through 
 the nostril and saw away the rest of the polypus with a 
 concealed saw." 
 
 Snortmg is sometimes a habit, but often it indicates a 
 low form of congestion of the lining membrane of the 
 nostrils, in which case astringent injections may remove it. 
 
 Bpistaxis, bleeding from the nostrils, occasionally occurs 
 in plethoric dogs during hot weather, and especially in 
 tropical countries ; it may also result from a blow on the 
 head. Cold water applications and quietude will soon 
 cause it to cease. 
 
 Of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi : Diseases of 
 the Air Passages. — In anatomical conformation these 
 parts present nothing of special importance as bearing on 
 pathology and surgery. The cartilages are well developed, 
 and very liable to undergo calcareous change; each tracheal 
 ring has its extremities widely apart superiorly. The 
 passages in general are wide open and well developed to 
 admit the free entry and exit of air. 
 
 Cough, which is generally an indication of disease 
 
DISEASES 0E THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 87 
 
 of the lungs, pleurae, or air passages, or due to gastric, 
 intestinal, or other abdominal irritation, occasionally 
 occurs independently of any apparent local disorder, and 
 so assumes a primary pathological importance. Although 
 it is a matter of doubt in every such case whether there 
 is not some reflex irritation at work, there are certainly 
 some instances in which previous disease or general atony 
 of the system leads to a relaxed state of the blood-vessels 
 of the laryngeal mucous membrane and chronic cough in 
 consequence. This must generally be regarded as a 
 sequela of laryngitis. It occurs most often among pam- 
 pered animals, especially when made to run about or 
 moved into the open air. They cough violently and spas- 
 modically, with a harsh, grating sound, ejecting froth 
 and mucus from the mouth. The paroxysms only occur 
 when some special cause of irritation is at work, and, 
 although the symptoms are something like those of " bone 
 in the throat," there is no impediment to the air or food 
 passages recognisable, and fits of coughing come on. 
 These cases are often of considerable duration. The 
 pathological state of the laryngeal mucous membrane 
 persists and can be only counteracted by tonics and strict 
 attention to regular exercise and feeding. Expectorants 
 prove temporarily useful, and hydrocyanic acid in doses 
 of a half to one drop is much recommended. 
 
 Loss of the Voice, partial or complete, results tem- 
 porarily from violent prolonged barking.* The chordaa 
 vocales become relaxed and congested, and require rest 
 before they can resume their functions. It is common 
 among small excitable dogs at shows, but after the excite- 
 ment is over, if the animal be kept quiet, the voice will be 
 restored. 
 
 Snoring is another result of a relaxed state of the 
 structures of the throat ; it depends on want of tone 
 of the velum palati, and sometimes constitutes a very 
 serious objection, as in pet dogs which sleep in their fair 
 mistress's bed-chamber. It results from pampering, and 
 
 * Hill says, " I have also observed what may be designated a temporary or 
 simple form of laryngitis in sheep dogs when gathering flocks together," 
 
88 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 may often be removed by reduced diet, increased exercise, 
 and tonics. 
 
 Acute Lakyngitis is much less frequent in the dog 
 than the horse, and its effects are, in the case of most 
 breeds, of less importance. It occurs as a distinct disease, 
 but is most frequently a part of the state known as angina 
 or sore-throat. Fever runs high, there is a certain 
 amount of coryza, pressure on the throat at once causes 
 a painful hacking cough, the voice is either lost or very 
 hoarse, and the respiratory efforts are frequent. Snorting 
 has been remarked as one of the earliest indications. 
 Whether the disease be due to exposure, direct injury, or 
 extension of inflammation, it requires active treatment, 
 because it is most distressing and debilitating, and is very 
 liable either to chronically disorganise the laryngeal lining 
 membrane or to extend down the windpipe and involve 
 the bronchi and lungs in the inflammation. Serous 
 effusion beneath the laryngeal mucous membrane, ulcera- 
 tion, or chronic congestion are liable to remain after the 
 subsidence of more acute symptoms. The painful and 
 distressing condition known as laryngismus stridulus has 
 been seen in the dog. It is denoted by the sudden 
 occurrence of extreme difficulty in breathing, and a 
 crowing sound with each respiratory act. It seems to 
 depend on reflex spasm of the laryngeal muscles. 
 
 Treatment of acute laryngitis although active must 
 not be heroic- It is a mistake to administer violent 
 emetics and cathartics — indeed, in bad cases the irrita- 
 bility of the throat renders it difficult to administer any 
 medicine whatever. In the acute stage the animal must 
 be carefully housed, kept in a warm, moist atmosphere, 
 allowed to inhale steam, and, where there is much distress, 
 a little chloroform. The throat should be freely fomented 
 and a stimulating lotion rubbed in, and enemata of milk or 
 broth with solution of belladonna extract should be given.* 
 
 * Harms injected - 07 grammes of hydrochlorate of morphia in solution 
 subcutaneously in a dog with dry laryngeal congli of four weeks' standing. 
 Narcotism for two hours followed, but the animal gradually regained sensi- 
 bility, and in two and a half days left the hospital all right. 
 
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 89 
 
 Occasionally it may be necessary to perforin tracheotomy. 
 A little tempting liquid food ought to be placed before the 
 animal and frequently changed, even although untouched. 
 In chronic cases tonics are beneficial, in fact the treat- 
 ment above suggested for cases of chronic cough must be 
 tried, together with the application of blisters or other 
 stimulants to the throat, or a seton may be inserted. 
 Mayhew warns us that " the jugular veins in this animal 
 are connected by several large branches, which run just 
 where the seton would be introduced. These could not 
 be pierced with impunity, nor ought the seton to be left 
 in so long as might induce sloughing, when the vessels 
 probably would be opened ; for, as the dog badly sustains 
 the loss of blood, the result would surely be fatal." He 
 also says, " I found great improvement result from wearing 
 a very wide bandage, which was kept wet and covered 
 with oil silk, round the neck." 
 
 Op the Essential Organs oe Kespiration. — The chest of 
 the dog is capacious, and highly expansile. The diaphragm 
 has but a small central tendon. The anterior opening 
 into the chest is much smaller than in the horse (rela- 
 tively). The left lung well overlaps the heart by its 
 middle lobe, a fact to be remembered in auscultation. 
 The pulmonary tissue is delicate but firm, and the air 
 sacs are large in proportion. The posterior mediastinum 
 is so stout as to suffice to prevent mechanical passage of 
 serous accumulation in the chest from one pleural sac to 
 another. The total amount of bone entering into forma- 
 tion of the walls of the dog's chest is very small ; his ribs 
 are rounded and not numerous ; their cartilages of elon- 
 gation are well developed and rounded ; the bones of the 
 sternum are numerous, rounded, long, and narrow. The 
 muscles of respiration are all much more fleshy than those 
 of herbivora, and the fore limbs may be freely moved 
 backwards and forwards. The dog, too, is more freely 
 manipulable for auscultatory purposes than larger animals, 
 accordingly the conditions are very favorable to the adop- 
 tion of auscultation as a means of diagnosis of his diseases. 
 The lung-sounds can be freely heard in almost every part, 
 
90 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 and although they .differ slightly in tone from those of the 
 larger animals, will prove diagnostic. Direct ausculta- 
 tion or stethoscopic may be made ; I always prefer the 
 former. 
 
 Percussion, succession, and measurement may assist the 
 diagnosis, but we must mainly depend on auscultation to 
 guide us in diseases of the chest. 
 
 Inflammation of the Organs in the Chest is generally 
 complex— bronchi, lung tissue, and pleura being all more 
 or less involved — but the main seat of disease varies in 
 different cases, and generally we find that the structure 
 which is first invaded is most severely affected. It is con- 
 venient to consider the three principal forms of chest in- 
 flammation together, because they exhibit a number of 
 similarities in causes, symptoms, and treatment, and prac- 
 tically we have to deal with them as a whole. Thus a dog 
 is brought to us in a state of fever, panting hard, with a 
 cough and shivering fits. We first inquire into the cause. 
 He may have been exposed to cold, whether by not being 
 properly dried after a bath or a swim, by not being well 
 clothed on removal of his coat in cold weather, by acci- 
 dental exposure through a cold night, by being taken out 
 on a cold day without his rug on, in the case of toy pets, 
 or imperfect housing. So far we have nothing to specially 
 guide us, but if he has been treated for catarrh or laryn- 
 gitis for a short time; we probably have bronchitis in the 
 main to deal with, or if he has had a kick or wound in 
 the side, the case is one of pleurisy.* Some of the 
 symptoms, too, will further our diagnosis. Thus, in bron- 
 chitis the breathing is very quick but even, and not 
 apparently painful j in pneumonitis it is quick and op- 
 pressed, and in pleurisy the expiration is prolonged and 
 the inspiration sharp and jerky. Auscultation shows the 
 mucous rale throughout the chest as soon as bronchitis 
 
 * Pure pneumonia is the most frequent cause of mortality among the larger 
 felines imported into Europe. It has been noticed that even a very small 
 amount of lung consolidation suffices to kill a tiger. In the ' Veterinary 
 Journal/ viii, p. 169, is a most interesting record of a case of pneumonia in 
 a tiger by Mr. L. Butters, M.E.C.V.S. 
 
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 91 
 
 has well set in, earlier a sibilus is present. In pneumonia 
 crepitus, dulness, and, later, various forms of rale and 
 sibilus are present, either generally diffused or circum- 
 scribed. In pleurisy there is first friction-sound, later an 
 absence of sound from the lower part of the chest accor- 
 ding to the amount of serous fluid effused. The loss of 
 sound alters with change in position of the patient, and 
 the superior limit of dulness is sharply defined and alters 
 from time to time in accordance with variations in the 
 amount of effusion. Such, roughly, are the indications 
 afforded by auscultation. It is unnecessary to enter fur- 
 ther into detail here, because the information as to the 
 exact extent of disease will depend entirely on the ex- 
 perience of the observer, and practically we find the dif- 
 ferent intrathoracic phenomena so intermingled that each 
 case is a problem in itself and must be solved from its 
 own indications. Cough is present in all cases, but that 
 of bronchitis is moist and wheezy, that of pleurisy parox- 
 ysmal, painful, and cut short, and that of pneumonia 
 occasional and small. In pleurisy there is pain on pres- 
 sure of the sides, also twitching of the muscles of the 
 walls of the chest. In both bronchitis and pneumonia 
 the temperature of the expired air is increased, but espe- 
 cially so in the latter. The pulse is . frequent, hard, and 
 small in pleurisy, oppressed and fast in pneumonia, fre- 
 quent but generally soft in bronchitis. In bronchitis and 
 pneumonitis there is frothy (rusty or whitish) expectoration, 
 but not in pleurisy. The dog with inflammation of the lungs 
 and pleura sits up with his fore legs apart (vide Pig. 1, 
 p. 9), often in the latter stages of the disease he stands 
 until he falls down to die. It has been remarked that in 
 pneumonitis the extremities become extremely cold, and the 
 nose, instead of dry and hot, is cold and very moist. In the 
 latter stages of chest disorder the patient becomes a pitiful 
 object, much emaciated, struggling for breath, obstinately 
 sitting or standing, tongue purple and hanging from the 
 mouth and rery foul, breath most offensive, teeth covered 
 with sordesj a haggard and distressful look. When 
 hydrothorax has set in the. animal lies down most unwil- 
 
92 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 lingly, cedematous swellings supervene, the breathing be- 
 comes very laboured, and the intercostal spaces dilated. 
 " The beating of the heart will likewise afford a decided 
 characteristic of the complaint ; for the hand, placed on 
 one side of the chest, will be affected with a kind of thrill, 
 very different from the usual sensation presented by the 
 beating of the heart of a healthy dog " (Blaine) . In 
 consequence of the frequency of pleurisy of only one side 
 of the chest of the dog, cases of hydrothorax are gene- 
 rally much protracted in him. There is a similarity in 
 the treatment of these disorders. The main principle to 
 go on is to support the system in every possible way with 
 a view to enable it to resist the ravages of disease, and to 
 promote those changes which lead to cure. Whilst special 
 stress must be laid upon careful nursing, it must not be 
 forgotten that good cool air is a tonic and a necessary 
 for existence. Emetics, bleeding, drastics, and other de- 
 bilitants must be carefully avoided. Stimulants, febri- 
 fuges, with expectorants when the lungs and bronchi are 
 most affected, must be freely given. Fomentations or 
 stimulant applications to the sides are most beneficial. 
 Later, tonics and absorbents, such as the iodide of iron, 
 in two-grain doses, and more powerful stimulation to the 
 sides is required, and in advanced pleurisy paracentesis 
 thoracis, performed in the usual manner, has proved 
 beneficial, the puncture being made between the seventh 
 and eighth ribs and near the sternum. Bleeding has been 
 recommended in the earliest stages of pneumonia, but is 
 very risky practice, which we are not prepared to advocate, 
 especially with Blaine's warning that " if it is performed 
 after the second day the dog commonly dies under the 
 operation." In all forms of inflammation of the chest it 
 is admissible to regulate the bowels by mild doses of laxa- 
 tives, saline or oleaginous. 
 
 Veeminous Beonchitis. — For our earliest information 
 upon this most interesting form of disease as affecting dogs, 
 we are indebted to Dr. Osier of the Montreal Veterinary 
 College. He describes an outbreak among the pups at the 
 kennels of the Montreal Hunt Club. The affection was con- 
 
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 
 
 93 
 
 53C, 
 It 
 
 fined almost exclusively to animals under eight months old ; 
 it was pneumonic in nature, and had proved fatal in several 
 
 fffltih 
 
 -V 
 
 Figs. 28, 29. 
 
 -Parasites of verminous bronchitis. (From Hill on 
 ' Dogs,' after Oslee.) 
 
 JCss— 
 
 instances. Fifteen couples were attacked, and twenty-one 
 animals were lost. Three of the couples were old dogs. 
 
 Symptoms. — " Among the initial symptoms disinclina- 
 tion for food and exercise, together with an unsteadiness 
 of gait, amounting in some cases to a subparalytic con- 
 dition of the hinder extremities, were the most evident. 
 In fully half the cases convulsions occurred. There was 
 rarely diarrhoea or any other symptom referable to gastro- 
 intestinal disorder. Cough was not a prominent sym- 
 ptom, being absent in many of the cases ; when present it 
 was short and husky, ' not,' as the keeper said, ' the regu- 
 lar distemper cough.' In the case brought to the infir- 
 mary the cough was well marked, and was dry and short. 
 The pulse and respirations were increased and the tempe- 
 rature elevated. Towards the close all food was refused, 
 and even, when fed, the soup was commonly vomited. 
 Death took place in most instances quietly, though some- 
 times during a convulsion, and the keeper noticed that 
 the pups which lasted the longest had the most fits. The 
 duration of the disease ranged from three days to a week 
 or even ten days." It showed itself during remarkably 
 cold weather, and especially among young animals housed 
 in a cold place. 
 
 Post-mortem examinations were made in eight cases, and 
 
94 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 showed dirty brown frothy fluid in the passages, red 
 consolidation of the lungs (only partial, however) . " On 
 slitting up the windpipe the mucous membrane is found 
 covered with a dark frothy mucus. The membrane looks 
 pale and natural to within an inch of the bifurcation, but at 
 this point it becomes reddened, uneven from the projection 
 of irregular little masses of a greyish yellow colour, which 
 on close inspection are found to be localised swellings of 
 the membrane, containing small parasitic worms, the white 
 bodies of which can be seen lying upon, and partially 
 embedded in, these elevations. They are most abundant 
 just at the bifurcation, at the lower part of which several 
 have emerged, forming an elevation three or four lines in 
 height. About the orifices of the second divisions these 
 little masses are also seen, and the whole mucous mem- 
 brane of this region is deeply congested and somewhat 
 swollen. Very few of the worms are found lying free on 
 the mucous membrane ; almost all of them are attached to 
 the masses or buried in them. The smaller tubes, especially 
 those leading to the diseased portions of the lungs, are 
 filled with a dirty brown fluid, and on squeezing any 
 portion of the organ quantities of it can be expelled. 
 The bronchial glands are swollen." Bach little elevation 
 consisted of a nest of the parasites. Adult worms, free 
 embryos, and ova were detected in mucus from the smaller 
 tubes. The males were found to be smaller and less 
 numerous than the females. No abnormality of the blood 
 could be detected and no forms intermediate between the 
 free embryos and the adult worms could be found. Osier 
 terms the worm Strongylus canis hroncMalis ; the largest 
 measure a quarter of an inch in length. He argues out the 
 mode of invasion and supposes that the dried embryos are 
 inhaled with the breath, and lighting on the mucous mem- 
 brane find suitable conditions for their development. In 
 two out of the eight bodies examined by, him no parasites 
 were found although pneumonia was present. But the 
 phenomena of the enzooty seem to stamp it as truly para- 
 sitic, and naturally the youngest dogs, as having' the 
 least resisting power, were those which succumbed to the 
 
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 95 
 
 parasites. It is clear there is nothing diagnostic about 
 the symptoms recorded, although possibly microscopical 
 examination of expectorated matter would elucidate the 
 cause of the pneumonic attack. 
 
 Treatment should be chlorine inhalations and stimulant 
 tonics, such measures as are resorted to for cases of hoose 
 in young cattle, an exact pathological equivalent of the 
 disease under consideration. Therefore the intratracheal 
 method of administration might be tried. 
 
 Asthma — Chronic Bronchitis — is, in the main, a disease 
 of senility, and pathologically resembles the diseases of 
 nostril and larynx already described as ozsena and chronic 
 cough. Differences between these three diseases result 
 from the structure and situation of the membrane involved. 
 In each, however, atony is the primary element. The 
 smaller bronchial tubes in the lungs have a well-developed 
 muscular layer, which, with the mucous coat, becomes 
 involved in true asthma and undergoes degenerative 
 changes. The muscular tissue in the earliest stages is 
 affected with spasm, and the mucous layef with chronic 
 congestion. Later the mucous coat becomes thickened, 
 and the fibres, often muscular, undergo fatty degeneration. 
 The air passages become blocked up, and thus access of 
 air to particular parts of the lung prevented ; emphysema, 
 true or false, then affects more or less of the rest of the 
 lung. It is a mistake to draw a line, as some have done, 
 between congestive and spasmodic asthma ; both these 
 conditions are present in all cases of the affection ; at 
 times the paroxysmal spasm proves so urgent as to mask 
 the by no means less serious indications of congestion, and 
 in others there is scarcely any indication of spasm. This 
 disease is rarely fatal, although it causes extreme distress 
 at times. 
 
 Causes. — Pets of fancy breeds, house and watch dogs, 
 are most frequently the subjects of this disorder, because 
 they have the fewest opportunities for exercise, they are 
 generally highly fed, least inclined to exertion, and most 
 liable to indigestion, Over-feeding, pampering in other 
 ways, extreme obesity and want of sufficient exercise, are 
 
96 THE DISEASES OP TBE DOG. 
 
 the principal causes. These begin to " tell " on animals 
 as they grow old, but sometimes young animals become 
 very asthmatical as a result of hereditary tendency. 
 
 Symptoms. — The earliest indications are those of indi- 
 gestion, foulness of the mouth, flatulency, piles, frequent 
 vomition, and a depraved appetite ; generally there is a 
 marked craving for flesh. Associated with these is a dry 
 paroxysmal cough which is brought on by excitement, as 
 when the animal is teased or made to take a short run. 
 This cough proves very distressing and increases in 
 severity ; indeed, in some cases the distress is extreme, 
 and the animal seems as if about to succumb to dyspnoea ; 
 marked shortness of breath follows every attempt to run, 
 and generally some palpitation of the heart, for this latter 
 organ in such cases is usually the seat of fatty degenera- 
 tion or of extensive deposits of fat. When the paroxysms 
 of coughing set in some frothy matter is expectorated and 
 relief follows. The lung-sounds are variable and confused, 
 the bowels generally constipated, and the general tone of 
 the muscular system is low. 
 
 Treatment comprises (1) the adoption of measures to 
 shorten the paroxysms and afford relief j such as inhala- 
 tions of chloroform or amyl nitrite, small doses of prussic 
 acid (Touatt), balsamic gums (Blaine), antimonial wine or 
 ipecacuanha as expectorants, doses of narcotic agents as 
 tobacco smoke, opium, or ether. Occasionally a stimulant 
 to the walls of the chest affords immediate relief, or a hot 
 bath is useful in cases of emergency. (2) The palliation of 
 the want of tonicity in the system by strict attention to 
 regular exercise, care of the coat, a vegetable diet limited 
 in amount, and regulation of the digestive organs by occa- 
 sional doses of aperients. (3) The avoidance of such 
 causes as specially bring on spasms, as undue exertion and 
 exposure to cold. Iodide of potassium or chlorate of 
 potash in small doses long continued are said to be useful, 
 and occasionally the desired effect results from a course of 
 arsenic ; vegetable tonics are of advantage as improving 
 the digestion and the tone of the system in general. 
 
 In concluding our observations on diseases of the respira- 
 
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 
 
 9? 
 
 tory organs of the dog, we may remark on the rarity of 
 acute pulmonary congestion and pulmonary apoplexy in this 
 animal, but that it does occur has been amply proved by 
 Oadeac of Toulouse, who has published his researches in 
 the ' Revue Veterinaire/ 
 
 Disorders ov the Diaphragm seem not to have been 
 observed in the dog.* 
 
 Fia. 30. — Patent syringe for intratracheal injection. 
 
 Fig. 31. — Improved patent hypodermic syringe. 
 
 * But in the ' Revue Veterinaire ' for August, 1886, Besnard, of Rochellet 
 gives a case of Diaphbagmatic Heknia of the dog. The whole intestine 
 except the duodenum and rectum had passed iuto the chest through a rent 
 in the fleshy part of the diaphragm, on the right side and high up. The 
 greater part of the intestinal mass was contained in the omentum, which 
 was, however, torn here and there. The lungs had in plices become adherent 
 to the bowels. 
 
98 THE DISEASES OB THE DOG. 
 
 CHAPTER VI.— ON THE DISORDERS OP THE 
 DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 
 
 The.. Mouth and its appendages. — In carnivora the gape 
 is wide and so .the thin cheeks can, when the jaws are 
 closed, be drawn out to form a pouch, which is used in 
 place of a funnel for reception of liquid medicines. The 
 lips are small and their muscles to an extent rudimentary ; 
 they are everted in some breeds by the long canine teeth, 
 and are more or less papillated on their free margins. 
 The palate is wide opposite the centre of the molar rows, 
 but narrows in front ; it presents imperfect transverse 
 ridges. The tongue is thin and wide, often hangs freely 
 from the mouth vibrating at its edges. It presents a 
 central raphe, and in this is a remarkable fusiform mass 
 apparently of cartilage. The operation of " worming," so 
 frequently practised in days gone by, consisted in the 
 removal of this organ by an incision into the frsenum linguae 
 or else of the fraenum itself. It was practised on young 
 and mischievous puppies " to prevent their going mad." 
 Its immediate effect was to prevent them from tearing 
 carpets, -rugs, and such like, with their teeth because of 
 the soreness of their mouths thus mutilated. On this its 
 reputation was based. It is cruelty, and any performance 
 of this needless operation should be dealt with as such. 
 The true physiological value of this extraordinary organ 
 has not yet been demonstrated. The base of the tongue 
 is wide and has numerous papillas ; the whole of the 
 isthmus faucium is wide and capacious. We must notice 
 the shortness of the pendulous palate as compared with 
 that of the horse and its rudimentary uvula. Also, that 
 the tonsils are well developed, being rounded, elongated 
 from before backwards, and capable of receding into special 
 
OK THE DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 99 
 
 recesses during the passage of the food masses. It will 
 be observed that the mouth is large and can open wide for 
 purposes of prehension. The maxillary joint is so arranged 
 as to admit only of up-and-down motion of the jaws ; its 
 interarticular cartilage is rudimentary. The muscles which 
 close the mouth are stout and fleshy ; everything points to 
 the possibility of obtaining a firm, strong grip with the 
 jaws, such as is essential to carnivora and the terror of 
 burglars. 
 
 The Teeth are suited mainly for cutting. In the full 
 mouth they are forty-two in number. Six small incisors, the 
 
 Fig. 32. — Dog's teeth (Chauveau). 
 
 Fia. 33. — Dog's teeth (Chattveatt). 
 
 central of which are quite rudimentary and often lost early 
 " in life without any detriment to the animal ; the laterals 
 
100 THE DISEASES OF THE DOO. 
 
 are a little larger and the corner ones almost tush-like, 
 especially in the upper jaw. The four tushes are long, 
 recurved, have large fangs, and so are formidable weapons 
 of offence and defence, and useful for prehensile purposes. 
 Of the molars, those anteriorly placed are rudimentary; 
 especially the small premolars which are immediately 
 behind the lower tushes. The fourth tooth in the upper 
 jaw on each side and the fifth in the lower are the largest 
 teeth, and they lose somewhat the sharp edge of the true 
 canine molar and become widened. The teeth behind 
 them are small and best adapted for crashing ; but the 
 back teeth are lost in the short-nosed breeds of dogs as 
 the palate shortens with age, their fangs become exposed 
 and carious, and the teeth actually drop out as functionally 
 superfluous and structurally expelled for want of space. 
 These molar teeth are not such ponderous, massive, com- 
 plex organs as we see in herbivora, they are simple in 
 structure, have but little crusta petrosa, and their fangs 
 are numerous and small. We might think this simplicity 
 of structure would secure them from such diseases as are 
 seen in the horse, and undoubtedly it does so. The 
 diseases of the teeth of the dog differ to a remarkable 
 degree from those of herbivora. In the latter we find 
 disorder due to overgrowth with non-apposition, in the 
 former we find accumulations of tartar, loss of teeth, and 
 caries, especially of the fangs. 
 
 Tartar Accumulations of a blackish colour are very 
 frequently found on the teeth. They are greatest around 
 the neck of the tooth and thus interfere with its proper 
 fixture in its socket, cause ulceration of the gum, and 
 absorption of the margin of the alveolar cavity. In these 
 cases the mouth is very offensive to the smell, there is a 
 certain amount of ptyalism, the lips may be ulcerated, and 
 the teeth are loose. In some cases the teeth are even 
 displaced by the amount of matter deposited. These 
 unpleasancies are not often seen in healthy, hard-fed dogs, 
 but prove very troublesome to pets, and a source of great 
 disgust to their owners. They are caused by a vitiated 
 state of the secretions of the mouth the result of indiges- 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 101 
 
 tion, and secondly, the want of the natural means by which 
 a dog's teeth are cleaned, namely, meals of meat large 
 enough to require biting, and bone picking. If we throw 
 parts out of use by our artificial methods of treatment 
 they degenerate at once, and generally by that acute 
 process known as disease. Of course old animals are 
 most frequently affected in this way ; it also seems 
 that carious teeth are most liable to the deposit. The 
 amount of fetid matter on these teeth should render us 
 specially cautious in handling these animals, as a bite 
 from them would be liable to take on unhealthy action. 
 
 Treatment comprises attention to the general health, 
 removal of the tartar thoroughly with the instruments 
 made use of ordinarily for scaling human teeth, wash- 
 ing the mouth out regularly and frequently with chloride 
 of zinc lotion, made by mixing half an ounce of Burnetts 
 fluid in a pint of water. Attention to any co-existing 
 disorder of the teeth, and giving the dog a dish of bones to 
 play with occasionally. 
 
 Broken Teeth are frequent in animals which learn to 
 fetch and carry ; excessive wear results from . the same 
 cause. When these defects are not extensive they cause 
 little inconvenience, but in the case of old dogs allowance 
 must be made and their food be duly prepared for them . 
 Meat food requires but little mastication provided it be 
 given in portions not too large for passage down the oeso- 
 phagus. Sometimes what at first sight seems excessive 
 wear is on closer examination found to be advanced 
 caries. 
 
 Displacement oe the Teeth is the result either of accu- 
 mulations of tartar or of persistence of the temporary teeth. 
 The latter condition is most often seen in short faced, 
 fancy breeds, which require some attention during the 
 cutting of the second teeth. This trouble is seen especi- 
 ally with the tushes or fangs, which, after persisting for a 
 time, become fixed to the bone and permanently retained, 
 and filth accumulates between them and the permanent 
 fangs, causing disease of the gum and bone and looseness 
 of the permanent tooth. " To extract a temporary tush 
 
102 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 after it has reset is somewhat difficult and is not to be 
 undertaken by every bungler. The gum must.be deeply 
 lanced ; and a small scalpel made for the purpose answers 
 better than the ordinary gum lancet. The instrument 
 having been passed all round the neck of the toothy the 
 gum is with the forceps to be driven or pushed away, and 
 the hold to be taken as high as possible ; firm traction is 
 then to be made, the hand of the operator being steadied 
 by the thumb placed against the point of the permanent 
 tush. As the temporary teeth are almost as brittle as 
 glass, and as the animal invariably moves its. head about 
 endeavouring to escape, some care must be exercised to 
 prevent the tooth being broken " (Mayhew). The molars 
 of older animals may be displaced by tartar. If a loosened 
 tooth is diseased it should at once be removed, but other- 
 wise when cleaned it may become again firmly fixed in the 
 jaw; of course this cannot be anticipated in very old 
 animals. The teeth of the dog are easy of removal, 
 whether artificially or accidentally* because they do not 
 mutually support each other as those of herbivora, nor 
 have they such large fangs deeply embedded in the 
 jaw. 
 
 Cutting the tushes is an operation which is sometimes 
 necessary ; with puppies, to prevent them tearing things, 
 when it is done simply by a pinch with bone forceps ; or in 
 older animals when unusually fierce, or if they have been 
 exposed to rabies inoculation, to reduce their power of doing 
 harm j in them the process of rasping is generally resorted 
 to. Loss of the incisors is of little importance and not 
 likely to interfere with the tenacity of the animal's grip ; 
 indeed, in those breeds where the under- shot condition of 
 the lower jaw is natural, early displacement and loss of 
 the incisors is to be anticipated as a physiological process. 
 The non-occurrence, in so far as we are aware, of denti- 
 gerous cysts and superfluous, irregularly-placed molars in 
 the dog, is probably due to the comparative simplicity in 
 structure of his "molars ; and to the same cause we must 
 also attribute the infrequency of hollow molars from caries 
 of the crown. 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 103 
 
 Caries of the teeth of the dog generally involves the 
 fangs, and is the result of hereditary taint, excessive sali- 
 vation, or indigestion from excessive and erroneous feed- 
 ing. The symptoms in these cases are sometimes very 
 urgent ; extreme fetor of the mouth and breath, looseness 
 of teeth with pain on pressure, deposits of tartar, and 
 absolute refusal of food. Treatment comprises extrac- 
 tion by means of forceps, which is generally not difficult, 
 removal of tartar from sound neighbouring teeth, and 
 the adoption of measures already indicated for cleansing 
 and purifying the mouth. Bleeding from the gum 
 after extraction is of no importance and may safely 
 be trusted to cease spontaneously. After removal of a 
 carious tooth we must strictly regulate the diet, firstly 
 giving soft food such as will require little mastication, 
 and afterwards adopting a rational course of diet so 
 as to give the teeth a fair amount of work and pre- 
 vent others from becoming carious. To very nervous 
 patients when suffering from toothache small doses of 
 chlorodyne may be given ; but it must be also remembered 
 that fresh air and regular diet are the best means of 
 correcting the neuralgias to which our pampered canine 
 patients are so liable. 
 
 Abscess of the Jaw is one of the most serious conse- 
 quences of neglected caries of the fang. On removal of 
 the tooth pus escapes and the healing process proceeds 
 with rapidity, but sometimes this condition is neglected 
 and severe osteitis sets in, a great deal of swelling of the 
 bone is found ; this is spongy, and the animal evidently 
 suffers very much pain ; there is profuse salivation, and 
 entire refusal of food. At a later stage the abscess may 
 burst below the jaw, leaving a fistulous ulcer running 
 from below upwards. The gums become spongy, swollen, 
 and very liable to bleed on the slightest touch, and the 
 mouth is very offensive. This diseased state of the jaw is 
 known as canker of the mouth, but as there is no specific 
 influence at work this is not a good name for the affection. 
 Of course sarcomatous disease may involve the jaw as well 
 as any other bone in the body, and the irritation from a 
 
104 , , : THE DISEASES OF THE DOS. 
 
 carious tooth may act as a determining cause, but the non- 
 specific disease is that which is seen in nine cases out of 
 ten. Treatment. — Remove all carious teeth and evacuate 
 any pus which has accumulated. Wash the mouth out 
 regularly with solution of chloride of zinc. Dress the ab- 
 scess cavity with tincture of myrrh. In the meanwhile 
 strengthen the patient with tonics and easily digestible 
 food, for this disorder is most exhausting. 
 
 No such serious effects from overgrowth follow the loss 
 of molar teeth in the dog as in herbivora, the alveolus 
 closes and becomes covered with a somewhat hardened 
 gum, which, if not useful, is at any rate neutral in mastica- 
 tion. 
 
 Cleft Palate. — A curious case of this defect in develop^ 
 ment has come under my notice. The patient was ' a 
 young bull terrier, and the central upper incisors were 
 shed. . The cloven condition of the palate was associated 
 with harelip and a. complete division between the two 
 anterior nares. The defect apparently caused little incon- 
 venience except the loss of incisor teeth due to atrophy of 
 their fangs. 
 
 . DISEASES OP THE TONGUE.— Glossitis originates 
 from injuries, such as stings, lacerations by sharp things 
 seized by animals when enraged, burns, and bruising 
 between the teeth. There is swelling of the organ, which 
 hangs from the mouth in a state of temporary paralysis.; 
 some soreness of the throat is generally present, and saliva 
 flows profusely from the mouth. Fever often runs higb. 
 Treatment. — Usually the acute symptoms, rapidly subside 
 if the patient be kept quiet, allowed a quantity of nitrated 
 water to moisten his mouth with, when he wishes, and not 
 troubled by frequent administration of medicines or forcing 
 with food. The functional importance of the affected 
 organ is mainly in the direction of ingestion of water, and 
 it is seldom inflamed except as a result of injury. Inflam.- 
 mation therefore subsides as the healing process of the 
 wounded parts sets in, and chronic disorder of the organ 
 seldom occurs. ) 
 
 In .some animals Paralysis . of. ..the . Tongtoe, as indb- 
 
ON THE DISORDER* 01 THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 105 
 
 cated by its. hanging constantly out of the mouth at 
 one side in a dry, discoloured state, is seen. It no longer 
 projects in a moist, healthy state, vibrating freely at its 
 tip and edges, and ever and anon passing over the nose to 
 renew its moisture. The animal suffers much from, thirst 
 (although lapping is not much interfered with) and expe- 
 riences considerable discomfort. Breed seems to predispose 
 to this disorder, animals of the bull-dog breed and spaniels 
 having been found most liable to it. The paralysis is 
 almost always unilateral and may generally be traced to 
 injury or nervous disorder. It is to be treated by strict 
 attention to hygiene and free administration of tonics;, 
 especially those, such as strychnia, which act particularly 
 on the nervous system. This condition is sometimes con- 
 genital ; it is generally incurable. It should be carefully 
 guarded against in purchase of a valuable dog, for low- 
 class fanciers in such cases remove the unsightliness by 
 clipping off the protruding portion. 
 
 Wounds of the tongue must be treated on strictly con- 
 servative principles. It is said that the Greenlanders get 
 rid of wolves by smearing sharp blades with blood which 
 is frozen at once. The wolves in the act of licking it off 
 lose the sensation in their tongues, which become seriously 
 cut and useless ; the wolf wastes away, and is ultimately 
 eaten by its fellows. Punctured wounds through the 
 tongue are sometimes caused by the tushes, and this 
 organ may be seriously mangled in the course of an 
 epileptic attack ; but fortunately its wounds heal very 
 readily. 
 
 tJnder the name of Blain, Touatt describes a vesicular 
 affection of the lateral and under part of the tongue, which 
 he tells us is seen also in the horse and ox,, assuming a 
 very great severity in the latter animal. In the dog it is 
 often unaccompanied by other disease, there being simply a 
 very profuse salivary flow, which ultimately becomes bloody 
 and fetid, the tongue being raised from its base by inter- 
 maxillary swelling. He surmises that it originates as 
 obstruction of the ducts of the sublingual salivary (!) glands 
 (he evidently was not aware that there are none "in the dog), 
 
106 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 and suggests free incisions into the vesicles and frequent 
 washing of the mouth with a diluted solution of chlorinated 
 lime, one part of the saturated solution and eleven of 
 water, and subsequent astringent lotions. Generally tonics 
 and nourishing food are required. Touatfc says the 
 disease is most frequent in spring and summer, and 
 usually assumes an epidemic form. It is evident that, at 
 any rate as concerns cattle, he wrote about foot-and-mouth 
 disease. I have not seen any cases of this disorder ; Hill 
 mentions it, but his account reads like a copy of Youatt. • 
 Eantjla is sometimes seen in carnivores ; in them the 
 submaxillary gland is very large and the opening of its 
 duct is apt to become occluded, whether by congestion of 
 the mucous membrane in the mouth or by concretions. 
 Then a globular swelling like a cyst appears beneath the 
 front of the tongue. It may be removed by incision and 
 is not likely to recur. The salivary apparatus is well 
 developed and active in the dog as compared with the 
 amount of starchy elements in his food, but the pre- 
 dominance in amount of saliva is of the viscid kinds of 
 that fluid which perform mechanical functions, such as 
 to keep the mouth moist and to lubricate the food pas- 
 
 Ptyalism, or hypersalwation, is the result of too free use 
 of mercury compounds, whether internally or externally ; 
 in the latter case especially when the raw condition of 
 the skin in an advanced stage of mange has not been 
 fully considered. The mercury causes soreness of the 
 gums, looseness and discolouration of the teeth, swelling of 
 the salivary glands, fetor of the saliva, and disease of the 
 bones, which will hereafter be considered. It also may 
 give rise to such constitutional symptoms as will be 
 mentioned under the heading " Mercurial Poisoning." It 
 must be remembered that profuse salivation is often due 
 to disease of the mouth. The history of the case must 
 lead us to a correct diagnosis. In cases of ptyalism due 
 to mercury poisoning small doses of iodide of potassium 
 prove markedly beneficial. The free administration of 
 dilute sulphuric acid is also advocated. 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 107 
 
 Ulceration of the Lips of a phagedenic character is 
 not infrequent ; there is much loss of substance, which is 
 replaced, by a flocculent mucoid substance. This is gene- 
 rally attributed to local injury and abrasions irom tartar ; 
 but I am by no means convinced that this : is' the true 
 cause, as even after apparent cure these ulcers are .liable 
 to recur and the parts involved remain hardened. They 
 somewhat remind me of the ulcers on the lips of horses as 
 seen during the " rains" in India, and of those, of stoma!- 
 titis gangrenosa as seen in the calf. Treatment consists 
 in tonic doses and strict hygiene, cleansing of. the mouth, 
 and application of nitrate of silver to the ulcers ; if there be 
 marked indigestion the bowels must first be opened freely. 
 
 Warts in the Mouth invading the cheek, tongue, 
 palate, and lips sometimes prove very troublesome for they 
 are liable to become large and to disfigure the animal. 
 They are generally so numerous as to defy thorough and 
 complete removal with scissors, but this must be done as 
 much as. possible, and the operation repeated as often as 
 necessary. The mouth also should be constantly rinsed 
 out with a solution of acetic acid (1 to 40). 
 
 Pharyngitis has already been described in some detail 
 under the heading " Sore-throat." We may supplement 
 the remarks there made by saying that the pharynx is 
 seldoni the sole seat of inflammation. The disease may 
 assume a chronic character, the parts becoming relaxed 
 and swallowing requiring an effort for its proper accom- 
 plishment. In such cases there may be also thickening or 
 ulceration of the lining membrane of the pharynx., and 
 nitrate of silver must be applied as extensively as possible, 
 the mouth being kept open with a gag and a long .caustic 
 holder used. 
 
 The oesophagus of the dog is large in ; calibre and 
 highly dilatable, funnel-shaped at its posterior extremity} 
 and red to its termination ; there is free communication 
 forwards as well as backwards between the stomach 
 and the gullet. The stomach is relatively large, its 
 lining mUcous membrane is villous throughout, , it' has 
 po well-marked blind pouch at the left extremity. ' The 
 
108 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 bowels are about five times the length of the body, one 
 fifth being " large." They are simple (have no muscular 
 bands or sacculi), the large and small differ little in size ; 
 the glands are well developed, the caecum resembles the 
 finger of a glove and is somewhat spirally twisted on 
 itself, more so in some cases than in others. Tho wall of 
 the rectum presents on each side a sinus of Morgagni, 
 a glandular pouch from which a dark-coloured fetid matter 
 is poured. The bowels of the dog are, therefore, short, 
 straight, uniform in calibre throughout, simple as regards 
 their shape, but composed of well-developed, highly organ- 
 ised structures. 
 
 Diseases and accidents of the (Esophagus : Stricture is 
 sometimes seen as a result of injury to the lining mem- 
 brane by bones or other hard bodies passing to the stomach, 
 also after severe cases of choking, and as a result of the 
 ravages of parasites (Filaria sanguinolenta) . It is de- 
 noted by frequent slight attacks of choking, relieved 
 spontaneously. Its ill effects may be palliated by soft, 
 well-prepared food only being given. It is a serious matter 
 in sporting dogs and others which require high feeding. 
 
 Choking. — -The large size of the oesophagus enables 
 masses of flesh, skin, and other such matters to pass freely 
 into the stomach because the dog naturally bolts his food. 
 Thus obstruction and mischief from foreign bodies is very 
 often seen in the orifices of the stomach and in the 
 bowels. Sometimes, however, sharp articles or those of 
 an irregular shape become stopped in their passage through 
 the gullet and give rise to choking. The pharyngeal 
 orifice is sometimes the seat of impediment. The sym- 
 ptoms are not so urgent as in most other animals ; there is 
 obstruction to the passage of food, frequent attempts to 
 regurgitate (which might be mistaken for vomiting), evi- 
 dent discomfort of the animal, cough, free flow of saliva, 
 and perhaps some external swelling. Anything which is 
 large enough to cause obstruction by its bulk will produce 
 swelling visible to the eye, but small sharp objects become 
 fixed by penetration of the walls of the oesophagus. In 
 choking of the dog we therefore generally have some 
 
ON THE DISORDERS Of THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 109 
 
 degree of laceration to combat as well as the actual im- 
 paction ; also the obstruction to the passage is generally 
 only partial. In spite of the highly nervous temperament 
 
 Via. 34. — Intestines and omentum major (after Chatjyeat;'). 
 
 a. Stomach, b. Duodenum, c, d. Small intestine, e. Caecum. /, g, h. 
 Large intestine, i. Omentum. Jc. Liver. I. Mesentery, m. Pancreas. 
 1. Post, aorta. 3, 4, 5. Intestinal branches of artery. 
 
110 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 of some of our patients we do not often have to deal with 
 oesophageal 1 spasm. Bearing in mind these facts, we must 
 Hot resort to extensive manipulation in these cases. An 
 attempt may be made with Arnold's choking forceps (vide 
 
 Fia. 85. — Throat forceps. 
 
 Fig. 35) to remove the foreign body, which will more readily 
 pass upwards than down.* If this does not prove successful 
 a large whalebone probe, used as a probang, may be passed 
 into the oesophagus, and gentle pressure applied with a 
 view to loosening the body from its position, but not with 
 such energy as to lacerate still further the lining mucous 
 membrane. The probe may be sheathed with a pad of 
 tow dipped in oil for lubrication of the passage. CEsopha- 
 goiomy, however, may be freely resorted to in these cases. 
 Experience shows that wounds of the gullet of carnivora 
 heal freely, probably because that organ is seldom put to its 
 utmost degree of tension in the passage of prepared food ; 
 also, be it remembered, that probably in these cases one of 
 the oesophageal coats is already cut through. The operation 
 differs in no . respect from the ordinary method, and it 
 seems that sutures of the oesophageal wound are super- 
 fluous ; after r treatment comprises attention to the external 
 wound and fluid diet for a time.f 
 
 * Mr. Ward lias recorded a case in a bull bitch which simulated dumb mad- 
 ness. There was some submaxillary swelling, and pressure on the base of the 
 tongue with forceps caused escape of pus and blood, but from whence it was 
 not possible to say. In a week's time a needle and cotton came away through 
 the submaxillary abscess. 
 
 t It is to be remarked that fish-bones, needles, and other sharp hard sub- 
 stances not unfrequently pass through the walls of the oesophagus and the. 
 
on the disoedebs op the digestive apparatus, ill 
 
 On some Geneeal Symptoms oe Disoedee op the Alimen- 
 tary Canal. — There are some conditions which, although 
 generally described as disease, must be rather treated of 
 as groups of symptoms which are usually due to derange- 
 ment of the alimentary canal and its appendages^ but may 
 depend on disorder of other parts of the body or of the 
 constitution in general. Inappetance may be due to dis- 
 inclination for food. It is often seen in pampered animals 
 as a result of overfeeding or daintiness, or because the 
 food offered is not tempting to the palate. It is one of 
 the most freqnent general indications of disorder, or it 
 may depend on impediment such as choking, sore mouth, 
 diseased teeth, or paralysis of the muscles of the jaws. 
 The treatment consists in discovering and removing the 
 cause. 
 
