M>,^^^SP%. !F,NtAR\ ERINARY LECTURES hi:nr\ thomi>son F^ D a-1 y-" . \- «<-<-' > Ll£-\ t CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 056 997 343 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924056997343 ELEMENTARY LECTURES ON VETERINARY SCIENCE FOR ■-".■'•:■:'■ AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS FARMERS AND STOCK KEEPERS BY HENRY THOMPSON, M.R.C.V.S. Lecturer on Veterinary Science at the Aspatria Agricultural College, England NEW YORK: ly, ' ' ' ' (> I M WILLIAM R. JENKINS,, |v'^.. VETERINARY PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER ^™^"" 851 AND 853 Sixth Avenue *v, . \ ( I , 1903 , 'i i ' ^M/;" ■ / ■ // 'Ml* 5f / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE. . PAGE. 1. "Rush" Frontspiece. 2. Points of the Horse- , ji, 8 3. Points of the Cow 12 4. Points of the Sheep 16 5. Skeleton of the Horse 18 6. Skeleton of the .Cow .■ • • ■ • .• 22 7. Diseased Bones .....' 34 8. Superficial Muscles of the Horse 38 9. Points of Disease of the Horse — External .'. 46 10. Dislocation of the Patella 55 1 1. Tendons and Ligaments of the Fore-leg and Feet 56 12. Sections of Feet showing Blood Vessels and Lamina 61 1 3. Sections of Overgrown and Laminitic Feet 63 14. Sections of Feet showing direction of Nails in Hoof 65 15. Horse Shoes ' 73 16. Horse with Laminitis 75 17. Digestive Organs of the Horse 83 18. Horse laid open showing Internal Organs 88 ig. A. — Horse in Colic ^ o 102 B. — Horse with Calculi in Bowels 102 20. Telescopic Gut — Elephantiasis 104 21. Digestive Organs of the Cow » , . . 114 22. Appearance of Cow's Stomach — Internal and External 116 23. Vairious Stages of Liver Fluke — Egg, Embryo, Sp>orocyst,'and Redia 128 24. Various Stages of Liver Fluke —Redia, Cercaria, and Full Grown 130 25. Horse's Teeth at Different Ages 147 26. Horse's Teeth at Different Ages 148 27. Lower Jaw of Horse — Shells 151 28. Horse's Teeth — Molars— Growths cA Teeth 153 Permanent Pre-molars and Molars of the Cow 155 Permanent Incisors of the Cow 156 2g. Lower Jaw of Cow, and Shells I57 30. Instruments — Tooth '61 I A.— Right Side of Heart showing Vessels 172 31. Heart | B_jjigjjt gj^je' of Heart laid open .' 172 32. Circulation of the Blood i74 33. Respiratory System of the Horse i99 34. Nervous System of the Horse 233 VI. PAGE. PLATE. 35. Brain of the Horse, Section of Spinal Cord 234 36. The Eye, Section of the Eye 260 37. Section of the Skin — Parasites 280 38. Urinary Organs (Male)— Generative Organs (Female) 285 39. Calf in Utero and Membranes .• 307 40. A. — Cow in Parturition S" B. — Imperforated Hymen 311 41. Various Presentations in Parturition 312 42. Various Presentations in Parturition 313 ' 43. Various Presentations in Parturition 314 44. Various Presentations in Parturition 315 45. Various Presentations in Parturition 316 46. Various Presentations in Parturition 317 47. Various Presentations in Parturition 318 48. Various Presentations in Parturition 319 49. Instruments — Parturition 320 50. Calf with Two Heads 322 51. Instruments — General '. 332 CONTENTS. FIRST LECTURE. INTRODUCTION. PAGE. The Vital Stimulus of Organic Life — Influence of Electricity on Inorganic and Organic Material —Action of the X Rays — Definition of Life — Death, the Cessation of the Powers of Absorption, Assimilation, Secretion, Excretion, and Reproduction — Composition of the Tissues of the Body — Composition of Cells — Character of Simple Cell — What the Microscope Reveals — The Province of Histology, Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology — Arrangements of lectures — Order of Subjects — What is a State of Health — The Process of Nutrition — Conditions for Healthy Nutrition — How Disorder and Disease arise — Definition of Pathology, Etiology, Symptomatology, Prognosis, Therapeutics, Hygiene, Epizootic, Enzootic, Specific, Sporadic — Inflamma- tion, Reparative and Destructive — The Action of Inflammation, Irritation, Contraction, Dilatation, and Congestion — ^The Local Signs of Inflammation, Heat, Pain, Redness, S,welling — Various kinds of Inflammation, Acute, Sub-Acute, and Chronic — Character of Attacks, Sthenic or Asthenic — Terminations, Results or Effects of Inflammation — Resolution — Exudation and Adhesion — Effusion — Suppuration, Acute and Chronic, Diffused and Superficial — Kinds of Pus, Laudable, Putrid, Sanious, Scrofulous' and Specific — Ulceration and Kinds of Ulcers, Healthy, Inflamed, Indolent, Weak-, Sloughing, and Specific —Mortification — Moist and Dry Gangrene^ Senile Gangrene — Sloughs and Sloughing — Treatment for Inflammation — Septicaemia or Blood Poisoning — The Causes of Inflammation, Vital, Chemical, and MechanicaF— Local and Constitutional Treatment — Local Treatment for Founder, Weed, and Abscesses— Sympathetic and Symptomatic Fever— Treatment for Sympathetic Fever — Difference in Town and Country Practice — Simple Fever and its Treatment — Abuse and Judicious Use of Bleeding— Fever arising from Specific or Germic Causes — Treatment for Septic Fever— Use of Clinical Thermometer — Normal Temperature of Animals — The Use of Wonderful Patent Nostrums — The Assistance of the Professional Qualified Veterinary Practitioner — First Aid to Animals — Nature's Recuperative Power — Vis Medicatrix Natures— The Use of Common Salt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. •■ 1-16 SECOND LECTURE. BONES. Osteology, the Study of Bones-Three Classes of Bones, Long, Flat, Short and Irregular -The Periosteum and Endosteum- -The Skeleton divided into IJead, Trunk, and Extremities -The Cranium and Face-Bones of the Head, Cranium, Ear and Face of the Horse, Ox, Dog, and Pig-Bones of the Trunk, Spine, Thorax, and Pelvis of the Horse, Ox; Dog, and Pig— The Sternum Sacrum and Ribs— Bones of the Extremities, Fore-legs and Hind-legs, Right and Left— The Pelvic Bone— Arthrology, the Study of Joints and Ligaments— Three Classes of Joints -Synarthrosis, Amphiar- throsis and Diarthrosis— Composition Of Ligaments — Capsular, Binding, Lateral, Interosseous and Annular Ligaments— Synovial Membrane and Synovia or Joint Oil — Cartilage or Gristle, Temporary and Permanent — Hyaline-Cartilage and Fibro-Cartilage -Articular, Interarticular, Costal, Cariniforra, Ensiform and Lateral Cartilages— The Cartilage of Pro- longation — Healthy BoneisNon-sensitive— BonesSubject to Inflammation — Periostitis or Inflammation of the Covering of the Bone — Necrosis or Death of the Bone— Treatment of Periostitis —Ostitis or Infiammation of the Bone — Cause of Splint, Ringbone, and Spavin — Exostosis — Treatment for Inflammation of the Bone- -Tub and Tube Irrigation— Caries or Ulceration of the Bone — Treatment for Caries — Anchylosis— The Formation of Sinuses — Treatment for Necrosis — Rickets, Cause and Treatment— MoUities Ossium — Osteo-Porosis — Osteo-Sarcoma or Bone Tumour — Scrofulous or Tubercular Disease of the Bone — Enchondroma — Fractures — Treatment for Fractures — Simple, Compound, Compound Comminuted, Complicated, Green Stick and Impacted Fractures — The Cervical Vertebras and Fractures — Broken Back— Fractures of the Haunch Hook, Ilium, Pelvic Bones, Ischium, Femur, Tibia, Scapula, Humerus,. Ulna, Radius, and Shank Bones — Fracture of the Knee Joint, Sesamoids, Large and Small Pastern, Coffin and Navicular Bones - Special Diseases of the Bone— Splint — Treatment for Splint— Sore Shins— Ringbone, High and Low— Treatment of Ringbone— Sidebone and Navicular Disease— Stifle Joint Disease— Bone Spavin— Occult Spavin— Treatment of Bone Spavin— Illustrations and Explanatory Tfixt of Diseases of the Bones . . . . . . 17 07 THIRD LECTURE. MYOLOGY, OR THE STUDY OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. Structure of Muscle, Flesh or Beef -Striped or Voluntary Muscles -Non-striped or Involuntary Muscles— Tendons or Sinews— Cellular, White Fibrous, Yellow Elastic and Adipose Tissues — Injuries and Diseases of Muscles and Tendons — Local Treatment of Incised Wounds— Bruised and Contused Wounds— Lacerated Wounds— Punctured Wounds— Gun-shot Wounds- Poisoned Wounds— Lacerated Muscles and Treatment— Treatment for Lameness of the Shoulder and Shoulder Joint— Rheumatism in Shoulder and its Treatment — Cripples or Crockles, Cause, Symptoms and Treatment — Kennel Lameness— Poll Evil, Cause, Symptoms, and Treatment — Fistulous Withers— Elbow Joint, Injuries and Treatment — Broken Knee, Injuries and Treatment — Speedy Cut— Brushing and Cutting— Sprain of the Tendons- Operation of 'Tenotomy — Breakdown^Sesamoiditis- Treatment foi: Hip Joint Lameness and Windgall — Cause, Symptoms, and Treatment of Bog Spavin, Thorough Pin, Serous Capped Hock, Synovial Capped Hock, False Curb, True Curb, and Spring Hock— Open Joint— Stifle Joint— Luxation of the Patella — Dislocation of the Patella— Symptoms and Treatment of Diseased and Injured Jbints and Patella — Hip Joint Dislocation . . 38 — 55 FOURTH LECTURE. THE horse's foot — SHOEING, ETC. , Structure of Horse's Foot — Sensitive and Non-sensitive — The Hoof made up of Wall or Crust, Bars, Sole, Frog, and Frog Band— The Toe, Quarters, Heels and Bars — The Coronary Band — The Perioplic Ring - The " White Line" Bulbs, Commissures, Cleft and Frog-stay — The Sensitive Structures of the Foot -The Coronary Band, Sensitive Laminae, Sensitive Sole, and Fatty F'rog— Coffin or Pedal Bone — Short Pastern Bone— Shuttle Bone — Lateral Cartilages and Side Bones — Historical Resume — Art of Horse-shoeing — Varieties of Feet, Sound Narrow, Flat, Dished, and Odd— ^Cinds of Shoes — For Eacehorses, Hunters, Hackneys, and Carriage Horses, Cart and Waggon Horses — Bar Shoes, Round or Rocker Shoes, Three-quarter Shoes, Diamond- toed Shoes and Feather-edged Shoes — Preparing the F'oot for the Shoe — - Fitting the Shoe —Nails and Nail-holes — Dressing the Hoof — Stopping for the Feet— Leather Soles — India-rubber Pads — Injuries to and Disease of the Foot of the Horse — Pricks and Treatment— Corns— Quittor — Sidebones, Cause and Treatment — Sandcrack, Definition and Treatment — Seedy Toe — False Quarter — Thrush, Cause and Treatment — Canker, How Produced and Treatment— Treads and Over-reaches — Groggy Lameness— Laminitis or Founder, Symptoms and Treatment — Injuries to and Diseases of the Feet of the Cow, Sheep, Dog and Pig- Cloven Hoof of the Cow — Foot has no Frog — Foiil in the Foot and its Treatment — Foot and Mouth Disease — Laminitis— Sore Feet— Inferdigital Growths — Overgrown Hoofs— Foot of the Sheep— Foot Rot and its Treatment — The Dog's Foot — Dew Claws — In-growing of Claws-Injured Pads of the Foot-Excoriated and Inflamed Interdigital Space-Sore Feet-Treatment for Injuries to Dog's Feet-Pigs^ Feet, Injuries, Diseases and Treatment. . . • ■ • ■ • • 5 i • FIFTH LECTURE. THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS — PART 1. Organs of Digestion of Non-Ruminants and Ruminants-Marked Differences- Digestive Organs of the Horse-The Mouth, comprising Lips, Cheeks, Hard Palate, Soft Palate, Tongue and Teeth The Salivary Glands, Parotid, Sub-Lingual and Sub-Maxillary— The Pharynx or Throat —The CEsophagus or Gullet— The Stomach— Coats of the Stomach, Serous, Muscular, and Mucous— The Cardiac Orifice— The Pyloric Orifice— The Small Intestine, comprising the Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum— The Large Intestine, comprising the Caecum, the Colons, and the Rectum — Coats of the Intestines— Accessory Digestive Organs — The Liver, Spleen, Pancreas and Portal Vein— The Processes of Digestion — Mastication— Use of Saliva— Formation of a Bolus^Swallowing — Action of Gastric Juice — Formation of Chyme — Action of Bile, Pancreatic Juice, and Intestinal Fluids — Conversion ^ of Chyme into Chyle— Villi in Intestinal Track— The Receptaculum Chyh- Faeces— Watering Horses before and after Feeding —Injuries to the Digestive Organs — Derangements and Diseases of the Digestive Organs— Injuries to the Lips'and Treatment — Injuries to the Roof of the Mouth and Treatment — Lampas— Injury of the Soft Palate — Method of Giving Balls— Injury to the Lower Jaw and Tongue — Glossitis and its Treatment — Treatment of an Injured Frasnum — Treatment of Ulcers on the- Tongue — Injuries common to the Tongues of Horses and Cattle, Dogs and Cats — Actinomycosis or Wooden Tongue — Treatment of Actinomycosis —Stomatitis Pustulosa and its Treatment — The Blebs of Aptha or Thrush — Injuries of the Pharynx — Tracheotomy — Choking and Treatment — Use of Trocar and Canula — Abscesses and Tumours in Pharynx —Injuries and Diseases of the CEsophagus— The Use of the Probang — Derangement of the Stomach of the Horse, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment— Rupture of the Stomach, its Symptoms— Stomach Staggers in the Horse, Symptpms and Treatment- Indigestion and Treatment— Crib-biting — Wind-sucking — Ulceration of the Stomach and its Treatment— Gastritis, Cause, Symptoms and Treatment- Mineral and Vegetable Poisoning, Post-mortem Appearance — Treatment for Poisoning— Bots— Methods of Infection, Means of Prevention— Round Worms and Tape Worms, Symptoms and Treatment— Spasmodic and Flatulent Colic— Enteritis— Lesions of the Horse's Bowels — Treatment for Enteritis and Lesions — Inflammation of Large Intestine — Weed Concre- tions or Calculi— Analysis of a Calculus — Phosphatic, Oathair and Mixed Calculi — Constipation and its Treatment — Diarrhoea, Acute, Sub-Acute and Intermittent — Superpurgation— Dysentery — Hernia or Rupture— Scrotal and Umbilical Hernia — Injuries to the Rectum — E version of the Rectum — Paralysis of the Rectum — Arrangement of the Alimentary Canal of the Dog — Derangements and Diseases of the Dog's Stomach and Bowels — Indigestion, Costiveness and Diarrhoea in Dogs— Impaction of the Rectum — Worms in Dogs — Liver Disorders in the Dog — The Pig's Digestive Organs — Ailments most Commonly Met With— Gastritis, Constipation, Scour and Worms — Treatment Necessary — Protrusion or Eversion of the Rectum — Imperforate Anus and its Treatment .. .. .. .. 82—114 SIXTH LECTURE. DIGESTIVE ORGANS — PART II. Organs of Digestion in Ruminants — The Stomach of Ruminants — The Rumen — The Honeycomb — The Manyplies — The Abomasum — Rumination or Chewing the Cud — Rumenotomy — The Small Intestine, the Caecum, Colon and Rectum — Alimentary Canal in Sheep — Derangements and Diseases of the Alimentary Canal and Accessory Organs — Hoven or Tympanitis, Causes and Treatment — Impaction of the Rumen, Symptoms and Treat- ment — Vomition and its Treatment — Derangement of the Second Stomach — Impaction of the Third Stomach — Fardel Bound, its Symptoms and Treatment — Gastritis in Fourth Stomach — Lead Poisoning — Plants of a Poisonous Nature — Stomach Staggers, its Symptoms and Treatment- Spasmodic Colic — Enteritis— Gut-tie and its Treatment — Horning in of Nutriment — Diarrhoea — Derangement and Disease of the Liver — The Liver Fluke — Life History of the Fluke — Dressing Land with Salt for Fluke — Bloody Flux and its Treatment — Peritonitis — Dropsy or Ascites — Description of the Liver — Glisson's Capsule— Bloodvessels of the Liver — • The Gall Bladder — Hypertrophied Liver — Fatty Degeneration and Fatty Infiltration of the Liver- Symptoms and Treatment- Ruptured Liver- Jaundice — Congestion of the Liver, Symptoms and Treatment— Gall Stones— Liver Complications in the Dog — The Pancreas — Description of the Spleen^The Coeliac Axis — Lymphadenoma, its Symptoms and Treatment — Splenic Apoplexy or Anthrax— The Anthrax Bacillus — Cause of Anthrax — Treatment for Anthrax— Red Water— Braxy, Dry and Wet — Mesenteric Disease — Fourth Stomach in Calves — Rennet— White Scour, Treatment and Prevention— Hair and Wool Balls — Navel-Ill — Joint Felon — Digestive Organs" of Sheep — Diminution in Quantity of Medicine to be administered — Verminous or Parasitic Bronchitis, or Hoose — How Lambs are Iniected — Treatment of Infected Land and Animals .. .. 115 — 146 SEVENTH LECTURE. THE DENTITION OF HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, AND DOGS, AND DENTAL DISEASES. Development of Teeth -Parts of a Tooth— Crown, Neck, and Root- Composition of Teeth— Dentine Enamel and Crusta Petrosa— Temporary or Milk Teeth -Permanent Teeth— Dentition of the Horse— Teeth as Indicators of a Horse's Age— Bishoping— Number of Teeth in Domestic Animals— Dentition of a. Foal and Horse at Various Ages- -Dentition and its Ifltiuence on Various Diseases - Lampers— Retarded Dentition— Feeding and Dentition— Operating on Elongated Teeth— Teeth becoming Carious- Extracting Teeth -Wolf Teeth — Parrot-mouthed Animals— The Dentition of Cattle— Teething Causing Constitutional Disturbance — The Dentition of Sheep — The Dentition of the Pig — The Dentition of the Dog— Dental Derangement in Cattle, Sheep, Pig and Dog— Feeding Stuffs in connection with Dentition — The Use of Wheat for Horses and Cattle — The Use of ■Barley for Feeding Horses, Cattle, and Calves — The Use and Value of Oats and Maize— The Use of Beans and Peas — The Dog Tooth Pea or Gram — Linseed — Linseed Cake, its Composition and Value— Decorticated and Undecorticated Cotton Cake —Composition and Use — The Value of Palm- Nut Cake and Meal, Rice Meal, and Cocoanut Cake and Meal - Compound Cakes and Meals — The Use and Value of Bran . . . . 147 — 171 EIGHTH LECTURE. CIRCULATORY AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS, AND THEIR DISEASES AND DISORDERS. The Circulatory System — The Heart, its Shape and Situation — The Pericardium and Epicardium— The Coronary Arteries and Veins — The Cavities of the Heart— The Auricles — The Tricuspid and Bicuspid Valves — The Foramen Ovale — The Ventricles — The Chordae Tendineas — , The Vense Cavae— The Pulmonary Artery and Veins— Venous and Arterial Blood — The Aorta -The Coats of Arteries - Capillaries— Veins — The Portal Vein— The Circulation of the Blood— The Pulse— The Pulse Beats of Animals- The Character of the Pulse, Varieties of Beats- Where the Piilse is Felt in Horse, Cow, Sheep, Pig, and Dog -Two Kinds of Blood— Tlie Plasma -The Red Corpuscles— The White Corpuscles — Haemoglobin, Leucocytes and Phagocytes— The Action of Disease-producing Germs in Blood— The Proteids, Extractives and Mineral Matter of Blood— The Clotting of Blood— Crassamentum, Fibrin and Serum- The Lymphatic or Absorbent- System— Glands- Afferent and Efferent Vessels— Lymph and Chyle— Lacteals— Right Lymphatic Vessel— Heart Diseases, Functional and Organic — ^Hypertrophy or Enlargement of the Heart— Atrophied Heart — Symptoms of Diseased Heart— Examination for Soundness — Diseases of the Pericardium — ;Grease at the Heart— Heart Diseases in the Cow — Thrombi and its Treatment — Phlebitis — Azoturia or Nitrogenous Urine, Symptoms and Treatment — Purple Bleeding, Symptoms and Treatment — Influenza and Pink Eye — Urticaria in Horse and Cow — Lymphangitis — Symptoms and Treatment of Weed — Elephantiasis — Inflammation of the Lymphatics— Swelled Legs and Sheath — Epidemic or Epizootic Diseases — Anthrax- Black Quarter- — Symptomatic Anthrax — Symptoms and Treatment of Quarter-ill — Preventive Measures— Rinderpest or Cattle Plague— B'oot and Mouth Disease or Murrain — Red Water— Lands Affected with Red Water — Analysis of Red Water— Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention of Red Water — Swine Fever, its Character, Symptoms and Treatment — Symptoms of Indigestion in Pigs and Treatment . . 172 — 198 NINTH LECTURE. THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. The Nose and Nasal Chambers — Turbinated Bones in Horse and Cow — Jacobson's Canal — The Larynx — Cartilages composing the Larynx — The Trachea-The Thyroid Gla,nd— The Thymus Gland— The Bronchi— The Lungs or Lights — The Thorax or Chest — The Diaphragm — The [Pleura — Movements in Respiration — Inspiration and Expiration — Tidal Air, Reserve Air, Complemental Air, and Residual Air — Cubic Air Space for the Horse — Cubic Air Space for the Cow — Diseases of the Respiratory Organs, How Caused — Polypi in the Nose — Warts on the Nose— Broken Nose— Haemorrhage and its Treatment — Gadfly in Nasal Chambers of the Sheep — Sytnptoms, Treatment and Prevention-^Catarrh or Cold, Symptoms and Treatment — Nasal Gleet — Use of the Trephine — Cause and Forms of Glanders — Farcy — The Use of Mallein — Coughs — Laryngitis, its Symptoms and Treatment — Giving of Draughts Dangerous in Throat Affections — Inhalation — Washing of Nostrils — Use of Electuaries — Strangles, Sj mptoms and Treatment — Bastard Strangles, its Symptoms and Treatment — Roaring — Cause of Roaring — Wasting nf Muscles due to Loss of Nerve Power — Side of Larynx Affected in Roaring — Operations for Roaring — Testing the Wind in Examining for Soundness — Whistlers and Highblowers — Bronchocele or Goitre — Treatment with Iodine Prepara- tions — Bronchitis, Cause and Symptoms — Treatment for Bronchitis — Danger in the Use of Purgatives — Food to be Given — Congestion of the Lungs — Difference between Congestion and Inflammation — How Congestion is Induced — Treatment for Congestion — Pneumonia, Symptoms and Treatment^Pleuro-pneumonia — Pleurisy, Symptoms and Treatment — Hydro-thorax, Symptoms and Treatment — Set of Breastbone in Horses. and Cattle-Two Forms of Asthma or Broken Wind, Symptoms and Treatment- Emphysema, Causes and Treatment-Tricks in Selling Animals Affected- Four Different Forms of Influenza-Symptoms of Simple Catairhal Fever- Catarrh with Chest Complications-Catarrh and Bilious Fever, Symptoms and Treatment— Pink Eye, Symptoms and Treatment— Professional Advice for Affections of the Respiratory Organs— Derangement of the Respiratory Organs of the Pig— Treatment of Dogs when suffering from Disease of the ■Respiratory Organs— Treatment for Asthma— Breeding Distemper, its Treatment— Chorea, its Treatment— Cause of Affection of the Respiratory Organs in Cattle — Actite Odtarrh in Cow, Symptoms and Treatment- Bronchitis and Pneumonia— Parturient Bronchitis and Parturient Pneumonia, Symptoms and Treatment — Pleuro-Pneumonia, Simple and Contagious — Post-Mortem Appearances — Simple Pleuro-Pneumonia, Treat- ment — Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia, Forms and Symptoms — Contagious Diseases (Aniinals) Act — Tuberculosis, Consumption, or Scrofula — Generalized Tuberculosis — Acute and Chronic, and Symptoms — Piners — Tubercular Bacilli — Methods of Infection — Tuberculin — ^Action of Tuberculin — Professor Koch's Statement as to Transmission of Hpman and Bovine Tuberculosis — Hereditary Nature of the Disease — Experience of Animals Affected — Hoose or Husk — Caused by Worms — Symptoms and Treatment — Bronchitis, Cause, Symptoms and Treatment — Acute Conges- tion of the Lungs in an Enzootic form — Symptoms and Treatment — Open Air Life makes Treatment of Sheep Difficult — Verminous or Parasitic . Bronchitis — Hoose or Paper Skin . . . . . . . . igg — 231 TENTH LECTURE. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND NERVOUS DISEASES — THE ORGANS OF THE EYE AND THE EAR, INJURIES AND DISEASES. The Nervous System— Cerebro-Spinal and the Ganglionic— The Cerebro-Spinal System— The Sympathetic System — The Nerve Tissue — The Four Parts of the Brain — The Three Coats of the Brain — The Cerebrum Described— The Cerebellum Described— The Medulla Oblongata Described— The Spinal Cord Described— The Cranial Nerves and their Arrangement- Brain, the Seat of Emotion, Reason and Sensation — Brain Non-sensitive — Diseases of the Brain and Nervous System— Functional Derangement and Diseases of the Brain— Functional Disturbance due to Reflex Action— Cause "to be Found before Suitable Treatment can be Adopted— Diseases of the Brain- Professor Williams' Tabulated Form for'Difference in Symptoms— Phrenitis or Inflammation of the Brain and its Coverings, Symptoms and Treatment- Abscesses in the Brain, Symptoms and Poit-Mortem Appearances— Hydrocephalus or Water on the Brain-Its Treatment— Ectopia Cerebraiis a Congenital Malformation — Tumours and their Treatment — Tubercular, Bony and Melanotic Tumours — Sturdy, Gid or Turnsick— Brain Tumours caused by Cystic Stage of Dog Tapeworm — Its Life Cycle — Symptoms of Sturdy, its Treatment and Prevention — Concussion of the Brain, How Caused, Symptoms and Treatment — Apoplexy or Congestion of the Brain — Occurring in Two Forms and' How Caused — Functional Apoplexy — Derangements and Diseases of the Nervous System — Parturient Apoplexy, Milk Fever, or Dropping after Calving — Breeds pre-disposed to it — How it may Originate — Symptoms — Treatment, Old Methods and New — Terminations — Points as to Prevention of Milk Fever — Hysteria,. Symptoms and Treatment — Epilepsy, its Symptoms — How Caused in Dog and Pig — Treatment of Fits — Puerperal Eclampsia, Symptoms and Treatment — Sunstroke — Louping 111, Trotter 111, Trembling or Sheep Staggers — Difference of Opinion as to Cause — Symptoms and Preventative Treatment — Chorea,' Shivering Stringhalt or Clicking — Symptoms and Treatment of Chorea — Shivering — Stringhalt, when Noticed — Unsoundness — Treatment for Distemper — Forms of Spinitis or Inflammation of the Spinal Cord, Symptoms, and Treatment — Paralysis or Stroke — Hemiplegia and Paraplegia — Complete, Partial, Local and Reflex Paralysis — Lightning Shock, Symptoms and Marks — Rabies, Symptoms and Treatment — Pasteur Treatment — Inoculating with 'Virus — Tetanus or Lockjaw — The Tetanus or Drum Stick Bacillus — Idiopathic and Traumatic Tetanus — Use of Fine, Dry Soil — Varieties of Tetanus — Opisthotonos — Emprosthotonos — Pleurosthotonos — Appearance of Tetanus in a 'Wound — Conditions for Action of Disease-producing Germs — Symptoms and Treatment of Tetanus — The Eye — The Eyelids — Parts of the Eyelids, Skin, Muscular Fibres, Tarsal Cartilage, Conjunctiva, Meibomian Glands and Eyelashes — The Lachrymal Gland — The Membrana Nictitans or Haw — The Eyeball— The Sclerotic Coat— The Cornea— The Choroid Coat— The Iris — The Pupil — Albinos — The Corpora Nigra — The Humours of the Eye— Aqueous, Crystalline and 'Vitreous — The Retina — The Optic Nerve — The Opthalmic Artery — The Muscles of the Eye — Injuries and Diseases of the Eye — Injuries to Eyelids and Treatment — Injuries, &c., of the Haw, and Treatment — Howks — Symptoms and Treatment of Conjunctivitis or Simple Opthalmia — Moon Blindness — Periodic Opthalmia, Symptoms and Treat- ment — Cataract, Lenticular, Capsular, and Capsulo-Lenticular — Examina- nation for Cataract — Amaurosis, Symptoms and Detection — Filaria Oculi — Strongylus Filaria, 'Worm in the Eye — Rare Diseases of the Eye, Nebula, Glaucoma, Staphyloma, &c, — Dislocation of the Eyeball, its Treatment — The Ear — Parts of the External Ear — Conchal, Annular, Scutiform— "Parts of the Middle Ear— The Tympanum Cavity — The Eustachian Tube— Bony and Membranous Parts of the Internal Ear — Phenomena of Hearing and Sight— Canker of the Ear, Appearance, and Treatment . . . . 232—269 ELEVENTH LECTURE. THE SKIN, INJURIES AND DISEASES, The Non-sensitive Cuticle or Epidermis-The Rete Mucosum— The Cutis Vera, Dermis, or True Skin— The Sebaceous, or Oil Glands— The Sudori- parous or Sweat Glands— Action of Perspiration - Hair and Hair Follicles- Clipping in Winter— Hoofs, Horns and Claws, Appendages pertaining to the Skin— Skin Diseases, Inflammatory, Non-Inflammatory, and Parasitic- Inflammatory Diseases of the Skin— Variola-Equina, or Horse-Pox, Symptoms and Treatment— Variola-Vaccina, or Cow-Pox— Jenner's Recognition of Properties — Protective Agent against Human Small- Pox- Treatment — Variola-Ovina, or Sheep-Pox — Symptoms — Classed under Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act — Simple Eczema — Inoculative to other Animals — Treatment — Mallenders, Appearance and Treatment — Sallenders — Difference in Situation — Lichen, a similar Complaint — Treatment for Both — Grease, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment — Grapes — Mud Fever, a Form of Erythema — Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment^Gracked Heels, a Form of Eczema — Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment — Mechanical Injuries to the Skin — Sore Shoulders, Saddle Galls — Treatment — Scratches and Pricks — Treatment — Burns and Scalds — Treatment — Non-Inflammatory Diseases of the Skin — Warts, Wens or Angle Berries, Appearance and Treatment — Amputation — Horn Overgrowths and Injuries — Treatment — Dishorning — Abscesses in the Cavities of the Horn — Symptoms, and Treatment — Parasitic Diseases of the Skin — Mange or Scab — Caused by Parasites — Three Families Symbiotes' Dermatodectes and Sarcoptes — Superficial, Middle, and Deep- seated Mange — Symptoms and Treatment — Warbles — Tumours contain Female Bot Fly — Miss Ormerod's Description of Ox Warble Fly — Treatment — Ringworm, Appearance, and Treatment — Fly Maggots. When and Where Seen — Treatment — Dressing for Ticks and Fleas — Three Kinds of Lice — Parts Attacked — Treatment . . . , . . . 270 — 284 TWELFTH LECTURE. THE URINARY SYSTEM, DISEASES, PARTURITION, ETC. Organs of Urinary System— Kidneys, Position and Appearance— Structure of Kidney— The Cortex— The Medulla— The Malpighian Bodies— Supra-Renal Capsules— The Ureters— The Structure of the Bladder— The Urethra- Urine— Varying Reaction— Quantity Secreted by Horse— Male Organs of Generation— The Testicles— The Spermatic Cords and Vas Deferens— The Accessory Organs— The Penis— The Urethra— The Inguinal Canals— The Scrotum— L'he Sheath— Female Organs of Generation— The Ovaries— The Fallopian Tubes — The Structure of the Uterus or Womb— The Vagina — ■ The Vulva — The Hymen — Urinary Diseases — Three Forms of Nephritis or Inflammation of the Kidneys — Symptoms — Formation of Abscesses — Hypertrophied Kidneys — Causes, of Inflammation of the Kidneys — Treat- ment — Hypertrophy found on Making Post-Mortems — Atrophied Kidney- — Calculi or Stones — Melanotic Tumours — Haemorrhage — Polyuria, Diuresis, Diabetes Insipidus or Profuse Staling — Causes, Symptoms and Treatment — Suppression of Urine — Symptoms and Treatment — Retention of Urine — Causes, Symptoms, Treatment — Cystitis or Inflammation of the Bladder — Symptoms and Treatment Externally and Internally — Abscess in the Bladder — Symptoms and Treatment — Calculi or Stones, Symptoms and Trea,tment — The Operation of Lithotomy — Accumulation of White Crystals in Bladder and Urethral Passage of Bulls, Rams, and Wethers — Treatment — Incontinence of Urine — Paralysis of the Bladder — Treatment — ^Diseases, etc., of the Male Generative Organs — Orchitis or Inflammation of the Testicle — Causes and Treatment — Hydrocele or Dropsy of the Scrotum — Injuries to the Penis — Causes — Paraphymosis — Treatment — Excoriation of the Penis — Treatment — Sebaceous Accumulations in the Urethal Sinus — Symptoms and Treatment — Castration, Time for Operation — How to Castrate the Horse — Instruments Used — Methods — Crushing the Testicle — The Operation of Castrating the Bull, Pig, Lamb, and Aged -Ram — After Treatment for Castration^^Precautions — Complications — Treatment for Bleeding — Treat- ment for Protrusion of the Omentum or Net — Treatment for Escape of the Bowels — Treatment for Septicaemia — Treatment for Abscesses — Treatment for Scirrhous Cord — Disea.ses, &c., of the Female Generative Organs — Ovarian Diseases diificult to Diagnose — Ovariotomy or Spaying — Leucorrhoea or Whites, Symptoms and Treatment — Pustulant Irritation of the Vagina, Symptoms and Treatment — Genital Exanthema or Disorder, Symptoms and Treatment — Obstructions in the Vagina — False Membranes — Long-Necked Tumours — Abscesses — Symptoms and Treatment — Protrusion of the Vagina — Treatment and Prevention — Gestation, Abortion, etc.^ The Average Periods of Gestation — The Process of Impregnation — Segmentation of the Ovum — Development of the Foetus — The Foetal Membranes, Placenta, or Cleansing — The Amnion or Slime Bag — The Allantois or Water Bag — The Chorion — Difterences in Attachment — Umbilical Cord or Naval String, its Parts — Nourishment of Foetus — Abortion, Slinking, Slipping or Casting the Calf — Biblical Reference — Cause of the Complaint in the Epizootic Form — Action of Ergot of Rye — Abortion due to a Micro-Orgatiism — Abolition of Abortion — Prevention — The Use of Germicidal Mixtures — Imperforate Hynien or Impervious" Os-Uteri — Symptoms, Examination, and Treatment — Parturition in the Mare, Cow, etc.. and its After Effects— Treatment for a Natural Presentation— Treatment in a Case of Dropsy of the Belly— Treatment when the Head is Presented with the Feet Back and Down— Treatment when Both Forelegs Protrude and Head is Bent Back, with the Nose Pointing Forward Behind the Elbow- Treatment with a Similar Presentation, but Nose Pointed Backward towards the Flank— Treatment when Forelegs are Presented, but Head is Turned Over on to the Back of the Foetus— Treatment when both Forelegs are presented and the Head is Thrown Back— Treatment when the Foetus is on its Back, with the Ears and Back of the Head presented and the Feet Back — Treatment when Hind Legs are presented in Proper Position for Delivery — Treatment when Points of the Hocks are presented at the Brim ■ of the Pelvis — Treatment when Tail and Breech are presented Pressed Tight on to the Breech of the Pelvis — Treatment when all Four Feet are presented, and the Head turned back on the Side or Quarter — Treatment when the Neck and Back are presented, the Forelegs bent back, and the Pastern Joints doubled round the Thighs, while the Hind Pasterns are pressed against the Brim of the Pelvis — Treatment for a Transverse Presentation where the Fcetus is lying crosswise in the Womb — Treatment for Twins — Treatment in case of a Monstrosity — Torsion of the Vagina or Twist in "the Neck of the Womb — Symptoms and Treatment — Constriction of the Os-Uteri and its Treatment — The Csesarean Section — Retention of the Foetus — Eversioa of the Vagina with the Os Constricted — Treatment — Treatment for Inertia of the Uterus — Placenta Prasvia — Treatment for Hydrops-Uteri or Dropsy of the Womb — Abnormal Conceptions — Extra Uterine Conception — Qualities desirable in Cases of Difficult Labour — Professor Williams' Opinion — Lord Bacon's Aphorism — Retention of the Placenta or After-Birth — Treatment in case of the Cow — Dropping from Retention of the Second Cleansing, Symptoms and Treatment — Septic Fever, Symptoms and Treatment — Post-Partum Hsemorrhage, or Flooding after Calving — Treatment — Rupture of the Womb, how Caused — Eversion of the Uterus in the Mare and Cow and its Treatment — Eversion of the Bladder, Examination and Treatment — Rupture of the Bladder — Vaginitis or Inflammation of the Vagina, Causes and Treatment — Metritis or Simple Inflammation of the Womb, Symptoms and Treatment — -Septic Metritis in the Mare,'j Symptoms and Treatment — Simple Metritis in the Cow, Symptoms and Treatment — Simple and Septic Metritis in the Sheep, Symptoms and Treatment — Pelvic HKm.atomata or Blood Tumours — Symptoms and Treatment— Mammitis or Inflammation of the Mammary Glands, or Garget— Symptoms in the Mare and Treatment — Symptoms in the Cow Dried off to Fatten, and Treatment — Symptoms and Treatment when the Dairy Cow is Affected— Treatment for Induration of the Udder — Gangrene or Mortification of the Udder — Blind Teats, Cause and Treatment^Paralysis of the Milk-secreting Cells — Relaxed Teats and Treatment — Inflammation of the- Udder of Sheep, Cause, Symptoms and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 — 332 APPENDICES. Appendix A.— Synopsis of Diseases, their Recognition and "First Aid" Treatment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 333—350 Appendix B.— ^Medicines : Terms, Actions, Formulas and Doses .. 351 — 370 Appendix C. — Various Forms of Manual Aid .. .. .. 371 — 378 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 VETERINARY LECTURES FOR AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS, FIRST LECTURE. INTRODUCTION. I. ALL the functions and actions of a living body are, more or less, due to a stimulus or irritant of a vital character, directly or indirectly applied ; and from the peculiarity of the magnetism which surrounds our globe, and its influence on inorganic and organic material. Electricity may be looked upon as tin vital stimulus of organic life. From electricity we have light, heat, motion, &c., and by its agency the two great important gases — Oxygen and Hydrogen — are combined to form water, and water decomposed into its elements — Electrolysis. Thus, then, we derive from electricty light, heat, moisture, and motion, the essentials of vitality. By the aid of electricity also, sensation and motion can be restored to a partially paralysed limb, and, when the electric current is made too powerful life is destroyed. There is also to be considered the extraordinary action of the X rays, of which nothing finite is yet known. 2. Life may be defined as an Electro-Vital Phenomenon, peculiar to an organism, which includes the powers of absorption, assimilation, secretion, execretion, and reproduction ; and Death is the cessation of all these functions, with the return of the organic tissues to their ultimate elements. 3. All the different tissues of the body are built up of minute cells, varying in form according to the structure in which they are found. Yet, strange to say, Chemistry shows that these cells are made up of inorganic bodies, which are not themselves alive ; but from their peculiar chemical affinity and vital combinations all the gases, fluids, and solids of the living body are produced. 4. A simple Cell, whether vegetable or animal, seems to have an innate power of a vital character, to multiply or reproduce, and by the multiplying of these cells, where surroundings are replete with every necessary, tissues and organs of different kinds are formed, and when all are in a normal condition, healthy functions are carried on. 5. By the aid of the Microscope, the cells of the various tissues are revealed and recognised, and they are almost innumerable. Meinert estimated the grey matter of the brain alone to contain no less than 600,000,000 cells, and again each cell was divided and sub- divided into molecules and atoms respectively, while between two and three hundreds of trillions of red and white corpuscles were found in the blood of the adult horse. The living body is strange, and wonderfully made. " It is strange that a harp of a thousand strings should keep in tune so long." 6. A description of the minute structures of the body, i.e. Histology, is not the province of this work. Yet, before we can undertake the treatment of the various afflictions which domestic animals are prone to, and studied under pathology, a knowledge of anatomy and physiology is necessary. But this will be of a very brief and practical character, the object being that when describing the different ailments, ! some little idea of the parts of the body alluded to, may have already been gained. 7- Anatomy treats of the various portions and structures of the body, and is both General and Descriptive, Comparative and Morbid. General, or Regional Anatomy deals merely with the name and situation of the different organs and parts of the body. Descriptive Anatomy enters into a minute detail of their forms and structures, and gives a systematic description of the parts ; while Morbid Anatomy is the study of diseased or morbid structures, and under Comparative Anatomy, a comparison of the structures of various animals are made. 8. Physiology is an extensive subject, and under this term is studied the functions, or the work that the different organs of the body perform in health. Thus, the function of the liver is to secrete bile ; the kidneys, urine ; and the mammary glands, milk, &c., &c. g. Pathology treats of the derangements and diseases of these structures and functions. To make the subject better understood, it is here divided into various sections, the General Anatomy and Physiology of the different parts being at the same time briefly touched upon. ARRANGEMENTS OF LECTURES. lo. The various subjects to be dealt with in these lectures will be taken up in the following order. 1 . Introductory — Inflammation — Terminations — Causes — Fever Treatment. 2. Bones — Ligaments and Joints — Injuries and Diseases. 3. Muscles (Flesh) — Tendons — Sinews — Injuries and Diseases. 4. Feet — Horny Hoof and Shoeing — Injuries and Diseases. 5. Digestive Organs (Horse) — Mouth and Stomach — Injuries, Derangements and Diseases. 6. Digestive Organs (Cow) — Stomach, &c. — Injuries, Derange- ments and Diseases. 7. Dentition and the use of Artificial Foods. ' 4 8. Circulation— Heart, Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins — Diseases, &c. 9. Respiration — Lungs — Bronchial Tubes — Diseases. 10. Nerves — Brain, Eye, and Ear — Diseases. 11. Skin— Hair Follicles, Sweat Glands, &c.— Affections— Diseases. 12. Urinary and Generative Organs — Parturition and Diseases. II. When all these various structures are in a normal condition, the body may be said to be in a state of health, to maintain which, certain materials, commonly called food, are necessary so as to replace the changes of matter (more or less accelerated) that is ever going on, as there is not a thought or a movement of the body without some expenditure of tissue. This tissue must be renewed, and this is done by the process of Nutrition, which process belongs to all organised structures. Nutrition is 'upheld and carried on by means of the food eaten, which, when digested, passes into the blood, and is carried by it to the various parts of the body. (See Digestive Organs A.) In the animal kingdom, before healthy nutrition can be successfully maintained, certain conditions are required, viz. : (i) The p^rt to be nourished must be in proper state of health. (2) The blood must be pure, and not too far distant. (There are some structures into which the blood does not go, it only flows near ; for instance, the cartilage covering the ends of bones in the formation of joints. In such cases nutrition is carried on by " imbibition," or sucking up.) (3) The temperature or heat of the part must be normal. (If the part shows a temperature higher, than the normal and natural, then healthy assimilation is interfered with. On the other hand, everyone has read of a man's toes being frozen off, in the arctic regions, through extreme cold, thus showing the necessity of normal heat.) (4) All parts must be under the control or influence of the nervous system. 12. Circumstances are, however, constantly arising which interfere with the equilibrium of these functions, and then a perverted nutritive process is established, disorder and disease being the result ; hence, health and disease are so intimately blended, like daylight and darkness, that we cannot tell when one ends and the other begins. DEFINITION OF TERMS. 13. Before proceeding further, it will be necessary to note and define certain terms which are in general use in the veterinary profession. 1. Pathology — Is the study of disease and its locality — the science of the nature, causes, and remedies of diseases. 2. Etiology — Shews the various causes of disease — external, internal, mechanical, chemical, climatic, predisposing, predisposition, hereditary, exciting, age, sex, &c., &c. 3. Symptomatology — Gives the various symptoms, Negative and Positive. In some cases there are very definite symptoms, which indicate clearly the nature of an ailment ; in others the indications are few, and lead to no definite conclusion. In such a case the practitioner resorts to the negative method ; the absence of certain symptoms shows that the malady is not so-and-so. Thus he can exclude certain complaints from being the actual one, until the choice is brought down to a few possible diseases only. The thermometer is of great utility in this department. 4. Prognosis — Means the prediction of probable progress and result of a malady. 5. Therapeutics— Is the branch of Medicine concerned in the treatment and cure of disease. 6. Hygiene— Treats of Ventilation, Sanitation, Clothing, Dieting, Nursing, &c., &c.— in fact all items for the maintenance of health and its preservation. 7- Epizootic, or Epidemic— Is a term used when a disease is very prevalent, attacking many people or animals at the same time, e.g., Influenza, Pleuro-Pneumonia, and Foot and Mouth. 8. Enzootic — Refers to Diseases confined to certain localities. Ague in man. Red Water in cows, Louping-ill in sheep, &c. 9. Specific — Is a term used when the disease arises from some specific germ, i.e., Glanders, Pleuro-Pneumonia, Anthrax, &c. 10. Sporadic — Refers to ordinary diseases daily occurring, e.g., Simple Inflammation of the Bowels, Lungs, and Feet, &c., &c. There are other terms used, but the foregoing are quite sufficient for our purpose. 14. Before reviewing some of the injuries, derangements, and diseases of the different organs of the body, I shall first refer briefly to that extensive, and most important subject, inflammation. 15. Inflarnmation is the most common disturbance affecting the organs of the animal creation ; and yet, Inflammation, like fire or water, is a good servant as well as a bad master, and may be looked upon both as Reparative and Destructive. Without its aid, the ends of fractured bones would not unite, nor would surgical operations result successfully, if it was not for the inflammatory adhesive exudate that favoured the formation of a new connective tissue. The practitioner performs the operation, and trusts to Nature and Reparative Inflammation to accomplish the rest. Wounds, however simple, in horses and cattle, seldom, or never, heal without inflammatory action. If, however, the practitioner cannot keep the inflammation under control, instead of the reparative process, destructive inflammation may be set up. Therefore, inflammation may be defined to be an increased nutritive action in the first stage ; secondly, perverted atomic change in the tissues of a part, with heat, pain, redness, and swelling. When a part is irritated, the small blood vessels, called capillaries, first contract, then dilate — and this, by some, is said to be the first action of inflammation. But about this point there is difterence of opinion, as others say the vessels dilate first. That contraction of the blood vessels, is the first process is well exemplified, when the end of a finger is suddenly snapped off by machinery, or a gash is quickly made in the flesh, for then the neigbouring parts become perfectly pale, and no blood is seen for a few moments, owing to the sudden contraction of the vessels from the shock. Dilatation next takes place when the blood flows freely. If the irritation, or cause, be not removed, the blood vessels become distended, and, finally, paralyzed. The corpuscles crowd into the part, and becoming adhesive — sticking together, as it were — induce further expansion of the vessels. i6. Congestion next takes place with the exudation, or oozing, of the fluid portions of the blood through the sides of the vessels into the surrounding tissues ; or the vessels may ultimately give way with extravasation of blood into the parts, and from the consequent pressure the nerve filaments lose their controlling power, and the structure becomes changed. That the minute tissues play an important part in inflammation cannot be doubted, because the blood, before it reaches, and after it leaves, the inflamed portion, is the same as that in the uninflamed parts of the body. 17. The noted external local signs of inflammation are Heat, Pain, Redness, and Swelling. 18. Heat is caused by the large amount of blood sent to the affected part, and the consequent increased chemical action that follows. The heat is not, however, so great as is thought, for the temperature does not increase more than two or three degrees; and yet in an inflamed foot there is a perceptible increase of heat. We can, however, have heat without inflammation, as the body often becomes heated from exercise or hard work. ig. Pain is owing to the irritation of nerve fibres, from the pressure caused by the distension of the effused blood materials. Pain, however, varies in different portions of the body ; it may be reflex and far distant from the affected part ; in some places it is dull, as when the mucous membranes are inflamed ; but when fibro-serous or serous membranes are affected, as in rheumatism and pleurisy, the pain is most acute and at times throbbing. Bone, in health, is almost non- sensitive, but when under inflammation, from its unyielding nature, the pain is excruciating. But we can have pain without inflammation ; for instance, as in cramp or spasm. 20. Redness is due to the accumulation of blood, coupled with a distension of the vessels and a crowding of red corpuscles in the part, and, finally, extravasation into the structures ; yet we can have redness without Inflammation. 21. Swelling arises from many causes, but in inflammation it is occasioned by the congestion and exudation of the serous portions of the blood, and extravasation of the blood itself, owing to the coats of the distended vessels giying way. Still, we have swelling in various parts of the body without inflammation ; as in dropsy, from debility, sweUing of the legs, from plugging of blood vessels or want of tone in the tissues, or the swellings of Blains or " Howkes" (nettle-rash) in cattle. 22. Yet, when all these signs are found combined — i.e., Heat, Pain, Redness, and Swelling — they are characteristic of inflammation, and cause more or less constitutional disturbance in the body, with a certain amount of fever, according to the situation and nature of the attack. 23. Inflammation is of various kinds, such as Acute (sharp and quick), Sub-acute (not quite so active), and Chronic (of a slow character). Again, the temperament and condition of different animals influence the nature and degree of the inflammation. In strong, robust, and well-fed animals the attack may be of a sthenic or high order, marked by morbid over-action ; whilst in old, ill-fed, and weakly constitutioned subjects, the nature of the attack is likely to be of an asthenic or low character, marked by weakness ; thus showing how important the study of all these variations is to the trained practitioner, as they require entirely dififerent modes of treatment. No one would think of treating a strong, robust, well-fed animal in the same way EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. POINTS OF A HORSE. I. Nape of the Neck or Poll. 30- Point of Shoulder. 2. Forelock. 31- True Arm. 3- F,ars. 32." Elbow. 4- Forehead. 33- Fore Arm. 5- Face. 34- Knee. 6. Muzzle. 35- Shank or Cannon Bone. 7- Nostril. 36. Fetlock Joint. 8. Upper Lip. 37- Pastern. 9- Under Lip. 38. Coronet. 10. Lower Jaw.- 39- Heels. II. Zygomatic Ridge. 40. Hoof. 12. Hollow above the Eye. 41. Chestnut, it3- Maxillary Joint. 42. Haunch. 14. Mane or Crest. 43- Point of Hip Bone. 15- Neck. 44. Croup. 16. Throat or Windpipe. 45- Rump. 17- Withers. 46. Root of Tail or Dock. 18. Back. 47- Hip Joint. 19. Girth or Chest Measurement. 48. Upper Thigh. 20. Shoulder Blade. 49. Stifle. 21. The Loins. 50. Lower Buttocks. 22. Side of Chest. 51- Hair of the Tail. 23- The Chest or Breast. 43-50. Quarter. 24- Floor of Chest. 52. Lower Thigh. 25. Barrel, Front Ribs and Short Ribs. 53- Hock. 26. Abdomen. 54- Point of Hock or Hough. 27. Flank. 55. Back Sinew or Tendon. 28. Sheath. 56. Growth of Hair— Feathering 29. Shoulder. THE SEATS OF THE CO MMON DISEASES ARE:— A. Side Bone. E. Spavin. B. Ring Bone. F. Thorough Pin. c. Windgall. 0. Curb. D. Splint. H. Capped Hock. as he would a weak,, debilitated one, although both may be suffering irom the same complaint, .and show the same temperature. Our great object and aim is to bring the inflammation to its most favourable termination with the least destruction of tissue or life. The terminations of inflammation are said to be — ^(i) Resolution, (2) Exudation and Adhesion, (3) Effusion, (4) Suppuration, (5) Ulceration, , and (6) Gangrene, or Mortification (death of a part). Some writers object to the phrase terminations of inflammation, and use instead the words — results or effects. 24. Resolution : Resolution means the subsidence of a morbid t process. Our greatest endeavour should be to get the inflammatory i action to this termination, as being the most satisfactory. If possible, ! find the cause and remove it, when the effect will cease, and the iiinflamed structures will return to their normal condition. For instance, when a pin is inserted into the hand, it causes pain, swelling, heat, and redness ; but if the pin or irritant be removed in time, and suitable treatment adopted, the parts resume their natural healthy condition, and any exudation that may have taken place is absorbed. This termination may take place suddenly or gradually. 25. Exudation and Adhesion : By exudation is meant the oozing out of adventitious matter, and adhesion is the force by which certain dissimilar bodies stick together. Reparative results are obtained by the organization of the exuded lymph, the formation of new blood vessels, the absorption of the serous fluid, and the closing of wounds, by adhesion ot the cut surfaces, &c. ; but at times the result of exudation and adhesion is most formidable, particularly when adhesive bands are formed in serous cavities, such as the pleura, joints, and the sheaths of tendons. 26. Effusion, or oozing of the serum of the blood into the areolar tissue, results in the formation of large serous swellings or watery tumours, with small pellets and fibrinous strings floating amongst it ; for instance, the swelling that arises on a young horse's shoulder from a nip with a collar, or those on the front of a cow's knees, which at times become very large, are due to bruises, and effusion. lO 27. Suppuration is perhaps the most common result of inflamma- tion. Suppuration is the formation or discharge oipus (matter which is of two parts, solid or corpuscular, and watery). Suppuration is both acute and chronic, and can go on in different parts of the body, forming what are called abscesses (gatherings). A good example is seen in strangles in young horses. At first the abscesses are hard and unyielding, but, as they ripen, or come forward, they begin to soft& and point in the middle, always aiming towards the external surface, and having a well-defined marginal ring. Some burst of themselves, others require to be opened, but this should never be done unless the parts fluctuate well under the fingers, and in such cases the opening should always be at the bottom. We also have defused and superficial suppuration ; the latter being seen on mucous surfaces, such as the bronchial tubes, nostrils, and generative organs. 28. There are various kinds of pus, viz. : — (i) Laudable, (2) Putrid, (3) Sanious, (4) Scrofulous, and (5) Specific. Of these different kinds of matter — or pus — Laudable is looked upon as the most healthy ; it is thick, or creamy. Specific resembles it in colour and thickness, but is most dangerous, as in the case of glanders. The others have their peculiar characters, and need the eye and attention of the professional man to deal with them. 29. Ulceration is another effect of inflammation generally found in parts of low organisation, short of vitality, and where there seems to be an excess of absorption over deposition. A good example is the front of the shin bone of an aged human subject. When ulceration of this part sets in, it seldom, or never, heals — there seems to be a dissolution, or death of the minute structures, which the natural body has not tone enough to reproduce. 30. Ulcers are of various kinds, viz.. Healthy, Infiamed, Indolent, Weak, Sloughing, and Specific. They are not very common in domestic animals, though sheep occasionally suffer from them, as the ulcers seen on the face in Stomatitis Pustulosis, and in Foot Rot. Owing to the great difference in the nature of the various ulcers, their treatment should be under the eye of the professional practitioner. Stimulating applications are required for dressing the sores, while a generous, easily digestible diet is necessary, with tonic and alterative medicine. Ulceration heals by granulations. (See Appendix.) 31. Mortification, or death of a part, arises from a variety of causes, independently of being one of the results of inflammation ; such as a loss of nerve power, the plugging of a blood vessel, and the want of blood in the part, &c. We have both moisi and dry gangrene. Gangrene is moist when the tissues undergo softening or liquifaction. It is dry from obstruction of the circulation, when the parts contain little fluid ; for example, senile gangrene in old people — affecting the big toe. 32. In Sloughs, mortification may be complete or partial. The -tissues may be involved to a greater or lesser extent, when the morbid process is arrested and a line of demarcation is then formed betwen the living and dead structures ; the dead portion sloughing off', as is seen in mares and cows when the passage has been damaged in difficult parturition ; or the sloughing off' of one or more quarters of the udder in mares, cows, and sheep from extensive inflammation of the mammary gland. 33. When an extensive injury has been done to any portion of the body, more particularly the thick muscular part of the hips and quarters — being torn and lacerated by some foreign body, such as a cart or a gig shaft — the neigbouring tissues are so much damaged (the blood vessels being destroyed and nerve fibre shattered) that the part is very liable to mortification, owing to the inflammation set up being generally so intense. Our object, and greatest endeavour, should be to keep the inflammation in check, and to give tone to the neighbouring parts, and to assist them to throw off the damaged and dead portions. The best treatment I have found is to plug or cover the external wound with antiseptic dressings so as to exclude the air, combined with a continuous application of blankets, 6 or 8 ply thick, wrung out of cold water every four or five hours, or when they become 12 hot and dry, until a fine, thick, yellowish-white matter is seen coming from the wound, which generally takes place in from 48 to 60 hours. In my opinion the cold water application seems to extract, and keep in check, the excessive heat usually present ; in fact, a sort of endosmotic and exosmotic current is set up — the cold from the wet blanket passing into the part of the body, as it were, to which it is applied, the heat being extracted from the part to the blanket, which becomes hot — the action equalising the temperature, and giving tone to the undamaged tissues, at the same time assisting nature in her physiological efforts, and also the pathological action to throw off the damaged or dead portions. 34. Septicaemia, or Blood-poisoning. — Hot applications, to be of any good, must be continuous ; they are generally badly applied, and, in my opinion, relax the tissues, and favour the process of gangrene. When the part dies, and is not thrown offby sloughing, the surrounding tissues swell, and have a bladder-like sound, as found in gangrene of the udder in cows and sheep ; at times seen also ift the latter stages of milk fever, in the hind quarters of a cow, and from an injury with an external wound, when it is accompanied with a dirty brownish, foetid, watery discharge. There are rigors and tremblings of the body ; pulse small and quick ; respiration hurried ; cold, clammy patches of perspiration all over the body, with head hanging down. We may then rest assured that the case is hopeless, Septicaemia or blood-poisoning having set in. Owing to the extensive swelling, we are often tempted to scarify the distended parts by plunging in the lancet, thus admitting the air and hurrying on that process we wished most to avoid, viz., mortification, or death of the part, and also of the patient as well. All the formidable effects of blood-poisoning can, however, be induced by a very small punctured wound or scratch with a sharp instrument. 35. The Causes of Inflammation are various, and are termed Vital, Chemical, and Mechanical. Vital causes may arise through some occult changes taking place within the body itself ; Chemical, from the application or use of stong acids, alkalies, &c. ; Mechanical, from EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. POINTS OF A COW I. Head. 34- Back Ribs. 2. Back of the Head. 35- Upper Part of Flank. 3- Frontal Crest or Protuberance— 36. Fore- Flank. Poll. 37- Hip Bone, Hooks. 4- Horns. 38. Haunches. 5. Ears. 39- Rump. 6. Forehead. 40. Croup. 7- Bridge of the Nose. 41- Tail Head, Root of Tail. 8. Nostrils. 42- Tail. 9- Mouth, with Upper and Lower 43- Tuft or Switch. Lips. 44. Pin Bones. lO. Chin. 45- Twist. II. Throat. ■ 46. Fore Arm. 12. Cheeks. 47- Elbow. ^3- Eyes and Eyelids. 48. Knee. 14- Neck 49- Shin or Shank. 15- Nape of Neck. 50. Fetlock Joint with Dew Claws i6. Crest. 51- Pastern. 17- Dewlap. 52- Coronet. i8. Brisket. 53- Hoofs. 19. Bosom. 54- Dew Claw. 20. Chest. 55- Hip Joint. 21. Withers. 56. Upper Thigh. 22. Shoulder. 57- Stifle Joint. 23- Shoulder Point. 58. Flank. 24- The Breast. 59 Lower Thigh. 25- Walls of the Chest. 60. Hock or Hough. 26. Belly. 61. Pointof Hock. 27. Barrel or Side. 62. Milk Vein. 28. Crop. 63. Fore Udder. 29. Back. 64. Hind Udder. 30. Loin or Kidney Region. .65. Teats. 3»- Spine. 66. Pelvic Arch. . 32- Fore Ribs. 67. Purse in Ox. 33- Mid Ribs. 68. Sheath in Ox. 13 blows, wounds, pressure, burns, &c , and. inhalation of noxious gases and irritants. All the living tissues of the body are prone to the influence of inflammation ; and whenever we have inflammation of any one organ or pairt of the body, it is always accompanied, more or less, by general or constitutional fever, which necessitates both local and constitutional treatment. 36. Local Treatment is when we can apply remedies, directly, to the affected parts, as by removing the shoes, and putting on cold water bran poultices, in founder or inflammation of the feet. Weed, or inflammation of the absorbents or lymphatic vessels of the hind or fore leg, is another good case for local treatment, and no treatment is better than to put meadow hay bandages, saturated well with cold water, wound round the affected limb. Abscess forming in any superficial part of the body is another illustration of the application of local treatment, which ma};- be by hot or cold poultices, cooling lotions, salt and saltpetre dissolved in water, ice, sal ammoniac, vinegar and water, or stimulating liniments and blisters, and in a case of Inflammation of the lungs hot blankets applied to the sides. 37. Constitutional Treatment has to be adopted when there is a general disturbance set up — Sympathetic Fever — in addition to the local disturbance. When the fever arises from some extensive external injury or wound, it is known as Traumatic or Symptomatic Fever. 38. Sympathetic Fever. — A few years ago, the treatment of sympathetic fever, in country practice generally, took the form of blood-letting, purgatives, &c., which then seemed to give satisfaction, but now a more rational mode of treatment is adopted. The personal comfort of the patient is now looked after by putting the animal into a well-ventilated loose box, free from draughts, but with plenty of air ; clothing the body and bandaging the legs, and administering medicines of a saline aperient character, such as i to 2 ounces of Epsom or Glauber's Salts, 2 to 4 drachms each of Nitrate of Potash and Cream of Tartar, with 10 to 15 drops of Fleming's Tincture of Aconite, given either as a draught in one pint of cold water, or in the drinking 14 water, two or three times a day, until the bowels respond, along with a suitable cooling diet. (See Appendix.) But I will go more into detail when considering inflammation affecting the different organs and parts of the body. 39. Town practice, I may say, is different to that in the country. For instance, 4 drs. of aloes would purge a town horse, whereas it would take 6 to 7 drs. to have the same effect on one in the country. The same thing holds good in pit horses, which have to be treated similarly to town horses. In all cases, whether horse or cow, it is of the greatest importance to have the bowels attended to (as there is no complaint — however slight — that does not affect the bowels more or less), but greater care is needed with horses, as they cannot stand strong purgatives like cattle. 40. Simple Fever may arise without any obvious cause. This may be brought about through changing from field to stable, change of food, drinking cold water when the animal is heated, standing in a draught, .&c., and is generally ushered in by a shivering fit, that is seldom seen ; but, if observed, it is advisable to at once put on plenty of clothing and give a good stimulant, say from f to i pint of whisky, with the same quantity of water, or a quart of hot ale and i oz. ginger {See Appendix), when resolution may be brought about and the animal ail nothing further. -But, as generally happens, the shivering fit has not been seen, the first thing to be noticed is the patient hanging its head, breathing heavily and hurriedly, with nostrils distended, eye bright, and temperature increased to about 104° or 106°. Endeavour must then be made to find the cause and remove it ; if this cannot be done treat the symptoms thus : — Place the animal in a roomy, well-aired loose box, clothe the body, bandage the legs, and give the saline medicine named under Sympathetic Fever. If not better, or relieved, in a few 15 treatment will be needed, except giving nitre water 'and soft cooling food for a few days (this I have seen done in scores of. cases) ; but the bleeding should only be done by a Veterinary Surgeon. The advantage of blood-letting is, that it relieves the overloaded system quickly. To depend upon purgatives for this purpose, either for horses or cattle, would be loss of time, because it takes from 24 to 30 hours in the horse, and frequently longer in cattle, to act on the bowels, while it is very difficult to unload the system by perspiration ; therefore, early blood-letting, in many cases, is advantageous, at least, it is so in country practice. Bleeding in the past was abused; in the present, as a remedy, it needs to he judiciously used. 41. Septic Fever. — Again, we have fever arising from specific or germic causes, such as Influenza, Pink Eye — Exudative Cellulitis, — Septicaemia, and Pyaemia. Such cases are of a more formidable character than simple fever, and should at once be put under the care of a qualified practitioner, as the treatment is quite different to that of simple fever, requiring antiseptics and nourishing diet to keep up the strength. Quinine in these cases stands well to the front, and may be given three or four times a day ; Hyposulphate of Soda in 2 oz. doses, and Chlorate of Potash in 3 dr. doses, are also given alternately every six or eight hours, with nourishing gruels, linseed jellies, green food, carrots, hay tea, &c. (See Appendix.) 42. From these remarks it will be seen that from the various constitutions and the different forms of disease which are met with, and the great differences in their treatment, it is quite unsafe to start and tinker with them unless the nature of the complaint is thoroughly understood. My advice is this : In the first place, get a clinical thermometer, which can be had from 3/6 to 10/- each ; and, if you have an animal ailing, take its temperature, by passing the thermometer into the rectum. If it rises to 103° or 104° (normal temperature of the horse being 100° to loi"; cow, 101° to 102°; sheep, 103" to 104°) (See Appendix), you should lose no time in calling in a qualified veterinary practitioner ; as the case may be looked upon as tending to be serious. i6 Don't think, because your neighbour had a horse or cow in just the same state -apparently — last week, and some wonderful patent nostrum cured it, that yours will be set all right with the same treatment. Your neighbour's animal may have had one or two of the symptoms similar to those exhibited in your case, but yours may have others, accompanying these, which can only be detected by the professional eye. Don't waste time, money, and, perhaps, the animal as well, by delay in such a case, but send at once for your veterinary attendant, and, in the meantime, do as much to relieve the animal as possible, such as putting it in an airy box, clothing well, bandaging the legs, &c. This of itself will often, both in the case of horses and cattle, set them right, and the temperature will come down 2 or 3 degrees by simply putting them alone in a loose box. Animals, as a rule, when ailing in the fields, get away by themselves to a quiet corner. Follow their example, I say then ; but whatever you do, don't start and tamper with quack medicines, of the composition of which you know nothing, and which may be exactly the reverse of what is required. Try and find out which way nature is working, and then do what you can to assist her. If you fail in this, send for your professional veterinary adviser. 43. It is, however, a well-known fact that in many cases, nature has within the body the power — Vis Medicatvix Natuvce — to repair and cure herself without the aid of medicine. And in respect of this, I have, on many occasions, attributed beneficial changes .to the simple action of common salt, owing to the patients licking the lump rock salt placed before them, and therefrom obtainirtg a desire to take water and food when nothing else would induce them to do so. In all ailments, therefore, affecting horses and cattle, it will be found of great service to have a good sized piece of lump rock salt placed in the manger or trough for the animal to lick at leisure, particularly in febrile affections. • -1 EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. THE POINTS OF THE SHEEP. 1. Back of the Head. 24. Hip Joint. 2. Horny Protuberance. 25. Upper Thigh. 3. Horns. 26. Stifle Joint. 4. Ears. 27. Lower. Thigh. 5 Forehead. 28. Hock. 6. Bridge of Nose. 29. Heel. 7. Nostrils. 30. Scrotum. 8. Mouth, with Cleft Upper Lip and 31. Point of Discharge from Sheath Lower Lip. 32. Flank. g. Chin. 33. Abdomen. 10. Cheeks. .34. Walls of the Chest. II. Throat. 33. Lower Breast. 12. Eyes and Eyelids. 36. Shoulder. 13. Lachrymal Pit. 37. Point of Shoulder. 14. Nape of the Neck. 38. Fore Part of Breast. 15. Crest. 39. Fore-arm. 16. Dewlap. 40 Elbow. •17. Withers. 41. Front Knee. 18. Back. 42. Shin Bone. 19. Loin or Kidney Region. 43, Fetlock. 20. Rump. 44. Pastern. 21. Haunches. 45. Coronet. 22. Croup. 46. Hoofs. 23. Tail. SECOND LECTURE. BONES. 44. THE sludy of Bones is termed Osteology. Before entering, however into the details of the diseases and accidents peculiar to the bones of domestic animals, I will first briefly run over the general skeleton . 45. What is Bone ? It is a yellowish-white, hard, ordinarily insensitive substance, made up of two tissues, one of which is hard or compact, the other being porous or cancellated ; while it is composed of one-third animal and two-thirds earthy matter, and is covered by a tough membrane called periosteum, and lined internally with a fine membrane called endosteiim. Bone is the basis of the animal frame or skeleton — giving attachment to the soft parts, and shielding the delicate organs. For descriptive purposes bones are divided into three classes, as long, flat, short and irregular. 46. Periosteum, or the outer covering of bone is a dense fibro- vascular membrane, consisting of two layers, an outer fibrous one, and an inner one of fine connective tissue which is continued into the Heversian Canals, by which means the bone is nourished. The periosteum varies in thickness according to the position of the bone, being thickest where the bone is most exposed to injury, for instance, on the Tibia and Shank Bone. 47. Endosteum is a very fine vascular membrane, lining the internal or medullary cavities of the bones, wherein the marrow (a fatty substance) is contained, and by its means the internal arteries c are distributed through the internal parts of the bones. The Endosteum (unlike the Periosteum) cannot be detached as a continuous membrane. In most birds, however, the medullary cavities of the long bones contain air. 48. Long bones are the weight bearers, and are found in the extremities or legs, and have a shaft and two ends. The compact or hard structure, exists on the outside, being thickest at the middle and inner side of the shaft, or wherever most weight falls, there covering the cancellated or porous and light portions. The latter structure is most abundant at the ends of the bone, so as to give a large, yet light surface for joints, and it is there further covered by articular cartilage. 49. Flat bones are found where important organs have to be shielded. Thus, the bones of the head encase the brain ; the shoulder-blade and ribs protect the heart and lungs, liver, &c. ; while the hip or pelvic bones cover the organs of generation. Flat bones are made up of two layers of compact tissue, with a layer of cancellated or porous tissue. in the middle. 50. Short and Irregular bones are found in the back-bone or vertebral column, knee, hock, and lower portions of the limbs. These bones are principally composed of cancellated tissue, covered with a thin layer of the compact or hard structure, and are so arranged as to bear weight, yet allow of movement, more particularly of a gliding nature, and an " open and shut " motion. 51. The Skeleton of the horse is said to be composed of about 253 bones (including the teeth), and is divided into Head, Trunk, and Extremities. These divisions will, perhaps, *be better understood by the following tables. (See Plate V.J 52. The Head is sub-divided into Cranium and Face. Theformer consists of 20 separate bones, including 4 pairs, and 4 small bones in in each ear ; while 61 bones are found in the face— nine pairs, three single, and 40 teeth in the horse, and 36 in the mare. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. THE SKELETON OF THE HORSE. " I. Upper Jaw. 34- Upper Thigh Bone or Femur. 2, Lower or Under Jaw, 35- Stifle-joint and Patella, or Knee 3- Occipital Bone. Pan. 4- Parietal Bone. 36. Tibia, large lower Thigh Bone. ■5- . Frontal Bone. 37- Fibula or small lower Thigh bone. 6. Temporal Bone. 38. Astragalus. 7- Superior Maxillary Bone. 39- Calcis or Heel 8. The Upper Molars. Bone. 9- Infra-Orbital Foramen. 40. Cuboid Bone. , Bones of the lO. Pre-Maxillary Bone. 41. Large Scaphoid Hock. II. The Upper Incisors. Bone. 12. The Upper Canine Tooth or Tusk. 42. Small Scaphoid Bone. 13. Nasal Bone. 14. 15- Lachrymal Bone. Orbital Cavity. 43- 44. 45- Cuneiform Bone. The Shank or large Metatarsal Bone. Outer or Splint Bone. 16. Zygomatic Bone. 17- Inferior Molars. 46. 47- Inner Splint Bone. Sesamoid Bones (2). 18. Inferior Canine Tooth. jg. Inferior Incisors. 48. Large Pastern Bone (Os Suffra- ginis). 20 The Cervical Vertebrae (7), first being the Atlas and the the 49. Small Pastern Bone (Os Corona). second the Dentata or. Axis. 50. Coffin Bone (Os Pedis). 21. The Dorsal Vertebrae (18). 51- Shoulder Blade. 22. Eight True Ribs on the Breast Bone. 52- Shoulder Joint. 23- 10 False Ribs. 53- Humerus — Upper Arm Bone, arti- culates at the elbow joint. 24. Breast Bone (Sternum). Lumbar Vertebrae (6). 25. 54- Elbow Joint. ^ / 55. Fore Arm or Radius. 26. Sacrum, which consist of five ver- tebrae grown together, at the sides 56. Ulna. of which are four openings through 57- Trapezium. which the sacral nerves pass. 58. Cuneiform Bone. 27. Coccygeal vertebrae (20). 59- Lunar Bone. 28. The Ilium. v 60. Unciform Bone. 29. The Haunch. Pubis. Bones of the 61. Scaphoid Bone. . Bones of the Knee. 30. Pelvis. 62. Os Magnum, 31- Ischium. 63- Trapezoid Bone. 32- Hip Joint. 64. .Pea-shaped or 33- The Hip Joint < iownwards. Pisiform Bone. Bones below the Knee same as below the Hock, except the Shank Bone is called Metacarpal. 19 BONES OF THE HEAD. Horse. Ox. 53. Bones of the Cranium — Frontal (pair) Parietal (pair) Temporal (two pairs, ia horses only) Occipital Ethmoidal Sphenoidal Interparietal 54. Bones of the Ear Malleus Incus Stapes Orbicular (4 pairs) 55. Bones of the Face- Nasal "^ Superior Maxillary Pre- Maxillary Malar Lachrymal Palatine Pterygoid 1 Superior Turbinated ' Inferior „ / Vomer Lower Jaw Teeth Os Hyoides bones of the Tongue 2 2 4 I I I I I I 40 2 2 2 I I I I I I 32 Dog. Pig. 2 2 2 I I I I 18 I £ 42 2 2 2 I I I o I I 44 7 or more sections In the Pig, there is an additional single bone, the Os Rostri, or snout bone. 56. The Trunk is also divided into Spine, Thorax, and Pelvis. BONES OF THE TRUNK. Cervical (Neck) Dorsal (Back) Lumbar (Loins) Sacrum (Croup) Coccyx (Tail) Ribs (pairs) Horse. Ox. Dog. Pig. ... 7 7 . 7 7 ... i8 13 13 H ... 6 6 7 7 - 5 5 3 4 13 to 18 20 20 l8t0 22 8 true 8 true 9 true 7 true 10 false 5 false 4 false 7 false 57. The Sternum, or Breast Bone, is in seven sections, and in the horse is placed edgeway up, while that of the cow lies flat. 58. The Sacrum in the Horse, Ox, and Sheep is composed of 5 segments each ; in the Dog, 3 ; and in the Pig, 4. The Tail Bones are variable in different animals. 59. The Ribs of the Ox are straighter, broader, and more uniform than those of the horse ; they expand at their lower end, and the true ribs (excepting the first) articulate with their cartilages by true joints. The Ox has also a small bone (sometimes two) in the heart, and the Dog has one in the penis. (See Plate VI.) BONES OF THE EXTREMITIES. 60. Bones of the Fore Legs (Right and Left)— Horse. Ox. Scapula (Shoulder-blade) ... ... 2 2 Humerus (Upper Arm) ... ... 2 2 Radius^ (Fore-arm) ... ... 2 2 Ulna (Elbow-bone) Much larger in' the Ox than the Horse. Dog. 2 2 2 Pig. 2 2 2 21 Carpus (Knee) Upper Row : Scaphoid, Lunar, Cuneiform, Pisiform Lower Row : Trapezium, Trapezoid, Magnum, Unciform. Metacarpal ,, ... ... Sesamoids Os Suffraginis (Large Pastern) Os Coronse (Small do.) Os Pedis (Coffin Bone) ... Os Navicular (Shuttle do.) Horse. Ox. Dog. Pig. 8 pairs 6 pairs 7 pairs 8 pairs (In the Ox the Trapezium is wanting, and the Magnum and Trapezoid are represent- ed by a single bone.) 2 large 2 large j^ 4 small 2 small 4 8 2' 4 )■ See Pay. 61. 2 4 2 4 2 4 61. The arrangement of the bones under the knee of the dog resembles that of the human hand. They number 34 in each limb ; whilst those under the knee of the pig are about 28 in each. 62. Os Innominatum, or pelvic (hip) bone, is composed of three sections, Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis (right and left), and these form the side, floor, and part of the roof of the pelvic cavity. 63. Bones of the Hind Legs (Right and Left) — Horse. Femur (Thigh bone) ... ... 2 Patella (Stifle) ... ... ... 2 Tibia (Leg) ... ... ... 2 Fibula (Leg) ... ... ... 2 Tarsus (Hock) ... ... ... 6 pairs Astragalus, Calcis, Cuboid, Scaphoid, and two Cuneiforms. Large Metatarsal ... ... ... 2 Small „ ... ••■ ••• 4 Ox. 2 2 2 .5 pairs 22 64. The pastern bones correspond with those of the fore extremities, both in name and number. The bones above the hock are the same in the pig and dog ; the hock, however, consists of 7 pairs of bones in these animals ; while each have 29 pairs of bones under the hock. The skeleton of the Sheep is analogous to that of the Ox, both in number and names of bones. (See Plate VII.) 65. Having now briefly run over the skeleton, naming and classifying the bone.'s, and noting their situation, structure, and use, I shall next refer to the study of joints and ligaments, or Arthrology. The various bones of the body are held together by means of dense fibrous structures called Ligaments, to form Joints, which are of three classes; but, in descriptive anatomy, these are subdivided. 66. We will only deal here with the three primary classes, viz. : — Synarthrosis — immovable — such as the union of the bones in the head. Amphiarthrosis — slightly movable — as between the bones of the vertebrae. Diarthrosis — movable in any direction — as in the hip, shoulder, knee, &c. 67. Ligaments are composed mainly of white fibrous tissue, some ligaments, however, are mostly of yellow elastic tissue. The Ligamentum Nuchae, which supports the head and neck, is V shaped, and extends from the top of the shoulder, or withers, to the crown of the head, and consists of two layers, or plates. Ligaments which hold the ends of bones together are termed capsular and binding. The capsular ligaments are fibro-membranous bags or sacks, which envelop both ends of the bones, and are lined by a fine synovial membrane which secretes the Synovia, or Joint Oil, by which the articulation is lubricated. The binding ligaments are flattened or rounded bands running from the lower end of one bone to the top of the succeeding bone, and when present at the sides of the joint are called lateral ligaments ; but when found between the ends of the bones in the joint they are called interosseous, and when they bind down tendons passing over the joints, are named annular ligaments. 68. Cartilage, or gristle, is a pale bluish-white, firm, elastic, glistening substance, which is found adhering to the surface of bones, and H EXPLANATION OF PLATE VL THE SKELETON OF THE COW. I. Upper Jaw ,31. Point of Shoulder. 2. Lower or Under Jaw. 32. Upper Arm Bone. 3. Occipital Bone. 33. Elbow Bone. (Ulna). 4. Frontal Protuberance. 34. Forearm Bone or Radius. 5. Horn Cores. 35. -Elbow Joint. 6. Frontal Bone. 36. Fore Knee Joint. 7, Lachrymal Bone. 37. Unciform Bone. 8. Malar Bone. 38. Polygonal Bone. g. Zygomatic Bone. 39. Lunar 10. Nasal Bone. 40. Scaphoid. ir. Great Maxillary Bone. 41. Semi-lunar Bone. 12. Six Upper Molars. 42. Magnum. 13. Great MaxiHary Bone. 43. Metacarpal. 14. Temporal Bone. 15. Orbital Cavity. 16. Six Lower Molars. 44. Rudimentary Metacarpal or Bones. 45. Sesamoid Bones. Splint 17. Eight Incisors. 18. Seven Cervical Vertebrae. The first bone being the Atlas. 46. Pastern Bones. 47. Coronet Bones, 48. Hoof Bones. , 19. Thirteen Dorsal Vertebrae.- 49. Navicular Bone. ^ 20. Eight True Ribs. 21. Five False Ribs. 50. Thighbone (femur). 51. Tibia. 22. Sternum, or Breast Bone. 52. Patella. 23. Six Lumbar Vertebrae. 53. Stifle Joint. 24. Sacrum. 54. Hock. 25. Eighteen to Twenty Coccygeal Ver- 55. Calcis (heel bone). tebrae. 26. Ilium. 27. Ischium. Bones of the Pelvis. 56. Astragalus. 57. Scaphoid and Cuboid. 58. First Cuneiform Bone. 28. Os Pubis. 59, The Second Cuneiform Bone. 29. Hip Joint. 30. Shoulder Boie. From the hock downwards the bones are the same as in the fore limbs, except the Shank is called Metatarsal. 23 forming parts of the skeleton, and is of two kinds — temporary and permanent. The temporary cartilage forms the original basis of bone, which in adult life becomes ossified. Permanent cartilage consists of two varieties, viz. ; Hyaline-Cartilage and Fibro- Cartilage, and these again are named according to the purpose they serve : such as Articular, when at the ends of bones to form joints ; or Interarticular, when it forms a pad in the middle of a joint, as between the bones of the vertebrae and in the stifle. We also have the Costal Cartilages, prolonging ribs anteriorly ; the Cariniform cartilage, keel-shaped, at the front of sternum ; the Ensiform cartilage, heart-shaped, at the posterior end of the sternum ; and the cartilage of Prolongation attached to the top of the scapula. Lateral cartilages are found on each side of the foot ; and various cartilages form the basis of the ear, larynx, and wind pipe. In short, cartilage is found giving shape and form where bone would not answer. Now, all these structures are liable to disease and injury, as well as the soft parts of the body. 69. Bones are subject to inflammation, more particularly so those of young animals, before they are matured. Healthy bone is non- sensitive, or very slightly so ; but, when bone is under inflammation, then, owing to its unyielding nature, the pain is very acute. 70. Periostitis, is inflammation of the covering of the bone, and mostly occurs in young race horses, as sore shins. When the inflammation is very acute and continuous, great constitutional disturbance is set up, the parts affected become swollen and very painful to the touch, and if not speedily relieved the disease may terminate in death of the bone (Necrosis) or the death of the patient. 71. ForitsTreatment.restis the first essential. Some practitioners recommend the use of hot fomentations, or bandages wrung out of hot water. For my part I like cold water applications best, or Spongi- ooiline, soaked in cold water and secured over the affected part with bandage. For combating the fever, I find saline fever medicines answer best. (See Appendix.) Sometimes the parts affected have to 24 be cut down upon to liberate the exudate under the periosteum ; at times a good plaster bandage has a grand effect. 72. Ostitis is inflammation of the bone, and may be due to an injury, or may arise from constitutional or hereditary causes, tubercular, or scrofulous, or from other diseases, such as attacks of rheumatics. Sometimes a very sHght injury may set up inflammation of the bone and cause bony material or exudate to be thrown out, forming bony enlargements such as Splint, Ringbone, and Spavin. These deposits are known as Exostosis, and our endeavour should be to find out the exact place affected, and apply such remedies as will hurry on the inflammation to resolution and consolidation, and thus form a true bony deposit ; for treatment, nothing beats the application of cold water. When there is no water-main, such as is found in most towns, this treatment can be accomplished by elevating a large cask or tub, filled with water, and connecting with it one end of apiece of half- inch indiarubber piping, ten or twelve feet long, the other end of which is secured to the horse's limb by a bandage or other apphance ; and when this is fastened to the part requiring irrigation, it secures a constant stream of water on the syphon principle — Tub and Tube Irrigation. When the inflammation has abated, a smart blister may be apphed, or, where applicable, the plaster bandage may be used. 73. Should these endeavours not meet with success — as abscesses rarely form in the bone itself— the disease may terminate in Caries or Ulceration of the bone (which assumes a worm-eaten appearance), resulting in the molecular death of some of the bony structure. There is no bone in the body that is not subject to this affliction, but it affects some bones more commonly than others. The pain is contin- uous, and wears the animal down. The strength must be supported with good nutritious diet, while cold applications should, at first, be resorted to, followed by blisters, firing, punching, and, when prac- ticable, cutting down on the part, and scraping with a bone spoon, thus endeavouring to bring about healthy action. These latter operations should be in the hands of a professional man. If the disease is near to, or in connection with, a joint, the object should be. 25 if the animal is likely to be of any service afterwards, to hasten on the inflammatory process to throw out bony material sufficient to unite the ends of the bones, and form a stiff joint. 74. This condition is called Anchylosis — -the unnatural consolidation and immobility of a joint. In this case, the articular cartilage becomes absorbed or destroyed, and a bony deposit takes its place in and around the damaged joint, the two bones becoming united. Some- times the disease continues, and breaks out, forming sinuses, which discharge a fceted, irritative matter, and are extremely difficult to deal with, requiring an operation and antiseptic treatment. Generous diet is highly necessary. Old horses are very subject to anchylosis from hard work or rheumatic affisction, particularly in the backbones. Great care is therefore necessary in ca.sting these. The knee, hock, fetlock, and pastern joints also, on many occasions, become fixed ; and the flexibility of the limb is interfered with, but slow work, particularly that on the farm, can be done without pain to the animal, although what may be called mechanical lameness might be present. Anchylosis may, however, arise from other causes, and the joint become fixed. 75. When inflammation of bone is very intense, it may, at times, terminate in death of the affected part, and is known as Necrosis, or death of the bone, and resembles mortification in the soft structures. The hard or compact structure is said to suffer most from Necrosis. I have seen it in the lower jaw, incited by the rough usage of the horse breaker, where the dead portion, as soon as it became loose enough, was removed, and the part healed. I have removed half of the Navicular bone and wing of the coffin bone, also a portion of the shank — Metatarsal — bone with success ; immediately the dead portion is removed, the discharge ceases, and the place soon heals up. It must be dressed with antiseptics (and nothing is better than a weak solution of Hydrochloric Acid), and interfered with as little as possible, in order to let it mend. At times the dead portion cannot be got at to remove, and it then becomes sequestrated by healthy bony matter being thrown out, and enveloping the dead portion ; but this is a long process. 26 76. Rickets. — This disease is due to a peculiar softening and yielding condition of the bone, and may be looked upon as arising from the imperfect assimilation of the lime elements through a want of earthy salts, or an excess of animal matter, by the bony structure so that the bones will scarcely support the weight of the body. Rickets is mostly seen in young dogs and pigs, and not so frequently in foals and calves. In the treatment of rickets the affected animal should be put into a well-drained and ventilated box, and provided with a good comfortable bed. Should any constitutional disturbance be present it ought to be combated by giving fever medicines, followed up with tonics, and as such, nothing is better than the Syrup of Phosphates of Iron, Potash, Soda and Lime, and Glycerine or Cod Liver Oil, given in doses of one tablespoonful twice a day in milk ; good well-boiled oatmeal porridge, with plenty of milk and a wine-glassful of lime water, night and morning, is also recommended. 77. Mollities Ossium is real softening of the bone, which becomes of a spongy red texture ; the treatment is much the same as for Rickets. Another disease of the bone, which is thoroughly described by Professor Williams in his " Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery," is oalled Osteo-Porosis, and is a remarkable softening and swelling of the bon}' structure. This is a very peculiar complaint, from the description given of it by Professor Williams. I have not, however, in all my practice, come across such a case. 78. Fragilitas Ossium or brittleness of the bone, is mostly seen in aged animals ; as they advance in life the bones become firmer, and lose their animal matter to a certain extent, so much so, that the bones of an old horse, owing to their fragile condition, are very subject to fracture. 79. Osteo-Sarcoma, or bone tumour, is a malignant disease of the bone, which at times imphcates the flesh as well. It is very common in finely bred cattle and horses, attacking generally the head and frequently commencing in the inner corner of the eye ; the ribs are also the seat of the disease. It creeps on very insidiously, producing little 27 or no constitutional disturbance. The animal seems to have no pain, but gradually loses flesh. I have seen cases where the whole side of the upper jaw, including the eye-socket and upper molar teeth, was so affected, that I have removed the latter with my fingers, and scraped off the diseased growth ; yet, although the bleeding was excessive, the animal seemed to feel no pain. I have also seen the under jaw in a similar condition to that of the upper. The first appearance of the disease is a large swelling, which finally breaks out with a dirty brown discharge, and a rapid growth of spongy looking flesh. As little or no good can be done, the animal had better be destroyed. 80. Scrofulous or Tubercular disease of the bone. A number of cases, in cows, have come under my notice where the tubercular deposit has been found in various parts of the spine, causing a peculiar staggering gait, and the animal finally loses the power of the hind legs even when the tubercle has been found in the neck bones. It seems to follow certain strains of blood ; the animal suffiering will continue to live on, feed, and chew the cud, but finally it gets so bad that it cannot get up, and has to be rolled from side to side every five or six hours. The stifle, knee, and other joints suffisr very much from this disease ; treatment as a rule being of little use. 81. Enchondroma is a cartilaginous growth or tumour upon a bone, such as the sternum and ribs, seldom causing, however, any constitutional disturbance ; when practicable, this has to be removed by a surgical operation. 82. Factures. — What is a fracture ? Some define it as a solution of continuity— which, I think is not a good description. My definition of a fracture is — " A forcible separation of the cohesive particles of a hard substance into two or more parts." Now, the bones of an animal are as liable to fracture as those of the human subject. Formerly it was thought that the bones of a horse would not mend ; yet this is not so, for they will unite more quickly than those of the human frame, but we cannot place the patient in the same state of 28 rest and quietness — hence the difficulty in getting recoveries. With flat bones, as the shoulder-blade, and pelvic bones, where they are enveloped v^ith flesh, the ends of the bones are kept fairly well in apposition, and at times do capitally, simply by putting the animal on to the slings, with perfect quietness, and with a good pitch charge applied over the affected parts. The bones of the pastern joints, when the injury is not too extensive, also, occasionally do well, and where the animal is likely to be useful for stud purposes, it is worth the attempt. I have seen the best recoveries in fractures of the lower bones of the limbs, obtained by putting on a good starch or plaster-of- Paris bandage — the latter is preferable — and turning the patient out to grass. It is astonishing, when the animal is left to itself, how soon it can nurse the maimed limb. Fractures of the long bones or weight carriers, such as the thigh, fore-arm, and shank, are the most difficult to deal with, especially in the horse, which, if so injured, is generally destroyed ; yet, in the human being they are the easiest. The long bones of cattle and dogs unite readily, by putting on, with melted burgundy pitch, thick shoe- sole leather splints, ij inches broad, all being held with a bandage, which is not too tight, so as to allow of the swelling which takes place. When a bone is fractured we sometimes have much constitutional disturbance, or traumatic fever set up, and this has to be treated as well as the injured part. Great care and judgment are required in putting splints and bandages on a broken limb. Splints made of stout shoe-sole leather are very useful, placed so as to leave room between the splints for the limb to swell, and for the passage of the blood. A little mehed burgundy pitch put on the splint before placing it on the limb, keeps it in its place. The bandages, as they are rolled on, are smeared with the melted pitch, and must not be pulled too tight, especially in young foals. 83. Before a fracture can unite, inflammation has to take place, and reparative material or bony exudate is thrown out between and around the broken ends of the bone, taking about six or eight weeks to become consolidated, and which, on solidifying, is called the Callus. If the animal has been on slings, a great many weeks are required before 29 the muscles regain their action. Sometimes, instead of the ends of the bones uniting, they become covered with cartilage, and form what is termed a false joint ; when this is the case it is best to have the animal destroyed. 84. Fractures are of six kinds, viz : — I — Simple. 2 — Compound. 3 — Compound Comminuted. 4— Complicated. 5 — Green Stick. 6— Impacted. 85. Simple Fracture is when the bone is simply broken without much injury to the flesh — a fracture only into two parts, and without any external wound. 86. Compound Fracture is where the bone has been broken in an oblique manner, and the sharp ends, pointing up and down, cut through the flesh and skin, and make an external wound. In the horse, this is difficult to deal with, and the most humane course is to have the animal destroyed. 87. Compound Comminuted Fracture is where the bone is broken or crushed into a great many pieces, and the connecting tissues implicated ; little or no good can be done in these cases. 88. Complicated Fractures are where the fracture extends into a joint, or wounds important organs, blood-vessels, &c. 89. Green Stick Fracture is a partial or deferred fracture, where only part of the bone is partially broken (cracked). It is an incomplete fracture, in which one side is broken, while the other holds together. 90. Impacted Fracture is the jamming or driving in of one fragment of bone into the other, without movement or crepitation. gi. All the bones of the body are subject to fractures. When we had the old horse thrashing machines, injuries to the bones of the head were not uncommon. In pit horses, too, I have seen the frontal and nasal bones delved in, and occasionally had to use the Trephine, to 30 remove a piece of bone so as to get into the cavities and liberate the collected blood or effusion. The lower jaw also sometimes gets broken; but all such cases require the attention of the qualified practitioner. 92. The Occipital bone, at the back part of the head, is often fractured by the horse falling back, and so is the Atlas or first cervical vertebrae. The injuries are generally followed by paralysis, and the animal has to be destroyed. 93. The Cervical Vertebrae. — The oblique processes of these bones are now and again fractured, mainly by the horse getting a hind foot shoe fixed in the head collar on scratching its head. When this takes place the head turns round to one side, the nose nearly touching the knee, and there is all the appearance of some of the neck bones being dislocated. (See diagram in Professor Williams' " Surgery.") The head, when this occurs, should be tied up short to the rack with a double shanked halter, and the part supported by a stout pitch plaster, with wooden splints, and cradle, put round the neck. The bones of the neck also occasionally get smashed by the horse falling on its head. One case in particular deserves mention : — " Lord of the Harem," when racing at Harras Moor, Whitehaven, a few years ago, fell and broke the third and fourth neck bones. After falling, strange to say, it got up and walked a quarter of a mile to a loose box; but immediately it got inside, it laid down, and never got up again. I saw it next day, in company with two other professional men, when we ordered it to be destroyed, as there was no mistake about its neck being broken. Greyhounds also frequently come to grief in this fashion when coursing. 94. Broken Back.— When this happens the animal may rise on to its fore legs, but cannot get the hind ones up ; to test it, stick a pin into the hind limbs, and if it shows pain and can pull its legs up to' its belly, or kick out, there is some chance for the patient, but if no pain is evinced the case is hopeless. 95. The Haunch Hook, or hip-bone, is frequently broken or chipped, and should be noticed particularly, specially when examining 31 for soundness. It may be caused by the horse tumbhng down, or by going through a door- way, but it does not hinder the horse from doing its work. The piece broken ofFmay drop into the flesh below, but very rarely it brings on bad effects, sometimes, however, it forms an abscess ; then we have to cut down upon it and remove the piece or pieces of detached bone. This lesion is of more frequent occurrence in cattle than in horses. 96. The Ilium. — When the shaft of this bone is broken, the horse has a peculiar way of walking ; on putting one hand on the point of the haunch and the other on the rump bone, and getting some one to stir the leg, you will both hear and feel the ends of the bones crunching underneath. Long rest and support with pitch charges are required. 97. The Pelvic Bones. — I have seen the floor (Symphysis Pubis) of the pelvic cavity fractured by a fall down a stone quarry, and when the animal (a cow) attempted to stand, the legs spread apart. It was put in slings, had its hocks buckled together, and made a good recovery in about seven or eight weeks. Horses should also be put into slings, and have the legs tied together at the hocks. When such an accident happens to a fat cow or ox it should be sent to the butcher. 98. The Ischium, or rump bone, is now and again fractured in the horse. This may be caused by the animal falling over backwards, and occurs more particularly in a young horse, when first tied up, breaking its halter and rearing, or from a slip when backing. It is not of much consequence, only, the side injured is more flattened than the undamaged one. This should be carefully noticed in examination for soundness. It is best seen by viewing the animal sideways. 99. The Femur is at times fractured at the top or neck, and also in the shaft. It may be due to a fall, or it may occur when a horse has been cast and tied for some operation, as in castrating. On account of the quantity of flesh surrounding the bone, httle or nothing can be done • the animal has to be destroyed. I remember one case — a valuable carriage horse — where the inner condyle of the lower 32 articulation of the femur was broken off, and the Patella, or cup of the. stifle, was split at the same time ; it was a compound comminuted fracture. The horse was put into slings, but its sufferings were so great that it was shot. 100. The Tibia, or leg bone, is considered to be more liable to fracture than any other bone in the body, but very often the bone is merely cracked without any displacement, and with little or no lameness present — a slight skin wound may perhaps be seen, or, may be, only a small enlargement felt, which is painful to the tauch. loi. Cracked Tibia, or deferred fracture, mostly occurs when two horses are put into one stall, and one of them, standing a little further forward than the other, kicks out and hits its companion on the inside of the thigh. The best thing that can be done in a case of this kind is to at once tie the injured horse up by the head with two halters, one on each side, and put on the slings, not permitting it to lie down, as the limb frequently gives way when the animal gets up. But if it is kept working for two or three days (which it may be equal to), the least exertion will cause the bone to part asunder. Hence, if there is a doubt whether the horse's leg be cracked or not, give the animal the benefit of the doubt, and tie it up for a time. In one case under my notice, the horse stood for three weeks, but, when turned out to grass, it laid down to roll, and, on rising, broke the bone in two. In the case of a blow on the inside of the fore leg — the Radius — there is the same danger, and similar treatment must be adopted. 102. The Scapula or Shoulder Blade may be broken by excessive muscular contraction, owing to the lower parts of the limb— particularly the foot— being suddenly injured. It may also be damaged by the animal falling, through making too sharp a turn when galloping. If the fracture be oblique, and the horse is put in slings, the parts being well supported with a good pitch charge, a good recovery may result ; but if the neck of the bone be broken and the joint be implicated, treatment is of little avail. 103. The Humerus can be fractured by the animal falling in its gallop, or by a kick from another horse ; recovery entirely depends 33 on the nature of the injury. Treatment is the same as for the shoulder-blade. 104. The Ulna. — The upper and posterior portion of this bone forms the elbow, the point of which is occasionally fractured by a kick, or from a fall. When this happens, the limb hangs down (dropped elbow) and the knee joint bends forward as if all the muscles between the back of the shoulder-blade and the elbow point were torn assunder ; and recovery is very uncertain. Fracture of the first rib shows similar symptoms. 105. The Radius or Fore Arm, and the Cannon or Shank Bones of the fore and hind legs in the horse are most subject to fractures, and are very difficult to treat, owing to the limb having to hang pendulous. There is great pain, and the parts swell, generally ending with mortification of the soft structures and death of the patient. The most humane treatment, therefore, is to destroy the animal at the outset. These bones in cattle, sheep, and dogs, however, generally do well when splints and bandages, as already named, have bfeen properly applied. 106. The Knee Joint. — Some of the small bones of this joint are at times fractured by the animal being kicked, or by its coming in contact with a stone wall, &c. Splints and bandages should be applied, and long rest given, but the result is invariably a stiff joint. 107. The Sesamoids, or lever bones, at the back of the fetlock are occasionally fractured ; when this occurs the fetlock descends and the toe sticks up. The Os Suffraginis, or large pastern bone, in the fore leg, seems generally to be the most subject to fracture, being, at times, broken into a number of pieces. The same thing occurs to the Os Coronae or small pastern. Such cases, when the bone is not too much smashed, make good recoveries when put under treatment, but leave behind stiff joints. The Os Pedis, or Coffin bone, as well as the Navicular Bone, are also occasionally fractured. These fractures are generally caused by the horse galloping on a hard road, or on rough uneven ground, or on hard sand. (For bones mentioned in paragraphs 92 to 107 reference should be made to Plates V., VI., and VII.) D SPECIAL DISEASES OF THE BONE. io8. Splint is generally looked upon as a bony enlargement, and is usually found on the inside of the fore leg, just below the knee, though occasionally seen on the outside, and also, but rarely, on the hind shanks. It is due to an injury or concussion, setting up inflammation of the bone and periosteum, and resulting in the throwing out of bony matter forming an Exostosis, or bony tumour. Young horses, of the light class, are most subject to it, chiefly through their being put to too fast and heavy work on hard roads, before their bones are properly set ; some breeds being more prone to it than others. When formed on the large shank bone, and well forward towards the front of the bone, although the splint may be of large size and unsightly, it seldom causes any lameness, and is not nearly of so much consequence as when inflammation takes place at certain points of attachment between the large shank and inner small sphnt bone, along with the exudation of bony material implicating the interosseous ligament, which either becomes absorbed or ossified, and the union of the two bones takes place with or without enlarge- ment. (See Plate VII., No. 3x). This may be termed true splint, and in many cases causes a very troublesome and protracted lameness. If care and rest, with suitable treatment be not early adopted, the inflammation and bony formation may extend behind and under the suspensory ligament to the outer splint bone. At its commencement, this class of splint is not easily detected, as there is nothing to be seen or felt, only a peculiar lameness, with a characteristic nodding and dropping of the head, noticeable both on hard and soft ground when the i horse is trotted, while little or no lameness is observed in the walk. On pressing the finger firmly between the large and small bones on the inside, below the knee, the animal shows pain, and may rear up, owing to the sharp twinge produced by the pressure on the inflamed structure, 109. The treatment for Splint is to give rest, with cold water apphcations, until the inflammation subsides ; then blister-and- FIG.IO. FIG.IE. