CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME 
 OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT 
 FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY 
 
 HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE 
 
Cornell University Library 
 TE 200.N25 
 
 Road-building materials In Texas. 
 
 3 1924 022 788 776 
 
The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022788776 
 
B73-619-3m 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 No. 1839: Jnly 10, 1918 
 
 ROAD-BUILDING MATERIALS IN TEXAS 
 
 JAMES P. NASH 
 
 Ilir COOFEBATIOir WITH 
 
 C. li. BAKEB, E. L. PORCH, JR., AND B. G. TYLER 
 
 BtlBEA.V OF BCOZrOUIO aSOI.Oai AND TBCKNOI^Oa'Z' 
 
 SIVISIOH OX* ECONOMIC QEOZiOQT 
 
 J. A. Tn>BBB', Siiector of the Bureau and Head of tlie DiTlsion 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY SIX TIMES A MONTH. AND ENTERED AS 
 
 SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POSTOFFICE AT AUSTIN. TEXAS. 
 
 UNDER THE ACT OF AUGUST 24. 1912 
 
The benefits of education and ot 
 useful knowledge, generally diffused 
 through a community, are essential 
 to the preservation of a free govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Sam Houston 
 
 Cultivated mind is the guardian 
 genius of democracy .... It is the 
 only dictator that freemen aclmowl- 
 edge and the only security that free- 
 men desire. 
 
 IMUrabeau B, Lamar 
 
NOTE 
 
 This report was originally made at thfi request of Dr. "Wm. 
 B. Clark, Chairman of the Sub-Committee on Materials for 
 Rapid Highway Construction, of the National Research Council, 
 and comprised a detailed report on road materials available for 
 use of the United States Army, in this state. The area covered 
 that part of the state referred to by the Council as "behind 
 the front";' that is, the tiers of counties bordering the Gulf 
 Coasit, and the Mexican border. Practically the entire staff of 
 the Bureau was put at work on this report during the summer 
 of 1917. As it was found that similar data could be collected, 
 with comparatively little additional work, for the whole state 
 as well as for the border country, the scope of the investigation 
 was enlarged to cover the entire state. A report on 
 the area designated by the National Research Council was 
 completed in August, 1917, and copies were submitted to the 
 War Department and to the Governor of Texas. Subsequently, 
 under the direction of our Testing Engineer, Mr. James P. 
 Nash, the data for the whole state were similarly compiled, and 
 have within the last week been revised to date. 
 
 J. A. UDDEN. 
 Member, Sub-Committee on Materials for Rapid Highway Con- 
 struction, National Research Council. 
 Austin, Texas, 
 May 6, 1919. 
 
THE AVAILABLE DATA ON TEXAS EOAD MATERIALS 
 
 James P. Nash 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 With the great impetus given to road construction in the 
 United States, and more especially in Texas, in the last few 
 years, the necessity of proper methods in the construction and 
 maintehaaice of our highways has been brought before the 
 people. New methods of construction and better handling of 
 the old methods have brought much improvement to the roads, 
 but even with these more efficient methods, the new type of 
 transportation over the roads within the past year or two has 
 changed that which not long ago was considered the standard 
 of perfection. With the employment of engineers skilled in 
 highway construction, there has been a growing demand for 
 knowledge regarding suitable materials for the rOads. In the 
 past year, on account of war conditions and the various em- 
 bargoes placed on the railroads against hauling road materials, 
 the use of local materials was fostered to the utmost. This was 
 in many ways a good thing, for the reason that upon investi- 
 gation it was found in many instances that deposit's of satisfac- 
 tory material, equal to that which was ordinarily shipped in, 
 were located close at hand. In any event, there is a decided ad- 
 vantage in having a complete knowledge of the available deposits 
 of materials for the reason that engineers unacquainted with 
 local conditions are sometimes employed by the counties in con- 
 structing the roads. They must, therefore, take local opinion 
 and ideas to guide them in their specification and in the mate- 
 rials which they use. 
 
 When the war broke out, the lack of military highways, or in 
 fact any improved highways, along the border and the sea coast 
 of this country stood glaringly before the Council of National 
 Defense. In an attempt to rectify the error of unpreparedness 
 of the past, this body made efforts to ascertain the various de- 
 posits of road material contiguous to the border and the sea 
 
6 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 coast. The Director of the Bureau of Economic Geology was 
 called into service to acquire and compile data regarding the 
 location of various materials, so that, should an emergency arise, 
 making it necessary to move troops to any point along the bor- 
 der ,or sea coast, at least the advantage would be possessed of 
 knowing where materials for constructing the roads could be 
 found. The Director, immediately upon request from the 
 Council of National Defense, sent out questionnaires by mail 
 and press throughout the state to collect all information re- 
 gardiing road materials, and this publication is the result of 
 his efforts along this line. 
 
 Besides data and tests already at hand, a large volume 
 of information on deposits which were obscure was acquired. 
 It can be seen from the method of collecting these data, that 
 some of them may not be as reliable as could be wished, being 
 in many imstances secured by parties inexperienced in matters 
 of road construction. It is believed, however, that Iby far the 
 greater part of the information contained herein is reliable and 
 accurate. Some of it has been published in a previous report, 
 namely, Bulletin 62 of the University of Texas, entitled "Road 
 Materials of Texas". It is believed that the information wiU 
 be valuable as a nucleus for the collection of still more compre- 
 hensive and more reliable data regarding road materials of this 
 state. 
 
 DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OP ROAD MATERIALS 
 
 With the creation of the Texas State Highway Department 
 in June, 1917, the movement for good roads in this state was 
 greatly advanced, in that the matter of road building was placed 
 on a state-wide basis, rather than on a county basis, as it was 
 previously. State highways were planned to the extent of 
 about 18,000 miles, which will form a network connecting prac- 
 tically every important center within the borders of the state, 
 and also form parts of a definite system of national highways. 
 Following this, came the demand for properly trained highway 
 engineers to carry out. the construction of these state highways. 
 This was necessary in order to comply with the provisions of 
 
Desirable Properties of Boad Materials 7 
 
 the state and federal highway laws. The demands of traffic 
 were such that the earth roads, previously satisfactory, would 
 no longer suffice, since the automobile, and more recently the 
 truck, must have a hard surface over'which to travel. This, of 
 course, demands greater expenditure of public money, and a 
 more careful supervision of its expenditure. The alignment and 
 grading of roads were given more attention ; the drainage struc, 
 tures took a more permanent form, such as concrete and steel, 
 where previously wood had been used ; and the surface material 
 was necessarily of a better grade. The latter is probably one of 
 the most important considerations from the financial standpoint, 
 as in the average road this item represents about one-half of 
 the total cost. 
 
 Ordinarily, the least thought is given to this question of 
 materials, the argument advanced always being "We'll use what 
 we have". It is usually much easier to ship the materials from 
 some deposit already in operation, than it is to investigate the 
 local materials. It often happens that the latter are as good as 
 any materials that can be shipped, if not better, and local ma- 
 terial can usually be obtained at smaller cost. A great many 
 roads have been planned and contracts let before any attempt 
 has been made to determine the material to be used. 
 
 While, it is not always advantageous to use local materials, 
 it is believed that the matter is important enough to deserve 
 considerable investigation on the part of the engineer to deter- 
 mine what is the best material that can be obtained. After de- 
 termining this point, more intelligent judgment can be given as 
 to whether or not the cost is such that it would pay him to use 
 inferior material at a less cost. 
 
 There are perhaps two or three times more gravel roads con- 
 structed in this state than roads of any other type, and this is 
 as it should be, since Texas is bountifully supplied with gravel 
 for road construction. In recent years, however, the matter of 
 surface treating of roads has been brought toi the attention of 
 road builders from the necessity presented, by the fast moving 
 automobile aaid- truck, which soon tear up and disseminate the 
 finer particles from the road surface to the surrounding fields. 
 
 The surface treatment has proven quite satisfactory as a 
 
8 Uwiversity of Texas Bulletin 
 
 maintenance proposition for these gravel rioads, but as a rule, 
 too much is expected from this type of bituminous mat construc- 
 tion. After all, the road itself, under the bituminous mat, must 
 support the traffic. It has been found by experience that certain 
 gravels are more satisfactory for the construction of these sur- 
 face treated roads than others. The bituminous material, in 
 order to be satisfactory, must have something to which it can 
 adhere, and this is supplied by the pebbles making up the gravel. 
 Pine silt or clay has not been found advantageous in this type 
 of road, because, while the clay forms an excellent binder for 
 gravel, it prevents the bitumen from properly adhering to the 
 .body of the road-bed. The bituminous material adheres to the 
 fine particles of the silt and clay, which umder the vibration of 
 traffic become loosened from the pebbles and cause the mat to 
 pick up under traffic. It has been found that the most satis- 
 factory gravel, not only from the standpoint of an untreated 
 road, but more especially for one which is surface treated, should 
 contain a greater proportion of pebbles between ^4 inch and 2 
 inches thaji of other sizes. It is considered that the gravel 
 should have between 60 and 70 per cent ,of pebbles which will 
 grade well from % inch to 2 inches. After all, it is these peb- 
 bles which give the body to the road, presenting a surface which 
 will take the wear. It is necessary, of course, that the gravel 
 should have sufficient finer particles of sand to fill in the in-, 
 terstices or voids between these larger pebbles so as to hold them 
 in place, under traffic. A limited amount of clay is necessary 
 to bind these particles together. 
 
 Ordinarily, from the nature" of the material, there is apt 
 to be a larger percentage of the finer pebbles of sand 
 and clay - than is desirable. A gravel of this latter type 
 will usually compact on 'a road and present a uniform 
 surface, but it does not present a surface to which bitumi- 
 aious materials will adhere well. Another matter which is very 
 important is to eliminate all stones which are too large; say, 
 2 inches or larger. Such large stones will invariably work to the 
 surface of the road, causing it to be very rough and uneven to 
 traffic. An irregular surface spells a quick deterioration of the 
 Toad, because impact, the great destroyer of roads, is increased. 
 
Desirable Properties of Road Materials 9 
 
 It caoi readily be seen that if a vehicle, heavily loaded, strikes 
 a rock protruding from the surface, it causes an impact when it 
 strikes and another impact when it drops off the top of such a 
 stone. It has been demonstrated that the pneumatic tired auto- 
 mobile has, comparatively speaking, little destructive influence 
 upoin a properly surfaced road, but a solid-tired motor vehicle 
 or a steel-tired hofse-drawn vehicle will cause a road to de- 
 teriorate very quickly, especially -when it is somewhat rough. 
 This is dup, in a great measure, to impact. Therefore, it should 
 be a paramount aim to eliminate anything which would tend to 
 cause the surface to be rough. If a gravel is properly graded, 
 up to two inches in size, all pebbles above this size should be 
 screened from the gravel before it is placed on the road. "With 
 gravels composed of smaller sized pebbles, such- as one graded 
 up to one inch, the pebbles larger than this should be removed. 
 In ,other words, the idea is to have the material uniformly graded 
 so that no stones will be to any considerable extent larger than 
 the rest. Sometimes an attempt is made to place these large 
 sized stones m the bottom of the road, but this is a mistake. 
 The vibration of traffic causes the finer stones to flow under 
 them, causing these large stones to move upward and in a short 
 while they protrude from the surface. 
 
 As has been mentioned above, the surface treated road is 
 dependent in a great measure for its success upon the body of 
 the road beneath. For this reason, where traffic is in any way 
 heavy or dense, a special effort should Ibe made to have this road 
 of a type which will successfully withstand the traffic imposed 
 upon it. 
 
 The crushed stone road is one which has been neglected to 
 a great extent in this state, probably because of the prevalence 
 of gravel. In Texas there are many deposits of good stone, equal 
 to those found in most. states in the Union. The limestones, as 
 a whole, are satisfactory, but they have not been developed to 
 any great extent, probably because the distribution of these 
 rocks is not such that they can not be used over a wide territory. 
 The deposits of trap rock are equal to those found anywhere in 
 the United States, but their natural distribution is rather lim- 
 ited, so that only one commercial plant exists in this state. 
 
10 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 For paving purposes, the granites in the central zone in Llano 
 and Burnet counties are such that granite blocks for street 
 paving and road work can be supplied which would support 
 traiSc as heavy as any in the City of New York. Numerous 
 sandstones have also been located, but they are not considered 
 satisfactory for ordinary macadam roads. Those in East Texas 
 usually lack uniformity in quality and are, therefore, not of any 
 value, except perhaps as concrete aggregate in the drainage 
 structures. 
 
 For macadam road construetioQ, those limestones having a 
 coeiBcient of wear of more than ten, and a compressive strength 
 greater than 10,000 pounds per square inch, are considered 
 quite satisfactory There is a great number of places 
 where these limestones can be used with a mobile crushing and 
 screening plant. This usually requires a certain amount of 
 equipment, not always possessed by the ordinary county, but it 
 is firmly believed that this phase .of road work wiU develop so 
 that this method will be pursued much more than at the present 
 time. There is no question but what a well constructed macadam . 
 road, surface-treated, will prove more economical than a gravel 
 road, other things being equal. 
 
 In determining the relative qualities a rock should have in 
 order to be satisfactory, in macadam road construction, its re- 
 sistance to wear and compressive strength are the items given 
 the most consideration. These two properties will determine 
 the actual usefulness of the material, although the other prop- 
 erties are also important. A rock having a coefficient of wear 
 of ten and compressive strength of over 10,000 pounds per 
 square inch, is considered as satisfactory for ordinary macadam 
 or concrete road construction. "Where there is no better material 
 available, it is oftentimes advisable to use a rock having a co- 
 efficient of wear as low as eight, and a resistance to compression 
 of 9,000 pounds per square inch. 
 
 The toughness test bears an important relation to the other 
 tests, in that a rock having a high toughness will show a high 
 resistance to wear and hardness. The converse of this, however, 
 is not true, for a stone may have a low toughness and be high or 
 low in resistance to wear or compressive strength. A granite 
 
Desirable Properties of Boad Materials 11 
 
 will usually be low in toughness on account of its granular struc- 
 ture, but invariably shows a high resistance to wear and com- 
 pressive strength. Then too, there is another advantage in the 
 toughness test, in that it gives some idea of the size of stones that 
 should be used in constructing the road. For instance, if the 
 toughness of a limestone is somewhat low, as is usually the case, 
 this can be offset by the use of larger pieces. In other words, 
 the resistance to impact of a stone is in a 'great measure deter- 
 mined by the size. A tough stone of small size will resist a blow 
 equally as well as a large stone, low in toughness. As can be 
 seen from the results of tests, the Texas limestones ■ are all 
 rather low in toughness, so that they should be crushed in rather 
 large pieces. 
 
 The hardness test is of value as an index of internal wear of 
 a stone in macadam road and surface wear in a concrete road. 
 It is the measure of the resistance to separation of particles 
 composing the stone. The pressure of vehicles over a macadam 
 road surface causes local compression of the macadam and henee 
 there 'is a slight movement bf the individual stones on one an- 
 other. This in turn causes a wearing, action of the stones in the 
 road, and their resistance to the wearing action is determined 
 by the hardness test. In the case of the concrete road, this 
 wearing action is entirely on the surface ; as the road is a mono- 
 lith there is no movement of the individual stones. A rock having 
 a hardness of fourteen is considered satisfactory for ordinary 
 road building. Where traffic is liglit, a lower ha,rdness will do, 
 but eleven or twelve is about as low hardness as should prove 
 economical to use. 
 
 The absorption and weight per cubic foot give an index of the 
 relative density of the rock. The latter, however, is useful in 
 checking up quantities. "When the percentage of voids is known, 
 the weight of the broken stone can be determined. On the other 
 hand, if the weight of the crushed stone is known, the voids can 
 be determined. 
 
 The advisability of constructing concrete roads is now seldom 
 questioned, especially for heavy traffic. In this type of construc- 
 tion gravel or crushed stone can be used equally as well, al- 
 though it is believed that good wear-resisting stone is more to be 
 desired. With the Iktter, the surface has a tendency to wear 
 
12 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 more uniformly as all the stones are of equal hardness, but with 
 the Texas gravel, this is seldom true. With this type of road, 
 however,- much greater skill is necessary in the proper manipu- 
 lation of the materials and the proper selection of them. Here 
 again, the aggregate should be well graded and of such size as 
 to present a good wearing surface. It is necessary also that this 
 be the case from the standpoint of strength of the concrete. Ma- 
 terials for a concrete' road are usually selected with more care 
 than is the case with the gravel road, for the reason, perhaps, that 
 results are more disastrous from a failure of this type of con- 
 struction. Not only must ^he coarse aggregate be selected with 
 intelligence, and care, but likewise the sand, and, needless to say, 
 the cement. A coarse. Well graded sand is considered the best, 
 but it must ako be free from clay or earthy material. Probably 
 the greater amount of poor results from ■concrete road construc- 
 tion due to materials, can be traced to coatings on the aggregate. 
 This is especially the case where gravel and sand are used, rather 
 than where stone is used in the construction. 
 
 Proper grading of the coarse aggregate is essential. "With 
 crushed stone this is more apt to be obtained than, with gravel, 
 as the former can be regulated in a great measure in the artificial 
 preparation necessary. Aside from this grading and clean con- 
 dition of the aggregate, it is necessary that it have the wear- 
 resisting qualities already mentioned. To a certain extent, the 
 strength and wear-resisting qualities of the mortar should be 
 equal to those of the coarse aggregate to the end that they both 
 wear equally, thereby keeping the surface at all times in a uni- 
 form condition and thus reducing the chances for impact. Many 
 gravel^, being composed of hard and soft pebbles, produce a con- 
 crete road that will wear rough, due to the softer pebbles wearing 
 away and leaving the harder ones pr9truding from the surface. 
 These protruding pebbles are soon knocked out of the road bed, 
 leaving a defective surface. 
 
 GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OP ROAD MATERIALS 
 
 As a general proposition, the most prevalent material in the 
 state for road, building is gravel. This is a very good thing for 
 the reason that a large mileage of medium traffic roads can be 
 
General Distribution of Road Materials 13 
 
 constructed with this material at a minimum cost. Furthermore, 
 where this gravel and sand can be washed free of clay and other 
 injurious materials, it can be successfully used as a concrete 
 aggregate for bridges, culverts, or even concrete roads by the 
 addition of cement and water. Thus it can be seen that we have 
 available in gravel not only the material for the lighter traveled 
 roads, but also one that may be used with correct handling for 
 heavy traffic construction. Besides the gravels, - there is an 
 abundance of limestone over a considerable area of the state. 
 While much of the limestone is not satisfactory for road con- 
 struction, the hard and tough varieties make excellent roads. 
 Along the coast country there is a dearth of suitable material, 
 but shell dredged from the Gulf has supplied in part this lack 
 of material for the lighter traveled roads. In certain restricted 
 localities of the state, there is an abundance of granite suitable 
 for the making of granite blocks, although up to the present 
 time this has not been used to any great extent in the state. Most 
 sandstones are in inaccessible localities or are not sufficiently 
 indurated and are of variable character, so that little hope can be 
 entertained for their use. There is, however, in this state a 
 material that for heavy traffic road construction is unsurpassed. 
 This is the basalt found as instrusives in a few localities along 
 the Balcones escarpment. Caliche found in some parts of the 
 state has been used for roads in the absence of other materials. 
 Sand and clay suitable for the construction of sand-clay roads 
 are found in a number of localities. They are, however, strictly 
 of local importance, as a road constructed of any but local mate- 
 rials of this kind is not economical. 
 
 Considering the location of the various materials a little more 
 definitely, it will be found that along the coast and paralleling 
 it as far inland as one hundred miles, there are practically no 
 natural deposits of satisfactory road materials, so that the matter 
 of constructing first class highways in this country is a question 
 of importing materials. The most accessible material is the shell 
 dredged from the Gulf. This has certain disadvantages under 
 modern traffic which must be considered before using it. With 
 the addition of moisture, it compacts well under traffic into a 
 hard, dense surface, but under considerable automobile traffic, it 
 becomes very dusty and blows away, so that it is necessary to 
 
14 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 continually replace it in order that the road be kept in anything 
 like a satisfactory condition. Under considerable rainfall, it is 
 apt to become rutted and pocketed. It can be seen, therefore, 
 that to make it satisfactory under our modern traffic, and espe- 
 cially where motor trucks must be moved, it is necessary that the 
 surface be kept free from excessive moisture and also that the 
 dusting of the surface be prevented. , For the lighter traffic 
 roads, a surface mat of bituminous material has given a degree 
 of satisfaction in meeting these conditions. Under heavy traffic,- 
 however, it is, believed that a surface course having sufficient 
 body in itself to withstand the shearing action of the traffic will 
 be necessary. That is, the surface course should be at least two 
 inches in depth, if of a resilient material such as bituminous 
 macadam ; and should have a greater depth, if of a non-resilient 
 material such as concrete. 
 
 Farther inland, sands and clays are encountered, but they are 
 only satisfactory under light traffic, for the reason that practi- 
 cally all the sand in this region is very fine in character, giving 
 roads little stability. Toward the Louisiana line, the material 
 acquires a ferruginous nature, which gives it better binding 
 properties when compacted. Where gravels are found in this 
 locality, they are composed of pebbles, all of which are small in 
 size, and, under strict interpretation, are considered as sand- 
 clays, being composed for the greater part of sand below one- 
 fourth inches in size, and clay. 
 
 A narrow strip of indurated sandstone parallels the coast at a 
 distance of about one hundred and fif1;y miles inland. It is 
 approximately two hundred miles long. This sandstone vai-ies 
 from a fine quartz sand to a hard, quartzitic rock within the 
 same ledge; sometimes but a few feet will contain all degrees 
 of the induration, from the sand to the quartzlte. The harder 
 varieties, where found sufficient in quantity and uniformity to: 
 warrant use, should pipove to be a good coarse aggregate for con- 
 crete road construction. For other types of road this material 
 would not be so satisfactory. It has been found that biLuminous 
 materials do not adhere well to stones of this nature ; and further- 
 more, in plain water-bound macadam construction, the i-ock has 
 practically no cementing value, so that except for its merits as: 
 concrete road aggregate, this material has little to recommend 
 
General Distribution of Eoad Materials 15 
 
 it. The softer varieties when properly handled will prove satis- 
 factory as a concrete aggregate for bridges and culverts. 
 
 This sandstone deposit marks in a geneiral way the area in 
 which gravfels may be found. As might be expected, for the most 
 part the gravels in this section are made up of pebbles small in 
 size and more nearly resembling sand-clays than gravels, from 
 the standpoint of ro.ad construction. These gravels are mainly 
 composed of flint and quartz pebbles with considerable good 
 binding clays, and for light traffic are very satisfactory. Further 
 inland as the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad is approached, 
 the coarser graded gravels are found, which are more substantial 
 road materials for the reason that the pebbles are larger and 
 give more body and wea*p to the road surface. The coarser 
 graded varieties are generally composed for a considerable part 
 of limestone pebbles mixed with the quartz and flint, but there 
 are large quantities of gravels consisting exclusively of lime- 
 stone. These are quite satisfactory for road construction after 
 they have been compacted. 
 
 Running in a general north and south direction through the 
 center of the state are found the most suitable linvestones, espe- 
 cially those in the northern section of the state in the proximity 
 of Wise County and southwest. In the region south of Lampasas 
 and southeastward to Marble Fall^, are found some of the hardest 
 and toughest limestones in the state. The best limestones that 
 have been tested have come from this locality. Strictly speaking, 
 the material in question is a dolomite, which is merely a lime- 
 stone with some of the calcium replaced by riiagnesium. Exten- 
 sive areas underlain by this rock occur also on the Pedernales 
 and on James River. 
 
 In this region, centered around Llano and Burnet counties, are 
 also found the granites and gneisses. The close-grained varieties 
 of these granites are suitable for making granite paving blocks 
 and have been used ,to a limited extent for this purpose. It is 
 reported that th^y have given satisfaction. Granites are not as 
 satisfactory for the construction of bituminous roads as could 
 be wished, for the reason that their crystalline structure, unless 
 very fine, makes them low in toughness, and T;heref ore they do 
 not wear well. A hard gneiss such as found in this region, how- 
 ever, will make a satisfactory bituminous road. In fact, in many 
 
16 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 parts of the United States, this material is classed commerciaily 
 as trap-rock and has proven as satisfactory as the latter material 
 for bituminous road construction. At the present time, these 
 rocks are somewhat inaccessible to the railroads and have little 
 importance from a commercial standpoint. 
 
 When these granites are weathered and disintegrated, they 
 break up into so-called granite gravel, which has proved very 
 satisfactory for road construction. This is due to the fact that 
 the pebbles are sharp and angular, causing them to interlock to 
 a considerable extent, as in a macadam road. They also contain 
 some good binding clay which has been produced by the breaking 
 down of the feldspars in the granite. The average material, how- 
 ever, is composed of stones rather small in size, mostly below a 
 three-foiirths inch sieve. 
 
 In the southwestern portion of the state, in the vicinity of Del 
 Rio, are found limestone gravels in the beds of the rivers and 
 also exposures of fairly hard limestones. Along the border in 
 West Texas near the Big Bend country, there is an abundance 
 of good road material of many kinds, including trap-rock, hard 
 limestone, and gravels. In this country, however, at the present 
 time, there is little demand for high-class roads, so that they are 
 not of any great importance. In the Panhandle and the terri- 
 tory south of the Panhandle, there ig, practically spealiing, no 
 material suitable for road construction, except for a few isolated 
 gravel deposits. In this country, however, the earth roads have 
 proved quite successful in handling- the traffic. 
 
 ROAD MATERIALS BY COUNTIES 
 
 Anderson County 
 
 Situated in the northeast part of the state, this county lies in 
 the sandstone region and "the road materials found here are of 
 this, nature. Some more or less disintegrated sandstone is to 
 be found, but the material which will probably prove more eco- 
 nomical is the sandstone gravel. Care, however, must be exer- 
 cised in the selection of these gravels for the reason that many 
 of them are composed of badly decayed pebbles, which under 
 heavy traffic, become broken up, and soon disintegrate into a 
 
Anderson County 
 
 17 
 
 dust. Where the pebbles are hard and fairly large in size, 
 gravels of this nature make excellent roads for the reason that 
 the iron oxide supplies good binding material. Several gravels 
 have been tested in this county as follows : 
 
 KEOHANTCAIi ANALYSIS 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 No. S 
 
 No. i 
 
 Material retained on the Wncb sieve 
 
 Material rfttainpd on the l-innh piPTfl -'.-.. 
 
 
 
 3.0 
 13.6 
 58.0 
 76.2 
 ^.1 
 87.6 
 90.1 
 
 o.e 
 
 
 
 1.1 
 3.3 
 33.0 
 
 6S.S 
 83.2 
 S1.8 
 97.2 
 .7 
 
 
 
 
 
 13.1 
 61.8 
 10.2 
 11.2 
 62.5 
 66.2 
 
 2.3 
 
 
 
 
 Material retained on the %-ineh sieve 
 
 Material retained on the %Hinch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the iOSS-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the .OU&'inch sieve . 
 
 2.8 
 
 36.3 
 BZ.* 
 £9.1 
 73.3 
 
 Material retained on the .0029-Inch sieve 
 
 Material passing the .0029-inch sieve 
 
 81.4 
 1.3 
 
 . Cementing Value on: 
 
 100.1 
 
 Excell. 
 Good 
 Good 
 
 10O.2 
 
 99.9 
 
 10O.6 
 
 Material under %inch in size 
 
 Material as received 
 
 Ezcell. 
 
 Good 
 Exoell. 
 
 Good 
 Good 
 
 No. 1. This material was found on the property of T. B. Green- 
 wood, 1 % miles east of Pasey Bridge Road, Anderson County, from 
 Palestine. This sample Is composed of rounded fragments of 
 ferruginous sandstone with a large amount of sand and .some clay. 
 It should make a fairly satisfactory road building material due to 
 its excellent binding properties. 
 
 No. 2. This material was taken from the city property, Pales- 
 tine, about 1 mile northeast of Sycamore St., just outside the city 
 Hmits. It consists of small fragments of a ferruginous sandstone 
 with very little clay. Due to iLs very good cementing value, this 
 material should provq satisfactory as a binder course for roads 
 having a foundation course of larger material. 
 
 No. 3. This material was taken from city property, Palestine, 
 on Spring St. The sample is a sand clay composed of fragments 
 of sandstone with considerable clay. This material should make a 
 satisfactory sand clay road, but necessarily lacks the wearing- 
 qualities of a gravel road. 
 
 No. 4. This material was taken on th6 F. H. Devenport prop- 
 erty, about 2 miles northeast of Palestine, on Neches Road, Ander- 
 son County. It is a sand composed of fragments of ferruginous 
 sandstone and considerable clay. It should prove satisfactory in 
 sand clay construction, though it lacks the permanence of a gravel road. 
 
18 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 ANGiaLiiNA County 
 
 This county lies at the edge of the sandstone deposits of the 
 eastern part of the State. One material found in this county is 
 loosely cemented quartzite and a semi-quartzitic sandstone. 
 These deposits make up two isolated hills surrounded by low bot- 
 tom lands in the valley of Shawnee Creek from ^4 to V^ mile 
 above its junction with the Neches River. The shipping of this 
 material might possibly be over the Carter-Kelley Lumber Com- 
 pany's tram, connecting at Maiming with the Shreveport, Hous- 
 ton, Gulf Railroad. It is not considered a good road material, 
 however. 
 
 A gravel laiown to be located' at Flat Prairie in the vicinity 
 of mile posts. 108-110, inclusive, of the Texas & New Orleans 
 Railroad. It contains great quantities of angular and sub-an- 
 gular fragments of silicified wood. The shipping facilities are 
 the Enal and Windom sidings on the Texas & New Orleans 
 Railroad. 
 
 Atascosa County 
 
 This county lies also at the edge of the sandstone area. The 
 sandstone and limestone in this county are rather poor material 
 for road construction. The only limestone noted here is a white 
 porous limestone on the hills from Lenz to Campbellton, which, 
 if found satisfactory after examining the deposit, could b.e 
 shipped over the Sam Antonio, Uvalde & Gulf Railroad. 
 
 A deposit of gray, flaggy sandstone about five feet thick, is 
 located about 1-10 mile southeast of the junction of Falls City- 
 Campbellton and Oakville-San Antonio roads, while at the junc- 
 tion of these two roads, a 10 foot deposit is found. The shipping 
 point for these materials, should they prove of use, would be at 
 Campbellton or Rhodo on the San Antonio, Uvalde & Gulf 
 Railroad. 
 
 A deposit of sandstone, forty feet thick, is located V/2 miles 
 southeast of Campbellton on the Campbellton-Brown City Road. 
 This material could ibe shipped from the same point as that 
 mentioned above. At a place seven miles south of Campbellton 
 in a bluff on the Atascosa Creek and % mile south of Old Whit- 
 
Austin County 
 
 19 
 
 sett's ranch house, is a deposit of sandstone from twelve to 
 fifteen feet thick. The shipping point of this material would 
 be Whitsett on the San Antonio, Uvalde & Gulf Railroad. 
 
 A sandstone conglomerate from this county was tested. The 
 material was found about two miles northwest of New Pleasan- 
 ton, on the Crystal Cify division of the S. A. U. & G. R. R. 
 The results of the test follow : 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. ft. 
 Solid 
 
 Water 
 abs.'lbs. 
 percu.ft. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 coef. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 Value 
 
 Compres- 
 sion lbs. 
 persq. In, 
 
 2.80 
 
 176 
 
 2.14 
 
 27.a 
 
 1.4 
 
 18.8 
 
 2 
 
 good 
 
 7,600 
 
 This sample was seat to the laboratory by Edward GlUon. The 
 test shows this to be a hard rock, having very low toughness and 
 resistance to wear and good cementing value. It has rather low 
 resistance to compression. Not recommended as a road material 
 or for railroad ballast. 
 
 Austin County 
 
 A clay gravel owned by W. A. Mattbace, located % mile 
 south of the Bellville-Hempstead Road and 1% miles northeast 
 of the G. C. & S. F. Railroad depot at Bellville on the I. P. 
 Stephenson survey, was used on the streets of Bellville. The 
 shipping facilities are not as good as could be hoped for, as the 
 deposit, is one mile east of the G. C. & S. F. Railroad, and 1% 
 miles from the station. A small sample of this gravel on hand 
 indicates that it is a well-^aded flint and quartz gravel with 
 some sand and clay. Wm. H. Kluever, roadmaster of the G. 0. 
 & S. F. Railroad, is reported to have recommended it as a 
 good ballasting and road gravel. 
 
 Bee Coutnty 
 
 No materials have been tested from this county, but there are 
 several deposits of gravel and limestone worth while examining 
 for their value as road materials. One white limestone is listed 
 at the town of Mineral, but this is about eight miles from a rail- 
 
20 Umversity of Texas Bulletin 
 
 road, so that should it be found to be satisfactory, which is 
 doubtful, it could only ibe used locally. There are also numerous 
 sections of white limestone from four to five feet thick between 
 Beeville and Orangedale. A lime conglomerate with pebbles of 
 siliceous rock two to five inches in diameter is found on the hills 
 between Orangedale-Mineral Road. Between Caesar and Mon- 
 teola is a thin deposit of flint gravel, but this is. located over 
 five miles from the San Antonio & Aransas Pass Eailroad. 
 
 Bell County 
 
 The only ropk listed from this county is a deppsit of limestone 
 seven miles west of Belton, three miles east of i Nolanville, and 
 % mile south of the Santa Fe Railroad on the John Hughes 
 Survey. The property belongs to M. E. Whitmire, R.F.D. No. 7, 
 Belton, Texas. The nearest railroad is the Santa Fe, % mile 
 to the north. The deposit has never been worked, but is reported 
 to be of considerable size, being one hundred feet high and one 
 mile lom^. A small sample on hand indicates that the rock is 
 s.oft and not suited for road construction except, perhaps, for 
 very light traffic. No tests were made, however. 
 
 A number of deposits of gravel have been investigated by 
 W. S. McGregor and are given here as reported by him. No 
 samples were submitted for tests. 
 
 1. A pit owned by W. S. McGregor at Grace Spur on the M. 
 K. & T. Railroad, % mile soutli of Little River Station: a very 
 high grade of concrete gravel and about 200,000 cubic yards avail- 
 able with trackage. 
 
 2. A pit at Midway, five miles west of Temple on the Santa Fe 
 Railroad, owned by the Quality Stone and Gravel Co. of Temple: 
 contains about 300,000 cubic yards of fine concrete gravel and has 
 trackage. 
 
 3. A pit near Sparks, on the land of Albert McKay, Sparks, 
 Texas: contains a good deposit of road gravel, which has not been 
 tested out thoroughly but estimated to contain about 150,000 yards 
 of gravel. There is no trackage at present but the deposit is only 
 about 100 yards from the M. K. & T. iR. R. 
 
 4. One and one-half miles south of Sparks, there is a deposit 
 of gravel half of which is road gravel and the other half is con- 
 crete gravel. It is within 100 yards of the M. K. & T. Railroad 
 
Bell County 
 
 21 
 
 and is owned by a brother of Dr. V. E. H. Reed of Holland, Texas. 
 5.. One mile north of Holland, Texas, the M. K. & T. Railroad 
 divides a gravel deposit on the farm of Mr. Duncan of Bartlett. 
 Gravel has been taken from this deposit for road construction, 
 but there is a somewhat limited quantity, only 60,000 yards being 
 available. No trackage exists, but the graivel is right off the rail- 
 road. 
 
 6. Near Sparks, there is a fine deposit of concrete gravel on 
 the farm of Ex-Governor James B. Ferguson, some of which has 
 been used on the roads in the vicinity, with success. There are 
 possibly 200,000 yards of gravel in the deposit, but it Is about 
 one mile east of the M. K. & T. Railroad. 
 