 Indigestion is very common in dogs : in the uncared 
 for as a result of coarse indigestible food, in the over-cared 
 for from too much and improper food, want of exercise, 
 and general inattention to hygienic conditions. It is 
 sometimes an indication of worms or foreign bodies in the 
 stomach ; in other cases may depend on torpidity of the 
 liver. It is an almost invariable accompaniment of advanced- 
 stages of debilitating disorders. Derangement of the teeth 
 may be the cause, and it is almost always found that in 
 these cases there are accumulations of tartar, softness of 
 the gums, very foul breath, and dry, discoloured 1 condition 1 
 of the tongue. The appetite is depraved, the animal eats 
 grass freely and vomits often, colicky pains, persistent 
 constipation, and flatulence cause the animal serious incon- 
 venience ; he is peevish, dull,. and evidently out of sorts, 
 and his coat feels harsh. In chronic cases the hair falls off 
 and asthmatic symptoms 'set in ; sometimes animals which 
 suffer from chronic indigestion are very fat. We need 
 not here specify the details of treatment, for they comprise 
 a removal, by medicine or otherwise, of the disorder on 
 which the indigestion depends, and where this is not dis- 
 
 skiu covering it. MacGillivray, of Banff, reminds us that the absence of 
 sub-scapulo-hyoidean muscle from the dog facilitates cutting down on the! 
 oesophagus (' Vet. Journ.,' Jan., 1878). 
 
ti'Z ■-■ '(HE DISEASES OF THE DOG. " V 
 
 tinctly recognisable we must content ourselves with strict 
 attention to hygiene, tonics, and occasional laxatives. The* 
 alkaline carbonates are very useful in these cases, especi- 
 ally when the stomach is disordered, for in the dog there 
 is a tendency to acidity and to the condition termed py- 
 rosis, in- which the stomach is irritable, and there is 
 frequent ejection of a quantity of acid liquid through the 
 mouth. 
 
 Vomition. — The spasmodic ejection of the contents of the 
 stomach depends either on the food being irritant, the sto- 
 mach irritable, or the nervous system deranged. It is a 
 symptom which may appear in almost any disease to which 
 the dog is liable, so extensive are the reflex influences by 
 which disorders of other parts derange the stomach. Be- 
 cause this process can be brought about in the dog by- 
 very many medicines, and the effect of emetics is one ap- 
 preciable even to the most ignorant observer, this class of 
 remedies has been much abused by those who have the 
 care of sick dogs, emetics being given for every disease. 
 They exhaust the patient and so indirectly exert a sedative 
 influence, and they sometimes free the stomach of an irri- 
 tant which is causing disease, but their use in canine 
 medicine requires care and judgment. 
 
 Persistent Vomition is generally indicative of gastric 
 disorder, but in fits of all kinds one of the earliest sym- 
 ptoms is a clearance of the stomach in this way. The mat- 
 ter ejected varies in different cases, the ordinary stomach 
 contents being sometimes mixed with blood or a large quan- 
 tity of bile. The inverse peristalsis occasionally extends 
 to the bowels, and the pylorus becomes relaxed, which will 
 account for the presence of bile in the vomits. The dog 
 often eats grass as an emetic when he feels " sickness of 
 the stomach." A very extreme case of vomition is re- 
 corded in the ' Abstract of Proceedings of the Veterinary 
 Medical Association London, for 1838-9/ where the stomach 
 was intussuscepted into the posterior end of the oesophagus ; 
 the whole of the gullet was much enlarged. In cases of 
 persistant vomition. small doses of prussic acid or morphia 
 and alkaline effervescent drinks must be tried. 
 
ON tSE DISOEDEES OP THE DIGESTIVE APPABATUS. 113 
 
 Colic is the term applied to those symptoms which in- 
 dicate that an animal is suffering from pain referable to 
 the abdomen unassociated with inflammation. In true 
 simple colic there is actually spasm of the bowels, such as 
 may result from an irritant in the intestinal passage or 
 even (through transference of reflex impressions) in some 
 other part of the body, such as stomach or uterus. In 
 other cases colicky symptoms depend on the presence of 
 obstruction of the bowels as by calculus, impaction, or 
 stricture, or disease of stomach, liver, bladder, or other 
 abdominal organs. It may depend upon poisonous matters 
 in the blood ; thus one of the most prominent symptoms 
 of lead poisoning is colic, and it often supervenes during 
 the progress of an attack of distemper. Colic very fre- 
 quently occurs in puppies, probably from alterations in 
 quality of the mother's milk, and it is often seen in preg- 
 nant bitches, when it is the condition known as false labour- 
 pains or else depends on pressure of the distended female 
 generative organs on the neck of the bladder. Of all the 
 irritants which may give rise to simple colic the most fre- 
 quent are worms, indigestible matters, and sharp bones. 
 Symptoms. — In some cases the invasion is very sudden, 
 the animal exhibiting very marked signs of pain, but 
 usually the first manifestations are those of a sense of dis- 
 comfort, the animal moans in its sleep, awakes suddenly, 
 lies down, curls himself up, and goes to sleep again. 
 This continues until at last the paroxysms are too urgent 
 to allow of repose while they last. The patient utters 
 sharp, shrill, continuous cries ; tries all sorts of positions 
 to give himself ease, and walks about with his back arched. 
 There may be a distended state of the abdomen due to 
 flatulence. Blaine speaks of a form of colic which occurs 
 in cases of rheumatism. Treatment. — Having assured 
 ourselves that no fever is present, and examined the 
 condition of the faeces, if any, and explored the abdominal 
 contents by firm pressure and manipulation of the belly 
 to ascertain whether any tumour or accumulation is the 
 cause of colic, it is as well to at once resort to a warm 
 bath and active friction of the surface. This often affords 
 
 8 
 
114 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 much relief ; it may be followed by an emetic to remove 
 possible causes of irritation from the stomach, and soap- 
 and-water enemata at intervals of an hour. If the pain 
 is very urgent an anodyne antispasmodic draught should 
 be given and repeated every two hours as long as 
 necessary. In almost every case an oleaginous cathartic 
 is indicated. When the pain is severe and the paroxysms 
 prove frequent and of long duration, mustard plasters or 
 stimulating liniment may be applied to the belly ; but in 
 all these cases of colic we must carefully ascertain on 
 what disorder the abdominal pain depends, and must 
 direct our efforts to removal of that disorder. About 
 forty minims of laudanum with a dessertspoonful of 
 strong brandy and water, is a good colic drink for routine 
 practice. The flatulent form of colic is very rare in 
 carnivora. 
 
 Diaeehcea. — The frequent passage of fluid faces ex- 
 ceeding the normal in total bulk, differs from " looseness 
 of the bowels," in which the faeces are simply abnormally 
 .soft. In cases of diarrhoea, tenesmus and colic are gene- 
 rally present ; in chronic diarrhoea, indigestion, debility, 
 and often ulceration of the bowel against the anus, with 
 relaxation of the sphincter, are present. Acute cases may 
 be catarrh of the bowels induced by the presence of some 
 irritant leading to increased secretion from the various 
 highly developed intestinal glands, and also from the mu- 
 cous membrane. This irritant may be food, worms, acrid 
 bile, &c, or the catarrh may be due to changes in the 
 weather, or to disorder of the blood. Diarrhoea also may 
 be simply a culmination of debilitating disease and carry 
 off the patient, or it may depend on hyper-secretion of 
 bile, or on abuse of purgative medicine (when it is termed 
 "super-purgation"). Treatment. — These cases always 
 require careful nursing, and when they become chronic 
 are apt to assume a dysenteric character. Cleanliness, 
 the giving of food of a readily digestible nature, and 
 avoidance of exposure, are particularly to be attended to. 
 Often an aperient is in the commencement necessary for 
 removal of acrid matters from the alimentary canal • 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OP THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 115 
 
 oleaginous cathartics, as sheathing the membrane, ate 
 specially indicated. In chronic or persistent cases the 
 animal must be given astringent diet and doses of tonics 
 carefully regulated and given with astringents and ant- 
 acids. Glycerine, vaseline, or oleaginous applications 
 round the anus, will save the animal much pain. In cases 
 where there is extensive intestinal disease, but little can be 
 done although tonics afford the best chance of temporary 
 relief from exhausting diarrhoea. Diarrhoea proves very fatal 
 to puppies, and in them it requires very careful treatment. 
 The bitch must be kept quiet and her diet regulated lest 
 aperient principles affect the pups through the milk. A 
 frequent examination of the' character of the stools will 
 prove our best guide in determining the exact seat of the 
 mischief in these cases ; if the liver be acting more freely 
 than usual, the faeces will be very dark coloured and offen- 
 sive, in such cases, as well as when a deficiency of colour- 
 ing matter in the dung indicates torpidity, calomel or 
 podophyllin in small doses will prove useful. 
 
 Constipation, Costiveness, and Torpidity op the Bowels 
 are conditions varying in degree rather than in kind ; an 
 animal being constipated when he passes no faeces ; costive 
 when he passes hard fasces with much effort, and in tor- 
 pidity of the bowels the peristalsis is retarded and the 
 bowels act infrequently, the fasces being unusually dry 
 from retention. The natural stimuli to intestinal move- 
 ments are diet, a free supply of bile, and exercise. If 
 the food be given irregularly and contain a deficiency of 
 vegetable matters costiveness will result. Among all car- 
 nivora there is an infrequency of action of the bowels and 
 the faeces as passed are dry and hard, but some individuals 
 are habitually costive and suffer much inconvenience ; yard 
 dogs and pets which are not allowed to walk sufficiently for 
 exercise suffer from severe intestinal derangements as sequelaa 
 of constipation. It must be remembered also that torpidity 
 of the bowels is one of the most marked symptoms of the 
 feverish state and of serious disorder of the alimentary 
 canal or its appendages, especially the liver ; a blunted 
 nervous sense, so to speak, in some outdoor breeds seem 
 
116 THE DISEASES OF THE DO(J. 
 
 to predispose to this irregularity, Costiveness pure and 
 simple must be dealt with by a careful regulation of the 
 diet into which some such laxative element as vegetables 
 (cabbage especially) should occasionally enter ; also liver, 
 boiled or uncooked, may be given once a week ; regular 
 exercise and regular feeding must be enforced. Where 
 the retention has become associated with extreme dryness 
 of a large mass of fasces collected in the rectum, this may 
 be detected by manipulation of the belly, the presence of 
 abdominal pain, constant attempts to pass faeces only re- 
 sulting in a bulging of the anal structures but with no 
 relaxation of the sphincter. " The agony caused by cos- 
 tiveness is greater than in any other affection to which 
 the dog is liable. Apparently well, and perhaps at play, a 
 cry breaks forth which is the next instant a shriek, expres- 
 sive of the acutest torture. The animal takes to running 
 and is not aware of surrounding objects ; it can recognise 
 nothing, but will bite its master if he attempts to catch it, 
 and hit itself against anything that may be in its way ; it 
 scampers from room to room, or hurries from place to 
 place ; it is unable to be still or silent, and perhaps get- 
 ting into a corner it makes continuous efforts as though 
 it wished to scramble up the wall, remaining there jump- 
 ing with all its strength, and at the same time yelling at 
 the top of its voice. This excitement may last -for an 
 hour or more, and then cease only to be renewed, till at 
 length the powers fail, and in half a day the animal may 
 be dead. Just prior to death a mass of compact faeces is 
 usually passed, arid blood, with dysentery, is generally 
 witnessed for the short period the animal survives " 
 (Mayhew). In such cases removal of the accumulated 
 faeces with the oiled forefinger inserted per anum is in- 
 dicated ; the handle of a teaspoon will prove useful for 
 breaking down the hardened mass, and small doses of oil 
 and oleaginous or alkaline injections will materially assist. 
 The bowels afterwards will require constant attention and 
 careful regulation as this condition is liable to continually 
 recur. 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OP THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 117 
 
 DISEASES OP THE STOMACH : Gastric Catarrh. 
 — The stomach of the dog, as being relatively of more im- 
 portance as a digestive organ than that of the horse, is 
 more liable to disorder. Its mucous lining membrane is 
 extensive and highly organised, and consequently very 
 liable to derangement. Dogs are often fed so erroneously, 
 without regularity, indiscriminately on all sorts of diet, 
 too often and with too much at a time, that we cannot 
 wonder at gastric derangements being common. Parasites 
 and foreign bodies of different kinds are frequent in the 
 stomach, and constitute another source of disease. "We 
 have elsewhere noticed the condition of the stomach known 
 as pyrosis, in which there is indigestion with profuse se- 
 cretion from the gastric glands. We have now to examine 
 a more definite disorder consisting in either congestion 
 or inflammation of the lining mucous membrane. Some 
 fever of a subacute character is present ; there are all the 
 phenomena of indigestion ; the stomach is irritable and 
 rejects promptly both food and medicine, also every now 
 and then its contents are thrown up in the form of acid 
 secretion without any admixture of food; there is pain 
 on pressure over the seat of the stomach in the majority 
 of these cases. Sooner or later the inflammation extends 
 to the lining membrane of the bowels and diarrhoea sets 
 in, and experience has shown that this is a very serious 
 matter and very liable to lead to a fatal termination. 
 Because there is cough present in most of these cases 
 it has been termed Husk, but this name is objectionable 
 since it has been for a long time applied to parasitic 
 bronchitis of calves, and so some confusion might arise 
 from the designation of an altogether distinct pathological 
 state by a name having already a widespread popular 
 use in reference to a particular disease. Treatment pre- 
 sents serious difficulties, the most important being that 
 of retention of food or medicine, both of which must be 
 bland and of small bulk, and therefore frequently adminis- 
 tered. Dilute hydrocyanic acid (gtt. j to iij), chlorodyne, 
 opium, are very valuable here, and the alkaline carbonates 
 counteract the excessive acidity of the gastric secretion. 
 
-TtfE DISEASE'S OF THE DOG. 
 
 It must be our aim to gradually increase the tone and lessen 
 the irritability of the stomach, and to this end liquid food 
 containing sedative medicines must be given,, and supple- 
 mented, by nutrient enemata. In the chronic form ofthia 
 disorder small doses of nux vomica may prove- beneficial, 
 but our main reliance must be on the vegetable tonics. 
 
 Fia. 36. — Stomach (After Chauveau). 
 a. Cardia, with oesophagus. B. Pylorus, with duodenum. 
 
 GtAsteitis is that form of inflammation, of the stomach 
 which affects especially its muscular and mucous coats. 
 It. is seldom seen except as a result of irritant poisoning, 
 although it has been in some cases attributed to external 
 violence, the action of foreign bodies and exposure to in- 
 clement weather, &c. No doubt the stomach of the dog 
 is much predisposed to disorder on account of the exces- 
 sive demands made upon its digestive powers in artificial 
 life; the wild dog is but slightly a vegetable feeder,, 
 whereas the tame dog is in many cases almost herbivorous,, 
 always omnivorous. The stomach has thus to digest; 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 119 
 
 matters for which it is not naturally adapted, but to which 
 it has become habituated. But this perversion of func- 
 tion predisposes to disease, generally, however, of the 
 lining membrane only. Symptoms develope gradually as 
 those of indigestion, such as depraved appetite, a ten- 
 dency to lick cool things, thirst, and frequent vomition. 
 Fever subsequently sets in and the sickness is persistent. 
 The animal tries to find a cool place to lie down on, pants 
 severely, moans or whines frequently, and stretches him- 
 self out so that he can lie with his belly against the 
 ground. There is pain on pressure over the stomach, 
 and heat is distinctly perceptible. The tongue is espe- 
 cially dirty and foul in this disorder, and occasionally 
 there is vomiting of blood (haematemesis) . Treatment. — 
 Good nursing is urgently required, frequent draughts of 
 cool mucilaginous drinks with small doses of alkalies and 
 sedatives. Poultices and free fomentation, or mustard 
 plasters to the belly, and a free access to cold water for 
 drinking. We shall hereafter mention some of the more 
 frequent poisons and the manner in which their special 
 effects may be counteracted. After resolution has set in, 
 a course of alkalies and tonics will prove beneficial, and 
 the greatest care must be exercised with a view to giving 
 the animal's food only in small quantities at a time, and 
 in a readily digestible form. 
 
 Ulcer in the Stomach is occasionally seen as an indica- 
 tion of malnutrition, and thus it may be a sequela of dis- 
 temper or may depend on starvation and imprisonment in 
 a dark, damp, unhealthy place. I have several times 
 observed it under the latter conditions, and it is sometimes 
 associated with ulceration of the cornea, identical in nature 
 and causes. 
 
 Gastric Fistula. — It is rather a favourite operation 
 with physiologists to artificially induce a direct communi- 
 cation between the stomach cavity and the surface. It 
 can be done in most cases with impunity, and valuable 
 conclusions as to the physiology of gastric digestion have 
 thus been arrived at. The patient lives and enjoys him- 
 self with the trochar extending through the abdominal' 
 
120 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 and gastric walls. Gamgee describes the operation in 
 detail. 
 
 Gastric Dilatation is often found post-mortem in old 
 dogs which have become dyspeptic from a long course of 
 over-feeding. The animal is liable to tympany and colic 
 during life. 
 
 Foreign Bodtes in the Stomach* are either introduced 
 through the oesophagus in their formed state, or gradually 
 produced by mechanical and chemical forces from the 
 materials ingested from without. When sharp and in- 
 digestible, foreign substances cause gastric fistula, and 
 thus either escape through the walls of the belly or into 
 the abdominal cavity among the bowels, where they may 
 cause mischief : needles, forks, nails, &c, soon act in this 
 way, and when they emerge from the fistula, or are ex- 
 tracted by operation, they are found to be more or less 
 eroded by the action of the gastric juice. Bounded bodies 
 of even considerable size can escape from the stomach into 
 the bowels, the pylorus being somewhat lax towards the 
 end of the process of gastric digestion, when it admits of 
 a rush of such matters as the stomach has been unable to 
 deal with. I consider that this can be physiologically 
 accounted for, on the theory that masses of vegetable 
 matter are not freely acted on in the stomach where there 
 is a deficiency of glycogenic saliva, but must pass on to 
 the bowels where it is subjected to the pancreatic secre- 
 tion. Perhaps, however, there is a reflux of both pancrea- 
 tic and biliary matters normally into the stomach of the 
 dog to a limited extent. At any rate, it is wonderful 
 what large foreign bodies, stones, jagged bones, and the like 
 will pass from the stomach into the bowels in some cases. 
 Animals taught to fetch and carry stones are apt to 
 swallow them, puppies in their play, and probably as a 
 result of teeth irritation, will swallow stones and dirt ; 
 pregnant bitches and animals with indigestion from other 
 
 * Raddell relates a case of a pointer which ate a, small King Charles' 
 spaniel and died from ruptured stomach. This is very curious on account 
 of the rarity of the lesion and the cannibal tendencies of the subject. 
 'Veterinary Record,' Hi, p. 129. 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 121 
 
 causes will eat dung, dirt, &c, and we are well aware that 
 eating straws, pebbles, and the like, is one of the most 
 marked signs of rabies. Again, small animals covered with 
 hair may be eaten, cured skins may be gnawed, or even (as 
 in a case recorded by Mr. Hill in the 'Veterinary Journal,' 
 vol. x, p. 79) human hair combings may be ingested. 
 These are felted by the peristaltic action of the stomach 
 and glued together by mucusj and thus " hair-balls " are 
 formed.* Indigestion, pure and simple, is generally the 
 result of rounded concretions ; if they be small they are 
 expelled by vomition or passed onwards into the bowels, 
 but if they be large they will give rise to chronic indiges- 
 tion j saline-calcareous aggregations, true gastric calculi, 
 are very rare in the dog. I will here mention observations 
 by Mr. Hunting as made at the Central Veterinary Society 
 at its Meeting on June 8th, 1882 ; he exhibited a small 
 stone and a cork which he had taken from the stomachs 
 of two dogs. The first was a small black and tan bitch, 
 which was suddenly seized with vomiting and convulsions. 
 Fits always followed the administration of solid food. 
 The stomach having been diagnosed as the seat of mischief 
 the patient was given Brand's essence of beef, as the only 
 nutriment allowed, and, medicinally, hydrocyanic acid and 
 bismuth trinitrate ; some improvement occurred, but the 
 animal was unable to take even beef -tea with a sediment 
 without vomiting and died in a few days. The cork was 
 
 * Vol. iii of the ' Veterinary Journal ' contains » record of the case of a 
 valuable Esquimaux dog which was observed to be very dull, to hide in 
 corners, and lie on his belly with his hind legs apart ; pulse 150 and thready j 
 vomition ; nose hot and dry. On the evening of the following day symptoms 
 of braiu derangement set in, there was stiffness of gait, occasionally 
 ineffectual attempts at vomition were made, and a severe convulsive fit 
 occurred as night set in. On the third day the bowels had not acted, urine 
 passed involuntarily, and some tetanic symptoms were present. Towards 
 evening he crawled about on the belly, or hung back at the full length of his 
 chain. He died at 12 midnight, in a very strong convulsive fit. Autopsy 
 showed a cobble-stone, weighing about one ounce avoirdupois, lodged at the 
 pyloric end of the greater curvature, causing inflammation and engorgement 
 of the mucous membrane. Two pieces of white fibrous material, with a little 
 flesh attached at one end, and a bit of yellowish fat at the other (chorda? 
 tendinse probably) were found loose in the right ventricle. 
 
122 THIS DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 found firmly plugging the pyloric orifice, and the adjacent 
 mucous membrane was much thickened and inflamed* * 
 * * * The second dog had suffered more or less for 
 six months, it became very thin and occasionally showed 
 much distress, heaving, at the flanks, and suffering from 
 vomiting, fits, and convulsions. The stone found in the. 
 stomach was too large to pass into the intestines, 
 and the pyloric orifice was rendered small by an excessive 
 thickening of the coats of the stomach. Mr. Hunting 
 draws attention to two clinical memoranda for such 
 cases: — (1) The beef-tea made from Brand's essence being 
 perfectly fluid, is the only form of nourishment which is 
 retained in these instances. (2) It is only when the foreign 
 body attempts to pass the pylorus that convulsions occur/ 
 or that irritation of the stomach which induces them. 
 
 Touatt ('The Dog/ 1861) quotes two remarkable 
 cases in each of which a large dog swallowed a fork, 
 and it could be felt by manipulation in the stomach. 
 In the first case the veterinary surgeon judiciously kept 
 the dog's stomach well distended by feeding him on 
 cow's-liver and gave doses of dilute sulphuric acid. In 
 due course a fistula formed and by the aid of incision 
 the fork was removed, much corroded, and minus its 
 ivory handle, which had been digested, and the animal 
 did very well. In the second case, on abdominal incision 
 the handle of the fork was found among the viscera, and 
 the remainder embedded in the root of the mesocolon 
 where it was causing much inflammatory mischief. This 
 animal also recovered. 
 
 Parasites in the Stomach. — The most frequent worm 
 seen in the stomach of the dog is Ascaris marginata, which 
 is probably identical with A. mystax of the cat (Oobbold)^ 
 They gain the stomach probably by migrating from the 
 intestines and give rise to some irritation, and thus 
 they become expelled by vomition, but they sometimes 
 produce serious and even fatal effects. Thus in the 
 ' Veterinarian,' 1878, p. 353, are mentioned two cases, in 
 one of which five of these worms caused intussusception 
 and rupture of the bowel in a puppy ; in the other death 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OP THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 123 
 
 resulted from their puncturing the duodenum. It is- always 
 well in cases of indigestion to give vermifuges suitable for 
 both -round-worms and tape- worms, as these;. are a frequent 
 source of disorder, indeed, they may be the cause of epileptic 
 fits in puppies. Oil:of turpentine, common salt, santonin, or 
 sulphate of iron are useful in such cases. Spiroptera (v. 
 Filaria) sangumolenta sometimes is seen in . cystic abodes 
 in. the wall of the stomach of the dog. \In the- lining" 
 membrane of the stomach of the cat resides the adult 
 Ohdanus tricuspis, a trichina-like animal, the embryos of 
 which either penetrate the liver and lungs, " the infested 
 animal perishing in consequence of the inflammatory 
 action set up by their presence" in some cases, or are 
 passed with the faeces, and. in the mouse develop just as 
 trichina, do in man. . 
 
 We may here with advantage discuss the question 
 whether dogs should he allowed to feed on bones, which fre- 
 quently arises in the course of canine practice. It cannot 
 be doubted that the ingestion of bones has a physiological 
 value in all carnivora, they are taken freely by the animal 
 and- swallowed. They serve to clear the teeth from 
 tartar accumulations, and possibly- assist in gastric reple- 
 tion and mild stimulation of the lining mucous membrane 
 of the stomach,' just as stones in a bird's gizzard 
 do. They^ are digested freely and afford useful nutri- 
 ment in the form of phosphates and bone gelatine. 
 On the other hand they are a fruitful source of mis- 
 chief, firstly, in breaking and displacing . the teeth • 
 secondly, in becoming impacted in the oesophagus and so 
 choking the animal ; thirdly, when sharp and spicular, in- 
 penetrating the. wall of the oesophagus or stomach, and so 
 reaching the surface ; fourthly, in causing impaction of 
 the bowels, especially the large, one. But, be it ; observed, 
 it is not the size of the bone but its roughness and sharp- 
 ness which causes this mischief ; and so these ill-effects 
 can not be attributed simply to the ingestion of them as 
 bones but as sharp bodies liable to wound. We may con-, 
 elude that the dog in health benefits, considerably, from; 
 an. occasional feed of bones y he. enjoys it,,/and jt tends to 
 
124 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 improve his digestion ; but these bones are to be given 
 unbroken, and sharp fish bones are liable to cause trouble 
 with toy dogs ; the occasional feed of bones ought to be 
 de rigueur. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES: Enteritis.— True 
 inflammation of the bowels is more frequent in the dog than 
 in the horse ; although by some authorities it is said to be 
 "very common/' this cannot be considered correct, but the 
 result of opinion based on imperfect diagnosis ; essentially 
 there is a certain amount of gastritis in these cases. The 
 muscular coat of the bowel is the main seat of disorder, 
 and this accounts for obstinate torpidity of the bowels being 
 a very marked symptom. The most frequent causes of 
 enteritis are impaction, intussusception, or some form of 
 strangulation of the bowels. Next in importance to these 
 rank irritant poisonous substances, and it is said that 
 exposure to cold, as from lying through the night on a 
 bed of wet straw or on damp earth, exposure to a cutting 
 wind when the coat has recently been removed, over- 
 exertion, and other such deleterious influences act as 
 causes. Mayhew has noticed that it is very frequent as 
 a result of maltreatment of cases of mange by excessively 
 powerful stimulants. 
 
 Symptoms. — So urgent is the distress in these cases, and 
 so altered the general behaviour of the animal, that they 
 have been mistaken for rabies, especially as the eyes are 
 very red, the voice is altered by pain, and paralysis sets in 
 in the later stages of the attack. Fever commences with a 
 shivering fit and then seems very high ; there is obstinate 
 and continuous abdominal pain, and the animal cries with 
 agony when the belly is pressed upon, yet he may gently 
 press this part against the ground in the hope to find ease. 
 Generally, however, he runs away to some dark quiet 
 place and lies flat on his side panting and crying. 
 On manipulation the belly is found to be hot, and the 
 animal is likely to snap when it is pressed upon. No 
 faeces is passed and the urine is generally very scanty 
 and high coloured. There is a hardness and smallness 
 about the pulse, and the tail is carried pressed down over 
 
ON THE DISORDERS Of THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 125 
 
 the anus. Treatment is seldom successful, for the inflam- 
 mation runs on quickly to gangrene, as denoted by cessa- 
 tion of pain and the supervention of all the symptoms of 
 collapse. It has been remarked by Mayhew that in this 
 disease there is a special disinclination to take any medi- 
 cines. Oases have been known in which intussusception 
 was relieved by means of laparotomy, surgical incision into 
 the abdomen and mechanical freeing of the bowel, and in 
 other cases the entangled piece has sloughed off and reso- 
 lution set in; but such cases are rare. Our first care 
 must be to determine by the history of the case or else by 
 digital exploration through the fundament, the cause of 
 inflammation. Enemata of warm water and soap must be 
 freely given, or when there is a tendency to accumulation 
 of hard faeces they must be broken down and removed 
 in the manner already indicated, and an enema of some 
 bland oil then given. No purgative must be resorted to 
 when the disease has fully established itself, except a full 
 dose of olive or other such oil, the tendency of which is 
 to act mechanically by admixture with hard faeces, and so 
 much of it as is digested and absorbed proves nutritive ; 
 also the stomach, though somewhat intolerant, will retain 
 it. Crude opium, chlorodyne, or Indian hemp must be 
 given internally to allay pain and to exert some sedative 
 influence on the circulation. A warm bath has proved 
 highly beneficial in such cases, and free fomentation, as also 
 application of linseed poultices to the belly, is indicated. 
 Blaine says : " Dogs are very liable to rheumatism, but 
 it is no less true than curious that a dog never has acute, 
 and seldom chronic rheumatism either, that is not accom- 
 panied, more or less, with inflammation of his bowels; 
 this connection of diseases is, however, as far as my expe- 
 rience goes, confined to the dog alone. In many cases 
 the bowels are the immediate and principal seat of the 
 rheumatism, which is productive of a peculiar enteritis, 
 easily distinguished by those conversant with the diseases 
 of dogs." In this, as in numbers of other conclusions, 
 Blaine's original observations have not been thoroughly 
 accepted by subsequent observers. 
 
126 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 Dysentery. — Is true inflammation of the mucous lining 
 membrane of the bowels — the effect of prolonged use of in- 
 nutritious food, of neglected diarrhoea, of the too continued 
 use of irritant medicines, and, it is said, acridity of the bile 
 also causes it. Symptoms. — Diarrhoea, the ejecta being of 
 an extremely offensive character often tinged with blood, 
 containing very hard small lumps, and often much frothy 
 or stringy mucus. They have an acridity which leads to 
 excoriation around the anus and to frequent tenesmus. The 
 animal suffers from fever and abdominal pain, and there is 
 rapidly increasing emaciation, so that very soon after the 
 commencement of the attack the patient. is in an extreme 
 state of debility, and its breath and cutaneous emanations 
 smell foul and sickly. Sometimes a considerable amount of 
 blood is passed with the stools. Where the dysentery is 
 subacute, the result of chronicity of diarrhsea, the animal 
 becomes a most miserable object, a living skeleton, gene- 
 rally covered with external parasites, and filthy about 
 the anus. Occasionally the stomach is involved in this 
 disorder by the continuity of its structure with . that 
 of the bowel, then persistent vomition is a marked 
 symptom, although the appetite may be ravenous and 
 depraved. Paralysis usually sets in several days before 
 death. 
 
 Treatment of this serious disorder requires to be pro- 
 longed and very careful. Husbanding the strength by 
 every available means is necessary. Broth, milk, cod- 
 liver oil, and other nutritives may be given by the mouth 
 and also, mixed with astringents, per anum. When the 
 animal is in much pain opium (1 — 3 grs.) must be given 
 every second hour until ease is obtained. I prefer for 
 continued administration the astringent tonic barks, such 
 as oak and cinchona, and with them may be combined a 
 little chalk. The dilute mineral acids form tonic drinks 
 which are useful and palatable in these cases. Astrin- 
 gent suppositories (medicines introduced by means of 
 the finger per anum) are useful, and infusion of gentian, 
 catechu, or oak galls may be given as enemata frequently. 
 But our main reliance must be on cleanliness, fresh air, 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 127 
 
 gentle exercise, and good generous diet; in faGt, this is a 
 disease in the treatment of which everything rests on 
 good nursing. 
 
 We have next to deal with a number of surgical con- 
 ditions, such as are rather frequent in the dog and gene- 
 rally very serious. 
 
 Impaction is denoted by colicky pains, which are some- 
 what more continuous than those of simple colic, and are 
 followed by enteritis : external manipulation or digital 
 rectal exploration may enable us to detect some obstructing 
 mass. Generally obstinate constipation is present, and 
 not unfrequently some vomiting. The offending substance 
 varies in different cases, thus sometimes it is a bone, 
 sometimes a stercoral mass, or an accumulation of vege- 
 table matter, or a stone which has been swallowed. Occa- 
 sionally, perhaps, a calculus ; but this kind of impediment 
 is very rare in the dog, for there are no sacculi of the 
 walls of the bowels of carnivorain which such concretions 
 can seclude themselves and oppose the propulsive move- 
 ments of peristalsis.* In cases where we are sure im- 
 -pactment of some kind is present, and relief does not 
 follow treatment with antispasmodics, laparotomy should 
 be performed before the strength of the animal fails. 
 Dogs are very tolerant of this operation. I have no 
 evidence of Volvulus occurring in the dog — probably the 
 shortness and directness of the bowels has something to 
 do with this. But, on the other hand, Invagination or 
 Intussusception is very frequent, probably because reversed 
 peristalsis can occur as readily in the bowels as in the 
 oesophagus of the dog. Large dogs seem most prone to 
 this derangement, a fact which must be remembered in 
 , dealing with cases of intestinal obstruction in them. The 
 most frequent form of invagination is where the caecum, 
 carrying with it the terminal portion of the ileum, passes 
 into the cavity of the colon. It is really wonderful how 
 little urgency is shown from the symptoms in these cases, 
 and often after death there is no trace of adhesions about 
 
 * Youatt quotes a case in which a sacculus had formed in the wall of the 
 ileum and accommodated the calculus. 
 
128 THE DISEASES OP THE D0Q. 
 
 the invaginated bowel. In other cases, however, we have 
 the symptoms of enteritis complicated by those of bile 
 resorption, and if the animal does not succumb, it is found 
 that after the lapse of a considerable time the impacted 
 piece of bowel is thrown off as a slough and expelled per 
 anum. I think it must be accepted as an axiom in canine 
 surgery that where intestinal obstruction is marked and 
 obstinate, laparotomy should be performed before the 
 powers of the patient flag. Cases have been known in 
 which, with antiseptic precautions, a couple of inches of 
 bowel have been freed from the rest by two incisions, 
 and the cut ends of the bowel, thus shortened, having 
 been brought together and retained by suture, have re- 
 united, the excised portion being utilised by the experi- 
 menter for collection of succus entericus. Youatt tells us 
 that enteritis will not long exist without leading to intus- 
 susception. Mayhew considers the cascum the main seat 
 of intestinal disease in most cases ; he says : " In the dog 
 which has died of intestinal disease, the cEecum is almost 
 invariably found enlarged and inflamed. In it I imagine 
 the majority of bowel affections have their origin. The 
 gut is first loaded, and the consequence of this is it loses 
 its natural function. The contents become irritants from 
 being retained, and the whole process of digestion is 
 deranged ; other parts are involved and inflammation is 
 induced." 
 
 Peolapsus Recti vel Ani is a result of debility, and con- 
 sists in protrusion of a portion of the rectum through the 
 anal opening. Either all the coats of the bowel are 
 extruded or only the mucous, which has become much 
 relaxed. This "dropping of the bowel" is most frequently 
 seen in old dogs, and is in the majority of instances a 
 result of the costive habit. The protruded portion seldom 
 becomes strangulated but gradually undergoes changes 
 which increase the difficulty in replacing it and favour its 
 reprotrusion. The bowel must be promptly returned 
 after cleansing, and cold astringent applications and as- 
 tringent suppositories or injections resorted to for several 
 days. Also the animal should be fed on boiled rice and 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 1 29 
 
 soup for some time after the accident. In chronic cases 
 excision is necessary, and may be boldly resorted to, either 
 by means of the hot iron or by the knife, and the use of 
 the interrupted suture. Mayhew, however, prefers to 
 excise a circular portion of the lining membrane only. 
 To prevent this and other ill-effects of constipation animals 
 of a costive habit should have periodically a feed of un- 
 boiled liver or of boiled greens, podophyllin pills may 
 also be tried. 
 
 Hemorrhoids or Piles are often seen in the dog, being 
 associated with old age, habitual costiveness, and general 
 laxity of the alimentary canal. They are found as tumours 
 external to the bowel, or only protruded when the anus 
 projects after evacuation of faeces ; sometimes they render 
 the margin of the anal opening unsightly and irregular. 
 They are sero-sanguineous, or semi-solid, tumours generally 
 highly vascular. Sooner or later they become sluggish, 
 irritable ulcers. Treatment consists in removal by liga- 
 ture, taking measures for prevention of costiveness, and, 
 in the case of internal piles, astringent suppositories. It 
 is to be remarked that bleeding piles are less frequent in 
 the dog than in man, although occasionally seen ; that 
 the liver is less frequently a cause of piles in the dog 
 than in man ; and, finally, that piles should always be 
 looked for very carefully in examination of dogs as to 
 soundness. They are very liable to be aggravated and 
 prematurely opened by the animal drawing the anus along 
 the ground while "walking along on his forelegs, as he is 
 apt to do when the anus is irritable from any cause. 
 Fistula m Alto is a result of neglected piles or laceration 
 of the lining membrane of the rectum by sharp impacted 
 bones, or its abrasion by means of very dry, hard faeces. 
 It may need operative interference, but generally mea- 
 sures which tend to hasten evacuation of the rectum, and 
 to keep its contents soft, are sufficient; thus oleaginous 
 enemata are useful. Possibly the sinuses of Morgagni 
 have at times been mistaken for fistulas. The rectum is 
 liable to atony, especially in old dogs which do net get 
 much exercise. The fasces accumulate in the rectum and 
 
 9 
 
130 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 get very hard, there is a foul smelling discharge from the 
 sebaceous glands of the anus, and the margin of the 
 opening becomes dry, harsh, and ulcerated ; oedema of the 
 perinseum may occur as a result. This is seen in chronic 
 diarrhoea and as a complication in cases of dysentery. 
 It must be treated by means of tonic astringent enemata, 
 and the administration through the mouth of tonics and 
 laxatives ; also occasional mechanical removal of hard 
 masses of faeces from the rectum. Mayhew's remarks 
 upon pathological states of the terminal portion of the 
 bowel are excellent. 
 
 Polypus Recti is a disease of not infrequent occurrence. 
 The tumour is generally removeable by ligature, and pro- 
 bably the growths described under this name are merely 
 large hard piles. 
 
 Steicttjee op the Bowel is rather frequent, indeed Mr. 
 A. Broad, a well-known London canine practitioner, con- 
 siders "induration and thickening of the commencing 
 portion of the duodenum very common in dogs," and 
 there are numerous cases of stricture, with or without 
 consequent dilatation, on record. Such may account for 
 obscure intermittent colic ; they mainly result from chem- 
 ical or mechanical irritants causing a shrinking scar of 
 the lining membrane of the bowel. They are seldom or 
 never curable, but, if suspected, may be palliated by the 
 routine adoption of a soft laxative diet. 
 
 Hernia Abdominalis. — The several forms of hernia 
 of the intestines and their appendages as seen in man, 
 are not very frequent in the dog, because of the simplicity 
 of the bowels and their short length. Epiplocele in 
 puppies is not infrequent, the protrusion taking place 
 through the umbilical opening. The exploring needle 
 having been used, the omentum may be cut down on 
 and excised or else returned into the belly and retained 
 by a truss or by a ligature round the neck of the hernial 
 sac. However, it is a matter of difficulty to keep on a 
 truss, and the method of excision is not liable to any 
 serious complication, so I am inclined to prefer the latter. 
 Femoral and Inguinal Memiee are seen in bitches espe- 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 181 
 
 cially, the contents being bowels, horns ®f uterus, or 
 bladder. Hill, in the 'Veterinary Journal,' vol. vii, p. 236, 
 relates a most interesting successful case of operative 
 interference in double inguinal hernia, the contents of one 
 sac being the bowel, those of the other bowel and bladder. 
 Vol. i, p. 62, of the same periodical contains an interesting 
 case by Priederberger of similar character but fatal result 
 of operative interference under chloroform. Death was 
 attributed to commencing septicaemia, and disturbance of 
 the circulation through the brain and lungs, due to too 
 prompt return of the organs, both sides having been 
 operated on simultaneously. I have to hand an inter- 
 esting specimen of Ventral Hernia in which the uterus 
 constitutes the protruding organ. These accidents almost 
 always result from injury, and must be treated on ordinary 
 surgical principles ; prolapsus and invagination are, how- 
 ever, the forms of intestinal ectopia most frequently seen 
 in the dog. 
 
 Worms in the Bowels. — The intestines are the frequent 
 abode of animals of numerous species belonging to the 
 genera Nematoda and Oestoda, commonly known as round- 
 and tape-worms. It is natural to these worms to live there, 
 but sometimes a source of much discomfort to the dog and 
 animals associated with him. The discomfort to the 
 animal himself is caused by the activity of the parasites 
 in • pursuit of their everyday occupations, seldom by the 
 mechanical ill-effects of their presence. We have seen 
 that the dog is as a rule of high nervous organisation j 
 this renders him liable to reflex paralysis, cough, and 
 convulsions from irritation caused by worms in the bowels. 
 More often, however, the manifestations are those which 
 follow mild stimulation of the lining membrane of the 
 bowels persistent to a disordering degree. Depraved 
 appetite and unthriftiness, a harsh unhealthy state of the 
 skin, loss of hair, progressive anaemia, irregularity of the 
 bowels, the faeces offensive, slimy, and infested with para- 
 sites. There is generally a certain amount of irritation of 
 the anus, which renders the animal fond of licking that part 
 or dragging it along the ground. Sometimes the worms 
 
132 the: diseases of the dog. 
 
 migrate from the bowel into the stomach, and are expelled 
 by vomition. In other cases persistent diarrhoea and obsti- 
 nate indigestion may be traced to the presence of worms, or 
 the growth of young animals may be checked in spite of 
 the consumption of an extraordinary amount of food. 
 The " worms " most frequently seen in the faeces of the 
 dog are actively moving shortly after expulsion, and look 
 like small round worms. They are known in kennels as 
 "maw-worms," and are really mature segments of tape- 
 worms full of eggs ready to be hatched. Those worms 
 which are expelled by vomition are round, and the same 
 (Ascaris marginata) as have already been mentioned under 
 the heading " Worms in the Stomach." They sometimes 
 migrate even farther, and cases have been known in 
 which they have caused death by entering into the air- 
 passages ; such an occurrence is, of course, very rare. 
 Because an animal which has died in convulsions or para- 
 lysed is found to have a worm in his bowels this is by no 
 means the only possible cause of death, indeed we should 
 examine most' carefully for all Other possible causes, 
 remembering that the presence of even a number of worms 
 in the bowels is quite compatible with robust health. 
 Either these worms prefer to inhabit young animals, or, 
 as they cause disease more often in young than in old, we 
 are apt to consider them most liable to affect puppies j 
 the latter is the most probable. We are by no means 
 well informed about the life-history of round- worms, many 
 of them probably require no intermediary bearer, and it is 
 certain that they appear in animals which live with infested 
 dogs. Even milk-drinking puppies shortly after birth 
 have been found to have round- worms in their stomachs. 
 From this we learn that such worms and the fasces of 
 dogs having them ought to be burned. Santonin is the 
 vermifuge best adapted for the removal of these worms, 
 given in doses of three to five grains. Dr. Cobbold 
 introduced it into canine practice ; he insists that it 
 should be given with, a full dose of castor-oil and followed 
 by the exhibition of tonics, and that salt and water, car- 
 holic solutions, and bucketfuls of boiling water ought to 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OP THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 133 
 
 be thrown over the floors of the kennels. Three other 
 forms of round-worms are found in the intestines of 
 the dog, but are of much less clinical importance than 
 Ascaris : — 
 
 1. Dochmius trigonocephalus, found in, the stomach and 
 intestine. 
 
 2. Tricocephalus depressiuscuhis, found in the caecum. 
 
 3. Trichina spiralis has been, experimentally, developed 
 in the intestines (and muscles) of the dog.* 
 
 The tapeworms of the dog are numerous and impor- 
 tant. It must be remembered that an animal is not free 
 from them until the head, apparently the most insignifi- 
 cant part, has passed ; so long as this remains attached to 
 the wall of the bowel will it develop fresh egg-producing 
 segments, which are passed per vias naturales and prove 
 the means of diffusion of the parasite. 
 
 Great as are the inconveniences and other troubles 
 produced by the mature tapeworms, their larvae, known 
 as cystic worms, are much more serious, .especially from 
 the point of view of comparative pathology. We may 
 proceed to notice, seriatim, the taeniae of the dog in so far 
 as they have a practical bearing on pathology. 
 
 1. T. cucumerina, so called from its cucumber- shaped 
 segments. It inhabits the small intestines, is a small but 
 very long tapeworm, the segments of which separate when 
 mature, escape through the auus, and then discharge their 
 ova in the coat of the dog, which are ingested by the 
 dog-louse, Trichodectes laMs. 
 