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. BONE DISEASES. 1. Anchylosis of the Backbone, showing three Bones fused together. 2. Anchylosis of the Pastern Bone, with Caries and High Ringbone. 3. Shank Bone (a). Long (i) and Short (e) Pastern, and (d) Coffin or Pedal Bone, showing Bony Deposits, with Ulceration, x Seat of_Splint. 4. Hock Joint. 5. Occult Bone Spavin, showing three Bones united together (the two Cuneiform Bones and the Scaphoid) as a result of Inflammation and Bony Deposit, 6. Large Side Bones. 7. Co£&n Bone, with Lateral Cartilage ossified and enlarged, as Sidebones. 8. Bad Caries, Sidebones. 9. CofBn or Pedal Bone. 10. Knee Spavin, with Caries. 11. Sound Navicular Bone. 12. Navicular Bone — ^Dark spots indicate Ulceration of Bone, as ih Navicular Disease. 35 blister : and, if necessary, follow up with the plaster bandage or firing, setoning, &c. Occasionally, great benefit is derived from cutting through the skin and dividing the periosteum with a suitable knife. Should the bony deposit become carious — worm-eaten — as it some- times does, cutting down on the part and scraping with a bone spoon, may have a good effect. The great point in the treatment is to hurry on the inflammatory process to the deposition of healthy bony matter, and for this purpose nothing beats the hot iron prongs. no. Sore Shins. See Periostitis, par. 70. 111. Ring Bone. — As in splint, there is in Ring Bone, inflamma- tion of the bony structures, and deposition of bony material, with enlargement, varying in size. It is found on the large and small pastern bones, and may be due to an injury, such as a nip in casting a young colt and tying too tight with a hard rope, or from constitutional causes, such as a rheumatic and other hereditary tendencies. It may be considered under two heads — High and Low. Low Ring bone is seen just above the top of the hoof, and is generally largest at the sides, while High Ring bone is found a little higher up. Both forms, when not early and properly attended to, may end in Caries and Anchylosis of the upper and lower pastern bones (See Plate VII., No. 2.) or of the lower and coffin bone. Ring Bone occurs more frequently in the light-legged horses and half-breds, also more often in the hind pastern than the fore, and is accompanied by stiffness and lameness, but the pain and enlargement of the parts are the most pronounced symptoms. 112. The Treatment of Ring Bone is mainly unsatisfactory. Give rest, and try to arrest the progress of the inflammation, and prevent the deposition of bony matter ; and for this there is nothing better than a bandage of meadow hay, rolled up nicely and put round the leg (but not too tightly), and kept constantly soaked with cold water, until the inflammation is reduced. Follow this up with blisters and firing, the hot prongs preferred, assisted by the application of a shoe suitable to the case, according to the form of lameness and parts affected. 36 113. Side Bone and Navicular Disease. — These are fully explained under the fourth Lecture on " The Horse's Foot — Shoeing; &c" (See Pars. 192 and 199. ii/|. Stifle Joint Disease. — This joint, which corresponds to the knee of man, being a double joint, is,' more particularly in an old horse, subject to extensive disease of the bone from hereditary and rheumatic causes. (See Plate IX., No. 30) The bone becomes carious (worm-eaten), the cartilages are absorbed, and a porcelaneous deposit takes place between the ends of the bones ; treatment is of very little use. At the outset, rest and cold water applications, followed by blistering, firing, and setoning may have a beneficial effect, or a charge may be applied. (See Appendix.) 115. Bone Spavin. — This may be defined as inflammation of the head of the metatarsal or shank bone, and the cuneiform bones, with a deposition of bony material, which at times forms an exostosis, or bony enlargement, at the lower inner part, and partially to the front, of the hock joint of the horse, (see Plate IX., No. 34) and which, in many cases causes great pain and lameness and a form of unsoundness. It is brought on by injury or over- exertion, as in jumping, more particularly in young horses when not trained or in condition. The pain, frequently, is so acute that the animal, when first brought out of the stable, dare scarcely put its foot to the ground, and, then, if it does, only on the toe, yet after going a short distance, the lameness gradually disappears, and the animal goes sound; the lameness, however, returns again after a short rest. The toe of the shoe of a spavined horse, it will be noticed, is generally well worn. Bone spavin is not always easily diagnosed, more particularly when the joints are weedy and dissimilar, and there is an absence of lameness, which is of frequent occurrence in half bred horses. This causes great difference of opinion to occur amongst members of the profession — spavin or no spavin- more particularly so in cases of occult spavin when three or four small bones of the hock become united to such an extent that the original divisions are not distinguishable, there being little or no 37 enlargement outside the bone (See Plate VII., No. 5) These cases are difficult to detect, as little or nothing can be seen or felt outside. A decision, therefore, can only be arrived at by judging the movement of the joint, which, in such cases, is generally carried stiffly with a round-about action of the toe inwards. In cases of doubt, lift the foot, take hold of the toe, and press the front of the fetlock against the stifle joint for two or three minutes, then make the animal trot ; if it goes very lame and only puts the toe to the ground, the lameness gradually disappearing with the exercise, it may be concluded that spavin is "developing. In some cases a bone spavin may be patent both to the eye and touch, and yet the horse goes sound and does his work correctly. To detect bone spavin, stand about one foot sideways from the animal's shoulder, and look diagonally across the lower and inner part of the hock joint, and compare the joints. When the inflammation is extensive it may terminate in caries or ulceration, as when two or more of the bones of the joint become involved ; this as a rule may be looked upon as incurable, thus showing how necessary it is that entire rest and careful treatment should he early adopted. ii6. The Treatment of Bone Spavin is the same as laid down for splint and ring bone (See pars. 109 and 112) ; but if there is one thing more than another that firing has a decided benefit upon, it is Bone Spavin, as it hurries the inflammatory action forward to a healthy termination. It must be bornein mindthatwhenwehave any extensive accidents or disease of the bones and joints, the muscles surrounding, or above the injury, waste away, and take a long time before they resume their proper standard and tone. 117. In connection with the diseases of the bones, special attention may be given to Plate VII., and the text explanatory of the different figures, particularly to the anchylosis of the three bones of the spinal column, or back bone ; also the Ring Bone, the bones of the hock, and occult spavin ; while the mark x on figure 3 shows the point of true splint, and the figures 6, 7, and 8 are good specimens of side bones, or ossification of the lateral cartilages of the foot. THIRD LECTURE. MYOLOGY, OR THE STUDY OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. ii8. IN intimate connection with the bony structures, we have the muscular system or the active organs of locomotion. Muscle is also found entering into the formation of the walls of various organs of the body, as the stomach, bladder, &c. Muscle, Flesh, or Beef, is a contractile, fibrous structure, and forms the bulk and symmetry of the body. It is composed of bundles of small fibres, held together by connective tissue. There are two kinds of Muscles — Striped, or Voluntary; and Non-Striped, or Involuntary. The voluntary muscles are under the control of the will, as for example, those of the legs, &c. ; while the involuntary muscles carry on the functions of the body, independently of the will, as those of the intestines, uterus, blood- vessels, &c. The muscle of the heart, however, though involuntary, is striped. I £9. A Voluntary muscle may be said to consist of three parts : — 1st, the tendinous origin — i.e., where it arises,; 2nd, the body, or fleshy part — the contractile portion, or tissue, which does all the work, producing the movements of the body ; and 3rd, the termination in the pale yellowish-white glistening bands, or fibrous cords, called Tendons, or Sinews, which are extremely strong, though very light. These latter are inserted into the various portions of the bony structure, which are to be acted upon, in locomotion, and thus attach the muscle to the bone. < 0^ * 10 "b EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIIL THE MUSCLES OF A HORSE. 1. Circular Muscle of the Lips. 2. Elevator of the Upper Lip and Wing of the Nostril. 3. Zygomaticus. 4. Proper Elevator of the Upper Lip. 5. Transverse Muscle of the Nose. 6. Pyramidal Muscle of the Nose. 7. Depressor Muscle of the Under Lip. 8. Masticator Mu^le. 9. Circular Muscle of the Eye LidSi 10. Temporalis Muscle. 11. Trapezius. 12. Cervical portion of the Serratns Magnus ; the Chest division being behind the Shoulder. 13. Splenius. 14. Mastoido-Humeralis or Levator- humeri. 15. Sterno-maxillaris. 1 6. Scapulo-hyoides ; the upper part is alone visible. 17. Pectoralis Parvus. 18. Antea Spinatus. 19. Postea Spinatus. 20. Teres externus or long Abductor of the arm. 21. Triceps Extensor Brachii. 22. Coraco-brachialis. 23. Extensor Metacarpi Magnus. 24. Extensor Metacarpus Obliquus. 25. External flexor of the Metacarpus. 26. Anterior Extensor of the Phalanges. 27. Extensor Sufiraginis. 28. Flexor Perforans and its Tendon. 29. 30- 3i» 32. 33- 34- 35- 36- 37- 38. 39- 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45- 46. 47. 49. 50. 52- 53- 54. Flexor Perforatus and its Tendon. Suspensory Ligament of the Fetlock. Oblique Flexor of the Metacarpus. Internal Flexor of the Metacarpus. Latissimus Dorsi. Intercostal muscles. Obliquus Abdominis Externus. Rectus Abdominis. Muscle of the Fascia Lata, Gluteus Maximus. The upper part of the Gluteus Ex- ternus or Superficialis. Biceps Abductor Femoris. Semi-tendinosus. Serai-membranosus (only a small por- tion is visible). Gastrocnemius. Soleus. The Tendo Achillis, which comes from the Gastrocnemius muscle, but it is also partly formed by the Superficial Flexor of the Phalanges or Perforatus, Deep Flexor of the Phalanges or Perforatus (a) lateral (4) middle (c) larger heads, Anterior Extensor of the Phalanges. Lateral Extensor of the Phalanges. Oblique Flexor of the Phalanges, Flexor of the Metatarsus. Muscles which elevate the Tail. Muscles which curve or dravir the Tail to one side. Muscles which curve or draw the Tail downwards. 39 i2o. Muscles, like bones, have particular names, according to their situation, form, attachment, and action, and they are well supplied with blood-vessels, nerves, and absorbents. (See Plate VIII.) Their action is under the influence of the nervous system. Muscle, in a state of rest, is said to be neutral, or slightly alkaline, but becomes acid when in action. 121. The tissues of the body may be Cellular, White Fibrous, Yellow Elastic, or Adipose. Cellular or Areolar Tissue consists of small filaments interwoven together, forming a network. It is found in the different organs of the body, giving support to their substance, also binding them together and holding them in position. Cellular tissue is loose connective tissue, having large interspaces. 122. White Fibrous Tissue is made up of bundles of very fine white fibres, and is the very tough unyielding substance found in the tendons of muscles and most ligaments ; it is also present in the periosteum, pericardium, &c. Fibrous tissue is the connective tissue of the body, and composed of fibres. 123. Yellow Elastic Tissue consists of yellow elastic branching fibres, which are much larger than those of the white fibrous tissue, but not so tough or strong, and, as the name indicates, more elastic. It is of this connective tissue that the middle coat of the larger arteries is formed, and it is very plentiful beneath the skin. It is also found in certain ligaments. The ligamentum nuchce, for example, being entirely composed of this tissue. 124. Adipose, or Fatty Tissue consists of a number of cells containing an oily substance, held together by a network of Areolar tissue. It is found in nearly every part of the body — underneath the skin, around joints, and enveloping the kidneys, &c. 125. Tendons are, as before mentioned, found at the ends of muscles, at their points of origin and termination. They are most abundant in the lower parts of the extremities — shielding and protecting joints ; at other times they are spread out like a fine, strong, thin 40 membrane, according to their situation and action. They are very strong and fibrous, combining great strength, with lightness ; their extreme strength being well illustrated by the every- day occurence of slaughtered animals being suspended by their Achilles tendon, or ham-strings. Tendons are brought into action by the middle or fleshy part of the muscle, contracting and relaxing. To keep the muscles in proper order, good grooming and regular exercise are highly necessary — a profession in itself — as in training race-horses, &c. 126. Involuntary or Non-Striated or Non- Striped Muscle consists of spindle-shaped cells, each with its own nucleus. The cells are arranged in such a manner that they overlap, and are held together by a small amount of intercellular cementing substance. They are most commonly collected into bundles of varying size, which may cross each other or interlace. Although involuntary muscle, as its name indicates, is beyond the control of the will, it is none the less necessary that it should be supplied with nerves. It is chiefly found in the walls of hollow viscera, such as the stomach and intestines, the urinary bladder, the uterus, &c., and also forms an important constituent in the formation of the coats of blood-vessels. In the hollow viscera, the muscular tissue is very pale, thus differing materially in appearance from the voluntary muscles of the body. The heart contains a form of muscular tissue which is involuntary, but possesses a deep red colour. 127. Muscles and Tendons are subject to Injur)/ and Disease, of various kinds. Injury may be caused by Wounds, and these may be : — 1. Incised ; i.e, clean cut, as with a sharp cutting instrument. 2. Bruised or contused, when caused by severe blows or falls. 3. Lacerated ; when the skin and flesh are torn by a foreign body, as by barbed wire or a cart shaft, &c. 4. Punctured ; when made by a pointed object, as a prick or probe with thorns, or stabs with pitch-forks, &c. 5. Gunshot ; from shot, bullets, &c. 6. Poisoned ; from say, the use of arsenical sheep dip, wasp stings, snake bites, &c. 41 128. Of the foregoing, the only one that might heal by first intention, is the incised or clean cut wound ; but such is rarely seen in domestic aninaals. However simple the injury may be, it ought to have early care and attention ; as it might result in sloughing, or mortification with Septicemic blood poisoning, or Pyamia, as when abscesses are formed in different parts of the body — well exemplified in bastard strangles. 129. Incised Wounds — Local Treatment. First examine the part, remove all the blood clots, &c., from the wound, and stop the bleeding. If the blood be bright scarlet and spurting out in jerks, an artery has been wounded. To arrest the bleeding, at once, when practicable, tie a cord, handkerchief, or bandage loosely around the limb, above the wound ; insert a pocket-knife or piece of stick beneath the cord or bandage, and twist it round and round tightly, until the bleeding stops, when the ends of the damaged vessel may be tied with a piece of silk, or even cotton, thread. Arteries are sometimes injured on one side only : this is very dangerous, and the bleeding is difficult to stop. In this case, the vessel has to be completely divided — which should only be done by a professional man — when the cut ends will contract into the neighbouring parts, and the bleeding cease. Blood from veins is darh red, and pours out of the wound in a continuous stream, turning brighter in colour as it runs down the leg or side, under the oxidising action of the air. This bleeding may be stopped by applying the point of a red-hot poker to the vessel, or by placing a pad of tow over the place, and securing it with a bandage, where practicable. Plugging the wound with tow (which can be readily made by teasing out a piece of soft rope), is also of great service, and should be done thus : — First soak the tow well with antiseptic mixture, (see Appendix) then plug it tightly into the bottom of the wound, securing it in the place by pulling the edges of the wound together with stitches of antiseptic silk, cord, catgut, or silver wire. In about thirty-six or forty-eight hours' time, the plug may be carefully removed, and the injured part re-dressed with the antiseptic mixture. 130. When the cut surface casts off a fine thick yellowish-white, creamy pus, or matter, and the wound assumes a nice strawberry 42 colour, it is a sign that healthy action has taken place, in the shape of granulation. Excessive granulations, however, must be kept in check, by the application of some caustic lotion, or powder. (See Appendix.) To keep down undue inflammatory action, nothing is better than cold water bandages or cloths, kept constantly wet by pouring cold water over them from time to time. These should be continued until healthy matter is seen coming from the wound. (See Par. 33, First Lecture.) 131. After the edges of a clean cut wound have been drawn together with stitches— sutures— I have frequently seen good results from covering the part with green (Stockholm) tar. This acts as a good antiseptic, and keeps the air from the wound ; it also has a tendency to keep the stitches from suppurating out, thus preventing the lips from gaping open. This is of most value in cases of injury to the neck, ribs, hips, and thighs. When bandages can be used, a pledget or small compress of tow or cotton wool, saturated with a mixture of oak varnish and Iodoform can be applied to the wound before putting on the bandage. {See Appendix.) 132. Bruised and Contused W^ounds may be considered as one, and are those in which the parts are injured with or without an abrasion of the skin — a good example being a black eye, in the human body. In domestic animals, these wounds are generally caused by kicks, blows, prods from a cow's horn, slipping on ice, &c. The bleeding takes place under the skin, the blood coagulating and arresting the hemorrhage. Sometimes these injuries are very extensive, and should not be interfered with by an amateur, nor should they be cut into for eight or nine days, when a good opening must be made, and the clotted blood removed ; the wound may then be dressed with the antiseptic mixture and tow. {See Par. 129.) Frequently they suppurate and form matter; or the watery portions may become absorbed and the solids organised, and form a big hard lump — a tumour. A good example is the breaking of the " belly-rind," by one cow "dumping" another, or through the kick of a brutal cattle-man or horse-man. In such cases, cold water bandages can be applied, or tlie parts may be ihickly and loosely covered with cotton wadding, and firmly bandaged. 43 133- Lacerated Wounds are caused by the animal coming in contact with some sharp body, such as barbed wire, when the skin, flesh, and tissue are torn in an irregular or jagged manner. Strange to say, we have little or no bleeding from this class of wounds. Their treatment is simple; — Dress with the antiseptic mixture (see Appendix), and draw the parts together with sutures ; then keep the inflammation in abeyance, by means of cold water applications, until healthy matter comes from the wound, which generally heals by granulation ; this, of course, must be kept in check by caustic applications, (see Appendix.) 134. Punctured Wounds. — These, at all times, must be regarded as dangerous. They are produced by sharp-pointed objects, such as knives, pitchforks, stakes, thorns, &c. A minute examination should be made, as frequently a piece of wood, &c., is found, after many days, at the bottom of the wound. In all cases, the foreign body should be carefully removed, where practicable ; but, in some cases, it is dangerous to remove it at first, and it has to be left to suppurate out of itself, or until it can be removed without risk. When the bleeding is excessive, it must be stopped by pluggihg, and the part treated as described under Incised Wounds. [See Par. 129.) There is always a great danger of Blood-Poisoning setting in, especially if the thick part of a muscle be injured ; and in no case should this description of wound be "tinkered" with, more particularly if the wound takes a downward direction, i.e., the internal part of the wound is lower than the external opening, in which case it has to be cut into. Punctures from thorns, in the hunting field, often cause a great deal of lameness, as well as constitutional disturbance, more particularly if in the knee, hock, or other joint ; and if a piece of thorn has been broken in, under the skin, cold water bandages answer best until suppuration sets in, when the thorn can be removed. Punctured wounds also frequently cause lock- jaw, when the irritating cause is such as nails in the feet. 135. Gun-Shot Wounds. — These are mostly met with in time of war, but are frequently found in dogs. The bullets, or pellets, should be removed, if practicable, then dress as under Incised Wounds ; (par. 129) but the bullets or pellets may often be left in the part with safety. 44 nature enveloping them with a covering of dense tissue, when they cause little inconvenience. 136. Poisoned Wounds are, happily, rare in horses and cattle, except when the skin has been damaged by lice, or by a scratch, and the animal has subsequently been washed with arsenical sheep dip. Arsenical preparations should never, under any circumstances, be used for washing horses, cows, or dogs affected with lice, numerous animals having been poisoned by their use. Poisoned wounds in animals are sometimes also caused by a wasp's-sting, snake-bite, &c. For stings, apply a diluted solution of Ammonia. In bites from dogs, the best treatment is to wash the part well with cold water, and apply Tincture of Iron. 137. From wounds of ever}' description we may have a great deal of constitutional disturbance — Sympathetic Fever — when the temperature rises to 104° or 106°. This also must be attended to. (See Par. 38, First Lecture.) 138. Lacerated Muscles.— Musclesoccasionally become lacerated, or torn, without any swelling or lameness being visible, the animal merely going ' ' stiff. " All the muscles of the body, those of the neck, back, loins, quarters, &c. — from slipping on the ice, falling, galloping, jumping, &c. — are liable to this ; and to arrive at a proper conclusion, the history of what the animal had been doing previously is indispensable. Frequently, nothing is seen until the flesh is noticed to waste away from the part ; as for example, the so-called shoulder-slip in young horses when first put to work. If the animal does show lameness, rest, with cold water irrigation by means of the hosepipe, or tub and tube irrigation, several times a day, answers well (see Par. 72, Second Lecture), and a run at grass is to be highly recommended ; while, at times, blistering may be found expedient. 139. Lameness of the Shoulder may arise from many causes, such as an injury to the muscles of the shoulder, or to the long muscle of the neck, or to rheumatism, disease of the liver, or even a slight disorder of the stomach, caused by a feed of new oats, Indian corn, or 45 -Strange food of any kind, inducing indigestion. In all these cases, the symptoms of the lameness are much alike, the limb is carried stiffly, and swung in a round-about outward manner, with dragging of the toe. To detect from what source it arises, the history of the case is necessary, accompanied by the eye and finger of an expert. It may be from any one of those already enumerated, or others not mentioned, so that a careful and proper examination must be made before any treatment is adopted. If from injury, cold water irrigation daily, followed by blisters and long rest, should be resorted to; if from indigestion, or change of food, one ounce of carbonate of soda daily, for a few days, in the food, will be found very beneficial. 140. The Shoulder Joint is also frequently the seat of disease, either from injury of the joint itself or through the muscle — Flexor Brachii — as it passes over the head of the humerus, being sprained, or from the sprain of some of the muscles in the near neigbourhood of the joint. The point of the shoulder is occasionally damaged by the animal running against some hard substance, such as a stone wall, &c. Any one of these injuries causes great pain, lameness, and enlargement of the parts. 141. For its Treatment, rest is the first essential ; then hot or cold applications of water may be tried, followed by blistering. Setons act well at times in such cases, with a run out on grass. 142. Again, shoulder lameness may be due to Rheumatism, a disease that is both acute and chronic, gind which may be regarded as being due to some peculiarity in the blood, the exact nature of which is not as yet known. Nearly all the structures of the body are subject to its baneful influence. It is not, however, so common in the horse as in the human subject, but, from long observation, I have met with it in certain breeds of horses, and have generally traced it to hereditary causes, and have usually found it associated with heart affections. 143. As in the human subject. Treatment of Rheumatism is not very satisfactory, but when much pain and constitutional fever are present, ounce doses of Sulphate of Magnesia or Sulphate of Soda, along 46 with i oz. of Nitrate of Potash, may be given, night and morning, in a mash, with two to three drachms of Salicylate of Soda at noon ; if the pain is very acute, Hypodermic injections of Morphia are useful, (See Appendix.) 144. Cripples or Crockles, a complaint of a rheumatic character, from which cattle sometimes suffer, and which is generally known by these names, most frequently occurs on strong, undrained land, or on sour mossy ground. The animal suffering arches its back and walks as if on stilts, it becomes hidebound, milk and flesh disappear rapidly, and the beast is very fond of chewing bones, stones, and foreign bodies. A change of pasture, with doses of 10 oz. linseed oil and I oz. turpentine, twice or thrice weekly, I have found to answer best in such a case. Dressing the land with lime or salt is also to be highly recommended. In some farm buildings, young bulls, under 12 months old, are occasionally affected in a similar manner, and I attribute it to the arrangement of the boxes, their imperfect sanitation and ventilation, but more particularly their ground floor, which is frequently found to be laid with old red sandstone flags, having bad drainage, and with ground damp evaporation. In these cases I always recommend that the floor be pulled up, the soil dug to the depth of eight or ten inches, then filled with stones, bricks, sand, &c., and paved on the top with the old-fashioned blue cobble, or fluted stable bricks. Dry wooden portable beds, raised four to six inches, also answer admirably. The animal also ought to have the run of a large yard or paddock in dry weather, while half the quantity of oil and turpentine mentioned above should be given. Drachm doses of Salicylate of Soda may also be given once or twice a day. 145. Kennel Cripple or Lameness in dogs is not now so common as formerly. It is, in my opinion, analogous to the foregoing complaint, and due to a similar cause. Sanitation, ventilation, and good dry wooden beds, raised 18 to 20 inches from the ground, are necessary, as well as a good dry ground floor. Change of quarters, with doses of Salicylate of Soda, are recommended for the treatment of this disorder. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. HORSE, SHOWING VARIOUS DEFORMITIES AND DISEASES. I. Nostrils. 21. Foot Deformed from Laminitis. '^* Dropped Lip. 22. Sidebone. 3- Roman Nose. 23- Capped Elbow. 4- Eye. 24. Mallenders. 3- Lop or Pig Ears. 25- Seat of Splint and Speedy Cut. 6. Sub-Maxillary Glauds. 26. Cracked Heels. 7- Poll Evil. 27. Sandcrack at Quarter. 8. Parotid Gland. 28. Flat Ribbed. 9- Fistulous Withers. 29. Tucked up Flank. lO. Saddle. Galls. SC- Enlarged Stifle Joint. II. Loins. SI- Bursal Enlargement. 12. Ragged Hooks. 32. Bog Spavin. 13- Mule or Goose Rumped. 33- Sallenders. 14. Rat Tailed. 34- Bone Spavin. 15- Shoulder Galls. 35. Grease or Grape*. 16. Knee Windgalls. 36. Thoroughpin. 17- Broken Knee.s. 37- Capped Hock. 18. Sprained Tendon. 38. Curb. 19. Windgalls. 39. Enlarged Fetlock. 20. Knuckling Over at Fetlock. 40. Knuckling Forward from Con tracted Tendon. 47 146. Poll Evil is of an ulcerative or fistulous character, with open sores discharging a thin glairy matter; it is a very troublesome disease, and occurs just behind the ears. {See Plate IX., No. 7). It is caused by an injury to this part, for instance, from a blow with a big stick, wielded by a brutal stableman or through the horse — when in a low-ceilinged stable^throwing up its head, and striking itself against the beams; or from a heavy, grandly furnished bridle. At first, the animal goes with its neck very stiff, and points its nose, with drooping head ; it flinches when the collar or bridle is put on : and then swelling of the part is next noticed. As this is a very formidable disease to deal with, it should, at once, be put in the hands of a qualified man. At first, cold water cloths ought to be constantly applied ; after- wards, blistering may be necessary ; and, finally an operation. As the part affected is of low vitality, great care and judicious treatment must be exercised, or the disease may extend to, and cause, (aries of the bones. 147. Fistulous Withers is similar in character to Poll Evil, and as the name indicates, is a disease found at the top of the shoulders. [See Plate IX. No. 9). It is due to some damage done to the neigh- bouring parts, as from one horse biting another ; or through injuries to the bony spines by blows ; or from nips from badly fitting riding or harness saddles. Here, again, swelling is the first visible indica- tion, and prompt attention is necessary. Cold water cloths should be applied, and kept constantly wet, and the saddles must be examined and altered ; again, on account of its formidable nature, the case should not be " tinkered" with, but must be immediately placed in the hands of a professional man. 148. The Elbow Joint {see Plate IX. No. 23) is also subject to injury from kicks and blows, as well as from the shoes being made too long, or with too much caulking, thus damaging the elbow point when the animal lies down. If the shoe is the cause, it must be at once removed and remedied, to prevent further injuries from that source ; a stocking leg stuffed with horse hair, or special pad, should be placed round the pastern every night. Hot or cold fomentations 48 ought to be applied to the damaged elbow, night and morning, with soothing absorbent lotions ; {see Appendix) but beware of strong stimulating embrocations. Should the tumour be scift to the touch, and just underneath the skin, it may contain watery fluid (serum), or matter, when it will have to be opened ; if it is hard, or deeply seated, a small piece of 15 per cent, of oleate of mercury, applied every other day, will have a good effect. 149. Broken Knee {see Plate IX. No. 77) is of frequent occurrence, and varies greatly as to the degree of injury. In some cases it is slight, only abrasion of the skin and hair, in others so extensive that the joint may be permanently damaged ; particularly so when the joints are laid open and the ligaments and tendons injured. The parts to be treated must beproperly cleansed from all sand, grit, &c., then a pledget of tow, saturated in the antiseptic mixture {see Appendix), should be applied, secured with cold water bandages, which must be kept constantly wet, and not removed for three days, unless the leg swells very much. The animal should have its head tied close up to the rack, so that it cannot lie down. Any constitutional disturbance that may arise must be treated as Sympathetic Fever. {See Par. 38, First Lecture). If the joint be damaged, and joint oil run from the wound, a special tin spHnt must be placed at the back of the knee, to keep it steady. The cold water bandages keep the inflammatory process in check, conducing to healthy action, and closing the wound by granulation, which may appear in eight to ten days ; then the cloths must be removed, and the wound left bare, dressing it daily with suitable caustic lotions or a preparation of iodoform (see Appendix). A good blister, and a run at grass, may be necessary, but the skin once ' destroyed is never reproduced. In treating these cases, great care is required in dieting the animals, keeping them cool and quiet, as at times lock-jaw supervenes. When the injury is slight, dressing the parts either with Friar's Balsam, or Flexible Collodion twice a day is all that is required. 150. Speedy-cut.— This is a bruise on the inside of the fore leg. It may be between the knee and fetlock ; at the knee ; or, even m 49 a high-actioned horse, above the knee. It comes under the class of con- used, or bruised wounds, and is caused by the horse striking the inside of one fore leg with the opposite foot ; very careful shoeing is required, while the damaged part should be treated as under contused wounds. (See Par. 132.) 151. Brushing and Cutting may be classed under the same heading as Speedy Cut, being caused by one foot striking the fetlock of the opposite leg ; both fore and hind fetlocks are liable to the injury, but the hind ones more frequently than the fore. The causes vary, sometimes it is the outer rim of the inner web of the shoe that brushes or cuts the joint, in other cases the toe or inner quarter of the hoof itself, is at fault. {See Par. 178, No. 9.) 152. Sprain of the Tendons or Back Sinews and their sheaths, may be said to be laceration of the tendinous fibres, causing heat and a painful swelling. This usually occurs below the knee, just where the inferior check ligament joins the tendon; {see Plate IX. No. 18, also Plate XI. Fig. E.) but any portion of the latter is liable to lesions, and it is most frequently seen in the fore leg, specially in cart horses, having heavy loads to pull up steep hills. High-heeled and high-toed shoes may have something to do with causing it ; while, as other sources, we have slipping on ice, over-reaching in jumping, &c. The animal steps short, and rests the limb whenever it has a chance. On examining the leg, the damaged part is readily felt. The most essential point towards recovery, in such cases, is entire rest from work ; but this rule is " more honoured in the breach than in the observance," and the poor brute is frequently kept at work till repair is hopeless. First, then, as already said, entire rest is necessary ; next, the application of a cold water bandage. The shoe must be removed, and the heel slightly elevated, so as to act as a support to the part ; or the following, as recommended by Captain M. H. Hayes, F.R.C.V.S., may be tried — "A good ply of cotton wadding to be wrapped loosely round the part, and held in its place by a long calico bandage rolled firmly round the leg, to be taken off and re-wrapped once every 24 hours." After the active symptoms have abated, blistering 50 should be resorted to, and the animal turned out to grass. Firing, before turning out, may be necessary, and generally has a good effect, and good results are often obtained by the application of the adhesive plaster bandage. When the animal is worked too long, and the Case neglected, the tendon becomes so much contracted, that the fetlock knuckles over, and the animal walks on its toe. A special shoe, with a turned-up toe, is required for this, and the operation of Tenotomy — dividing the tendon — has to be performed. From this, it will be seen how highly necessary it is to give rest in the first stages, and thus obviate future ill-consequences. 153. Break-down. — This is of common occurrence in racehorses, steeplechasers, and hunters. The suspensory ligament, and even the tendons themselves, give way, or fracture of the sesamoid bones may occur, allowing the back of the fetlock to come to the ground. For this cold water bandages, with splints, may be applied, until the active inflammation is arrested ; the animal should also be put on slings, and dieted on mashes, or green food ; finally, a plaster-of- Paris bandage, or the adhesive plaster bandage, may be applied, and the horse turned out to grass. 154. Sesamoiditis is inflammation of the joint at the back of the fetlock, due to some injury, either to the small bones, or to the ligaments or tendons in connection with them. [See Plate IX. No. 39). The parts are much swollen, and tender to the touch ; while the fetlock stands forward, and the animal steps short. When certain that this is the seat of lameness, cold water bandages can be used first, with complete rest ; and the adhesive plaster bandage may be applied, but finally, blistering or firing may have to be resorted to. In the early stages of both Break-down and Sesamoiditis, the cotton wadding wrapping with bandage and splints can also be used as noted in " Sprains of the Tendons." {See Par. 152.) 155- Hip-Joint Lameness may arise from a variety of causes, such as sprain of the muscles, tendons, or ligaments in connection with the joint and the head of the hip-bone. As in the fore leg, the 51 shoulder was generally considered the seat of lameness; so, in the hind leg, the hip is often pointed to, when the cause is really in some portion of the limb below, thus showing that lameness in this part is by no means easy to trace, as it may arise from muscular sprain, or from some nervous derangement, such as sciatica, &c. So that before any treatment is adopted, a qualified practitioner should be consulted, as I have often seen a large surface of the skin permanently damaged by the use of some fancy advertised quack nostrum, the animal having rubbed the part after application, and thus destroyed the skin. When certain that the lameness is in the hip, rest, with cold water irrigation, for two or three hours, twice daily, is of great service. Blisters, setons, and pitch charges are frequently, when desirable, of great benefit. 156. Windgall is a puffy elastic swelling of very common occurrence in nearly all classes of animals, found at the knee and fetlock joints, &c., and is caused by over secretion of Synovia from the Bursa Mucosa, a fluid similar to joint oil. {See Plate IX. Nos. 16 and 19). Some classes or stamps of animals are more prone to it than others. The swelling may be brought on by overwork, or by putting the animal to work too soon. It very rarely causes lameness, or in any way interferes with the usefulness of the animal, but still it is very unsightly and objectionable, and not easily removed. The treatment consists of rest, and the application of a cold water, india-rubber, or adhesive plaster bandage, and blistering ; also firing, when very large. In olden times, the enlargement was supposed to contain wind, hence the name. 157. Bog Spavin is found on the front and inner part of the hock joint, {see Plate IX. No. 32,) and is of the same nature as wind- gall, being an over-distension of the capsular ligament of the hock joint, with synovia. It is mostly seen in cart horses — certain strains of Clydesdales having a special tendency to it — and it is frequently found in young horses rising two years old, more particularly in over-fed, forced animals. It very rarely occasions lameness, and sometimes disappears without any treatment. If hard feeding is thought to be the cause, it should be diminished, and the animal turned out to grass. 52 after applying a good dressing of green tar to the part. Compression, by means of an india-rubber bandage, has also a splendid effect, but when lameness is present, blistering and, subsequently, firing have to be resorted to. 158. Thorough Pin.— This consists of an enlargement of the sac through which one of the tendons passes, and is situated behind the main joint, and in front of the Os-Calcis, or point of the hock. (See Plate IX. No. 36.) It varies very much in size, and is generally seen more prominently on the outside than on the inside, or vice versa, and sometimes it is right through. Pressure on one side makes it more apparent on the other. It seldom causes lameness, but, being unsightly, is very objectionable, and is frequently associated with large Bog Spavin. The treatment greatly resembles that for Windgall {par. 156.) An india-rubber bandage may be applied, or a truss specially prepared for the hock joint may be used, causing compression and absorption. ' A winter's run at grass, with green tar dressings of the affected part, have also been found to answer splendidly. These bursal distensions, like Windgall, Bog Spavin, and Thorough Pin, when very large, are sometimes tapped, and the over secretion drawn off by means of a special instrument— an aspirator — but this should only be attempted by a professional man, as it is very dangerous to admit air into a synovial or serous cavity. 159. Capped Hock is of two kinds, either a serous or watery effusion immediately under the skin, or a synovial or bursal distension. The Serous Capped Hock consists of a swelling on, and over the point of, the hock (see Plate IX. No. 37), and is caused by kicks or other bruises ; when recent, it is very painful to the touch. Soothing treat- ment is necessary, such as hot or cold applications accompanied by cooling lotions (see Appendix). All stimulating embrocations are to be avoided, as they have a tendency to consolidate the effused products. Some animals get capped hocks by scraping all their litter behind them, and then lying down on the bare brick or pavement. This may be remedied by bedding thickly with sawdust or moss litter. When the swelling is -very large it may be opened, and the watery 53 fluid drawn off, but great care is required to distinguish the serous effusion from the synovial secretion, and if the synovial bursa was punctured it might lead to serious consequences. The Synovial Capped Hock is generally not so painful as the serous variety, but is more deeply seated, and is best treated by repeated applications of 20 per cent, of Oleate of Mercury. 160. Curb is known by an enlargement on the back and lower part of the hock joint where the heads of the small metatarsal bones join the lower row of bones of the hock {see Plate IX. No. 38). We have two kinds of Curb — false, and true. False Curb is due to a sharp blow on the part, causing an effusion of serum- under the skin. The treatment for it consists of hot fomentations, or cold water applications, followed by an iodine blister. {See Appendix.) 161. True Curb is of a more serious nature, and consists either of a sprain of the tendons passing over the seat of curb, or laceration of the calcaneo -cuboid ligament, at its attachments to the cuboid and outer small metatarsal bone. This is caused by over-exertion, as when galloping, jumping, rearing up, &c. Some breeds of horses have joints naturally predisposed to Curb — called Curby or Sickle Hocks — and, therefore, of congenital formation. In Sickle Hocks, the head of the metatarsal is set too far back ; and the OS calcis, the upper end of which forms the point of the hock, is too short and straight up, forming a narrow joint, or " tied-in " hock, with a sharp angle at the lower part of the front of it. This class of joint is more subject to curb than a well-formed, broad, and developed one. When the enlargement is seen, and the animal is noticed to be lame, or the part found to be tender, it should be put off work, and cooling applications used — such as the hose-pipe irrigation of cold water, or a cold water bandage — until the inflammation is reduced ; then, iodine or fly- blisters must be used, but the best and most satisfactory treatment for Curb, or Curby Hocks, is to fire, in lines. I know of no comjjlaint, except Bone Spavin (Pars. 115 and 116), on which firing has such a beneficial efiect as Curb. 162. Sprung Hock. — This injury varies very much in degree ; in slight cases, the ligaments only may be affected, but in more severe 54 injuries, not only the ligaments, but the tendons and bones are implicated. Great pain is evinced, with high fever. Treatment : — The patient should be supported by slings, and cold water irrigation applied to the joint until the inflammation and pain subside. Hypodermic injections of morphia near the joint have a soothing effect, while the fever must also be combatted. (see par. 38 — " Sympathetic Fever.") 163. Open Joint. — All the joints are liable to be laid open from kicks, probes, and other injuries. The joints most frequently damaged in this manner are the knee, elbow, stifle, and hock. The three latter are very formidable to deal with, and, owing to their arrangement, are difficult to treat successfully. When a joint is opened into, it should have immediate attention, or it may end in a stiff joint, or caries of the bone, and even in thfe death of the animal. As soon as it is ascertained that the discharge coming from the wound is joint oil, entire rest must be given, and cold water irrigation resorted to. The water must be kept running constantly over the part for four or six days. I have, on many occasions, with this treatment alone, been successful in stopping synovia, and healing the joint. Next to this is the application of a good fly-blister, which has generally the desired effect ; it causes the parts to swell, thus closing up the opening in the joint and preventing the admission of atmospheric air. Creasote, oil of cloves, or carbolic acid may also be applied to the wound, if thought necessary. 164. Stifle Joint.— Independent of the disease of the bones that enter into the formation of this joint {see par. 1 14), the soft structures in connection with it are frequently the seat of injury and disease. Some breeds of horses are more susceptible to contract diseases and enlarge- ments of this joint than others. Young animals— more particularly of the cart-horse class— are subject to big or distended joints, known as "stifled" or luxation of the patella, {see Plate IX. No. 30). 165. Luxation of the Patella, or partial displacement of the cup, in my opinion, is a disease of a hereditary nature. The young animals, which suffer, as a rule, are very poor, and bad thrivers ; and , Id J 03 O < u H < O O i-H H -al O O en 55 when they stir or walk about, the patella, or cap, slips partly off the joint, towards the outside, making a knocking noise. Very hilly pastures are thought to favour the development of the trouble in young horses. The treatment consists of repeated blistering, which sometimes does good, and putting on of a special shoe, thin at the heels but with a thick projecting toe. But so unsatisfactory, as a rule, are the various forms of treatment, that the best plan is to destroy the animal, as it scarcely pays to bring it up for work, and it is of no good to breed from. i66. Dislocation of the Patella.— Horses and cows sometimes throw off the cap by jumping up too suddenly. When dislocation takes place, the cap comes to the outside, on account of the ridge on the femur being less on the outside than on the inside. The leg is extended behind in a rigid condition, the front of the point of the toe resting on the ground with the sole of the foot looking upwards and backwards {see Plate X.). If in the stall the animal must be got into the yard, a neck collar put on, and a strong rope passed through the bottom of the collar, between the fore legs, and tied round the pastern joint of the dislocated limb. The foot must then be pulled forcibly forward under the belly, until the sole can rest flat on the ground ; the cap must now be manipulated to the front,-and held there, when, on the horse stepping forward, it readily drops into its place. A good blister should be applied, and the animal tied up short for a week or so, to prevent it lying down, as when once the cap has been disturbed, and ligaments stretched, it is apt to again become displaced. 167. Hip Joint Dislocation. — From some extensive injury, this joint occasionally becomes dislocated, being usually accompanied by a fracture. The leg seems much shorter than its fellow, and does not reach the ground. When the dislocation is forward, in front of the articulation, the back of the leg hangs, pressing against the front of the shank bone of the opposite leg, and Vvfhen the dislocation is backward, the front of the leg presses against the back of the shank of its fellow. When the muscles are so extensively lacerated, and the swelling is great, the animal is usually destroyed. FOURTH LECTURE. THE HORSE'S FOOT.— SHOEING, &c. i68. THE horse's foot is made up of soft and hard structures of a sensitive and non-sensitive nature. The external horny covering or Hoof is non-sensztive, and is made up of the Wall or Crust and Bars, Sole, Frog, and Frog Band. The Wall is that portion seen when the foot is placed flat on the ground, and is divided into Toe, Quarters, and Heels, at the latter it turns inwards, and forms the Bars, which run on each side of the frog, on the ground surface, towards the toe. The wall is thickest at the toe, becoming thinner as it reaches the quarters ; while the outside quarter, or spread of the foot is more rounded than the inside, which is nearly straight up. The fore foot is more of an oval shape at the toe than the hind one, which is oblong, pointed, and straighter up {Plates XL and XII). 169. The Wall (Plate XII., No. 2 F) is said to contain about 25°/. of moisture, and, externally, has a smooth, iibrous-like appearance. These so-called fibres are, in reality, small horny tubes, filled with, and matted together by, a gelatinous matter ; they run from the top of the hoof to the bottom, in an oblique manner, and are secreted from the blood by the action of the Coronary Band, or cushion, [Plate XII., No. 3 K K) which lies in the hollow groove running round the top and inside of the hoof. The Perioplic Ring or Frog Band {Plate XII., No. 2 G) is a light-coloured, soft, horny-like structure, which runs round the top and outside of the foot, at the junction of the hoof and skin, and becomes blended with the bulbs of the frog. It is best seen when the foot is wet, and is thought to have a protective influence on the newly-secerted horn, and should never be destroyed by the rasp. The N?5 PLATE XI. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL 1, 2, 3, 4. Varieties of Feet, page 6o, par. 177. 5. e oi f Hoof. A. Ground Surface of the Wall at the Toe. B, Ground Surface of the Wall at the Quarter. C. Ground Surface of the Wall at the Heels, where it turns and forms the Bars. D. The Bar. E. White line or junction of the Wall and the Sole. F. The Sole. G. The Frog. H. The Commissures. 1. The Cleft of the Frog. K. •The Bulb of the Heel. L. Seat of Corn. Pore-leg from Knee, showing Bones, Tendons, and Ligaments, A. Flexor Perforatus. Ai. Flexor Perforatus. B. Flexor Perforans. Bi. Flexor Perforans. Bz. Flexor Perforans. C. Metacarpal Ligament. D. Suspensory Ligament. E. Insertion of Metacarpal Ligament into Perforans. F. Bifurcation of.Suspensory Ligament. G. Continuation of Suspensory Ligament. H. Coffin Bone. I. Extensor Tendon. K. Knee. M. Metacarpal Bone. N. Os-Suffraginis, (large pastern). O. Os-Coronae, (small pastern). S. Splint Bone. 57 internal portion of the wall has a leaf-like, or Laminated, structure, which dovetails into the sensitive laminae surrounding the coffin bone. It has been estimated that there are between 500 and 600 of these non-sensitive horny laminae, and a like number of sensitive ones, each being again studded with about 100 secondary ones, like the barbs of a feather, making the dovetail more complete. These give a surface to the foot, estimated to be equivalent to eight square feet, or a total area, for the four feet, of 32 square feet. 170. The Sole {Plate XL, No. 5 F) is the under, or ground portion of the hoof.and is slightly concave, filling up the space between the Bars (Plate XI., No. 5 D) and the ground surface of the Crust, or Wall. On the ground surface a white rim is seen, called the " white line," which marks the union of the sole with the wall {Plate XL, No. 5 E). The sole consists of thin plates of horny material, which flake, or tall ofi", successively, when they have done their work, at the ground surface. The internal surface presents a sort of very fine honey-combed appearance, with little depressions, into which dip the papillae of the sensitive sole, and by which the horny matter is secreted. The sole is supposed to contain about 37°/. of moisture. 171. The Frog (Plate XL, No. 5 G) is the triangalar elastic pad of horn, containing about 43°/. of moisture, fitting into the space between the bars. It runs to a point towards the toe, and at the back forms the Bulbs (Plate XL, No. 5 K) of the heels. The deep cavities between the frog and the bars are called Commissures (Plate XL, No. 5 H) of the frog. Along the middle of the ground surface runs the Cleft, (Plate XL, No. 51) corresponding to an elevation on the internal surface, which is called the Frog-Stay, {Plate XIL, No. 2 M) and is attached to the fatty frog, or sensitive cushion. 172. The Sensitive Structures of the foot are : — ist, the coronary hand ; 2nd, the sensitive lamina ; 3rd, the sensitive sole; 4th, the fatty frog ; cth, tendons and ligaments ; 6th, bones and cartilages, all of which are highly supplied with blood-vessels and nerves. The Coronary Band {Plate XIL, No. 3 K K) is situated in the hollow or semi-circular 58 groove which runs round the top and inner aspect of the hoof, and is attached to the true shin by its upper margin, while the under portion is covered with minute sprout-like projections (papillae), which dip into the small orifices of the wall and secrete the horn fibres. The Sensitive Laminae or Leaves (Plate XII., No. 3 H) correspond in number to those of the non-sensitive or horny laminae seen on the inside of the wall of the hoof, to which they are firmly attached. The sensitive laminae surrounds the bony structures of the foot, to which they are connected by dense connective tissue, and they assist in the secretion of horn. The Sensitive Sole (Plate XII., No. 3 I) is attached to the bottom of the coffin or pedal bone, and the under surface next to the horny sole resembles a piece of fine velvet, being covered with small projecting papillae, which not only secretes the horn, but also gives attachment to the non-sensitive sole. The Sensitive Frog, (Plate XII., No. 2 D) sometimes called the fatty frog, is situated at the back part of the foot, and lies between the wings of the coffin bone, above the horny frog ; it acts as a cushion by supporting the weight in progression {see Side Bones, par. 193). The Tendons found in the foot are the terminal point of the extensor and flexor muscles of the limb, and the ligaments are those in connection with the foot (Plate XII., Nos. 1, 2, and 3). 173. In the Foot there are Three Bones : — ist. — The Coffin, or Pedal Bone. (Plate XII., No. 2 B) This bone is crescent shaped, the body resembling the front of the hoof, with an elevation in front at the top. The two quarters or wings run backwards on each side, to which are attached the Lateral Cartilages, (Plate XII., No. 3 L L) that so often in cart-horses become ossified, and form Side-bones. The bone itself is very porous in structure, and contains numerous fissures, thus allowing the ramification of nerves, blood vessels, &c. 2nd.— The Coronary, or Short Pastern Bone, (Plate XII., No. 2 A) which is situated above the coffin bone, forming with it a joint, into the formation of which also enters,— 3rd— The Navicular, or Shuttle Bone, (Plate XII., No. 2 C) which— just behind the coffin bone— acts ■as a lever for the tendon passing over it. 59 174- Historical. — In Paleolithic ages, there is evidence to show that the horse was an object of the chase, and a source of food. In Neolithic remains, representations of it appear, but still, apparently, only as a creature of the chase. It is first known to have been domesticated by the Egyptians, but not until a late period ; at least, no evidence of its having been domesticated can be gathered from the earlier monuments. In the Old Testament (in which the first mention occurs in Genesis xlvii., 17, when Joseph gave his brethren bread in return for horses, &c.), the horse is chiefly referred to in connection with warfare. In the book of Job (xxxix.), the war-horse is described as rejoicing in his strength, and smelling the battle afar off. Horses, horsemen, and chariots, and trading in horses, are referred to in many places, e.g., II. Kings, xviii., 23 ; Ezekiel, xxvii., 14; Zachariah, vi., 2,3; thus showing the general usefulness of the horse to mankind. Even in the earliest ages, man's attention had been drawn to the brittle nature of the horse's hoof; for in Judges, v., 22, we find it stated that : — " Then were the horsehoofs broken by the means of their prancings." In the ancient Greek and Roman Journals, also, we find that armies had to be disbanded in consequence of the horses' hoofs breaking and wearing ; while Suetonius and Pliny, as well as other historians, specially record the horses' frequent incapacity to do work from the wearing of the hoof. The exact time, however, when shoes were applied to horses' feet is not known, but the Persians get the credit of being the first to use them. In a Mosaic painting of Pompeii, a shoe is noticed on the foot of the war-horse of Satrapes — B.C., 333. In the year 1653, an iron shoe was found in the tomb of Childeric, King of France, who died 481 A.D,, and William the Conqueror is credited with having introduced the art of shoeing into this country. 175. The horse's hoof has been a subject of deep study for centuries ; and I know of no mechanical contrivance which the mind of man can contemplate with greater wonder and admiration. If there is one thing more than another, which has a tendency to encourage and advance " Science with Practice " it is the art of " horse shoeing.'' For the shoer to have a knowledge of the different forms or kinds of 6o feet ; to frame the various kinds of shoes, and attach them properly ; and then to give a reason for his work, would be, I think, one of the finest examples of " Science with Practice." 176. The horse, in its native wilds, or at grass, seldom has any need of protection for the foot ; but the condition of our roads and streets is such that it is necessary to protect this beautiful structure from injury ; therefore, shoeing becomes a necessity, requiring science and practice for its proper application ; and owing to the great variety of feet met with in the different breeds of horses, and the peculiar formation of some of the hoofs, horse-shoeing (with brains as well as with the hands) is actually of much more importance than it is usually credited with. What is the use of a horse, however good or well-fashioned, if it has not a sound foot to stand upon ? 177. Varieties of Feet.— Among the different types of feet the following are here noticed : — 1. Sound Feet. — That which is called a good, strong, sound foot, has its front wall inclined at an angle of from 45° to 50°, and has the outside wall more rounded than the inner, which is nearly straight up and down, and has a good concave sole. Although the feet vary in colour, a bluish grey has the preference {see Plate XL, No. 1). 2. Narrow Feet.— The next type is similar to the first, only the ' heels are much higher, and the quarters, and toe, more upright. Feet of this kind, although serviceable, are, in light-legged horses, liable to contraction, and navicular disease ; while in cart-horses they are most subject to side-bones. The walls and soles are generally strong and hard, but this type requires a great amount of care in shoeing [see Plate XL, No. 2). 3. Flat Feet.— Some classes of cart and harness-horses have great, flat feet, with very large frogs, and open low weak heels, (showing that when the frog meets the ground pressure, the feet expand at the back), and the sole, as a rule, instead of 6i being concave, is flat. Horses with feet of this kind are certainly useful, but they are best on farms. Such feet are frequently affected with corns and bruises, and are difficult to shoe {see Plate XL, No. 3). 4. Dished Feet, or feet with Hollow Walls and Rounded (Convex) Pumiced Soles are somewhat similar to the last, but more pronounced, and are more prone to bruises and disease than any other kind of feet, requiring very careful shoeing, with a shoe well seated on the surface next the sole [see Plate XL, No. 4). 5. Odd Feet. — Curiously enough, these are often seen in racehorses, and, although one is smaller than the other, there is no disease, and the small foot stands as much wear and tear as its larger mate. These feet generally resemble varieties Nos. 1 and 2, Plate XL A horse's feet, however, may become of different sizes by frequently pulling the shoe off one of them, which is done by the animal galloping round in a circle the inside fore shoe being apt to be clinked off by the hind one on the same side ; and each time the shoe is replaced the foot decreases in size ; still, there is no disease. But the foot may also become smaller from disease. 178. Again, different kinds of shoes are required, according to the kind or breed of horse, and the work it has to do: — I. Racehorses require only a very narrow plate, covering the ground surface of the Wall, and but slightly overlapping the junction between the sole and wall — or white line, {see Plate XV., 1 A and 1 B). The French or Charlier system meets these requirements. In this form of shoeing, a groove is made round the ground surface of the wall, into which the shoe is fitted, there being no covering on the sole. It certainly gives the frog full play; but I am afraid it would not answer for animals in use on our macadamised roads and streets. 62 2. Hunters are generally shod with a broader web— having a flat face next the sole, which it slightly covers (giving support to the connection of the wall with the sole), well seated, and grooved on the ground surface, imitating, as far as possible, the bottom of the foot, so as to get a better grip of the ground {see Plate XV., 2 A and 2B). 3. For Hackneys and Carriage- Horses, a shoe is generally adopted that is well seated on the upper surface, next the sole, with a good flat level bearing at the heels, and round the bottom surface of the wall {see Plate XV., Nos. 3 and 2 B); but for a good foot (as Nos. 1 or 2, par. 177), a shoe prepared on the lines, of the hunter's shoe is to be preferred. 4. Cart and Waggon- Horses have shoes made similar to those for carriage horses, but much heavier and broader, being seated on the surface next the foot. They are generally turned up at the heels (caulkings), and have a toe-piece (see Plate XV., /\.A and 4B). This turning up of the heel, more particularly in dealing with a young horse, is a great mistake. It should be shod flat, as the heels lift the foot from its centre of bearing, and the frog is taken away from its proper work. This is fully explained under Side-Bones {see par. 193). 5. Bar Shoes are used for weak-heeled horses, or where damage has been done to the quarters. They give additional support and pressure to the frog and reheve side bones and corns [see Plate XV., No. 5). 6. Round, or Rocker Shoes are-something analogous to bar shoes. They are very useful for weak feet, and also in cases where there has been extensive inflammation — Laminitis. Their ground surface is formed in the shape of a rocker, thin at heel and toe, and thick at the quarter, so that when the horse puts its heel to the ground, the foot rocks gently over, and the animal is assisted very much in progression {see Plate XV., No. 6). 63 7. Three-quarter Shoes. — When we have disease of, or injury to, either outside or inside heels, as from corns, &c., a shoe is made with a bar to He across the frog, while the side of the shoe, next the damaged part is cut off to prevent pressure [see Plate XV., No. 7). 8. Diamond-toed Shoes have diamond points, and are used on the hind feet, to prevent the horse from "forging," or "cHnking" — that is where the toe of the hind shoe strikes the ground surface of the fore foot shoe. A young horse, when first put to work, nearly always acquires this habit of "hammer and pincers," as it is commonly called ; but, as it gets into step, this in time, leaves it (see Plate XV., No. 8). g. Feather-edged Shoes. — These are preventive shoes, and are more frequently used on the hind than on the fore feet. They are used for animals that buff themselves, by striking the fetlock joint, or shank, of the opposite leg. Some young horses are very subject to this. For treatment of these bruises, see " Contused Wounds " (pars. 132 and 133). The shoe is made with a feather-edge on the inside, tapering inwards, on the ground surface, towards the frog ; nailed on the outside, and round the toe. Indiarubber rings, leather pads, or boots, and woollen bandages, are also used to protect the opposite leg from further injury (see Plate XV., No. 9). 179. In all cases where there is a good, healthy, well-formed foot, with concave sole, the surface of the shoe next the foot ought to be flat, so as to give a little pressure to the sole, and also to support the union of the wall with the sole. In weak, convex soles, however, the shoe should be seated so as to meet the requirements of the case. 180. Preparing the Foot for the Shoe. — A young horse, when first brought in from grass, should be put into a loose, open shed, for ten days or a fortnight before shoes are applied to the feet. The ground surface of the crust, or wall of the foot, should then be levelled with a rasp, to make a good bed for the shoe, which should 64 invariably be a plain one, without the heels being turned up ; and, on no consideration, must the shoe be applied too hot to the foot, for although horn is a bad heat conductor, yet I have, on several occasions, seen founder (Laminitis) produced through neglect of this caution. In future shoeing, i.e., re-shoeing, the clinches ought to be carefully turned back, and, if possible, each nail drawn separately, thus preventing the crust being broken ; the rasp may then be run gently round the sharp edges of the crust, and, as the foot always grows in length at the toe {see Plate XIII., Figs. A and B) — and very sparingly at the heels- it must be shortened. This is usually done by cutting a piece from the front of the wall, at the toe, but to this method I have great objections. The foot should be shortened by dressing down the ground surface from one quarter round the toe to the other. This, when properly done, gives a level bearing for the shoe, preventing pressure on the heels, without having to spring the heel of the shoe. In paring the sole, only the rough loose flakes ought to be removed, except in Navicular disease, where we have, from continued irritation, an overgrowth of horn ; in which case the sole must then he thinned, by paring the ground surface of the sole of the foot. i8i. Farmers, themselves, are very much to blame in not paying more attention to their horses" feet : no foot, no horse ; that is to say, no matter how grand and good the animal may be otherwise, it is of very little account, if it has not sound feet. Sometimes farmers allow a horse to go three or four months without being re-shod, by which time, the feet are so overgrown, and in such a state, that it takes months to get them into form again. It would be much better to take the shoes off altogether, and then the foot, with use, would naturally wear away. Shoes are best removed once every four or six weeks, and should never, on any account, be allowed to remain longer than two months. 182. Fitting the Shoe.— Before the shoe is fitted, the foot in many cases requires a certain amount of trimming ; this should be done with care and judgment. Then the shoe should be made to fit level, and be a shade larger than the foot at the ground surface, continuing the PLATE XIV. SECTIONS OF HOOF AND SHOE. I. Section of Hoof, showing position and direction of the two Front Nails. 2. Shoe and Nails, in situ, showing the inward direction of the Nails when driven into the Hoof. Right Side of Shoe showing Clinches turned over. 3. Toe Piece of No. 1, showing marks of Nails. 65 angle of inclination of the wall of the hoof. As already said, it must not be applied too hot — just hot enough to make itself a firm bed ; neither must it be nailed to fit, as this tears the hoof. 183. Nails and Nail-holes. — The fewer nails there are in the shoe the better ; but as a rule, four nails are put on the outside, and three on the inside — more are used at times, but if the shoe is efficiently fitted, even a less number may be sufficient. The nail-holes, whether punched through the racing or fullering, or stamped, are, as a rule, made so that the nails when driven, have a decided inward bearing [see Plate XIV., Nos. 1 , 2, and J), particularly at the toe, so as to keep in line with the angle of the hoof, while the quarter and heel nails are more nearly vertical. When the holes are made too obliquely, the nails are apt to break off at the neck. Some feet, however, are so constituted that the shoe has to be nailed round the toe, instead of the quarter. In driving the nail, care should be taken not to get into the sensitive parts, nor to get so near as to press on them. This shows how necessary it is to fit the shoe properly, and, also, to make the nail- holes at proper angles. After the shoe has been attached, in dressing the hoof, some smiths persist in rasping the walls — " to make them look nice," they say. To my eye, nothing looks worse than a rasped hoof. By the use of the rasp, not only is the outer covering, Peviople, or varnish-like structure of the hoof destroyed, but some hundreds of the little fibrous tubes which are seen running from the top to the bottom of the hoof, are wounded and left exposed to the action of the atmosphere, which makes the hoof turn hard and brittle, breaking off where the nails are turned down or clinched. I thus, strongly say, that the knife and rasp ought to be used sparingly, and with great caution. The hoof must not he rasped above the clinches on any account. 184. Stopping for the Feet. — Numerous authorities do not favour stopping the feet with articles of a moist nature. I was my own groom for over 20 years, and as I did all my work on the saddle, I felt the full benefit of stopping the feet when the roads were hard and dry, for if the practice was omitted the want was readily noticed on mounting next morning. Therefore, in long-continued frosts, or during F 66 a spell of hot weather, where a horse is doing a lot of work on the hard dry road, and the moisture of the horn becomes exhausted, I am in favour of stopping the feet, to keep them cool, moist, and pliable. By referring to paragraphs 169 to 171, it will be seen how much moisture the different parts of the hoof contains, and these quantities should be maintained. I have never yet found anything for this purpose to beat cow-dung and clay, in equal parts ; stuffing the bottom of the feet with it each alternate night. 185. Leather Soles should not be used except in cases of injury, when they become necessary ; for to stimulate and preserve the healthy action of the hoof, air should be allowed free access to all parts. Exercise, also, is very essential, in order to keep both the outside and inside of the hoof in sound condition-. Without it, healthy circulation cannot be maintained in the foot, and the result is, disease ; therefore, if a horse cannot be taken out every day, it should be turned into a loose box, or paddock. 186. India-rubber Pads. — In connection with leather soles, rubber pads are now made of various descriptions and sizes, and are found to answer well. The Rubber Frog Pad, for example, is an artificial India-rubber frog, fixed on a leather sole, which is nailed on between the foot and the shoe, and is very uefsul for narrow-heeled fore feet, and small or wasted frogs. Anti-Slipping Pads are also many, and one of them in common use is a sort of bag of India-rubber, in the shape of the foot, with a corrugated ground surface, and fixed within the inner rims of the shoe. The Frog- Bar- Pad is another India- rubber pad, fixed on to a stout piece of leather, the rubber-bar of which runs across the back part of the foot, and covers both heels and frog, and is nailed to the foot under a short shoe. This is one of the best forms of pads, for besides preventing slipping, it is of great service in the case of corns, weak heels, narrow or contracted quarters, navicular disease, and chronic laminitic feet. 187. For further particulars respecting the horse's foot and shoeing, Mr. William Hunting's " Art of Horse-Shoeing " (third edition) is recommended. INJURIES TO, AND DISEASES OF, THE FOOT OF THE HORSE. 1 88. The foot of the horse is at all times very liable to injury and disease ; and in all cases of lameness, the foot should be examined to make sure that all is right there, even though the leg be broken. The diseases or injuries to which the feet of horses are most subject are pricks, corns, quittor, sidebones, sandcrack, seedy toe, false quarter, thrush, canker, treads, over-reaches, groggy lameness, and laminitis. i8g. A Prick from Shoeing, or otherwise.— This is the most common injury to the foot. In shoeing, if a nail should unfortunately be driven into the sensitive part of the foot, the owner ought at once to be told of the misfortune. At the same time the shoe must be removed, and the foot put into a bran poultice, made with cold water, and kept constantly wet for a few days, when the part generally heals without any bad effect. But as a rule the nail is withdrawn, and no mention is made of the matter ; with the result that the horse is put to work, and, in the course of two or three days, becomes lame. The injury may be detected b}' tapping the part with a hammer, or by removing the shoe, and pressing the foot with a pair of pincers, the animal flinching. when the injured part is touched. The sole must then be carefully dressed away, when a dirty, thin, dark-coloured fluid generally will be met with (commonly called gravel), at the bottom of the nail- hole. If left alone too long, this fluid sometimes works under the sole, and, if not liberated, will find its way out at the top of the band of the hoof, or at the bulbs of the heel. After the escape of the matter, the foot should be placed in a cold bran-poultice, to which a tablespoonful of carbolic acid has been added, until all the inflammation has subsided ; then, after dressing with tow and tar ointment {see Sandcrack, par. 194), and protecting with a leather sole, the shoe may be put on. Sometimes the nails are driven too near, causing pressure of the sensitive parts on touching, and making the animal step short, or decidedly lame. 68 Taking off the shoe, and poulticing the foot, for 24 hours, is all that is necessary in such cases, for cutting into the parts does more harm than good. 190. When a horse drops suddenly lame on the road, the foot must at once be examined, to see whether it has been injured by a nail or a piece of wire. If this is found to be the case, remove the foreign body at once, and, at the first house on the road, wash the wound out, by pouring hot water on to it, then heat the nail or piece of wire in the fire, and with a pair of pincers, press it into the hole already made, thus cauterising the wound ; a little hard soap may then be pressed into the hole, after which, as a rule, no further trouble arises, but, should the animal become lame afterwards, take off the shoe, and poultice the foot, as already stated. Pricks from nails are very dangerous, and should receive prompt attention, as Tetanus (lock-jaw) often arises from a simple prick in the foot; yet, strange to say, at the bottom of a coal-pit — where wounds in the feet, from gathered nails, are of frequent occurence — lock-jaw is rarely or never seen. 191. Corns are recognised by a blood-red stain in the horn, and are caused by a bruise or injury, with subsequent infiltration of blood through the pores of the horn. They occur chiefly in flat-footed, weak^ heeled horses, and are generally found in the fore feet, principally in the inner corner of the heels, between the wall and bars {Plate XL, No. 5 L). Hunters are great sufferers from this class of injury, owing to their being shod with short-heeled shoes. Corns are very common, and as they are looked upon as unsoundness, in all cases of examination the shoes should be removed, and the feet carefully searched. When they cause lameness, the shoe should be removed, and the parts dressed out ; particularly if the bar is too strong, and doubled over, and pressing on the sole, for it must then be pared away, so as to remove all pressure from the part. At times, matter is also formed, when it must be liberated. In bad cases, poultices have to be applied, to reduce the inflammation, and a three-quarter or bar shoe (Plate XV., Nos. 5 and 7) is found to be necessary ; while the 69 India-rubber bar pad is also of great service. If neglected, the inflammation extends to the internal parts of the foot, when pus or matter forms, and finds its way out at the top of the hoof, causing much pain and suffering to the animal, and perhaps ending in quittor. 192. Quittor is a most painful and troublesome fistulous disease of the foot. Injuries, of any description, to the foot, may end in quittor. It is not often seen in the country, but in towns it is very common. Railway horses are very subject to it, owing to getting their feet fixed in the rails, and waggons or carts passing over them. The structure of the foot becomes so much implicated that the bone and cartilage become diseased, when holes, or sinuses, are formed at the quarter and round the band of the hoof. At first, cold water poultices may be of some service in reducing the active inflammation ; but when the disease has become chronic, blisters, caustic dressings, and the hot iron have to be applied, while, as a last resource, an operation has to be performed, by -which the diseased bone and cartilage are removed making the complicated sores into one simple wound. These cases are much too formidable for the attempts of an amateur. 193. Side-Bones consist of, and arise from, the ossification of one or both of the lateral cartilages, which are situated at the sides and top of the hoof {see Plate VII., Nos. 6, 7, and 8). They- are met with in the fore feet, particularly in those cart-horses, which have strong upright quarters ; but they are very rarely found in flat-footed horses, hacks, or carriage-horses. The principal causes are hereditary predisposition, injuries of various kinds, over- reaches, chafing against the sharp edge of a lea-furrow, &c. ; but, in my opinion, the greatest evil of all is the use of high-heeled shoes, removing the frog from its ground pressure, thus throwing the weight on the lateral cartilages. Above the horny, or insensitive frog, there are elastic fibres running from the inside of one lateral cartilage to the inside of the other, forming what is called the fatty or sensitive frog, into which is inserted the frogstay, or elevation corresponding to the cleft in the middle of the ground surface of the frog. Now, when the 70 weight of a horse is thrown on its foot, the pastern descends, the lateral cartilages yield and bend outwards at the top of the hoof, about the middle of the cartilage, whilst the top of the cartilage bends over and inwards, acting like a spring, letting the weight of the limb gently down on to the fatty frog, which, in turn, presses on the insensitive horny frog, bringing it in contact with the ground, and thus preventing concussion. But, when a horse is shod with high, or turned up heels, the horny frog becomes displaced, as it were, and thrown out of work, and all the weight is put on to the lateral cartilages, which, in time, through having 'all their own work, as well as that of the frog to do, become ossified, and form side-bones, and this process may go on, without any inconvenience or lameness. Shoeing-smiths — particularly those in the country — have the very great fault of cutting away the sides of the horny frog, yet it ought never to be touched. When side-bones cause lameness, remove the shoe, and apply cold water poultices, until the inflammation and pain has abated, then ease the shoe, or substitute a bar shoe (Plate XV., No. 5) ; this removes the pressure from the quarters, and throws weight on the frog. Although in a very great proportion of cases, there is no accompanying lameness, yet the animals step short, still they can do their work with little or no inconvenience ; nevertheless, they are always considered as unsound. Both sides of the foot may be affected with side-bone, or merely one. When they are very large, and cause much lameness, the hoof is cut through, with a special saw, at the quarter, from top to bottom, in two places, just below, and at either side of the side-bone ; then, with a special shoeing-knife, the sole is divided from the crust at the white line, at the bottom of the foot, when the piece becomes loose, and, on the horse puttmg its weight on the foot, the saw-cuts spring open, and have to be filled in with beeswax. A bar shoe is then put on, a blister applied to the band of the hoof, and in a few months the foot expands, and the horse goes sound. 194. Sandcrack is described by many writers as a solution of continuity in the wall of the hoof. My definition is :— A fissure, or separation, of the horny, fibrous tubes, to a greater or less extent. It 71 is more common in the town than in the country, occurring most frequently on the inner quarters of the fore feet, and at times extending from the top of the hoof to the bottom. When slight, it causes little or no inconvenience ; but when the fissure extends into the sensitive parts, and any dirt gets in, inflammation sets up, and matter or pus is formed. This must be liberated by cutting each side of the crack, dressing with carbolic oil, and applying poultices ; after getting rid of this, a nick should be made with a hot fire-iron across the top of the crack, or in the shape of an inverted V, close against the hair, and the fissure dressed with tar ointment and tow (see Appendix). Then a tarred rope may be wound round the hoof, or a leather strap used, or, even in some cases, a specially constructed clasp may be advisable. The shoe must be eased below the crack, while cold water cloths, or swabs, put round the hoof every night, have the best effect of anything, that I know of, in making the hoof grow. To counteract the brittle nature of the hoof, a mixture of one part of green tar, and three parts hard fat, or palm oil, melted togethfer {see Appendix), and applied round the top of the hoof twice a week, will also be found to answer admirably. A great many writers are against this application, but, from my own experience, I recommend its use. 195. Seedy Toe. — This arises from a morbid action of the secreting surface of the sensitive laminae, inducing the formation of degenerate horn (which has a crumbling, sawdust appearance, or when moist, is of a cheese-like nature), and causing a separation of the laminae from the outer wall of the hoof, along with, when extensive, a bulging out of the wall at the part. It is due to some injury done to the foot — such as laminitis, or too much pressure by the clip of the shoe — and is mostly found at the toe of the fore foot, but may occur at other parts of the hoof as well. The hind foot may also be affected. When seedy toe is suspected, the shoe should be removed, and all the degenerate horn cleared out with a fine-pointed shoeing knife, then some stimulating dressing should be applied, nothing being better than the tar ointment recommended for Sandcrack (par. 194). Tar, by itself, must never be used, as it is too stimulating, and causes a 72 crumbling of the horn. In examination for soundness, the shoe should be taken off, as the morbid horn can only be found on the removal of the shoe. 196. False Quarter is the result of some extensive damage done to the coronary band, or horn secreting body, from such as stabs, treads, quittor, &c. It is known by a thin layer of modified brittle horn on the hoof, chiefly on the sides, when the parts are constricted, and form, where it is connected to the ordinary horny hoof, rifts or furrows, (resembling sandcracks) on each side ; and at times it may overlap the normal part. A horse with false quarter may work equally as well as one with a good sound foot, and without showing signs of lameness if properly shod ; but great care is, however, necessary in shoeing. 197. Thrush is the term applied to a foetid discharge from the cleft of the frog, varying in character. Some formations of feet are more prone to this than others. It is generally produced by the animal standing in a wet, filthy stable or box, and can exist without causing any lameness whatever ; in fact, I cannot call to mind a single case of lameness that could be attributed to thrush. If neglected, however, it may run on until it implicates the sensitive parts, and destroys the healthy growth of horn. A change on to good dry bedding, in the first instance, bathing the parts nightly with salt and water, and dressing with equal parts of Iodoform and Charcoal mixed and pressed into the bottom of the frog cleft with a flat stick — or squeezing a little calomel into the cleft — will generally have the desired effect. Neglected thrush may run on into that formidable disease called canker. 198. Canker. — This is a morbid fungoid growth of horn at the bottom of the foot, implicating the sensitive sole. It may be produced by injuries, also by standing in a filthy, wet stable, or box, &c. ; greasy- legged horses being very prone to it. Instead of the ordinary horn, little soft, spongy, sprouting growths, of a greyish white appearance, are seen, which bleed on the slightest touch. It is usually first noticed in the commissures involving the bars and frog, and it may extend all PLATE XV. HORSE SHOES. A Signifies Fore-foot Shoe B Signifies Hind-foot Sh 73 over the sole, and affect one or more feet, but it seldom causes much lameness. Being of a very formidable nature, it is very difficult to treat, and should never be tampered with by amateurs. The animal must at once be put into a dry box, as moisture encourages the spongy growths, which develop rapidly. I have been most successful with daily dressings of powdered alum and dry tow, kept in place by a thin plate of iron screwed on to, a special shoe, at the same time placing the animal on dry engine ashes instead of straw, and promptly removing all wet matters, such as fceces, urine, &c., as soon as evacuated or observed. 199. Treads and Over-reaches. — These are caused by the hind foot over-reaching on to the heel or quarter of the fore foot, or by one foot treading on its fellow. Washing the parts well with clean cold water, removing all jagged edges of the wound, with a pair of sharp scissors, and dressing with carbolised oil, will be found to answer in ordinary cases. Should the underlying parts be damaged, and the animal go tenderly, and show pain, cold water cloths or poultices must be applied until the inflammation is reduced. 200. Navicular Disease, commonly called Groggy Lameness, may be defined as inflammation and ulceration of the tendinous or inferior articular surface of the navicular, or shuttle, bone, situated at the back of the cofiSn or pedal joint ; or it may be produced by laceration of the fibres of the tendons passing over the bone, to its insertion in the floor of the coffin bone, setting up inflammation and adhesion of the parts. It invariably occurs in the fore feet, affecting chiefly horses of the light- legged class, and is in many cases due to hereditary causes. Injury from fast work, on hard roads, is another frequent cause ; but by far the most common cause is keeping horses in the stable, day after day, without exercise, then, on taking them out, giving them too much quick travelling, thus lacerating the tendon, and setting up inflammation. Generally, the first symptom noticed is the horse pointing first one foot and then the other, — that is if both are affected — so as to ease the tendon as it passes over the acute angle of the bone ; but this pointing must be confirmed by other symptoms. When brought out 74 of the stable, the animal affected digs the point of the toe into the ground, stepping in a short and stilty manner, until it gets warmed up, when it goes fairly well. The shoe is also much worn away at the toe, and, as a rule, the feet are very strong, high heeled, and contracted {see Plate XL, No. 2). Owing to the constant irritation within the foot, there is an extra growth of horn, giving a box- like appearance to the hoof. The disease is rarely cured, yet an animal can be made to do a great amount of work by careful attention to the feet, such as frequent shoeing, shortening the toe, and dressing the sole thin, to relieve pressure, thus removing the overgrowth of horn, and by shoeing with the India-rubber bar pad and short shoe. Further, applying cold water swabs, nightly, round the feet, and turning the animal into a loose box, instead of allowing it to stand in the stall, also gives relief. Blistering, frog setons, and unnerving, are also useful, but, as above stated, the disease is rarely cured. As a preventive, however, never allow the animal to stand in a stall for days without exercise. If this cannot be given, turn it into a loose box. 20I. Laminitis. — Inflammation of the sensitive laminae of the feet is commonly called Founder. The disease, which more frequently affects the fore than the hind feet, is a very formidable one. It has a great variety of causes, such as drinking cold water, standing in a draught, or getting too much oatmeal and water, when the animal is heated ; over-feeding with boiled wheat, or Indian corn, or gorging with oats or potatoes ; travelling on snow ; galloping on a hard road ; applying a too hot shoe to the foot, when shoeing ; the effects of too large a dose of physic, or from inflammation shifting from one part of the body to another (metastasis) ; or by the retention of the afterbirth, in mares, after foaling, &c. It may be acute, sub-acute, or chronic. The Symptoms noticeable are that the animal is very unwilling to stir, the body is thrown backwards, putting the weight on to the hind legs, which are "propped" well forward under" the belly, while the fore legs are extended well in front. {Plate XVI.) It moves with great difficulty and reluctance, walking on its heels. In 'A O H o ; H « s ■■ SJ El H ^; 1— t S < -1 en O 75 acute cases, the breathing is heavy and hurried, perspiration rolls off the body, eyelids are red, nostrils distended, pulse full and •bounding, and the animal stands persistently, rarely lying down. The Treatment consists of placing the patient in a loose box, removing the shoes, putting the feet into hot or cold water bran poultices, which must be kept constantly wet, and moving the horse frequently round the box. The cause must also be ascertained. If from over- feeding, a pint of linseed oil should be given, while, in some cases, blood-letting is highly necessary, and very beneficial. If from an overdose of physic, doses of carbonate of soda — one ounce each — may be given in well-boiled thin oatmeal gruel. If retention of the cleansing is the cause, the membranes must be carefully removed, as the smallest piece of the after-birth left in the womb of the mare soon undergoes decomposition, and the septic material is readily absorbed and carried through the system, and in many cases induces Laminitis of a septic character ; therefore, the womb must be washed out by means of an injection of six quarts of tepid water, containing one ounce tincture of iron, or some other antiseptic, while antiseptic medicine should be administered {see Appendix). Finally, round rocker shoes, as described under "Shoeing" (par. 178, No. 6 — Plate XV., No. 6), must be put on. At times, in severe cases of laminitis, the foot has to be opened at the toe, to let out the effused material, as it is so great in some cases, especially those neglected at the first, that, if not liberated, it causes the sole to come down, producing great deformity of the foot. Founder is, therefore, by no means a fit case for an amateur to dabble with, and should have professional attendance from the first. In severe cases of laminitis, the foot becomes elongated at the toe, the point of the coffin bone is dislodged and drops down to the sole of the foot, and numerous irregular (ribbed) rings form round the hoof. {See Plate XIII., C. and D.) Rings, however, are also formed round the hoof from irregular nutrition, caused by frequently changing the animal from a grazing pasture to the stable, but these rings are more regular, and are seen on all the four feet. INJURIES TO, AND DISEASES OF, THE FEET OF THE COW, SHEEP, DOG, AND PIG. THE COW^. 202. The Foot of the Cow, like that of the horse, is made up of sensitive and non-sensitive tissue ; but, unlike the horse, the foot is " cloven," i.e., divided into two sections or toes, each containing three bones, thus showing six small bones in the foot, instead of three as in the horse. The non-sensitive or horny part is secreted and attached to the sensitive structures, similarly to that of the horse, only the laminae and villi are much finer. The foot of the cow at the heel is deeper, more upright, stronger, and broader at the sole than the foot of the horse, while the claws are pointed and twist slightly towards each other. The Wall is convex on the outer part, and at the toe makes a very acute and strong turn inwards, and runs back in wavy lines on the inner aspect of the claw, where it is met by the portion winding round the heel, to which it is united by a section of horn springing up from the sole — this is well defined in the foot of the sheep. The Horny Sole is flatter and smoother than in that of the horse, and is partially overlapped at the heels by the wall. Unlike the horse, the cow has no Frog. 203. The cow is not nearly so subject to disease of or injury to the foot as the horse. Great lameness is, however, often induced by foreign bodies, such as pieces of iron, slate, stone, wood, &c., getting between the digits, and nails, wire, and sharp bodies are frequently found in the sole of the foot. Therefore, in all cases of lameness the foot should be carefully washed, and the sole scraped and examined, and if foreign bodies are met with they must be removed, and the foot put into a cold water and bran poultice for a day or two, keeping the poultice moist by dashing cold water over it three or four times a day. 204. Foul in the Foot is the most common foot affection with the cow, and consists of an irritative inflammation and ulceration between 77 the digits, usually caused by the animal standing in a filthy, wet box, or yard, or on soft, wet, marshy pastures ; and although I have seen hundreds of cases, I have never yet met with one that could be said to arise from scrofulous or specific influence. There is acute lameness present, and the foot is swollen round the top of the hoof, and there is also a strong foeted smell, with ulcerated sores of the soft tissues between the digits. The worst cases have been caused by rough treatment and the application of strong caustics, and I must here strongly condemn the barbarously cruel treatment, of pulling a rough rope between the toes, and applying Butyr of Antimony. This latter dressing burns and destroys the parts, bringing on what is termed " Bastard Fouls." I have, on many occasions, seen the bones laid bare with such brutal treatment. Simple soothing applications are all that are necessary. The Treatment for Foul in the Foot is very simple. The beast should be removed to a clean thoroughly dry box ; the parts washed with cold water, containing phenyle, or some disinfectant, and dressed with carbolic oil and tow ; and the foot poulticed for a day or two with bran and cold water, to which a tablespoonful of carbolic acid has been added. This in ordinary cases is all that is required. But when the ulceration is more extensive, and after the inflammation has been reduced with the poultice, the sores must be dressed with caustic powder {see Appendix) and a pledget of tow, smeared with the tar ointment (see par. 194), should be inserted and held in its place by a bandage put round the top of the foot and between the digits, like the figure of 8, and this gives great support. 205. Ulcerations and damage of a very serious character are also caused by Foot and Mouth Disease. In many cases the bones are entirely bare, through this disease, so that repairs to the damaged parts are most difficult to accomplish. (See Eighth Lecture, on " Circulation "). The Treatment for it is similar to that for " Foul in the Foot " (par. 204). 206. Laminitis. — Founder, or Inflammaiion of the Sensitive Tissues of the Foot, although of frequent occurrence in the horse, is rarely seen in the cow, yet I have had several cases, arising trom the after 78 effects of difficult parturition ; also from metastatic inflammation, i.e. inflammation shifting from one part to another, as from the mammary gland to the feet. Unlike the horse, the patient is inclined to lie continually, while there is great difficulty in getting it on to its feet, when great pain is evinced, with but slight constitutional disturbance. Treatment. — Cold water poultices must be applied to the feet, and the antiseptic fever medicine {see Appendix) given night and morning. 207. Sore Feet. — This is occasionally seen where cows have been driven long distances on a hard road — not so common now-a-days as formerly. Treatment : Wash the feet with some antiseptic wash {see Appendix), cover the damaged part with a small portion of tar, and then turn the animal into a clean loose box, or good pasture. If great lameness is present, with heat in the foot, poultice for a day or two with cold water and bran. 208. Interdigital Growths {Fibromata) are sometimes met with, and are mostly seen in front, at the top, and between the digits. When they get large they cause the claws to spread apart, and produce lameness. Treatment. — The animal must be cast, and the tumour cut out with a sharp knife, and the part dressed with antiseptic wool and tar ointment {pay. 194), kept in place with figure of 8 bandage {par. 204.) 209. Overgrown Hoofs.— Animals kept on soft litter — bulls in particular — are subject to this. The walls of the hoof grow, turn on to, and overlap the sole, while the toes get to great length. This overgrowth rarely or ever causes lameness, yet interferes with the walking of the animal. All that is required is to shorten the toes with the Feet Shears {Plate LI., No. 2), then with a rope over a beam pull up the foot, and with a shoeing knife dress off the overlapped wall from the sole. THE SHEEP. 210. The foot of the sheep in conformation is closely analogous to that of the cow. 211. Foot Troubles and Disease in Sheep.— Like cows, sheep are subject to foreign bodies getting fixed between the digits, to stabs or 79 pricks in the sole of the foot, to ulceration from foot and mouth disease, to excoriation of the skin round the band of the hoof and between the claws, to excessive travelling on hard roads, and to inflammation of the blind duct or canal, found in the front of each sheep's foot. When lameness is observed, the foot should be carefully examined and dressed where required, as recommended for the cow [par 203). The commonest ailment the feet of sheep are subject to is Foot Rot. 212. Foot Rot in Sheep. — From long observation, I believe this disease to be very inoculative; it is most frequently seen amongst heavy, well-bred, and well-fed sheep, folded on long luxuriant grasses, and on soft velvety turf. These take too little exercise to wear away the ground surface of the crust of the hoof, which gets too long, turns round, overlaps and presses the sole, setting up inflammation, and the formation of matter, sometimes at the band of the foot, at other times at the sole, or between the digits. The matter formed separates the horn from the sensitive parts, when dirty-looking sores and sprouty growths are developed. Sheep affected with foot rot should on no account be taken on to a farm, or amongst a flock where the disease has never existed. I could relate case after case, where the malady has been carried in this way. Some pastures are, however, more prone to the developement of the disease than others, while on the bare rocky mountain slopes, and the gritty sandy banks adjoining the sea, the malady is seldom, if ever, seen. 213. The Treatment for Foot Rot is to first separate the lame sheep from the sound ; next have the lame ones turned up, and their feet examined and dressed every fifth or sixth day. All dead or broken horn should be carefully dressed off" with a sharp knife, being careful not to cut too deep or make the part bleed, then the sores should be dressed with a strong solution of blue vitrol'or crude carbolic acid, or a mixture of equal parts of the two, and the sheep so treated should be turned on to some sharp fallow for three or four hours every day. When the disease is very rife, and a large number of sheep are affected, a strong solution of sulphate of copper may be put into a trough and the sheep driven through it every fourth or fifth day. Arsenic is also used in 8o a similar way ; but I strongly advocate the spreading of crushed rock salt to about four inches thick on the floor of a good-sized open shed or loose box, and the animals being put in to paddle amongst it three or four hours every day. To prevent the occurrence of this complaint, the sheep ought to be turned on to some good, sharp fallow, for three or four hours daily. THE DOG. 214. The dog's foot differs very materially from that of the horse, cow, and sheep, by having four toes and horn)' appendages or claws — with a fifth, or dew-claw, ,on the inner side of the leg, a little above the foot. Strange, this fifth appendage, or dew-claw, is found on the fore leg of dogs of every class, but not often seen on the hind limbs, and are mostly observed on curs, retrievers, and mongrel-bred dogs, and sometimes they are double. All sporting dogs, however, are, as a rule, exempt from them. These dew-claws are sometimes attached to the limb merely by the skin — or by a bony connection. The ground surface of the dog's foot is protected by five firm dense elastic pads, one under each toe and one at the back ot the foot. 215. Dew-Claws. — These, when large, should be cut off the hind legs, as they are of very little use and apt to get torn, and cause troublesome sores ; they are readily removed by clipping them off with a pair of sharp scissors or bone forceps. Stop the bleeding with a pad of medicated cotton wool and bandage and leave this on for 24 hours ; then leave the wound to the antiseptic dressing of the dog's tongue. 216. The Claws. — Dogs that are petted, and pass the principal part of their time trotting about on carpets, have their claws growing to such a length that in some cases the horny toe turns round and up, and penetrates the pad at the bottom of the foot, causing great pain, lameness, and inflammation. When this is observed, the feet should be put into warm water to soften the horn, and the extra growth of the nails clipped off with a pair of strong scissors or a pair of hand- spring pruning shears. 217- The Pads of the Foot are subject to injuries from prods and cuts, with nails, thorns, glass, &c. The foot should be carefully examined, and if any foreign body is found it must be removed, and the parts washed with a solution of chinosol or izal. If much inflammation be present, put on a linseed meal poultice and muzzle the dog for 24 hours or more, then dress the wound with tincture of benzoin once or twice a day. 218. The Interdigital Space sometimes becomes excoriated and inflamed, and when this is seen wash the feet with izal or chinosol solution night and morning, and dust the sores with a little fine powdered fuller's earth. 