 7. On the McGregor pit at Grace Spur, south of Little River, 
 there is a deposit of good road gravel owned by Senator J. B. 
 Buchanan of Temple, which contains approximately 200,000 cubic 
 yards and is about 1,000 feet from the M. K. & T. Railroad tracks. 
 
 8. Geo. Beard of Little River, owns a deposit of good gravel 
 near Grace Spur, about l.OOO feet from the M. K. & T. Railroad. 
 This contains approximately 60,000 cubic yards of gravel. 
 
 The following gravels from this county were tested and re- 
 sulted as follows: 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. a 
 
 No. t 
 
 No. 4 
 
 No. B 
 
 Material retained on 2-Inch sieve — 
 
 
 
 6.S 
 19.7 
 62.1 
 78.0 
 80.9 
 81.9 
 82.8 
 16.9 
 
 
 
 15.0 
 40.5 
 76.1 
 80.4 
 82.9 
 84.2 
 84.0 
 15.7 
 
 
 
 1.9 
 16.7 
 71.2 . 
 90.5 
 97.9 
 98.9 
 99.2 
 .1 
 
 b 
 
 12.0 
 33.0 
 68.0 
 ffl.a 
 93.2 
 94.9 
 95.6 
 
 
 
 Material retained on 1-incli sieve 
 
 Material retained on %-incti> sieve. „ ... 
 
 4.4 
 12.0 
 63.7 
 
 Material retained on .033-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .0116-ineh sieve. 
 
 Material retained on .00B8-inch sieve — . 
 
 Material retained on .0029-inch sieve 
 
 Material passing the .0029-inch sieve. 
 
 68.3 
 74.5 
 77.4 
 79.0 
 21.0 
 
 Total - 
 
 99.7 
 
 Poor 
 Fair 
 Poor 
 
 lOO.S 
 
 Good 
 Excell. 
 Good 
 
 99.3 
 
 Poor 
 Pair 
 Poor 
 
 100.0 
 
 Good 
 Excell. 
 Excell. 
 
 100.0 
 
 Oementine' Value on: 
 MntATial over ^ inch in size . .... 
 
 Excell. 
 
 Material und* %lnch in size 
 
 Material as received 
 
 Excell. 
 Excell. 
 
 No. 1. This sample was sent by Mr. B. A. Kingsley, Temple, 
 Texas, from the Murray pit, four miles east of Troy. The gravel 
 is composed of fragments of limestone with a large amount of fine 
 calcareous material. It contains too much fine material and not 
 enough large stones to be satisfactory in gravel road construction. 
 Should make a good binder course on a foundation of larger 
 material. 
 
 No. 2. Sample sent to laboratory by Mr. E. A. Kingsley, Tern- 
 
22 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 pie, Texas, from the pit of J. S. Fowler, six miles west of Temple, 
 near the old Howard Road. The gravel is composed of more or 
 less rounded fragments of limestone with considerable calcareous, 
 fine material. It should prove satisfactory as a road gravel. Its 
 durability would be greater, however, if it contained more stones 
 between one and two inches in size. 
 
 No. 3. Sample from the McGregor Gravel Co. of Temple, 
 Texas. The gravel consists essentially of hard pebbles of lime- 
 stone, with some quartz sand. The stones are covered with an 
 iron oxide clay. The material contains too much small stones to 
 be recommended for road construction. It might prove satisfactory 
 under light traflSc. 
 
 No. 4. Sample from pit near Midway on the south side of the 
 road. The test was made by the OfBce of Public -Roads a't Wash- 
 ington, D. C. Sample consists essentially of large rounded frag- 
 ments of limestone, quartz, and calcareous shells with a consider- 
 able amount of calcareous sand. The percentage of fine material 
 in this gravel is too low for best results in gravel road construction. 
 
 No. 5. Sample from pit on the Santa Fe, north of road at Mid- 
 way and owned by the Santa Fe. The tests were made by the 
 Office of Public Roads at Washington, D. C. Sample consists 
 essentially of rounded fragments of limestone and quartz with a 
 large amount of ferruginous quartz sand and clay. Gravel con- 
 tains too much fine material to be satisfactory for use in gravel 
 road construction. 
 
 Bexab County 
 
 A limestone quarry was reported by the owner, D. M. Picton 
 Company of Port Arthur, Texas, to be producing about 1,000 
 tons, of rock per day. This quarry is on the San Antonio & 
 Aransas Pass Railroad, 20 miles west of San Antonio. This 
 stone has been used in the construction of some of the streets in 
 San Antonio. No test has. been made. 
 
 Another limestone at Olga, fourteen miles west of San An- 
 tonio, on the San Antonio & Aransas Pass Eailroad, was reported 
 by Joe Beekman, 117 West Euclid Ave., San Antonio, the owner 
 having received the blue ribbon at the St. Louis Exposition for 
 the best lime burning rock in the United States. At one time it 
 was used for this purpose, but at the present time it is not 
 operated. 
 
 Several gravels were tested and the results are given below 
 together with the locations of sampled deposits : 
 
B^exar Count]/ 
 
 MEOHAJSIOAl ANALYSIS 
 
 23 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. a 
 
 No. 3 
 
 No. 4 
 
 Material retained on ^inch sleye._.— ^— _. _« 
 
 10.6 
 27.1 
 47.B 
 78.a 
 87.8 
 91.7 
 . 98.1 
 »3.6 
 6.T 
 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 8.8 
 
 54.8 
 
 si.a' 
 
 89.8 
 
 92.1 
 
 92.7 
 
 6.T 
 
 
 
 S3.i 
 49.9 
 65.9 
 73.9 
 77.8 
 79.4 
 80.5 
 19.a 
 
 •.9 
 
 Material retained on l-inch 8iev6-. ^ 
 
 21.7 
 
 Material retained %-inch sieve ■ . 
 
 Material retained on %-inch sieve \ 
 
 Material retained on ,0S3-inch sieve. . 
 
 MMerlal retained on .0116-incli sieve. 
 
 Material retained on .0058-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .0029-lnoli sieve 
 
 Material passing the .0029-Inch sieve 
 
 39.7 
 flO.3 
 74.S 
 85.5 
 88.9 
 90.7 
 6.9 
 
 Total _ _ 
 
 100.2 
 
 Poor 
 Pair 
 Poor-, 
 
 99.4 
 
 Poor 
 Poor 
 Poor 
 
 109.1 
 
 Poor 
 Cfood 
 Pair 
 
 99.8 
 
 Cementing Value on: 
 
 Material over % Inch in size _ .. . 
 
 Material under %lnch in size 
 
 Material as received i .. 
 
 Poor 
 Poor 
 Poor 
 
 No. 1. This gravel was taken from a hill west of Leon Creek, 
 7 miles west of San Antonio. It consists of rounded fragments of 
 hard limestone fairly well graded. It should prove , satisfactoify in 
 gravel road construction. 
 
 No. 2. This gravel was taken from a hill west of Leon Creek, 
 Castroville Road, much used as top dressing on local roads. It is 
 composed of more or less rounded fragments of limestone over 75% 
 of which is sand. This material is not recommended as a road 
 building material. To be satisfactory it should contain about 70% 
 of stones between %" and 2" in size. 
 
 No. 3. Prospect Pit, iVz miles east of San Antonio, and about 
 Vi mile north of St. Hedwig's Road near the east bank of Salado 
 Creek. This gravel consists of large rounded fragments of flint 
 well graded down with a large amount of clay. The material under 
 2." sieve only, was used lor this test as the stones above this size 
 should be removed from the material before it is used in the roads. 
 A satisfactory road material. 
 
 No. 4. Six miles southeast of San Antonio, and about 50 yards , 
 south Of Gonzales County Road. This material contains fragments 
 of soft limestone with considerable calcareous sand*. Due to the 
 soft nature of the material making up this gravel, it is only 
 recommended for very light traffic roads. 
 
 Bowie County 
 
 E. W. Hookings and associates, of Nash, Texas, own a gravel 
 pit six miles west of Texarkana and % mile north of the Cotton 
 Belt Railroad on the Eylau-Texarkana Eoad. During 1916, 
 
24 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 there were about five hundred culMc yards of this gravel pro- 
 duced. No tests have been made. 
 
 Another pit one mile east of Texarkana, ,on the St. L. & I. M. 
 S. R. R., and still another pit three miles west of Texarkana 
 on the S. L. & S. W. R. R., belong to Young and F. Low of 
 Texarkana, Texas, These pits load about seventy-five cars of 
 gravel per day. Som6 of the gravel was used' oii the roads in 
 BoVCie, Harrison, and Red River eounties. 
 
 Beazos Counts 
 
 Some soft and hard limestones are located southwest of Milli- 
 can on a spur of the H. & T. C. R. R. This belongs to the Texas 
 Rock Company of Beaumont, W. E. Sampson,' Manager. About 
 ten cars of this material are produced in a day, primarily as a 
 concrete aggregate. It was used for the base of the Brazos 
 County roads. No tests have been made on the material. About 
 one mile from Yuma, on the I. & G. N. R. R., is located a gravel 
 deposit belonging to J. D. Steele of Millican, Texas. The pit has 
 never been worked, but is close to the I. & G. N. tracks It is 
 reported to be very similar to the gravel used on the Brazos 
 County roads. The deposit is about nine feet in depth and of 
 considerable extent. 
 
 Beewstek County 
 
 Most i>f the materials satisfactory for road construction in this 
 county are igneous rocks, that is, those rocks formed by the 
 cooling of the molten materials from the interior of the earth. 
 The fine grained varieties of these rocks, such as the diajbases 
 and basalts, are considered the best type of stone for road con- 
 struction to be had. The granites are of crystalline structure 
 and are consequently less desirable for road construction. Some 
 of the locations of these igneous rocks are given here, ^n un- 
 determined igneous rock is located twelve miles east of Ter- 
 lingua at the Maverick Mountain. 
 
 4 iarge number of porphyries is found in this county. In 
 Santiago -is -located a syenite porphyry, 1,650 feet thick, while 
 in the near vicinity of the peak is a number of other deposits. 
 
. Breimter County 25 
 
 Two locations of this material are fouiid in the Mt. Ord Eavige, 
 three or four miles west of Capt. James' ranch-house, just north 
 of the old Marathon- Alpine Road, Another syenite prophyry is 
 located in Iron Mountain, north of Marathon. A small quarry 
 has been opened on the south face. The Rosillos Mountains 
 contain considerable feldspar-porphyry and north of Banta 
 Shut-up around Stillwell 's ranch is located another. The north, 
 eastern projection of the Chisos Mountains,, extending over sev- 
 , eral square miles, is a mass of porphyritic andesite, also the 
 Corazones Peaks are composed in part of a porphyry. A quartz 
 porphyry forms the.' rim rock of the Chisos Miountains rising to a 
 height of more than two thousand feet and covering eight to ten 
 square miles. It forms the top of Emory Peak. A heavy sheet of 
 lava forms the high bench east of Ash Gap and north of Ward 
 Gap, while thinner flows of lava with vesicular structure are 
 located bet-s<^een Oak Gap and Ward Gap. A black porphyry 
 known as Black Peak rise^ from- the plain about four miles 
 northeast of Box Spring. 
 
 A small outcrop of rhyolite is found in the vicinity of Dog 
 Canyon west of the junction of Calamity and Maravillos Creeks, 
 while another light-colored, very hard, silicified rhyolite is found 
 at Study Butte and Black Mesa in the Terlingua District. 
 
 A seventy foot sill of aindesite is exposed in a line of hills 
 extending to the southeast from the east side of Terlingua 
 Creek opposite Dryden 's Ranch. 
 
 To the east of the Chisos Mountains a diorite is found. It is 
 particularly conspicuous on the west side of the Sierra del 
 Carmen and about three miles east of Mailbox Tank. It is about 
 fifty feet thick at a point about four miles east and one mile 
 north of McKinney Springs. A sill along the west side of Maris- 
 cal Mountains and a number of smaller dikes and sills in the 
 vicinity of the Chisos Mountains are found. 
 
 A number of trap rocks is found in this county that should 
 be worth while investigating. Small knobs of diabase are located 
 between the head of Maravillas Canyon and the Marathon Basin. 
 Basalts are found in the Clay Mountains near Terlingua and in 
 the foot hills of the Mesa de Anguila near the Grand Canyon of 
 Saint Helena on the Rio Grande. This is a dense, black, coarse- 
 grained rock. Another basalt is found at the Bee Cave Tank 
 
26 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 and southward on the road from Marathon to the mouth of 
 Stillwell Canyon, also between Maravillas Canyon and the 
 eastern base of the Sierra del Cariflen. 
 
 A phonolite is found in the California Hill, near Terlingua. 
 This is greatly weathered, greenish grey, rather fine-grained and 
 porphyritic and when fresh, breaks with conchoidal fracture. 
 
 Various volcanic rocks are found in the vicinity of Terlingua, 
 California Hill, Clay Mountain, Black Mesa. Many other local- 
 ities are known along Fresno Creek, two small mesas near 
 McKinney mine, and a lava flow 1 1-2 miles north of this mine. 
 Lava is common in the valley of Terlingua Creek. There are 
 several hundred feet of lava at Cigar Springs Mountain, forty 
 feet of lava at Study Butte east of Terlingua Creek. A high 
 plateau of volcanic rock extends from the Davis Mountains to 
 Fresno Canyon sloping gradually southwards from the, Alamito 
 great lava flows along Fresno Canyon. A hard felsitic lava is 
 loeated in the Smuggler's Canyon on^the west side of Burro Mesa. 
 
 The roads around the camp of the Chisos Mining Company at 
 Terlingua are .surfaced with a lime shell taken from the mines. 
 It is estimated that the daily output is about two hundred tons 
 per day. 
 
 Some gravel is also found in this county. One deposit on the 
 west side of Tomillo Creek and northwest of Boquillas is found 
 ill an oval area about twelve miles long and four miles wide. In 
 Rice's Canyon gravels are plentiful, but most of the gravels in 
 this general region are found in. terraces at the junctions of 
 tributaries with the main stream and, in arroyos. 
 
 Beown County 
 
 The only material on record from this county is a limestone 
 from 1-2 mile southwest of Brownwood, owned by Hall Brothers, 
 and operated by M. J. Hall, Brownwood, Texas. It is reported 
 that the Santa Fe Railroad contemplates putting in a crusher 
 to use the stone for ballast. With the present equipment the 
 plant can turn out about two hundred yards of material per day. 
 "While no complete tests have been made on this material, a 
 partial test made in the laboratory resulted as follows : 
 
Burleson County\ 
 
 27 
 
 Speo. Gray. 
 
 2.70 
 
 V7t. per ea. ft. 
 
 les 
 
 Absoip^bn lbs. per cu. ft. 
 
 OM 
 
 Orosblne Strenetli Z-Inch cubs 
 
 13,800 tt>s. per gq. In. 
 
 While these tests are too incomplete to warrant making a 
 recommendation of the material, the high crushing strength 
 would indicate a favorable test. 
 
 Burleson County 
 
 Some rock (not named) belonging to the Texas Eock Company 
 of Beaumont, Texas, is located one mile north of Sand Pit and 
 about % mile from the Santa Fe Railroad. This deposit has 
 never been operated. 
 
 A sandstone belonging to Mrs. M. L. G. Stone is located % 
 mil© from Sand Pit on a spur ol the G. C. & S.F. Railroad. 
 Some of this rock has been used in jetty; work. 
 
 Another sandstone, located one mile north of Clay Station, 
 at Koontz Hill and. a few yards east of the public road, belongs 
 to Mrs. M. McCreery, Independence, Texa^, and R. Kaye, East 
 Side Avenue, Dallas, Texas. This rock is located one mile from 
 the Sante Fe Railroad and has never been worked. 
 
 A sajidstone from the property of W. T. Dunlap, Somervilie, 
 Texas, located at Sand Pit, one mile from Clay, and fourteen* 
 miles east of Somervilie and one mile from the G. C. & S. F. 
 Railroad was tested in the laboratory with the following results : 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 Water 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 French 
 
 
 
 Oenient- 
 
 eu. ft. 
 
 abs. lbs. 
 
 of 
 
 coel. of 
 
 Hard- 
 
 Tough- 
 
 Ing 
 
 
 percu.lt. 
 
 wear 
 
 wear 
 
 ness 
 
 ness 
 
 Value 
 
 J« 
 
 S.5 
 
 i.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 16.7 
 
 M 
 
 Pair 
 
 Oompres- 
 
 Bionlbs. 
 
 persq. In. 
 
 ' The tests show this to he a medium hard rock, with medium 
 resistance to wear and toughness, and fair cementing value. The 
 appearance of a small sample on hand indicates that the stone is 
 an even-grained, fairly hard gray sandstone. Should be suitable 
 as a railroad ballast or as a foundation course for a macadam road. 
 Crushed to proper size it should m^ke a good concrete aggregate. 
 The tests were made by the Office of Public Roads at Washington. 
 
28 
 
 University of Texas Bvlletin 
 
 BuBNBT County 
 
 Like Brewster County, there are many and varied types of 
 Foad materials found iia this county. The hardest and best lime- 
 stone rocks known in Texas are located here. These are the 
 dolomites. Some sandstones are also to be found in this locality, 
 but more abundant are the granites and their weathered products, 
 namely, the disintegrated granites. These latter deposits, being 
 easily handled and quite satisfactory for many roads, have been 
 used more than any other material from the county. 
 
 Tests have been made on many of the dolomites and are 
 included in the table below, each test numbered so as to corre- 
 spond to the location and remarks : 
 
 
 Wt. lbs. 
 
 Abs. lbs. 
 
 French 
 
 
 
 Oement- 
 
 Compres- 
 
 No. 
 
 per cu. 
 
 per cu. 
 
 Ooet ot 
 
 Hard- 
 
 Tough- 
 
 iixB 
 
 sion lbs. per 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 ft. 
 
 wear 
 
 ness 
 
 ness 
 
 Value 
 
 sq. In. 
 
 1 
 
 175 
 
 0.29 
 
 16.4 
 
 15.6 
 
 .11 
 
 53 
 
 26,250 
 
 2 
 
 175 
 
 0.46 
 
 15.fl 
 
 17.3 
 
 8 
 
 43 
 
 26,000 
 
 3 
 
 175 
 
 0.39 
 
 13. S 
 
 18.3 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 22,000 
 
 4 
 
 175 
 
 0.44 
 
 12.9 
 
 le.s 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 16,726 
 
 6 
 
 175 
 
 0.35 
 
 11.8' 
 
 16.1 
 
 8 
 
 41 
 
 25,000 
 
 6 
 
 175 
 
 0.53 
 
 11.8 
 
 15.7 
 
 7 
 
 42 
 
 - 15,770 
 
 1 
 
 176 
 
 0.22 
 
 10.2 
 
 15.8 
 
 7 
 
 40 
 
 19,100 
 
 8 
 
 175 
 
 0.60 
 
 9.8 
 
 16.3 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 18,150 
 
 9 
 
 175 
 
 0.34 
 
 10.9 
 
 15.5 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 16,440 
 
 10 
 
 172 
 
 0.40 
 
 7.6 
 
 15.2 
 
 6 
 
 80 
 
 16,830 
 
 U 
 
 175 
 
 1.03 
 
 10.0 
 
 14.1 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 18,650 
 
 12 
 
 168 
 
 1.90 
 
 s.a 
 
 12.8 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 19,000 
 
 No. 1. Bryant Ranch, about % mile down Hamilton Creek, 
 below Holland Spring, at point where the Holland branch empties 
 Into Hamilton Creek, about % mile east of A. &. N. W. Railroad, 
 and about three miles south of Burnet, Burnet County. 
 
 This rock has a high resistailce to wear, medium hardness, low 
 toughness, good cementing value and very high resistance to com- 
 pression. This rock should make a very satisfactory material for 
 •water bound macadam roads under medium traffic a.nd bituminous 
 macadam or concrete roads under heavy traffic. 
 
 No. 2. Reed Yett's land, about % mile east of A. & N. W. Rail- 
 road and about five miles east of Fairlands, Burnet County, on Honey 
 Creek, below the bridge. 
 
 This rock has medium hardness, high resistance to wear, low 
 toughness and good cementing value. It has very high resist- 
 ance to compression. This is a very satisfactory material for both 
 plain and bituminous construction. It should also make an ex- 
 
Burnet County 29 
 
 cellent railroad ballast or concrete aggregate for road construction. 
 
 No. 8. Reed Yett's land, about two hundred yards south of A. 
 & N. W. Railroad and about 1 % miles east of Fairlands, Burnet 
 County, east of ranch house. 
 
 This rock has medium hardness and resistance to wear, low 
 toughness and good cementing value. It also has a very high re- 
 sistance to compression. This rock should make a satisfactory 
 material for plain macadam roads subject to medium traflBc 
 or under heavy traffic with a bituminous binder. The material 
 should also make an excellent railroad ballast or concrete road 
 aggregate. 
 
 No. 4. Reed Yett's land, about % mile south of A. & N. W. Rail- 
 road and about 1%, miles southwest of Fairlands, Burnet County!. 
 
 This rock has medium hardness and resistance to wear, low tough- 
 ness and fair cementing value: it has also high resistance to com- 
 pression. This material should prove very satisfactory for plain 
 or bituminous macadam roads subject to medium traffic and also as 
 an aggregate for coincrete roads. 
 
 No. 5. R. H. Hoover's land, about % mile east of A. & N. W. 
 Railroad and about 6 miles east of Fairlands, Burnet County, about 
 % mile down Hamilton Creek from pumping station. This rock 
 has medium hardness and resistance to wear, low toughness, good 
 cementing value and very high resistance to compression. This 
 material should prove very satisfactory for plain macadam roads 
 subjected to medium traffic or under heavy traffic with bituminous 
 binder or in concrete roads. 
 
 No. 6. Reed Yett's land, first creek north of Sudduth section- 
 house, on A. & N. W. Railroad, Burnet County, about % mile down 
 the creek. This rock has medium hardness and resistance to wear, 
 low toughness, good cementing value and fairly high resistance to 
 compression. This material , should prove very satisfactory as a 
 road building material under medium traffic. It is also a very 
 good railroad ballast and aggregate for concrete roads. 
 
 No. 7. Reed Yett's land, about % mile up Honey Creek, Burnet 
 County, from the crossing of the A. & N. W. Railroad and about % 
 mile west of the track, about 5 miles east of Fairlands. This rock 
 has medium hardness and resistance to wear, low toughness, good 
 cementing value and high resistance to compression. This material 
 is recommended for the construction of medium traffic roads. Should 
 make a good concrete aggregate for road construction. 
 
 No. 8. Dave Holland's land, about 1 mile south of A. & N. W. 
 Railroad and about 1% miles southwest of Fairlands, Burnet County. 
 This rock has medium hardness and resistance to wear, low tough- 
 ness, and fair cementing value, and high resistance to compression. 
 This rock should prove satisfactory for medium traffixj plain or 
 
30 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 bituminous macadam construction. It should also make an ex- 
 cellent railroad ballast or concrete aggregate. 
 
 No. 9. Reed Yett's land, about % mile west of A. &.N. W. Rail- 
 road and about 5 miles northeast of Fairlands, Burnet County, on 
 Honey Creek, above the bridge. This rock ha"s medium hardness 
 and resistance to wear. It has very low toughness, fair cementing 
 value and high resistance to compression. This material, is only 
 recommended for bituminous road construction or as an aggregate 
 for concrete roads. 
 
 No. 10. Reed Yett place, about % mile up Honey Creek, from 
 A. & N. W. Railroad bridge, Burnet County, about % mile west of 
 track, about 5 miles east of Fairlands. This rock has medium 
 hardness and resistance to wear, low toughness, very good cement- 
 ing value and fairly high resistance to compression. This rock 
 is recommended for light traffic waterbound macadam or for medium 
 traffic bituminous construction, also as a concrete aggregate. 
 
 No. 11. E. O. Wengren's land, about % mile east of A. & N. W. 
 Railroad and about 6 miles east of Fairlands, Burnet County. About 
 % mile Tip Hamilton Creek from its junction with Delaware Creek. 
 This rock has medium hardness and resistance to wear, low tough- 
 ness, and fair cementiiig value, and a high resistance to compression. 
 On account of its low toughness and rather low cementing value, this 
 i-ock is only recommended for bituminous construction. The stone 
 should make a good railroad ballast and aggregate for concrete 
 roads. 
 
 No. 12. R. H. Hoover's land, immediately on track of A. & N. 
 W. Railroad west side of Delaware Creek, and about 6 miles east 
 of Fairlands, Burnet County. This rock is low in hardness and 
 toughness with medium resistance "to wear, fair cementing value 
 and high resistance to compression. This rock is recommended only 
 for bituminous construction, and should make a very good railroad 
 ballast or aggregate for concrete roads. 
 
 Besides these dolomites which are unquestionably the best road 
 building stone of a calcareous nature in the state, there are some 
 very good limestones in this county many of which' could be 
 used commercially in road construction. Quite a number of these 
 limestones have been tested and the reports are given below : 
 
Burnet County 
 
 31 
 
 
 Wt. lbs. 
 
 Aba. lbs. 
 
 
 
 
 Cement- 
 
 Compression 
 
 No. 
 
 per cu. 
 
 per eu. 
 
 Coel of 
 
 Hard- 
 
 Tough- 
 
 ing 
 
 lbs. per 
 
 
 It. 
 
 ft. 
 
 wear 
 
 ness 
 
 ness 
 
 Value 
 
 sq. In. 
 
 1 
 
 165 
 
 0.67 
 
 18.1 
 
 18.2 
 
 14 
 
 42 
 
 24,500 
 
 2 
 
 165 
 
 1.67 
 
 14.8 
 
 15.7 
 
 la 
 
 118 
 
 19,950 
 
 3 
 
 165 
 
 0.73 
 
 14.6 
 
 18.3 
 
 9 
 
 28 
 
 17,700 
 
 t 
 
 168 
 
 0.31 
 
 13.5 
 
 16.0 
 
 8 
 
 72 
 
 18,860 
 
 5 
 
 168 
 
 0.44 
 
 - 18.3 
 
 16.8 
 
 7 
 
 60 
 
 15,425 
 
 • 
 
 168 
 
 0.30 
 
 12.S 
 
 16.4 
 
 8 
 
 at 
 
 18,575 
 
 r 
 
 168 
 
 0.25 
 
 13.2 
 
 17.8 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 15,025 
 
 8 
 
 163 
 
 1.11 
 
 14.4 
 
 14.7 
 
 6 
 
 87 
 
 16,260 
 
 9 
 
 168 
 
 0.33 
 
 12.3 
 
 15.3 
 
 5 
 
 49 
 
 13,085 
 
 10 
 
 168 
 
 0.53 
 
 13.0 , 
 
 14.5 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 16,250 
 
 11 
 
 168 
 
 0.22 
 
 12.1 
 
 13.4 
 
 4 
 
 78 
 
 12,575 
 
 12 
 
 168 
 
 0.76 
 
 9.7 
 
 15.2 
 
 5 
 
 78 
 
 10,040 
 
 13 
 
 172 
 
 0.42 
 
 11.1 
 
 14.5 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 17,000 
 
 14 
 
 168 
 
 0.69 
 
 11.3 
 
 1S.2 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 16,100 
 
 IB 
 
 168 
 
 0.19 
 
 12.1 
 
 14.8 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 
 13,160 
 
 16 
 
 162 
 
 1.70 
 
 11.5 
 
 13.7 
 
 6 
 
 34 
 
 H,0?5 
 
 17 
 
 168 
 
 0.65 
 
 8.7 
 
 15.2 
 
 7 
 
 74 
 
 9,975 
 
 18 
 
 163, 
 
 3.62 
 
 11.0 
 
 13.2 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 11,160 
 
 19 
 
 168 
 
 0.81 
 
 8.8 
 
 16.3 
 
 3 
 
 70 
 
 11,880 
 
 20 
 
 168 
 
 1.94 
 
 8.3 
 
 16.5 
 
 4 
 
 49 
 
 10,876 
 
 21 
 
 168 
 
 0.17 
 
 10.0 ' 
 
 14.7 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 16,850 
 
 22 
 
 168 
 
 0.17 
 
 11. S 
 
 11.5 
 
 6 
 
 54 
 
 12,100 
 
 2g 
 
 - 175 
 
 1.18 
 
 8.9 
 
 13.7 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 13,140 
 
 24 
 
 168 
 
 0.26 
 
 9.0 
 
 15.1 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 ll,fl65 
 
 ?B 
 
 168 
 
 1.58 
 
 9.S 
 
 10.8 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 12.475 
 
 26 
 
 168 
 
 0.62 
 
 8.0 
 
 12.0 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 11,000 
 
 27 
 
 168 
 
 0.32 
 
 11.7 
 
 14.8 
 
 3 
 
 42 
 
 14,350 
 
 The locations and remarks regarding the above samples follow: 
 
 No. 1. Backbone Creek (Lacey's pasture), about % mile east of 
 A. & N. W. Railroad, where creek cuts through ridge, about 1^4 
 miles north of railroad station at Marble Falls. This is a hard 
 rock with high resistance to wear, medium toughness, good cement- 
 ing value and very high resistance to compression. Should make 
 a very good material for medium or heavy traffic plain macadam 
 construction or surface treated road, but the stone breaks with a 
 smooth fracture that might cause some difficulty in bituminous con- 
 struction from the bitumen not sticking. 
 
 No. 2. About 1 mile northeast of A. & N. W. station at Marble 
 Falls, Burnet County, and % mile east of high school building. 
 This rock has medium hardness and toughness, high resistance to 
 wear, excellent cementing value and high resistance to compression. 
 Should make an excellent material for medium traffic roads in plain 
 macadam construction or under heavy traffic in bituminous con- 
 struction. 
 
 No. 3. Reed Yett's land, about 14 mile north of A. & N. W. Rail- 
 road and about 1% miles east of Fairlands, Burnet County, top of 
 hill. This rock has medium ha,rdness and resistance to wear, -low 
 toughness, and good cementing value. It has also high resistance 
 to compression. Should make a very good material for medium 
 
32 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 traffic plain macadam roads or under heavyi traffic bituminous 
 roads. 
 
 No. 4. Ferguson place, near Fairlands, Burnet County. Within 
 a half mile of the A. & N. W. Railroad. This limestone rock shows 
 medium hardness and resistance to wear, low toughness and good 
 cementing ralue. It has also high resistance to compression. Should 
 prove very satisfactory for medium traffic roads in plain macadam 
 and for heavy traffic bituminous roads. Excellent railroad ballast 
 and concrete aggregate. 
 
 No. 5. At Hoover's Point, about 1% miles east of Colorado 
 River bridge and directly on the A. & N. W. Railroad. This rock 
 is of medium hardness and resistance to wear, low toughness, and 
 good cementing value and has fairly high resistance to compres- 
 sion. It should prove very satisfactory in plain macadam construc- 
 tion having medium traffic, or in bituminous construction. It should 
 also make a good railroad ballast or concrete aggregate. 
 
 No. 6. Cut through Backbone Ridge, A. & N. W. Railroad, about 
 1 mile north of Marble Falls, Burnet County. This rock has medium 
 hardness and resistance to wear, low toughness, very good cement- 
 ing value and has high resistance to compression. It should prove 
 very satisfactory in plain macadam construction, under medium 
 traffic, or under heavy traffic in bituminous construction. It should 
 also make good railroad ballast or concrete aggregate if crushed 
 to proper size and grading. 
 
 No. 7. R. H. Hoover's land, about % mile east of A. & N. W. 
 Railroad and about 6 miles east of Fairlands, Burnet County, about 
 150 yds. above pumping station on Hamilton creek. This is a hard 
 rock with medium resistance to wear, low toughness, and good 
 ^cementing value. It also has high resistance to compression. This 
 rock should give good results in plain macadam construction under 
 medium traffic or under heavy traffic in bituminous construction. 
 
 No. 8. R. H. Hoover's land, about 1 mile south of Delaware 
 water tank, A. & N. W. Railroad, Burnet County, and 400 yds, west 
 of railroad cut. This is medium hard rock with a high resistance 
 to wear, low toughness and good cementing value. It also has a 
 fairly high resistance to compression. This rock is recommended 
 for light traffic waterbound macadam, ballast, or concrete aggregate. 
 No. 9. R. H. Hoover's land, about 1 mile up Honey Creek from 
 crossing of A. & N. W. Railroad, and about % mile from the rail- 
 road, Burnet County. This rock has medium hardness and resist- 
 ance to wear, low toughness and good cementing value, and fair 
 resistance to compression. This material should prove satisfactory 
 under medium traffic roads. 
 
 No. 10. About % mile north of Sudduth sectionhouse on A 
 & N. W. Railroad, Burnet County, west side of the railroad and up 
 the creek about 450 yds. This rock has medium hardness and 
 
Burnet County 33 
 
 resistance to wear, low toughness, fair cementing value and fairly- 
 high resistance to- compression. This rock is recommended for 
 roads having medium traffic in waterhound and bituminous con- 
 struction. Should also make a good railroad ballast and concrete 
 aggregate. 
 
 No. 11; Peed Yett's land, about % mile west of A. & N. W. 
 Railroad and about 5 miles northeast of Fairlands, Burnet County, 
 on Honey Creek, above the bridge. This is a rather soft rock, low 
 in toughness, medium resistance to wear and very good cementing 
 value. It also has fair resistance to compression. This material is 
 satisfactory for light or medium traffic plain macadam roads. Should 
 also be satisfactory in bituminous construction. 
 
 No. 12. Ferguson place, near Fairlands, Burnet County. Within 
 half a mile of the A. & N. W, Railroad. This rock shows medium 
 hardness and resistance to wear, low toughness and very gciod 
 cementing value. It has fair resistance to compression. This 
 material is satisfactory for plain macadam roads subject td medium 
 or light traffic or in bituminous construction under heavier traffic 
 conditions. 
 
 No. 13. Lefthand fork of Wood's Branch above Wood's sand- 
 stone quarry, Burnet County. This limestone has medium hardness 
 and resistance to wear, low toughness and fair cementing value. 
 It also has high resistance to compression. Should prove satis- 
 factory for plain macadam roads subject to light traffic or in 
 bituminous construction. Should also make a good railroad ballast 
 or concrete aggregate. 
 
 No. 14. Reed Yett's land, about i^ mile north of A. & N. W. 
 railroad and about 1% miles east of Fairlands, Burnet Countyt 
 This is a medium hard rock with medium resistance to wear, low 
 toughness and fair cementing value. It also has high resistance 
 to compression. This material is recommended for light traffic in 
 plain macadam construction or under medium traffic in bituminous 
 construction. 
 
 No. 15. About Yz mile east of A. & N. W. Railroad and about 
 6 miles east of Fairlands, about % mile down Hamilton Creek from . 
 the pumping station on the property of R. H. Hoover. This rock 
 has medium hardness and resistance to wear, low toughness and 
 good cementing value. It has fair resistance to compression. Due 
 to the low toughness of this rock, it is only recommended for light 
 traffic, waterbound, or bituminous roads. 
 
 No. 16. Reed Yett's land, about % mile north of A. & N. W. 
 Railroad and about 1% miles east of Fairlands, Burnet County. 
 Center of hill. This is a soft rock low in toughness and resistance 
 to wear. The rock is recommended for light traffic or in bltuminou* 
 construction. 
 
 No. 17. A. H. Edward's land, about 1 mil© east of A. & N. W. 
 
34 Umversity of Texas Bulletin 
 
 Railroad and about 1% miles east 'of Fairlands, Burnet County; 
 top strata. Tliis rock has medium hardness and resistance to 
 wear, low toughness and good cementing value. It has rather low 
 resistance to compression for material of this kind. Should prov« 
 satisfactory for medium traffic roads in plain macadam construction, 
 or in bituminous construction. This sample is better than from 
 the bottom or center of the deposit. 
 
 No. 18. One-quarter mile north of A. & N. W. Railway, about 
 1% miles east of Fairlands on property of Reed Yett. This rock 
 has low hardness and toughness, medium resistance to wear, and 
 fair cementing value. It has fair resistance to compression. Thig 
 material is recommended only for light traffic in waterbound 
 macadam roads. Should give good results under medium traffic, if 
 a bituminous binder, is used. 
 