 2. T. csenurus is found in the small intestines. Its 
 ova fall on the grass, are swallowed by sheep, rabbits, 
 cattle, &c, and may give rise to the disease known as 
 " sturdy " or " turnsick." The ova develope into those 
 cystic worms known as the " many -headed gid hydatid," 
 which prefer to reside in the brain. 
 
 3. T. marginata. — Its cystic form is the long-necked 
 bladder-worm found in the peritoneal sac of herbivores, 
 especially sheep. 
 
 * Its occurrence naturally in the muscles of foxes is mentioned in the 
 ' Allegemeinige Med. Cent. Zeitung.' 
 
134 
 
 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 Via. 37.— The "Maw- 
 worm." 
 
 Fig. 37a.— Hend of 
 Sothriocephalus 
 lotus. 
 
 Pig.37b. — Tcenia solium, showing 
 details of structure. 
 C. Generative orifice, e. Water vas- 
 cular canals, g. Ovarian duct. h. Ova- 
 rian receptacle, i. Branched ovarium. 
 
 37, 37a, n) Parasites after Stcwehenoe. 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OP THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 135 
 
 FlO. 38. — Ascarides. 
 
 Pia. 39. — Tama solium, 
 a. Head. b. Generative orifice. 
 
 i and 39) Parasites after Stonbhengb. 
 
136 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 4. T. echinoeoceus is a very small tapeworm, but has 
 a very large cystic form, which gives rise to true hydatids 
 in man and other animals. These frequent especially the 
 liver and lungs, and sometimes attain the size of a cricket 
 ball, and by accidental rupture cause death. 
 
 5. T. serrata has, as its larval form, Oysticercus pisiformis 
 of the hare and rabbit. The adult tapeworm is, therefore, 
 said to be most frequent in harriers and greyhounds.* 
 
 Our efforts for lessening the number of tapeworms must 
 comprise destruction of the faeces of affected animals, also 
 of the hydatid-infested organs of herbivora, also of the 
 tapeworms which are obtained on post-mortem examination 
 or expelled as the result of medicinal treatment. As a taenia- 
 fuge the best agent decidedly for ordinary use in canine 
 practice is areca nut in doses of from half a drachm to two 
 drachms according to the size of the patient. It should be 
 combined with a cathartic. Oil of turpentine is always 
 available and can be freely utilised if combined with bland 
 oil of twice or thrice its bulk, about three fluid drachms 
 being the maximum dose ; it acts promptly and effectually. 
 Vermifuges should always be followed by vegetable and 
 mineral tonics as soon as the action of the accompanying 
 cathartic has passed of. We need scarcely add that with 
 the means already at our disposal we no longer deem it 
 right to give the so-called mechanical vermifuges, liquid 
 mercury, powdered glass, cowhage, or tin filings ; where 
 collections of worms give rise to intestinal obstruction, as 
 is occasionally the case, the nature of the impaction will 
 probably not be discovered until after death. 
 
 Anacker, of Berne, writing to Der Thierarzt, 1875, 
 points out the frequency of disease from worms penetrating 
 the intestines, especially Ascarides which have a horny 
 mouth, in some cases furnished with teeth. Agglomeration 
 of these worms frequently causes fatality of dogs and cats, 
 by suction giving rise to minute red ulcers and true catar- 
 rhal enteritis ; Taenia crassicollis also acts thus in the 
 
 * Boihriocephahis latus, a form of tapeworm found in the dog and man, is 
 of little clinical importance; nor is Taenia literata important, but it must be 
 noted as having been found in the small intestines of the dog and cat. 
 
ON THE DISOEDEES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPAEATUS. 137 
 
 cat. Holostoma alatum, a fluke, occasionally is found 
 in the stomach and intestine of the dog. Cheiracanthus 
 occurs in the stomach of the dog ■(' Veterinarian/ 1875, 
 p. 115). 
 
 Appendix I.— THE PEBITONEUM. 
 
 The peritoneum of the dog is not liable to inflammation 
 as a result of surgical operations, as physiologists have amply 
 proved, and so also have veterinary surgeons in the operation 
 of Lapabotomt. Thus Eelizet, of Elboeuf (vide ' Journal 
 de Med. Vet.,' 1853, p. 40), relates several cases of recovery 
 after operation on the dog for removal of concretions from 
 the intestines, and numerous successful cases of the 
 Csesarean operation on the bitch are now on record, vide, 
 for example, ' Annales de Med. Vet.,' 1878, p. 241, where 
 five are mentioned. Yet the experience of canine patho^ 
 logists tends to the conclusion that the peritoneum of the 
 dog is rather liable to inflammation from non-surgioal 
 causes, especially to the chronic form of the disorder. 
 
 Peritonitis when acute is difficult to distinguish from 
 enteritis, indeed it generally accompanies the latter. 
 Fever runs high, and the animal utters sharp cries, espe- 
 cially when handled ; the breathing is difficult, and 
 obstinate constipation is present. The dog is extremely 
 restless and cannot lie down with comfort. In the chronic 
 and more frequent form the symptoms are similar but 
 less marked, the belly is tucked up, hard, and painful on 
 pressure, the animal endeavours to hide itself and becomes 
 much emaciated, and the symptoms of dropsy of the belly 
 supervene, as also may be the case in the more acute 
 form, in which, however, gangrenous changes may carry 
 off the patient. This disease generally results from 
 external injury or exposure to cold. In the latter case it 
 is probably rheumatic, which is considered the most fre- 
 quent form of peritonitis in the dog. The inflammation 
 is usually diffused, local patches of inflammation of the 
 serous membrane of the belly only occurring in conse- 
 
138 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 quence of . injury or in association with some morbid 
 growth in connection with some abdominal organ. 
 
 Treatment consists in the application of fomentations to 
 the belly, or mild stimulation may be of use in the earlier 
 stages, also the application of leeches may give immediate 
 relief. It is recognised that the exhibition of even the 
 mildest purgatives is not admissible in these cases, and 
 reliance should be placed on full doses of sedatives such 
 as digitalis, aconite, and especially opium. The latter to 
 be given in the crude form to lessen pain. 
 
 Ascites is often described as chronic peritonitis, but it 
 may be present without inflammation of the lining mem- 
 brane of the belly. It is more frequent as a non-specific 
 disorder in the dog than in any other of our domesticated 
 mammals. It is generally due to derangement of the 
 liver, but occurs sometimes as a result of simple debility 
 especially the persistent form of anaemia which follows 
 as a complication of long-standing asthma or chronic skin 
 disease. Whitworth, in an article contributed to the 
 ' Veterinary Journal,' vol. xi, p. 394, attributes it generally 
 to cirrhotic disease of liver, but ascites more generally in 
 the dog is due to fatty or malignant change of that organ. 
 The disease is seen in young dogs as a result of exposure 
 of weak animals to cold and damp. Symptoms. — In 
 addition to those of the disease on which it depends, 
 we find enlargement of the belly, a rough coat with loose 
 hair, frequent vomition, dulness and increasing marasmus, 
 the visible mucous membranes pale ; some indigestion is 
 usually present, and subacute fever, a symptomatic cough, 
 and hurried breathing. The patient generally suffers 
 from intolerable thirst. As the disease advances general 
 oedema sets in and the fatal result may be brought about 
 by suffocation. Diagnosis. — This disorder must be care- 
 fully distinguished from other states, normal and abnormal, 
 which lead to pendulous and enlarged belly. In ascites, 
 the fluid gravitates to the lower part and gives the sides a 
 flattened appearance j although the animal is pot-bellied he 
 is hollow in the flanks ; by alteration in the position the 
 shape of the belly may be changed, also on percussion 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 139 
 
 and succussion the fluctuation of fluid is detectable. In 
 pregnancy the foetus can be felt on manipulation, and the 
 teats begin to enlarge and the mammary gland to swell ; 
 in obesity the body in general is fat and the shape does 
 not alter with the position of the animal, the belly is 
 rounded at the flank as well as at the sides, and no fluc- 
 tuation detectable ; in liver or spleen enlargement there 
 is an absence of fluctuation, and usually a tumour may be 
 felt in the anterior part of the belly. A case of enlarged 
 spleen lying along the floor of the belly and very soft, is 
 difficult to distinguish from one of ascites. In the latter 
 disease, however, the skin seems tense, the hair is loose, 
 the breathing disturbed, and in the more advanced cases 
 the oedema sets in below the jaw and in the limbs and is 
 very distinctive. 
 
 Treatment. — Generally requires to be tonic ; vegetable 
 bitters are useful. Digitalis is especially valuable and 
 iodide of iron in small doses. Laxatives>. such as calomel 
 and aloes, are advocated by some practitioners,, but they 
 require to be administered with the greatest; care and 
 judgment. Cod-liver oil as a nutritive and very mild 
 laxative is often followed by great benefit. The operation 
 of tapping the belly, Paracentesis abdominis,, performed 
 with the trochar and cannula (under; the usual pre- 
 cautions) at the linea alba against the umbilicus affords 
 some hope of relief where organic disease of the liver 
 and spleen is absent, but it may be required several 
 times to relieve the dyspnoea. After-treatment for the 
 operation consists in support of the belly by means of a 
 bandage. It is considered that in the dog, contrary to 
 what is observed in man, all the fluid may be removed at 
 one time without damage. 
 
140 
 
 SHE DISEASES OW THE DOG, 
 
 Appendix II— THE LIVER, PANCREAS, AND 
 
 SPLEEN, &c. 
 
 The liver of the dog is large, well developed, and much 
 tabulated ; it has but a thin and delicate Glisson's capsule, 
 
 vp 
 
 Fig. 40. — Liver, &c, from Fleming's translation of Chauveatf's Anatomy. 
 
 v.P. Vena portse. V.O. Vense cavse. B. Gall-bladder, p. Pancreas, 
 e. Stomach. D. Duodenum. B. Kidney, p. Lobes of liver. 
 
 and thus, even for its size, represents considerable secret- 
 ing power; its gall-bladder is well developed, and the 
 
ON THE DISOEDEES OP THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 141 
 
 common ducfc receives a small branch from the pancreas 
 before terminating at the bowel at a varying distance from 
 the stomach (one to four inches). The gall-bladder is 
 almost buried in the substance of the liver when the lobes 
 lie in their normal position. The bile of the dog, as of 
 other carnivora, is yellow, it is remarkable for the fact 
 that the whole of its bilin consists of taurocholate. 
 
 The amount of bile secreted by a dog in twenty-four 
 hours is from six to twelve drachms. Haller, from his 
 experiments, placed the average amount secreted at twelve 
 and a half drachms. The rate of secretion will depend 
 upon the digestion; while the animal is fasting no bile 
 is formed, but within a few minutes of giving food the 
 bile is secreted freely, and continues until digestion is 
 finished. 
 
 Schwann's experiments made on dogs to determine the 
 uses of the bile, showed that if a fistula was established 
 between the gall-bladder and skin, and tbe common duct 
 tied so that the whole amount of bile secreted was poured 
 out externally, that in those animals which survived the 
 operation for any length of time, enfeebled nutrition, mus- 
 cular weakness, falling off of the hair, &c, occurred ; these 
 symptoms were aggravated the longer the animal lived ; 
 death usually took place two or three weeks after the 
 operation. In Blondlot's experiments a dog with a 
 biliary fistula lived three months ; he at first lost weight, 
 then improved, but never regained his normal condi- 
 tion. 
 
 The liver of the dog is especially liable to disease, which 
 generally assumes the form of chronic degeneration, but in 
 tropical climates is not unfrequently acute. Diseases of 
 the liver are in this, as in other species, characterised by 
 jaundice, but when that distinctive symptom is not present, 
 they are more or less obscure forms of indigestion with a 
 tendency to anaemia. There can be no doubt that they 
 very frequently remain entirely undetected during the life 
 of the animal, and are often mistaken for other diseases, 
 especially those of the stomach. If we consider the stimu- 
 lating influence of flesh food on the liver, the largeness of 
 
142 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG 
 
 the bile excretory apparatus of the dog, and the deficiency 
 of exercise given to dogs of the fancy breeds, we will not 
 be surprised to find the liver a frequent seat of disease in 
 canine animals. 
 
 Hepatitis in its acute form is common in India and 
 other tropical countries ; it also has been reported as fre- 
 quent in the South of France. It is probably in most 
 cases congestive, rather than true inflammatory disorder. 
 Jaundice is a prominent symptom ; the patient becomes 
 very dull, restless, and seeks a dark, quiet place ; much 
 thirst is present ; frequent vomition of a material consist- 
 ing mainly of bile occurs, but the act of expulsion seems 
 to be not very painful. Pressure on the right side over 
 the liver causes acute pain, and the belly is sometimes 
 enlarged in consequence of the swelling of that organ. 
 Breathing is quick and panting ; cough may be present. 
 The patient eats nothing, his mouth is foul, and the gums 
 congested ; generally the faeces are dry and pale coloured, 
 but in some cases the bowels are rather loose. Occasion- 
 ally, what Blaine terms "bilious inflammation of the 
 bowels " sets in, there being much abdominal pain and a 
 copious expulsion of bile in the frequent vomits and alvine 
 evacuations. This proves very exhausting and may carry 
 off the animal, the bowels after death being found inflamed 
 probably by the acridity of the bile ; but we are warned to 
 distinguish in diagnosis between it and irritant poisoning by 
 the animal being more thirsty in the latter case and pass- 
 ing blood intermingled with the black ejecta from the 
 bowels. The acute symptoms sometimes subside gradually 
 and are replaced by those indicative of chronic liver 
 disorder ; in other cases symptoms of cerebral disturbance 
 may precede death, or paralysis occur ; generally increas- 
 ing pallor of visible membranes, and marked coldness of 
 the mouth precede death. It having been found that this 
 disorder may be mistaken for pleuro-pneumonia or 
 enteritis, Blaine points out that there is less coldness of 
 and watery discharge from the nose and mouth than in 
 the former disease, and less pain on pressure, tension, and 
 heat of the belly, also less prostration of strength than in 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 143 
 
 the latter.* Treatment. — Certainly a moderate bleeding, 
 when promptly resorted to, is the best means of dealing 
 with an acute case, and its action may be materially assisted 
 by mustard plasters over the liver and use of the warm 
 bath. Leeches to the side over the liver have been found 
 of benefit. The greatest care should be taken to avoid 
 exposure to cold after removal from the bath, the patient 
 being carefully wrapped up in a blanket. As for internal 
 agents, we may anticipate most benefit from Epsom salts, 
 nitre, and sal ammoniac, in small doses thrice a day.f 
 Antimony and mercurial compounds must be avoided, the 
 former on account of their influence on the stomach and 
 the latter as likely to hyperstimulate the liver. Frequent 
 small doses of dilute vinegar constitute an excellent 
 domestic remedy in these cases, and on recovery the animal 
 will require most careful attention to dieting. 
 
 Chronic Hepatitis also is generally congestive rather 
 than due to inflammation. It is probably one of the 
 most frequent disorders of the dog, and may be traced to 
 causes such as when they act powerfully and simulta- 
 neously produce acute inflammation. These are gene- 
 rally insidious in their effects, gradually producing con- 
 gestion of the liver and degenerative changes of its com- 
 ponent elements. Exposure to cold and damp, especially 
 in a malarious climate, may cause acute congestion in 
 a liver predisposed by a long course of high feeding 
 uncounterbalanced by sufficient exercise. Exposure for a 
 long time to the relaxing effects of heat, abuse of medicines 
 which stimulate the liver, sudden immersion in watef when 
 the animal is very hot, injury from violence over the seat 
 of the organ, are causes of disorder. In England want 
 of exercise, over-feeding, and the moistness of the climate 
 are the main causes of chronic liver disorder, whereas in 
 India it principally results also from malaria; and pro- 
 longed high external temperature. , 
 
 * Mayhew has recorded a case of liver abscess in a setter from which more 
 than two gallons of pus of a watery character was extracted. 
 
 t Williams advocates elaterium for the relief of liver congestion in dogs, 
 it causes watery stools. ' •■-,'■, 
 
144 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG 
 
 The Symptoms are at first jaundice of a subacute cha- 
 racter, constant dulness, frequent vomition, unthrifty coat, 
 swollen right side of the belly, persistent thirst, indiges- 
 tion, flatulence, and extreme irregularity of the bowels. 
 The patient eats but little, wastes away rapidly, his belly 
 becomes pendulous, but on manipulation this is found not 
 due to dropsy ; piles are a common result of pressure of 
 the swollen liver on the large veins passing through it. 
 It has been observed that the wasting of the animal often 
 occurs suddenly after it has been extremely fat, its skin 
 becomes much disordered, rough, harsh, and scabby. 
 Asthma and splenic disorders have been noted as not 
 infrequent accompaniments. The form of distemper in 
 which the liver is principally affected must not be taken 
 
 Pig. 41. — Liver disorder (Mathew). 
 
 as primary liver disease, although occasionally it induces 
 such changes of the organ as to render it unfit to perform 
 its duties. Treatment of chronic disorder of the liver com- 
 prises careful regulation of the bowels by the use of salines, 
 especially Epsom salts combined with sal ammoniac and 
 nitre ; small doses of calomel and podophyllin are often 
 beneficial to arouse the torpid organ to action. Aloes 
 also may be given and the mineral acids in small doses, 
 especially the hydrochloric, are likely to prove beneficial. 
 Occasional stimulation of the skin of the right hypochon- 
 drium, such as by painting it with tincture of iodine, as 
 advocated by Hill, may be resorted to. Careful regulation 
 of diet and exercise will prove more useful than medicine, 
 
ON THE DISOEDEES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPAEATUS. 145 
 
 but, with Mayhew, we must urge that " the food must not 
 suddenly be reduced to starvation point. . . . The 
 structures have been so much changed that medicine 
 cannot be expected to restore them. The pet may be 
 saved to its indulgent mistress, and again perhaps 
 exhibit all the charms for which it was ever prized ; but 
 the sporting dog will never be made capable of doing 
 work, and certainly it is not to be selected to breed from 
 after it has sustained an attack of hepatitis." 
 
 Degbnebations op the Livee in carnivora generally 
 assume the fatty form, the organ being enlarged and 
 softened. Sometimes the enlargement is extreme and 
 detectable with the greatest facility, and the liver is prac- 
 tically a mass of fat, the result of both true fatty de- 
 generation and of infiltration. Magendie, the illustrious 
 physiologist, fed a dog on fresh butter for sixty- eight 
 days; it became remarkably fat, but died ultimately of 
 inanition. Throughout the course of the experiment the 
 animal smelt strongly of butyric acid, and its hair was 
 greasy. The liver was very fatty, " and, on analysis, it 
 was found to contain a very large quantity of stearine, 
 but little or no oleine ; it had acted as a kind of filter for 
 the butter" (Budd). Other dogs fed wholly on fat be- 
 came very fat but anaemic. We see similar experiments 
 involuntarily performed by dog-owners around us on 
 every side daily ; pampered, highly-fed pets become slug- 
 gish in their movements, enormously fat, anaemic, irre- 
 gular in the bowels, and big in the belly. They may 
 succumb to coexistent fatty degeneration of the heart, or 
 suddenly lose flesh and show all the signs of chronic 
 hepatitis. A gradual alteration of the diet and increase 
 of the amount of exercise taken may be tried when fatty 
 liver is diagnosed. A small amount of fresh liver should 
 be given occasionally in the food. Medicinally, benefit 
 may result from small doses of chlorate of potash given 
 daily for a long time. Cirrhosis, amyloid change, and 
 other degenerations of the liver are not often seen in 
 dogs. Rupture of the liver has been recorded only as a 
 result of injury. 
 
 10 
 
146 
 
 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 Malignant Disease of the Livee is more frequent in 
 carnivora than in other lower animals and generally assumes 
 the form of spindle-celled sarcoma. The liver is seldom 
 the only abdominal organ affected, the spleen, mesentery, 
 and omentum being also the seat of yellowish-grey nodu- 
 lated tumours. The patients thus affected are generally 
 old and worn out by the disease, and their destruction 
 is evidently the most advisable course to adopt. 
 
 Parasitic Disease of the liver of the dog has been 
 described by Dr. Lewis, of Calcutta. He found flukes, 
 Distoma conjunctum, frequent in the bile-ducts of pariahs. 
 Dr. Oobbold also found them in the American red fox. 
 The latter observation was made about in ] 860 ; the para- 
 
 PiG. 42. — Distoma conjunctum, after Cobboid. 
 (a) The parasite, (i) Spines on a portion of its integument. 
 
 (c) Ova. 
 
 sites had given rise to " inflammation and the formation 
 of small cysts or abscesses, apparently causing the death 
 of the host." Cystic parasites are remarkably infrequent 
 in or on the liver of the dog. Reiman* has observed 
 and described invasion of the liver and other organs of 
 the dog by echinococci. Mather observed small nema- 
 todes (Filaria hepatica) in the liver-ducts and substance, 
 as well as in cy^ts within the walls of the intestines. 
 Ectopia hepatis has been also observed in canine patients. 
 * * Deut. Zelt. f. Thiermed. u. Verg. Path.,' B. 11, p. 81. 
 
ON THE DISOEDEES OF THE DIGESTIVE APPAEATUS. 147 
 
 The Exceetoet Appaeatus of the Liver. — The dog is 
 the animal most frequently used by physiologists for ob- 
 taining bile in a perfectly fresh state. The non-liability 
 of the dog to traumatic peritonitis, and the facility of 
 access to his bile-duct accounts for his usually being 
 selected for the production of a biliary fistula. Gamgee 
 thus describes the operation: "An incision three or four 
 inches long is made in the linea alba, commencing at the 
 xiphoid cartilage, and the peritoneum having been care- 
 fully divided the liver is raised, when the gall-bladder 
 comes into view. This having been seized with a pair of for- 
 ceps and drawn to the surface, the cystic and hepatic ducts 
 are seen joining to form the common bile-duct, which is 
 easily seen entering the duodenum. Two ligatures are then 
 passed around this duct, one being placed as near the gut 
 as possible, the other near the origin, of the duct. The 
 portion between the two ligatures is cut out. The gall- 
 bladder is no\7 fixed to the anterior part of the wound by 
 means of metallic sutures, and then opened sufficiently to 
 admit the little finger. The rest of the wound is closed 
 by metallic sutures ; tbe quill suture is, perhaps, the best. 
 Care must be taken to bring the wound in the muscles 
 together before sewing up that of the skin. After the 
 operation a wide roller is passed round the belly of the 
 dog, a bole being made in it to allow the escape of the 
 bile. If matters proceed satisfactorily the wound in the 
 abdominal wall heals, except where the opening in the 
 gall-bladder becomes adherent." 
 
 Biliary Calculi are not rare in the dog ; they vary in 
 consistence from inspissated bile masses to hard concre- 
 tions. They prove of importance either as causing jaun- 
 dice by entering the duct and obstructing it or else by 
 the acute pain which occurs during their passage. When 
 jaundiced animals suddenly manifest acute pain by ex- 
 treme violence and loud cries it is generally due to pas- 
 sage of gall-stones. This must be # encouraged and 
 rendered less painful by warm baths and administration 
 of opiates, and immediate relief, not only of the pain but 
 also of any jaundice associated with it, will follow expulsion 
 
148 
 
 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 of the stones. They are generally present in numbers, 
 so the pain is apt to recur. Administration of occasional 
 doses of podophyllin or calomel will be useful to prevent 
 stagnation of bile in the gall-bladder and duct, and its 
 consequent inspissation. 
 
 The Pancreas of the dog is large and well developed, 
 being much more compact and well defined than that of 
 the horse. It is V-shaped and pours its secretion through 
 two main ducts into the bowel, one of which blends with 
 
 Fig. 43. — Pancreas, after Gamgee. 
 h, d. Coats of the bowel. ». Cavity of duodenum. 
 
 c, e,f, c', Te, V. Ducts of pancreas, 
 Openings of ducts into duodenum. 
 
 p. Pancreas lobes. 
 
 Bile-duct. 
 i, I, h, g. 
 
 the common bile-duct. The secretion from the dog has 
 been obtained by tying a tube in the duct as exposed by 
 laparotomy, but "it is quite impossible to establish a 
 permanent pancreatic fistula like a permanent hepatic or 
 gastric fistula, for the tube falls out in the course of two 
 or three days, and the wound healing up, the animal 
 gradually recovers " (Gamgee). This organ has not been 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 149 
 
 recognised as the seat of disorder in the dog, except that 
 in 1850 M. Bernard exhibited before the Soci«Ste de 
 Biologie a dog in which a pancreatic fistula had been 
 made, but which died in a state of extreme emaciation. 
 It was found that the pancreas had completely disappeared j 
 it was believed it had been digested by the bile (' Gaz. 
 Med.,' 9th March, 1850). 
 
 The Spleen is well developed and less markedly sickle- 
 shaped than in the horse. Evidence tends to show that 
 it is much more frequently diseased in carnivora than 
 herbivora, and numerous cases are on record showing the 
 nature and phenomena of splenic disorder in the dog. 
 These cases are seldom recognised ante mortem, being 
 mistaken for liver derangement. The various British 
 authors on canine pathology speak of Splenitis, but appa- 
 rently without distinct evidence as to the exact pathological 
 state to be dealt with. Blaine summarises his views on 
 this subject by saying, " Whenever a dog has been unthrifty 
 in his coat, and irregular in his evacuations, I have al- 
 most invariably found that both the liver and spleen of 
 the animal were more or less indurated and swollen, par- 
 ticularly the latter." This state results from long con- 
 finement, and the animal being gorged with flesh ; the 
 patient becomes unthrifty in the coat, much emaciated, 
 and loose in his stools ; he husks and vomits frequently ; 
 the evacuations are yellow and frothy, or at times ctinstipa- 
 tion is present ; there is tumour at the left side of the 
 front of the belly, which is painful on pressure, so the 
 dog cries when moved; he is feverish and the visible 
 mucous membranes pale. These symptoms, generally 
 described as those of splenitis, should be considered as 
 indicative of chronic spleen disorder of one of the forms 
 to be described immediately. They are practically in- 
 curable. Laparotomy for their removal does not generally 
 prove successful because the spleen is seldom the onlv 
 organ diseased, the liver (as sufficiently indicated by the 
 above enumerated symptoms) and the mesenteric glands 
 being usually involved; also we cannot often detect spleen 
 
150 THE DISEASES 0E THE DOG. 
 
 disease in its earliest and uncomplicated stages and it not 
 unfrequently is the manifestation of some systemic disorder. 
 Thus it is found in leukaemia, a disease not infrequent in 
 the dog, and in malarious fevers. 
 
 Excision of the Spleen is an operation which is not un- 
 frequently performed for physiological inquiries, and 
 carnivora are capable of resisting the constitutional effects 
 of removal of this large organ, probably by compensatory 
 increase of other hsematogenic organs, also they are very 
 tolerant of the operation for its ablation. This non- 
 essentiality of the spleen accounts for its being capable 
 of undergoing extensive, disease changes without material 
 interference with the animal's health. Medicinal treat- 
 ment is not likely to be . effectual, although the influence 
 of iodine and tonic doses continued for a long time may 
 be tried, and the bowels kept open by aloes and calomel. 
 As the organ increases in size (and it sometimes attains 
 enormous proportions) it much encroaches on the space 
 in the belly occupied by the bowels, and causes disturb- 
 ance of them. 
 
 Hemorrhagic Tumours of the spleen are often found in 
 the dog ; generally they are of some standing as denoted 
 by the conditions of successive clots. Adams, of Oossoor, 
 relates* an instance in which the organ was of enormous 
 size (2 1^ in. long and 9 inches broad; weight 6 lbs.) 
 and quite a jelly-like mass lying along the whole floor of 
 the belly. The patient was an Australian deerhound and 
 died from rupture of the organ, where it lay against the 
 pelvis. The rupture Mr. Adams considered due to very 
 slight exertion, the disease of the spleen to cachexia in- 
 duced by the change of climate from Australia to India. 
 In my experience, these cases are always found in large 
 dogs ; they generally involve only part of the spleen ; they 
 usually prove fatal by rupture. They seem non-malig- 
 nant in nature. I find three mentioned in my notebook ; 
 one was a true hEemorrhagic tumour in a mastiff bitch in 
 a state of chronic anaemia, another in a retriever dog, also 
 anaemic ; in each case the spleen was detectable as en- 
 
 * 'Veterinary Journal,' xx, p. 250, 
 
ON THE DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 151 
 
 larged before death and bulged out behind the ribs on 
 the left side. The third patient was a large boarhound 
 treated at the Eoyal Veterinary College, London. On 
 admission he was in f.iir condition, but he fell away in 
 flesh and looked bad in his coat. The spleen was found 
 of enormous size and gorged with blood after death, 
 which was considered as due to splenic apoplexy, not the 
 form of anthrax known under that name, however. 
 
 Sarcomatous Growth in, and other Malignant Disease of 
 the Spleen of the Dog is not rare. The case by Gowing, of 
 Camden Town,* is a good example of this disease. In 
 leukaemia and anthrax the spleen is often the principal 
 seat of lesions detected post mortem. 
 
 Diseases of the other Ductless Glands. — The Thyroid 
 Body is well developed in dogs and liable to enlargement, 
 either of an acute or chronic character. Bronchocile 
 or Goitre is specially frequent in carnivora among 
 quadrupeds, and differs in some very important respects 
 from the same disease in man. Thus it is not endemic 
 and is often very acute. It can generally be associated 
 with starvation and dirt, although it is not unfrequent in 
 newly -born pups, and as often several in a litter suffer 
 from it, and it is generally an accompaniment of rickets 
 or deformities, it is considered hereditary, although pos- 
 sibly rather due to malnutrition of the female parent during 
 utero-gestation. It especially occurs in certain breeds, 
 pugs being most liable to it. They have large glands in 
 the throat (vulgarly called " kernels ") while young, and 
 the enlargement decreases in proportion to growth in the 
 majority of cases or readily yields to absorbent treatment, 
 external and internal. It has been noted, however, that 
 the swelling of the glands is periodically recurrent, and so 
 an apparently favorable result of treatment may prove 
 deceptive. Youatt tells us "there is a breed of the 
 Blenheim spaniel in which this periodical goitre is very 
 remarkable ; the slightest cold is accompanied by enlarge- 
 ment of the thyroid gland, but the swelling altogether 
 disappears in the course of a fortnight." As a rule 
 
 • ' Veterinary Journal,' x, p. 385. 
 
152 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 painting the part, after removal of the hair, with tincture 
 of iodine, and the internal administration of iodine in half- 
 grain doses morning and evening will permanently reduce 
 the enlargement. The introduction of setons, excision of 
 the glands, blistering, and other heroic methods should not 
 be resorted to. In acute cases, as described by Youatt, 
 the sudden enlargement of the thyroid is considerable, and 
 pressure is brought about on the jugulars, trachea, and 
 oesophagus, which are all more or less obstructed, and 
 suffocation may result. The patient sleeps much, is dull, 
 and may die quietly ; symptoms probably the result of 
 jugular obstruction. In some cases suppuration occurs, 
 and very extensive ulceration as a sequela ; these are pro- 
 bably scrofulous in their nature, and generally prove 
 incurable. 
 
 The Thymus Body is large in puppies, and slow to dis- 
 appear. It is entirely confined to the anterior mediastinum, 
 and there is no record to hand of it being diseased in 
 carnivora. 
 
THE URINARY APPARATUS. 153 
 
 CHAPTER VII.— THE URINARY APPARATUS. 
 
 The kidneys of our domesticated carnivora are rounded 
 and reniform, unlobulated, and with a single elongated 
 papilla projecting into the central cavity of each. The 
 bladder has muscular walls of great thickness, so that 
 the urine is expelled with considerable force. It also 
 is got rid of frequently, is of a lighter colour and 
 stronger odour than that of herbivora, and contains no 
 hippuric acid. The urinary apparatus of the dog is rather 
 liable to calculous concretions, and Albuminous Nephritis, 
 true Bright's disease, has been found in him, and is pro- 
 bably more frequent than is generally supposed. Prof. 
 Axe, of the London School, exhibited a case of this dis- 
 order before the Central Veterinary Society, and described 
 the granular degeneration, cystic formations (from reten- 
 tion), fatty change, and other conditions characteristic of 
 the disease, which he found as well developed in the kidney 
 of the dog as of man. Mathis found in a case of this 
 disease in the dog, arteritis and periarteritis, sclerosis, 
 atrophy, and degeneration of the kidneys. The patient 
 was destroyed after a period of increasing debility following 
 endocarditis ; constipation, thirst, profuse urination, capri- 
 cious appetite, laziness, cries when moved, and inclination 
 to keep constantly near the fire were the principal sym- 
 ptoms in this case ( c Jnl. de Med. Vet. et de Zoot.') . The 
 detection of albumen in the urine is not an absolute 
 proof of the presence of this derangement, for it may 
 depend on the nature of the food. When in cases of 
 obscure marasmus the boiling and nitric tests show albu- 
 men present, Bright's disease of one or both of the kidneys 
 may be suspected and the animal considered incurable, 
 
154 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 although small doses of iodide of iron and cod-liver oil 
 may be resorted to for prolonging his life if he be a 
 favourite. Nephbitis or Eenitis is not frequent except 
 as a result of injury, as when a carriage passes over the 
 loins. Thanks to the thickness of both supra- and sub- 
 lumbar muscles of the dog this accident often causes no 
 serious damage, but with a heavy vehicle moving at a 
 slow pace the loin bones may be crushed and the kidneys 
 are liable to be bruised. An abscess may form in the 
 injured organ or it may undergo such disorganization as 
 to become totally absorbed, for sometimes on post-mortem 
 examination of the dog but one kidney, a large one, is 
 found. This may also result from congenital irregularity. 
 Calculi in the kidney cause suppuration and sometimes 
 extensive removal of its glandular substance by gradual 
 absorption. It is said that the imprudent use of aphro- 
 disiacs (Touatt) and cantharides blister absorbed from the 
 surface or licked by the patient (Hill) cause this disorder. 
 Exposure to inclement weather and retention of urine are 
 also advanced as causes. A patient affected with nephritis 
 suffers from high fever, straddles in his gait, feels and 
 shows acute pain when pressed over the loins, and moves 
 about in a very uncomfortable way, constantly attempting 
 to urinate. The fluid passed is scanty and high coloured 
 and may contain pus or blood. Later, coma, insensibility, 
 and frequent vomition sets in, the result of retention of 
 urea in the blood. Treatment consists in keeping the 
 animal quiet and administering opium and demulcent 
 drinks. Opiate enemata are useful, and the loins should 
 be stimulated, fomented, or poulticed, as the urgency of 
 the symptoms seem to demand. Leeches have been 
 applied to the loins with benefit. 
 
 Eenal Calculus is a concretion of which we have 
 numerous cases on record. One or both kidneys may be 
 occupied and have undergone enlargement (with dilatation 
 of the pelvis) and inflammatory changes. The chemical 
 composition of the calculi, which are usually numerous, 
 has been found to be urate of ammonia and phosphate with 
 oxalate of lime. The symptoms vary ; at times they are 
 
THE URINARY APPARATUS. 155 
 
 indicative of very acute renal irritation and inflammation, 
 with great pain in voiding fasces ; at other times the 
 patient suffers but little irritation. There can be no doubt 
 that many small calculi form and pass from the kidney 
 without causing the animal any inconvenience, but in the 
 bladder they may become the nuclei of new concretions. 
 The inflammation of the kidney must be treated, and espe- 
 cially opium given in quantity to allay, pain, which also 
 may be effected by use of warm water. Hill recom- 
 mends mild diuretics and laxatives to encourage the 
 descent of the calculi, also mucilaginous drinks and sharp 
 exercise. These cases are not easy to diagnose ; at most 
 the presence of calculus is only, shrewdly suspected in 
 nephritis. 
 
 Atrophy and Hypertrophy of the kidney are not 
 unfrequently found and are not always disease. They 
 seldom are detectable during life and also seldom cause 
 inconvenience. Hydatids of this organ, mentioned by 
 Blaine as being more frequent in the dog than in man, 
 are probably merely cysts of retention due to blocking up 
 of the tubuli uriniferi, either from Bright's disease or 
 from simple concretions of urine salts and mucus in the 
 tubuli uriniferi. 
 
 Parasites. — Eustrongylus gigas has been found in the 
 kidney of the dog. Its female has been observed over 
 a yard in length and as large round as the little finger. 
 
 Fig. 44. — Uustrongylus gigas, after Cobboid. 
 
 The Ureter is occasionally blocked by impaction of 
 escaping renal calculi; this is generally spasmodic and 
 
156 THE DISEASES OV THE DOG. 
 
 acutely painful, but the spasm ultimately yields, and the 
 stone passes on into the bladder. Sometimes the ureters 
 are chronically dilated, and they may contain sabulous 
 matter. 
 
 Cystitis is generally of rare occurrence, but Blaine and 
 Youatt have placed on record an epizooty of it observed 
 by them in 1810. It is attributed when sporadic to pro- 
 longed retention of urine, irritation from calculi or para- 
 sites, and strangury induced by imprudent use of can- 
 tharides or turpentine, internally or externally. Mechanical 
 injury is mentioned as a cause. Perhaps it most frequently 
 results from obstruction to the passage of urine by abnor- 
 mality of the prostate. The patient exhibits extreme 
 restlessness and colicky pains ; he constantly changes his 
 posture and his hind limbs tremble ; he is anxious and 
 extremely irritable. Fever is present, and much pain is 
 expressed on pressure of the walls of the belly, especially 
 against the pelvis, towards which part the animal some- 
 times looks anxiously. Urine is passed guttatim or is 
 suppressed, and the act or attempt at expulsion is painful. 
 In more chronic cases the symptoms very closely resemble 
 those of nephritis. 
 
 Treatment. — Relieve pain by hot baths and opiates, 
 which means will also overcome spasm of the urethra ; 
 local bleeding by means of leeches to the perinasum is 
 useful, as also are fomentations and emollient enemata. 
 Mucilaginous and alkaline drinks may be given. The 
 catheter should be passed to ensure the absence of reten- 
 tion or obstruction, which must be overcome if detected. 
 The bowels in chronic cases should be constantly regulated, 
 and exploration made to determine whether calculus is 
 present or no. 
 
 Cystic Calculus must be considered as frequent in the 
 dog, and cases are on record also in the bitch. Analysis 
 has shown that these concretions are composed of triple 
 phosphate and phosphate of lime. They vary much in 
 size and external form, some being smooth and spherical 
 others spicular and irregular ; naturally the latter are 
 the source of the greatest amount of irritation. Generally 
 
THE URINARY APPARATUS. 
 
 157 
 
 more than one calculus is present, and the smaller ones 
 and sabulous matter or gravel are passed periodically, and 
 Gowing records that in one of his cases the latter became 
 
 Fig. 45. — Cystic calculus, after Moeton. 
 
 deposited on the hair below the generative opening in a 
 bitch. The urine varies in colour ; sometimes it is red, 
 and distinctly contains blood, in other cases it is yellow 
 and thick from apparently pus, really urine crystals. 
 The smaller breeds of dogs are most liable to calculi in 
 the bladder, which are generally nucleated. Boerhaave 
 produced one by the artificial introduction of a small 
 rounded pebble, which acted as a centre of deposit in the 
 course of a few months. With the symptoms of chronic 
 cystitis we find in these cases a continuous flow of urine, 
 and resulting excoriation. The current is uncertain, and 
 
 Fig. 46.— Cystic calculus, after Mobton. 
 
 may be suddenly suppressed, and the animal show much 
 pain. In some cases there is detectable swelling in the 
 perinseum in the male. Mayhew considers as diagnostic 
 the animal finding a difficulty in going downstairs, having 
 
158 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 frequent fits of pain, " and the point of the penis is pro- 
 truded from the sheath, never being withdrawn." The 
 leg is not raised to void the urine, but the creature strains 
 violently when the act has either been accomplished, or 
 there is no power to perform it. If the dog be taken on 
 the knee, and one knowing the situation of the contents 
 gently manipulates the abdomen, the body may be felt 
 within the bladder, which will mostly be contracted and 
 emp!y. A very interesting case of calculus in the bladder 
 was recorded by Professor Morton, and the specimen may be 
 seen in the museum of the London School. The stone practi- 
 cally fills the viscus, and could easily be felt during life. 
 Mayhew frankly confesses that he has never performed 
 lithotomy on the dog, and he doubts whether we would 
 find it practicable, considering the delicacy of the patient 
 and the smallness of the parts to be operated on. Cer- 
 tainly but few successful cases are on record, but it has 
 been amply proved as not beyond the power of the canine 
 surgeon. Hill ( f Veterinary Journal,' vol. xiii, p. 43) 
 describes a successful performance of the operation, but 
 subsequent death from peritonitis. The patient was a 
 St. Bernard bitch ; 202 calculi, varying in size from that 
 of a millet to a potato, were extracted ; the largest weighed 
 three ounces, and the total mass weighed nine ounces ; 
 they were perfectly smooth and white, and mostly trian- 
 gular in form. The case was complicated by renal cal- 
 culus. As usual in these cases, a stone had become 
 fixed in the neck of the bladder and caused obstruction. 
 Unless this obstruction is removed by operation, the 
 bladder becomes mortified and the patient dies. The 
 operation presents no special features when performed on 
 the dog or bitch. Touatt informs us that occasionally 
 a large calculus in the bladder is broken down by the 
 forcible compression exerted on it by the muscular coat. 
 This is a remarkable instance of natural lithotrity, an 
 operation which is seldom needed in artificial removal 
 because the calculi are usually small and numerous. 
 
 Rupture as the Bladder occurs as the culmination of 
 obstruction of the urethral passage in cases of diseased 
 
THE URINARY APPARATUS. 159 
 
 prostate. Sometimes, also, it follows unrelieved urethi-al 
 obstruction by calculus. After the animal lias for some 
 time passed urine only drop by drop, and has seemed dis- 
 inclined to move, he shows the symptoms above enu- 
 merated as indicative of acute cystitis ; these are succeeded 
 by evident collapse, and the patient soon dies quietly. A 
 bloody fluid is found in the belly post mortem, the peri- 
 toneum is congested, and the bladder (especially its mucous 
 membrane) inflamed ; the walls are found more or less 
 rent. This lesion is, of course, incurable. 
 
 Cystic Hernia is not rare, especially in the bitch, for 
 the neck of the bladder is rather long. It may be inguinal, 
 femoral, or ventral. The symptoms are not generally 
 acute, and the bladder is usually with other organs in 
 the sac. 
 
 Stricture of the Neck of the Bladder and eversion of that 
 organ have not, to my knowledge, been recorded in canine 
 patients. 
 
 Abnormal Urination occurs as an indication of disorder 
 of the urinary apparatus. Retention of urine is found in 
 urethral spasm or stricture, also in cases of prostatic dis- 
 ease and impacted calculus ; it is also seen in advanced 
 debility and paralysis, and the distension of the bladder 
 may be detected by manipulation of the belly. It must 
 not been confounded with suppression of urine, the com- 
 plete cessation of urine, production indicative of inflam- 
 matory disease of both kidneys, or scantiness of urine as 
 found in all fevers, and when one kidney only is inflamed. 
 Strangury is the painful expulsion of urine guttatim, and 
 not unfrequently that fluid is found intermingled with pus 
 or blood. It occurs in renitis, also in cystitis, and partial 
 obstruction of the urinary passage. Incontinence of urine 
 occurs specially in bitches in consequence of cystic calculus 
 or disease of the urino-genital passages. The constant 
 dribbling away of urine causes excoriation of the skin 
 over which it trickles. It has been known to tempo- 
 rarily result from prolonged retention of urine in a dog of 
 good habits shut up in a room for a long time (Youatt). 
 Tonics sufficed to check it in the case recorded. 
 
160 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 Pabalysis op the Bladder results from prolonged re- 
 tention and over-distension, but with rest the organ gene- 
 rally regains its tone. In some nervous disorders, espe- 
 cially apoplexy and injuries to the spinal cord, the paralysis 
 persists, and small doses of nux vomica may be required. 
 In cases of retention of urine the catheter must be passed. 
 To perform this a human catheter of gum elastic is re- 
 quired, ranging from No. 1 to No. 5, according to the size 
 of the animal ; larger dogs even require Nos. 6, 7, and 8. 
 The dog must be placed on its side and the penis drawn 
 out, and then the catheter, without its wire and well 
 lubricated with oil, is inserted into the urinary meatus and 
 passed along the canal. The instrument meets with 
 some obstruction at the osseous portion of the canal, but 
 with care, patience, and delicacy of manipulation may be 
 got beyond this. It is directed by the hand round the 
 pubio-ischial arch, and then gradually passed to the 
 bladder. Mayhew, who carefully describes this operation, 
 warns us to immediately withdraw the catheter when the 
 urine, instead of flowing in gentle slow stream, is ejected 
 in jerks with force, " lest the bladder, energetically con- 
 tracting upon it, should cause the point to pierce the 
 sides of the viscus." This operation often needs repetition. 
 
 Profuse staling is seldom seen in the dog. The con- 
 stant expulsion of a little urine by these animals when 
 excited, or on starting for a run, is so familiar a phenomenon 
 that it can never be mistaken for disease. Abuse of 
 diuretics, and, it is said, bad food, may induce this de- 
 rangement. 
 