2ig. Sore Feet. — At the beginning of the season, when the feet of sporting dogs are soft, they are apt to become tender and sore, in which case they should be well washed, cleared of all grit and dirt, and then dressed with oil of cloves, creasot, or tincture of iron ; but as a rule the dog has more confidence in the antiseptic treatment of his own tongue, which generally answers much better than any application that may be used. THE PIG. 220. It is not often that veterinary aid is requested to examine and treat injuries and diseases of the feet of the pig ; yet, hke the cow and the sheep, foreign bodies, such as stones, bones, wood and nails, occasionally become fixed between the digits, but, as a rule, these can be removed by the owner or his servant. When Foot and Mouth Disease was rife, pigs were great sufferers from the malady, more particularly sucking pigs, and when made to move, it was pitiable to hear them scream and to see them pick up their feet. The excoriation and ulceration round the top and between the digits, were in many cases very extensive, and so severe was the pain that many died from sheer exhaustion. The Treatment was clean dry bedding, with drachm doses of chlorate of potash in the food, night and morning, for adult animals, also dressing the feet with antiseptic lotion, made with a weak solution of sulphate of zinc, or sulphate of copper and carbolic acid, which was sprayed over the feet with a syringe, twice a day. G FIFTH LECTURE. THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.— PART I. 221. As some of the organs of digestion of non-ruminants, and those of ruminants, present marked differences from one another, and the derangements and diseases to which tliey are subject are still more dissimilar, I shall deal with the stomach and bowels of each separately, while the accessory organs of digestion, with their diseases, will be considered in Part II. 222. With reference to the Horse, the digestive organs consist of— ist. xhe Mouth. — This comprises the lips; the cheeh ; the hard palate, or roof, (Plate XVII., No. 1) which is in the form of ridges, or bars, running from side to side, between the upper molar teeth, with a longitudinal line in the middle; the soft palate, at the back of the mouth— a sort of dense curlain, hanging between the mouth and throat, which, from its size, does not allow the horse to breathe through the mouth ; the tongue, and the teeth. Owing to the importance of the last- named, they are specially dealt with in a separate lecture (Lecture VII.— The Teeth.) The mouth is also lined by mucous membrane. 2nd. — The Salivary Glands (situated in the region of the mouth. — There are three pairs of these, namely, the parotid glands, (Plate XVIII., Fig. D.) just below each ear ; the sublingual, underneath the tongue ; and the sub-maxillary below, and within the angle of the lower jaw. There is also situated, in the mucous lining of the mouth, the labial, buccal, and mucous glands. w . X 1 u U| ■3 „- a § 6 (i< (SS _o o 60 !a3 a s . °(2 "3 "o £ w w j: V S8 fl ^ H m 1^ tH > S g 3 en «• JS ^ ■:3 1 • •H •n H >! O W > 0} 1 CO J3 2 CO 1 1 1 1 2 1 1^ i 1 .a' 'S .a H ^ 1 J3 a. «i • r4 >! J3 1-1 •S ^ V U P:^ s H Pk tH w « OT J ffi « H h PQ Q n (1< H l-H M N f^ ■}- in >o t^ 00 o> d M M rn in M M to H 83 3rd.— The Pharynx, or throat (Plate XVII., No. 4J.— This is a muscular tube, lined by mucous membrane, and connects the mouth with the oesophagus. 4th.— The CEsophagus, or gullet (Plate XVII. , No. 5;.— This is the canal which leads from the throat to the stomach, is lined by mucous membrane, and the walls are made up of longitudinal and circular involuntary muscle and connective tissue. 5th. — The Stomach, (Plate XVII., No. 6) is the connecting medium between the gullet and small intestine. — It inclines to the left of the anterior portion of the abdominal cavity. The stomach of the horse is very small compared with the size of the animal, and greatly resembles a bag-pipe in shape. It has three coats ; outside serous ; middle muscular, of three sections ; and inside mucous, of two parts, i.e., one white cuticular, resembling the surface skin, and connected with the opening of the gullet, which enters the stomach on the left side, by the cardiac orifice; the other, pale pink, villous or velvety, on the right side of the stomach, and this is the true digestive portion, being continued into the small intestine, by the opening termed the pyloric orifice. 6th.— The Small Intestine of the Horse (Plate XVII., No. 9).~ This comprises the duodenum, 2 feet long ; the jejunum, 30 feet long ; and the ileum, 40 feet long. The total capacity of the small intestine is estimated to be about 11 gallons. 7th.— The Large Intestine of the Horse (Plate XVII., Nos. 10, 11, and 12). — This is divided into the cacum, or blind gut (commonly called the water bag,) 3 feet long, having a capacity of 4 gallons ; the colons, large and floating, 20 feet long, with a capacity of 12 gallons ; and the rectum, which is the termination of the intestinal canal, 2 feet long, and with a capacity of 3 gallons. The estimated average length of a horse's intestines is 97 feet, and total capacity 30 gallons. Like the stomach, the walls of the intestines have three coats : 84 the outside serous ; middle muscular (longitudinal and circular) ; the inside covered with epithelium and a mucous membrane, and well studded throughout with various glands. 223. Besides the above-named, which are found not only in the horse, but also in the pig and dog, and in a general sense also in cattle and sheep, there are also the accessory digestive organs, that perform functions which assist digestion, that is to say, they convert the food into such a state that it can be absorbed and taken into the blood, and conveyed to the different parts of the system, to be assimilated for nourishment. [See Eighth Lecture, Circulation — the Lymphatic System.) Such accessory digestive organs are the Liver; the Spleen ; the Pancreas, or sweetbread ; and the Portal Vein ; all of which will be further noticed under the Digestive Organs, Part II. 224. The Processes of Digestion are as follows, and in the order given : — ist, — The food is taken into the mouth ; in the horse, it is gathered in by the mobility of the upper lip, called the prehensile property, when it is siezed by the incisors or front teeth. 2nd. — It is then pushed between the back (molars) teeth by the tongue ; the cheeks assist the tongue in keeping it there, while it is masticated, or chewed, by these teeth. 3rd.— During this process of Mastication, the salivary glands pour out saliva (an alkaline fluid, secreted from the blood). This moistens the food, thus making it easier to swallow, and, also, acts chemically on a small proportion of the starchy matter, converting it into sugar, by the action of a special ferment in the saliva. 4th-— The food, having been well masticated, is formed by the tongue and cheeks into a holus, which is passed to the back of the mouth, where it is seized by the action of the muscles of the 85 pharynx, and pressed into the gullet, down which it is propelled, by the progressive contraction of the involuntary muscular fibres of that canal, into the stomach. 5th. — In the stomach, it is mixed with gastric juice — a fluid of an acid character — which again acts chemically upon it. For the better accomplishment of the process, the food is being constantly rolled about, or " churned," by the action of the different muscular coats of this organ. The flesh-forming matters — albuminoid portions, or proteids — are here converted into the more soluble peptones, and a portion of the nutritive elements is absorbed, and carried into the portal vein, and thence to the liver; while the rest of the food is converted into a soft-soap like material called chyme. 6th. — The chyme is next passed on into the small intestine. Here it is met by the bile (which the liver is constantly secreting), the pancreatic juice, or intestinal saliva (formed by the pancreas), and by the juices of the various small intestinal glands. The pancreatic juice, which is alkaline, and somewhat resembles saliva, has a powerful action on fats, converting them into a such a form that they are capable of being absorbed, while the bile assists in the emulsification of the fats. The bile also appears to act as a natural purgative. yth. — The different kinds of food having now been acted upon by the fluid secreted by the salivary glands and stomach, i.e., saliva and gastric juice, as well as by the hile, pancreatic, and intestinal fluids, the chyme is converted into a milky emulsion, called chyle. While this process is going on, a portion of the new material is absorbed by the vessels of the intestines, and carried to the portal vein, and so to the liver. 8th. — By the action of the muscular walls of the bowels, the chyle is forced along the intestinal track, when numerous little bodies called villi, which are studded all over the lining membrane, select more of tlie available nutritive material. 86 and this is carried by the lymphatic vessels into a receptacle, lying under the backbone, in the lumbar region, and called the Receptaculum Chyli ; here it meets with other material absorbed from the posterior parts of the body, and, along with this, is carried by the Thoracic Duct into the blood, by one of the Veins (just before it enters the right side of the heart), and, by means of the circulation of the blood, is then distributed to all parts of the body. gth.— The unabsorbed residue, being that which is indigestible, or m excess of requirements, passes along the intestines, and is expelled by the rectum, a.s faces. 225. I may here mention that a horse should never be watered after feeding, as it has a very small stomach. It is generally believed that if you give a feed of oats, and then a drink of water, in close succession, the water will wash the oats in front of it right along the 72 feet of small intestines into the cacitm, or blind gut. The food has therefore no chance of being digested, -consequently fermentation occurs. Whether this is so or not may be an open question, but from the smallness of the stomach, there can be no hesitation is stating that a horse can drink more water at a time than would fill that organ ; therefore, it is a safe rule always to give water before feeding. In cold weather, let the horse's drinking water stand in-doors for some hours before use, to take the " chill " off, and then give from half to one pailful, or so, befoye its food. INJURIES TO, AND DERANGEMENTS AND DISEASES OF, THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 226. The Lips of animals are liable to many injuries, as they may get torn with nails, hooks, thorns, &c. ; and are also subject to warts, or angle-berries. These growths, if large, may be cut off with a knife, or pair of scissors ; if very small and numerous, an application of acetic acid, twice a week, may be found beneficial. The angles of the mouth are occasionally lacerated in the horse by the rough usage of the bit — for this, rest and the application of some antiseptic dressing is all that is required. 227. The roof of the mouth is often also the seat of injury. In cows and dogs particularly, pieces of turnip, wood, nails, leather, bones, tin, &c., are apt to become fixed here. The animal foams at the mouth, cannot feed, and loses flesh. When such symptoms are shown, a close examination should be made, and if there is a foreign body, it should be removed at once. When a horse is casting its front teeth, or nippers, the gums and bars, behind the upper teeth, usually become swollen. It does not feed well, and is said to have got Lampas, or more commonly " Lampers." Long ago, a lamper iron used to be kept by blacksmiths. This was made red-hot, and the inflamed bars were burned ; but it was a most unnecessary and cruel operation. The congested gums are only the natural effects of shedding the milk teeth. If, however, the gums are very much swollen, a few slight cuts with a sharp knife across the bars — but not too deep — will give relief; and half an ounce of saltpetre, in a mash, should be given every night for a week. {See Lecture VII. — The Teeth). 228. The Soft Palate of the horse (or fleshy curtain, which hangs behind the hard palate) is occasionally damaged, from various causes. For instance, it may get bruised when a ball is given on the sharp end of a stick, and tliis may cause troublesome abscesses. Balls should never be given on sticks. Use the hand, failing which, a balling gun, or a balling iron, may be used. 229. Lower Jaw,— The space between the corner nippers and the first molar teeth, in young horses, when being broken in to work, is frequently injured, by the use of a big heavy breaking bit, particularly when the horse's head is bridled in too tight, and the bones at this part are in many cases so much damaged that pieces flake oS— exfoliate — or have to be removed by an operation. The parts so injured must be dressed once a day, with antiseptic lotion [see Appendix), and the bit should be kept out of the mouth, until the parts are healed. 230. The Tongue, which, in the horse, is much broader at the point or apex than in the cow, has, in all animals, important functions to perform, being the organ of taste, and also helping the animal to swallow, &c. It is a fine, delicate, muscular organ, well supplied with nerves, and extremely sensitive. It is very easily injured through ill- treatment whilst being handled by ignorant people, when it is liable to be torn, become paralyzed, and mortify ; or it may even be pulled out. The entire horse, " Pickpocket," for instance, had his tongue torn away while being given a ball. This happened on the groom taking hold of the tongue, when the horse reared up, and left a large portion of the tongue in the man's hands. On two occasions, I have had to cut about four inches off the end of the tongue of a horse, through its being damaged ; one being too much pulled on giving a ball, the other by putting on a twitch. In each case the member was partially paralyzed, and hung out of the mouth, and was so much nipped and bitten by the front teeth — incisors — that it became quite black, and mortified. It was cut off at the line of demarcation, and did well ; but afterwards, on drinking, both animals plunged their heads up to the eyes in water before they could suck any up. 231. Glossitis, orinflammationof the tongue, may be due to injuries of various kinds, such as putting a twitch on the tongue — which ought never to be done,— or giving strong medicinal agents, undiluted. Inflammation of the tongue may also arise from some unforseen cause, A B C PLATE XVril. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII. HORSE LAID OPEN, SHOWING ;- A. Temporal Artery. c. Bile Duct. B. Branch of Facial Nerve. d. The Stomach. C. Sub-maxillary Artery Vein and e. Spleen. Parotid Duct. /■ Posterior Aorta. D. Parotid Gland. g- Posterior Vena Cava. E. Division of Jugular Vein. h.h. Right and Left Kidneys F. Trachea or Windpipe. i.i. Ureters. G. Aorta. ft. Bladder. H. Anterior Vena Cava. I. Portion of the Rectum. I.I. Lobes of Lungs— Three on right ; m.m. Testicles. Two on Left. n. Cowper's Glands. K. The Heart. . 0. Penis. a.a. The Diaphragm. P- Urethra laid open. *.• Lobes of the Liver. r. Fossa in Glans Penis. 89 and I have seen this occur on several occasions, hoth in horse and cow, when the inflammation has been so extensive, and the tongue so much swollen, and so hard, that the mouth was pressed open with the tongue protruding out of the front of the lips for four or five inches, while saliva ran from the mouth, and the animal breathed with great difficulty, being, in fact, so threatened with suffocation that tracheotomy had to be performed. These cases are, as a rule, not noticed until the disease is so far advanced that there is no chance of any successful treatment, for the mouth is so full with the swollen tongue that medicine cannot be administered. Treatment : In such cases, the tongue has to be scarified — that is, cut by plunging a lancet or a very sharp pen-knife into the protruding portion, and the mouth washed with boracic antiseptic lotion — (see Appendix), — the lotion being injected into the mouth with an enema syringe. The tongue, in many instances, also becomes hard or indurated from chronic inflammation of its substance and when in this state has to be scarified with the lancet, and dressed daily with tincture of iodine. 232. The Fraenum — the guide or bridle of the tongue — is the membrane by which the tongue is attached to the lower jaw, and occasionally it is torn by the bit getting under the tongue, and being roughly pulled at by the rider or driver. I have seen some bad cases of this kind. For Treatment : Keep the bit out of the mouth- until the parts are healed, and wash the mouth, night and morning, with the boracic acid lotion (see Appendix.) 233. Ulcers on the tongue are sometimes met with in the horse, and are generally due to injuries occasioned by the sharp edges or irregular wear of the teeth. Cows and sheep suffer from this even more than horses {see Digestive Organs, Part II. — Foot and Mouth Disease.) For Treatment : Wash the mouth with the boracic acid lotion, and, if the teeth are at fault, dress with the tooth rasp. (Lecture VII. — Teeth.) 234. Dogs and Cats frequently pick up needles and pins, or sharp bones, which penetrate the tongue. The animal shows signs that something is wrong in the mouth, by rubbing the floor with the cheeks, or poking the side of the face with the fore paws, the saliva, go at the same time, running from the mouth. When this is noticed, examine and remove the offending object. A common cause of injury to the tongues and mouths of horses and cattle is due to the administration of drugs — such as turpentine and ammonia — in unsuitable vehicles. Turpentine should be given in linseed oil, or, if oil is not handy, milk makes a good substitute, or it may be beaten up with eggs and water. Never give turpentine in cold water ; but ammonia, on the other hand, should be diluted with plenty of cold water, when administered. If strong ammonia has been administered by mistake, wash the mouth out with vinegar and water. Spirits, such as whisky, should always be diluted with the same quantity of cold water, for I have known of extensive injury having been done to the mouth, by giving raw spirits. The tongues of horses and cattle are often injured by thorns, pins, needles, bones, or broken teeth ; and are also affected by morbid growths, such as actinomycosis. 235. Actinomycosis, or wooden tongue, is developed from the "ray fungus," a small vegetable organism. It usually attacks the thick part of the tongue, also the bones of the upper and lower jaw, but the tongue is the principal organ affected. In the cow, which is the animal most subject to the malady, as the case progresses, the patient will be found rolhng that organ about, holding its nose slightly up when attempting to swallow, and seeming to have great difficulty in getting the food passed between the molar teeth, or rolled about for mastication. Saliva also flows freely from the mouth, the patient loses flesh rapidly, but, as a rule, is not hidebound ; and, on examining the mouth, the tongue is found to be very much enlarged, and hard in places, causing considerable loss of power. 236. In the Treatment of actinomycosis, iodide of potassium, given in two-drachm doses, night and morning, in a pint of cold water ; scarifying the tongue with a sharp knife ; and also applying tincture of iodine to the indurated parts, occasionally has a good effect, but, from my experience, the sooner the beast is slaughtered the better. One peculiar case I had was a cow that was losing flesh very fast. Her lower jaw was constantly on the move, and the tongue was hanging 91 partly out of the mouth, as if paralyzed. Saliva flowed freely, and there was frothing round the lips, presenting in fact all the symptoms of something sticking amongst the teeth, or in the tongue, or an attack of actinomycosis ; but examination showed that neither was the case. At times she fed, but swallowed with great difficulty ; never chewing the cud, and occasionally vomiting the food. I ordered herto be slaughtered, when a large darning-needle was found sticking in the passage between the second and third stomachs. Yet, the animal neither swelled, nor had any cough. 237. Stomatitis Pustulosa. — Young calves, five or six weeks after birth, also sheep and lambs, occasionally suffer from small enlarge- ments, resembling carbuncles, which form on the tongue and on the inside of the cheeks, terminating in ulcers, with thick granular matter at the bottom of them. Occasionally the outside of the cheeks are enlarged, when a quantity of frothy saliva flows from the lips, and the little animal does badly. These enlargements are thought by many to be due to drinking hot milk. On looking into the mouth, ulcers will be seen on the inside of the cheeks, corresponding with the enlarge- ments on the outside. Treatment : When the thick granular matter is seen, it should be scooped out, and the wounds dressed with tincture of iron and water, or boracic acid lotion, while 30 grains of chlorate of potash may be given, with advantage in the milk, night and morning; or table- spoonful doses of Parishes' food, which is recommended to be given once a day, with two table-spoonfuls of cod-liver oil. The external application of iodine ointment {see Appendix) to, the enlargements, generally has good effect. 238. Aptha or Thrush. — Young calves and lambs are also subject to this complaint. On examining the mouth, sometimes numerous small blebs, or vesicles are seen, filled with a thin watery fluid, which leave Httle ulcers when they burst. In other cases, the mouth is very red and hot, with the mucous lining peeling off, and this prevents the young animals from sucking and feeding, while, in cases of the lamb, it sometimes affects the teats of the dam, and sets up inflammation of the udder. Thrush is generally thought to be due to some 92 derangement of the digestive organs. Treatment : For lambs, two scruples each of carbonate of magnesia, carbonate of soda, powdered rhubarb and powdered ginger, should be given in a little cold water, night and morning; and for calves, double the above dose may be given, also the mouth should be washed with the boracic lotion, two or three times a day (see Appendix). Further, place blocks of rock salt on the pastures, for the animals to lick, or in the manger for the calves. 239. The Pharynx, or throat, (Plate XVII., No. 4) like the mouth and tongue, is subject to injuries of many kinds. For example, the horse may choke by some food sticking just at the top of the gullet ; or pharyngitis may occur. This is sometimes the effect of some foreign body irritating the pharynx ; at others it is the accompaniment of a severe cold. When the throat becomes much congested and inflamed, the animal is unable to swallow, and, on attempting to drink water, a portion is returned through the nostrils. If the inflammation is at all persistent, the chances are that the horse will ultimately become a " roarer." In very severe cases, where the effusion, or cedema, has so swelled the inside of the throat that there is a danger of asphyxia, tracheotomy has to be performed. This is done by cutting out a portion of two rings of the windpipe, in front, and inserting a tube, suitable to the size of the animal. Treatment : In cases of a mild character, stimulating embrocations, or mild blisters — {see Appendix) — may be applied round the throat, from the root of one ear to the root of the other, and three-drachm doses of chlorate of potash, with two table-spoonfuls of treacle, should be given in a sloppy mash of bran, night and morning. Some years ago, I had a very severe case, which had been under the care of an unqualified man, who treated it for influenza. On examination, I found a large thorn, composed of three branches, the middle one about ten inches long, and the two shorter ones each about seven inches in length, sticking in the throat. This I pulled out, after it had been there three weeks; but the animal eventually turned a "roarer," when I performed tracheotomy. The horse is still alive, is wearing the tube, has done well ever since, and worked daily for the last twelve years. 93 240. Cattle — particularly shorthorns — suffer very much from scrofulous or tubercular abscesses, or masses of matter, between the back of the throat and neck bones — post-pharyngeal abscesses. These cause the animal to make a great noise — a kind of snoring — in the breathing, so much so, at times, that tracheotomy has to be performed, thus allowing free respiration, until the abscess is ready to open, which may be done through the mouth. I have operated on a number of these cases through the mouth, with the small finger Embryotomy knife. As soon as the patient is better, it should be fattened right away, and sent to the butcher. Tumours, with long necks — polypi — are also found in the throat, producing somewhat similar symptoms to the abscesses just described, but they are readily twisted out by the hand. 241. Choking. — Some horses, especially those that are greedy feeders — if the corn is not carefully spread Out on the bottom of the manger — will take too big a mouthful, and choke themselves. Sometimes a piece of turnip or potato sticks in the gullet, but this is very rare in the horse. The symptoms of choking in the horse are rather peculiar ; the animal stands in a crouching position with the hind legs forward under the belly, while the head and neck are extended, and saliva flows from the mouth, the nose is pointed up and straight out, with the back of the head seemingly pulled backward and down giving a remarkable convexity to the lower portion of the neck. The action of the muscles of the neck every now-and-again gives the impression that the patient is trying to eject the lodgment, and the horse occasionally gives a peculiarscream, and falls down on the knees. In this case, all that can be reached by the hand must be removed, and the animal given a drench of warm water, or, better still, thin oatmeal gruel, which induces the action of the gullet. Cattle, however, are more subject to choking than horses. They foam at the mouth, and soon begin to swell up on the left side, switching the tail and stamping the feet, and this action is accompanied by diarrhoea. Treatment : If the obstruction — usually a potato or turnip — can be felt, an attempt should be made to work the foreign substance up again into the mouth, by putting one arm round the cow's neck, and with the fingers on each side of the 94 gullet, below the offending body, pressing it firmly and forcibly into the mouth. If this method does not succeed, and the object cannot be withrawn by the hand, the turnip-rope may be used. This should always be done very carefully, and not in a hurry, especially if the animal resists. Should there be a quantity of gas in the stomach, and the patient much swolleuj it may die a mechanical death, owing to the pressure of the the gas on the diaphragm, the lungs, and heart, before it can be relieved. If there is any likelihood of this happening, the stomach must be punctured, so as to liberate the gas. This may be done with a trocar and canula, or, in extreme cases, even with a knife, by plunging it into the stomach, half-way between the last rib and the haunch-bone, on the left side, then turning it crosswise, when the gas will rush out. A little treacle and brown paper, placed over the opening in the side, as soon as the knife is withdrawn, is all that is required for the wound made, and it is seldom that any bad effects follow. 1 have met with cases where the offending body has dropped into the stomach, after the pressure of the gas was removed. 242. The CEsophagus, or gullet, is subject to stricture and dilatation, as well as to the formation of tubercular tumours ; and to injuries by pins, wires, and needles becoming fixed. All these cause periodical swellings on the left side, the same as in choking, and are very troublesome. The probang, or turnip-rope may be passed several times a day, but the treatment scarcely ever produces satisfactory results. 243. Derangement of the Stomach of the horse arises from many causes, such as injudicious feeding, or over-feeding with too much badly cooked food, as, for example, boiled wheat and barley, neither of which should be left to cool and then warmed up again — a common and very dangerous practice with many— as it turns sour and ferments. Wheat and barley should always be used newly boiled. Another cause of stomach derangement arises from the animal bolting the food without chewing it, thus preventing the food being properly mixed with the salivary secretions, and, consequently, fermentation, or generation of 9.5 gases takes place, which may even distend the stomach till it ruptures. Colicky, griping pains may be present ; but occasionally cases are met with when no such symptoms are shown, the animal standing quite still, hanging its head, blowing fast, and having its stomach greatly distended. If this is not quickly relieved, the mechanical pressure of the gas may cause death by suffocation. Treatment : In such cases, at the commencement, one or two ounces of bicarbonate of soda should be given in a pint of water, with half a pint of whisky ; this may neutralize the gas, and give the stomach a fillip as well ; or two to four ounces hypo-sulphite of soda dissolved in one pint of cold water, given with two ounces of essence of ginger has a good effect. Should this not give relief, then the gas will have to be drawn off with a fine trocar and canula [Plate LI., No. 5) which has to be passed in, on either side (preferably the right), between the last rib and haunch ; on the trocar being removed, the gas escapes through the canula, giving instantaneous relief. This operation should be done by a professional man. 244. Rupture of the Stomach. — This fatal lesion is occasionally the result of some of the causes named in the preceding paragraph (No. 243), and may take place with or without inflammation. In old subjects it is thought to be due to degeneration of the walls of the stomach, but one of the principal causes is when the stomach is much distended with gas from fermentation of the food, and the patient throws itself about, as in colic. When the rupture takes place, there is a sudden and great prestation of the animal, breathing is short and quick, nostrils are dilated, a cold clammy perspiration bedews the body, accompanied by trembling and quivering of the muscles, particularly of the fore limbs, heavy sighs, and seeming fear to move, in fact the animal stands obstinately until it drops and dies. Sometimes volumes of gas are to be seen regurgitating up the gullet towards the mouth, and in some cases there is an attempt to vomit, but I have met with several cases where both regurgitation of gas and vomiting have been seen without any rupture, and the cases have recovered. When rupture takes place, nothing can be done ; the great point is to try to prevent it. First and foremost try judicous feeding, then, when cases 9.6 of intestinal disturbance, with colicky pains and gas distention of the belly are observed, lose no time in getting the patient relieved, by administering the medicinal agents named in paragraphs 243 and 250. {See also appendix.) 245. Stomach Staggers in the Horse.— In hot, dry weather,, more particularly on hilly ground, where there is a second year's growth of rye grass, the horse is sometimes attacked with this malady. As in cattle suffering from the same complaint, too early ripening of rye grass is supposed to be the cause. The horse has an unsteady gait, as if about to fall, first on one side, and then on the other, swinging its head backwards and forwards. If in the stable, it may be found with its nose pressed on the bottom of the manger, and forehead against the wall, or steadying itself, with the nose fixed between the bars of the hay-rack. The breathing is slow and laboured, and the pulse full and slow. With its simple, single stomach, the horse is much better to treat than the cow. Treatment : From four to six quarts of blood may be taken, to relieve the acute symptoms, which, with a four to six drachm dose of aloes {see appendix — Physic Balls) usually sets matters right. For treatment of cow, see Part II. 246. Indigestion is common both in horses and cattle, but more particularly in the former, especially those that are being fed up for shows or for the market, and it generally occurs from over-feeding. The horse shows no pain, but simply loses its appetite. Treatment: Give 3 drachms of aloes, with 3 drachms of bicarbonate of soda, in the form of a ball, when, if the animal does not pick up, mineral and vegetable tonics may be resorted to. (See appendix.) The best thing, however, is to let the animal find out its own tonic. In one case which came under my care, the horse had been given all sorts of tonic medicine without any good effect, and finally selected for itself the young shoots of thorn trees, eating these with a great relish, whilst it would take no other food, unless mixed with these. They were evidently just the fillip the stomach was in need of ; the tannic acid contained in the thorn, being the very thing nature required; since that time, in the spring and summer months, I have used them with 97 great success, chopping them up and giving them, mixed with dry oats and bran. In other cases, the animals will fancy the green parts of gorse (common whins), and in winter or early spring, when an animal — the horse in particular — is slowly recovering from some debilitating complaint, such as influenza, &c., and very shy about taking its food, whins chopped up and mixed with its food answers splendidly, or a good stem, cut with a quantity of bushy sprigs on it, hung up in the box, for the animal to pick at when inclined, will induce a sickly horse to eat when all other things have failed. 247. Crib-biting is not really a disease, but a form of indigestion, or merely a bad habit. The horse gets hold of the side of the crib, the bar of a gate, or any other handy object, with its teeth, and by arching its neck, gulps in air, thus filling the stomach with wind. This habit is often due, in the first instance, to idleness. The front portions of the incisor teeth of horses with this habit get gradually worn round, but this is also seen in horses that bite at the manger or stall on being groomed. The best remedy I know of, is to use the new iron fittings (made by Musgraves, Belfast) in which the front of the crib is of iron, and too broad for the horse to get a hold of. Brick troughs, with a broad mould on the top ; a strap round the neck ; or feeding the animal from the ground, are all useful, and worthy of a trial. 248. Windsucking in the horse is a similar complaint to crib- biting, and is also a bad habit. To test a horse for windsucking, the following can be tried : — Put a handful of soft sugar into the animal's mouth, and leave it for ten minutes or so. If a windsucker, you will generally find it standing with its nose elevated, its neck strangely arched, and making a peculiar and distinctly characteristicnoise, or the tongue may be noticed curled and protruding in front of the lips, and the animal sucking for dear life. Some horses only show the habit when a sloppy mash is given to them, when they suck in the air with the mash, making a peculiar noise. Crib-biting and windsucking are both considered an unsoundness. 249. Ulceration of the Stomach is happily rare, and when it occurs there are no positive symptoms. The horse does not vomit in H 98 such cases as does a human being, but drops off its food ; it loses flesh, shows no pain, becomes hide bound, with a staring, dirty coat ; is languid ; and finally dies. Treatment is of little use. Sub-nitrate of bismuth may be given night and morning, in two drachm doses, with vegetable tonics ; or 25 drop doses of strong hydrochloric acid, in one pint of cold water, night and morning, can be tried. I have seen three cases, but they did no good under treatment. 250. Gastritis, or inflammation of the stomach, is commonly caused by eating rough, coarse, indigestible food, and from the effect of mineral poisons, such as arsenic, or mercurial salts ; or it may be induced by drinking water, charged with free sulphuric acid, sulphate of iron, or strong alkalies ; or by feeding on mouldy grain ; while, at other times, it is due to worms and bots. It usually proves fatal in a very short time. The horse shows great pain, lying down, rolling about, and perspiring freely, with no intervals of rest ; the nostrils dilating widely, and are red inside ; the under side of the eyelid is also dark red ; the breathing is fast and heavy ; whilst there is an anxious look in the face. The animal soon becomes exhausted, trembling all over, with cold clammy sweats, and finally drops and dies. Treat- ment : To relieve the pain, four ounces of laudanum, in a pint of hnseed oil, may be given at once ; blankets, wrung out of hot water, should be rolled round the body, with a piece of stair carpeting wound above them. But professional advice ought to be sent for at the very onset, as hypodermic injections of morphia and atropine are very beneficial in this complaint. 251. If the inflammation and subsequent death is due to a mineral poison, such as arsenic, or to strong mineral acids, or to alkaline poison, the post mortem shows the inside of the stomach raised up, swollen, and of a ripe red plum colour ; ulcerations may also be present, whilst the pain evinced during life will have been excruciating and acute. But when it is due to the fungi of mouldy grain, the pain is slight, with occasional colicky pains, and a quick small pulse. The horse, in these cases, sometimes lingers on for days in a dull, listless, sickly fashion, occasionally affected with partial paralysis. The post 99 mortem exhibits patches of congestive inflammation of the stomach, and of the intestinal canal. In vegetable poisoning, such as from eating rhododendron, yew, &c., the half-dried twigs of which are more dangerous than the green growing branches, the animal exhibits little or no pain, but suffers greatly from sickness, accompanied by coma, whilst death is very sudden. Treatment : Give half-pint doses of brandy, mixed in one pint of hot coffee ; or a table-spoonful of carbonate of soda and one wine-glassful of aromatic spirits of ammonia, given in one pint of cold water, every five or six hours, and followed up by one pint of raw linseed oil. The post mortem in cases of vegetable poisoning reveals the lining of the stomach to be much paler than normal, without any signs of inflammation, unless the plants are of an acrid nature, when congestive inflammatory patches .are seen. Further reference is made to vegetable poisoning in the Sixth Lecture — The Digestive Organs, Part II. 252. Bots (Plate XXXVII., Nos. 7, 8, S;.- Amongst horses in the country, the stomach is very often infested with these small grubs — the larvae of the gad-fly — (much resembling the bumble-bee), which deposits its eggs at hay and harvest time, in little yellow tenacious spots on the horse's fore legs or shoulders. The eggs are hatched by the heat of the body, and this causes an itching sensation at the root of the particular hair to which each egg is attached ; in consequence of this, the horse licks the parts, and the ova, thus gaining the mouth, pass into the stomach, and fasten themselves on to the cuticular, rarely the villous, portion of it. It is only in the horse's stomach that these larvae will develop, this being their proper winter habitat. Here, then, the ova turn into larvae, or grubs, which, when spring comes again, loosen their hold, pass away with the faeces, and fall upon the ground, when they turn into chrysalides, and, in due course of time, form the perfect fly — CEstrus Eqiii— ready to perform another circular tour. A large number and variety of medicines have, from time to time, been tried, yet there is no real known remedy for bots. They seldom cause the death of a horse, as nature thickens the coats of that part of the stomach to which they are attached, so that they cannot get through. Sometimes, however, after leaving the stomach. and in their passage through the intestines, they may attach themselves to the lining membrane, and set up irritation, and inflammation of the bowels, which might kill the horse. When present in large numbers, and attached to the inner coat of the stomach, they, however, cause the horse to lose flesh greatly, during the Winter and Spring months. The best method for their removal is to give the animal some new grass, when the bots, if they are fully developed, seem to realise by their natural instinct, that it is time for their next transformation — that is, into chrysalides — to take- place, and begin to pass out. (For symptoms and treatment, see par. 254). The best preventive to be adopted is to run a horse-singeing lamp over the legs and shoulders of the horse, in harvest time, as soon as the little tenacious yellow spots are seen. 253. Worms. — Parasites found infesting the various organs and parts of the bodies of domestic animals may be said to be legion. For a full description of the different kinds, their names,habits,size,form,&c.. Dr. Fleming's translation of Neumann's Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of Domesticated Animals can be consulted with interest. Some of the most common worms found in the intestines of the horse are the Nematoda, or round worms. The common parasites are ist. The Ascaris Megalocephala (Ascaris Lumbricoides), a large round white worm varying from seven to sixteen inches long, found in the stomach and small intestine. It is also common to the ass and mule. 2nd, Oxyuris Corvnla, a small curved worm, from one and a half to two inches long, thick and curved at the front with a fine pointed tail, found in the large intestine, and generally known as the maw-worm. 3rd, The Strongylus Armatus, or armed strongyle, a straight worm, in length from one to two inches, and although mostly found coiled up in the walls of the large intestine— Cacum and Colon— and in the intestinal canal, it is also found in the blood-vessels, scrotum, &c., and is one of the most numerous of the parasites found in the horse. 4th, Strongylus Tetracanihtis, a spindle-shaped worm, varying in size up to one and a half inches in length, and found embedded in the mucous membrane of the intestinal canal. 254- Any one, or a combination of the above-named worms may be present in large quantities in the alimentary canal without causing any disturbance or derangement to the system, and without any external sign to denote their presence ; but when really very numerous they cause great emaciation, particularly during the Winter and early Spring months, when the following symptoms may be noticed : Staring coat; irregular appetite ; dulness ; languor; legs trailed on moving ; belly tucked up, with occasional diarrhoea, and a great loss of flesh. If, on examination, nothing can be found to account for the poor anaemic condition of the horse, it may be concluded that worms are the cause — more particularly if the animal has been out grazing on an unsound pasture, or if the Autumn months have been wet. Tape Worms are rarely found in the horse. Treatment. — Two ounces of turpentine mixed with one pint'of linseed oil can be given every seventh or eighth day — until four doses are given — and in the interval, give nightly one tablespoonful each of flowers of sulphur and common salt. When the animal is very much emaciated, one drachm doses of sulphate of iron may be added with great advantage (see Appendix), and good nutritious food, such as boiled barley and bran, eggs and milk mixed, also linseed jellies should be given, with milk to drink. The strength must be kept up by nutritious and easy digestible foods. 255. From personal observation, I am led to hold the opinion that the ova or eggs from which some of these parasites are developed are deposited on the ground, along with the dung, during the Summer months, and that they undergo some transformation outside of the body of the host, in which they are fully developed. For after wet seasons, horses out at grass during August and September are generally found affected with worms and parasites, which show their effects in Winter and early Spring. November is, therefore, the proper time to treat such cases, before they become too well developed. One table- spoonful each of flowers of sulphur and common salt should be given in a mash of oats and bran, once every day for a fortnight, both in the stable and at grass. The land on which the animal feeds should be dressed with a quantity of roughly-crushed rock salt, say eight to ten cwt. per acre. Although salt is the best and safest germicide we 102 have in nature, not nearly enough of it is applied to the land. Every year, the above quantity, at least, should be put on the grazing land, lea ground, and the meadows. This will not only check parasitic diseases in horses and cattle, but will also prevent many of the insect ravages and diseases of crops ; as for example, anbury, or club root, in turnips. But to do good, a continued annual application is required. 256. Colic [Plate XIX., A .) is of two kinds — Spasmodic and Flatulent, or the two may be combined. Spasmodic Colic is caused by spasm or cramp of the muscular coat of the intestines, more particularly the small intestine. It arises from a variety of causes, such as drinking cold water when the animal is heated ; improper food, such as wet grass ; roots ; worms ; sudden chills, &c. "When first attacked, the horse wriggles the body from side to side ; sniffs the ground ; paws with its fore feet ; cringes on its hind legs ; bends its knees, and then throws itself down ; rolls about ; balances itself on its back ; perspires freely ; and looks back at its side, and at times sits on its haunches like a dog. This may go on for a few minutes, or half an hour, when the pain leaves the animal for an interval, and it stands or lies perfectly quiet. In a short time, however, the pain returns again. No time must be lost in getting relief, as injury sometimes follows by the horse knocking itself about, or the spasm, if severe, may eventually terminate in a loop or knot in the bowel, or it may be telescoped, from the excessive contraction of the longitudinal and circular muscular fibres of the intestine. Treatment: From two to four ounces of laudanum, along with two ounces of turpentine, in a pint of linseed oil, may be given at once, and if no abatement is noticeable, repeat half the quantity of laudanum and oil in half an hour. Apply hot-water blankets to the belly, and give warm water injections. Bleeding, to the extent of six to eight quarts, has, in some cases, a very beneficial effect, but do not be too long in getting professional assistance, for hypodermic injections of morphia and atropine are here again of the greatest service {see Appendix). 257. Flatulent Colic is caused by the intestines becoming blown up by gas, generated from the fermentation of food, and occurs PLATE XIX. A.— HORSE IN COLIC. B.— CASE OF OBSTRUCTION OF THE BOWELS FROM CALCULUS IN LARGE COLON. 103 principally in the large intestines. The symptoms greatly resemble those of Spasmodic Colic, but, in addition, the animal is much swollen. If it is in great pain, a similar draught to that described under Spasmodic Colic may be given, and tobacco injections thrown into the rectum. (Unroll from eight to ten inches of twist tobacco, and put in a quart of boiling water, strain, and when as warm as new milk, i.e., 98° to 100° F., give as an enema). If this does not give relief, veterinary aid should at once be summoned, when, possibly, the intestines may have to be punctured to allow the gas to escape, as in Par. 243. Sometimes two ounces of bi-carbonate of soda, in a pint of water, with half a pint of whisky, will be found to answer very well, when the animal is not much pained. (For further Treatment, see Appendix.) Both Flatulent and Spasmodic Colic, if not attended to, may run on and terminate in enteritis, or fatally. 258. Enteritis, or Inflammation of the Bowels, is, as a rule, a very fatal disease in the horse, death frequently taking place in five or six hours. The symptoms, at the onset, are much the same as those exhibited in colic, with this exception, that in enteritis, there arc no intervals of rest, the pain being continuous. There is a peculiar dejected appearance, and an anxious expression on the animal's face ; the nostrils are dilated, and very red inside, and excessive perspiration covers the body, followed by cold, clammy sweats. At length, the pain disappears, the animal stands quietly, trembling, and sighing heavily ; the pulse, which at first was full and bounding, now becomes small, weak, and scarcely perceptible, when the patient finally drops and dies. 259. Numerous lesions of the horse's bowels also occur, such as large clots of blood found between the outer and inner walls of the intestines, the symptoms of which are of a sub-acute nature. Loops or Knots are also met with, and in these cases a rent has been made in the mesentery, or net — generally caused by the horse rolling and tossing about in colic — and through this a portion of the small intestine is pushed, becoming strangulated, and filled with dark, congested bloody fluid. The expression of pain, in such cases, is 104 something terrible to behold, the animal being dangerous to go near. Again, we have Twists occurring, where one portion of the bowel gets rolled over another ; but the pain here is not quite so violent as in Loops. Occasionally, through the presence of worms, or action of a spasm, a part of the small intestine becomes telescoped, that is, drawn inside the neighbouring part. I have a specimen invaginated to the extent of 23 inches (Plate XX., A). Here again, the pain, though acute, is not nearly so severe as in Loops. Tumours in the mesentery are sometimes formed, having a long neck, which gets twisted round apart of the small intestine, thus producing strangulation. All these are accompanied, as I have said, with more or less severe colicky pains, and, as a rule, terminate fatally. 260. The Treatment for Enteritis and lesions in the intestines is the same as recommended for Gastritis (par. 250), while hypodermic injections of morphia and atropine are most to be depended on. For a number of years, I have noticed in lesions of the intestines, that about an hour before death the animal commences to walk round and round incessantly, until it drops and dies, which symptoms I have not seen in inflammation of the stomach, or bowels, although large quantities of opiates have been given. 261. Large Intestine. — I have frequently met -wiih cases oi congestive infiamniation of the lining membrane of the large colon in which the walls of the intestine become intensely thick, and jelly-like. These cases, in my opinion, much resemble Weed (Lymphangitis), in the fore or hind legs, and may be induced by giving a horse affected with weed a large dose of aloes, which acting too strongly on the alimentary canal, causes the disease to shift from the leg to the bowels. I make it a rule, in very acute cases of weed, to use aloes very sparingly, and then only in solution, and combined with linseed oil. The large intestine may, however, be attacked with this inflammatory action primarily, and without Weed being present ; active treatment must then be adopted — sedative medicine, such as opium, hypodermic injection of morphia, with hot blankets round the body (par. 250). en H < X a J m 105 262. Concretions, or Calculi, occur in the large intestine, and, occasionally, are of a great size. They are composed of dust, and phosphate of ammonia, magnesia, or lime ; some are hard as a stone, and very smooth ; others are soft and convoluted. Millers' horses are most subject to these. As long as the calculi remain quiet in the pouches, or part of the intestine in which they were formed, no ill effects are seen ; it is only when displaced that they produce pain, and usually death. The symptoms exhibited resemble those of knots, twists, &c., (par. 259) but are not nearly so acute (Plate XIX., B). As a rule, in all cases of bowel displacement and obstruction, from calculi, the animal cannot keep injections, or drink water; in fact, it strains very much when enemas are given. 263. The following is an analysis of a calculus— one of six — passed by my own cob, " Quicksilver," and analysed by Professor Sibson, London : — Moisture Fatty Matter •Animal Matter 'Ammonia, Magnesia, Phosphate Lime Alkaline Salts Silica 15-24 traces 31 '50 traces .81 ■29 lOOOO 5.10 6'i9 171 •Containing Nitrogen, from Animal Matter and Combined Ammonia •Equal to Ammonia .. Specific Gravity March 2nd, 1894. The cob is still to the fore, and is 23 years old, full of fire, with plenty of " stamp, style, and fashion." It has never shown any symptoms of pain, nor ever been off its food. When in the stable, prior to passing the Calculi, I frequently found this animal standing in an oblique fashion in the stall, with its near hind leg forward, and the front of the off hind leg stretched across the back of the near shank, the toe of the off hind foot constantly in motion, until the stone into which the masterpost of the partition was fixed, as well as the oak-sword, or plate at the bottom of the partition, were worn away. All the balls io6 were passed within fourteen days, being found among the faeces. The largest one is 6^ inches in circumference, very smooth, and quite round. The cob has never had any medicine. 264. Calculi are of three kinds, viz. -.—Phospkatic, Oathair, and Mixed. The Phosphatic are those described above ; the Oathair, very large, and oblong in shape, are made up almost entirely of the beard of grain, are much convoluted, and are known as the " Mulberry " ; whilst the Mixed partake of the nature of both the foregoing, but are of various shapes and sizes, and only slightly convoluted. 265. Constipation is due to the large bowel becoming impacted with food, when the intestine loses tone and becomes partially paralysed. We may have it with or without flatulence. One of the greatest causes of constipation I have met with in the horse is a shght feed of new grass or clover — fog partially dried. The indications are slight colicky pains ; the animal lies down, and may remain quiet for three or four hours, occasionally screwing itself on its belly, getting up, stretching, and standing with the hind legs well backwards, taking a bite of food now and again, when the spasm of pain returns. Treatment ; A draught of from three to five drachms of aloes (according to the animal's size), in solution, mixed with one pint of linseed oil, is the best remedy. This should be accompanied by warm water injections given every two hours. In all cases of bowel complication, the symptoms at the onset are very much alike, and the great point is to get the animal relieved from pain as soon as possible, by administering sedatives, such as opium, chlorodyne, chloral, or, best of all, hypodermic injections of morphine and atropine. I have found the following to answer admirably : — carbonate of ammonia, chloral hydrate, four drachms each ; carbolic acid (B.P.), 30 drops; mix, and make into a ball, with the aid of linseed meal (see Appendix), and administer every four or six hours, if necessary. 266. Diarrhoea, or Purging. — This is a fluid or semi-fluid discharge of the contents of the bowels, and may be acute, sub-acute, and intermittent. Acute Diarrhoea in the horse is very rare, but very dangerous, and I07 may be due to some deleterious material, either in the alimentary canal or the system, and of which Nature tries to relieve herself by a. spontaneous diarrhoea, in which case the animal is very sickly and dejected — standing quiet, breathing quickly, pulse hurried and weak, tongue furrowed and breath foetid, the inside of the eye-lid is of a dirty orange colour, and great thirst is present ; the faecal discharge varies in colour, from dirty brown to grey, with a very offensive smell. Treatment — Great care is necessary, for if the diarrhoea is too suddenly checked, inflammation of the bowels may result, generally with a fatal termination, or, the irritation may be transmitted to the fore feet, and set up Laminitis — Founder. My treatment for this form of diarrhoea is to give one ounce each of carbonate of magnesia, carbonate of soda, aromatic spirits of ammonia, and essence of ginger, with half an ounce of laudanum or chlorodyne in one and< a half pints cold water (see Appendix), repeating the dose every four or six hours, if necessary, also using well-boiled oatmeal gruel strained through cheese-cloth or open seed -bag sacking; one quart of the warm strained gruel mixed with one quart of cold water being offered frequently to the patient to drink. When the animal shows signs of recovery, a handful of dry oats and bran mixed can be put before it, with a small quantity of well-drawn clover hay to pick. Sub-acute Diarrhoea may arise from injudicious feeding with improper food, or a too hearty draught of cold water when heated, or from eating wet grass, or from over excitement, particularly in long-middled, short-ribbed, narrow-made, washy-looking horses. Careful feeding of such animals is necessary, while the medicine mentioned under acute diarrhoea should be given. Intermittent Diarrhoea is seen in young animals when casting the crown of their molar teeth, or from the presence of worms in the alimentary canal. Examine the mouth and remove the crowns of the milk teeth, and give occasional doses of 15 oz. raw linseed oil, mixed with one to one and a half oz. turpentine, repeating once every sixth or seventh day till four or five doses are given. Superpurgation is often caused in the horse by giving an over-dose of purging medicine, and such frequently ends in Laminitis. Treatment in this case is the same as for acute diarrhoea. io8 267. Dysentery, or Bloody Flux, is known by a blubbery fluid discharge from the bowels, mixed with blood. Although very common in cattle, is very rare in the horse, at least in this country. (For Treatment see Appendix.) 268. Hernia, or Rupture, may take place at various points, as, for instance, the diaphragm may be ruptured, and a portion of the intestines be pushed through into the chest, such ruptures generally terminating fatally. Or, again, the " belly-rind " may become broken, and the intestines escape under the skin. In this case, sew a bandage tightly round the body, to support the bowels, until the rupture is reduced. 269. Scrotal Hernia is very common in young foals ; but in 95 per cent, of the cases, the bowel returns to its proper place before the animal is twelve months old. Another very common hernia is that of the navel — umbilical hernia, as it is called. The best remedy for this is to apply a special truss, when the foal is first taken from its mother ; or it maybe reduced by an operation. 270. The Rectum. — I have seen a number of cases where this intestine was damaged by a stick, or other foreign body, being passed up by malicious individuals, with the result that troublesome abscesses have formed, causing great swelling and straining. These cases are best diagnosed by passing the hand into the rectum, when the lesion may be felt. When full of matter — pus — they have to be cut into, through the walls of the bowel. The principal injury, however, is found in the mare, when, in being delivered, one of the foals' feet is pushed through the roof of the vagina into the rectum, resulting in a troublesome fistula ; or the rectum and vagina may be torn into one. In these cases there is, as a rule, extensive inflammation and sloughing of the parts. Occasionally we meet with cases of Eversion of the Rectum, caused by impaction through some error of feeding, when, on attempting to pass the' faeces, the rectum becomes turned out. In such cases, it must be well washed in tepid water and replaced at once, whilst warm water injections should be given three or four times a day. log dieting the animal on soft food, such as bran mashes, &c. When neglected, it mortifies, becomes black, and has to be cut off, which is rather a formidable operation. 271. Paralysis of the Rectum is occasionally met with, when the rectum becomes impacted with faecal matters, which the animal has no power to expel ; and this may be due to an injury to the spine or to degeneration of the muscular and nervous tissue of the walls of the bowel, or to fracture of the pelvic or tail bones. When first noticed, the external parts around the opening into the bowel under the tail is observed to be very much distended with the faeces and pressed out behind, may be to the size of a man's head ; yet, the patient, as a rule, feeds well, and shows little or no inconvenience. When this is seen, the faecal matter has to be removed by hand, about every four or five hours ; as the case advances, the bladder and penis become implicated, and the urine is seen dribbling on to the ground. The penis finally becomes pendulous, powerless, and swollen, when it has to be supported by a bandage round the body, for which an old lace or net curtain answers best. Treatment is, however, rarely successful, but drachm doses each of sulphate of iron and nux vomica can be given once a day, in a mash ; a blister applied to the loins ; and an infusion of oak bark injected into the bowel, once or twice daily, may also be tried, but, generally speaking, the animal has to be destroyed. THE DOG. 272. The arrangement of the alimentary canal of the dog is rather peculiar. The stomach is pear-shaped, slightly curved, and very simple ; the bowels are short, and nearly all of the same size, while the caecum is almost rudimentary. From the guzzling propensity of the majority of dogs, the crushing and bolting of partially chewed bones, and the cramming of the stomach with raw, putrid, filthy flesh, it is strange that the dog does not suffer more from derangements of the stomach and bowels. The great point in the dog's favour is that he can readily eject matters from an overloaded stomach. Although numerous writers have, from time to time, written at some length on the various no derangements and diseases of the stomach and bowels of the dog, I. can only say that in country practice they are very rare. Those that are mostly met with are Indigestion, Costiveness, Impaction of the Rectum, Diarrhosa, Worms, and Liver Disorders. 273. Indigestion is mostly seen in old, fat and pampered dogs. The symptoms are a morbid appetite, foul breath, and a great fancy for eating or chewing foreign bodies, such as rope, wood, rags, &c., accompanied by costiveness. When these are observed, the dog should be carefully watched, and sparingly and regularly fed. Treatment : The following tonic alterative medicine can be given — ten grains each of powdered aloes, rhubarb, bicarbonate of soda, and extract of gentian, made up into a small ball or pill and given once every other day, if necessary. The above dose is for an adult collie or spaniel, and larger and smaller doses ought to be regulated according to the age, size, and breed of the dog. 274. Costiveness. — The faeces of the dog are, as a rule, of a very dry nature, and usually expelled with a great amount of straining, due to the great fondness the dog has for eating bones, without a sufficiency of other food to counteract the dry costive effect. The symptoms are somewhat analagous to those given in the preceding paragraph {273), but on pressure being applied to the belly, with the fingers behind the ribs, the bowels feel hard and stiff, and pain is generally evinced. Treatment: Purgatives must be given with great caution ; the medicine named in par. 273 can be given, followed by small doses of syrup of buckthorn and castor oil, but the most reliance must be placed on enemas, and nothing is better than two ounces of glycerine mixed in half a pint of warm water, and injected into the bowels once every eight hours. 275. Impaction of the Rectum. — This arises from causes similar to those given in above paragraph {274), and a similar Treatment has to be adopted — only the hard impacted matter, which generally contains sharp pieces of bone, has to be removed with the finger, well oiled, assisted by the warm water and glycerine injections. Ill 276. Diarrhoea, or a discharge of the contents of the bowels in a fluid or semi-fluid condition, is often seen in the dog without any constitutional disturbance, and greatly depends on the what the animal has been eating. Treatment : Should the purgation become trouble- some, a dose of castor oil — from one tea-spoonful to two table-spoonfuls — with 5 to 30 drops of laudanum, according to age and size of dog, may be given ; this may be all that is required, but if necessary, follow up with 5 to 20 grains subnitrate of bismuth, 10 to 60 grains carbonate of soda, and 10 to 60 grains carbonate magnesia, according to age and size. Mix and give in a little warm milk twice a day. 277. Worms. — From the imcleanly feeding habits of the dog, the digestive organs become a veritable harbour for worms, of which there are a great variety. The kinds mostly met with are the Ascaris Marginata, or common round worm, and the Tape Worms. The Ascaris Marginata varies in size from two inches to six inches, and are generally found in the stomach and small intestines, while occasionally they are vomited up. Young puppies are frequently infested with these worms as early as a fortnight old and upwards, the eggs from which they are developed coming from the intestines of the mother. They get located under the tail and round the opening into the bowels, and are transferred from there to the teats by the tongue of the mother, and from there suckled into the stomach by the young puppies. For these young animals, small doses of Santonin — from half to one grain given every four or six days, in a little milk — answers best. 278. The Cystic Worms. — Taenia or Tape W^orms, of which there are several kinds, are numerous in the dog. Symptoms of the presence of worms vary a great deal ; sometimes constipation is present, at other times intermittent diarrhoea, variable appetite, loss of flesh, rough staring coat, gammy eyes, and a dry nose, in fact the animal is all out of sorts. Treatment : In all cases, particularly when the skin is much affected, a dose of worm medicine should be given. I have tried different kinds of formulas, but what I find to answer best is as follows : — Powdered areca nut, from 10 to 60 grains ; calomel, from half grain to three grains ; and tartar emetic, half grain to three grains, made into a ball with fluid extract of male shield fern, to be given after fasting, followed up with a dose of castor oil. 279. Liver Disorders. — {See Lecture VI., Digestive Organs, Part II.) THE PIG. 280. Considering the scarenging habits and the filthy conditions under which pigs are generally brought up, it is a great wonder they do not suffer more from affections of the digestive organs. The ailments most commonly met with are Gastritis, or inflammation of the stomach. Constipation, Diarrhma, Worms, and Protrusion of the Rectum. 281. Gastritis. — Inflammation of the stomach is generally caused by consuming irritating indigestible substances, drinking salt brine, the presence of worms, &c. When attacked, the animal is very restless, refusing all foods, vomiting, and has a great thirst, while sometimes the attack is accompanied by diarrhoea or constipation. Treatment; When constipation is present, small doses of castor oil in milk can be given every six or eight hours ; if the pain be severe, a tea-spoonful of chlorodyne and 5 to 10 drops of pure carbolic acid may be added ; warm water and glycerine enemas should be given every six or eight hours, and flannels wrung out of hot water ought to be rolled round the body, with a. waterproof covering above. When diarrhoea is present small doses of castor oil, containing from 20 to 30 drops of laudanum, should be given at the onset, followed up with 20 grains each of bismuth, bicarbonate of soda, magnesia, and cassia, given in a little warm milk, every six or eight hours, if required. Young pigs often suffer from gastritis when fed on unboiled or unscalded Indian meal ; when thus fed they are also liable to take fits; Indian corn meal or maize meal should not, therefore, be given to very young pigs. Sharps or parings, with bran, well scalded or boiled, answer better. 282. Constipation in pigs is generally caused by injudicious feeding, or through overfeeding on too much dry food. Sows that are close on pigging also often suffer both before and after parturition "3 from obstinate constipation. Treatment : If there is one thing more than another that I advocate for this ailment it is croton oil. I know of no other animal that can stand dosing with croton oil like the pig, and I have frequently given from 5 to 30 drops of croton oil, mixed with I to 2 ounces of olive oil and half a pint of milk. Warm water enemas must be given three or four times in the 24 hours, while two quarts of cold water in which a dessert-spoonful of bicarbonate of soda has been dissolved can be offered to drink, and this should be changed every four or five hours. 283. Diarrhoea, or Scour, is occasionally seen in the adult animal, and is generally the result of some offending matter in the alimentary canal or system ; in fact scour is at times nature's own cure. When seen, a dose of castor oil and laudanum may be given at the onset, followed up with bicarbonate of soda and bismuth {see appendix). Young pigs are great sufferers from Diarrhoea when sucking, and it is mostly due to damp floors, bad drainage, and scarcity of good dry bedding ; in fact, the want of good sanitation . Treatment : First clean out the sty ; thoroughly wash down the walls and floor with boiling water and carbolic acid ; then lime-wash the walls. A good dry bed should be made of short straw or chaff, and the mother given teaspoonful doses of bicarbonate of soda three times a day in her food. 284. 'Worms. — As a rule pigs do not suffer so much from worms in the intestinal canal as might be supposed, considering the animal's filthy habits ; there are, however, several kinds of worms found in the pig, the most common being the Ascaris Suilla, a worm, creamy white in colour and varying from three to seven inches in length, which is found in the stomach and small intestine, and is of the nematode or round worm order. Symptoms : When infected with worms, the animal is restless, and hide-bound, with the skin dirty, dry, and scaly, the belly is tucked up, and the back arched ; there is occasional diarrhoea, and vomiting, and, when the worms are numerous, convulsions or fits. Treatment : The medicines named for worms in the dog (par. 278) can be given in a little milk, or the powders can be mixed in castor oil and milk, and administered by the aid of a clog 114 with a wooden sole, or a strong shoe with a hole cut in the leather at the toe {see Plate LI, No. 3). Press the clog into the mouth of the pig, and pour the medicine inside, when it will be swallowed without the danger of choking. Daily doses of one to two teaspoonfuls of flowers of sulphur answer well for worms, while turpentine in doses varying from one teaspoonful to one tablespoonful mixed with oil and milk, or beaten up with an egg and given as described above also has a good effect. 285. Protrusion, or Eversion of the Rectum is sometimes met with in young pigs, but most frequently in sows after parturition. When seen, the parts must be thoroughly washed with tepid water and sanitas, smeared with extract of belladonna and returned, and then kept in its place by stiches of tape put across the opening. 286. Imperforate Anus. Calves, Lambs, and Pigs are occasionally born with the end of the bowel covered up, and blinded by a continuation of the skin over the opening. On manipulating with the fingers, the hard faeces are felt underneath. It is very easy, with a sharp knife, to cut through the skin into the canal, and to dress the wound daily with antiseptic mixture (see appendix) until the parts are healed, when the animal, as a rule, generally does well. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXL 1. Cavity of the Mouth, with 6 Molar Teeth. 2. Tongue. 3. Roof of Mouth showing Ridges. 4. Pharynx or Throat. 5. .Esophagus or Gullet. 6. First Stomach or Paunch. 7. ILeft Upper Portion of Paunch. 8. Right Lower Portion of Paunch, g. Spleen. 10. Second Stomach or Honeycomb 11. Colon. 12. Caecum. 13. Rectum. 14. Anus. 15. Bladder. 16. Neck of Bladder. 17. Vagina. 18. Turbinated Bones in Nostrils. ig. Entrance to Larynx. 20. Trachea or Windpipe. 21. Thyroid Glands. 22. Left Lung. 23. Diaphragm. 24. Sternum or Breast Bone. 25. Section of Udder. 26.26. Milk-collecting Ducts. 27. 27. Milk Sinus. 28. 28. Duct of Teat. SIXTH LECTURE. DIGESTIVE ORGANS.— PART II. 287. The organs of digestion in Ruminants, prior to the stomach itself, present few differences from those of the Non-ruminants. Certainly, the mouth does contain distinctions ; for whereas that of the horse has incisor teeth in both upper and lower jaws — six in each — cattle and sheep possess them in the lower jaw only, their place in the upper one being taken by a fibro-cartilaginous pad. Canine teeth are also only found in the lower jaw, and they closely resemble incisors in shape ; they are placed close to the corner incisors, there being no interval between canine and incisors as is the case in the horse. The tongue, too, is of a different shape, being short and pointed, and, instead of having a smooth surface, it is extremely roughened by little papillae. It is also the prehensile agent. The soft palate, though present, is much less developed than in the horse. When we come to the stomach, however, we encounter wide differences. Cattle and sheep have four stomachs, or, to be more precise, a stomach divided into four compartments. The 1st is the Rumen, or Paunch — Plate XXII. A.a.a.a. The 2nd is the Reticulum, or Honeycomb — Plate XXII. A.c. The 3rd is the Omasum, or Manyplies — Plate XXII, A.d. The 4th is the A homasum or True Digestive Stomach — Plate XXII. A .e. The first, second, and third stomachs are compartments for storing and preparing the food, more particularly the cellulose portions of it, for digestion by the fourth. 288. The First Stomach, The Rumen (Plate XXII., B.A.A.A.,), which is the largest of the four stomachs, and lies on the left side, occupies, in the adult animal, about three-quarters of the ii6 whole abdominal cavity. It has strong muscular bands running in the walls, in various directions, to assist and control its actions, and is very strong. It is also lined with cuticular membrane, which is studded all over with little projections, or papillae. 289. The Second Stomach, The Honeycomb (Plate XXIL, B.C.), which is the smallest of the four stomachs, is also lined with cuticular membrane, that is pitted all over with little cells, giving it a resemblance to honeycomb, and is covered with papillae. This stomach acts as a sort of sifting machine, as in it we find sand, stones, nails, pins, needles, and all sorts of foreign bodies — sifted out of the food before being sent to the third stomach. ago. The Third Stomach, The Manyplies (Plate XXII., B.D.), has its lining membrane arranged in a peculiar manner, forming a large number of leaves, or folds, hence its name, Psaltevium or Omasum — manyfolds, or manyplies. The leaves run lengthwise, and extend from one end to the other, one border being free, while the other is attached to the wall of the stomach. Between the large leaves there are smaller ones, all being covered with small projections, or papillee. The function of this stomach is to press and triturate the food before it passes into the fourth stomach. 291. The Fourth Stomach, The Abomasum (Plate XXIL, B.E.), is the true digestive stomach, and in the calf it is much the largest. The interior presents the appearance of large folds, running lengthwise over its surface, and this mucous membrane is soft, velvety, and of a pale pink hue. Here the food is chemically acted upon, as described in paragraph 224 — No. 5, Lecture V. 292. Rumination, or Chewing the Cud.— This process consists of returning the coarsely masticated food, stored in the Rumen, back into the mouth, to be there re-masticated and properly mixed with saliva. Some portions of the food are returned several times, whilst others only require one chewing. My view of rumination differs considerably from that of some other writers, and is as follows :— The animal fills the paunch with food of various kinds, principally of a bulky nature, taking PLATE XXII. No. 2. Internal appearance of Cow's Stomach. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIL No. 1. External appearance of Cow's Stomach. A.A.A.A. First Stomach, Rumen or Paunch. B. jEsophagus or Gullet, c. Second Stomach, Recticulum or Honeycomb. D. Third Stomach, Omasum or Manyplies, E. Fourth, True Stomach, or Abomasum. F. Pyloric Portion of Fourth Stomach. No. 2. Internal appearance of Cow's Stomach. A.A.A. First Stomach, Rumen or Paunch, showing Pouches, Muscular Bands, and Papillae. B. iEsophagus or Gullet laid open. c. Second Stomach, Recticulum, everted to show the honeycombed cell appearance. D. Third Stomach, showing the Leaves. E. Fourth Stomach, with its numerous folds. F. .Esophageal Canal leading to Fourth Stomach. G. .Esophageal Canal entering the Fourth Stomach. H. Small Intestine. 117 little or no trouble to masticate it. Then, when the animal has had its fill, it rests and commences to chew the cud. Small pellets or boluses are formed by the churning motion of the rumen. These pellets are then passed to the second stomach, where the fine portions, such as meals, cakes, and bran, are sifted out, and carried at once to the third stomach, while the rougher portions are formed into a bolus and thrown up the gullet, into the mouth, to be properly chewed and insalivated. This process over, it is again swallowed, and sent back into the paunch ; thus, some portions of the food are re-masticated several times, while foreign bodies, such as sand, nails, &c., as already mentioned, are left in the second stomach. My idea of this process originated many years ago, on performing Rumenotomy — that is, cutting into the stomach, and removing its contents. On putting my hand through the opening in the left side, I found in the upper and back part of the rumen a number of small pellets of food, varying in size from that of a nut to a good-sized apple, and, I came to the conclusion that, by the action of the muscular bands found in the walls of the paunch, these pellets were rolled up and carried over the top of the food lying in the bottom of the paunch to the second stomach, to be there sifted, as already stated (par. 289). None of the compartments, except the rumen, is large enough to hold all the cud that the animal chews, at once, and the second stomach, which is said by some to be the water bag, is so small that it would not hold a tenth part of the quantity of water which an animal drinks at a time. 293. The Small Intestine in cattle is much less in diameter than that of the horse, yet it is about twice as long, being about 140 feet in length. The large intestine is about 36 feet in length. The Caecum, or first portion of large intestine, is very simple, and oblong in shape, its free or blind end is rounded, and without any bands or furrows. It joins the colon at its other extremity, where it also receives the insertion of the small intestine. The Colon, or second portion of large intestine, is narrow and without bands or furrows, and is arranged in irregular coils, and finally ends in the Rectum. 294. Sheep. — The Alimentary canal in sheep resembles that of cattle throughout. DERANGEMENTS AND DISEASES OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL, AND ACCESSORY ORGANS. 295. — While in the horse, the large intestine is the organ most frequently affected ; cattle suffer principally from derangements and diseases of the four stomachs. 296. Hoven, or Tympanites. — This complaint is due to the distension of the rumen with gases, is of very frequent occurrence, and is both acute, chronic, and intermittent. The causes are many; but one, the most common, is due to cattle being turned on to the clover fog and gorging themselves. Hoven, from such a cause, is very acute and dangerous, and frequently fatal if not speedily relieved. Eating too much wet grass or frosted turnips, or drinking cold, frosted or snow water are also frequent causes of tympanites. For the Treat- ment of such cases, nothing answers better than one wine-glassful of turpentine in one pint raw linseed oil. Should this not give immediate relief, the patient must be punctured on the left side with a trocar and canula {see Plate LI., No. 6) ; if this instrument is not to be had, then plunge the large blade of a pocket knife into the stomach and turn it cross ways, when the gas will escape. Fermentation of food is another common cause, and nothing is worse for this than an over- feed of potatoes, followed by a hearty drink of cold-water. A beast that has unfortunately gained access to a potato heap, and gorged itself, should not be allowed any water for three or four days. It should be fed on small quantities of rough straw, as distension from this cause is extremely dangerous, the contents being of a yeasty character. Treatment in such a case is to adminster two ounces bicarbonate of soda in one pint of cold water and one pint of whisky ; or four ounces of hyposulphite of soda in the same quantity of water and spirit. If this does not give speedy relief, then the trocar and canula must be inserted into the side, and the hyposulphite of soda and water, as above, or a solution of chloride of lime, be injected into the stomach 119 through the canula by a small enema syringe. Choking with potatoes, turnips, &c., also causes the stomach to be distended with gas. {See par. 241.) When the animal picks up foreign bodies, such as stones, bones, leather, wood, &c.> or has tumours, abscesses, or hair balls in its stomach, there are periodical of intermittent distensions about every five or six hours. These are very difficult to treat. Tablespoonful doses of chloride of lime, in milk, or two ounces hypo- sulphite of soda, in water, at times gives relief in such cases. Sometimes the stomach becomes blown up from rupture, stricture, or dilatation of the gullet, or from a rent in the rumen. In these cases, the sooner professional advice is got, the better for the animal, and the owner as well. 297. Impaction of the Rumen. — Plenalvia. — Grain Sickness. — This derangement occurs in stall-fed animals, more particularly, if they have had an excess of dry food, such as meals (of doubtful quality), or frosted turnips. The walls of the stomach become paralysed, and their actions are suspended. Sometimes there is gas present, and the left side of the animal is seen to be distended. Symptoms : On pressing the fingers into the flank, between the last rib and haunch-bone, the stomach is felt to be full and hard, and at times slightly " drummy." The animal stands perfectly still, emitting a peculiar " grank," or "grunt." The head is extended, nose slightly lowered, and back arched, while there is a thoughtful expression on the face. The pulse may, or may not, be disturbed, but I have never seen any indication of colicky pains, as described by some. The appetite is entirely gone, and rumination is suspended ; while in the milch cow, the secretion is stopped. There is generally slight diarrhcea at the onset, but this soon stops, and then no faeces are passed for some days. Treatment : If gas is present, one pint of linseed oil and two ounces of turpentine should be given first, followed up in an hour or so by 10 to 16 ounces of Epsom salts, along with two ounces each of powdered ginger and sweet peppers, or other aromatics. These should be given in a quart of thin gruel, mixed with another pint of oil. Owing to the distension, the walls of the stomach become paralysed, and are unable to perform their function ; the derangement often being further aggravated by the I20 owner overdosing the animal with too many sickly purgatives instead ot administering vi?arm stimulating tonics and cordials, which are mostly required after the first purgative has been given. These cases require time and patience, as they are very difficult to manage. After all medicines have failed in this complaint, I have been very successful with an old-fashioned remedy, namely, 3 to 3^ pounds of fat bacon, cut up into small pieces, and boiled for two or three hours in water, along with the addition of 6 ounces of salt, then mixed with a quart of milk, and given as a drench. This must be put in with a horn— as indeed ought all cattle drenches — and a few gallons, or so, of bran or hay tea, or cold water should be placed for the animal to drink. I have rarely seen this mixture fail in having the desired effect, where no organic lesion was present, and I find it answers much better than repeated doses of raw linseed oil. 298. When the rumen has become very much impacted by the animal getting loose in the byre, and gorging itself with corn, or other foods, medicine has little or no effect. Good results are sometimes had by cutting into the stomach, on the left side, making an opening about six or eight inches long, and emptying the rumen with the hand. This operation is called Rumenotomy , and should be performed only by a fully qualified professional man, as there are several important points to be observed, before, during, and after the operation. When the rumen has been distended either with gas or food, and, after relief has been given it will be some considerable time before the stomach regains its normal tone, and the animal, therefore, has to be fed with great care and judgment. In such cases of distension, if the animal is a cow in calf, she is almost sure to abort. 299. Vomition or Vomiting, while not of frequent occurrence in either, is oftener found in cattle than the horse. It has been said that the horse cannot vomit ; but I have seen this occur, at least, on three occasions, when the animal dropped on its knees, pressed its nose on the ground, with side movements of the head, and food came out of both nostrils and mouth. There was no rupture of either the gullet or stomach, as the animals in question lived and did well for years after. At times, the feeding trough, in front of cattle, is found full of vomited matter. This derangement is generally due to foods containing an excess of starchy matter, as potatoes ; from chronic disease of the stomach ; or from obstruction of the small intestine. For Treatment : Ounce doses of bicarbonate or hypo- sulphite of soda, with half a pint of whisky, in water, three or four times a day, can be recommended, along with linseed jelly, or skim- milk, containing half-pint doses of lime-water, to drink. 300. The Second Stomach. — There are no set symptoms to indicate any derangement of this compartment. As already stated, it is a receptacle for all kinds of foreign bodies — some of which, such as darning needles, shawl pins, pieces of wire, occasionally pass through its wall, thence through the diaphragm to the lungs and heart (see Lecture VIII. on Circulation). In cases of derangement of the paunch the second stomach may also be implicated. 301. Indigestion, or Impaction of the Third Stomach. — Fardel Bound. — Cattle, when hard fed in stalls, or in spring, getting a chill at grass, or through eating a mixture of old, dead, and new spring grass, or the deciduous stipules, or " bud scales " falling from oak trees (" yak-buds," Cumberland,) frequently suffer from indigestion and constipation. Here rumination, the action of the bowels, and the secretion of milk, are suspended. The animal stands in an extremely stiff and listless fashion, emitting a continuous grunt and grinding its teeth, while on pressure being applied to the spine, behind the shoulders, it is likely to fall on its knees, uttering painful groans. The function of the manyfolds being stopped, the leaves of the organ become partially paralysed from impaction of the food. Any of the causes affecting the rumen may also occasion derangement of this pouch, and a somewhat similar Treatment must be adopted (pay. 297). Small doses of purgative medicine, with cordials (see appendix), and from 12 to 15 ounces of linseed oil, or castor oil, may be given, with advantage, every six or eight hours, following up this treatment by offering small quantities of rough oat-sheaf, dry hay, cabbage leaves, &c., to induce and encourage the action of the stomach. Occasionally foreign bodies, such as stones, nails, &c., find their way through the opening into this stomach, and stick there. I remember one case, in which a flat stone got tightly fixed in the entrance : the animal had a continuous dry, barking cough, held its head and nose straight out, and would not touch food or water. I ordered it to be slaughtered, and found the stone in the position named. The cough, in this instance, was reflex, caused by pressure on a branch of the Vagus nerve. In another case, five stones, a penny piece, and a nail were the instruments of obstruction. While in a third, a salmon fish-hook was fixed through three of the leaves of this compartment. Inflawmatioit of the first, second, and third stomachs is very rare, either in cattle or sheep. 302. The Fourth, or Digestive Stomach, suffers most from inflammation (Gastritis) and is frequently caused by the drinking of strong acids, or through mineral, alkaline, or fungoid poisons, &c. As already stated, the first three stomachs, being merely preparatory to, and sifting machines for, the fourth, are lined by cuticular membrane, resembling the outer skin, so that poisonous materials rarely have much effect on them ; but when the poison reaches the fourth stomach, with its fine velvety, mucous membrane, and digestive function, it soon establishes its action. I have known arsenic to have been taken by cattle, which showed no ill effect till the fourth and up to the eighth day, when the poisonous action set in, killing them in from four to six hours. The abdominal pain, perspiration, and excitement, in these cases, were something frightful to see ; the animals became quite frantic, then dropped down, and died suddenly. Drinking water from streams wherein coal wash has been discharged, is said to have an injurious effect on this stomach, causing great emaciation, hide- bound, diarrhoea, and, eventually, death. I have been engaged in several litigations relative to this, and must say that I have never yet found any injurious effects arise from cattle drinking the black coal water"; but should the washed material from the sides of the burning refuse banks adjoining the coal pit — charged, as it is with free sulphuric acid, and sulphate of iron — get into a stream, and animals be allowed to drink this water for any length of time. 123 chronic inflammation of this stomach, and of the bowels, with great emaciation and diarrhoea, is the result, followed by a slow lingering death, from inanition. Irritation and inflammation of this stomach is at times also set up, by the irritating husks of castor or croton beans, and other deleterious seeds having been incorporated in feeding cakes. Moulded cakes, particularly undecorticated cotton cake, have also a very injurious and frequently fatal action on this stomach. Small Worms — Strongylus Contortus, and other thread-like worms, which infest the lining membrane of this stomach, and intestines of both cattle and sheep, also cause great irritation, exhaustion, diarrhoea, and extreme emaciation, and this is particularly the case in young animals, in cold wet seasons (par. 312). Treatment : — First find out the cause, and if possible remove it, and follow the recommendation laid down in paragraph 250. The post mortem appearance of the stomach resembles that exhibited in the horse, as noted in paragraph 251 . 303. Lead Poisoning is sometimes met with, and is caused by the animal picking up spent bullets near rifle ranges, or grazing on lands near lead-smelting works, but it is most frequently seen on pastures where town rubbish has been spread, or where the scrapings of paint tins and tea lead have been deposited ; sometimes it is due to the animal getting to tins of white lead and eating the contents. I have seen three cases from this latter caiise. The salts of lead are very sweet, and cattle eat them with great relish. Lead poisoning is both acute and chronic. In the acute cases the attack is sudden, and resembles stomach staggers [par. 305) at first, or the latter stages of milk fever, [Lecture X., Nervous System), accompanied by paralysis and coma. Treatment is generally of very little avail ; sixty-drop doses of sulphuric acid, largely diluted with cold water, might be pumped into the stomach, to act on the lead chemically, and form the insoluble sulphate of lead ; and this should be followed up by half-pint doses of raw linseed oil, every six or eight hours. In chronic lead poisoning, the animal just dwindles away, blue lines being noticed round the gums. Thirty-drop doses of sulphuric acid, with one drachm of sulphate of quinine, given in one pint of cold water twice a day, is in such cases useful. 124 304- Vegetable Poisons. — Plants of a poisonous nature are many, and, considering their distribution, it is astonishing that there are not more fatal cases. Some of the most common and well-known poisonous plants are as follows : — Hemlock {Conium Maculatum). Fools' Parsley {/Ethusa Cynapium). Water Hemlock or Cowbane {Ciciita Virosa). Water Dropwort or Dead Tongue {CEnanthe Crocata). Deadly Nightshade {Atropa Belladonna). Fox Glove {Digitalis Purpurea). Monkshood [Aconitum Napellus). Yew Tree {Taxus Baccata). Rhododendron (Ponticum). The half-dried twigs of the yew tree and rhododendron, as already stated, are more acute and dangerous than the green branches (par. 251). The water dropwort, or dead tongue, is sometimes mistaken for the water hemlock, or cowbane, both plants are, however, poisonous to cattle, and great care should be taken, when ditches are being cleaned out, that the roots of these plants are gathered, dried and burnt, as when half dried, cattle are very fond of them. The green leaf of the foxglove, in the winter months, when the ground is covered with snow, is also dangerous to sheep, and should be cut down and removed from pastures on which sheep are grazing. Vegetable poisons usually proye fatal on account of the peculiar arrangement of the stomach compartments of cattle and sheep, which permits of large quantities of the poisonous material being gathered before the poisonous action is established, thus rendering treatment of little avail. The symptoms of, and treatment for, vegetable poisoning are discussed in paragraph 251 . Acorns. Although pigs eat acorns with impunity, yet when taken in excess by horses and cattle they are very dangerous, causing indigestion and, at times, death. When plentiful, they should be gathered off the ground. 305. Stomach Staggers is most frequently seen in the summer months, more particularly in dry seasons, and where cattle are grazed on hilly pastures, or on first and second years' crop of seed grass ; it is not nearly so rife on old-laid pastures. It is thought to be caused by the rye-grass aborting, or seeding prematurely, but an overfeed of green rye corn will cause the identical same symptoms. No doubt, the heat of the sun, and the dryness of the grass, in the first place have much to do 125 with it, through inducing acute indigestion with head symptoms ; while in the second place some peculiar chemical action seems to take place just when the rye is blooming, so that if large quantities are consumed about this time, the rye has a peculiar toxic action, producing delirium, followed by coma. Symptoms : If a milch cow, she suddenly drops off her milk ; stops feeding and chewing the cud ; the hair looks dingy and on end ; the sides appear flat, the belly tucked up, and the patient is very listless. This goes on for 36 or 48 hours, when the pupil of the eye is noticed to be dilated, and the eye has a starry appearance ; the breathing is slow and heavy, and the animal stands over on its fetlocks. At the commencement, there is slight diarrhoea, followed by consider- able constipation, due to the want of nervous energy in the stomachs and bowels. If large doses of purgative medicine have been given, there may be a watery discharge from the bowels, but little or no faeces. At this stage, the animal begins to press its head against the wall, and snores loudly ; or, when let out, seems quite blind, rushing forward or backward, and tumbling over any object which may be in the way. Treatment : The administration of strong saline purgatives, such as Epsom or Glauber's salts, are to be strongly condemned. In the first stages, raw linseed oil, in from 8 to 10 ounce doses, mixed with one drachm of quinjne and a teacupful of whisky, should be given every six or eight hours ; plenty of boiled gruel, linseed jelly, and bran, or hay tea and cold water, should be offered the animal to drink, the object being to get some food into the stomach, to neutralize, or, at least, modify, the action of that which is causing the complaint. Once the patient begins to press its head against the wall, the best plan is to have it slaughtered. 306. As already stated, the arrangement of fhe intestines of cattle is quite different to that of the horse ; they are much smaller, but a great deal longer. On account of cattle being of a less excitable temperament, they do not suffer so much as the horse from bowel complaints, but are more prone to stomach derangements. Occasion- ally we have spasmodic colic, manifested by the animal kicking at its belly, lying down and getting up frequently, and switching and twisting the tail. These cases are sometimes readily enough relieved, 126 but, at others, may go on for some days. Treatment : From 8 to 12 ounces of linseed oil should be given, mixed with half to two ounces each of veterinary chlorodyne and turpentine, and half the quantity repeated in six or eight hours, if necessary. 307. Enteritis, or inflammation of the bowels, in cattle, is happily very rare. The animal lingers on for four to six days, whereas in the horse it would prove fatal in as many hours; nor do cattle exhibit the acute symptoms seen in the horse, but lie continuously, breathing quickly, with a sharp moaning grunt, and appearing very much depressed. Treatment : Chlorodyne from 4 drachms to 2 ounces, or the same quantity of laudanum, in 8 to 12 ounces raw linseed oil, can be given every 4 to 8 hours, and blankets wrung out of hot water should be rolled around the body, with a waterproof covering on the top. 308. Gut-tie is a more common complaint, but, unlike the horse, cattle bear this very patiently, lingering ou for six or seven days where it would only take a like number of hours for a horse to fight itself to death. Gut-tie is due to some false membrane forming in the abdominal cavity, and getting attached to, or encircling, some part of the intestines. It is mostly found in young bullock-stirks, yet I have seen three cases in young heifers. The animal stops feeding, twitches the hind quarters and tail, crosses one hind leg over the other, and occasionally, with pain, passes a small quantity of bloody mucus. If let out, it has a great tendency to walk backwards, and, if near a bank, will back its hind legs on to the top, and stand with its fore feet in the ditch : this appears to give great relief. Treatment : It is dangerous in this ailment to give large doses of purgative medicine. Small doses (5 to 8 ounces) of linseed oil, with one ounce of chlorodyne, may be given every six or eight hours, to keep the patient quiet, but hypodermic injections of morphia and atropine are most to be relied upon. Another remedy recom- mended is to cut into the right flank, pass the hand through the opening, and endeavour to find the cord, and divide it, if possible, but this operation should only be attempted by a professional expert. In one case, that of a bullock, I passed my hand as far up the rectum as 127 possible, and, when working along, felt a cord outside the bowel. I gave it three gentle pulls, when it broke ; the animal got immediate relief, and did well. 309. Before going any further, I must add a word of caution, which is, never to horn gruel into an animal recovering from an illness, as is too frequently done. If the patient will drink gruel, milk, or cold water, give it, and entice it to eat with all sorts of tit-bits of food — oat-sheaf for preference, wheat, or barley-straw — so as to induce chewing the cud, which the horning in of nutriment is the very best thing to prevent and therefore retards recovery. Again, while injections are very serviceable in bowel complaints in the horse, they are of little or no use to cattle. 310. Diarrhcea, or Scour, is acute, chronic, and intermittent, and a very common complaint in cattle. It is due to a variety of causes, such as eating frosted turnips, coarse indigestible or wet grasses, or from worms, liver flukes, and scrofula, or tubercolosis. Young cattle, rising two years old, suffer most, in which case the common cause is turning them out on to grass in wet autumns, or on to oat-stubble, where the oats have been shaken and have germinated on the ground. These corn growths are very dangerous both to young cattle and sheep, and should be avoided, as they harbour the ova of intestinal and other worms. The crowns, or shells, of the temporary teeth not coming off at their proper time is also another great inducement to diarrhcea in young stock. The mouth should therefore be examined, and the shells removed, (Lecture VII., Teeth). Worms — the strongylus contortus, found in the lining membrane of the fourth stomach and intestines — and flukes found in the liver, — constitute other chief causes of scour ; and this arises through animals being turned out on to strong, wet lands in summer and autumn. Derangement and Disease of the liver of various kinds are often also the means of producing scour. So, seeing that there is such a multitude of causes, it is of the greatest importance to the owner, as well as to the veterinary surgeon, (o find the cause, and treat accordingly. 128 311. Upon no consideration should diarrhoea be stopped suddenly, as it' may be due to some hidden ailment, which Nature is trying to relieve in her own way. Treatment : Eight to twelve ounce doses of linseed oil, along with from half to two ounces each of chlorodyne and aromatic spirits of ammonia, may therefore be used in the first stages with great advantage, following it up with vegetable and alkaline tonics ; while, at times, the preparations of iron are useful (see Appendix). Good nutritious food, of an easily digestible character, should also be given, such as crushed oats, bran, and linseed cake, milk, and linseed jelly ; and, upon no consideration, should a small quantity of salt be omitted from the food at each end of the day. 3T2. Where the affection is attributable to worms or flukes, small and repeated doses of oil and turpentine may be administered with great advantage (see Appendix), and the lands should be dressed with salt. The Liver Fluke is a frequent producer of diarrhoea, and often with a fatal result, both in young cattle and sheep. As it is also the cause of a great amount of troublesome litigation amongst neighbours, a sketch of its character may not be out of place here. The Liver Fluke, or Distomum Hepaticuni, is of the order Trematoda, or flat suctorial worms. It has a very interesting history, passing through seven stages, between fluke and fluke, six of which are accomplished outside the body of the sheep, or host. (See Plates XXIII. and XXIV., showing the various stages through which it passes), The flukes are bi-sexual, having both male and female organs in one body, and are generated from little eggs. These eggs are developed inside the parent fluke, — which lies in the bile ducts of the liver of the host, — and are ejected from the parent by one of its openings, and carried by the bile to the intestines, and there eventually carried, ejected, and deposited on the ground in the droppings. As many as 200 flukes have been counted in one liver, whilst the number of eggs generated by these has been reckoned at 7,400,000, or about 40,000 to each fluke. The eggs are about ^^ of an inch long, and ^(j of an inch broad. Mr. A. P. Thomas' summary of the life history is as follows : — PLATE XXIII. A. The Egg of the Liver Fluke I. The Lid or Cap. B. The Egg of the Fluke, containing an Embryo ready for hatching. I. The Cap or Lid. C. The Ciliated Embryo of the Fluke boring into a Snail, (Limnceus trimcatulusj . D. A young Sporocyst dividing into two. E A fully-developed Sporocyst, showing a young Redia. I The young Redia. F A Redia, showing Mouth and Stomach. 129 " The adult fluke, in the liver of the sheep produces enormous numbers of eggs, which are distributed with the droppings of the sheep. If these eggs have moisture, and a suitable degree of warmth, they continue to live, and in each is formed an embryo. The embryo leaves the egg, and swims in search of the particular snail, ■ Limnwus truncatulus,' within which its future life and growth take place. The embryo bores into the snail, and then grows into the form which is called a sporocysi. The iporofyst gives rise to the second generation. This is known as ndics. The redia, in turn, produces the third generation, which has the form of a tadpole, and is called cercaria. The cercarits quit the snail, and enclose themselves in envelopes, or cysts, which are attached to the grass. When the grass to which the cysts adhere is eaten by the sheep, or other suitable host, the young liver fluke comes out of the cyst and takes up its abode in the liver of its host, and the fatal circle is thus completed. It will be seen, therefore, that the fluke disease is one which alternates between a particular snail and the sheep. A sheep cannot take the infection directly from another sheep, ror can one snail take it directly from another snail. The sheep, by spreading the eggs of the fluke, gives infection to the snail, and the snail, in turn, by harbouring and distributing the cercariie, conveys the infection to the sheep. The conditions necessary for the existence of liver-rot, in any given locality, are as follows : — I. — There must be fluke eggs on the ground. 2. — There must be wet ground, or water, during the warmer weather, for the eggs to hatch in. 3, — A particular snail, called ' Limnaeus truncatulus,' must be present. 