 No. 19. At Hoover's Point, about' 1% miles east of Colorado 
 River bridge and directly on the A. & N. W. Railroad. This rock 
 has medium hardness and resistance to wear, low toughness and 
 good cementing value. It has fair resistance to compression. Should 
 be used only in plain macadam roads subjected to light traffic, due 
 to its low toughness. 
 
 No. 20. About 1 mile east of A. & N. W. Railroad, and about 
 1% miles southeast of Fairlands, Texas. Center stratum. Prop- 
 erty of A. H. Edwards. This siliceous limestone has medium hard- 
 ness and resistance to wear, low toughness and good cementing 
 value. It has fair resistance to com.pression. Should prove satis- 
 factory only in plain macadam construction subjected to light traffic. 
 
 No. 21. Reed Yett's land, about % mile east of A. & N. W. Rail- 
 road and about 5 miles east of Fairlands, Burnet County, on Honey 
 Creek, below the bridge. This rock has medium hardness and re- 
 sistance to wear, low toughness and fair cementing value. It has 
 also good resistance to compression. This material will do for plain 
 macadam construction under medium trafflte conditions, but would 
 prove more satisfactory with bituminous binder due to its low 
 toughness and cementing value. Should make a good railroad 
 ballast or concrete aggregate. 
 
 No. 22. R. H. Hoover's land. Burnet-Marble Falls Road, hill 
 just north of Hoover's ranch house, Burnet County, about 1 mile 
 west of A. & N. W. Railroad, and about SYz miles southwest of 
 Burnet. This rock has medium resistance to wear, low hardness 
 and toughness, good cementing value and fair resistance to com- 
 pression. This material is recommended only for light traffic 
 waterbound macadam roads or bituminous macadam construction 
 having medium-traffic. 
 
 No. 23. Right hand fork of creek above Wood's sandstone 
 quarry. This limestone is somewhat low in hardness, with medium 
 resistance to wear, low toughness and good cementing value. It 
 
Burnet County 
 
 35 
 
 has fair resistanpe to compression. This rock should be satisfactory 
 lor light traffic roads. It should also make satisfactory railroad 
 ballast or concrete aggregate if crushed to proper grading. 
 
 No. 24. "Widow Holland's ranch, about 1% miles southeast of 
 Burnet, Burnet County, and about % miles east of A. & N. W. Rail- 
 road, east side of Hamilton Creek. This rock has medium hardness 
 and resistance to wear, low toughness and fair cementing value. 
 It has, also, fair resistance to compression. This sample is recom- 
 mended only for light traffic in waterbound macadam roads or under 
 medium traffic in bituminous construction. 
 
 No. 25. From cut on A. & N. V. Railroad, 1 mile eouth of Dela- 
 ware water tank. Burnet County. This rock has medium resistance 
 to wear, low hardness and toughness and fair cementing value. It 
 has also fair resistance to compression. Recommended only for 
 light traffiic roads. 
 
 No. 26. About 1 mile east of A. & N. W. Railroad and about 
 1 Vz miles southeast of Pairlands, Texas. Bottom stratum. Property 
 of A. H. Edwards. This rock has medium resistance to wear, low 
 hardness and toughness and good cementing value. It has fair 
 resistance to compression. It is recommended only for plain 
 macadam roads subject to light traffic. 
 
 No. 27. A short distance south of Honey Creek, west side of 
 A. & N. W. Railroad, Burnet County. This rock has medium hard- 
 ness and resistance to wear, very low toughness, good cementing 
 value and fair resistance to compression. Not recommended as a 
 road material. 
 
 Sandstone is another variety of rock found in this county. A 
 deposit has been worked thirteen miles southeast of Burnet and 
 three miles from Fairlands, on the property of T. B. "Woods, 
 Marble Falls, Texas. A three mile spur runs from this quarry 
 to the H. & T. C. Railroad (Austin-Llano Division) . Some streets 
 have been paved with blocks cut from this material and it has 
 also been used as a building stone. 
 
 Tests of this material have been made resulting as follows: 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. It. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 percu.lt. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 coef. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Oeinent- 
 
 Ing 
 Value 
 
 OqmDtetr 
 
 sion lbs. 
 
 persq. In. 
 
 2.45 
 
 153 
 
 3.74 
 
 4.5 
 
 8.8 
 
 U.8 
 
 10 
 
 very 
 good 
 
 15,779 
 
 The tests show this rock to have medium hardness and resistance 
 to wear, low toughness and very good cementing value. It has 
 
36 Uwiversity of Texas Bulletin 
 
 also fairly high resistance to compression. Eoclts of this nature 
 do not as a rule give satisfaction in plain macadam road construction. 
 It should, however, prove satisfactory in bituminous construction 
 or with a bituminous binder and should make a good railroad 
 ballast or concrete aggregate. 
 
 Granites are very prevalent in this county, but they have a 
 number of disadvantages for use in road construction, arising 
 from their low cementing value and low toughness. The disin- 
 tegrated granites, however, are quite satisfactory when of the 
 ■proper composition. 
 
 The only granite that has ever been crushed on a commercial 
 scale is the red granite on the property of Darragh Bros, at 
 Marble Falls, but the crushing has since been abandoned. This 
 quarry is located about two miles northwest of Marble Falls on 
 the Austin Northwestern Railroad. When this crusher was oper- 
 ating, the daily output of stone between 2^/^ inches and % 
 inch in size, was about three hundred tons per day. 
 
 A fine-grained pink granite has been listed by H. N. Banks, 
 Florence, Texas. The material has never been produced, but it 
 is close to the H. & T. C. Railroad spur, which branches off at 
 Fairlands. 
 
 A number of disintegrated granite gravels have been used 
 already in road construction, while others are so situated that 
 they have possibilities. One disintegrated granite gravel is found 
 on the property of Mr. J. J. Boyce, Burnet. It is located five 
 miles west of Burnet on the Burnet & Bluffton Highway. Large^ 
 quantity of this material is present, but no railroad exists at the 
 present time. 
 
 Another granite gravel is composed of angular fragments of 
 disintegrated granite and quartzite, a large proportion of which 
 is below the %" size. This material is located at Marble Falls 
 at Backbone Creek, about fifty yards southwest of the H. & T. C. 
 Railroad depot on the property of F. M. Jones of Marble Falls. 
 In 1916 there was produced about 15,000 tons, and the daily 
 output is estimated at 1,000 tons. It has been used in Fort 
 Worth, Hamlin, Marlin, Waco and in some culverts on the H. & 
 T. C. Railroad as a concrete aggregate. The pit-run material 
 is rather poorly graded, but if screened to correct sizes, should 
 make a satisfactory concrete aggregate. 
 
Burnet County 
 
 37 
 
 The Darragh Bros, of Marble Falls have a large deposit of 
 disintegrated granite at Granite Mountain, about two miles 
 northwest of Marble Falls on the A. & N. "W. Railroad. This 
 material is not being shipped at the present time, but could be 
 easily loaded. The stones making up the gravel are small in 
 size, so that the material is really a good sand-clay, which has 
 proven a good material for the top course of a gravel road. 
 
 Several tests have been made on the disintegrated graiiite on 
 the property of Darragh and Caterson of Granite Mountain, 
 which are given below with the exact location of the materials: 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 9.6 
 
 4.S 
 
 55.8 
 
 41.2 
 
 79.0 
 
 66.5 
 
 89.0 
 
 76.5 
 
 92.2 
 
 80.7 
 
 93.8 
 
 S2.S 
 
 6.S 
 
 17,3 
 
 lOO.l 
 
 lOO.O 
 
 Poor 
 
 Fair 
 
 Good 
 
 Good 
 
 Fair 
 
 Pair 
 
 No. S 
 
 Material retained on 2-incli sieve- 
 
 Material retained on 1-inch sieve.——. 
 
 Material retained on %-incli sieve 
 
 Material retained on %-inch sieve. 
 
 Material retained on .OSS-incb sieve 
 
 Material retained on .0116-ineh sieve.. 
 Material retained on .0058-incli sieve.. 
 Material retained on .0029-inch sieve.. 
 Material passing the .0029-inch sieve. 
 
 Total 
 
 Oementins value on: 
 
 Material over ^inch in size 
 
 Material under %inoh in size 
 
 Material as received 
 
 
 
 
 
 12.2 
 52.5 
 71.7 
 80.0 
 83.0 
 84.9 
 15.6 
 
 lOO.l 
 
 Poor 
 Good 
 Fair 
 
 No. 1. Material from the south end of Horn Spur, from what Is 
 known as the S. C. Cockburn quarry at Granite Mountain. This 
 gravel is composed of small fragments of a disintegrated granite, 
 most of which' is a sand and little clay. Should be satisfactory, but 
 better material can be found in this locality. 
 
 No. 2. Pit northeast from Granite Mountain about 50 fieet west 
 of the Horn Spur of the H. & T. C. Railroad. This gravel is com- 
 posed of more or less disintegrated fragments of granite and i« 
 properly considered as a sand. Should make a good sand-clay road 
 or topping for a road with a foundation of coarser material. 
 
 No. 3. Pit to the east of Granite Mountain, about fifty feet 
 east of the H. & T. C. Railroad track, and south of Granite Moun- 
 tain station. This material should make a good sand-clay, road 
 or a top course on a foundation of coarse material. 
 
38 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 Calhoun County 
 
 One deposit of material listed from this county is a mud 
 shell taken from the San Ajitonio Bay and unloaded at Seadrift. 
 The deposit is operated by "W. D. Haden, Seadrift, Texas. The 
 output is reported to be about 750 cubic yards per day. There 
 are about thirty-five miles of roads surfaced in Calhoun County 
 with this material. 
 
 Another deposit of this material is worked. It is located at 
 Chieken-Eoof, three miles from Port Lavaca and opefated by 
 the Smith Ullrich Dredging Company. During 1916 there were 
 about 30,000 tons of the material produced and with present 
 equipment it is possible to produce 400 tons a day. The South- . 
 ern Pacific Railroad tracks are 800 feet from the docks and at 
 the present time no switch exists. The material has been used 
 on the Calhoun and Victoria County Roads and five miles of 
 streets in the city of Port Lavaca. It is reported that Captain 
 Nelson of the U. S. Corps of Engineers at Galveston says that 
 this is the best shell on the Texas Coast. 
 
 Callahan County 
 
 The only material listed from this county is a gravel on the 
 property of F. S. Bell, Baird, Callahan County. This material 
 is close to the tracks of the T. & P. Railroad and three miles east 
 of Baird. So far this material has not been developed, but it 
 is reported that several railroad men have examined the deposit 
 and have pronounced it as being good ballast material. 
 
 Chambers County 
 
 Located along both sides of the Trinity River at Wallisville 
 is a deposit of clam shell. This material is produced by the 
 Texas Rock Company of Beaumont. The material is loaded on 
 barges and towed to Liberty, where it is loaded on cars of the 
 T. & N. 0. Railroad r or to Port Bolivar and loaded on the G. C. 
 & S. F. Railroad ; or taken to Houston and loaded on niany of the 
 railroads there. 
 
Coleman County 39 
 
 , Coleman County 
 
 One limestone on the property of H. J. Parker at the Santa 
 Anna Mt., 400 yds. from the G. C. & S. F. Railroad, is the only 
 material listed. 
 
 Collin County 
 
 A gravel tested from this county is given below together with 
 its location and remarks resulting from the tests : 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 -+- 
 
 No. 1 
 
 Material retained on 2-lnch sieve 
 
 Material retained on 1-ineIi sieve... 
 
 Material retained on H-ineh pieve ^.. 
 
 Material retained on %-inch sieve. 
 
 Material retained on .033-incJi sieve... 
 Material retained on .(H16-inch sieve.. 
 
 Material retained on .(K)5S-inch sieve 
 
 . Material retained on .OOSS-ineh sieve.. 
 Material passing .0029-incli sieve 
 
 Total 
 
 Cementing value on: 
 
 Material over % inch in size 
 
 / Material under %incli in size .... 
 
 Material as received 
 
 
 
 15.8 
 25.0 
 44.7 
 
 ?1.5 
 2.8 
 72.6 
 82.8 
 17.4 
 
 100.2 
 
 Good 
 Good 
 Good 
 
 No. 1. This material was sent to the laboratory by E. O. Slaugh- 
 ter of Anna, Texas. It consists of rounded fragments of a hard 
 flint and a soft limestone with considerable fine material of a 
 calcareous nature. It is not recommended as a road material, being 
 too soft, nor is it recommended as a concrete aggregate. 
 
 Colorado County 
 
 One characteristic of this county is the number of gravel pits, 
 which are operated or are organized for commercial operation. 
 This is diie perhaps to the fact that this is about the first county 
 from the coast that contains anything like a workable gravel 
 combined wih the fact that in recent years there has been a large 
 demand for road gravel in the coast country. There is, besides 
 the worked deposits, a ]atge nuiaber that have not been operated 
 so far. Many of them are listed here. 
 
40 Umversity of Texas Bulletin 
 
 One gravel, not worked, is located at Glidden within the 
 switching limits of the, G. H. & S. A. Railroad, on the property 
 of B. J. Koehe of Ellinger, Texas. 
 
 Another gravel, located near Eagle Lake, is composed 
 of pebbles of quartz, jasper, agate, limestone, jlint, chert, and 
 granite. This material is reported to be located on the G. C. 
 & S. F., the S. A. & A. P., and the G. H. & S. A. railroads. 
 
 A sand clay gravel is located on the property of J. "W. Staf- 
 ford, Columbus, Texas, 11 miles south of Columbus, 1 mile east 
 of Altair, and one-half mile from the S. A. & A. P. Eailroad. At 
 the present time, there is no equipment on hand, but the owner 
 reports that there are about 2,000,000 cu. yds. available. A 
 small sample of this material on hand was composed approxi- 
 mately of 90 per cent of sand and clay. The pebbles are flint 
 and quartz, with a good binder of red iron oxide clay. This 
 material should make an excellent binder for a coarse gravel or 
 on a foundation of other material. 
 
 On the property of "W. Waldo, Union National Bank, Houston, 
 Texas, is located a deposit of gravel composed of sand and silt 
 and containing pebbles ranging in size up to 2 and 3 inches in 
 size. A railroad is close to the deposit. 
 
 Three miles ' northwest of Columbus on the J. Tomlinson 
 Survey, a gravel is located on the property of J. B. Grey of 
 Columlbus, Texas. The deposit, however, is located V-A miles 
 from the railroad track and no material has ever been produced. 
 A small sample on hand is composed of small flint and quartz 
 pebbles with little clay. 
 
 . A pit run gravel ranging from sand and silt to flint gravel 
 2 and 3 inches in Size, is produced by Slavin & Cravin (J. W. 
 Slavin, Thompsons, Texas, and M. M. Cravin, Mission City, 
 Texas) . The deposit is on the G. H. & S. A. Railroad and it is 
 possible to load from 10 to 12 cars a d'ay. This material is re- 
 ported to be a good road material and has been used on the 
 roads of Harris and Fort Bend counties. 
 
 The Altair Crushed Stone & Gravel Company of Colum,bus, 
 Texas, has a gravel pit at Altair on the S. A. & A. P. Railroad 
 which has not been worked. It is estimated, however, that there 
 are approximately 6,000,000 cu. yds. available. The gravel is 
 
Colorado County 41 
 
 composed of hard flint and quartz pebbles with some sand and 
 red clay. A small sample on h.and indicates that the gravel 
 should make a satisfactory road! gravel if the large stones above 
 2 inches in size were removed. 
 
 At Lakeside, southeast of Eagle Lake, is located a rather fine- 
 grained gravel which is produced by the Eagle Lake Gravel Com- 
 pany (Howard Kenyon, Cbmidercial Bank Bldg., Houston, 
 Texas) . During the last 6 months of 1916, there were produced 
 about 39,000 tons, while the daily output is approximately 900 
 tons. A ^ mile spur connects the deposit with the Cane Belt 
 Railroad. The material has been used on the roads of Fort 
 Bend, Harris and "Wharton counties. The material is a good top 
 course gravel, having about 70 per cent passing the % inch sieve, 
 with about 10 per cent sand and 15 per cent clay of good bind- 
 ing qualities. 
 
 A pit of gravel containing about 15 per cent pf clay is located 
 at Altair on the S. A. & A. P. Railroad, southeast of Eagle Lake, 
 and is operated by the Trinity Sand and Gravel Company (d . f. 
 McKinnis, Altair). The production has amounted to about 100 
 cu. yds. per day and has been used on the roads in the surround- 
 ing counties. The deposit is reported to extend for a mile on 
 each side of the railroad and is 300 yds. wide and about 20 ft. 
 deep. Tests have been made at the A. & M. College of Texas, 
 but no report is on hand. A small sample on hand indicates that 
 the gravel is composed of rounded pebbles of flint and quartz 
 with some sand and clay. It appears to be a satisfactory road 
 gravel. 
 
 The Texas Gravel and Sand Company of Houston, Texas, 
 produces a washed and screened gravel at Ellinger on the La 
 Grange Branch of the G. H. & S. A. Railroad. During 1916 
 this plant loaded out 50,000 cu. yds. of gravel. From a small 
 sample on hand it appears that this is a well graded angular 
 flint and quartz gravel free froni sand or silt. It appears to be 
 a satisfactory concrete aggregate, but is not recommended for 
 use as a road building gravel without the addition of clay as a 
 binder. 
 
 The only gravel tested from this county is that at the Haden 
 pit at Glidden. The results of the test and the location and 
 remarks are given below: 
 
42 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 No. 1 
 
 Material retained on 2-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on 1-inch sieve. 
 
 Material retained on ^-Inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on %-inch, sieve 
 
 Material retained on .033-inch sieve.. 
 Material retained on .oaie-inch sieve. 
 Material retained on .0058-inch sieve. 
 Material retained on .0029-inch sieve- 
 Material passing the .0029-inch sieve. 
 
 Total 
 
 Cementing value on: 
 
 Material over % inch in size 
 
 Material under %.inch in size 
 
 Material as received 
 
 
 
 10.2 
 27.2 
 51.4 
 68.2 
 78.6 
 81.5 
 83.1 
 16.9 
 
 100.0 
 
 Poor 
 Fair 
 Poor 
 
 No. 1. Pit belonging to W. D. Haden, American National Ins. 
 Bldg., Galveston, Texas. The pit at the present time is not being 
 operated, however. There is a Marion Osgood steam shovel and a. 
 good 75 ton locomotive lying idle. The pit is on a spur of the G. 
 H. & S. A. Railroad. Sample sent to laboratory by J. C. Baumgarten, 
 Schulenburg. The fine material belov the .0029" sieve is mostly 
 silica, only. 3 % of it being iron oxide clay ahd no calcareous 
 material. This should make a fairly satisfactory road material. 
 
 A limestone near Altair on the S. A. & A. P. Eailroad owned 
 by the Altair Crushed Stone and Gravel Company is too soft 
 for satisfactory road construction, but could be used satisfac- 
 torily for concrete aggregate. 
 
 A sandstone is reported to be in abundance near Altair on the 
 S. A. & A. P. Railroad on the property of C. E. Grpuce of 
 Columbus, Texas. 
 
 CoM.uj County 
 
 A number of samples was collected by the laboratory and 
 tested. Most of the materials collected were gravel, as the lime- 
 stone is as a rule rather soft and the gravel is so abundant that 
 it seems reasonable to suppose that by far the greater propor- 
 tion of material used will be gravel. The tests of the limestones 
 with their locations are given ibelow: 
 
Comal County 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 Water 
 
 Pel- cent. 
 
 Prench 
 
 
 
 Cement- 
 
 Compres- 
 
 
 
 cu. ft. 
 
 abs. lbs. 
 
 of 
 
 eoef. of 
 
 Hard- 
 
 Tough- 
 
 tag 
 
 sion lbs. 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 
 percu. ft 
 
 wear 
 
 wear 
 
 ness 
 
 ness 
 
 Value 
 
 per sa. In. 
 
 1 
 
 2.60 
 
 162 
 
 1.59 
 
 4.2 
 
 0.5 
 
 12.6 
 
 6 
 
 Poor 
 
 
 2 
 
 2.65 
 
 165 
 
 0.72 
 
 ,3.8 
 
 10.6 
 
 13.7 
 
 4 
 
 Pair 
 
 14,600 
 
 3 
 
 2.S8 
 
 161 
 
 1.46 
 
 5.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 10.7 
 
 4 
 
 Pair 
 
 9,858 
 
 4 
 
 2.50 
 
 156 
 
 2.87 
 
 5.S 
 
 5.9 
 
 8.2 
 
 S 
 
 Pair 
 
 6,000 
 
 B 
 
 2.45 
 
 153 
 
 2.69 
 
 7.8 
 
 5.1 
 
 6.5 
 
 6 
 
 Pair 
 
 9,220 
 
 e 
 
 2.45 
 
 IBS 
 
 2.42 
 
 14.8 
 
 2.7 
 
 2.6 
 
 4 
 
 Good 
 
 3,445 
 
 No. 1. From Widow Rabe's place about five miles north of New 
 Braunfels on old Government stage road, about 100 yds. from 
 crossing of wagon road and M. K. & T. Railroad. Same ledge ex- 
 ists on the Kretzmaier property. This Is a rather soft rocte, with 
 medium resistance to wear, low toughness, and poor cementing 
 value. This material is recommended only for bituminous construc- 
 tion subject to medium or light traffic. 
 
 No. 2. This sample is from the property of the Dittlinger Lime 
 Company of New Braunfels and is located 1 mile southwest of New 
 Braunfels on the I. & G. N. and M. K. & T. railroads. The pro- 
 duction is approximately 1,500 tons per day; the yearly production in 
 1916 amounted to 190,000 tons. The tests show this to be rather 
 low In hardness with medium resistance to wear, low toughness, and 
 fair cementing value. It has. also fair resistance to compression. 
 Recommended only for waterbound macadam roads subject to light 
 traffic. If a bituminous binder Is used it might be used on a little 
 heavieir traffic roads. This sample was taken from the best ledge of 
 the quarry. 
 
 No. 3. Same location as above. This test Is the average of 3 
 samples from the quarry. The test shows a soft rock, low in tough- 
 ness, hardness and resistance to wear, only fair cementing value 
 and low resistance to compression. It is not recommended as a 
 road building material. 
 
 No. 4. This sample Is from the property of the Coinal Rock Co. 
 of New Braunfels. It is a soft rock, low in toughness and resistance 
 to compression. It is not recommended as a road building material. 
 
 No; 5. This sample is from the property of C. W. Ling of 725 So. 
 Salado St., San Antonio, Texas. The material occurs 7 miles south 
 of New Braunfels and 26 miles north of San Antonio on the I. & G. 
 N. Railroad. This material was taken from the. best ledge in the 
 quarry. It is a soft rock, low in toughness and resistance to wear, 
 with fair cementing value. It Is rather low in compressive strength. 
 It is not recommended as a road building material. 
 
 No. 6. The location is the same as above. The tests are the 
 average of 4 samples taken from different parts of the quarry. 
 The tests show this to be a very soft rock, having low resistance 
 
44 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 to wear, low toughness, fairly good cementing value, and a very low 
 resistance to compression. It is not recommended as a road build- 
 ing material. 
 
 Many saniples from this county have been tested, most of which 
 were limestone. Many of the gravels, however, had considerable 
 flint pebbles in their make up. The tests of these gravels with their 
 location and remarks are given below: 
 
 MECHANICAL ANAITSIS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FasB- 
 
 Cementing Value 
 
 
 Pfer cent of material 
 
 retained on: 
 
 
 .a020-ln. 
 
 on 
 
 Material 
 
 
 2-in. 
 
 1-in. 
 
 Mto. 
 
 %-iii. 
 
 .0116-In. 
 
 .0029-in. 
 
 above 
 
 below 
 
 as re- 
 
 No. 
 
 sieve 
 
 sieve 
 
 sieve 
 
 sieve 
 
 sieve 
 No. 48 
 
 Sieve 
 No. 200 
 
 sieve 
 No. 200 
 
 H-ln. 
 sieve 
 
 sieve 
 
 ceived 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 20.1 
 
 48.2 
 
 79.3 
 
 90.4 
 
 81.6 
 
 8.6 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 2 
 
 1.2 
 
 12.9 
 
 42.1 
 
 75.4 
 
 91.3 
 
 94.S 
 
 6.5 
 
 poor 
 
 good 
 
 poor 
 
 3 
 
 4.6 
 
 14.1 
 
 S6.0 
 
 74.6 
 
 90.4 
 
 92.7 
 
 7.1 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 i 
 
 T.4 
 
 29.3 
 
 53.5 
 
 82.7 
 
 90.1 
 
 92.7 
 
 7.1 
 
 fair 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 26.2 
 
 60.6 
 
 82.8 
 
 89.2 
 
 90.7 
 
 9.2 
 
 poor 
 
 excell. 
 
 poor 
 
 6 
 
 7.4 
 
 22.2 
 
 61.8 
 
 82.3 
 
 90.7 
 
 97.3 
 
 3.0 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 7 
 
 12.9 
 
 45.0 
 
 65.5 
 
 71.6 
 
 8S.S 
 
 85.2 
 
 15.0 
 
 poor 
 
 esceli. 
 
 good 
 
 8 
 
 6.1 
 
 28.7 
 
 62.3 
 
 60.0 
 
 87.0 
 
 91.2 
 
 9.1 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 28.9 
 
 51.5 
 
 76.7 
 
 86.2 
 
 86.9 
 
 12.9 
 
 poor 
 
 excell. 
 
 fair 
 
 10 
 
 11.4 
 
 SS.2 
 
 48.5 
 
 65.8 
 
 81.7 
 
 83.3 
 
 17.0 
 
 poor 
 
 good 
 
 poor 
 
 11 
 
 10.4 
 
 30.8 
 
 45.6 
 
 71.4 
 
 8B.2 
 
 87.9 
 
 12.0 
 
 poor 
 
 excell. 
 
 poor 
 
 li 
 
 16.7 
 
 40.0 
 
 82.6 
 
 78.0 
 
 85.2 
 
 86.9 
 
 13.8 
 
 poor 
 
 excell. 
 
 excdl. 
 
 13 
 
 19.7 
 
 67.0 
 
 75.2 
 
 86.0 
 
 89.4 
 
 90.1 
 
 10.0 
 
 poor 
 
 exceU. 
 
 good 
 
 14 
 
 29.8 
 
 40.7 
 
 58.7 
 
 83.9 
 
 88. a 
 
 89.0 
 
 10.9 
 
 fair 
 
 fair 
 
 poor 
 
 15 
 
 2.6 
 
 20.5 
 
 41.8 
 
 73.0 
 
 82.3 
 
 84.1 
 
 16.0 
 
 poor 
 
 excell. 
 
 good 
 
 16 
 
 7.6 
 
 13.1 
 
 35.4 
 
 62.7 
 
 79.8 
 
 85.0 
 
 15.0 
 
 poor 
 
 fair 
 
 poor 
 
 17 
 
 6.2 
 
 26.S 
 
 49.1 
 
 74.0 
 
 82.5 
 
 84.4 
 
 15.8 
 
 fair 
 
 excell. 
 not 
 
 fair 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 44.7 
 
 70.1 
 
 96.4 
 
 97.9 
 
 S6.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 poor 
 not 
 
 made 
 not 
 
 poor 
 
 W 
 
 IB. 2 
 
 B8.1 
 
 81.6 
 
 95.4 
 
 97.9 
 
 98.1 
 
 1.9 
 
 made 
 
 made 
 
 fair 
 
 20 
 
 30.0 
 
 72.8 
 
 85.0 
 
 91.2 
 
 93.8 
 
 93.9 
 
 5.9 
 
 fair 
 
 excell. 
 
 poor 
 
 No. 1. About 3% miles north of New Braunfels, Comal County, 
 and about 500 yds. north of Gruene's store, on old stage road. This 
 material should prove a very satisfactory road building material. 
 It is composed of more or less rounded fragments of limestone. 
 
 No. 2. About 3 miles north of New Braunfels, Comal County, 
 about 500 yds. southeast of Gruene's store. This gravel consists 
 of rounded fragments of hard limestone. It should prove satis- 
 factory as material for gravel road construction. Said to be good 
 gravel. 
 
 No. 3. Reischter property, about 3 miles northeast of New Braun- 
 fels, on the San Marcos road, and I. & G. N. Railroad, and about 
 200 yds. north of San Antonio- Austin Road, Comal County. This 
 gravel Is composed of flat and rounded fsagments of a fairly hard 
 limestone with a small amount of fine calcareous material. It 
 should prove satisfactory in gravel road construction. 
 
Comal County 45 
 
 No. 4. Mittendorf's place, about 6 mi. northeast of New- Braun- 
 fels, and 100 yds. east at San Antonio-Austin Road, Comal County. 
 This material consists of rounded fragments of limestone. It should 
 prove satisfactory as a road building gravel. 
 
 No. 5. Near Hunter, on M. K. & T. Railroad, Comal County. 
 This gravel consists of rounded fragments of hard limestone with 
 little fine material. It should prove satisfactory as a road build- 
 ing gravel. 
 
 No. 6. Vacant lot on Castell Street, New Braunfels, Comal 
 County, about % miles southwest of county courthouse. This 
 material is composed of flat and rounded fragments of limestone 
 and some flint, and very fine calcareous material. Although lack- 
 ing in fine material, it is believed that this gravel will make a 
 satislactory road building material. 
 
 No. 7. About 5 miles southwest of New Braunfels, on south 
 side of Comal Creek and about Vz mile southwest of San Antonio- 
 Austin Road. This grayel is composed of fragments of flint and some 
 limestone with considerable fine calcareous material and clay. It 
 should prove very satisfactory in gravel road construction. 
 
 No. 8. Adam Hubertos' place, prospect pit about 10 miles south- 
 west of New Braunfels and about % mile eas); of San ' Antonio- 
 Austin Road, Comal County. This gravel consists of rounded frag- 
 ments of limestone with considerable calcareous sand.. It should 
 make a fairly satisfactory road, building gravel. 
 
 No. 9. Henry Soechting's place, about 1% miles southwest of 
 Hunter, and about 100 yards east of San Antonio- Austin Road, 
 Comal County. This material should prove satisfactory as a road 
 building gravel. It is composed of rounded fragments of flinty 
 and limestone with considerable very fine calcareous material. 
 
 No. 10. About 7% miles southwest of New Braunfels, and about 
 75 yards northwest of San Antonio- Austin Road, in lane, Comal 
 County. This gravel consists of rounded fragments of limestone 
 with considerable very fine calcareous material. Although this 
 material contains a good deal of fine dust it is recommended as a 
 road building material. 
 
 No. 11. About 1% miles southwest of I. & G. N. railroad depot at 
 Hunter, and about 50 yards below bridge over York Creek, near San 
 Antonio-Austin Road, Comal County. This material consists essen- 
 tially of fragments of limestone with some chert and shells, well 
 graded. It should prove very satisfactory as a road building gravel. 
 
 No. 12. About 5 miles southwest of New Braunfels, on Comal 
 Creek, and about % mile northwest of San Antonio-Austin Road, 
 on north bank Of creek. This gravel is composed of rounded fragments 
 of fiint and chert with considerable clay and fine calcareous material. 
 It should inake a very satisfactory mad material, provided the stones 
 above 2" in size are removed. 
 
 No. 13. Southwest of New Braunfels, about 4 miles on Comal 
 
46 TJmversity of Texas Bulletin 
 
 .Creek above road crossing, about % mile northwest of P. Schumann's 
 blacksmith shop on San Antonio-Austin Road, Comal County. This 
 gravel is composed of more or less rounded fragments of a very 
 hard flint with considerable plastic clay. It should make a very 
 satisfactory gravel road. 
 
 No. 14. Brnstein pit, about 1% miles east of New Braunfels, on 
 Seguin Road, about % mile from San Antonio-Austin Road, Comal 
 County. This gravel is composed of rounded fragments of lime- 
 stone with considerable very fine calcareous material. If the large 
 stones over 2" in size are screened out, this material should prove 
 satisfactory in gravel road construction. 
 
 Nd. 15. Near Hunter, Comal County, on M. K. & T. Railroad. 
 This gravel consists of rounded fragments of flint and limestone 
 with considerable flne material of a- calcareous nature. It should 
 prove satisfactory as a road building gravel. 
 
 No. 16. About 4 miles west of New Braunfels, on I. & G. N. 
 Railroad and about 1 mile northwest, of San Antonio-Austin Road, 
 Comal County. Sample seht in by Dittlfnger Lime Co., New Braun- 
 fels, Texas. This gravel is composed of fragments of a rather soft 
 limestone with considerable fine material. It is recommended only 
 for light trafilc gravel road construction. 
 
 No. 17. About % mile southwest of Hunter, on bank of York 
 Creek at culvert of Otto Preusse, Comal County. This gravel 
 consists of rounded fragments of limestone, fairly hard, with a 
 considerable amount of very flne calbareous material. It should 
 prove a satisfactory road building material. 
 
 No. 18. Specht property, York's Creek, about 300 yards west 
 of Hunter, Coma-l County. This gravel consists of large angular 
 fragments of limestone with practically no fine material. Material 
 above 2" was screened out before the mechanical analysis was made. 
 It is not satisfactory as a road building material: however, this 
 gravel would prove a very good concrete aggregate or road ballast. 
 
 No. 19. About 1 mile southwest of Hunter on San Antonio- 
 Austin Road, at crossing of York's Creek, Comal County. This 
 gravel consists of rounded fragments of limestone free from sand 
 or clay. It is recommended for road building, and should make a 
 good concrete aggregate. 
 
 No. 20. About 5 miles northwest of New Braunfels, on Alligator 
 Creek, pit about 200 yards up creek from San Antonio-Austin Road, 
 Comal County, on W. Hausmann's place. This gravel consists of 
 large rounded fragments of rounded limestone fragments with little 
 sand or clay. It does not contain enough sand or clay to be 
 satisfactory as a road material. 
 
Coohe County 
 Cooke County 
 
 47 
 
 F. "W. Williams of, Myra, Texas, owns a sand clay gravel pit, 
 % mile southwest of Myra and 1/2 mile from the M. K. & T. 
 Railroad. The deposit covers considerable territory and is from 
 51/2 to 13 feet in depth. 
 
 At Lindsay, 5% miles west of Gainesville is located a large 
 pit operated by the Gainesville Gravel Co. (McDaniel Bros, of 
 Gainesville working the plant.) The plant is on a spur of the 
 M. K. & T. Railroad and at the present time the equipment con- 
 sists of two steam shovels and a drag line excavator, which per- 
 mits a daily output of 3,000 yds. The material has been used 
 on the roads of Cooke, Fannin and Grayson counties. A small 
 sample on hand indicates that the gravel is composeql of hard 
 and soft limestone pebbles and some concretionary material. 
 The sample apparently has been washed and screened as a con- 
 crete aggregate. 
 
 CoEYBLL County 
 
 One sample of limestone from this county has been tested and 
 the results are as follows : 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. ft. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 pereu.ft. 
 
 Per cent, 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 coel. ol 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 Value 
 
 Oompres- 
 
 Bion lbs. 
 
 persq. In. 
 
 2.50 
 
 150 
 
 3.94 
 
 12.5 
 
 S.2 
 
 6.0 
 
 2 
 
 ExceU. 
 
 6.250 
 
 This material comes from the property of D. R. Boon, Oglesby, 
 Texas. This is a very soft limestone, with low resistance to wear, 
 very low toughness, excellent cementing value, and low resistance to 
 compression. It is much too soft to make a satisfactory road build- 
 ing material. 
 