 The healthy urine of the dog differs from that of vege- 
 table feeders in the absence of hippuric acid, in its clear 
 consistency, bright yellow colour and strong odour. 
 Oxalic and uric calculi are more frequent in the dog than 
 in herbivora. Hematuria is found in acute inflammations 
 of the kidneys or bladder or as a result of injury, either 
 external or caused by calculi. It is important to deter- 
 mine from what part of the urinary apparatus the haemor- 
 rhage comes, and, this having been determined, astringent 
 and styptic means may be adopted. Mayhew has found 
 
THE URINARY APPARATUS. l6l 
 
 tincture of cantharides, 3 minims to water 2 oz., useful 
 in these cases. In renal haemorrhage the blood is passed 
 as small worm-like clots diffused through the urine ; in 
 vesical hsemoiThage after expulsion of urine a flow of 
 blood occurs ; in urethral bleeding the blood, uncoagulated, 
 trickles from the urethra without expulsive effort. The 
 dark urine of hepatic and some blood disorders must not 
 be considered bloody. Diabetes Mellitcjs has been 
 studied at the University of Naples by Prof. Ferraro. He 
 finds that the disease occurs naturally in dogs, and in 
 causes, symptoms, and treatment resembles the same 
 disorder in man (' II Morgagni/ 1885). Urine with copious 
 sediment may contain excess of mucus, pus, sabulous mat- 
 ter, or gravel. In cases of doubt a little of the sediment 
 may be put under the microscope, but that -is usually 
 superfluous. The passage of gravel is generally an indica- 
 tion of a tendency to the formation of urinary calculi, if 
 not of their actual presence. To restrict the deposit, 
 Mayhew recommends a strictly vegetable diet, doses of 
 ether and laudanum both by mouth and injection ; hyoscy- 
 amus and balsams, and sometimes cubebs or other 
 peppers, and cantharides. 
 
 Prostatic Disease is so frequent in the dog that the 
 casual manner in which it is noticed by authors on canine 
 pathology is somewhat surprising. Touatt mentions a case 
 of rupture of the bladder due to it, but without recognising 
 what organ was " on the neck of the bladder the size 
 of a goose's egg and almost filling the cavity of the 
 pelvis ; on cutting into it, more than 2 oz. of the pus 
 escaped." Simonds* records a chronic case of gradual 
 increase in size of the organ bringing about mechanical 
 obstruction to the passage of urine. Mannington, of 
 Brighton, was called to see a thirteen-year-old spaniel 
 which for six months had shown a rapid increase in the 
 size of the belly without impairment of the general health, 
 and had been noticed latterly to urinate frequently. 
 There was found immense enlargement and tenseness of 
 the belly, especially at the Bides ; incessant attempts to 
 * 'Trans. V. M. A.,' 1840-41, p. 57. 
 
 11 
 
162 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 void the urine were made and it was sometimes passed in 
 small quantities. General marasmus, laboured breathing, 
 disinclination to move, and pallid visible mucous mem- 
 branes were the other symptoms. The belly was tapped, 
 and about a pint of sero-sanguineous fluid trickled away 
 slowly ; the dog bore the operation well, but it had little 
 effect in reducing the size of the abdomen, which now felt 
 as if its contents were quite solid. The patient was given 
 diffusible stimulants, but gradually sank and died nine 
 hours after the operation. A tumour, the prostate in 
 an enlarged state, was found hanging from the pubic 
 region to the inferior part of the abdomen. It weighed 
 10£ lbs., whereas the rest of the carcass weighed 
 only 15£ lbs. (' Veterinary Record,' iii, 13th October, 
 1847). MacGillivray, of Banff, found prostatic disease 
 in a large retriever dog which had been passing blood 
 and matter in his urine. Progressive marasmus, stiff- 
 ness and unwillingness to move, pain in passing urine, 
 which act he performed every time he was taken from the 
 kennel (and the flow of which ended in the passage of a 
 couple of teaspoonfuls of very thin fluid pus, the last of 
 which was tinged with blood), and a very disagreeable 
 smell were the most prominent symptoms. Obstruction 
 to passage of the catheter was also observed. The patient 
 was treated with balsam of capivi and solutions of lunar 
 caustic injected into the urethra. Severe rigors and heart- 
 rending cries preceded death, which occurred about three 
 weeks after the animal was first seen. Autopsy showed 
 the prostate gland thrice its normal size, quite engorged 
 with thin, purulent fluid of a most offensive odour. The 
 bladder was half full of pus, and its mucous coat much 
 thickened.* The above typical cases, from among a 
 number recorded, illustrate the symptoms induced by this 
 important lesion. Prostatic disease is so seldom seen in 
 the other patients of veterinary surgeons that it is gene- 
 rally when found in the dog recorded as " pelvic tumour." 
 Under this name I have had two cases sent to me for 
 exhibition at professional meetings. The tumefaction of 
 
 * ' Veterinary Journal,' vol. xiii. 
 
THE URINARY APPARATUS. 163 
 
 the gland can generally be detected by a finger inserted 
 into the rectum ; the enlarged belly, pelvic tumour, some- 
 times bulging perinEeum, also obstruction to passage of the 
 catheter and to expulsion of urine should suffice for detec- 
 tion of the abnormality. The age of the patient generally 
 renders treatment inadvisable, as it can be but palliative. 
 Incision into the tumour, or tapping the gland from the 
 perinEeum, may afford relief, but this disease is in dogs, as 
 in old men, generally cystic, there being multiple small 
 abscesses rather than one large collection of pus. The 
 causes are obscure, but it is evidently a senile change and 
 may be dependent on urethral inflammation, prostatitis, or 
 other obstruction of the ducts of the gland, which is large 
 and well developed in the dog and embraces the neck of 
 the bladder on three sides. Oowper's glands, on the other 
 hand, are absent. Urethritis occurs in the dog in asso- 
 ciation with Balanitis (inflammation of the lining mem- 
 brane of the prepuce) and Posthitis (inflammation of the 
 mucous investment of" the glans). It is caused by dirt, 
 over-feeding, want of exercise, and debility, and is a fre- 
 quent accompaniment of mange. It is generally seen in 
 both indoor pets and watch-dogs, and, although commonly 
 known as Gonorrh<ea is not specific nor communicable. It 
 cannot be traced to over-indulgence ' in sexual processes, 
 but rather to deficiency in this respect. According as the 
 external or internal parts are affected most, is the profuse- 
 ness of the discharge. When the urethra is the main seat 
 the glans is exposed, the penis being in a state of semi- 
 erection almost constantly, and a small amount of fluid 
 continually exudes from the opening. The animal licks 
 the protruded part, and evidently suffers pain in the pas- 
 sage of urine. The discharge is either a thick mucus or 
 purulent. When the external parts are the main seat of 
 disorder, the prepuce is swollen and conceals the glans, 
 phymosis to an extent being present. The prepuce con- 
 tains much pus, which gradually oozes from the orifice and 
 becomes dried on the hairs of the part, or flows profusely 
 on pressure. There is obstruction to the passage of urine, 
 the current of which is irregular. The animal resists 
 
164 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 exploration of the parts and retraction of the prepuce to 
 expose the glans is a matter of some difficulty. In neglected 
 cases ulcers form about the parts and a loathsome state 
 of disorganisation ensues, the pus sometimes burrowing 
 along the side of the penis and bursting out at intervals. 
 Treatment comprises thorough examination, after cleansing 
 the parts and retracting the prepuce when necessary ; 
 cutting off the long hairs about the orifice ; fomenta- 
 tions to allay inflammation and pain ; followed by astrin- 
 gent lotions. Tonics and demulcents should be given 
 internally after the bowels have been cleared out by a 
 cathartic. Spasm and stricture of the urethra seldom occur 
 in the dog. 
 
 A Parasite in the Urethra caused obstruction to 
 the passage of urine and severe urethral irritation. At 
 length it protruded through the meatus, and its removal 
 with the forceps gave the animal immediate relief. M. 
 Seon, who reports the case, found the worm four inches 
 and a half long, and considered it a strongylus ; possibly 
 it was a male Str. gigas ?* 
 
 Urethral Calculus is generally a small cystic stone 
 impacted in its passage. Manipulation may enable us to 
 bring it down to the orifice of the canal and there grasp 
 it with the forceps and so afford relief, otherwise an 
 incision must be made on it, where it can be felt in the 
 urethra, and removal so effected. When in the intrapelvic 
 portion of the canal it may be detectable only on passing 
 the catheter ; there too it must be cut down upon for 
 removal should the natural efforts not suffice to move it 
 onwards and if it remain fixed even after the adminis- 
 tration of chloroform and opium. 
 
 • Youatt, « The Dog,' p. 221. 
 
THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 165 
 
 CHAPTER VIII.— THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 
 
 Section 1.— OF THE MALE. 
 
 Oanis familiaris is a multiparous carnivorous mammal 
 with zonary placenta. His generative apparatus is 
 well developed, and in some respects, both anatomical 
 and physiological, very remarkable. The sexual instinct 
 runs high, and the act of copulation is prolonged. 
 The male animal is generally allowed to remain un- 
 castrated, and indulges in sexual intercourse freely, 
 frequently, and with little discrimination. His genital 
 organs occasionally suffer from excess, but probably 
 much more frequently from enforced abstinence. The 
 penis presents some marked peculiarities in structure, 
 
 *■ 6 
 
 Fia. 47. — Ob penis, after Stbangewaxs. 
 a, groove ; c, base; I, apex. 
 
 such as an elevator muscular arrangement for the glans 
 and a penial bone or penien, through a deep groove in the 
 lower part of which the urethra runs. This bone varies 
 in shape in different breeds of dogs, but anteriorly termi- 
 nates in a cartilaginous point, and posteriorly is directly 
 continuous with the structure of corpus cavernosum. 
 Lauscat describes the peculiarities of the free part of the 
 penis of the dog in the following terms (as taken from 
 Chauveau's Anatomy ' translated by Fleming) : " The 
 penial bone almost entirely constitutes the base of all that 
 portion of the penis included within the sheath ; in addi- 
 
166 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 tion this part possesses two distinct erectile enlargements, 
 an anterior and a posterior. The first is analogous to 
 that of the glans penis of the horse, and is formed by an 
 expansion of the erectile tissue of the urethra ; club-shaped 
 at its anterior base, it has there a point suddenly bent 
 downwards, beneath which is pierced the urethral orifice ; 
 posteriorly it is thin and partially covers the other erectile 
 mass. The latter is supplementary ; it begins at the base 
 of the free portion of the peniV-where the integument of 
 the sheath is folded in a circular manner around it. From 
 one toone and a half inches long;: it embraces the upper 
 border and sides of the zone ; pyramidal in shape, its base, 
 which is posterior, is three quarters to one and a quarter 
 inches thick ; in front it thins away beneath the erectile 
 tissue of the head. Such are the two erectile masses, 
 Whose summits overlap, so that the' free portion of the 
 penis, bulging in front and still more so behind, is nar- 
 rowed in the middle. Although contiguous, these two 
 vascular dilatations are independent of each other ; the 
 posterior has, likewise, no communication with the corpus 
 cavernosum, and possesses two particular veins, which pass 
 backwards in a lateral groove. Each is erected separately 
 during copulation, when they assume a large size ; the 
 great volume of the posterior enlargement prolongs the 
 duration of this act, until flaccidity ensues. This pecu- 
 liarity is a consequence of the absence of the seminal 
 reservoirs." The familiar spectacle of a pair of dogs 
 " locked" in coition is a consequence of the presence and 
 physiological peculiarities of the posterior of these enlarge- 
 ments (Blaine attributed to the clitoris a share in pro- 
 ducing it). When the male animal prematurely becomes 
 moved from his natural position on the female the dilata- 
 tion of the posterior part of the glans retains the penis in 
 the vagina, and it often becomes twisted on its narrow 
 part behind the bone, and bent backwards. This state of 
 affairs .must remain until the turgescence subsides, and 
 any attempt to forcibly separata the animals is liable to 
 lacerate the erectile walls of the vagino-vulval passage or 
 to injure the penis, the parts of the bitch rather than 
 
THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 167 
 
 those of the dog being liable to suffer. Throwing cold 
 water over the animals is quite unnecessary, because if 
 the dog be restored to its natural position separation may 
 in a short time be effected without difficulty. Copulation 
 is prolonged, not only to allow an ample amount of semen 
 to gradually be expelled from the epididymis and vas 
 deferens, but also to secure free evacuation of the secre- 
 tions of the highly developed prostate. 
 
 Posthitis, inflammation of the glans penis, has already 
 been dealt with in discussing gonorrhoea, of which it is a 
 very frequent accompaniment. It is denoted by constant 
 semi-erection of the penis, the glans of which is large 
 and heightened in colour, or the seat of slight vesicular 
 eruption around its base. There is constant irritation of 
 the part, and not unfrequently some paraphymosis. This 
 disease is attributed to debility, for it occurs in animals 
 which have recently recovered from severe disease, and 
 especially in high-bred pet dogs in which the constitution 
 is languid and the nervous temperament predominates. 
 The treatment is simply antiphlogistic ; with subsidence 
 of the inflammation the turgescence will pass off and 
 oedema of the prepuce be lessened, so that the parts will 
 resume their natural appearance. 
 
 Warty Growths of a non-malignant character are not 
 seldom found on and within the prepuce, and sometimes 
 on the glans. We have no evidence as to the identity of 
 this with "sweeps' cancer" in man, although the appear- 
 ances are rather similar to simple cases of the latter. 
 The epithelial growths are confluent or separate^ and occa- 
 sionally form masses of a spongy character and somewhat 
 considerable size, probably what Blaine describes as 
 "Polypi of the Sheath." These fungous growths may 
 become ulcerated, generally in consequence of injury, and 
 a thin watery discharge, intermingled with blood, trickles 
 from them. Whenever, after expulsion of urine, a few 
 drops of blood are passed, the glans penis and lining 
 membrane of the prepuce should be examined for these 
 growths. They should be promptly treated by removal 
 of the larger ones with scissors or knife as required, and 
 
168 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 dressings of the smaller ones with caustic, preferably 
 acidum aceticum. The parts should be examined daily 
 after this, and weak solutions of nitrate of silver or zinc 
 sulphate applied to promote healing. 
 
 Congenital Malfoemations op the Penis are occasionally 
 seen in dogs. Thus a case is related (' Veterinarian/ 1877, 
 p. 249) by Grill, of Hastings, in which a pup seemed to 
 pass his urine from the rectum in drops. Amputation of 
 the skin over the glans penis (circumcision) effected a 
 complete cure. Here there was evidently imperforate 
 prepuce, of which, also, Hill relates a case. 
 
 Amputation op the Penis is performed on the dog in 
 the usual manner, except that the bone must be divided 
 with a saw or by means of a strong pair of bone forceps. 
 Peuch and Toussaint, in describing the operation, remind 
 us that a retraction of the urethra is apt to occur after opera- 
 tion and urination thereby become impeded, a contingency 
 which must be provided against by insertion of a cannula 
 or a short catheter, and its retention for some few days in 
 position. In a case of cancer of the whole of the corpora 
 cavernosa I recently removed the whole penis and testes, 
 leaving the opening of the urethra in the perinseum. 
 Remarkably little blood escaped on operation, but the 
 patient being in an extremely weak state died in three 
 hours from exhaustion. 
 
 The scrotum of the dog sometimes undergoes Inflam- 
 mation with very severe after-effects of a nature which has 
 not been thoroughly explained. After a short period of 
 severe irritation of the parts a marked erythema sets in, 
 which runs its course rapidly and generally yields to 
 simple antiphlogistic measures. In other cases, in conse- 
 quence of neglect or constitutional peculiarity of the 
 patient and deficiency in tone of his system, although the 
 parts seem to be healing freely, changes are taking place 
 which involve the deeper coats of the scrotum, extending 
 from the inflamed skin. Thus the scrotal tissues may 
 assume a semi-cartilaginous consistence, or their changes 
 may seem more of a malignant character, the tissues 
 forming a ragged ulcer, generally as a result of their 
 
THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 169 
 
 having been slightly injured. This ulcer proves phage- 
 denic, and may cause such disorganisation as rapidly to 
 prove fatal, although it is remarked that in other cases the 
 cancerous growth remains almost in a quiescent state until 
 the death of the animal from other causes. What this 
 disease is due to it is difficult to say, but it is generally 
 attributed to derangements of the digestive organs, and, 
 as it occurs in aged animals, to senile changes in nutrition. 
 Treatment comprises cathartic doses to empty the bowels, 
 followed by tonics and a liberal diet. Iodide of potassium 
 and alkalies internally are supposed to have been adminis- 
 tered with benefit. Locally in the second or chronic 
 stages the application of caustics is advocated, and the 
 diseased parts may require careful and thorough removal 
 with the knife. This operation is generally performed 
 together with castration, which facilitates the closure of 
 the large resulting wound. The scrotum is sometimes 
 affected with obstinate sores, which require great care in 
 treatment. 
 
 Castration of the dog is performed in the usual manner, 
 preferably by scraping. In this animal, as in man, the 
 vascular part of the cord (or simply the spermatic artery) 
 may be ligatured, and the testis and epididymis removed 
 at once with the knife ; or the organs may be ablated by 
 means of a small chain ecraseur. But little after-treatment 
 is required. The operation renders the animal dull and 
 phlegmatic, inclined to sleep and grow fat, and much less 
 companionable than previously. It should be performed 
 only in case of the above- described disease of the scrotum, 
 or where the testis has undergone malignant change. 
 The testes should always be specially looked for in 
 examining a dog as to soundness, as they are sometimes 
 removed before sale by owners who wish to monopolise a 
 breed. Impotence, of course, results from this last-men- 
 tioned practice, but it also is found in association with 
 other conditions, such as excessive fatness, chronic disease 
 of the testicles, and occasionally as an individual pecu- 
 liarity, especially in over-bred animals of very valuable 
 breeds. In cases where the testes are present occasionally 
 
170 THE DISEASES OE THE DOG. 
 
 good may be effected by the use of aphrodisiacs, such as 
 cantharides, the peppers, and phosphorus pills. Generally 
 more benefit will result from regular exercise, liberal 
 feeding, iron tonics, and careful regulation of the bowels. 
 Where the testes are hard and small a course of iodide of 
 potassium may be followed by marked benefit. 
 
 The testicle is sometimes the seat of malignant disorder, 
 sarcocele. Its most frequent disease is Orchitis, the result 
 of blows or other injury, and also, it is said, excessive 
 venery or sexual excitement without connection. The 
 tense, hot, and red condition of the scrotum directs atten- 
 tion to the affected part, and it is easy to detect the 
 swollen testis within it. Pressure on the gland causes 
 acute pain. Ordinary antiphlogistic measures (especially 
 the application of leeches) should be adopted and a 
 cathartic administered. Sometimes suppuration of the 
 testis occurs, and the resulting abscess, on bursting, leaves 
 a large ragged ulcer, which heals slowly, and for which 
 even castration may be necessary. Cirrhosis of the testis, 
 a form of atrophy, is a much more frequent result. 
 
 The spermatic cord of the dog is very seldom the seat 
 of disease, and scrotal and inguinal hernise are rai-e in the 
 male owing to the shortness of the bowels and the shape 
 of the abdomen ; when it does occur it is generally an 
 epiplocele. 
 
 Section 2.— GENERATIVE OEGANS OF THE 
 FEMALE. 
 
 The ovaries are situated in a special fold of the broad 
 uterine ligaments and characterised by the shortness of 
 this means of support. They are somewhat lobulated and 
 produce numerous ova, several of which, passed into the 
 horns of the uterus, may there become simultaneously im- 
 pregnated. Ovariotomy has been advocated as a routine 
 method of preventing the recurrence periodically of 
 oestrum and the disabilities resulting from pregnancy ; also 
 
THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 171 
 
 in France it is resorted to for keeping a bitch clean and 
 preventing rabies. It can, of course, have little, if any, 
 value for the latter purpose. Thus it was once a practice 
 to hunt with packs of " spayed " bitches. But it has 
 been found that animals thus operated on are liable to 
 disease, especially to the formation of fatty tumours ; they 
 become obese, listless, and' are said not to live long. Oc- 
 casionally in the present day ovariotomy has to be resorted 
 to, as when the ovary is considered the seat of malignant 
 disease, or when it is absolutely necessary to prevent the 
 bitch breeding on account of injury to the pelvis or some 
 disease of the genital passages rendering parturition im- 
 possible. The operation is performed in the way usual 
 for small animals : The patient is placed and retained on 
 the side ; an incision is then made antero-posteriorly in the 
 upper part of the flank, long enough to admit the forefinger 
 and to allow the extraction of the ovary. The finger is 
 inserted and used as an explorer and protractor. Soon 
 the upper ovary is felt and drawn out, a carbolised catgut 
 ligature is placed on its ligaments, and the organ ex- 
 cised. The other ovary is then felt and withdrawn 
 through the same opening, ligatured, removed, and the 
 remaining parts returned. Sometimes the ovary is cut off 
 without ligature, and rough operators remove the end of 
 the uterine cornu, which is quite an unnecessary complica- 
 tion. The belly is usually supported with a bandage after 
 the operation. Atrophy of the ovaries occurs in old 
 animals, both those which have borne young and barren 
 bitches. Hill relates an interesting case of this nature 
 in a Newfoundland bitch in which one ovary was merely 
 " a hard gritty substance the size of a horse-bean embedded 
 in a smooth round tumour of fat, the dimensions of a 
 large walnut, and containing in the centre a cyst. The 
 other resembled a granular fatty mass, with a full-developed 
 ovum {sic, query Graafian vesicle) ready to burst on the 
 outside" ('The Management and Diseases of the Dog'). 
 Malignant disease of the ovaries also occurs, the glands 
 are much enlarged thereby, it is diagnosable as abdominal 
 tumour, but in less marked cases is detectable only post 
 
172 THE DISEASES 0E THE DOG. 
 
 mortem. Ovariotomy is the only treatment likely to be 
 attended with benefit in these cases. The Fallopian tube 
 in the bitch is long, narrow, and wavy. 
 
 The uterus has long narrow cornua, in which the 
 majority of the young are carried during pregnancy. It 
 is liable to several diseases of considerable importance. 
 Meteitis is not frequent. It is denoted by high fever and 
 local signs of inflammation. A purulent fetid discharge 
 per vagmam is generally present, and the genital passages 
 are irritable and often simultaneously inflamed, for, 
 except when due to accidents in parturition, this disorder 
 depends on the injection of irritants into the vagina and 
 uterus to bring on " heat." We have no evidence that 
 either external injury or exposure suffices to produce in- 
 flammation of the womb except when the parts are in a 
 state of physiological activity either from oestrum or preg- 
 nancy. When in a bitch which has recently pupped 
 there is high fever, pain on pressure over the womb, ab- 
 sence of milk, and great prostration, this condition may be 
 suspected. She should have her comforts attended to in 
 every way, and warm cloths applied over the belly with 
 free fomentation. The strength must be supported by 
 tonic doses of gentian, while febrifuges also are resorted 
 to. The bowels should be kept relaxed by means of warm 
 enemata. Opium should be given to allay the pain, and 
 the discharge from the uterus should be encouraged by 
 antiseptic injections into the vagina administered warm 
 and with the greatest care not to irritate the parts. 
 Among the sequelas of metritis one of the most important 
 is Ulcekation. This generally involves only the lining 
 mucous membrane of the womb, when there is a certain 
 amount of fetid discharge from the parts, and the animal 
 shows frequent cestral indications and falls away in flesh. 
 In other cases the diseased action is much more extensive. 
 Yeomans records the case of a small bitch in pup which 
 about three weeks before accouchement fell four feet. 
 Four or five days after the accident she showed a great 
 desire to sleep, her belly became pendulous, and pressure 
 on it caused pain, as denoted by a shrill cry. As the time 
 
THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 173 
 
 of parturition approached her cries became more frequent, 
 and she expressed much uneasiness. She brought forth 
 four puppies, the last of which was dead, and on the 
 following morning she had a violent fit ; she was put in a 
 warm bath and given a tablespoonful of castor-oil mixture. 
 On the third morning she got out of her bed and ran 
 round the place as if mad, and her eyes appeared ready 
 to burst out of her head. The baths were repeated at 
 intervals during the day, and in the evening she seemed 
 better, and consciousness had returned. Next morning 
 she was found dead, and examination of the body showed 
 the peritoneum inflamed and a dark fluid in the abdomen, 
 also " two large, . ill-conditioned ulcers existed on one of 
 the horns of this organ. They had completely perforated 
 all the coats, forming a ready communication between the 
 uterus and the abdomen" ('Vet. Record,' iii, p. 68). In 
 ulceration of the mucous membrane cleanliness must be 
 ensured by frequent syringing with solution of zinc 
 chloride, and the strength of the patient supported by a 
 course of tonics and strict hygiene. 
 
 Htdrometra or Htdrops Uteri in the bitch assumes the 
 form of accumulation of fluid in the uterine cavity, whereby 
 distension gradually takes place, and symptoms somewhat 
 resembling those of pregnancy may be induced ; it is 
 associated with obesity and generally also indigestion. 
 In old bitches which have produced several litters of pups 
 oestrum is apt to become irregular or suppressed ; if this 
 be found simultaneously with enlargement of the belly 
 gradually increasing, and on manipulation the distension 
 be traced to the uterus, and that organ, instead of contain- 
 ing several masses which feel like tumours, has an elastic 
 resilient feel, dropsy of the womb is probably present. In 
 its advanced stages the abdomen becomes much enlarged 
 and markedly pendulous. The patient is prostrated and 
 refuses food, but suffers from thirst. At length she 
 succumbs to exhaustion, and examination shows the uterus 
 distended with fluid of a thin watery character or thick 
 like pus, but owing its consistency to epithelial cells as 
 detectable under the microscope. The mucous membrane 
 
174 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 of the womb is in these cases somewhat ©edematous, but no 
 record of true oedema of the womb is to hand. The 
 accumulation results from rigidity of the neck of the 
 uterus with occlusion of the mouth of the organ, and so it 
 should be dealt with by catheterism of the womb, fre- 
 quently washing it out with chloride of zinc solutions, and 
 supporting the strength of the patient by tonics. 
 
 Uterine Displacements, as seen in the bitch, are of 
 three kinds, hernia, prolapsus, and versio or twisting. 
 Hernia Uteri or Hysterocele is common in canine practice, 
 the displacement being generally inguinal or ventral. 
 Rainard has recorded a case in which the uterus had been 
 carried through the inguinal ring and was pushed back- 
 wards and appeared as a tumour at the vulva. The owner 
 opened the swelling with a penknife, whence resulted a 
 fistula from which a viscid fluid escaped. Rainard incised 
 this fistula and found beneath the skin a second membrane 
 having some analogy to it, and which afterwards proved 
 tb be the uterus ; in this was found a three or four weeks' 
 old foetus with its membranes, which was removed, but the 
 bitch died the next day. Gelle describes a case of hernia 
 of one of the uterine cornua (in which was a pup) through 
 the mesentery. It is remarked that an essential differ- 
 ence exists between this lesion in multiparous animals 
 and those which produce but one or two young at a birth. 
 In the former the uterine cornua are long and loosely 
 attached, and even in the unimpregnated condition of the 
 womb they can escape through an accidental opening in 
 the muscular walls of the abdomen or through the inguinal 
 rings ; besides, the abdominal walls are not so distant 
 from the womb in carnivora as in herbivora. Thus, hernia 
 occurs prior to conception or during the interval between 
 two successive pregnancies in the bitch, and not in- 
 frequently one or more foetuses are developed in the 
 herniated uterine horn. Thus, a hernia, not apparently 
 of importance, may during pregnancy increase in size as 
 the foetus develops in it and ultimately inconvenience be 
 caused by it either before or at the time of parturition. 
 Such a hernia frequently occurs in the mammary region 
 
THE GENERATIVE APPARATCJS. 175 
 
 where its peculiar feel, and especially fluctuation on pres- 
 sure at certain points, may lead to its being considered an 
 abscess or tumour of a simple or malignant nature. 
 The relations in development of the hernia tumour to preg- 
 nancy should suffice to ensure exact diagnosis ; also, part 
 of it may admit of being returned into the belly, and the 
 practised hand will detect the margins of the opening 
 through which the hernia has taken place. Corby, of 
 Hackney, has related ('Veterinarian,' April, 1871) a case 
 in which a herniated horn of the uterus contained a dead 
 and decomposed foetus, after removal of which, even, the 
 uterine cornu could not be returned. This displacement 
 is generally due to injuries, such as kicks and blows, but 
 it also may result from straining in cases of constipation. 
 In some cases the hernia is complete, even the body of 
 the womb being contained in the sac. It is usually 
 advisable not to interfere surgically with such a hernia. 
 As long as the animal remains unimpregnated the tumour 
 will cause little or no inconvenience, and even as rhany as 
 three pups contained in a herniated uterus have been got 
 rid of in the ordinary course of parturition without com- 
 plication. In cases of hernia where parturition cannot 
 take place, division of the neck of the opening may be 
 tried and the womb returned into the belly. Metritis is 
 rather liable to follow, and Fleming (' Veterinary Obstet- 
 rics ') strongly advocates that early gastro-hysterotomy be 
 performed in preference to herniotomy, or even that ampu- 
 tation of the herniated cornu be tried. Kopp recorded 
 ('Gaz. Med. de Strassburg/ 1875) a most interesting case 
 of removal of three pups by the Caesarian operation and 
 natural birth of a fourth before the operation. 
 
 Toesio Uteri in carnivora is not the complex twisting 
 of the whole organ on its neck, such as we see in the 
 cow, but a contraction of the long cornua and their 
 entanglement, either together or in the broad ligament. 
 This lesion is rare, and hardly admits of exact diagnosis. 
 It probably results from special activity of the vermi- 
 cular contractions of the uterine cornua seen in female 
 carnivores. 
 
176 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 Prolapsus Uteri, described also as Inversion, is not 
 infrequent, but it is generally only a partial protrusion of 
 the organ into the vaginal canal,* where it may interfere 
 with urination by pressure on the meatus urinarius. 
 Funk mentions a case in which one cornu became inverted 
 and prevented the expulsion of the remaining foetus from 
 the other cornu (Fleming's ' Obstetrics'). The accident 
 usually occurs during parturition, the result of undue 
 straining or traction. It is most frequently seen in 
 bitches which have had several litters of pups and which 
 are debilitated in consequence of recent disease, or want 
 of exercise and improper feeding. In this accident it is 
 necessary to distinguish between protruded womb and a 
 dropped vagina or a polypus. The latter has generally 
 been noticed for some time, but prolapsus uteri vel vaginae 
 occurs suddenly at parturition. The polypus, like the 
 vagina is smooth, soft, glistening, and feels semisolid, but, 
 unlikethe vagina, hasa constrictedneck andno central canal, 
 nor can it be removed by restoration to natural position. 
 The womb is reducible, soft, and rough ; it also generally 
 shows the dark-coloured zone for attachment of the placenta. 
 Thus careful examination will dispel all doubts in diagnosis. 
 Such a lesion may be irreducible on account of swelling 
 of the womb when it has been protruded for some time 
 and there has been active compression on its neck. When 
 the protruded part is of foul odour, dark colour, and much 
 swollen, the practitioner may find it advisable to ligature 
 round its base and amputate either directly or after the 
 lapse of a couple of days, an operation which has been 
 practised with complete success, as by Cross of Milan 
 (' Youatt on the Dog,' p. 230). Generally after the womb 
 has been thoroughly cleansed with warm water it should 
 be restored to position by taxis ; pressure being applied 
 at the fundus by means of a piece of wood with a padded 
 extremity inserted through the orifice with care after 
 being well oiled, and simultaneously the walls being 
 worked gradually through the opening. The process of 
 return is especially difficult and dangerous when the 
 » For an interesting case consult * Veterinarian,' 1875, p. 175. 
 
THE GENERATIVE apparatus. 177 
 
 womb is much swollen and has been much lacerated by 
 friction against the ground or otherwise ; it may generally 
 be effected by expenditure of time and the exercise of 
 patience. The difficulty then arises of how to retain the 
 parts when the animal strains in consequence of uterine 
 pain or attempts to defsecate. Astringent and opiate in- 
 jections into the womb will here prove useful. Mayhew 
 has found much benefit from throwing in cold water. 
 The patient must be kept very quiet, receive laxative 
 diet, and the generative passages be thoroughly, though 
 not officiously, cleansed with astringent injections of not 
 too great strength. A small dose of castor-oil mixture 
 will prove useful. Fecundation may occur after this 
 serious accident, but it is advisable to keep the animal 
 from breeding for some time, or altogether unless per- 
 petuation of the breed be a special desideratum. 
 
 Amputation op the Uterus or excision of the womb has 
 been performed without ill-consequences both in cases of 
 prolapsus, and, less frequently, in conjunction with the ope- 
 ration of laparotomy. .Numerous cases of this operation have 
 found a place in veterinary periodical literature. Perhaps 
 the most complicated was that recorded by Leech in vol. 
 xxxix of the 'Veterinarian,' p. 790. The patient was a 
 pointer bitch with irreducible uterine prolapsus. On 
 passing the catheter the recorder found the bladder in- 
 cluded in the protruding mass in which also, on incision 
 through the uterine wall, was found a piece of intestine. 
 The bladder and bowel were returned, and the hind parts 
 of the patient raised to retain them during the performance 
 of the operation, which was as follows : " A needle armed 
 with a strong ligature was passed through the neck of 
 the uterus, behind the meatus urinarius, including one 
 fourth of its substance, which being tightly tied, the 
 needle was again passed through another fourth and tied 
 in the same manner; then again through another fourth 
 in the same way, leaving one fourth up to this time free. 
 The whole of the neck of the uterus was then included in 
 one strong ligature, which closed the aperture into the 
 abdomen." The organ behind the ligatures was then cut 
 
 12 
 
178 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 through with a scalpel and the remainder returned. The 
 patient was well in about a fortnight. Broad prefers 
 removal with the clamps and hot iron at a black heat as 
 causing less suffering than the ligature and less liability 
 to blood-poisoning. Brown relates a case (' Veterinarian,' 
 xl, p. 845) in which there were two complications, *. e. 
 fractured ilium and Uterine Tumour. Growths of the 
 latter nature are much less frequent than in the vagina. 
 Of Uteeine Ineetia a caseis relatedby Fleming ('Obstetrics/ 
 p. 418) which " is interesting as showing the tendency of 
 some animals to uterine inertia, as testifying to the great 
 valueof ergot of rye — at least, with the carnivora — its ecbolic 
 action on animals being denied by many veterinarians ; as 
 proving that the death of one foetus in utero does not 
 always imperil the existence of the others; and. as demon- 
 strating that, contrary to what occurs in the mare and cow, 
 foetuses will exist in the uterus of the bitch for forty-eight 
 hours after the expulsion of others without succumbing, 
 even when one of their number is dead." 
 
 Post-paetum Hemorrhage from the uterus is rare in the 
 bitch ; Mayhew has recorded a case ( f Veterinarian/ xxi, p. 
 559). After a long assisted labour his patient was ex- 
 hausted and received a stimulant, but a flow of arterial 
 blood from the generative orifice threatened to prove 
 serious. The patient had already shown signs of delirium, 
 when an infusion of Tinct. Gallaa 3ss, Aquae calidae Oij, 
 injected into the uterus, revived the animal by causing 
 proper contraction of that organ. 
 
 The vagina of the bitch is long and has thick walls 
 which are not unfrequently the seat of laceration. This 
 lesion is the consequence of injury during copulation, as 
 when the animals are dragged apart while still " locked/' 
 or it results from injuries inflicted by the passage of the 
 foetus or by instruments used in assisted or laboured 
 parturition. It has been remarked by Rainard that when, 
 the vagina has been bruised or chafed during parturition 
 in the bitch even the most trifling rupture of the walls, 
 even though unassociated with hernia, will prove fatal, 
 which is in marked contrast with the very considerable 
 
THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. l7§ 
 
 toleration of such injuries in the larger herbivorous 
 mammals. We may remark, also, the great tendency there 
 is in the bitch to the development of tumours from the 
 wall of the vagina and vulva. Such tumours are generally 
 described as cancer, but, with Mayhew, we must conclude 
 that malignant growths are much less frequent in the 
 genital passages of the bitch than has been supposed. 
 In every case examined after removal, both with the 
 microscope and by dissection, supposed epithelial cancer 
 from this situation has turned out merely proliferation of the 
 vulvo-vaginal walls as an immediate result of local injury ; 
 so marked is this tendency to proliferation that even after 
 excision such tumours are liable to recur. They require 
 in all cases to be treated in good time surgically, if left 
 alone they increase rapidly in size, and by the acridity of 
 their discharges produce vulvo-vaginal irritation and much 
 inconvenience. True Cancek of the vulva and vagina 
 may exist. It is said to result from the too free use of 
 stimulant injections into this passage to excite the sexual 
 desire of the animal ; it probably more frequently has in- 
 juries as its immediate exciting cause. 
 
 Tumours in the Vagina are not of rare occurrence, and 
 they are of several kinds ; Lipomata are more frequent in 
 the bitch than in the female of any other known species. 
 They vary in size and are generally removable with ease. 
 Condylomata (warts) are noted by Peuch as specially 
 liable to recur in the vagina. Sometimes small and in- 
 significant, they in other cases may prove a serious impedi- 
 ment to parturition or give rise to a leucorrhceal discharge. 
 They are irregular in outline, lobulated, and irritable. 
 Fibromata also are frequently seen. True polypus has 
 been recorded in many instances, and it may be classed as 
 uterine or vaginal according to the point of attachment of 
 its pedicle. It is smooth, vascular, and more or less 
 resistent. Care must be taken lest it be confounded with 
 everted bladder or prolapsed womb. These tumours 
 when hard and well defined may be removed by operation ; 
 a true polypus may be taken off by ligature, twisting, or 
 evulsion. The chain ecraseur is the best instrument for 
 
180 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 dividing its pedicle. When the tumour is diffused, has 
 no well-defined base, and is extensively blended with the 
 tissues of the wall, operation (except in the case of a very 
 small growth or of one taken early) would be too formid- 
 able an undertaking. Then the parts must be cauterised, 
 after exposure by introduction of a speculum if necessary, 
 and the passages kept clean by frequent washings with 
 solutions of zinc chloride. The strength of the patient 
 must be supported by use of tonics. Leucorrhcea, except 
 when due to tumours or wounds of the vulvo-vaginal 
 membrane, is not of frequent occurrence in bitches. When 
 there is a discharge through the great generative opening, 
 mainly of mucus, the parts should always be thoroughly 
 examined and cleaned, and the cause determined. When 
 there is- simple catarrh of the membrane astringent solu- 
 tions may be injected. Inversio v. Prolapsus Vagina 
 occurs in debilitated animals as a reddish or blue pro- 
 tuberance between the labia, varying in its degree of 
 projection at different times and in different cases. Thus 
 it is found especially when the animal is in "heat," and 
 after she has several times had pups. It is not infre- 
 quently chronic in its character so that the mucous mem- 
 brane becomes callous. Bull bitches are, by Mayhew, 
 considered most liable to this displacement. Careful 
 examination of the lesions should be made in each case to 
 determine whether true prolapsus or vaginal tumour has 
 to be dealt with. Treatment comprises thorough cleaning 
 of the part (which is often injured by the animal sitting on 
 it or dragging it on the ground), return of it to its normal 
 position and its retention by application of astringents, 
 such as alum solution, nitric acid with proof spirit (1-8), 
 according to Mayhew, or ointment of tannic acid. After- 
 treatment consists in keeping the bowels open, occasional 
 chloride of zinc solution injections, and, especially, the 
 administration of iron tonics. Sometimes the prolapsus 
 occurs post-partum, and it may assume a chronic character, 
 the organ protruding even beyond the lips of the vulva. 
 When other means have failed in such a case Eainard's 
 operation of amputation may be tried. He found that, 
 
THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 181 
 
 instead of ligaturing the whole organ close to the vulva 
 with one cord, it is better to divide the pedicle into three 
 portions to be tied separately, so that each encloses one 
 third of the mass. The portion of the mass beyond the 
 ligatures may then be immediately excised. The patient 
 is allowed to run at large, given low diet, and emollient 
 fluids injected into the vagina. Recovery takes place 
 very rapidly (Fleming's ' VeterinaryObstetrics '). Trusses 
 and pessaries are not generally of value in canine practice. 
 In France Infibulation, or sewing up the lips of the vulva, is 
 advocated. The vulval opening is liable to lacerations and 
 to tumefactions of the labia from injury or hernia. The 
 clitoris is a flattened tubercle not often the seat of disorder. 
 The passage of the Catheter in the female is not a diffi- 
 cult matter ; the meatus urinarius varies in depth from the 
 external orifice from half an inch to two inches according 
 to the size of the animal. This simple operation proves 
 very useful in most disorders of the genital passages of 
 the bitch ; thus much inconvenience from inability to pass 
 the urine is seen in cases of prolapsus, whether of 
 vagina or uterus, also in cases of polypus or other vaginal 
 tumour. 
 
 Parturition and Other Special Physiological Phe- 
 nomena op the Female. — There are several matters which 
 ought to be remembered about the physiology of the 
 generative system of the bitch. CEstrum varies in the 
 time of its occurrence and its duration in accordance with 
 climate and surroundings, also with the general state of 
 the health. In temperate climates it generally occurs in 
 autumn and spring. The bitch becomes excitable and 
 lively, her teats enlarge slightly, and then the labia and 
 lining membrane of the vulva swell and the latter becomes 
 red from congestion ; a watery discharge from the rima 
 appears, and it subsequently assumes a bloody character. 
 She becomes playful with dogs, treats them most coquet- 
 tishly, and will often exhibit great . cunning .in escaping 
 from restraint. She is not content with a visit from one 
 dog, but will frequently receive attentions from several of 
 her admirers, and mix the breed in a most unsatisfactory 
 
182 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 manner to any owner who desires a pure strain. The 
 taste shown by her in selection of partners is not at all 
 in accordance with our views j ugly curs often seem to be 
 
 Fia. 48.— Gravid uterus of a muciparous mammal contrasted with 
 
 that of the human female (from Fleming's ' Obstetrics '). 
 
 a a'. Ovaries. V. Fimbria, c c'. Fallopian tubes, d d'. Cornua uteri 
 
 e. Body of uterus. /. Vagina, g. Uterine broad ligaments. 
 
 most appreciated, and small bitches receive dogs so large 
 that complications are apt to arise in parturition from the 
 too considerable size of the progeny. As the periods of 
 
THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 183 
 
 desire may extend over a week, superfcetation is more 
 apt to occur in canine than in other patients, and it is 
 indicated by the throwing of pups at an interval of from 
 two or three days to a week, the two lots sometimes 
 differing in breed and indications of male parentage. 
 "With the subsidence of venereal excitement in unim- 
 pregnated animals, there succeeds a period of calm, which 
 is almost equivalent to that of gestation in impregnated 
 creatures. And, strange to say, with bitches at the end 
 of this interval — from the fortieth to the sixtieth day — 
 there sometimes appear phenomena allied to the parturient 
 period : as tumefaction of the mammary glands, followed 
 by swelling and increase of the opening of the vulva, 
 with reddening of the vaginal mucous membrane and the 
 escape of a viscid fluid. The animal also acts as if about 
 to bring forth ; making a bed for her young ; moving 
 about uneasily; neglecting her food for three or four days, 
 during which the mammae become still more developed, 
 firm, and elastic; the teats elongated, and the lactiferous 
 sinuses filled with an abundance of good milk, which is 
 easily obtained by slight pressure. If a bitch in this 
 state is presented with a young puppy, she will take to it 
 as if it was her own, and rear it most affectionately " 
 (Fleming). This remarkable phenomenon is most fre- 
 quently found in bitches which have been pregnant. It 
 may necessitate care in removal of milk through the teats 
 lest small concretions result from retention. If the bitch 
 be not impregnated, in due course the symptoms of 
 oestrum subside, but, it is urged, that whenever possible 
 the animal should be allowed to breed, as sterile females 
 are subject to degenerative changes of the ovaries and 
 mammae, and sometimes these parts become affected with 
 malignant disorder. During oestrum pet bitches, espe- 
 cially, are liable to suffer from epileptic fits. The absence 
 of oestrum at the proper periods is associated with changes, 
 mostly of a degenerative character, of the female organs ; 
 it is not uncommonly due to dropsy of the uterus. Arti- 
 ficial means are sometimes adopted to excite sexual desire. 
 These are either general or topical ; the former consist in 
 
J84 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 administration of stimulants, such as cubebs, cantharides, 
 &c., the latter in the injection of irritant substances into 
 the genital passages ; sometimes the bitch, is forcibly com- 
 pelled to receive attentions of the male. These practices 
 are very liable to produce local or nervous disorder, and 
 cannot be too strongly condemned ; if a bitch, which, it is 
 desired should breed shows no symptoms of sexual excite- 
 ment in the ordinary course of things, and no defect in 
 her genital organs is appreciable, it is well to try the 
 effects of a change in her system of living. Thus, an 
 over-fed petted animal should be put gradually on less 
 food and given regular exercise, or an excessively active 
 hard-fed animal be put on stimulating diet and kept quiet. 
 These measures will generally have the desired result. 
 Some bitches are characterised by an almost constant 
 desire for the male ; in them there is probably some local 
 irritation of the genitals, or there may be dropsy of the 
 ovaries. This latter, however, is seldom present in the 
 bitch. The bitch during oestrum and pregnancy is 
 especially liable to mental impressions; whereby the race 
 characters of the progeny may become vitiated. The 
 sexual excitements of this animal are closely associated 
 with nervous disorders. 
 