4. — Sheep, or other animals, must be allowed to feed on the same ground, without proper precautions being taken. If any one of these conditions remains unsatisfied, there can be no fluke-disease or liver-rot in the locality. If the eggs of the liver-fluke are to be hatched, they must be in water, or, at least, be kept moist, during some weeks of warm weather, or even some months, if the temperature be lower. If the eggs are once thoroughly dried, their vitality is destroyed, the side of the shell being usually crushed in. A temperature of about 74" to 78" Fahr. is the most favourable, and then the embryo is formed in about two or three weeks ; with less warmth, progress is slower, and with an average temperature of 60" the growth occupies two or three months. Ground is often, with reference to the ' rot,' spoken of as ' sound,' or, on the contrary, as ' rotting.' When the droppings, containing fluke eggs, fall on to a field, the rain will distribute the eggs over the surface, washing them down to the roots of the grass. If the soil be light or sandy, and porous, the land will be ' sound,' for the water will filter into the earth, leaving the eggs on the surface, where they will get dried, and so be destroyed. If, on the other hand, the soil is heavy and clayey, so that the rain-water does not sink into the ground, but flows along the surface, the ground is ' rotting.' For, as the water flows over the surface, it carries the fluke-eggs along with it, and deposits them in ditches, holes, marshy places, or furrows, where the water stands— all of them provinces where the eggs will hatch. The obvious remedy for this evil is to drain the land thoroughly and efficiently, and it will not only do much to prevent the rot, but will have the further advantage of greatly improving the herbage. Where it is not practicable to adopt this remedy at once, K 130 either salt or lime may be scattered over its surface with advantage. Both these substances destroy the embryos of the fluke, and, at a later period, the cysts, when attached to the grass. And, still further, they will destroy the snails, which serve as hosts to the intermediate stages of the liver fluke. The freedom from rot of sheep which are feeding on salt marshes is well known, and is now shown to be due to the poisonous action of the salt on the embryos, sporocyst, redia, cercaria, and cyst, and to its similar action on ' Limttceus truncatulus ' itself. . Even a weak solution of salt and water (f per cent of salt) proves fatal to this snail. Dressings of salt have the advantage over lime in not spoiling the grass for immediate use, whereas the latter will do so. It may, however, be better at times for the land itself that lime should be applied. There seems to be only this one snail in England which can serve as a host to the intermediate forms of the liver fluke. Consequently, wherever this snail is absent, there can be no liver rot ; and if we could succeed in exterminating it, we should render it impossible for the disease to exist in England. It is naturally of much importance that salt or lime should be distributed at the right time of the year, when fluke germs and snails are present in the greatest num- bers. The snail buries itself in mud or soil in the winter time, and, owing to the cold, no embryos are hatched at that period. If the weather be warm in April, it is possible that a few may be brought out towards the end of the month, but they will not be numerous. In May, however, greater numbers may be hatched, and still more in June and July. These two months are the time of the year when the country is most liable to be infested by snails. As more eggs are distributed through the whole of the summer by fluked animals, it is clear, of course, that the production of embryos, though in less numbers, will continue from August until the time when the development is checked by autum- nal cold. June and July, then, are the principal, but not the only, months in which we are to wage war against the embryos ; the latter part of August, September, and October, are the months in which, especially, to destroy the germs on the grass ready for transference to the sheep." 313. In the autumn, the snail, Limnceus Truncatulus, just before going into its winter quarters, i.e., burying itself in the mud, may become infested with one for more embryos, and, or the want of heat, their further developement is arrested until spring, when the rays of the sun bring the snail to the surface of the ground, and the various transformation stages of the embryo-fluke is then carried on, always provided heat and moisture are present. This, to my mind, is the greatest cause of the infection. The eggs deposited by the mature flukes in the liver, and again deposited on the ground in the winter months, are in great danger of being destroyed by the want of heat to germinate the e mbryo, as well as by the absence of its intermediate host, the snail, which is in its winter habitat. Sometimes, however, too EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV. 1. A fully-developed Redia, showing a. A young Redia. b. The Mouth. -v i.. The Stomach. 2. Represents the Life History of the River Fluke. 1. The Fertilized Egg. 2. The Ciliated Embryo. 3. The Sporocyst. 4. The Redia. 5. The Cercaria. 6. The Encysted Cercaria (Vupa). 7. The full-grown Fluke. 3. A Portion of Stem of Grass, showing a. The Cysts fixed to the same, each Cyst containing the Pupa of the future Liver Fluke ready to he swallowed by Sheep. 4. A Cercaria of Liver Fluke, showing a. The Tail, by which it swims. b. The Cyst or Envelope. 5. A full-grown Fluke, showing the Digestive System, and a. The Mouth.- 6. An Adult Fluke, showing the Reproductive Organ as Branches, and a. The Mouth. 131 many embryos enter one snail, and this results in not only the death of of the host, but in their own as well. As may be inferred from the foregoing extract, the disease is not so rife in dry seasons, but is very common after wet summers. Animals may be affected as early as midsummer, but August, September, and October are the principal months for contamination, and as it takes ten or twelve weeks after the entrance of the pupa into the liver, before any bad effects are noticed, December, January, and February are therefore the chief months in which flukes are to be seen fully matured. The fluke has been proved, beyond all doubt, to be a fresh-water creature, and, as mentioned previously, the disease is never met with on salt marshes. Therefore, the land should be dressed in Autumn and Spring with salt. The first application being to destroy the snails before they seek their winter shelter, and the latter to annihilate any who may have escaped the previous dressing, as they come to the surface of the ground ; even a weak solution, viz., one ounce of salt to five pints of water, proves fatal. Salt should also be given in the animals' food. These precautions should be especially attended to after wet seasons. 314. Dysentery, or Bloody Flux, is both acute and chronic, and is an inflammatory action of the lining membrane of the bowels, accom- panied by ulceration, and in some cases with extensive diarrhoea, of a thin bubbly character, mixed with blood, and having an offensive smell. It is mostly caused by eating coarse food, grown on undrained and moorland pastures. At one time it was of very frequent occurrence, in feeding bullocks, but of late yeaVs has not been nearly so common. Sometimes neglected or chronic diarrhoea may run into this complaint, and, at other times, it is a symptom of Tuberculosis. Treatment : Small doses of linseed oil and chlorodyne should be given, and to these may be added from 30 to 60 drops of oil of cloves, creasote, or carbolic acid. (see Appendix) ; good nutritious and easily digested food is highly necessary, such as milk and linseed jelly to drink two or three times a day. As a rule, however, treatment is very unsatisfactory. 315. Peritonitis consists of inflammation of the serous membrane, called the peritoneum, which lines the inside walls of the belly and 132 covers the outside of the bowels. Injuries — the results of foaling, calving, lambing, or castrating, and wounds penetrating the abdominal cavity — are the principal causes of peritonitis, while, at times, it occurs without any appreciable cause whatever. This disease steals on so insidiously that the affected animal is generally at death's door before much notice is taken of it : this is especially noticeable in the horse, which generally dies in a few hours after being noticed. But the cow may linger on for a few days, having a dull anxious look, with eyes red and suffused, hurried breathing (which is mainly done by the front ribs), moaning and grinding of the teeth, trembHng of the limbs, and deathly coldness pervades the whole body. The animal, as it were, bleeds to death, owing to the watery portions of the blood oozing through the walls of the blood vessels into the abdominal cavity, which, on posi-mortem examination, is found to contain a large quantity of straw-coloured fluid. When the disease is discovered, hypodermic injections of morphia should be given, and cloths, wrung out of hot water, rolled round the body, covering these again with dry rugs and water-proof sheeting (see par. 250). 316. Dropsy, or Ascites, i.e., dropsy of the belly, may arise from Peritonitis ; from disease of the liver and blood-vessels ; from Tubercle, and other causes. It is not of common occurrence. The chief symptoms seen are enlargement of the belly, with swelling of the limbs. Good nutritious food, with iron tonics and diuretics, should be resorted to (see Appendix), while, in some cases, it is necessary to "tap" the animal. 317. The Liver (Plate XVIII., B.), is a large, reddish-brown, glandular body, situated between the stomach and diaphragm, and held in its position by ligaments. It possesses four lobes in the horse, and two distinct lobes in the cow, and is covered by a coating of peritoneum, called " Glisson's Capsule." The substance consists of small lobules, made up of cells, arranged like a cartwheel, between which the capillaries run. The cells take out from the blood certain materials for the formation of bile. The blood-vessels of the liver 133 1st. — The hepatic artery, which supplies it with nutrient blood. 2nd. — The hepatic vein, which conveys venous blood back to the heart. 3rd. — The portal vein, or functional vessel, which brings the blood, charged with absorbed material, from the stomach, spleen, pancreas, and mesentery. From this latter source portions of the bile elements are extracted, and the bile manufactured by the liver cells is then carried by the biliary tubes to the gall bladder, and from thence by the hepatic duct which opens into the small intestine, close to the stomach. All animals, with the exception of the horse and rat, have a bag, called the gall bladder, for the purpose of collecting and storing the Bile, a viscid, greenish-yellow, and bitter fluid. Bile assists in the digestion, and absorption of the nutrient material in the intestines, it also increases the peristaltic action of the bowels. 318. The liver is the largest organ of the body ; but, while frequently the subject of a great amount of disease and disorder in human beings, it is, happily, not nearly so subject to derangements in the domestic animals. Like all other parts of the body, it is liable to inflammation. The symptoms are not very well defined, and diagnosis has to be arrived at by negative results. Such cases should always, therefore, be entrusted to professional care. Occasionally, on making a. post-mortem, enorrhously enlarged livers are found, both in horses and cattle, which the animals, when alive, gave no indications of such ailments being present. Sometimes, however, these enlarged, or hypertrophied livers are accompanied in the horse by dropsical swelling of the legs, and shortness of breath ; while in cattle, the brisket, under side of the neck, and lower jaw, become filled with a watery effusion. This latter symptom is also seen in traumatic heart disease in cattle. When cattle are heavily stall-fed with fancy foods, too highly seasoned with aromatic flavouring, and containing an excess of amylaceous matter, such as damaged rice, starch, sugar, &c., or where there is a preponderance of carbonaceous over nitrogenous principles — in other words, a badly balanced food — the liver is apt to undergo fatty degeneration, or fatty infiltration. In the former, the liver cells become changed into material of a fatty nature ; while in the latter, fatty 134 globules are deposited in the cells. These cases may be sub-acute or chronic. Symptoms : The animal refuses its food, drinks large quantities of water, and soon becomes greatly emaciated, but rarely hidebound (although the hair looks staring and on end), and is affected with a lead-coloured, exhaustive, and stinking diarrhoea. Treatment is very unsatisfactory ; a fatal termination usually supervening. Chloride or bromide of ammonia, with carbonate of soda, half an ounce each, night and morning, may, however, be tried. The liver is liable also to ruptun. This may be occasioned by engorgement and congestion of the portal vein, but in the horse it is more often due to the effects of falling in jumping. As a rule, it proves fatal. In these cases, the mucous membranes become pale and blanched, there is a running- down pulse ; then muscular twitchings supervene, the legs and body get icy-cold, and death soon follows. The liver is also a frequent seat of tubercular deposits, abscesses, and tumours, as well as atrophy. 319. Jaundice may arise from many causes, but is generally looked upon as a symptom of some derangement of the liver, such as con- gestion, obstruction in the bile ducts, loss of tone, and, consequently, inability to secrete the bile. Congestion is one of the most frequent liver disturbances met with in horses and cattle. It generally occurs in hot, dry seasons ; the animal becomes sluggish, languid, and lazy, drops the head, loses the appetite, but evinces no pain. The pulse is full, slow, and soft, eyelids and gums of a dirty yellow or orange colour ; tongue furred ; breath foetid ; bowels costive ; faeces of a light slate colour ; while, in some cases in the horse, the animal goes lame on one fore leg— usually the off (right) one. Cattle are, however, more subject to this complaint than the horse, and the dirty yellow or orange colour can be readily noticed in the corner of the eye, on the udder, under the tail, and, indeed, on any white part of the skin, or any visible mucous membrane, particularly the vagina. The belly is flat ; the appetite bad ; and the animal rarely chews the cud. Treatment : A good dose of opening medicine should be given at first. One drachm of calomel, suspended in from ij to 2 ounces spirits of nitre, and a pint of linseed oij, may be given with advantage, either to horses or cattle, followed up by alkaline and vegetable 135 tonics (see Appendix). Cattle also occasionally suffer from the presence of the dead bodies of the Liver Fluke which have undergone calcareous degeneration, and fill the bile ducts of the liver with incrustations, accompanied by a thickening of the walls of the ducts, rendering the liver hard and gritty, and thereby interfering with its function. Symptoms : A general yellowness is seen all over the body, the skin is tight and scruffy, with gradual wasting away of the ilesh ; the appetite and action of the bowels are both very irregular, and the animal has all the appearances of a piner, or a tubercular patient. Treatment is of little avail, and if not slaughtered early, the animal dies from inanition. Alkaline tonics (see Appendix) can be tried, with daily doses of one wineglassful of cod liver oil given in milk. 320. Gall Stones. — These are extremely rare, either in horses or cattle. Some years ago, I had a case at Mr. G. T. Carr's, then at Silloth Farm, the subject being the hunting sire, " Best Returns." It commenced with ail the indications of sub-acute inflammation of the bowels, with severe colicky pains. The acute symptoms were got over, and the case settled down into a chronic form, and for fully five or six weeks the bowels were very irregular : sometimes slightly purged, and at others only costive, dry, hard, primrose-coloured pellets beingexcreted. At length it was seized with all the symptoms of uraemic poisoning — the head being pendulous and oscillating ; fore-feet stiffly pushed forward, and legs occasionally bended at the knees ; hind legs placed wide apart ; pulse very full, with slight colicky pains — and if made to move, it tumbled against the side of the box, which had to be padded with sacks of straw. Bleeding had a wonderful effect, and was frequently resorted to ; in fact, it was the only thing which gave any relief. At last it was found dead in the box, and the post-mortem showed a gall stone of a beautiful chrome yellow colour, about the size of a pullet's egg, situated in the hepatic duct, close to its opening into the intestine. It was made up of concentric layers of a very delicate nature, which fleeced off on the slightest touch. 321. Liver complications are more common in the dog than in any other of the domestic animals, more particularly the over-fed petted dog, 136 that is being continually stuffed on sweet and . fancy foods, which are apt to set up various derangements and diseases of the liver, such as congestion, enlargement, hardening, scirrhous, &c., and which creep on very insiduously, being frequently accompanied with asthma and shortness of breath. The Symptoms of the different forms of liver complication in the dog are not well defined. The first symptom, generally, to be noticed is that the skin and coat begin to look dry and harsh, the mouth and the tongue lose their bright rose colour, the breath becomes foetid, and the eye is dull and sleepy looking, while the teeth are dirty. The appetite, however, is fair, yet the dog loses flesh, and the belly becomes enlarged and hard, while there is nearly always present a peculiar barking, long, husky cough. Treatment : First all fancy foods should be stopped, and a plain diet given, such as dog biscuit steeped in soup, feeding twice in twenty-four hours, and giving gentle walking exercise. For medicine mix one drachm each of blue pill, powdered aloes, and powdered rhubarb, and make into twelve pills, and give one every third or fourth day. This dose is for an ordinary- sized collie dog ; other doses should be regulated according to age, breed and size of dog. 322. Pancreas. — I have never, as yet, met with any disease of this organ, either in post-mortems, or otherwise, except in tubercular disease. 323. The Spleen, Milt, or Cat-Collop, (Plafe XVIII., E.J, is situated on the left side of the larger curvature of the stomach. It has a bluish-grey, mottled appearance (in the pig, slightly red), shaped like a sole, and is very soft and elastic. It is ductless, having no channel for the removal of its products, except by means of the blood-vessels. Its proper functions are not exactly known, though several are ascribed to it. Still, it can be done without, as cases are on record where the spleen has been successfully removed from dog and man, without causing death, or, indeed, much inconvenience, so long as the diet was properly attended to. My opinion is, that it acts as a reservoir for the old, worn-out red corpuscles, which have done their duty in the blood. These, rushing to the spleen, during digestion, are broken 137 down, disintegrated, and carried by the splenic vein into the portal vein, Ihence to the liver, and help to form bile. (See Lecture VIII. , Circulatkn.) The spleen is supplied with blood by the splenic artery — a branch of the Coeliac Axis, which is a large artery, that arises from the posterior or abdominal aorta, just after it passes through the diaphragm, ^his artery divides into three branches ; — -ist, the gastric artery, supplying the stomach ; 2nd, the hepatic artery, supplying the liver ; and 3rd, the splenic artery, which supplies the spleen with nutrient blood. Although the spleen can be done without, it is a very dangerous organ when diseased. Sometimes, in the horse, it reaches an enormous size, without, however, showing any appreciable symptoms during life. 324. Lymphadenoma. — This is a peculiar disease of the spleen in the horse — said by some to be of a tubercular character. The symptoms are very remarkable— the animal feeds well, but gradually loses flesh ; has a dingy staring coat, and a staggering, swinging gait. The visible mucous membranes, such as eyelids, &c., are as pale as white paper ; the pulse is soft, and rather frequent ; the bowels, as a rule, are quite normal. The animal lingers on for some considerable time, having to be supported on slings to keep it on its feet. These cases are invariably fatal, the post-moytem showing the presence of pearly-white tumours of lymphoid tissue, and of various sizes, m ade up in concentric layers, that are studded through the spleen, while at times the lymphatic glands are also implicated. Treatment is of little avail, but one drachm each of iodine and sulphate of iron made into a ball and given once a day till eight doses are given can be tried, and repeated if necessary. 325. Splenic Apoplexy, or Anthrax. — It has been shown by microscopical examination of the blood, and verified by direct inoculation of the same into healthy subjects, that anthrax is due to the presence of micro-organisms — the Bacilli Anthracis, — and nearly all the domestic animals are more or less subject to its influence, as is also the human being. While subscribing to the above, there' is still something very remarkable to be noticed about the so called 138 outbreaks of anthrax in this country, arising, as they do, under such a variety of conditions. For instance : The process of fermenting hay-chop, if not properly and carefully carried out, experience shows to be very dangerous. This process consists of saturating chopped hay with cold water, or cold water and treacle, mixing it with sliced turnips, and letting the mixture lie until fermented — that is until the starchy matters have been converted into their sugary form. Should this, however, be carried too far, viz., through the sugary to the acetous stage (and this is easily done by leaving some of the old chop and mixing it with the new — a little leaven leaventh the whole lump), and the cattle be fed on this for any length of time — a fortnight, or even less — bad results generally follow, more particularly if some food rich in nitrogen, such as decorticated cotton cake has been added to the mixture. I have, on six separate occasions, known anthrax to have followed this method of preparing the food and feeding ; and, on changing the food to a simple diet, the malady was always arrested. On two other occasions anthrax followed the feeding of cattle with over-macerated cummings, left too long exposed to the action of the atmosphere, when they were rendered as sour as vinegar. Whether the method of manipulating the food renders it into such a condition that when eaten it has some peculiar action on the fluids and soHds of the body, whereby they are converted into a suitable pabulum, or seed bed, favourable for the entrance and development of the spores of the disease ; or whether the spores are in the foods and are roused into activity by the methods of preparation, I am unable to say. Again, on the other hand, several outbreaks have also occurred on undrained pasture lands. On one occasion, in 1862, the complaint broke out amongst 25 two-year-old short-horn heifers, of which six died in two days, and they were only ailing from two to four hours ; the remaining 19 were removed to another pasture, and each one got a dose of medicine, composed of six ounces each of common salt and Epsom salts and two ounces of ginger, in one quart of thin gruel. A few days after, 16 of the heifers took red- water, but they all eventually did well, and the disease spread no further. The land on which this outbreak of anthrax occurred had been noted for generations as a hot-bed for red-water in cattle. For twelve years after, red-water was 139 prevalent, but no anthrax. In 1874 the pasture was dressed with 8 cwt. crushed rock salt to the acre, and again in 1880 it got another dressing, but no cases of red water or anthrax have been seen since the salt was first applied. I have also seen a number of cases of anthrax, the cause of which was set down to eating mouldy cotton cake, particularly undecorticated, which should never be stocked during the months of June to September, for it is very apt to mould and is then highly dangerous. 326. All the cases of anthrax which have come under my notice have been distinctly traceable to some peculiarity in the food or pasture, on changing which, .the disease disappeared, and no more cases occurred. Should, however, the flesh or blood of an animal, dead of anthrax, be eaten by dogs, cats, poultry, &c., it rapidly proves fatal to them ; while any man, having a wound on his hand, when making a post-mortem of an anthrax subject is in great danger of his life through inoculation. It is, therefore, a highly inoculative disease ; hence, the carcase of an animal, the death of which is attributed to anthrax, should be buried or burned at once, without being opened. It is recorded that the germs of anthrax can be brought from the buried carcase of a diseased beast by the aid of the earth worm, the spores being left in the worm casts on the surface of the ground, and by this means the ground becomes contaminated and dangerous ; therefore great care and proper disinfection is necessary in burying the body of an anthrax subject. Although it is recorded that anthrax has been communicated experimentally by inhalation, I have never yet met with this form of infection ; nor have I ever known it to be transmitted from a diseased subject to a healthy animal living in contact with one another under the same roof. •Neither have I known it to extend from one farm to another, except by intermediate agents, such as utensils, people, &c., or by direct inoculation or ingestion. . Anthrax is under the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act. 327. As already stated, this disease is due to the Bacilli Anthracis — minute rod-like bodies ; yet experts say these little organisms are 140 not found in the blood until an hour or so before death, although they may be present in the spleen and other internal organs. . For their formation and development, they require a quantity of oxygen, and rob the blood of this element ; not only this, but these baciUi are said to emit from their bodies a peculiar material, or virus, which is thought by some to be more the immediate cause of death than either the loss of oxygen from the blood or the blocking up of the small blood-vessels. When experimenting outside the body, and the bacilli are placed in a suitable nutrient material, and at a proper temperature, they develop very quickly, and form a sort of chain -like filament, whereas those in the body resemble small rods, and multiply by transverse sections, and extend in length. The bacilli, when supplied with oxygen, generates spores of seeds for the next generation, and as an illustration a pea pod full of peas may be taken, the pod being likened to the bacilli, while the peas resemble the spores or seeds. As the spore formation also requires a large quantity of oxygen, it rarely takes place inside of the body, but when an animal that has died from anthrax is skinned or opened into, and the blood and tissues exposed to the action of the air, spore development readily takes place, and as they are considered the real seeds of the disease, it is, therefore, dangerous to open the dead body of an anthrax subject ; it tends to spread the malady. It is the safest and best plan to bury the body intact, for in the space of 40 to 50 hours after death, the putrefactive bacteria of the body destroys all the existing anthrax bacilli, and further danger is averted. The bacilli themselves can be destroyed by excess of heat or cold, or chemical agents, but the spores are difficult to deal with ; they can withstand almost any amount of heat or cold, and can lie for years in the soil without their virulent nature being affected. 328. When a beast is attacked with Splenic Apoplexy, or Anthrax, it, as a rule, proves fatal in a few hours. Should any animal, therefore, be • found to have died very suddenly, either in the field or byre, and to be very much swollen, with its rectum turned out, and a bloody mucous discharge coming from nose, mouth, rectum, and vagina, as these secretions are most dangerous, it is recommended that the carcase be carefully removed — tying cloths over its orifices — and buried without 141 opening or skinning. It should be buried at least six feet deep, the carcase being covered with quicklime, in which a quart of crude carbolic acid ought to be mixed. Everything with which the animal has come in actual contact should be washed with a 5 percent, solution of carbolic acid, as this is said to kill all bacilli. In making 2i post-mortem examination of a carcase suspected of anthrax, I have the grave dug first, and then the body is carried on a sled to the side of the hole, and pushed in, with the left side uppermost, I then get into the hole on to the body, and cut into the abdomen over the region of the spleen. The carcase is then covered over with lime and carbolic acid, and my hands, feet, and instruments are washed in disinfectants, at the side of the grave. The post mortem shows the spleen extensively enlarged, the blood of a dark tarry colour and in a semi-fluid condition, while the thoracic and abdominal cavities, bladder, and intestines contain a quantity of mud-coloured water. The Treatment of splenic apoplexy is not very satisfactory — 2 to 4 ounce dozes of hyposulphite of soda, with aromatic stimulants, may be given every four or six hours. Regarding preventives, I have every confidence that if the lands are well dressed with salt, and the animals given a tablespoonful of salt daily in their food, which should be properly prepared, this disease will be entirely prevented. 329. Red Water, although I consider this to be a purely dietetic complaint at the outset, it will be dealt with under " Blood Diseases " (see Circulation, Lecture VIII.). 330. Braxy. — Striking of Blood is known under two separate condi- tions, viz. : Dry and wet braxy, and the latter is the more prevalent, and runs its course very rapidly. In some seasons the disease is very rife amongst sheep, when first folded on turnips : the sudden change of food, and some peculiarity in the weather, having a powerful influence in producing it. When sheep are first put on roots, they should have a small quantity of hay, well watered with salt and water, or a little salt given daily with some crushed oats or maize and bran. Were these measures generally resorted to, there would be little, if any, fear of braxy appearing. When braxy occurs amongst lambs on 142 extensive mountain and hill ranges, lump rock salt placed on various parts of the pastures will be found to have a very beneficial effect. Treatment : as the disease runs its course so rapidly there is little or no chance for medical treatment ; if, however, the case should be noticed early on, then three to five drachms of hyposulphite of soda dissolved in half a pint of warm water, to which may be added 5 to 15 drops pure carbolic acid, and one to two teaspoonfuls of essence of ginger can be given, and repeated in four hours if necessary. 331. Mesenteric Disease. — The mesentery, or net — particularly in well-bred cattle — is often the seat of abscesses, or tumours, of a tubercular nature — -and such animals go under the name of Clyers, Piners, S'C. The skin has a dirty yellow, scurfy appearance, very tight on the body, and hide-bound ; tBere is also great emaciation and, as a rule, diarrhoea. Little can be done in these cases, medicine having little or no effect. Sometimes, however, on the first appearance of this disease, from 10 to 25 drops of strong sulphuric acid in one pint of cold water, may be serviceable, along with a wineglassful of cod-liver or linseed oil daily. The most profitable plan is to test the animals with tuberculin, and should they re-act, then make away with them. Milk fwm such animals should never he sold or used. 332. Calves. — As already stated, the fourth stomach is the largest in the calf, on account of the young animal living principally on a milk diet. The first, second, and third compartments are not required to prepare the food until the animal begins to eat hay, or oiher rough material. The fourth stomach of the calf contains the acid juices (the Rennet, used in cheese-making), which has the property of coagulating milk. This fact is of great importance in the feeding of calves, showing that they should be fed with small quantities and frequently— for the first fortnight, at least. They ought not to be fed less than four or six times a day, although most farmers feed them only twice a day, giving large quantities at once. This practice is much to be condemned, for, as soon as the milk comes in contact with the walls of the stomach, it is coagulated, or curded, this being the first process of digestion. The weak digestion of the calf is quite unfitted for disposing of a large bulk 143 at a time, and, perhaps, some of the old curd is still in its stomach when next fed. This sets up irritation and inflammation of that organ, which nature tries to relieve by means of diarrhoea, called white scour. 333- ^Vhite Scour. — This complaint carries off large numbers of calves yearly, and when once it gets started, is bad to deal with, running through the young stock like an epidemic, having all the characteristics of an infectious complaint, which, no doubt, it is, as in some cases it is due principally to the presence of the bacillus lactis. It should, therefore, have careful attention as soon as noticed. The hulls, or boxes, should be at once thoroughly cleaned out, and the walls washed with boiling water and carbolic acid, followed up with lime wash and carbolic acid, sprinkling the same on the floor. This should be done once every week or ten days, until the progress of the complaint is arrested. Attention should also be given to the food of the cows ; if decorticated cotton cake, or highly nitrogenous foods are being used, they must be stopped for a few weeks, and crushed oats, bran, and Indian meal, or pollards given. The nitrogenous matter in cotton cakes causes the milk to be of too stimulating a nature for a young calf's system to assimilate. Treatment consists in giving good clean dry bedding, moss litter for preference ; at the commencement, a small dose of castor oil — say 2 or 3 ounces, with a teaspoonful of laudanum, may be administered with good effect ; following up with teaspoonful doses of bicarbonate of soda, or a wine-glassful of lime water in the milk each night. Two teaspoonfuls of Gregory's mixture (see Appendix), axe sometimes very serviceable. Prevention consists in feeding often, and in small quantities, for the first fortnight, giving 12 hours milk with the cream ofi", warmed up to 90°, in a water bath. Great attention should be given to housing, good dry bedding being indispensable. If, however, mother and calf are allowed to run together in a box, for a week or so, it will save a lot of trouble from this, and, also, perhaps, other com- plaints, as, for example, milk fever, &c. 334. Hair and W^ool Balls. — These are frequently formed in the stomach of the young calf and lamb. They may be caused by the 144 animals licking and sucking one another, by which means a quantity of hair and wool is drawn into the mouth by the tongue, whence it is passed on to the stomach, where, by the churning motion of the stomach, it becomes matted and formed into balls. Another cause is that of giving the calf unstrained milk, which is a great mistake. Milk given to calves should always be put through a strainer. When these balls are present, they cause a good deal of derangement, with impaired appetite, and a puffing up, or swelling, of the left side. Should the swelling occur several times daily, the best plan is to make the animal into veal or lamb as soon as possible. Occasionally, a calf may recover, in which case the ball or balls are found in the paunch of the adult animal on slaughtering, having been a frequent cause of Tympanites during life. 335. Navel-Ill, — This is a common disease in young foals, calves, and lambs up to a week or fortnight old. It is a septic inflammation of the navel-string, with suppuration. The animal appears dull and listless ; lies stretched out flat on its side, refuses its milk, and breathes fast and catchy, perhaps moaning. On examining the navel it will be felt to be hard and swollen. It should be laid open with the knife, and dressed with carbolized oil (see Appendix) ; a flannel folded five or six ply thick, wrung out of hot water, should then be applied to the navel, and be kept in place with a bandage round the body. Small doses of Gregory's powder, or magnesia, may be given daily. Associated with this complaint, we have another disease, also very formidable, both in foals, calves, and lambs, called Joint Felon. 336. Joint Felon. — A large number of young animals are yearly lost from this disease, which consists of a septic inflammation of the joints. The knee, hock, and stifle are the joints most frequently attacked by its baneful action, and it is usually noticed a few days after birth. The animal is very feverish, and unable to stand when put on its feet, while, on being made to move, lameness is noticed in one or more of its limbs. There is enlargement of the joints, accompanied by great pain on pressure being applied. As a rule the disease is fatal. On opening the diseased joints, they are found to contain a quantity of sanious 145 brown stinking fluid, in which, are shreds of tissue. For years, I have been under the impression that this disease is due to septic material being carried into the system through the navel opening, which, in most cases, is found to be open, and from which there is a slight discharge of thin watery fluid ; consequently, as a preventive, I strongly recommend that at all times the navel string be tied with a piece of cord dipped in carbolized oil, or a waxed thread, as used by shoemakers; above all, the box in which the mare foaled, or the cow calved and cleansed, should be thoroughly washed out with water containing carbolic acid. Clean dry bedding is an absolute necessity. Treat- ment is extremely unsatisfactory ; rubbing the affected joint with essential oil of camphor, and giving dessert-spoonful doses of liquid sanitas, or one to two drachm doses of hyposulphite of soda, with five to ten drops pure carbolic acid, given in a little milk or water, every six or eight hours, answers as well as anything I have tried. THE SHEEP. 337. Many of the ailments affecting the digestive organs of the cow are seen in the sheep, and the Treatment is somewhat analogous, only the medicine used must be about one-fourth less than what is given to the cow. 338. There is, however, one very complicated affection that deserves special attention, and that is Verminous or Parasitic Bronchitis, or Hoose, complicated with Diarrhoea, or Scour. The Diarrhoea has already been described (par. 310), and the Hoose will be further noticed in Lecture IX. — Respiratory Organs. This complicated disorder is mostly seen in lambs that have been moved from one place to another during the months of August and September, and generally makes itself manifest in and from October till December. The disease is due to the presence of the Strongylus Filaria, a small white thread-like worm found in the wind-pipe and bronchial tubes, causing Verminous or Parasitic Bronchitis, accompanied by hoose or cough. These worms, when numerous, are quite sufficient in themselves to cause death, setting up, as they do, inflammation and consolidation of the lungs ; 146 but when accompanied and complicated by the presence of other worms — Strongylus Contortus — infesting the Hning membrane of the fourth stomach and bowels, and setting up an extensive and exhaustive diarrhoea, i.e. scour, the matter is then very serious. This complication causes great pain and induces the affected animals to drink large quantities of water, there is rapid emaciation, and death soon follows. 339. The lambs pick up the ova or eggs of these worms on unsound or contaminated pastures, and a few hours is quite sufficient to infect a whole flock. This is a matter of vast importance to both seller and buyer, as both may have good sound grazing lands, and yet the lambs may contract the malady in transit from one place to the other, by being put on to an unsound grazing pasture for a few hours rest on their journey, particularly in August and September. Treatment must be energetic so as to kill the worms in the lungs ; for this purpose, fumigations of sulphur, chlorine, or iodine fumes can be used. The stoving should be repeated about every third or fourth day, while the strength of the patient must be maintained by good nutritious and easily digestible foods, such as linseed jelly, milk and eggs, gruels, &c., to which should be added 10 to 15 grains exsiccated iron, and one dessert-spoonful of common salt once a day, also a dessert-spoonful of turpentine, mixed with one tea-cupful of raw linseed oil, or one wine-glassful of cod-liver oil, and a little milk may be carefully given as a drench every third or fourth day. The lands on which the lambs have contracted the disease should also be dressed, in June or July, with six to eight cwt. crushed rock salt to the acre, to destroy the ova and their hosts. PLATE XXV. 10 DAYS SEVENTH LECTURE. THE DENTITION OF HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, AND DOGS; AND DENTAL DISEASES. 340. The teeth are the principal agents in mastication ; and, although composed of the hardest structures in the body, are, in the first instance, developed by a very interesting process, from one of the softest structures — the mucous, or lining membrane of the mouth. 341. The Tooth is divided into the crown, neck, and root, and is made up of three structures — ivory, or dentine; enamel; and cement, or crusta petrosa. The dentine is whitish-yellow in colour, and forms the bulk of the tooth. It is found in the middle, in contact with the pulp, and consists of about 72 per cent, earthy matter, and about 28 per cent, animal matter. The enamel — the hardest substance of the three — is of a pale bluish-white, and contains 95 per cent, earthy, and 5 per cent, animal matter. It acts as a protection, covering the external parts of the crown, and is interspaced in irregular curves between the dentine and cymta petrosa The crusta petrosa is yellowish-white, and found on the outside of the tooth, in connection with the root, or fang, and is softer than either the dentine or enamel ; in fact, it is the bone of the tooth, and is composed of 67 per cent, earthy, and 33 per cent, animal matter. 342. There are two sets of teeth, viz. : Temporary, or Milk Teeth, which are much smaller and whiter than the second set — the Permanent (see par. 346). 148 THE HORSE. 343. The horse, when full-mouthed, has forty teeth, as follows :— Twelve incisors, six above and six below, four canine teeth, or tushes, one on each side of the upper and lower jaw (the mare has no canine teeth), twelve pre-molars (three on each side above and below), and a like number of molars similarly disposed. 344. The marks on the crowns of the lower incisors are an indication of the horse's age up to eight years. The indication marks in the lower jaw are nearly worn out in the central incisors at six years, in the lateral at seven years, and in the corner incisors at eight years old (Plate XXV. and text). In an old horse, with well-formed teeth, artificial marks are sometimes burned in, to give the animal the appearance of being young. This process is called Bishoping, (so named from the man Bishop, who introduced it,) but it is readily detected, as the enamel round the depressions is destroyed in the operation. At the age of from nine to ten years, the teeth change their shape, and begin to turn triangular, and long. At ten years, the upper corner incisor on the outer aspect presents at the top, close to the gum, a dark yellow groove, which,, as the horse grows older, extends down the middle of the tooth until, at the age of twenty-one years, it reaches the bottom. When this mark is present — for it is not always so — it is a very good indication of the age ; but see Plate XXVI. and text, which is after " Galvayne." 345. The Number of Teeth in our domestic animals is as follows : — Anterior Pre- Animal. Incisors. Canines. Pre-molars. molars. Molars. Total. Horse .. f .. i .. •■ f ■• ? •• 4° Ox .. S .. ft Sheep Dog Pig - g 32 32 42 44 The top figures represent the upper jaw, and the lower figures the under jaw. 346. If there is one thing more than another that should command the attention of the country practitioner, it is dentition. The condition of the teeth, at times, creates various disorders, disease; and > X X w H . >» >^ >» <*<<<< « rn -^ V 149 even death. By the casting or shedding of the crowns of the tem- porary, and their replacement by the permanent teeth, together with certain marks, the age of an animal, for a time, is indicated. Looking at Plates XXV and XXVII, it will be noticed that at birth (i) the foal generally has two central incisors, and three pre-molars on each side, above and below (f f, sixteen in all), and all of them are temporary. At six to eight weeks old (2) it gets two lateral ternporary incisors, above and below ; and from eight to ten months (3) the corner incisors. From twelve months to two years of age, small ponies are sometimes passed off as five-year-olds, more particularly coal-pit ponies, the marks on the crowns being similar. This deception can, however, be detected b}' looking at the front aspect of the teeth, when it will be seen that the temporary teeth are small, and white, with a plain, smooth surface, while the permanent teeth are much larger and broader, and of a creamy tinge, with a well-defined deep dark groove down the front of each tooth. At one year (4) the fourth tooth or first molar (Jiyst permanent) appears, and from two to two and-a-half years (5) the fifth tooth or second molar should be into wear ; and it is to this period of the animal's life I shall give most attention. In many cases, in cross- bred cart-horses, the fifth molar is not visible until the animal is from two-and-a half to three years old. From two yearsand nine months till three years old (6) the horse commences to cast the two central incisors, also the first and second pre-molars, above and below, and these are replaced by permanent teeth. By this it will be seen that in some cases, and it is a matter of great importance, the horse, rising three years old, not only casts twelve temporary, but gets sixteen permanent teeth, viz., four central incisors, two above and two below (f); eight first and second pre-molars, two on each side, above and below (f) ; also the fifth tooth or second molar, one on each side, above and below (I). 347. About this time in its dentiton the animal is usually brought in from grass, and put to work. What with the dental irritation going on, and the new mode of living, is there any wonder that certain horses of peculiar nervous temperament suffer, and occasionally to a great extent ? If we take into consideration the disorder and fever set up 15° in some children during teething, and the nervous exhaustion and complaints arising therefrom, need we be at all surprised to notice, at this period, the commencement of several nervous derangements in the horse. 348. Having had ample opportunities of inspecting animals, from foals upwards, 1 find it very rare that any sign or symptom of chorea, shivering, string-halt, or clicking occurs until the animal is rising three years old. From long observation, I am, therefore, inclined to think that in the irritation set up during the extensive dental processes just referred to, will be found the cause and the commencement of these nervo-muscular derangements, through a reflex nervous action that is set up, more particularly so, when there is a hereditary tendency thereto. The most critical period, therefore, in the life of a horse is when it is rising three years old ; for not only are there associated with it at this period the above mentioned complaints, but also strangles ; though, whether the latter is partially due to extensive dentition, or to the change from out-door to in-door life, or to the two combined, I am scarcely able to say ; yet, I am inclined to think that teething, in certain instances, has something to do with the cause. Again, at this period, if the true process of dentition is not going on, there may be abscesses formed at the root of the tooth, or in the sinuses, with disease of the alveolar processes — more particularlj? in the upper jaw — and ending in softening and degeneration of the bone ; or bony tumours may form on the tooth itself. (Plate XXVIII., No. 3, represents a tumour on the crown of the fourth upper, or first permanent molar tooth, due to extensive inflammation and degeneration of the bones of the face of a three-year-old filly.) 349. Shortly after I commenced practice, a three-year-old cart colt was brought to me in a very emaciated condition, for the purpose of having its lampers burnt or cut. On looking into the mouth, I saw the crowns of the first and second temporary pre-molars sticking on the top of the permanent teeth which were well up above the gums. Here, then, was the cause of the poor condition of the animal. I could not remove these shells with my fingers, and, having no instru- ment, I went to a blacksmith's shop, and had clips made on the sides of an old pair of tongs. With these I removed the eight shells, or crowns, and then prescribed tonic medicine. Up to this case, I knew little about dental trouble, it being my first lesson. Since then I have devoted a good deal of time to it, and have had made, to my order, various instruments (Plate XXX., Nos. 1 and 2). I have, I may note, frequently seen the crown of the second pre-molar come off before that of the first. I have also, in one operation, removed the crowns of the first and second pre-molars, joined together, and of such teeth I have several specimens (Plate XXVII., C, 1st and 2nd). 350. When a young animal is suffering from retarded dentition, it loses flesh, and the belly becomes tucked up ; there is a long, shaggy coat, tight skin, ewe-neck, thin thighs, and flat ribs ; it drags its legs, and walks with a listless gait, feeds badly, and eats little or no hay. There is also occasional and exhaustive diarrhoea. Examine the mouth, and if the crowns of the temporary teeth are the cause, remove them. Prevention is said to be better than cure, and people acting on this maxim now have young horses brought to my surgery, from December to June, to have their mouths examined, when, if necessary, I remove the crowns. This long and varying period is due to the time when the animals are born, as well as to their mode of feeding. 351. When from three-and-a-half to four years old (7) the horse casts its lateral incisors and the third temporary pre-molar, and these are replaced by permanent ones, one on each side, above and below. The sixth tooth or third molar now comes into view ; thus, aX four years old, it casts eight temporary, and gets twelve permanent teeth, but it seldom seems to suffer so much as at three years old, although there is an old saying, that a four-year-old horse cannot stand work so well as a three-year-old. This, in my opinion, is due to the punishment it has gone through as a three-year-old, and the effects of which it has not been able to throw off. If you find an animal not doing well at this period, examine the mouth, and, if necessary, remove the shells from the third molars. As a rule, the shells of the milk teeth come off from the lower jaw sooner than from the upper. In many cases, 152 when the shells are removed, also in cases of retarded dentition, a fcetid smell, as of diseased bone is felt ; and from the irritation set up in the lining membrane of the mouth, which extends to the throat, a trouble- some cough may be induced. 352. At five years old (8) the corner milk incisors are replaced by permanent teeth, and the canines, or tusks, appear in the horse, but are generally absent in the mare ; occasionally we find small rudimentary tusks in the latter. The horse is now full-mouthed. 353. With the exception of a young horse casting its teeth, and an old one with unevenly worn surfaces, I am not in favour of giving crushed or bruised oats to horses, as the crowns of the horse's molar teeth resemble the surface of the old-fashioned millstone, being properly adapted for grinding the grain. I therefore recommend oats to be given whole, so that the animal can have the pleasure of grinding them, thereby getting the full benefit of the salivary juices, and their action on the starchy matters of the food. Crushed oats are also more liable to be bolted, and cause stomachic derangement. 354. The upper molar teeth in horses and cattle are much larger and broader than the lower ones ; the upper jaw being a fixture, as it were, gives a broader and firmer surface for the rotary movement of the lower jaw to act upon, thereby, in some instances, in aged horses, the uneven wear leaves sharp ridges on the outer edge of the upper molars and inner edge of the lower ; these have to be dressed down with the tooth rasp, (Plate XXX., No. 4), to prevent laceration of the tongue and inside of the cheeks. Occasionally the teeth become elongated, and very uneven (particularly the last tooth on the lower jaw), and have to be cut by special shears, and in this case I usually operate with the animal standing, except when I have a rough customer to deal with. (For such an operation, nothing beats Thompson's instruments, and I would point out that I am not the Thompson in question who introduced this useful article). Molars are sometimes spHt, through getting some hard substance amongst the food, and for causing this there is nothing worse than foreign grain. PLATE XXVIII. 5 j« , Si I ^Pay. 555/. 1. Upper Molar from 6 years' old Horse. 2. Upper Molar from 26 years' old Horse, 3. Tumour on Crown of 4th Upper Molar (Par. 348). 4. Malformed 4.th Upper Molar. 153 A bit of stone, a piece of iron, or a nail may have got into the corn, and caused the injury. By removing the loose portion of the tooth, the animal generally does well, but, in time, the tooth opposite becomes elongated, owing to its not meeting sufficient wearing surface, and has to be cut oflf, or dressed down with a tooth rasp. 355. It is said by some writers that teeth grow ; to a certain extent this is true, but at six years old all the teeth are fully developed, after which period they gradually wear away. This is well exemplified by the incisors, or nippers, becoming triangular as they wear down, when their crowns take the shape of the fang or root. Teeth, however, become elongated when they are not made use of, owing to the tooth opposite being decayed or removed. As a proof that they wear, and do not grow, see Plate XXV I II,, Nos. 1 and 2, which shows the upper molar of a six-year-old horse, and one of a horse twenty-six years of age. Damaged teeth are, however, most likely to become carious. I have come across a few of this nature, but, in young animals, as already stated, I think the disease more frequently commences in the alveolar processes (bone plates), and sinuses ; finally implicating the teeth themselves. Disease of the teeth of the horse is not very common, but when a diseased tooth is present, the animal generally quids its food, i.e. chews it, and then lets it drop out of the mouth in small pellets ; in such cases the tooth has to be removed. 356. With the forceps I have had made (Plate XXX., No. 3.), and which I find to be an improvement upon Professor Pritchard's, by the addition of the screw, and longer leverage, I can, in a few minutes, remove any molar, either from the upper or the lower jaw. In extracting a tooth, I have the animal cast, but have a great objection to casting aged horses with "hobbles." I prefer side lines in these latter cases. I do not use chloroform, unless specially requested to do so, as I think it is not necessary. After removing the tooth, I always dress the hole every third day, by plugging with tow, saturated with three parts water and one part tincture of iron, which answers splendidly, finally filling it with gutta-percha. In one case, the diseased bone was so great, extending through into the nostril, that it took four 154 ounces to fill the cavity. The horse in question has done well for years, and still wears the gutta-percha tooth. The tooth opposite, in the lower jaw, is kept down by rasping, every three or four months. 357- Wolf Teeth are found in the upper jaw, immediately in front of the first pre-molars, and are generally thrown off, when the horse, rising three years old, casts the crowns of the two first pre-molars, but I have seen them in aged animals. I, however, consider them as only rudimentary, and, in my opinion, they do no harm. 358. Parrot-mouthed animals are known by the upper jaw being much longer in front, overlapping the lower, when the teeth in the latter become elongated from not meeting the wear of the upper teeth, and, in time, injure the bars or gums of the upper jaw. These cases have to be closely watched, and the teeth dressed when necessary. Sheep seem to be most subject to this peculiar formation. . CATTLE. 359. The Cow, which I shall take as my illustrative type, has eight incisors, or, as is now taught, six incisors and two canine teeth, which are shovel-shaped, and with well-defined necks (par. 287) ; but they are found in the lower jaw only, and are always loose in their sockets, the upper jaw being provided with a cartilaginous pad. 360. The shedding of teeth in cattle is very irregular, varying fully six months in their development, according to the breed, and mode of feeding, but the following may be taken as a fair average : — At birth (i) a calf may have from two to six incisors and two canine in the lower jaw, and twelve pre-molars (three on each side, above and below), all of which are temporary or milk teeth. About six months after birth (2) the fourth tooth, or first permanent molar makes its appearance ; at from fifteen to sixteen months (3) the fifth tooth, or second permanent molar is seen ; and at two years (4) the sixth tooth, or third permanent molar is through. About this period (5) the temporary, first and second inferior, and first superior pre-molars are thrown off', and six permanent teeth take their place. The first inferior pre-molar is very like a wolf tooth in the horse. The second 155 inferior pre-molar is much larger (Plate XXIX., C. 2), and is frequently cast before the first, but, as a rule, they are generally shed together at ages varying from one year and nine months to two years and three months. The second upper temporary pre-molar (6) is usually replaced by a permanent one, between two years and three months, and two years and nine months. The third inferior temporary pre-molar is remarkable in having three distinct sections, or columns (Plate XXIX., C. 3), and resembles the sixth permanent ; it is very much larger and longer than the second, • and is cast (7) between two years and three months and two years and nine months. Shortly after this (8) the third superior pre-molar is shed. I have seen the third superior pre- molar come off before the second, and have also removed them both together (Plate XXIX, B. 2 and 3). 361. The following plate, representative of one side of the under jaw, shows the age when the permanent molar teeth are cut, and when the three first temporary pre-molars are cast and replaced by permanents : — ■ Permanent Pre-molars and Molars of the Cow. P.M., 2 years 3 months to 2 years g months. P.M., from I year and 9 months 6.P;lvL to 2 years and j 3 months. T.M T.M. at Birth. P.M. at 6 months. P.M. at 15 months. T.M.— Temporary Pre-molars. P.M. — Permanent Molars. P.M. at 2 years. 156 362. Incisors. — Between one year and nine months and two years and three months, the two central incisors are replaced by permanent teeth ; at two years and three months to two years and six months, the two middle lateral incisors are cast, and the animal has four broad teeth ; at three years old, six permanent teeth are seen ; and at about three years and three months, the corner, or canine milk teeth are shed, and eight broad teeth are in view. The permanent teeth are very much larger, and darker than the milk teeth, which are very white, and are thus readily distinguished. 363. The following illustration shows at what age the incisor milk teeth of cattle are cast and replaced by permanents : — Permanent Incisors of the Cow. I. Centrals, i year 9 months to 2 years 3 months. i. Middle Laterals, 2 years 3 months to 2 years 6 months. 3. Laterals, 2 years 6 months to three years. 4. Corners, or Canines, 3 years to 3 years 3 months. 364. The crowns, or wearing surfaces of the molar teeth of cattle are very unlike those of the horse, having sharp elevations and depressions, resembling the teeth of flesh-eating animals, and are well suited for tearing down rough fibrous grass, but are not adapted for grinding oats or other grain ; the cow being a true herbivorous animal. . Anterior Aorta. 7. Posterior Aorta. 8. Trunk of Aorta, as it arises from the Left Ventricle. g. Pulmonary Artery, as it arises from the Right Ventricle. 10. Semi-Lunar Valves. II. Interior of Right Ventricle. 12. Tricuspid Valves. 13. Chordse Tendines. 14. Papillary Muscle. 15. Walls of Right Ventricle. 173 ventricle are about three times as thick as those of the right, and form the apex. The heart receives its nutrient blood from the coronary arteries, the blood being returned by the coronary veins into the fight auricle. 401. Internally, the heart is divided into four cavities — two auricles, and two ventricles ; the auricles and ventricles being separated from each other by a partition — the auriculo-ventricular spptum ; whilst the cavities are lined by a delicate membrane, called the endocardium. 402. The Auricles, being in the upper portion of the heart, form its base, and open into the ventricles by orifices guarded by valves — the valve on the right side being in three segments, and named the tri-cuspid (Plate XXXI. ,B., 12) ; while that on the left is in two, and is called the bi-cuspid, or mitral. On the inside of the auricles, chiefly in the appendix of each, are noticed fleshy elevations^ called musculi pectinati (Plate XXXI., B. 2), while there is a depression on the auricular septum, which is the remains of the foramen ovale, through which the blood courses in foetal circulation. 403. Inside the Ventricles are fleshy columns — papillary muscles (Plate XXXI., B. 14) — from which run white fibrous cords, called chorda iendinew (Plate XXXI., B. 13), to be attached to the auriculo- ventricular valves, their purpose being to limit the range of movement of the valves, and prevent them from being swept into the auricles during contraction of the ventricles. 404. Into the right auricle, we have opening the anterior and posterior (Plate XXXI., B. 1 and 5) venae cavse, and the coronary sinus (into which the coronary veins open), while the four pulmonary veins open into the left auricle. 405. The Pulmonary Artery (Plate XXXI., B. 9) arises from the right ventricle, and carries venous blood to the lungs to be oxygenated, while the Pulmonary Veins (Plate XXXI. , A .J.), which are generally four in number, bring back the purified blood from the lungs to the left auricle of the heart. 174 406. It will thus be seen that the pulmonayy artevy carries venous blood, and the pulmonary veins, arterial blood. 407. Inside the aovta and pulmonary artery, just as they leave the heart, are the semi-bmar valves (Plate XXXI., B. 10), three in number; on the free edges of these are small fibrous bodies, called the corpora Arantii ; these valves, like the other valves of the heart, are to prevent regurgitation of the blood. 408. The Aorta (Plate XXXI., B. 8) rises from the front and upper part of the left ventricle, and is the main stem of the arterial circulation. The common aorta is about two inches long, and divides into two great branches, one — the anterior aorta (Plate XXXI., B. 6) — going to supply the head, neck, and fore extremities, while the other — the posterior aorta (Plate XXXI. B. 7 ) — proceeds to the hiiider parts of the body and limbs. 409. Arteries (Plate XXXII., 2 and 5). These are the vessels which convey the blood from the left side of the heart to the various portions of the body. They are very dense, and elastic, having three coats — VIZ., internal, lined, by endothelium; middle, ox contractile, consisting of non-striated muscular fibre, and elastic tissue ; and external, of areolar structure. The arteries anastomose frequently with one another, and finally terminate in the capillaries. 410. Capillaries (Plate XXXII., 3.3, 7.7, and 8.8). This is a system, or network, of minute vessels, constituting the connecting medium between the arteries and veins. They are very small, being about 3^00 of an inch in diameter. It is through their thin walls that the changes between the blood and the tissues take place ; the nutrient material is given out, and the effete products are taken up into the blood stream and carried to the various excretory organs, such as lungs, kidneys, skin, &c., to be thrown off by them. 411. Veins (Plate XXXII., 4 and 9) are the vessels which return the blood to the right side of the heart. They, like arteries have three coats, which, however, are not so dense, strong, or elastic, and they are, moreover, provided with pouch-shaped valves, to prevent the 5^^ PLATE XXXII EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII. CIRCULATION. L.A. Left Auricle. R.A. Right Auricle. L.V. Left Ventricle. R.V. Right Ventricle. 1. Common Aortia. 2. Anterior Aorta. 3.3. Capillary Circulation of Anterior Portion of the Body. 4.4. Anterior Vena Cava. 5. Posterior Aorta. 6. Hepatic Artery. 6a. Portal Vein. 7.7. Capillaries of Hepatic Circulation. 8.8. Capillary Circulation of Posterior Portion of the Body. 9.9. Posterior Vena Cava. The Arrows show the direction in which the Blood flows. 175 back-flow of the blood. The walls of the bloodvessels are nourished by means of small vessels, called the vasa vasorum. 412. The Portal Vein (Plate XXXII., 6 and 7) forms a separate circulatory system. It commences in the sub-lumbar region, being formed by various vessels. It carries blood, which is charged with material newly absorbed, through the walls of the stomach and intestines, from the food, and conveys it to the liver. 413. The Circulation of the Blood. — Through the medium of the large venae cavae, the dark venous blood reaches the heart ; entering by the right auricle, and, passing through the opening guarded by the tri-cuspid valve, it gains the right ventricle. From thence it is driven, by the contraction of the walls of the ventricle, into the pulmonary artery, and is carried to the right and left lungs, where it gives off carbonic acid gas, and becomes charged with oxygen. This action changes its colour from a dark brown to a bright scarlet. The blood is then returned by the pulmonary veins to the left auricle, then through the passage guarded by the bi-cuspid valves into the left ventricle, whence it is forced into the aorta, thence through the arteries all over the body, carrying to the various parts nourishment, as well as oxygen, to keep up animal heat. When loaded with impurities it is again returned by the veins to the right side of the heart. Thus we -have a double circulation, the right side being the venous, or pulmonary, while the left is the arterial, or systemic. 414. By the action of the heart, i.e., by the contraction of the ventricles, the blood is forced into the aorta and pulmonary artery ; this causes the arteries to dilate, and this dilatation, running in the form of a wave, pressed forward by the contraction of the arteries, and the force behind it, constitutes the Pulse, which corresponds to the beats of the heart. The horse's pu The cow's The sheep's The pig's The dog's se beats from 38 to 43 times per minute. 50 to 60 ,, 75 to 80 ,, 70 to 80 „ , ,, 80 to 90 ,, ,, 176 415- The number of beats of the pulse is not the only thing to be considered ; the character of the volume of the vessel is to be taken into account as well, for the pulse may be quick or slow, hard or soft, strong or weah, full and hounding, double or intermittent, corded or wiry, irregular, thready, and running down. All these varieties have a significance and value in the diagnosing of disease. 416. In the horse, the pulse is generally felt at the jaw or inner side of the forearm or fetlock joint. In the cow, at the lower part of the neck, opposite the shoulder joint, or at the inner side of the knee, or under the root of the tail. In the sheep, pig, and dog, it is felt for inside the fore arm or thigh. 417. The Blood is a red fluid (of varying specific gravity in different animals, eg., 1060 in the horse, ox, and pig), and of which we recognise two kinds : — 1. Arterial blood, of a bright scarlet colour. 2. Venous blood, of a dark brownish-red. The difference in colour is due to the relative quantities of oxygen in, each. Blood consists of — 1. Liquor sanguinis, or j!i/as«a. 2. Red corpuscles — of which there are, it is estimated, about 204,113,750,000,000 in the body (Ellenberger). 3. White corpuscles — the number of which is estimated to be in proportion to the red as i : 335. 4. Some proteids, extractive and mineral matter. 418. The Plasma (Liquor sanguinis) contains water, proteids (some of which are capable of giving rise to fibrin), solids (not proteid in nature), extractives (including fat), and inorganic salts. 419. The Red Corpuscles are bi-concave disc shaped cells, without nuclei ; they are said to be about ^J^tj of an inch in diameter ; and it is to them that Ihe red colour of the blood is due, from the iron (containing the pigment hamoglobin) which they possess, and which is the oxygen-carrier to the tissues. The red corpuscles, when seen 177 singly, are of a yellow colour, and float in the middle of the blood stream, moving along more rapidly than the white ones. 420. The W^hite Corpuscles f'ortowcy/w.asthey are also termed), are very remarkable bodies, which float more slowly along the sides of the vessels, in what is called the still stream. -They are larger than the red corpuscles, and seem to have a sort of life in themselves. It is believed that some of them {caMed phagocyte5)ha.ve the power of killing the disease germs which attack the body. There is still some doubt as to the origin of the white corpuscles ; it is thought by some that they are formed in the lymphatic glands ; by others, that they are made in the spleen ; while others think that they come from the middle parts, or medulla, the marrow of bone. 421. The disease-producing germs above-mentioned — microbes, or bacilli — surround us in millions, and enter the body by food, water, and air. Were it not for the watchful guard which these little soldier- like corpuscles keep, ready to pounce upon any intruders, these germs would speedily over-run the system, and destroy mankind and animals wholesale. Occasionally, indeed, when the body, from some cause or other, has become relaxed, and the phagocytes are unable to do their work properly, the disease-producing germs get the upper hand, and set up their own particular disease, as, for example, scarlet fever, &c. When once these germs get a footing in a human being, or in an animal, they develop and become more numerous, and capable of wide dissemination. After a time, they appear to lose their potency, and the bodies through which they have passed seem to be rendered immune, and freed from subsequent attack. The epidemic dies out, but the germs remain latent in our midst, until, in the course of time, they seize hold of another susceptible subject, and again re-estabUsh their virulence. At least, from the various periodical outbreaks of specific diseases, and the immunity given by inoculation, one is led to think such is the case. 422. Proteids. — The proteids of blood are plasma, fibrinogen, serum albumin, serum globulin, and fibrin ferment ; of these fibrinogen, N 178 when acted upon by fibrin ferment, gives rise to the fibrin found in clotted blood. 423. Extractives. — These are of two kinds, viz., nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous. The nitrogenous extractives are urea, uric acid, hippuric acid, creatine, creatinine, xanthine, and hypo-xanthine ; the non-nitrogenous are fats, soaps, cholesterine, and sugar. 424. Mineral Matter. — The salts in solution in the blood are chiefly the salts of potash, soda, lime, and magnesium, phosphates and iron ; of these, by far the most plentiful is common salt, or chloride of sodium, of which the ash of human blood is said to contain as much as 54 per cent. This substance — salt — must, therefore, play an exceedingly important part in the body, and, from its presence and great germicidal properties, may, doubtless, assist the phagocytes in their work of protecting the system from the invasion of disease-producing germs. 425. The Clotting of Blood. — When blood is drawn from the body, it does not remain fluid, but, in a short time, forms into a jelly- like mass. Then, if left to stand for a few hours longer, it separates into (i) the Cmssamentum — a firm red clot, consisting almost entirely of red corpuscles, entangled in a network of fibrin — and (2) the Senim — a clear, pale, straw-coloured fluid, in which the clot floats. Fibrin is, normally, only produced when the blood is shed, or in some other way deprived of its vitality. Sometimes, under abnormal conditions, fibrin may be produced in the living body, such as in the ante-moytem clots, found in the heart and bloodvessels. 426. Serum may be considered as plasma from which the fibrin forming elements have been removed during clotting. It contains proteids, extractives, and salts, just as the plasma does. The extractives and salts are the same in both fluids ; but the proteids of serum are serum albumin, serum globulin, and fibrin ferment. 179 PART II.— THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. 427. Intimately connected with the circulatory system, there is the Lymphatic or Absorbent System, which is made up of numerous vessels, of various sizes, and small bodies, also of different sizes, called glands. The absorbents originate in a very fine network communicating with fine delicate tubes, which are more numerous than the capillaries of the blood-vessels, and are found in almost every structure of the body, being both deep-seated and superficial. The walls of the larger vessels have three coats, and, internally, they are supplied with valves which gives them a beaded appearance when distended. 428. A number of the smallest of these absorbent vessels (Afferent Vessels) will be found running to the glands. These are present in almost every portion of the body, and are of various sizes, being usually named after the region in which they are found, for instance : the mesenteric glands in connection with the intestines, and the bronchial glands associated with the lungs. These glands give off other vessels (Efferent Vessels) which are slightly larger, and these again pass to other glands, and so on until they end in one or other of the two large trunks, i.e., the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic vessel, the former being the larger of the two. 429. The Thoracic Duct carries a mixture of both lymph and chyle. The lymph is a colourless fluid that is absorbed from the various tissues of the posterior portion of the body and hind extremeties, also from the left side of the head, neck, thorax, and left fore leg. The chyle is a milky fluid that is prepared during the process of digestion, and is taken up by the lacteals, or lymphatic vessels, and carried to the receptaculum chyli, where it mixes with the lymph, and is then conveyed by the thoracic duct into a vein near the heart (par. 224, Nos. 7 and 8). 430. The Right Lymphatic Vessel is a receptacle for the lymph that is taken up by the absorbents on the right side of the head, neck, thorax, and right fore leg, and it empties itself into the venous blood- stream near the heart, generally at the confluent vein of the jugulars. i8o PART III.— DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE CIRCULATORY AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS. 4.31. Heart Diseases.— These, though of frequent occurrence in the human subject, are not so common in the horse. The cow, however, is more often affected, generally with traumatic heart disease, from foreign bodies, such as pins, needles, &c., finding their way to the heart from the stomach. Heart affections may be said to be of two kinds : — (i) Functional and (2) Organic. ^^2. Functional Derangemet of the Heart in the horse arises from a variety of causes, but is mainly due to some stomach or liver disorder, the nature of which should, if possible, be ascertained, and suitable treatment adopted. In these cases, the pulse is, as a rule, very irregular and intermittent. The animal is very dull, hanging its head, and breathing slowly, and is off its food. The under side of the eyehd and the mouth is also of a dirty yellow colour. When these symptoms are observed, the following medicine usually gives great relief : — One drachm of calomel and two drachms each of powdered aloes and powdered rhubarb, made into a ball with a little treacle, followed up bj' half-ounce doses of bicarbonate of soda, night and morning, in a mash. The above treatment is for an ordinary adult agricultural horse; for other classes of horses, the dose must be regulated. Functional derangements of the heart may also be due to some obstruction in the blood vessels. 433. In Organic Disease of the Heart of the horse, some of the following changes are at times seen, such as vascular, fibrinous, and bony tumours in the cavities, and sometimes also, attached to the valves of the heart, all having, generally, a corrugated appearance. Fatty degeneration and fatty infiltration of the walls of the heart are, now and again, also met with, the two latter generally in complication with a somewhat similar condition of the liver. But the most of these lesions are only made manifest at the post-mortem examination. The most common form, however, of heart disease in the horse and dog is that termed hypertrophy . 434- Hypertrophy, or enlargement of the heart, may be considered as follows — A. — Hypertrophy without dilatation, when the walls of the heart are thickened, but the capacity of the cavities remain unchanged. B. — Hypertrophy with dilatation, when the cavities are enlarged, as well as the walls being thickened, and when the heart is enlarged throughout, with the walls very thin, flabby, and pale, and the ckvities dilated. 435. The heart may also become atrophied or attenuated, when not only is the organ itself much smaller than normal, but the walls and cavities are also diminished. 436. When a horse is noticed, while pulling a load up a hill, to stop every few steps, almost breathless ; to have dilated nostrils and staring eyes, and the heart beating with a thumping sound loud enough to be heard, or fluttering with an irregular sound, while the pulse is scarcely perceptible, and there is a waving flow in the jugular vein up the neck ; it may be then set down that some heart complication is present. A slight canter will produce similar symptoms with an afiected horse. Owing to the thick walls of the sides and front of the chest of all the domestic animals — with the exceptions of the dog and cat — the sounds of the heart are very difficult to define, thus making it almost impossible to distinguish one disease from another by sounding. The best mode of detecting the sounds of the heart of the horse is to lift the near fore leg, pull it well forward, and apply the ear to the side behind the elbow. Treatment for a diseased heart is of little avail ; but the horse may live a long time, and do a lot of farm work, so long as it is slow and easy. As the legs are inclined to swell, preparations of iron, digitalis, and potash, will assist materially in giving tone to the animal (see Appendix). 437. In the examination of horses as to soundness, it is of the greatest miportance to note the state of the pulse, the sounds of the l82 heart, as well as those of the breathing. I have met with cases said to have been " broken-winded," when, on examination, heart disease was found to cause the difficulty in breathing. 438. Acute cases of diseases of the heart, and its covering^ — the pericardium — are frequently associated with severe attacks of pneumonia, pleurisy, influenza, pink-eye, rheumatic affections, S'C, Here the covering of the heart becomes intensely inflamed, producing fibrinous deposits, and effusion of water into the chest and pericardial sac (hydrops pericardii). These cases are so complicated, and so rapid, that they require early and judicious treatment, as they are frequently fatal. A horse — particularly a stallion — fed up for sale on too much starchy matter, such as boiled wheat, potatoes, &c., and having little or no work to do is subject to sudden general congestive febrile attacks, affecting the whole system, when, from the hurried circulation, fibrinous strings form round the tendinous cords in the ventricles, and accumulate so fast that the animal dies from stoppage of the heart's action by this ante-mortem clot of yellow fibrinous, fatty-looking material blocking up the passages through the heart and the large vessels. 439. In the old farrier days, when bleeding was so much run upon, these cases were bled four or five times in twenty-four hours. This repeated bleeding tended to increase the fibrinous matters in the blood, so that instead of relieving the animal, the operators only assisted in killing it, and on post-mortem the verdict was that it had died from grease at the heart. These cases require prompt treatment. If bled at all, it should only be once, and at the very first. The animal ought to be kept quiet, and given plenty of ammoniated nitrate water to drink (see Appendix). 440. The Cow, as already noted, suffers more from heart diseases than the horse, owing to foreign bodies passing through the walls of the stomach to the heart. The animal may go on feeding and doing well, without the slightest symptom of anything being amiss, until one day it is found dead— post-mortem examination revealing the cause to be a needle, wire, or some such body (of which I have quite a i83 collection), sticking in the heart, or its covering. Sometimes the animal is very lame, and on close examination an enlargement is found in the side behind the elhow, which on cutting into is found to contain perhaps a large needle or pin. Again, in other cases, tiie symptoms are, that the animal begins to lose flesh and milk, feeds badly, rarely chews the cud, and shows all the symptoms of a " piner," having a dry, ticklish, barking cough, standing with the hind legs down in the gangway of the byre, the belly tucked up, and sides dropped in, the breathing short and slightly quickened ; but the most confirming symptom is the jugular vein being greatly enlarged, sticking out as thick as the handle of a hay-fork, with a wavy pulsation in it. As the case progresses, watery swellings are seen under the jaw, and on the lower side of the neck and dew-lap, while the pulse is so small and quick as to be scarcely appreciable. On applying the ear to the flat or bottom of the sternum, just behind the elbow, the heart can be heard splashing in the water, with a peculiar tinkling running sound. This symptom may be due to some foreign body sticking in the pericardium, or to chronic inflammation of the pericardium from other causes — one prominent cause being the retention of the second cleansing, the flow of which may have been checked by east wind chills, or from too early removal of the cow after calving, &c. [Lecture XII.) The animal at first falls slightly off its milk and food, and the complaint steals on gradually, until it ends in hydro-pericarditis. Treatment is very unsatisfactory. Saline medicines, combined with iron and vegetable tonics can be tried [see Appendix). 441. A Young Animal, under twelve months old, when fed on too nitrogenous a diet, such as decorticated cotton cake, suffers sometimes from congestion of the lungs and heart. It has a dry husky cough, the head is stretched out and held low, jugular vein full, breathing quick, with a sharp grunt, while the movement of the flanks is rapid, and there is generally foaming at the mouth. In fact at the first glance, the case resembles quarter-ill. Such cases usually terminate fatally, and the animal should be slaughtered early. Cotton cake of any sort should never be given to animals under twelve months old. 1 84 442. Thrombi, or plugging of the bloodvessels, are occasionally met with in the horse. They generally make their appearance when an animal has had a very quick journey, and is pulled up for a time. On re-starting, it is found to be intensely lame on one of its legs, usually a hind one — in fact, it can scarcely move. The limb has all the appearance of being paralysed, only the animal can move and stand on it, but it does so with great difficulty and pain, and perspires freely. As the case proceeds, the veins are seen to be varicosed, the leg begins to swell, and is very painful to the touch. There is a great deal of constitutional disturbance present, the animal taking little or no food. These cases take a long and tedious time to recover. The acute febrile symptoms must be combated with mild laxatives and sedative medicine. There is also a chronic form of this disturbance, which is accompanied by swelled legs, varicose veins, and a peculiar clumpy action of the leg. Diuretics, with iron tonics and long rest, answer best in these cases {see Appendix). 443. Phlebitis, or inflammation of a vein — more particularly the jugular vein — is not so often seen nowadays, being generally Caused by too frequent or unskilful bleedings, especially in the case of over-fed animals of a febrile tendency. If in the jugular, the vein is noticed to be very much swollen from the opening, up to the animal's head, with a mattery discharge from the wound. When first observed, a smart blister applied over the enlargement generally has the desired effect. Some cases, however, are to be met with, when it is necessary to pass a seton along the engorged portion of the vessel, and to tie up the animal short to the rack. Nearly all the cases terminate with obliteration of the vein, and this requires careful attention in examination for soundness. 444. Azoturia, or Nitrogenous Urine, is due to an overloaded state of the system, and occurs usually amongst horses which are too well stall-fed, and have too little work or exercise ; it is more particularly met with after a spell of frost, during which time the animals have had a term of enforced idleness, without the necessary care and attention having been paid to their dieting. Mares are even more 1 85 acutely affected than horses. Symptoms : On the animal being taken out of the stable, it seems to be possessed of more life and high spirits than usual, and rushes off on its journey in great form, but does not proceed far — generally from half a mile to two miles — before it begins to flag, wants to stop, and breaks out into a most profuse perspiration ; the back becomes arched, and the hind legs stiffen, &c. Though the difficulty is great, the animal should be got into a stable, when, if a mare, it may throw itself down, and commence to strain, as if in the act of foaling, ejecting from its bladder large quantities of dark-brown coffee-coloured urine. A horse, on the other hand, generally stands leaning against the stall, or wall, pressing its head in the manger, perspiring freely, breathing quickly, with a full, strong, corded pulse, while the eyelids and other visible mucous membranes are highly in- jected. Quantities of the same peculiar coffee-coloured urine are passed at intervals with great straining. Treatment : Owing to the sudden onset and severity of the attack, I know of no other complaint affecting the horse for which bleeding answers so well, or has such a decided, beneficial action, unloading, as it does, the over-crowded system sooner than anything else. From six to ten quarts of blood may be taken, according to the size of the animal, after which a good dose of linseed oil (i to i^ pints) should be administered, followed up by four drachm doses of bicarbonate of potash, in drinking water, every eight hours. If the attack is allowed to run its courfee, the animal, as a rule, dies, or if by chance it recovers, it is worthless for a very long time, the muscles of the loins being infiltrated with blood, from the rupturing of the muscular tissue and bloodvessels, caused by the excessive straining. To prevent the occurrence of this troublesome disorder, animals should be regularly exercised daily ; if this is not practicable, they must be put into a loose box, and lightly fed, as long as their period of idleness lasts. 445. Purpura Haemorrhagica, or Purple Bleeding. — This is an eruptive, non-contagious, febrile affection, most frequently found in the horse, and follows in the wake of some debilitating disease, such as catarrhal fever, influenza, strangles, diabetes, &c., or it may arise spontaneously without any previous derangement. It is of more i85 common occurrence in town than in country practice. Symptoms : When an animal is evidently on the way to recovery from a severe attack of influenza, or some such disease, it may all at once be found with swelled legs, eyelids, nose, and mouth, and patchy swellings all over the body, while, on closer examination, dark purple blotches are seen inside the nostrils. The breathing becomes much quicker, and the pulse is small and fast, while there is a yellow discharge from the nostrils. Occasionally the swellings about the head are so large, that the breathing is oppressed to such an extent that suffocation is threatened, and tracheotomy must be performed, while the limbs may become so much swollen that the animal can scarcely stir, and has at length to be supported on slings. Treatment : When first observed, the horse should at once be put in a loose box, where it can have a plentiful supply of fresh air, and, when necessary, ought to be put in slings. Milk,linseedjelly, and eggs beaten up in milk, may be given, as well as green food, and boiled barley, if it has any appetite. All the food must be light, and easy to digest. No purgatives should be administered. Chlorate of potash, in two drachm doses, every four or six hours (given in drinking fluids) has a very beneficial effect, while two ounce doses of hyposulphite of soda can be given, night and morning, in sloppy mashes or drinking water ; but the malady being of such a formidable character, the patient should be placed at once in the care of a veterinary surgeon, as in many difficult cases, by the mjection of preparations of iodine in solution into the windpipe, the animal can be, and has been, saved. 446. Influenza and Pink-Eye. — These are described under " Respiration " — Lecture IX. 447. Urticaria, Blaines, Howkes, or Nettie-Rash.— This is another blood affection of a non-contagious and non-febrile type, analogous to what is termed " musselling " in the human subject. It is characterised by the sudden springing up of patchy elastic swellings all over the body which, however, cause little or no distress to the animal, and may disappear quite as suddenly as they came. The cause is generally traceable to some strange food, or quality of food. i87 being given to an animal, such as the first feed of new grass, new hay, or oats, Indian corn, &c. Treatment : For the horse, from one to two ounces of bicarbonate of soda, or the same quantity of hypo- sulphite of soda, dissolved in one pint of cold water, to which is added half a pint of whisky, if given when first observed, will generally be found to have the desired effect. 448. In the cow this complaint is most frequently met with during the spring months, when stock are changing their quarters. The head, eyes, ears, neck, and the base of the tail are swollen up, while the skin all over the body feels much thicker and harder than usual. The swellings, at times, are so extensive in the region of the neck and head, that the animal foams at the mouth, and shows all the symptoms of choking. Formerly, cattle dealers and drovers, on observing a case of this nature used to cut the partition dividing the nostrils, and let it bleed, while farmers used to get very excited, and were in a great hurry to have the animal bled, thinking that they could not take too much blood away. By this heroic and foolish treatment, I have seen many subjects bled to death. All the Treatment that is necessary is to give the cow a wineglassful of turpentine, in a pint of linseed oil, or milk ; or two ounces either of bicarbonate of soda or of hyposulphite of soda may be given in one pint of cold water, to which half a pint of whisky has been added. After this the animal should be left alone, and a little patience exerted on the owner's part. 449. Lymphangitis, Weed, Shot of Grease, or Monday Morning Complaint, consists of inflammation of the absorbent vessels, and most frequently affects the the hind legs of horses ; occasionally, however, it is met with in the fore legs. It generally appears on Monday mornings, after Sunday's rest — and, perhaps, over-feed — and affects heavy horses, more particularly the sluggish gummy-legged ones. From the suddenness of the attack, and the extreme pain evinced on touching the affected limb, it, to my mind, greatly resembles gout in the human subject. Nineteen people out of twenty are in the habit of calling this a " shot of grease," whereas, in reality, there is no grease about it, grease being purely a skin disease 1 88 {see Eleventh Lecture). Symptoms : In some cases, the attack is ushered in by a shivering fit, while in others, the first symptom noticeable is a sudden and extreme lameness in one leg, on touching which great pain is evinced, even before any swelling makes its appearance, while patches of sweat may be observed on the limb. The large vessels running up the inside of the leg soon begin to enlarge, as well as the glands in the groin, and excessive lameness and pain accompany any attempts to move. General swelling of the limb then takes place ; on the appearance of which the pain diminishes a great deal, most of its acuteness being lost. In some cases there is a considerable amount of constitutional disturbance, but in others, very little or none is observable. 450. Treatment : In very acute cases, where the animal is suffering great pain, taking from four to six quarts of blood from the neck (jugular vein) gives great and quick relief. Some people bleed from the toe of the affected limb, but this I do not approve of. The treat- ment I adopt, and which I can strongly recommend, is to put a bandage-syme — made of soft meadow hay, not too tightly twisted — round the limb, commencing at the foot, and rolling lightly and loosely round, up to the top of the affected limb, and when once in position, soaking it well with several pailfuls of cold water, repeating this action every three or four hours. In scores of cases, I have seen the animal get great relief from this treatment in less than an hour. Linseed oil — from I to I J pints — may be given, followed up by 3 to 4 drachm doses of nitrate of potash, every eight hours, in drinking water. When the pain and lameness have gone — which is usually the case as the limb becomes thickened — the swelling is then best reduced by gentle exercise. Iron tonics, with diuretic medicine, may be given every night with much benefit {see Appendix.) In very excitable cases, aloes balls should be used with extreme caution {Inflammation of the Bowels, par. 261). Animals once affected are subject to subsequent attacks, and may ultimately end with their having a chronic thick leg, which, in some cases, gets to an enormous size ; this is called Elephantiasis. 451. Elephantiasis (Plate XX) consists of a chronic abnormal iSg thickening of the connective tissues beneath the skin. The horse may continue to do slow work on the farm, feeding and doing well, but the leg is very unsightly. I have had best results from applying a cold- water hay bandage to the leg every night, while tarring the limb, and giving a winter's run at grass, have also a wonderfully good effect. Liniments of a slightly stimulating nature may also be used, but I have tried blisters, setons, &c., without any avail. 452. Inflammation of the Lymphatics is a corded, painful enlargement of the vessel, and is frequently induced in the limbs by injuries, such as wounds, thorn-pricks, bruised ankles, and cracked heels. In some cases, the vessel is enlarged to such an extent that the gland at the top and inner part of the leg becomes so much inflamed that, often, an abscess is formed, which, if it does not burst of its own accord, has to be opened and the matter liberated. Treatment : The leg should be dressed with an antiseptic mixture, and alterative tonic medicine ought to be given night and morning {see Appendix). 453. Swelled Legs and Sheath. — During the winter months, when horses are stall-fed, and have thick coat.'? of hair, they are frequently seen with thick legs, and, occasionally, the sheath becomes swollen, and pendulous. This is generally due to want of condition, or to giving them too much boiled food of a " slushy " nature, such as boiled turnips or potatoes, and cut corn sheaves. Soft unconditioned hay, or oats, will have a similar effect. If the food be at fault, it should be changed at once, and the sheath well washed out with soap and water ; ' then the administeration of iron tonics, combined with suitable diuretics, will soon remedy the mischief {see Appendix). The best treatment, however, is to clip the hair off the animal, and feed with well-conditioned corn and hay. 454. Nearly all epidemic or epizootic diseases are more or less affections of the blood, caused by small solid bodies, called microbes, bacteria, or bacilli, which grow and multiply with great rapidity in the blood.) and produce characteristic diseases, just as turnip seed and clover seed produce turnips and clover respectively — plants that are very distinctive from one another. igo , 455. Anthrax, or Splenic Apoplexy. — Although this is a disease of the blood, it has already been noticed under "Digestive Organs, Part II." {par. 325). 456. Black Quarter, or Quarter-Ill. — This disease is due to a minute germ which finds its way to, and locates itself in some of the tissues of the body, where it increases in number with great rapidity, causing, in due course, grave alteration of the tissues of the part affected, the generation and evolution of gases, with subsequent derangement of the blood, and consequent death. It attacks various parts of the body, particularly the limhs, loins, and shmildevs. It is most frequently seen in young animals, from six months to two years old ; but even those older are by no means exempt from attack. As a rule, the best thrivers, or those in the most forward condition, are the first to be affected. In young stock, it is invariably fatal, while aged animals occasionally make good recoveries. Black quarter is not now of nearly so common occurrence in the North of England as it was some years ago ; this is owing to the better sanitation and improved mode of feeding now adopted, specially to the fact of not allowing the animals to lose their calf-flesh, but feeding them steadily on. The disease is regarded by some as a species of anthrax, and is called symptomatic anthrax ; but there is a decided post-mortem differentia- tion present, in so much that the hlood of an animal dead of anthrax proper, will not coagulate, while that ot an animal dead of quarter-ill will. I have known of numerous affected animals (young over-fed bulls in particular) that were slaughtered, and where the damaged portion was cut off and destroyed, while the remainder of the carcase was sold as food for human consumption. Although I never heard of any bad result following, yet I do not subscribe to the system, for it is a dangerous proceeding ; and all animals so affected should be either scheduled or brought under the notice of the authorities. 457. The Symptoms of black quarter or quarter-ill to be first noticed are, that the animal seems very languid, breathes quickly, and Jiangs its head, while the white of the eye has a peculiar, pale, cold, steely hue. Lameness may also be present in one of the limbs. On examining igi the body, the confirming symptom will be a puffy swelling, which, when the hand is passed over it, gives a crackling sound and feeling. All sorts of remedies have been tried, but I never knew a case of a young animal recovering when once attacked. Treatment : In adult cases, I have had most success with the following prescription, namely, one ounce of hyposulphite of soda and one ounce of charcoal, given every six or eight hours, in water; and lo to 15 ounces of linseed oil given every other day. The temperature in all the cases ranged from 104° to 106° for seven to ten days ; little or no food was taken, while the affected parts made very slow recoveries. 458. Numerous preventive measures have been suggested and tried for this affliction, such as tablespoonful doses of turpentine in half a pint of linseed oil, twice a week ; or ^ ounce doses of saltpetre, in one pint of water, at like intervals, &c. ; but the best preventive I have found, is to insert a seton — a piece of white linen tape smeared over with a little blister ointment — on one side of the dewlap, in September or October. I have treated some hundreds in this manner, and yet have never seen one animal which had been setoned become affected with blacjc quarter. A new preventive, now recommended, is inoculating the young animals with a watery f^uid prepared from the diseased parts of an affected beast. This is a very delicate operation — the instrument must be scrupulously clean, and the fluid must be injected direct into the blood, through the walls of the jugular vein, which has to be dissected out for this purpose, for were a little of the fluid to get into the tissues beneath the skin, it would be the means of killing the animal. This, then, is a very risky, as well as a tedious operation, and I fail to see how it can be an improvement on the old seton, with the facts before named within my own experience of 40 years. The best plan, however, is to keep the animals indoors until they are twelve months old, giving them good lodgings, dry beds, good drainage, and nutritious food, such as linseed cake, crushed oats and bran, with a little salt. Were this treatment followed out, very little, if any, black quarter would be seen. 459. Rinderpest, or Cattle Plague, is an imported disease of an acute, specific, contagious, and malignant typhoid character, which runs its course in a very short time. The noticeable symptoms consist of elevated temperature, quick breathing, pulse scarcely perceptible, watery discharge from the mouth and nostrils, drooping head and ears, trembling and twitchings of the muscles all over the body, coat on end, and dirty eruptions and ulcerations are seen in the mouth and vagina. Death, very soon, is the invariable accompaniment. This disease is under the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, and really is of a very contagious and highly infectious nature. Happily, however, it has not visited our shores for some time. Anyone wishing for further particulars and details respecting this disease should refer to the late Principal Williams' "Principles and Practice" of Veterinary Medicine (8th edition). 460. Foot and Mouth Disease, or Murrain. — This is a contagious, eruptive, vesicular, febrile disease, affecting the mouth, feet, and udder with, at first, small eruptive vesicles, which afterwards burst, and form ulcerating sores. Some cases are of a more acute nature than others ; and, again, we may have the mouth attacked, and the feet free, and vice-versa. It affects cattle, sheep, and pigs — young pigs especially, at times, suffer severely, and die suddenly, when the morbid material gains admittance to the body. The period of incubation varies from one to four days, with an elevation of temperature from 2° to 5°. The most prominent Symptoms are saliva foaming from the mouth, with a distinctive peculiar smacking of the lips and tongue ; the feet, occasionally, are so sore that the animal does not dare to move them unless by twitching them up in a very abrupt manner ; the vesicles may be noticed as before-mentioned. This disease is now scheduled under the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, but it has not been suppressed, though the country was free from it for some time before it lately re-appeared. I have seen a great number of outbreaks, and although the disease did not prove very fatal, yet it caused a great loss to stock-owners ; especially was this so in dairy and breeding herds, the greatest loss being from calving cows casting their calves, and retaining the afterbirth, this being complicated with sore udders, &c. 193 461. When allowed to treat the cases, my great object was to try and assist nature in preventing the animals from aborting, and, for this purpose, I found that half- ounce doses of chlorate of potash, given once a day, had a marvellous effect, as the following instance will show : — On one occasion when foot and mouth disease broke out, the stock belonging to Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart., at Brayton, were con- siderably affected. In order that the disease might run its course speedily, all the cattle — affected and unaffected — were brought together and put into the large park. These were dosed daily with chlorate of potash, given in bran mashes. The result of this treatment was that, out of about two hundred head of cattle, only ninety-eight took the disease, and all of them recovered ; thirty-five of the affected cows were in calf, and they all went up to their full time — not one aborted ; there were no sore udders, the calves were a fine crop, and both mothers and offspring did well. I have subsequently, on several occasions, tried the chlorate treatment with a like success. When the feet are much affected, heavy animals suffer greatly. I have seen bulls and heavy shorthorn cows lie for weeks. A thick bed of dry sawdust or moss litter answers well in such cases; and when the bones of the feet are exposed, and the claws spread apart, antiseptic dress- ings should be secured over the parts with the figure-of-eight bandage. Milk from the ailing cows quickly affects young calves and pigs, and this often fatally. It should, therefore, never be given to animals until it has been well boiled, yet I have seen farm servants drink the milk fresh from such animals without any ill effects. 