 Culberson County 
 
 Like Brewster County, this county has a large assortment of 
 rock most of which is quite suitable for road construction. How- 
 ever, it is located in a region where, at the present tiine, there is 
 little need for good roads other than a few through and military 
 roads, perhaps. In the Van Horn Mountains can be found 
 
48 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 diabase, basalt and andesite, but the nearest shipping point ia 
 the Southern Pacific Eailroad. A large outcropping of diabase 
 is located 5 to 6 miles southwest of Van Horn. It is distinctly- 
 massive, greenish black, dense, and very fine-graiiied. In some 
 places, it is as much as 100 ft. thick. 
 
 In the Wylie Mountains south and east of the Wylie ranch 
 house are found outcroppings of granite, andesite, and basalt. 
 The closest shipping point, however, is Lobe on the Southern 
 Pacific Railroad. Some granites and crystalline schists are lo- 
 cated in ravines west of the Van Horn wells and about 2 or 3 
 miles west of the Southern Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Vesicular lavas are found in the mountains between Chispa 
 and the Wylie Mountains with the closest shipping point at 
 Chispa or Arne on the Southern Pacific. 
 
 Heavy beds of limestone and sandstone are found in several 
 places in this county. At Guadalupe Point and 3 miles south of 
 this point, at Horseshoe Draw, Rustler Hills and the Hague Trail 
 in the Delaware Mountains, 18 miles south of the Guadalupe 
 Mountains, will be found the outcroppings. 
 
 Dallas County 
 
 There is quite a large number of gravel deposits in this county 
 and many of them are Worked on a commercial scale. 
 
 The J. Fred Smith Gravel Co. operates a number of gravel 
 pits in this county at Carrollton on the St. L. & S. W. Railroad, 
 Trinity Mills and Letot on the M. K. & T. Railroad, and Gribble 
 on the St. L. & S. W. Railroad, all northwest of Dallas. During 
 1916, this company produced about 560,000 tons of gravel and 
 with the present equipment, the company estiinates that they can 
 produce 8,000 tons per day. Much of this gravel is for con- 
 crete, but the road gravel has been usefd on the roads of Collin, 
 Dallas, Ellis, Fannin, Grayson, and Hunt counties. No tests 
 have been made on the road gravel, but a rather complete test 
 has been made showing this to be a satisfactory concrete gravel 
 when properly proportioned. 
 
 The McLean Sand and Gravel Co. operates a gravel pit at Car- 
 rollton on the St. L. & S. "W. Railroad, but it is believed that 
 
Dallas County 49 
 
 this company makes a specialty of washed gravel for concrete. 
 This concrete gravel has been tested in the laboratory with rather 
 good results. 
 
 The Clem Gravel Company of Dallas operates a gravel plant 
 at Trinity Mills just northwest of CarroUton, on the M. K. & T. 
 Eailroad. This company likewise specializes on concrete gravel. 
 During 1916, there were 130,000 tons produced, or about 1,500 
 tons daily. The gravel is composed of washed pebbles of lime- 
 stone with a certain amount of concretionary material. There 
 are no records of this material having been tested as a road 
 material, but several tests have been made on this material as a 
 concrete aggregate at the Pittsburg Testing Laboratory, by the 
 City of Dallas and by the University of Texas Testing Labora- 
 tory. All of these tests show that the material is satisfactory 
 as a concrete aggregate. 
 
 The Grand Prairie Gravel Co. (Velbig Bros.) of Dallas op- 
 erates a gravel plant at Grand Prairie on the T. & P. Railroad. 
 During 1916 there was produced approximately 102,000 yards 
 and with the present equipment, it is estimated that there can 
 be produced 65 ear loads per day. The gravel has been used in 
 Dallas County and in Forney and Terrell and as ballast for the 
 T. & P. Railroad. 
 
 On the west side of the Trinity River, between Dallas and Oak 
 Cliff, is a deposit of gravel which is used chiefly for concrete. 
 The property is on the Santa Fe Railroad and owned by C. M. 
 Miller of Dallas. The gravel has been used on the streets of 
 Dallas and Oak Cliff and also by the Termii^al Company of 
 Dallas. 
 
 A deposit of gravel is located on the property of C. H. Bussey 
 of Hutchins, Texas, 1 i/^ miles east of the H. & T. C. Railroad 
 at Hutchins. Negotiations are under way for a spur track to 
 the pit. 
 
 About V/z miles north of Grand Prairie on the B. S. Reed 
 Survey is located a gravel deposit belonging to C. M. Means 
 and L. W. Means of Grand Prairie. The switch off the Texas 
 and Pacific, which runs to the Grand Prairie Gravel Co., is the 
 closest shipping point as this gravel company adjoins the latter 
 property. It is reported that there can be supplied either con- 
 crete or road gravel from this deposit. 
 
50 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 Three miles south of Garland, a gravel d'eposit is located on 
 the property of R. Schafer of Mesquite, Texas, R. F. D. No. 3. 
 About 700 yds. were used in 1916. The deposit, however, in- 
 cludes about 1/2 acre and is from 6 to 12 inches deep. A small 
 sample on hand is composed of limestone pebbles most of which 
 are below % in. in size and free from dust and clay. 
 
 A d'eposit of sand is located at CarroUton on the property of 
 D. D. Duncan, CarroUton. A spur track exists near the pit and 
 the gravel is loaded from wagons. 
 
 Another deposit of sand is located 21/2 miles southeast of 
 Dallas on the Kaufman Pike and about 1,500 ft. from the T. & 
 N. 0. Railroad on the property of H. A. Buchanan, 146 W. 
 Magnolia St., Fort Worth, Texas. 
 
 A report of W. S. McGregor of Temple, Texas, gives the 
 location of two gravel deposits from this county. One pit is 
 located 3 miles west of Dallas near Cement City on the T. & 
 P. Railroad and is operated iby the Trinity- Strong Gravel Co. 
 (W. T. Strong, Dallas). The deposit covers about 50 acres and 
 contains about 400,000 cu. yds. of road gravel with iron oxide 
 clay binder and about 250,000 cu. yds. of concrete gravel. 
 
 Another d'eposit is located 4 miles south of CarroUtoai on the 
 Rock Island Railroad and contains about 2,500,000 cu. yds. of 
 good concrete gravel with trackage. The owner is S. B. Scott, 
 Scollard Bldg., Dallas, Texas. 
 
 Two samples of limestone from this county have been tested, 
 but neither one of them could be considered as a satisfactory 
 material for road construction. Below are given the results of 
 tests. 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. It. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 percu. ft 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 ITench 
 
 coef. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Oement- 
 
 Inff 
 Value 
 
 Compres- 
 sion lbs. 
 persq. In. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2.00 
 1.90 
 
 124 
 118 
 
 U.l 
 17. B 
 
 10.0 
 23.1 
 
 4 
 l.T 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 ExceU. 
 Good, 
 
 S,200 
 1,575 
 
 No. 1. This limestone is found on the property of F. J. Shutt, 
 Duncanville, Texas. It is a very soft limestone, with very low 
 toughness and resistance to wear, but excellent cementing value. 
 It has a very low resistance to compression. This stone is not satis- 
 factory for road construction. 
 
Deaf Smith County 
 
 51 
 
 . No. 2. This material is in the same locality as that ahove. It 
 is a very soft limestone, with low toughness and resistance to wear, 
 and good cementing value. It has very low resistance to compres- 
 sion. This stone is not satisfactory for road construction. 
 
 Deaf Smith County 
 
 There is little road material of any description in this county, 
 but the need for good material in this locality is not great and 
 the natural conditions tend to preserve the natural earth roads 
 in good condition if the traffic is not too heavy. 
 
 One sample of caliche is the only material tested from this 
 county. The tests on this material follow: 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. It. 
 
 . .Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 percu.lt. 
 
 Per cent, 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 coef. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 Value 
 
 Oompres- 
 
 sion lbs. 
 
 per sq. In. 
 
 2.65 
 
 1B9 
 
 3.30 
 
 17.8 
 
 2.2 
 
 
 5 
 
 ExceU. 
 
 9,660 
 
 This material is a caliche limestone from the Hadden Estate, 
 Herford, Texas. There are , approximately 800,000 cu. yds. ex- 
 posed. The rock has low resistance to wear and toughness, excel- 
 lent cementing value, and low resistance to com^pression. This rock 
 is not recommended as a road building material. Caliche of this 
 nature has been used toi a considerable extent in road construction, but 
 the roads are dusty in dry weather and develop ruts in wet weather. 
 
 Denton Countt 
 
 Several samples, have been tested from this county besides 
 two that have been listed without tests. 
 
 Four miles southwest of Sanger on the Santa Fe Railroad ia 
 located a gravel deposit belonging to Fred Hopkins of Sanger, 
 Texas. 
 
 William "Whitfield of Justin, Texas, owns a deposit of soft 
 limestone gravel with considerable fine calcareous sand. It is 
 located 1% miles east of the G. C. & S. F. Railroad and 6 miles 
 west of the M. K. & T. Railroad on the Justin-Argyle Road. The 
 pit is not worked at the present time. It is estimated that there 
 are about 65,000 cu. yds. of the material available. A small 
 
52 
 
 Umversity of Texas Bulletin 
 
 sample on hand indicates that the material would pack well and 
 be satisfactory for light traffic, but under heavy traffic it would 
 not be satisfactory. 
 
 Below are given a number of gravels from this county, together 
 with their locations and remarks : 
 
 MEOHANIOAl ANALYSIS 
 
 No. 1 
 
 MBterlal retained on the 2-lncb sieve 
 
 Material retained on the 1-lncb sieve 
 
 Material retained on the %-incb sieve — 
 Material retained on the %-inch sieve — 
 Material retained on the .oes-inch sieve- 
 Material retained on the .0116-inch sieve. 
 Material retained on the .0068-Inch sieve. 
 Material retained on the .0029-inch sieve 
 Material passlne the .oaS9-lnch sieve — 
 
 Total 
 
 CamentlDg value on: 
 
 Material over %tach in size 
 
 Material under % Inch hi size 
 
 Material as received 
 
 
 
 20.6 
 S2.3 
 77.4 
 88.9 
 95.8 
 
 m.a 
 
 98.7 
 1.3 
 
 100.0 
 
 Poor 
 
 Excell. 
 
 Poor 
 
 No. 2 
 
 4.1 
 45.7 
 86.7 
 9».2 
 100.0 
 
 Pair 
 
 Excell. 
 
 Pair 
 
 No. 3 
 
 2.1 
 16.7 
 29.5 
 60.9 
 73.7 
 75.9 
 80.6 
 84.2 
 15.8 
 
 lOO.O 
 
 Pair 
 
 Pzcell. 
 
 Excell. 
 
 No. 4 
 
 
 
 
 7.1 
 45.3 
 
 67.8 
 69.2 
 72.2 
 73.5 
 23.4 
 
 Pair 
 
 ExceU. 
 
 Good 
 
 No. 1. On the property of R. T. Yearby, about 3 miles southwest 
 of Denton, and about V* mile west of the M. K. & T. Railroad. 
 This material is composed of somewhat soft limestone with little 
 clay. It should prove satisfactory for gravel roads having a medium 
 traffic. 
 
 No. 2. About 5% miles west of Denton, on the main Decatur 
 and Denton wagon road on the property of G. B. Eagen. The gravel 
 is composed of large, flat fragments of limestone with no sand. or 
 clay. This material is recommended for the foundation course, or 
 If used in the top course, it should have about 30% of sand and 
 clay mixed with it so that it will set intoi a compact impervious surface. 
 
 No. 3. From about 2% miles south of Denton and about 50 
 yards west of the M. K. & T. Railroad. This gravel is composed of 
 fragments of sandstone, some very soft disintegrated limestone and 
 a considerable amount of fine calcareous material and clay. Due to 
 the large amount of extremely soft material composing this gravel, 
 it is not recommended except for very light traffic. 
 
 No. 4. From the property of C. B. Grant, 3.1 miles southwest of 
 Denton and % mile west on the M. K. & T. Railroad. This gravel 
 Is composed of soft fragments of disintegrated chert, with a con- 
 siderable amount of red oxide of iron clay. It is recommended 
 only as a binder for roads lacking binding material such as a gravel 
 in which clay and sand are absent. 
 
Denton County 
 
 53 
 
 The results of tests of two samples of limestone from this 
 county are given below: 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 eu. K. 
 
 Water 
 abs, lbs. 
 per cu. ft 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 coef. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 
 Value 
 
 OompTet- 
 
 Bion Ibi. 
 
 persq. in. 
 
 [ 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2.55 
 , 2.60 
 
 159 
 162 
 
 2.86 
 2.28 
 
 4.2 
 5.0 
 
 9.5 
 7.9 
 
 13.4 
 14.2 
 
 4 
 
 S 
 
 Good 
 Pair • 
 
 18,850 
 15,000 
 
 No. 1. A small exposure of limestone 3 % miles southwest of 
 Denton and about V4, mile west of the M. K. &- T. Railroad. This 
 rock has low hardness and toughness, medium resistance to wear, 
 good cementing value and fair resistance to compression. This 
 material is recommended for roads having light traflS'C only. 
 
 No. 2. This limestone was taken from the property of Jack Pass, 
 about 5 miles north of Denison and 3 miles west of the M. K. & T. 
 Railroad. This is a medium hard rook with low resistance to wear 
 and toughness, fair cementing value and resistance to compression. 
 This material should prove satisfactory for medium traffic water- 
 bound macadam or bituminous roads. It is a good material for 
 railroad ballast or concrete aggregate. 
 
 DeWitt County 
 
 A number of deposits of sand and gravel from this county are 
 listed, but not any rock, as there is very little of the latter 
 exposed. 
 
 Directly north of the Southern Pacific Railroad, 1 mile south 
 of Thomaston on the G. H. & S. A. branch, a deposit of gravel 
 is located on the property of the Thomaston Sand and Gravel 
 Co. of Corpus Christi, Texas. It is reported that it covers 45 
 acres. The gravel ranges from 3 in. down, while the sand is 
 coarse and sharp and composes about 38 per cent of the material. 
 Besides this there are about 60 acres of clay and gravel mixed, 
 suitable for road material. 
 
 A deposit of gravel is located % mi. northeast of Thomaston 
 and % mi. east of the Southern Pacific Railroad on the property 
 of J. H. Pridgen, Sr., Thomaston, Texas. A hill intervenes 
 between the deposit and the railroad, so that the deposit has 
 never been worked. It is reported that the railroad has made 
 
54 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 tests of this material and has recominended it as being good 
 material, but no report is on hand. 
 
 A deposit of road gravel is located two miles south of Thomas- 
 ton on the G. H. & S. A. Railroad on the property of J. S. 
 McCrabb, Thomaston, Texas. The material has been used on 
 the Wharton County roads, but the switch has been taken up. 
 
 Chas. D. Peary of Cuero, Texas, owns a deposit of gravel at 
 Cuero, on the G. H. & S. A. and the S. A. & A. P. railroads, 
 which has been used on the DeWitt and Wharton County roads. 
 
 Two samples of gravel from Yoakum were tested by the Office 
 of Public Roads at Washington, and are given here with their 
 recommendations. 
 
 MECHANICAL ANAI/TSIS 
 
 Material retained 
 Material' retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material passing 
 
 on 2-inch sieve 
 
 on l-mcn sieve 
 
 on %-inch sieve 
 
 on %-incli sieve 
 
 on .OSS-inch sieve--. 
 on .0116-inch sieve- 
 on .0068-inch sieve- 
 on .0029-inch sieve- 
 the .0029-inch sieve.. 
 
 Total- 
 
 Cementing value on: 
 Material over % inch in size — 
 Material under V& inch in size- 
 Material as received 
 
 No. 1 
 
 24.0 
 60.0 
 68.0 
 83.0 
 9S.1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 22.7 
 47.6 
 71.2 
 84.8 
 90.9 
 
 99.6 
 99.9 
 0.1 
 
 98.4 
 99.4 
 0.6 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 Low 
 
 Excell. 
 
 Fair 
 
 Low 
 
 ExceU. 
 
 Good 
 
 No. 1. This sample was sent to the laboratory by J. W. Benjamin, 
 County Engineer, and the location is Yoakum. The sample con- 
 sists essentially of large rounded fragments of chert and quartzlte 
 with some quartz and ferruginous clay. The percentage of material 
 passing the %-inch screen and the percentage of clay material 
 (passing the 200 mesh sieve) are too small for satisfactory use in 
 ordinary gravel road construction. This could be carrected by 
 adding about 15% of a mixture of sand and clay to the gravel. 
 
 No. 2. This test was made at the request of Mr. J. W. Benjamin, 
 County Engineer. The material is from Yoakum, DeWitt County. 
 The sample consists essentially of large rounded fragments of 
 chert, quartzite and sandstone with some quartz sand and very 
 little clay. The percentage of clay material passing the %-inch 
 screen and the percentage of clay material (passing No. 200 sieve), 
 are too small for satisfactory use in ordinary gravel construction. 
 
Duval County 
 
 55 
 
 This could be corrected by adding about 15% of a mixture of sand 
 and clay to the gravel. 
 
 Dimmit County 
 
 Gravel is found on the high ridges 29 miles east of Eagle Pass 
 on the Eagle Pass-Carrizo Springs road. 
 
 DuViUi COUNTT 
 
 The Sherman Concrete Company has a deposit -of limestone 
 2 mUes east of Benavides near the Texas Mexican Railroad 
 tracks with a switch running to the quarry from the main line. 
 "With the present equipment and a few repairs, the plant can 
 produce about 100 tons per day. This material has been tested 
 in the laboratory of the Warren Bros, in Cambridge, Mass., but 
 no report is on hand. 
 
 The Sherman Concrete Co. of Corpus Christi also owns a 
 deposit of hard sandstone at Noledo. During 1916, this quarry 
 produced 15,000 tons of stone. This material is located near the 
 tracks of the Texas Mexican Railroad and has been used in the 
 concrete for the streets of Corpus Christi. 
 
 Besides these there is a large quantity of white earthy lime- 
 stone near Hebbronville, Realitos, northwest of San Diego, but 
 it is doubted if any of these deposits could be used for road con- 
 struction. Some white limestone is also found along the Tildon 
 road about 12 or 13 miles northwest of San Diego. 
 
 Eastland County 
 
 This county lies in the belt of the hard limestone running 
 from, the north to the south through the State. Two tests have 
 been made of limestones from this county and are given in the 
 following tables : 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. ft. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 per cu. It 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 coef. ol 
 
 ■wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 Value 
 
 Oompres- 
 
 sionlbs. 
 
 persq. to. 
 
 1 
 
 2.55 
 2.«0 
 
 159 
 162 
 
 2.62 
 1.99 
 
 4.2 
 
 9.6 
 
 10.5 
 11.3 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 Good 
 
 11.360 
 
 2 
 
 not 
 mate 
 
 enougb 
 
 cial 
 
 12,325 
 
56 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 No. 1. This sample Is from the quarry of the Tiffin Crushed 
 Stone Co., Ranger, Texas. The tests show this to be a soft rock, 
 low in toughness and resistance to wear, good cementing value and 
 fair resistance to compression. This rock is recommended only 
 for waterbound macadam roads subject to light traffic. Could be 
 used successfully under slightly heavier traffic with a bituminous 
 binder. 
 
 No. 2. This limestone is from the Rogers Quarry and the tests 
 were made at the request of the Engineering Department of the 
 T. & P. Railroad. This is a soft rock, low in toughness and with 
 fair resistance to compression. -InsuffliCient tests were made to 
 warrant a recommendation on this material. 
 
 Edwards County 
 
 No tests have been made of material from this county, but the 
 predominating material is gravel which is found in the drainage 
 basins of the tributaries of the West Nueces River, especially 
 Sycamore, Dry Sycamore, and Hackberry creeks. This gravel is 
 mostly flint and limestone gravel. 
 
 Eiiiis County 
 
 A gravel deposit is located 3 mi. southeast of Waxahachie and 
 ^/4 mi. from the T. & B. V. Ra,ilroad on the property of Gr. W. 
 Marshall of Waxahachie, Texas. The T. & B. V. Railroad is ^ 
 mi. from the pit, but there would be little trouble to run a spur 
 to the pit. At the present time there is no loading equipment 
 at the pit. It has been used on the Ellis County roads and as 
 railroad ballast for the T. & B. V. Railroad. 
 
 Another deposit of gravel is located on the property of John 
 Clouch of Maypearl, 500 yds. south of the I. & G. N. Railroad and 
 less than % mi. southwest of Maypearl. The gravel from this 
 property has not been used, but that from the adjoining prop- 
 «rty has been used on the Ellis County roads. 
 
 El Paso County, (Including Hudspeth County) 
 
 Like many of the western counties, El Paso County is abun- 
 dantly supplied with good road building materials, but with the 
 
El Paso County 57 
 
 exception of the country immediately contiguous to the city of iSl 
 Paso, there is little demand for the higher type of roads. 
 
 In the southern Carrizo Mountains between the Texas and 
 Pacific Eailroad and the Southern Pacific Railroad, just west 
 of the Culberson County line, is located a great variety of rocks. 
 These are reddish, grey, and greenish schists with numerous 
 intrusive quartz dikes, also granites, limestone and a great deal 
 of gravel. In the Franklin Mountains there are small masses of 
 diabase (trap rock) varying in thickness from a few inches to 
 about 25 feet. Basalt and strongly metamorphosed limestone are 
 located in the Cox Mountains about one mile due west of the end 
 of the limestone cliflfs of the Sierra Diablo, 12. mi. north-north- 
 west of Eagle Flat and east-northeast of Sierra Blanca. Numer- 
 ous outcroppings of granite occur in this county. Several 
 detached areas are located at the base of the Franklin Moun- 
 tains. They usually form the lowermost outcrop above the 
 slopes at the base of the range and extend upward from a few 
 feet to about one thousand feet. At one place only, at the pass 
 immediately north of the highest peak, the granite crosses the 
 crest of the mountain in a narrow belt and is exposed on the 
 western slope. The main outcrop occupies an irregular area 
 about four miles long varying in width from a few feet to a little 
 more than a mile at the northeastern base of the range. The 
 common type is red in color and medium to coarse-grained, 
 composed of quartz, feldspar, and a small amount of biotite mica 
 and hornblende. The last two minerals weather to chlorite. 
 Northwest of Fort Bliss and along the eastern base of the central 
 part of the range a porphyritic type is developed, consisting of 
 crystals of red and grey feldspar up to 4 in. in width, in a gran- 
 ular base. Another deposit of granite of great strength and dur- 
 ability is located in the Hueco Mountains at Cerro Alto near the 
 New Mexico line. A strongly micaceous granite breaks through 
 Bchists in a spur of the Van Horn Mountains about 10 mi. south 
 of Bass Canyon and 6 mi. south of south bend in the Southern 
 Pacific Railroad near Mica Tanks. The northern side of the 
 Quitman Mountains is composed of granite with porphyritic 
 intrusions. The northeastern part of the western and main 
 mountain ridges is granij;e to about 1 mi. east of the Bonanza 
 
58 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 mine. There the rocks change to porphyries with augite and 
 basalts with intercalations and intrusives of greenstone porphy- 
 ries. These continue as far south as the Quitman Pass. The 
 porphyries are solid and massive, the fractures uneven and hard 
 and more tough than brittle. Granites and rhyolites are found 
 also in the Sierra Blanca. 
 
 On the low hill southeast of the T. & P. Railroad pump station 
 in the Carrizo Mountains is an outcropping of rhyolite, the sur- 
 face of which is greatly weathered, but fresh exposures show 
 dense fine-grained greyish to reddish rock composed of small 
 phenocrysts of quartz, orthoclase and albite in a ground mass of 
 minute gray grains of interlocked quartz and feldspar. 
 
 Falls County 
 
 Mr. W. P. Sloane reports that there is a large quantity of 
 gravel within % mile of the I. & G. N. spur and ll^ mi. north- 
 west of Marlin and 1 mi. from the H. & T. C. Railroad. Part of 
 this deposit belongs to him and he reports that it is all good road- 
 building gravel, packing without difficulty under traiSc. 
 
 Fannin County 
 
 Twelve miles northwest of Bonham, and 16 mi. southeast of 
 Denison, Mr. S. A. Vaughn of Saxony, Texas, owns a deposit 
 of rock. It is located 1 mi. from the railroad, however, and 1% 
 mi. from the switch. Several tests have been made on sand- 
 stones from this county and the results of these tests are given 
 below : 
 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 Water 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 French 
 
 
 
 Cement- 
 
 Compres- 
 
 
 
 cu. It. 
 
 abs. lbs. 
 
 ol 
 
 coef. of 
 
 Hard- 
 
 Tough- 
 
 ing 
 
 sion lbs. 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 
 per cu. ft 
 
 wear 
 
 wear 
 
 ness 
 
 ness 
 
 Value 
 
 per sq. In. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 very 
 
 
 1 
 
 2.65 
 
 165 
 
 0.86 
 
 S.l 
 
 13.0 
 
 -17.1 
 
 6 
 
 good 
 very 
 
 16,000 
 
 2 
 
 z.sr 
 
 160 
 
 2.15 
 
 7.1 
 
 5.64, 
 
 14 
 
 2.5 
 
 good 
 
 7,575 
 
 3 
 
 2.61 
 
 165 
 
 .965 
 
 9.6 
 
 4.17 
 
 
 
 
 
 10,860 
 
Fanmn County 59 
 
 No. 1. From the property of Mr. D. P. Warren, 14 miles north 
 of Bonham and made at the request of Geo. A. McClellan, Engineer. 
 The tests show this to be a calcareous sandstone. This rock is hard, 
 with medium resistance to compression. This stone should prove 
 satisfactory for light traffic, plain macadam road or moderate traffic, 
 bituminous construction. This rock is a little better than the 
 average rock used in road-building in Texas. 
 
 No. 2. From the quarry of Hicks & Fitzgerald, located at Savoy, 
 Texas. This is a mouse-colored sandstone with medium hardness 
 and low resistance to wear and compression. 
 
 No. 3. From the quarry of Hicks & Fitzgerald, located at Savoy, 
 Texas. This Is a shell-incrusted, mouse-colored shell sandstone, 
 with low resistance to wear and fair resistance to compression. 
 
 Fayette County 
 
 This county is somewhat different from the average, from the 
 fact that not only gravel and limestone are found in the county, 
 but also a sandstone. This latter, however, is generally somewhat 
 soft, the grains being rather loosely cemented tog-ether. The 
 limestone is not particularly hard or tough, and as a rule has 
 little to recommend it for road construction. The gravel, how- 
 ever, can be found satisfactory in quality and quantity for road 
 construction. 
 
 One deposit belonging to W. P. Colin, Port Neches, Texas, is 
 located 1,000 ft. from the Southern Pacific Railroad near 
 BUinger, Texas. A pit of flint-gravel already opened, belonging 
 to "W. Waldo of Houston,- Texas, is located on a spur of the 
 Southern Pacific Railroad. The M. K. & T. Railroad is about iy2 
 mi. distant. This material has been used on the Harris County 
 highways and as ballast on the Southern Pacific Railroad. It is 
 located at Duise, Payette County, and is reported as having 
 enough equipment at present to load 12 cars daily. 
 
 The McLelland Gravel Company of Houston, Texas, operates 
 a pit of clay and gravel on a spur of the La Grange branch of 
 the G. H. & S. A. Railroad. This deposit is located about 1,000 
 ft. north of this railroad, and 4 mi. southwest of Fayetteville. 
 The gravel is made up of pebbles of ^ flint and quartz, though 
 the greater proportion is quartz-sand with some red oxide of iron 
 clay. It is estimated that the deposit contains about 1,000,000 
 yards. It has been used in several counties in south Texas. 
 
 The La Grange Gravel Company of La Grange, Texas, owns a 
 
60 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 deposit of gravel within V2 mi- of t^e M. K. & T. Railroad near 
 La Grange. 
 
 Another deposit of gravel is located 1 mi. south of La Grange 
 on a switch just off the main line of the M. K. & T. Railroad. 
 The deposit is owned by 0. Moellenbemdt of La Grange, Texas, 
 who reports that the material has been used on county roads in 
 Fayette County, and also by the M. K. & T. Railroad as ballast. 
 A small sample on hand shows this gravel to be really a sand 
 mixed with red oxide of iron clay having practically no large 
 pebbles. 
 
 The Houston Electric Company of Houston, Texas, owns a 
 gravel pit at Fayetteville, on the M. K. & T. Railroad. The 
 material is a pit-run gravel ranging in size from silt to flint 
 gravel pebbles, from 2 to 3 in. in diameter. It is reported that 
 this is an exceptionally good road material and railroad ballast, 
 and it has been! used in city streets, county roads, and in ballast- 
 ing street-ear tracks. 
 
 On the M. K. & T. Railroad in this county, Mr. John H. 
 Wessels of Halsted, Texas, operates a pit at Halsted and one at 
 "Wessels. These are pit-run gravels, ranging from silt and sand 
 to flint pebbles, from 3 to 4 in. in diameter. The material has 
 been used on various roads and is reported to be a fair road- 
 building gravel provided pains are taken to secure the best in 
 the pits. However, if this is not done, the poor road material is 
 apt to be obtained. Two gravels from this county were tested 
 as follows : 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 Material retained on 2-lncli sieve 
 
 
 5.3 
 
 16.8 
 51.2 
 68.0 
 82.7 
 84.6 
 85.6 
 14.6 
 
 
 
 Material retained on 1-ineh sieve 
 
 7 4 
 
 Material retained on %-ineli sieve 
 
 Material retained on %-inch sieve . 
 
 15.9 
 39.1 
 
 Material retained on .03»-inch sieve,,. 
 
 62 2 
 
 Material retained on .0116-inch sieve 
 
 77.V 
 79 1 
 
 Material retained on .0068-inch sieve . . 
 
 Material retained on .0029-inch sieve 
 
 80 1 
 
 Material passing^ .0029-inch sieve 
 
 20 1 
 
 
 
 Total - 
 
 100.2 
 
 Not 
 made 
 Fair 
 Fair 
 
 100.2 
 
 Not 
 made 
 Good 
 Fair 
 
 Cementing value on: 
 Material over %inch in size — 
 
 Material under ^ineh in size 
 
 Material as Teoeived , 
 
Fayette County 
 
 61 
 
 No. 1. This gravel is taken from city property at La Grange, 
 Texas. The sample was sent in by J. C. Baumgarten, President 
 Schulenberg Highway League. It contains more or less rounded 
 fragments of guartz and flint with considerable sand and good 
 binding ferruginous clay. It will pack down and bind well in a 
 road, but it will require more maintenance than a gravel containing 
 a larger proportion of stones between % inch and 1% inches in 
 size. 
 
 No. 2. This gravel is taken from the Loessin pit, adjoining the 
 La Grange city pit. The sample was sent by J. C. Baumgarten, 
 Pres., Schulenberg Highway League. It consists of more or less 
 rounded fragments of flint and quartzite with considerable sand 
 of the same nature and a good binding clay. It will pack and 
 bind well in a road, but will need considerable maintenance, due 
 to the large proportion of sand it contains. It is recommended as 
 a binder course upon a foundation of coarser gravel. 
 
 Three samples of limestone in this county have been tested with 
 the following results : 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. ft. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 per cu. It 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 ol 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 coef. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing' 
 Value 
 
 Oompres- 
 
 Eion lbs. 
 
 per sq. In. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2.25 
 2.65 
 2.50 
 
 140 
 166 
 156 
 
 s.a 
 
 1.66 
 4.08 
 
 11.5 
 6.9 
 
 3.5 
 
 S.8 
 
 17.7 
 9.7 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 Good 
 Good 
 Excel. 
 
 15,326 
 
 a 
 
 5,617 
 
 No. 1. This sample of limestone is from the property of Louis 
 Reineseck, at Buckner's Oreek, 3% miles northwest of La Grange. 
 The sample was sent by J. C. Melcher, O'Quinn, Texas. This material 
 has from 4 to 10 ft. exposure. It is a medium hard rock, with very low 
 resistance to wear, low toughness and good cementing value. It has 
 fairly high resistance to compression. The rock is not homogeneous, 
 the hard part being a good road material, while the soft material is 
 poor; therefore, as a whole, the sample would not be recommended. 
 
 No. 2. This limestone was found near O'Quinn, Texas. It was 
 sent in by J. C. Melcher, O'Quinn, Texas, and labeled "Alabaster". 
 The tests show that this is a soft rock, with low resistance to wear 
 and toughness and with good cementing value. Not recommended 
 as a road building material. 
 
 No. 3. This sample of limestone is from the property of Frank 
 Hansen, located at Buckner's Creek, 4 miles west of LaGrange. It 
 was sent in by J. C. Melcher, O'Quinn, Texas. The tests show that 
 this material has 30-ft. exposure, and is a soft rock with very low 
 toughness and excellent cementing value. Not recommended as a 
 
62 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 road building material. There was not enough of sample for abra- 
 sion test. 
 
 The sandstone of the county is semi-quartzitic sandstone and 
 runs in a belt through the county in very variable condition, 
 some of it being hard while, within close proximity, it is consider- 
 ably disintegrated. At a point 3i/^ miles south of "West Point 
 at the crossing of the S. A. & A. P. Eailroad over Jack John 
 Creek, is an outcropping of this semi-quartzitic sandstone about 
 15 ft. thick. Atiother deposit is found 11/2 miles northwest of La 
 Grange in the bluffs of the Colorado River, near the M. K. & T. 
 Railroad. It is about 30 ft. thick and rather hard. East of La 
 Grange 214 miles on the La Grange-Columbus Road, is another 
 deposit of sandstone from 20 to 25 ft. thick. Still another is 
 found on top of the hill 1 mile west of Plum. Two miles north- 
 east of Ledbetter on a branch of Turkey Creek is located a gray 
 sandstone 4 to 5 ft. thick, which is used locally for building 
 purposes. Within the town of Muldoon and about 1 mile south 
 of the postoffice and 600 yds. from the S. A. & A. P. Railroad 
 there is a deposit of sandstone owned by J .E. McAnally of 
 Beaumont, Texas. A switch of the S. A. & A. P. Railroad is 
 Ideated 200 yds. east of the deposit. It covers approximately 10 
 acres, but has never been used commercially, though it is 
 reported that some of the material in the adjoining property has 
 been used in the construction of sea-jetties. Tests have been 
 made on two other sandstones in this county, as follows : 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 eu. ft. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 percu. ft 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 Trench 
 coef. ol 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 Value 
 
 Oompres- 
 
 •ion lbs. 
 persq. m. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2.08 
 
 134 
 128 
 
 T.64 
 7.89 
 
 4.1 
 e.3 
 
 9,7 
 6.4 
 
 17.8 
 
 
 n 
 
 S 
 
 Fair 
 Excel. 
 
 14,075 
 7,W0 
 
 No. 1. This sample was found near Lena Spur, S. A. & A. P. 
 Railroad. The sandstone was sent in by J. C. Melcher, O'Quinn, 
 Texas. The tests show that this is a hard rock, with medium 
 resistance to wear, rather low toughness, fair cementing value, and 
 also fair resistance to compression. ■ This material should prove 
 very satisfactory in bituminous macadam roads, but should not be 
 
Frio County 
 
 63 
 
 used in water bound macadam. It makes good railroad ballast 
 or concrete aggregate. 
 
 No. 2. This sandstone was found near Lena Spur, with low 
 resistance to wear and toughness and excellent cementing value. It 
 has low resistance to compression. This material is not recom- 
 mended as a road building material. 
 
 Feio County 
 
 Along the I. & G. N. Eailroad 2% miles north of Pearsall and 
 on the west side of the railroad, is a deposit of gravel belonging 
 to N. W. Ware. This material has been used by the I. & G. N. 
 Railroad for ballast. The county clerk of Frio County reports 
 that there are great quantities of gravel north of this pit. 
 
 Gillespie Coxtntt 
 
 In the bed of the Pedernales River, there is considerable gravel 
 to be found. One deposit, used on the Austin-Fredericksburg 
 Road near Stonewall, is to be found on the Morris Ranch. 
 The marble from this county has been tested as a road material 
 as follows : 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. Qr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. ft. 
 