 Peegnancy is detectable about the fourth week; the 
 young are sometimes to be felt on abdominal exploration 
 about this time ; the belly begins to get full and round, 
 and the teats to enlarge. The belly drops towards the 
 seventh week and parturition occurs about the ninth week 
 after impregnation, the range of duration of pregnancy 
 being put by Fleming at fifty-five to seventy days. The 
 number of young at a birth is generally seven or eight, 
 but ranges from one up to nineteen, occasionally even more. 
 They are some accommodated in each uterine horn, the 
 remainder in the body of the womb. Each is developed 
 in its own set of membranes, the placenta being a zone 
 around the centre of the body of the young animal. The 
 membranes and foetus are expelled simultaneously, the 
 pups putting in an appearance at intervals ranging from a 
 quarter of an hour to an hour, or even longer. The 
 
THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 185 
 
 immediate symptoms of parturition being imminent are 
 enlargement of the mammas (due to accumulation of milk), 
 fulness of the labia, a glutinous discharge from the vagina, 
 a desire for quietude and solitude, and for a comfortable 
 place to litter in. False pains sometimes occur some time 
 before true labour sets in, but -there is then no uterine 
 contraction appreciable simultaneous with the -forcible 
 contraction of the abdominal walls, and the os uteri has 
 not yet relaxed. The hygiene of pregnancy presents- no 
 special features, but we must bear in mind the liability to 
 nervous disorders at the time of parturition and lactation, 
 and fortify the system against them by simple wholesome 
 diet and full exercise. Shortly before parturition the' diet 
 should be laxative and a mild cathartie maybe given two 
 or three days before the birth is anticipated. 
 
 Parturition is generally accomplished by the bitch 
 recumbent on her side. The process lasts some time in 
 most cases and is painful, as indicated by the cries of the 
 mother. Bach expulsion is succeeded by an interval of 
 comparative ease, during which the membranes are 
 removed from the last expelled foetus. Their intact con- 
 dition materially facilitates birth, but is not absolutely 
 essential. The straight and unossified condition of the 
 pelvic symphysis materially facilitates parturition in canine 
 patients ; the offspring are numerous as a rule; each is 
 born in an imperfect state of development, such as would 
 be considered premature in herbivora, and consequently 
 the skeletal structures of each are in a highly elastic and 
 yielding condition. Hence difficulty in parturition is not 
 very common in the bitch, and when it does occur is 
 generally the result of exhaustion from prolonged labour 
 pains. Malposition of the foetus seldom ca;uses trouble, the 
 transverse presentation being the only one which gives rise 
 to mechanical difficulties. In a small bitch which has been 
 "lined" by a large dog (or one which is capable of 
 begetting large progeny by the process of "throwing 
 back ") we sometimes find difficulty, and the impediment 
 is experienced in passing over the ischium rather than at 
 the brim of the pelvis. Fractures of the ossa innominate, 
 
186 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 with displacement or extensive deposit of callus, render 
 parturition dangerous, and will sometimes necessitate the 
 adoption of spaying as a measure of precaution, as has 
 also been done with a pet bitch lined by a too-big dog. 
 However, in the latter case the chances of the progeny 
 not proving too big are generally good enough to render 
 parturition worth risking. In no circumstances more 
 than in canine obstetrics has the practitioner to remember 
 that his duty is to assist nature. The case must be inter- 
 fered with as little as is compatible with thorough exami- 
 nation, and no artificial assistance mast be resorted to 
 prematurely. The smallness of the parts in the patient 
 both render exploration difficult and the use of instru- 
 ments at once difficult and dangerous. The high nervous 
 temperament of the bitch causes severe fever to result 
 from any rough handling of the foetus in its passage, or 
 of the genital canal when thus excited. Exploration 
 must be effected by introduction of the finger, carefully 
 oiled, and it may be determined whether there is any 
 mechanical impediment to the birth of the pups, whether 
 the os uteri has properly relaxed, whether any progress 
 has been made in delivery, and, if there is impediment, 
 its nature may frequently be determined. Sometimes it 
 is necessary to draw off the urine by means of a catheter, 
 and an advantage to administer a clyster. As manipula- 
 tion is liable to remove from the genital passages the 
 viscid matter which normally lubricates them, it is neces- 
 sary in most cases to apply some emollient to the passages 
 and even to inject bland fluids into the uterine cavity. 
 When spasm of the uterus assists to keep the foetus in an 
 unsatisfactory position it is advisable to resort to a bath 
 of about 112° F. This allays irritability and relaxes the 
 parts. At the same time it proves soothing to the bitch, 
 but the condition of the patient while in the bath must 
 be carefully and constantly examined lest, collapse set in, 
 and every care must be exercised to prevent a " chill " 
 subsequent to removal. Parturition may be premature as 
 a result of fright or injury, but aboetion seldom occurs in 
 the bitch, which is a remarkable fact when we take into 
 
THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 187 
 
 consideration her high nervous organisation, and the 
 activity of her uterine movements. Her food is not liable 
 to contamination with ergot or other ecbolics. Also she 
 owes this comparative immunity to her multiparity, 
 whereby each part of the uterus acts as a semi-independent 
 foetal nourisher. Thus one foetus may die and decompose 
 without necessarily disturbing the others, and expulsion 
 of live progeny may take place after severe operation on 
 one of the uterine cornua. These multiple foetuses are of 
 small size and, as compared with those of herbivores, 
 imperfect development. However, abortion does occur ; 
 thus Fleming relates a case in a small extremely fat 
 bitch, which resulted at a late period of gestation from 
 frequently ascending and descending a steep staircase. 
 
 Delayed Parturition occurs in the case of a dead 
 foetus or when inertia uteri is present. The former state is 
 most frequent in cases of hernia uteri, as has been already 
 described. The latter also has been dealt with. Some 
 discussion has taken place with regard to the value of 
 ergot of rye as an ecbolic in canine practice. The 
 balance of evidence tends to prove that six to eight grains 
 of this agent administered every half hour to a medium- 
 sized bitch in which the uterine contractions are beginning 
 to fail, proves most useful. Of course it is not admissible 
 in cases of mechanical impediment, and should be resorted 
 to only under professional supervision. The flagging 
 powers of the bitch may be supported by brandy and beef- 
 tea, frequently administered, in doses ranging from a 
 dessertspoonful to a teaspoonful. 
 
 Operative Interference seldom is required. Embryo- 
 tomy is difficult and seldom needed, for when the foetus is 
 within reach it can usually be extracted by mild traction 
 after adj ustment. Those foetuses which lie in the depths of 
 the horns of the womb are far out of reach until moved 
 from their position into the body of the organ, and even 
 there they are barely accessible ; when the young animal 
 becomes impeded in its passage through the vagina, the 
 forceps, crochet, and other implements may be resorted 
 to. If the head is too large and incompressible, as it is 
 
188 THE DISEASES 0E THE DOG. 
 
 apt to be in the bull and pug breeds, Cepkalotomy may be 
 tried and tbe excessive size of the skull reduced after 
 evacuation of its contents by puncture or incision. Many 
 positions of the foetus which need adjustment in the 
 larger animals are manageable by direct traction in the 
 carnivore. This traction must be gentle and only at the 
 time of the throes ; the limbs may sometimes be secured 
 by a loop of worsted, but Mayhew' s parturition instrument 
 is preferable. He urges that the worsted skein sometimes 
 cuts through the limb to which it is fastened, and when 
 introduced into the vagina it soon becomes moist, adheres 
 to the finger and cannot be detached from it; whereas 
 pliable wire does not become moist and is readily adjustable. 
 
 Pia. 49. — Parturition Instrument (Mayhew). 
 
 The instrument consists of a tube of polished metal which 
 is at one end curved to suit the line of the pelvis, and at 
 the other is grooved and has a small cross-bar. Into the 
 tube a piece of zinc wire is introduced, so as to double and 
 form a loop at the bent extremity, the ends of the wire 
 coming forth at the other. One of the ends of the wire 
 is twisted into the groove so as to render it fast ; and 
 that being done the instrument may when required be 
 introduced with the loop of wire upon the point of the 
 finger, and, the paw it is to be desired to fix being felt, 
 the finger is withdrawn and the instrument moved forward. 
 The free end of the wire is then pulled to render the 
 hold firm, after which it is twisted round the projecting bar 
 and made secure. The tube assists us in guiding the 
 loop, which, being once fixed, can be made secure, and so 
 traction does not afterwards further tighten it (Mayhew, 
 
THE GENERATIVE AtPARATtJS. 189 
 
 ' ' Dogs ') . Fleming draws attention to thefact that in small 
 bitches the use of forceps increases the difficulties of 
 parturition, and that therefore extractors are, in such 
 diminutive animals, much preferable. The extractors are 
 to be fixed on the neck of the foetus with a view to the 
 exercise of direct traction. Two kinds are mentioned, 
 the complex one of Defays, and the very simple one of 
 Breulet (which closely resembles Mayhew's instrument). 
 Of forceps, as available for larger bitches, there are several 
 kinds, those like polypus forceps, such as Hill's and 
 Defays', and that modified from one in use in human 
 practice by Weber. Defays points out that it is most diffi- 
 cult to apply an instrument in shape like that of the 
 accoucheur's ordinary forceps, owing to the neck of the 
 foetus in carnivora being so thick, and the difference in 
 volume between it and head far less than in the human 
 foetus. So that when the forceps is used, the bow of the 
 blades presses on the neck, slips under the throat, and the 
 head escapes from them (Fleming, ' Obstetrics'). When the 
 pup is dead, delivery is more difficult than when living ; 
 rupture of the membrane generally occurs with those 
 which come last when several are produced at a time, but 
 ruptured membranes are almost invariably found when the 
 pup is dead. The gradual passage of a decomposed 
 foetus is much rarer in the bitch than in the cow, but it 
 occurs when the young one has been contained in a hernia. 
 The crochet, as used in extraction by Mayhew, is described 
 in the ' Veterinarian ' for 1847. It is a human crochet 
 
 Fig. 50. — Crochet (Mayhew). 
 
 altered to order. " A piece of stout steel wire, about 
 twelve inches long, flattened at one extremity. Both ends 
 are crooked and made perfectly smooth or blunt, the 
 flattened hook being the larger of the two ... As 
 the pup, in consequence of the weakness of the abdominal 
 
190 
 
 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG*. 
 Via. 52. 
 
 Fig. 53. 
 
 Figs. 51— 53.— Forceps and Extractors (Fleming). 
 
THE CSENERATIVE APPARATUS. 1Q] 
 
 Fro. 54. 
 
 Fro. 55. 
 
 Fro. 56. 
 
 Figs. 54 — 56. — Forceps and Extractors (FiBMnra). 
 
192 
 
 THE DISEASES OB 1 THE DO(3. 
 
 parietes in the bitch, often is felt lying below the level of 
 the symphysis, a dip or lateral bend is given to the hooks. 
 So simple is the crochet, which ought to be highly 
 polished in order to secure its being perfectly smooth. It 
 is first warmed and greased, then introduced with the 
 index finger of one hand, while the other guides the 
 instrument into the womb. The foetus is to be first 
 felt, and this is the more readily done if an assistant 
 supports and compresses the- abdomen. When the finger 
 has ascertained that the pup is favorably placed, the hook 
 (and I generally use the flattened extremity of the instru- 
 ment) is to be pushed forward and then retracted, until 
 the operator is aware that a firm hold has been obtained. 
 
 Fia. 57. — Foetus in its membranes (Fekming). 
 
 Chorion. In. Festal pup. h. Amnion, d. Umbilical vesicle. 
 g. Umbilical cord. b. Zonarv placenta. 
 
 The purchase being secure, the finger is to be employed 
 to prevent the foetus from escaping, by pushing it 
 against or towards the point of the crochet and holding 
 
THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 193 
 
 it there. Traction is now made steadily and in the proper 
 direction ; and the assistant at the same time, by manipu- 
 lating the belly, facilitates the delivery of the bitch, which 
 should be in a standing position, not upon its back." 
 
 The newly-born pup is from six to eight inches in length, 
 and its placental zone is remarkable for a green colour due 
 to chlorophyll. The principal other respect in which the 
 membranous appendages of the young differ from those of 
 the foal or calf is in the persistence of the umbilical vesicle 
 until birth with its considerableomphalo-mesenteric vessels. 
 This is another result of short gestation, also it has been 
 found that the bitch gives less nutriment in proportion to 
 her weight to the foetus in utero than any other of our 
 domesticated animals. 
 
 Monstrous conditions of pups, although by no means 
 rare, are not often the cause of difficult parturition. The 
 irregularity in development and form generally appears 
 as excess in number of digits, deficiencies of digits or 
 limbs, absence of face, and other minor additions to, or 
 defects of, parts. The comparative infrequence of double 
 foetuses may depend on the several in a multiparous 
 animal occupying their respective divisions of the uterine 
 cavity, whereas in animals ordinarily uniparous twin progeny 
 lie together in the cavity of the womb. This explanation, 
 of course, would not suffice in the case of a double ovum. 
 It will be enough if we here notice two irregularities with 
 regard to the development and position of the foetus. 
 Moles or anidian monsters have been found by Rainard in 
 the uterus of the bitch, most frequently in the last dilata- 
 tion of one of the horns, rarely in both, " and sometimes 
 between two dilatations which contain living foetuses. 
 They are spheroidal, soft, irregular in shape, and look like 
 flesh ; they appear to be composed of fibres running in 
 every direction. In the dilatation of the horn containing 
 them, traces of a zonular uterine placenta have been 
 observed." They were considered embryos of checked or 
 perverted development. Extra-uterine Foetation. — A case 
 is on record in which a foetus, of which the skeleton only 
 seemed to remain, was found in the mesentery of a small 
 
 13 
 
194 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 bitch, thirteen years old ; it could hardly have been a 
 foetus in foetu. Carter, of Burnley, describes ( c Veterin- 
 arian/ 1885, p. 403) a case of tubal foetation in a mastiff 
 bitch. For six months or more since pupping, she had 
 an offensive greenish-yellow discharge through the vagina j 
 she died suddenly. Post-mortem examination showed the 
 uterus much distended with pus, its lining membrane 
 flabby, pale, and thickened, and with numerous, short, 
 fawn-coloured hairs firmly embedded in its substance. 
 The left Fallopian tube very much elongated and distended 
 in its centre, resembling a horse's stomach in shape, con- 
 taining pus and six bones (humerus, sacrum, and four 
 cranial), completely ossified and partially covered with 
 fawn-coloured hair. The lining membrane of the tube was 
 thickened, corrugated, and deeply grooved ; probably 
 earlier in this case an " abdominal tumour/' supposed to 
 be uterine, might have been diagnosed and the Cesarean 
 operation performed. This most formidable effort of 
 surgery has been frequently attempted in emergency on 
 the bitch, generally without success, because only after the 
 vital powers have begun to flag. The fatality to the 
 mother is put at 60 per cent, by Franck, who considers 
 that this might be lessened if the operation were performed 
 on the right side, and with antiseptic precautions. He 
 quotes four cases out of forty-eight in all, in which the 
 female and one or more of the young were preserved alive ; 
 of these four patients three were bitches. Feser has 
 recorded* a case in which three puppies were extracted 
 through an incision made in the left flank ; a live one from 
 each cornu, and a dead one, with its head turned back, 
 from the body of the womb. The uterus and Fallopian 
 tubes were removed with the ecraseur,the arteries ligatured, 
 the abdominal wound sutured, and ice applied. In sixteen 
 days the bitch had quite recovered, and the pups were 
 reared artificially. The same operator saved four puppies 
 and the bitch in another case similarly treated. Adamf 
 
 * 'Thierarztliche Mittheilungen der Munchenerschule,' H. Hi, pp. 296 and 
 298. 
 
 t ' Briefliche Mittheilung.' 
 
THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. ' 195 
 
 successfully operated from the linea alba behind the 
 umbilicus. The bitch again became pregnant, but died in 
 pupping. The indications for " gastro-hysterotomy " are : 
 — that delivery per vias naturales be impracticable, either 
 through mechanical impediment or on account of the foetal 
 mass being too large or impacted, that the patient be not 
 too exhausted to rally (even then it may be performed 
 to save the puppies), that the animal has no chance of safe 
 natural delivery. The operation is a laparotomy per- 
 formed in the usual manner, and the incision into the 
 uterus should be closed with catgut sutures, or, when con- 
 sidered necessary, the whole organ should be removed. 
 Cases of uterine hernia are those in which this operation 
 is most frequently performed with benefit on the bitch. 
 
 The After-Treatment of Parturient Animals is simple 
 in the extreme ; it consists in avoidance of deleterious influ- 
 ences, in good feeding, dry housing, and not too great a 
 strain on the milking powers. When there is a large family 
 of pups, a foster-mother may be required for some of them, 
 for a bitch required to bring up too many whelps will 
 suffer from the constitutional strain in supplying enough 
 milk and will be liable to epilepsy. It should be remem- 
 bered that the milk of the foster-mother may convey 
 disease, and even, it is considered, constitutional peculiari- 
 ties, to the suckler. When a bitch will not take to a 
 foster-pup she may generally be persuaded to do so by 
 removal of her own and by sprinkling the youngster with 
 some of her milk. The bitch often devours the foetal 
 membranes, and, by a strange perversion of natural instinct, 
 may kill and eat her own progeny. This very unsatis- 
 factory tendency is much more marked in some females 
 than in others, and has been attributed to indigestion and 
 thirst. Such an animal should receive a cathartic or 
 emetic dose and be carefully watched; the desire to do 
 mischief to the young will soon pass off. She should be 
 kept quiet. 
 
 There is for some days after parturition a discharge 
 from the vagina, the lochia corresponding to those of the 
 human female ; the modified portions of the uterine 
 
196 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 membrane, decidua vera, which lay against the placentae, 
 are shed, and the womb gradually resumes its ordinary 
 non-pregnant characters. 
 
 Appendix. — Organs and Process op Lactation and 
 their Disorders. 
 
 The mammary glands are eight to ten in number, 
 arranged in double series along the under surface of the 
 trunk, four being pectoral, four abdominal, and two 
 inguinal. They are simple as compared with the elaborate 
 corresponding organs in the cow, but, nevertheless, each is 
 a small complete gland and has a teat with orifices 
 numbering from eight to ten. The milk produced by 
 these organs is specially rich, containing a very consider- 
 ably larger proportion of solids than that of almost any 
 other domesticated animal, the preponderance being in 
 casein and fatty matters. Fleming alludes to an idea 
 prevalent in a part of France where women suckle puppies, 
 that the latter suffer from rickets when thus weaned. 
 The use of pups by women to remove surplus milk from 
 their mammae is also adopted in Burma, where small 
 fancy dogs are much appreciated for the purpose. 
 
 Retention of Milk is apt to occur when non-parturient 
 animals commence to have activity of the mammary 
 glands, or in those mammae which are least appreciated by 
 the pups (generally the pectorals). Such retained milk is 
 very apt to form small hard concretions in the teats which 
 obstruct the flow of any milk subsequently formed, and 
 so may give rise to so-called " milk abscess." To avoid 
 this the teats should be regularly examined, and any excess 
 of secretion removed by pressure from above downwards. 
 The state of these parts should be constantly looked to in 
 every bitch suckling pups, or in which any signs of 
 spurious pregnancy have been manifested. If these con- 
 cretions actually have formed, the best treatment is prompt 
 surgical removal, which, although it seems somewhat 
 heroic in principle, will be found the best plan in the long 
 
THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 197 
 
 run. If they be very soft and evidently recent, good may 
 result from alkaline injections into the milk-ducts, but 
 this is a difficult and tedious process and good very seldom 
 results from it. Mammitis may be produced by these 
 accumulations when they are left unattended to, and very 
 serious tumours of the gland may follow. Mammitis 
 results from injuries and from exposure during lactation, 
 in addition to the above-mentioned cause. It gives rise 
 to serious and extensive changes in the affected gland, 
 which changes are often described as scirrhous cancer, and 
 the parts removed accordingly. Inflammation of one of 
 these glands is readily detectable by high fever and the 
 local signs of inflammation. The milk from the affected 
 gland or glands will sometimes be found bloody and is 
 generally mixed with pus. The results of the disorder are 
 obstinate lacteal fistulse, openings of the sinuses at the 
 base of the teats (through which milk constantly drains and 
 proves an impediment to healing) or abscess, or induration 
 with functional obliteration of the gland. Ordinary anti- 
 phlogistic treatment having been carefully and diligently 
 resorted to in the acute stages, further measures must be 
 adapted to the progress of the case. Abscesses must be 
 freely opened ; scirrhous parts must be dressed with 
 tincture of iodine or with iodide of potassium ointment. 
 Fortunately, obliteration of one of the mammae is not so 
 serious a matter in the bitch as is " loss of a quarter " in 
 a cow. Malignant Growths are frequent in the mammas 
 of the bitch, although probably less so than is generally 
 supposed, as ordinary indurations of the glands are taken 
 for them. It is certain that a simple inflammation of one 
 of the glands may determine the development of malignant 
 growth in it. The same result is apt to follow injury, as 
 by the pups in suckling, blows, kicks, and other violence. 
 Malignancy is determined by the rapid growth of the 
 injured part and by its undergoing ulceration as a result 
 of even slight contusions or wounds after inflamma- 
 tion has been controlled ; surgical removal is the only 
 treatment to be relied on in such cases. The excision of 
 a cancerous gland is conducted on general surgical prin- 
 
198 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 ciples j the operation is severe. It should be performed 
 under chloroform, and all haemorrhage zealously controlled 
 by styptics. Unless all the cancerous growth be removed 
 at once it is very apt to grow again rapidly. Tumours in 
 the Mammary Gland vary much in their characters ; 
 perhaps the most remarkable change which they undergo 
 is into spiculse of bone.* This is not uncommon. The 
 system of the patient operated on for these tumours will 
 generally require support by good food and a course of 
 tonics. We can " dry up " a bitch by removing the pups 
 and giving a cathartic, and milking daily. The teats are 
 sometimes the seat of Warty Growths and obstinate 
 Cracks, but these lesions are rare in the bitch, and 
 resemble those seen in other species and need the same 
 treatment. 
 
 * Ainslie recorded an interesting ease in the ' Veterinary Record ' for 1847, 
 p. 206. 
 
CHAPTER IX.— THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 Ail the evidence available tends to show that the dog, 
 more than any other of our domesticated animals, is liable 
 to disorder of the nervous system, especially of the central 
 masses of the cerebro-spinal portion. The brain is specially 
 well developed in the species Canis, much more so, too, in 
 some breeds than in others.* Thus the ladies' toy terrier, 
 the pug, the Italian greyhound, and other fancy strains, 
 have larger brains in proportion to their bodies than have 
 dogs of the chase. In some this cerebral development is 
 all but abnormal, and is associated with high nervous 
 temperament, which must be taken into consideration both 
 in manipulation and treatment of the animal. There can 
 be no doubt that such dogs sometimes feign to be ill, that 
 they sometimes make simple cases seem very urgent by 
 their demeanour, that they require to be dealt with firmly 
 but gently, and not allowed to take advantage ; moreover, 
 we must regulate any doses and medicines used by careful 
 consideration of the special temperament of the patient. 
 A harsh word may throw a dog into convulsions, and 
 rough, hasty approach of the canine surgeon will often 
 bring about a most intense state of nervous excitement. 
 Newralgia, even, has been described in the bitch. Fleming 
 records the case of an Irish setter in which fits of howling 
 and screaming indicative of pain used to come on suddenly, 
 and the head was bent to one side when she moved. She 
 gradually rose up on her hind legs, fell backwards, and 
 lay howling for a considerable time. No cause could be 
 
 * Master MacGrath, the celebrated Irish greyhound, had a very large brain 
 for a dog of his breed, but not exceptional for the species. Arloing has 
 utilised the conclusions arrived at by physiologists as to cerebral localisation 
 successfully for exact diagnosis of cerebral lesions in dogs. 
 
200 THE DISEASES 0E THE DOG. 
 
 found sufficient to account for these peculiar symptoms, 
 but a cathartic dose and a blister along the side of the 
 face, followed by carbolic applications, effected a perfect 
 cure.* Williams alludes, in his 'Veterinary Medicine,' 
 to there being certainly some instances of what might be 
 considered aberrations of intellect or morbid fancies, espe- 
 cially in the dog, whereby the docile become ferocious, the 
 good-tempered irritable, and the intelligent stupid, and not- 
 withstanding the varieties in temperament and intelligence 
 of animals the purely mental diseases are absent. There 
 can be no doubt, considering the high mental qualities 
 shown by some dogs and the zeal with which they parti- 
 cipate in our sports and labours, that the study of nervous 
 disorders in them is at present in a very elementary state. 
 There are certain conditions which are symptoms of disease 
 rather than independent pathological states which must 
 be now dealt with. Epilepsy is of frequent occurrence, 
 and it is commonly spoken of as " fits." It is a loss of 
 consciousness associated with convulsions dependent on 
 irritation either directly of the central nervous organs or 
 peripheral. Thus it is seen in young animals from teeth- 
 ing or worms, and sometimes occurs in the bitch from 
 parturition. A depraved state of the blood, as in dis- 
 temper, may cause it, and not unfrequently it results from 
 ansemic or plethoric states. When a bitch is overmilked 
 by too many pups being kept on her, or by want of proper 
 nutrition, she is apt to have fits which may prove fatal. 
 Blows on the head induce changes of the brain-substance 
 and membranes indicated by epilepsy, and it is seen to 
 follow unusual exertion or excitement, especially in animals 
 " out of condition." Thus, sporting dogs suffer from 
 epilepsy at the commencement of the season, and it is 
 found in carriage dogs, especially when the weather is 
 hot. Constipation is a predisposing cause, and Dr. Brown- 
 Sequard has proved that it may depend on lesions of the 
 spinal cord. Symptoms, — The fits most frequently come 
 on when the animal has been exerting itself. Its pace 
 becomes slow and it looks distressed, although it appa- 
 * Hill's 'Dog.' 
 
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 201 
 
 rently was in perfect health at starting. It soon falls, 
 and its limbs are rigid and quivering or violently convulsed, 
 it foams at the mouth, champs the jaws, and may bite its 
 tongue severely ; its eyes protrude, or the lids are closed 
 and the eyeballs rolling spasmodically, or some strabismus 
 is present. Urine and faeces are expelled involuntarily, and, 
 rarely, sweats moisten the body. The pulse is irregular in 
 the extreme, very fast, and sometimes imperceptible ; the 
 respiration is stertorous. The fit may pass off in a very 
 short time, five minutes to a quarter of an hour, and the 
 animal seem dazed and inclined to run away, or very 
 weak and anxious to sleep. In other cases there is a 
 succession of fits, which may prove fatal. Diagnosis. — 
 These fits are erroneously considered rabies, and many 
 dogs have been destroyed for them accordingly. The 
 popular idea of " mad dogs " foaming at the mouth and 
 falling in fits, also biting anyone touching them during 
 convulsions, and running away, is exactly realised by the 
 phenomena in epilepsy, but, as we have previously seen, the 
 rabid dog does not generally show its disease in this way. 
 A distinction is sometimes drawn between attacks of epi- 
 lepsy as above described and those of Vertigo, in which 
 there are no convulsions but simple syncope, a temporary 
 loss of consciousness, or fainting fit lasting a few minutes 
 and leaving the animal apparently as well as ever, though 
 a little dazed. Vertigo is attributed by Williams to 
 disease of the heart or pericardium, by Hill to tight collars, 
 bronchocele, and stomach disorder. To these must be 
 added liver derangement (especially softening), one of the 
 principal causes of the giddiness in the tropics. Megnin 
 has described an epileptiform disease of dogs which proved 
 to be auricular acariasis and must not be mistaken for true 
 epilepsy. Treatment. — In slight cases of epilepsy, and in 
 vertigo, such simple measures as cold water applications 
 to the head and quietude, also loosening the collar will 
 suffice, but invariably some change should be made in the 
 management of the animal. Mayhew, in his usual curious 
 style, draws attention to some of the rough-and-ready 
 suggestions which are likely to be made to the owner of a 
 
202 
 
 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 dog which becomes affected with a fit in the public 
 thoroughfares ; such are to lance the mouth, slit the ear, 
 cut a piece of the tail off, give a full dose of salt and water 
 or a lump of tobacco, or throw the patient into an adjacent 
 pond, or rub his nose with syrup of buckthorn. It will be 
 observed that some of these measures are directed to the 
 removal of blood, which is seldom necessary. Mayhew's 
 suggestion that in hot weather owners walking with dogs 
 in the country should always carry about with them 
 laudanum, ether, and an injection syringe to administer a 
 dose with, will hardly be adopted, although he, "armed with 
 this, fearlessly faced the disorder which other veterinary 
 surgeons dread." The animal should, when seized with 
 a fit, be secured to prevent his running away when it is 
 over, cold water should be thrown on his head, and pro- 
 tection from the sun afforded. He should then be taken 
 home or to an infirmary quietly, and a dose of cathartic 
 medicine given. Strict attention to hygienic measures, and 
 the removal of all operative causes of this disorder, will be 
 of benefit, and belladonna or chloral may be resorted to 
 in cases when the fits tend to be successive. In chronic 
 tendency to fits the effects of a seton or a blister to the 
 
 Pig. 58.— Superior. 
 
 FIG. 59.— Inferior. 
 
 Pig. 60.— Inner. 
 
 Fig. 61.— Outer. 
 
 Figs 58—61. — Aspects of cerebral hemispheres of cat (life size). 
 
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 Pig. 62. — Superior. 
 
 203 
 
 Pig. 63.— Inferior. 
 
 ^2te 
 
 Pig. 64.— Inner. 
 
 JsL Wm j 
 
 
 Pig. 65.— Outer. 
 
 Pigs. 62 — 65. — Aspects of cerebral hemispheres of dog (life size). 
 
204 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 head should be tried and the patient put through a course 
 of nitrate of silver in quarter-grain doses, or of sulphate of 
 iron or bromide of potassium. 
 
 Apoplexy, the extravasation of blood on or in the brain, 
 is occasionally seen in the dog as an after-effect of 
 parturition. In short-necked dogs, too, it results from 
 tight collars or the animal straining at his chain in hot 
 weather, it may supervene on severe exertion during 
 summer, and it is seen in many cases of sunstroke, especially 
 those which last for a long period ; plethora and insufficient 
 exercise for some time predispose to it, and it especially 
 occurs in dogs which are fat and somewhat old, probably 
 a consequence of degenerative changes in the walls of 
 their cerebral blood-vessels either from senility or adiposity. 
 It is said to follow severe straining in obstinate consti- 
 pation and also in parturition. In the latter case it is 
 also attributable to other causes. Thus sudden suppression 
 of milk in an animal at about the time it is giving birth 
 to pups, premature deprivation of the young, and a 
 plethoric state of the body before lying in, are the special 
 causes operative in this case. In typical cerebral apoplexy, 
 the pulse is slow and full, but we very seldom get 
 uncomplicated cases of this disorder ; thus, with the sudden 
 and complete loss of consciousness which results when the 
 cerebral vessels give way, there may be found a quick 
 small pulse. The breathing is usually stertorous and 
 the pupil dilated, the visible mucous membrane congested, 
 and urine and faeces passed involuntarily. These symptoms 
 may be complicated with those of coma or with a certain 
 amount of delirium. Treatment consists in the prompt 
 administration of the pure stimulants, such as ammonia, 
 the narcotics being avoided, since they tend to increase 
 the cerebral congestion. Cold water should be applied to 
 the head directly the animal becomes unconscious, and 
 this is a case in which general bleeding is likely to be 
 attended with benefit. Later, a blister to the upper part 
 of the head may effect some good result, but the patient 
 generally dies before it has time to act. In the parturient 
 form death is less rapid, and, indeed, the symptoms are 
 
THE NERVO0S SYSTEM. 205 
 
 very complicated. The main resource in such cases should 
 be stimulants in small doses frequently repeated, a full 
 cathartic, and careful removal of any milk formed in the 
 mammae. It seems to be generally accepted that this 
 parturient apoplexy is the same as the disease of that, name 
 which affects the cow ; but that is a point which certainly 
 has not been proved, indeed it is doubtful whether any 
 true apoplectic lesions take place in the majority of cases, 
 the disease seems more a puerperal fever. 
 
 Injuries to the Head induce cerebral symptoms varying 
 with the amount of the lesions and their distribution. In 
 addition to the more superficial effects, the following may 
 be noted : concussion of the brain, compression, lesions of 
 the meninges, and apoplexy. The animal in either case 
 is usually prostrated by the blow, and it requires great 
 care to determine the exact degree of injury in the dog. 
 It is generally considered that the stunned condition, loss 
 of motor and sensory power, which results immediately on 
 the injury, is due to concussion, that insensibility and 
 apoplectic symptoms occurring a short time after the 
 injury, are the result of extravasations, and that they are 
 also found in compression due to a depressed portion of 
 bone in fracture. As in true apoplexy, the compressed 
 part of the brain may in time accommodate itself to the 
 pressure on its surface, and recovery take place, but often 
 with the unequal power of the two sides of the body 
 indicated by the animal involuntarily inclining towards the 
 side where the compression has occurred. In a case 
 described by Professor Simonds, the skull of which is in 
 the museum of the London College, there was permanent 
 derangement of the locomotory powers after fracture of 
 the skull of a toy terrier by a quoit parallel with and to 
 one side of the sagittal suture, and the successful removal 
 of the depressed fragment. The animal when called used 
 to wag its tail and run in the opposite direction. In cases 
 of concussion, the loss of consciousness gradually wears off, 
 and there is a tendency to the development of indications 
 of inflammatory disorder of the encephalon. In such an 
 emergency the animal should be kept very quiet, and his 
 
206 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 head bathed constantly with cold water, leeches may be 
 applied to it, and in cases taken early, even small doses 
 of Liq. Ammonias given. The injury should receive the 
 most careful attention, it should be fully explored with a 
 view to the detection of fracture and removal of the de- 
 pressed portions with the elevator and trephine, sec. art. It 
 should then be treated antiseptically and so as to control any 
 tendency to inflammation. The supervention of Encepha- 
 litis will be indicated by excitement, and convulsions, 
 followed at a short interval by coma and paralysis, 
 according as the meninges and the brain-substance are 
 gradually involved. An interesting case of injury to the 
 brain and its membranes is recorded in the ' Veterinarian/ 
 1843, from M. Leblane. Although given in extenso by 
 Touatt and Hill it will bear summary here. Autopsy 
 showed that the meninges of the left cerebral lobe were 
 not thicker than one membrane usually is, and the corre- 
 sponding brain-substance seemed firmer than normal. The 
 cerebral fissures and vessels of the left lobe were small. 
 The patient was three years old and subject to epilepsy. 
 His final fit was followed by a loss of the usual lively 
 appearance of the eye, and the eyelids being often closed 
 and the animal spiritless, drowsy, and subject to clonic 
 spasms of the muscles of the head and chest. He always 
 lay on his left side, and in walking he exhibited a marked 
 propensity to turn to the left. He latterly gyrated to the 
 left and kept walking until worn out. He continued his 
 course regardless of obstacles, and at last he seemed to 
 simply turn as on a pivot to the left. He became very 
 thin. Messrs. Gowing ( f Veterinarian,' 1870) relate a case 
 of effusion of pus into the left arachnoid sac, probably the 
 result of injury. The dura mater was diseased and there 
 was a recent haemorrhagic clot in the left corpus striatum . 
 The patient had lost his sight, both pupils being dilated ; 
 he advanced cautiously, inclining neither to right nor left, 
 and was obedient to his master's call. He slightly 
 recovered use of the left eye. He fell somewhat suddenly 
 on the left side after this improvement, and the muscles 
 of his neck became rigid, and his nose pointing upwards. 
 
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 207 
 
 He soon afterwards died. In encephalitis but little can 
 be done beyond cold applications to the head, enemata 
 and laxatives, and the administration of aconite or prussic 
 acid in small doses frequently repeated. In chronic cases, 
 such as the two above referred to, counter-irritation by 
 setons, blisters, &c, may be resorted to, and the bromide 
 of potassium given internally. 
 
 Hydrocephalus, dropsy of the meninges or of the ven- 
 tricles of the brain, seems to be invariably congenital, and 
 especially found in high-bred artificial varieties, such as 
 French poodles and toy terriers. In a case given in detail 
 in the ' Veterinary Record,' vol. iii, the animal was three 
 months old ; he lay on his side and made frequent ineffec- 
 tual attempts to rise ; in doing so he struck his head 
 against the ground. Placed on his feet he ran with his 
 head down, crossing his legs, reeling to and fro, and at 
 last fell. His appetite was ravenous, and on anything 
 being put in his mouth he would grind his teeth most 
 painfully. His special senses were unaffected. If he 
 attempted to look up his eyes rolled upwards. He was 
 destroyed, as all such patients should be. Somnolence, 
 lethargic movements, and a want of vigour are found in 
 these cases, and generally paralysis precedes their early 
 death. 
 
 Parasites have been found in the cranium of the dog, 
 but they are rare. They give rise to the symptoms of 
 increasing compression, such as inclination to walk in a 
 circle, gradual loss of sight, dulness, and want of vigour. 
 The parasite is the gid hydatid {Gsewwrus cerebralis), that 
 which is found so often in the sheep. 
 
 The spinal cord of the dog is disordered in very many 
 cases, and in certain blood diseases, such as rabies, dis- 
 temper, and rheumatism, it is specially liable to derange- 
 ment. Paralysis, either general or local, is in the t dog 
 more frequently a sequela or concomitant of these diseases 
 than due to other causes, and it generally when local 
 assumes the form of paraplegia, although hemiplegia also 
 is seen more frequently than in the horse or ox. Not 
 only is paralysis from direct derangement of the cord 
 
208 THE DISEASES 0» THE DOG. 
 
 found in the dog, but also the excentric or reflex form. 
 Thus teething, irritation from worms in the alimentary 
 canal, and pregnancy, also accumulation of hard irritant 
 faeces in the large intestine, may cause more or less com- 
 plete paralysis. The frequency of paralysis in connection 
 with inflammatory or other painful disorders in the bowels 
 in the dog is a point of interest and importance. Acute 
 palsy in him is very frequently accompanied by vomition 
 and intestinal pains. Amaurosis may be present in 
 paralysed animals ; both motion and sensation or either of 
 them may be lost either completely or partially. As 
 almost every form of debility in the dog culminates in the 
 loss of motor power, especially of the hind limbs, so the 
 anaemia of extreme obesity will be found a fruitful source 
 of paralysis. Treatment consists in determining the cause 
 of the loss of power and its removal. The cause may be 
 depressed fracture, injury to nerves or spinal cord, 
 derangement of the alimentary canal, and so on. When 
 the special cause of the case has been removed or palliated, 
 a cathartic may be given with a view to the expulsion of 
 any possible source of irritation from the bowels. The 
 animal must receive simple but nutrient food, be kept warm 
 and treated with tonics. "When the loss of power is persis- 
 tent or recurrent, counter-irritation must be applied over the 
 part supposed to be injured or the main seat of disease. 
 Blisters or setons thus prove useful. In confirmed cases 
 electric shocks have been resorted to with benefit, and 
 strychnia in half-grain doses has assisted to restore the 
 animal to health. In acute cases, where much irritation of 
 the cord and its membranes has to be dealt with, hydro- 
 cyanic acid doses may be tried. We must always 
 remember that in the dog paralysis is very liable to 
 recur, and that, therefore, a course of iodide of potassium 
 (internally and externally) is likely to be of benefit to 
 promote absorption of deposits. During the progress of 
 these cases the liability of the patient to bedsores must be 
 constantly kept in mind; he should be frequently turned over 
 from the side on which he is recumbent. The urine may be 
 drawn off with a catheter frequently. Youatt relates an 
 
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 209 
 
 interesting case in which skin disease and paralysis alter- 
 nated with one another. Blaine speaks of the operation 
 of acupuncturation for long-continued rheumatic weakness 
 of the loins and hind extremities. In one case " a needle 
 was introduced nearly half an inch into the muscular 
 masses in three separate parts of the back opposite the 
 psose muscles with but trifling amendment, but the intro- 
 duction of it into the inner and outer surfaces of the 
 thighs, rather more than half an inch, was more bene- 
 ficial." Laxatives, light diet, and careful exercise are very 
 conducive to recovery when the loss of power is but 
 partial.* In the ' Veterinarian ' for 1878, at p. 780, are 
 recorded M. Mauri's views on locomotor ataxy in the 
 dog. He is a careful and experienced observer, worthy 
 of close attention. He has described as puerperal 
 eclampsia a disorder of the nervous system, of which he 
 has recorded a number of instances, as quoted in Fleming's 
 'Veterinary Obstetrics.' The patient generally became 
 affected some twelve or fifteen days after pupping, and 
 the symptoms supervened suddenly. They were anxiety, 
 panting, tongue pendent, and frothy saliva flowing from 
 the mouth, consciousness, mucous membranes congested j 
 sometimes plaintive cries and restlessness. Urine sup- 
 pressed ; bowels constipated. These general signs were 
 associated with clonic spasms -of the limbs, or paraplegia, 
 or a certain amount of want of control over the move- 
 ments of the limbs, and sometimes the eyes roll in the 
 sockets. These symptoms disappeared almost as rapidly 
 as they set in, generally as a result of narcotic doses and 
 sinapisms along the spine. Eecovery is sometimes pre- 
 ceded by profound coma. In a case recorded by 
 Lafitte, supposed to be of this disease, the two pups suck- 
 ling the patient suffered, one, a female, died after three 
 attacks on successive days, the other, a male, had two 
 attacks. 
 
 Chorea (or 8t. Vitus' s dance) is a general affection of 
 the nervous system which is found in especial relations 
 * Stross, of the Vienna School, has placed on record a case of spinal pachy- 
 meningitis in the dog. 
 
 14 
 
210 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 with a debilitated state of the constitution in general. 
 Thus it most frequently follows the depraved and im- 
 poverished condition of the blood seen in distemper, 
 although it is said also to immediately follow injury invol- 
 ving the cerebro-spinal central masses. It may be 
 general or local, and the latter usually terminates in the 
 former. One limb only may be affected or both fore or 
 both hind. In yet other instances the muscles of the face 
 only are involved. The derangement consists in clonic 
 spasms which may persist even during sleep. The general 
 disorder is described as a paralysis agitans and usually 
 proves fatal, but the more local varieties of the disease 
 are often amenable to treatment. The effect produced on 
 the appearance and actions of the animal by the clonic 
 spasms is characteristic ; the patient is often highly irri- 
 table, and he cries plaintively in his sleep. In other cases 
 he seems in excellent spirits and has a very good appetite ; 
 the constant motion wears him out and he succumbs to 
 exhaustion, preceded in most cases by paralysis. Dr. 
 Growers and Mr. Sankey have examined the pathological 
 anatomy in canine chorea and reported their results before 
 the Royal Med. and Chir. Society of London (vide ' Veteri- 
 nary Journal,' vol. v). They examined two cases. In 
 one the movements were confined to one foreleg. In it 
 the medulla oblongata was normal, and the other centres 
 were but slightly affected. On examination of the spinal 
 cord it was found that the large cells of the cervical 
 region were very granular and appeared swollen, more so 
 on the right side than on the left ; there was a slight 
 increase in the minute nuclei of the anterior (inferior) 
 right column ; in the anterior lumbar region the nerve- 
 cells of the right superior vesicular column were more 
 granular than those of the left. The second case was a 
 sequela of distemper. The twitchings were general, the 
 limbs, especially the hind ones, were very weak and the 
 sensibility of especially the posterior part of the body was 
 diminished. Extensive disease of the spinal cord, medulla 
 oblongata, and cerebellum was found, there being an infil- 
 tration of round lymphoid cells like leucocytes. Areas so 
 
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 211 
 
 infiltrated were abundant in both the grey and white 
 substance of all parts of the cord, the distribution varying 
 much. The infiltration was in the form of ramifying 
 tracts corresponding to the course of the vessels and was 
 probably leucocytal. Some of the nerve-cells were very 
 granular, others surrounded by lymphoid cells. Some had 
 a granular centre and ill- defined boundary, and in some 
 many vacuoles encroached on the protoplasm ; these 
 vacuoles are possibly of some pathological significance. 
 A similar infiltration of the medulla and cerebellum, but 
 slighter, was found. In each case the effect of section of 
 the spinal cord was tried ; in the slighter case the move- 
 ments continued for a few moments after pithing, in the 
 other artificial respiration was kept up and no movements 
 occurred in the parts below the section. This is not in 
 accordance with the results of other similar experiments. 
 The only morbid appearance common to the two cases 
 was change in the nerve-cells of the cord ; this is probably 
 primary, the vascular changes and infiltration being secon- 
 dary ; whether the infiltration results from vascular dis- 
 turbance or is due to overaction of the cells is uncertain. 
 This detailed account of a careful examination of the cen- 
 tral nervous organs in chorea by competent observers, arid 
 with elaborate modern appliances and methods, fills a 
 gap in the pathology of the dog. Its result is not alto- 
 gether satisfactory ; it amounts to the conclusion that in 
 chorea we find granular degeneration of the nerve-cells, 
 atrophy of the central organs. The cessation of function 
 in these cells may be evanescent, due to something dele- 
 terious in the blood, for Dr. Harley has produced chorea 
 artificially in the dog by administration of the alkaloid 
 cryptopia ; the clonic spasms came on about half an hour 
 after administration of the drug and ceased only when it 
 was eliminated. Treatment must be essentially directed 
 to supporting the system of the animal and determining 
 the flow of blood to the brain and spinal cord. The latter 
 process in acute cases may be accomplished by blisters 
 along the course of the spine, or the insertion of a seton 
 either in the region of the loins or in the poll. Asafcetida 
 
212 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 doses have been given with benefit in this stage. Blaine 
 advocates the cold bath and Hill the hot ; enemata are 
 certainly useful. The iron salts are beneficial, especially 
 in the more confirmed cases, and cod-liver oil may be given 
 as a nutrient tonic ; but nitrate of silver (half grain) and 
 strychnia (one tenth grain), long continued and given with 
 caution, are the only agents likely to benefit in confirmed 
 cases. Good and carefully selected, well-prepared food 
 must be administered throughout the attack. The prospect 
 of recovery is best in young patients. 
 