462. Red-Water, Black-Water, Muir-Ill, or HcEmo- Albuminuria. — This disease is mostly found affecting the cow, yet I have seen two cases of it in the horse. In both of these latter subjects, the urine was of a dark, port wine colour, but there was little or no accompanying constitutional disturbance, the animals merely appearing dull and languid, with a great absence of appetite, for two or three days. Both cases readily yielded to saline laxative medicines, supplemented with boiled barley and bran mashes, containing a little salt. These animals had been grazed on pastures on which red-water in cattle was very prevalent, several of the cows on the pasture being 194 affected at the same time. The disease, although due, in the first instance, to some peculiarity of the food, may be regarded as a deterioration of the blood, and the most striking symptom is the dark red or black colour of the urine, which is passed from the bladder in a slow, jerking, spiral stream, causing a bubbling froth as it falls on the ground ; but there is no coagulation, or blood-clot, as is seen when there is haemorrhage from the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. Formerly, this used to be a very common malady in the North of England ; but improvements, of late years, in the drainage, and the appHcation of artificial manures, have gone far to make this a disease of rare occurrence. Twenty years ago, it was nothing uncommon to see ten or twelve cases in as many hours ; but during the last twenty j'ears I have had very few cases. I have never seen it follow parturition, and only twice have I seen it affect stall-fed animals ; both of these attacks were, however, very slight. 463. The lands principally affected are poor, pndrained, shivery, gravelly pastures, and sour wet mosses, where the herbage is of a coarse acrimonious nature, in which acrid plants, such as tormentil, abound. The malady generally makes its appearance in the summer and autumn months — August and September, especially — following, usually, a sharp heavy rain, after a spell of dry weather, when the grasses spring up rapidly, and, under these conditions, the complaint is rife. Cattle bred and reared on the above-mentioned soils are, however, more immune from attack than those reared on good land, and brought on to the bad to graze. I am strongly of opinion that the disease is due to a want of a normal quantity of saline matters in the food, which, in turn, interferes with and destroys the balance between the solids and fluids of the blood. As already shown, blood contains a large proportion of salt, and has, in fact, a soft sahne taste. Now, on account of the acid nature of the food obtainable on these sour pastures, a sufficient amount of saline material is not conveyed to the blood to preserve the equilibrium, between the soHd and fluid parts, so that the watery portions, by endosmosis, pass through the cell walls of the red corpuscles, and so distend them, that they burst, and they then pass through the excreting water tubes— uriniferous tubes — of the 195 kidneys into the urine, accompanied by the colouring matter of the blood, which they have thus liberated, giving to it the red colour noted, and instituting the name of the disease. 464. The following analysis by Professor Sibson, F.C.S., London, was determined from a sample taken from a recent case I had : — Analysis of " Red Water" from Cow. Water , 9398 Solid Matter in Solution 5'02 Consisting of Organic Matter 4'48 Containing — Urea 2-40 Albumen 1 72 Extractives and Colouring Matter 036 And of Mineral Matter 1-54 Containing — Sodium Chloride 071 Calcium and Magnesium Phosphates, con- taining Alkaline Phosphates 0'I3 Potassium Sulphate 0^29 Other Saline Matters not determined o'4i 465. Symptoms : When first noticed, the animal suffering from red water is generally seen standing by itself in the field, with nose extended, and an anxious expression on its face ; when it moves, it is in a very listless fashion. On closer examination, the breathing is found to be short and quick, the pulse jerky, tremulous, and weak, the heart going at a great pace, and it can, in many cases, be heard, beating loudly, at a distance of five or six feet from the side of the patient. In milkers, the secretion is suspended ; the nose, eyes, mouth, udder, and vagina have a dirty yellow cast, while the lips of the vulva have a tight, puckered-up appearance, and the urine has, as already stated, its characteristic red colour. The animal will take neither food nor water, and in the first stages, is affected with morbid diarrhoea. As the disease advances, all the symptoms become aggravated, but an obstinate constipation takes the place of the diarrhoea. In my opinion, this suspension of the action of the stomach and bowels is due to the deteriorated blood acting on the nerve centres, causing perverted action, or, in a degree, paralysis of the nerve fibres supplying the alimentary tract ; and the poor brute's condition becomes much more 196 aggravated by the owner, on seeing this symptom, pouring into it large doses of relaxing purgatives, which only hurry it on to dissolution. 466. Treatment : The treatment I recommend, as soon as the animal is observed to be aflfected, is to give it from 14 oz. to 20 oz. of common salt in two quarts of gruel, and then to place in front of the patient a large pailful of hay-tea or bran -tea, or cold water and milk in which from two to three ozs. of hyposulphite or bicarbonate of soda is dissolved. This must be renewed as soon as the patient drinks it. It should be followed by 10 oz. doses of linseed oil, to which is added one oz. sweet spirits of nitre and one oz. balsam copaiba, and this should be repeated every twelve hours, if necessary. Should the bowels not respond, small doses of salts — from three to five ozs.— may be given along with warm cordials, such as one oz. each of ginger, gentian, sweet pepper, mustard, &c., in a quart of warmed ale, or in gruel containing ^ pint of whisky, every six or eight hours. I have found this treatment to be very beneficial. 467. Prevention consists in first draining the land, and then dressing the particular grazing pastures affected, every fourth or fifth year, with 10 cwt. of rough crushed rock salt to the acre, while large lumps of rock salt should be scattered over the pastures for the animals to lick. Liming, also, has a good effect on some land, but in my experience, salt is much better, and lands on which, in former years, the disease was intensely rife, have, I am aware, by the application of salt, now been entirely cleared of it. 468. Swine Fever, Red Soldier, or Blue Sickness — Measles. — This disease js of a highly infectious and contagious typhoid character ; it is rapidly spread by contact and cohabitation, and by putting healthy pigs into a box, hull, or place from which diseased animals 'have been taken, and which have not been properly < dis- infected. After exposure to infection, the malady has a period of incubation, varying from five to seven days. The post-mortem reveals that the organs principally affected are the large (c^cum, in particular) and small intestines, and the stomach, the lining membrane 197 of which at the onset is congested with small raised red spots, seen above the surface. As the disease advances, these spots turn dirty white, and ultimately become ulcers of various sizes, in some cases running one into another, that is becoming confluent, more particularly round the ileo-caecal valve, where the small intestine joips the large one. As the case progresses, the ulcers change in character, and have a characteristic centre of a dirty grey or dark appearance, surrounded by well-defined yellowish-red rings. In some of the cases, there is a deposit of an exudate on the mucous coat of the stomach and bowels, of a bran-like appearance, called the diphtheritic form of the disease. The cases, however, differ greatly ; some attacks are mild, while others are very severe, in which case other organs become implicated, such as the lungs, heart, liver, &c. But the lesions in the alimentary tract are most to be depended upon in the diagnosis of the disease. 469. Symptoms : The first to be noticed is the listless, languid condition of the animal, and the extreme pallor and coldness of the shin. This latter symptom is a very characteristic one, yet it has not been noticed by many writers. The animal persists in lying, and has no inclination to stand up or walk about ; in fact, it is extremely pros- trated, even from the very first, and if made to get up, it lies down again immediately, pushing itself under the straw. In from 30 to 40 hours after an attack, the neck appears slightly swollen, and the skin round it, under the belly and ears, turns red, after which dark blotches make their appearance in different parts of the body, more particularly in the soft portions. These in many cases turn purple, and finally black. The breathing is quick, and at times laboured, accompanied with a groan or grunt. In some cases, both food and water are persistently refused, while in others there is a great thirst, and, as a rule, obstinate constipation, followed by profuse diarrhoea. The patient may struggle on for from eight to twenty, or even more, days, and have all the indications of recovery, when, on the slightest disturbance, the animal will die suddenly from failure of the heart's action. 470. Treatment is not allowed, as the disease is now scheduled igS under the Contagious Disease (Animals) Act. Cases must, therefore, be reported to the police, and the affected animals destroyed. Prior to the passing of the Act, my treatment was, after ordering perfect quietness, to give at the onset, to an adult pig, from two to four ozs. of olive oil, with from lo to 20 drops of croton oil, along with warm- water injections every six or eight hours, at the same time tempting the animal to drink milk and cold water containing from one to two drachms of bicarbonate of soda. I had one case, many years ago, of a fancy-bred sow, which had a very severe attack ; and although the blotches on the skin turned black, she recovered. Strange to say, she received, altogether, above a drachm of croton oil at different times during its illness. 471. When pigs are injudiciously fed on too much uncooked foods, such as Indian meal, raw potatoes, &c., numerous red and purple blotches of various sizes are noticed on different parts of the body. This must not be confused with swine fever, as the symptoms are widely different. When these blotches aye due to indigestion, there is little or no constitutional disturbance or prostration ; the animal will also take a little food, seems lively, and will run about as if it ailed little or nothing. Treatment for such a case is to give well-boiled oatmeal and barley flour gruel and milk to drink, with teaspoonful doses of bicarbonate of soda, night and morning, for a few days. s w H to >^ K O H < w « 2 2 e -5 U m a o CO ^ o -1' __ ,r| til > f ■3 Id U 3 ho C 2 o J5 > ri ,q ifl t^ f5 H Ph O W H CO .S 3 O ti -^ ° J9 ° en « 2 ffl « 1-1 M « ■i-* a) to s 3 -s E S NINTH LECTURE. THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 472. The organs of respiration are, first, the Nose, which is divided by a bony and cartilaginous septum (septum nasi) into two chambers — the right and left nasal chambers ; secondly, the Larynx ; next the Trachea, or windpipe ; then the Bronchi and Bronchial tubes ; the Lungs ; the Thorax, or chest ; the Pleurae ; and the Diaphragm. 473. The Nasal Chambers (Plate XXXIII., No. 3).— The right and left nasal chambers of the horse each contain two bones — one above (the superior), and one below (the inferior). They are made up of very fine sheets of bone, covered with mucous membrane, and rolled up like a Turk's turban, and are called turbinated bones. These bones give an extensive surface for the distribution of the nerves concerned in the sense of smell, as well as for the ramification of the blood-vessels which warm the air as it passes over their surface to enter the windpipe. The membrane covering them clears the air from solid particles of dust before it passes to the sinuses of the head or, by way of the windpipe, to the lungs. The cow has three turbinated bones in each chamber, also a canal (called Jacobson's canal) in the floor of the nasal chamber, which communicates with the mouth. The cavities in the horn cores of ruminants are also in communication with the nasal chambers. 474. The Larynx (Plate XXXIII., No. 6) is situated at the back of the throat, and is composed of five pieces of cartilage, or gristle, of different shapes, which are so placed and joined that they are movable on one another, thus regulating the inlet and outlet of the air. These 200 cartilages are named the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid (2), and epiglottis. They are held together by ligaments, and moved by muscles. The cavity of the larynx is lined by a very sensitive mucous membrane. 475. The Trachea (Plate XXXIII. .-No. 8), or windpipe, is a long tube running from the larynx to the roots of the lungs, where it divides into two bronchi. It is made up of a number of ring-shaped pieces of cartilage, held together by elastic ligamentous tissue, and is thus capable of flexible movement. It is lined internally with mucous membrane. 476. Thyroid Gland (Plate XXXIII. , No. 20;.— This gland is ductless, and consists of two lobes placed one on each side of the trachea, near its junction with the larynx. It is larger in the young than in the adult animal. 477. The Thymus Gland (Plate XXXIII., No. 19) is a single body, found lying on the under side of the trachea at the entrance to the chest. It is large in the very young animal, but gradually disappears after birth. The functions of the Thyroid and Thymus glands are not, as yet, perfectly understood. Although described in this place, they have nothing to do with respiration. 478. The Bronchi (Plate XXXIII. , Nos. 10 and 11) are two in number, one going to the right lung and the other to the left. They divide and subdivide, ramifying through the substance of the lungs, until they are too small to be seen by the naked eye. The smaller branches and the air-cells, in which they terminate, form clusters called lobules. The divisions and subdivisions resemble a tree with branches ; the air-cells resembling the leaves. 479. The Lungs, or Lights (Plate XXXI 1 1., Nos. 12 and 13)— right and left — are the principal organs of respiration. They are of a fine, soft, spongy texture, pale pink in colour, and very light and porous, owing to the air-cells containing air ; as a consequence, the lungs can float in water. In the horse, the right lung is divided into three lobes and the left lung into two ; while in the cow, the right is divided into four lobes, and the left into two. The inter-lobular tissueis also found in greater abundance in the cow than in the horse. The nutrient blood-vessels of the lungs are the bronchial arteries and veins. The functional vessels are the pulmonary arteries and veins, which are much larger than the nutrient vessels. The pulmonary arteries convey the blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to be purified, while the pulmonary veins return it to the left side of the heart, as described in the lecture on " Circulation " (par. 405). 480. The Thorax, or Chest, has a part of the back-bone for a roof, the breast-bone, or sternum, for a floor, the ribs and muscles for lateral walls. The diaphragm is a strong musculo-membranous partition, which separates the chest from the belly, or abdominal cavity. The inside of the thorax is lined by the pleura. 481. The Pleura is a fine, serous membrane, which lines the inside of the ribs on both sides (pleura costalis ),a.nd covers the anterior surface of the diaphragm. From the top of the chest and under side of the back-bone, it descends through the middle of the chest to the sternum, dividing the thorax into two lateral halves and forming the mediastinum, which encloses and coverg the heart. The pleura is also reflected over the outside of the lungs themselves, and is then called the pleura pulmonalis. 482. Respiration, or breathing, is the act by which a constant interchange of gases takes place between the atmosphere and the blood. Two distinct movements are noticed during respiration — (i) inspiration and (2) expiration. Inspiration is the act by which the lungs become filled with air, for the purpose of purifying the blood, as described in the lecture on " Circulation " (par. 405). Kxpiration, on the other hand, is the act whereby the air in the lungs, charged with carbonic acid gas and other impurites, is expelled from the body. Each inspiration occupies about thrice the length of time taken up by an expiration. The air which passes to and fro during ordinary respiration is called the " tidal air " ; the " reserve air " is that which can be voluntarily ejected after ordinary expiration ; " complemental air," is that which can be taken in after ordinary inspiration; and ''residual air," is that which remains after forced expiration. Horses in large towns suffer more from derangement of the respiratory organs than those in the country, and are considerably worse to treat, owing to want of good fresh air and loose boxes. Pit horses are similar to town horses ; their treatment is quite different from that of those in the country — the doses of medicine being only half the usual quantity, and stimulating remedies succeeding best. 483. Cubic Air-space for the Horse.— The horse is said by some to require 1,200 cubic feet of air-space for healthy respiration. The following extracts from Colonel Fitzwygram's " Horse and Stables " show the great variation that exists in the cubic space of different stables : — Royal Mews . 2,500 Cubic Feet per Horse Marlborough House Stables . . . 1,700 „ ,, South-Eastern Railway Company . 1,540 London General Omnibus Company . 820 ,, ,, Cab-Horse Stables (average) . . 550 Hyde Park Barracks . . . 2,284 Aldershot Cavalry Barracks . . . 1,034 Dublin Royal Barracks 560 ,, ,,. Woolwich (New Model) • 1,793 484. Cubic Air-space for the Cow. — A great deal has been said and written respecting the cubic air-space requisite for the cow. No one will deny that a good supply of pure air, as well as light, is most essential for the welfare and health of our domestic animals. Yet, it is not exactly the 600 or 800 cubic feet of air for each cow that is required, so much as proper provision for the exit of the foul air. A 400 cubic feet air-space for each cow, with proper ventilation through the roof by the aid of air shafts and louvres, will do more for the well being of the animal than 600 or 800 cubic feet with improper ventilation. All vent holes in the sides of stables and byres should be discarded, and ventilation by the aid of air shafts through the roof adopted instead. 203 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 485. The respiratory organs, being delicate, areextremely susceptible to derangement and disease in this ever-changing climate of ours, and all sudden chills and changes of tempetature — especially from cold to heat — are very liable to have a baneful effect. Apart from purely atmospheric differences, we sometimes have horses subjected to, what I may term, artificial changes of temperature, and these are even more prone to be accompanied by injurious results than are the natural changes. For instance, when a young horse is brought in from grass, for the first time, put into the stable and there tied up, along with a number of other horses ; or it may be it is turned into a small, stuffy loose box, commonly called a " hull," or more properly " hole," where the doors, windows, and ventilators (if there are any) are closed to keep out the cold. All this is done with an utter disregard of the climatic conditions to which the animal has been exposed outside, and consequently the sudden change from the cold clear air to the warm air of the stable (which the breathing of the other horses rapidly contaminates), or to the cooped up " hull" (the atmosphere of which is soon rendered impure by the animal's own breathing) is very apt to produce an attack of congestion of the lungs. Young horses, then, when first brought in, should be placed in a well- ventilated airy box, say, for the first ten days or so, thus making the change more gradual. Again, young green animals, when sold and taken from the country into the town, should* at first be put into a separate box or stable, so as to acclimatize them to their new surroundings before they are stabled with other seasoned horses. 486. The Nose. — Occasionally growths of a cartilaginous or fibrinous nature, also long necked tumours, ox polypi, are met with in the nasal chambers, firmly attached to the turbinated bones or the septum of the nose. These growths produce a peculiar snoring sound, and are generally accompanied by a foetid discharge from the nose, particularly when the bones are implicated. The only treatment of any avail is to cast the horse and remove the obstruction by an operation, which should be performed by a professional man. Some 204 horses are subject to small warts covering the tip of the nose, which often become very troublesome, but dressing with acetic acid, twice a week, will be found to answer well in most of these cases. 487. Broken Nose. — The bones of the nose may be broken or delved in, from some injury, such as a kick from another horse or by the horse itself running away and coming in contact with a stone wall or other obstruction. The loose pieces of bone must be removed, the bleeding stopped b}' the application of cold water and styptics, and the parts dressed as a contused wound. 488. Haemorrhage, or bleeding from the nose, both in the horse and cow, may arise from other causes than injuries, or from growths in the nasal passages. The bleeding may be either from the lining membrane of the nose or from the lungs, and I have, on several occasions, seen profuse haemorrhage from the nose of the cow follow difficult parturition. Treatment : Perfect quietness is necessary, with a plentiful application of cold water to the forehead and face, and the nostrils should be plugged with sponge, cotton wool, &c., &c. Give, also, half-ounce doses of tincture of iron, every four or six hours, in three gills of cold water, followed with eggs beaten up in milk, and water to drink. 489. The nasal chambers and frontal sinuses of the sheep are at times infested by the. larvae of the gad-fly (oestrus ovis), which resemble the " warbles " found in the cow's back or the " bots " in the horse's stomach. At one time, it was thought that the larvae were developed from eggs deposited within the nostrils, but it is now stated that the perfect fly deposits the young live larva within the rim of the nostril, whence, by means of small hooks, it crawls up inside the nose, where it develops. After remaining there for about ten months to mature, it then drops out of the nose on to the ground, and buries itself in the earth for a few weeks, when it emerges in the form of the perfect insect to re-commence its life cycle ; the usual time for the fly to make its appearance being during the summer months. Symptoms : When the fly attacks the sheep to deposit its larvae, the 205 sheep hold their noses close to the ground, or under the body of their companions, and try to get away from their tormenters. When the parasite gains its habitat, it causes sneezing and a discharge from the nose. Treatment is of little avail, but injecting a mixture of two parts of turpentine and four of olive oil up the nostrils may be tried. Prevention : Smear the sheep's nose, once a week, during the summer months, with a mixture of equal parts of green tar and palm oil. 490. Catarrh or Cold. — The skull contains sinuses, or cavities, which give strength and lightness to the head, and have communication with the atmosphere through the medium of the nostrils. These cavities are subject to irritation and inflammation, and they are so affected in cases of common cold, which is of so frequent occurence in early spring. This may be called simple catarrh or cold in the head. Symptoms : In such cases, there may or may not be much constitutional disturbance, nor rise of temperature, but the animal seems dull and languid, the coat is staring, and watery discharges come from the eyes and nostrils. Immediately these conditions are observed, and the horse is noticed not to take its food freely, it should be knocked off work, put into a nice, dry, airy loose box, clothed well, have its legs bandaged, and be nursed for a few days. Boiled barley, a little treacle and bran, with a table-spoonful of nitrate of potash should be given night and morning. Carrots and green food are of great service, and hay tea should be given to drink. These apparently simple cases are always, however, to be regarded as dangerous, for, if neglected, or should the horse get another chill, they may end rather suddenly in congestion of the lungs, followed by death. Again, neglected cases may run on into nasal i 491. Nasal Gleet is a chronic mattery discharge from one or both nostrils. Now, the discharges from the nostrils are from so many different causes, such as chronic inflammation of the lining membrane, abscesses in the sinuses, diseased teeth, abscesses in, and affections of, the pharynx, larynx, and the lungs, and also from that formidable disease called glanders, that it is of the very greatest importance that, 2o6 in cases with such discharge, a professional man be consulted at once, to determine the nature of the complaint, and to treat accordingly. Treatment : In cases of abscesses in the sinuses, or of a diseased molar tooth, the parts have to be opened out — for which purpose a tubular saw, termed a trephine, is employed — and the tooth removed, or the abscess dressed, as the case may be. Simple nasal gleet is, at times, successfully treated by puffing iodoform up the nostrils with an insufflator, or by injecting 15 grains of chinosel, dissolved in half-a- pint of tepid water, up the nostrils. 492. Glanders. — In the horse, this is a very dangerous, contagious and inoculable disease, due to the presence of a micro-organism called the bacillus mallei. It is found in the acute, sub-acute, and chronic forms. In the old coaching days, when stables were badly constructed, with low ceilings and insufficient ventilation, glanders was very rife ; and, though it is now seldom seen in the country, it is, I am sorry to say, even more prevalent now in towns than formerly. A horse suffering from chronic glanders may go on working and feeding for months before anything particular is noticed about it ; except that its coat looks ragged and unhealthy, and the lining membrane of the nostril may be of a peculiar leaden hue. The animal generally has a slight discharge from one nostril, particularly the left,a.nA. a small enlargement under the left jaw, firmly attached to the bone. At first, the nasal discharge in glanders resembles healthy pus, of a yellow colour, and it has a tendency to stick round the nostrils, but there is no foetid smell accompanying it. As the case proceeds, the discharge is occasionally streaked with blood. On examining the nostril, the septum nasi, or division, will be found to be ulcerated, the ulcers having a very peculiar appearance, which needs the eye of the expert practitioner to detect, and, as a rule, these when once formed rarely heal up. The lungs of a glandered horse, on post-mortem, are found to be studded all over (in clusters or separately) with small nodules, or tumours — the miliary tubercle. Glanders should be reported immediately it is suspected, as it is very dangerous to both man and beast, and inoculation, from the chronic, will cause the acute form, and death in a very short time. 207 493- Farcy is a disease allied to glanders, and may be considered under the same head. It may he either acute or chronic. In the former, one (or more) of the limbs swells, with a great amount of constitutional disturbance, accompanied by a rise of temperature. The absorbent vessels, or lymphatics, become distended, like cords, and small, buds (farcy buds) form at the valves of these vessels, and these generally in due course burst, and discharge a thin purulent fluid. Glanders and farcy are both under the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, and being very dangerous diseases, should be reported immediately on being noticed or suspected, and the animal ought to be destroyed at once. Thorough disinfection of the stable is also of the greatest importance, in order to prevent the spread of the disease. 494. In doubtful cases of Glanders, a preparation called Mallein is now frequently injected under the skin on one side of the neck. If the animal is suffering from Glanders, a painful swelling arises at the seat of the injection, with constitutional disturbances, there being a rise of temperature of three to five degrees. If Glanders is not present, no re-action takes place. It may be noted that some authorities state that the repeated injection of Mallein into the body of a glandered horse has a curative action as well as a protective influence, rendering the animal immune from further attacks. The question has not yet been definitely settled. 495. Coughs may be acute or chronic, and can only be looked upon as a symptom. They may arise from a variety of causes, such as sore throat, bronchitis, inflammation of the lungs, worms or parasites in the wind-pipe, diseases of the heart, &c., or from foreign bodies in the throat or stomach ; and also through reflex action from parasites in the stomach or liver. Now, as all these have distinct and peculiar sounds, it is therefore of the greatest importance to find out the cause before any proper treatment can be recommended, or adopted. Neglected simple catarrh may cause a slight cough from irritation of the lining of the throat, in which case a stimulating embrocation, applied round the throat from ear to ear, may give some relief. For preparati'ons for the relief of Cough see Appendix, and for further treatment par. 490. 208 496. Laryngitis, or Inflammation of the Larynx, commonly called sore throat, may result from an injury, neglected catarrh, or a chill, from the animal being exposed to draughts when heated, from the irritatmg effect of smoke from burning buildings, or from chemical fumes. It may, or may not, be accompanied by any constitutional disturbance. When simple, the application of a mild, stimulating embrocation (see Appendix), or of mustard, mixed with cold water to the consistency of thin cream, and rubbed round the throat, along with soft food and good nursing, as recommended for catarrh {par. 490), will generally set the matter right in a few days ; but if the attack be acute, it may prove very dangerous, and end in the horse becoming a roarer. SvMPTOMs : At the commencement the animal is dull and weary, hanging first on one leg, and then on another ; the nose is poked out, the coat is on end, the temperature is elevated from 103° to 106°, the mouth is hot and there is frothing round the lips, the eyelids are partly closed, the visible mucous membranes are congested, the breathing is quickened and accompanied by a noise as the air passes over the inflamed surface, and there is a sore, frightened cough ; pain is evinced when the throat is pressed, and there seems great difficulty in swallowing even small quantities of water, or other fluid, a portion of these coming back through the nostrils in the act of drinking. Treatment : Immediately the animal is noticed to be thus affected, it should be put into a good roomy loose box, the body well clothed, the legs bandaged, and a mild cantharides liniment applied to the throat (see Appendix). I have, for years, tried all kinds of methods of applying a poultice, but never could fix one to my satisfaction. Its weight distresses the animal, and there is great difficulty in getting it to keep close enough to the throat. The best plan, then, is to apply a smart stimulant. 497. In all throat aff'ections, it is dangerous to give draughts ; yet, if 8 to 10 ounces of linseed oil, with i to i\ ounces of spirits of nitre can be administered at the start, good effects may result, but if there is any difficulty in swallowing, do not attempt to drench the animal. Steaming the nostrils, by putting a dessert-spoonful of carbolic acid, turpentine, or eucalyptus oil (the latter for preference) on a sop of hay 2og in the bottom of a bucket, pouring boiling water on it, and holding the animal's head over the bucket for twenty minutes, doing it four or five times a day, has an excellent and soothing effect. The nostrils at the same time should be washed with " sanitas " or vinegar and warm water. The inhalation and washing above noted are also to be highly recommended in cases of catarrh and bronchitis. (For this purpose, never put, the head into a nose-hag). Nitrate, or chlorate of potash, in 2 to 3 drachm doses, given in bran mashes, or in cold water night and morning; with linseed jelly and milk, or hay tea to drink, can be recommended. Electuaries, composed of extract of belladonna, powdered chlorate of potash, and honey are sometimes used. A small piece of this is put into the horse's mouth three or four times a day, but I do not subscribe to this treatment, as it retards recovery and prevents the patient feeding. Should the case assume a serious aspect, by the internal parts becoming congested and swollen, with danger of suffocation, and the animal makes a roaring noise, then tracheotomy must be performed. This is done by cutting into the windpipe, and inserting a tube through which the animal can breathe, independently of the nostrils (Plate LI., No. 7). The operation is easily performed, and should not be delayed too long, as, when the horse is much oppressed in getting breath, some of the fluid which it attempts to drink may pass down into the lungs, and produce congestion, while, when the tube is in, any fluid which may trickle down the windpipe comes out at the tube. I have frequently seen this. In all cases of throat affections, strange as it may seem, the horse is much fonder of dry than of soft food or fluids. Should the bowels be very costive, they can be regulated by giving, night and morning, from i| to 2 oz. of Epsom salts in a mash, with a little treacle. A good-sized piece of lump rock salt should be placed in the manger for the patient to lick, and also a good bunch of gorse (whins) hung up in the box for the horse to pick. 498. Strangles, technically called febra pyogenica, is a febrile sup- purative disease, most commonly seen in young horses, particularly at the age of two to three years. It may be of a simple or complicated nature ; in the latter case it is termed irregular, or bastard strangles, p 210 The name strangles, no doubt, originates from the strangling or choking sensation, which must be caused by the abscesses formed under the jaw, round the throat, and beneath the ears. It is mostly seen during the spring months, or when young horses are newly brought in froin grass, and in the midst of their dentition. The simple form may pass off very mildly, without much disturbance, the small abscesses coming to a head, and bursting, with no bad results following. Good nursing and ventilation are all that is necessary, and these are very essential in every case. Soft mashes, green food, carrots, or potatoes, may also be given with great advantage. If necessary, a small dose of linseed oil — lo to 15 ounces — may be administered, or one ounce doses of Epsom salts can be given in a mash or in drinking water every six hours, until the bowels respond, and nitrate water should be offered to drink. 499. In the complicated form, or bastard strangles, the abscesses develop in an irregular manner, some forming under the jaw, and others under the ears, or on the side of the face, bursting and forming again. Such a case requires skilled attention, as it may result in pyaemia, in which condition abscesses are formed in various parts of the body. The horse in this state becomes feverish, the temperature rises to 105° and 106,° and the pulse is quick and small ; there is no appetite ; the coat stands on end ; and in some cases the legs swell, and the abscesses under the ears become so large that the animal is threatened with suffocation, and tracheotomy has to be performed. The bowels in such cases must be regulated with mashes, or green food. Purgatives must be avoided, but, if necessary, an ounce or two of sulphate of soda in a mash, or in the drinking water may be given twice a day, while a good stimulating liniment should be applied to the throat (see Appendix), at the same time the nose should be steamed {par. 497). Chlorate of potash, in two drachm doses, given in the drinking water, along with 20 drops doses of strong hydrochloric acid, twice a day, also answers well ; or one drachm doses of sulphate of quinine may be given, night and morning, with 10 drops sulphuric acid, in one pint of cold water. 211 500. Young colts should never be castrated when cases of strangles are prevalent, as the result of the operation may prove troublesome ; ' for abscesses may form in the groin and neighbouring parts. Strangles frequently terminates in Roaring. 501. Roaring is a peculiar noise made by the horse during the act of inspiration, when put to heavy or fast work. It may arise from obstruction of various kinds m the air passages, but is very often traceable to a hereditary tendency. Injuries to the throat by foreign bodies, setting up irritation and inflammation of the pharynx and larynx ; tight reining of carriage horses, as with bearing-reins ; severe colds, &c., are all liable to produce the disease, while long peacock-necked horses are more prone to it than short-necked ones. The complaint is mainly due to the muscles, particularly on the left ^ide of the larynx, becoming wasted away — atrophied ; losing their bright red colour, and assuming the appearance of yellow strings, so that they are unable to do their work of separating the cartilages during the act of breathing. Thus the left side remains stationary, and the vocal cord inside the larynx hangs loose and limp, so that, on inspiration, more air rushes into the passage than can be conveniently accommodated ; and if the breathing be in any way hurried from exercise, thjs air, forcing itself through the half-opened passage, produces the roaring noise. 502. The wasting of the muscles above referred to is considered to be due to loss of nerve power. The nerve supplying them is the inferior laryngeal, a branch of the pneumogastric. The nerves on the two sides of the neck and chest are known as the right and left recurrent laryngeals. The latter passes down into the chest, winds round the aorta, just above the heart, then proceeds up the neck with the carotid artery to supply the muscles of the left side of the larynx. It has a much longer course than the right nerve, and it is generally considered to be more liable to derangement. Thus it is thought that the left side of the larynx is more especially affected in roaring ; be this as it may, mares and ponies are rarely so much affected as the heavier stallions and geldings. Several operations have been tried for its cure, but. 212 SO far, in my opinion, nothing is better than tracheotomy; by this, a horse can be made serviceable for years, either for fast or slow work. 503. In an examination for soundness.it isamatter of vast importance to carefully test the wind. In a strong horse, particularly, it is usual to put the animal against the wall, and feign to strike it. If the subject be a roarer, it will, in the majority of cases, give a long groan ; but if a sharp grunt be emitted, the probabihty is that the horse is only a nervous grunter. Nevertheless, the animal may make no sound whatever, and yet be a confirmed roarer ; and, therefore, I consider this a very imperfect test. The best plan is either to gallop the horse some distance, or to make it pull a heavy load up hill. These trials will soon prove whether the animal is a roarer or not. 504. Whistlers and Highblowers are modified forms of roarers, and should always be regarded with suspicion. The causes are generally similar to those which produce roaring. 505. Bronchocele or Goitre. — This is an enlargement of the thyroid gland {Plate XXXIII. , No. 20), by no means common in domestic animals, but of frequent occurrence in human beings, especially those living in limestone districts, near high mountains. — e.g. — the Alps and Himalaya. Iodine preparations I have found to have the best eSect, such as two drachm doses of iodide of potassium given once a day in a mash, for ten days or so, and iodide ointment applied to the enlargement once every third day {see Appendix). 506. Bronchitis, or inflammation of the lining membrane of the bronchial tubes in the lungs, may either be acute or chronic, and may affect one or both lungs ; while either the large or small branches of the bronchial tubes may be attacked separately, or in conjunction. It is a very serious complaint ; for if, from the inflammatory process, some of the bronchial passages, particularly the larger branches, become blocked up, the blood cannot get properly oxygenated, and impure blood is therefore sent through the system, acts on the nerve centres, and causes great debility very earlj' on in the complaint. Symptoms: 213 As a rule, the horse will not he down in chest affections ; in acute attacks of bronchitis, it will, in many cases, at an early stage, be found leaning against the stall for support. Again, on account of the circulation of impure blood, oxydation of the tissues cannot go on, and coldness of the extremities and the surface of the body is the result. In health, there is a certain amount of moisture always present in the mucous lining, but, in the early stages of this complaint, on applying the ear to the windpipe, at the lower part of the neck, a dry crisp sound is heard in the bronchial tubes. However, as the case advances, this gives way to a loose slobbery noise, while the cough, which is at first dry, hard, and sore, becomes, similarly changed to a soft and loosened one. Great care must be taken at this later stage, as the inflammatory mucous material, on being thrown off, makes its way up the wind- pipe to be coughed up and discharged by the nose. The causes of bronchitis are similar to those of ordinary colds, and are various, such as chills, removing from cold to hot stables, or any sudden changes of temperature, east winds, smoke, chemical fumes, parasites or foreign bodies in the bronchial tubes, &c. In the cow, during the early spring months, when east winds are prevalent, it is a very common accom- paniment to retention of the second cleansing, when the flow of the debris from the womb has been checked. It may also be caused by moving the animal too early after calving. 507. Generally speaking, all derangements and diseases, more especially of the respiratory organs, are ushered in by a shivering fit. If this be noticed, the animal should be well clothed up, and a good stimulant, such as half-a-pint of whisky in as much water, or from one to two ounces each of aromatic spirit of ammonia and spirits of nitre, or two ounces acetate of ammonia, and one ounce of spirit of nitre, may be administered in one pint of cold water. As a rule, however, the first thing that is noticed is that the animal is very dull and languid, with the hair standing on end. The inside of the eyelids is red, the mouth is hot, the head droops, the breathing is more or less accelerated, and there is a soft, weak pulse, and an elevation of temperature from about 103° to 106° Treatment : The animal should be put into a good, dry, well-ventilated loose box, free from draughts, woollen 214 bandages should be put on the legs, and warm sheets on the body, also a pailful of cold water containing a table-spoonful of nitrate of potash, should be placed in the box for the patient to drink. 508. It is very dangerous to use purgatives in these cases, as great debility soon sets in, and the aperient however slight, — even 8 ounces of linseed oil — may set up superpurgation, which tends to remove the inflammation from the bronchial tubes to the lining membranes of the intestines, causing, in many cases, muco-enteritis and death. Or, perhaps, from the continued purging, the inflammation may again be shifted to the feet, producing laminitis or founder. This shows how very necessary it is to know what the chest affection really is, before attempting to treat it in any way. In all chest diseases there is great danger in giving drenches, as some of the fluid might get into the trachea or bronchial tubes, causing great distress ; so, if a drench has to be administered, it must be done with great caution. Half-ounce doses of carbonate of ammonia in a ball, or in the drinking water, every six or eight hours may, however, be given with advantage, and if the cough be trouble- some, one ounce of chlorodyne, mixed with one ounce of glycerine can be given three times a day in mashes of bran or boiled barley, containing a little treacle or sugar, or in hay tea, nearly cold. Many practitioners recommend that blankets which have been rung out of hot water be applied to the chest with a waterproof rug above. In some cases this answers well ; in others it has a very oppressive and relaxing effect, and should not be carried too far. I am more in favour of slightly stimulating both sides of the chest behind the shoulder, with two tablespoonfuls of mustard, well mixed in one pint of cold water, after which a piece of flannel, cotton wool, or wadding should be put round the body, and warm woollen clothing put over all. I also strongly advocate the steaming of the nose and air passages as recommended in Laryngitis (pav. 497). Food of an easily digestible nature must be given, such as boiled barley and bran, milk and water, linseed jelly, carrots, potatoes, green food, chopped whins (gorse), &c. It is also a good practice to feed patients (discharging from the nose) from buckets, or troughs, as near to the ground as possible, so as to give an easy means of exit to the discharge. 215 5og. Congestion of the Lungs. — This is a very common term- ination of many diseases, and is, in some cases, very easily produced. For example, when an animal is suffering from a slight cold, with relaxed system, a sudden chill will induce congestion of the lungs, and kill the animal in a few hours. On account of its running its course so rapidly, in many cases, there is little time to combat the disease. It is often, in fact, worse to handle than inflammation of the lungs. The difference between congestion and inflammation is, that in the former, the blood stagnates in the tissues of the lungs like water in a sponge, but there is no visible structural change of the part ; for want of tone, the blood accumulates, giving the lungs a deep brownish-black appearance. Yet, when they are put into water, they do not sink to the bottom, but, being loaded with blood, sink just below the surface — water -logged, as it were. Inflammation, on the other hand, changes the structure. The lungs become solid, similar in appearance to the liver, and, when put into water, sink to the bottom like lead, the air-cells bemg completely blocked up by inflammatory products; whereas, in congestion, they were merely pressed and not interfered with by the congested vessels. Congestion is, at times, readily induced, (especially in a badly-conditioned horse), by a heavy, fast run with hounds, when the animal has been galloped to a standstill. When the animal is thus affected, the head is extended, the nostrils dilated, the breathing is short, quick, and panting, the legs are spread wide apart, and the muscles of the body and limbs are all in a quiver. The rider having dismounted, the girths should be slackened, and the horse's head turned to the wind ; then, after it has settled down a little, the contents of the horseman's flask, or that of his companions should be given, with an equal quantity of water ; the patient should next be carefully led to the nearest box, when four drachms carbonate of ammonia made into a ball, with a little linseed meal and water should be given at once, and the body sheeted, and legs bandaged, as detailed in par. 507. 510. In acute congestion, if early on the scene, I know of no better or quicker relief than that obtained by taking three or four quarts of blood from the jugular vein ; this takes off the pressure, allows freedom 2l6 to the right side of the heart, and gives the functional vessels a little liberty to relieve themselves. If this be followed up by the administration of stimulants, — and nothing is better than the carbonate of ammonia ball named in par. 509, given every four or six hours, — the result will generally be favourable. The after- treatment should be much the same as that recommended under " Bronchitis," par. 507. Any of the foregoing complaints may end in pneumonia or inflammation of the lungs. 511. Pneumonia. — In this, the substance of the lung undergoes inflammatory action and structural change; the air-cells become blocked up, and consolidation of the lungs takes place, in which either a portion of a lung, or one lung, or both, may be involved. Pneumonia, arising as it does from a variety of causes, and passing through many stages, requires careful treatment, and should be placed in the hands of a skilled practitioner without delay. When it is certain that the disease reallj' is true pneumonia, then more heroic treatment may be adopted than that used for bronchitis. Treatment : At the early part of the attack, when the animal's breathing is hurried, the nostrils dilated, the under side of the eyelids red, and the pulse full and oppressed, with a temperature ranging from 105" to io5° ; the extraction of five or six quarts of blood has a wonderfully good effect — at least, such is the case in country practice — and gives prompt relief. This may be accompanied by a dose of from 10 to 20 ounces of linseed oil, mixed with (ine to two ounces of spirits of nitre, and 10 to 15 drops of tincture of aconite (Fleming's). Blankets wrung out of hot water, as described under bronchitis, may be applied to the chest, and nitrate of potash offered in the drinking water, with soft food, as also recommended for bronchitis. Good nursing all through is highly essential. Associated with this disease, we may have pleuro-pneumonia, as in cattle, in which both the lungs and their covering (the pleurae) are involved, and the treatment is the same as in pneumonia. 512. Pleurisy consists in inflammation of the pleurse ; that is, the serous membrane which lines the chest and covers the lungs (par. 481). This is a very painful complaint ; the animal stands still, appears to 217 be frightened to move, the elbows are turned out, and the ribs are as stationary as possible. The breathing, which is ver}' hurried, is for the most part carried on by the abdominal muscles, thus causing a ridge or line — the pleuritic line — from the elbow point to the haunch-bone. If made to move, the animal groans with pain ; the eyelids are red, the nose is poked out, and the pulse is full and strong. At times, a painful frightened cough is emitted. When both surfaces of the pleurae are involved in the inflammatory action, bands of fibrin are formed between the lungs and the walls of the chest. This formation will take place in the space of from thirty to forty hours, while the chest becomes full of water, on one or both sides, producing the condition known as hydro-thorax. At first, the Treatment to be adopted is similar to that given under pneumonia, (par. 511.) 513. Hydro-thorax, or water in the chest, sometimes arises from attacks of Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Heart Disease, and Pleurisy. The symptoms are somewhat analogous to those observed in Pleurisy, but, on applying the ear to the lower portion of the neck, just above the breast bone, the water can generally be distinctly heard splashing in the chest. The animal is much oppressed and stands with the elbows pointing outwards, and at times the limbs are swollen. Treatment : Relief is best obtained by tapping the chest with a trocar and canula {Plate LI., No. 5), and drawing off the fluid (but this should only be attempted by a qualified practitioner), following up the operation by the administration of iodine and iron tonics {see Appendix), combined with suitable diuretics, good nutritious food, and plenty of fresh air. 514. In all acute cases of chest affections, on account of the horse's breast-bone being set vertically, the animal will not lie down for fear of suffocation, so that as the case progresses, lying down is a good sign. Cattle, on the other hand, having a flat sternum, or breast-bone, and joints at the lower end of the ribs as well, can lie down throughout the whole attack. 515. Asthma, or Broken Wind. — This is by no means so common as it used to be. It may be said to exist in two forms. The first of 2l8 these consists of spasms, or a rigid contraction of the bronchial muscles, induced by the inhalation of certain matters, such as new-made hay (producing hay asthma or hay fever). This form is oftener seen in cattle than in horses, more particularly after hay-time, when the animal is put on to the fog, or after-math. There is great difficulty in the breathing, which is of a tight spasmodic character, and it is accom- panied by a wheezing, squeaking sound. The eyes are staring, and the nostrils distended. The animal will take no food during the attack, which may last from four to twenty-four hours. For this form of the complaint, great relief is obtained by putting the animal into a roomy loose box, or, better still, outside on an old grassing if the weather is fine, and giving such remedies as camphor, digitalis, chloral hydrate, belladonna, &c., (see Appendix), or by causing it to inhale the fumes of eucalyptus oil or terehene (par. 497 J. 516. The second form is of much more importance, and is due to structural change in the lungs ; some of the small air cells having become ruptured, the air finds its way through the tissue of the lungs to, beneath the pleura, and gives the surface of the lungs a blubbery appearance, called emphysema. This form of the malady is, at times, due to a bad attack of influenza, bronchitis, or pneumonia, but more frequently it is caused by bad food — more particularly musty hay, and corn— or by putting the animal to too hard an exertion, such as starting off full trot immediately after feeding. Such causes act not only mechanically, but also on the gastric branches of the pneumo-gastric nerve, which, by reflex action, implicate the lung or chest branches. As this form of complaint is incurable, the great point is to get the animal to work com- fortably, and for this purpose the feeding must be regulated ; nutritious diet of not too bulky a character ought to be given, and plenty of fresh air allowed. A case of this kind does best out of doors. The affected animal always has a peculiar way of breathing. The inspiration is performed with comparative ease, but the expiratory effort is double, the flank falling with a jerky motion. The cough is also noticeable, being a long, dry, droning bark, which is characteristic of the disease. On applying the ear to the lower part of the windpipe, 219 a crackling, hissing sound is also to be heard in the lungs. Treat- ment is of little avail, but a cough ball may be given every night for a week ($ee. Appendix) ; but from two or three grain doses of arsenic once a day for ten days or a fortnight given in a mash answers best (see Appendix). 517. Formerly, unprincipled dealers used to practise all sorts of tricks in selling an animal thus affected — such as pouring one or two pounds of lead shot, with a pound of melted butter, down the horse's throat. This weighed the stomach down, taking the pressure off the diaphragm, and thus allowed the lungs more play, when the horse breathed almost naturally. Another practice was to cut a hole into the abdominal cavity, close to the rectum, when the air being allowed access, rushed in, and had the effect of assisting the breathing, and this also seemed to have a controlling action on the double breathing. I have seen a few cases of this type in the early part of my professional career, but they are rare now-a-days. 518. Influenza is a fever of an Epizootic type, and may be regarded as a morbid condition of the blood, with a specific character, varying very much in degree, according to the nature of the attack and the condition of the patient. Some cases are very slight, while others are of a more virulent type, being accompanied by great prostration and general debility. Influenza in the horse has an incubative stage of about four or five days, and the duration of an attack varies from ten days to even twenty days. It is of a very infectious nature and usually follows in the wake of traders in horses, all classes of horses being subject to its influence. It makes itself manifest in four different forms, such as — (ist) Simple Catarrhal Fever; (2nd) Catarrh, with Chest Complications ; (3rd) Catarrh, with Bilious Fever ; and (4th) CEdematous or Exudative Cellulitis, recognisable by the swollen limbs and eye-lids. 519. Simple Catarrhal Fever resembles very much simple Cat- arrh or common cold, (pay. 490). The symptoms are somewhat analogous, and similar treatment may be adopted. 220 520. Catarrh, with Chest Complications, is of a more critical character, as the lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura, and the heart coverings become implicated. The breathing is very much quickened, and the temperature runs up to io6° and 107° F., while the eyes and nose discharge quantities of matter. The symptoms are somewhat similar to those seen in Bronchitis (par. 506), and the Treatment should be as stated in pars. 507 and 508. 521. Catarrh and Bilious Fever. In these cases the distinguish- ing difference in the symptoms is the yellowness of the under-side of the eyelids, and the lining membrane of the nose and mouth. The attack may come on suddenly with sHght symptoms of colic ; or it may crawl on insidiously for two or three days before making itself manifest, when the animal becomes very dejected and weak. The Treatment is similar to that noted for the two former cases, with the addition of small doses of calomel, which 1 find to answer well when given in half-drachm doses in a little mash, or in a ball every eight hours, until three doses are administered. 522. CEdematous or Exudative Cellulitis, commonly called Pink-eye, is recognisable by the legs and eye-lids becoming swollen. The lining membrane of the eye-lid, nose, and mouth are in such cases of a pink colour. Pink-eye is of a very variable character ; at times it is so slight that scarcely anything amiss can be noticed, only the eye- lids are puffed-up, with a watery discharge coming from the corner of the eye, and one or more of the legs may be slightly swollen about the joints and shanks. .^.t other times the eyes, face, and muzzle are much enlarged, and the legs very much distended. The animal refuses its food, can scarcely stir, is very languid and much depressed, breathing becomes quick, and the temperature rises up to 103° and 106° F. Treatment: Hypo-sulphate of soda may be given night and morning in two ounce doses, with drachm doses of sulphate of quinine every eight hours. In some cases, chlorate of potass and iron tonics answer well. Further treatment and feeding should be as noted in pav. 508. 523. Seeing that all cases of affections of the respiratory organs are somewhat analogous at the commencement, they should be placed under the care of a professional expert without delay, and not tampered with by giving quack medicines. THE PIG. 524. This animal, although subjected to the worst forms of insanitary conditions, rarely suffers from derangement of the respiratory organs. Cases of Laryngitis are sometimes met with, also Bronchitis and Inflammation of the Lungs. The conditions of nursing and treatment as named for the dog (par. 525) can be followed, but the doses of medicine there noted must be doubled. THE DOG. 525. Like all other animals, the dog suffers from derangement and diseases of the Respiratory Organs — such as, Laryngitis, Bronchitis, Congestion of the Lungs, Pneumonia, Pleurisy, Hydro-thorax, and Asthma. When the animal is seen ailing, it should at once beput into a warm, dry, well-ventilated room or kennel, with the bed well raised from the floor, which should be covered with sawdust or moss litter. Should the weather be cold and raw, and an oil stove (well guarded), be put into the kennel, it will be found very serviceable, keeping the room or kennel at a proper temperature. A mild dose of opening medicine should first be administered, such as two to eight drachms each of castor oil and syrup of buckthorn, accordmg to the size of the animal. When necessary apply to each side of the chest, behind the shoulders, some stimulative embrocation, (see Appendix) over which apply a good layer of absorbent cotton-wool, and retain it in its place with a bandage round the body ; or a piece of flannel three or four ply thick wrung out of hot water may be rolled round the body behind the shoulder, covered with a waterproof cover, and secured with a bandage. The following medicine can also be administered, i.e., from one to four drachms of liquor ammonia acetatis, along with 20 to 60 drops of spirits of nitre, given every eight or ten hours in one wine- glassful of cold water or linseed tea. When a cough is present and troublesome the cough mixture for dogs, (see Appendix) can be used 222 twice daily, supplemented when necessary by one of the aperient dog pills noted in pay. 321. (see also Appendix). 526. After the active symptoms have abated, and the dog weak, then tonics may be serviceable. One teaspoonful each of Parrish's syrup and glycerine, given in water twice a day answers well, or two to six grains of sulphate of quinine in a wineglassful of port wine may be administered. The food to be given must be of an easy digestible nature, such as beef tea, mutton or chicken broth, and milk and bread. 527. Asthma, or difficult breathing (pars. 515 and 516) is mostly seen in aged, over-fed, pampered dogs. It is generally due to improper feeding, and is usually associated with liver complications. For symptoms, treatment, and feeding, see par. 321 . 528. Distemper is a contagious febrile disease of a specific character, and although it may attack dogs at all ages, it is mostly seen in puppies, and, like measles in the human subject, generally occurs only once in a life-time. Some breeds of dogs suffer rnore from the malady than others. It attacks various parts of the body, such as the respiratory organs, or those of digestion, or the nervous system. 529. The organs of respiration are, however, the most subject to an attack of the malady, and when the puppy is observed to be dull, languid, depressed, and off its food, with a dry muzzle, and a discharge from the eyes and nose, it may be assumed that it is " breeding " distemper. It is highly necessary that the patient should be well cared for at the outset, should at once be put into comfortable quarters, (par. 525) and have administered a dose of castor oil, and syrup of buckthorn. This should be followed up every eight hours with a dose of from 10 to 60 grains of hypo- sulphate of soda, dissolved in one wineglassful of cold water, to which from i to 6 grains of sul- phate of quinine has been added. The hypo-sulphate and quinine mixture I have found to answer splendidly. For further treatment and feeding, see pars. 525 and 526. 530. Bad attacks of distemper in dogs occasionally end in Chorea. This is a derangement of the nervous system, for which there is nothing 223 better than Easton's syrup, and of this from one to two teaspoonfuls in water may be given twice a day. CATTLE. 531. Affections of the respiratory organs in cattle are not of such common occurrence as with the horse. Colds, chills, changes of temperature, east winds, &c., as a rule, affect the digestive organs of cattle more than those of the respiratory system. 532. Acute Catarrh in the cow is, however, occasionally met with, particularly in Irish cattle that have been brought across the water in the early spring months. The complaint is of a febrile character, and of a low type, while it is generally accompanied by exhaustive diarrhoea. The patient stops feeding and chewing the cud, the nose is dry, there are excessive watery discharges from the eyes and nose, and there is great languor and depression present. As the case proceeds, the eyes become red and gummy, and the secretion crusts around the nostrils ; the animal lies constantly, and will scarcely get up, the case finally assuming a typhoid character. Good nursing is eminently necessary ; clothe the body well, and make the patient as comfortable as possible : give to drink linseed jelly and milk, or hay tea, or gruel, and administer, twice a day, either one drachm sulphate of quinine and 10 drops strong sulphuric acid in one pint of cold water, or three to four drachms of chlorate of potass, with 25 drops of strong hydrochloric acid, in cold water, with occasional half-pint doses of linseed oil when necessary. Aromatics, such as ginger, aniseeds, etc., given in gruel occasionally will also be found to act beneficially. Steaming and washing the nostrils, as recommended in par. 497, are of great service. 533. Bronchitis, Congestion of the Lungs, Pneumonia, and Pleurisy, arise in the cow from somewhat similar causes as in the horse, and, again, require somewhat similar treatment, (pars, from 506 to 512). 534. Bronchitis and Pneumonia, I frequently meet with in the cow, following parturition, more particularly in the early spring 224 months. These, in many cases, have a septic tendency. Parturient bronchitis in the cow is usually of a sub-acute nature, the animal drops off feeding and chewing the cud, secretion of milk is nearly suspended, the flesh falls off very quickly, the animal has a languid appearance, and there is a painful, sore cough, yet the breathing is not much disturbed. While the parturient pneumonia is of a more acute character, the symptoms are somewhat similar, only the cough is not so frequent or so painful, and, on applying the ear to the side of the chest, the lungs are heard to have a peculiar, jerky, squeaky sound, while the breathing is also much quicker, and abdominal. The following Treatment answers well in both cases: — Put the animal into a good loose box, and apply mustard and water, mixed to the thickness of cream, behind the shoulders for about i6 inches broad, (extending from the spine down to the breast bone), and over this place a piece of newspaper, covering with a sheet and girth. Also give five ounce doses of linseed oil, once a day, following this up, every eight hours, with a dose of half-a-drachm of carbolic acid (B.P.), and half-an-ounce glycerine, in milk or water, tempting the appetite with anything that the animal will eat, and giving to it good nursing. 535. The most formidable of all chest aflections in the cow, which we have to deal with, is Pleuro-Pneumonia, or combined inflamma- tion of the lungs and pleurag. There are two kinds of Pleuro- pneumonia — the simple and the contagious. On account of the structural arrangements' of the lungs of the cow, I have seen post- mortem appearances exhibited in the lungs, resembling those of pleuro-pneumonia (contagious), but which I have traced to a needle, or wire, passing in its course from the stomach to the heart, through these organs ; and I have had numbers of cases — single, solitary cases — of simple pleuro-pneumonia, which showed all the marbled post-mortem appearances of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, but the lungs were of a more purpley hue, and more gritty. 536. Simple Pleuro-Pneumonia.— The symptoms are analogous to those of the contagious form, (par. 537) but of a more acute nature, and the cases are solitary, i.e., there is not a general outbreak of the 225 malady. The treatment recommended for the simple form, is to give in water every eight hours, lo drops of Fleming's tincture of aconite, and three drachms of potass nitrate, also when required, half-a-pint of linseed oil every night, and to apply the mustard mixture to the sides as recommended in par. 534. 537. Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia is a specific inflammation of the lungs, somewhat resembling, in my opinion, specific erysipelas in the human subject. It may be acute, sub-acuie, or chronic, and part of one, or, perhaps, both lungs may be affected. In some cases, the animal shows no symptoms of illness — feeding, chewing the cud, and milking ; and the great rise of temperature may be the first thing to attract attention to the chest, where the sounds peculiar to this disease are heard. Primarily, there are crepitating murmurs ; next, a squeaking, jerky friction, or rubbing sound; finally, the lung solidifies, and no sound is to be heard over that area. On striking, or tapping the chest, over this part, there is a dull, solid response. In an acute case, the animal drops off feeding, stops chewing the cud, and giving milk ; stands stiff" and thoughtful, with nose poked cut, sides dropped in, and flat ; the breathing is fast, and entirely done by the abdominal muscles : there is a short, dry, characteristic cough, and the temper- ature generally ranges from 104° to io6°- Auscultation, or listening to the sounds in the chest, with the history of the case, assists the professional practitioner in arriving at a diagnosis. As the disease has now been stamped out under the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, no treatment is allowed. Inoculation is, however, carried on in some countries, with great success, and I have myself seen it tried with the best results. 538. Tuberculosis, Consumption, or Scrofula, is prone to attack all the parts of the body — bones, joints, glands, brain, intestines, and lungs, and, although the muscular tissue is seldom the seat of the disease, in generalized tuberculosis, the glands -situated in their midst may be so. The lungs, however, seem to be afflicted with the largest share of its attentions. Tuberculosis attacking the lungs of the cow, may be acute or clircnic. In the former, I have seen the lungs, and Q 226 inside of the walls of the chest, studded all over with small tubercular nodules, either grouped together or continuous. The animal may possibly have been doing well up to the time it was noticed to be severely ill— in fact it may be quite fat. These cases, on their com- mencement, exhibit all the symptoms of pleuro-pneumonia, and it may only be through the post-mortem examination that the true state of affairs is found. In an acute case the only difference in the symptoms I have noticed between it and pleuro-pneumonia has been (i) the history of the case, and (2) the absence of the dead sound on striking or tapping the walls of the chest. 539. In a chronic case an animal may go on feeding, thriving, 'and doing well, and nothing may be observed until it is slaughtered, when masses of tubercular matter are found studded throughout the lung substance, some in a fluid condition, others semi fluid or solid, and enclosed in a capsule, while others are of a cheesy consistency, or of a calcareous nature. An animal affected like this, when the disease is distinctly localised, I think, might be used for human food; but when it shews the symptoms of tuberculosis during life, by falling off in flesh, though feeding and milking ; having a bad cough, being also hide- bound, and with a yellow scruffy skin, in fact, having all the symptoms of a " piner,'" the sooner it is either buried or cremated the better. 540. Tuberculosis is due to the tiiberculav bacilli, and is said to be infectious by inhalation, ingestion, and inoculation. It may be so where animals have a hereditary tendency to it, or have cohabited for some length of time with others thoroughly diseased. Looking backwards for a number of years, I can call to mind one particular bull, whose stock — sons, grandsons, and great-grandsons, &c., have introduced the disease amongst herds where formerly it was never known. Even up to the present day I can put my finger on some of this bull's diseased descendants. This is not an isolated case, for within my own experience I could give many similar illustrations. Strange to say, the malady rarely shews its appearance until the animals are coming to puberty (two years old.) The same seems to hold good in the human subject. When there are two closely related 227 families, having one mother, but two different fathers, (the first husband being consumptive, the second being strong and heahhy,) tlie children by the consumptive father are usually stricken by the fell disease on their reaching the age of puberty, while the family by the healthy father are hearty and well, without the least symptoms of the malady — 3'et all the time they have been living and sleeping under the same roof, and feeding at the same table. Again, calves, newly-born, have often been found to be tubercular. Where did they get the disease from ? With these facts before me, I am inclined to think that the disease is spread as much by heredity as by either inhalation or ingestion, and then more by the male subject than by the female. 541. Seeing that the disease is so very rife, particularly in well-bred animals, as well as in dairy cows, — in fact, the extent to which it is found in the latter is very appalling — I think it should be scheduled under a special Tuberculosis Act, or under a separate form or order of the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act. The Government should, in dealing with such cattle, have a special form for destroying them, and compensating the farmer, butcher, or other parties financially interested. If the disease is so frightfully spread by the use of milk from tubercular cows, as is generally thought. Government should then' have all dairy cattle subjected to the action of the Tuberculin test, (the tuberculin being prepared under Government supervision) and those animals showing a rise of temperature should be separated from the others, and be either fed off, or destroyed, compensation being given according to circumstances. If this were done, the country would be astounded when it learned the extent to which this disease exists amongst our milk and butter producers. I have tried the tuberculin test, both with healthy and diseased subjects, and find it generally to be a good and fairly reliable diagnostic agent. I may also note that I have had my attention frequently drawn to a large number of rabbits that were badly affected with tuberculosis. 542. Within the last few years a great deal has been said and written on Tuberculosis, The general belief has been that the microbe or parasite that causes the disease in the human subject and 228 the domestic animal, was one and the same. Professor Koch, the discoverer of the tubercular bacillus, as well as of the diagnostic agent, Tuberculin, however, startled the world in 1901, when he made it known at the congress on Tuberculosis, held in London, that he had failed to infect animals with tuberculosis when they had been inoculated with the human bacilli, and, that after various experi- ments, he "felt justified in maintaining that human tuberculosis differs from bovine, and cannot be transmitted to cattle." Although not an experimenter, I have for years thought and said that there must be some great difference between the two. My reason for holding this opinion was, that farm servants,— both male and female, who worked among, and tended cattle so affected, and who often drank quantities of milk in a warm state, which they had newly drawn from the udders of tubercular cows,— are healthy people, and, as a class, it would be difficult to find another, so free from consumption. Further, I know a number of butchers who trade in these tubercular animals, who have not only told me that they have eaten, but I have seen them eat the flesh of tubercular carcases, both raw and cooked, without taking any harm, in fact, they are splendid specimens of healthy subjects. 543. With reference to the hereditary nature of the disease, Professor Koch says "though hereditary tuberculosis is not absolutely non-existent, it is nevertheless extremely rare," and again he says " I should estimate the extent of infection by the milk and flesh of tubercular cattle, and butter made from their milk, as hardly greater than the hereditary transmission." While agreeing with him on the milk and meat question, my experience leads me to differ with him respecting the hereditary tendency of the malady. Calves are born tubercular, and the problem to be solved is, how do they become affected ? It cannot be by direct ingestion or inhalation. Again, how can the fact be explained, that the disease is known to run in certain families of the human subject for generations, such families cohabiting with other families that remain free, and the same holds good in certain blood-s of cattle. If the disease itself is not directly transmitted at conception, then, perhaps a hereditary diathesis, or a 22g hereditary predisposition is conveyed. The ptomaines arising from the bodies of the baciUi may possibly have a baneful effect on the germs of a future generation, rendering them liable to become, on development, a fruitful seed bed for the propagation, growth, and distribution of a new series of tubercular bacilli. These bacilli, it may be taken for granted, are not all that is required, there must also be a suitable seed bed, replete with all the necessary conditions for fostering and developing the growth of the bacilli. Although I am a strong advocate for plenty of fresh air, sunshine, and proper ventilation, all of which are highly necessary for giving healthy tone to the structures of the body ; yet they will neither cure nor prevent consumption a^ long as the tubercular bacilli, and suitable subjects are present. As a proof of this, the cows in New Zealand, suffer as much from Tuberculosis as those in the British Isles — yet they have plenty of sunshine and well ventilated air space — living as they do in the open air, with the blue canopy of heaven as their covering. Though Tuberculosis cannot be cured under the open air treatment, yet it may be arrested, but the patient has to be well cared for, as it is subject and liable to have a relapse at any moment. "With an experience of half-a-century in my profession, (cattle excepted) I have only met with one case of tuberculosis in the horse, five cases in the pig — (animals that are largely fed on milk), and none in the dog — (an animal that is a great feeder on raw beef) : nor have I seen it in the sheep. 544. Hoose, or Husk, in Calves. — This is an irritation of the trachea and bronchial tubes, caused by small, white, thread-like worms (strongyhis micrurus) gaining access to the windpipe. It is not nearly so common as it was some years ago. The great cause is putting young calves out to grass at the back -"end of the year (August and September) on strong wet soils, and leaving them there after sun- down. The symptoms are first noticed in September and October, when the animal is heard to have a sharp, tickling, husky cough; the flesh falls off fast, and the calf soon shows a starved appearance ; next the cough increases in frequency, and finally becomes very troublesome, being accompanied by occasional diarrhoea. Although 230 the animal may still take its milk, it does not thrive, and finally it dies (worn out) from exhaustion, the post-mortem revealing large numbers of worms in the windpipe. 545. Treatment for this complaint is not at all tirhes satisfactory. The affected animals should have good warm well ventilated boxes, and clean dry beds. Turpentine, in dessert-spoonful doses, in a teacupful of linseed oil and milk, given every third day, answers as well as any- thing. At the same time the system should be kept up as far as possible, by giving linseed jelly or well-boiled gruel, made of equal parts of oat and barley meals, and milk, supplementing it with a mixture of crushed oats, cake, bran, and a little salt. Fumigation, with chlorine or sulphur fumes, is sometimes resorted to, but I think iodine fumes are more beneficial. For the purpose of fumigation, one drachm of iodine should be placed on a hot brick, and this having been put into a bag, the calf's head should be held in the bag for a few moments. This destroys the worms, but the parasities have to be coughed up afterwards, so that good nursing is still required. In some parts of the country intertracheal injections of a mixture of turpentine, carbolic acid, chloroform, and oil of almonds are resorted to with great success. But the best thing is not to have the complaint at all ; and where the system is carried out of keeping the calves indoors, and giving them cake, corn, bran, and a little salt, until they are twelve months old, it is rarely heard of. Dressing the disease-producing grazing lands in early spring with 10 cwts. crushed rock salt to the acre has a magical effect in preventing the complaint. 546. Bronchitis. — Young calves, during the winter and early spring tnonths, often sufifer from acute bronchitis, with congestion of the lungs. The complaint is most frequently found in badly-ventilated boxes, or " hulls," which have low-lying floors, wet soppy beds, and bad drainage. The symptoms, which much resemble hoose, are more acute, and are generally accompanied by diarrhoea, but no worms are found in the air-passages. The lining membrane, however, of the bronchial tubes is thickened, and the lungs are more or less congested. When first observed, the calves must be removed to better and more 231 comfortable quarters, and a little mustard and water should be well rubbed into the sides, behind the shoulders, also a mixture of 2 to 3 drachms each of acetate of ammonia, spirits of nitre, and syrup of squills, should be given three times a day. If the cough is trouble- some, a teaspoonful of chlorodyne may be added. The food should be the same as recommended for hoose (par. 545). 54.7. Acute Congestion of the Lungs in calves is occasionally met with in an enzootic form, having all the appearance of being infectious. I have seen six and seven calves, from one to two months old die in as many days from this disease. The complaint is mostly seen in raw, damp, muggy weather, and like bronchitis is found in badly appointed boxes. The malady runs its course in about thirty or forty hours, and on account of the tender age of the patient and the acute nature of the attack there is very little chance for treatment to be successful. The calves must be removed at once to more comfort- able quarters, and the treatment to be adopted is the same as recommended in par., 546. SHEEP. 548. Sheep are also subject to derangement and disease of the respiratory organs, similar to those of other domestic animals, but, on account of their fine organizition, and their open air life, they are generally too far gone before they are noticed to be ailing, and for any successful treatment to be carried, out : — certain parasitic diseases of the lungs excepted. In stormy wintry weather, when sheep are folded on unsheltered pastures, it is not uncommon to see and hear of large numbers dying of acute congestion of the lungs. When such is the case, the remaining animals should be removed to more sheltered quarters, and easily digestible and nutritious food should be supplied, such as crushed oats, bran, and cake. Lambs,. at times, also die in great numbers from a somewhat similar cause, and must receive the same treatment. 549. Verminous or Parasitic Bronchitis, or Hoose (Paper Skin.) — This is one of the most common maladies seen in lambs, and has already been dealt with (par, 33S and 339). TENTH LECTURE. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 550. ALL the actions of the living body are governed, more or less, by the nervous system, which consists of two distinct portions ; the cerebrospinal, and the sympathetic or ganglionic. The brain is the great centre of the nervous system, and the special senses, such as smell, taste, &c., are connected with and controlled by it. Two of these special organs, i.e. the eye and the ear, will be noticed in this lecture. 551. The Cerebro-spinal system, {Plate XXXIV., A. to D.) embodies the brain, the spinal-cord, and the nerves given off from each. Those from the spinal-cord are for sensation and motion, whilst from the brain, as already indicated, there arises the nerves of special sense. 552. The Sympathetic or Ganglionic system, (Plate XXXIV., E.j or the nerves of organic life, are not immediately under the influence of the will, and are made up of a double chain of knots or ganglia. They run through the length of the body, on each side of the back-bone, and give off fibres to control the involuntary movements of the internal organs, such as the heart and blood-vessels, respiratory and digestive organs, &c., these fibres having free communication with the spinal nerves. 553. The Nerve Tissue itself is composed of both a fibrous and a cellular structure; the latter, or grey substance, is found in the outer portions of the convolutions of the brain, and in the middle of the spinal cord and the ganglionic nerve centres ; while the fibrous substance is both white and grey, and is found in the white matter of the brain and spinal-cord. 233 554- The Brain consists of soft white, and grey nervous matter, and fills the irregular cavity of the skull or cranium. It is divided into four parts : — I. — The cerebrum, or large brain, (Plate XXXIV., A.) composing about three-fourths of the whole organ. 2. — The cerebellum, or small brain, (Plate XXXIV., B.J situated immediately behind the cerebrum. 3.— The pons varolii, (Plate XXXV., B. 4.) or bridge, connecting the right and left portions of the cerebellum. 4. — The medulla oblongata, (Plate XXXIV., C.J or con- necting link between the spinal-cord and the brain proper. 555. The Brain is covered by three coats or membranes, called the Meninges. These are (i) Dura Mater, — a tough, fibrous membrane, lying in immediate contact with the bony skull ; (2) the Arachnoid membrane (spider-web), or middle coat, — a very fine, delicate, membrane ; and (3) the Pia Mater, which covers the surface of the brain, — a very fine, extensive membrane, made up of a net-work of small blood-vessels. The last-named membrane follows and covers all the convolutions of the brain, and supplies it with blood. 556. The Cerebrum, (Plate XXXV., A. 1.1. and B. 1. I.J, or large brain, is divided by a fissure, into two hemispheres, each of which is mapped out into numerous convolutions of grey matter, covering white fibrous nerve-material. The cerebrum is said to be the main seat of sensation, reason, and will. 557. The Cerebellum, (Plate XXXV., A. 2., B. 2. 2.), or small brain, has a middle lobe (vermis) and two lateral hemispheres, made up of convolutions, that are smaller than those of the cerebrum, and differently arranged. The grey nerve substance is abundant, and external to the white nerve tissue. The cerebellum is thought to control and regulate the voluntary muscular actions of the body. 234 558. The Medulla Oblongata (Plate XXXV., A. 3., B. 3.)— the connective medium between the brain and the spinal cord — consists of white and grey nerve matter, but differs from the brain in having the grey matter internally. Its functions are of vast importance to life, as it regulates and controls the actions of breathing, swallowing, &c., &c. 559. The Spinal Cord (Plate XXXIV., D. and Plate XXXV., C. 1. to 8.) is a long, irregular, cylindrical mass of nerve matter, running through the vertebral column. It is composed of white matter externally, the centre being grey, and, like the brain, it is covered with three similar membranes. As it passes along the vertebral canal, nerves are given off in pairs, and pass out between each vertebral section. The upper root of these nerves is sensory, conveying sensation from the part of the body to which it is distributed, to the brain. The lower root of these pairs, on the other hand, conveys motor-power from the brain to the muscles, &c., that are supplied by it, these being more or less under the control of the will. 560. The Cranial Nerves, or nerves given off from the brain direct, are arranged in pairs, 12 in number : — 1st pair. — The Olfactory, which go to the nose, and give the special sense of smell. 2nd pair. — The Optic, which go to the eye, and give the special sense of sight. 3rd pair. — The Motores Oculorum, which supply the muscles of the eyeballs (with two exceptions) with motor power, 4th pair. — The Pathetic, which supply one muscle of each eyeball with motor power. 5th pair. — The Trifacial, which are mixed (sensory and motor) nerves, and supply the different parts of the face, tongue, &c. 6th pair. — The Abducens, which supply one muscle of eaich eyeball with motion. 235 7th pair. — The Facial, being the great motor nerves of the face. 8th pair. — The Auditory, which go to the ear, and supply the special sense of hearing. gth pair. — The Glosso-Pharyngeal, being the mixed sensory and motor nerves that go to the tongue, pharynx, &c. loth pair. — The Pneumo-gastric or Par-vagum, being mixed nerves that supply stomach, lungs, pharynx, trachea, &c. These are very important nerves. nth pair. — The Spinal accessory, which are motor nerves. 1 2th pair. — The Hypo-glossal, which supply the tongue, and are also motor nerves. 561. Although the brain is the seat of emotion, reason, and sensation, it is of itself non-sensitive, as portions of it may be cut away with little or no effect. I remember a case where a groom was thrown from a horse, and kicked on the side of the head, just above the left ear ; the skull was driven in, and a portion of the brain protruded i-J- inches. It could be handled with the fingers without causing the patient any uneasiness, yet, if his lips were touched, the body was thrown into frightful contortions ; he being at the time semi-conscious. The protruding portion was left alone, when it gradually receded, and within a week had returned to its proper place, a splendid recovery being made. 236 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 562. The Functional Derangement and Diseases of the brain and nervous system are not of so frequent occurrence in the domestic animals as they are in the human subject, yet, from their peculiarity and obscurity, they are most interesting, arising as they do from a great variety of causes. Functional disturbance is, in many cases, due to reflex action; the real cause being very remote from the brain, as, for instance : — derangement or disease of any portion of the digestive organs, such as stomach-staggers in horse and cow, or worms in the stomach and intestines ; or it may arise from affections of the urinary and generative systems, such as hysteria, epileptic fits, puerperal eclampsia and parturient apoplexy, biliary and uraemic poisoning, and it also may be due to mineral (lead) and vegetable poisoning. Before, therefore, suitable treatment can be adopted, it is of the utmost importance to find the cause ; failing this, the acute and most prominent symptoms must have immediate attention, and be relieved as far as possible. DISEASES OF THE BRAIN. 563. Professor Williams, in " The Principles and Practice of Veterinary Medicine " (page 505, 8th Edition), gives in a tabulated form, the difference in symptoms, so as to distinguish between disease of the brain substance, and of its coverings. Usually, when the substance of the brain is affected, the symptoms are of a quiet drowsy nature, whereas, when the coverings are attacked, the symptoms are of a very excitable, convulsive, and spasmodic character. 564. Phrenitis, or inflammation of the brain and of its coverings, in the horse, is happily very rare. In two cases observed by me, the horses were seized suddenly, and commenced to worry and bite surrounding objects. On putting them into a loose box, they roamed 237 round and round, rushing first to one side, and then to the other, biting at the manger and hay-rick, snapping at the bars of the latter, and even worrying at their own limbs, attempting to climb up the. sides of the box with their fore feet, falling over backwards, and when lying on their side, the limbs moved as if in full trot, the breathing was loud and quick, perspiration rolled off their bodies, eyes were staring, rolling, and bloodshot, mouth open and frothy, and at intervals they gave out peculiar screams or cries ; when on their feet, they were dangerous to approach. Treatment : While down, the animals were secured, and well bled from the temporal artery ; chloral-hydrate and bromide of potassium were also administered, and cold water applied to the head, but all to no purpose, as both animals had to be destroyed. 565. Organic Changes, such as abscesses in the horse's brain, may arise from complicated or " bastard " strangles. This pyaemic form of strangles, unfortunately, in some seasons is not uncommon. Like the commencement of all brain affections, when the abscesses are developing in that organ, there is great drowsiness and dullness, the horse hangs its head in a sleepy condition, with pulse full arid slow, and breathing quiet and deep ; and any food that is taken is eaten in a sort of mechanical manner. As the case progresses, the animal commences to wander round the box, presses its head in the manger, or against the wall, the breathing and pulse becomes quicker, and finally, the animal hangs its head on one side, and'day after day, walks, so to speak, round and round its own head, making it a centre. These cases always end fatally. On post-mortem, the brain is found to be a mass of pus, or matter ; thus showing, in cases of simple strangles, how necessary it is that every care and attention should be paid at the commencement, and remedial measures be adopted so as to prevent these fatal terminations. 566. Hydrocephalus, or water on the brain, I have met with in young foals, their foreheads being, as a result, much enlarged and distended. The little animals were very dull and sleepy, yet they took milk freely. As they grew bigger and .stronger, the water became 238 absorbed, and after small doses of bromide and iodide of potassium, with a little exsiccated sulphate of iron, had been given daily, the bones of the head flattened down into their normal condition. These cases are more frequently found in the foetus, before birth — in calves particularly — when the bones of the skull have to be broken down with knife, hook, or forceps, before delivery can be accomplished. 567. Ectopia Cerebralis is a congenital malformation where the brain is developed outside the bones of the skull, and has been found in cases at parturition, and although the young animals may be fully developed, and born alive, they soon expire. 568. Tumours in the brain of adult animals are met with occasionally, and may exist for some time without causing any disturbance, but the first symptoms to be noticed are those described under abscesses. Setons and blisters, behind the ears, may be serviceable, and iodide and bromide of potassium may be given night and morning, in doses of one to two drachms each. Tumours of a tubercular nature are more commonly found in the brain of the cow, with symptoms analogous to those given under abscesses in the brain of the horse, (par. 565) and including loss of sight, &c. There are numerous other tumours found in the brain, the chief of these being of the bony, and melanotic varieties. 569. Sturdy, Gid, or Turnsick. — This is an affection of the brain due to the presence of a brain tumour, or rather a watery cyst, or bleb, which is the cystic stage of the tania ceeniirns — a tape worm affecting the dog. This cyst, which is known as the casimnis cerebralis, is developed from a segment of the worm, which is passed out of the bowel along with the faeces. The segment contains a large number of eggs, and is supposed to be taken up and swallowed along with the herbage on which the animal feeds. On reaching the stomach, the heat therein soon sets the young embryo at liberty, and it is then taken into the circulation, and carried by the blood stream to the brain, which, being its natural habitat, is preferred to any other part of the body, and, therefore, selected for its abode, and further trans- 239 formation. Here, by its hooked processes, it finds its way through the walls of the vessels, into the substance of the brain, and there the cyst, or hydatid, is formed. Should the brain of a sheep, or calf, containing this cyst, be given to a dog, tape worms of this particular kind will again be reproduced, and so the cycle of life is carried on. Sheep are more subject to this affliction than any other animal, but I have seen a number of young stirks, aged from 12 to 18 months, affected and of these, several recovered after being operated upon. 570. Symptoms. — The first symptom noticeable, is gradual loss of flesh by the animal, which carries the head on one side, and walks in a circular direction ; or, it may hold the head upwards and backwards, and walk with high-stepping, jerky action. This variation in the symptoms depends upon the part of the brain affected ; if, on the right side of that organ, the animal will circle to the left, and vice- versa ; while, if in the middle, the animal steps high and jerky. 571. Treatment. — Many farmers and shepherds are expert operators for the removal of the cyst. The old method of operation was to determine the position of the cyst by feeling for a softening of the bone. The wool was then clipped off, and the part burnt through with a red-hot poker ; a goose quill was next inserted, and, by its means, the fluid and hydatid sac were removed. A plaster of tar or pitch was next placed over the part and completed the operation. The new form of procedure is to open the parts by means of a fine trocar and canula, and to draw off the fluid with the aid of a syringe, the sac being next removed by a pair of forceps. Success in these operations greatly depends on the locality of the tumour. 572. Prevention. — Seeing that the disease originates from a tape worm, in the dog, the method of prevention is obvious. Dogs must either be kept off the pastures or else they ought to have periodical doses of worm medicine, and, while under treatment, it is well to keep them closely shut up. The heads and brains of diseased sheep should be burnt, instead of being given to the dogs, as is generally the case. Applications of salt to the pastures also have a good effect. 240 573- Concussion of the Brain, in the horse, is generally the result of the animal rearing up and falling over backwards, or of running away and coming suddenly in contact with some obstruction. When there is no fracture or displacement of the bones, the horse may lie quiet (stunned) for a short while, and then regaining consciousness, get up and seem none the worse. In these cases, care must be used, and the animal kept perfectly quiet for a few days ; little or no food is to be given for the iirst 24 hours, and then feed sparingly, for a few days after, with easily digested food. In other cases, the animal may lie motionless, with little or no sensation, the eye rolling about with the pupil dilated, pulse small and quick, and breathing slow and heavy. These symptoms may last, for three or four days, after which, the patient begins to show signs of consciousness, by attempting to raise its head, and if assisted to a recumbent position, (by the attendant placing his knee behind the horse's shoulder,) it may drink a few mouthfuls of cold water. With such a case there is a chance oi recovery, provided that from the time of the accident, the patient has had every attention, having been carefully turned over from side to side every six or eight hours, and well bedded with clean dry straw, the urine removed with the catheter, and the rectum emptied by the hand every eight hours, a good dose of opening medicine having been given at the outset, VIZ. : — four to six drachms of aloes dissolved in half a pint of hot water, along with 12 to 20 ounces of linseed oil. When the animal shows signs of recovery, by endeavouring to rise, it should be carefully Hfted on to its feet, by the aid of slings and chain- blocks ; after the first few minutes' struggle in attempting to find its feet, it is astonishing how rapidly recovery ensues. Again^ cases have occurred where portions of the occipital bone, which articulate with the first bone of the neck (atlas), have been fractured, but not displaced, until several hours after. In one case, which came under my observation, on the animal falling over backwards, it instantly jumped up, walked about a dozen steps, then fell on its side as if shot, lying with legs extended, eyeballs rolling about, breathing heavily, and giving now and again a few spasmodic struggles with the fore legs ; it never rose again, and finally died 241 suddenly, from the fractured pieces of bone becoming displaced, and pressing upon the medulla oblongata — the connecting medium between the brain and spinal cord. In cases of this kind, it is advisable to keep the animal as quiet as possible, and await results. 574. Apoplexy, or Congestion of the Brain, is extremely rare, though very sudden in its attack. It may be described as occurring in two forms ; either from some organic lesion of the brain ; or, from reflex functional derangement. In the former it may be due to an overloaded or congested state of the blood vessels, causing pressure on the brain substance, or from rupture of a vein with hamorvhage, and the formation of a clot, causing loss of power and sensation. When such cases affect the horse, sensibility and motion are completely lost, a fatal termination occurring in a few hours. 575. Functional Apoplexy. — This may be best described under that very common complaint known as parturient apoplexy. DERANGEMENTS AND DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 576. Parturient Apoplexy, Milk-fever, or Dropping after Calving. — Of all our domestic animals, the cow is by far the greatest sufferer from this complaint, though, as a rule, it is only attacked at the third or subsequent calving. The Ayrshire and Shorthorn breeds seem most predisposed to it, but in certain localities, and on certain soils, heavy milkers of any breed are liable to it, especially if at grass, when its effects are more fatal than when they are fed on dry food indoors ; it is, however, not so frequent, nor yet so fatal, when cold east winds prevail. Moreover, it seldom follows where there has been any difficulty in calving, it being most common when the cow has calved without any assistance. The real cause of this so-called milk fever is not yet exactly known. My opinion is that it is due to a succession of shocks to the system. First — Through the easy expulsion of the waters and calf from the womb. Secondly — Through the removal of the calf from the presence of the mother, and not allowing R 242 her to enjoy the pleasure of licking and cleaning it with her rough tongue. Thirdly— Through excitement and shock caused by the with- drawal of all the milk, at once, either before or after calving, thus removing the pressure too suddenly, this in turn inducing paralysis of the milk cells, a total cessation of the milk secretion, and collapse of the nervous system. 577. If paralysis of the milk-producing parts of the udder is caused by the sudden withdrawal of all the milk at once, then the nervous power is impaired by the pressure being too quickly removed, and the secretion of milk is thus suspended.. It stands to reason that the materials which enter into the composition of the " colostrum," or "beastings," which are, at this time, contained in the system of the cow — more particularly if the animal is a deep milker — would naturally be eliminated from the body by the action of the udder. But, as the udder is not working, these elements are retained in the circulatory system, acting there not only as a foreign body, but assuming a toxic action, affecting the nerve centres, and causing the peculiar excitement seen in the early stages of the derangement; this excitement being succeeded by total prostration of the whole nervous system, in which all the organs of the body participate, and is followed by congestion of the structures. 578. Symptoms. — As a rule, milk fever symptoms are noticed from about four to six hours after the second milking, or from a few hours after calving, up to, say, the fifth day, or until the beastings are cleared out of the system. Occasionally the symptoms are recognisable prior to calving, particularly if the cow, owing to the great distension of the udder, has been milked. The first symptom to be noticed is a thoughtful expression of the face, manifested by a peculiar holding up of the head, and pointing out of the nose, while the eyes stare right in front ; there is also paddling of the hind legs, and switching of the tail, while the animal staggers about the stall with a spasmodic rigid twitching of the muscles, in the region of the stifles, which seem to be pulled backwards, and to a certain extent, are beyond control. This is followed by a stage of excitement, when the animal 243 tumbles all over the place, first on to its shoulders, then on to its head ; or, it may fall on to its side, and lie with its legs extended, the abdomen distended like a drum, breathing heavily, tossing the head about, rolling the eyes, and finally sinking into a deep coma. In other cases, it may fall on to the breast-bone and belly, roll the head from side to side, and then turn it towards the flank, resting tlie lower jaw on the ground, and in this position it falls into a comatose condition {Plate XLVIIL, 23.) 