 Water 
 aba. lbs. 
 per cu. ft 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 coef. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Oement- 
 
 Ine 
 Value . 
 
 Compres- 
 sion lbs. 
 per sq. In. 
 
 1 
 
 2.70 
 
 168 
 
 0.29 
 
 *.6 
 
 8.9 
 
 -15.2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 1. This marble was found at Cherry Springs, unoperated 
 quarry, 3.5 miles south of Llano, near the Mason County line. The 
 tests show that this rock has medium hardness and resistance to 
 wear, and low toughness. It is not recommended for water-bound 
 construction, but should be satisfactory for medium traffic bitumi- 
 nous roads. 
 
 Gonzales County 
 
 Among other things, this county has a deposit of fairly hard 
 gray sandstone. One deposit is located 4% miles southeast ol 
 Pilgrim in the bluffs of Cattlemen's Fork. This deposit is ap- 
 proximately 10 ft. thick, and is located on the G. H. & S. A. 
 
64 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 Railroad. This same material is found in layers 30 to 40 ft. 
 thick, 41/2 miles east of Smiley, forming bluffs on the creek. It 
 also forms a hill 4 miles south-southwest of Pilgrim, which is 
 also on the 6. H. & S. A. Railroad. 
 
 Grayson County 
 
 Just west of Denison, and 1,000 ft. from the switch, is a lime- 
 stone quarry, belonging to B. F. Bush of Denison, Texas. This 
 material, it is reported, has been used on some roadls in Grayson 
 County, and the quarry has an output of from 50 to 70 cu. yds. 
 per day. Tests have been made by the U. S. Office of Public 
 Roads at Washington, but no record is on hand. 
 
 The North Texas Sand and Gravel Company of Ambrose, 
 Texas, produces a concrete sand, which has been used in the 
 concrete roads of Hunt County. The deposit is located a short 
 distance south of Ambrose on a spur of the M. K. & T. Railroad. 
 In 1916, there were 40,000 tons produced. The material is a 
 quartz and flint sand stained with iron oxide, rather medium 
 fine in grading. W. A. Thornton, Route 5, Denison, Texas, owns 
 a deposit of sand 5 miles north of West Denison, but 3 miles 
 from the railroad. . A small sample on hand shows this to be 
 medium fine graded sand with some larger pebbles of flint and 
 quartz. A ferruginous sandstone in this county has been tested 
 as follows: 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. It. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 percu. ft 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 
 weai 
 
 Prencb 
 
 coef. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 
 nesB 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 Value 
 
 Oompres- 
 Bion lbs. 
 per sg. In. 
 
 1 
 
 2.95 
 
 m 
 
 l.fiT 
 
 ,3.1 
 
 13.1 
 
 19.3 14 
 
 Pair 
 
 20,700 
 
 No. 1. Sample sent to the Laboratory by Wm. Veioh, Denison, 
 Grayson County, Texas. The tests on this stone show it to be a 
 hard rock, with medium toughness and resistance to wear, fair 
 cementing value and high resistance to compression. This should 
 make a very satisfactory material for road construction, especially 
 when used with a bituminous binder. It should make a good con- 
 crete road aggregate or railroad ballast. 
 
Grimes County 65 
 
 Grimes County 
 
 This county lies in a belt of quartzitic sandstone, but there 
 is also located in the county considerable gravel and some softer 
 grades of limestone. W. J. Callahan of Shiro, Texas, has a. 
 gravel deposit in charge. The material has been tested at A. & M. 
 College and indicates that the deposit cootains about 75 per cent 
 coarse gravel, 19 per cent clay, and the remaining part sand. 
 It has been used on roads in Grimes, Liberty and Montgomery 
 counties. 
 
 One gravel deposit belonging to E. A. Edwards of Shiro, 
 Texas, produced about 30,000 yds, in one year. This pit is lo- 
 cated on a spur of the T. & B. V. Railroad, 1% miles southwest 
 of Shiro and about 1,200 yds. from the main line of the railroad. 
 The pit covers about 25 acres and is from 10 to 25 ft. in depth. 
 This material has been used on roads in Montgomery, Liberty, 
 and Grimes counties. Another deposit of flint gravel is located 
 on the T. & B. V. Railroad, 72 miles north of Houston, at Shiro, 
 Texas, and can produce from 6 to 15 cars a day with wheel- 
 scrapers. The tests of this gravel follow: 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 Material retain on 2-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on 1-inch siere 
 
 Material retained on %-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on Vi-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .03S-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .0116-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .0058-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .0029-inch sieve 
 
 Material passing the .0029-inch sieve .. 
 
 Total- 
 
 Cementing value on: 
 
 Material over % inch in size 
 
 Material under % inch in size- 
 Material as received 
 
 No. I 
 
 
 .8 
 10.2 
 45.7 
 
 «T.a 
 
 78.8 
 82.3 
 83.7 
 10.2 
 
 9».9 
 
 Ezcell. 
 
 No. 1. This gravel is taken from the property of E. A. Edwards, 
 Shiro, Grimes County, located 1 mile south of Shiro, on the T. SI 
 B. v. Railroad spur. The test shows that the gravel has an ex- 
 cess of sand for the best results, but it should make good roads. 
 The material is very good, and its cementing qualittes are excellent. 
 
6p University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 A deposit of quartzite located 2^/^ miles north of Shiro, and % 
 mile from the T. & B. V. Railroad is also owned by B. A. Ed- 
 wards' of Shiro. This material has never been commercially 
 •produced, btit test-holes indicate that there is an enormous quan- 
 tity present. A small sample on hand indicates that this is a 
 very hard quartzitic sandstone, having rather low toughness. 
 If of- a uniform character this should be excellent material for a 
 foumdation course, with binder of other material, and should 
 also make good railroad ballast. A deposit of sandstone be- 
 longing to W. B. Spencer of Richard's, Grimes County, is lO' 
 Gated 114 miles east, of the I. & G. N. Railroad and 2^^ miles 
 southeast of Bedias. It is allso II/2 miles west of the T. & B. V. 
 Railroad. A small sample on hand indicates that the deposit is 
 father variable, as a' part of the sample is hard quartzitic sand- 
 stone in contact with soft sandstone. A deposit of soft and hard 
 sandstone is located 27 miles north of Navasota on the I. & G. N. 
 Railroad. This belongs to Mr. J. N. Robinson, Madisonville, 
 Madison GoUnty. "While the deposit is within 200 yds. of the I. 
 &. G. N. Railroad, it has never been commercially operated. It 
 is reported that the deposit covers 19 acres. 
 
 The Texas Rock Company of Beaumont, Texas, owns a deposit 
 of sandstone 1 mile south of- Bedias, and % mile west of the I. & 
 G. N. Railroad. This deposit, however, is not being operated. 
 At Piedmont, Texas, the Texas Sand and Gravel Company of 
 Houston, Texas, operates a quarry for producing crushed and 
 screened sandstone. During 1916, this plant produced approxi- 
 mately 40,000 tons of rock, which has been used as concrete 
 aggregate and as rip-rap for jetty work. The deposit is on the 
 H. & T. C. Railroad. An old quarry of sandstone and semi- 
 quartzite is located a short distance west of the I. & G. N. Rail- 
 road (Madisonville Branch) between the 22 and 23 mile posts. 
 The stone, however, is rather poor road material, but a satis- 
 factory concrete aggregate where it is not needed to resist wear. 
 
Guadalupe County 
 GuADAiiXjpE County 
 
 67 
 
 Two samples of gravel in this county have been tested as 
 follows : 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 Material retained on 2-iift;h sieve _ 
 
 8.70 
 28. S4 
 55.65 
 Y6.54 
 83.92 
 92.68 
 94.66 
 96.11 
 
 - t.n- 
 
 38.03 
 
 Material retained on 1-ineh sieve .. .. 
 
 Material retained on V4-ineh sieve i— -. ' _ 
 
 66.65 ' 
 88.4S 
 
 Material retained on H-inch sieve .. ^ 
 
 96.91 
 
 
 
 Material retained on .0116-ineli sieve- _ „ 
 
 
 
 
 Materia! retained on .Offig^ineli aieve 
 
 Material passing the .0029-lncli sieve- — — i-- ". -i- 
 
 
 
 
 Total— — ^i— i". ■ -. ^- 
 
 99.88 
 
 Poor 
 
 Excell. 
 
 Poor 
 
 
 Oementing value on: 
 
 Material over H inch in size- 
 
 Material under % Inch In- size^-L • 
 
 Material as received-^ — -. — 
 
 
 
 No. 1., This gravel is taken from the north bank of Cibolo 
 Creek, from test hole, about 17 miles north of San Antonio, on the 
 Government Highway. . The tests show this gravel as cpnsisting of 
 rounded fragments of a hard limestone with a small amount of 
 calcareous sand. It should prove satisfactory as a road building 
 material. 
 
 No. 2. This gravel is taken from the bed of Cibolo Creek, 
 about 17 miles north of San Antonio and about 50 yards up the 
 creek from the crossing of the Government Highway. The tests 
 show that this material consists of large rounded fragments of 
 limestone with no sand or clay. It should make satisfactory con- 
 crete aggregate, or, if mixed with sand and clay in right propor- 
 tions, should make good road material. 
 
 Hamilton County 
 
 On the Leon Kiver at Spur, Texas, a gravel deposit owned by 
 Claude BDuddleston of Hamilton, Texas, is located within close 
 proximity of the St. Louis & S. W. Railroad. 
 
 Haekis County 
 
 The Houston Transportation Company of Houston, Texas, 
 markets a sharp San Jacinto River sand. The material comes 
 
68 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 to Houston by boat and has been used extensively for concrete 
 paving. During 1916, the output was over 10,000 tons. 
 
 Harrison County 
 
 This county is in the iron ore belt and this gives a ferrug- 
 ginous character to the natural material found in this county. 
 One deposit of iron ore gravel has been tested as follows : 
 
 MEOHANIOAL ANALYSIS. 
 
 No. 1 
 
 Material retained on 2-incb sieve ' 
 
 Material retained on l-Incb sieve . 
 
 Material retained on ^-Inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on ^-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .033-Inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .0116-incli sieve . 
 
 Material retained on .0068-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .0029-inch sieve , 
 
 Material passing the .0029-inch sieve 
 
 
 
 7.81 
 21.22 
 iS.lS 
 50.38 
 52.44 
 71.88 
 84.98 
 15.09 
 
 Total... 
 
 Cementing value on: 
 
 Material over, %incb in size 
 
 Material under % inch in size 
 
 Material aa received 
 
 100.04 
 
 Poor 
 Poor 
 Poor 
 
 No. 1. This iron gravel was taken from the Roseborough Springs 
 Road, about 2 % miles southwest of Marshall. It was sent in by 
 N. P. Turner, County Engineer, Marshall. ■ The tests show that this 
 material consists of some fragments of disintegrated sandstone and 
 a large amount of fine sand with little clay. It is not recommended 
 as a road building material, as it does not "contain enough large 
 stones to support traffic or enough clay binder. 
 
 A hematite deposit is located in east Texas iron ore fields 
 at Ore City, 32 miles northeast of Longview, on a branch of the 
 G. C. & S. F. Railroad. The deposit belongs to L. H. Featherstone 
 of Beaumont, Texas. The shipping facilities for this material 
 are the Port Bolivar and Iron Ore Railroad, a branch of the 
 G. C. & S. F. Railroad. The material has been used on the 
 Gregg County roads and has been reported satisfactory. A de- 
 posit of iron conglomerate has been tested as follows: 
 
Harrison County 
 
 69 
 
 No. 
 
 8p. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. ft. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 per cu. It 
 
 Fer cent. 
 
 01 
 
 wear 
 
 coet. of 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 Ins 
 Value 
 
 Compres- 
 sion lbs. 
 per sa- In. 
 
 1 
 
 2.80 
 
 175 
 
 i.es 
 
 23.7 
 
 1.7 
 
 r ~— 
 
 
 Good 
 
 4,67? 
 
 No. 1. This sample of iron conglomerate was sent in by N. B. 
 Turner, County Engineer, Marshall. It was taken from county 
 property about 5 miles south of Marshall and about 2 miles west 
 of the Carthage Road. The tests show that this material has a 
 very low resistance to wear and to compression, but good cement- 
 ing value. It is not recommended as a road building material, and 
 should be used only for foundation course, if nothing else is avail- 
 able. 
 
 Hartley County 
 
 On the Fort Worth & Denver Railroad, 50 miles north of Ama- 
 rillo, is a gravel deposit belonging to W. C. Reeves of Am,arillo. 
 During 1916, there were about 10,000 cu. yds. produced, and 
 with present equippient, it is possible to reach 400 cu. yds. a day. 
 The gravel is reported as being made up of 20 per cent- coarse 
 gravel, approximately 50 per cent sand, and the rest clay. 
 
 Hays County 
 
 There is, in Hays County, a network of roads totaling six 
 hundred miles, which spread to all parts of the county. The 
 greater part of these can be traveled \vith safety and comfort. 
 Most improved highways, however, are close to the towns, the 
 improvement becoming less and less apparent as the distances 
 increase from the centra. This must be expected as the outlying 
 communities cannot afiford the advantages of a highly improved 
 road nor does the volume of the traffic demand it. By using 
 the best of available ma,terials, many of these roads can be im- 
 proved at a normal cost, as considerable road material is to be 
 found in this county. The great body of the county is accessible 
 to some type of material within reasonable hauling distances. 
 In the eastern part of the county, in the black land prairie dis- 
 trict, there is a marked absence of good road material, although 
 good roads are needed here more than in the hills. The Austin- 
 
70 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 San Antonio Post Road, running northeast to southwest through 
 the county, marks in a general way the eastern border of the 
 rock material. To the east of this in the black prairie country, 
 a number of scattered deposits of gravel are located, while to the 
 west of the road the predominating material is rock. Along the 
 streams, there are many deposits of good road-building gravels. 
 The characteristic of the material in this county is that most of 
 it is limestone. This applies to the gravels as well as the rock. 
 There are, however, a few flint and chert gravels and one dike of 
 basalt or trap rock at the northern border of the county. The 
 gravels generally are composed of medium sized pebbles and a 
 small percentage of sand with little very fine material. The 
 pebbles themselves are usually fairly hard and somewhat flat 
 and smooth, but have good binding properties when crushed to 
 dust. This makes them satisfactory road material. The coarse 
 graded gravels, without doubt, are the most satisfactory, and are 
 in fact absolutely necessary for the heavier traffic roads. 
 
 The limestones are about of the average quality of such ma- 
 terial found in this state and only the hardest and toughest of 
 these would prove satisfactory in road construction, especially 
 if the traffic is in any way heavy. The trap rock out-cropping 
 in this county is deserving of special mention for the reason that 
 it is the best road material for plain macadam roads so far known 
 in the ^tate. It is hard and tough with a high resistance to wear 
 and resistance to compression, assuring it of long life under 
 heavy traffic. It is weathered just sufficiently to produce a good 
 bonding material on the road under traffic. The unfortunate 
 thing about the material is that it is located far from a railroad, 
 being fifteen miles from Austin, the closest shipping point. How- 
 eyer, for local use it should prove highly satisfactory. 
 
 . Many limestones could be used satisfactorily in the construc- 
 tion of concrete roads as also would be the case with many of 
 the limestone gravels provided they were washed and screened. 
 Limestone should have a compressive strength of over ten thou- 
 sand pounds to be considered for this purpose. The only plant 
 existing in this county producing these materials on a commer- 
 cial scale, is the plant of the San Marcos Gravel Company, lo- 
 cated on the banks of the Blanco River about one mile east of 
 
Hwys County 71 
 
 San Marcos. -At the present time this plant is not being op- 
 erated, but in 1916, it produced about two hundred 
 yards of washed and screened gravel and fifty yards' of washed 
 sand per day. The gravel ia taken from the Ibank of the river 
 opposite the plant by means of a slack-line excavator which is 
 unloaded into a receiving hopper and in turn is discharged into 
 a 1% yard tram bucket which conveys it across the river up an 
 incline to the plant. An automatic release causes this gravel 
 to drop into a hopper about 40 feet above the ground, where it 
 passes over a set of parallel bars spaced two inches apart so that 
 the stones above two inches will fall- into a No. 4 gyratory 
 crusher. The material issuing from this crusher, together with 
 the gravel and sand below two inches in size, then passes into a 
 bucket conveyor up to the scrubbers. The scrubber is a conical 
 shaped cylinder having heavy fins which keep the gravel stirred, 
 while a battery of water jets washes the material. The washed 
 gravel and sand then pass into the screens. 
 
 Three screens serve to assort the gravel ito the desired sizes, 
 which are: 2 inches to 1 l/^ inch, 1% in. to % in., % in. to % 
 in., and the sand under %, in. Jets of water play on the gravel 
 as it passes through these screens which all revolve on the one 
 shaft so that tlie gravel passes from one to the other. The stones 
 above the size of the screen pass into a large receiving bin. 
 
 The sand and silt passing the 1^4 inch screen drop into a sand 
 trap, which is a novel arrangement used to clean the sand from 
 any silt that remains. It consists of a steel box so hung that 
 when a definite amount of sand is caught, the weight opens two 
 valves and discharges the sand into a bin where the coarse sand 
 settles first and fine sand and silt pass off with the water back 
 to the river, through flumes. This plant is operated by steam 
 and employs usually ten men for its operation. The San Marcos 
 Gravel Company supplies gravel in any of the, sizes mentioned 
 above or a combination of any bf these sizes, as desired ; but the 
 usual demand is for concrete gravel between % inch and 2 
 inches in size. 
 
 Tests made in the laboratory showed the material to be of 
 high quality as a concrete aggregate. Tests on the sand com- 
 pared with standard Ottawa sand showed 44 per cent greater 
 
72 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 strength, which is a very good recommendation for it as a con- 
 crete sand. 
 
 Railroad ballast from this county is used by the I. & G .N. 
 and the M. K. & T. railroads. They both have sidings at the 
 edge of the Blanco River where they take from six to ten car- 
 loads of gravel daily. This gravel is taken from the bottom of 
 the river with drag-line buckets and includes considerable sand 
 and mud. It is used as ballast for the tracks and is considered 
 quite satisfactory by the railroads. The M. K. & T. Railroad, 
 however, uses a burnt clay on top of the gravel and between the 
 ties as they consider this burnt clay ballast protects the ties 
 from rot to a considerable extent. None of this gravel is sold. 
 
 A, considerable number of samples was collected by the lab- 
 oratory and tested making, a more or less complete road material 
 survey of the county. Tests of these materials with the locations 
 and recommendations follow : 
 
Hays County 
 
 73 
 
 _*3 !>. 
 
 O O O 
 ■u -M -^ 
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 M h ^1 
 O O O 
 
 U O O 
 
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 ■ -M -u 4-3 4^ 
 
 >» 5j S S « .S .S .? 
 
 
 53 43 4 . 
 
 03 03 OS C 
 CQCQCQO 
 
 3 43 4A 43 4^ 
 
 33 
 
 03 03 
 
 O O o 
 
 D&&H43432fe"* 
 
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74 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
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Hidalgo County 
 Hidalgo CotrNTY 
 
 79 
 
 Two miles west of Sam Fordyce on the' St. Louis, Brownsville, 
 and Mexico Kailroad, Is located a gravel pit, which is owned by 
 the railroad and the present operator. During 1914, this pit 
 produced 200,000 yds. of gravel, and now the daily production 
 is 950 yds. The gravel has been used on roads in Hidalgo County, 
 and as railroad ballast for the St. L. B. & M. Railroad. Another 
 deposit at Penitas is operated by J. A. Card of Mission, Texas. 
 The material produced is screened and pit-run gravel. During 
 1916, about 12,000 tons were produced and with the present 
 equipment, it is possible to produce 140 tons of screened gravel 
 daily, and about 300 tons of unscreened gravel and 240 tons 
 of sand. The pit is located on a switch of the St. L. B. & M. 
 Railroad and the material has been used on the streets of Browns- 
 ville, McAllen, Mission, and Kingsville. On the Rio Grande 
 Bluffs, 3 miles below a Mexican town, Las Cuevas, is located a 
 hard, compactly cemented gravel, 10 ft. thick. The nearest rail- 
 road, however, is the St. L. B. & M. Railroad, some distance away. 
 
 A caliche is produced by the Sam Fordyce Gravel Co. of Edin- 
 burg, Texas. It is on a spur, 1 mile from the St. L. B. & M. Rail- 
 road, and has been used in road work in the lower Rio Grande 
 Valley. During 1916, the output was approximately 2J,000 
 tons, and with the present equipment, the daily output is 400 
 tons. A small sample on hand shows that this caliche is com- 
 posed of small pebbles of flint and quartz, below % in. in size, 
 suspended in calcareous flour. The greater proportion of the 
 material is calcium carbonate. 
 
 One limestone produced by the Monte Christo Quarry Co. 
 owned by Heath May, Mission, Texas, has been tested with the 
 following results: 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. 6t. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. ft. 
 
 Water 
 abs. IbB. 
 per cu. It 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 ot 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 eoel. ol 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 TouBh- 
 
 ness 
 
 Oement- 
 
 Ing 
 Value 
 
 iixeel. 
 
 Oompreft- 
 slon lbs. 
 per sq. In. 
 
 1 
 
 2.60 
 
 162 
 
 2.25 
 
 6 
 
 S 
 
 12.3 
 
 6 
 
 13,000 
 
 No. 1. This limestone sample was sent in by the Monte Christo 
 
80 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 Quarry Company (Heath May, Mission) and was taken from their 
 property 1% miles south of Monte Christo, Texas. The tests show 
 that this is a rather soft rock, low in toughness, with medium 
 resistance to wear and excellent cementing value. It also has fair 
 resistance to compression. Should be satisfactory for plain maca- 
 dam roads subjected to light traffic, or under medium traffic in 
 bituminous construction. 
 
 HlLl4 COUNTT 
 
 A deposit of gravel in this county is located 2 mi. north of 
 Blum, 15 miles south of Cleburne, near the Santa Fe Railroad, 
 belonging to S. W. Smith, of Blum, Texas. No spur to the 
 Santa Fe Railroad exists at the present time. A test pit indicates 
 that there is a considerable quantity of this gravel. 
 
 Hopkins County 
 
 Some weathered sandstone is found as loose rocks on a 400 
 acre tract of land belonging to W. A. Smith of Sulphur Springs, 
 Texas. The material is located 4 mi. east of Sulphur Springs, on 
 the Maria J. de Los Santos Coi Survey between the Cotton Belt 
 and the M. K. & T. railroads, and 1 mi. from each. Some small 
 samples examined appear to be rather variable, some pieces 
 being quite hard, while others are considerably weathered and 
 brittle. 
 
 Inteenational Boundaet 
 
 In the Muleros Mountains, % miles northeast of Juarez, is a 
 porphyritie syenite. The International Boundary passes through 
 the center of the peak, the principal mass being found in the 
 central and highest peak, while another important mass is found 
 in the mountain to which the Sierra de la Mina and Sierra de 
 la Cruz belong. There is also a considerable dike which forms the 
 highest point of the Sierra Prieta on its southern slope. 
 
 Jack County 
 
 In this county the weU-known Jacksboro limestone is produced. 
 This material has been used in road construction in many of the 
 
Jack County 
 
 81 
 
 counties and towns in north Texas, especially in Tarrant, Dallas, 
 and McLennan. The owners of this quarry are Risley Bros, at 
 Jacksboro, but the plant is now closed down. Equipment is on 
 hand, however, to produce 600 tons of 2^^ in. stone per day. The 
 quarry is located on the C. R. I. & G. and G. T. & W. railroads. 
 The only test of this material for road construction is an* incom- 
 plete test made by the United States Office of Public Roads, as 
 follows : 
 
 Sp. 6r. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. ft. 
 Solid 
 
 Water 
 ab8. lbs. 
 pereu.It. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 ot 
 
 wear 
 
 JienCb 
 
 coef. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
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 Toush- 
 
 Oement- 
 
 Ing 
 Value 
 
 Oomprei- 
 llOQ Ibg. 
 per gq. In. 
 
 2.es 
 
 165 
 
 X.W 
 
 8.0 
 
 Good 
 
 Tests made on the material as a concrete aggregate by the Road 
 Materials Laboratory of the University of Texas showed this 
 stone to be a satisfactory concrete aggregate developing a com- 
 pressive strength of over 2,000 lbs. in the 28 day tests. 
 
 Jasper County 
 
 In the northeastern part of the county, near the G. C. & S. 
 F. Railroad, are located numerous deposits of gravel on the 
 summits of the hills and ridges. These deposits have very large 
 amounts of ferruginous cemented coarse grit and gravel. Mossy 
 Hill is the name of a ridge several hundred yards long, northeast 
 of the old Truitt Place, near the head of Beef Greek, covered 
 with ferruginous cemented gravel at least 20 ft. thick. At the 
 north end of Robert Stone Quarry on the north side of Beef 
 Creek, and about 1 mi. from the Burr's Ferry, Browndell and 
 Chester Railroad, is located a sandstone deposit belonging to 
 Alexander Gilmer Lumber Co. of Remlig, Texas. This material 
 is rather poor road material, but might be satisfactory as railroad 
 ballast. Practically all the sandstone in the northwestern pan of 
 Jasper County, west of the G. C. & S. F. Railroad, is near the 
 Burr's Ferry, Browndell, and Chester Railroad. 
 
82 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 Jeff Davis County 
 
 There is very little need for road material in this county, as it 
 is sparsely populated, and certainly there will be few roads con- 
 structed in the near future, unless something unforeseen happens. 
 There are, however, many good deposits of road material to be 
 found. A syenite porphyry forms the Sawtooth Kange, the 
 highest summit of the Davis Mountains. There are, in the 
 Davis and Barilla mountains and the country along the Southern 
 Pacific Railroad between Altuda and Marfa, many deposits of 
 rhyoKte, andesite, trachyte, and phonolite lavas, with 
 breccias, conglomerates, and tuffs. Many of these, 
 however,. are not satisfactory as road material. Around Chispa, 
 on the Southern Pacific Railroad, are many deposits of various 
 volcanic rocks, and vesicular lavas, especially in the mountains 
 east of Chispa, that are worthy of note. Six miles south of 
 Chispa, some r'hyolite basalt and conglomerate form the peak in 
 the Tierra Vieja Mountains. Between the Wylie and Davis 
 Mountains is found a phonolite deposit. 
 
 Jeffeeson County 
 
 There is very little material for road construction to be found 
 in this county. The only material noted is the oyster-shell 
 dredged at Sabine by W. D. Haden, Dredge Contractor, Sabine, 
 Texas. It is possible to produce 3,000 cu. yds. a day with present 
 equipment, which can be loaded on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 
 or at any ports. It has been used on the city streets of Orange 
 and on the Orange County roads. 
 
 Jim Hogmj County 
 
 In thiS; county there is a deposit of quartzitic gravel 2 mi. 
 east of Hebbronville, on the Texas-Mexican Railroad, on the Dry 
 Creek bank. This deposit belongs to W. W. Jones, but J. T. Nail 
 has the material leased and operates a gravel-screening plant. 
 There is a spur from the Texas-Mexican Railroad running to the 
 plant 1,000 ft. from the main line. Mr. A. T. Nail has also 
 leased a deposit of caliche, containing about 60 per cent gravel, 
 
Jim Mogg County 
 
 83 
 
 from ^ in. to 2^ in., on the property of Viggo KoMer, 1% 
 miles from the Texas & Mexico Railroad and 2 miles from Heb- 
 bronville, in the Dry Creek bed. So far this material has not 
 been produced. The caliche may be found with varying quanti- 
 ties of gravel. One sample of the gravel was entirely free from 
 the soft calcareous dust. From the appearance of the material 
 it is evident that it should make satisfactory roads, but they 
 are apt to be dusty in dry weather, unless capped with some 
 dust preventative. 
 
 Jim WELiis County 
 
 Only one material is listed for this county, and it is a very 
 soft limestone, found on the Richard King Ranch, near Alfred, 
 Texas. It is useless as road material, although it is found close 
 to the S. A. & A. P. tracks. 
 
 Jones County 
 
 At Lueders in this county, on the M. K. & T. Railroad, there 
 is a deposit of limestone belonging to A. C. Fox. This is located 
 ^/2 mile south and % mile southeast of Lueders, and tested 
 as follows : 
 
 • 
 
 Sp. er. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. ft. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 percu.ft. 
 
 Per eent. 
 
 01 
 
 . wear 
 
 rrench 
 
 coel. ol 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 
 1 neB9 
 
 Tough- 
 ' ness 
 
 Oement- 
 
 tog 
 Value 
 
 Oompres- 
 
 Bion lbs. 
 
 per sq. In. 
 
 Z.56 
 
 159 
 
 4.19 
 
 S.O 
 
 8.0 
 
 13i.8 
 
 3 
 
 169 
 
 14,325 
 
 The tests show that this is a soft rock, with medium resistance to 
 wear, very low toughness, excellent cementing value, and fair 
 resistance to compression. It is only recommended for light traffic, 
 with bituminous binder. 
 
 This crushed stone has also been tested as a concrete aggregate, 
 and was found to be quite satisfactory for this, purpose, develop- 
 ing- over 3,000 lbs. per sq. inch eompressive strength in a 28 
 day test. 
 
84 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 Karnes County 
 
 As a whole, the good road material is rather scarce in this 
 county. There is a coarse white limestone, which is found on the 
 hills along the roads. 
 
 There is also a considerable amount of the quartzitic sandstone 
 found in this county, but practically all of it is rather soft and 
 has little resistance to wear. In the Tordilla Mountains, in the 
 western corner of the county, is found a 20 ft. deposit of hard 
 quartzitic sandstone. Some little distance from the S. A. 
 & A. P. railroad, are numerous deposits of this sandstone, 
 especially near Palls City. A 5 ft. deposit is located 2 miles 
 southeast of Falls City, and another, 1 mile southwest of the 
 town in the bluffs on the San Antonio Eiver,! 14 mile west of 
 mile-post 192 on the S. A. & A. P. Eailroad. This deposit, how- 
 ever, would be of little use as it has approximately 17 ft. of over- 
 burden. Four miles west of town is a 30 ft. deposit of the 
 sandstone, also on a bluff on the San Antonio River. 
 
 One mile northwest of Hobson is a 10 ft. deposit of soft sand- 
 stone beneath a 4 ft. overburden. This material is located on 
 the S. A. & A. P. Railroad, but is much too soft to be recom- 
 mended for road construction. Another deposit is found in the 
 bed of the San Antonio River, just below the bridge, % mile 
 southeast of Hobson. 
 
 Kaufman County . 
 
 A deposit of gravel from the McGregon pit near Dallas, tested 
 as follows: 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 No. 1 
 
 Material retained on 2-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on 1-incli sieve 
 
 Material retained on %-inch sieve 
 
 Material reta ned on %-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .033-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .0116-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .0(H8-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .0029-inch sieve 
 
 Material passing the .0029-inch sieve 
 
 
 
 1.7 
 15.2 
 60.4 
 79.0 
 91.9 
 94.8 
 95.7 
 
 4.2 
 
 Total 
 
 Cementing value on: 
 
 Material over % inch in/ size 
 
 Material under % inch in size 
 
 Material as received 
 
 99.9 
 
 Poor 
 Fair 
 i*oor_ 
 
Kerr County 85 
 
 The tests show that this material consists essentially of hard 
 pebbles of limestone with some flint and quartz sand and a very little 
 iron oxide clay, or silt which covers the stones. This is not a first 
 class road-building gravel, and therefore it is only recommended for 
 use when nothing better is available. 
 
 ' Kerb County 
 
 A limestone gravel belonging to Moore Brothers at Center 
 Point, Texas, is located % mile south of the S. A. & A.', P. Eail- 
 road and east of Center Point. It has been , used on roads in 
 Kerr County. It is a limestone gravel, the pebbles of which are 
 small in 'size, being below % in. and having a small amount of 
 clay. There is also a deposit of calcareous powder on the same 
 property, and it is reported that this latter material is satisfac- 
 tory for a binder. 
 
 Kinney County 
 
 In this county there is considerable good stone suitable as 
 road-building material, Damelyjthe basalts which are found in 
 considerable quantities. The limestones are rather poor in quality, 
 but some of the gravel located here might be called quite satis- 
 factory. A deposit of basalt 30 ft. thick is located at Palmer Hill ; 
 another deposit of approximately the same thickness is located 
 at Pinto Mountain, north of Ft. Clark; still another thinner 
 outcropping is found at Little Pinto Mountain. North-northeast 
 of Ft. Clark is a deposit of 70 ft. thickness, on a hill 2 miles 
 north of Las Moras Mountains, while the mountains themselves 
 embrace a deposit 90 ft. thick. At Elm Mountain the basalt is 
 but 35 ft. thick. The nearest shipping point ifor all these 
 deposits is perhaps at Spofford, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. 
 It is believed that almost any* of th^ deposits named above would 
 make excellent road material. At Turkey Mountain, northwest 
 of Cline, is another deposit 200 ft. thick. The nearest shipping 
 point for this material i would be Cline, on the G. H. & S. A. 
 Railroad. 
 
 There is a number of! gravel deposits in this county, partic- 
 ularly in the drainage basins of the tributaries of the West 
 Nueces River, especially Griffin, Sycamore, and Dry: Sycamore 
 
86 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 creeks, in the central northern part of the county, near the 
 county line. Along the course i of the "West Nueces River, are 
 also deposits of flint and limestone gravel. Some of these deposits 
 are as thick as 50 ft. and it is believed that they would make very 
 good road material. The nearest shipping points, however, would 
 be at Spofford and Cline. 
 
 In the southeastern part of the bluff on Sycamore Creek at 
 the junction of the creek Avith the Bio Grande River, is a deposit 
 of chalky gravel, from 20 to .30 ft. thick, but it is doubtful if 
 it would prove satisfactory. 
 
 ' Klebbeg County 
 
 The gravel from this county' has been tested as follows: 
 
 MEOHANIOAL ANALYSIS 
 
 No. 1 
 
 Hater'al retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Mater al retained 
 Material retained 
 Material passing 
 
 on 2-inch sieve 
 
 on linch sieve .. 
 
 on %-ineh sieve L. 
 
 on %-inch sieve ; 
 
 on .033-incIi sieve 
 
 on .(niWneh sieve- 
 on .0058-inch sieve 
 
 on .0Q29-inch sieve 
 
 the .0029-Inch sieve.. 
 
 Total-. 
 
 Oementrng value on: 
 
 Material over %-lnch in size 
 
 Material under % inch in size-. 
 Material as received 
 
 
 
 17.1 
 45.2 
 82.9 
 88.5 
 91. S 
 95.1 
 97.9 
 
 100.0 
 
 Excellent 
 Excellent 
 Excellent 
 
 No. 1. This gravel was sent from Kingsville, the owner being 
 T. R. Cochran, Sam Pordyce, Hidalgo County. The sample was sent 
 in by H. C. Porter, City Engineer, Kingsville, Texas. The tests 
 show that this sample is composed of rounded fragments of quartzite, 
 flint and limestone, cemented together with calcareous material, 
 containing no clay. This material should prove fairlyi satisfactory, 
 if crushed and used under considerable traffic. .Lab. No. 2785. 
 
Lavaca County 
 
 87 
 
 Lavaca County 
 
 At Moulton, a stone quarry has been operated for a number of 
 years by the Moulton Sandstone Company. The shipping facili- 
 ties are at Moulton, by means of the S. A. & A. P. Railroad. Some 
 tests made on this material show the following results : 
 
 Pounds of water absorbed per cu. ft 10.48 lbs. 
 
 Weight per cu. ft 137.8 lbs. 
 
 Crushing strength per sq. in 4,311 lbs. 
 