 Cramp is a physiological condition known as tonic 
 spasm of a limited number of muscular fibres either 
 of the involuntary or voluntary character. This may be 
 a result of conditions either of the muscle, nerve, or 
 central nervous organ. It is seen in rheumatism, in some 
 forms of poisoning, and in dogs exposed to cold when 
 heated by exertion or when swimming. The hind limbs 
 are most frequently affected. It is acutely painful. The 
 anti-spasmodic dose resorted to in such cases should con- 
 sist of opium, ether, and camphor. The patient should 
 be put in a warm bath and afterwards wrapped up in 
 flannel. The cramp soon disappears, but is liable to recur. 
 A timely dose of alcohol and local friction will be bene- 
 ficial. Dogs liable to cramp should be kept in dry warm 
 kennels. 
 
 Tetanus, as Blaine shows, is extremely rare in the dog, 
 and that thoughtful comparative pathologist pertinently 
 remarks that this is an extraordinary fact considering the 
 liability of the dog to nervous disorders. The most 
 familiar form is the opisthotonos induced by strychnia 
 poisoning, in which the limbs are rigid and quivering, the 
 jaws fixed, often biting the tongue, the back spasmodically 
 curved so that the head and tail are elevated and remain 
 so. The animal is in acute agony, and the angles 
 of the mouth retracted, giving the expression a sardonic 
 grin. After death the body is so stiff that it may be held 
 out straight by the tail, and it does not decompose readily. 
 Youatt gives an account of two cases in which the body 
 was curled to one side {pleurosthotonos). Both idiopathic 
 
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 213 
 
 and traumatic cases have been recorded as affecting the 
 dog. We know as little about the pathology of tetanus 
 in this animal as in others. Coats finds on post-mortem 
 examination in tetanus the central nervous organs hyper- 
 semic. In the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, 
 corpora quadrigemina, and corpora striata, a granular 
 material around the vessels, probably an exudation. In 
 the medulla oblongata a longitudinal vessel at the posterior 
 part was noted as especially affected, and here, as in 
 other parts, there were occasional hemorrhages. In 
 the convolutions an exudation of a yellow fluid outside 
 the smallest vessels, the medium ones (those most affected 
 in the cord and medulla oblongata) having mostly escaped. 
 And with regard to treatment it has been shown that if the 
 animal be left in a state of perfect quietude and repose he 
 may recover, but if subjected to officious treatment he will 
 most certainly die. 
 
 The above-described are the principal nervous disorders 
 of the dog ; those to which the nerves and the sympathetic 
 centres are liable have not yet been made the subject of 
 special study. Neurotomies and nerve-graftings have 
 been performed only by physiologists for experimental 
 purposes ; they are not yet embraced within the domain 
 of curative surgery. 
 
CHAPTEK X.— THE OKGANS OF SPECIAL 
 
 SENSE. 
 
 The Eye of the dog differs from that of the horse in 
 several respects interesting from an anatomical point of 
 view. The globe of the eye is almost spherical and 
 the pupil is circular. The retractor muscle consists of 
 four strips and thus is much less largely developed. The 
 cartilago nictitans is much thinner and more membranous. 
 The upper part of the margin of the orbit is ligamentous, 
 not bony. The iris is devoid of corpora nigra, the 
 tapetum lucidum is whitish with a blunt edge, and the 
 retina differs to an extent in histological detail. Un- 
 doubtedly the physiology of the organ in the two animals 
 differs materially in special points, such as refraction, focal 
 distances, and so on. Of diseases and accidents some 
 special forms are seen in the dog. 
 
 A form of Ulceration of the Eyelids which accompanies 
 mange is described by Blaine. It is denoted by obstinate 
 swelling and loss of hair. On examination minute 
 openings are detectable, and in a long-standing case he was 
 compelled to inject nitrate of silver solution into these ; 
 however, generally the disease yields to an ointment of the 
 nitrate of mercury, and prevention of rubbing and scratch- 
 ing the eye with the foot when the eye is " watery," 
 profuse and persistent lachrymation being present. This 
 sometimes depends on entropion, which Braun has success- 
 fully treated by excision of an elliptical portion of skin from 
 the lower eyelid ('Thierarzt. Mittheilungen') . Williams 
 considers ectropion rare in the dog as compared with 
 entropium and always as affecting the lower lid. Entro- 
 pium he finds frequent in pointers and setters. He speaks 
 of trichiasis as frequent in dogs. Careful examination 
 
THE ORGAN S OF SPECIAL SENSE. 215 
 
 for injury to the conjunctiva, or the presence of foreign 
 bodies between the lids, should be made; these causes being 
 absent, examination should next be made to determine 
 whether Obstruction of the Lachrymal Dqct is present. 
 It is not rare, and is considered especially frequent in 
 spaniels. There may be a slight purulent discharge 
 against the inner canthus. This may subside after 
 fomentations and astringent lotions, as the obstruction is 
 generally due to catarrhal inflammation of the lining 
 membrane of the duct, but it may be a result of entry of 
 foreign matter. In some dogs a watery condition of the 
 eyes is natural, being dependent on a constant laxity of the 
 conjunctival tissue of the eye. In such, astringent eye- 
 salves may be tried as occasionally of some benefit. 
 Peuch tells us that Lafosse has successfully treated 
 lachrymal fistula by making an artificial opening into the 
 mouth. Youatt has found Laceration of the Supra- 
 orbital Ligament present in animals destroyed on account 
 of injury. 
 
 Tumours on the Cartilago Nictitans are by no means 
 rare ; they may be conjunctival or cartilaginous, interfere 
 with the free approximation of the eyelids, are unsightly, 
 and may produce watery eye. They are generally con- 
 genital, but may be acquired as a result of irritation or 
 injury. They should be removed with the scissors or 
 knife and will seldom afterwards cause inconvenience ; 
 cautic does not, as a rule, suffice for their removal. 
 
 Conjunctivitis and Simple Ophthalmia is denoted in the 
 dog by the ordinary signs of this disorder and may depend 
 on foreign bodies in the palpebral fissure, injuries, stings, 
 poisonous herbs while the animal is in cover in the case of 
 sporting dogs (Blaine). It has been noted after sudden 
 changes of temperature when the animal is heated from 
 exertion, and has also been attributed to acrid emanations 
 in kennels, and to the acridity of soap and water left in the 
 eyes after washing. Derangement of the digestive organs 
 is apt to result in opacity of the cornea from malnutrition. 
 Granular conjunctivitis is frequently described as affecting 
 the dog, but must be considered a sequela of perforation 
 
216 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 of the cornea by ulceration; poppy head infusions and 
 fomentations to the inflamed eye. and exclusion of light, 
 followed by astringent lotions and cold water applications,, , 
 are required after removal of the cause in so far as is possi- 
 ble. When the inflammation runs very high local bleed- 
 ing, preferably by leeches, may be tried. Some cases, 
 especially those associated with skin disorder, prove very 
 obstinate, as was noted by Blaine, who found benefit from a 
 seton in the neck. The cornea of the dog is peculiarly 
 liable to degenerative changes in cases of malnutrition. 
 This is best seen in the ulceration which occurs in some 
 cases of distemper. When the profuse discharge has been 
 cleaned away it is noticeable that there is a small circular 
 depression of the cornea ; it is not yet a true ulcer, and 
 the conjunctiva remains unbroken. Later the conjunctiva 
 and the aqueous membrane lie together until they finally 
 give way and the humour escapes. This is followed by a 
 rapid profuse growth from the ulcer, which has a granulat- 
 ing character and gradually involves the neighbouring 
 parts of the cornea, which become opaque and vascular. 
 Thus, a sort of fungous growth, staphyloma, is produced 
 which is very irritable and unsightly, and has to be 
 removed by excision, or else, in very bad cases, the eyeball 
 must be extirpated. Staphyloma may, however, disappear 
 gradually either without treatment or on application of 
 nitrate of silver and the cornea resume its original 
 transparency ; or some opacity of the cornea may remain. 
 Opacity may best be dealt with by stimulation with caustic, 
 but it often obstinately resists treatment. 
 
 Dropsy of the Aqueous Chamber is not rare. It is seen 
 especially in King Charles's spaniels, and is supposed to 
 result from an excessively saccharine diet. It is noted by 
 undue convexity of the cornea, which also becomes clouded 
 and gradually thinner. As the disease progresses the eye 
 may bulge more and more until at length the cornea 
 becomes ulcerated and the aqueous humour escapes. 
 This result may be averted by puncture with a lancet 
 or small trocar ; there will be less chance of a mark 
 remaining than after an ulcer. Occasionally the eye is 
 
THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 217 
 
 lost after this' operation from the amount of destructive 
 inflammation set up. A seton may be inserted in the 
 cheeks, but no cure can be effected without a radical 
 change of diet and careful regulation of the digestive 
 organs. The bulging of the cornea must not be mistaken 
 for staphyloma. 
 
 Traumatic Distension of the Eyeball results from 
 effusion and suppuration in cases of bruise or punctured 
 wound. Blaine obtained excellent results in such a case 
 by evacuation with a couching needle. 
 
 The conjunctiva of the dog is occasionally the seat of der- 
 moid tumours. The conjunctiva and skin are developed 
 from the same source, and sometimes a circumscribed 
 portion of the former becomes thick and bears hairs. This 
 is generally congenital and detected soon after the young 
 animal's eyes are opened, the attention of the owner 
 being attracted to those organs by profuse lachrymation. 
 The irregular part looks like a white wart, and the hairs 
 may be seen. It varies in its degree of resemblance to 
 true conjunctiva, and also in the amount of inconvenience 
 it causes. It should be removed with scissors or a knife 
 and the spot touched with caustic. Opacity may remain. 
 Messrs. Taylor and Parker have recorded cases of this 
 nature in the 'Veterinary Journal ' for 1877 ; one patient 
 was a fox terrier, the other a setter. Cataract is frequent 
 in the dog, especially as a result of senile changes. Thus 
 it is almost always lenticular, and could be remedied by 
 couching or extraction, but such an operation is manifestly 
 open to objections in the case of dogs ; the vision would 
 not be rendered perfect by it without artificial aids, and 
 an animal which is blind can still be petted and taken 
 care of by a fond owner. This lesion may result from 
 accident and then be capsular or capsulo-lenticular, but 
 such a condition is rare. Youatt records a curious case of 
 accidental extraction of an opaque lens by a scratch from 
 a cat. Amaurosis is more often seen in the dog than the 
 horse. It may generally be traced to blows or other 
 injuries, such as fractures of the skull or to direct over- 
 tension on the optic nerve in cases of dislocation of tha 
 
218 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 eye. It has also been seen as a senile change, but in 
 other cases cannot be traced to any special cause. Treat- 
 ment is very unlikely to be followed by benefit in confirmed 
 cases, but nux vomica may be tried ; in recent cases, 
 especially in young animals where it may be traced to 
 debility, or in suckling bitches, improvement may follow 
 administration of tonics and the removal of debilitating 
 influences. In the pregnant bitch it may disappear after 
 her pups have been born. Amaurosis may follow an 
 attack of epilepsy ; the effect of a seton in the poll or 
 blistering the head may then be tried. 
 
 Dislocation op the Eyeball is seen especially in small 
 dogs with prominent eyes and results from injuries received 
 when fighting, more particularly scratches from a cat. 
 The dislocation is rendered possible by the presence of a 
 ligament instead of a bony process above the orbit ; doubt- 
 less the contraction of the temporals during anger or fear 
 facilitates the escape. The eyelids usually remain intact, 
 and the eyeball rests on their outer surface, giving the 
 face a most peculiar appearance. The nerve is so stretched 
 that amaurosis is liable to follow under any circumstances, 
 but especially when undue violence is used in the operation 
 of returning the ball to the orbit. This maybe accomplished 
 by cleaning it, oiling it well, opening the palpebral fissure 
 with the left hand, or elevating the upper lid by means 
 of the blunt end of a curved needle (well oiled) and with 
 the right hand exerting delicate pressure and slight 
 rotatory manipulation on the ball. In some cases even a 
 slight slit on the upper lid will be required. This accident 
 is liable to recur, and when protrusion has taken place 
 several times successively sutures may be inserted in the 
 eyelids to keep them closed temporarily. May hew records 
 this accident as occurring from use of the tape when 
 medicine was being given. 
 
 Extirpation of the Eyeball is resorted to in cases of 
 protrusion with thorough disorganization, also in malig- 
 nant disease. It is effected by insertion of a thread 
 through the ball from side to side and the gradual 
 division of the structures which retain it in position, 
 
THE ORGANS OP SPECIAL SENSE. 219 
 
 nerves, muscles, &o. Haemorrhage may be restrained by 
 an antiseptic astringent plug frequently replaced ; granu- 
 lation also is thus promoted. The use of artificial eyes 
 in dog practice might be tried, for beauty of the patient 
 is often an important consideration, and well-made glass 
 eyes do not often cause irritation. Youatt relates a 
 very interesting case of congenital blindness from persist- 
 ence of the membrana pupillaris in a female pointer eight 
 weeks old. The inner edge of the iris was fringed with 
 a greyish-white fibrous matter which rendered the pupil 
 curiously four-cornered and very small. Six months 
 afterwards the pupil was much enlarged and of proper 
 shape, but in the background of the eye was a faint 
 yellow-green light. She then showed some sensibility to 
 light and some perception of external objects. This may 
 have been Inflammation op the Ieis and Choroid, a disease 
 resulting in lymph deposit, generally caused by injury. 
 We have no evidence of the occurrence of specific or gouty, 
 ophthalmia in the dog. 
 
 THE EAR. — The conchial cartilage varies much in shape 
 and length in different breeds of dogs, and we, to an 
 extent, find that there is a difference between long-eared 
 and short-eared dogs in their liability to certain diseases 
 of this pai't and the skin which invests it. These diseases 
 are much less severe in the present day than formerly, 
 although we still find both external and internal canker 
 difficult to cure. The dog suffers from ear-ache, sometimes 
 without appreciable disease, but often as a result of otitis, 
 inflammation of the middle and internal ear, in other cases 
 apparently neuralgic. The general indications of disease 
 or irritation of the ear in the dog are a tendency to carry 
 the head to one side, to scratch the ear or rub it against 
 the ground, to shake the head and to flap the ear violently. 
 When such symptoms are present and the patient suffers 
 from fever, pain, and heat round the ear, and no external 
 indications of disease are present, otitis may be diagnosed 
 and general and local antiphlogistic treatment resorted to. 
 Sometimes symptoms like those of epilepsy are induced by 
 this disorder ; such violent cases were seen more frequently 
 
220 THE DISEASES OV THE DO0. 
 
 in days gone by, when cankers of the ear were treated 
 with powerful irritants, than now, but I have notes on a 
 case where post-mortem examination showed extensive 
 suppurative disease of the bony walls of the internal ear. 
 
 Deafness is well marked in some dogs, either the result 
 of congenital want of development of the auditory nervous 
 apparatus or from a blocking up of the auditory canal as 
 a result of disease. This latter condition is a not very 
 rare sequela of internal canker, and it may also arise from 
 the growth of tumours. Temporary inconvenience of this 
 nature results from the turgescence of the skin caused by 
 inflammation of the ear. A form of disorder, resulting 
 from too low " cropping " or amputation of the conchial 
 cartilage, consisted in retraction of the divided ring of 
 skin into the auditory canal and union of the granulating 
 edges, whereby the cerumen became enclosed and some- 
 times abscess took place. In the present day such close 
 cropping is seldom resorted to ; it was considered useful, 
 especially for bull-dogs, to prevent their antagonists using 
 the ear-flaps to hold on to during fighting. The operation 
 of cutting the external ear is resorted to still by dog 
 fanciers, but the canine surgeon will practise it only when 
 it is rendered necessary by disease. Peuch describes the 
 process of amputation by the scissors or the " pince limi- 
 tative." 
 
 Internal Canker is specially defined as an inflammation 
 of the skin of the inner surface of the external ear, but it 
 is generally associated with external canker when that 
 disease is present. It owes its special characters to the 
 fact that the ceruminous glands are affected in cases where 
 the canal is invaded, and hence a red or almost black 
 matter oozes from the external orifice ; to the swollen skin 
 blocking up that opening and rendering the escape of the 
 discharge gradual and painful ; to the fact that the parts 
 are made much worse by the tendency of the animal to con- 
 stantly shake the head and to flap the ears, causing them to 
 ulcerate, and by the difficulty in applying agents for cura- 
 tive purposes to the affected skin lining the canal. This 
 disease is first denoted by redness of the inflamed skin, 
 
THE! ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 221 
 
 this is followed by eczeniatous eruption and a drying of 
 serum mixed with blood on the surface, next ulceration 
 takes place and the formation of pus. In neglected cases 
 fungating excrescences grow in the ear, and tend, by 
 coalescence, to obliterate the auditory canal ; the hair 
 becomes matted by discharge, and beneath it sinuous 
 ulcers may form and terminate in very severe ulcerative 
 disease of the face. Occasionally there will be no erup- 
 tion on the skin detectable, simply swelling around the 
 root of the ear, and slight oozing of purulent material, 
 and a little gurgling when the root of the ear is mani- 
 pulated. The causes are accumulation of water in the 
 ear, and (Touatt says) the determination of blood to the 
 head from swimming in cold water; thus it is described 
 as most frequent in water dogs ; it occurs especially in 
 long-eared animals, particularly those which are plethoric, 
 have been confined much and highly fed. Soapsuds left 
 in the ear after washing, accumulations of dirt, and exten- 
 sion of cutaneous irritation in mange also give rise to it. 
 Treatment comprises keeping the patient from water, con- 
 fining his ears by means of a special ear-cap such as will 
 be described shortly, regularly cleansing the parts and 
 dressing them thoroughly with agents adapted to allay cuta- 
 neous irritation and ulceration. Medicaments of an astrin- 
 gent character are preferred. Unguentum calamine is most 
 valuable. A seton in the neck or poll, sometimes recom- 
 mended, will hardly be found necessary except where the 
 mischief is very deep seated. According to the amount 
 of care in dressing the case will be the rapidity of cure. 
 Ooculet's treatment consists in applying a blister over the 
 external surface of the ear by dressing every second day 
 with tincture of cantharides 4£ parts, tincture of galls 1 
 part. This allays itching and causes pain, so the animal 
 ceases to shake his head and the disease soon heals. 
 
 External Canker affects the lower margin of the ear- 
 flaps ; it first appears as an eruption and ulceration 
 rapidly occurs, the skin thickens and the ulcerative change 
 involves the cartilaginous substance. Thus the margin of 
 the ear becomes irritable and swollen, and the disease 
 
222 
 
 THE DISEASES Of THE DOG. 
 
 exhibits a considerable amount of obstinacy. It is by 
 some thought to always result from a bruise when the 
 animal shakes his head, especially from blows of the ear- 
 flap against the collar. It is observed most frequently in 
 smooth-coated, long-eared dogs, and may be a concomitant 
 of internal canker. In this disorder the collar should be 
 left off, the ears confined with a cap, and antiseptic astrin- 
 gent dressings applied frequently to the diseased parts 
 (of these a solution of corrosive sublimate has been found 
 most effectual). In very severe cases the process of 
 amputation of the ears, rounding, or cropping may be tried, 
 the skin of the edges of the excised parts being brought 
 together by sutures. The exposed edge may take on 
 unhealthy action ; especially does this occur when the 
 excision has been too near the inflamed part. The cap 
 
 Fig. 66. — Cap for ears (Peuch and 
 Toussaimi). 
 
 Pig. 67.— Cap for Ears (Mathbw). 
 
 used to confine the ears is either the French beguin, " a 
 kind of double pocket with four strings," or the ear 
 bandage, consisting of two triangular pieces of cloth, 
 united by their bases above on the nape of the neck, and 
 each having a pocket for an ear. There are six strings, the 
 two upper ones looped for the passage of the middle ones. 
 All four of these pass under the jaw and are tied on the 
 poll. The inferior pair passes crosswise over the forehead 
 and they are tied over the nose (Peuch). Hill's ear-cap is 
 shaped and fastened like a horse's head-piece, Mayhew's 
 is of calico, with a tape along each margin, the tapes being 
 
THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 
 
 223 
 
 FlO. 68.— Cap for ears (Him,). 
 
 tied below the jowl. This is the simplest and best form 
 of cap, and most easily prepared. 
 
 Ticks in the Bab must not be mistaken for canker; 
 they are especially prevalent in hot countries and affect 
 the free margin ; they should be constantly and carefully 
 removed and the parts dressed with oil of turpentine. 
 They often cause much irritation. Scurfiness of the flap 
 of the ear may arise from this or from dirt ; the part 
 should be daily washed with soft soap aud warm water, 
 then dressed with glycerine or vaseline. 
 
 Seeo-sanguineous Abscess of the Bab-flap or Hsematoma 
 is a very painful swelling which appears suddenly, causing 
 a tense swelling on the inner surface of the conchial flap. 
 It results from injury and is aggravated by shaking of the 
 head as an indication of pain. Treatment consists in in- 
 cision along the whole length of the tumour, thus giving 
 free evacuation to its contents, which are a blood-clot in 
 addition to the fluid ; unless this be evacuated the tumour 
 recurs. After free incision and thorough evacuation, touch 
 the edges of the wound with nitrate of silver (Hunting), 
 keeping the wound open and dressing with tincture of 
 myrrh, also protection of the ear with a cap. May hew takes 
 hold of the ear and opens the part of the tumour which is 
 then uppermost with a lancet, and then slits up the whole 
 length by means of a probe-pointed bistoury. Trinchera 
 
224 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG). 
 
 after incision cuts off a piece from the edge of the wound 
 to prevent too rapid healing, or snips out a triangular 
 portion from near the centre with rowelling scissors 
 ('Veterinary Journal,' vol. i, p. 63). 
 
 Auricular Acaeiasis has been introduced to the notice 
 of the profession in England by an article in vol. xv, No. 
 86 of the 'Veterinary Journal.' It seems that Megnin 
 found in sporting dogs severe anaemia, epileptiform 
 seizures (which occurred generally while at exercise), and 
 frantic and almost continuous shaking of the ears, which 
 caused them to die after months of suffering. He ob- 
 served covering the external auditory canal a thick layer 
 of sooty-looking cerumen, in which on microscopical exa- 
 mination acari, Ghorioptes ecaudatus, were found. These 
 parasites infest the ears of cats and other carnivora. Five 
 per cent, solutions of sulphide of potassium frequently 
 injected into the ear cured the patients. Nocard observed 
 the same disease in Sporting dogs which were quite deaf 
 in many cases and were affected with epilepsy when 
 excited in a run. The symptoms were sometimes so 
 violent as to be mistaken for rabies and the dogs destroyed 
 accordingly. The derangement could be conveyed from 
 dog to dog by transfer of infested cerumen ; the acari 
 were not found in healthy dogs' ears. They are supposed 
 to give rise to a reflex kind of epilepsy allied to the spinal 
 epilepsy of Brown- Sequard, or to " Menier's disease " as 
 seen in man. The following formula of an acaricide is 
 recommended by Nocard : — Take of olive oil 100 parts, 
 naphthol 10 parts ; sulphuric ether 30 parts. Keep in a 
 well- stoppered bottle. Inject some of this daily into the 
 ear and plug it with cotton wool for ten to fifteen minutes 
 afterwards to prevent evaporation. 
 
 Under the heading polypi of the ear are generally de- 
 scribed growths in the external auditory canal such as 
 result from internal canker ; these are fibro- vascular if 
 superficially placed and cartilaginous if deep. They are 
 probably merely the result of internal canker, not the cause 
 of it, as was supposed by Dr. Mercer (' Veterinarian,' 1844) , 
 who in his description of them gives a good account of 
 
THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 225 
 
 the ravages of the disease to which he supposed they give 
 rise. Their surgical removal is recommended by Hill, 
 who, like Youatt, quotes the paper from the ' Veterinarian/ 
 in extenso. 
 
 THE SKIN. 
 
 The study of skin diseases in the dog has long remained 
 empirical even to a greater degree than other branches of 
 canine pathology. Blaine first, in this country, threw a 
 little light on the subject in describing " Mange " as of 
 five forms, the scabby, the red, ulceration of the sebaceous 
 glands, surfeit, and acute erysipelatous mange. When he 
 wrote, the influence of animal parasites in the genesis of 
 skin diseases was just beginning to be recognised. 
 Touatt also mentions this latter influence, but, as usual, 
 closely follows Blaine's description of the disease, while 
 differing from him as regards treatment. Mayhew dis- 
 tinguishes between parasitic mange and four other forms, 
 of the pathology of which he was not well assured 
 although acquainted with them practically. J. A. Nunn, 
 in the "' Veterinary Journal,' vol. vi, published an excellent 
 practical article on the skin diseases of the dog (which he 
 had prepared some time before), in which scabies, follicular 
 mange, eczema rubrum, and the diseases due to vegetable 
 parasites, are differentially diagnosed. W. Hunting has 
 dealt with several skin diseases of dogs in an excellent 
 manner, his article on follicular scabies in the ' Veterinary 
 Journal ' having brought that disease prominently before 
 the notice' of the profession in England. Fleming deals 
 with the parasitic affections of the skin in his f Veterinary 
 Sanitary Science and Police.' Extraordinary ideas have 
 been held as to the anatomy of the skin of the dog; 
 certainly this animal does not perspire so freely as most 
 other animals, but he does perspire perceptibly under 
 extreme exertion, and some of the emergencies of disease 
 and histology has shown that sudoriparous glands exist. 
 They open into the hair-follicle above the sebaceous glands, 
 but at some distance from the epidermis. The erector 
 pili consists of elastic fibres and white muscle-cells running 
 
 15 
 
226 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 from an elastic network around the hair bulb to the surface 
 of the cutis, where they spread out and intermingle with 
 the fibres there (Stirling). The sebaceous glands are 
 large and well developed. The skin is specially liable to 
 disorder in the absence of strict attention to correct 
 hygiene ; dirt, deficient exercise, too high feeding, are 
 common sources of simple disorder, as well as predisposing 
 influences as regards parasitic diseases. Foulness of the 
 shin specially results from high feeding and want of 
 exercise, and the animal may smell strong and look 
 unhealthy, without any actual disorder being present. 
 This state of affairs may be corrected by thorough cleansing, 
 vegetable diet being gradually substituted for animal, and 
 liberal exercise given, otherwise it soon becomes a true 
 surfeit, or inflammatory state of the skin. 
 
 Simple Erythema, or congestion of the skin, precedes, 
 actual dermatitis ; it is diffused or circumscribed redness 
 which especially affects those parts of the skin where the 
 sebaceous glands are well developed. It occurs in asso- 
 ciation with derangement of the alimentary canal, such as 
 may result from cutting the teeth, worms, or improper 
 diet. It must be met with salines and cathartics, and 
 generally proves of minor importance. A little desquama- 
 tion of cuticle takes place, and the affected parts resume 
 their normal condition. Some change should be made in 
 the diet in cases of erythema, and if at all irritable,, the 
 affected parts may be dressed with solution of sulphate of. 
 zinc. 
 
 Eczema, or vesicular non-parasitic eruption on the skin,, 
 is true dermatitis or surfeit. It assumes the acute or 
 chronic form, and is one of the most frequent diseases of 
 the dog. It is distinguishable from the parasitic inflamma- 
 tions of the skin only by the use of the microscope in many 
 cases, although a fairly accurate diagnosis may be arrived 
 at by its macroscopic characters. Thus it is sudden in 
 its appearance and acute, generally associated with diges- 
 tive derangement or found in very young dogs after 
 distemper, or in bitches after pupping. It especially 
 affects sporting dogs, and follows exposure or sudden 
 
THK OKGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 227 
 
 cooling of the surface of the body when heated. In the 
 local form it generally affects the top of the head, neck, 
 and back, but in the general form it occurs all over the 
 body, under which circumstances the thin skin inside the 
 thighs, on the belly, and inside the arms is found heightened 
 in colour, and shortly the hair falls off either in moist 
 patches or from almost the whole of the body, leaving the 
 animal bare. The patches are dark in colour and present 
 vesicular eruptions either spread broadcast or coalescing 
 to form vesicles of considerable size. As the vesicles 
 burst the watery fluid from them trickles down and dries 
 on the surface, either forming a sort of scurf or matting 
 the hair. This discharge is acrid, and, as Nunn points 
 out, may putrefy in the hair, causing the extremely putrid 
 smell of the affected animal if neglected in this stage of 
 the disorder. During the progress of the disease the 
 dog suffers much from irritation and causes ulcers and 
 sores of various kinds by biting, scratching, and tearing 
 himself in every possible way. These sores become 
 chronic and obstinately resist cure, especially when they 
 occur in the bends of joints. Thus in long-continued 
 cases the lesions of the chronic disease are found ; they 
 range from a scurfy state of some part of the skin (pity- 
 riasis) to hypertrophy of the cutis (psoriasis). In this 
 latter state the skin is thick (scurfy or with thick cuticle), 
 devoid of hair, puckered up into abnormal folds, between 
 which often lie sluggish ulcerated cracks. The affected 
 parts are insensitive and very unsightly. A local psoriasis, 
 forming elbow pads, callosities on the buttocks, and dry, 
 thick, hairless patches on other parts specially subjected to 
 pressure, is often seen in old watch-dogs kept constantly 
 chained up in kennels. Treatment. — In acute cases the 
 animal should receive a laxative dose followed up by 
 salines. When he is debilitated a course of tonics may be 
 tried, and the Liquor Arsenicalis is especially advocated. 
 The diet must be thoroughly examined and changed when 
 necessary, and the animal generally requires a reduction 
 in nutritive value of the food and increased exercise. 
 Oatmeal, meat food, and badly prepared or inferior dog 
 
228 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 biscuits are common causes of this affection which require 
 attention. The irritation of the skin may run so high 
 in some cases as to give rise to acute fever, which must he 
 specially dealt with. The indications for local treatment 
 are thorough and frequent cleansing of the body, and the 
 control of the inflammation by astringent dressings, as the 
 ointments of sulphate of zinc, alum, or tannic acid, according 
 to the severity of the case. In some cases the local 
 irritability may necessitate fomentations with opium infu- 
 sions. In very young animals, cod-liver oil may be 
 administered as a nutritive and the surface dressed with 
 camphor ointment. In chronic cases, whether psoriasis 
 or pityriasis be present, but little can be done likely to 
 result in permanent benefit. Any sluggish ulcers should 
 be dressed with nitrate of silver and calamine ointment 
 may be applied over the affected skin. Mercurial ointment 
 is sometimes used, but requires great caution lest it be 
 absorbed or licked in and induce mercurialism, one of the 
 symptoms of which, indeed, is a form of eczema occurring 
 chiefly on the limbs and scrotum (Gamgee). At times, 
 under climatic influences or in accordance with disorder 
 of the digestive organs, parts of the skin chronically 
 diseased become irritable in the extreme, and the animal 
 can scarcely be restrained from tearing himself in his 
 attempts to get rid of the tormenting sensation ; this 
 peueitus must be combated with opiate fomentations, and, 
 if these prove unsuccessful, with the application of external 
 stimulants, more or less powerful, according to the severity 
 of the case. The clinical features, causes, and treatment 
 of eczema rubrum, " red mange," or dermatitis have thus 
 been dealt with in emtenso because the parasitic skin 
 disorders are actually dermatites varying in special cha- 
 racters, range, and extent according to their respective 
 causes. 
 
 Alopecia, or baldness, is natural to some breeds of dogs, 
 such as the polygar of Southern India. It results in all 
 breeds from complete or partial destruction of the hair-- 
 follicles in various forms of skin disease, as ugly patches, 
 on which the coat may again in time be made to grow 
 
THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 229 
 
 by the frequent application of weak ointment of cantha- 
 rides. 
 
 Verrucje, or warts, are circumscribed hypertrophies of 
 the papillary layer of the dermis, either congenital or the 
 result of dirt, or growing without any distinct cause. They 
 are often in the dog seen on the mucous membranes of the 
 mouth and prepuce where those membranes present some 
 of the characters of true skin. They may be found on 
 almost any part of the true skin, but especially affect the 
 eyelids, margins of the ears, and the lips. They can be 
 removed by excision or the application of caustics. The 
 warty growth which sometimes appears on the front of the 
 eye seems to be specially frequent in the dog. 
 
 Dropsy of the Subcutaneous Areolae Tissue, Anasarca, 
 is in the dog seen as a result of debilitating affections or 
 local irritation. It is, however, rare in this animal, and 
 principally occurs below the jaw and belly. It requires 
 no treatment other than that for the disease on which it 
 depends. 
 
 An acute inflammation of the skin, especially affecting 
 the head or scrotum, has been described by some authors 
 as erysipelas of the dog. Its effects extend deeper and its 
 course is more violent than eczema ; it accordingly needs 
 more active treatment, both general and local, than that 
 simpler form of disease.. It tends to extensive sloughing 
 of the parts or death from irritative fever, and is, fortu- 
 nately, but rarely seen. It most frequently affects the 
 scrotum (which see). Laulanie has noticed, associated 
 with the presence of Demodex folliculorum, a disorder 
 which he terms cutaneous tuberculosis. 
 
 PAEASITIO AFFECTIONS OF THE SKIN in the 
 dog are numerous and of much importance. Some are 
 due to animals which permanently take up a residence at 
 the surface of the host, others to those which are only 
 temporary visitors. The former class of ectozoa comprise 
 the mange dermatozoa, scarcoptes, dermatodectes, sym- 
 biotes, and acarus ; the latter fleas, lice, ticks, and other 
 insecta, such as harvest bugs. After dealing with the 
 diseases and inconveniences resulting from these animal 
 
230 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 parasites, we shall have to note those organisms of the 
 vegetable kingdom which have clinical importance as 
 giving rise to ringworm and favus. 
 
 Animal Paeasites of the Skin (Dermatozoa) and the 
 Disorders to which they give rise. — These disorders are 
 essentially inflammations of the skin, a fact which must be 
 constantly kept in mind in dealing with them practically. 
 Although they are due to the parasite, and essentially 
 depend on its presence and activity, it cannot be doubted 
 that certain states of the constitution and defects in hygiene 
 predispose to the various forms of mange. So much is this 
 the case that mange has been considered hereditary. It has 
 been remarked that animals confined in close kennels sub- 
 jected to the acrid effluvia from urine and other evacuations ; 
 those fed high and little exercised ; ill cared for, starving 
 brutes ; those dogs kept on beds of barley straw, and fed with 
 too much meat, bad flesh, or constant salt food are very 
 liable to suffer. Contagion is, however, the active producer 
 of the disorder ; the parasites, as a fixed contagium, are 
 transmitted by direct or indirect contact from the affected 
 to the healthy. Some forms of animal parasitic diseases are 
 more contagious than others owing to the habits of the 
 organisms which give rise to them, but we have no evidence 
 of these disorders being infectious, although the vegetable 
 parasitic disorders are possibly so. 
 
 True Mange of the dog is technically known as Sarcoptic 
 Scabies, as being similar to " itch " of man, and " scab " 
 of sheep, and due to Sarcoptes canis. This parasite gene- 
 rally invades the skin, of the back and neck, from thence 
 gradually extending to other parts of the body, and in- 
 ducing local disorders, when it invades the eyelids, ears, 
 and feet. Fleming describes it as first affecting the 
 face. It causes by its ravages much irritation, so that 
 some fever is often present at first. The patient's appe- 
 tite is generally good, but he becomes very thin from the 
 amount of irritation constantly produced by the parasite. 
 This irritation occurs especially when the skin is excited 
 by warmth or suddenly after eating or drinking. The 
 dog bites and scratches himself constantly and when 
 
THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 
 
 231 
 
 scratched with the finger-nail evidently enjoys it. He 
 may be covered with sores from the wounds he has in- 
 flicted on himself when attempting to remove the irritation. 
 Examination of the skin will show red puncta or circum- 
 scribed inflammations, each of which developes into a 
 vesicle in the majority of cases and bursts, giving exit to 
 a sero-purulent discharge, which, mixed with epithelial 
 scales, forms scurfs and scabs on the skin of the affected 
 parts. The hair is soon shed, except that here and there 
 one persists obstinately among the disease crusts. As 
 the disease progresses more skin becomes involved, and 
 
 FlO. 69. — Sarcoptes canis (Geelach). 
 
 that which was first affected becomes hypertrophied, thick, 
 dry, scaby, and corrugated or covered with open sores 
 from the animal biting and tearing himself. Chronic 
 mange causes an anaemic and debilitated state of the 
 animal, and he loses his spirits and value for sport ; he is 
 no longer keen in the field, and his powers of scent notably 
 fail. It is observed by Nunn that the rapid spread of 
 inange over the surface of the body is due to the fact that 
 both bedding and claws convey the parasites. Symbiotes 
 has been found on the dog, but sarcoptes is the general 
 
232 THE DISEASES OF THE DOO. 
 
 form of mange insect with which the canine surgeon has 
 to deal. It is one of the acaridse which burrows in the 
 superficial layer of the dermis, and clinically may he found 
 beneath the adherent scabs, which should be obtained 
 quite fresh from a part which had not been washed or 
 had dressings applied to it, preferably on a warm day or 
 when the animal is in a warm place. The common method 
 of obtaining the sarcoptes for examination is to place a 
 scab under surface uppermost on the human arm ; in a few 
 hours the acarus will desert the scab and penetrate the 
 living skin and thus give rise to a vesicle from which it 
 may be extracted on puncture with a needle. The mange 
 of dogs is occasionally communicated to man unintention- 
 ally and causes temporary irritation, but it is not severe 
 and disappears spontaneously or after simple dressings, 
 especially with Oleum Terebinthse. Symbiotes does not 
 apparently invade the skin of man, and therefore must be 
 searched for by exposing the fresh crusts on black paper 
 to the warmth of the sun's rays, when the acari leave the 
 crusts and collect in small clusters. It must be remem- 
 bered that the so-called " dry," " scabby," and " watery " 
 manges are merely stages of the same disorder in which 
 papules, pityriasis, or humid ezcema are present; more- 
 over, the term " red mange " must be accepted as one 
 applied indifferently to the sarcoptic or follicular disorder 
 or to simple non-parasitic eczema. The latter may be 
 present in parts of the skin of a mangy dog which have 
 not yet been invaded by the parasites. Treatment. — The 
 various methods which have been recommended by different 
 writers on this subject, and which prove practically 
 successful, amply prove that when treated in a proper 
 manner and with care mange may be cured with either of 
 a number of parasiticides. Attention must therefore be 
 paid as to how medicaments are applied as well as to 
 what special preparations are resorted to. This is a fact 
 to be noted in dealing with all parasitic disorders of the 
 skin where the cuticle and the scales formed on it protect 
 the parasites from direct contact of the agent used if it be 
 merely smeared over the surface. Therefore the animal 
 
THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 233 
 
 should first be thoroughly washed with soft soap and 
 warm water, and any hair in the immediate neighbourhood 
 of the invaded parts cut off very close as by shaving ; the 
 scabs must be removed as carefully as possible, and the 
 coat should not be spared if any risk of diseased parts 
 being concealed by it be run. The smallest invaded part, 
 if untreated, will constitute a centre for fresh spread of 
 the disease and may cause a very considerable amount of 
 trouble subsequently ; the feet and ears should especially 
 be examined with care lest they remain imperfectly dressed. 
 It must be remembered in the selection of parasiticides 
 that the dog is constantly gnawing the affected parts and 
 also that the agents are liable to be absorbed through the 
 sores, therefore such medicaments as tobacco and mercurial 
 ointment, although very effectual as parasiticides, require 
 to be used with so great caution as to be practically inad- 
 missible, except for small patches of disease out of reach 
 of the mouth. Whether the application resorted to be a 
 lotion, oil, or ointment it must be applied with the greatest 
 assiduity, well and thoroughly rubbed in, and it will require 
 repetition at intervals not exceeding three days. Even 
 most severe and long-standing cases will at length succumb 
 to persistence ; thus Blaine " once occasioned a very 
 favourite setter who had had virulent mange for five years 
 to be dressed every day, or every other day, for the extra- 
 ordinary period of twelve months " before he could conquer 
 the disease. He estimates two hours at least as the time 
 required to dress a dog thoroughly, and when the job has 
 been neatly managed the dog will appear nearly as clean 
 as though nothing had been applied. He gives numerous 
 formulae for mange dressings, of which sulphur, turpentine, 
 tobacco, hellebore, and tar are the active ingredients, 
 aloes being added to prevent the dog licking them off, or 
 the animal carefully muzzled. Mercury compounds (the 
 nitrate, bichloride, and chlorinated salts) are advocated by 
 him in " red mange/' He gives the important practical 
 hint that a frequent change of applications will be attended 
 with benefit, and that the external dressings may be bene- 
 ficially supplemented by a course of tonics after the bowels 
 
234 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 have been cleared out by a cathartic. The diet should 
 be thoroughly changed, full exercise given, and the litter 
 frequently destroyed. Hill's dressing consists of sixteen 
 parts each of sublimed sulphur and whale oil, well blended, 
 with one part each of mercurial ointment and oil of tar. 
 He suggests daily scalding of the kennel with boiling 
 water, and bedding on plain straw or shavings. He uses 
 oil of turpentine one part, whale oil six parts, ordinary 
 sulphur ointment, and benzine or paraffin in slight cases. 
 Mayhew applied daily, for three times, resin ointment very 
 much thickened with sublimed sulphur and then diluted 
 with oil of Juniper. Fleming suggests sulphuret of potas- 
 sium one part, to rain water five parts, a 2 per cent, 
 solution of corrosive sublimate in water, or carbolic acid 
 dissolved in soapsuds (1 — 40), or a carefully incorporated 
 mixture of oil of tar and sulphur, each one ounce, in a pint 
 of common oil. His hint that " for house-dogs, and espe- 
 cially those with fine skins and smooth hair, a very excel- 
 lent and safe remedy is the balsam of Pern, dissolved in 
 alcohol (one of balsam to four of alcohol) ; this is an 
 effective acaricide and has not an unpleasant, odour," is well 
 worth adoption. Nunn suggests for pet house-dogs 
 stavesacre seeds digested in olive oil (1 — 8), and quotes 
 Gerlach's recommendation to use creasote for short-haired 
 dogs but decoction of tobacco for long-haired, with the 
 comment that creasote is of objectionable odour, changes 
 the colour of the hair, and (especially in white terriers) 
 gives it a harsh texture. It should be diluted with 25 — 
 30 parts of oil. The decoction of tobacco should be made 
 by pouring 25 — 30 parts of water on one of the dried 
 leaves and immersing the dog for from five to ten minutes 
 while it is still warm. Gamgee applied twice or thrice, at 
 intervals of a day or two, the following : Creasoti 1\ parts, 
 Sp. Vini Rect. 15 parts, Aquae 11 — 14 parts. It is unneces- 
 sary here to supplement the above formulas, which will 
 quite meet the peculiarities of different cases and serve 
 for periodical changes of applications as required. To 
 summarise : change of diet, improved hygiene, thorough 
 cleansing and disinfection of kenneL and thorough destruc- 
 
THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 
 
 235 
 
 tion of litter periodically, alterative tonics after a cathartic 
 dose, careful cleaning and thorough dressing of the skin 
 with a suitable acaricide application, and the adoption of 
 measures to prevent contagion are the methods to be 
 resorted to in treatment of true mange. 
 