579. Treatment. — This is not always as satisfactory as could be wished, depending as it does upon the nature and severity of the attack, and upon the age and condition of the patient, while the earlier the attack, the more difficult is its treatment. The normal temper- ature of the cow ranges from 100° to 102°, yet; in milk fever cases, the temperature, as a rule, falls to 99° or 97°. Should the temperature rise to 104° or 105°, and the animal be very wild and excitable, the abstraction of from three to five quarts of blood, has a beneficial effect. Formerly, I used to wash the body all over with several pails of cold water ; then I scraped the animal well down, and applied a sheet wrung out of cold water, over which was put two or three dry woollen rugs, and to cover all, a waterproof; next, a dose of chloral hydrate and bromide of potassium, J oz. to f oz. of each, dissolved in cold milk was given, followed by 2 lbs. of castor oil, and 2 lbs. of treacle, in gruel, as a drench. Since writing the first edition of this book, the treatment of milk fever in cows has undergone a great change. Immediately an animal is attacked, under the new treatment, a dose of chloral hydrate and bromide of potassium, as already noted, is administered ; then all the milk is drawn from the udder ; next, an injection is made up by dissolving two drachms of iodide of potassium in one quart of water, that has been boiled and allowed to cool down to 90° F. A fourth part of this solution is then injected by an ordinary india-rubber enema syringe, to which a special teat tube is attached, into each quarter of the udder. This treatment has been exceedingly successful, there being fully 95 per cent, of recoveries. Great care, however, must be taken, that the teat and enema syringe are scrupulously clean, also the vessels used in making the injection. 244 The teat tube must be scalded in boiling water before and after use. If care is not taken to have instruments and vessels clean, and disinfected, there is danger of inducing mammitis or inflammation of the mammary gland. Under this treatment, purgatives, as a rule, are not required, for in the course of 30 to 40 hours sHght diarrhoea generally follows. The treatment is known as that of Schmidt's, but as far back as 1877 I drew attention to the fact that the cause of the derangement originated in the mammary gland, and Schmidt's treatment confirms the conclusions I then arrived at. In all cases the animal should be kept trussed up on its breast-bone and belly, with bundles of straw, or bags of chaff, or sawdust ; never allow the cow to lie on Us side. Having given the medicine noted, and injected the iodide of potassium solution into the udder, leave the patient alone, with the exception of turning it from one side to the other, every six hours. The hand should be well soaped and introduced into the rectum, and the hard-baked dung cleared out, and, if necessary the catheter passed and the urine removed. 580. When coma sets in, no attempt should be made to force anything down the animal's throat, as there is great danger of its passing down the wind-pipe on to the lungs, and producing congestion, or perhaps a fatal lung affection. Subsequent treatment must be adapted to the progress of the case. If in the course of from 12 to 24, or even 36 hours, the patient begins to show signs of returning consciousness, by holding the head up, pricking the ears, and looking round, it should be offered a few mouthfuls of cold water, bran, or hay tea ; after a little while, it will attempt to rise to its feet, and evince a desire for food by eating the bedding, while the secretion of milk returns ; when this takes place, nothing more is required but nursing the cow for a few days. A small quantity of milk should, however, be removed at intervals of from six to eight hours. I do not agree with continually drawing off the milk as fast as it is secreted, and therefore recommend leaving some in the udder to stimulate further secretion. Frequent hand rubbing is also of very great service as a stimulant to the gland. 245 581. Terminations.' — In many cases, after the apoplexy has passed off, and the secretion of milk has returned, the animal may be feeding and chewing the cud, yet it cannot get up. In some instances the patient recovers the use of its limbs in the course of from three days to three weeks, or it may linger on for six or seven weeks, having to be turned from side to side, four or five times in the day ; in other cases, although it regains the use of the fore limbs, the hind ones remain paralyzed, and the animal is consequently sold to the butcher. Again, according to the severity of the attack, the case may terminate fatally in six or eight hours, or it may linger on in a comatose condition for several hours. If the patient gets into a relaxed condition, settles flat down into the bed, and seems to lose all tone of the muscles, has the hind legs wide apart, sits on the hocks, the points of which stick out below the rump bone, breathes heavily, puffs at the cheeks, drops the lower jaw, and shows no sensation when the eyeball is touched, its condition may be looked upon as hopeless. 582. Sometimes gangrene takes place in one of the hind quarters of the body, arising either from the rupture of a blood-vessel, or from extreme congestion. The animal thus affected may regain conscious- ness, and even take food, but the breathing is very quick and laboured, while the affected quarter swells up, and on being tapped by the fingers, has a rattling sound. Such cases almost alwa}'s have a fatal termination, though now and again an odd case survives the attack, and so far recovers that it commences to feed, chew the cud, and seems to do well for five or six days, after which it begins to cough, loses its appetite, and finally dies from breaking up of the lungs, or what may be termed acute consumption, caused by the congested state of the vessels of the lungs during the coma, or from matters, that have been horned in, falling into the windpipe and bronchial tubes. 583. From experience, I would recommend in all cases of milk fever that occur after the fourth calving, if the animal is in prime condition and the attack severe, that the butcher be called in instead of the veterinary surgeon. 246 584- Prevention of Milk Fever. — In this respect I would note four points. First — If possible, do not turn the cow out to grass until it has calved, and give plain food of not too watery a nature. Second — Immediately the cow shows signs of calving, have it removed to a loose box for that purpose, and leave it there with the calf for four or five days, or until the beastings are all cleaned out ; this can be easily ascertained by boiling the milk, when, if colostrum be present, the milk will curdle. It is a good practice also to remove a little milk from the udder occasionally by the hand.' Third — Five or six days before the cow is due to calve, give 2 lbs. castor oil, in treacle gruel, and repeat the dose 24 hours prior to calving, or as near that time as possible. This treatment I have found to be of the greatest benefit. Salts do not answer in my district, neither before nor after calving. Fourth — If the calf and mother cannot be left together for four or five days, then only small quantities of milk should be withdrawn every four or five hours. Never, on any accotmt, take all the milk at once from the big congested udder of a deep milker. 585. Hysteria, although very rare, is sometimes met with both in the mare and in the cow, but more frequently in the latter. It seizes the animal very suddenly ; more particularly is this so when it is coming into service for the first time. In the mare, at times, the head is pulled upwards and backwards ; the eyes are very watchful ; the nostrils are dilated, and on touching, or even approaching the patient, it becomes very excited ; it may kick and struggle, or rear up, and fall over backwards. In the heifer, the symptoms are somewhat similar to those in the mare ; it is, however, more subject to convulsions, and falls down suddenly, bellows loudly, champs and foams at the mouth, and grinds the teeth. The eyes roll about, and there are strong muscular tremblings, and contortions of the limbs and neck, as if the patient were in a fit. 586. Treatment for Hysteria.— Bleeding, to the extent of five or six quarts, is very useful, followed up by dashing cold water over the head ; and after the paroxysm has passed, \ oz. each of chloral hydrate and bromide of potassium, in a pint of cold milk, should be 247 administered. If desirable, one to two drachms of the extract of belladonna may be substituted for the chloral and bromide. From 20 to 30 ounces of linseed or castor oil should also be given, and it may be found necessary to repeat the bromide every eight hours. As a rule, however, the symptoms disappear in a few hours. 587. Bpilepsy. (Fits). This peculiar nervous derangement may arise from a number of causes, such as retarded dentition ; worms in the stomach and bowels ; improper food, causing intestinal disorder ; and uterine complications. The attack is generally very sudden ; the animal stops instantly, trerribles all over, and falls to the ground, the whole muscular system being thrown into violent contortions. There is a peculiar rocking and working of the head and limbs, and rolling of the eyeball, which turns in under the upper eyelid. The teeth are firmly held together, and a frothy discharge comes from the mouth. The heart beats fast and loud, while the breathing is suspended for a few moments ; and dung and urine are involuntarily ejected. After the convulsive attack has passed, the patient frequently falls into a long deep sleep, from which it awakes, showing little or no ill effects, with the exception of a slight languor and listlessness. The Pig and the Dog are the greatest sufferers from this affliction. Young pigs are very often attacked, especially if fed too largely upon badly prepared maize meal. This stuff, therefore, should always be weU-hoiled, and even then, used very sparingly amongst young pigs under two months old. Feeding on pollards or parings, answers much better, and is certainly safer. In the dog, retarded teething, and tape and other worms in the alimentary canal, are responsible for most cases of epilepsy. 588. Treatment of Fits. — When the patient is seized, every care should be taken to keep it from injuring itself, and a free access of air should be allowed in all cases. Benefit will be derived from a continual cold-water douche on the head. If the teeth are firmly clinched together, a piece of wood or some other suitable substance must be pressed in between them, to prevent the tongue being injured. After the attack has passed over, a careful examination ought to be 248 made, to discover the cause. If the teeth are at fault, the offending ones, or shells must be removed, and, if necessary, the gums scarified ; but, if worms are suspected, a dose of worm medicine, (see Appendix), followed by a purgative, should be given. As a nerve sedative, either the bromide of soda or potassium (par. 586) may be administered with advantage. 589. Puerperal Eclampsia. — Several cases of this peculiar epileptic form of nervous excitement in cows have come under my observation, ranging from cows on the point of calving to cows that have been calved several days. At first, the cow is noticed to be very excitable, paddling with the hind feet, switching the tail, pointing out the nose, and holding the head upwards and backwards ; the eyes are wild and staring, and the milk secretion is partially suspended ; in fact, the animal shows all the early symptoms of an attack of milk fever. But by far the most prominent symptom is the extreme sensitiveness of the skin, for the moment you touch, or even attempt to touch its body, the cow will give a loud bellow, open the mouth wide, stick out the tongue, and attempt to jump to one side and kick out. The breathing is very quick, and the pulse is full and strong. Treatment. — Bleeding to the extent of from four to six quarts, followed with from four to eight drachm doses of chloral hydrate in a pint of cold milk, is serviceable. This medicine can be repeated, four or five hours afterwards, if required. The following, however, should be administered as a purgative, viz. : — 2 lbs. castor oil, and 2 lbs. treacle, in two quarts of thin gruel. As a rule, this mode of treatment, along with spare feeding on nice digestible food, is very successful. 590. Sunstroke (see Stomach Staggers, pars. 245 and 305). 591. Louping-ill, Trotter-ill, Trembling, or Sheep Staggers. — This malady is more common in sheep, than in any other animal ; cows, however, are sometimes' affected. It is mostly seen in Scotland and the North of England, moire particularly in Northumberland. It generally appears in the spring, about the middle of April, and 249 in certain places again in October, seeming to be greatly favoured by cold, showery weather. For years, great loss has been sustained by its ravages, and numerous investigations have been carried on for the discovery of the cause, yet there is still a great difference of opinion on this point. Farmers and shepherds, living on the disease-producing or affected farms, say, that wherever the rough, coarse, white grasses, (principally the dead and decaying foliage of the previous year's growth of sweet-scented vernal (anthoxantkum odoratum), known as " tath,") are in abundance, the complaint is rife, and they have an idea that these grasses have something to do with the malady. The late Principal Williams, of the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh, from investiga- tions carried on by him for some considerable time, was of opinion that the malady is due to a specific microbe, and that the tick (ixodes) plays a very important part, in acting as host for some of the trans- formations of the germ. Dr. Klein, in 1893, investigated the matter for His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, K.G., and reported that — " The disease has a seasonal and local epidemic character," and that " the malady strongly pointed as belonging to the class of infectious diseases, and was, apparently, communicated from one animal to another ; " yet, he says : — " The causa causans of the disease is contained on, or in the soil ; " also " When the disease prevails, a fence between one sheep farm and the next, was occasionally found to be the boundary between the infected and non-infected area." Now, if the soil be the cause of the first case, why should it not be the cause in all the succeeding cases that are susceptible to its influence, seeing that as many as from seven to ten sheep will die in 24 hours ? My view is, that louping-ill is allied to certain enzootic diseases, and, like red water in cattle, is common to certain localities and soils, from the same common cause. I think it is due to the indigestible and innutritious nature of the decaying grasses, producing derangement of the digestive organs, and deterioration of the blood, and this in turn acts on the nerve centres, inducing a want of co-ordination of movement; hence, trembling and imperfect action of the limbs. Or, the complaint may be from some reflex nervous action, arising from the, irritating effects of the innutritious herbage on the stomach, producing the symptoms peculiar to the malady. 250 592. Symptoms. — The first symptoms to be noticed are that the head is carried erect, with staring eyes, and there is a staggering jerky gait, with muscular twitchings and tremblings of the body. Next the falling down and struggling of the animal will attract attention, and this will be followed by convulsions, paralysis, and death. Many of the animals die suddenly ; others hnger on for several days, and finally recover, if removed at once from the disease-producing pasture and carefully nursed. Now, if certain animals recover when removed from an affected area, there appears to be some hope of preventing in some degree an outbreak of the malady, and I would therefore recommend: — ist. — That, at the back end of the year, the mowing machine should be run over the land, to cut down all the rough coarse grass, and this should be allowed to lie on the ground to rot, and so act as a manure for the succeeding year's grass. 2nd. — If practicable, apply from lo to 12 cwt. rough crushed salt to the imperial acre, which will not only kill the grass, but also the tick (providing it has its winter shelter amongst the grass, and that it is the medium by which the disease is spread). 3rd. — If this cannot be done, then lay large lumps of rock salt all over the pastures, for the sheep to lick at their leisure. In the West of Cumberland (Millom), a large park was for years notorious for red water and dysentery in cattle, and sheep staggers (louping-ill) in sheep ; as many as 100 fatal cases of the last mentioned occurring in one season. Yet by the application of 120 tons crushed rock salt to the grazing portion of the park, these diseases were eradicated. The same success has also attended the application of salt to disease infested areas both in Surrey and Leicestershire, and the result of a 10 ton trial, on a 20 acre field, at Leithen Hall, near Moffat, (which took place in 1896,) has clearly demonstrated that whatever be the cause, dressing land with salt may now be regarded as a specific for louping-ill. 593. Chorea, Shivering, Stringhalt, or Clicking, are modified forms of a peculiar derangement of the nervous system, (characterized by involuntary, spasmodic muscular jerkings, twitchings, and tremblings,) that is analogous to St. Vitus' dance in the human subject. The cause of the derangement is not really known ; some authorities say it is due to lesions of the brain, and others, to an affection of the 251 spinal cord ; there are, however, various other theories. Although the disease may have a hereditary tendency, my opinion is that, in the majority of cases, retarded dentition has a great deal to do with inducing it (pay. 348), as the complaint is seldom noticed before the animal is rising three years old. It is not so cornmon in the mare ; but big heavy cart horses are much affected, more particularly in their hind extremities. When the fore limbs are attacked, the symptoms are of a trembling character, and are best observed while the animal is eating a feed of oats, when the muscles of the shoulders and legs are noticed to be all in a quiver. In other cases, on the horse being put back, it drags its fore feet on the heels, after the manner of one suffering from acute founder. The drinking of cold water, in suspected cases, usually provokes the nervous twitchings and tremblings above referred to. 594. Chorea. — I have, on several occasions, seen a horse, rising three years old, suddenly attacked with acute chorea, when at work in the plough. It would stop, and fall on to its head or side, and sometimes come over backwards ; on rising, it seemed to have little or no control over the muscles of the limbs, having both fore and hind legs spread wide apart, to keep it from falling, while the head, hanging in a listless manner was swung from side to side. In these attacks, if made to stir, the animal staggers and falls ; or it may place its side against a wall for support. As the case proceeds, should the patient be turned out to grass, and be made to trot or canter, it pulls the legs up very high, in a jerky fashion. When stopped suddenly, it may perhaps fall on to its head or shoulder, and go tail over head ; or the fore feet may be planted forward like posts, the body swinging from side to side. These cases never sufficiently recover to be of much service in saddle or harness, but may do ploughing and harrowing fairly well. Two drachm doses of bromide of potassium, and two scruples of exsiccated sulphate of iron, given daily, followed up with one drachm doses of nux vomica, are very beneficial in such cases. 595. Shivering is sometimes readily noticed when the animal is standing in the stable, for, on being made to move over from one side 252 of the stall to the other, the tail is suddenly jerked upwards and quivers, while the great muscles of the thighs and quarters assume a rigid condition. On putting the animal back, the hind legs are moved in a stiff straddling manner, the animal backing with great difficulty. Horses thus affected, when in the stall, always stand stretched out, with the hind legs back, and the point of the toe in the channel. 596. Stringhalt is known by a sudden, spasmodic clicking up of one or both hind legs. It is, at times, seen when the animal is turned quickly round, or if made to stand perfectly still, and then walked smartly forward, when it is noticed at the first step. It is also exhibited when forcibly backed or excited, but slight cases are difficult to detect, as the clicking action is not always noticeable, the horse only showing the peculiar action at irregular intervals. Cases have been known, where horses have been bred and worked on the farm until they were five or six years old: they have then been "made up," and sold at public auctions without any unsoundness being manifested, but after having been put on rail, and taken out at the end of the journey, they have been found to be confirmed cases of stringhalt or shivers. Whether this is due to fright on being railed for the first time, or from the jerking they get in the horse-box, while shunting at the stations, is questionable ; but it is a matter of great moment to both buyer and seller. It is needless to add that animals affected with these nervous disorders are classed as unsound ; yet, they can work for years, and carry very heavy loads forward, but have very great difficulty in backing. 597. Dogs also suffer very much from chorea, it being a frequent sequel to distemper (par. 528). In such cases, Fellows' compound syrup of hypo-phosphates can be used with beneficial effect. , 598. Spinitis is inflammation of the spinal cord and its coverings. This may occur in an acute or chronic form, but either is very rare. It may also arise from rheumatic affections, and injury to the backbone from concussion, &c. In the acute form, the animal is suddenly attacked, showing great pain, and perspiring freely. It throws itself 253 down, rising again with great difficulty, and strong muscular contortions are evident, — in fact, the symptoms resemble an acute attack of inflammation of the bowels, or azoturia. Treatment. — Nerve sedatives, such as chloral hydrate, belladonna, or hypodermic injections of morphia, along with a good dose of opening medicine, such as linseed or castor oil should be given. Hot water blankets should be applied constantly to the back, and the rectum must be emptied by the hand, and the urine drawn off by the catheter. From the effusion which takes place in the spinal canal, the cases usually terminate fatally, or at least, in paralysis. 599. Paralysis, or Stroke. — This may be described as complete, partial, local, or reflex, and is a sudden loss of power, either with or without sensation ; it may, however, come on gradually. Hemiplegia is the term employed when only one side of the body is attacked ; and Paraplegia when either the fore or hind part of the body is affected. 600. Complete Paralysis is the term employed when motion and sensation throughout the body are suddenly arrested, as in milk fever, stomach staggers, acute lead poisoning, &c. 601. Partial Paralysis is a term used when only part of the body is affected. 602. Local Paralysis means that only some of the muscles are involved. This form is frequently seen after influenza, strangles, and lightning shocks, when the muscles of the head and lips of the affected side hang loose and pendulous, the tongue also sometimes suffering. The animal, on getting food into its mouth, has no power to roll it for mastication. In these cases the food has to be removed by the hand. 603. Reflex Paralysis. — ^This may arise from impaction of the stomach and bowels of both cattle and horses. It is also caused by pressure and obstruction in the urinary and generative organs. Cattle will sometimes lie for four or five weeks before calving, without having the power to rise, and, after parturition, get up without any assistance. 254 604. Seeing that there are so many different causes, it is highly important to call in professional aid at the very beginning, and have the animal treated accordingly. 605. Lightning Shock. — In the majority of cases lightning shock affects the nervous system, more particularly the motory nerves, causing total or partial paralysis, while the sensory nerves become more acute. When one side is affected, the animal carries its head to one side, and has a very unsteady gait, staggering from side to side, while the muscles on the side of the face affected become pendulous and swollen, or the neck may be so affected that the animal cannot eat from the ground.. The shock, however, may be such that the animal loses the use of its limbs, and cannot get up ; yet it can feed well, and if a cow, chews the cud. These various symptoms may be noticed, but no external marks are visible. When, however, the electric current strikes the body, the skin and hair have the appearance of having had a red hot iron run over them, while under the skin the tissues are jelly like and full of effused material. In the case of death from lightning the blood remains fluid, and the muscles of the body do not stiffen, but are flabby and soft. 606. Rabies. — This frightful malady, although formerly described as an affection of the nervous system, is now considered to be due to the action of a specific microbe, which gains entrance to the system. Of all the animals that are subject to its baneful influence, those of the dog tribe seem to be most prone. In some cases, the patient has a great horror of water, the sight of which brings on a peculiar tetanic spasm of the gullet, causing inability to swallow (hence the name hydrophobia). This symptom is, however, more noticed in the human subject than in the lower animals, as a rabid dog will, at times, go into tWe water, if in its way, and lap it freely. It is generally thought that extremely hot weather favours its occurrence, but, as previously stated, it depends upon the introduction of the disease-producing germ into the system. This is generally accomplished by means of a bite from a rabid animal, but accidental inoculation may take place, through an abrasion or sore on the skin being licked by the tongue of 255 an aiFected animal. It has been observed, that, from the introduction of the germ into the body, to the period at which the malady is made manifest, the time varies to a great extent ; in some cases, only a few days elapse, while in others, months, and even years, intervene. 607. Symptoms. — In this, as in most affections of the brain and nervous system, the first thing noticeable, particularly in the dog, is great dullness, accompanied by periods of excitement, that are without apparent cause. An affected dog has a tendency to eat all sorts of rubbish, dirt, feathers, leather, &c. ; it snaps and bites at anything which may come in its path, but will not go out of its way to do so. Again, the nature of the animal is quite changed ; if it has previously been very mild and docile, it will become quite irritable and inclined to bite its best friend, and vice versa. It also has a tendency to go off by itself, going with a peculiar lounging, swinging gait, taking little or no notice of anything unless interfered with. The head and ears hang in a limp, loose fashion ; it foams at the mouth, and its eyes are bloodshot, with a peculiar sullen far-off look. The bark or howl of a rabid dog once heard, is never forgotten. If the animal is not destroyed, death is generally preceded by convulsions and paralysis. On account of the great danger following in the wake of a rabid animal, it should be destroyed immediately the fact that the disease is rabies has been established. Directly a bite is inflicted, the parts ought to be well washed with a mixture, made of one part carbolic acid, and four parts water ; or it should be dressed with tincture of iron. The wound may be cauterised, and caustics in solution answer best, as they get well into the bottom of the wound ; solid caustics are not so reliable. 608. Pasteur, the great French scientist, who, for a number of years, devoted a great amount of time and ability to conducting experiments, in order to find a preventive for this direful scourge, at last found, that portions of the spinal cord of rabbits, which he had previously rendered rabid, by inoculating with the virus, could be attenuated to a variety of strengths. When these preparations of the virus of rabies are injected daily into the body of a patient that has 256 had the misfortune to be bitten by a rabid animal, the body is said to be rendered immune from the disease. The success which has attended this treatment, and the large number of cases that have been inoculated, almost render it imperative that no time should be lost in placing a bitten subject under the Pasteur treatment. The idea that underlies treatment by inoculation, is to bring the structures of the body into such a condition, that the rabid virus fails to find suitable food for its development and multiplication. In this way, though the germ has been introduced into the body, the disease may be prevented. Fortunately, owing to the general enforcement of the muzzling order for dogs, this country has been practically free for some time past from this distressing malady. 6og. Tetanus, or Lock-jaw. — This is a malady that is characterised by a continuous, stretched, tense, and rigid condition of certain voluntary muscles of the body. It is of a fearfully fatal nature, and, in some cases in its acute and later stages, simulates Rabies. Until very latelj', it also was described as an affection of the nervous system, but it is now said to be due to a germ termed the drum-sUck bacillus, so called from its resemblance to a drum-stick. Tetanus is of common occurrence in the horse, more particularly in hot climates, and is met with in three forms, — acute, sub acuie, and chronic, — the first being the most fatal. It was formerly classified under two heads, and when no cause could be found, it was called idiopathic tetanus ; the other, arising from a wound with an external opening, was termed traumatic tetanus. Now, when no wound can be observed, it is supposed that the bacillus finds its way into some lesion in the lining membrane of the alimentary track, where it can establish its action. 610. Tetanus commonly follows wounds in the extremities, par- ticularly punctured 'wounds in the feet (the majority of my cases have resulted from these) ; it also sometimes supervenes on operations, such as castration, docking, &c., no matter how skilfully they may be performed. Experimental microscopists tell us that the disease- producing germ is found in garden mould, and that tetanus can be 257 produced by inoculation with such soil. This appears to me to be a strange conclusion, as it is a very common practice of mine, on seeing a wound showing signs of healing, to leave it exposed to the action of the air, and to order fine dry soil to be dusted over the raw surface. The soil I find to be a good absorbent and deodorizer, and, as a rule, the wound heals quicklj'. I cannot call to mind a single case of tetanus following this treatment. There, however, must be something, either in the air, surface soil, or temperature, to account for this disease, as, during a period of 40 years, only one case of tetanus in a horse, at the bottom of one of the many coal mines visited, has come under my own observation ; yet, as a rule, the principal portion of the cases met with in the pit-bottom are wounds in the feet. 611. There are three terms used to designate the varieties of tetanus, viz: — (i.) — Opisthotonos: when the head is pulled upwards and backwards, and the tail is raised by the tense contraction of the muscles of the back ; (2.) — Empyosthotonos : when the head is depressed and pulled down ; and (3.) — Pleuvosthotonos : when the head is drawn to one side. The first form is mostly observed in the horse, but the last two I have never seen in the horse, though I have noticed them in the human subject. 612. Tetanus generally makes itself manifest from about the sixth to the tenth day after an accident or operation, just when the wound is healing. If the wound is closely examined, it will be observed, should infection have taken place, to have a peculiar dusky copper colour, and not that bright strawberry-red seen in healthy granulations. The organism, or bacillus, that is supposed to cause the malady, is said to confine itself to the wound and its immediate surroundings, and it excretes or manufactures a material, which, being absorbed into the tissues, acts upon the nervous structures, and produces the disease. With reference to these disease-producing germs, spores, microbes or bacilli, — in other words, the seeds of the disease, — they have, for some time past, been experimented with by a number of microscopists in the laboratory, and there cultivated, grown, and tested with suitable s 258 food (medium), air, moisture, and temperature. Their specific nature has been determined by inoculation, according to the particular disease to which they belong ; but when such a disease appears in the farm- yard, or in the sheep-fold, there seems to be something else wanting besides the conditions formulated in the laboratory. It has been observed that some of these specific germs, like the germ of wheat or of other grain, retain their vitality for a considerable time in a dry condition, and that they are ever present with us in air, water, and food. Now, if they are so ready to establish their action when cultivated in the laboratory, all conditions being suitable, how does it happen, that the various specific diseases these germs are said to produce, are not ever present, and that all animal life has not been destroyed ? Probably it is because, like seeds of higher organisms of every kind, the surroundings must be replete and complete with every necessary condition favourable to their germination and development ; or, it may be essential that through some peculiarity in the atmosphere, locality, food, or other influences, acting either collectively or separately, the body of the patient must first be brought into such a condition that the particular germ specific to the malady, which has been lying latent, finds the circumstances suitable for germination and growth. 613. Symptoms. — Tetanus in a mild form is not readily detected, but in its acute stages the symptoms are more prominent. The first to be noticed are that : If the animal is made to walk, it moves stiffly, and with a wooden gait. The head is extended forward, nose pointed out, ears pricked out in front, there is straddling of the hind legs, the hocks of which are turned out, and the tail is raised and shaking. If the animal is in the stall, the hind legs are placed backwards, wide apart, with the points of the hocks turned out, the tail elevated and quivering, the head pulled up, and the eye very watchful ; whilst the slightest noise seems to aggravate the symptoms. On approaching the head, the animal recedes and drags the fore feet backwards, raising the head higher ; the eye-ball is drawn back into the socket, and the haw {membram nictitans) is stretched across the front of the eye, giving it the peculiar appearance of a squint. The latter is looked upon as a confirming symptom, yet the jaws may still be slightly movable. But, 259 as the case proceeds, the symptoms become more pronounced ; the muscles of the face have a tense pinched appearance ; the nostrils are wide open, and there is foaming at the mouth. If the animal is made to move round, it turns like a solid block, with its fore legs wide apart. Patches of perspiration are noticed on various parts of the body, and, in some cases, it sweats profusely all over. At first, the pulse is not much affected, but finally becomes quick, hard, and oppressed. The moment the animal ceases to breathe, all the muscles of the body become relaxed, soft, and flabby. 614. Treatment. — Having seen a large number of cases, various modes of treatment have come under my notice, such as bleeding, physicing, hot fomentations, applying a newly flayed sheep's skin to the body, or heavy woollen rugs, giving prussic acid, belladonna, aconite, chloroform, chloral hydrate, bromide potass., opium, &c., &c., recovery being sometimes attributed to one thing, and sometimes to another. I have also tried hypodermic injections of the various serums and anti-toxins without obtaining any beneficial results. My greatest success, however, has been in getting the affected animal into a quiet, secluded, well-ventilated, loose box, and supporting it with slings to keep it from falling, for if it once gets down, it very rarely gets on to its legs again without assistance. If called to the case before the jaws become closed, and there is opportunity for giving a dose of medicine, a six to eight drachm dose of physic must be given, on the end of a small cane, taking great care not to excite the animal. Sheets and rugs are then to be removed, as they only aggravate the patient ; leave the body without any covering, as cold acts as a grand sedative. Cases recover more readily in extremely cold frosty weather, than in hot. If there be an external wound, clip off the hair from about it, and wash well with one part of Little's pheilyle, and 60 parts of cold water ; then apply tincture of iron to the wound, and cover it well up with a good plaster of extract of belladonna over which is spread a thick layer of cotton-wool. Great success has attended this mode of treatment, accompanied by alternate hypodermic injections of pure carbolic' acid (B.P.) and glycerine, and a mixture of morphia and atropine, 30 to 40 drop doses of each, every six or eight 26o hours, at the same time giving one to two oz. sulphate of magnesia, or hyposulphite of soda, dissolved in a pail of cold water, cold hay-tea, or milk and water, placed in front of the patient in such a position, that it can suck in the fluid at its leisure. Repeat this daily, if necessary ; and if required, warm water injections containing one to two oz. of glycerine can be given three or four times in the 24 hours. All solid food should be withheld until the animal is so far convalescent as to be able to assimilate such food ; then, well-boiled barley and bran are strongly recommended with green food (if it can be had), carrots, &c. It usually takes from six to eight weeks before recovery can be boasted of. THE EYE. 615. The Eye, or organ of vision, is of globular shape, and consists of a fibro-membranous sac, that contains transparent humours of different densities, which act as refractors. It is attached to its bony socket by various muscles, and sustained in a steady position by a cushion or pad of fat. This pad, in old age, becomes absorbed, and the upper portion of the eye sinks. 616. Protecting the front of the eye, we have two movable curtains, the upper and lower eyelids ; the upper being the larger, and more movable of the two. The Eyelids (Plate XXXVI., A. 5.) are composed of : — I.— ^The Skin, found externally. 2. — Muscular fibres, to control their movements. 3. — The Tarsal cartilage, to give stiffness and shape. 4.— The Conjunctiva, (Plate XXXVI. , B. 1 ., 1.), or mucous lining, which is also reflected over the front of the eye, or cornea. 5.— The Meibomian glands, {Plate XXXVI., A. 10., 10.), which are found on the margin of the eyelids, and secrete an oily material, that prevents them gumming together. PLATE XXXVl. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVL A. THE EYE. I. Pupil. 2. 2. The Iris. 3- Membrana Nictitans or Haw. 4- Puncta Lachrymalis. 5- Upper Lid cut across, showing 6. 6. Lachrymal Gland. 7- Corpora Nigra. 8. Outer Canthus. 9- Inner Canthus. lO lO. Meibomian Glands. II. Lachrymal Canal. B. SECTION OF THE EYE. I. I. Conjunctiva. 2. The Cornea. 3- 3- Sclerotic Coat. 4.4. Choroid Coat. 5-5- Retina. 6. Anterior Division of Aqueous Chamber. 7-7- Vitreous Humour — Posterior Chamber. 8. Crystaline Lens. 9- Capsule of Crystalline Lens. 10. 10. Iris. II. Pupillary Space. 12. Posterior Division of Aqueous Chamber 13- Ciliary Processes. 14. Yellow Spot. 15- Central Artery of Retina. 16. 16. Optic Nerve. 26l 6. — The Eyelashes, which are the fine hairs that are found on the free edges of the eyelids, and are more abundant on the upper lid than the lower, their purpose being to assist in preventing the entrance of foreign bodies. 617. The Lachrymal Gland {Plate XXXVI., A. 6.) is situated on the upper portion of the eyeball, and secretes the tears, which keep the front of the eye moist and clear ; the tears pass through the lachrymal duct into the nose. 618. The Membrana Nictitans, or Haw, {Plate XXXVI. , A. 3.), is a cartilaginous structure, situated to the inner side of the eyeball. Its function is to remove foreign bodies, and shield the eye. 6ig. The Eyeball is composed of three coats, viz. : — i. — The Sclerotic and Cornea ; 2. — The Choroid and Iris ; and 3. — The Retina. 620. The Sclerotic coat {Plate XXXVI., B. 3. 3.) is a very dense structure, formed of white fibrous tissue ; and to it are attached the muscles which move the eyeball. This coat forms four-fifths of the external tunic. 621. The Cornea {Plate XXXVI. , B. 2.) is that transparent elliptical portion of the external coat, situated in the front of the eye ; it fits into the sclerotic, somewhat similar to the glass in a watch, so forming the remaining fifth of the outer envelope. 622. The Choroid coat {Plate XXXVI., B. 4., 4.) consists of three layers ; i.e., the external — composed principally of minute veins; middle — a plexus of small arteries ; and the internal — a dark brown pigmentary layer. C23. The Iris, {Plate XXXVI. , A. 2., 2. and B. 70., 10.), or curtain, is conected with the choroid, and may be of various colourings ; in the horse, it is generally dark brown. The opening in the centre of the iris is called the pupil, and, in horses, is of elliptical shape. The muscular fibres of the iris are arranged in two directions: — circular 262 and radiating ; the former contracting, the latter dilating the pupil. Some horses have a white, unpigmented iris, and are called "wall- eyed," or " albinos." 624. The Corpora Nigra {Plate XXXVI., A. 7.) are the small black bodies, of a globular shape, to be observed in front of the papillary opening, and generally seen on the upper fringe of the iris; their use is supposed to be to modify the rays of light. 625. The Humours of the eye are — the aquicus, the crystalline, and the vitreous ; they act as refractive media. The aqueous (Plate ' XXXVI., B. 6. and 12.) is in front, between the interior surface of the cornea, and the crystalline lens. It is composed chiefly of water, and has an alkaline reaction. The crystalline lens [Plate XXXVI. , B. 8.) is bi-convex, more flattened in front than behind. It is made up of concentric layers, like an onion, and is enclosed in a capsule. It is situated behind the iris, having the aqueous humour in front, and the vitreous behind, and is held in position by a suspensory ligament. It is transparent, its use being to concentrate the rays of light to a focus. The vitreous humour [Plate XXXVI. , B. 7., 7.) occupies the posterior chamber, which constitutes about four-fifths of the interior of the sac. It is an albuminous semi-fluid, of a jelly-like consistency, and is enclosed in a structure termed the hyaloid iiiembraiie. 626. The Retina [Plate XXXVI., B. 5.) is the expansion of the optic nerve. It is composed of several layers, consisting of rods, cones, &c., and is the essential part of the organ of vision. The optic nerve [Plate XXXVI., B. 16., 16.) enters the eyeball, in company with the opthalmic artery and vein, at the back of the eye. 627. The muscles of the eye are— the Retractor, Abductor, Adductor, Depressor, Levator, and superior, and inferior Obliques. These muscles turn the eye in the various directions required. INJURIES AND DISEASES OE THE EYE. 628. The Eye, although well shielded by a strong bony socket, cartilaginous, muscular, and membranous structures, is frequently subject to injury and disease. 629. The Eyelids are sometimes injured, as a result of fighting, — more particularly in dogs. In the horse, the upper lid is occasionally torn by hooks, nails, &c. Should the piece hang down over the front of the eye, the best plan is to cut it off, and treat the place as a simple wound, or, if practicable, a suture or two may be put in, and the wound covered with collodion. Warty growths, when present, can be removed with the scissors or the knife. The eyelids may become inverted, or everted ; when the former happens, the eyelashes turn inwards and irritate the front of the eye ; when the latter occurs, they turn outwards. Both cases cause much pain and annoyance, and have to be relieved by an operation, which consists of cutting a piece out of the lid. The succeeding inflammation should be treated with the following soothing eye lotion : — boracic acid, one drachm ; wine of opium, two drachms ; rose-water, half-a-pint ; apply with a soft sponge night and morning. If great pain be present, a solution of cocaine, or extract of belladonna, may be used. The animal should always be kept in a dark place, and fed on a cooling diet. 630. The Membrana Nictitans, or Haw, is sometimes subject to irritation and inflammation, but is more prone to warty growths, and soft, spongy, and cancerous tumours. The warts may be successfully cut off with the scissors, but in removing the soft tumours, the haw, in some cases, has to be excised altogether. After the operation, the parts should be dressed with the boracic lotion, already recommended. These growths are more frequently seen in the cow, than in the horse. Old-fashioned farriers used to cut the haw out for an imaginary complaint in pigs, called the " howks," which was really indigestion ; they took up the haw with a needle and thread and cut it out with the scissors. 264 631. Conjunctivitis, or Simple Opthalmia. — Inflammation of the external coat of the front of the eye, or cornea, extending to the lining of the eyelids. This is generally the result of an injury, such as a blow from a stick or lash from a whip, but extreme hot or cold weather will also produce it, more particularly in sheep and lambs, during the cold, frosLy, spring months. Bad ventilation and drainage also favour its occurrence ; but perhaps the most frequent cause is the entrance of foreign bodies, such as sand, hayseed, chaff, &c. Symptoms. — The eyelids are more or less closed and swollen, tears flow freely down the side of the face, and the patient cannot bear exposure to the light. The lining of the lid is very red and congested, and the front of the eye has a peculiar, pale blue, milky hue, especially at the seat of the injury. Constitutional disturbance, may, in some cases, be present, with fever, and must receive attention and be combated with suitable medicines. 632. Treatment of Simple Opthalmia. — A careful and minute examination must be made, and, if the cause is due to some foreign body, which is not buried in the exudation that usually follows, it may be removed with a straw, a feather, or the corner of a handkerchief ; but a pair of forceps, with fine rounded points, is best. Should the eye be very sensitive, and pulled back into the socket, as is often seen in the cow, so that the object cannot be reached, a little of a five to eight per cent, solution of cocaine should be put into the eye, when, in the course of from 15 to 20 minutes, the offending body may be removed. On no consideration should alum or powdered glass be blown into the eye, as is too frequently done; these are highly dangerous, and cause a great amount of pain to the animal. They are, therefore, to be strongly condemned. Bathing the eye, three or four times a day, with cold water, and then applying the boracic eye lotion already named, is all that is necessary. Sheep and lambs, when affected, should be removed to better shelter, and the eye sponged once or twice a day with the boracic lotion. These cases, if not properly attended to, may result in ulceration of the cornea, and even fungoid growths may spring up ; then, more heroic treatment is required, and touching the places with nitrate of silver, every second 265 or third day, has a beneficial efiect. In very severe cases, the ulceration extends through the external coats, the humour then escapes, and the eye is lost. 633. Periodic Opthalmia. — This diifers very much from simple opthalmia, in attacking the internal structures of the eye, usually the anterior chamber. Formerly, it was supposed to come on with the changes of the moon, and got the name of moon blindness, whilst, on account of its tendency to recur, the term periodic was used. It is not so prevalent as it used to be, and when it does occur, town horses, as a rule, are the sufferers. Its causes are not well understood, but are generally considered to be of a constitutional character ; sudden changes from heat to cold, bad ventilation, and defective drainage, are also blamed. In my opinion, one great cause is through an injury brought about by the horse throwing up its head, in a low-roofed stable, and thus hitting itself behind the ears, or it may arise through the infliction of a brutal blow from a stick in that region. Some think it has a hereditary tendency ; such, however, has not been my experience. Symptoms. — As a rule, the attack is sudden, the horse is very dull, hangs its head, and has one or both eyelids closed ; the upper lid has a flat and wrinkled appearance, owing to the eye being pulled back into its socket. The animal cannot bear the light, and, on examining the eye, it is found to be dim, having lost its lustre, the front chamber appearing of a yellowish amber, sometimes a reddish brown colour, and the pupil can scarcely be seen. Frequent attacks implicate the crystalline lens, and finally end in cataract. 634. Treatment. — Put the animal into a roomy, well-ventilated, but darkened loose box, keep it perfectly quiet, and administer mild doses of laxative medicine, say two ounces epsom salts, and half ounce cream of tartar, night and morning, in a mash of bran, or as a draught, until the bowels show relaxation. The eye should be sponged with a weak solution of extract of belladonna, two or three times a day. This treatment, in some cases, may be all that is required ; but in protracted cases, I have found great benefit arise from the application of a blister on the side of the cheek, or behind 266 the ears. I have had cases in bulls, especially young ones, where the aqueous humour has been rendered opaque, in fact, nearly milky white, from excessive sexual exertion. The animal must not be used in the meantime, but be kept perfectly quiet, in a dark loose box, and the eyes bathed for 15 to 20 minutes, several times a day, with cold water. 635. Cataract is a pearly white appearance, or -opacity, of the crystalline lens, or its capsule, or both. It may result from external injury to the eye, or from frequent attacks of inflammation, or periodic opthalmia ; again, it may be congenital, and may appear in one or both eyes. The whole, or only part of the lens may be affected, and various names are accordingly given to it, such as Lentkulay Cataract — when the lens itself is the seat of the affection ; Capsular Cataract — when only the capsule is affected ; and Capsulo- Lenticular — when both are implicated. Old dogs seem to be the greatest sufferers, and in these, it generally comes on gradually. In the human subject, the lens can be removed, and suitable glasses substituted ; but in the domestic animals, treatment is of little use. When the eye is injured, or undergoing severe inflammation, the great point is to use every endeavour to prevent a cataract forming. 636. In examinations of horses for soundness, it is of the greatest importance that the eyes be carefully examined, as cataract causes partial or complete blindness. The horse must be taken into a dark place, and the eye examined with a lighted candle ; if the eye is correct, the pupil will contract gradually, on the light being presented ; a clear, deep, black-blue, liquid appearance will be seen beyond the pupillar space, and the image of the light from the candle be reflected in three distinct places. On moving the candle to and fro, the reflected lights move at the same time, but if cataract be present, the pupil remains stationary, and a pearly white substance is seen, filling up the pupillary opening. 637. Amaurosis. — This, strictly speaking, is not a disease of the eye itself, but a derangement of the "optic nerve," producing partial, 267 or complete loss of sight. The eye appears to be fuller, brighter and more brilliant than usual, and at the first glance, it seems a beautifully developed eye. When it occurs, both eyes are affected, as a rule. In the majority of cases, the horse carries his head well up, and steps very high, in a hesitating, jerky manner. On carefully examining the eye, the pupillary opening is very much dilated, and instead of being elliptical, it is nearly circular, very little of the iris being seen ; whilst on being subjected to the rays of a strong light, the pupil will not contract. Detection of amaurosis, is really of more importance in examination for soundness, than that of cataract. 638. Filaria Oculi, or worm in the eye, is extremely rare in this country, but is frequently seen in hot climates, e.g., India. The parasite is the strong ylus filaria, and measures from half to one inch long ; it is found in the anterior chamber of the eye, where it moves about freely, setting up irritation, and giving to the aqueous humour a peculiar milky hue. It can be successfully removed by casting the horse, and cutting into the eye at the upper edge of the cornea, so liberating the humour, and with it, the offending worm. 639. There are several other diseases of the eye, such as Nebula, Glaucoma, Staphyloma, Tuberculosis, &•€., but as they are of rare occurrence, I will not dwell upon them. 640. Dislocation of the Eyeball is mostly seen in the dog, as a result of fighting. When recently done it is readily reduced, by pressing it carefully back into the socket with the thumbs, pulling the lids forward with a pair of forceps, and keeping it in its place with a bandage and a pad of wet lint. When it has been displaced for some time, and has become swollen and congested, it should be bathed well with tepid water, or an infusion of poppy heads ; and it may be necessary to slit the eyelids at the outer corner, before returning it ; then it should be maintained in its place by one or two stitches of antiseptic thread, all being covered with a lint pad made wet with boracic lotion (par. 529) and secured in its place with a bandage. In some cases, the eyeball is so much damaged that it has to be removed. 268 THE EAR. 641. In the horse, the ears should be fine, and well pointed forward, and when at work, should always be on the move, first backward, and then forward, so as to catch sounds. Each ear is made up of three distinct portions, i.e., the ExUrnal Ear, the Middle Ear, and the Internal Ear. 642. The External Ear is made up of three pieces of cartilage : — ist. — Conchal, which forms the point. 2nd. — Annular, ring-shaped at the bottom. yd.—Scutiform, triangular in form, and which acts as a lever to move the conchal. These are all covered internally by a fine skin, containing minute glands, which secrete wax, so as to prevent insects and other foreign bodies entering the ear. 643. The Middle Ear, or Tympammi, contains four small bones, named: i. — Malleus or Hammer; 2. — Incus or Anvil; 3. — Stapes or Stirrup ; 4. — Os-orbiculare (the smallest bone in the body). 644. The Tympanum cavity is separated from that of the external ear by a thin membrane known as the Membrane Tympania, or drum of the ear. Sound waves produce vibration of this membrane. These vibrations are communicated to the chain of small bones above- mentioned, and, by them, to the internal ear. In order that the pressure on the two sides of the membrane tympani may be maintained in an uniform condition, the cavity of the tympanum is placed in communication with the pharynx by means of a tube, known as the Eustachian Tube. 645. The Internal Ear is very complex. It is called the labyrinth, and is made up of bony and membranous parts. The bony part contains: t. — The Vestibule ; 2. — Semi-circular Canals ; 3. — Cochlea, or shell. The membranous part is contained within the bony portion and is specially adapted for hearing. 269 64.6. The phenomena of hearing are very interesting, and worth reading up. The same may be said regarding the phenomena of sight. Fortunately, we have very few diseases of the ear in horses ; they may, however, get torn or wounded, and are prone to warty growths, which must be removed by operation. Sometimes we have a sinus running up the edge of the ear, the bottom of which, has been found to contain a small rudimentary tooth. 647. Canker of the ear, is mostly seen in dogs that have little to do, and are over-fed. Heavy- eared dogs, as spaniels and retrievers, seem to be predisposed to it. When affected, the dog holds its head rather to one side, every now and again shaking it, and flapping the ears, which it scratches with its feet. On examination, a nasty, foetid discharge is seen in the hollow of the ear. Treatment. — Washing with warm water seems to aggravate and extend the disease. Wipe the affected part as clean as possible, with medicated cotton wool, then put a few drops of creasote, or oil of cloves into the ear, and rub well in from the outside, but the best, and most radical treatment, is to puff into the bottom of the ear a small quantity of iodoform, every third day ; at the same time, giving a dose of castor oil and syrup of buckthorn, and changing the diet. ELEVENTH LECTURE. THE SKIN. 648. The skin (Plate XXXVII., 10) \s a dense, porous, and very sensitive structure, serving to cover and protect the body from external injury. It is composed of two layers : — ist. — External — The Cuticle, or Epidermis. 2nd. ^Internal — The Dermis, True Skin, or Cutis Vera. The skin varies in thickness in different parts of the body. It is fine and soft where much motion is required, and dense and thick where the parts are exposed — as the back, shoulders, &c. 649. The Cuticle, or Epidermis, is composed principally of scales, which are cast off when done with, like the scales from the body of a fish. It is non-sensitive. The deepest part of the epidermis is known as the Rete Mucosum, and it is to it that the skin owes its colour. .650. The Cutis Vera, dermis, or true skin, contains the sebaceous, fat, or oil glands, the sudoriparous or sweat glands, the hair, and hair follicles. 651. The Sebaceous Glands (Plate XXXVII., 10, E.) secrete an oil which pours into the hair follicles, for the purpose of lubricating the skin, and keeping it and the hair soft. 652. Sudoriparous or Sweat Glands (Plate XXXVII., 10, B.).— It is said that there are about 2,000 pores in one square inch of skin, for the purpose of perspiration, an action which is both insensible and sensible. The quantity of sweat varies very much, according to the 271 season, condition of the animal, the work done, &c. About 14 pounds of insensible perspiration are supposed to pass off every 24 hours from a horse, ie., above half-a-pound every hour, showing that the skin is an extensive draining organ. The water excreted by the sweat glands exercises a protective influence over tiie external surface of the body, and tends to equalise the temperature of the body. Cleanliness promotes the secretions of the glands of the skin, as is readily observed in the sleek coats of well-kept animals, such as hunters, race-horses, army horses, &c. 653. Hair (Plate XXXVII., 10, C. D.)—ln the lower animals, the body is covered with hair, or wool, which differs very much in texture, according to the climate, season, and the breed of animal, and it also varies in this respect on different parts of the body. A hair is said to have 3. point, shaft, Sind root; the latter swells out into a bulb, and is fixed in the hair follicle, — a depression in the true skin. The horse casts its coat twice a year, having a summer and a winter covering. Castration, when the coat is being shed or cast, in some cases, tends to make the coat rough. 654. Clipping in Winter. — In late autumn, or early winter, the coat of the horse becomes very long and rough. Anyone who has driven a horse in this state, must recognise the oppressive effect the long close coat has on the animal, which begins to puff and blow, needing frequent applications of the whip, while perspiration oozes out of every pore. A horse stabled in this condition takes hours to dry, and in many cases, when put in thus at night, it will be found in the morning still wet and cold. This necessarily chills the surface of the body, tending to drive the blood from the skin, and to produce congestion of the internal organs, swollen legs, &c. Clipping makes a wonderful change — the horse becomes an entirely different animal, active on its legs, and eager in its movements ; the depression has gone, the whip is no longer needed, and any little perspiration which may arise is quickly evaporated. The greatest advantage of all, however, is that the coat being off, the animal is more easily dressed and cleaned ; the surface capillaries are thus stimulated in their 272 circulation, animal heat sustained, and the internal organs kept free from congestive disorders. From this, it will be seen that cHpping acts as a splendid tonic, fully equal — in fact, superior — to an extra feed of corn per day. 655. Hoofs, Horns, and Claws are appendages pertaining to the skin. The hoof or horny box, protects and shields the sensitive parts of the foot, and is secreted by the coronary band (pars. 168 and 169). Horns, seen on the sides of the forehead of many animals, are modifications of the skin ; they differ very much in shape, size, and colour. A horn has a base, body, and point, and is secreted by a fine vascular membrane, which covers the horn core, and forms a circular pad in connection with the skin at the base. The rings formed at the base of the cow's horn are looked upon by many as an indication of the age of the animal ; the first ring is supposed to make its appearance about the age of three years, a new ring being formed each succeeding year. These rings are often rasped out, and rubbed down with sand-paper and oil, to give the animal a more youthful appearance. The bony projection, or horn core, is made up internally of cavities, interspersed with thin beams of bone, which give to it both strength and lightness. Claws are formed in a manner analogous to that in which hoofs and horns are produced. 656. Skin Diseases are numerous, and of great variety, and may be classed under three heads : — I . — Inflammatory. 2 . — N on- Inflammatory . 3. — Parasitic. INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 657. Variola-Equina, or Horse-Pox, is a specific, vesicular, eruptive, febrile disease of the inflammatory type, happily of rare occurrence in country practice, and, although of a constitutional character, manifestations of the malady are made through the agency of the skin. Symptoms. — The horse hangs its head in a listless manner, and is off its food, while the skin is hot and dry. In the course of a few days, small vesicles are noticed cropping up on various parts of the body ; each of these contains a thin fluid, and soon bursts forming a scab, which in time drops off, leaving a bare spot. The fever has to be combated with gentle, saline medicines, but purgatives must be strictly avoided. Doses of from one to two ounces of Epsom salts and one ounce of cream of tartar, given in hay tea, night and morning, are all the treatment that is required. When the skin is very itchy, sponging it frequently with equal parts of sanitas and water, has a very soothing and cooling effect. 658. Variola- Vaccina, or Cow-Pox, is a somewhat similar malady affecting the cow, which, however, is now very rare. It was in the lymph contained in the vesicles of this affection, that the immortal Jenner recognized the properties of a protective agent against human smallpox, and from this lymph he prepared his vaccine. The vesicles are usually found on the udder of the cow, and accompanying them there is, as in the horse, a considerable amount of fever and constitutional disturbance. Simple alkaline medicine, good nursing, and easily digestible food, constitute all the necessary treatment. 659. Variola- Ovina, or Sheep-Pox. — A vesicular complaint, somewhat analogous in its symptoms to the pox of the horse and cow, also affects the sheep, but is happily very rare. Here, the eruptions are first seen on the inside of the thighs and fore-arms. The affected animals should at once be removed, and isolated. Sheep-pox is under the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act. T 274 66o. Simple Eczema, is an inflammatory eruption of the skin, which often affects the horse, particularly in the spring and summer months when at grass ; it is characterized by the formation all over the body of minute vesicles or bladders full of a thin fluid, accompanied by itching and irritation, which causes the animal to rub itself against anything it comes in contact with. It is common in horses imported from other countries, and somewhat resembles mange, but in this case, there is no parasite present. Being very inoculative to other animals, all harness, clothing, saddles, brushes, &c., used on 'an affected animal must be carefully washed in some disinfectant fluid. Although the complaint is distinctly inflammatory, there is seldom any accompanying constitutional disturbance, and the first thing to be noticed is that the hair stands up on end in minute patches, which, on closer examination, are found to denote the presence of small pustules, containing fluid. These soon dry up, forming a scab, which, if brushed off, leaves a bare place. If taken in time, washing the body with Little's phenyle, — one part to eighty parts cold soft water, — every three or four days, and giving tablespoonful doses of bi-carbonate of soda, every night and morning, in a mash, has a very good effect. Chronic cases, however, have to be dealt with by stronger treatment, such as arsenical prepara- tions internally, and iodine applications externally. 66i. Mallenders is of an eczematous nature, and regarded as a sub-acute, or chronic inflammation of the skin at the back of the knee- joint, with a thin, irritative, watery discharge, causing the hair to stick out, and eventually fall off, leaving a scurfy thickening of the skin. It is a complaint common in cart-horses, notably those that have thick gummy legs, and especially when they are out of condition. Treatm ent is not always satisfactory. The general condition of the animal must have attention, the diet must be changed, and a mild laxative ball given (say three drachms each of aloes and bi-carbonate of soda), followed up by tonic diuretic medicines, and dressing of the parts, twice a week, with a little ten per cent, oleate of mercury, which should be well rubbed in. Of all the remedies I have tried, this application seems to have the best effect. On no account should the affected parts be washed, as this seems to irritate them and to encourage the spreading of the complaint. 275 662. Sallenders is a complaint identical with maUenders ; the only difference is in the situation, this being found at the front and bend of the hock. Lichen is a somewhat similar complaint, but more of a papular form, and affects the skin of the back part of the legs, old chronic cases are known as " rat tails." Treatment for these is the same as that laid down for mallenders. 663. Grease. — Strange to siy, in this part of the country, nearly all cases of sudden lameness and swollen legs, are designated as " shots of grease," whereas, in reality no such thing exists, grease being inflammation of the true skin, of an eczematouS character, affecting the oil glands. Cart-horses of the round gummy-legged class are more subject to it than those of the light-legged class, while the hind-legs are more often attacked than the fore. The causes are various ; some horses have a natural pre-disposition to it, and then anything that irritates the lower part of the limb will induce the disease. Sudden chills after the animal has been heated ; washing and not drying the legs ; want of exercise, with too stimulating food ; feeding on new hay or oats ; standing in filthy boxes, &c., have all a tendency to produce this complaint. Symptoms. — The first symptoms usually noticed are swelling of the legs, and stiffness on moving, but there is not that acute pain present which is characteristic of " weed " — often misnamed " grease " (par. 449). In a short time the hair stands on end, and a thin, yellow, oily discharge is seen oozing through the skin ; this runs down the limb, and irritates the parts with which it comes in contact. The leg is very painful to the touch, and in the hollow of the heel, and back of the fetlock cracks are seen in the skin. Treatment. — The alkaline laxative ball, mentioned under mallenders, should be given, followed up with saline and iron tonics. The leg should be washed with Little's phenyle (one part to eighty parts cold water), then a hay bandage should be rolled round the limb, and the phenyle wash poured down it five or six times a day ; this should be continued for thirty-six or forty hours.- The after-treatment entirely depends on the progress of the case. 664. Grapes. — Grease often ends in the formation of troublesome, 276 filthy-looking outgrowths round the pastern joint, resembling a bunch of red grapes, from which there is a nasty foetid discharge. In such cases, the phenyle wash should be made stronger (say one in forty), and when the parts are dry they should be dressed with powdered alum or blue vitriol. Burning off the warty excrescences with a hot iron, is sometimes necessary. 665. Mud Fever is a form of erythema or a superficial, patchy, inflammatory eruption of the skin, affecting more particularly the legs of clipped horses ; but it may also affect any other part of the body splashed with mud. It is most common in winter-time, when the weather is very changeable, e.g., hard frosts being suddenly followed by thaws and sloppy weather, and vice-vevsa. It is due to the wet mud having been allowed to dry on the skin, and tiien washing it off on coming into the stable at night, without drying the legs afterwards. Washing seems to irritate the parts, and it is much better to allow the mud to dry on, and then clean it off gently with a soft wisp of meadow hay. Symptoms. — The first thing to be noticed is the swelling of the legs ; the animal appears stiff and is not inclined to move ; the hair sticks up in patches, and in the course of a few days, comes off very readily when rubbed. The legs usually suffer most, but cases occur in which the whole body is more or less affected. Treatment. — When any constitutional fever is present, put the animal into a good, roomy loose box, and clothe it well ; the legs, however, must not be bandaged, but kept perfectly dry. The aloes and soda ball, as recommended (par. 661 ), may be given with great advantage, followed up with some suitable alkaline alterative medicine. Should the legs be very much swollen and painful, they may be bathed for about thirty minutes with warm water, then immediately dressed with the following lotion : — Sugar of lead, half an ounce, Fuller's-earth, two ounces, add water up to one quart ; to be applied with a piece of sponge. Well-boiled barley and bran mashes form the best diet. All oils, and greasy dressings, are to be strictly avoided, but if the heels are very much cracked, a little vaseline may be applied. As a preventive, the legs of carriage-horses and hunters should never be clipped. 277 666. Cracked Heels are also a form of eczema, and consist of inflammation of the skin and sebaceous or oil glands in the hollow of the heels, particularly those of the hind legs. The cause may be want of condition, through feeding the animal on unseasoned hay or corn ; washing and not drying the legs thoroughly ; clipping the hair out of the hollow of the heels ; and standing in filthy stalls, or boxes. Horses with white legs suffer most, possibly from the extra washing that they require. Symptoms. — The animal is seen to go stiff and sore on first leaving the stable ; it may even click up the affected leg like a horse in string-halt, and go on the toe for a step or two, but generally improves in action after going a short distance. The pastern joint is found to be swollen and painful, and there is soon a breaking out in the hollow of the heel, with a bloody discharge. Treatment. — Should there be much pain and fever present, then the soda and aloes ball (par. 661 ) should be given, and a poultice applied to the affected heel. This latter can be most effectually accomplished by pulling a piece of the.leg of a pair of old trousers over the foot, securing it round the top of the hoof by means of a strap ; next the hollow of the heel should be filled in with bran and linseed meal, mixed with cold ^ater to the consistence of porridge, to which should be added a tablespoonful of carbolic acid or phenyle ; then the bag should be fastened above the pastern joint, with a bandage over all. After the inflammation is reduced, the following lotion should be applied night and morning, viz. : two drachms each of sugar of lead, and sulphate of zinc, mixed in a quart of cold water. In chronic cases of cracked heels, when there is little or no swelling present, dressing them with carbolized zinc ointment usually sets things right in a short time ; they should never be washed, or rubbed with a cloth ; and any mud on them should be left until it dries, when it can be gently rubbed off with a wisp of meadow hay. If neglected, cracked heels may ultimately terminate m troublesome " grapey " heels, or "grapes" (pay. 664). 667. Mechanical Injuries to the Skin, such as chafing of the shoulder and back from badly-fitting collars,' or saddles, produce respectively, sore shoulders and saddle-galls. These must have immediate attention and their causes removed. The sores should be 278 bathed with clean cold water, night and morning, and then well covered with Fuller's-earth. Should the skin be much damaged, dressing with the zinc and lead. lotion (pay. 666) will have a good effect. 668. Scratches and Pricks from thorns and barbed wire, are very common. When present, the thorns must be carefully removed, great care being taken not to break thera in under the skin, as they very frequently cause a great deal of fever and pain, more particularly when in the neighbourhood of a joint (par. 134). When the parts are much swollen and painful, bandages should be applied when practicable, that have been wrung out of cold water, and they should be kept constantly wet till the pain and inflammation has abated, after which dressing the parts with the zinc and lead lotion is all that is required. 669. Burns and Scalds may be very slight or very severe ; in many cases they cause death, from the extreme exhaustive nerve- irritation, or shock. The great point to be observed in the treatment, is to exclude all air from the affected surface with any suitable medium which is at hand. For this purpose, nothing is handier, nor better, than a thick coating of treacle, over which a quantity of cotton wool, tow, or sheep's wool, should be placed, and secured with bandages. If treacle is not available, a pailful of good thick clay and water may be mixed and applied over the damaged surface with a whitewash brush, repeating the application when necessary ; this, when it has dried on, gives a great protection from the air. Any febrile symptoms which may arise, must be treated by means of cooling and soothing medicines, but on no account must purgatives be used. Should the bowels be irregular, small doses (say five to eight ounces) of linseed oil, repeated every eight or ten hours ' will be found to be very serviceable. Food of a light and digestible nature ought also to be given. When the fever and acute symptoms abate, the raw surfaces of the wounds should be dressed with the zinc and lead lotion (see Appendix). Two very severe cases in the horse have occurred in my practice, both of which seemed to go on well for 15 or 20 days, when unfavourable symptoms suddenly set in, and the animals died. In both cases, post-mortem examination revealed ulceration of the stomach at the pyloric opening into the intestines. NON-INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 670. 'Warts, 'Wens, or Angle-Berries are of a non-inflammatory character, and are abnormal growths, or enlargements, of the scales of the outer layer ol the skin, to which some breeds of animals are predisposed. They usually occur on the soft thin parts of the skin, such as the nose, sheath, thighs, &c. Sometimes they are well-defined, with broad thick necks deep through the skin, or are even encased in a sheath, just like the kernel of a nut in the shell. In many cases they become very troubleso.me, on account of their persistence, growing again with great rapidity after it is thought that they have been successfully removed. Pulling or twisting them off quickly with the fingers usually answers best ; at other times, a pair of strong scissors, knife, ecraseur, or hot iron may be used in their removal. A dressing of green tar should be applied to the bare surfaces the day subsequent to the removal of the warts. 'Warts and tumours are often found on the penis of the horse and bull. These are extremely troublesome, and when large interfere with the act of urinating, and in the bull especially, with that of serving, after which, bleeding often occurs Treatment. — In the horse, the penis must be drawn out and washed with some antiseptic, nothing being better than phenyle in the proportion of one to eighty of water ; the offending growths are then removed with the knife or scissors, and the wounds dressed with tincture of iron. (It may be necessary to cast the animal before operating). In the bull, the penis is difficult to draw out even when the animal is cast. My method of procedure is to allow the bull to raise himself on to a cow's back, when with a loop in a piece of broad tape held in my left hand, the penis is seized and retained until the warty excrescences have been clipped off, and the parts-dressed with tincture of iron. These growths occasionally involve the substance of the organ, and then amputation has to be resorted to. The cow also suffers very much from these excrescences, and as they materially affect the health and thriving of the animal, they should be immediately removed. 28o 671. Horn Overgrowths and Injuries. — The horns sometimes turn and curve in so much, that the overgrown points press tightly on the forehead, giving the animal so much pain that it ceases to feed and thrive. Such cases must be attended to, and if necessary, the surplus horn must be removed with a saw. Again, the horns sometimes stand out with very sharp ends, in which case the points have to be cut off with the saw, or protected with wooden balls, to prevent the goring and wounding of other animals. When the horns are very large, it is found necessary to remove them by an operation termed "dishorning;" an operation regarded by many as very objectionable, and looked upon as cruel, but it is not more cruel than to leave them on, and thus enable the larger animals to attack and wound their smaller and weaker companions. As the horn is non- sensitive, and the horn core nearly so, as well as being hollow, there is very little pain accompanying the operation. Occasionally a cow may become fixed by the horn, and in endeavouring to liberate itself, the horn may be stripped oflf, without injuring the horn core ; when this happens, the parts must be dressed with carbolic oil and tow or cotton wool, and above this should be a layer of tar and tow, all being secured with a light bandage which should be fastened to the other horn. When the horn and horn core are fractured, the rough projections and broken fragments of bone must be removed, and sawn level, the bleeding stopped with a hot iron, and the parts dressed as above. 672. Abscesses are at times met with in the cavities of the horn, arising from an injury done to the parts, and causing extreme constitutional disturbance. The animal breathes quickly and pants, the eyes are injected, perspiration rolls off the body, and the pulse is full and bounding. The most noticeable symptom is that the animal holds the head low, and to one side, giving it an occasional shake ; if pressure be put on the root of the horn, the animal may bellow out, and fall over on to its side, as if in a fit, rolling its eyes, and breathing in a heavy and spasmodic manner. Treatment — Bore into the base of the horn with a small trephine or a ^-inch gimlet, and after the pus has been liberated, roll cold water bandages round the horn, keeping them constantly moist, and at the same time administer a good dose of purgative medicine. PLATE XXXVII EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII. THE SKIN, AND SOME OF THE PARASITES. 1. Tick, infests Dogs and Sheep. 2. Tick, or Ked of Sheep, enlarged. 3. Sheep Louse, enlarged. 4. Pig Louse, do. • 5. Cow Louse, do. 6. Horse Louse, do. 7. Ox Warble Fly. 8. Ox Warble Maggot. 9. Ox Warble Chrysalis. 10. Section of Skin. . ». Duct of Sweat Gland. b. Sweat Gland. c. Hair Follicle. d. Hair Bulb. e. Sebaceous or Oil Gland PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 673. Mange or Scab affects the horse, cow, sheep, dog, cat, &c., and also the human being. This troublesome disease is due to the presence of small parasites developed from eggs, which are deposited in vast numbers, on, or in the skin. 674. These parasites are of three different families, viz. : — ist. — Symbiotes — the parasites that live on the skin. 2nd. — Dermatodectes — those boring into the skin. 3rd- — Sarcoptes — those burrowing through the skin. These differ in size and form in the various animals — as may be seen by the illustrations (Plate XXXVII.)— and. they also diff"er in a like respect, according to the situation they occupy on the skin of the various animals. Thus, mange must be considered under the three heads : — (i) Superficial, (2) Middle, and (3) Deep-seated. From this fact it may be easily understood how some attacks of mange readily yield to treatment, whilst others verge on the incurable. It is, therefore, necessary to ascertain what class of mange has to be dealt with, before suitable treatment can be adopted. Mange usually attacks the horse in the region of the mane, head, and tail, causing much irritation, and discomfort to the animal, and when the hook-like appendages on each parasite are considered, it is not a matter for surprise. Symptoms. — The animal appears dull, and is much inclined to rub the affected parts, whenever it has the chance. Rubbing the fingers gently over the irritated places causes the animal to move the lips and muzzle with an expression of great pleasure. Close examination also shows a number of small papules containing a small quantity of serous fluid, which soon escapes, forming a scab or crust. 675. Treatment. — All animals affected with mange should be carefully isolated, since — as will be quite obvious to all, from its parasitic nature — the disease is a highly contagious one. The animal must be carefully washed with some parasiticide. Any of the non-poisonous dips may be used, but dip containing arsenic must not, on any account, be used where the skin is at all excoriated or broken. 282 Little's phenyle— one part to thirty or forty parts of cold water — has a very good effect, and, in bad cases, dressing with a mixture of whale oil, black sulphur, and spirits of tar, may be attended with good results. Iodine preparations are very useful, but nearly every practitioner has his own favourite remedy. The stables, boxes, clothing, harness, &c., used by the infected animals must also be carefully washed and constantly. disinfected. For the Dog.. — 'I think nothing is better than the application of a mild preparation of the green iodide of mercur}' — say thirty grains to one ounce of lard or vaseline. A simple wash can be made by boiling a quantity of foxglove leaves (digitalis), which, when cold, should be applied to the parts. Should any constitutional disturbance be present, it must be attended to, and the bedding, which ought to be of pitch pine shavings, or sawdust, should be changed every three or four days. Carbolic acid, strong mercurial ointments, or tobacco wash, should never be used on the dog, as these have a dangerously depressing, and sickening effect. 677. Warbles. (Plate XXXVII., 7., 8., 9;.— These are small elevations or tumours, about the size of a lady's thimble, found on the backs of cattle, and occasionally on the horse, between the shoulders and loins. They may vary in number up to 50 or more, and cause great loss, not only in the value of the hides, but to the flesh immediately beneath as well. The tumours contain larvae, developed from the eggs deposited there by the ovipositor of the female Bot Fly, or Ox Warble Fly, (Plate XXXVII., 7., 8., 9.) in the months of July and August, and they make their appearance between the following February and May, or perhaps later. According to the late Miss E. A. Ormerod, L.L.D., the Ox Warble Fly "is two-winged, and upwards of half an inch in length, and is so marked that it resembles the humble bee ; with a yellowish face, body between the wings, yellowish in front, and black behind ; abdomen whitish at the base, black at the middle, and orange at the tip ; large head and brown wings, black legs and lighter feet." The female fly has a long telescopic egg-laying tube for burrowing into the back of the animal, which, on being attacked, shows great excitement, rushing wildly about the pastures with its tail extended, and slightly depressed 283 towards the tip, but it is not until the spring months — as already stated — that the effects are seen, in the shape of the tumours or warbles. Light-coloured animals seem to be the animals that are more particularly attacked. 677. On examination of the skin covering the warble, a dark opening can be seen, surrounded by a small quantity of frothy matter. By pressure with the thumbs on each side, the larva can be squeezed out. If not interfered with, in due time the slug comes out of its winter shelter of its own accord. This is accomplished by a wriggling motion, for which its peculiar spiral shape — as depicted in the illustration — is specially adapted. It then falls to the ground, and is converted into a chrysalis, and finally into the perfect insect, ready to recommence the cycle of life in the summer months. As these cause a great loss to the farmer, as many as possible should be squeezed out and destroyed. Washing the back of the cow with a strong solution of salt and water, before turning it out, acts as a good preventive. Smearing the back with turpentine and tar, or carbolic dressings, has a similar effect ; as has also the old-fashioned black oil, which is prepared by mixing sulphuric acid, turpentine, and linseed oil in certain proportions (see Appendix). The horse, as noted, is rarely affected, but when it is, the larvae cause larger and more diffuse swellings than in the cow. They must at once be pressed out, and the parts dressed with Little's phenyle (i to 30 solution). For further information on this subject, the interesting notes and writings of the late Miss Ormerod will be found in the Royal Agricultural Society's Reports of 1887-88-89, and in her yearly special reports (1894 in particular) all of them being well worth reading. 678. Ringworm is said to be due to a small vegetable parasite or fungus infesting the skin of domesticated animals, said to be com- municable by them to man and vice-versa. It is most commonly seen in wmter amongst young cattle folded in courts or boxes. It attacks the face, head, and neck, and gives rise to round patches, devoid of hair, and covered with a greyish yellow scurf. On many occasions, the attendants become badly affected, having acquired it from the infected animals. Treatment — Dressing with a mixture 284 made up of one part of creosote, and eight parts of olive oil, answers well, as also do preparations of iodine. For persistent cases, solutions of corrosive sublimate, or sulphate of copper, have good effects, as has also a mixture of spirits of tar, whale oil, sulphur, and hellebore. (See Appendix.) 679. Fly Maggots. — In close muggy summer weather, sheep, particularly in the vicinity of woods, are frequently infested by maggots, the result of being " blown " or " struck " by the blow fly depositing its eggs, and the larvae developing in the soft, wet, dirty parts of the body, especially round the base of the tail. When the animal is seen to be affected it should be got hold of at once, the wool clipped off if necessary, and the parts dressed with corrosive sublimate solution, (one drachm dissolved in a pint of water), or with Little's phenyle, (one part in thirty of water). 680. This latter preparation answers well in many cases without clipping off the wool ; whilst a bath of one part phenyle, to 80 or 100 parts of soft water, is a capital dressing for Fleas on the dog, or Ticks {Plate XXXVII., Nos. 1 and 2) on the sheep, being safe to use, and also improving the hair and wool. 681. Lice (Plate XXXVII., Nos. 3, 4, 5, (5;.— These troublesome parasites are hatched from tiny eggs, and seem to be of three kinds : — ist, large dark brown ; 2nd, small red coloured ; and 3rd, yellow. They attack the cow more frequently than the horse, and are chiefly seen during the winter months infesting the stall-fed animal, particularly if in a poor condition, in fact, they seem to be the great friends of poverty. The parts they most frequent are the head, neck, brisket, along the spine, and the root of the tail. The best dressing I have found, is half to one oz. powdered staves-acre put into a quart of boiling water, and left to stand for 12 hours. This quantity is sufficient for one animal, and should be appHed to the infested areas, repeating the wash in ten days, or a fortnight's time. A tablespoonful of soft soap added to the mixture, improves it very much. Mercurial ointments, arsenical sheep dips, and tobacco washes, are to be strongly condemned, as I have seen large numbers of cattle poisoned by their use in such cases. en TjJ ^ Ll 1 Z ^ li f < O (^ o w t— 4 > HH l-H EH > ^ 5 Cfl 1 < a 3 u B s bo en si 1 S J3 2 si o CO o s J iS i3 H H H o D H ci rn 4 ■o vd t^ W en lO l>- hJ < ^ TWELFTH LECTURE. THE URINARY SYSTEM. 682. The urinary system consists of the Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra, and by these organs the urine is extracted from the blood, and expelled from the body. 683. The Kidneys (Plate XVIIL, H., H. and Plate XXXVIII., A. 1 . and 2.) are reddish brown, glandular bodies, situated in the under part of the loins, — one on each side of the back-bone. They are supported and held in position by their vessels, aided by a quantity of fat — the suet — in which they are embedded. The right one lies a little further forward than the left, being found beneath the two last pairs of ribs. There is a marked difference between the shape of the kidneys in the horse and cow. In the former, the right is shaped like the heart of playing cards, the left being more like a bean in shape. In the cow they are more elongated and distinctly lobulated. 684. Structure of the Kidney. — The organ is made up of tubes (uviuifeyous tubes), blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue ; the whole being invested by a fibrous capsule. On making a horizontal section of the kidney, it is found to consist of two distinct substances separated by a well-defined line, which is dark in colour and known as the boundary layer. The external portion is known as the cortex of the kidney ; the most internal part being the medulla. 685. The Cortex. — On examination, a vast number of little red spots called the Malpighian bodies are seen ; each of these consists of a tuft of capillary blood-vessels (given off from the renal artery), enclosed in a membranous capsule, known as the Capsule of Bowman. 286 686. The Medulla is paler in colour than the cortex, and on the whole is more dense in its structure. It consists of cone-shaped masses, the points of which are directed towards the centre of the gland, where an irregularly shaped cavity, known as the pelvis or basin of the kidney is found. These cone-shaped bodies are, in reality, bundles of uriniferous tubes. 687. Briefly, the urine is secreted by the Malpighian bodies, and certain portions of the uriniferous tubes, from the arterial blood, supplied by the renal artery ; it then passes through these uriniferous tubes into the basin of the kidney, and thence into the ureters, which convey it to the bladder. 688. Supra-Renal Capsules. — These are two little glandular bodies, attached to the front borders of the kidneys ; they are ductless, and their use is not well known. 689. The Ureters (Plate XVIII. , I., I. and Plate XXXVIII., A. 3. ,3.) are two tubes running from the basin of each kidney to the bladder, and as before stated, their function is to carry the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They enter the bladder obliquely at the upper and back part, and in this way a kind of valve is formed, by which urine is prevented from flowing back from the bladder into the ureters. 690. The Bladder (Plate XVIII., K. and Plate XXXVIII. , A. 4. and B. 5. j is a musculo-membranous sac or bag, found in the pelvic cavity. Its function is to receive and retain the urine until a sufficient quantity has been collected for expulsion. In this way, a constant dribble of fluid is avoided. Structurally, it is made up of three coats, and consists of a fundus, body, and neck, and it is held in position by means of ligaments. The bladder, when distended with urine, is pear-shaped, and extends into the abdominal cavity. On the fundus a scar or cicatrix is seen, which is all that remains of the urackus, the tube by which the urine is carried, by way of the umbilical cord, to the placenta during foetal hfe. The neck of the bladder passes back- wards, and terminates in the urethra. 287 egi. The Urethra, (Plate XVIII. , P. and Plate XXXVIII., A. 5.), is a tube which, in the male acts as an excretory duct, for both the urinary and generative systems, and is contained within the penis. In the female, however, it has only one use, and that is for the passage of urine. 692. Urine. — This is a fluid which may be either acid or alkaline in its re action, according to the class of animal from which it is excreted. In herbivorous animals it is alkaline, and of a rather muddy appearance. The horse .excretes, on an average, about eight to ten pints of urine per day, but the quantity and quality can be greatly altered by various conditions. These are chiefly, variation in food and work, housing, the drinking of large quantities of water, and the action of certain drugs and medicinal agents such as nitre, resin, turpentine, juniper, cantharides, and the various balsams. MALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 693. The male organs of generation are the Testicles, Spermatic Cord, the accessory glands and ducts, the Penis containing the Urethra, the Inguinal Canals, the Scrotum and the Sheath. 694. The Testicles (Plate XVIII. , M., M.J are two oval bodies situated in the scrotum and attached by the upper border to the spermatic cord. The testicles are the organs which secrete the seminal fluid containing the spermatozoa. This fluid is carried by one of the accessory organs or excretory ducts — the Vas Deferens— to the reservoirs near the neck of the bladder where it accumulates. 695. The Spermatic Cords are two in number and are made up of various tissues including blood-vessels, nerves, muscular fibre, and the Vas Deferens or seminal duct. These cords pass up the inguinal canal and hold the testes in position in the scrotum. 696. The Accessory Organs are the Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Veskulee Seminalis, the Ejaculatory Ducts, the Prostate and Cowper's Glands. 697. The Penis (Plate XVIII., O.), or external organ, consists principally of erectile tissue, and through it runs the urethra. 698. The Urethra (Plate XVIII., P. and Plate XXXVIII., A . 5.) is a canal or passage which runs from the neck of the bladder to the anterior endof the penis. The urinepasses through it, and it also acts as a passage for the transmission of the seminal fluid during the act of copulation. 699. The Inguinal Canals are the short passages between the abdominal cavity and the scrotum, and through them the Vas Deferens, blood vessels, and nerves pass. 700. The Scrotum is the purse or sac which holds the testes, and is placed between the thighs and is made up of a series of layers of integument. 701. The Sheath is situated in front of the scrotum and is a loose fold of skin investing the front and free portion of the penis, and having its anterior end open. FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 702. The Female Organs of Generation cpnsist of the ovaries — right and left ; the two Fallopian tubes ; the uterus or womb ; and the vagina, or passage comnnunicating externally with the vulva. 703. TheOvaries fP!ateXXXVni.,B. 7., /.; are situated behind the kidneys in the sub-lumbar region of the abdomen, and are in connection with the fimbriated or free ends of the Fallopian tubes. They are analogous to the testicles of the male, as in them is formed the ovum or egg, which is the essential element of the female for reproduction. 704. The Fallopian Tubes (Plate XXXVIII., B. 2., 2.).— These canals run in an irregular manner from the ovaries to the uterus. Their anterior extremities are fringed and free, and their function is to seize and carry the ovum, or egg, to the womb. 705. The Uterus or Womb (Plate XXXVIII., B. 3.) is a musculo-membranous structure, lying partly in the abdominal, and partly in the pelvic cavity. It is sac-shaped, and made up of a body with two horns, and a neck, with an opening known as the os-uteri {Plate XXXVIII., B. 4.). It has three coats, viz. :— i. External- Serous. 2. Middle — Muscular. 3. Internal — ^Mucous. The middle or muscular coat is made up of several sets of fibres, which, by their contractions, assist in expelling the foetus, at the time of birth. 706. The Vagina or Passage {Plate XXXVIII. , B. 6.) is composed of two layers, an outer consisting of muscular and connective tissue^ and an inner of mucous membrane, the latter being arranged in folds, thus enabling the passage to dilate during parturition. 707. The Vulva or external part, made up of two lips, is situated immediately belowthe anus, and is that portion of the female generative system presented to view. About four inches from the outside on the floor, is the opening of the urethra {meatus urimrius — Plate XXXVIII., B. 7.) or duct from the bladder. In the virgin animal, a corrugated fold or doubling of the mucous membrane is found — the hymen. u URINARY DISEASES. 708. Nephritis — Inflammation of the Kidneys. — This occurs in three forms, viz. : — acute, sub-acute, and chronic ; and generally the two last named forms are most often seen, though it is a rather uncommon disease in the domestic animals. 709. Symptoms. — At the onset of the acute form in the horse, the symptoms very much resemble those of coHc, or inflammation of the bowels, only the pain is not nearly so violent ; the animal frequently lies down and gets up again, perspires freely, and breathes hurriedly ; there is a quick pulse, and a great rise of temperature ; when lying, the patient attempts to put its nose on to its loins, while if standing, it constantly stretches into a position to urinate, and small quantities of urine, very highly coloured and occasionally tinged with blood are passed. I have seen cases where the urine, when collected in a vessel, and allowed to stand for a time, coagulated. In the sub-acute and chronic stages very little pain is manifested, but the animal is very dull, has a tucked-up belly, a staring coat, hurried panting breathing, a quick small pulse, and a high temperature of from 105° to 106°, If these cases are not early relieved, they may terminate in iiramic poisoning {par. 320), or m the formation oi abscesses in one or both kidneys. 710. When only one kidney is affected, as a rule the other has to do the work of both, and becomes hypertrophied or enlarged. During the time the sound kidney, is comporting itself to the double duty, all the symptoms of ursemic poisoning are manifested. After a time, the abscess in the affected kidney may become encysted, and then the animal appears to get well, doing its work with only one kidney. Again, the abscess may burst, and its contents pass along in the urine to the bladder ; there the solid portions of the pus or matter may coagulate, and passing into the urethra, block up the passage, so that the case may end in rupture of the bladder, from the continual strain in attempting to void the urine. 711. The causes of inflammation of the kidneys are various. Some writers hold that the too frequent administration of fancy condition 291 balls and powders, containing potash, balsams, turpentines, resins, &c., is a cause, but if this were so, the complaint would be of more frequent occurrence than it is. Bad food, of a mouldy and heated nature, and too severe blisters containing cantharides and turpentine may in some cases be blamed. My own opinion is that sudden chills, and exposure to mclement weather, — for instance, an animal being caught by a flood, and compelled to stand for hours, nearly up to the belly in water, or falling into and remaining for some time in a quick mire, or deep gutter, where the water rises up over the back and loins — are more often the cause. Cases arising from these latter causes, jgenerally prove fatal in from 15 to 24 hours. 712. Treatment. — As the complaint is not readily diagnosed, great care should be taken not to administer quack medicines of a turpentine or balsamic character ; for although they may answer in spasmodic colic, they are extremely dangerous in cases of kidney affections. From 15 to 25 ounces of linseed oil, with two to four ounces of laudanum should be given at once, and to relieve the kidneys of some of their work, the skin should be excited by a large hot poultice, made of maize or oatmeal, put into a flannel bag and laid over the loins ; or by a blanket, six or eight ply thick, wrung out of hot water and laid over the back with dry woollen rugs on the top, and a waterproof covering over the whole, whilst a good mustard poultice over the loins may also prove beneficial. A newly-flayed sheep-skin may also be tried. Warm water injections should be given every four or six hours, and the legs be well bandaged ; while hypodermic injections of pilocarpine and physostigmine are also very useful. Fly blisters, however, must not be used on any account, as the cantharides and turpentine which enter into their composition, act strongly on the kidneys ; nor should aloes balls be given for the same reason. When the active symptoms have been relieved, easily digested food of a simple character should be offered, such as, linseed jelly and milk, or milk and water, and well-boiled barley and bran. 713. Hypertrophy, or enlargement of one or both kidneys, is some- times met with on making post-mortem examinations, no indications of such having been observed during life. Some cases are recorded where 292 the kidney has weighed from 50 to 112 pounds. When one kidney is abnormally enlarged, the other is generally atrophied, or much smaller than it should be ; enlarged kidneys are, as a rule, very soft and flabby. 714. Calculi or Stones are sometimes found in the basin of the kidneys on making dissections after death {par. 720). Melanotic Tumours are also occasionally met with, more particularly in the kidneys of grey horses. Haemorrhage sometimes occurs, when a quantity of clotted blood is passed with the urine ; but this may result from injury or disease of any part of the urinary system. The Symptoms of the foregoing diseases of the urinary organs are, however, not well pronounced, and the cases have therefore to be diagnosed from negative points. 715. Polyuria, Diuresis, Diabetes Insipidus, or Profuse Staling. — In the horse, this complaint — considered a dietetic disease — is characterized bythe passing of enormous quantities of urine; and in one case as much as 38 gallons is recorded to have been passed in five hours. Horses in towns seem to suffer more from this malady than those in the country. Thecause in manycasesisdue tobadfood — such as mow- burnt hay, or kiln-dried.oats, ship-damaged or mouldy corn and beans, or to drinking an excessive quantity of impure water ; it also follows debilitating diseases, such as influenza, strangles, &c. Symptoms. — The animal attacked loses flesh very fast, is very dull and languid, has the belly tucked up, a staring coat, and shows great weakness, manifested by the plaiting of the hind-legs. The patient also has an unabating thirst, and can scarcely be satisfied with water — I have seen an affected horse go down on to its knees and drink from a filthy gutter, — while the appetite is very irregular. There is further an almost continuous flow of urine ; in some cases, the penis hangs pendulous, while clear urine continually dribbles from it, and if not speedily relieved, the patient dies from exhaustion or inanition. Treatment. — The animal must first be taken off work. Enquire into the quality of the food, and if it be found faulty, change it at once to a good sound nutritious diet ; next, allay the thirst, and for this purpose nothing has such a radical effect as one drachm doses of iodine, given every night in a ball ; while for a tonic, 25 to 30 drops of strong hydro- 293 chloric acid should be given every morning, mixed with the drinking water. When an apprentice, I remember horsekeepers and farmers giving clay- water to their horses to drink, when suffering from this complaint, and on enquiring why, was told " that the clay stopped up the little holes in the kidneys, and prevented the urine filtering through ! " 716. Suppression of Urine. — This takes place when, from some ' cause or other, the urine is not secreted by the kidneys. It may arise from fever, an inflammatory attack, or functional derangement of the kidneys. Symptoms. — The animal is very dull, and makes frequent attempts to stale, but only succeeds in passing very small quantities of urine ; on examination, (by the rectum), the bladder is found to be empty. Before any treatment is adopted, it is necessary that the real cause be ascertained. If it arises from the effects of inflammation of the kidneys, strong diuretics are dangerous, whereas, if from the sluggish action of those organs then diuretics may be given. 