 Lee County 
 
 A gravel deposit, which has been worked to a considerable 
 extent, is located 3i/fj miles from the H. & T. C. Railroad, 21/^ 
 miles from the Dallas & San Antonio Short Line, and 6 miles 
 from Giddings on the public road. It belongs to August Baaek, 
 Route 2, Giddings, Texas. During 1916, about 2,000 yds. were 
 produced, but at the present time, no equipment is on hand. In 
 1916, a steam-shovel was used to load gravel on the wagons. The 
 gravel was used on 3% miles of the Giddings-Caldwell county 
 road. It is reported that the deposit contains about 30 acres of 
 gravel, 3% ft. deep. A small sample on hand, shows that the 
 gravel is composed 'of flint and quartz gravel, which has the 
 appearance of being crushed, and has little sand or clay. Another 
 deposit of gravel belonging to Joeekel and Williams at Giddings, 
 has been tested. The deposit is directly on the H. & T. C. Rail- 
 road nine miles from Giddings. The report on the tests is as 
 follows : 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 No. 1 
 
 Material retained 
 Matclal retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Mater'al retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retaln<>d 
 Material pasjslng 
 
 Total 
 
 on 2-inch sieve 
 
 on l-inch sieve 
 
 on %-incli sieve 
 
 on H-lnch sieve 
 
 on .033-lnch sieve — 
 
 on .(ni6-inch sieve 
 
 on .(KW8-lnch sieve 
 
 on .0329-inch sieve 
 
 the .0029-Inch sieve.. 
 
 Cementing value on: 
 
 Mater'al over % Inch In size 
 
 Mater<al under %lnch In size., 
 Material as received 
 
 2.3 
 
 31.8 
 M.O 
 89.9 
 76.8 
 83.4 
 88.8 
 92.1 
 7.7 
 
 100.1 
 
 Poor 
 
 Excellent 
 Pair 
 
88 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 The tests show that this gravel is composed of more or less 
 rounded fragments of quartz and flint, well graded, and of good 
 binding clay. It should make a very good material for gravel 
 roads, and with the clay washed out, it should make an excellent 
 concrete aggregate. After the clay was washed out, the gravel 
 was made into concrete 1:6 mix hy weight. 6" cylinder cured 7 
 days in wet sand, then in air, tested at 28 days, gave crushing 
 strength per square inch of 3,860 lbs. 
 
 Liberty County 
 
 About 3 miles distant from the Houston, East and West Texas, 
 and the G. C. & S. F. railroads, is a deposit or gravel, mixed with 
 coarse whitish sand, known as Roark's Gravel Pit. This deposit 
 is 3 miles north| of Cleveland. The gravel is about 8 ft. in depth 
 and covers approximately 280 acres, with the east fork of the 
 San Jacinto River forming one of the boundary lines of the 
 tract. In this county the Romayor Gravel Company of Beau- 
 mont, Texas, 'operates a washing and screening plant on the 
 Trinity River, close to the G. C. & S. F. Railroad. I In 1916, the 
 output amounted to about 40,000 tons of gravel, while equipment 
 is onlhand to produce 400 tons of screened gravel or 800 tons of 
 pit-run gravel per day. It has been used for concrete base of • 
 streets and as railroad ballast on the G. C.i& S. F. Railroad. 
 Tests have been made on this material, with the following 
 results : I 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 No. 1 
 
 Material retained on Z-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on l-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on ^-inch sieve 
 
 Material retainel on %-inch sieve 
 
 ilaterial retainel on .033-incIi sieve 
 
 Material retained on .0116-incli sieve 
 
 :Material retained on .0058-inch sieve 
 
 JUaterial retained on .0029-ineh sieve 
 
 JHaterial passing the .0029-inch sieve.. 
 
 
 
 5.6 
 32.8 
 64.5 
 76.3 
 96.x 
 99.0 
 99.5 
 
 
 
 Total.. 
 
 99.7 
 
 By adding about 15% clay, the cementation value would be 
 materially increased and brought within the allowable limit. This 
 sample of gravel was sent in by Geo. W. White, County Engineer, 
 Beaumont, Texas. The material is well graded from 1" size down. 
 
Liberty County 
 
 89 
 
 EOMATOB GRAVEL COMPANY'S SAND 
 Oa Santa Fe Ballroad Near the Trinity Biyer. Laboratory No. 30O1. 
 
 Weight per cubic foot, loose and undried lOT. pounds 
 
 Weight per cub'c loot, loose and dried ; 111% pounds 
 
 Weight per cubic foot, packed and dried 115% pound* 
 
 Voids in loose sand 
 
 Voids in packed sand.. 
 
 Specific gravity 
 
 Moisture 
 
 Z9.S per cent. 
 
 21.2 per cent. 
 
 2.65 per cent. 
 
 1.9 per cent. 
 
 1 TO 2 BT WEIGHT TENSION TESTS 
 
 
 Specimen 
 
 Pounds per Square Inch 
 
 
 Three days 
 
 Seven days 
 
 28 days 
 
 No. 1 
 
 360 
 
 376 
 410 
 400 
 
 386 
 
 4TO 
 450 
 405 
 420 
 
 436 
 
 
 No. 2 . 
 
 
 No. 3 
 
 
 No. i 
 
 Average 
 
 
 — 
 
 STANDAED OTTOWA (1 TO 2J BT WEIGHT 
 
 Specimen 
 
 Pounds per Square Inch 
 
 Three days Seven days 
 
 28 days 
 
 Average of 4.. 
 
 421 
 
 I TO 2 BT VOLTME TENSION TESTS 
 
 
 Specimen 
 
 Pounds per Square Inch 
 
 
 Three days 
 
 Seven days 
 
 28 days 
 
 No. 1 
 
 
 380 
 406 
 370 
 350 
 
 376 
 
 476 
 460 
 470 
 450 
 
 4S4 
 
 640 
 
 No. 2 
 
 No. 3 . «— 
 
 
 
 625 
 606 
 
 No. t - — 
 
 490 
 
 Average 
 
 
 612 
 
 STANDARD OTTOWA SANDS, 1 TO 2 BT VOLUME 
 
 
 Specimen 
 
 ■ - i 
 
 Pounds per Square Inch 
 
 
 Three days 
 
 Seven days 
 
 28 days 
 
 
 
 325 
 
 421 
 
 47S 
 
 
 
 
90 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 Limestone County 
 
 In this county, two plants have produced crushed limestone, 
 the one near Mexia, owned by the Springfield Rock Company 
 of Mexia, the other at T6huaeaiia, operated by the Mexia Quarry 
 Company of Galveston, Texas. Mr. W. S. Thompson of Tehlia- 
 oana is the operator. This latter plant produced in 1916 over 
 20,000 tons of crushed stone, while the present output is about 
 400 tons per day. TheVplant is located on the T. & B. V. Rail- 
 road, and the stone has been used on roads in Limestone and 
 Hardin counties, and also in concrete work. The Spring'field 
 Rock Co's. plant has been dismantled. Tests on these two ma- 
 terials show the following results : 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. It. 1 
 
 Water 
 abB. lbs. 
 per cu. tt 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 coel. ol 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 Value 
 
 Oomptei- 
 Bion lbs. 
 persq. in. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2.60 
 2.60 
 
 162 
 166 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 ■8.2 
 
 6,7. 
 4.9 
 
 12.8 
 4.2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 114 
 Good 
 
 14,42.5 
 
 No. 1. This limestone was found at Springfield, Limestone County. 
 It was taken from the property of the Springfield Rock Company, 
 Mexia. The tests show that this is a soft rock, low in toughness and 
 resistance to wear, excellent cementing value and fair resistance to 
 compression, [t is recommended only for light traffic. 
 
 No. 2. This fossiliferous limestone was found at Tehuacana, 
 Texas. It has heen tested by the United States Ofiice of Public 
 Roads, on May 28, 1915. This limestone is suitable for use in the 
 foundation course in plain or bituminous macadam construction or as 
 a coarse aggregate for concrete drainage structuree. Might be used as a 
 wearing course in plain macadam construction, where traffic is light, or 
 bituminous macadam construction subject to medium traffic. 
 
 Live Oak County 
 
 Little stone satisfactory for road material is found in this 
 county. The limestones are usually rather soft. A deposit of 
 white limestones is located 3 to 4 miles east of Oakville, on the 
 Oakville-BeevUle Road. At the crossing of Lagarto Creek, by 
 the Lagarto-Casa Blanca Road, is located a deposit of limestone 
 30 ft. thick. Also on the same creek, % mile northwest of La- 
 
Llano County 
 
 91 
 
 garto, at the crossing of the Frio Road by the Oakville-Tilden 
 Road, is a deposit of gravel .3 ft. in depth. The gravel consists 
 of pebbles from the size of a pea to 6 in. in diameter, composed 
 of flint, silicified wood, chalcedony, agate, sandstone, and quartz. 
 The nearest shipping point for this gravel is at Kittie, on the 
 S. A., U. & G. Railroad. Close to Lagarto is a deposit of red 
 clay gravel, the pebbles being composed of flint, limestone, and 
 jasper. 
 
 Llano County 
 
 This county is noted for its hard and duraJble granites, but 
 these materials are chiefly building stone and have not been 
 used for road construction in this state. Some paving 
 blocks have been made from this granite, which are said 
 to have proven quite successful under heavy traffic. Disinte- 
 grated granites^ however, have been used successfully for road 
 construction, particularly when the traffic is mot heavy. A test 
 on gabbro from this county, from the old John Billingsley Place, 
 on the property of Albert Rickerson, located 10 miles south and 
 west of Llano, has been made with the following results : 
 
 So. Sp. 6r. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. tt. 
 
 Water 
 aba. .bs. 
 per cu. ft 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 coel. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 Value 
 
 Oompret- 
 slon Iba. 
 per sq. In. 
 
 1 2.76 
 
 172 
 
 0.21 
 
 1.7 
 
 23 
 
 18.8 
 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 26,300 
 
 The test shows that this is a hard rock, with very high resistance 
 to wear, medium toughness, good cementing value and very high 
 resistance to compression. This rock is excellent material for 
 heavy traffic roads, as a concrete aggregate or railroad ballast. 
 
 A disintegrated granite on the property of D. W. Long of 
 Kingsland, Texas, is located at French John Spur, 5 miles west 
 of Kingsland, on the H. & T. C. Railroad. The equipment of 
 the deposit is a loading trap on the H. & T. C. Railroad. A 
 small sample on hand shows this to be disintegrated red granite, 
 the particles being rather small in size, but with little clay. It 
 is believed that the material would prove more satisfactory for 
 making concrete, than as road material. 
 
92 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 Madison County 
 
 A deposit of flint and quartz gravel is located V-A miles south 
 of Madisonville, and 1/2 mile west of the I. & Gr. N. Railroad. 
 There is at ithe present time no railroad spur to the property. 
 The deposit is on the property of W. L. and Sam Lewis of Abi- 
 lene, Texas. A small sample on hand is composed of rounded 
 pebbles of flint and quartz with a small amount of sand and 
 clay. One of the samples appears to have been washed and 
 the sand removed. Another deposit of gravel located 1 mile 
 south of Madisonville on the I. & G. N. Railroad has been used, 
 according to reports, on the streets of Madisonville. The de- 
 posit is on the property of Sam Lewis. 
 
 Maverick County 
 
 There is little road material in this county, other than gravel. 
 There is a number of deposits of gravel throughout the county. 
 On the hills along the Eagle Pass-Carrizo Springs Road, for the 
 first 20 miles out of Eagle Pass, are several gravel deposits. 
 Some deposits of gravel and silt are found along the main 
 Uvalde-Eagle Pass Road, between Chacon Creek and Salado 
 Creek, and also from 1% miles south of Salado Creek and 6^ 
 miles toward Eagle Pass beyond the Uvalde-Eagle Pass Road 
 crossing of Salado Cteek and for the last 17 miles before it 
 reaches Eagle Pass on the same road. These materials, however, 
 are a considerable distance from the shipping point. A flint 
 gravel mixed with silt is also found along the road from Cline 
 to Eagle Pass, extending from the first crossing of Mule Creek, 
 south to the Beasley Road to Chacon Creek. 
 
 Another deposit is found on the east side of Ehn Creek, about 
 1 mile above the bridge on the Del Rio-Eagle Pass Road. Some 
 further deposits of gravel and sand are located 12i/^ miles from 
 Eagle Pass on the Upson-Eagle Pass Road on the plains above 
 the breaks of the Rio Grande River. The nearest shipping 
 point for this material is at Eagle Pass, on the G. H.,& S. A. 
 Railroad. 
 
 There is also a deposit of caliche, composed of some limestone 
 pebbles surrounded by large amoimts of soft, pulverized, chalky 
 
Matagorda County 
 
 93 
 
 limestone dust. This deposit is located 7 miles north of Eagle 
 Pass, and also 1 mile from the Southern Pacific Railroad on the 
 property of R. C. and Roeco De Bona, of Eagle Pass, Texas. 
 There have been approximately 8,000 cu. yds. taken out with 
 picks and shovels, and loaded in wagons. A small sample ex- 
 amined, however, was found to be unsuited for modern traffic 
 roads, without some treatment to hold the dust in dry weather, 
 and to prevent rutting in wet weather. It might be satisfactory 
 as a foundation material under light traffic. 
 
 Matagorda County 
 
 The only material on record from this county is an oyster 
 shell deposit in the bottom pf Matagorda Bay. This material 
 is dredged by W. D. Haden, American National Insurance 
 Building, Galveston, Texas. The Haden plant is capable of de- 
 livering from 15,000 to 20,000 cu. yds. a month. The shipping 
 point for this material is the G. C. & S. F. Railroad. There 
 is located on this railroad a storage tank capable of holding 25 
 carloads. 
 
 McLennan County 
 
 Limestone and gravel are the road materials to be found in 
 this county. The limestone, however, is on an average rather 
 soft, and has little resistance to wear. A sample from a deposit 
 9 miles north of "Waco was tested, resulting as follows: 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 wt. per 
 cu. Jt. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 per cu. ft 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 ol 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 coef. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 Value 
 
 Oompies- 
 
 sion lbs. 
 
 per sq. In. 
 
 1 
 
 2.25 
 
 140 
 
 1.46 
 
 8.7 
 
 4.6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 178 
 
 3,175 
 
 The test shows that this is a soft rock, with low toughness and re- 
 sistance to wear, excellent cementing value and low resistance to 
 •compression. It is not recommended as a road-building material 
 nor for railroad ballast. 
 
 A deposit of gravel belonging to the city of West, located 2% 
 miles southeast of the city, has been used on the McLennan 
 
94 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 County roads. During 1916, approximately 6,000 tons 
 were produced, which was loaded on wagons by hand. The 
 M. K. & T. Railroad is 2 % miles from the pit. 
 
 McMtjlden County 
 
 While other materials are found in this county, the records 
 are devoted entirely to sandstones. No tests have been made 
 on any of them, however, and the locations are given without 
 any knowledge of their value for road construction. In the bed 
 of the Nueces River, in section 6, and % mile north of Miles 
 Ranch, is a deposit of this sandstone. A deposit 20 ft. deep is 
 located B% miles south of Crowther, near the northwest corner 
 of the "William D. Benham Survey^. This sandstone extends in 
 a northerly direction, to a point 3i/4 miles south of Crowther. It 
 is some distance from the S. A. U. & G. Railroad. Another de- 
 posit of 5 ft. of hard sandstone is located approximately 8 miles 
 south of Crowther. A deposit from 5 to 10 ft. in depth is found 
 also at 2 miles south, 10° east of Tilden, in the direction of the 
 deposit mentioned above, on the Tilden-San Diego Road. Five 
 miles south and 10° east of Tilden, also on the Tilden-San Diego 
 Road, is a 23 ft. deposit of sandstone. On a hill 1% miles south, 
 30° west of Crowther, is a 11 ft. deposit of sandstone, which 
 like those mentioned above, is a considerable distance from the 
 railroad so that should the sandstone prove satisfactory as road 
 material, it would be hard to produce commercially. 
 
 Milam County 
 
 Two deposits of gravel from this county may be noted. One 
 deposit is located 6 miles north of Thorndale, Milam County, 
 and 6 miles from the railroad. It has been used on the Milam 
 County roads, by the Milam County Road District, Number 6. 
 J. H, Miller of Temple, Texas, owns a deposit of gravel 1^4 
 miles from the Port Sullivan bridge, and V-A miles from the 
 I. & G. N. Railroad. Mr. Miller states that he has several acres 
 of a red clay gravel about 4 ft. in depth. Under this road 
 gravel be has a sandy gravel which when screened would be 
 suitable for concrete work. This bottom stratum of gravel is 
 
Milam County 
 
 95 
 
 composed of 25 per cent gravel and 75 per cent sand. A sample 
 of tlie latter gravel on hand is composed of flint, quartz, and 
 limestone pebbles, free from clay. If screened to proper size, 
 it should made a satisfactory concrete aggregate. 
 
 A ferruginous sandstone belonging to T. D. Gresham of Flip- 
 pen, Gresham, and Freeman, Linz Bldg., Dallas, Texas, has 
 been tested with the following results : 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 "Vft. per 
 CO. ft. 
 
 Water 
 aba. lbs. 
 percu.lt. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 oj 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 CQel. ol 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Oement- 
 
 Insr 
 Value 
 
 Oompre* 
 
 Bion lbs. 
 
 per sq. In. 
 
 2.75 
 
 172 
 
 0.44 
 
 23.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 8.5 
 
 S 
 
 9 Poor 
 
 10,200 
 
 The test shows that this is a soft stone, having low resistance to 
 wear, low toughness, poor cementing value, and fair resistance to 
 compression. This material is not recommended for road construc- 
 tion nor as a railroad ballast, as it Jacks the necessary properties. 
 
 MONTGOMEBT CoUNTY 
 
 In this county there are numerous deposits of road gravel, 
 one of which has proven quite successful in road construction. 
 There are also some deposits of sandstone, but none is worked 
 to any extent. A deposit of flint gravel and sand graded up to 
 1% in. is located on the property of B. V. Ley and associates of 
 the Union Bank Bldg., Houston, Texas. The deposit is located 
 3 miles southwest of Dobbin, 1% miles west of the Trinity and 
 Brazos VaUey Kailroad, on the Noah Griffeth and Bradberry 
 Survey. There is no equipment on hand at the present time, 
 as the material has never been used. Four miles southeast of 
 Montgomery, about 4 miles east of Jackson, and IV2 miles south 
 of the G. C. & S. F. Railroad, on the main road, is a deposit of 
 gravel belonging to B. R. Yell of Conroe, Texas. The material 
 has been used on the roads in Montgomery County. A small 
 sample of this gravel indicates that the pebbles are small in size 
 with considerable sand and clay. It is a flint and quartz gravel. 
 This material should make a fairly satisfactory road, -but 
 it would wear better if the pebbles were larger m size. At 
 Honea, 8 miles west of Conroe, on the G. C. & S. F. Railroad, 
 
96 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 is another deposit of gravel and sand on the property of R. 0. 
 Collins of Conroe, Texas. There is no equipment on hand for 
 loading, but the G. C. & S. F. Railroad tracks pass within % 
 mile of the deposit. A small sample of gravel shows that it 
 contains considerable sand and clay, with about 47 per cent of 
 flint and quartz pebbles under %in. in diameter. Like the pre- 
 ceding material, it is good topping gravel, but would wear 
 longer with larger pebbles. A deposit of gravel located 7 miles 
 west of Conroe 3,600 feet north of the Beaumont-Somerville Di- 
 vision of the G. C. & S. F. Railroad, is owned by W. P. McComb, 
 road and gravel contractor of Conroe, Texas. The material is 
 not produced on a commercial scale at the present time. A 
 small sample on hand indicates that the material is composed of 
 rounded pebbles of flint and quartz, with considerable sand and 
 some clay. R. R. McPherson owns a deposit of coarse sand clay, 
 2 miles south of Montgomery, and 400 yds. from the G. C. & S. 
 F. Railroad. It is reported that the deposit covers about 10 
 acres, and is 3^2 ft. in depth. The pit has a comparatively 
 clean, coarse sand at the top and the sand clay beneath, which, 
 if mixed in equal parts, would produce an excellent sand clay 
 topping. A small sample on hand indicates that the greater 
 proportion of the material would pass through a V^ in. screen. 
 There is no equipment at the present time for loading the ma- 
 terial. There are other deposits of gravel and sand in this 
 county at many points between Shepherd and Willis on the I. 
 & G. N. Railroad. 
 
 Navarro County 
 
 Only one gravel deposit is noted in this county. This deposit 
 is located 8 miles north of Kerens, and 15 miles east of Cor- 
 sicana, on the property of H. S. Keathley of Frost, Texas. The 
 Cotton Belt Railroad, 8 miles away, is the nearest shipping point. 
 This material has not been used in road construction. A small 
 sample on hand indicates that the deposit is composed of flint, 
 quartz, and limestone pebbles, with some sand and calcareous 
 dust'. The gravel is rather small in size, having no pebbles over 
 % in. in diameter. 
 
Nolan County 
 Nolan County 
 
 97 
 
 The limestones in this county are comparatively soft and not 
 suited for anything except the lightest kind of traffic. The re- 
 sults of two tests made by the Office of Public Koads at Wash- 
 ington, on limestone from this county, show about the quality of 
 material to be found: 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. cer 
 «u. It. 
 
 Water ' 
 abs. Ibi. 
 per en. It 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 eoel. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Oement- 
 
 tae 
 Valu4 
 
 Oompres- 
 Blon Ibi. 
 persq. In. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 
 1B9 
 
 1S» 
 
 2.56 
 1.67 
 
 6.2 
 6.2 
 
 6.4 
 6.5 
 
 13.7 
 13.3 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 Fair 
 
 ------ 
 
 No. 1. This limestone was found at Maryneal, Texas, and the 
 test was made by the Office of Public Roads, number 4327. 
 
 No. 2. This limestone was found at Sweetwater, Texas, and the 
 test was made by the Office of Public Roads, number 4532. 
 
 A deposit of sand and gravel is located at "Wastella, 1 mile 
 from the Roscoe, Snyder, and Pleasanton Railroad, 16 miles 
 west of Sweetwater. The deposit belongs to W. J. Turner of 
 Wastella and there is no equipment on hand for the operation of 
 the pit. It is said to be a large deposit, but with considerable 
 overburden. A small sample on hand is composed of rounded 
 and irregular pebbles of flint and quartz, with rather fine quartz- 
 itic sand and some calcareous material. The sample appears to 
 have been washed. 
 
 Parker County 
 
 A deposit of gravel 2 miles west of Garner, and 300 yds. north 
 of the Mineral Wells and Northwestern Railroad, is owned by 
 J. C. Maddox, Snow and Ed Hall, all of Garner, Texas, The M. 
 W. & N. W. Railroad runs within 300 yds. of the deposit, but 
 there is no special equipment for loading on hand. It has been 
 used on 2 miles of road in Parker County. 
 
98 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 PAiiO Pinto County 
 
 There are several deposits of graded limestone to be found in 
 this county. Tests have been made as follows: 
 
 Sp. 6r. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. ft. 
 Solid 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 percu.ft. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 ol 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 coel. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 Value 
 
 Oompres- 
 
 sioQ lbs. 
 
 per iq. In. 
 
 2.6S 
 
 165 
 
 QM 
 
 4.4 
 
 9.2 
 
 12.5 
 
 7 
 
 98 
 
 8,426 
 
 TWs limestone (siliceous) was found at Mineral Wells, the owner 
 being Jt C. Burch, Mineral Wells, Texas. The test was made at the 
 requesti of the -Commissioners' Court, through the Commercial Club, 
 Mineral Wells, Texas. The results show that this rock is low in 
 hardness and toughness, with medium resistance to wear, very good 
 cementing value and low resistance to compression. It is recom- 
 mended for medium traffic, bituminous roads or light traflSc water- 
 bound construction. Sample No. 2484. 
 
 The. Mineral Wells Crushed Stone Company operates a quarry 
 and crushing plant, 8^^ miles northwest of Mineral "Wells on the 
 Weatherford, Mineral Wells and Northwestern Eailroad. Dur- 
 ing 1916 this plant produced 75,000 tons with a daily output of 
 500 tons, and' this material when tested as a road material, gave 
 the foUowina: results: 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. ft. 
 Solid 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 percu.ft. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 coef. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 Value 
 
 Compres- 
 sion lbs. 
 per sq. m. 
 
 2.5S 
 
 161 
 
 
 4.1 
 
 9.8 
 
 11.8 
 
 5 
 
 
 10,470 
 
 The test shows that this rock is low In hardness and tpxighness, 
 has medium resistance to wear and fair resistance to compression. 
 It is satisfactory only for light traffic, water-bound macadam roads, 
 or possibly for bituminous roads having medium traffic. 
 
 The material has been used in road work in Dallas, Palo Pinto, 
 Rockwall, McLennan, and Tarrant counties, while it has been 
 used in most of the cities in the northern portion of the state. 
 
Polk County 
 
 99 
 
 Other tests in this material indicate that the quarry produces 
 various qualities of stone, some harder than others, as follows: 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. tt. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 per cu. ft 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 ol 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 eoef. ot 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard' 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 
 Value 
 
 Crushing 
 strength 
 
 lbs. rer 
 sq. in 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2.70 
 2.84 
 
 . 169 
 165 
 
 .15 
 .06 
 
 :z: 
 
 _ 
 
 :-: 
 
 :::: 
 
 ___^ 
 
 16,000 
 14,000 
 
 Tests made on this stone as a concrete aggregate show it to be 
 quite satisfactory for this purpose, producing a concrete with a com- 
 pressive strength of over 2,000 pounds per square Inch, at 28 days. 
 
 PouK County 
 
 In this county considerable gravel and sandstones are found. 
 Most of the sandstones, however, are not uniform in texture and 
 unsuited for road construction. 
 
 A gravel pit in the eastern end of the town of Onalaska has 
 been used for railroad ballast by the M. Ki & T. Railroad, as the 
 Beaumont and Great Northern branch of this railroad runs 
 through this town. An extended deposit of gravel, consisting 
 mostly of rounded pebbles of flint\and jasper, averaging about 
 % in. in diameter, is found. It is located on the farm of Mr. 
 Wiley Hood in the northeastern corner of the Thomas Cartwright 
 League in the hill covering about 5 or 6 acres. This deposit is 
 west of Livingstone, in the southern part of the county and 
 extends also to the farm of A. T. Watts, the northwest comer of 
 the John Lindsay) League. This deposit of gravel is accessible 
 to the lumber train of Thompson Bros. Lumber Co., connecting 
 at New Willard with the Houston, East and West Texas Rail- 
 road. On the Hood Place, a well showed that the gravel extended 
 down 36 ft., having more clay in it as the bottom was approached. 
 On the A. T. Watts farm a prospect hole showed the gravel to 
 be about one-half flint gravel with pebbles varying in size from 
 2 in. to % in., and the other half, sand clay. At another place 
 on the Watts farm, gravel was found 4 ft. below the surface, 
 with a depth of 5 ft. The Watts gravel is about % mile from 
 
100 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 Thompson Bros. Lumber Company's tram at a point 5 miles 
 from New Willard. 
 
 There is a 15 ft. deposit of sandstone on the top of the hill at 
 Moscow, which, however, is capped with sand-clay and gravel, 
 making it somewhat difficult to i procure. The shipping facilities 
 for this material would be the Houston, East and Wtest Texas 
 Railroad. 
 
 On a hill 20 ft. or more high, directly west of mile-post 92, on 
 the Houston, East and West Texas Railroad, is a deposit of 
 sandstone. The surface is covered with large blocks of the rock. 
 In the region between the M. K. & T. Railroad, north of Chester 
 and the bottom lands of the Neches River, is a deposit of sand- 
 stone. The nearest shipping point for this material, however, is 
 at| Chester, some little distance away. A harder grade of sand- 
 stone forms the hills south of the Laurella siding. The material 
 could be shipped by the Houston, East and "West Texas Railroad. 
 At Clarke, on the M. K. & T. Railroad, 18 miles from Corrigan, 
 is a deposit of sandstone which is worked by the Southwest Texas 
 Quarry Company, the owner being T. E. Danziger, Beaumont, 
 Texas. Inl 1916,' abo\it 18,000 tons were produced, and it is esti- 
 mated that with the present equipment, a production of 200 
 tons per day can be maintained. A small sample on hand indi- 
 cates that the sandstone is rather soft, with occasional hard frag- 
 ments. It should be satisfactory as a foundation course or in 
 bituminous construction under light traffic. Another deposit of 
 sandstone, quartzite, and semi-quartzite is located at Stryker, 5 
 miles east of Corrigan on the M. K. & T. Railroad. The Texas 
 Grading Company of Houston owns the deposit, and it is 
 reported that it is possible to produce from 3 to 4 cars of crushed 
 stone daily. There is a crushing, and screening plant already on 
 hand, and it could be "put into operation on short notice. The 
 material has been used in the Harris County road work and also 
 for the Sabine Pass jetty work. There are several more deposits 
 of sandstone to be found around Corrigan. In the third cut 
 south of that town, on the Houston, East and "West Texas Rail- 
 road, an old quarry still exists.' This material is a fine textured 
 sandstone and it is about 11 ft. thick. It could be easily shipped 
 as it is on a spur of the railroad. "While only a few samples of 
 
Presidio County 101 
 
 sandstone from this county have been examined, it is believed 
 that most of the standstones are rather soft and friable, 
 and therefore would not make satisfactory road material. 
 Some samples, however, show indications of making very fine cut 
 stone material for building construction. The main question 
 regarded their suitability for this purpose, is whether or not they 
 can be found to run uniform in texture and free from iron stain. 
 
 Presidio County 
 
 This county, like most of the West Texas counties, has abun- 
 dant road material. However, the necessity for good road mate- 
 rial is not felt at this time. While there are numerous gravel 
 deposits, the most conspicuous road .materials are the volcanic 
 rocks, although sandstones and limestones are also found. 
 
 A gravel deposit worth nothing is found at the foot of the Chi- 
 ati Mts. in the Rio Grande Valley in the vicinity of Shafter. 
 In the southern Davis Mountains and northwest of Marfa, are 
 sandstones and limestones having various degrees of weathering. 
 In numerous places iu the Fresno Canyon are found andesites, 
 some of which are solid and hard, while others are very porous. 
 In the Southern Davis Mountains are also found flinty, siliceous 
 stones in the Marble Hills, extending from the former Barrel 
 Springs Station on the old El Paso-Pt. Davis stage-line, to about . 
 2 miles northeast. There are a number of vesicular and dense 
 lavas with much conglomerate, found in the Tierra Vieja, Capote, 
 and Chinati Mountains, also between the town of Marfa and 
 the Chinati Mountains, as well as in the tributary water courses 
 of the Cibolo Creek south of Sabocite and below Humphris' 
 sheep camp. Many basalts are also found in the Tierra Vieja 
 and Capote Mountains. In the Sierra Bofecillos and Sierra 
 Refugio, in the southeast corner of the county, are located lavas 
 of rhyolite, pit-stone, basalt, trachyte, and augite-andesite. Also 
 in the Tierra Vieja Mountains' and at Chispa Summit in the 
 Chinati Mountains, are syenite-porphyi^y, basalt, and rhyolite. 
 North and northwest of Shafter, in the Chinati Mountains are 
 granites, diorites, lavas, and much altered diabases. 
 
102 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 Red River County 
 
 One sample of limestone tested from this county was found 
 along the public road near Clarksville. The sample of this argil- 
 laceous limestone was sent by Clarence Hocker of Clarksville, 
 Texas, and when tested resulted as follows : 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. It. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 perou.ft. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 01 
 
 wear 
 
 Prencb 
 coet. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Toueb- 
 
 nesB 
 
 Cement- 
 Ins 
 Value 
 
 Oompres- 
 
 ■lon Ibi. 
 
 per sq. In. 
 
 2.15 
 
 134 
 
 2.11 
 
 12.0 
 
 3.3 
 
 
 S 
 
 137 
 
 1,920 
 
 The test shows that this is a very soft rock, with very low tough- 
 ness and resistance to wear, excellent cementing value and very low 
 compressive strength. The material Is much too soft to he recom- 
 mended in road construction. It is not recommended for concrete. 
 
 Reeves County 
 
 A gravel pit in this county is owned by Reeves County and also 
 the Pecos Valley Southern Railroad. It is located about 26 miles 
 south of Pecos on the P. V. S. Railroad main line. The produc- 
 tion can be maintained at about 800 tons per day, while in 1916, 
 there was used as much as 52,500 tons. The gravel at Saragosa 
 has been used on the Reeves County roads and has been tested 
 with the following results. 
 
 MEOHANIOAL ANALYSIS 
 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 No. 3 
 
 Material retained on the 2-Inch sieve „ 
 
 
 
 9.9 
 40.9 
 74.5 
 77.6 
 81.0 
 83.9 
 86.7 
 12.7 
 
 
 
 14.1 
 43.2 
 ffi.O 
 S5.3 
 70.8 
 76.2 
 81.0 
 18.8 
 
 
 
 Material retained on the l-Inch sieve 
 
 
 Material retained on the %-Inch sleve_ ^ .. 
 
 63 9 
 
 Material retained on the H-ineh sieve. .. 
 
 Material reta'ned on the .033-hich sieve .. 
 
 Material retained on the .0116-Inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the .0058-ineh sieve , 
 
 Material retained on. the .O029inch sieve 
 
 83.0 . 
 84.7 
 86.7 
 89.2 
 91.2 
 9.1 
 
 Material passing the .0089-Inch sieve , 
 
 Oemenfng value on: 
 
 Material over % inch In size 
 
 Material under % Inch In size 
 
 Material as received — .• _ 
 
 98.4 
 
 Poor 
 
 Excell. 
 
 Excell. 
 
 99.88 
 
 Pair 
 
 Excell. 
 
 Pair 
 
 100.3 
 
 Pair 
 
 Exoell. 
 
 Good 
 
RusU County 103 
 
 No. 1. This gravel is composed of hard pebbles of flint and 
 quartzite, some of which is sand and calcareous dust. This gravel 
 should make a satisfactory material for gravel road construction. 
 
 No. 2. This is a well graded gravel composed of rounded pebbles 
 of quartzite with considerable good bedding clay. The pebbles are 
 also quite hard. From the results of this test, this gravel is highly 
 recommended for gravel road construction. 
 
 No. 3. This gravel is composed of round pebbles of quartzite, a 
 small amount of which is sand, and some good binding clay. The 
 gravel will make a satisfactory road when completed, but due to 
 a lack of sand it would require considerable .traflBc to bring the road 
 to the desired compactness. 
 
 * Rusk County 
 
 It has been reported that there is a deposit of isandstone one 
 mile east of Overton, on the main public road. The owner is Joe 
 Lee, Route 4, Box 3, Overton, Texas, and the deposit is located 
 one mile east of the I. & G. N. Railroad tracks at iOverton. A 
 sample from this deposit is composed of flat fragments of sand- 
 stone, all of which are. about 1^ inches in breadth, some being 
 soft and others hard. It is not & first class road material. 
 
 A deposit of gravel belonging to W, 0. Buford, is located one 
 mile north of Henderson Courthouse on the Longview Road. A 
 sample from this deposit has been tested as follows : 
 
 UEOHANIOAL ANALYSIS 
 
 No. 1 
 
 Material reta'ned on 2-Inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on 1-Inch sieve 
 
 Materia] retained on ^-inch sieve 
 
 Mater'al retained on Mi-lnch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .033-Inch Sieve 
 
 Material reta'ned on .0116-Inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on .0058-Inch gleve.^. 
 Material retained on .0029-Inch sieve — 
 Material passing the .0029-Inch sieve- 
 Total 
 
 S.9 
 16.6 
 63.9 
 92.0 
 95.8 . 
 96.5 
 97.3 
 98.4 
 
 0. 
 
 Cementing value on: 
 
 Material over % Inch In size 
 
 Material under % Inch In size . 
 
 Material as received 
 
 90.2 
 
 Good 
 I'alT 
 
 This material consists of fragments of ferruginous sandstone, free 
 
1.04 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 from sand and clay. The material will require an addition of con- 
 siderable sand and clay to make a satisfactory road material. 
 