 Follicular Mange is less contagious, less amenable to 
 treatment, and less irritable than the sarcoptic form. It 
 originates in patches especially about the head and over 
 Fia. 70. Fig. 71. 
 
 Pros. 70, 71. — Parasites in skin follicles of dog, Follicular Scabies (Williams). 
 (After Gbuby.) 
 
 the cheeks and lips, but invades the whole body, especially 
 the legs, belly, and sides, rendering the patient a loath- 
 some object. There is more suppuration in this disorder 
 than in true mange ; the sebaceous glands and hair-follicles 
 are the habitat of the parasite, and the latter is charac- 
 terised by a large abdomen, very short legs, and great 
 powers of proliferation. It resembles the familiar Bemodex 
 folliculornm of the skin of man, and possibly the two are 
 
236 
 
 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 identical in species, for Gruby has transferred the disease 
 from man to the dog and vice versa. However, the 
 specific identity has not yet been established. The obsti- 
 nacy of this disease is accounted for by the remote posi- 
 tion of the parasites and their inaccessibility, because of 
 
 Pia. 72.- 
 
 -Acari folliculorum around the hair, in ite follicle also in the 
 sebaceous cuU-de-sac (Getjbt). * 100. 
 
 the depth of the follicles and the sebaceous nature of their 
 contents. It has been noted as of diagnostic value that 
 in the follicular disease the body smells most offensively, 
 aud that the dog thus affected shakes rather than scratches 
 
THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 237 
 
 himself, and objects to the diseased parts being handled, 
 instead of experiencing pleasure from it, as in the true 
 mange ; in the former disease there is a burning pain of 
 the skin, and the constitution of the patient suffers more 
 severely. The loins, and, in the male, the genital 
 organs, are favourite seats of the disease. Positive dia- 
 gnosis depends on detection of the parasite by microscopical 
 examination ; a few strong hairs persist on the diseased 
 parts when the rest have fallen, and often a demodex may 
 be detected on one of these hairs as extracted by means 
 of the forceps. Again, the mixture of pus and sebaceous 
 matter, as expressed from an inflamed g'and, may be 
 examined under a low power, and in it will be found the 
 acari in various stages of development and their ova ; the 
 sebaceous material may be diluted with a little oil or 
 water to facilitate their detection. Often specimens can- 
 not readily be obtained, then this disease must be distin- 
 guished from non-parasitic eczema by its commencing 
 locally and its gradual extension. The hair-follicle under- 
 goes such disorganisation that bare patches may remain 
 after cure of a bad case ; it is remarkable that the disease 
 conveyed to man from the dog disappears after from a 
 fortnight to a month, whereas that from man to the dog 
 was found by Gruby to spread until the whole body surface 
 was invaded. The earliest indication of this disorder 
 consists in circumscribed loss of hair and the occurrence 
 of red spots, of each of which the opening of a sebaceous 
 gland is the centre, serum forms, and subsequently rather 
 large pustules, which burst, and their contents form scabs. 
 The pustules are often confluent, and the skin of the 
 affected parts is much inflamed throughout. The patient 
 suffers much, and the loss of hair may be so extensive as 
 to render careful clothing of the animal necessary in cold 
 weather. Cracks and other sores form on the surface, 
 and sometimes blood from them mingles with the purulent 
 discharge. Treatment. — The general rules which we have 
 propounded for the treatment of parasitic mange must 
 be remembered and applied here as in "true mange." 
 The local treatment needs to be specially active, because 
 
238 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 the parasites occupy a position which prevents the imme- 
 diate access to them of the dressings which are resorted 
 to. Therefore the latter should contain some alkaline 
 substance, especially potash, as has been pointed out by 
 Hunting and Duguid, which acts on the epithelial tissue of 
 the skin and probably saponifies the fatty matter of the 
 sebaceous and hair-follicles. Hunting's dressing is olive 
 oil, fourteen parts, shaken up well, with one part of 
 creasote and then two parts of strong Liquor Potassse added, 
 to be applied every third or fourth day to all diseased 
 parts with a piece of rag, the dog having been washed a 
 few hours before each dressing. Zurn uses ointment of 
 benzine (1 — 4) ; Weiss inunction with essence of juniper ; 
 Zundel TJng. Argent. Nit., or TJng. Hydrarg. Verd. ; or 
 Balsam of Peru, oue part dissolved in alcohol, thirty parts 
 (Fleming). Mayhew recommends a mixture of equal 
 parts of nut oil, spirits of turpentine, and oil of tar, which 
 may be applied after washing the body carefully with a 
 strong solution of carbonate of potash. Hill prefers mer- 
 curial dressings. Eemove all hair of affected parts by 
 clipping or shaving ; Hunting insists on this on the grounds 
 that the presence of hair encourages the growth of the 
 parasites. Thus the treatment of follicular mange exactly 
 resembles that for true mange, but some dressings are found 
 most valuable for the former and others for the latter. Con- 
 stitutional treatment and disinfection must not be forgotten. 
 Sometimes several months' active treatment is required 
 for this disease, for agents which destroy the acari may 
 yet not suffice to render their ova incapable of being 
 hatched in due course and causing the disease to break 
 out again on parts where it has apparently been cured. 
 A bedding of red pine shavings is specially recommended 
 by Nunn in cases of mange ; it is preferable to pine saw- 
 dust, is cheap, easily procurable, does not get into sores 
 or the coat, and it does not cake into a hard mass. Care 
 should be taken to change it twice weekly, and to burn 
 the old bed. 
 
 Skin Disease due to Leptus Autumnalis, the Haevest 
 Bug, has been described and figured by Friedberger 
 
tHB ORGANS OP SPECIAL SENSE. 
 
 239 
 
 (' Archiv f. Wissensch. u. pract. Thierh.,' 1875), also by 
 Defranc, Megnin, and Fleming. Kuchenmeister described 
 the harvest bug as a human parasite causing boils, obtained 
 in the antumn from grass and stubble. It affects animals 
 in July and August ; at other time it is supposed to undergo 
 developmental changes in mossy places. It is frequent in 
 countries with chalky soil, and burrows in the skin. It 
 
 Fia. 73. — Leptus aulumnalis. (After Friedbebseb.) 
 
 produces irritation, especially when the part is rubbed, 
 which causes it to expel acrid ejecta. Before it has 
 burrowed it may be detected with the naked eye, as its 
 bright red colour renders it conspicuous. It most fre- 
 quently attaches itself to the head or upper part of the 
 neck or back of the dog. It causes at first a great deal 
 of irritation of the skin and eczematous changes, indi- 
 cated by the usual symptoms. In some cases there is 
 little actual irritation but bare spots of irregularly circular 
 form are found scattered over the head or upper part of 
 the body. On the more recent spots the bright red 
 parasite may be detected by means of a small hand lens. 
 Fleming found that paraffin dressing answered in a few 
 days, but the skin looked unhealthy for some weeks. 
 Friedberger found that energetic washing only seemed to 
 extend the disease ; he tried the effect of 4 per cent, solu- 
 
240 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 tion of carbolic acid in glycerine. His case had already 
 been going on for about six weeks. 
 
 Ticks are frequent on dogs, especially in summer and in 
 tropical countries. Tbey debilitate the patient by suction 
 of his blood and are most loathsome to the owner. They 
 sometimes bring on paralysis, either directly by the weak- 
 ness they cause or by reflex influences. They especially 
 collect in the ears. Andersen, in his ' Lake Ngami/ 
 mentions that the bush tick found in South Africa kills 
 dogs and even oxen. The species usually found on the 
 dog is Ixodes ricinus ; it should be removed with forceps, 
 or each individual cut in two and the skin dressed with a 
 little turpentine. In other cases mercurial dressings may 
 need to be resorted to with the usual precautions. 
 
 Fleas, Pulex irritans, collect on the dog in large 
 numbers and cause very severe irritation; it is not 
 uncommon in India to see dogs in an advanced state of 
 debility, apparently the result solely of the number of 
 partial parasitic pests (fleas, ticks, and lice) roaming about 
 in the coats. As, also, fleas prevent pet dogs being nursed, 
 a satisfactory method of extirpating them is a desideratum. 
 Washing the animal with soft soap and water, or with 
 carbolic soap, should be carefully performed, and then 
 while the animal is yet wet, his coat should be thoroughly 
 cleaned with a small-toothed comb. As Blaine points 
 out, the preliminary washing is necessary to enable the 
 comb to overtake the parasites. The dog should be 
 allowed to sleep on yellow deal or red pine shavings, and 
 the skin periodically dredged carefully once or twice a 
 week with either powdered sweet flag jAcorus Calamus or 
 Bussumboo), powdered camphor, or finely powdered resin 
 mixed with bran. Gamgee recommends a dressing of oil 
 of anise seed with common oil ; Hill a mixture of Spts. 
 Camphorse with half its bulk of oil of turpentine and one 
 sixth its bulk of carbolic acid mixed with chilled water. 
 Various insect powders and dog soaps are advertised for 
 the removal of fleas ; some of these require to be used with 
 the greatest caution, as also tobacco water and mercurial 
 preparations, such as are sometimes recommended. Clean- 
 
THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 241 
 
 liness of the dog and his kennel, washing the latter out 
 with hot water and turpentine, and pine-dust bedding, 
 frequently changed, are necessary. 
 
 Lice, pediculi, cause less irritation than fleas, but look 
 much more objectionable. They affect especially certain 
 parts of the body, such as around the anus, at the junction 
 of the thighs, on the back, and inside the ears. They are 
 the concomitant of dirt and can be got rid of by cleanliness 
 strictly enforced. Mayhew suggests a dressing of the 
 whole body surface with castor-oil. Hill prefers the 
 ammonio-chloride of mercury, either as a powder brushed 
 into the coat, or as an ointment applied thoroughly and 
 left on for five or six hours, the animal being muzzled 
 during that time. 
 
 The Dermatophyte Diseases of the Dog, or those due 
 to vegetable parasites, are two in number of importance 
 from a clinical point of view. The general principles 
 which guide us in the treatment and prevention of animal 
 parasitic diseases of the skin apply also with regard to 
 these disorders, but it is found that some agents are 
 specially well suited to destroy vegetable parasites, and 
 that the latter spread much less rapidly than animal para- 
 sites and cause much less irritation and constitutional dis- 
 turbance. The vegetable parasites are fungi, and, as such, 
 are mainly made up of spores and hyphal elements ; they 
 invade the epithelial constituents of the skin, and conse- 
 quently we find that in the vegetable parasitic diseases 
 fungal elements may be detected in hairs examined under 
 the microscope. These diseased hairs often are obstinately 
 retained in position while all around are shed and they are 
 enlarged and friable, breaking off irregularly. The der- 
 matophyta especially prevail in damp weather, ill-drained 
 kennels, and among young animals, also the absence of 
 cleanliness and want of sufficient food predispose, but con- 
 tagion is essential to communication of the disease. The 
 parasite may be obtained from other species than the dog, 
 and may also be transmitted to other animals, such as 
 mankind. The communication may be mediate or imme- 
 diate, and evidence tends to support the belief that the 
 
 16 
 
242 THE DISEASES OF THE DOS. 
 
 spores of pathogenic fungi may be transported through the 
 air. The nidus of growth somewhat affects the characters 
 and habits of the fungus, especially as regards luxuriance ; 
 thus St. Cyr has shown that the dog is particularly liable 
 to favus. It has been stated that the ringworm fungus of 
 the dog has larger spores than that of the horse, does not 
 disappear from the skin spontaneously, and will not 
 develope on the ox, although that of the ox readily 
 developes on the dog. The incubation of these vegetable 
 parasites varies from eight days to a fortnight ; they belong 
 to the genus Achorion v. Trichophyton, and the disorders 
 to which they give rise are termed Tinese. They are 
 not frequent in the dog nor severe, and readily yield to 
 treatment. Fleming relates a case ('Veterinary Journal,' 
 vol. i, p. 207) in which it was obtained from a horse. 
 
 Tinea Tonsurans v. Eingworm is not common in the 
 dog ; it was first noticed as affecting that animal by 
 Gerlach. It is denoted by circular patches, devoid of 
 
 *-$<=' 
 
 Fig. 74. — Achorion Lebertii (Fleming). 
 
 hairs, except a few enlarged broken ones which persist. 
 These patches grow at their margins and so may become 
 confluent ; they are shiny in appearance and covered with 
 glistening scales of epithelium or with a greyish crust. 
 The hairs and epithelial scales of the affected parts contain 
 Achorion Lebertii v. Trichophyton tonsurans. The disease 
 readily yields to improved hygiene, constant cleansing with 
 soap and water, and dressing with tincture of iodine, 
 
THE ORGANS OP SPECIAL SENSE. 
 
 243 
 
 mercurial ointment, acetic acid (glacial), tincture of can- 
 tharides, Unguentum Argenti Nitratis, sulphurous acid 
 lotions, and many other substances, either of which will 
 prove successful in removal of the parasitic disorder if 
 carefully applied. This disease must not be confounded 
 with herpes circinatus, a non-parasitic disease in which 
 vesicles form over small circular patches, especially in young 
 dogs. As a result of teething or indigestion herpes is rare 
 and soon disappears spontaneously. 
 
 Tinea Favosa v. Favus v. Honeycomb Ringworm differs 
 from the above in the habit of growth of the fungus, 
 Achorion ScKonleinii v. Tricho. favosa, which gives rise to 
 it. This parasite, when it has gained contact with the 
 surface of the body, enters the hair-follicle and developes 
 in and about the hair. At first it causes a slight epithelial 
 proliferation around its base, then the hair (itself diseased) 
 becomes the centre of a cup-shaped crust of a sulphur 
 yellow colour. In advanced cases these crusts become 
 confluent and form an ugly shapeless tumour, sometimes 
 of enormous size, consisting of fungal elements and causing 
 absorption of the tissues against it by pressure. The mass 
 smells like cat's urine, and usually grows on the head of 
 the dog, such being probably the result of the dog catching 
 the disease from affected mice. In treatment all affected 
 hairs and favus crusts should be carefully removed, not 
 with the finger-nail, and destroyed by fire ; the exposed 
 
 Pia. 75. — Achorion Sch5nleinii in early 
 stage of development, mixed with epi- 
 thelial scales (Bennett). 
 
 Fia. 76. — Achorion in more ad- 
 vanced stage from centre of a 
 favus crust ( x 300). (Bennett.) 
 
244 
 
 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 Fia. TV.— Thalli, mycelia, and sporidia of Achorion (Behnett). x 800. 
 
 m 
 
 :| mL 
 
 
 PlO. 78. — Tinea favosa crusts in various stages (Behnett). Natural size. 
 
 parts should be thoroughly washed and the diseased surface 
 thoroughly dressed with one of the applications suggested 
 for ringworm, preferably corrosive sublimate solution or 
 the ointment of nitrate of silver. 
 
THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. 245 
 
 CHAPTER XI.— THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. 
 
 Thi bones of the dog are light in build, but strong and 
 with well-defined processes. As the union of epiphyses 
 with the shaft occurs some considerable time after birth it is 
 not rare to find apparent fracture from a breaking through 
 their cartilaginous bond of union. This must be always 
 remembered in dealing with very young animals, in which 
 especially fracture is liable to occur. Repair under these 
 circumstances is effected with remarkable rapidity, indeed 
 by the simple process of normal bone formation ; care is, 
 however, required to ensure proper direction of the limb 
 during union of the parts. 
 
 True Fracture is very common in dogs, as they are 
 very liable to blows and to injuries of various sorts, as 
 when they are run over by a carriage or fall from a con- 
 siderable height. The small size of dogs enables us to 
 manipulate their limbs when injured freely and to reduce 
 fractures and dislocations such as in the horse, for instance, 
 would be quite incurable. The fact that dogs are very 
 clever and careful in saving injured limbs is also in favour 
 of securing repair. Diagnosis is generally very simple 
 from the abnormal mobility of the injured part, and from 
 the clear and well-defined arrangement of the limb muscles 
 and bones. Crepitus, deformity, and, later, inflammation, 
 are detectable. The causes of fractures in dogs are direct 
 violence, as blows, kicks, falls from a moving carriage or 
 from the high window of a room in which they have been 
 shut, and so on. The bones of the limbs are the most 
 frequent seat of injury, but cases are on record of fracture 
 for almost every bone of the body. In variety, treatment, 
 and processes of repair these injuries to the skeleton of 
 the dog differ in no respect from those of other animals. 
 
246 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 However, we may advantageously note seriatim some 
 of the principal fractures of the dog and examine their 
 special features. 
 
 The skull is small, rather deficient in processes, and the 
 two halves of the lower jaw are movable on one another. 
 These facts render fractures of it infrequent. When the 
 walls of the cranium give way after falls or blows, com- 
 pression and concussion of the brain have to be considered 
 and dealt with, and depressed portions of bone removed by 
 trephining and elevation, and the further progress of the 
 case is apt to be complicated by meningitis. There are 
 two points strongly in our favour in treatment of dog 
 fractures, that there is seldom much constitutional irritation 
 and the reparative powers are very rapid. These must be 
 considered in prognosis. The lower jaw may be fractured 
 by blows, as a kick from a horse, or may simply be 
 dislocated at the symphysis. Such cases generally recover 
 spontaneously, although loose teeth or fragments of bone 
 may need removal by operation. The vertebrae may be 
 fractured when an animal is crushed by a door slamming 
 to or by a carriage wheel passing over him; dislocations 
 and incurable paralysis is liable to result. Fractured ribs 
 may be associated with fatal pleurisy or lung perforation ; 
 generally these bones act mutually as splints ; they are very 
 elastic in the dog on account of the length of their carti- 
 lages, an anatomical peculiarity which protects them to an 
 extent from being broken. When that accident occurs a 
 bandage may be put tightly round the chest to limit the 
 respiratory movement of the ribs and the animal kept quiet. 
 Fractured pelvis acquires special importance as liable to 
 cause impediment to parturition when it occurs in bitches. 
 It may prove so much so as to necessitate delivery by 
 Caesarean section. The scapula generally gives way in 
 the region of its neck, although fracture of its blade is not 
 infrequent from kicks and blows. The mobility of the 
 part is limited by a pitch plaster, perhaps strengthened 
 with splints of pasteboard or wood, and the shoulder 
 retained against the side by some such device as a starch 
 bandage embracing the neck and forearm like a figure-of- 
 
THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. 
 
 247 
 
 p. 
 
 
248 THE DISEASES OF THE DOO. 
 
 eight, and then brought several times round the girth and 
 back. The femur and humerus are among the bones most 
 frequently fractured, but the radius and ulna or tibia and 
 fibula give way still more often. In the case of either of 
 these bones the limb should at once be tied up firmly with 
 a handkerchief, whereby displacement may be prevented 
 or lessened, and as soon as the necessary appliances can 
 be procured the parts snould be " set," and retained by 
 means of splints and bandages. The " setting " must be 
 effected by extension and counter-extension, the splints 
 may be of gutta percha, pasteboard, pliable wood, leather 
 of moderate thickness, or sheepskin. These must be 
 retained by bandages arranged in special adaptation to the 
 requirements of the case, which generally necessitates 
 considerable ingenuity in order to allow for the necessary 
 amount of swelling and to prevent displacement such as is 
 very liable to result from the movements of the patient, 
 especially when the injured bone is painful from the 
 reparative changes going on in it. Pitch, starch, gum 
 solution, or plaster of Paris are used to render the 
 bandages and splints firm, and enable them to give the 
 necessary support to the limb without shifting. They are 
 smeared over the injured part or bandage, or the latter is 
 steeped in them just before application. The splints may 
 be rendered more pliable in adaptation to the form of the 
 limb by soaking in warm water, but, especially at their 
 ends, they should not exert undue pressure on the skin 
 so as to cause ulceration. The bandages, too, must be 
 put on with judgment, allowance being made for the 
 subsequent swelling of the injured parts. Blaine's means 
 of treatment of fracture of the thigh consists in the 
 application of a pitch plaster spread on moderately firm 
 leather to the outer side of the thigh, and extending a 
 little over the inner side also. Attaching to this a long 
 splint such as will extend from the toes to an inch or two 
 over the back, to be retained by a long bandage carefully 
 put round the limb from the toes upwards, and continued 
 up the thigh, it must then be crossed over the back, con- 
 tinued round the other thigh, and fastened, It must be 
 
THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. 
 
 249 
 
 .kept from slipping over the tail by means of another slip 
 passed round the neck and along the back. (' Canine 
 Pathology.') The same method is applicable in fractures 
 of the shoulder. In fracture of the femur, Peuch straps 
 the thigh up against the belly, and keeps the rest of the 
 limb stiff with a bandage ; he also insists on the necessity 
 of bringing all splints to the end of the limb to prevent 
 gangrene. Mayhew describes and illustrates his method 
 of setting and retaining fractured legs. He brings the 
 divided ends of the bones together and retains them as 
 follows. Three broad straight ribbons are cut from a 
 stout sheet of gutta percha and are soaked in warm water 
 
 Fig. 80. — Method of setting fractured legs (Mayhew). 
 
 until they are pliable,, several holes, resembling button- 
 holes, having been cut in them first by the aid of a punch 
 and a narrow chisel. " When they have lain in water a 
 sufficient time to soften, and no more, for the water of too 
 great a heat shrivels up as well as softens the gutta percha, 
 he draws forth one ribbon, and this he moulds to the front 
 of the sound leg. That done, he takes another piece of 
 the putta percha, and this he models to the hind part of 
 the sound leg. The remaining slip is fixed to the side of 
 the limb. After the pliable gutta percha has been forced 
 to assume the shape desired, it is covered with a cloth 
 saturated in cold spring water which hastens the setting 
 of the material, and thus shortens a process which renders 
 
250 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 the dog somewhat uneasy. The splints are then braced 
 together and fixed on the limb by means of a long piece 
 of tape, a quantity of lint, to protect the soft tissues, being 
 put under them. The tapes are run through the holes pre- 
 viously made and wound round the limb over the splints 
 not too tightly at first." Fractwre of the metatarsals or 
 metacarpals may be complete, when the foot is crushed and 
 all four bones have given away, or incomplete, when the 
 uninjured bones will act as splints and materially hasten 
 the healing process. The crushed foot will require to be 
 supported by splints. When a toe is crushed it is generally 
 best to amputate it. Splints should be kept on for at 
 least four weeks in order that the callus may become 
 sufficiently consolidated to support weight, otherwise a 
 false joint may form, the fragments being unitedby fibrous 
 or cartilaginoid material instead of true bone. This 
 unsatisfactory result is most frequently seen in ill-nourished 
 animals, especially those of rachitic tendency. A seton 
 may be passed through the imperfect union, or the repair 
 may be begun over again by its surgical division; the 
 patient should receive good nutrient food and lime-water 
 doses. It is sometimes necessary to break through the 
 callus recently formed, when the union is such as to 
 render the limb permanently bent ; the bone must then 
 be reset, and the case treated as a recent fracture. The 
 refracture, as being very painful, should be performed under 
 chloroform. A muzzle should be put on after the setting 
 of a limb, and the animal kept as quiet as possible. A 
 cathartic ,dose is useful to prevent excessive inflamma- 
 tion. 
 
 DISLOCATIONS assume a more important place in 
 the history of the dog than in that of the horse or ox. 
 Their treatment is very similar to that of fracture, with 
 which they are not infrequently complicated. This is 
 seen especially in the elbow-jomt, where the inner condyle 
 of the humerus becomes separated, and the limb is found 
 flexed inwards. Occasionally outward dislocation occurs 
 at the elbow. When, as is generally the case, this lesion 
 occurs in a young animal, it is difficult to detect crepita- 
 
THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. 
 
 251 
 
 Fio. 81. — Bandage for fractured scapula (Hill). 
 
 Fiq. 82. — Dislocation of shoulder-joint (Hill). 
 
252 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 tion, but fracture may usually be correctly diagnosed. 
 Peuch and Toussaint remark that the " horse and dog are 
 the only animals in which humero-radial luxation is 
 observed." Dislocation of the shoulder sometimes occurs, 
 and may be reduced by extension and counter-extension. 
 Hill accomplishes this easily by passing a strong towel or 
 surcingle underneath the brisket, between the forelegs, 
 over the withers, round the girth, and across the front of 
 the breast. This is held firmly, while an assistant steadily 
 draws the limb in the direction required. The knee and 
 hock also, are liable to dislocation. The patella is not 
 infrequently "put out;" it may be restored by pressure 
 while the foot is held forward, and retained by a bandage. 
 The coxo-femoral joint is liable to dislocation in the dog, 
 in which animal it is rendered possible by the absence of 
 a pubic-femoral ligament and by the length of ligamentum 
 teres. In its reduction, in addition to extension and 
 counter-extension, a certain amount of rotation will be 
 found necessary. The small joints of the foot are some- 
 times "put out" by injuries. Lafosse has recorded 
 three cases of luxation of the lower jaw of the dog, a very 
 remarkable lesion and scarcely possible without fracture, 
 considering the firm hinge-like union between the bones 
 and the smallness of the interarticular cartilages. Band- 
 ages, splints, and adhesives may be applied for disloca- 
 tions as for fractures, and care must be taken lest the 
 injured joint be used too early, before thorough repair has 
 occurred. Blistering or application of the hot iron may 
 be needed to complete the cure. 
 
 Anchylosis and Exostosis is referred to by Blaine as 
 follows : " Stiff joints, splmts, and spavins occasionally 
 enter the kennel as well as the stable, and when not too far 
 advanced in the ossifying process may sometimes be 
 checked by a blister repeatedly applied." Peuch and 
 Toussaint recommend firing superficially in these cases, 
 and allude specially to exostoses of the elbow, stifle, and 
 hip. These diseases are most frequent in sporting dogs, 
 as also are spbains, ranging from extensive subcutaneous 
 rents in muscle, or the " breaking down " of sinews (espe- 
 
THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. 
 
 253 
 
 cially in greyhounds) , to slight wrenches of joints such as 
 disappear on application of cold water combined with rest 
 for a couple of days. These injuries must be treated on 
 exactly the same lines as those of the same nature affecting 
 the horse. A remarkable form of laceration of the trape- 
 zius muscle occurs in carnivora, especially in cats. It is 
 denoted by the upper part of the scapula ascending con- 
 siderably above the withers when the weight is thrown on 
 the limb. 
 
 The Foot of the dog, although not nearly so often the 
 
 Inner face of forearm. 
 
 Outer face of forearm. 
 
 Posterior surface of foot. 
 
 Fig. 83. — Muscles of forearm and foot of dog (Chauveau). 
 
 (For names of different structures indicated by letters and small numbers 
 
 'Chauveau's Anatomy ' must be referred to.) 
 
 seat of lameness as that of the horse, yet suffers from some 
 disorders, of importance. In cases of lameness traceable 
 to the foot the animal generally carries the diseased part 
 in the air, and when at rest licks it frequently. When 
 such signs are present it is necessary to make a thorough 
 
254 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 examination of the foot. The cutaneous balls or "pads" 
 should be examined for suppuration, especially apt to be 
 due to thorns and injuries. Also they are liable to be 
 too much worn by a long day's march or hunting over 
 hard rocky ground. The possibility of the foot having 
 been crushed or contused mast not be forgotten. The 
 claws should be carefully looked to for overgrowth or 
 sinuous ulcer, and between the toes we may seek for para- 
 sites or injury ; sprain, dislocation, and fracture may occur 
 in the foot. Sorb feet may be overworn, when they are 
 tender but recover in a day or two after bathing with 
 sulphate of zinc lotion, or, as a domestic remedy, milk. 
 They should be wrapped up carefully in poultice cloths 
 or protected by a leather boot. Foundered feet are those 
 in which inflammation of the true skin has occurred. It 
 is generally the result of too long journeys, and indicated 
 by high fever, inflammation of the balls of the feet with 
 suppuration, and even exposure of the sensitive layer so 
 that the animal cannot stand, suffers acute pain, and 
 constantly licks the part. This disease is especially seen 
 in sporting dogs which have had too little exercise out of 
 the season and are suddenly brought into work ; it also 
 results from contusions on rough ground and from 
 exposure to cold, as " frost-bite." The changes induced 
 may produce permanent soreness of the feet and so render 
 the animal quite unfit for future work. Such cases may 
 best be dealt with by fomentations and poultices if the 
 animal will allow them to remain on. The foot should be 
 protected with a boot, and febrifuge medicines and a 
 laxative dose will tend to promote a cure. This disease 
 is very liable to recur, a fact which should be carefully 
 remembered. In some cases of mange the root of the 
 claw is affected by the ravages of the parasites, ulceration 
 takes place, and the horny appendage becomes quite loose. 
 The disease is obstinate and resists ordinary remedies, and 
 does not seem to be improved by the animal almost 
 constantly licking it. The claw may in this case be 
 removed, after which the remedial agents will act directly 
 on the diseased parts, and cure will rapidly be effected ; 
 
THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. 
 
 255 
 
 while this is taking place the foot should be protected by 
 a boot. Sinuous ulcer v/nderneath the claw is generally 
 denoted by an oozing, sometimes so slight as to be only 
 with difficulty detectable, from between hair and claw, 
 generally through a small orifice against the lower part of 
 the claw. This has been found in some instances to result 
 
 e\ 
 
 FlG. 84. — Muscles, &c, of antero- FlO. 85. — Bones of forearm and foot 
 external aspect of forearm and foot of dog (CHAUVEAr/). 
 
 of dog (Chattveat/). 
 
 from the use of sand on the floors of kennels. In such a 
 case the horn must be removed so as to open out the ulcer ; 
 the foot should then be poulticed, and after it assumes 
 healthy action be dressed as a common wound. In bad 
 cases the claw must be completely drawn, which will not 
 be difficult as it is already much undermined by pus 
 
256 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 accumulation; it will be reproduced but imperfectly. 
 Thorn wounds of various Jcmds, and other such lesions 
 require no special notice here. Overgrown claws are directly 
 associated by Mayhew with a life on Turkey carpets and 
 silk dresses. Hence they are generally seen in small 
 animals which seldom have to run any distance. The 
 unworn toenail curls in the direction of a ram's horn, and 
 it may penetrate the balls of the foot and cause extreme 
 pain and suppuration. It must be removed by means of a 
 small triangular saw, or the rowelling scissors used for the 
 horse, or else a stout pair of wire nippers. The two latter 
 instruments are preferable to plain scissors, for the latter 
 is liable to split the horn, and to the saw because its 
 operation is long and sometimes painful. 
 
 Amputation of the Toe* is performed by the flap method, 
 as described in detail by Mayhew. The one most 
 frequently removed is the inner of the hind foot, which is 
 quite rudimentary, its metatarsal having degenerated into 
 two diminutive articular extremities and a central fibrous 
 shaft. These " dew-claws " are sometimes simply clipped 
 off with scissors, in other cases they require more syste- 
 matic amputation. The reasons for their removal are 
 three : the liability of their claws to overgrow and do 
 mischief, their sometimes injuring the opposite leg when 
 the animal is running fast, and their being apt to catch in 
 tangled bushes and so on, in cover. Thus their removal 
 is useful and justifiable, in fact an absolute necessity in 
 the case of sporting dogs. 
 
 Parasites between the Toes worry the animal extremely 
 by giving rise to constant irritation which sometimes causes 
 him to tear the skin of his feet savagely. 
 
 Congenital Deformities of the limbs are not infrequent 
 in puppies. Perhaps that most often seen is due to 
 malformation of the lower end of the humerus which 
 presents two rounded condyles ; of these one rests on the 
 radius as usual, the other on the ulna. The effect of this 
 
 * For an intetesting case of amputation of the toe for encephaloid of the 
 second and third phalanges of the forefoot of a retriever see 'Veterinary 
 Journal,' Oct., 1885. 
 
THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. 257 
 
 is that the elbow-joint, partially or entirely, loses its 
 ginglymoid character, and cannot support the weight of 
 the body, so it yields under the animal. An interesting 
 case is recorded by Wolstehholme (' Veterinary Journal,' 
 xi, p. 342). The patient was a five weeks' old, silver- 
 haired, terrier, dog puppy. Each forearm was twisted 
 from the elbow, so that the radius along its entire length 
 was on the ground. The anterior surfaces of the carpi 
 met and touched, from which point the fore paws were 
 sharply turned outwards, with their plantar surfaces at right 
 angles to the ground. The outer surface of each humerus 
 was concave to admit the displaced elbow ; progression was 
 difficult. The patient was healthy, but, of course, the 
 deformity did not admit of cure. In cases of congenital 
 malformation or acquired contraction of tendons, tenotomy 
 has been successfully performed on the dog. The flexors 
 of the foot are not infrequently thus divided ; and Peuch 
 mentions successful section of the external and oblique 
 flexors of the metacarpus some distance above their 
 insertion into the subcarpal bone. 
 
 Cancerous Diseases op Bones, as also Ostitis, Perios- 
 titis, and other simple diseases present no special features 
 in the dog ; Bouley and Paugre have amputated at the 
 shoulder-joint in incurable lesion of the limb ; the patient 
 remained useful as a watch-dog. 
 
 17 
 
258 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG, 
 
 CHAPTER XII.— POISONING. 
 
 Although this subject constitutes a special branch of 
 science known as toxicology, to works on which the canine 
 pathologist must refer for information as to the effects of 
 excessive doses of medicinal agents and for the phenomena 
 associated with the ingestion of poisons as detectable ante- 
 and post-mortem, there are several practical aspects of 
 poisoning which must be noted here. It must also be 
 remarked that as dogs have been the animals most readily 
 available for experiments of a physiological, therapeutic, 
 and toxicological nature, so there remains scattered through 
 the works of Christison, Orfila, Majendie, and many more 
 recent scientists, an enormous amount of information 
 which, when carefully digested, will be of great value to 
 the canine pathologist, but which, it must be confessed, 
 would have been even more valuable if the experimen- 
 talists had obtained a sounder acquaintance with the 
 phenomena of natural disease in the dog. Some very 
 remarkable facts have been ascertained about the action 
 of remedial agents on dogs. Thus Orfila has remarked 
 that whereas opium injected as enema or intravenously is 
 narcotic, it is not so on gastric ingestion. Henbane has 
 been noticed as specially powerful in its action on dogs. 
 Carbolic Acid is of especial importance in its toxic action 
 on carnivora, which renders it a dangerous application in 
 canine practice. When used extensively over the skin, 
 or to wounds, or when taken internally, either by licking 
 or as administered medicinally, it produces immediate 
 depression, weakening of the heart, convulsions, and 
 speedy death, the blood being found tarry in consistency 
 and colour ; the carcase has a tendency to mummify 
 
poisoning. 259 
 
 rather than decompose. Carbolic acid may be safely re- 
 sorted to as an external application for dogs in the form 
 of ordinary carbolic soap, or the following preparation, 
 suggested by Broad of Bath, may be used. Take, of No. 5 
 carbolic acid and of soft soap equal parts, and of water 
 one pint to the ounce of both of the ingredients. Boil the 
 pint of water until the ounce of soap dissolves, and then 
 add the ounce of acid, and, as soon as the boiling point is 
 again reached, set aside ; dilute to 1 — 40 for local appli- 
 cation, to 1 — 50 for general application, for dogs. The 
 same writer recommends in cases of carbolic poisoning 
 continuous application of cold water by means of a water- 
 ing pot with the rose on, until the convulsions cease 
 ('Veterinary Journal, 1 vol. iv, p. 261). The skin should 
 be thoroughly cleansed with cold water and hard soap, 
 or oil well rubbed over the surface ; stimulants should be 
 given internally.* 
 
 Tobacco Water and Hellebore solutions used externally in 
 skin diseases may be similarly absorbed or ingested, and 
 cause serious depression or even death. Such agents 
 should be used only when the animal can be kept under 
 close supervision, where the skin is not much abraded, 
 and when a leather or perforated tin muzzle can be 
 applied. If the animal seems depressed or vomits, he 
 should be at once thoroughly washed in a cold bath, 
 which will prevent absorption and thoroughly dilute the 
 poison. Meecuey compounds, such as the Unguentum Hy- 
 drargyri, when licked in, may give rise to acute ulceration 
 of the bowels, with profuse diarrhoea and bloody evacua- 
 tions, prostration, and death. Eczema niercuriale is an 
 effect of ingestion of mercury, or its incautious use exter- 
 nally, which has been especially noticed by Gamgee. 
 The animal is dull, off feed, breath and skin secretions 
 offensive, and profuse salivation is also present. The 
 hair falls off in herpetic patches, found especially inside 
 
 * Kunde in carbolic poisoning gives castor-oil with some aromatic stimu- 
 lant and saccliaratc of calcium. His formula is — water, 50 parts; sugar, 
 15 parts ; slated lime, 5 parts. Mix, and shake every half hour for soma 
 time (« Gaz. Med. Vet./ 1874). 
 
260 THE DISEASES OF THE D06. 
 
 the legs and on the scrotum. Professor Bennett, in his 
 ' Principles and Practice of Medicine/ gives some inter- 
 esting figures of the bones of a dog which introduced 
 much mercury into his system by licking vermilion paint. 
 Numerous cancerous-like masses were found in the lungs 
 and internal viscera, and the skeleton had undergone 
 most remarkable changes in the long bones, mainly of 
 the shafts, not of their extremities. " The disease closely 
 resembles what may be observed in many other specimens 
 of so-called syphilitic disease, yet in this dog we have the 
 
 Pio. 86.— Skeleton of dog. Effects of mercury (Williams). (After 
 Professor Bennett.) 
 
 positive proof that it was caused by mercury, as all 
 attempts to communicate syphilis to dogs have failed." 
 
 Vegetable poisoning is not common in the dog ; the 
 toxic agents from which he suffers are generally 
 mineral, and picked up accidentally or intentionally with 
 meat or other animal substance. Hounds are liable to 
 Buffer from poison, either as intended for destruction of 
 foxes or actually designed to destroy the pack with a 
 view to " boycotting " hunting. Poison intended for cats 
 or for various kinds of vermin may be eaten by dogs ; 
 
POISONING. 
 
 261 
 
 verdigris may be taken in deleterious doses by consump- 
 tion of stale food out of brass vessels. Corrosive sub- 
 limate, arsenic, or verdigris thus ingested produces very 
 violentvomiting, diarrhoea, and acute inflammation through- 
 out the alimentary canal. The vomits and alvine evacua- 
 tions are laden with blood. Blaine considers ulceration 
 of the mouth with extremely offensive breath, when found 
 with the above symptoms, conclusive evidence that corrosive 
 
 Fig. 87. 
 
 Fig. 88. 
 
 FiG8. 87, 88. — Two views of the femur. Effects of mercury 
 (Williams). (After Professor Bennett.) 
 
 sublimate has been used. In all such cases the nature of 
 the vomits should be carefully examined, and they should 
 be, if necessary, analysed. They may contain portions of 
 the skin of the animal used as bait. The first vomit needs 
 special attention. Early detection of the true nature of 
 the poison may enable us to give an antidote in time, but 
 in all such cases liberal doses of milk, white of egg,* or 
 * The white of one egg is required for every 4 grs. of the poison (Peschier). 
 Iodine and acetate of lead are considered the best counter-agents for mer- 
 curialism. 
 
262 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 blood serum should be given. Oases of convulsions from 
 ordinary pathological conditions and various other diseases 
 are liable to be confused with irritant poisoning in hasty 
 diagnosis. 
 
 Strychnia when used as a poison may be determined 
 by the tetanic convulsions to which it gives rise, the 
 straightness of the back, elevation of the tail, rigidity of 
 the limbs, and sardonic grin on the countenance, the 
 symptoms appearing suddenly. Valenti, of Kino, saved 
 twelve dogs after overdose of strychnia by means of 
 monobromide of camphor in small doses (4 — 6 grammes) 
 given by the stomach. The action of the antidote is sure 
 and rapid in reducing the force and frequency of the 
 spasms, which become clonic instead of tonic, the hypos- 
 thenic action of the bromide mitigating the reflex ac- 
 tivity of the strychnia. The bromide acts on the sympa- 
 thetic nerve inducing myosis and cardiac paralysis, and, 
 if an overdose be given, it and the strychnia together 
 produce death by syncope. If the latter only causes 
 death the cardiac impulses continue post mortem ; this is 
 not so when the bromide is the cause of fatality (' Veter- 
 inary Journal,' iii, p. 51). Young animals are less sus- 
 ceptible to the action of strychnine than adults, herbivora 
 than carnivora. Feser, of Munich, finds that of the 1 per 
 cent, solution of nitrate of strychnia one milligramme sub- 
 cutaneously, and five to six times that amount by the mouth 
 per kilogramme of the weight of the animal may be given 
 as a medicinal dose. In the ' Veterinary Journal,' vol. xi,* 
 Butters, of Norwich, relates a case of successful treatment 
 of strychnia poisoning in a retriever bitch. She was kept 
 under the influence of chloroform for one hour, then 
 given extract of belladonna gr. xij in solution, Tinct. 
 Opii 3J, and received chloroform, with occasional intervals 
 and doses of ten minims of hydrocyanic acid occasionally, 
 for two hours, when the belladonna and opium was re- 
 
 * In a case of strychnia poisoning recorded in vol. vi of the ' Veterinary 
 Journal,' chloroform relieved the tetanic convulsions, being given five or six 
 times in three hours. No spasms occurred after this, and the next day the 
 dog seemed quite well though dull and stupid. 
 
POISONING. 263 
 
 peated. The spasms at last ceased, leaving her weak 
 and prostate, but she was all right again the next morn- 
 ing. Post mortem in these cases the body is found very 
 stiff, remains so for some time, decomposes slowly, and 
 there is a diffused yellowness of the tissues ; the muscles 
 are of a specially bright colour. 
 
 Lead-poisoning is mentioned by Blaine as resulting 
 from the animal lapping water from the leads of buildings,, 
 or eating paint. It is denoted by vomition, colic, and. 
 vertigo, followed by paralysis, and must be treated by ad- 
 ministration of sulphate. 
 
 Edthanasia, or a speedy, sure, and painless death, one 
 not likely to hurt the feelings or brutalise the thoughts of 
 the operator and lookers-on, is a great desideratum as re- 
 gards dogs, because it is necessary as a measure of sanitary 
 police to limit the number of stray and useless dogs, dan- 
 gerous to the public as liable to convey rabies, and prevented 
 by the excellent sanitary conditions of modern West of 
 Europe towns from obtaining a well-earned living by scav- 
 engering, as do the dogs of Constantinople and most 
 Oriental cities. Dr. Richardson has especially studied the 
 best method of slaughter, and considers that carbonic acid 
 poisoning is to be preferred to all others, the gas being liber- 
 ated by chemical means in a chamber in which the dogs are 
 confined. A powerful electric shock is equally effectual, but 
 requires more elaborate appliances. Drowning is a speedy 
 death, and not painful, but it is offensive to the feelings, 
 and the same may be said of pithing, destruction by a 
 blow on the head, and hydrocyanic poisoning. A dose of 
 prussic acid causes death in a couple of minutes, but the 
 fatal result is preceded by struggling and convulsions, 
 which, however, are not indicative of pain. Of ordinary 
 prussic acid from a freshly opened bottle half an ounce to 
 an ounce should be given to prevent accidents, although 
 much smaller doses would prove lethal ; it is as well to 
 leave a margin for individual peculiarity of constitution 
 and for accident, also care should be taken to ensure that 
 the victim is thoroughly dead, for cases have been known 
 in which an animal, supposed to have been killed, has 
 
264 THE DISEASES OP THE DOG. 
 
 subsequently been found running about the room, having 
 expelled the poison by vomition, or outlived its sedative 
 action. It is wonderful how long an animal may have 
 been apparently dead from prussic acid poisoning, and yet 
 be revived under the influence of ammonia. 
 
 Snake-bite is a form of poisoning sometimes seen in 
 England from the viper and adder, but it is very common 
 abroad, and proves rapidly fatal. The dog suffers great 
 distress and rapid decomposition of the blood ; the injured 
 parts swell, and all control over them is lost ; convulsions 
 early set in. The best treatment is ligature by tourniquet 
 above the punctures if a limb is injured, prompt cauteri- 
 sation if possible, or local and general administration of 
 Liquor Ammonias, full doses of the agent being given half- 
 hourly. Cold affusions and artificial respiration may prove 
 of benefit. It has been proved that if artificial respira- 
 tion be kept up long enough, the action of curara, wourali, 
 or the Indian arrow-head poison, whereby it paralyses 
 the respiratory centre, will pass off, and the animal's life 
 be preserved. This poison has the remarkable power of 
 paralysing the motorial apparatus in such a way that the 
 animal suffering from it, if operated on, has no power of 
 showing its agony by movement. It is expressly for- 
 bidden to be considered an anaesthetic under the Act for 
 the regulation of vivisection. 
 