717. Retention of Urine. — This is very different from suppression, as in this case the urine is properly secreted by the kidneys, and passed along the ureters to the bladder in the natural way, but is not ejected. There are many causes for this condition, of which the following are the chief: — Extreme muscular contraction, or spasm of the neck of the bladder — strangury — due, perhaps, to the application of a fly blister to any part of the body ; paralysis of the muscles of the bladder ; enlargement of the glands, near the neck of the bladder ; the presence of calculi in the bladder, or in the urethral passage ; or the coagulation of the solid portions of pus discharged from an abscess in the kidneys, or bladder [par. 710). Examples of the three last-named have come under my own observation. Again, another great cause of retention is the habit which a horse acquires of refusing to stale except in a box, or stall, with straw under it. On coming in from a long journey, the urine has been retained such a length of time that, even when anxious to urinate, only small jets of the fluid are passed. In these cases, the neck of the bladder becomes inverted, and the body of that organ overlaps and presses on the inverted portion, thus preventing a free flow. Symptoms. — The animal is very uneasy, groans, has colicky pains, draws the penis, and makes frequent 294 attempts to stale. The hind legs are stretched backwards, and held wide apart, while the tail is rolled about in various directions, and perspiration bedews the body. Treatment.— The hand and arm should be well oiled or soaped, and carefully introduced into the rectum, and the dung removed, after which the bladder will be felt like a distended bag underneath the hand. By the aid of gentle pressure with the hand, and warm-water injections thrown into the rectum, the animal may then urinate ; if not, the urine must be removed by the catheter. 718. Cystitis or Inflammation of the Bladder is seldom seen either in the horse, cow, or sheep, except after cases of difficult parturition. The most prominent symptoms are, that the animal continually passes small quantities of urine, and has colicky pains. Treatment. — Externally — Hot applications should be applied to the loins according to the rules laid down for inflammation of the kidneys (par. 712). Internally- — Sedative medicine should be given : for the horse and cow, from two to four ounces of laudanum, with 15 to 25 ounces of linseed oil ; for the sheep, two to four drachms of laudanum, in from five to 10 ounces of linseed oil. Warm-water injections should also be given by the rectum. 719. Abscess in the Bladder sometimes occurs, in the cow, from injury done to that organ in difficult cases of calving, more particularly if there has been a breech presentation. Symptoms. — The symptoms are continual paining and straining, with dribbling of urine. On examination, (by the rectum), a swelling is felt, and on further examination, (by the vagina), it is found to be in the bladder. The neck of th,e bladder is usually very relaxed, so much so, that the fingers can be readily passed through it, and the abscess can be felt with the tips of the fingers of the left hand, aided by the right hand in the rectum. The operation for the Hberation of the pus is rather tedious : first, the catheter is passed into the bladder, to act as a director for the insertion of a canula ; the catheter is next withdrawn, and a trocar introduced into the canula, which is pressed into the abscess ; then the trocar is withdrawn, and the matter escapes by the canula ; while pressing the abscess with the right hand in the rectum greatly helps the 295 removal of the matter. The operation being completed, the bladder is washed out with tepid water and a small quantity of tincture of iron. Should any constitutional disturbance arise it must be combated with fever medicine, and if necessary, hot water blankets or porridge poultices can be applied to the loins (see Inflammation of the Kidney, par. 712). 720. Calculi or Stones are sometimes found in the bladder, urethra, and kidney ; they may form in the kidneys and pass down the ureters into the bladder, or they may accumulate in the bladder itself. One or more stones may be found sticking in the neck of the bladder, or in the urethra, causing retention of the urine, and, if not removed, may probably cause rupture of the bladder. The horse and dog are most often affected with these troublesome concretions. Symptoms. — These are somewhat like those of retention of the urine. In some cases the animal may be urinating fully and freely, when all at once, the flow is arrested — the horse making frequent attempts .to stale, groaning and straining, but only managing to pass a few drops. On examination, by the rectum, calculi are at times found, crowding around, especially in the .neck of the bladder; these by manipulation with the fingers in the rectum, may be displaced, andthe animal relieved. Sometimes a calculus gets into the urethra, where it sticks a few inches below the anus ; it can be seen and felt at the point of stoppage, the parts above bulging out, while the urine trickles down the thighs. With a little labour the stone may be worked back into the bladder, the action being assisted by gently passing up the catheter, or it may get so far down near the end of the penis, that it can be cut down upon and removed. When calculi in the bladder of the horse give rise to pain and inconvenience, they have to be extracted by an operation called lithotomy. In this operation, the animal is cast and tied much in the same way as for castration ; the passage is cut into below the anus, and with suitable instruments, the stones are removed, either whole or crushed. 721. Bulls, Rams, and Wethers, when too largely fed on mangold-wurzels, or turnips grown with superphosphate alone, suifer from accumulations of white crystals — ihaammonio -magnesium-phosphates — in the bladder and urethral passage. When a bull is fed to an excess on mangolds, it invariably proves unfruitful. I think this is 2g6 due to crystals, which have lodged in the barrel of the penis, being transmitted along with the semen at the time of service, interfering with fruitful conception. I have frequently gathered these concretions from the hairs surrounding the sheath of animals which have been fed on the above-named foods. In the ram, the passage and vermiform process or worm, on the end of the penis is often entirely blocked with these concretions. When thus affected, the animal suffers great pain, it strains and presses very much, the hind parts swell up, and the urine, if not liberated, gets into the body, producing ursemic poisoning, and causing death. Treatment. — Cutting in at the base of the worm, or removing it entirely, sometimes gives relief ; the latter I have done on many occasions, both in the ram and wether, and it in no way affected the former as a stock-getter. When wethers folded on turnips suffer from this complaint, the best preventive is to place over the field branches of the common fir tree — the sheep will eat the bark off them readily, and by its action the formation of the crystals is avoided. 722. Incontinence of Urine. — This may arise from a common cold — catarrh — attacking and causing irritation of the lining membrane of the urinary organs, or from loss of nervous energy in the bladder alone. Both conditions give rise to a continuous dribble of urine, which must be treated according to the cause. 723. Paralysis of the Bladder arises from want of nerve power in the organ. It may be the result of local or general paralysis, milk fever, injury, or over-distension with urine. In the last case, the muscles of the body of the bladder become so stretched that they lose their tone, and are unable to contract and assist in expelling the fluid in the usual way. Although the urine is constantly dribbling away, on examination (by the rectum), the bladder is found to be full of water, which must be drawn off with the catheter. If the complaint is simply due to loss of nerve power without other complications, a tonic, such as one drachm each of sulphate of iron, and nux-vomica, should be given daily, along with a liberal and nutritious diet ; should it, however, occur as the result of some other disease or injury, special treatment is required. DISEASES, ETC., OF THE MALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 724. Orchitis, or Inflammation of tHe Testicle. — This occurs in the male species of all our domestic animals, but generally speaking, the ram is the greatest sufferer. It arises from some injury, such as a kick, and as a result, the parts undergo inflammation, which is manifested by heat, pain, and swelling, the pain being very great if the animal is made to move ; there is also a great amount of fever and constitutional disturbance present. Treatment. — When the animal is in high condition, blood-letting has a decided and beneficial effect ; an aperient (such as linseed or castor oil), and warm water enemas are required, followed up by doses of nitrate of potash in the drinking water. The parts should be well fomented for an hour, then smeared over with the extract of belladonna, and covered up with cotton wool. The testicles ought then to be supported by a broad bandage secured round the loins, behind the legs, and over the quarters, and for this purpose, a long netted window curtain answers best. These cases, if at all severe, may end in dropsy of the scrotum, termed hydrocele, which has to be relieved by tapping. 725. Injuries to the Penis. — These are due to many things, the chief of which are the following : — a kick, a blow with a whip or stick, and a mishap while jumping a stone wall, stake or wire fence. At the seat of injury, there is much pain and swelling, accompanied by feverish symptoms generally. Sometimes the swelling is so great that the organ hangs loose and pendulous, and cannot be retracted again into the sheath ; this is called paraphymosis. When this condition is met with, scarification must be resorted to ; this is done by a lancet, the point of a clean penknife, or a darning needle being stabbed into the most prominent parts of the swelling. Follow up with fomentations for 40 or 60 minutes, and apply the suspensory bandage as recommended for inflammation of the testicles (par. 724). As a laxative, give a draught of from 15 to 20 ounces of linseed oil, or from 298 two to three ounces of Epsom salts, and half an ounce of cream of tartar in a mash, night and morning. In recent cases, this treatment soon sets matters right, but in chronic cases, a tonic treatment has to be adopted. Swelling of the penis may also arise from protracted strangles, influenza, and other debilitating diseases. 726. Excoriation of the Penis. — This is mostly seen in stallions, as a result of excessive service in hot weather, particularly when the grooms are not sufEciently careful to wash the parts well with cold water immediately after service. It may also arise both in the stallion and bull, from having communication with a female suffering from chronic inflammation and ulceration of the vagina (vaginitis, par. 798) or from whites (leucorrhoea, par. 746). Treatment. — Take the animal oflf service, and wash the parts, and also the sheath, night and morning, with a mixture of one part phenyle and 80 parts water. Afterwards dress with the following lotion : — Sulphate of zinc two drachms, fluid sanitas five ounces, cold water one pint. 727. Sebaceous Accumulations in the Urethal Sinus (Plate XVIII., R.) are cdllections of solid clay-like matter in the cavity round the opening of the urethra, at the point of the penis of the horse, which occasionally cause lameness in one or both hind legs. In four cases, in my practice, the animals could not pull their hind extremities forward, but stood with them stretched backwards, as if in the act of staling ; on washing the penis, and removing the hard matter, they pulled themselves together as if nothing had been amiss. In three other cases, the horses had a peculiar lameness in one hind leg, without any apparent cause ; but on examining and removing the collected material from the penis, the lameness disappeared. Prevention.— Wash the parts with soap and warm water once every five or six months and remove any accumulation that may be present. 728. Castration.— This is one of the oldest operations on record. The main object of its performance is to render animals more docile, and easy to manage, and although it has a marked quietening effect 299 in the horse, yet the stallion, when trained, worked, and fed in the same way as a gelding, generally does its work with equal ease and docility. Of all the animals subjected to the operation, the best results are seen in the bull — as witness the calm, quiet appearance of the eye and head, and the easy comportment of a big three or four years old bullock, compared to the rugged forehead and the fierce eye of a bull of the same age. Although castration can be performed with ease and success, the operation, at the best, is not one of a pleasant nature ; but when the safety of mankind is at stake, the end justifies the means. In the horse, the time selected for castration is when the animal is rising" one year old — in the spring months, April and May, — just before it is turned out to grass, but the operation can be performed at any age and at any time. 729. The Horse. — At the present day, there is a great amount of controversy going on between those who favour operating on the colt in the standing posture, and those who cast and secure the animal. The use of chloroform is also being discussed, but generally speaking, every operator has his own particular method. An old-fashioned, yet I think the best way, is to cast and secure the colt ; then, before operating, wash the penis well with cold water and carbolic soap, dry it with a clean rough towel, and pour into the sheath a little carbolic oil, smearing some of it also over the bag (scrotum) ; next press the testicle tight into the scrotum, holding it firmly there by the left hand, then by one quick sweep of a sharp knife, make a bold opening, and expose the gland, which is seized and pulled gently up ; the clam is put on about from one and a half to two inches up the cord, and with the hot iron — dead red-heat is best — the non-vascular, or hinder portion, is quickly cut through, and liberated from the clam ; next the spermatic cord (or string) is slowly seared through, and when satisfied that the bleeding has stopped, by gently opening and shutting the clam, let the parts go, and treat the other testicle in the same way. This mode of operating, with an ordinary colt, only takes from eight to twelve minutes to cast, tie, wash, castrate, and liberate, and owing to the success attending it, 1 am very partial to it. Many operators, however, both qualified and unqualified, open the scrotum with the 300 hot iron, and are very successful. Other forms of operation are to remove the testicles with the ecraseur, demasculator, or by torsion instruments. I have tried these instruments, but do not favour them, as, in some cases, bleeding followed. 730. Some operators again lay open the scrotum with a knife, and fix on to the cord a clam made of two pieces of wood, for the purpose of stopping bleeding ; this is one of the methods of operating in the standing position. There is no doubt that this is a most cruel proceeding, whether performed lying down or standing ; to leave a pair of wooden clams dangling at the end of the cord for several hours, to be pulled up and down by the action of the muscles, into the raw open wound, must be highly painful and irritating to the unfortunate animal. The clam should only be used in cases of hernia (rupture), and should then be put on over the skin. With reference to the standing operation, I think it fool-hardy on the part of the owner as well as the operator. Many things can be urged against it ; for instance, when the ecraseur is about half-way through the cord, the animal suddenly lies down, and the operator, not wanting to be beat, sticks to the instrument and so drags the cord too far out ; one case like this would satisfy me. As for injuring the animal in casting, the record of such cases is extremely small ; I cannot remember a single case of mine, where any harm resulted from casting with the side-lines. 731. Crushing the testicle— (which in my opinion is a cruel operation), scraping the cord through, tying the cord with silk or antiseptic thread, and tying the blood-vessel alone, are all practised, but, as already stated, I prefer casting and using the hot iron. 732. The Rig, is a horse, in which, one or both testicles have failed to come down into the scrotum. In ordinary castration, should one testicle only be down at the time of operating, I make it a rule to take it away so that the other may develop, and subsequently descend. With a few exceptions, this has taken place, removal following in the ordinary way. Should this not happen, the best time to operate on a rig is when it is rising three years old. Several members of the 301 veterinary profession have made a specialty of this operation, which they perform very successfully, but the great secret seems to be in the manner in which the animal is tied for the operation. Generally the testicle that is retained in the abdominal cavity is of a morbid character. 733. The Bull. — As a rule, the young calf, when five or six weeks old, is castrated by its owner, but, when asked to operate, I get an attendant to cast and hold the animal in a sitting position on its hind quarters, with a strap round both hind shanks, on which the foot is placed. The testicles are next pressed up tight, and with a quick sweep of the knife a good opening is made into the scrotum, first on one side, and then on the other, making both cuts into one at the end; next get hold of the testicle, cut through the non-vascular portion, and either draw the cord, or pull it tight, and cut it quickly through. When operating on the bull, from six to twelve months old, it is best to have the animal standing, and held by an attendant by the nose, with the right side against a wall, door, or gate ; the operator stands on the left, behind the hind quarters, and grasping both testicles at once, makes a clean cut with the knife, first on one side, then on the other, round the end of the scrotum ; the non-vascular portion is next . severed, then the clams are applied to the vascular part of the spermatic cords of both testicles, about two or three inches above those organs, and both are slowly seared through at once with the hot iron. 734. The Pig. — An attendant usually holds it firmly by the hind legs with the back towards the operator ; the testicle is pressed up behind, close to the tail root, and cut down upon with a sharp knife ; the testicle is then pulled up, and the cord laid over the sharp edge of the knife and cut quickly through. 735. The Lamb. — Shepherds are generally the best and most fortunate operators on this animal, cutting through the skin of the scrotum with a knife, and drawing the testicle and cord out with their teeth. The operation on an Aged Ram is most successful when the bag is divided with the hot iron, and the testicles are seared off' with the same. 302 736- After Treatment for Castration. — If the colt has been indoors before the operation, keep it in a box till the parts are healed. If out at grass, bring it in, and keep indoors until the day after the operation ; after which, if the weather be fine, let it out daily for a few hours. As a result of castration, swelling to a greater or lesser extent occurs ; this drops down into the sheath, and if left alone for five or six days, usually disappears. Should the sheath be very big and pendulous, stabbing with a small lancet, a darning needle, or the point of a clean penknife, allows the escape of the collected serum. Precautions. — Before operating, it is of the utmost importance to ascertain, that there is no cold, influenza, strangles, or the like, amongst the animals on the farm, or even on the neighbouring farms. Furthermore, the operator must see that his hands and person are thoroughly clean and aseptic, as it is highly dangerous to operate after removing cleansings, making post-mortems, and the like. The owner should also take every care that the box is thoroughly cleaned and disinfected, and the bedding should be of clean straw. Often when blood-poisoning follows the operation the operator is blamed, when the real cause is the dirt and filth in the box in which the animal has been placed. Complications. — There are many matters of a serious nature that may arise after castration, particularly in the horse, even when the operation has been performed with skill and dexterity, and without any fault on the part of the operator, such as haemorrhage (bleeding); protrusion of the omentum (net) or bowels ; septicaemia, peritonitis, tetanus, abscesses, scirrhous cord, etc. 737. Bleeding may take place immediately after the operation, but by walking the animal about, and dashing a few pails of cold water under the tail matters will probably be set right ; when the haemorrhage comes on a few hours after, the opening must be plugged with tow well saturated with tincture of iron and water. This plug should be removed in 12 or 24 hours, and the opening re-dressed if necessary. Bleeding more often happens in the young bull than in the horse, and, in some cases, it is necessary to cast the animal again, get hold of the cord, and tie a ligature round it. 303 738. Protrusion of the Omentum or Net. — This, like bleeding, may occur at the time, or a few hours after the operation ; but the protruding part can be cut off with a knife, or the scissors, close up to the body, without any bad effects following. This I have done several times. 739. Escape of the Bowels through the incision is however very dangerous, and generally due to the animal having had Scrotal Hernia or Rupture. Should the bowels escape immediately the animal gets on to its feet, they must at once be secured in a large bed sheet, which is then tied up round the loins, brought under the tail and over the quarter; the horse should then be re-cast, and the protruding bowel returned, and the opening secured by a wooden clam. 740. Septicaemia or Blood-poisoning may result from the animal not being in a fit condition for the operation, also from the use of dirty instruments, or from the operator having unclean hands, or from dirty and filthy surroundings {par. 736). 741. Abscesses. — These may form in the scrotum after castration, and give rise to a great amount of trouble. Hot fomentations must be used, and the parts opened when ready, that is when the swelling is soft and doughy to the touch. This complication is more frequently seen in bulls than in horses. 742. Scirrhous Cord. — This is a thickening of the end of the cord, which sometimes follows after castration ; it is generally of a hard nature, in which small abscesses may gather, burst, and become very troublesome. As to its origin, there is no well defined cause. The best and most radical treatment is to cast the animal and dissect the diseased portion out, though some cases recover under the administra- tion of two drachms of iodide of potassium, given daily for two to three weeks. 743. Peritonitis, or inflammation of the covering of the bowels (par. 315), and Tetanus (par. 610) may also supervene. DISEASES, ETC., OF THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 744. Ovarian Diseases. — The ovaries of the mare and cow may become enlarged, diseased, or affected with dropsy ; happily, however, such cases are uncommon in these animals. When present they are extremely difficult to diagnose, as it is only by negative symptoms that their presence can be determined even by an expert. 745. Ovariotomy, commonly called spaying, is an operation frequently performed on heifers and she-pigs in many districts, par- ticularly in the midland counties. It is analogous to the castration of the male, and the benefits claimed to be derived from it are : — The convenient housing together of both sexes, and the tendency of spayed animals to speedily lay on fat, and, if milking, to give a larger and longer supply. The operation is also the best preventive for mares and cows that are continually coming into season. 746. Leucorrhoea or Whites. — This complaint generally affects old animals — the cow particularly — and is characterized by the discharge from the vagina of a glairy, milky-looking, often bad-smelling fluid, which is sometimes so extensive as to run down the thighs and tail. It may arise from too long retention of the after-birth or cleansing, or from chronic inflammation of the vagina or womb. The parts are in a very relaxed condition, and the hand can be readily passed up the vagina to the neck of the womb, which is generally found to be thickened, and open enough to allow the passage of two or three fingers. After an attack of this kind an animal seldom breeds again. Treatment. — Wash the womb out every second or third day with two ounces of tincture of iron, or tincture of iodine, mixed in one gallon of cold water, previously boiled ; also give iron tonics with nux-vomica, or preparations of arsenic. 747. Pustulant Irritation of the Vagina.— In extremely hot weather both the mare and cow are liable to suffer from this affection. 305 in which there is a great itching of the parts, a discharge of glairy fluid, slight swelling of the external parts, and constant whisking of the tail. When a mare or cow isafFected in this way the male should have no connection, as it might contract the same complaint, for it is inoculative, and yet in manj' cases the male can convey the complaint from one female to another, without himself showing any signs of derangement. The malady is such that it can be conveyed by an affected animal rubbing its hind-quarters, or by whisking the tail against the external parts of another animal, so that the tail of an affected animal should also be looked after, washed and disinfected. The Treatment is the same as noted in pars. 799 and 800. 748. Genital Exanthema, commonly known as the "disorder," is very contagious and inoculative, and affects both male and female. When it makes its appearance in the male, numerous vesicles or small blebs are noticed on the penis, which finally burst and form little ulcers. In the female the external parts of the genital organs are swollen and inflamed. The passage internally is studded with small ulcers and spots of matter, causing an irritative discharge from the parts. There is a great deal of itching, the tail is constantly on the move, and great inclination to urinate, but constitutional disturbance is seldom seen. In the mare it at ■ times assumes an epidemic form, showing all the symptoms of a slight attack of pink eye (par. 522). The animal drops off its food, becomes very stiff and dull, with swollen eyelids and limbs. These symptoms are noticed in from seven to ten da}'S after service, and their duration is about three or four days. Should the mare have a sucking foal following her, it as a rule contracts the complaint in about 30 to 40 hours after the symptoms appear in the mother. Treatment — Washing the parts of the male with one part of Little's phenyle or Jeyes' fluid in 80 parts of cold water once a day, and injecting this mixture into the passage of the female, washing also the external parts with it, is all that is required. Small doses of cooling medicine, such as two table-spoonfuls of Epsom salts and one table-spoonful of cream of tartar m.ay be given every night for a week. (For further Treatment see par. 800.) X 3o6 749. Obstructions in the Vagina.— False Membranes and Cords are often formed in the vagina by a doubling of the lining membrane. They may run from side to side,- or from roof to floor, and before parturition can take place they have to be cut with a knife, or broken down with the fingers. They usually cause some pain, the animal getting up and lying down as if in colic ; but, as a rule, no constitutional disturbance results. Long-necked Tumours are not infrequently found in the passage ; these have to be either twisted or cut off. Abscesses are also sometimes formed in the walls of the vagina, generally in the lower part, between the floor of the passage and the roof of the bladder, but they are also found in the sides or in the roof. They may result from bruises caused during parturition, especially in breech presentations, or from injuries done by mischievous boys pushing sticks up the passage. The most prominent symptom is continual straining. An examination must be made and the abscess opened, as described under abscess in the bladder (par. 719) ; but this should only be done by the expert practitioner. 750. Protrusion of the Vagina. — The vagina is frequently found protruding or everted to the extent of eight or ten inches. This is most often seen in cattle that have been on board ship, and it is sometimes very troublesome in summer weather when they are out at grass, for if it happens once, it has a tendency to recur about every three weeks. If the vagina remains out too long it becomes swollen and congested, and before it can be returned, it has to be pricked in several places with a lancet, and the congested fluid pressed out ; it should then be anointed with carbolic oil, returned, and kept in its place by stitches of leather or tape, put through the skin close to the rump bone with a packing needle, and carried across to the other side, but on no account must the stitches be put through the lips of the vulva. Aged cows that have had a number of calves are very subject to this protrusion, it being usually noticed five or six weeks before calving, but only while the animal is lying down, as it recedes on rising. The best preventive of this is to heighten the the floor behind the animals with firm green turf, which, by raising the hind-quarters, mechanically prevents the protrusion. As a rule it is rarely seen after calving. PLATE XXXIX. CALF IN UTRO. 1. I. Chorion, Outer Covering of Placenta, showing Cotyledons by which it is attached to the Womb. 2. 2. AUantois, or Water Bag— the Middle Coat of the Placenta. 3. Amnion or Slime Bag — the Coat next the Foetus. 4. The Umbilical Cord or Navel String. 5. The Bladder. 6. Large Intestine. 7. Small Intestine. GESTATION, ABORTION, &c. 751. The Average Periods of Gestation are : — Mare — 11 months, but varies from 10 to 12 months. Cow — Nine months, also varies. Sheep — \ _. , . , _ LFive months, or from 20 to 22 weeks. Goat — J Pig — Four months, or from 15 to 17 weeks. Bitch — Nine weeks, or from 58 to 65 days. Cat — ^Eight weeks, or from 50 to 60 days. 752. For impregnation, the ovum of the female must meet the spermatozoa contained in the spermatic fluid of the male ; to do so it usually travels from the ovary to the womb, by the action of the fringes of the Fallopian tubes, which grasp the ovum, and convey it along one of these tubes into the womb. Impregnation may also take place in the Fallopian tube itself. When impregnation occurs, a series of changes begin in the womb. The segmentation of the ovum, and development of the foetus and its membranes, are of too complex a nature to be dealt with in this lecture, but the placenta or cleansing • is deserving of a short description. 753. The Fcetal Membranes (Placenta or Cleansing — Plate XXXIX., Nos. 1 to 4), are three in number, namely, the Amnion, Allantois, and Chorion. 754. The Amnion or Slime Bag is thin and transparent, and in it floats the fcetus, surrounded by slime. The Allantois or Water Bag is situated outside of the amnion, and between it and the chorion. The Chorion is situated next the womb, and is the' vascular coat. A marked difference is seen in the attachment of this coat in the mare, as compared to those of the cow and sheep. In the latter there are a large number of cotyledons or rosebuds, consisting of ramifications of foetal blood-vessels, which are intimately connected with isimilar structures on the womb. In the mare, however, the attachment is 3o8 brought about by villi, — small, sprout-like projections, — which are found all over the outside of the placenta, and are received into corresponding depressions in the mucous membrane of the womb. 755. — The foetus is connected with the placenta by means of the umbilical cord or navel string (Plate XXXIX, 4), which is made up of I. — The Umbilical Vein, carrying pure blood from the placenta to the foetus. 2. — Two Umbilical Arteries, conveying venous blood back to the foetal membranes. 3. — The Urachus, a tube which connects the allantois with the bladder. The blood of the mother does not circulate in the body of the foetus directly ; the offspring being nourished by the aid of the villi on the outer coat of the placenta, which absorb nutrient material from the blood of the parent supplied to the womb. 756.— Abortion, Slinking, Slipping, or Casting the Calf.— Of all the diseases that infest the stock of the farm and fold, that of abortion may be looked upon as the most serious. This malady has been known from time immemorial, reference being made to it in Biblical History, for according to Genesis, 31st chap., verse 38, Jacob seems to have known the secret of its prevention ; it is, therefore, a great pity he did not leave it behind him for our benefit in these latter days. Abortion, however, is not very common in the Mare, and when it does occur it is generally the result of an accident. Sheep are more susceptible to its baneful influence, but nothing to the same extent as Cows, among which the causes of abortion are numerous. A solitary case may occur from some injury, such as the animal being caught in a gate or doorway, or by a goad from another beast ; from indigestion and distension of the stomach with gas, causing pressure on the gravid uterus, and displacement of some of the placental attachments ; from urticaria and specific diseases, such as "foot and mouth" disease; also from bleeding, the administration of poisonous drugs, &c. 309 757- When the complaint rages in the epizootic form, and attacks stock on various farms for miles around, it is then that its baneful effect is most bitterly felt. Most of the abortion outbreaks that have occurred in my district have been cases where a farmer changed his holding, sold off his cattle, and then purchased from other farm sales and auction marts a new stock of in-calf cows, most of them three-parts gone in calf; and then from injury caused by galloping, or by mounting on each other's backs, one or more of them has aborted. Again, from being tied up on the wrong side in a strange byre amongst strange companions, a cow of a fretful nature becomes so unsettled that it casts its calf, with the result that most of the others do the same, more especially if the animal commencing it has come from an infected herd. The introduction of a newly aborted animal into a byre, or pasture, containing in-calf animals is often the means of spreading the complaint, while allowing a cow, even at full time, to calve in a byre amongst others that are pregnant is, in my opinion, one of the chief causes of outbreaks of abortion amongst cows. 758. Ergot of Rye, eaten by the cows, has been named as a great producer of the malady, but I have never yet been able to trace an outbreak to this source. The complaint is as frequent in winter as in summer, and if ergot is a cause it is difficult to imagine how a cow fed on roots, straw, cake, corn, and hay, can get a sufficient quantity of ergot to produce abortion. That the epidemic form is highly contagious there can be little doubt, and it is now thought by many to be due to a micro-organism. This may be so, but I am not yet convinced that the germ enters the gravid uterus by means of the vaginal passage, because it is well known that the neck of the womb, during gestation, is hermetically sealed against external influences. 759. The abolition of abortion, in my opinion, is of as great importance as the abolition of tuberculosis, and ought to be legislated for by the Government. An Act of Parliament should be passed making criminal the exposure for sale of an aborted animal, or the sending out to grass, amongst other pregnant cows, of an animal that has slipped its calf, until a stated interval has passed. Formerly 3IO it was the general custom, when an animal cast its calf, to prepare it for the fat market; this is done by many yet, but oti some farms the animals are now kept back for a certain period and again served, and in the course of from two to four years, the complaint dies out. The latter is a much better plan than fattening off and replacing with stock from an unknown and perhaps worse affected place. 760. Prevention.— As the causes are various, so are the measures for prevention ; while nearly every district has some peculiar old-fashioned fad of its own— such as burying the aborted calf under the doorstep of the byre, or keeping a male goat amongst the stock, &c. Immediately a cow shows signs of parting with its calf, it should be put into a box and left there to calve by itself, in fact, no cow should he allowed, under any circumstances, to calve amongst other pregnant animals, and for this reason, every stock-breeder should have at his disposal one or more nursery boxes for this purpose. When an animal casts its calf the utmost care should be taken to keep it from contact with any others that are pregnant, whilst the byres should be cleansed down, and washed with lime-wash and carbolic acid, once every two months. Little's phenyle, in the proportion of one to 80 of water, should be sprinkled over the tail and hind-quarters of the other animals with a watering can, night and morning ; chlorate of potash, or pure carbolic acid, in doses of from two to four drachms, should be given them every other day, every alternate fortnight, — from the third month after service to the seventh, — in a mash of bran. Caution. — Irritating germicidal mixtures should, however, not be injected into the vagina of a pregnant animal, — though they are often recommended, — as they cause great pain and straining, and are more likely to bring about abortion than to prevent it. 761. Imperforate Hymen, known as Impervious Os-Uteri. — In the virgin heifer, in perfect health, the vagina is very much corrugated and constricted immediately in front of the neck of the bladder, but beyond its external opening. In this complaint the vaginal passage is entirely obliterated by these corrugations. Strange to say, this lesion is mostly seen in white heifers ; I have operated on a A. Cow— Commencement of Parturition, showing water bag. B. Imperforate Hymen, showing trocar in position (pars. 761 and 762). 311 large number, but have only met with it in one coloured animal — a light roan heifer. The animal rarely shows any indications of the complaint until it has been served ; then the symptoms are developed in a period varying from 12 hours to 6 weeks, the principal portion of the cases occurring in from 12 to 20 days, when the patient is noticed to erect its tail, and strain and press, as if about to calve. Any fseces which may be in the rectum is forcibly ejected, and in severe cases the rectum is turned out, and bloody mucus is discharged from the vagina. 762. After learning the history of the case, the operator should oil his hand, and introduce it gently into the rectum. Immediately the hand is passed through the anus, a tense, more or less, distended body is felt beneath the floor of the bowel. By passing the hand further forward, this bladdery distension is found to extend into the cavity of the belly. Understanding what is amiss, he should withdraw the hand and pass the fore-finger of the left hand into the vaginal passage, when, immediately in front and above the neck of the bladder, the obstruction will be found, and a roughening felt, a result of the penetration of the male organ in the act of serving. Treatment — For relief, an operation is necessary. A trocar and canula (the latter being 10 inches long and f of an inch in diameter — Plate XLIX., fig. 11), is passed up along the vagina and guided by the fore-finger of the left hand (the point of the trocar being withdrawn into the tube) until the roughening in question is reached, when both are forced through the obstruction into the bladdery tumour {Piatt XL., B). The trocar is then withdrawn, the fluid passing through the canula, while its escape is very much assisted by passing the hand into the rectum. The parts are next washed out with a gallon or two of tepid water containing one ounce of tincture of iron. I have also operated upon animals that have not been served ; (one case being that of a white heifer, nine months old), the fluid in these cases is like dirty milky-whey with a very foetid smell, while in those who have been served the fluid is of a dirty brown colour, with a " stink " resembling that of a decayed cleansing. PARTURITION IN THE MARE, COW, &c., AND ITS AFTER EFFECTS. 763. Plate XLI., fig. I, shows the natural presentation seen in the domestic animals, the nose being between the knees, and the fore-feet protruding through the vulva, At a cow's first calving, all the pelvic ligaments may be well relaxed, yet in some cases there is a constricted band round the vulva or outer opening for about an inch-and-a-half, with little or no relaxation of the parts. The owner or attendants usually seize hold of the two fore-feet, and pull until the shoulders and the head of the foetus are jammed tightly in the passage, when, owing to the constricted condition of the vulva, the head recedes, and is pressed back against the shoulders, rendering delivery more difficult, but at last, by main strength, the foetus is forcibly extracted, causing extensive laceration of the vaginal passage and fatal hsemorrhage. In these cases the hand ought to be introduced into the passage, and the head of the foetus and its surroundings carefully examined ; a strong cord should be passed over the head, behind the ears of the calf, and brought along each side of the calf's face, the ends being knotted outside. Thus a loop is formed {see Plate LXL, fig. 1), when, by traction on this cord, and manipulation with the other hand, the head is delivered, and by carefully -pulWug first one leg and then the othey, the foetus is extracted. 764. Plate XLI., fig. 2, represents a case of dropsy of the belly of the calf. The presentation is natural, and though there seems to be plenty of room, all the force which the owner or attendants can use fails to accomplish delivery. By passing the hand over the head, neck, and shoulders of the foetus, the cause of the obstruction is found in the distended belly of the calf. Some practitioners press a large trocar through the breast or between the ribs of the calf, whichever is the easier of access. For my own part I prefer passing the ordinary parturition hand knife [Plate XLIX., fig. 2) between two ribs of the foetus, when it and the water come away readily. PLATE 1./— \J" Fig. 2, par. 764. PLATE XLII. Fig. 3. par. 765- Fig. 4, par. 766. 313 765. Plate XLII., fig. 3, represents the head presented with the feet back and down. In some cases the head may be pressed back and the feet got up, especially in the mare and ewe, but in the majority of cases it is necessary to dissect the skin back and cut the head off by the first joint of the neck (atlo axoid articulation) — tying the skin firmly round the end of the bone, and leaving the end of the cord outside — then by pressing the neck back into the womb and getting up the feet, delivery is accomplished. 766. Plate XLII., fig. 4, shows a very common but troublesome presentation. In this we have both fore-legs protruding, while the head is bent back, with the nose pointing forward behind the elbow. 767. Plate XLII., fig. 5, is a somewhat similar presentation to the last, but the nose is pointed backwards towards the flank. 768. Plate XLIIL, fig. 6. — The fore-legs in this case are presented as in figs. 4 and 5, but the head is turned over on to the back of the foetus. These cases are generally made more difficult by the attendants seizing the fore-legs and pulling them, without examining the position of the head. The feet should be got hold of with cords, and the head secured either by putting a hook [Plate XLIX., 6) into the eye-socket (Plate XLII., 5) or the angle of the jaw, or by fastening a strong cord round the under jaw ; the fcEtus must then be pressed back into the womb, and the head manipulated into position. A great deal of trouble is caused by persons tinkering with cases too long before sending for veterinary aid ; for, when all the natural waters have been expelled, and the uterine pains exhausted, the uterus will be found to have contracted on the foetus as tight as a glove on a lady's hand. When a case like this is met with, the best mode of procedure is to make eight to ten quarts of linseed jelly, strain it through a cloth, and with Read's patent enema syringe, pump it into the womb over the body of the fcetus. The linseed jelly not only distends the womb and floats the fcetus, but acts as a lubricant in place of the natural waters. If the head cannot be got into position after this (which is often the case), the finger knife or large embryotomy 314 knife {Plate XLIX., figs. 1 and 7) must be introduced and carried as far on to the shoulder as possible, and then the skin should be cut and divided down the whole length of the limb to the fetlock. Previous to cutting, a cord ought to be fixed round the pastern joint, which an assistant should pull steadily outward. The skin is next detached from the shank-bone and secured by a small cord ; then with the fingers the skin is separated from the rest of the limb, up and well over the shoulder, as far as can be reached. The knife is again introduced, and the muscles between the. shoulders and the body (pectorals) are divided. Strong traction is then applied to the rope round the fetlock or above the knee, when the limb generally comes away. The head may then be got into position, but if this is not yet possible, the other fore- limb must be removed in like manner, when the fcetus loses its support, and drops into the bottom of the womb, thus allowing the head to be got round by means of hooks and cords, after which delivery follows. 769. Plate XLIII., fig. 7. — Both fore-legs are presented, and the head is thrown back on to the hind-quarter — a very common occurrence in the mare, — the bones of the face of the fcetus being developed to correspond with the convexity of the quarter. The feet are usually seen outside the vulva, but only the tips of the ears can be reached. In this case the operator should waste no time in trying to turn the head round, but proceed at once to remove the fore-legs, and turn the head as already described in the preceding case. This last presentation, in the mare, I consider one of the most formidable to be met with. 770. Plate XLIII., fig. 8, represents the foetus on its back, with the ears and back of the head presented, and the feet back. This is most readily put right by casting the patient, rolling it on to its back, elevating the quarters with trusses of straw, and bringing the head of the fcetus round by hooks or cords {Plate XLIX, figs. 5 and 6), when the feet may be placed in position by the hands or secured with ropes. 771. Plate XLIV., fig g, is a presentation with the hind-legs commg in proper position for delivery, and this may take place without any inconvenience to mother or offspring, but in many cases where the fcetus is large it dies in the birth. PLATE XL III. Fig. 6,- par. 768. Fig. 7, par. 769. Fig. 8. par. 770. PLATE XLIV. Fig. 9, par. 771. 10, par. 772. Fig. II, par. 772. 315 772. Plate XLIV., fig. lo, is a case where the points of the hocks are presented at the brim of the pelvis. Dehvery may be accomphshed (as is shown in Plate XLIV., fig. 11, and Plate XLV., fig. 12) by repelling the foetus into the womb, and pressing its quarters against the spine of the mother, steadying it there by the repeller or crutch {Plate XLIX.,fig. 10), while the disengaged hand works the foot by pressing the toes into the hollow of the heel, bringing it round over the brim of the pelvis of the mother and into the passage. Both limbs having been manipulated in this fashion, delivery ensues. 773. Plate XLV., fig. 13, shows the tail and breech presented and pressed tight on to the brim of the pelvis. In the cow, delivery may be managed as described in Plate XLIV., fig. 10, but in the mare, if the points of the hocks of the foal cannot be reached — which is generally the case — the only operation, with safety to the mother, is to remove a hind-leg of the fcetus by cutting from the stifle, through the hip joint, to the rump bone (ischium), liberating the head of the femur — not an easy task — and to this attaching a cord, which is pulled outwards by an assistant, while the operator with a knife cuts through the muscles on the inside of the thigh. The leg is thus extracted thigh foremost. After this the abdomen of the foetus must be opened, and the contents of the belly and chest pulled away. Then break through the large openings on the floor of the right and left sides of pelvic bones (oUnratoy foramina) ; through these openings pass a stout rope in the form of a loop, and while the operator presses the remaining hind limb against the walls of the empty abdominal cavity of the foal, this cord must be steadily and forcibly pulled, and delivery will take place. Sometimes, however, both hind-legs have to be removed. 774. Plate XLV., fig. 14, and Plate XLVL, fig. 15, show all four feet presented in the passage, the latter also showing head turned back on the side or quarter. These cases are of frequent occurence in the mare, and each can be made either a very easy operation or a most difficult one. It is the latter, if some one has pulled the fore-feet outside the passage as far as the knees, while the head is beyond reach and pressed back into the uterus (as in Plate XLIIL, fi,g. 7). This 3i6 presentation is rendered more difficult througTi having the hind-feet in the passage. But, if seen early, or before any interference has taken place (as shown in Plate XLV., fig. 14), the case may readily be adjusted and delivery accomplished in a very short time by attaching strong cords to the pasterns of the hind limbs, and while the cords are pulled alternately by assistants, the operator presses the fore-feet back into the womb. The hind-quarters thus come into the passage, and, by careful and steady traction, delivery is soon over. When the fore-legs are jammed in the passage (as in Plate XLVL, fig. 15) then, for the safety of the mother, press the hind-feet back over the brim of pelvis, remove the fore-legs (as described imder Plate XLII., figs. 4 and 5 and Plate XLIIL, fig. 6), and bring the hind-feet forward (by the cords attached prior to their being repelled) ; the operator then presses the breast of the foetus back into the uterus, while assistants pull it away, hind-legs first. 775. Plate XLVI., fig. 16, represents a case with the back of the head and neck presented, the fore-legs bent back and the pastern joints doubled round the thighs, while the hind pasterns are pressed ag&inst the brim of the pelvis of the mother. The foetus is as rigid as if all the joints were anchylosed. In a case which occurred in the practice of the late Mr. Fisher, M.R.C.V.S., Whitehaven, and after many attempts had been made to straighten the head (resulting in failure) it was at last cut off, and a strong cord was fixed round the neck, close down to the breast — yet the body of the foal could not be stirred ; then the upper shoulder was with great difficulty next cut off, and a cord being passed round the humerus, with strong pulling the leg came away. The sternum (breastbone) was then detached on each side with the knife, and extracted ; the first four ribs were removed by passing the knife between the ribs up to the backbone, and twisting them off; the contents of the chest and belly were torn out, and the remaining fore leg and the two hind-feet were pressed towards the spine of the eviscerated foetus, while assistants pulled on the neck- cord, and extraction followed. The operation lasted four hours, and the mare afterwards did well. PLATE XLV. Fig. 12, par. 772. par. 773, Fig. 14, par. 774. PLATE XL VI. // iSFig. 15, par. 774. Fig. 16, par. 775- Fig- 17. par. 776. 317 776. Plate XLVI., fig. 17, is a transverse presentation, where the fcetus is lying crosswise in the womb, with the points of the hocks presented towards the os-uteri, and the quarters pressing to the off-side of the mother, with the hind-feet pressed firmly against the near side ; the point of the tail within reach, but the feet and pastern joints cannot be touched. The best mode of procedure in this case is to cut through the ham-string (tendo-achiUis) above the pomt of each hock, bringing the latter outwards with the hook [Plate XLIX., fig. 6), put a loop of good strong cord round the joint, press the front of the shank-bone against the front of the tibia, or leg bone, and pull the hind-legs into the passage, when extraction of the foetus follows. 777. Plate XLVII., figs. 18 and 19, represent twins. It is necessary in all cases of parturition, before any cords are attached or any pulling attempted, that a careful and minute exploration and examination be made, more particularly so in cases of double or triple birth, in order to make perfectly certain that the legs seen or felt belong to the head and neck of the foetus presented. 778. Plate XLVII., fig. 20, represents a case of a monstrosity, in which the hind-legs are doubled over the shoulder, and the fore-legs under the chin, while the walls of the belly are reflected over the hind-legs, with the bowels floating loose in the womb of the mother. When the bowels are presented first, after careful examination, they must be removed ; then with a knife (horse shoeing knife for preference) cut through the back bone at the most convenient point and extract the portion readiest to hand by passing in the large hook. When the head and feet are first presented the case is more serious ; sometimes one or both of the fore-legs may be extracted, and by putting a cord round the head, with strong pulling, the back-bone may be broken through. After removing the front portion, the rest is got away with hooks, while the viscera follows. Sometimes these monstrosities are double-headed, and when the heads are presented they are very difficult to manipulate. When the hind-legs are presented first there is a chance of the foetus being got away, providing the mother is well developed, big-boned, and has plenty of room. The monstrosity shown in Plate L. was removed through a breech presentation. 3i8 779. Plate XLVIII., fig. 21, represents torsion of the vagina, or twist in the neck of the womb. I have had several of these (threein the mare); but except in the first case (a cow, which was killed), I have never found a complete twist, but only a partial one. The animal may show signs of parturition, paddling with the feet, screwing the quarters, and whisking the tail ; while the pelvic ligaments and vulva are relaxed, but there are no pronounced labour pains. On introducing the hand into the passage, about three-quarters of the way up, a distinct corded thickening is felt on the lower part of the passage, running from right to left or vice-versa, resembling half a screw. After passing the hand over the screw-like parts a pouch is found just in front of the neck of the womb [os-uteri). On reaching the womb the foetus may be felt. If lying in the position represented in the figure, the head and feet must be secured with ropes and hooks, brought gently forward, and jammed as far into the passage as possible. In some cases, when this is done, the animal drops suddenly on to its side, and thus undoes the partial twist, the result being ready delivery. In other cases the patient has to be cast and rolled ; if the twist is to the left, the operator must get a firm hold of the foetus and press it to the right or vice-versa, when the animal is directly on its back, then steady traction being put on the ropes, the uterus may suddenl}' right itself, and delivery is accomplished. 780. Constriction of the Os-uteri, in the cow, is known in Cumberland as " horny Iyer." On introducing the hand, the neck of the womb is found closed up, is very hard, and will only admit of one finger ; when the pains are very strong, a good dose of opium (two or three drachms suspended in hot water), or from six to eight drachms chloral hydrate should be given, while the os-uteri ought to be smeared with a drachm of extract of belladonna ; the patient should be kept perfectly quiet and left alone, when in the course of from 12 to 24 hours it may calve all right. Sometimes a cartilaginous ring round the neck of the womb is met with, through which the hand cannot be passed ; this ring has a kind of flange, from about three-quarters to one inch in breadth, and about one-eighth to a quarter of an inch in thickness. This must be cut on the upper portion, and also on each side. Smear PLATE XLVII i8, par. 777. Fig. 19, par. 777. par. 778. PLATE XLVIII Fig. 21, par. 779. Fig. 22, par. 795. 3^9 well with extract of belladonna ; give a good sedative (opium or chloral) and wait patiently. But sometimes relaxation does not take place ; then delivery has to be accomplished by cording the feet and head, bringing them into the passage, and by taking plenty of time and care, it may be successfully managed. 781. The Caesarean Section. — This operation may be performed where the offspring is alive and of more value than the mother. I have been successful on many occasions in saving the lives of foals, calves, lambs, and pigs, but at the sacrifice of the mothers. 782. Retention of the Foetus is sometimes seen in cattle. At the end of the period of gestation, the cow shows all the signs of approaching parturition, the udder is distended, the teats pointed, &c., but there are no direct labour pains, and the animal, though feeding, loses flesh ; in a few months after, it begins to pass various bones by the rectum. In other cases the foetus may become mummified, and its presence not discovered till after slaughter. 783. Eversion of the vagina with the os constricted, is occasionally met with in ewes in-lamb in frosty weather, giving rise to severe straining pains. In such cases apply extract of belladonna, and return the vagina to its position, keeping it there with stitches across the vulva, till the os dilates, give also eight to ten ounces of linseed oil, with four drachms of laudanum. If the weather is mild, these cases may do well, but if the frost continues, they generally terminate in inflammation and gangrene. 784. Inertia of the Uterus is where the uterus and vagina are intensely dilated, or in a soft flabby condition, with the foetus lying in a natural position, yet no attempt to expel it is made by the mother. I have had most success in such cases by simply introducmg the hand into the womb, seizing hold of the foetus, and drawing it slowly and gently into the passage. Extraction is generally effected without any assistance from the mother. 785. Placenta Praevia.—Cases are met with in the cow and ewe where the greater portion of the after-birth comes away prior to the 320 birth of the offspring. This is very troublesome, and has to be cut or torn away before delivery can be accomplished. I remember one case where the whole of the cleansing came away from the cow before the calf. Great care has then to be used in manipulating the foetus into proper position for delivery. 786. Hydrops-uteri, or dropsy of the womb before parturition. This is often seen in the cow and sheep, and occasionally in the mare. As the animal nears the end of its period of gestation, the belly gets to a big size, oppressing the patient, rendering it very weak and languid, and also causing wasting of the flesh. For support, a good broad bandage should be rolled and secured round the body, and good, nutritious food given ; then wait patiently until parturition sets in, when , as a rule, an enormous quantity of water comes away, accompanied by a small ill-nourished fcetus. In extreme cases, tapping the womb on the right side with a fine trocar and canula has to be resorted to. 787. Abnormal Conceptions are recorded, where the young ones were developed in one of the horns of the womb, or in the belly outside of the womb altogether (extra uterine conception). In company with Mr. J. Young, M.R.C.V.S., Bromsgrove, and Mr. Jos. Hewson, M.R.C.V.S., Carlisle, I saw a case of the former in a Clydesdale mare. The vagina and neck of the womb were relaxed and open, the womb dilated to a considerable extent, but nothing in the shape of a fcetus could be found inside. On the right side, about ten or twelve inches from the neck of the womb, was a constricted, rigid ring ; on passing the hand through this, the stifle of the foetus could be touched with the ends of the fingers at full stretch ; the body of the foal could be distinctly felt through the walls of the vagina and womb ; the horn of the uterus being doubled, the head of the foal was in the pelvic cavity, and its nose close to the anus of the mother. After many hours' hard work, we failed to eff'ect delivery, and' the mare was destroyed. The position of the foal, and the doubling of the horn of the womb, indicated a breech presentation. Some years prior to the foregoing occurrence, I had a similar case in a black-polled cow, but the calf was lying in the PLATE XLIX. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIX. PARTURITION INSTRUMENTS. 1 . Finger Knife. 2. Hand Knife, with cord for wrist (favourite instrument, also used for Post- phauTrngeal Abscesses). 3. Finger Knife. 4. Sharp Hook, for Pigs and Lambs. Length 15 inches. 5. Short Hook, with cord, for Foal and Calf. Length of Hook, 3J inches Cord, 4 feet 6 inches. 6. Long Hook. 2 feet 6 inches'; J inch diameter. 7. Long Knife. 2 feet 6 inches ; J inch diameter. 8. Long Large Hook Knife. 2 feet 6 inches ; J inch diameter, g. Long Small Hook Knife. 2 feet 6 inches ; J inch diameter. ro. Crutch. Length, 2 feet 6 inches ; J inch diameter. II. Troca,r and Canula, used in Imperforate Hymen (pars. 761 and 762). 321 opposite direction, with its tail next the anus of the mother, and could be distinctly felt through the walls of the womb. I attended the case for three days, during which tims I made numerous attempts at delivery, but failed, and the cow had to be slaughtered. In all cases of difficult labour, although a great amount of patience, perseverance, and manual labour is required, success mainly depends on the judicious use of both hands and instruments [Plate XLIX.), or, as the late Professor Williams tersely used to put it ; — " Difficult calving and foaling; are accomplished by the exercise of the brain." Lord Bacon has well summed up the relationship between science and practice in the following sentence : — "Neither the naked hand, nor the understanding, left to itself, can do much ; the work is accomplished by instruments and helps, of which the need is not less for the understanding than the hand." 788. Retention of the Placenta, or Afterbirth.— This, in the mare, ought never to be allowed to remain more than from six to ten hours after the birth of the foal, more particularly when the mare is on dry food, in the stable, as it often brings on laminitis (inflammation of the feet — founder — [pars. 201 and 799) ; in some seasons this complaint almost resembles an epidemic. It may be avoided by the timely removal of the membranes, which must be carefully done, as the smallest piece left is quite sufficient to cause a great deal of constitutional disturbance, and in some ca:ses, septic poisoning and death. 789. The Cow, on the other hand, can retain the fcetal membranes from six to eight days, with little or no constitutional derangement. I have attempted their removal at times varying from six hours after calving until the eighth day, and I find at the fifth or sixth day they may be sometimes successfully taken away. I generally inject into the uterus eight or ten quarts of tepid water, containing a small portion of Little's phenyle, or sanitas ; then on introducing the hand, by gentle traction and twisting of the membranes, they can be removed. I have a great objection to cutting small pieces off the portion of the membranes that may be hanging outside, and have still more objection to farmers hanging a horse-shoe, or other weight, to them. When the Y 322 animal is feeding, milking, and chewing the cud, I recommend leaving the placenta alone until the sixth or seventh day in winter, or the fifth or sixth day in summer, (rolling, however, the membranes which are outside into a knot, to be out of the milker's way,) and then taking them away as described above. After removing the placenta from the mare and cow, I generallyinject into the womb five or six quarts of tepid water containing one ounce of tincture of iron, which is a good antiseptic. Notwithstanding the decayed and fcetid condition of the membranes, I have never yet seen a cleansing struck with fly or maggot. ygo. Dropping from Retention of the Second Cleansing. — Cases are met with where the afterbirth comes away all right a few hours after calving, but in the course of from two to six days the aniijial is found lying down and unable to rise, yet it feeds, chews the cud, and milks fairly well ; the breathing is quick and heavy, and the temperature is normal, but still the patient cannot get up. The vulva is puckered up and quite dry, and no discharge is seen from the passage. This condition is, by many, considered to be milk fever, but the loss of power is through reflex nervous action, and is really due to the too sudden closing of the neck of the womb, behind which the discharge or second cleansing collects arid is retained. Treatment — Give a good dose of opening medicine, say one pound of Epsom salts and two ounces of ginger in a quart of treacle gruel, to which add one pint of linseed oil, and further apply a strong mustard poultice over the loins and clothe the body, when, in the course of 24 hours the animal will probably discharge from the womb a quantity of bloody, slimy fluid, after which it becomes all right. At times the retention of the second cleansing sets up septic fever. 791. Septic Fever attacks animals more particularly in the early spring months, when east winds prevail. About three or four weeks after calving, the cow is noticed to be losing flesh and getting into a low and debilitated condition, with tucking up of the belly, falling off in milk, having little or no appetite, and only occasionally chewing the cud, while the bowels are constipated, the dung being hard and dark coloured, the lips of the vulva are also puckered up, and of a dirty PLATE L. Par. 778. 323 yellow appearance, and the patient has a peculiar fusty smell. In some cases it is associated with parturient bronchitis or pneumonia (par. 534). Treatment. — Antiseptic tonic medicines are necessary, ■ such as sulphite of soda, iron, quassia, and vegetable cordials (see Appendix) given in treacle gruel, with the addition of a quart of beer or half-a-pint of spirit; small doses of linseed oil should also be given every other day, and the appetite tempted with different kinds of food, such as sliced mangold and potato, sprinkled over with a Jittle salt, though grass or other green foods answer the best. Frequent washing out of the womb in these cases is very objectionable, for, in my opinion, it retards recovery. 792. Post-Partum Haemorrhage, or flooding after calving, is mostly seen at the first calving, and is generally due to too hasty and rough usage (see Parturition, Plate XLI., fig. 1). This dangerous, and often fatal haemorrhage, requires prompt attention ; the animal must be kept perfectly quiet, and cold water sheets applied to the loins and quarters ; if the bleeding is profuse, a cotton bed-sheet must be put into a pail of cold water — to which has been added one ounce of tincture of iron — and after being wrung partly out, it should be packed carefully and quietly into the vaginal passage, and left there for three or four days, or until it comes away by itself; at the same time five or six eggs beaten up in half-a-pint of whiskey or brandy, in one pint cold water, should be given every five or six hours. In many cases, after the bleeding has stopped, the animal will go on doing well, feeding, chewing the cud, milking, &c., for about twelve or fourteen days, when the bleeding may break out again, and before anything can be done, the patient bleeds to death. The greatest care and watchfulness is therefore needed from the tenth to the twentieth day. 793. Rupture of the Womb (mostly seen in the mare). — This may occur from the strong labour pains of the mare, forcing the foot of the foetus through the walls, or the womb may be torn and ruptured in manipulating a mal-presentation of the foetus, when the bowels of the parent sometimes protrude. These cases are usually fatal. Attain, one of the fore-feet of the foetus may be so forced through the 324 roof of the womb and the floor of the rectum, as to come out at the anus ; or the anus and vulva from the same cause may be made into one common opening. Extensive sloughing usually takes place in these cases. 794. Eversion of the Uterus. — This is not of very frequent occurrence in the mare, but often happens in the cow, ewe, and sow. When it happens in the mare, if the animal is in a standing position, immediately the womb is in sight, every care should be taken to keep her on her feet. The womb must then be supported by a large table-cloth, held by two assistants, one on each side, and the patient led on to a good incline, with its hind feet on the top, and for this purpose a manure heap answers well. An attendant should stand by with a jug, pouring warm water and milk continuously over the everted organ, and attempts must be made to return it as quickly, yet as carefully as possible. If the patient is lying, it should be kept down and its legs tied, for if it makes an effort to get up, the weight of the everted organ drags the animal back on to its hips, and the womb is in great danger of being burst or so damaged that the patient rapidly bleeds to death. Before attempting reduction the uterus must be lifted by means of a large cloth, into a vessel containing warm water and milk ; the hind quarters of the mare should be elevated by means of pulleys, and bags of chaff or bundles of straw packed under the quarter ; the neck of the uterus must then be pressed back, and the bod}' carefully kneaded in, particularly at its lower side. As soon as the body of the organ is within the pelvic bones, the hand must be placed on the everted end of the horn of the womb, and pressed gently forward, thus returning the horn to its proper position. If the point of the horn is not properly returned the whole uterus is soon expelled again. 795. Eversion of the Uterus in the Cow (Plate XLVIIL, Jig. 22). — The same course must be adopted as in the mare, except when standing, in which case, before attempting to return the organ, the fcetal membranes, if attached, must be removed ; the hind-quarters can be elevate(^ by putting a few barrow-loads of farmyard manure under the hind-feet, or by arranging bundles of straw on each side, in 325 case the animal lies down. If the animal is lying down, proceed in the same way as for the mare. Cases are frequently met with where the womb has been out for five or six hours, causing the mucous membrane to become much congested, jelly-like, and very stiff, from infiltration of fluid , in the sub-mucous tissue. Before attempting reduction in these cases, the uterus should be scarified in several places, with the point of a lancet, and kneaded and pressed with the hands to make it pliable. Pressure should never be applied when the animal is straining — always yield to it. After reduction, if five or six quarts of tepid water, containing one ounce of tincture of iron, be injected into the womb, it acts as a good antiseptic, and causes the uterus to contract, closing up any lacerations which may have been caused in reduction. Stitches may, or may not be put across the vulva, or a truss may be put on to prevent recurrence. Should the animal strain and press a great deal after the operation", the best sedative is to drive it into a pond, letting it stand up to the knees for 15 or 20 minutes, and allowing it to drink the water if so inclined. A good sedative draught, composed of one to two wine-glassfuls of laudanum and one pint of linseed oil, may also be administered. In some cases the womb is torn to such a degree that it has to be cut off — a formidable operation, yet successful cases are recorded. 796. Eversion of the Bladder also occasionally happens. It is easily known by its bluish-green colour, and the constant dribbling of water down the thighs, while a portion of the bladder is seen hanging outside. On careful examination of the parts, the meatus uvinarius (neck of the bladder— P/a(!« XXXVIII., B 7) is found. By gentle pressure it can be readily returned, but ic is very difficult to keep in its place, though on driving the animal about, and dashing a few quarts of cold water against the vulva, it will usually retain its position. 797. Rupture of the Bladder I have met with, where the mare had began foaling during the night without assistance, and it always has terminated fatally. 798. Vaginitis, or Inflammation of the Vagina, like inflamma- tion of the womb, is mostly due to damage done during difficult 326 parturition. Treatment. — Irrigate the passage with sanitas and water, or phenyle and water, and give fever medicine as recommended for metritis (par. 799 J, but should there be a great amount of swelHng externally, and extensive swelling and inflammation internally, the hand must not be introduced, as it does much more harm than good. 799- Metritis, or Simple Inflammation of the 'Womb, is rarely seen except after difficult parturition, when it may result from too long retention of the foetus after the labour pains have set in, or from extreme force having been exercised in extraction of the young one. The inflammation, as a rule, commences in the lining membrane of the womb, but soon extends to the walls of that organ. It generally makes itself manifest within a few hours after parturition, and is usually of a very fatal character. The Symptoms in the Mare are at first slight colicky pains, the animal walking round the box, and sniffing the ground. Finally, the patient stands quiet, with hanging head, dilated nostrils, quick breathing, and in high fever — the temperature gomg up to io6° and 107° F., accompanied by a quick and small pulse, loss of appetite, great depression, and the secretion of milk is totally suspended, while a fcetid chocolate coloured fluid is discharged from the womb. Occasionally the inflammation leaves the womb — metastasis — and goes to the feet, producing laminitis or founder (par. 201 J. Treatment. — Inject into the womb, once a day, four to six quarts of water that has been boiled and allowed to cool down to go° F., and to which has been added a teacupful of Condy's fluid or sanitas. Give also one to two ounce doses of hyposulphite of soda night and morning. For further Treatment see par. 800. 800. Septic Metritis in the Mare occasionally occurs, and may be due to some septic matter having gained admission into the system from impure water or food, but more often by inoculation, arising from some peculiarity of the stallion, in whose system the septic material seems to hang about for months, or even years, without being perceptible, yet is transmitted at time of service to the mare, in whom it remains latent, only to make itself manifest at the time of parturition. As a rule the mare shows no signs of illness until a few hours after 327 foaling, yet the morbid poison must have established its action on the foetus, which may be expelled before its time, or it may go up to or over the full period of gestation. In such cases the foal, although seemingly fully developed, is usually still born, or it dies within a few seconds after birth. The placenta or after-birth, is expelled immediately after foaling, and, as a rule, is of an unhealthy drab or grey colour. Within 20 or 30 hours after parturition the mare commences to be ill, and shows somewhat similar symptoms to simple metritis {pay. 799). Treatment — First inject the womb as in par. 799, and give small doses of aperient and antiseptic medicine, such as hyposulphite of soda, in two ounce doses, every eight hours, dissolved in water, and given as a drench, — supplemented with one drachrri doses of sulphate of quinine, dissolved in ten drops of strong hydrochloric acid, given every eight hours in cold hay tea to drink, or in one pint of cold water as a drench. Good nutritive, and easily digestible food — green food if it can be procured — must be given. Sometimes these cases become complicated, and turn into pyaemia, when large abscesses form in various parts of the body. After a case of septic metritis all in-foal mares on or near the premises should at once be removed to other quarters which are not less than two miles distant ; while the buildings . and utensils should be thoroughly washed and disinfected. Mares recovering from this malady should not be put to breeding for at least 12 months. 8o[. Simple Metritis in the Cow shows the following Symptoms, viz. : — Great dullness, prostration, quick breathing, fever, straining, swelling of the external genital organs, and discharge of a dirty brown, blood-coloured fluid, from the passage. Treatment. — If, on careful manual examination, no rupture or rent in the womb is discovered, wash it out by means of an enema syringe, with warm water and fluid sanitas, or phenyle, in the proportion of one to 80 of water. Internally, give 15 to 20 ounces of raw linseed oil, and if much pain be manifested, add from half to one wine-glassful of laudanum, or 15 drops of Fleming's tincture of aconite. As a fever medicine, two to three ounces of Epsom salts, and three drachms of nitrate of potash in a mash of bran, or in water as a draught, may be given every eight 328 hours. Warm water enemas thrown into the rectum, and porridge poultices apphed to the loins, also have a soothing effect. 802. Simple and Septic Metritis in Sheep.— The simple form of metritis is rarely seen in the sheep, but in cold, frosty, spring weather, lambing ewes often suffer extensively from septic metritis, which, by its severity, causes great loss to stock-owners. • Sheep show similar symptoms to those described in the cow — great prostration, and a dirty brown, coffee coloured discharge running from the womb, and trickling down the legs, being the prominent characteristics. This disease is highly contagious, and immediately it makes its appearance all the pregnant ewes milst be at once removed from the place of infection, and be attended to by another shepherd. Treatment.— Wash the parts night and morning with a lotion made of one table- spoonful of phenyle and one pint of cold water, which, after being mixed, should be made warm by the addition of one pint of hot water. Give internally, twice a day, one drachm doses of chlorate of potassium and five drops of hydrochloric acid in half-a-pint of cold water. 803. Pelvic Haematomata, or Blood Tumours, are found in the pelvic cavity of the cow and sow ; they are generally caused by injuries to the parts in. cases of difficult parturition. Symptoms. — A few weeks after calving the animal commences to strain as if in labour, and urine dribbles from the vulva. The patient has a very irregular appetite, and a tucked up belly. On examination of the parts, (made by introducing the hand into the rectum,) a doughy swelling is felt, either at the bottom of the bowel or on the sides. Treatment. — The clotted blood must be removed by cutting into the tumour through the side of the vagina ; after which dress the parts with antiseptics and tow. 804. Mammitis, or Inflammation of the Mammary Glands or Udder (sometimes called Garget). — All animals of the female sex are subject to this complaint. It is occasionally seen in the mare, involving one or both sides of the udder, and may appear a week or two before foaling, but more often happens afterwards, especially if the mare is in good condition and has lost its foal. Sometimes it 329 occurs when the animal is not pregnant, usually in animals with gummy legs that are predisposed to weed or grease. It may also arise from a bad wound in the leg or foot, the irritation from which extends up the inside of the hind-leg, thus implicating the udder. It causes a great amount of constitutional fever, the udder being hard and painful, while the patient walks with a stiff, straddling gait. Treatment. — If the fever be very high, the head hanging, with quick breathing, and dilated nostrils, great relief results from bleeding to the extent of from four to six quarts, and after this by giving 15 to 20 ounces of linseed oil, and from one to two ounces of spirits of nitre, with a tablespoonful of saltpetre in the drinking water ; the udder should also be fomented with hot water three or four times every twenty-four hours, and the teats drawn at the same time, after which they should be well dried with a soft cloth, and a little carbolic oil applied. Sometimes the udder gathers and bursts in several places ; the case then becornes troublesome. When this happens the foal (if there is one) should be taken from the mother and brought up by hand. 805. Inflammation of the Udder in the cow is very common, when one or more of the quarters may be involved. It is said by many writers to be mostly seen after calving, and to be due to overstocking. This, however, has not been my experience ; cases arising from these causes being rare in my practice. There are many causes of mammitis, such as derangement of the digestive system, sore warty teats, vesicular eruptions, as from foot and mouth disease, &c., kicks and injuries to the udder, irregular milking, stricture and obstruction of the teats, and the too frequent and injudicious introduction of the teat syphon. The greatest number of cases, are, however, seen amongst grazing cattle in extremely hot, dry weather, when the animals, irritated by the warble-fly depositing its eggs on their backs, gallop about' the fields and then plunge into a pond or river, standing there for hours up to the belly in cold water ; or, when a few intensely hot days are followed by a heavy splash of rain. The two last named conditions seem to make the malady spread like an epidemic ; and I have seen them give rise to as many as 12 to 15 cases in one day. Cows that are supposed to be stripped dry of milk, and put out to graze 33° and fatten, suffer most from this form of the malady. The affection is usually fully established, before being noticed, then, on examination, and drawing of the teats, the gland is found full of curdled matter. Treatment — For this class of cases splitting the teat with a bistoury, or cutting it off, half-way up, gives the quickest relief, and forms the best exit for the pus. The latter operation may seem cruel, but really it is more cruel to leave the matter pent up in the gland, and to irritate the parts by squeezing it out of the teat four or five times a day ; besides the teat is of little consequence when the animal is being prepared for the fat market. The udder should be rubbed night and morning with carbolic oil, and if there is a great deal of fever and general disturbance the animal must be treated with cooling medicines, such as two ounce doses of hyposulphite of soda or four ounces of Epsom salts, and half an ounce of saltpetre, along with a few ounces of aromatic cordials, (see Appendix — Carminatives) which may be given night and morning, in treacle gruel until the bowels respond. 806. When the dairy cow is affected, one or more of the quarters may be attacked, either before or after calving ; the udder becomes hard and painful with the teats pointed, and these, on being pressed, yield a quantity of curdled milk and watery fluid. If the inflammation is not arrested at this stage, the complaint may go on until matter is formed, or abscesses form and burst in various parts of the udder, giving rise to great trouble. Again, the gland may become hard and indurated, or even gangrenous. There is no complaint that will, in such a short time, produce so much constitutional disturbance and high fever, and cause the animal to lose flesh so fast, as an acute attack of inflammation of the udder. The disease is occasionally also accompanied with stiffness or lameness of the hind -legs. Treatment.— When first observed, and before matter is formed, the affected quarters must be fomented with hot water for from forty or sixty minutes, four times in the twenty-four hours. Immediately after the hot fomentations, the parts must be washed well with cold water for five minutes, and then rubbed perfectly dry with a soft cloth, after which apply equal parts of carbolic oil and liquid extract of belladonna ; cover up with 331 cotton wool and support with a bandage round the loins and over the quarters. Or immediately the quarter is found to be hard and inflamed, all the watery fluid must be drawn off' through the teat, and the quarter should be treated with an injection of iodide of potassium, every twelve hours, as in milk fever (par. 579). To be successful in preventing the formation of pus, energy, perseverance, and patience are required ; if, however, matter should form, it must be liberated , as already shown. Constitutional disturbances are to be treated with the fever medicines, as recommended for the grazing cow (par. 805). 807. Induration. — When the udder becomes hard, applications of 20 per cent, oleate of mercury, or iodine mercurial ointment must be rubbed well into the parts every third day, and two drachms of iodide of potassium, dissolved in a pint of cold water, should be administered internally daily for six or eight days. If gangrene or mortification sets in, the case usually runs its course in a few days, the udder becomes a dark purple colour, and the animal dies of blood-poisoning, or the glands may slough and drop off (par. 817). 808. Blind Teats. — Numerous cases are met with where the animal has milked all right, and been perfectly correct up to the time of drying, prior to having its next calf ; but after calving, one or more of the teats are found " blind," and on examination, a small hard knot is felt at the end, or in the middle of the passage of the teat. The milk may be liberated with a syphon, but owing to the instrument having to be introduced night and morning, local inflammation is generally set up and the quarter lost. Such cases cause a great deal of unpleasantness and litigation, when the animals have changed owners between the time of drying and calving. The cause seems to be, that a portion of milk has been secreted after the last milking, the watery portions of which have become absorbed, leaving a small piece of curded milk in the teat, which becomes organised into a small knot, thus blocking up the passage. In these cases, when the teat syphon is used, the instrument should be boiled for five or ten minutes, thoroughly disinfected before introduction into the teat, and well cleaned after use, or inflammation will be set up in the gland and the quarter lost. 332 8og. Paralysis of the Milk Secreting Cells.— I have known cases where a heavy milker, that has been noted for its large milk and butter giving qualities, previous to calving, having an udder which was congested and much enlarged, yet after calving, there was an entire absence of milk in the gland. Sales of animals so affected often cause unpleasantness between buyer and seller. 8io. Relaxed Teats. — Occasionally the teats lose tone, and become unable to retain the milk, which runs off immediately it is secreted. The best treatment for this is to paint the ends of the teats after each milking with flexible collodion, or to apply a suitable indiarubber ring round the teat. 8ii. Inflammation of the Udder in Sheep. — The ewe, particularly in frosty weather, suffers very much from inflammation of the udder, especially when the teats are chapped and sore. The derangement can also be produced when the young lambs are affected with stomatitis pustulosa (par. 237), and Aptha or Thrush (par. 238), and the inside of their mouths are ulcerated, and there-from irritation and inflammation is set up in the teats and udders of the mothers. The udder is much swollen and painful to the touch, and on pressing the teat a quantity of straw-coloured watery fluid escapes. Treatment.— Good nursing, drawing the teats, and rubbing the affected parts with the carbolic oil, are recommended. Hot fomentations, if the parts are not thoroughly dried with a soft cloth when finished, only aggravate the complaint. If the case runs on to gangrene, the udder becomes, first red in colour, next purple, and finally black ; and to guard against this, a careful examination should be made twice daily. The lambs must be taken off, the ewe isolated, and carbolic oil, or Stockholm tar smeared over the gland, the latter being preferable. If the animal be left alone, it is astonishing to see how soon nature can assert her influence, the physiological action of the healthy parts throwing off the diseased portions ; and in the space of a few weeks, the remains of the gland hang from the belly in the form of long fingers of flesh, which can be removed by the clam and hot iron, the ecraseur, or ligature. APPENDIX A. Synopsis of Diseases, their Recognition and " First Aid" Treatment. 812. Abortion. Casting the foetus ; premature birth. Accidental, from injury ; also infectious. Isolate aborting animal, disinfect both animals and premises. Give animals carbolic acid and chlorate of potash as preventives. 813. Abscess. Circumscribed swelling containing matter or pus. Hot and cold water dressings ; poultices, and blisters. Open with knife when ready. 814. Acari — Mites. Parasites causing skin irritation and itching, like mange and scab. V\/'ash with solution of phenyle or carbolic preparations. 815. Actinomycosis. Wooden tongue, caused by the ray fungus ; affects tongue and jaw. To be scarified and dressed with iodide preparations. 816. Acidity of the Stomach. Sour stomach. Give alkalies. Bicarbonate of soda, potash, lime or chalk. 817. After Pains. Heaving or straining after parturition. Give dose of laudanum, chloral hydrate, and mild laxatives. 818. Amaurosis. Blindness ; paralysis of optic nerve, with dilated pupil. Incurable. 334 8ig. Angle Berries. Warts. Remove with knife, hot iron, or ligature ; dress antiseptically. 820. Anthrax. — Charbon. Splenic apoplexy ; blood disease due to anthrax bacillus. Attack and death sudden. Plug all external openings, as nostrils, &c. Bury deep without opening carcase. Isolate and disinfect premises. Report to police. 821. Aphtha. Thrush ; vesicles or blebs in the mouths of calves and lambs. Dress with boracic acid lotion, or chlorate of potash solution. 822. Apoplexy. Brain derangement. Cerebral, associated with stomach staggers. Parturient apoplexy. Give chloral hydrate and bromide of potassium. 823. Arthritis. Inflammation of the joints. Rest ; hot and cold applications ; blisters. 824. Ascitis. Dropsy of the abdomen. Broad bandage round the body. Give saline purgatives (salts), iron tonics and diuretics. 825. Asthma. Broken wind ; spasm and rupture of bronchial tubes. Steam nostrils with medicated watery vapour. 826. Atrophy. Wasting. Attention to diet, with iron tonic preparations. 827. AZOTURIA. Blood derangement. Attack sudden ; profuse sweating. Discharge of bloody-coloured urine ; great pain. Bleeding and dose of physic. 828. Blackleg, or Blagk-Quarter. Lameness ; crackling swellings on parts affected. Affects young stock, mostly under two years old. Change of diet ; use salt and seton as preventives. 335 829. Bleeding from Wounds. Ligatures, pressure, styptics, or application of hot iron. 830. Bog Spavin. Distension of the synovial sac in front of hock joint. Pressure, blistering, and firing. 831. Bone Spavin. Bony enlargement on the front and inner section of the lower part of hock joint. Rest ; cold applications ; blisters, and firing. 832. BoTs IN Horses. Larva of botfly in stomach. Turpentine and linseed oil. Salt and iron ; green food. 833. Braxy IN Sheep. Wet and dry blood disorder. Change diet ; give salt. 834. Broken Knees in Horses. Wash and dress with antiseptics Apply cold water bandages. Caustic lotions ; dry dressings. 835. Bronchitis. Acute and chronic inflammation of bronchial tubes. Place in well-ventilated box ; give nitrate water to drink. Steam nostrils with medicated watery vapour. 836. Bruises. Cold and hot water applications ; embrocations. 837. Brushing. Striking one leg with the other ; faulty action and bad shoeing. Cold water bandage to injured part ; attention to shoeing. 838. Burns and Scalds. Protect part from the air. Apply treacle, or equal parts lime water and oil. Cover with cotton wool. 839. Calculi, Intestinal. Dustballs in large intestines. Laudanum and chloral hydrate to relieve pain. Strong purgatives to be avoided. 336 840. Calculi, Urinary. Gravel — dogs, sheep. Operation necessary. 841. Canker in Horse's Foot. Degenerate horn on sole of horse's foot. Dress with powdered alum or sulphate of copper, carbolic acid, formalin, &c. Keep thoroughly dry. 842. Canker of Ear. Foetid discharge from lining of dog's ear. Wipe clean with cotton wool. Do not wash ; dress with iodoform. 843. Capped Hock, Knee and Elbow in Horse. Collection of fluid underneath the skin. Hot and cold applications ; stimulating lotions and pressure. 844. Cataract. Opacity of the crystalline lens, in horses and old dogs. Treatment of little avail. 845. Catarrh. Cold in the head, bowels, or bladder. Irritation of niucous membranes, with watery discharge. Steam head with medicated watery vapour. Give chlorodyne and small doses of linseed oil. 846. Choking. Obstruction in the gullet. Try to remove with hand, or pass the probang. When left side (cow) much distended, puncture with trocar or knife. 847. Colic Gripes, spasm of intestine, two kinds, flatulent and spasmodic. Give linseed oil and laudanum, with either spirits of nitrfe, or turpentine. 848. Chorea. Involuntary spasmodic movement of the muscles. Give nerve sedatives — chloral and bromides. ' If in dogs from distemper, give Fowler's solution. 849. Conjunctivitis. Inflammation of the outer covering of the eyeball. Remove irritant ; bathe with tepid water ; apply. boracic acid lotion. 337 850. Constipation. Torpidity of bowels. Mild laxatives ; warm water and glycerine injections. 851. Corns in Horses' Feet. Bruise of sensitive sole, inner heel. Rest ; remove shoe, and put on poultice made of. cold water and bran. Bar shoe, or indiarubber bar pad. 852. Cough. A forcible expulsion from the respiratory organs due to many causes. Give equal parts of chlorodyne and glycerine. 853. Crib-Biting and Wind-Sucking. Feed on the ground ; iron stable fittings ; put on muzzle. 854. Curb. Sprain of ligament or tendon back of hock joint. Rest ; hot or cold applications ; blistering and firing. 855. Debility. Weakness. Stimulating tonics, with easily digested food." 856 Diabetes Insipidus. Great thirst ; passing large quantities of urine. Peculiar to the horse. Iodine«preparations. Good, nutritious diet. 857. DiARRHCEA. Scouring ; profuse discharge of fluid fseces. ' Small doses of linseed oil and laudanum, and tincture of ginger or spirits. Well boiled gruel and milk, or linseed jelly, to drink. 858. Dislocations. Bring bones into natural position ; splints and bandages. 859. Distemper in Dogs. Febrile disease common to young dogs. Keep warm ; give mild dose of castor oil and buckthorn. Hyposulphite of soda and quinine. 860. Dropsy. — (see Ascitis). z 338 86i. Dysentery. Fluid discharge of faeces mixed with blood. Give carbolic acid or creosote, or oil of cloves in glycerine or linseed oil. Well boiled gruel and milk or linseed jelly to drink. 862. Eclampsia. Reflex nervous affection about period of parturition. Give chloral hydrate and bromide of potassium. 863. Eczema, Skin affection. Wash with izal, phenyle, sanitas, or chinosol solutions. 864. Elephantiasis in Horses. Chronic thickening of hind shanks. Iron tonics, with diuretics ; cold water bandages. 865. Emphysema. Subcutaneous air swelling underneath the skin due to wounds. Puncture with point of sharp knife, and apply pressure. 866. Enteritis. Inflammation of the bowels. Give linseed oil, laudanum, chloral hydrate, hypodermic of morphia. Hot applications to belly. 867. Epilepsy. Fits in dogs. Keep animal steady ; douche head well with cold water. If from worms, give worm medicine. 868. Epistaxis. Bleeding from the nostrils. Apply cold water to head ; plug nostrils with cotton wool. Give tincture of iron in water to drink. 869. Erysipelas. Diffusive inflammation of the skin and connective tissue. _ Keep perfectly quiet ; give repeated doses of quinine. Offer generous diet. 870. Exostosis. Bony tumour. Hot or cold appHcations and counter irritants. 339 871. False Quarter. Defect in the horny wall of the hoof from injury. Apply bar shoe ; blister coronet. 872. Farcy (see Glanders.) 873. Fever. Various. High temperature; quick breathing ; dullness. Put into well-ventilated, dry loose-box. Bandage legs ; put on clothing ; give nitrate water to drink. 874. Fistula; A tubular ulcer. Operation necessary ; dress with a.ntiseptics. 875. Flatulence [see Colic). 876. Fleas. Wash with phenyle, izal, or chinosol solutions. 877. Fly Blow. Common to wounds in sheep. Wash as for fleas ; dip as a preventive. 878. Foot Rot in Sheep. Contagious inflammation of the feet with ulcerative sores. Remove loose horn ; dress with antiseptics and caustics. 879. Foul in Feet of Cattle. Inflammation and ulcerations between the digits. Wash clean ; dress with antiseptics, and poultice. 880. Founder.— Laminitjs. Inflammation of the feet. Remove shoes ; put on poultices. 881. Fracture. Broken bones. Put bones in position ; splints and bandage. 882. Gangrene. Mortification, or death of a part. Dress with antiseptics ; give quinine ; nutritious food. 34° 883. Gastritis. Inflammation of the stomach. Small dose of linseed oil and laudanum ; morphia hypodermics. Hot blankets rolled round the body. 884. Glanders in Horses. Specific contagious disease. Nasal ulcers and discharge from the nose. Isolate and disinfect ; dangerous. 885. Glossitis. Inflammation of the tongue. Wash with boracic acid or chlorate of potash solutions. 886. Grapes in Hokses. Inflammation of the skin of horses' heels, with enlarged growths. Wash with antiseptic solutions; dress with powdered alum or blue vitrol. 887. Grease. Inflammation of the skin of the horses' legs, with foetid discharge. Wash with disinfectants ; dust with boracic acid, iodoform and charcoal. 888. Grogginess. — [see Navicular Disease). 889. Hematuria. Bloody urine from the urinary organs, due to disease or injury. Keep quiet ; give salt and sulphate of iron combined. 890. H.EM0GLOBINURIA OF RuMINANTS Red Water (Muir 111). Give Epsom salts or common salt in water. Iron and vegetable tonics. 891. Hemoptysis. Bleeding from the lungs. Perfect quiet ; cold compress round the chest. Give spirits in water when necessary. 892. HAEMORRHAGE. — [see Bleeding). 893. HEMORRHAGE PoST PARTEM. Bleeding after parturition. Dash cold water over loins and pack wet cloths into the womb. Give tincture of iron in cold water as a drench. 341 894- Hepatitis. Inflammation of the liver. Saline aperients, with sedatives and small doses of calomel. 895. Hernia. Rupture ; displacement of bowels Bandage and operation. 896. HoosE. Thread worms in windpipe. Keep indoors in comfortable quarters ; dry beds. Turpentine and oil ; fumigations ; nutritious diet. 897. HOVEN. Distension of the paunch. Give linseed oil and turpentine. Puncture with trocar and canula, or knife. 898. Hydatids on Brain. — Sturdy. Coenurus Cerebralis. Watery tumour on the brain from tape worm of the dog. Operation. 8gg. Hydrophobia. Rabies. A specific febrile disease produced by a virus, principally seen in the dog. Destroy. ^ 900. Hydrothorax. Water in the chest.. Operation ; iron tonics. goi. Indigestion. Dyspepsia, injudicious feeding. Mild aperient medicine, combined with vegetable tonics. When acute, hot cloths to the belly. 902. Inflammation. Acute, sub-acute, and chronic. Local treatment : cold or hot applications to the part. Constitutional treatment : mild laxatives and fever medicines. » 903. Influenza. Specific infectious febrile complaint of horses, of epizootic character. .Isolate patient; warm, comfortable box; bandage legs and clothe body, Nitrate water to drink ; steam nostrils. 342 904. Intussusception. Telescoped gut (see Enteritis). 905. Jaundice. Yellows ; derangement of the liver. Give saline laxatives, and small doses of calomel. go6. Kennel Lameness (see Rheumatism). 907. Keratoma. Horny tumour on foot. Operation". 908. Laminitis [see F'ounder). 909. Laryngitis. Inflammation of the larynx. Comfortable box ; warm clothing. Steam nostrils ; apply stimulating embrocation to throat. Nitrate water to drink. 910. Leucohrhcea. Whites ; chronic inflammation of the vagina and womb. Antiseptic injections and tonic medicines. 911. Lice. Wash skin with phenyle, izal or chinosol solutions, or with decoction of stavesacre. 912. Lockjaw. Continuous muscular spasms due to a microbe. Put in dark loose box; keep perfectly quiet ; offer cold hay tea. If from a wound, dress with ailtiseptics. 913. LoupiNG III in Sheep. Derangement of the nervous system. Isolate ; give bromide of potassium. Apply salt to pastures as a preventive. 914. Luxation. Partial displacement of patella generally. Put in loose box ; keep quiet, and blister. 343 gi5- Lymphangitis. Weed. Cold water bandages to leg. Give linseed oil, followed by diuretics. gi6. Lymphatics. — Inflamed. From pricks and inj uries. Foment parts with hot water, or apply cold water bandages. Give saline aperient medicines. 917. Maladie du Coit of Horses. Covering disease. A specific disease of the male and female genital organs of a chronic ■ nature. Communicated at time of. service. Wash with disinfectants. Give chlorate of potash and quinine, or arsenic. 918. Mallenders and Sallenders. Chronic inflammation of the skin, back of knee, and front of hock joint. Apply oleate of mercury. 919. Mammitis. — Garget. Inflammation of the udder. Draw teats ; apply camphorated oil. Give small dose of antiseptic laxative medicine. 9201 Mange (see Acari). 921. Megrims. Giddiness. Perfect rest and quietness, and laxative medicine. 922. Melanosis. Tumour of a cancerous nature, seen in grey horses. Operation. 923. Meningitis. Inflammation of the coverings of the brain. Put into dark box; keep perfectly quiet. Give laxative medicine and ne»ve sedatives. 924. Metritis. Inflammation of the womb. _ Inject warm water containing disinfectants. Give linseed oil and laudanum. 344 925- Murrain. Foot and mouth disease. A contagious eruptive fever, affecting cows, sheep and pigs. Discharge from mouth ; smacking of the hps. Give chlorate potash in drinking water. *. 926. Myositis. Inflammation of the muscle. Rest ; fomentations ; alterative laxatives. 927. Nasal Gleet.— Ozcena. Discharge from the nostril. Inject with chinosol solution, also iodoform ; give iron tonics 92S. Navicular Disease. Grogginess ; ulceration of the navicular bone. Apply cold wet swabs to feet ; shoe with indiarubber pads. 929. Necrosis. Death of bone. Operation. 930. Nettle Rash. — Urticaria. Howks, or blains. Give carbonate of soda in water and spirit, or turpentine and oil. c,3i. Nephritis. • Inflammation of the kidneys, various forms. . Perfect rest ; hot cloths to the loins. Give small doses linseed oil and laudanum. 932. Omphalitis. Inflammation and suppuration of the naval cOrd. Open with a knife, and apply antiseptic dressing. Put on a cloth wrung out of hot water, and support with a bandage around the body. Give mild aperients. 933. Open.Joint. Rest ; cold water irrigation ; blistei^. 934. Ophthalmia. Inflammation of the eyes; simple ard periodic. Remove foreign body, if one. Apply boracic acid lotion ; keep in dark box ; give saline laxatives. 345 935 Orchitis. Inflammation of the testicles. Hot fomentations ; belladona applications ; saline alterative medicine. 936. Ostitis. inflammation of the bones. Cold or hot applications ; perfect rest ; blistering and firing. 937. Otorrhcea (see Canker of the Ear). 938. Paralysis. Loss of sensation and motion. Mainly due to lightning shock. Keep quiet ; give bromide of potassium. 939. Patella, dislocation of [see Luxation). 940. Pericarditis. Inflammation of the covering of the heart. Put in loose box ; keep perfectly quiet. 941. Periostitis. Inflammation of the covering of the bone. Perfect rest ; cold or hot water applications ; blisters. 942. Peritonitis. Inflammation of the lining of the belly. Give laudanum and linseed oil ; hypodermics of morphia. Woollen rugs, wrung out of hot water, round the body. 943. Pharyngitis. Inflammation of pharynx ; sore throat. Put into well-ventilated box ; steam nostrils. Apply stimulating liniment to throat. Give chlorate of potash in drinking water. 944. Phlebitis. Inflammation of a vein. Apply blisters ; dress with antiseptics. 945. Phrenitis. Inflammation of the brain. Bleeding ; purgative medicines ; nerve sedatives. Cold applications to the head. 346 _ 946. Pleurisy. Inflammation of the lining of the chest. Bleeding ; laxatives ; hot cloths to the chest. . 947. Pleuro-pneumonia (Cow). Specific contagious inflammation of the lungs. Treatment not allowed ; under the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act. 948. PNEnMONIA. Inflammation of the lungs. Put in well-ventilated loose box. Apply hot blankets to the chest. Give linseed oil, spirits of nitre, and tartar emetic. 949. Pumiced Foot in the Horse. Convexity and weakness of the sole. Shoe with bar shoe and leather soles. 950. Purpura Hemorrhagica in the Horse. A febrile affection accompanied by extensive swellings on limbs and body. Purple patches on the lining of the nose. Well-ventilated loose box ; warm clothing. Give chlorate of potash in drinking water. 