 A deposit of ferruginous sandstone, owned by Bruce Hamlett, 
 is located 2^/^ miles northwest of Henderson, on the I. & G. N. 
 Railroad, and has been tested as f oUo-fvs : 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. It. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 percu.ft. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 ol 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 coel. ol 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Oement- 
 
 Ine 
 Value 
 
 Oompres- 
 
 ■lon Iba. 
 
 per sq. In. 
 
 2.85 
 
 178 
 
 2.28 
 
 B 
 
 8 
 
 14.9 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 25,750 
 
 This sample of ferruginous sandstone was sent in by O. G. Vinson-, 
 Henderson, Texas. It is a medium hard rock, with medium resist- 
 ance to wear, very low toughness, good cementing value and high 
 resistance to compression. This rock should be satisfactory for 
 bituminous road construction or as a railroad ballast. Due to its 
 toughness, it could not be recommended for plain macadam con- 
 Btruction. 
 
 San Augustine County 
 
 In the southwestern part of this county, there is much fer- 
 ruginous sandstone, which would make good road material. In 
 the cut at mile post 666, of the St. Louis Southwestern Railroad, 
 is a deposit of ferruginous-cemented hard conglomerate, with 
 pebbles of quartz, chert, and silicified wood. 
 
 Just east of the channel of Bayou Attoyas, on the Huntington- 
 Hemphill Road, are located bluifs a hundred feet or more in, 
 height. These bluffs are covered with ferruginous-cemeinted 
 gravel of quartz, chert, and silicified wood pebbles. The ship- 
 ping facilities are at Broaddus or Monterey, on the St. Louis 
 Southwestern Railroad, approximately 3 miles from the deposit. 
 
 A deposit of gravel is found in the vicinity of White City oi^ 
 the St. Louis Southwestern Railroad and still another deposit of 
 iron ore and ferruginous sandstone is located in the vicinity of 
 the Ironosa Postoffice, with-shipping facilities at Blandlake, some 
 distance from the deposit on the Quif , Colorado, and Santa Fe 
 Railroad. 
 
San Jacinto County 105 
 
 San Jacinto County 
 
 Gravel has been found in this county in several places. There 
 is a deposit on the divide between the Trinity and San Jacinto 
 drainages between Oakhurst and Cold Springs, with shipping 
 facilities on the M. K. & T. Railroad to the north, the I. & 
 G. N. Railroad to the west, the H. T. & W. T. Railroad 
 to the east. A second deposit of gravel and sand, locally 
 cemented with iron oxide, is found in the high ridges in the 
 vicinity of Cold Springs, but it is 111/4 miles from Shepherd on 
 the Houston, East and West Texas Railroad. Near Westeott 
 and Norman ville about 4 miles west of the H. E. & W. T. Rail- 
 road is another deposit of gravel. Still another is located 4 
 miles southwest of Shepherd on the Evergreen Road, adjoining 
 land owned by Mr. Bird of Bay City, Texas. This gravel con- 
 sists of coarse, brown sand matrix, and is owned by C. B. Uddell 
 (Treasurer of the Southern Pacific Lines, Houston, Texas). The 
 shipping facilities are at Shepherd on the H. E. & W. T. Railroad. 
 
 The Urbana Gravel Co. of Houston, Texas, operates a plant in 
 this county taking gravel and sand from the San Jacinto River. 
 This gravel has been tested as a concrete aggregate. If screened 
 it is a satisfactory concrete aggregate. 
 
 San Saba County 
 
 There is a deposit of sand, concrete gravel, and fine gravel 
 and clay, 3 miles west of San Saba on the Santa Fe Railroad. 
 The pit is owned by William Scott, San Saba, Texas, and thq 
 chief output is concrete sand and gravel. There is no special 
 equipment and the pit is 300 yds. from the Santa Fe siding. 
 
 Shackelford County 
 
 A deposit of limestone is located 7 miles west of Albany on the 
 M. K. & T. Railroad. It is owned by the Central Quarry Com- 
 pany, R. L. Newman, Mgr., Albany,' Texas, and has shipping 
 facilities on the M. K. & T. itailrbad. A large quantity of this 
 stone was used for ballast on the M. K. & T. Railroad, but at 
 present the quarry is not in operation. 
 
106 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 A deposit of clay quartz gravel is found on the right side of 
 the Clear Fork of the Brazos River, 6 miles below Fort iGriffin, 
 17 miles from a railroad. The gravel is not worked at the present 
 time. \ 
 
 Smith County 
 
 In this county there is a deposit of limestone located 12 miles 
 north of Tyler and 7 miles east of Lindale, Texas. Mrs. Eliza 
 Wedr, Tyler, Texas, is the owner of the deposit, which has no 
 shipping facilities. 
 
 Stephens County 
 
 On the main line of the Texas Pacific Railway, near Odessa, 
 Texas is found a deposit of limestone, which is owned by J. T. 
 McElroy, Odessa, Texas. With the present equipment, 800 tons 
 per da yare produced. The shipping facilities are on the main 
 line of the Texas Pacific Railway, and the material has been used 
 on the roads in Dallas, Tarrant, Denton, and McLennan counties. 
 
 Takrant County 
 
 A deposit of sand and gravel is located 12 miles east of Ft. 
 Worth, near New Bedford and 1^/^ miles east of Ft. Worth, 
 and iy2 miles from the railroad. The owner is J. C Martin, 
 903 Cannon Ave., Ft. Worth, Texas. 
 
 The Trinity Gravel Company owns a deposit 6 miles east of 
 Ft. Worth. This material has been tested as follows : 
 
 MEOHANIOAL ANALYSIS 
 
 No. 1 
 
 Material retained on the 2-Incb Bleve 
 
 Material ^etai^€C^ on the 1-Inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the %-lnch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the v4-'ncli sieve 
 
 Material retained on the .OSS-Inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the .0116-Incb sieve 
 
 Material retained on the .005S-inch sieve 
 
 Materal retained on the .0029-Inch sieve 
 
 Material passing the .00S9-inch sieve 
 
 Total 
 
 
 20. G2 
 48.90 
 61.22 
 72.74 
 97.35 
 99.45 
 99.58 
 0.11 
 
 99.69 
 
Tom Green County 107 
 
 The tests show that this material consists of rounded fragments 
 of limestone with some flint and considerable calcareous sand. 
 Specific gravity 2.50. One cubic foot weighs 128 pounds packed. 
 
 Concrete tests of this sample were made on one 6" x 8" cylinder proi- 
 portions 1 : 8 by weight, 1 : 6 by volume. Stored under water and 
 tested at the end of 28 days, it had crushing strength of 2,Y60 
 pounds per square inch. 
 
 Tom Green County 
 
 A gravel conglomerate is found in the city of San Angelo, 
 Texas, on, city property. Approximately 20 cu. yds. have been 
 produced per hour; however, the deposit has just been opened. 
 The shipping facilities are from either the G. C. & S. F., or the 
 K. .0. M. & 0. railrofids, about 1% miles away This gravel has 
 not been used, but a small sample indicates that this is a fairly 
 hard conglomerate and would need crushing before it could be 
 used. 
 
 Teavis County 
 
 This county, lying in the centre of the State, and being the 
 seat of the State Capitol, is in need of good roads. Like many 
 of the adjacent counties, road material is quite plentiful .and of 
 a generally good character. 
 
 The rock predominating is limestone, generally rather soft in 
 character and unsuited for the heavy traffic roads of modern 
 times. Occasionally some very good ledges are found which will 
 support the average traffic, but most of the limestone is soft and 
 unsuitable. 
 
 The nephelite basalt is a trap rock found protruding in a 
 knob above the surrounding limestone not far from Austin at a 
 place named Pilot Knob. It is an excellent road-building mate- 
 rial for the heaviest traffic, being hard, tough,' and with a high 
 resistance to wear. As a commercial possibility it would require 
 a large investment and consequently a ready market. Perhaps 
 when the State develops to such an extent that a large market is 
 available for such material, it will be developed and placed 
 within the reach of local road builders. One flint tested proved 
 to be hard enough for road construction, but material of this 
 
108 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 nature has not proven of much value, because of its poor binding 
 qualities in water-bound macadam and it does not seem to inter- 
 lock in a bituminous- road. 
 
 Gravels, however, are plentiful, especially in the valley of the 
 Colorado River. In this locality, they are mostly composed of 
 flint, quartz, and limestone pebbles, with considerable sand and 
 a good binding clay. While these are excellent gravels for a top 
 course, they contain a little too much sand to be considered as 
 excellent material. For surface treated gravel roads the lime- 
 stone gravels are the best as they contain a much larger propor- 
 tion of pebbles between %" and 2" in size to take the wear of 
 trafSc. Thiese larger stones, furthermore, provide a much better 
 surface for a bituminous material to adhere to than do the sand 
 clay gravels. 
 
 The soft, chalky limestone underlying much of this county is 
 of no value as a road material in any condition, except perhaps 
 as a sub-base in its natural bed. 
 
 A large number of tests has been made of materials of this 
 county, results of which are given herewith : 
 
Travis County 
 
 109 
 
 
 Weight 
 
 Water 
 
 Krench 
 
 
 
 Cement- 
 
 Oompression 
 
 
 per 
 
 absorbed 
 
 coeflicient 
 
 Hard- 
 
 Tough- 
 
 ing 
 
 lbs. per 
 
 No. 
 
 cu. It. 
 
 per cu. ft. 
 
 of vpear 
 
 ness 
 
 ness 
 
 Value 
 
 square inch 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trap Bock 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 200 
 
 0.87 
 
 24.7 
 
 19.0 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 46,660 
 
 
 Limestone 
 
 
 2 
 
 159 
 
 2.90 
 
 14.4 
 
 14.9 
 
 9 
 
 39 
 
 16,275 
 
 S 
 
 168 
 
 0.81 
 
 13.7 
 
 14.9 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 18,350 
 
 4 
 
 165 
 
 1.29 
 
 11.7 
 
 14.5 
 
 6 
 
 89 
 
 14,050 
 
 e 
 
 162 
 
 2.06 
 
 12.6 
 
 18.8 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 10,720 
 
 e 
 
 165 
 
 1.34 
 
 11.9 
 
 12.8 
 
 7 
 
 39 
 
 13,050 
 
 7 
 
 162 
 
 2.78 
 
 10.9 
 
 15.2 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 15,000 
 
 8 
 
 165 
 
 0.77 
 
 10.2 
 
 15.8 
 
 5 
 
 39 
 
 18,226 
 
 9 
 
 162 
 
 1.41 
 
 10.2 
 
 15.1 
 
 6 
 
 39 
 
 15,620 
 
 10 
 
 165 
 
 0.89 
 
 10.9 
 
 15.4 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 16,726 
 
 11 
 
 , 165 
 
 1.43 
 
 9.4 
 
 14.5 
 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 15,350 
 
 12 
 
 165 
 
 1.23 
 
 10.8 
 
 14.4 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 13,875 
 
 13 
 
 158 
 
 3.51 
 
 10.9 
 
 10.2 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 10,450 
 
 U 
 
 165 
 
 0.87 
 
 9.5 
 
 15.6 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 9,976 
 
 16 
 
 165 
 
 1.56 
 
 11.0 
 
 13.8 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 13,750 
 
 16 
 
 150 
 
 3.24 
 
 10.0 
 
 14.5 
 
 6 
 
 14 . 
 
 12,710 
 
 17 
 
 165 
 
 1.49 
 
 11.1 
 
 18.8 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 14,600 
 
 18 
 
 162 
 
 1.55 
 
 9.0 
 
 14.5 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 16,350 
 
 19 
 
 162 
 
 1.94 
 
 11.2 
 
 11.9 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 11,340 
 
 20 
 
 162 
 
 1.35 
 
 9.8 
 
 14.8 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 15,425 
 
 21 
 
 165 
 
 1.33 
 
 8.S 
 
 14.8 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 11,400 
 
 22 
 
 162 
 
 2.16 
 
 10.9 
 
 11.6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 10,380 
 
 23 
 
 1S6 
 
 1.62 
 
 8.3 
 
 11.8 
 
 4 
 
 76 
 
 11.060 
 
 24 
 
 159 
 
 3.09 
 
 9.7 
 
 12.0 
 
 S 
 
 16 
 
 14,775 
 
 25 
 
 168 
 
 0.89 
 
 8.7 
 
 18.3 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 10,812 
 
 26 
 
 162 
 
 <-- 
 
 8.7 
 
 12.2 
 
 7 
 
 41 
 
 13,200 
 
 27 
 
 169 
 
 3.56 
 
 ■ 9.2 
 
 11.9 
 
 4 
 
 89 
 
 10,150 
 
 28 
 
 156 
 
 4.09 
 
 8.8 
 
 10.4 
 
 B 
 
 62 
 
 12,125 
 
 29 
 
 156 
 
 2.04 
 
 8.7 
 
 11.5 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 11,760 
 
 30 
 
 165 
 
 2.00 
 
 9.3 
 
 11.5 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 11,940 
 
 81 
 
 162 
 
 l.CO 
 
 8.8 
 
 11.6 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 4,520 
 
 32 
 
 159 
 
 S.36 
 
 9.5 
 
 10.5 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 7,500 
 
 33 
 
 153 
 
 2.22 
 
 9.0 
 
 11.4 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 8,726 
 
 34 
 
 159 
 
 2.31 
 
 8.1 
 
 12.0 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 10,400 
 
 35 
 
 159 
 
 1.99 
 
 7.5 
 
 18.3 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 11,125 
 
 36 
 
 159 
 
 2.19 
 
 9.6 
 
 15.0 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 13,525 
 
 S7 
 
 162 
 
 0.69 
 
 9.8 
 
 16.5 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 17,750 
 
 38 
 
 162 
 
 1.09 
 
 8.2 
 
 17.4 
 
 3 
 
 51 
 
 10,100 
 
 39 
 
 162 
 
 1.62 
 
 11.0 
 
 12.8 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 10,000 
 
 40 
 
 165 
 
 0.44 
 
 10.6 
 
 13.8 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 13,300 
 
 41 
 
 162 
 
 1.62 
 
 10.5 
 
 13.3 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 11,040 
 
 42 
 
 162 
 
 0.87 
 
 8.S 
 
 11.8 
 
 4 
 
 63 
 
 10,225 
 
 43 
 
 162 
 
 1.95 
 
 7.6 
 
 14.6 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 10,810 
 
 44 
 
 162 
 
 1.85 
 
 8.4 
 
 11.3 
 
 4 
 
 49 
 
 14,450 
 
 45 
 
 166 
 
 8.44 
 
 7.0 
 
 11.2 
 
 6 
 
 85 
 
 10.840 
 
 46 
 
 159 
 
 2.55 
 
 7.9 
 
 10.5 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 8,400 
 
 47 
 
 162 
 
 2.76 
 
 7.5 
 
 11.9 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 15,365 
 
 48 
 
 156 
 
 3.30 
 
 7.7 
 
 6.9 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 10,035 
 
 49 
 
 156 
 
 4.21 
 
 6.9 
 
 5.7 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 7.073 
 
 50 
 
 160 
 
 1.59 
 
 7.1 
 
 3.9 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 8,460 
 
 51 
 
 153 
 
 4.43 
 
 6.2 
 
 6.5 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 6,115 
 
 52 
 
 143 
 
 4.95 
 
 2.7 
 
 0.0 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 4,825 
 
 S3 
 
 150 
 
 1.48 
 
 1.1 
 
 0.0 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 1,975 
 
 54 
 
 169 
 
 3.49 
 
 ---- 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 LOCATIONS AND EEMARKS 
 
 No. 1. This is a nephelite basalt from Pilot Knob, 10 miles 
 southeast of. Austin and 5 miles from the I. & G. N. Railroad, in 
 considerable quantities. 
 
110 , University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 It is a very hard rock, wltli high toughness and resistance to wear 
 cementing value and very high resistance to compression. It Is an ex- 
 cellent material for heavy or very heavy traffic roads or streets, also 
 for a concrete aggregate or railroad ballast. Lab. No. 2496. 
 
 liimestones 
 
 No. 2. From near Splcewood Springs, 7 miles northwest of Aus- 
 tin and within IVa miles of I. & G. N. Railroad. This rock has 
 medium hardness and resistance to wear, somewhat low toughness 
 and good cementing value. It has high resistance to compression 
 and should make a satisfactory material for waterbound macadam 
 roads subjected to medium traffic or in bituminous construction. 
 This rock should also make a good railroad ballast, or concrete 
 aggregate when crushed to proper sizes. Lab. No. 1787. 
 
 No. 3. Located on Will Blrkner's property, 1 mile west of I. & 
 G. N. Railroad and about 12 miles from Austin. 
 
 This rock has medium hardness and resistance to wear, low 
 toughness and good cementing value. It has a fairly high resistance 
 to compression and is therefore recommended for medium or light 
 traffic roads, but should be crushed In larger pieces than ordinary, 
 due to the rather low toughness shown In the tests. Lab. No. 1937. 
 
 No. 4. Old ledge of Austin White Lime Co. at McNeil. The 
 tests show the rock to have medium hardness and resistance to 
 wear, low toughness, good cementing value and fairly high resist- 
 ance to compression. It should be satisfactory for light or medium 
 traffic roads, but due to its comparatively low toughness, larger 
 sizes than ordinarily used should be used. Lab. No. 1958. 
 
 No. 5. From about 100 yards west of A. & N. W. Railroad and 
 1 Vz miles north of Watter's Park. 
 
 The rock Is rather soft, with low toughness, medium resistance to 
 wear and good cementing value. It has fair resistance to compres- 
 sion and is recommended for plain macadam roads having light 
 traffic. Lab. No. 1941. 
 
 No. 6. About 1 mile north of Watter's Park on the A. & N. W. 
 Railroad on the Georgetown Road. It is a rather soft rock, low In 
 toughness, medium resistance to wear and good cementing value. 
 It also has fairly high resistance to compression and is only recom- 
 mended for light traffic roads. Lab. No. 1940. 
 
 No. 7. From old Michel Place (Bartholomew) about 3% miles 
 southwest of Austin, near Fredericksburg Road. 
 
 The rock has medium hardness and reslsitance to wear, low tough- 
 ness, and fair cementing value. It has a fairly high compressive 
 strength. The material should be satisfactory for macadam roads 
 under medium or light traffic. Will make a good concrete aggregate 
 when crushed to proper sizes. Lab. No. 1887. 
 
Travis County 111 
 
 No. 8. Sample taken from exposure at wagon-road crossing, of 
 I. & G. N. Railroad, first creek north of Duval section-house, and 
 about 12 miles northwest of Austin. 
 
 With medium hardness and resistance to wear, low toughness, good 
 cementing value and high resistance to compression, this stone 
 should prove satisfactory in waterbound macadam roads subjected 
 to medium trafiBc or in bituminous macadam roads. Should make 
 a good railroad ballast. Lab. No. 1967. 
 
 No. 9. From the Wilson place, about 7 miles northwest of Aus- 
 tin, and 200 yards west of I. & G. N. Railroad. 
 
 A medium hard rock, with medium resistance to wear, low tough- 
 ness, and good cementing value. It has fairly high resistance to 
 compression. A satisfactory material for light or medium traffic, 
 but due to its low toughness, larger pieces than ordinary should 
 be used. Lab. No. 1971. 
 
 No. 10. Taken from property of J. A. Patton, about 8 miles 
 southwest of Austin, west of Fredericksburg Road near Oak Hill 
 and about 4 miles west of I. & G. N. Railroad. 
 
 A medium hard rock, low in toughness, medium resistance to 
 wear, and fair cementing value. It has fair resistance to compres- 
 sion and should be satisfactory for a road having medium or light 
 traffic. Lab. No. 1837. 
 
 No. 11. From near Pease Park Road on east side, Austin. The 
 rock has meidium hardness and resistance to wear, low toughness 
 and good cementing value, and fairly high resistance to compres- 
 sion. This rock should prove satisfactory for light or medium 
 traffic roads but due to its low toughness larger size pieces should 
 be used. Lab. No. 1975. 
 
 No. 12. From the old Walsh quarry near end of I. & G. N. track, 
 Austin Branch to Lake Austin. The rock has medium hardness, 
 and resistance to wear, low toughness and fair cementing value and 
 If airly high resistance to compression. Not a satisfactory road 
 material, except for light traffic. Lab. No. 1784. 
 
 No. 13. Locality from % to \^ mile south of Duval section- 
 house of I. & G. N. Railroad and about 12 miles northwest of Austin. 
 
 This is a soft rock, with medium resistance to wear, low tough- 
 ness, and fair cementing value. It also has fair resistance to com- 
 pression. It is not recommended as a road building material except 
 for light traffic. Lab. No. 1966. 
 
 No. 14. Bird Ranch, about 10 miles northwest of Austin and 
 about 200 yards west of I. & G. N. Railroad. The rock has medium 
 hardness, and resistance to wear, low toughness and fair cementing 
 value. It has low compressive strength. Suitable for light traffic 
 waterbound macadam roads. Lab. No. 1964. 
 
 15. About 6 miles from Austin on upper Manchaca Road, near 
 Old Oak Hill railroad switch. 
 
112 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 ,It is a rather soft rock, low in toughness, with medium resistance 
 to wear and fair cementing value. It is recommended only for 
 waterbound macadam construction under light traffic. Lab. No. 
 1933. 
 
 No. 16. Old Taylor quarry at lime kiln near I. & G. N. track to 
 Austin dam, Austin. 
 
 This rock shows medium hardness and resistance to wear, low 
 toughness and fair cementing value. It has fairly high resistance 
 to wear. Recommended for light traffic in waterbound macadam or 
 in bituminous macadam construction. Lab. No. 1785. 
 
 No. 17. Old Johnson quarry at Deep Eddy, Colorado River west 
 of Austin. 
 
 A soft rock, with medium resistance to wear, low toughness, fair 
 cementing value and resistance to compression. Will do for light 
 traffic roads. Lab. No. 1786. 
 
 No. 18. Located 1 mile from Oak Hill, near Fredericksburg Road 
 and about 4 miles west of I. & G. N. Railroad. 
 
 A medium hard rock, low in toughness, medium resistance to 
 wear, fair cementing value but high resistance to compression. A 
 satisfactory material for water bound macadam roads having light 
 traffic or in bituminous construction. Lab. No. 1838. 
 
 No. 19. From property of Will Birkner, 1 mile west of I. & G. N. 
 Railroad and about 12 miles from Austin. 
 
 A soft rock, low in toughness, with medium resistance to wear 
 and fair cementing value. It has a fair resistance to compression. 
 Recommended only for light traffic roads. Lab. No. 1936. 
 
 No. 2 0. Old Zilker quarry, opposite Barton Springs, southwest 
 of Austin. 
 
 A rock with medium hardness and resistance to wear, low tough- 
 ness, poor cementing value, but with fairly high compressive 
 strength. Will do for light traffic roads. Lab. No. 1875. 
 
 No. 21. About 3% miles west of Austin on Bee Cave Road. It 
 has medium hardness and resistance to wear, low toughness and 
 fair cementing value and resistance to compression. Recommended 
 only for light traffic roads. Lab. No. 1900. 
 
 No. 2 2. From 3 miles west of Austin on Bee Cave Road. 
 A soft rock, with medium resistance to wear, low toughness and 
 poor cementing value. It has a fair resistance to compression. Not 
 recommended as a road material except perhaps in bituminous 
 macadam. Lab. No. 1899. 
 
 No. 23. Hamilton Place, 8 miles northwest of Austin on Burnet 
 Road, and about 800 yards west of I. & G. N. Railroad. 
 
 The tests show this to be a soft rock, low in toughness with 
 medium resistance to wear, good cementing value and fair resistance 
 to compression. Not recommended for road construction except for 
 light traffic. Lab. No. 1960. 
 
Travis County 113 
 
 No. 24. From north end of exposure at west side of Shoal 
 Creek, near Pease Park Road, Austin. 
 
 A rather soft rock, low in toughness, with medium resistance to 
 wear, fair cementing value and fairly high resistance to compres- 
 sion. Only satisfactory for light traffic. Lab. No. 1977. 
 
 No. 25. Bear Creek, a short distance above junction with Onion 
 Creek and about % mile east of the I. & G. N. Railroad and 1 mile 
 southeast of Manchaca. 
 
 A rather soft rock, low in toughness, with medium resistance to 
 wear and fair cementing value. Not recommended for road con- 
 struction except for light traffic. Lab. No. 1841. 
 
 No. 26. Railroad cut of I. ,& G. N., about 3 ^^ miles southwest of 
 Austin. 
 
 An argillaceous limestone having low hardness and toughness, 
 fair resistance to wear and also compression and good cementing 
 value. Light traffic roads or as a railroad ballast. Lab. No. 2457. 
 
 No. 27. About 1 mile west of I. & G. N. Railroad on south side 
 of county road near Camp Mabry. 
 
 A soft rock, low in toughness, with medium resistance to wear 
 and good cementing value. Light traffic roads. Lab. No. 1836. 
 
 No. 28. Hamilton Place, 8 miles northwest of Austin on Burnet 
 Road, and about 800 yards west of I. & G. N. Railroad. 
 
 A soft rock with low toughness, medium resistance to wear, good 
 cementing value and fair resistance to compression. Not recom- 
 mended as a road material, except for light traffic. 
 
 No. 29. From Hamilton Place, 8 miles northwest of Austin on 
 Burnet Road, and about 1000 yards west of I. & G. N. 'Railroad. 
 
 A soft rock, having low toughness, medium resistance to wear and 
 fair resistance to compression and cementing value. Not a road 
 material except for light traffic roads. Lab. No. 1961. 
 
 No. 30. From ravine west of I. & G. N. Railroad and north of 
 street car line to dam, near Austin. A rather soft rock, low in 
 toughness, medium resistance to wear and fair cementing value. It 
 has fair resistance to compression. Not a road material, except 
 under light traffic. Lab. No. 1973. 
 
 No. 31. Property of E. F. Elliott, about 8 1/3 miles northwest 
 of Austin, and about 300 yards west of I. & G. N. Railroad. 
 
 A soft rock, low in toughness and with medium resistance to 
 wear and fair cementing value. It has a very low resistance to 
 compression. Not recommended as a road material, except for 
 very light traffic. Lab. No. 1962. 
 
 No. 32. About % mile west of Manchaca on Bear Creek. A soft 
 rock low in toughness, with medium resistance to wear, fair cement- 
 ing value, and low resistance to compression. Not recommended 
 except for light traffic roads. Lab. No. 1935. 
 
 No. 33. From Barton Creek, about 1 mile above Barton Springs. 
 
114 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 This is a soft rock with medium resistance to wear, fair cement- 
 ing value. Satisfactory only for very light traffic roads. Lab. No. 
 1834. 
 
 No. 34. Barton Creek about 1 mile above Barton Springs south- 
 west of Austin. 
 
 A rock with low hardness, toughness, medium resistance to *ear, 
 lair cementing value and low resistance to compression. Not recom- 
 mended for road construction except for light traffic. Lab. No. 1835. 
 
 No. 35. One mile north of Manchaca and about % mile west of 
 I. & G. N. Railroad on Slaughter Creek. 
 
 A rock of variable hardness; low in toughness and resistance 
 to wear, and fair cementing value. Will do for light traffic roads. 
 Lab. No. 1843. 
 
 No. 36. Payton Place, about 7% miles northwest of Austin and 
 about 500 yards west of I. & G. N. Railroad. A rock of medium 
 hardness and resistance to wear, very low toughness, fair cementing 
 value and resistance to compression. Lab. No. 1970. 
 
 No. 37. Location near Spicewood Springs, 7 miles northwest of 
 Austin and within % mile of I. & G. N. Railroad. A medium hard 
 rock, with medium resistance to wear, low toughnfess, and fair 
 cementing value. It has a high resistance to compression. Due to 
 its low toughness, this rock is not recommended for road construc- 
 tion. Lab. No. 1788. 
 
 No. 38. Property of Frank Cheatham, about 9 miles northwest 
 of Austin on Burnet Road, and about 1,000 yards west of I. & 
 G. N. Railroad. 
 
 A hard rock, with medium resistance to wear, very low tough- 
 ness and good cementing value. It has fair resistance to compres- 
 sion. Due to its very low toughness, this rock is not recommended 
 for road construction. Lab. No, 1963. 
 
 No. 39. W. E. McNeese, land, about 4 miles south of Round 
 Rock on Georgetown road, 1 mile east of A. & N. W. Railroad. 
 
 A soft rock, low in toughness with medium resistance to wear and 
 fair cementing value. It has fair resistance to compression. Will 
 do for foundation course or in bituminous macadam. Lab. No. 
 1943. 
 
 No. 40. Old Zilker quarry, opposite Barton Springs, southwest 
 of Austin. 
 
 A soft rock, with medium resistance to wear, low toughness and 
 poor cementing value. It has fair resistance to compression, but is 
 not recommended for road construction. Lab. No. 1874. 
 
 No. 41. Marshall quarry, 6 miles west of Austin (Marshall goat 
 ranch). 
 
 A soft rock, with medium resistance to wear, low toughness, fair 
 cementing value and resistance to compression. Not recommended 
 as a road building. material. Lab. No. 1902. 
 
Travis County 115 
 
 No. 42. About % mile south of Duval section-house on I. & 
 G. N. Railroad, and about 12 miles northwest of Austin. 
 
 A rock low in hardness and toughness with medium resistance to 
 wear, good cementing value and fair resistance to compression. Not 
 recommended for road construction. Lab. No. 1965. 
 
 No. 43. About. 5 miles southwest of Austin and % miles west of 
 I. & G. N. Railroad along Dripping Springs Road. 
 
 A medium hard rock, low in toughness and resistance to wear and 
 fair cementing value. Not recommended for road construction. 
 Lab. No. 1839. 
 
 No. 44. J. D. Cahill's land, about % miles south of McNeil sta- 
 tion, I. & G. N. Railroad, and about 200 yards from railroad. 
 
 The tests show this to be a soft rock, with medium resistance to 
 wear, low toughness and good cementing value. It has fair resist- 
 ance to compression. Not recommended as a road building material 
 but should do well for railroad ballast. Lab. No. 1969. 
 
 No. 45. Within city limits of Austin, about 200 yards west of 
 L & G. N. Railroad on Fredericksburg Road. 
 
 A isoft rock, low in toughness and resistance to wear, but with 
 good cementing value. Will do for very light traffic roads. Lab. No. 
 1840. 
 
 No. 46. West side of Shoal Creek, near Pease Park, Austin. 
 
 This is a soft rock low in toughness and . resistance to wear and 
 good cementing value. It has low compressive strength. Not 
 recommended as a road- building material. Lab. No. 1976. 
 
 No. 47. On Austin-Manchaca Road, about %, mile west of I. & 
 G. N. Railroad and about 400 yards from Slaughter Creek. 
 
 The tests show this to be a soft rock, low in toughness and resist- 
 ance to wear and fair cementing value. .Not recommended for road 
 construction. Lab. No. 1844. 
 
 No. 48. Eight miles south of Austin on Manchaca Road. 
 
 A soft rock, low in toughness and resistance to wear and fair 
 cementing value. It has fair compressive strength. Not recom- 
 mended as a road building material. Lab. No. 1934. 
 
 No. 49. Bear Creek, a short distance above junction with Onion 
 Creek and about % mile east of I. & G. N. Railroad and about 1 mile 
 southeast of Manchaca Road. 
 
 A soft rock, low in toughness, resistance to wear and compressive 
 strength and fair cementing value. Not recommended as a road 
 building material. Lab. No. 1842. 
 
 No. 50. On Walnut Creek, northeast of Duval section-house, 
 I. & G. N. Railroad, and about 12 miles northwest of Austin and 
 about 150 yards east of the railroad. 
 
 The tests show this to be a soft rock, low in toughness and 
 resistance to wear, fair cementing value, but low compressive 
 
116 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 strength. Not recommended as a road building material nor as a 
 railroad ballast. Lab. No. 1'968. 
 
 No. 51. About 500 yards up Onion Creek from bridge on Creed- 
 moor road. 
 
 This is a soft rock, low both in toughness, resistance to wear, and 
 compressive strength, and of fair cementing value. Not recom- 
 mended as a road building material. Lab. No. 1860. 
 
 No. 52. Near Duval section-house and about 200 yards west of 
 I. & G. N. Railroad. 
 
 A very soft rock, with very low toughness and resistance to wear 
 and fair cementing value. Not recommended as a road material. 
 Lab. No. 2259. 
 
 No. 53. E. Martin's quarry on Onion Creek about 1 mile above 
 bridge on Creedmoor Road. 
 
 This rock has very low hardness, toughness and resistance to 
 wear, with fair cementing value and is therefore not recommended 
 for road construction. Lab. No. 1861. 
 
 No. 54. Georgetown-Round Rock Road, 1% miles north of Wat- 
 ter's Park, A. & N. W. Railroad on property of John Brookmaii. 
 Not recommended as a road material. Lab. No. 1942. 
 
 Gravels in this county which have been tested are as follows : 
 

 
 
 
 Travis County 
 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 
 
 
 MEOHANIOAL ANALYSIS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pass- 
 
 Cementing Talue 
 
 
 Per cent of material 
 
 retained on: 
 
 
 ing 
 
 on Material 
 
 
 2-ln. 
 
 l-in. 
 
 %-in. 
 
 %-in. 
 
 OOie-in. 
 
 0(E9-iil. 
 
 OOS!»-in. 
 
 above 
 
 below 
 
 as re- 
 
 No. 
 
 sieve 
 
 sieve 
 
 sieve 
 
 sieve 
 
 sieve 
 So. 48 
 
 sieve 
 No. 200 
 
 sieve 
 No. 200 
 
 %-in. 
 sieve 
 
 %-in. 
 sieve 
 
 ceived 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 27 
 
 42 
 
 71 
 
 86 
 
 88 
 
 12 
 
 poor 
 
 good 
 
 lair 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 68 
 
 90 
 
 9S 
 
 7 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 35 
 
 66 
 
 87 
 
 94 
 
 6 
 
 poor 
 
 good 
 
 lair 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 30 
 
 73 
 
 92 
 
 96 
 
 4 
 
 poor 
 
 lair 
 
 poor 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 70 
 
 94 
 
 97 
 
 3 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 78 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 3 
 
 poor 
 
 lair 
 
 poor 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 48 
 
 78 
 
 93 
 
 97 
 
 S 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 37 
 
 79 
 
 97 
 
 S8 
 
 2 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 67 
 
 89 
 
 94 
 
 e 
 
 poor 
 
 lair 
 
 poor 
 
 ]0 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 64 
 
 91 
 
 96 
 
 4 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 28 
 
 40 
 
 63 
 
 81 
 
 86 
 
 14 
 
 poor 
 
 good 
 
 poor 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 26 
 
 B2 
 
 83 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 4 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 13 
 
 B 
 
 18 
 
 38 
 
 61 
 
 95 
 
 97 
 
 3 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 lair 
 
 U 
 
 e 
 
 12 
 
 39 
 
 64 
 
 83 
 
 88 
 
 12 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 36 
 
 • 64 
 
 80 
 
 83 
 
 17 
 
 poor 
 
 excell. 
 
 lair 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 26 
 
 84 
 
 92 
 
 96 
 
 4 
 
 poor 
 
 lair 
 
 poor 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 30 
 
 63 
 
 93 
 
 96 
 
 4 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 - 30 
 
 64 
 
 89 
 
 99 
 
 5 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 27 
 
 50 
 
 87 
 
 93 
 
 7 
 
 lair 
 
 lair 
 
 lair 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 41 
 
 84 
 
 99 
 
 lOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 Z 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 85 
 
 89 
 
 11 
 
 poor 
 
 good 
 
 good 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 82 
 
 86 
 
 14 
 
 poor 
 
 good 
 
 lair 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 38 
 
 72 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 
 10 
 
 poor 
 
 good 
 
 lair 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 36 
 
 64 
 
 84 
 
 87 
 
 IS 
 
 poor 
 
 excell. 
 
 poor 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 38 
 
 47 
 
 57 
 
 84 
 
 88 
 
 12 
 
 poor 
 
 excell. 
 
 good 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 43 
 
 69 
 
 8L 
 
 85 
 
 15 
 
 poor 
 
 good 
 
 lair 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 86 
 
 80 
 
 84 
 
 18 
 
 poor 
 
 lair 
 
 poor 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 33 
 
 65 
 
 76 
 
 79 
 
 21 
 
 fair 
 
 excell. 
 
 good 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 26 
 
 56 
 
 88 
 
 92 
 
 8 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 SO 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 49 
 
 81 
 
 8S 
 
 14 
 
 poor 
 
 lair 
 
 lair 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 68 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 14 
 
 poor 
 
 good 
 
 poor 
 
 3Z 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 24 
 
 51 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 28 
 
 poor 
 
 excell. 
 
 fair 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 78 
 
 88 
 
 12 
 
 poor 
 
 lair 
 
 good 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 89 
 
 92 
 
 8 
 
 poor 
 
 lair 
 
 lair 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 „_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 , « 
 
 88 
 
 90 
 
 10 
 
 poor 
 
 lair" 
 
 ialr" 
 
 37 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 48 
 
 67 
 
 73 
 
 27 
 
 lair 
 
 excen. 
 
 excell. 
 