 The stings of wasps, tees, hornets, and other insects may 
 even prove fatal to dogs, and hunting dogs are especially 
 liable to suffer from accidentally disturbing nests of these 
 creatures. Water affords the best means of escape, dense 
 smoke also keeps off the irritated insects, a thick bush 
 may afford some defence. Indigo in the form of vege- 
 table blue-ball (as used for domestic purpose's) is con- 
 sidered an excellent application for wasp and bee bites ; 
 ammonia locally and generally is required in some cases, 
 carron oil will be found useful in others, but often, espe- 
 cially when a hornet's nest has been disturbed, the dog 
 will die before assistance can be rendered. 
 
MINOR SUEGEEY. 265 
 
 CHAPTER XIII.— MINOR SURGERY. 
 
 T0MOUES. — In treating of the diseases of various organs 
 we have noted the occurrence of different sorts of tumours 
 in or on them. The system of the dog seems especially liable 
 to morbid growths, which not rarely assume the malignant 
 foem. Cancers seem to specially affect the genitals and 
 the mammary gland, and are most frequently scirrhous in 
 character, although epithelial cancer and encephaloid are, 
 perhaps, most frequent in the dog of all our domesticated 
 animals. It is found that over-fed, under-exercised, and 
 old dogs suffer most from cancers, and hence, in their re- 
 moval, when chloroform has to be resorted to, the greatest 
 care has to be exercised lest the heart be fatty; 
 probably the effects of local anassthesia might be more 
 frequently relied on than they usually are in canine 
 surgery. There is an increasing belief that many tumours 
 of the genitals and elsewhere in the dog are less frequently 
 malignant than is generally supposed, but as the use 
 of the microscope has extended among veterinary sur- 
 geons the frequency of morbid growths in carnivora has 
 been thoroughly established. Melanosis is very rare, 
 but Fleming has placed on record an instance of disease 
 of the skin of the leg which proved to be " Black Cancer," 
 and on post-mortem examination the liver and heart were 
 found the seat of black deposits. Sarcomatous growths 
 of the limb bones are sometimes seen in the dog ; in the 
 ' Veterinary Journal,' vol. viii, is recorded a case of osteo- 
 sarcoma of the femur of a cat.* 
 
 * Quite recently Rivolta, the illustrious Pisa professor, has detected in the 
 masses of diffused sarcoma of a dog, a form of mucedo, which fungus he terms 
 Micorimyces cards familiaris. 
 
266 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 Of Non-malignant Growths, fibrous or fibro-vascular 
 polypi are very common, and occur in the nasal chambers, 
 rectum, vagina, and even on the sheath. Simple fibroma 
 follows injuries, and is most frequently found on the limbs. 
 Fibro-cystic tumours occur on various parts of the limbs, 
 especially. on the toes, and in the form of " capped hock " 
 and " capped elbow," which are common in dogs kept in 
 small kennels without sufficient exercise. They result 
 from bruises, and abscesses may form, but generally thoy 
 are a kind of spurious bursa, and covered by skin much 
 hypertrophied, and with thick horny cuticle.* Similar 
 spurious bursse form in certain breeds of dogs opposite the 
 tubera ' ischii from the animals constantly sitting on 
 hard ground. They resemble the " natal callosities " 
 found in monkeys. 
 
 Warty growths, simple epithelial hypertrophies, are 
 common on the skin and mucous membranes, as of the 
 sheath and mouth. Acetic acid is ■ a good caustic for 
 them, and Blaine recommends that they be dressed with 
 a powder consisting of equal parts of savin and sal am- 
 moniac powdered. 
 
 Fatty tumours occur in and on the skin or in the sub- 
 cutaneous tissue in certain breeds of dogs, such as spaniels, 
 very frequently. They especially affect old animals, and 
 may be freely removed with the knife, being generally 
 well defined and lobulated, also loosely connected with 
 the subjacent parts. Blaine speaks of the frequency of 
 formation of fatty tumours in the region of the loins of 
 spayed bitches. It appears as a swelling on each side of 
 the loins, and is simply fat accumulation at the seat of the 
 ovaria. Osseous growths occur usually as exostoses, which 
 have been elsewhere mentioned, but osteoids have been 
 described as lying independently in the soft tissues, and 
 occasionally tumours in the mammary gland undergo cal- 
 careous or osseous change. 
 
 * Lowe reports an interesting case of cystic growth at the lower part of 
 the cervical region. It recurred three times after operation, and finally dis- 
 appeared on removal of much of the investing integument (' Jonrn. Comp. 
 Med. and Surgery,' iv, p. 317). 
 
MINOR STTRQEEY. 267 
 
 The various tumours, malignant and non-malignant, 
 found in the dog, must be treated on ordinary surgical 
 principles. 
 
 Wounds, too, will present no special difficulties to the 
 surgeon. In most dogs they result from bites, and special 
 care must be taken lest they be poisoned with rabid 
 saliva. In the absence of this complication they may be 
 poisoned by foulness of the mouth of the animal which, 
 inflicted the bite, or of the patient himself, which latter- 
 affects the wound if he be allowed to lick it. .Dogs recover 
 in a most mai'vellous manner from injuries of extraordinary 
 severity, often without any treatment, but in neglected 
 cases maggots may form and the wounds become most 
 offensive, as, especially, in the neglected stump of an am- 
 putated tail. As regards treatment it has been found 
 that stitches are especially liable to ulcerate out rapidly in 
 the dog, and it must be remembered that carbolic dressings 
 must not be applied to his wounds so freely as to those of 
 most other animals. Also he should generally be kept, 
 closely muzzled, lest, when an irritable condition of the 
 wounds comes on at a certain stage of healing, he produce 
 serious complication by lacerating the edges of the wounds 
 with his teeth. In sporting dogs gunshot wounds are not 
 unfrequent.* Jewsijensko has studied injuries of this 
 nature in the dog by cruel experimentation, and his results 
 are hardly of , sufficient importance to justify his pro- 
 ceedings. The same cannot be said in detraction of 
 the experiments of Professor Parkes, the results of which 
 may be read in the ' Quarterly Journal of Veterinary 
 Science in India,' vol. iv, No. 13, p. 97, and which throw 
 much light on an obscure point in human surgery. The 
 most severe wounds inflicted on dogs are generally the 
 result of fighting, for which purpose several of the breeds 
 are specially trained. It is a matter of no slight impor- 
 tance to be acquainted with the best and safest method of 
 separating and securing fighting dogs. We may adopt the 
 suggestions contained in Fleming's work on ' Rabies and 
 
 * Broad has recorded an interesting case of encysted bullet in a dog's foot 
 in vol. iv of the ' Veterinary Journal/ p. 93. 
 
268 THE DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 Hydrophobia.' " The only safe place to grip a dog is at 
 the back of the neck, behind the head ; there the skin is 
 sufficiently loose to afford a good hold, while the hands 
 cannot be touched by the animal's teeth so long as the 
 grasp is maintained. . . . Blows will not prevent 
 their biting and holding on. . . The simplest, safest, 
 and by far the most effective plan of rescuing one's self, or 
 defending other persons or dogs from some infuriated or 
 mad animal's fangs, is choking. If the animal wears a 
 collar this is easily done, as one has only to seize it firmly 
 at the back, and pull it tightly against the throat in front ; 
 the foot or other hand may usefully aid in the operation 
 by pressing strongly against the back of the neck. It 
 should by no means be released immediately it lets go 
 its hold, but ought to be still further choked until it is 
 harmless for the time, when means may be had recourse 
 to for securing it properly. When there is no collar on 
 the neck a strong handkerchief or piece of rope tied round 
 and pulled in the same manner, or twisted with a stick, 
 is a ready appliance. . . It only requires strong arms 
 and a little coolness and tact." 
 
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TABULAR STATEMENT OP DOSES, ETC. 
 
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INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Aberrations of intellect . . 200 
 Abnormal urination . . . 159 
 Abortion . . . . 186 
 
 Abscess, ear-flap . . . 223 
 
 — jaw 103 
 
 — liver 143 
 
 Absence of oestrum . . . 183 
 Acariasis, auricular . . . 224 
 
 Acaricide 224 
 
 Accumulation of tartar . . 100 
 Achorion Lebertii . . . 242 
 
 — Schdnleinii .... 243 
 Acid, carbolic .... 258 
 
 — carbonic .... 263 
 
 — prussic . . . . 263 
 Acupnncturation . . . 209 
 Administration of pills . . 14 
 After-treatment of parturition . 195 
 Air passages . . . .86 
 Albumen in urine . . . 153 
 Albuminous nephritis . . 153 
 Alopecia ..... 228 
 Amaurosis .... 217 
 Amputation, external ear . 220, 222 
 • — penis 168 
 
 — toe 
 
 — uterus . 
 
 — vagina . 
 Anaemia . 
 Anasarca . 
 Anaesthetics 
 Aneurism . 
 Anidian monsters 
 Animal parasites, skin 
 Anthrax . 
 Antiseptic surgery 
 Aphrodiaia 
 
 Apoplexy 
 
 — parturient 
 
 — pulmonary 
 
 — splenic . 
 Apparatus, generative 
 
 — urinary 
 Appendages, foetal 
 Applications, external 
 
 . 256 
 
 . 177 
 
 . 180 
 . 71 
 . 229 
 . 20 
 . 81 
 . 193 
 . 230 
 . 58 
 . 25 
 . 184 
 . 204 
 . 205 
 97 
 . 151 
 165, 170 
 . 153 
 . 193 
 . 21 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Aqueous chamber, dropsy of . 216 
 Arctic dog disease . . .40 
 Arrow poison . . . . 264 
 Artificial cystio calculus . . 157 
 Ascarides .... 122, 132 
 Ascites . . . . . 138 
 Asthma ..... 95 
 Atony of rectum . . . -129 
 Atrophy, kidney . . . 155 
 
 — ovaries 171 
 
 Auricular acariasis . . . 224 
 Auscultation . . -. . 89 
 
 Balanitis 163 
 
 Baldness 228 
 
 Bandaging . . .23, 24 
 Barking, excessive . . 87 
 
 Baths ..... 22 
 Bees' stings . . : - 264 
 Behaviour, general . . .10 
 Belly, tapping the . . . 139 
 Benign variola . . . .60 
 Biliary calculi .... 147 
 
 — fistula . . . . . 147 
 Bilious infarction of bowels . 142 
 Bite of a mad dog '. . . 47 
 
 — of-a snake . . . . 264 
 Black cancer . 265, 
 Bladder, eversion of . . 159 
 
 — paralysis .... 160 
 
 — rupture .... 158 
 Blain . . . : .105 
 
 Bleeding 23 
 
 Blisters 21 
 
 Blood 26 
 
 — disorders, non-specific . . 64 
 
 specific . . . 26 
 
 " Bloody " urine . .70 
 
 Blunting teeth . . . .45 
 Bone, cancer of 257 
 
 Bones ..... 245 
 
 — feeding on . . . . 123 
 Botbriocephalus . . . 136 
 Bowels ..... 108 
 
 — diseases of . ; . . 124 
 
280 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 PAcm 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bowels, dropping of . 
 
 . 128 
 
 Chorea . . . . 
 
 . 209 
 
 — inflammation, bilious of 
 
 . 142 
 
 Chorioptes 
 
 . 224 
 
 — parasites 
 
 . 131 
 
 Chronic bronchitis . 
 
 . 95 
 
 — torpidity 
 
 . 115 
 
 — hepatitis 
 
 . 143 
 
 Brain . . 
 
 . 199 
 
 Cirrhosis testis . . . 
 
 . 170 
 
 Break down 
 
 . 252 
 
 Circulatory disorders 
 
 . 73 
 
 Bright's disease 
 
 . 153 
 
 Circumcision . 
 
 . 168 
 
 Broken teeth . 
 
 . 100 
 
 Claws, mange of 
 
 . 254 
 
 Bronchitis 
 
 . 90 
 
 — overgrown . 
 
 . 256 
 
 — chronic 
 
 . 95 
 
 — sinuous ulcer 
 
 . 255 
 
 — verminous . 
 
 . 92 
 
 Cleft palate 
 
 . 104 
 
 Bronchocele 
 
 . 151 
 
 Clysters . 
 
 . 17 
 
 Bug, harvest . 
 
 . 238 
 
 Cold bath. 
 
 . 23 
 
 
 
 Colic . 
 
 . 113 
 
 Csonurus . 
 
 . 207 
 
 Condition, monstrous 
 
 . 193 
 
 Csesarean operation . 
 
 . 194 
 
 Congenital deformities 
 
 . 256 
 
 Calculus, biliary 
 
 . 147 
 
 — malformations 
 
 . 81 
 
 — cystic . 
 
 . 156 
 
 penis 
 
 . 168 
 
 — intestinal . 
 
 . 127 
 
 Congestion, pulmonary 
 
 . 97 
 
 — renal . 
 
 . 154 
 
 Conjunctivitis . . . 
 
 . 215 
 
 — urethral 
 
 . 164 
 
 — granular . . . 
 
 . 215 
 
 Cancer 
 
 . 265 
 
 Constant desire 
 
 . 184 
 
 — bone 
 
 . 257 
 
 Constipation 
 
 . 115 
 
 — vagina . 
 
 . 179 
 
 Consumption . 
 
 . 62 
 
 Canine pathology 
 
 . 1 
 
 Copulation . 
 
 . 166 
 
 — pharmacy 
 
 . 14 
 
 Cord, spinal 
 
 . 207 
 
 Canker, external 
 
 . 221 
 
 Cornea, opacity of . 
 
 . 216 
 
 — internal 
 
 . 220 
 
 — ulceration of 
 
 . 216 
 
 — in mouth 
 
 . 103 
 
 Coryza . 
 
 . 83 
 
 Cap for ears 
 
 . 222 
 
 Cramp . . 
 
 . 212 
 
 Capped elbow . 
 
 . 266 
 
 Cracks on teats 
 
 . 198 
 
 — hock . 
 
 . 266 
 
 Crochet . 
 
 . 189 
 
 Carbolic acid 
 
 . 258 
 
 " Cropping " 
 
 220, 222 
 
 Carbonic acid poisoning 
 
 . 263 
 
 Curara , 
 
 . 264 
 
 Caries of teeth . 
 
 . 103 
 
 Cutaneous tuberculosis 
 
 . 229 
 
 Cartilago-nictitans tumour 
 
 s . 215 
 
 Cutting the tushes . 
 
 . 102 
 
 Castor-oil mixture 
 
 . 18 
 
 Cystic calculus . 
 
 . 156 
 
 Castration 
 
 . 162 
 
 — growths 
 
 . 266 
 
 Cat epizooty (Delhi) . 
 
 . 62 
 
 — hernia . 
 
 . 159 
 
 Cataract . 
 
 . 217 
 
 Cysticercus 
 
 . 136 
 
 Catarrh 
 
 . 83 
 
 Cystitis . 
 
 . 156 
 
 — gastric . 
 
 . 117 
 
 Cysts of retention 
 
 . 155 
 
 Cathartics 
 
 . 18 
 
 
 
 Catheter . 
 
 . 160 
 
 Deafness . 
 
 . 220 
 
 — passage of . 
 
 . 181 
 
 Death 
 
 . 263 
 
 Catheterism 
 
 . 160 
 
 Deformities, congenital 
 
 . 256 
 
 Causes of disease 
 
 . 7 
 
 Degeneration, fatty, heart 
 
 . 75 
 
 Cephalotomy . 
 
 . 188 
 
 — liver . 
 
 . 145 
 
 Chambers, nasal 
 
 . 82 
 
 Delayed parturition . 
 
 . 187 
 
 Chances after bite of mad 
 
 dog . 48 
 
 Demodex . 
 
 . 235 
 
 Changes, nutritive . 
 
 . . 72 
 
 Deposits on heart valves 
 
 . 73 
 
 Chest 
 
 . 89 
 
 Dermatitis 
 
 . 226 
 
 — founder 
 
 . 65 
 
 Dermatophytes . 
 
 . 241 
 
 — inflammation of . 
 
 . 90 
 
 Dermatozoa 
 
 . 230 
 
 Cbeiracnnthus . 
 
 . 137 
 
 Dermoid tumours 
 
 . 217 
 
 Chloroforming . 
 
 . 20 
 
 Destruction of dogs . 
 
 . 263 
 
 Choking . 
 
 . ios 
 
 Dew claws 
 
 . 256 
 
 Cholera . 
 
 . 61 
 
 Diabetes mellitus 
 
 . 161 
 
INDEX. 
 
 281 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Diagnosis of rabies . . .38 
 Diaphragm, disorders of . .97 
 
 — hernia of . . .97 
 
 Diarrhoea 114 
 
 Diet 12 
 
 Digestive apparatus, disorders 
 
 of 98 
 
 Dilatation, gastric . . . 120 
 Diphtheria . . . .56 
 Disappearance of pancreas . 149 
 Diseases, dermatophyte . . 241 
 
 — bowels 124 
 
 — ductless glands . . . 151 
 
 — liver 146 
 
 — prostatic .... 161 
 
 — stomach .... 117 
 
 — tongue 104 
 
 Dislocation .... 250 
 
 — eyeball .... 218 
 Disorders, circulatory . . 73 
 
 — blood, specific . . .26 
 
 — digestive apparatus . . 98 
 Displacement of teeth . . 101 
 liver .... 146 
 
 — uterine .... 174 
 Distemper . . . .49 
 
 — putrid 55 
 
 Distension of eyeball . . 217 
 Distoma ..... 146 
 
 Dochmius 133 
 
 Dog nuisance .... 7 
 
 Doses 21 
 
 Double fcetns . . . .193 
 
 Draughts 16 
 
 Dropping of bowel . . . 128 
 Dropsy, aqueous . . . 216 
 
 — brain 217 
 
 — subcutaneous . . . 229 
 
 — womb 173 
 
 Drowning .... 263 
 
 Ductless glands . . . 151 
 Dumb madness . . . .30 
 Dysentery .... 126 
 
 Ear .... 
 
 — ache . 
 
 — cap 
 
 — flap, scurfiness of . 
 
 — polypi of 
 
 Eating foetal membranes 
 
 — pups . 
 Eclampsia, puerperal 
 Ectopia hepatis 
 Ectropion 
 
 Eczema . 
 
 — epizootica . . 
 
 — mercuriale , . 
 
 219 
 219 
 222 
 
 223 
 224 
 195 
 195 
 209 
 146 
 214 
 226 
 58 
 259 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ejecta, state of 
 
 . 10 
 
 Electric shock . 
 
 . 263 
 
 Embryotomy . . 
 
 . 187 
 
 Emetics . 
 
 . 19 
 
 Encephalitis 
 
 . 206 
 
 Enemata . . . 
 
 . 17 
 
 Enlargements, erectile, of penis 166 
 
 Enteritis 124 
 
 Entropium .... 214 
 
 Epilepsy 200 
 
 Epiplocele .... 130 
 
 Epistaxis 86 
 
 Erectile enlargements of penis . 166 
 
 Ergot of rye 
 
 . 178 
 
 Erysipelas 
 
 . 229 
 
 Erythema simplex 
 
 . 226 
 
 Etherisation 
 
 . 21 
 
 Eustrongylus . 
 
 . 155 
 
 Euthanasia 
 
 . 263 
 
 Eversis vesicas . 
 
 . 159 
 
 Eye . 
 
 
 Eye changes in rabies 
 
 . 36 
 
 Eyeball, dislocation of 
 
 . 218 
 
 — extirpation of 
 
 . 218 
 
 — trumatic distension of 
 
 . 217 
 
 Eyelid, ulceration of . 
 
 . 214 
 
 Examination of dog patients . 13 
 
 — of foot . 
 
 . 254 
 
 Excision, spleen 
 
 . 150 
 
 — womb . 
 
 . 177 
 
 Excretory apparatus, liver 
 
 . 147 
 
 Exercise . 
 
 . 13 
 
 Exostosis . 
 
 . 252 
 
 Expectorants . 
 
 . 19 
 
 External applications 
 
 . 21 
 
 — canker 
 
 . 221 
 
 Extirpation of eyeball 
 
 . 218 
 
 Extractors 
 
 . 189, 190 
 
 Extra-uterine foetation 
 
 . 193 
 
 False conception 
 
 . 183 
 
 — joint . 
 
 . 250 
 
 — pains . 
 
 . 185 
 
 — tuberculosis 
 
 . 62 
 
 Fatty degeneration, heart 
 
 . 75 
 
 — liver 
 
 . 145 
 
 — tumours 
 
 . 266 
 
 Favus 
 
 . 243 
 
 Feeding dogs on bones 
 
 . 123 
 
 Feet, sore . 
 
 . 254 
 
 Female genital organs 
 
 . 170 
 
 Femoral hernia . 
 
 . 130 
 
 Fever 
 
 . . 71 
 
 Fibroma . 
 
 . 266 
 
 Fibro-cystic tumours 
 
 . 266 
 
 Fibrous polypi . 
 
 . 266 
 
 Fighting dogs, to separate 
 
 . 267 
 
282 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Filaria hepatica 
 
 . 146 
 
 — immitis 
 
 . 76 
 
 — sangninolenta 
 
 78, 108 
 
 Firing . . . 
 
 . 22 
 
 Fistula, gastric . 
 
 . 119 
 
 — biliary . . . 
 
 . 147 
 
 — in ano . 
 
 . 129 
 
 — lacteal . 
 
 . 197 
 
 Fits . . . .. 
 
 . 200 
 
 Fleas 
 
 . 240 
 
 Foetal appendages 
 
 . 193 
 
 Foetus, malposition of 
 
 . 185 
 
 Fcetation extra-uterine 
 
 . 193 
 
 Follicular mange 
 
 . 235 
 
 Fomentations .. 
 
 . 22 
 
 Foot 
 
 . 253 
 
 — examination of .. 
 
 . 254 
 
 — and-mouth disease 
 
 . 58 
 
 Foreign bodies in stoinnch 
 
 . 120 
 
 Forceps 
 
 189, 190 
 
 Foul. 
 
 . 71 
 
 Foulness of skin 
 
 . 226 
 
 Foundered feet . 
 
 . 254 
 
 Fractures . 
 
 . 245 
 
 Furious madness 
 
 . 209 
 
 Gastric catarrh . 
 
 . 117 
 
 — dilatation . . 
 
 . 120 
 
 — fistula . 
 
 . 119 
 
 — intussusception 
 
 . 112 
 
 — ulcer . 
 
 . 119 
 
 Gastritis . 
 
 . 118 
 
 Gastro-hysterotoiny . 
 
 . 194 
 
 General behaviour 
 
 . 10 
 
 — symptoms . 
 
 . 8 
 
 alimentary 
 
 . Ill 
 
 Generative apparatus 
 
 . 165, 170 
 
 Genital organs, male. 
 
 . 165 
 
 Glanders . 
 
 . 61 
 
 Glands, ductless 
 
 . 151 
 
 Glans penis, inflammation 
 
 of . 167 
 
 Glossitis . 
 
 . 154 
 
 Goitre 
 
 . 151 
 
 Gonorrhoea 
 
 . 163 
 
 Granular conjunctivitis 
 
 . 215 
 
 Growths, cystic 
 
 . 266 
 
 — malignant . 
 
 . 197, 265 
 
 — non-malignant 
 
 . 266 
 
 — osseous . 
 
 . 266 
 
 — warty • . . .16 
 
 7, 198, 266 
 
 Gullet, diseases of . 
 
 . 108 
 
 Gunshot wounds 
 
 . 267 
 
 Heematemesis . 
 
 . 119 
 
 1-IiEiiiatoma . . 
 
 . 223 
 
 Hsematozoa 
 
 . 76 
 
 Hematuria 
 
 . 160 
 
 PAQE 
 Haemorrhage, post-partum . 178 
 Hemorrhagic tumours, spleen . 150 
 Haemorrhoids .... 129 
 
 Harvest bug 238 
 
 Head, injuries to ■. . . 205 
 Heart, degeneration of .75 
 
 — rupture of . . . .75 
 
 — valves, deposits on . .73 
 
 — worms ..... 76 
 
 Hellebore 259 
 
 Hepatitis 142 
 
 — chronic .... 143 
 Hernia abdomiualis . . ■ 130 
 
 — cystic 159 
 
 — diaphragmatic . . .97 
 
 — femoral .... 130 
 
 — inguinal . . ... 130 
 
 — uteri 174 
 
 — ventral .... 131 
 Holostoma .... 137 
 Honeycomb ringworm .. . 243 
 Hornet stings .... 264 
 
 Husk 117 
 
 Hydatids , . . . 133,136 
 
 — kidney ...>.. 155 
 Hydrocephalus. . . . 207 
 Hydrocyanic acid . . . 263 
 Hydrometra .... 173 
 Hydrophobia, vide rabies. . 
 Hydrops uteri .... 173 
 Hygiene of pregnancy . . 185 
 Hypersalivation . . . 106 
 Hypertrophy, kidney . . 155 
 Hysterocele ..... 174 
 
 Icterus 69 
 
 Incisors . . . . .99 
 
 Impaction 127 
 
 Impotence .... 169 
 Inappetance .... Ill 
 Incontinence of urine . . 159 
 Indian arrow poison . . . 264 
 Indigestion . . . .111 
 Inertia uteri .... 178 
 Infibulation .... 181 
 Infiltration, fatty, of heart . 75 
 Inflammation of chest . . 90 
 
 — of iris and choroid . . 219 
 
 — of scrotum .... 168 
 Influences, nervous . . .11 
 
 Influenza 49 
 
 Inguinal hernia . . . 130 
 Imperforate prepuce . . . 168 
 Injection, subcutaneous . 16, 21 
 Injuries to head . . . 205 
 
 Intestines 108 
 
 Inoculation for rabies , . 42 
 
INDEX. 
 
 283 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Intellect, aberrations of . ■. 200 
 Interference operations in partu- 
 rition .... 187 
 Internal canker . . . 220 
 
 — temperature . . . .10 
 Intestines, diseases of . .124 
 Intussusception . . . 127 
 
 — gastric ..... 112 
 Invagination .... 127 
 Inversio uteri .... 176 
 
 — vaginse .... 180 
 Iris and choroid, inflammation of 219 
 Ixodes ..... 240 
 
 Jaundice . 
 Jaw, abscess of 
 Joint, false 
 — stiff . 
 
 Eennel lameness 
 " Kernels" 
 Kidneys . 
 
 103 
 250 
 252 
 
 66 
 151 
 
 158 
 
 Laceration, ligament, supra-or- 
 bital 215 
 
 — trapezius .... 252 
 
 — vagina 178 
 
 Lachrymal obstruction . . 215 
 
 Lactation 196 
 
 Lacteal fistula .... 197 
 Laparotomy . . . 127, 137 
 Laryngitis . . . .88 
 Laryngismus stridulus 
 Lead-poisoning 
 Leptus autumnalis . 
 Leucorrhoea 
 Leukaemia 
 
 Lice .... 
 Ligament, supra-orbital, lacera- 
 tion of 
 
 Lips. 
 
 — ulceration of 
 Lithotrity, natural . 
 Liver 
 
 — degenerations 
 
 — excretory apparatus 
 
 — rupture of . 
 Lochia 
 "Locking" 
 Locomotor ataxia 
 
 — apparatus 
 Looseness of bowels . 
 Loss of molars . 
 
 voice 
 
 Lumbago . 
 
 Lungs 
 
 88 
 263 
 238 
 180 
 
 68 
 241 
 
 215 
 
 98 
 
 107 
 
 158 
 
 140 
 
 143 
 
 145 
 
 147 
 
 145 
 
 195 
 
 166 
 
 209 
 
 245 
 
 114 
 
 104 
 
 87 
 
 65 
 
 89 
 
 Madness, dumb 
 — furious 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 30 
 . 29 
 . 267 
 .165 
 . 81 
 . 168 
 . 197 
 . 146 
 .171 
 . 151 
 . 265 
 . 60 
 . 11 
 . 185 
 .196 
 . 196 
 . 198 
 . 197 
 . 254 
 . 235 
 228, 232 
 . 230 
 81, 199 
 17, 269 
 . 61 
 17, 269 
 . 265 
 persistence 
 
 . 219 
 
 Male genital organs . 
 Malformations, congenital 
 
 penis 
 
 Malignant growths 
 
 — disease, liver 
 
 ovaries 
 
 spleen 
 
 — tumours 
 
 — variola . 
 Malingerers 
 Malposition of foetus 
 Mammary concretions 
 
 — glands . 
 
 — tumours 
 Mammitis 
 Mange of claw 
 
 — follicular 
 
 — red 
 
 — true . . 
 Master MacG rath 
 Materia medica 
 Measles . 
 Medicines 
 Melanosis 
 Membrana pupillaris, 
 
 of . 
 
 Menier's disease . . . 224 
 Mercury compound . . . 259 
 
 Metritis 172 
 
 Micorimyces .... 265 
 Milk 196 
 
 — abscess .... 196 
 Minor surgery . . . 21, 264 
 Mixture, castor-oil . . .18 
 Molars 100 
 
 — loss of 104 
 
 Moles 193 
 
 — canker. .... 103 
 Mouth, warts in 107 
 
 Monsters 193 
 
 Morbid appetite, bitch . . 195 
 
 Mouth 
 
 Morgagni's sinuses . . . 129 
 
 Mucous membranes . . .10 
 
 Muzzle . . . . .21 
 
 Muzzling .... 24 
 
 Maw-worms .... 132 
 
 Narcotics 20 
 
 Nasal chambers . . .82 
 — polypus . . . .86 
 Natal callosities . . . 266 
 Natural lithrotrity . . . 158 
 Neck of bladder, stricture of . 159 
 
284 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Nephritis . 
 
 . 154 
 
 Parasitic bronchitis . 
 
 . 92 
 
 — albuminous . . 
 
 . 153 
 
 — disease, liver 
 
 . 146 
 
 Nerve grafting 
 
 . 213 
 
 — ozjcna . 
 
 . 85 
 
 Nervous influence 
 
 . 11 
 
 Parturient apoplexy . 
 
 . 204 
 
 — system . 
 
 . 199 
 
 Parturition 
 
 181, 185 
 
 Neuralgia . 
 
 . 199 
 
 — assisted . 
 
 . 186 
 
 Neurotomy 
 
 . 213 
 
 — delayed 
 
 . 187 
 
 Newly-born pup 
 
 . 193 
 
 — premature . 
 
 . 186 
 
 Non-malignant growths 
 
 . 266 
 
 Passage of catheter . 
 
 . 181 
 
 Non-specific blood diseases 
 
 . 64 
 
 Pasteur's researches . 
 
 37,42 
 
 Nursing . 
 
 . 12 
 
 Pediculi . 
 
 . 241 
 
 Nutritive changes 
 
 . 72 
 
 Penis, amputation of 
 
 . 168 
 
 
 
 — bone . 
 
 . 165 
 
 
 
 Penien 
 
 . 165 
 
 Obstruction, lachrymal du< 
 
 :t . 215 
 
 Pentastoma 
 
 . 85 
 
 (Esophagotomy 
 
 . 110 
 
 Pericardial diseases . 
 
 . 76 
 
 (Esophagus 
 
 . 107 
 
 Periostitis 
 
 . 257 
 
 — diseases of . 
 
 . 108 
 
 Peritoneum 
 
 . 137 
 
 — stricture of . 
 
 . 80 
 
 Peritonitis 
 
 . 137 
 
 (Estrum . 
 
 . 181 
 
 Persistent membrana pupi 
 
 llaris 219 
 
 Olulanus . 
 
 . 123 
 
 — vomition 
 
 . 112 
 
 Opacity of cornea 
 
 . 216 
 
 Pharmacy, canine 
 
 . 14 
 
 Operative interference, pa 
 
 rturi- 
 
 Pharyngitis 
 
 . 107 
 
 tion . 
 
 . 187 
 
 Physiognomy of disease 
 
 . 8 
 
 Ophthalmia, simplex 
 
 . 215 
 
 Piles 
 
 . 29 
 
 Opisthotonos 
 
 . 212 
 
 Fills, administration of 
 
 . 14 
 
 Orchitis . 
 
 . 170 
 
 Pityriasis . 
 
 . 227 
 
 Organs of special sense 
 
 . 214 
 
 Placebos . 
 
 . 10 
 
 Os penis . 
 
 . 165 
 
 Plethora . 
 
 . 71 
 
 Osseous growths 
 
 . 266 
 
 Pleurisy . 
 
 . 90 
 
 Ostitis 
 
 219, 257 
 
 Pleurisy, worm. 
 
 . 80 
 
 Ovaries 
 
 . 170 
 
 Pleurosthotonos 
 
 . 212 
 
 — atrophy of . 
 
 . 171 
 
 Pneumonia 
 
 . 90 
 
 Ovariotomy 
 
 . 170 
 
 Poisoning . 
 
 . 258 
 
 Overgrown claws 
 
 . 256 
 
 Polypi, fibrous . 
 
 . 266 
 
 Overworn feet . 
 
 . 254 
 
 — of ear . 
 
 . 224 
 
 Ozsena 
 
 . 84 
 
 — of sheath 
 
 . 167 
 
 — parasitica 
 
 . 85 
 
 Polypus nasi 
 
 . 86 
 
 
 
 — recti . 
 
 . 130 
 
 
 
 — vaginas 
 
 . 179 
 
 Pachymeningitis, spinal 
 
 . 209 
 
 Posthitis . 
 
 163, 167 
 
 Fads of feet 
 
 . 254 
 
 Post-partum haemorrhage 
 
 . 178 
 
 Pains, false 
 
 . 185 
 
 Pregnancy 
 
 . 184 
 
 Palate 
 
 . 98 
 
 — hygiene 
 
 . 185 
 
 — cleft . 
 
 . 104 
 
 Premature parturition 
 
 . 186 
 
 Pancreas . 
 
 . 140, 148 
 
 Prolapsus ani . 
 
 . 128 
 
 — disappearance of . 
 
 . 149 
 
 — recti . 
 
 . 128 
 
 Paracentesis abdominis 
 
 . 139 
 
 — vaginas 
 
 . 180 
 
 Paralysis . 
 
 . 207 
 
 Prepuce, imperforate 
 
 . 168 
 
 — bladder 
 
 . 160 
 
 Profuse staling 
 
 . 160 
 
 — tongue 
 
 . 104 
 
 Prolapsus uteri . 
 
 . 176 
 
 Paraplegia, worm 
 
 . 80 
 
 Prostatic disease 
 
 . 161 
 
 Parasites, brain . 
 
 . 207 
 
 Prussic acid 
 
 . 263 
 
 — renal . . . 
 
 . 155 
 
 Psoriasis . 
 
 . 227 
 
 — stomach 
 
 . 122 
 
 Ptyalism . 
 
 . 106 
 
 — toes 
 
 . 256 
 
 Puerperal eclampsia . 
 
 . 209 
 
 — urethral 
 
 . 164 
 
 Pulex 
 
 . 240 
 
 Parasitic affections, skin 
 
 . 229 
 
 Pulmonary apoplexy . 
 
 . 97 
 
INDEX. 
 
 285 
 
 urine 
 
 Rheumatism 
 
 Rickets 
 
 Ringworm 
 
 — honeycomb . 
 Round-worms . 
 " Rounding " . 
 Rupture of bladder 
 
 heart 
 
 liver 
 
 spleen 
 
 stomach . 
 
 Sacculus, intestinal 
 St. Vitus's dance 
 Sarcoma . 
 
 — spleen . 
 Sarcoptes canis . 
 Sarcoptic scabies 
 Scabies, sarcoptic 
 Scantiness of urine 
 Scrotum, inflammation of 
 Scurfiness of ear-flap 
 Sedatives . 
 Sediments, urinary 
 Seizure of mad dogs 
 Septicaemia 
 Sero-sanguineous abscess ear 
 Sense organs, special 
 Separation of fighting dogs 
 Setons 
 
 Sheath, polypi of 
 Simple erythema 
 
 — ophthalmia . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pulmonary congestion . . 97 
 
 Pulse 8 
 
 Pup, newly-boru . . . 193 
 Purgatives . . . .18 
 Putrid distemper . . .56 
 
 Rabies 26 
 
 — inoculation . . . .42 
 
 Rachitis 67 
 
 Ranula 106 
 
 Rasping of tushes . . . 102 
 Rectal diseases . . . 128 
 
 Red mange . . . 228, 232 
 Relapsing fever . . .58 
 Relation of canine to human 
 
 disorders 
 Renal calculus 
 
 — parasites 
 Renitis 
 Respirations 
 Respiratory system 
 Retention cysts 
 
 — of milk 
 
 . 13 
 . 154 
 . 155 
 . 154 
 . 10 
 . 82 
 . 155 
 . 196 
 . 159 
 . 64 
 . 66 
 . 242 
 . 243 
 . 132 
 . 222 
 . 158 
 . 75 
 . 145 
 . 150 
 . 120 
 
 . 127 
 . 209 
 . 265 
 . 151 
 . 231 
 . 230 
 . 230 
 . 159 
 . 168 
 . 228 
 . 20 
 . 161 
 . 39 
 . 64 
 i.p 223 
 . 214 
 . 267 
 . 22 
 . 167 
 . 226 
 . 215 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sinuses, facial . . . .82 
 
 — of Morgagni . . . 129 
 Sinuous ulcer, claw . . . 255 
 Skin 225 
 
 — foulness of . . . . 226 
 Skunk bite . . . .44 
 Snakebite . . . .264 
 
 Snoring 87 
 
 Snorting 86 
 
 Sore feet 254 
 
 Sore throat . . . .84 
 
 Spaying 170 
 
 Spavins 252 
 
 Special sense organs . . . 214 
 Specific blood disorders . . 26 
 Spermatic cord .... 170 
 Spinal cord . . . .207 
 
 — pachymeningitis . . . 209 
 Spirilloids . . . .58 
 Spiroptera .... 123 
 Spleen .... 140, 149 
 
 — excision of . . . . 150 
 
 — ruptured 
 
 — tumours 
 Splenic apoplexy 
 Splenitis . 
 Splints 
 Sprains 
 
 Staling, profuse 
 Staphyloma 
 Stiff joints 
 Stimulants 
 Stings 
 Stomach . 
 
 — disease of . 
 
 — foreign bodies in . 
 
 — parasites in . 
 
 — pump . 
 
 — ruptured 
 Strangury 
 Stricture, neck of bladder 
 
 — bowel . 
 
 — oesophagus . 
 Strongylus canis bronchialis 
 
 — gigas . 
 
 — vasorum 
 Strychnia . 
 Sturdy in sheep 
 Subcutaneous syringe 
 Suckling of pups by women 
 Superfoetation . 
 Superpurgation 
 Suppression of urine 
 Supra-orbital ligament, lacera 
 
 tion . 
 Surgery, minor . 
 Surra 
 Symbiotes . . 
 
 . 150 
 . 150 
 . 151 
 . 149 
 . 252 
 . 252 
 . 160 
 . 216 
 . 252 
 . 20 
 . 264 
 . 107 
 . 117 
 . 120 
 . 122 
 . 16 
 . 120 
 . 159 
 . 159 
 . 130 
 80, 108 
 . 94 
 . 164 
 . 62 
 . 262 
 . 133 
 . 16 
 . 196 
 . 183 
 . 114 
 159 
 
 215 
 
 21, 264 
 
 . 58 
 
 . 231 
 
286 
 
 INDEX". 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Symptoms, general . 
 
 8 
 
 Tumours, dermoid 
 
 . 217 
 
 System, locomotor 
 
 245 
 
 — fatty . 
 
 . 266 
 
 — nervous 
 
 199 
 
 — fibrocystic . 
 
 .266 
 
 — respiratory . 
 
 82 
 
 — mammary . 
 
 . 198 
 
 Subcutaneous tissue, dropsy of 
 
 229 
 
 — uterine 
 
 . 178 
 
 Sudoriparous glands . 
 
 . 225 
 
 — vaginal 
 
 . 179 
 
 Surfeit . . . . 
 
 . 226 
 
 Tushes 
 
 . 100 
 
 
 
 — cutting of . 
 
 . 102 
 
 Tabes .... 
 
 63 
 
 Turnsick in sheep 
 
 . 133 
 
 Tsenise . . . . 13E 
 
 , 136 
 
 Twist of the womb . 
 
 . 175 
 
 Tsemafuges 
 
 . 19 
 
 
 
 Tapeworms 
 
 133 
 
 Ulcer in stomach 
 
 . 119 
 
 " Tapping the belly" 
 
 . 139 
 
 Ulceration, cornea . 
 
 . 216 
 
 Tartar accumulations • 
 
 100 
 
 — eyelids . 
 
 . 214 
 
 Teats, diseases of 
 
 198 
 
 — lips . 
 
 . 107 
 
 Teeth .... 
 
 99 
 
 — womb . 
 
 . 172 
 
 — blunting of . 
 
 46 
 
 Unicity . 
 
 . 61 
 
 — broken 
 
 101 
 
 Urethral calculus 
 
 . 164 
 
 — displacement of . 
 
 101 
 
 — diseases 
 
 . 164 
 
 — excessive wear of 
 
 101 
 
 — parasites 
 
 . 164 
 
 Temperature, internal 
 
 10 
 
 Urinary apparatus 
 
 . 153 
 
 Tenotomy .... 
 
 . 257 
 
 Urination, abnormal . 
 
 . 159 
 
 Testes, diseases of . 
 
 170 
 
 Urine 
 
 . 160 
 
 Tetanus .... 
 
 212 
 
 — incontinence of . 
 
 . 159 
 
 Toes, amputation of . 
 
 256 
 
 — retention of . 
 
 . 159 
 
 — parasites of . 
 
 256 
 
 — scantiness of 
 
 . 159 
 
 Tongue .... 
 
 98 
 
 — suppression of 
 
 . 159 
 
 Thorn wounds of foot 
 
 256 
 
 Uterine dropsy . 
 
 . 173 
 
 Throat forceps . 
 
 110 
 
 — displacements 
 
 . 174 
 
 Thymus body . 
 
 152 
 
 — inertia . . . . 
 
 . 178 
 
 Thyroid body . 
 
 151 
 
 — prolapsus 
 
 . 176 
 
 Ticks .... 
 
 240 
 
 — tumour 
 
 . 178 
 
 — in ear .... 
 
 223 
 
 Uterus . 
 
 . 172 
 
 Tinea favosa 
 
 243 
 
 — amputation of . 
 
 . 177 
 
 — tonsurans 
 
 242 
 
 Ureter . . . . 
 
 . 155 
 
 Tobacco water . 
 
 259 
 
 Urethritis. 
 
 . 163 
 
 Tougue, diseases of . 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 — paralysis of . 
 
 104 
 
 Vaccination for anthrax . 
 
 . 59 
 
 — wounds of . 
 
 105 
 
 Yagina, laceration of 
 
 . 178 
 
 Torpidity of bowels . 
 
 115 
 
 — prolapsus of . 
 
 . 180 
 
 Torsio uteri 
 
 175 
 
 — tumours of . 
 
 . 179 
 
 Toxicology 
 
 258 
 
 Valves of heart, diseases o; 
 
 . 73 
 
 Traumatic distension of eyeball 
 
 217 
 
 Variola 
 
 . 60 
 
 Treatment 
 
 . 10 
 
 Vegetable poisoning . 
 
 .260 
 
 Trichina . . . . 
 
 . 133 
 
 Venesection 
 
 . 23 
 
 Trichocephalus . 
 
 . 133 
 
 Ventral hernia . 
 
 . 131 
 
 Trichodectes latus 
 
 . 133 
 
 Vermifuges 
 
 . 19 
 
 Trichophyton tonsurans . 
 
 . 242 
 
 Verminous bronchitis 
 
 . 92 
 
 — favosa 
 
 . 243 
 
 Verruca? . 
 
 .229 
 
 Trichisis .... 
 
 214 
 
 Vertigo 
 
 . 201 
 
 True mange 
 
 . 230 
 
 Voice, loss of . 
 
 . 87 
 
 — fracture 
 
 . 245 
 
 Volvulus 
 
 . 127 
 
 Trapezius, laceration of 
 
 . 252 
 
 Vomition . 
 
 . 112 
 
 Tuberculosis 
 
 . 62 
 
 — persistent 
 
 . 112 
 
 — cutaneous 
 
 . 229 
 
 
 
 — false .... 
 
 . 62 
 
 Warm bath 
 
 . 22 
 
 Tumours .... 
 
 . 265 
 
 Washing . 
 
 13, 23 
 
 — cartilago nictitans 
 
 . 215 
 
 " Watery eye " . 
 
 . 214 
 
INDEX 
 
 287 
 
 
 
 Worms in heart 
 
 . 76 
 
 — in mouth 
 
 . 107 
 
 " Worming " . 
 
 . 98 
 
 Warty growths . 
 
 167, 266 
 
 Wounds .... 
 
 . 267 
 
 — growths teats 
 
 . 198 
 
 — punctured pericardium 
 
 . 76 
 
 Wasps' stings . 
 
 . 264 
 
 — thorn-foot . 
 
 . 256 
 
 Wear, excessive, of teeth 
 
 . 101 
 
 — tongue 
 
 '. 105 
 
 Womb . 
 
 . 172 
 
 
 
 — excision of . 
 
 . 177 
 
 
 
 Worms in bowels 
 
 . 131 
 
 " YellowB "... 
 
 . 69 
 
 tBINTBD BY AD1ABD AND SON, BABTHOLOMEW CLOSE.