951. Pyemia, Blood poisoning. Formation of abscesses in various parts of the body. Wash with antiseptics and give quinine. 952. QniTTOR. A fistulous sore in coronet of the horse's foot. Wash with antiseptic agents ; caustics ; blister. 953. Rheumatism. A painful malady of the muscles, tendons, and joints. . Apply stimulating applications. Give salicylate of soda and bicarbonate of potash. 954. Rickets. Softening of the bone. Nourishing diet ; cod liver oil ; hme water ; Parrish's syrup. 955 Rinderpest. Cattle plague. Treatment not allowed. 347 956. Ringbone. Bony enlargement on pastern joint. Rest ; cold applications ; blister ; put on bar shoe. 957- Ringworm. Itchy, scaly and hairless patches on different parts of the body. Isolate animals and wash with phenyle and water. Apply carbolic oil, or tar ointment and sulphur. 958. Roaring. Wasting of the muscles of the larynx, giving rise to peculiar noise. Operation in bad cases. 959. SAr>DLE-GALi:,S. Sores, the result of badly fitting harness. Relieve pressure ; wash with antiseptics ; apply white lotion. 960. Sand Crack. Fissure in horn of hcof. Remove pressure ; dress with tar ointment, and put leather strap round hoof. 961. SePTIC/EMIA. Septic blood poisoning. If from wound, wash with antiseptics ; give quinine and generous diet. ig62. Sarcomatous Tumours. Cancerous tumours, generally on the face. Operation. 963. Scab in Sheep. Due to parasites. Dip sheep in non-poisonous dip. 964. Seedy Toe in Horsks. Secretion of degenerate horn in the walls of the hoof. Remove shoe ; operation and special dressing. 965. Shivering. A nervous affection and twitching of the muscles. Give bromide of potassium. 966. Shoulder Slip, Sprain, with wasting of the external muscles of shoulder blade." Blister ; long rest, and a run on grass. 348 967. Side Bone. Ossification of the lateral cartilages. Cold applications ; remove pressure ; put on bar shoe ; blister. 968. Sore Shins. Inflammation of shin bones. Long rest ; cold or hot water bandages. 969. Splint. Bony exostosis on shank bones. Rest ; cold water bandages ; blister. 970. Speedy Cut {see Brushing). 971. Sprains. Laceration of tendons and ligaments. Rest ; high-heeled shoe ; cold water bandages ; blister, and firing. 972. Stomatitis Pustulosa. Inflammation and ulceration of the lining of the mouth and skin of face. Wash with boracic acid lotion ; give chlorate of potash. 973. Strangles. Febrile suppurative disease, with abscesses between jaws and throat. Apply mustard and water to the parts. Give chlorate of potash in drinking water. Steam the nose with medicated watery vapour. 974. Stringhalt, Nervous affection and twitching of the muscle, with sudden clicking of one or more legs. 975. Sturdy [see Hydatids). 976. Swine Fever. An infectious disease accompanied by great depression and discoloration of the skin. Isolation ; treatment not allowed. 977. Synovitis. Inflammation of membraneous sac covering joints. Treatment same as for Arthritis. 978. Tapeworm [see Worms). 979. Teats Obstructed. Pass teat syphon ; draw off milk. 349 gSo. Thoroughpin. Bursal distention on sides of hock. Rest-; high-heeled shoe, and pressure by indiarubber bandage and truss. 981. Thrombosis. Clot of blood in artery or vein. Rest ; mild aperients. Iodide of potassium. 982. Thrush {see Aphtha). 983. Thrush in Horse's Frog. Foetid discharge from cleft. Wash with antiseptics or salt and water. 984. Ticks. . Dip with non-poisonous dips. 985. Tread. Bruise of the coronet. Cold applications ; if skin broken use antiseptics. 986. Tuberculosis. Specific disease, local or generalised, due to bacilli. Test with tuberculin. Give cod liver oil. 987. Tympanitis {see Colic, Hoven). 988. ULCERS. Various. Astringent antiseptic dressings. Good, nourishing diet, with iron tonics ; blister. 989. Urticaria {see Nettlerash). 990. Vaginitis. Inflammation of the vagina. Inject antiseptic solutions ; give linseed oil and laudanum. 991. Variola Ovina. Small-pox in sheep. Isolate animals. 350 992. Volvulus. Twist of the bowel [see Enteritis). 993. Warts (see Angle Berries). 994. Weed (see Lymphangitis). 995. Whistling in Horses. Modified form of roaring. 996. Worms, Great variety infesting various parts of the body. Nematoda (round and thread worms), .as ascarides, oxyures, strongyli. Trematoda (flat worms). Cestoda - taenia, tapeworms. Give turpentine and linseed oil. Salt, sulphate of iron, and flowers of sulphur. 997. Wounds. Wash with antiseptics ; stop bleeding with pressure ; stitch up. APPENDIX B. Medicines : Their Terms, Actions, Formulas AND Doses. 998. On account of the large number of diseases that are now found to arise from the presence of pathogenic, or disease producing germs in the fluids and tissues of the body, the administration of medical agents has during the last twenty years undergone a great change. Medical agents act both locally and generally, and are much influenced in their action by climate, temperature, habit, surroundings, susceptibility of the patient, and the nature of the disease. Some medicines again have special actions on certain structures and organs of the body, but their influence varies considerably in different classes of animals. To meet these conditions, medicines are, therefore, compounded and used in a variety of forms. 999. The Allopathic form is the oldest and most general in use, and in it drugs are employed in certain definite proportions in accordance with their action, and they are given by the mouth. The Homceopathic iorra, or Homceopathy — "like cures like,"— is seldom used in veterinary practice ; drugs, however, under this system are administered in the form of globules and in infinitesimal doses. 1000. Medical preparations are, as a rule, given by the mouth in the form of Balls, Boluses, Pills, and Draughts, or they are injected into the bowels by an enema. Hypodermic Iniections, that is, injections of certain medicines under the skin, are now extensively practised with good results ; medical and various other preparations are also frequently directly injected into the blood, and into the windpipe. looi. The peculiar actions of some of the drugs on the living body are known under special terms, such as Alteratives, Anesthetics, Anodynes, Antiseptics; Aperients, &c. 1002. Alteratives have an extensive range, and include the various preparations of the bromides, chlorides, iodides, sulphides, and the alkaline carbonates, and also the mercurial, arsenical, and vegetable extracts. It is not exactly known in what manner a number of them establish their action on the tissues of the body, but it is thought that they displace and remove effete debris from the system, and at the 352 same time supply the necessary normal constituents to the tissues. Alteratives have been in common use for ages past. The best of all the alteratives are, however, plenty of fresh air, proper ventilation and drainage, good sweet food, and clean bedding; also clipping, exercise, and good grooming in winter. Raw. linseed oil and cod liver oil, from half-an-ounce to two ounces, given once a day, have a splendid alterative action on horses and cows. For Sheep, one-fourth of the quantity may be given. Grass and other green foods are the best alteratives during summer. Winter, however, is the time when alterative medicines are usually given to the Horse. As an alterative for the Pig give one drachm each of carbonate of soda and flowers of sulphur can be given daily in the food. For the Dog the dose ought to be one to two drachms of Parrish's syrup, or Fellow's syrup of hypophosphites. 1003. AN.BSTHETICS are agents that produce insensibility, and control muscular action, and may be said to act both generally and locally. General Anasthetics produce insensibility by the inhalation through the nostrils of the lumes of Nitrous Oxide, Chloroform, and .^ther, or a mixture of the two latter. Local Anesthetics produce non-sensitiveness in the parts to which they are applied. A five per cent, solution of Cocaine, applied with a brush or cotton wool, answers best. Carbolic acid, aconite and extreme cold are also occasionally used. 1004. Anodynes relieve pain, and act both locally and generally. The local agents are for outward application, and are many, such as hot and col'd water applications, belladonna, cocaine, menthol, tar, carbolic acid, blisters, &c. The general agents are either given by the mouth or— hypodermically— by the skin. Those most generally given by the mouth are opium, chloral hydrate, spirits, also turpentine, and, hypodermically, morphia and atropine. C005. Anthelmintics, Vermicides, and Vermifuges, are worm annihilators and expellers. The Vermicides are supposed to kill the worms, while the Vermifuges purge the parasites from the inside wall of the bowels and expel them. Green food in the early summer months is a good vermifuge— particularly for Bots in the horse. 1006. Antiseptics retard and prevent the development of disease-producing germs, while disinfectants kill them outright, therefore an antiseptic cannot take the place of a disinfectant, but certain disinfectants, when diluted, will act as antiseptics. Antiseptics act both externally and internally, but in the latter case they are very uncertain in their action, as disease-producing germs are difficult to deal with when present within the living body. Common salt, hyposulphite of soda, and quinine are amongst the best and safest antiseptics for internal use. External antiseptic agents are numerous. Carbolic acid is the agent mostly used in veterinary practice, when diluted— say one 353 part ■ of the acid with ten to sixty parts of glycerine, olive oil, or water, phenyle, chinosol and sanitas are occasionally used, and are diluted according to the purpose for which they are required. ^ 1007. Antispasmodics are remedies that relieve or prevent spasm or cramp of the muscular fibres. The list of such agents is very great. Those used externally axe cold and hot applications, friction, massage, blood-letting, and any form of counter-irritationj* Those used internally are spirits, laudanum, morphia, chloral-hydrate, turpentine, camphor, etc. Hypodermic injections of morphia and atropine are used, also inhalations of chloroform and sther, and watery vapours of essential oils, eucalyptus oil, camphor, &c. 1008. Aperients (see Purgatives). 1009 Aromatics (see Carminatives). loio. Astringents check and arrest too abundant secretions, and cause the parts to contract and condense. The materials used are the mineral and vegetable acids, mineral salts, chalk, oak bark, alum, turpentine, and opium. ion. Antiperiodics are medicinal agents that prevent or lessen the active symptoms of certain complaints, of a recurring or intermittent nature. For these quinine, arsenic, iodine, and the bromides, answer best. 1012. Antipyretics (see Febrifuges). 1013. Blisters, Counter-irritants, Rubefacients, Vesicants. — These agents differ very much in their action and intensity, according to the materials used. They cause heat, pain, redness and swelling of the part to which they are applied, and thus relieve the pain, or the congestion and inflammation in the more deep-seated parts, and they also promote absorption of adjacent enlargements. A number of substances are used as Counter-irritants. From two to three ounces of mustard mixed in one pint of cold water make a good simple counter- irritant for the throat in common cold, pharyngitis, and laryngitis. For applying to the sides of the chest in bronchitis, pneumonia, etc., double the strength of the above must be used. Blisters for horses and cattle are used in the form of liquids and ointments, and of these there are various preparations. 1014. Carminatives, Aromaiics, Cordials, and' Stomachics. —These articles, like antispasmodics are used to stimulate the stomach and intestinal canal into action, also to condense gases and to expel flatus. The aromatic seeds and the essential oils— as oil of mint — are used for this purpose. As a general cordial or stomachic, the following mixture is useful : equal parts of ginger, gentian, caraway seeds, aniseed, coriander seeds, and pimento; grind very fine and mix well together. 354 For the horse and coiv from three to five ounces of the mixture may be given in three gills of warm ale or treacle gruel, as a warming drench. For sheep give one-fourth of this dose. Four ounces of this cordial, if added to a dose of salts, assist the latter greatly in its action. 1015. Cathartics (see Purgatives). ioi6. Caustics, Escharotics, Styptics.— These agents are generally used to arrest excessive granulations in wounds, or to stimulate healthy action in indolent ulcers ; also to remove warty excresences, and they are used both in solid and liquid forms. Nitrate of silver (caustic), sulphate of copper, sulphate of zinc, &c., can be applied in fine powder or dissolved in -(jater. Tincture of iron and tincture of benzoin, carbolic acid, turpentine, &c., make good styptics i.e., arresting bleeding, and for this the hot iron is also at times used with good effect. 1017. Counter-Irritants (see Blisters). 1018. Decoctions, Infusions, Tinctures, are medical solutions prepared in different ways. Decoctions are made by cutting or bruising the roots, seeds, or leaves of medicinal plants, boiling them in distilled water for a certain time and straining through muslin, a little spirits being added to preserve them. Infusions are prepared by digesting bruised vegetable products in hot water and straining, also adding a little spirit. Tinctures are made by macerating drugs in spirits, or spirits and water, for a certain period, and then filtering. When these are properly prepared, they are all useful and handy forms of medical preparations. 1019. Deodorisers are agents that disguise, neutralize, or destroy bad smells; such agents being chloride of lime, mercury, carbolised lime, strong acids, chinosol, charcoal, moss litter, &c. 1020. Demulcents, Emollients, Lubricants^— These agents have a semi- mechanical action. They protect raw surfaces from external influences, also soothe, soften and relax the parts to which they are applied. They include, flour, starch, treacle, milk, cotton wool. Fuller's earth, oils, fats, vaseline, glycerine, etc. Applications of cloth wrung out of cold or hot water come under this head. 1021. Diaphoretics, Sudorifics.— These act on the sweat glands of the skin, increasing their action, and causing the animal to perspire. It is difficult to get the horse or cow to sweat. I have found that putting the animal into a close box and giving a vapour bath is the best plan, or another way is to damp the body all over with cold water, covering up with a sheet wrung out of the water, over which dry woollen rugs and waterproof sheets are put, with plenty of cold water given to drink. From one to two ounce doses of spirits of nitre given in one pint of cold water at the same time, will assist the action. 355 1022. Disinfectants — A large number of simple and compound articles are used as disinfectants, but nothing beats a good supply of fresh air, bright ■sunshine, thorough cleanliness, good ventilation, and effective drainage. Boiling water, steam, a good hre, the burning of disease-producing products, chemical agents, such as carbolised lime, mineral salts, and the preparations of chlorine, also Condy's fluid, are all good disinfectants. 1023. Diuretics — These stimulate the kidneys to extra action, and cause an increased secretion of urine, washing out the kidneys as it were, also removing waste products from the system, and dropsical swellings from the legs and depending parts of the body. The substances most commonly use'd for this purpose are — Turpentine, nitrate of potash, resin, spirits of nitre, oil of juniper, &c. 1024. EcEOLics, Parturients. — These act upon the womb and cause it to contract and expel its contents, or they arrest haemorrhage from the womb. Excepting for the bitch, these agents are rarely used in veterinary practice. Ergot of rye is supposed to be the best. 1025. Embrocations, Liniments. — These are stimulating counter-irritants used for external application for sprains, bruises, sore throats, &c. They increase the action of the absorbent vessels, and also hurry forward suppurative processes. There are numerous formulas for the making of liniments and embrocations. 1026. Emetics are articles used to cause vomiting and emptying of the stomach. Those used in veterinary practice are for dogs and cats only. One teaspoonful each of mustard and common salt, given in half-a-teacupful of warm water generally answers for a dog. 1027. Emollients {see Demulcents). 1028. Expectorants assist in the removal of the secretions from the air passages, and for this purpose, ammonia, camphor, turpentine, and balsams can be used, but the best expectorant for the horse or cow in catarrhal and lung affections, is the inhalation of warm vapour, arising from steamed hay in the bottom of a pail, over which some camphor shavings, or oil of eucalyptus, and one quart of boiling water have been sprinkled. 1029. Escharotics {see Caustics). 1030. Febrifuges, Antipyretics. — These agents are numerous, and have-difierent actions on various parts of the body, according to the cause of the fever, but are Generally used for lowering the temperature of the body. In many cases in the horse and cow bleeding answers the quickest, and with good effect ; in other cases purgatives, when used judiciously, greatly assist in lowering the 356 temperature, Sponging the body with cold water, and putting on a sheet wrung out of the water, and covering up withwooUen rugs have also a good effect. The medical agents, used are spirits of nitre, antimony, camphor, salicylates, carbolic acid, quinine, &c. In sympathetic fever, from one-and-a-half to three ounces of hyposulphite of soda can be given every six hours as a drench, or in drinking water. Sulphate of quinine or salicylate of soda can also be given. 1031. Germicides, Parasiticides, Insecticides. — These are preparations that destroy parasitic or insect life Those most commonly used are carbolic acid, and carbolic preparations generally, such as phenyle and sheep-dip preparations, also chlorides, bromides and iodides. The inhalation of chlorine, sulphur, or iodine fumes acts as a parasiticide to the small thread worms in the bronchial tubes in young calves and lambs, when affected with hoose (see Worms), 1032 Hyp.notics and Sedatives are ussd to induce sleep and relieve pain. The substances commonly used are laudanum, morphia, chloral-hydrate, bromide of potassium, and spirits. Excepting in the dog and cat sleep is difficult to induce in the larger animals. 1033. Infusions [see Decoctions). 1034. Insecticides [see Germicides). 1035. Lotions, Refrigerants, " CooHk^ LoWohs,"— These watery solutions of drugs are numerous, and are generally used externally. They cool the part to which they are applied, allay pain, and check the circulation-, and are used after fomentations on swellings and bruises, such as capped elbow and hock. 1036. Lubricants {see Demulcents). 1037. Ointments are semi-solid, paste-like substances, made by incorporating ceotain medical agents with lard, or vaseline, and these may be mixed on a slab, or in a mortar. Ointments consisting of lard, wax, turpentine, resin, &c., are melted over a slow fire with medical agents stirred in. 1038. Parasiticides {see Germicides). 1039. Parturients {see Ecbolics). 1040. Purgatives, Cathartics, Laxatives, Aperients.— There are a great many medical agents that are used as such. They stimulate the action, and increase the secretion of the lining membrane of the bowels, and empty the alimentary canal. For the Horse, Barbadoes aloes is most generally used, also castor and linseed oils, Epsom and Glauber salts. For the Cow and Sheep, Epsom and Glauber salts, linseed or castor oil. To the Pig, jalap and croton oil are 357 given, and to the Dog, castor oil and syrup of buckthorn. For full doses see the table. For laxative or aperient doses, from one-fourth to one-fifth of the full dose can be used. Croton Oil should only be given to the pig. It is highly dangerous to the other domestic animals. 1041. Refrigerants [see Lotions). 1042. Restoratives [see Tonics). 1043. Rubefacients (sfs Blisters). 1044. Sedatives (see Hypnotics). 1045. Stimulants are various. They have different actions on different organs of the body, and are used both externally and internally. Externally, cold and hot applications, embrocations, liniments, blister, &c., have a stimulating effect. Inte-rnallv, spirits, ammonia, cold water, tea, coffee, &c., are used. Sedatives generally have a more or less stimulating action at first, but this is followed by a sedative reaction. See Carminatives. 1046. Styptics {see Caustics). 1047. Stomachics (see Carminatives). 1048. SupoRiFiGS {see Diaphoretics). 1049. Tinctures {see Decoctions). 1050. Tonics, Alteratives, and RusToiiATivES.— These agents give tone and impart strength to the portions of the body for which they are specially adapted. They are usually given when the system or any one or more parts of it become weakened and relaxed from over-exertion. The tissues of the body, when not diseased, have an innate power within themselves of replacing the waste, therefore the essentials most needed as a tonic and restorative are, a good supply of fresh air, pure water, sound and proper food, good ventilation, drainage, and clean beds. . Restorative tonics are vegetable bitters, and aromatics, combined with some of the alkalies, and also the mineral acids, and mineral salts, 1051. Vermicides {see Anthelmintics). 1052. Vermifuges (see Anthelmintics), 1053. Vesicants {see Blisters), 358 Simple Formulas Referred to in the Various Paragraphs. The following medicines and doses are for adult animals, therefore other doses must be regulated according to age and size of animal ; — 1054. Alterative Powder for Horses. I. Epsom Salts, . . . . . . . . from r to 2 oz. Saltpetre,; ,, 2 to 4 dr. Flowers of Sulphur .. .. .. ,, 3 to 6 dr. Carbonate of Iron . . . . . . ,, i to 2 dr. Mi.x together and give in a mash two or three times a week during winter. Alterative Tonic Medicine for Horse or Cow. II. Chloride of Sodium (Common Salt) . . . . 3 dr. Powdeired Nux Vomica . . . . . . . . i dr. Exsiccated Iron . . . . . . . . . . i dr. Mix for one dose, to be given once a day in the food. Suitable for Pars. 30, 246, 440, 452, 453. Alterative Cough Medicine. III. Fowler's Solution of Arsenic. In doses from one to two tablespoonfuls given once a day in the food. Suitable for par. ,516. 1055. Antiseptic Washes and Dressings for Wounds. I. Phenyle or Jeye's Fluid . . . . . . . . i oz. Cold Water . . . . . . . . . . 2J pints. Mix, and apply to the wound with a sponge, or, II. Chinosol .. .. .. .. .. .. 45 gr. Water _ . . . . . . . . . . . . t pint. Mix and apply with a sponge. Carbolic Mixture. III. Carbolic Acid . . . . . . . . . J oz. Olive Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . 7j oz. Mix and apply with a feather to the wound. Antiseptic or Black Oil Mixture. IV Turpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . i J oz. Sulphuric Acid (strong) . . . . . . . . 2 dr. Linseed Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 oz. Put the turpentine into a large jar, and add the acid very carfuUy, as a strong 359 chemical action takes place when the two meet, then add the linseed oil Apply to wounds with a feather. Pars. 129, 132, 133, 149, 207, 286, 335, 677. White Lotion. Caustic Antiseptic Healing Lotion, for wounds generally, such as broken knees, sore backs, shoulders, &c. V. Sulphate of Zinc . . . . . . . . . . 2 dr. Sugar of Lead . . . . . . . . . . 2 dr. " Cold Water 2 pt. Mix and apply to the wound once a day with a clean sponge. Pars. 30, 130, 133, 204, 663, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669. Caustic Powder for Wounds and Raw Surfaces. Finely Powdered Blue Vitrol . . . . . . i oz. VI. ,, „ Galls I oz. ,, ,, Starch . . . . .. . . i oz. ,, ,, Charcoal . . . . . . i oz. Mix and dust over wounds as required. Pars. 130, 131, 132, 133, 149, 204. Iodoform Dressing. VII. Iodoform i dr. Oak Varnish . . . . . . . . . . . . i oz. Mix together and apply to the wound with a brush, over which place a layer of cotton wool and secure with a bandage. Pars. 131, 149. 1056. Charge for Joints. Black Pitch 3 lbs. Green Tar (Stockholm) . . . . . . . . ij lbs. Melt over a slow fire, stir well together, and smear over joint when nearly cold. Pars. 1x4, 156, 157, 158. 1057. Colic or Gripe Draught for Horses. I. Linseed Oil Laudanum Spirits of Nitre, or Turpentine Mix and give as one dose. The following may also be given : — II. Carbonate of Ammonia Chloral Hydrate Carbolic Acid Mix with a little linseed meal-, and make into a ball. Pars. 244, 256, 257, 265, 307. 15 oz. 2 oz. 2 oz. 4 dr. 4 dr. 30 dp. 360 £058. Cooling Diet for Fevers. Green food (grass, tares, vetches, clovers, lucerne, sainfoin), carrots, turnips, and potatoes, warm mashes of bran or boiled barley and bran, also cold water, hay tea, milk, linseed jelly and milk to drink. Pars, 38, 41. 1059. Cough Mixture for Horse (General). I. Chlorodyne .. .. .. .. .. 4 oz. Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 oz. Mix and give two tablepoonfuls night and morning in the food. Par. 495. Cough Ball for Horse. II. Powdered Carbonate Ammonia .. .. .. 2 dr. Camphor .. .. .. .. .. i dr. , Squills . . . . . . . . . . I dr. Digitalis .. .. .. .. .. J dr. Mix and make into a ball with a little honey or treacle ; give one each night. Pars. 515, 516. Cough Pills for Dogs. III. Carbonate of Ammonia .. .. .. .. 36 gr. Powdered Squills . . . . . . . . . , 30 gr. Camphor . . . . . . . . 30 gr. ,, Digitalis .. .. .. .. .. 18 gr, Mix into amass with a little honey, and divide into twelve pills; give one ..every day. Pars. 525, 527. 1060. Diarrhcea Mixture for Horse or Cow. ■1. Carbonate of Magnesia .. .. .. .. 4 dr. Carbonate of Soda . . Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia Tincture of Ginger . . Chlorodyne . . Mix and give in three gills cold water, and repeat every eight hours if necessary. For Dysentry, from 30 to 60 drops of oil of cloves, creosote, or carbolic acid can be added to this mixture. Pars. 266, 267, 311, 314. Diarrhcea Mixture for Pig and Dog. II. Sub-nitrate of Bismuth .. .. .. .. 10 gr. Carbonate of Soda ... . . . . . . . . 40 gr. Carbonate of Magnesia ..... . . . . 40 gr. Mix and give in warm milk. Pars. 276, 283. 4 dr. 4 dr. 4 dr. 4 dr. 36i Gregory's Mixture, for Calv III. Carbonate of Soda . . ■Es IN White Scour. Carbonate of Magnesia Powdered Rhubarb . . Ginger. ..... Mix and give one tablespoonful night and morning in milk. Par. 333. 2 oz. 2 oz. I oz. I oz. 1061. Embrocation or Liniment. I. Gum Camphor 2 dr. Turpentine 2 oz. Colza Oil 5 oz. Strong Liquid Ammonia .. .. 3dr. Liquor Potassie . . , 3 dr. Dissolve the camphor in the turpentine, then add the other ingredients, and shake well together and apply externally. Pars. 239, 496, 499, 525. Blisters for General Use. Liquid Fly Blister. II. Powdered Cantharides . . . . . . . . 2 dr. Turpentine . . . . . . . . , . . . 4 oz. Colza Oil . . . . . . . . . . . 4 oz. Mix and heat in a water bath. To be shaken up and well rubbed into the parts where required. This can be made weaker by adding together equal parts of this liquid blister and colza oil. When so diluted it makes a good counter-irritant for sore throats. BiNioDiDE Ointment. III. Biniodide of Mercury . . . . . . j dr. Lard or Vaseline . . . . . . . . . . 7 dr. Mixed well together. This is suitable for pars. 160, 237, 505. 1062. Fever Drench for Horse or Cow, I. Acetate of Ammonia, Dilute Spirits of Nitre Sulphuric jEther 3 oz. I oz. Joz. Mix and give in one pint of cold water as a drench twice or thrice a day. Pars. 38, 40. 362 Saline Averient Fever Medicine for Horse or Cow. II. Glauber Salts 2 oz. Nitrate of Potash (Saltpetre) 3^'^- Cream of Tartar ... 3 dr. Mix and give as a drench in a pint of cold water ; or in drinking water or cold hay tea, two or three times a day. Pars. 38, 40, 71. 201, 206, 657, 658, 663, 665, 805. Antiseptic Fever Draught for Horse or Cow. III. Sulphate of Quinine - - • ■ i dr. Hydrochloric Acid 20 dp. To be mixed in one pint cold water and given as a drench twice a day, with two drachms of chlorate of potash in the drinking water. Pars 41, 201, 206. Antiseptic Fever Powders for Cow. IV. Hyposulphite of Soda .. .. .. .. 2 oz. Exsiccated Iron . . . . . . ■ . . ■ i dr. Mixed Carminatives (Par. 1014) . . . . . . 3 oz. Mix and give in one quart of thin gruel night and morning. Pars. 791, 805. Fever Powders for Rheumatism, for Horse and Cow. V. Salicylate of Soda . . . . . . . . . . 2 dr. Bicarbonate of Potash . . . . . . . . 3 dr. Mix and give in the food night and morning. Pars. 143, 144. Ammonia Nitrated Water VI. Carbonate of Ammonia . . . . . . . . 3 dr. Nitrate of Potash . . . . . . . . . . 3 dr. Dissolve in a pail of cold water, or cold hay tea, and offer animal to drink, for general fever purposes. Pars. 439, 442. 1063 Liver or Alterative Pills for Dogs. Blue Pill Mass i dr. Powdered Aloes . . . . . . . . , . i dr. Powdered Rhubarb . . . . . . . . . . i dr. Mix and make into twelve pills, and give one every third day. Pars. 525, 527. 363 1064. Lotions, Refrigerants. A simple refrigerant can be readily made as follows ; I. Saltpetre . . . . . . . . . . . . i oz. Common Salt . . . . . . . . . . i oz. Cold Water ... . . . . _. . . . . . i pt. Vinegar ... .. .. .. .. ... i pt. Dissolve the salt and saltpetre in the water, then add the vinegar.. Shake well up, and apply a little to the affected parts, after hot fomentations. Pars 148, 159. An Antiseptic Lotion for sore and ulcerated mouths cjn be made as follows : — II. Condy's Fluid . . . . . . . . i tablespoonful. Cold Water .. .. .. .. .. i pint. or — III. Boracic Acid . . . . . . . . . . 2 dr. Hot Water . . . . . . . . . . i pint. The mouth may be washed out night and morning with a little of either of the above. Pars. 229, 231, 232, 233, 237, 238. Eye Lotion. IV. Boracic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 dr. Wine of Opium 2 dr. Rose Water . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 oz. . Distilled Water .. .. 6 oz. Mix and apply a little night and morning with a clean sponge. Pars. 629, 631, 632, 640. 1065. Purging or Physic Balls for Horses. I. Powdered Barbadoes Aloes 4 to 8 dr. Powdered Ginger . . . . . . . . i to 2 dr. Mix and make into one ball with a little honey As a laxative, or aperient, from one-quarter to one-half can be given. Pars. 245, 1039. Laxative Medicine for Cow. II. Glauber Salts . . 4 oz. , Mixed Carminatives (par. 1014) 3 oz. Mix and give in thin gruel every eight hours. Par. 301. 364 4 oz. 80Z.. I quart. 3 lb. I lb. 1066. Ringworm Mixture for Horse and Cow. Flowers of Sulphur Spirits of Tar Whale Oil (Train Oil) Mix together and apply with a brush. Pans. 678, 805. 1067. Tar Ointment. Hard Fat or Palm Oil Green Tar Melt over a slow fire and stir well together. Pars. 194, 195, 204. 1068. Tonics and Tonic Diuretics for Horse. For One Ball— I. Nitrate of Potash 4 dr. Powdered R"esin . . . . . . . • . ■ 2 dr. Powdered Digitalis . . . . . . . . . . i dr. Sulphate of Iron i dr. Oil of Juniper 1 dr. Make into a ball with soft soap, and give daily for four to six days. Or a simple powder can also be made up with — II. Nitrate of Potash . . . . . . . . . . 4 dr. Carbonate of Iron . . . . . . . . . . 2 dr. This may be given in a mash each night for six nights. The above powder also answers for ailments referred to in paragraphs 316, 436, 442, 450, 453. Iodine and Iron Tonic Powders for Horse and Cow. III. Iodide of Potassium . . . . . . . . . . 1 dr. Exsiccated Iron .... . . . . . . , . i dr. Nux Vomica . . . . . . . . . . . . i dr. Mix and give once a day in the food. Pars. 436, 4.40, 442, 450, 453, 513, 522. Alkaline Tonic Powders for Horse and Cow. IV. Carbonate of Soda . . . . . . . . . . 4 dr. Carbonate of Iron . . . . . . . . . . 2 dr. ^ Powdered Nux Vomica . . . . . . . . i dr. ,, Fenugreek.. .. .. .. .. 2 dr. Mix and give each night in the food, or as a drench in one pint of water. Pars. 319, 365. 3^5 1069. Worm Medicines. I. Worm Draught for Horse or Cow : — Turpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 to 4 oz. Raw Linseed Oil . . . . . . . . . . i pint. Mix and give as a drench in the morning once a week until four doses have been given. II. Worm Powder for Horse or Cow : — Flowers of Sulphur . . . . . . . . ... |-oz. Common Salt . . . . . . . . . . ij-oz. Sulphate of Iron . . . . . . . . . . i dr. Mix and give in the food once a day for a fortnight. III. Worm Powder for an Adult Sheep : — One fourth of the foregoing quantities can be given. IV. Worm Powder for the Pig : — Santonin, from three to ten grains in the food, can be given three times in a fortnight. V. Worm Powder for the Dog : — Powdered Areca Nut, one half to one drachm, to be given in milk after 24 hours fasting, and follow with — Syrup of Buckthorn . . . . . . . . J-oz. Castor Oil ,^-oz. VI. For Flukes in the liver of cattle and sheep, common salt is the best agent. VII. For Parasites in the respiratory organs (pars. 338, 339 545), Fumigations of sulphur, chlorine, and Iodine are resorted to. Pars. 254, 277, 278, 284, 312. 366 A List in Tabulated Form of some of the Medicines AND THEIR DoSES COMMONLY USED FOR THE HoRSE, Cow, Sheep, Pig and Dog. toyo. The doses are for ordinary adult animals, and can be increased or diminished, as the case may be. For younger animals the doses must be regulated according to age. Thus, for a horse three years old and upwards, cow .and sheep two years, pig, one-and-a-half years, dog. one year old, give full doses as per table ; for an animal half the above ages give half the quantity of medicine, and so on, as example — Horse three years old . . . . . . Give full dose. ,, One-and-a-half years old .. Half the dose. „ Nine month's old . . . . One-fourth the dose. Four-and-a-half months old .. One eighth the dose. FOR THE COW FROM A QUARTER TO HALF AS MUCH MORE CAN BE GIVEN AS WHAT IS NAMED ON THE FIRST COLUMN FOR THE HORSE. The terms used in the annexed columns may be understood as follows . — Oz. stands for Ounce ; Dr. for Drachm ; Gr. for Grain ; Dp. for Drop. MEDICINES. HORSE. SHEEP. PIG. DOG. jEther, Sulphuric. . i-ij oz. . . i-ijdr. .. 20-60 dp. Aloes 2-8 dr. - 2-4 dr. 15-60 gr. Alum 2-4 dr. 4-iidr. .. 20-60 gr . . ro-20 gr. Aniseed . . J-ii oz. .. 1-2 dr. i-2. dr. 15-30 gr. Antimony, Black . . Antimony, Tartarised (Tartar-Emetic) j 1-3 dr. Worms. 1-3 dr. Febrifuge. i-2 dr. . 10-30 gr. .. 7-20 gr. Emetic; 4-12 gr. .. 3-10 gr. Emetic. 2-6 gr. 2 6gr. 1-3 gr. I 2 gr. Areca Nut i-ij oz. . . 1-3 dr. i-2 dr. . . 4r2 dr. Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia ^-2 oz. 1-2 dr. J-2 dr. .. 20-60 dp. Assafoetida 2-6 dr. 1-2 dr. 15 60 gr. .. 5-20 gr. Belladonna Extract J-2 dr. . , 5-10 gr. .. 2-6 gr. ^-4 gr. 35? MEDICINES. HORSE. SHEEP. PIG. DOG. Bicarbonate of Soda J-I 02. 1-2 dr. 1-2 dr. 20-60 gr. Bicarbonate of Potash J-I oz. 1-2 dr. 1-2 dr. 20-40 gr. Boracic Acid 1-3 dr. 10-30 gr. .. 10-20 gr. . . 5-10 gr. Bromide of Ammonia 1-3 dr. 10 30 gr. . . 10-20 gr. . . -5-iogr. Bromide of Potassium 2-6 dr. i-2 dr. . . i-i dr. .. 10-20 gr. 1 Carbonate of Iron 1-3 dr. 15-30 gr. .. 10-20 gr. . . 5-10 gr. Carbonate of Ammonia 1-4 dr. I5 30gr- •• 10-20 gr. . . 5-iogr. Carbonate of Magnesia 1-6 dr. . . . 30-60 gr. .. 20-60 gr, . . 10-20 gr. Castor Oil (Purgative) J-iJ pint . , 2-8 oz. 1-3 oz. 4-2 oz. Calumba Powder . . 2-6 dr. .. i-2 dr. . . 15-60 gr. . . 10-20 gr. Calomel . . 15-fio gr. . . 4-10 gr. .. 2-7 gi^- *-2 gr Carraway J-2 oz. 1-2 dr. 4-iJdr. .. 10-30 gr. Cantharides 5-IO gr. .. 2-6 gr. 1-4 gr. 4-2 gr. Camphor 1-3 dr. 10-30 gr. .. 8-20 gr. 3-10 gr. Carbolic Acid 4-2 dr. .. 10-20 dp. . . 6-15 dp. . . 4-8 dp. Cayenne Pepper . . x-4 dr. i-2 dr. 15-60 gr. . . 8-30 gr. Chalk .. i-2 oz. . . 1-2 dr. i-2 dr. . . 4-1 dr. Chloride of Ammonia 2-6 dr i-ijdr. .. 15-60" gr. .. io-2ogr. Chloride of Lime . . 2-6 dr. 15-60 gr. . . 10-45 gr. . . 6-20 gr. Chinosol.. 4-iJdr. .. 8-20 gr. . . 5-12 gr. .. 3-6 gr. Charcoal J-iJ oz. . . 1-2 dr. 4-2 dr. 4-1 dr. Chloride of Sodium (Com- mon Salt) J-2 OZ. Cow, 8-16 OZ 14-3 dr. .. 1 1-2 drs. 1 Emetic. 20-60 gr. Chloral Hydrate . . 2-8 dr. . . 4-iidr. .. 15-60 gr. . . 8-30 gr. Chloroform 1-2 dr. 10-30 dp. . . 8-20 dp. . . 3- 10 dp. Chlorodyne 2-8 dr. . . 10-60 dp. . . 10-30 dp. . . 3-15 dp. 368 MEDICINES Chlorate of Potash Cocaine . . Cod Liver Oil Coriander Powder Croton Oil Cream of Tartar . . Easton's Syrup . . 1-3 dr. 2-8 gr. 2 8 oz, J-iJ oz. 5-ro dp. 1-3 oz. J-2 oz. Epsom Salts — (Sulphate oii J-i lb. Magnesia) (purgative) Ditto. Ergot of Rye Eucalyptus 1-3 oz. J-i oz. i-i dr. Gentian (powdered) Ginger (powdered) Glycerine Glauber Salts (Sulphate of Soda) (purgative) Ditto 2-8 dr. 2-8 dr. ^ 5 oz. J-i lb. 1-3 oz. Hydrochloric Acid, (dilute)' 1-3 dr. Hyposulphite of Soda .. J-4 oz. Iodine Iodide of Potassium Iodoform Jalap Juniper Berries . . Laudanum (Tincture of Opium) 10..60 gr. i-2 dr. iJ-2 dr. 4-2 oz. 1-4 oz. 10-30 gr. 1-3 gr- 3-8 dr. 1-2 dr. 2-4 dp. 2-5 dr. 2-3 dr. 1-4 oz. Febrifuge for i-ijdr. 10-20 dp. j-2 dr. i-2 dr. 3-8 dr. 1-4 dr. Febrifuge for 10-30 dp. 1-4 dr. z-5 gr. 10-30 gr. ^5-30 gr. . : 1-3 dr. 1-4 dr. 10-20 gr. i-2 gr- 2-6 dr. 4-1* dr. 5-10 dp. 1-3 dr. 1-2 dr. ^-2 oz. Horse and 4-1 dr. . , 8-12 dp. .. 15-60 gr. .. 15-60 gr. .. 2-5 dr. Plorse and 10-20 dp. 4-14 dr. 1-3 gr- 4-20 gr. 10-20 gr. 1-3 dr. 4-2 dr. 4-2 dr. 3-10 gr. B-i gr. 1-5 dr 20-60 gr. 4-2 dp. 4-14 dr. 4-14 dr. 1-4 dr. Cow. 10-30 gr. 2-6 dp. 7-20 gr. 7-20 gr. 1-3 dr. 4-'4 dr. Cow 4-10 dp. 15-45 gr. 4-2 gr. 2-10 gr. 6-10 gr. 4-^4 dr. 15-60 gr. 10-25 dp. 369 IJEDICINES. HORSE. SHEEP. PIG. DOG. Liquor Ammoniae, Acetatis (dilute) Linseed Oil (purgative) 2-6 oz. J- I J pint . . J-:J oz. .? 3-10 oz. . . 2-8 dr. 2-6 oz. 1-3 dr. 1-2 oz. Male Fern (Liquid Extract J-ii oz. .. 1-3 dr. J-2 dr. 15-35 dp. Morphia.. 5-10 grs. .. 1-2 gr. 4-iigr •-- figr. Mustard . . Nitrate of Potash (Saltpetre) i-14 oz, . . Febri 1-4 dr. .. 1-2 dr. fuge 10-35 gr, .. i-ijdr. .. 8-20 gr. . . 14-20 gr. Emetic. ' 2-5 dr. 3-10 gr. Ditto — Diuretic Twice the above doses. Nitric Acid (dilute) 1-3 dr. 12-35 dp. •• 8-20 dp. . . 4-10 dp. Nux Vomica 20-60 gr. . . 3-15 gr- •• 2-10 gr. 1-3 gr. Oak Bark, (powdered) 2-5 dr. J-iJ dr. . . 15-60 gr. . . 8-20 gr. Oil of Juniper 4-iJdr. .. 8-20 dp. . . 5-16 dp. .. 2-5 dp. Oil of Mint 20-60 dp. . . 5-10 dp. . . 4-7 dp. . . 1-3 dp. Opium (powdered) 1-2 dr. 6-30 gr. . . 5-20 gr. . . 1-5 gr- . Pimento Powder (Sweet Pepper) Pepper (black) 2 6 dr. . . 1-3 dr. J-iJdr. .. 15-30 gr. .. 20-60 gr. . . 8-20 gr. . . 8-20 gr. 4-12 gr. Pepper (white) 1-3 dr. 15-30 gr. .. 8-20 gr. . . 4-12 gr. Quassia Powder . . 3-6 dr. i-i dr. .. 20-30 gr. .. 8-20 gr. Quinine (Sulphate) J-2 dr. 5-15 gr- • - 3-10 gr. . . 2-5 gr- Resin J-i oz. i-ij dr. . . J-i dr. . . 15-30 gr. Rhubarb (powdered) J-i oz. 2-3 dr. 1-2 dr. 15-30 gr. Santonin 15-40 gr. . . 3-15 gr- ■ • 2-10 gr. . . 1-5 gr- Salicylate of Soda 2-4 dr. 25-45 gr- •■ iS-30gr. .. 7-20 gr. 2B 370 MEDICINES. HORSE. SHEEP. PIG. DOG. Spirits of Nitre . . 'i-3 OZ. .. 2-4 dr. 1-3 dr. 20-60 dp. Subnitrate of Bismuth 1-2 dr. 10-30 gr. . . 7-20 gr. . . 3-10 gr. Sulphur (Flowers) i-ij 02. . . 1-2 dr. 1-4 dr. 20-60 gr. Sulphate of Iroli . . 1-3 dr. 15-30 gr- ■■ 8 20 gr, 5-10 gr. Sulphuric Acid (dilute) 1-3 dr. 15-30 dp. . . 8-20 dp. . . 4-10 dp. Sulphate of Copper i-2 dr. . . 10-15 gr. .• 5-iQ gr. . . 1-3 gr. Sulphate ot Zinc . . i-2 dr. .. 8-15 gr. . . 4-10 gr. . . 1-3 gr. Sugar of Lead Jiidr, .. 10-25 gr. ■• 4-15- gr- .. 1-3 gr. Syrup of Buckthorn Syrup of Squills . . 1-2 OZ. 1-3 dr. 1-2 dr. i-2 0Z. Cat 1-2 dr. i-i dr. Tannic Acid i-ij dr. . . 10-20 gr. . . 8-16 gr. . . 2-6 gr. Tincture oi Aconite (Flem- ing's) Tincture of Arnica 10-2S dp. .. i-H OZ. . . 2-8 dp. . . i-ij dr. . . 2 6 dp. i-i dr. . . 1-3 dp. 10-20 dp. Tincture of Benzoin i-2 OZ. 1-3 dr. 1-2 dr. 15-35 dp. Tincture of Catechu J-2 OZ. 1-4 dr. 1-3 dr. i-ri dr. Tincture of Ginger J-2 OZ. 2-4 dr. i-ii dr. . . 15-25 dp. Tincture of Iron . . i-4dr. .. 10-60 dp. . . 5-20 dp. . . 3-10 dp. Turpentine i-2 OZ. 1-4 dr. i-i dr. ... 20-50 dp. 1071. Weights, Measures, and other Substitutes: One small Dessertspoonful ' . . One-quarter of an ounce. One small Teaspoonful . . Sixty Grains or Minims (Drops) One small Tablespoonful Two small Tablespoonfuls One small (sherry) Wineglassful Two ounces. One Teacupful . . One BreaUfastcupful One-eighth of an ounce (or one drachm) One drachm. One half-ounce. One ounce. Six ounces. Teh ounces or half-pint. As spoons and glasses vary very much in size, the smallest must be used to represent the above. APPENDIX C. Various Forms of Manual Aid. 1072 Balls, Boluses, Pills, are the most convenient forms of administering medicines to horses and dogs. To prepare a ball for a horse the medicinal agents are mixed together with a little linseed meal, and beat up into a paste in a mortar, with the addition of honey, treacle, or soft-soap, and rolled into a cylindrical mass about three-quarters-of-an-inch in diameter, then cut into lengths about three inches each, and either folded into fine paper, secured at each end, or put into a gelatine capsule. Pills for dogs are prepared somewhat similarly, but much less in size. In administering the ball to the horse, the operator stands to the right or off-side and rather to the front, and with the left hand takes hold of the horse's tongue and gently pulls the point of the tongue to the outside of the mouth, and with the ball fixed between the three first fingers of the right hand, passes it quickly along the roof of the mouth to the back of the throat and leaves it, then withdraws the hand from the mouth, releases the tongue, and holds the jaws firm and close together by the aid of the left hand on the nose and the right on the under jaw, and looks for the ball to pass down the gullet on the near— or left side. Or the mouth may be kept open with the balling iron (Plate XXX. , Fig. 5 ) , the tongue held and tJie ball put in as above. A balling gun (Plate LI., Fit:. I.J is sometimes -used instead of the hand to place the ball at the back of the mouth. To give a pill to a dog, place the left hand over the nose, just below the eyes, and press the cheek of the left side against the upper teeth with the fingers, and the cheek of the right side with the thumb, when the dog will himself open his mouth wide enough for the pill to be put into the back part of the throat with the thumb and forefinger of the right hand. 1073. Bedding. — It is important that animals should have clean, dry beds. For this purpose straw is mostly used, both in stall and box. When straw is scarce the bedding should be well dried in the fresh air every day. Sawdust is now extensively used in large towns, also moss litter, and both answer well. For boxes we prefer the mass litter for horses and cattle; it keeps, down bad smells, absorbs- moisture,, and ground damp, In outlaying districts dried brackens and dried rushes are much used, for bedding. 372 I074- Bleeding, when judiciously performed, has a quick and decidedly beneficial eftect, as in acute attacks of fever, inflammation, azoturia, &c. The operation is generally performed by the aid of a lancet- or fleam, A cord is put round the neck of the horse or cow, close to the breast, and pulled tight, until the jugular vein running down the neck is seen to rise and become full and tense. The point of the blade of the fleam is then placed lightly on the distended vein, and with a sharp stroke with a bleeding stick on the- back of the fleam, the blade is driven into the vein when the blood flows out ; after drawing from three to six quarts of blood, or what is necessary, the cord is removed from the neck, and the lips of the wound closed by putting a pin through them and holding it in its place, with a piece of cord twisted round ■ the ends like the figure of eight 1075. BuLL-DoG, OR Bull-Grip, is an instrument used for restraining cattle ; the action is somewhat similar to the twitch for the horse. It resembles a pair of pincers, with bulbs on the ends of the mouth or grip. When opened, one bulb is put into the end of each nostril, they are then closed on to the partition dividing the nose and held tight by a screw, or spring and slide. In many minor operations this is the only instrument used for restraint, or more frequently the thumb and finger of an attendant is used in the same manner to steady the animal, 1076. Casting. — When some operations have to be performed it is necessary to cast the animal. There are various methods. For the Horse, the most simple is that known as the side lines. A good strong, soft hemp rope, about 20 to 25 yards long, is doubled at the middle, where a loop is made to go round the animal's neck, close to and in front of the shoulders, with the free ends of the rope hanging from the lower side of the loop. These ends are passed between the fore legs, one to the left and the other to the right, and are each carried to their respective sides, round each hind pastern from the outside to the inside, .passing the rope underneath the line running from between the fore legs; then up to and across the side of the shoulder through the loop round the neck. The assistants on the right side stand in front of the horse and those on the left stand behind. When the ropes are pulled, and the animal is cast, the head must be kept well back. The hind legs are then made fast by pulling the feet forward close up to each side of the chest, and making a hitch round the pasterns ; the fore legs are then secured by passing the rope round each pastern at their respective sides and tying them to the hind pasterns. Special hobbles are also made of strong leather, and put round the pasterns of each leg, and held together by loops through which a chain or rope is passed.- The legs are pulled together and the animal is thrown. For the Cow, make a loop at the end of a good strong cart rope. Put the loop over the head of the animal, carry it down 373 to and in front of the shoulders, taking care not to have it too tight. Place the knot in the loop on the side of the neck ; the rope is then carried along the side of the shoulder, and over the back just behind the shoulder, and under the chest, then make a half-hitch by putting the long end of the rope through the part coming from the neck loop ; pass the rope along the side and put it over the loins, around and under the belly, in front of the udder in the female, and in front of the sheath in the male, bringing it up and making another half-hitch on a line with the first. The free end is next carried behind and pulled ; the animal quietly lies down. A. number of operations can be performed under this method of restraint. 1077. Charges— Or Plaster Bandages, are agents which act as external supporters, and "in many cases they have a decided beneficial action, such as in windgalls, bog-spavin, thproughpin, and sprung tendons. The most convenient charge is made by melting over a slow fire, two parts of black pitch and one part of Stockholm tar ; stir well together, and when nearly cool smear over the parts. Plaster bandages are now greatly used for the support of sprung tendons and weak shanks, They are specially made from adhesive matters, in various lengths, breadths and colours. 1078. Chloroform Bag, is an ordinary leather bag resembling a muzzle, and is fixed on to the nose of the animal by a leather strap put behind the ears ; a sponge saturated with chloroform is put into the bottom of the bag, and to prevent the fumes escaping a towel is rolled round the top of the bag. A special chloroform muzzle invented by my old master, Mr. Joseph Carlisle, is the best and handiest. Previous to administering the chloroform the animal should be cast, and properly secured to prevent it injuring itself when the chloroform is taking effect, and passing oft. 1079. Cradle. — This is a simple appliance made of cylindrical pieces of wood or bamboo, about oiie-and-a-half inch in diameter, and varying in length from 15 to 20 inches, and about eight to twelve in number. They are fastened together by cords, with intervening spaces, and put round the horse's neck to prevent it biting or rubbing the parts, after firing and blistering. 1080. Docking, is the amputation of a portion of the tail of young horses. Although it is considered by many to be an act of cruelty, the operation is now more in vogue than it was in former years. There are various arguments for and against docking, also at what age it is best to operate. In performing the operation a. portion of the tail, varying in length, is selected, the hair is clipped off round the part, and the amputation is best done by a special docking knife or scissors, and the bleeding stopped by the apphcation of the hot docking iron. All the instruments must be scrupulously clean, as both lock-jaw and blood-poisoning occasionally follow docking. 374 io8i. Drenches, Draughts, Drinks. —When medicines are too bulky to give as a ball, the ingredients are mixed_ together and suspended in cold or warm water, thin gruel, warm ale or in linseed or castor oils, and given as a drench. The majority of medicines are administered in this form, to cattle, sheep and pigs in particular. In drenching a horse, buckle the ends of a narrow leather strap together in the form of a loop, put one portion into the mouth of the horse behind the incisor teeth, the other part is then carried over the nose close up to the eyes, through which put one of the prongs of a stable fork, to be held by an assistant standing on the left or rear side. By raising the prong end of the fork the head is elevated and the draught then administered by the aid of a special tin drenching bottle, or a long necked glass bottle, the neck of the bottle being inserted, into the mouth on the off-side, and the contents of the bottle emptied slowly and carefully into the mouth. The Cow is best drenched with the old- fashioned drenching horn. The head of the cow is steadied by an assistant standing on the left side and taking a firm hold of the horns, while the operator, standing on the cow's right side, passes his left arm round the forehead of the animal and puts his fingers into her mouth on the left side, takes a firm hold of the upper jaw, and with the right hand the open end of the drenching horn is inserted into the_mouth, the head elevated and the contents of the horn delivered to the back part of the mouth. A bottle may be used instead of the horn. The Pig is best drenched by -holding it by the ears, and inserting well into the mouth an old strong soled or wood-soled shoe, with a small hole in the toe — see Plate LI., Fig. 3. Hold the shoe firmly. in the mouth and pour the draught down the inside of it. In drenching the Dog, tie the upper and lower jaws together with a piece of tape, and with the fingers pull the cheek out behind the tape, and with a long necked bottle — small as possible— pass the draught bet_ween the cheek and back teeth. The pig can also be drenched by this method as well. 1082. Electuaries are medical agents mixed up and made into a paste or mass, with honBy, treacle, jellies, &c., and used in cases of sore throat, or wtere it is dangerous to administer balls or draughts. A piece of the mass is rubbed on the upper surface of the tongue, or on the roof of the mouth, three or four times a day, when it is sucked in by the patient'. It is thought by many to have a soothing effect. 1083. Enemas, CLYSTERS,or Injections, are valuable agents, and are made with cold or warm water, soap and water, tobacco infusion, solution of aloes. Sec, according to the purpose required. They are injected into the bowel by the means of a large special syringe, or a funnel pipe (Plate LI., Fig. 4), or by a funnel fixed on to a long or short flexible indiarubber tube, also by the injection pump, or by an ordinary indiarubber enema syringe. Warm water or warm water and glycerine are mostly used. 375 1084. Firing is performed by specially made instruments, which are heated in the fire to a deep red heat, and lines are drawn over the diseased part with the hot iron, or the part is punctured by a pointed instrument made hot. The operation can also be done by electricity with the thermo-cautery. Firing hurries on the process of reparative inflammation in disease of the bones, tendons, and joints, and also increases the power of absorption. 1085. Fomentations are accomplished by warm, soothing agents, applied to a damaged or diseased part, and mainly consist of warm water, to which medical agents may be added, according to circumstances. The process can be performed by simply bathing the parts with a sponge or cloth, applying woollen rugs wrung out of hot water, and by poultices, or spongio-piline. 1086. Fumigations are now extensively employed for the destruction of disease producing germs, parasitic pests, and for disinfecting stables and other buildings. The agents mostly used for fumigations are : chlorine gas, iodine, sulphur and formalin fumes,. Chlorine gas is liberated by mixing equal parts of common salt and black oxide of manganese in an earthenware jar, to which is added two parts each of oil of vitriol and water. Sulphur fumes are generated by burning roll sulphur in an old pan, or sulphur candles. Iodine fumigations are made by putting from one to more drachms of iodine on a piece of hot iron or hot brick. Formalin tablets are placed in a special crucible, and by the aid of a spirit lamp the fumes are liberated. When fumigating buildings all the animals must be removed, and the openings, windows and doors tightly closed ; after the fumigation the doors, windows, and ventilators must be freely opened before the animals are again admitted. 1087. Hypodermic Injections. — The method of giving medicine by injecting it through the skin, is one of the greatest boons in medical science, and is now largely practised. It is found that by injecting certain med icinal agents in solution " — which for this purpose are very numerous — under the skin, they establish their action morq quickly than when they are inhaled by the lungs. They are carried direct into the blood without undergoing any chemical changes, which they are very apt to do when given by the mouth. The operation is very simple, - and is performed by the aid of a graduated glass-barrelled syringe, with a fine hollow needle, fitted on to the nozzle of the syringe. The instrument in all cases must be kept scrupulously clean. The most convenient places for inserting the needle and injecting the medicine are in front of the breast or behind the elbow, where the skin is fine and thin . 1088. Inhalations are mostly used for soothing or stimulating the cavities of the head and air passages, also for the destruction of parasites in the windpipe.'and bronchial tubes. For cold in the head, laryngitis,- and bronchitis, they are 376 highly serviceable. The most common is the warm, moist air from a steam kettle, or the steam vapour from a hot mash or a sop of hay in the bottom of a stable bucket, the nose of the horse being held over it for twenty minutes three or four times a day. The action is very much benefited when about one tablespoonful of camphor shavings, turpentine, carbolic acid, or oil of eucalyptus is put amongst the hay before pouring on the hot water. 1089. Insufflators are hollow tubes, made either of vulcanite, wood. Japanned tin, or India rubber with a glass nozzle. They are of various lengths and shapes. The ordinary nasal insufilator is a hollow vulcanite tube about nine inches long with an India-rubber ball, having a hole in it, fixed to the broad end of the tube. It is used for inserting dry dressings, such as iodoform, into wounds, and the nose or ear. The dressing is put into an opening in the side of the tube, near the broad end, this is covered by a slide. The small end of the instrument is inserted into the nose, eir, &c., the rubber ball is then pressed and the dressing is distributed into the affected parts. 1090. Inoculations, Vaccines, or Anti-toxine Treatment. — These agents are said to have a protecting influence, and' prevent the disease-producing organisms invading the body. The vaccines or serums are prepared by cultivating the microbes that cause the disease, in certain media, or by inoculating animals with the microbes, and so, by passing them through their bodies, producing an attenuated form of vaccine. They are used to prevent as well as to cure diseases. 1091. Restraint Rope for the Horse. — Put the horse loose, into a stall but with a halter on the head and twitch on the nose. Double a strong cart-rope, and tie the loop end to the ring in the manger, or to the staps of the hay-rick ; then twist the loose ends of the rope together, and carry behind the thighs, above the hock ; here make a loop in the rope, and pass the ends over the top of the stall division and around the stall post, putting the free end of the rope through the loop behind the thighs ; one or two attendants pulling the "rope tight. Firing the hind legs can frequently be accomplished under this method. If possible operate on the leg next to the boards, then change sides for the other leg. For the Cow. —A ready mode of restraint is to put k strong, soft rope around the body of the animal, over the loins and in front of the udder, or the sheath in the male. Tie the ends, of the rope securely, and put a. strong walking stick under the rope on one side of the spine, and twist the stick round and round until the rope is sufficiently tight. This will prevent the animal from kicking and keep it quiet during the operation. Another method is to • tie a piece of rope, about five feet long, around the hind legs ; the middle of the rope is put around the outside of the left hind leg above the hock, and • the ends brought between the legs and twisted, .bringing one end in front of the right hock, and the other behind, and knotting together on the outside. 377- iog2. Setons are occasionally used to set up counter-irritation for the removal of deep-seated inflammations, and.to-drain off the contents of a watery cyst or an abscess, also to act as an alterative, as well as a prophylactic measure against black-quarter in cattle. The seton consists of a piece of linen tape, smeared over with some digestive or blister ointment, and inserted under the skin by a special needle, and secured by tying the ends of the tape together, or by attaching to each end of the tape a small piece of wood or a pledget Of cloth. The tape should be moved and dressed with some antiseptic oil twice a week. 1093. Slinging. — This method of giving mechanical support to * the horse is frequently resorted to. The slings should be made of good, strong double canvas, about five feet long and about two feet six inches wide, ^nd fixed at each end- to a horizontal bar of wood or iron, with loops or rings at each end of the two bars, to which ropes, chains, or pulleys are attached, and fixed to overhead beams. A good strong, broad leather breast and neck strap and broad breeching band behind are required to keep the patient in its place. It is not necessary to suspend the animal ; the slings are only for support and to keep the patient steady and prevent it falling. This appliance is of great service in cases of tetanus or when extensive injury h^s been done to the limbs or other portions of the body. A good strong India-rubber bag or bed filled vifith air and placed in the centre and sides of the slings affords great comfort to the patient and prevents chafing of the skin. 1094. Slinging the Hind Quarters in Difficult Parturition, or in Eversion OF THE Womb.— First fix a good pulley block to a beam above the patient, then ■ double a good strong, soft cart rope. Raise the hind quarters, and, with the loop end of the rope facing the back of the animal, draw the rope under the quarter on which the patient is lying, until one portion of the rope is pulled in front of the haunch bone, the other part being beneath the quarter, half way between the root of the tail and haunch point. The two free ends are now situated under the hind legs, one of which must be'fixed to the left hind leg, and the other to the right by means of two half-hitches around the hock, one , being above and the other below the joint ; then carry the two ends over the upper quarter and pass them through the loop end, pull tight and tie them securely, Hook on the pulley block and raise gently, packing bags of chaff or bundles of straw under the lower quarter to assist in maintaining the animal in position. Or again, a good strong sack may be used, and to make it secure and to prevent the ropes slipping, pieces of old rags rolled into a ball or a medium sized potato should be tied into each of the four corners of the sack. The sack is then drawn underneath the quarter on which the animal is lying, one end towards the'back and the other towards and under the hind legs. Get the front edge of the bag well forward and in front of the haunch, and front 378 of the stifle joint on which the animal is lying, the other two corners of the sack should be one above the root ol the tail and the other behind the thigh. The four corners of the sack are then tied securely together with a strong rope over'the upper quarter. Hook the ropes on the pulley-block and raise up, supporting the under quarter with bundles of straw or bags of chaff. 1095. Thermometer READiNG.-^The clinical thermometer should be in the possession of everyowner of stock ; by its use the state of the body is best indicated. The mercury in the instrument is shaken down to 95 degrees. The mercury end of tKe thermometer is then introduced into the rectum of the animal and held there for three minutes, unless the instrument has a special registration period. The Fahrenheit registration of the thermometer is most commonly in use, but the Centigrade is also given. The normal, temperatures of healthy animals are as follow : — FAHRENHEIT CENTIGRADE. .=577— 38-3. 38-3-38-8 39'4— 40-0 38 8—39-4 38-3-38-8 377-38-3 40-5—41-1 1096.' Tracheotomy, or opening into the trachea, or wind-pipe. This operation is of great service in bad cases of roaring, or when there is .difficulty in breathing from the formation of abscesses around the throat , as in strangles. The operation is very simple. An opening is made through the skin and flesh into the wind-pipe about nine to twelve inches from the angle of the throat, and a tube is put into the opening. (Plate LI , Fig. 7). Sometimes the wind-pipe is slit open, and at. others a piece about the size of a shilling is removed, and the tube inserted. The tube has to be removed and thoroughly cleaned two or three times a week. 1097. Twitch. — This may be looked upon as a mechanical anassthetic, when put on the tip of the nose and upper lip, or the ear. It has a wonderful effect in keeping the horse quiet, and when used numerous minor operations can be performed without much trouble. The ordinary mode of making a twitch is by boring a hole through the end of a piece of wood — a portion of a stable-fork shank — about 18 to 24 inches long, putting a piece of cord through the hole and knotting the two ends together, the cord is then fixed nn the upper lip and tip of the nose and twisted up to get a firm hold. Horse lOO-IOI Cow IOI-I02 Sheep 103-104 Pig _ 103-103 Dog I0I-I02 Cat roo-ioi Poultry, .. 105-106 INDEX. Abdomen, Dropsy of, 316 Abducens, Nerve, 560 Abnormal Conception, 787 Abomasum, 287, 291 Abortion, 756, 812 Ergot-of Rye, cause of, 758 Germ Theory of, 758, 812 Prevention of, 760 Abscesses, 27, 36, 240, 491, 565, 672, 717, 719, 741, 749, 813 After Castration, 741, 813 In Bladder, 719 In Brain, 565 In Horn Cavity, 672 In Kidney, 709, 710, 717 In Sinuses of Head, 491 In Walls of Vagina, 749 Post Pharyngeal, 240 Absorption, 2 Acari, 814 Accessory Organs of Testicle, 696 Accumulations, Sebaceous, in Urethral Sinus, 727 Acidity of the Stomach, 816 Actinomycosis, 235, 236, 815 Action, Reflex, 562 Acute Diarrhoea, 266 Adhesion, 23, 25 Adipose or Fatty Tissue, 124 After Pains, 817. After-treatment of Castration, 736 Aged Ram, Castration of, 735 Air Passage, Derangement in Pig, 524 In Dog, 525, 526 Air Space for Horse and Cow, 483, 484 Albinos, 623 AUmentary Canal, Diseases of, 295 Alkaline Poison. 251 Allantois, The, 753, 754 Allopathic, 999 Alteratives, 1002, 1050, 1054 Alteratives, Dog, 1063 Amaurosis, 637, 818 Amnion, The, 753, 754 Amphiarthrosis, 66 Amputation of Penis, 670 Anaesthetics, 1003 Analysis of Calculi, 263 Of Cocoa Nut Cake, 396 Of Cotton Cake, 391 Of Linseed Cake, 386 Of Linseed (Physical), 384 Of Red Water, 464 Of Undecorticated Cotton Cake, 391 Anatomy, 6, 7 Anchylosis, 74, 11 1 Angleberries, 670, 819, 993 Anodynes, 1004 Ante-mortem. Clot, 438 Anterior Venae Cavae, 404 Anthelmintics, 1005, 1051, 1052 Anthrax, 325 to 328, 397, 455, 820 Bacilli, 325, 327 Blood in, 456 Symptomatic, 456 Antiperiodics, ion Antipyretics, 1012, 1030 Antiseptics, 1006, 1055 Antispasmodics, 1007 Anus, Imperforate, 286 Aorta, 408 Aperients, 1008, 1040 Aphtha, 238, 821 Apoplexy, Parturient, 576 to 584 Splenic, 325 to 328, 397, 455, 574 to 584, 822 Appendix A, Diseases, 812 to 997 Appendix B, Medicines, 998 to 1071 Appendix C, Manual Aid, 1072 to 1097 Aqueous Humour, 625 Arachnoid Membrane, 555 Arantii, Corpora, 407 Areolar, Tissue, 121 Armatus, Strongylus, 253 Aromatics, 1009, 1014 Arsenical Poisoning, 302 Arteries, 399, 405, 409 Artery, Bronchial, 479 Hepatic, 317 Pulmonary, 405, 479 Splenic, 323 Arthrology, 65 38o Arthritis, 823 Ascaris Marginata, 277 Megalocephala, (Lumbricoides) 253 Suilla, 284 . Ascites, 31.6, 824 ■ Assitailation, z Asthenic, 23 Asthma, 515, 516, 517, 527, 825 In Dog, 527 Astringents, loio Atlas, Fracture of, 92 Atrophy of Heart, 435 to 437 Of Kidney, 713 Atrophy, 826 Attachment of Chorion in Mare and Cow, 754 Auditory Nerve, 560 Auricles, 400, 401, 402 Average Periods of Gestation, 751 Axis, Coeliac, 323 Azoturia, 444, 827 Bacilli, 421 Anthracis, 325, 327 Lactis, 333 Mallei, 492 Spores, 327 Tetanus, 6og to 612 Tubercular, 540 Back Tendons, Sprains of, 152 Bacteria Putrefactive, 327 Balls, 1072 Hair and Wool, 334 Bandage, Plaster, 1077 Barley, 379 Bastard Fouls, 2^04 Strangles, 498, 499 Beans, 382 Beats of Pulse (Number), 414 Bedding, 1073 Bicuspid Valve, 402 Bile, 224, 317 Bilious Fever, 521 Bishoping, 344, 355 Black Quarter, 456, 457, 458, 828 Bladder, Abscess of, 719 Calculi or Stones of, 720 Catarrh of, 722 Eversion of, 796 Gall, 317 Inflammation of, 718 Paralysis of, 723 Rupture of, 797 The Urinary, 682, 690 Blains, 447, 44S Bleeding, 40, 1074 After Castration, 737 Bleeding from Wounds, 129, 829 Purple, 445 Blind Teats, 808 Blisters, 1013, 1017, 1061 (II) Blood, The, 417 Arterial, 417 Circulation of, 413 to 426 Corpuscles, 419, 420 Corpuscles, Origin of, 420 In Anthrax, 456 Poisoning, 34, 800 Poisoning after Castration, 740 The Clotting of, 425 Venous, 417 Vessels, 405. to 412 Bloody Flux, 267, 314 Blowers, High, 504 Blue Sickness, 468 to.471 Bog Spavin, 157, 158, 830 " Bolus, 224, (4) Boluses, 1072 Bone, Anchylosis of, 74, in Caries of, 73, iii Cofi&n or Pedal, 173 Coronary, 173 Description of, 45 Diseases of, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80 Endosteum of, 45, 47 Exostosis of, 72, 108 Fractures of, 82 to 90 Fractures of. Special^ 84 to 107 Navicular, 173 Necrosis, of 70, 75 Os Innominatum, 62 Ostitis of, 72 Periosteum of, 45, 46 Sacrum, 58 Scrofulous or Tuberculous, 80 Side, 113, 117, 173, 193 Spavin, 115, 831 Sternum, 57 Structure of, 45 Ulceration of, 73, in Bones, Flat, 49 Long, 48 Of the Foot, 173 Of the Fore Legs, 60 Of the Head, 51 to 55 Of the Hind Legs, 63 Of the Trunk, 56 Short and Irregular, 50 Turbinated, 473 Various, 48 to 63 Bbracic Acid, 233 Bot, Fly, 676, 677 Bots, 252, 832. Bound, Fardel, 301 38i Bowels, Calculi in, 262 Constipation of, 265 Escape of, 739 Inflammation of (Cow), 307 Inflammation of (Horse), 258 Loops and Knots in, 259 Strangulation of, 259 Telescope of, 259 The, 221, 258, 259, 261, 307 Tumours of, 259 Twists of, 259 Brain, 554, 555, 561 Abscesses in, 565 Concussion of, 573 Congestion of, 574 Diseases of, 562 to 575 Grey Matter, 5, 556, 557 Meninges of, 555 Organic Changes of, 565 Tuberculosis of, 568 Tumours of, 568 Bran, 398 Braxy, 330, 833 Breaidown. 153 Broken Back, 94 ^ Knees, 149, 834 Nose, 487 Wind, 515 Bronchi, 472, 478 Bronchial Arteries, 479 Tubes, 472 Veins, 479 Bronchitis, 506 to 308, 513, 533, 534, 546, 83s In Calves, 546 In Sheep, 338, 339, 549 Parasitic of Sheep, 338, 339, 549 Parturient, 534 Bronchocele, 505 Bruises, 836 Brushing and Cutting, 131, 837 Bull, Castration of, 733 Urinary Calculi of, 721, 840 Bulldog or BuUgrip, 1075 Bums, 66g, 838 Caesarean Section, 781 Cake, Analysis of, 391 Cotton (Decorticated), 389, 390 Cotton, Feeding Young Animals on, 333. 441 Cotton, Mouldy, 390, 392 Cotton (Undecorticated), 391, 392 Feeding on, 388 Linseed, 385 Linseed, Analysis of. 386 Palm Nut, 393 Cake, Value of, 387, 390 Calculi, 262, 263, 264, 714, 721, 839, 840 Analysis of, 263 Of Bladder, 720 Of Bowels, 262, 263, 264 Of Kidney, 714 Urinary of Rams. 721 Urinary of Wethers, 721 Calf, Slinking or Slipping, 756 Callus, 83 Calves, Bronchitis in, 346 Feeding of, 332 Hoose of, 544, 543, 896 Imperforate Anus in, 286 White Scour in, 333, 1060, (III) Calving, Dropping after, 376 to 584 Cancellated Tissue, 45 Canker of Ear, 647, 842 Of Foot, 198, 841 Cannon or Shank Bone, Fracture of, 103 Canula and Trocar, 241, 243 Capillaries, 399, 410 Capped Hock, 159, 843 Capsule, Glisson's, 317 Capsules, Supra-renal, 688 Carb(5lized Oil, 1055 Caries of Bone, 73, tog, m, 113 Of the Teeth, 353 Carminatives, 1014 Carriage Horses, Shoeing of, 178 Cart and Wagon Horses, Shoeing of, 178 Cartilage, 68 Casting for Operations, 1076 Of the Coat, 633 Castor Oil, 1069, 1070 Castration, 728 to 737 Abscesses after, 741, 813 After-treatment, 736 Bleeding after, 736, 737 Of Aged Ram, 735 Of Bull, 733 Of Horse, 729 to 737 Of Lamb, 735 Of Pig, 734 Of Rig, 732 Septicaemia after, ^36 Cataract 635, .636, 844 Examination for, 636 Catarrh and Bilious Fever, 321 (Cold), 490, 332, 843 In Cow, 532 Of Bladder, 722 _Of Intestines, 843 "With Chest Complications, 520 Cat CoUop, 323 Cathartics, 1013, 1040 Cats, Injury to Tongue, 234 382 Cattle, Cripples or Crockles in, 144 ■Plague, 459, 955 Retarded Teething in, 365 Teeth, 359 Teething in, 359 Caustics, 1016, 1029 Cell, 4 Cellular or Areolar Tissue, 121 Cercaria, The, 312 Cerebellum, 554, 557 Cerebralis Ectopia, 567 Cerebro-spinal System, 551 Cerebrum, 554, 556 Cervical Vertebra, Fractures of, 93 Changes, Organic, in the Brain, 565 Character of Pulsen4i5 Charge for Joints, 1056, 1077 Chemistry, 3 Chest, 400, 480 Chewing the Cud, 292 Chloroform, 1070 Bag, 1078 Choking, 24T, 846 " Chordoe Tendineae, 403 Chorea, 348, 530, ;;93, 594, 848 In Dog, 597 Chorion, The Attachment of, in Mare and Cow, 754 Choroid Coat, The, 622 Chyle, 224, (7) Chyli Receptaculum, 224, (8), 429 Chyme, 224, (6) . Circulation of Blood, 413 Organs of, 399 Claws, 655 Of Dog, 216 Cleanliness of Skin, 652 Cleansing, The, 753 Dropping from Retention of Second, 790 Retention of, 788, 789 Clicking, 348, 593 Clipping, 654 Clot, Ante-mortem, 438 Clotting of Blood, 425 Clyers, 331 ♦ Clysters, 1083 Cocoa Nut Cake and Meal, 395 Analysis of, 396 Coeliac Axis, 323 Coenurus Cerebralis, 898 Colic, 256, 257, 306, 847, 1057 Flatulent, 257 In Cattle, 306 Spasmodic, 256, 306 Compact Tissue, 45 Complete Paralysis, 600 Complications in Castration, 736 Compound Cake and Meals, 397 Conception, Abnormal, 787 • Concussion of Brain, 573 Conditions of Healthy Nutrition, 11, (4) Congestion, 16 Of Brain, 574 Of Lungs, 441, 509, 510, 533, 547 Of Heart, 441 . Of Liver, 319 Congestive Inflammation of Intestines, 261 Conjunctiva, 616 Conjunctivitis, 631, 632, 849 Constipation, 265, 850 In the Pig, 282 Constitutional Treatment of Inflamma- tion, 37 Constrictions of Os Uteri, 780 Consumption, 538 to 543 Contagious Pleuro Pneumonia, (Cow), 537 Contracted Tendons, 152 Cooling Diet, 1058 Cordials, 1014 Cord, Scirrhous, 742 , Spermatic, 693, 695 Spinal, 559 Umbilical, 755 Core, Horn, 655 Cornea, 619, 621 Corns, 191, 851 Coronary, Arteries, 400 Bone, 107, 173 Vein, 400 Corpora Arantii, 407 Nigra, The, 624 Corpuscles, Blood, 419, 420 Origin of, 420 Costiveness in I3og, 274 Cotyledons or Rosebuds, 754 Cough Medicines, 1059 Coughs, 495, 852 Counter-irritants, 1013, 1017 Cow, Acute Catarrh of, 532 Attachment of Chorion in, 754 Congestion of Lungs, 533 Contagious Pleuro Pneumoniain, 537 Dairy, Mammitis in, 806 Diseases of Respiratory System, 485 to 549. Heart Disease in, 440 Mammitis in, 805 Mouth of, 287 Pox. 658 Simple Metritis of, 801 Simple Pleuro Pneumonia in, 536 383 Stomach of, 287 Stomach Staggers in, 305 Temperature of, 42, 1095 Tuberculosis in, 538 to 543 Wheat for; 378 Cracked Heels, 666 Cradle, 1079 Cranial Nerves, 560 Crassamentum, 425 Crib-biting, 247, 248, 853 Cripples or Crockles in Cattle, 144 Crushed Oats, Feeding on, 380 Crushing the Testicle, 731 Crusta Petrosa, 341 Crystalline Lens, 625 Curb, False, 160 True, 161, 854 Curby or Sickle Hock, 161 Cuticle, The, 649 Cutis Vera, 650 Cut, Speedy, 150, 151, 970 Cystitis, 718 Death, Definition of, 2 DebiUty, 855 Decoctions. loiS, 1033 Decorticated Cotton Cake, 389, 390 Analysis of, 391 Definition of Joints, 65, 66 Of Life, 2 Of Terms, 13 Degeneration, Fatty, of Heart, 433 Fatty, of Liver, 318 Demasculator, 729 Demulcents, 1020, 1027, 1036 Dental Derangement (Cow), 35^) to 366 Derangement (Dogi, 376 Derangement (Horse), 346 to 358 Dentine, 341 Dentition, Effects of, 347 Deodorisers, 1,019 Dermatodectes, 674 Dermis, 650 Description of Bones, 45 Of Cartilage, 68 Of Cow's Foot, 202 Of India Rubber Pads, 186 Of Inflammation, 15 Of Ligament, 67 Of Mouth, 222, (i) Of Muscle, 118 Dew Claws of Dog, 214, 215 Diabetes Insipidus, 715, 856 Diaphoretics, 1021 Diaphragm, 480 Diarrhoea, 266, 310, 857 Acute, 266 Diarrhoea, Intermittent, 266 Medicine for, 1060 Sub-acute, 266 Diarthrosis, 66 ' Digestion, Process of, 224 Digestive Organs, Description, of, 221 Injuries to, and Diseases of. Part I., 226; Part II., 287 Of Cattle, 287 Of Horse, 222 Dilatation of CEsophagus, 242 Diseases, Enzootic, 13 Epizootic, 13, 454 Foot and Mouth, 205, 220, 460 Functional of Brain, 562 to 575 Heart, 431 Mesentery, 331 Monday Morning, 261, 449, 450 Of Alimentary Canal, 295 Of Circulatory System, 431 Of Digestive Organs, Part I., 226; Part II., 287 Of Eye, 631 to 640 Of Female Generative Organs, 744 Of Foot of Horse, 188 Of Male Generative Organs, 724 to 727 Of Navicular, 113, i8o, 200, 928 Of Nervous System, 562, 576 Of Stifle Joint, 114, 164 Ovarian, 744 Parasitic, of Skin, 673 to 681 Respiratory Organs, 485 to 549 Skin, Non-Inflammatory, 670 Specific, 13 Sporadic, 13 Urinary, 708 'to 723 Dishorning, 671 Dislocation, 858 Of Eyeball, 640 Of Hip Joint, 167 Of Patella, 166 Disinfectants, 1022 Distemper of Dog, -528 to 530, 859 Distoma Hepaticum, 312 Diuresis, 715 Diuretics, 1023 Docking, 1080 Dogs, 234, 272 Costiveness in, 274 Chorea in, 597 Claws of, 2i6, 653 Dental Derangement of, 376 Dentition of, 374, 375 Diarrhoea of, 276 Impaction of the Rectum of, 275 Indigestion of, 273 384 Dogs, Injury to Tongue, 234 Repiratory Organs, 525 Sore Feet in, 219 Tooth Pea, Indian, 383 "Worms of, 277, 278 Doses, Medicines and, 1054 to 1069 Drenches, 1081 Dropping after Calving, 576 to 584 After Retention of Second Cleans- ing, 790 Dropsy, 316 Of Abdomen, 316, 860 Of Womb, 786 Duct, Lachrymal, 617 Thoracic, 224, 429 Dura Mater, 555 Dysentery, 267, 314, 861 Ear, The, 641 The External Structure of, 642 The Middle Structure of, 643 The Internal Structure of, 645 Canker of, 647 Ecbolics, 1024, 1039 Eclampsia, Puerperal, 589, 862 Ecraseur, 729 Ectopia Cerebralis, 567 Eczema, Simple, 660, 666, 863 Eczematous, Inflammation, 66r, 663 Effects of Dentition, 347 Effusion, 23, 26 Elbow, Fracture of, 104 Injuries to, 148 Electricity, i Electrolysis, i Electuaries, 1082 Elephantiasis 451, 864 Embrocations, 1025, io5i Emetics, 1026 Emollients, 1020, 1027 Emphysema, 516, 865 Enamel, 341 Ertchondroma, 8i Endocardium, 401 • Endosteum, 45, 47 Enemas, 257, 1083 Enteritis, 258, 307, 866 Enzootic Diseases, 13, (8) Epicardium, 400 Epidemic Diseases, 13, (7), 454 Epidermis, 649 Epilepsy, 587, 588, 867 Epistaxis, 868 Epsom Salts, 38, 297, 305, 466, 498, 1054, 1070 Epizootic Diseases, 13, (7), 454 Equi, CEstrus, 252 Ergot of Rye, 758 Erysipelas, 869 Erythema, 665 Escape of Bowels, 739 Escharotics, 1016, 1029 Etiology, 13, (2) Eversion of Bladder, 796 Of Rectum, 270, 285 Of Uterus (Cow), 795 Of Uterus (Mare), 794 Of Vagina, 783 Evil, Poll. 146 Examination for Cataract 636 For Roaring, 503 Exanthema, Genital, 748 Excoriation of Penis, 726 Excretion, 2 Exercise, 185 Exostosis, 72, 108, 870 Expectorants, 1028 Expiration, 482 Extractives, 423 Exudation, 23, 25 Exudative Cellulitis, 41, 522 Eye, The, 615 to 628 Diseases of, 631 to 640 Humours of, 625 Pink, 41, 446, 522 Eyeball, Dislocation of, 640 Muscles of, 627 The Structure of, 619 Eyelids, The, 616 Injuries to, 629 Structure of, 616 Torn, 629 Eyelashes, The, 616 Facial Nerve. 560 Fallopian. Tubes, 702, 704 False Quarter, 196, 871 Curb, 160 Membranes, 749 Cords, 749 Farcy, 493, 494, 872 Fardel Bound, 301 Fatty Degeneration of Heart, 433 Degeneration, of Liver, 318 Infiltration of Heart, 433 Infiltration of Liver, 318 Tissue, 124 Febrifuges, 1030 Feeding Young Animals on Cotton Cake, 441 Feeding of Calves, 332, 379 On Crushed Oats, 380 Stuffs, 377 to 398 Feet, Varieties of, 177 385 Feet, Stopping of, 184 Sore of Dog, 219 Of Pigs, Troubles, 220 , Felon Joint, 336 Female Organs of Generation, 702 to 707 Diseases of, 744 Fever, 37, 38, 41, 149, 791, 873 Bilious, 521 Drench, 1062 Medicines, 1062 Milk, 576 Milk, Prevention of, 584 Milk, Sclimidt's treatment of, 579 Milk, Terminations of, 581 Milk, Treatment of, 579 Mud, 665 Septic, 41, 791 Simple, 40 Swine, 468 to 471 Sympathetic, 37, 38, 149 Traumatic or Symptomatic, 37 Fibrine, 425 Filaria Oculi, 638 Firing, 109, 112, 114, 116, 1084 Fistula, 874 Fistulous Withers, 147, 874 Fits, 587, 588 Fitting the Shoe, 182, 183 Flatulent Colic, 257, 875 Fleas, 680, 87& Fluke, Life and History of, 312 Liver, 312 Liver, Mr. Thomas on, 312 Flux, Bloody, 267, 314 Fly Maggots, 679, 877 Ox Warble, 676, 677 Fasces, 224, (g) Foetal Membranes, 753 Retention of, 788 Foetus, Retention of, 782 Follicles, Hair, 653 Fomentations, 1085 Foot, Bones of the, 173 Cleft of, 171 Commissures of, 171 Coronary Band of, 169, 172 Frog of, 171 Frog, Stay of, 171 Injuries and Diseases of, 188 Interdigital Growths of the Cow, 208 Lateral Cartilage, 173 Of Cow, Description of, 202 Perioplic Ring, 169 Preparing for Shoeing, 180 Rot in Sheep, 212, 878 Rot, Treatment, 213 Sensitive Frog, 172 2t Foot, Sensitive Lamina, 172 Sensitive Sole. 172 Sensitive Structures, 172 Sole of, 170 Structure of, 168 to 173 The, of Horse, and Lecture on, 168 Trouble in Sheep, 211 Wall of, 169 Foot and Mouth Disease, 205, 220, 460, 923 Foot-pads of Dog, 217 Foramen Ovale, 402 Foreign Bodies in Stomach, 289 Foul in Foot, 204, 879 Fouls, Bastard, 204 Founder, 180, 201, 206, 266, 788, 799, 880 Fracture, Complicated, 88 Compound, 86 Compound Comminuted, 87 Green Stick, 89 Impacted, go Of Atlas, 92 Of Cannon or Shank Bone, 105 Of Cervical Vertebrje, 93 Of Coronary Bone, 107 Of Elbow, 104 Of Femur, gg Of Haunch or Hook, gs Of Humerus, 103 Of Ilium, 96 Of Ischium, g8 Of Knee, 106 Of Navicular Bone, 107 Of Occipital Bone, 92 Of Os-pedis, 107 Of Patella, 99 Of Pelvis, 97 Of Radius, 105 Of Sesamoids. 107 Of Shoulder Blade, 102 Of Suffraginis, 107 Of Tibia, 100 Simple, 85 Special, 92 to 107 Treatment of, 82 Varieties of, 84 Various, 82 to 107, 881 Frsenum, Tongue of, 232 Fragilitas Ossium, 78 Fumigations, 1086 Functional Apoplexy, 575 Derangement and Diseases of B 562 to 575 Diseases of the Heart, 432 Fungi Poisons, 251 Gad-fly, (CEstrus Ovis), 489 386 Galls, Saddle, 667, 959 Gall Stones of Liver, 320 Bladder, 317 Ganglionic System, 552 Gangrene, 23, 31, 582, 882 Of Udder, 807 Garget, 804, 5, 6, 7, 811, 919 Gastric Juice, 224, (5) Gastritis, 250, 260, 302, 883 Of the Pig, 281 Generation, Female Organs of, 702 to 707 Female Organs of. Diseases of, 744 Male Organs of, 693, 701 Male Organs of, Diseases of, 724 to 727 Genital Exanthema, 748 Germicides, 103 1, 1034 Gestation, Average Periods of, 75 x Gid, 569 to 572 Glanders, 492 to 494, 884 Glands, 428 Lachrymal, 617 Of Skin', 650, 651, 652 Parotid, 222 Salivary of Horse, 222 Sub-lingual, 222 Sub-maxillary, 222 Thymus, 477 Thyroid, 476 Gleet, Nasal, 491 Goitre, 505 Glossitis, 231, 885 Glisson's Capsule, 317 Glosso, Pharyngeal Nerve, 560 Grain Sickness, 297 Grapes, 664, 886 Grease, Shot of, 449, 663, 887 Gregory's Mixture, 333, 1060, (III) Grey Matter of Brain, 5. 556, 557 Groggy Lameness, 200, 888, 928 Growth of Teeth, 355 Gruel, Horning in, 309 Gut Tie, 308 Hackney and Carriage Horses, Shoe- ing of, 178 Haamatomata, Pelvic, 803 Hsematuria, 889 Haemo-Albuminuria, 4^2 to 467 Haemoglobin, 419 Haemoglobinuria, 462 to 467, 890 Haemoptysis, 891 Haemorrhage, 488, 714, 892 From Kidney, 714 From Post Partum, 792, 893 From Wounds, 129, 892 Haemorrhagica, Purpura, 445, 950 Hair, 653 Balls, 334 Follicle, 653 Hard Palate, 228 Haunch or Hook, Fracture of, 95 Haversian Canals, 46 HaviT, 618, 630 Hearing, The, 646 Heart, 399, 400 Congestion of, 441 Degeneration, Fatty of, 433 Diseases, 431 Diseases, Atrophy, 435, 436, 437 Diseases (Cow), 440 Diseases, Functional, 432 Diseases, Hypertrophy, 434 Diseases, Organic, 433 Valves of, 402 Heat, 15, 17, 18 Heels, Cracked, 666 Hemiplegia, 599 Hepatic Artery, 317 Vein, 317 Hepaticum, Distomum, 312 Hepatitis, 894 Hernia, 268, 730, 895 Scrotal, 269, 739 Umbilical, 269 High Blowers, 504 Hip-joint Lameness, 155 Dislocation, 167 Histology, 6 Historical Account of Shoeing, 174 History of Horse, 174 Of Warbles, 676, 677 Hock, Capped, 159 Curby, 161 Spavin, 115, 117 Sprung, 162 Homoeopathic, 999 Hoof, 655 Structure of, 168 Hoofs, Overgrown, 209 Hoose of Calves, 544, 545, 896 Of Sheep, 338, 339, 549, 896 Horns, 655 Abscesses in, 672 Core, 655 Injuries to, 671 Overgrowths of, 671 Horse, Beans for. 382 Castration of, 729 to 731 Feeding, 380, 383 History of, 174 Lecture on Foot of, 168 Maize for, 381 387 IJorse, Oats for, 380 Pease for, 383 Pox, 657, 917 Purging a Country, 39 Purging a Town, 39 Retarded Teething, 350 Simple Pleuro Pneumonia, 511, 513 Stomach of, 222 Stomach, Staggers in, 245 Teeth, 345 Temperature of, 42, 1095 Wheat for, 378 Hoven, 296, 897 Howkes, 447, 448 Human Smallpox, 658 Humerus, Fracture of, 103 Humour, Aqueous, 625 Vitreous, 625 Humours of the Eye, The, 625 Hunter, Shoeing of a, 178, (2) Husk of Calves, 544, 545 Hyaloid, Membrane, The, 625 Hydatids of Brain, 569 to 572, 898 Hydrocele, 724 Hydrocephalus, 566 Hydrogen, i Hydrophobia, 606, 607, 608, 899 Hydro Pericarditis of Horse, 438, 439 Cow, 440, 441 Uteri, 786 Hydro Thorax, 513, 900 Hygiene, 13, (6) Hymen, The, 707 Imperforate, 761 Hypertrophy of Heart, 434 Of Kidneys, 713 Of Liver, 318 Hypoglossal Nerve, 560 Hypodermic Injections, 1000, 1087 Hypnotics, 1032, 1044 Hysteria, 585, 5?6 Ileo-Caecal Valve, 468 Ilium, Fracture of, 96 Impaction of Rumen, 297 Of Rectum in Dog, 275 Of 3rd Stomach (Cow), 301 Imperforate Anus, 286 Hymen, 761 Impervious Os Uteri, 761 Impregnation of Ovum, 752 Incontinence of Urine, 722 Indiarubber Pads, Description of, 186 Indigestion, 246, 301, 901 Of Cow, 301 Of Dog, 273 Induration of the Udder, 807 Inertia of Uterus, 784 Infiltration, Fatty, of Heart, 433 Fatty, of Liver, 318 Inflamed Lymphatics, 916 Inflammation, Asthenic, 23 Causes of, 35 Constitutional Treatment, 37, 902 Description of, 14, 15 Heat of, 15, 17, 18 Intestines, Congestive, 261 Local Treatment, 36 Of Larynx, 496, 497, 909 Of Liver, 894 Of Lungs, 511.533. 948 Of Lymphatics, 452 Of Membrana Nictitans, 630 Of'Pericardium, 438 Of Stomach, 4th, (Cow), 302, 883 Of Stomach, (Horse), 250 Of Stomach, (Pig), 281 Of the Bladder, 718 Of the Bowels, 258, 307 Of the Brain, 564, 945 Of the Kidneys, 708 to 712, 931 Of the Testicles, 724 Of Udder (Cow), 805, 806, 919 Of Udder (Mare), 804, 919 Of Udder (Sheep), 811, 919 Of Vagina, 798 Of Vein, 443 Of Womb, 799 Pain of, 15, 17, 19 Redness of, 15, 17, 20 Reparative, 15 Sthenic, 23 Swelling, 3 5, 21 Termination of, 24 Inflammatory Diseases of Skin, 657 Influenza, 41, 446, 518, 725; 903 CEdematous or Exudative, 522 Or Catarrh, with Chest Complic- ations, 520 Or Catarrh and Bilious Fever, 521 Simple Catarrhal Fever, 519 to 522 Infusions, 1018, 1033 Inguinal Canals, The, 699 Inhalations, 1088 Injections, 1083 Hypodermic, 1000, 1087 Injuries to the Horns, 671 To Digestive Organs, 226 to 234 To Elbow Joint, 148 To Eye, 628 To Foot of Horse, 188 To Lips, 226 To Lower Jaw, 229 To Mouth, 227 388 Injuries to Muscles and Tendons, 127 To Penis, 725 To Rectum, 270 To Soft Palate, 228 To Tongue, 230, 234 Inoculations, 1090 Insecticides, 1031, 1034 Insipidus, Diabetes, 715 Inspiration, 482 Insufflators, X089 Instruments, Torsion, 729 Interdigital Growths of Foot, (Cow) 208 Space of Dog, 218 Intermittent Diarrhcea, 266 Internal Ear, The, 645 Interosseous Ligament, 108 Intestines, 222, 293 Cascum, 222, (7), 293 Colon, 222, (7), 293 Duodenum, 222, (6j Ileum, 222, (6) Jejunum, 222, (6) Large, 222, (7), 261 Rectum, 222, (7), 293 Worms of, 253 Intussusception, (Telescoped), 259, 904 Involuntary Muscle, 118, 126 Iris, The, 623 Irregularities of Teeth, 354, 358, 360 Irrigation, Tub and Tube, 72 Irritation, Pustulant, of the Vagina, 747 Ischium, Fracture of, 98 Jaundice, 319, 905 Joint, Amphiarthrosis, 65 Definition of, 65 Diarthrosis, 66 Elbow, Injuries to, 148 Felon, 336 Oil, 67 Open, 163, 933 Stifle, Disease, 164 Synarthrosis, 66 Juice, Gastric, 224 Pancreatic, 224 Kennel Cripple, 145 Lameness, 145, go6 Keratoma, 907 Kidneys, 682, 683 Abscesses in, 709, 710, 717 Atrophy of, 713 Calculi in, 714 Cortex of, 685 Haemorrhage from, 714 Hypertrophy of, 713 Inflammation of, 708 to 712, 931 Kidneys, Medulla of, 686 Melanotic Tumour of, 714 Structure of, 684 Knees Broken, 149, 834 Fracture of, 106 Knots of Intestines, 259 Lacerated Muscles, 138 Lachrymal, Duct, 617 Lachrymal Gland, 617 Lacteals, 429 Lactis Bacillus, 333 Lamb, Castration of, 735 Imperforate Anus, 286 Lameness, Groggy, 200, 888, 928 Hip-joint, 155 Kennel, 145 Shoulder, 139 Laminitis, 180, 201, 206, 266, 788, 799, 880, go8 Lampas, 227, 349 Large Intestines of Horse, 221, 222, 261, 293 Lathyrus Sativus (Dog-tooth Pea or Gram), 383 Laryngitis, 496, 497, gog Larynx. 472, 474 Inflammation of, 496, 497, 909 Laxatives, 1040 Lead Poisoning, 303 Leather Soles, 185 Lecture on Bone, 44 On Circulation, 399 On Dentition, 340 On Digestive Organs, Part I, 221 ; Part II, 287 On Feeding Stuffs, 377 On Foot of Horse, 168 On Nervous System, 550 On Parturition, 763 On Respiratory Organs, 472 On Skin, 648 On Urinary System, 682 Lectures, Arrangement of, 10 Legs, Swelled, 453 Lens, Crystalline, 625 Leucocytes, 420 Leucorrhcea, or Whites, 726, 746, 910 Lice, 681, 911 Life, Definition of, 2 History of F'luke, 312 Ligaments, 65 Description of, 67 ' Ligamentum Nuchae, 67 Lightning Shock, 605 Lights, The, 479 Limnceus Truncatulus, 312, 313 389 Liniments, 1025, 1061 Linseed, 384 Cake, 385 Cake, Analysis of, 386 Lips, Injuries to the, 226 Lithotomy, 720 Liver, 223, 317 Cirrhosis, 321 Congestion of, 319 Comphcations in Dog, 321 Fatty Degeneration, 318 Fatty Infiltration, 318 Fluke, Life History of, 312 Fluke, Thomas on, 312 Gall Stones, 320 Hypertrophy of, 31S Local Treatment of Inflammation, 36 Paralysis, 602 Lock-jaw, 609 to 614, 743, 912 Loops of Intestines, 259 Lotions, 1035, 1041, 1064 X^uping-ill, 591, 592, 913 Salt for, 592 Lower Jaw, Injuries of, 229 Lubricants, 1020, 1036 Lungs, 405, 472, 479 Congestion of, 509, 510, 533, 547 Emphysema, 516 Inflammation of, 511, 533, 534 In Cow, Congestion of, 533 Luxation of Patella, 165, 914 Lymphathic System, 223, 427 Lymph, 429 Lymphadenoma, 324 Lymphangitis, 261, 449, 450, 915 Lymphatics, Inflammation of, 452 Inflamed, 916. Maggot Fly, 679 Maize (Indian Corn), 381 Maladie Du Coit, 917 Male Organ of Generation, 693, 701 Diseases of, 724 to 727 Mallein, 494 Mallenders, 661, 918 Mallei Bacillus, 492 Mammitis in Cow, 805, 919 In Dairy Cow, 806 In Mare, 804 In Sheep, 811 Termination of, 807 Mange, 673, 674, 920 Dermatodectic, 674 Sarcoptic, 674 Symbiotic, 674 Many plies, 287. 290 Mare, Attachment of Chorion in, 754 Marks of Teeth, 344 Mastication, 224, (3) Meal, Rice, 394 Measles. 468 to 471 Meatus Urinarius, 707 Mechanical Injuries to the Skin, 667 Mediastinum, 400, 481 Medicines and Doses, 998 Medulla Oblongata, 554, 558 Megrims, 921 Meibomian Glands, 616 Melanosis, 922 Melanotic Tumour of Kidney, 714 Membrana Nictitans, 618, 630 Inflammation of, 630 Membrane, Arachnoid, 555 Foetal, 753 Foetal, Retention of, 788 Hyaloid, The, 625 Meninges, 555 Meningitis, 923 Mesenteric Diseases, 331 Metritis, 799, 924 Simple (Cow), 801 Simple and Septic (Sheep), 802 Septic (Mare), 800 Microbes, 421 Microscope, 5 Middle Ear, The, Structure- of, 643 Milk Fever, 576 to 584 Prevention of, 584 Schmidt's treatment of, 579 Termination of, 581 Treatment of, 579 Milt, 323 Mineral Acid Poisons, 251 Matters, 424 Poisons, 251 Miss Ormerod on Warbles, 676, 677 Mitral Valve, 402 Molar Tooth, Removal of, 356 Tooth Split, 354 MoUites Ossium, 77 Monday Morning Disease, 261, 449, 450 Mortification, 23, 31, 807, 882 Motores Oculorum, 560 Mouldy Cotton Cake, 390 Mouth, Cows, 287 Description of, 227 Horse, 222, (i) Injuries of, 227 Mucosum, Rete, 649 Mud Fever, 665 Muir-ill, 462 to 467 Murrain, 460, 925 Muscle, Description of, 118 Non-Striped or Involuntary, 118 126 390 Muscle, Voluntary or Striped, ii8, 119 Muscles, Lacerated. 138 Of Eyeball, 627 Musculi-pectanati, 402 Musgrave's Stable Fittings, 247 Myology, 118 Myositis, 926 Nails and Nail Holes, 183 Nasal Chambers, 472, 473 Gleet, 491, 927 Navel-ill, 335, 932 , Navicular Bone, Fracture of, 107 Disease, 113, 180, 200, 928 Necessity of Shoeing, 176 Necrosis, of Bone, 70, 75, 929 Nephritis, 708 to 712, 931 Nerve, Abducens, 560 Auditory, 560 Cranial, 560 Facial, 560 Glosso, Pharyngeal, 560 Hypo-Glossal, 560 Motores Oculorum, 560 Olfactory, 560 Optic, 560 Pathetic, 560 Pneumogastric, or Par-Vagum, 502, 560 Spinal Accessory, 560 Tissue, 553 Trifacial, 560 Nervous System, 550 Diseases of, 562 to 575 Net, Protrusion of, 738 Nettle Rash, 447, 448, 930 Nictitans, Membrana, The, 618, 630 Nigra, Corpora, 624 Nitrogenous Urine, 444 Non-Inflammatory Diseases of Skin, 670 to 672 Non-Striped Muscle, 118, 126 Nose, Broken, 487 Warts on, 486 Number of Beats of Pulse, 414 Of Teeth, 345 Nutrition, 11 Oats, 380 Oblongata, Medulla, 554, 558 Obstruction of Vagina, 749 Occipital Bone, Fracture of, 92 Occult Spavin, 115, 117 CEsophagus of Horse, 222, (4), 242 Dilatation of, 242 Stricture of, 242 CEstrus Equi, 252 Oil, Carbolized, ios'5, (III) Joint, 67 Ointments, 1037, 1067 Olfactory Nerve, 560 Omasum, 287, 290 Omentum, Protrusion of, 738 Omphalitis, 335, 932 Open Joint, 163, 933 Ophthalmia, Simple, 631, 632, 934 Periodic, 633, 634 Optic Nerve, 560, 626 Orchitis, 724, 935 Organic Changes in Brain, 565 Disease of the Heart, 433 Organs of Digestion, 221, 287 Of Generation, Female, 702, 707 Of Generation, Male, 693 to 701 Respiratory, 472 Origin of Blood Corpuscles, 420 Ormerod, Miss, on Warbles, 676, 677 Ossium, Fragilitis, 78 Mollites, 77 Osteology, 44 Osteo-porosis, 77 Sarcoma, 79 Ostitis, 72, 936 Os Uteri, 705 Constriction of, 780 Impervious, 761 Otorrhoea, 647, 937 Ovarian Diseases, 744 Ovaries, The, 702, 703 Ovariotomy, 745 Overgrovjrn Hoofs, 209 Over-reaches, 199 Ovum, The, 703 Impregnation of the, 752 Ox Warble Fly, 676, 677 Oxygen, i Ozoena, 491, 927 Pain of Inflammation, 15, 17, 19 Palate, Hard, 228 Injuries to, 228 Soft, 228 Soft, Injuries of, 228 Palm Nut Cake and Meal, 393 Pancreas, 223, 224, 322 Pancreatic Juice, 224 Papillary Muscle, 403 Paralysis, 599, 809, 938 Complete, 600 Local, 602 Of Bladder, 723 Of Rectum, 271 Of Udder, 809 Partial, 601 391 Paralysis, Reflex, 603 Paraphlegia, 599 Paraphymo'sis, 725 Parasitic Bronchitis of Sheep, 338, 339, 549 Parasitic Diseases of Skin, 673 to 681 Parasiticides, 1031, 1038 Parotid Glands (of Horse), 222, (2) Parrot Mouth, 358 Parturient Apoplexy, 576 to 584 Bronchitis, 534 Pneumonia, 534 Parturients, 1023, 1039 Parturition, 763 to 787 Pasteur, Researches on Rabies, 608 Patella, Dislocation of, .166; 939 Fracture of, 99 Luxation of, 165, 914 Pathetic Nerve, 56d Pathology, 6, 9, 13 Paunch, The, 287, 288 Pea, Indian Dog-tooth, 383 Pease, 383 Pedis, Fracture of, 107 Pelvic, Fracture of, 97 Hsematomata, 803 Penis, 693, 697 Amputation of, 670 Excoriation of, 726 Injuries of, 725 Peptones, 224, (5) Pericardii, Hydrops, 438, 439 Pericardium, 400 Inflammation of, 438, 940 Pericarditis,. 438, 940 Periodic Ophthalmia, 633, 634 Periosteum, 45, 46 Periostitis, 70, 941 Peritonitis, 315, 743, 942 Petrosa, Crusta, 341 Phagocytes, 420, 421 Pharyngitis, 239, 943 Pharynx of Horse, 222, (3I, 239 Polypi in, 240 Phlebitis, 443, 944 Phrenitis, 564, 945 Physiology, 6, 8 Pia Mater, 555 Pig, 280 Castration of, 734 Constipation of, 282 Diarrhoea in, 283 Gastritis of, 281 Giving Medicine to, 284 Imperforate Anus in, 286 Maize Meal for, 381 Worms of, 284 Pills, 1072 Piners, 331 Pink Eye, 41, 446, 522 Placenta, The, 753 Prsevia, 785 Retention of, 788 Plague, Cattle, 459, 955 Plasma (or Liquor Sanguinis), 418 Plaster Bandages, 1077 Plenalvia, 297 Pleura, 481 Costalis, 481 Pulmonalis, 481 Pleurisy, 512, 513, 533, 946 Pleuro Pneumonia, 511, 51:3, 535, 536. Contagious, 537, 947 Simple, of Horse, 511, 513 Pneumogastric Nerve, 502 Pneumogastric or Par Vagum, 560 Pneumonia, 511, 533, 534, 948 Poisons, Alkaline, 251 Fungi, 251 Lead, 303 Mineral, 251 Mineral Acids, 251, 303, 304 Vegetable, 251, 304 Poisoning, Arsenical, 302 Blood, 34, 800, 951 Blood, after Castration, 740 Uremic, 320, 709 Poll Evil, 146 Polypi, 240, 486 In Pharynx, 240 Polyuria, 715 Pons Varolii, 554 Portal Vein, 223, 317, 412 Positive Symptoms, 13, 13) Post-partum Hsemorrhage, 792, 893 Pharyngeal Abscesses, 240 Venae Cavse, 404 Pox, Cow, 658 Horse, 657, 917 Sheep, 659 Prsevia Placenta, 785 Precautions in Castration, 736 Preparing Foot for Shoeing, 180 Prevention of Black Quarter, 458 Of Milk Fever, 584 Of Red Water, 467 Prick from Shoeing, 189 Pricks and Scratches, 668 From Thorns, 668 Process of Digestion, 224 Profuse Staling, 715 Prognosis, 13, (4) Proteids, 224, (5), 422 Protrusion of Omentum, 738 392 Protrusion of Vagina, 750 Puerperal Eclampsia, 589 Pulmonary Artery, 405, 479 Veins, 405, 479 Pulse of Various Animals, 414 Character of, 415 Pumiced Foot of Horse, 949 Purgatives, 1040, 1065 Purging in Country Horse, 39 In Town Horse, 39 Purple Bleeding, 445 Purpura Hsemorrhagica, 445, 950 Pus, its Varieties, 28 Pustulant Irritation of Vagina, 747 Putrefactive Bacteria, 327 Pysemia, 41, 499, 800, 951 Quack Medicines, 42 Quarter, Black, 456, 457, 458, 828 Black, Prevention of, 458 False, 196, 871 111, 456, 457, 458 Quittor, 192, 952 Rabies, 606 to 608, 899 Pasteur's Researches of, 608 Racehorses, Shoeing of, 178 Radius, Fracture of, 101 , 105 Ram, Castration of, 735 Urinary Calculi, 721 Rash, Nettle, 447, 448 Rasp. Tooth, 354 Ray, Fungus, 235 Rays, X, i Receptacnlum Chyli, 224, 429 Rectum, 222, (7), 270 Eversion of, 270 E version of, (Pig), 285 Impaction of, (Dog), 275 Injm-ies to, 270 Paralysis, 271 Protusion of, (Pig), 285 Red. Corpuscles, 419 Redia, 312 Redness of Inflammation, 15, 17, 20 Red Soldier, 468 to 471 Red "Water, 329, 462 to 467, 890 Analysis of, 464 Prevention of, 467 Reflex Action, 562 Paralysis, 603 Refrigerents, 1035, 1041, 1064 Relaxed Teats, 810 Removal of Molar Teeth, 356 Rennet, 332 Reproduction, 2 Resolution, 23, 24 Respiration, 482 Respiratory Organs, Description of, 472 Diseases of Cow, 531 Efiects of. Change of Temperature on, 485 Restoratives, 1042, 1050 Restraint Rope, 109T Retarded Teething Cattle, 365 Teething Horse, 350 Rete Mucosum, 649 Retention of, Cleansing (Cow), 789 Dropping from Second Cleansing, 790 Foetal Membranes (Mare), 788 Foetus, 782 Second Cleansing, 790 Urine, 717 Reticulum, The, 287, 289 Retina, The, 626 Rheumatism, 142, 143, 953 Rice Meal, 394 Rickets, 76, 954 Rig, Castration of, 732 Right Lymphatic Vessel, 430 Rinderpest, 459, 955 Ringbone, 72, iii, 117, 956 Ringworm, 678, 957, 1066 Roaring, 239, 501, 502, 303, 958 Examples for, 503 Rot, Foot, 212 Rubefacients, 1013, 1043 Rumen, The, 287, 288 Impaction of, 297 Ruminotomy, 292, 298 Rumination, 292 Rupture, 268, 730, 739 Of Bladder, 797, Of Womb, 793 Saddle Galls, 667, 959 Saliva, 224 Salivary Glands of Horse, Description of, 222, (2) Sallenders, 662, 918 Sandcrack, 194, 960 Sarcoma, Osteo, 79 Sarcomatous Tumours, 962 Sarcoptes, 674 Salt, 43, 255, 339, 592 Scab, 673, 674, 963 Varieties of, 674 Scalds, 669, 838 Scapula, Fracture of, 102 Schmidt's treatment of Milk Fever, 579 Scirrhous Cord, 742 Sclerotic, The, 620 I Scour, 310 393 Scour, White, 333 Scratches and Pricks, 668 Scrofula, 538 to 543 Scrofulous, or Tubercular Disease of Bone, 80 Scrotal Hernia, 269. 739 Scrotum, The, 693, 700 Sebaceous Accumulation in Urethral Sinus, 727 Sebaceous Glands, The, 651 Second Cleansing, 790 Dropping from, 790 Retention of, 790 Secretion, 2 Section, Caesarian, 781 Sedatives, 1032, 1044 Seedy Toe, 195, 96^ Semilunar Valves, 407 Septicaemia, 34, 41, 961 After Castration, 740 Septic Fever, 41, 791 Metritis (Mare), 800 Metritis (Sheep). 802 Seruin, 426 Sesamoids, Fracture of, 107 Sesamoiditis, 154 Seton, 458, 1092 Shank Bone, 46 Shear Tooth (Thompson), 354 Sheath, The, 693, 701 Swelled, 453 Sheep, 548 Alimentary Canal, 294 Foot and Mouth Disease, 220 Foot Rot, 212 Foot Rot, Treatment, 213 Foot, Troubles of, 211 Hoose of, 338, 339, 549, 896 Maize for, 381 Pox, 659 Scab. 963 Simple and Septic Metritis in, 802 Staggers, 591, 592 Temperature of, 42, 1095 Shivering, 348, 593, 595, 965 Shoeing, 168 Cart and Wagon Horses, 178, (4) Hackney and Carriage Horses, 178, '3) Hunter, 178, (2) Prick from, 189 Racehorse, 178, (i) Shoes, Fitting the. 182 Nails ,and Nail Holes, 183 Preparing Foot for, 180 Varieties of, 178 Shot of Grease. 449, 663 Shoulder Joint, 140 Lameness, 139 Slip, 966 Sore, 667 Sickle or Curby Hock, 161 Sickness, Grain, 297 Blue, 468 to 471 Side Bone, 113, 193, 967 Simple Catarrhal Fever, 519 Eczema, 660 Fever, 40 Fractures, 85 Metritis (Cow), -801 Metritis (Sheep), 802 Ophthalmia, 631, 632 Pleuro Pneumoniai (Cow), 536 Pleuropneumonia, (Horse), 511, 513 Sinews, iig, 125 Sinuses of Head, Abscesses in, 491 Skeleton, The, 51 Skin, Cleanliness of, 652 Diseases, 656 Glands of. 650 Mechanical Injuries to, 667 Paper (Sheep), 338', 339, 549 Parasitic Diseases of, 673 to 681 The. Structure of, 648 Shnging, 1093 Hind Quarters, 1094 Slinking or Slipping the Calf, 756 Sloughs, 32 Small Intestines, 221 Of Cow, 292 Of Horse, Description of, 222 Soft Palate, 228 Injuries to 228 Soldier, Red, 468 to 471 Soles, Leather. 185 Sore Feet, (Cow), 207 On Dog, 219 Shins, 70, no, 968 Shoulders, 667 Spasmodic Cohc, 256, 306 Spavin, 72 Bog, 157, 158 Bone, 115, 831 Occult, ng, ti7 Spaying, 745 Special Fractures, 92 to 107 Specific Diseases, 13, (9) Speedy Cut, 150, 151, 970 Spermatic Cord, 693, 695 Spinal Cord, 559 Accessory Nerve, 560 Spinitis, 598 Spleen. 223, 323 Splenic Apoplexy, 325 to 328, 397, 455 394 Split Molar Tooth, 354 Splint, 72, 108, 117, 969 Spongiopiline, 71 Sporadic, 13, (lo) Spores of Bacillus, 327 Sprains, 971 Sprung Hock, 162 Stabls Fittings, 247 Stables, Air Space in Various, 483 Staggers in Sheep, 591, 592 Staling, Profuse, 715 Sthenic, 23 Stifle Joint Disease,. 114, 164 Stimulating Drench, 40 Stimulevnts, 1045 Stomachics, 1014, 1047 Stomachs, Abomasum or True, 261, 287 Derangement of, 243 Foreign Bodies in, 289 Impaction of 3rd, (Cow), 301 Inflammation of 4th, (Cow), 302 Inflammation of Horse, 250 Of Cattle, 287 Of Dog, 272 Of Horse, Description of, 222, (5), 243, 244, 245 Of Horse, Derangement, 243 Omasum or Manyplies, 287, 290 Reticulum, 287, 289 Rumen or Paunch, 287, 288 Rupture, 244 Staggers of Cow, 305 Staggers of Horse, 245 Ulceration of, 249 Worms in, 253, 302 Stomatitis Pustulosa, 30, 237, 972 Stones, Gall, 320 Of Bladder, 720 Of Kidney, 714 , Strangles, 348, 498, 723, 973 Strangulation of Bowels, 259 Strangury, 717 Stricture of (Esophagus, 242 Striking of Blood, 330 Stringhalt or Clicking, 348, 593, 596, 974, Striped Muscle, 118, 119 Stroke, 599 Strongylus Armatus, 253 Contortus, 302, 338 Filaria, 338 Micrurus, 544 Tetracanthus, 253 Structure of Bones, 45 Of Ear, 642 to 645 Of Eyeball, 619 Of Eyelids, 616, 629, Of Foot, 168 to 173 Structure of Kidney, 684 1 Of Teeth, 341 Stuffs, Feeding, 377 to 398 Sturdy, 569 to 572, 898, 975 Styptics, 1016, 1046 Sub-lingual Glands of Horse, 222 Sub-maxillary, 222 Sucking, Wind, 248 Sudorifics, 1021, 1048 Sudoriparous or Sweat Glands, 652 Suffraginis, Fracture of, 107 Sunstroke, 590 Superpurgation, 266 Suppression of Urine, 716 Suppuration, 23, 27 Supra-renal Capsules, 688 Swelled Legs, 453 Sheath, 453 Swelling, 15, 17, 21 With Inflammation, ij, 17, 21 Without Inflammation, 21 Swine Fever, 468 to 471, 975 Symbiotes, 674 Sympathetic System, 552 Fever, 37, 38, 149 Symptomatic, 37 Anthrax, 456 Symptomatology, 13, (3} Synarthrosis, 66 Synovia, 67 Synovitis, 977 Syrup of Phosphates, 76 System, Cerebro-spinal, 551 Diseases of Circulatory, 431 Ganglionic, 552 Nervous, 550 Sympathetic, 552 Urinary, Lecture on, 682 Tapeworms, 254, 978 Tarsal Cartilage, 616 Teats, Blind, 808, 979 Relaxed, 810 Teeth, The, 340 Bishoping, 344 Caries of, 355 (Cow). 359 Growth nf, 355 (Horse), 343 Irregularities, 354 to 360 Marks, indicating age, 344 to 355 Number of, in different animals, 345 Permanent, 342, 346, 360, 361 Temporary, 342, 346, 360, 361 Wolf, 357 Teething Derangements, 365 Effects of, 348 395 Teething, (Horse), 343 to 358 Indicating age in Cow, 359 to 364 In Dog, 374 to 376 In Pig, 370 to 373 In Sheep, 367 to 369 Retarded (Caittle), 365 Retarded (Horse), 350 Telescopic Intestines (see Bowels), 259, 904 Temperature, Effects of change, 485 Of Horse, Cow, and Sheep, 42, 1095 Tendons, iig 125 Contracted, 152 Sprains of, 152 Tenotomy, 152 Termination of Inflammation, 24 Of Mammitis, 805 to 807 Of Milk Fever, 581 Testicles, The, 693, 694 Accessory Organs, 696 Crushing, The, 731 Inflammation of 724 Tetanus, 190, 609 to 614, 743, 912 Bacillus, 612 Therapeutics, 13, (5) Thermometer, 42, 1095 Reading, 1095 Thoracic Duct, 224, (8), 429 Thorax, 400, 480 Hydro, 513 Thoroughpin. 158, 980 Thorns as a Tonic, 246 In Throat, 239 Pricks from, 668 Throat, or Pharynx, 239 Thrombi, 442 Thrombosis, 981 Thrush, 197, 983 Of Mouth, 238, 982 Thymus Gland, 477 Thyroid Gland, 476 Tibia, 46 Cracked, loi Fracture of, 100 Ticks, 680, 984 Tie, Gut, 308 I Tinctures, 1018, 1049 1 Tissue, Areolar, 121 ■ Cancellated, 45 Cellular, 121 Compact, 45 Fatty, 124 t Nervous. 553 White Fibrous, [22 Yellow Elastic, 123 Toe, Seedy, 195 Tongue, The, 222, (i) 1 Tongue, Fraenum of, 232 Inflammation of, 231 Injuries of, 230 Tonic, Whins as a, 508 Tonics, 1042, 1050 Tooth, Rasp, 354 Removal of Molar, 356 Shears, (Thompson's), 354 Split Molar, 354 Structure of, 340, 341, 342 Torn Eyelids, 629 Torsion Instruments, 729 Trachea, 472, 475 Tracheotomy, 239, 240, 1096 Traumatic Fever, 37, 609 Treads, 199, 985 Treatment of Fractures, 82 Of Inflammation, 23, 37 Of Wounds, 129 Trembling, 591, 592 Trephine, 49 1_ Tricuspid Valve, 402 Trifacial Nerve, 560 Trocar and Canula, 241, 243 Trotter-ill, 591, 592 True Curb, 161, 854 Tub and Tube Irrigation! 72 Tubercular Disease, or Scrofula of Bone, 80 Tuberculosis, 538 to 543, 986 Of the Brain, 568 Tuberculin, 541 Tubes, Bronchial, 472 Fallopian, 702, 704 . Tumours, Bony, 568 In Vagina, 749 Melanotic, of Brain, 568 Melanotic, of Kidney, 714 Of Brain, 568 Of Intestines, 259 Tubercular of Brain, 568 Turbinated Bones, 473 Turnsick, 569 to 572 Twist of Intestines, 259 Twitch, 1097 Tympanitis, 296, 334, 987 Tympanum, 644 Udder, Gangrene of, 807 Induration of, 807 Inflammation of, (Cow), 805, 806 • Inflammation of, (Marel, 804 Inflammation of, (Sheep), 811 Paralysis of, 809 Ulceration, 23, 29 Of Bone, 73, iii Of Stomach, 249 396 Ulcers, 233. 988 Their Varieties, 30 Ulna, Fracture of, 104 Umbilical Arteries, 755, (2) Cord, 755 Hernia, 269 Vein, 755, |i) Undecorticated Cotton Cake, 391 Analysis of, 391, 2 Urachus, The, 755, (3) Uraemic Poisoning, 320, 709 Ureters, The, 682, 689 Urethra, The, 682, 691, 693, 698, 707 Urethral Sinus, Sebaceous Accuma- lations in, 727 Urinary Calculi of IBulls, 721 Of Rams, 721 Of Wethers, 721 Urinary Diseases, 708 to 723 System, 682 to 692 Urine, 692 Incontinence of, 722 Nitrogenous, 444 Retention of, 717 Suppression of, 716 Urticaria, 447, 448, 930, 989 Uteri, Hydrops, 786 Uterus, Eversion of (Cow), 795 E version of (Mare), 794 Inertia of, 784 The, 702, 705 Vagina, 702, 706 Abscesses in Walls of, 749 Eversion of, (Cow), 783 Inflammation of, 798, 990 Obstructions in, 749 Protrusion of, 750 Pustulant Irritation of, 747 Tumours in, 749 Vaginitis, 726. 798, ggo Valve, Bicuspid, 402 Mitral, 402 Tricuspid, 402 Valves of Heart, 402 Semilunar, 407 Varicose Veins, 442 Varieties of Calculi, 264 Of Cartilage, 68 Of Feet, 177 Of Fractures, 84 Of. Mange, 678 Of Muscle, 118 Of Pus, 28 Of Scab, 674 Variola-Equina, 657 Ovina, 659, 991 Variola- Vaccina, 658 Varolii, Pons, 554 Various Complications afcer Castration, 736 Vas Deferens, 694, 699 Vegetable Poisons, 251, 304 Veins, 399, 405, 411, 412 Bronchial, 479 Coronary, 400 Hepatic, 317 Portal, 223, 317, 412 Pulmonary, 405, 479 ■ Venae Cavae, 404 Ventricles, 400, 401, 403 Vermicides, 1005, 1051 Vermifuges, 1005, 1052 Verminous or Parasitic Bronchitis of Sheep, 338, 549 Vesicants, 1013, 1053 Vessels, Blood, 405 to 412 Vitreous Humour, 625 Voluntary Muscle, 118, 119 Vomiting, 299 Volvulus, 992 Vulva, 702, 707 Wagon Horses, Shoeing of, 178 Walls of Vagina, Abscesses in, 749 Warbles, 676, 677 History of. Miss Ormerod on, 676, 677 Warts, 486, 670, 819, 993 Water, Black, 462 to 467 On the Brain, 566 Red. 329, 462 to 467, 890 Red, Prevention of, 467 When to give, 225 Weed, 261, 449, 450, 994 Wethers, Urinary, Calculi of, 721 Wheat, Feeding on, 378 Whins as a Tonic, 246, 508 Whistlers, 504, 995 White Corpuscles, 420 Fibrous Tissue, 67, 122 Lotion, 1055 Scour, 333 Whites, The, 746, 910 Wind, Broken, 515 Windgall, 156, 158 Wind Sucking, 248, 853 Withers, Fistulous, 147, 874 Wolf Teeth. 357 Wool Balls, 334 Womb, The, 702, 705 Dropsy of, 786 Inflammation of, 799 Rupture of, 793 397 Worms, Ascaris Lumbricoides, ^53 Ascaris Suilla of Pig, 284 Of Dog, 277 Of Intestines. 253, 254, 277, 278, 284, 310, 338, 978, 996 Of Pig, 284 Of Stomach, 253, 302 Oxyuris Curvula, 253 Round and Flat, 253, 996 Strongylus Armatus, 253 Strongylus Contortus, 302, 338 Strongylus Filaria, 338 Worms, Strongylus Micruriis, 544 Tape, 254, 978 Tasnia Cystic of Dog. 278 Tetracanthus, 253 Wounds, Bleeding from, 129 Bruised, 127, 132 Dressing for, 129, 1055 Gunshot, 127, 135 Incised, 127, 129 Lacerated, 127, 133 Poisoned, 127, 136 Punctured, 127, 134