 38 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 
 34 
 
 63 
 
 95 
 
 96 
 
 2 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 poor 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 34 
 
 82 
 
 86 
 
 14 
 
 poor 
 
 lair 
 
 lair 
 
 40 
 
 e 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 41 
 
 79 
 
 82 
 
 18 
 
 good 
 
 excell. 
 
 excell. 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 35 
 
 76 
 
 83 
 
 17 
 
 poor 
 
 lair 
 
 good 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 73 
 
 79 
 
 21 
 
 poor 
 
 excell. 
 
 excell. 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 73 
 
 77 
 
 28 
 
 poor 
 
 excell. 
 
 excell. 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 83 
 
 88 
 
 12 
 
 poor 
 
 excell. 
 
 lair 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 14 
 
 47 
 
 77 
 
 79 
 
 21 
 
 poor 
 
 lair 
 
 good 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 28 
 
 47 
 
 80 
 
 65 
 
 35 
 
 poor 
 
 good 
 
 lair 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 40 
 
 68 
 
 •72 
 
 77 
 
 23 
 
 poor 
 
 lair 
 
 lair 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 67 
 
 79 
 
 21 
 
 poor 
 
 lair 
 
 lair 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 41 
 
 83 
 
 87 
 
 IS 
 
 fair 
 
 good 
 
 Eair 
 
 SO 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 31 
 
 73 
 
 84 
 
 16 
 
 lair 
 
 good 
 
 lair 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 63 
 
 67 
 
 33 
 
 lair 
 
 excell. 
 
 excell. 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 68 
 
 84 
 
 Id 
 
 poor 
 
 good 
 
 lair 
 
 No. 1. Gravel from the Bledsoe pit 5 miles south from Austin 
 on the Lockhart road. 
 
 The gravel is composed of more or less rounded fragments of 
 
118 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 limestone with some chert, all well graded and it should be satis- 
 factory for road construction. Lab. No. 1898. 
 
 No. 2. Summerow pit about 1 mile below the crossing of the 
 San Antonio Road on Qnion Creek, about 10 miles south of Austin. 
 
 Gravel sample is composed of rounded pebbles of limestone. It 
 should make a good gravel road. Lab. No. 1894. 
 
 No. 3. Pit on land o.f Mrs. Stokes, Webberville Road, 1% miles 
 from Austin. 
 
 Sampl^ composed essentially of rwunded pebbles of flint and 
 limestone with spme quartz. It is well graded and should prove 
 satisfactory as a road building material. Lab. No. 2177. 
 
 No. 4. County pit on south bank of Onion Creek on Lockhart 
 Road, 8 miles south of Austin. 
 
 Sample is composed of more or less rounded fragments of a hard 
 limestone, fairly well graded. It should be satisfactory gravel for 
 road construction. Lab. No. 1890. 
 
 No. 5. Zilker pit, near Barton Springs, southwest of Austin. 
 
 Gravel is composed of rounded fragments of a hard limestone. 
 It- should prove satisfactory as a material for gravel road construc- 
 tion. Lab. No. 1876. 
 
 No. 6. County pit, on Onion Creek bridge^ Creedmoor Road. 
 
 Gravel is composed of more or less rounded fragments of a hard 
 limestone well graded. Should make a satisfactory road material. 
 Lab. No. 1859. 
 
 No. 7. Pit on land of Chas. Davidson, Austin-Bastrop Road, east 
 of Onion Creek and about 9 miles from Austin. 
 
 This sample is composed of rounded pebbles and a hard limestone 
 fairly well graded and should prove quite satisfactory for gravel road 
 construction. Lab. No. 1873. 
 
 No. 8. Prbm the T. T. Waggoner Place, north side of Onion 
 Creek, above crossing of San Antonio Road, about 10 miles south 
 of Austin. 
 
 This material is composed of more or less rounded fragments of 
 limestone with little fine material. Due tp the soft nature of the 
 pebbles this gravel is only recommended for light traffic roads. 
 L^b. No. 1893. 
 
 No. 9. Sheppard pit, about 1 mile south of Del Valle store, near 
 Creedmoor Road. 
 
 Gravel consists essentially of more or less rounded pebbles of 
 limestone, of medium hardness. It shpuld make a satisfactory 
 road material, though It will probably need considerable traffic 
 to compact the surface. Lab. No. 1856. 
 
 Np. 10. Pit of F. A. Heep aboi^t % mile to left pf Station 550 
 on San Antonio Post Road. 
 
 Gravel is composed of limestone pebbles with considerable cal- 
 careous sand. Due to the considerable quantity of sand it yfill 
 not make a very satisfactory road. Lab. No. 2352. 
 
Travis County 119 
 
 No. 11. From the Geo. Smith pit, 5 miles southwest of Austin 
 on the Fredericksburg Road. 
 
 Gravel is composed of more or less rounded fragments of lime- 
 stone -with a considerable amount of fine material, but it should make 
 a satisfactory gravel road. Lab. No. 1886. 
 
 No. 12. Pit of Heywood Barr opposite Station 429 on Austin- 
 San Antonio Post Road. 
 
 Gravel sample is composed of rounded fragments of limestone 
 with little fine material. It should prove satisfactory as material 
 for gravel road construction. Lab. No. 2353. 
 
 No. 13. Bed of Colorado River at south end of bridge at Austin. 
 
 This gravel is composed of fragments of quartz, flint and lime- 
 stone with considerable sand. A good aggregate for concrete, but 
 to insure continued correct grading, it should be screened and re- 
 mixed. Lab. No. 1855. 
 
 No. 14. Miller pit, 3 miles south of Austin. 
 
 Sample composed essentially of rounded fragments of limestone 
 with considerable fine material. Should prove a satisfactory 
 material for gravel road construction, however, a large percentage 
 of pebbles between %" and 2" in size should improve the gravel. 
 Lab. No. 1882. 
 
 No. 15. Near St. Edward's College, 3 miles south of Austin on 
 the Austin-San Antonio Post Road. 
 
 The gravel is composed of more or less rounded fragments of 
 limestone with considerable fine material. It should make a very 
 good road material. Lab. No. 1853. 
 
 No. 16. John Ash pit, 10 miles south of Austin. 
 
 The gravel is made up of more or less rounded fragments of 
 fairly hard limestone, with little fin§ material. This gravel, should 
 prove satisfactory as a road building material, but better wearing qual- 
 ities would result if the material contained more pebbles between Vz " 
 and 2" in size. Lab. No. 1892. 
 
 No. 17. From the Hale Place, 7 miles south of Austin, and 
 about ^ mile east of the San Antonio Road. 
 
 The gravel is composed of rounded pebbles of limestone with 
 considerable calcareous sand, and should make a satisfactory road 
 gravel. Lab. No. 1891. 
 
 No. 18. Zilker pit on Johnson-Ft. Worth Road, near Bee Cave 
 Road, close to Colorado River, 3 miles west of Austin. 
 
 Made up of more or less rounded fragments of limestone with 
 considerable calcareous sand, and should be a satisfactory gravel road 
 material. Lab. No. 1895. 
 
 No. 19. From a deposit about 1 mile west of Montopolis bridge, 
 across Colorado River, near Austin. 
 
 The sample consists essentially of rounded fragments of lime- 
 stone with some flint and quartz with a large amount of ealoareous 
 sand, more than is necessary but it is believed that it will be a 
 
120 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 satisfactory material for gravel road construction. Lab. No. 1857. 
 
 No. 20. One mile up Onion Creek from San Antonio-Austin Post 
 Road. 
 
 Gravel is composed of well rounded pebbles of hard limestone. 
 It should make a good concrete aggregate topping for surface treat- 
 ment if properly screened. Lab. No. 2355. 
 
 No. 21. Pit on property of Joe Hornsby, 9 miles southeast of 
 Austin on the Webberville Road. 
 
 This sample consists of rather small rounded pebbles of flint, 
 quartz, and some granite most of which is considered as sand with 
 considerable good binding clay. While it is generally desired that 
 a gravel have about 70 per cent pebbles larger than %", this 
 material should make a good binder course due to its binding 
 properties. Lab. No. 1872. ^ 
 
 No. 22. Property of Judge Hamilton, 2^/^ miles east of Austin 
 on Manor Road. 
 
 This is a sand clay gravel, composed of more or less rounded 
 pebbles of quartz, feldspar, and flint with considerable sand and 
 clay. A larger amount of pebbles over %" in size would be more 
 desirable, but due to its good binding properties, this gravel should 
 make a very good binder course. Lab. No. 1881. 
 
 No. 23. Bill Dunston pit, on Cameron road at Little Walnut 
 Creek about 7 miles northeast of Austin. 
 
 Gravel is composed of rounded fragments of a soft limestone and 
 therefore is only recommended for light traffic roads. Lab. No. 
 1878. 
 
 No. 24. Cullen pit on old Creedmoor Road, about 6 miles 
 southeast of Austin. 
 
 It is composed of well graded rounded fragments of limestone 
 having excellent binding properties. It is recommended for roads 
 having light traffic. Lab. No. 1862. 
 
 No. 25. From the county pit, about 1 mile south of Montopolis 
 bridge, across the Colorado River near Austin. 
 
 The sample is composed of more or less rounded pebbles of flint, 
 quartzite, and chert with a large amount of sand and clay. With 
 stones over 2" removed this should make a satisfactory gravel road, 
 and an excellent binder course due to its excellent binding quali- 
 ties. Lab. No. 1858. 
 
 No. 26. Martin pit, on Buda Road between Manchaca and 
 Onion Creek and south of Austin. 
 
 Gravel is composed of soft limestone fragments with a consider- 
 able amount of calcareous and fine material well graded. Due to the 
 soft nature of the material, it is not recommended for ro.ad con- 
 struction, except for light traffic. Lab. No. 1932. 
 
 No. 27. From pit on property of W. K. Beckitt, 6 miles south 
 of Austin. 
 
 Consists essentially of rounded fragments of a soft limeston* 
 
Travis County 121 
 
 with a large quantity of fine calcareous material. Due to the soft 
 nature of the pebbles composing this gravel and the excessive amount 
 of fine material, this gravel is not recommended for road construc- 
 tion, except for light trafflc. Lah. No. 1884. 
 
 No. 28. J. Maxwell pit, on Cameron road, just across Big Walnut 
 Creek, about 9 miles northeast of Austin. 
 
 The sample is composed of more or less rounded fragments of 
 soft limestone and some shell. Due to the soft nature of the 
 material making up this gravel and the large amount of fine 
 material it contains it is not recommended for gravel road con- 
 struction. Lab. No. 1879. 
 
 No. 29. Pit on University land, road to Austin dam. This gravel 
 is composed essentially of more or less rounded pebbles of quartzite 
 and flint with a large amount of sand. It contains too much sand 
 and insufficient clay to make a good road material. Lab. No. 2130. 
 
 No. 30. From property of University of Texas, Austin. The 
 sample consists of rounded pebbles of quartz and flint with some 
 feldspar and a large amount of sand. Contains too much sand to 
 be satisfactory as a road material. Lab. No. 2321. 
 
 No. 31. Pit on property of August Anson, on Cameron Road, at 
 Buttermilk Creek, 6 miles northeast of Austin. 
 
 This sample is composed of rounded fragments of limestone, 
 as a road ' material due to the soft nature of the pebbles and the 
 small in size and with considerable fine material. Not recommended 
 . excellent amount of fine material. Lab. No. 1877. 
 
 No. 32. T. W. Medearis, 8 miles south of Austin on Lockhart 
 Road. 
 
 Sample consists of rounded fragments of limestone with a large 
 amount of fine material of a calcareous nature. It contains too 
 much fine material to be a satisfactory road material. Lab. No. 
 1889. 
 
 No. 33. Roger's Hill, Webberville Road, about 7 miles southeast 
 of Austin. 
 
 The sample consists of small rounded pebbles of quartzite and 
 fiint with some clay, practically all of which may be considered 
 as a sand. It contains too much sand and too little larger pebbles 
 to be satisfactory material for road construction. Lab. No. 1863. 
 
 No. 34. Pit near Insane Asylum, Austin. 
 
 This gravel would make a road satisfactory in wet weather, but 
 rather dusty in dry weather, but lacks larger pebbles to support 
 traffic. Lab. No. 1846. 
 
 No. 35. Taken from bed of Barton Creek, about 500 yards 
 above Barton Springs south of Austin. 
 
 It is composed of rounded pebbles of hard limestone free from 
 sand or day. It should make an excellent concrete aggregate, but 
 contains no binder to make .it set up in road construction. Lab. 
 No. 1854. 
 
122 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 No. 36. Taken near Ft. Prairie, Webberville Road, about 5 
 miles southeast of Austin. 
 
 The sample is composed of pebbles of quartz, feldspar, and flint 
 and a large amount of sand. The gravel should contain more 
 larger pebbles to be satisfactory in road construction. The greater 
 part of this sample is sand. Lab. No. 1864. 
 
 No. 37. Austin city pit on Washington Ave., Austin. 
 
 This is a sand clay material composed of rounded pebbles of 
 granite quartzite, and flint with a large amount of calcareous sand 
 and clay. It therefore contains too much sand and clay to be a 
 satisfactory gravel for road construction. Lab. No. 1866. 
 
 No. 38. McCachern pit, 12 miles southeast of Austin, on Webber- 
 ville Road. 
 
 This gravel is composed of more or less rounded fragments of 
 limestone, flint, and quartz most of which is a sand. Not a satis- 
 factory road gravel. Lab. No. 1870. 
 
 No. 39. Pit on Webberville Road, about 2 miles from Austin. 
 
 This is practically a sand, composed of small pebbles of quartz, 
 flint, and limestone. It is not recommended as a road gravel, as it 
 contains too much sand. Lab. No. 1865. 
 
 No. 40. Pit on land of Chas. B. Winn, about 1% miles west of 
 Austin, and about % mile west of I. & G. N. Railroad. 
 
 This is a sand clay gravel, consisting of more or less rounded 
 pebbles of flint and quartz with considerable chert, most of which 
 is a sand clay. Contains too much sand to be entirely satisfactory 
 as a road gravel. Lab. No. 1897. 
 
 No. 41. Tadlock's pit near Camp Mabry about % mile from I. 
 & G. N. Railroad, Austin'.' 
 
 The gravel is composed of more or less rounded fragments of 
 quartz, flint and some feldspar, practically all of which is small 
 enough to be considered as a sand. This is a good binding gravel 
 and should make a good binder course, but does not contain enough 
 coarser pebbles to take the wear. Lab. No. 2313. 
 
 No. 42. From property of University of Texas, Austin. 
 
 Gravel is made up of rounded pebbles of quartz and flint with 
 some feldspar most of which is sand and clay. The material con- 
 tains too much sand and clay to make a good wear-resisting roiad. 
 Lab. No. 2319. 
 
 No. 43. From University of Texas property, Austin. 
 
 Gravel is composed of rounded pebbles of quartz, and feldspar, 
 practically all of which is a sand with some clay. Does not con- 
 tain sufllcient larger pebbles to carry the traffic without excessive 
 wear. Lab. No. 2320. 
 
 No. 44. Property of W. N. Hessey, on Cameron Road, north of 
 Austin city limits. 
 
 This is a sand clay gravel, composed of pebbles of quartz, flint, and 
 feldspar with considerable clay. About 80 per cent of this material 
 
Travis County 123 
 
 Is a sand and clay and it therefore would be considered as a sand 
 clay road, and not a gravel road. Lab. No. 2323. 
 
 No.. 45. From bank below wagon road leading from road to dam, 
 to Hartkopf s dairy south of two story stone house. 
 
 Sample is composed essentially of founded pebbles of quartz and 
 flint with some feldspar. It is a sand clay gravel and would not be 
 a suitable road material as it lacks the larger pebbles to carry the 
 traffic. Lab. No. 2175. 
 
 No. 46. Bartholomew Pit, 4 miles southwest of Austin. 
 
 This gravel is composed essentially of rounded limestone frag- 
 ments with some flint and considerable flne material of a calcareous 
 nature. Contains entirely too much fine material to be satisfactory 
 In road construction. Lab. No. 1855. 
 
 No. 47. E. C. Ratlifee pit, 3% miles south of Austin. 
 
 Sample is composed essentially of more or less rounded fragments 
 of soft limestone and a large amount of very flne material of a 
 calcareous nature. This sample contains too much fine material to 
 be recommended. Lab. No. 1883. 
 
 No. 48. Pit on Manor Road, 2 miles east of Austin. 
 
 This is a sand clay gravel composed of pebbles of flint, quartz, 
 and feldspar with considerable clay and some calcareous material. 
 It contains too much sand to be a satisfactory gravel road material. 
 A satisfactory sand clay road could be constructed from this material. 
 Lab. No. 1867. 
 
 No. 49. County pit, 4 miles east of Austin, on Manor Road. 
 
 A sand clay gravel composed of pebbles of quartz and feldspar 
 with considerable, clay. It would make a poor gravel road, but a 
 good sand clay road. Lab. No. 1868. 
 
 No. 50. Littlepage's pit, 11 miles southeast of Austin on Webber- 
 ville Road. 
 
 A sand clay gravel composed of more or less rounded pebbles of 
 fl^nt, quartz, and considerable good binding clay. A satisfactory 
 sand clay but not gravel road material. Lab. No. 1871. 
 
 No. 51. Morgan Ruling pit, Chicon St., near Rosewood Ave., 
 Austin. 
 
 A sand clay material composed of flint and quartz pebbles most of 
 which is a sand and considerable clay. Not a satisfactory gravel 
 road material. Should make a satisfactory sand clay road. Lab. 
 No. 1880. 
 
 No. 52. Pit % mile beyond city limits, extension of Chinquapin 
 Ave., east of Austin on property of Carl Hyltin. 
 
 A sand clay g?avel, satisfactory as a ?and clfiy materi?il, but not 
 grave} roacl material. Lab,. No. 2207. 
 
124 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 Trinity CouNry 
 
 In general the gravel deposits in this county are thin. The 
 flat divide between the Trinity and Neches rivers is a long 
 eremate-margined sandy and gravelly plain. Around the mar- 
 gin the thicker mantles of gravel are on the tops and sides of 
 the hills and ridges. 
 
 A deposit of gravel is found in the vicinity of Groveton with 
 shipping facilities at Groveton on the M. K. & T. Railroad. On 
 the east side of Mill Creek nfear the B. & G. N. (M. K. & T.) 
 Railroad, extending for over one mile, is located a deposit con- 
 sisting of quartzite and semi-quartzitic sandstone. The quarry 
 on this deposit is owned by the Trinity Sand and Stone Company, 
 Trinity, Texas, and the sandstone has been used by the U. S. 
 Army Engineers, in the construction of locks and dams on the 
 Trinity River. A spur from the railroad can be built down Mill 
 Creek, and as the sandstone caps the bluffs, it can be quarried by 
 gravity system. This stone would make a poor road material 
 but would make a fairly satisfactory ballast. 
 
 Tyleb County 
 
 The gravels located in this county are found in small deposits. 
 Between Colmesneil and the top of the grade at Cina siding on 
 the Texas and New Orleans Railroad, is a deposit of locally fer- 
 ruginous-cemented gravel. 
 
 There are four deposits of sandstone reported from Tyler 
 County. The first is found at the rapids on the Neches River, 
 12 miles east-northeast of Colmesneil and % mile below Smith's 
 Ferry with shipping facilities at Burr's Ferry on the Brown- 
 dell and Chester Railroad at Turpentine. This sandstone is lo- 
 cally semi-quartzitic, only medium hard and therefore very poor 
 road material. A second deposit is found along the Burr's Ferry, 
 Browndell and Chester Railroad, between the Neches and Ange- 
 lina rivers and in the bluffs along the Angelina River. The 
 shipping facilities are on the Burr's Ferry, Browndell and Ches- 
 ter Railroad. The sandstone is quartzitic and semi-quartzitic 
 interbedded with clay. Much of it is exposed in railway cuts 
 and vicinity. The texture varies from fine conglomerate to very 
 
Tyler County 125 
 
 fine-grained sandstone. The degree of induration varies much 
 from place to place. On the whole, it is from a poor to fair 
 road material. 
 
 A third deposit of quartzitic and semi-quartzitic sandstone is 
 found at Kyle's Quarry, two miles west of Aldridge and north 
 of the Neches Eiver, shipping facilities at Kyle Quarry station 
 on Burr's Ferry, Browndell and Chester Railroad. The material 
 has been used in the jetties of Sabine rass. The main layer 
 quarried is from 35 to 40 ft. thick, and carries local deposits of 
 greenish clay, but the upper 10 ft. is ndt indurated enough to 
 make crushed rock. The rock for its entire thickness makes up 
 one massive bed and the workable portion is sufficiently brittle to 
 break with sharp edges. It has from 10 to 12 ft. of overburden. 
 It would make only a fair road material but could be used for 
 ballast. 
 
 A fourth deposit of sandstone interbedded with clays has been 
 reported. It is located, beginning from mile post 101, T. & N. 
 0. Eailroad, northward to Neches River beyond Rockland, where 
 the hills and bluffs are capped with sandstone. This, however, 
 is poor road material, though some of it might possibly be used 
 for ballast. 
 
 Upshur County 
 
 A deposit of gravel owned by D. F. Crow, Gillner, Texas, is 
 located 8% miles northeast of Gilmer and 5 miles east of Bettie, 
 on the railroad. 
 
 UvAi/DE County 
 
 There is probably no other county in the state which has such 
 an abundance of high quality road material. While it is a fact 
 that there is little local market for this material for road con- 
 struction, there have been two very successful commercial plants 
 utilizing some of these natural materials. These plants are the 
 Texas Trap Rock Comj)any and The Uvalde Rock Asphalt Com- 
 pany. The former operates a crushed stone quarry at Knippa, 
 producing a hard and tough basalt, which has been used exten- 
 sively all over the state for road and street construction and a 
 
126 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 concrete aggregate. The latter operates the deposit of natural 
 rOek asphalt below Cline. This rock asphalt is probably superior 
 to any in the United States, from the fact that the body of the 
 material is a limestone, which is said to be similar to rock asphalt 
 used ill Europe in the paving of the largest cities. The rock 
 asphalts found in other parts of the United States are all Sand- 
 stone rock asphalt, which have not proven as successful for pav- 
 ing construction as that with limestone base. This material has 
 been used in many cities in this state. It is mow being offered 
 as a surfacing material for county road construction, and is laid 
 cold for this purpose. "While these are the only two commercial 
 operations carried on with these materials, there are numerous 
 and well distributed deposits of other basalts and rock asphalts 
 in this coufity, most Of which are very satisfactory for road con- 
 struction. However, it is doubtful whether any of them wiU 
 prove of commercial value due to the fact that they are not 
 suitably located or the deposit is not of sufficient size to war- 
 rant development. 
 
 A deposit of asphalt limestone found on Turkey and Gato 
 creeks, south of Cline Station is owned by the Uvalde Rock As- 
 phalt Co., San Antonio, Texas; J. P. Smyth, President, Beau- 
 mont, Texas. Seven hundred and eighty-five thousand yards of 
 this pavement have been used in Beaumont, Houston, San An- 
 tonio, Dallas, Austin, Taylor, and Bryan, Texas. There are 
 vfery extensive" deposits along Turkey and Gato creeks. A thick- 
 ness of at least 25 feet of bitilmincus limestone- is exposed and the 
 entire thickness is in all probability considerably greater. A 
 well on Gato Creek, 1^^ miles south of the outcrop was reported 
 to have contained asphalt rock from the surface down to its 
 entire depth of 300 ft. Asphalt is also found to the west on 
 James' Eaneh one mile west of the Kinmey-Uvalde County line. 
 
 The fresh rock is fairly uniformly impregnated with bitumen, 
 the average of three analyses showing 12 per cent bitumen and 
 88 per cent calcium carbonate. The surface rock at the quarrj' 
 site is weathered to such an extent that the bitumen has been 
 removed from the upper several feet. There is a very irregular 
 contact line separating the bituminous rock from the weathered 
 surfieial limestone. The limestone was originally a shell marl, 
 
Uvalde County 127 
 
 the pores and fossil shell moulds in whiGh have been filled with 
 asphalt. The rock is easily quarried. It contains in places 
 rather irregular asnd large sized nodules of chert. 
 
 A water supply has ibeen obtained by the construction of 
 dams. It will be a comparatively easy matter to build railway 
 spurs to any portion of the deposit. There is a very large sup- 
 ply of matetial available, which can be worked very economically 
 by large scale operations ; however, it would be advisable to test 
 out the thickness of the asphalt rock in various places by drilling 
 or sinking prospect pits, before any very large operations were 
 contemplated, but in any event it is certain that the deposit is 
 large in extent. 
 
 Within the last five years, the Uvalde Eock Asphalt Com- 
 pany has been treating its limestone rock asphalt by fluxing it 
 with an asphaltie oil, which softens it to such an extent that it 
 relieves the cracking expei'ienced by the old method. The ma- 
 terial is laid much like sheet asphalt pavement, with the- excep- 
 tion that the binder course is omitted. The foundation is us- 
 ually five or six inches of concrete which is allo'v(^ed to set, and 
 the wearing course consists of about two or two and one half 
 inches of fluxed rock asphalt, laid hot. This is rolled with tan- 
 dem roller and traffic is allowed on the streets in a few days. 
 
 As the rock asphalt, when it is mimed, does not run uniform 
 in its content of asphalt, it is necessary to combine definite pro- 
 portions of the material from various parts of the deposit to 
 ' oibtain a uniform composition. The flux used is weighed so 
 that each batch contains exactly the same amount. This is 
 ground to small particles before placing in the mixer. The ag- 
 gregate is then heated to approximately 270° P., by means of 
 heated air so that the flame is unable to burn the asphalt. 
 
 Eecently a method of laying this rock asphalt without the 
 use of heat has been devised. This method is cheaper than the 
 former method. It is recommended chiefly for surfacing of 
 country roads which have already a compact surface. It has also 
 been used, however, for the lighter traffic streets, in cities, with 
 a concrete foundation. One notable instance of the use of this 
 material laid cold on a good foundation is New Bralunfels Av- 
 enue, San Antonio, Texas, This street was laid a:bout two and 
 
128 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 one half years ago with a surfacing of one and one-half inches 
 of the Uvalde rock asphalt crushed to below one-half inch in 
 size arid laid cold. The foundation consisted of compacted 
 macadam road. Today this street receives a great proportion of 
 the heavy trafSe due to the mobilization of the army at Fort 
 Sam Houston and the Army Post. 
 
 To lay the surface of this material it is crushed to less than 
 one-half inch maximum and placed upon the prepared founda- 
 tion, whether it be concrete, compacted macadam, or gravel. 
 The rock asphalt is then sprayed with some Mexican crude as- 
 phaletic oil which penetrates into the voids. The surface is then 
 rolled rather lightly at first, and finally with. a rather heavy 
 roller. After this, a final dressing of what is known as "rock 
 asphalt meal", a fine-ground rock asphalt, is spread over the 
 surface and this again rolled, leaving the surface ready for 
 traffic. Before the road is in its final condition, however, it is 
 necessary that the surface toe exposed to the heat of the sun 
 to weld the various particles of the rock asphalt together into a 
 solid, compact mass. 
 
 Thirty, miles west of San Antonio, on the Southern Pacific 
 Railroad, at Knippa, is located a deposit of trap rock (basalt). 
 This deposit is owned by the Texas Trap Rock Company, San 
 Antonio, Texas. The plant is situated upon the main line of 
 the Southern Pacific Railroad with enough track to store thirty 
 cars. The stone ■ has been used by the Southern Pacific for 
 ballast for about fifteen miles of their track with excellent re- 
 sults. The daily production with the present equipment is ap- 
 proximately seven hundred tons per day of two and one-half 
 inch stones. The smaller sized material necessarily reduces this 
 amount. The plant is equipped with a No. 7 AUis Chalmers 
 gyratory crusher, and two No. 5 gyratory crushers with man- 
 ganese steel crusher plates. A set of rolls produce stones below one 
 and one-quarter inches in size. The crushed stone is then con- 
 veyed up to the screens which are twenty feet long and four 
 feet in diameter producing six sizes of stone. The stone is 
 stored in bins directly over the railroad tracks so that the stone 
 is loaded directly. The quarry face is six hundred feet long and 
 varies frcm sixty to eighty feet high. Numerous tests have been 
 
Uvalde County 
 
 129 
 
 made on this material by various laboratories, all of whicb show 
 that this stone is undoubtedly the most satisfactory stone pro- 
 duced in the state for heavy traffic roads or streets. Tests made 
 by the Road Materials Laboratory of the University of Texas 
 indicate that the small sizes of this stone (below V-A inches) 
 make a very satisfactory aggregate for concrete roads or streets. 
 A sample of this nephelite basalt has been tested as follows: 
 
 Sp. 6r. 
 
 Wt. per 
 eu. It. 
 
 Water 
 abe. lbs. 
 percu.lt. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 Pieneh 
 ooei. ol 
 
 weat 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 Value 
 
 Compres- 
 sion lbs. 
 persq. in. 
 
 3.16 
 
 186 
 
 0.39 
 
 1.8 
 
 22.2 
 
 17.5 
 
 15 
 
 Good 
 
 
 
 This specimen is ^ dense, gray black, porphyritic rock composed 
 essentially of large crystals of olivine embedded in a fine grained 
 ground mass of augite, nephilite, and magnetite. This is a hard 
 rock, showing high resistance to wear, average toughness and good 
 cementing value. It should make a very good road material. 
 
 Another deposit of trap rock asphalt is located one mile north 
 of the San Antonio-Eagle Pass Highway, 8 miles south of the 
 G. I-I. & S. A. Railroad, P miles west of the S. A. U. & G. Rail- 
 road, and 5 miles from the Uvalde Rock Asphalt spur leading 
 from Cline. The owner is George E. Brashear, Uvalde County, 
 Texas. The material comprises 150 acres in a hill 50 to 125 feet 
 in height and has never been worked. 
 
 A deposit of basalt is found at Asphalt Mountain, southeast 
 of Cline on the G. H. & S. A. Railroad and it is considered ex- 
 cellent road material. 
 
 Numerous deposits of nepheline-basalt are reported with rather, 
 poor shipping facilities on the G. H. & S. A. Railroad. They are 
 as follows: (1) located in flat about six miles south of Knippa 
 and two miles east of Prio Rive.r; (2) located at Taylor Hills, 
 five miles southeast of the town of Uvalde; (3) at Blue Moun- 
 tain, one. mile oiorth of Knippa; (4) located one mile east of 
 Tom Nunn Ranch and five miles south of Nueces siding on the 
 G. H. & S. A. Railroad; (5) at Tom Nunn Hill west of Nueces 
 River, five miles south of G. H. &'S. A. Railroad; (6) at Moore 
 
130 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 Ranch (Black Waterhole) on the J^rio River; (7) along the 
 Blanco River south of G. H. & S. A. Railroad with shipping 
 facilities at Yucea siding; (8) located on two knobs just south 
 of Yucca siding on the G. H. & S. A. Railroad; (9) at Allen 
 Mountain (Hill) Obi siding; (10) on Nueces Hill; (11) on two 
 small knobs west of the Nueces River and east of Wagon "Wheel 
 Hill; (12) on Green Mountain twelve miles north of Uvalde; 
 (13) on a knoll northeast of Big Mountain; (14) in a low area 
 between Sulphur Mountain and Nueces Hill. Most of these 
 basalts are dark, fine-grained and massive, the last three being 
 plagioclase; and they make excellent road material. 
 
 There are also several deposits of phonolite reported from this 
 county as follows: (1) located midway between Moore and 
 Connor's ranches (two outcrops) and three small outcrops along 
 Frio River, one and one-half miles south and southeast of Con- 
 nor's Ranch; (2) on a small hill midway between Black and 
 Big Mountains, three miles north of Ange siding; (3) on Rocky 
 Hill, three miles southwest of Uvalde; (4) at Ange siding; 
 (5) four miles north of Uvalde station; (6) at Inge Mountain, 
 three miles south-southeast of Uvalde. These are good materials 
 for road construction, but the shipping facilities are not satis- 
 factory. 
 
 In the southwestern corner of the county, on the hill below 
 Lewis ranch on the Frio River, is a deposit of gravel with flint 
 .pebbles averaging fifty feet in height, spreading out and covering 
 the present stream, dividing south of the line of limestone 
 cliffs of the Balcones escarpment. The shipping facilities are at 
 Cline, Uvalde, Nueces, and Obi siding on the G. H. & S. A. 
 Railroad. 
 
 Val Veede County 
 
 This county is well supplied with road materials satisfactory 
 for the traffic needs of the county. The nature of the country 
 precludes the possibility of any large agricultural development 
 in the near future, except along the Devil's River and, with few 
 exceptions, it is safe to say that, most of the roads of the future 
 in this county will be lightly traveled. This being the ease, the 
 roads can be surfacied with the natural materials. On the divides 
 
VcH Yerde County 
 
 131 
 
 where the surface material is the Eagle Ford formation, little 
 other material is necessary. This compacts into a hard crust and 
 resists wear to a considerable extent. In many of the draws good 
 gravel can be found for the surfacing of the roads in the vicinity. 
 This gravel is, as a general rule, satisfactory as a concrete aggre- 
 gate, so that a ready material is available for the construction of 
 concrete fords or bridges, should the latter be considered neces- 
 sary. 
 
 Along the Devil's Eiver Road, where the heaviest traffic to the 
 north exists, materials are close at hand. Gravel is found along 
 the bed and banks of this river and is veiy satisfactory for road 
 construction. The tests on several gravels are included in this 
 report. The surrounding rock is the Comanchean limestone, 
 which the accompanying analysis shows to be equal to any lime- 
 stone in the state for road construction. 
 
 The one heavy traffic road in the county is the Del Rio-Com- 
 stock Road, which will undoubtedly have to be surfaced with a 
 road metal in the near future. Local materials can be used, for 
 the most part, for this purpose. The presence of the railroad 
 will permit the importation of materials, where the local mate- 
 rials_ are not found satisfactory. 
 
 The following are the results of tests made on representative 
 materials found in this county: 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 -4- 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 No. 3 
 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material reta'ned 
 Material retained 
 Material passing 
 
 on the 2-inch sieve 
 
 on the 1-ineh sieve 
 
 on the %-inch sieve 
 
 on the %-in(Jh sieve 
 
 on the .03S-inch sieve 
 
 on the .ttll6-lnch sieve 
 
 on the .0058-inch sieve — 
 on the .0029-inch sieve-.. 
 the .00!29-inch sieve 
 
 TotaL, 
 
 Cementing value on: 
 
 Material over % inch in size 
 
 Material under % inch in size- 
 Material as received 
 
 9.8 
 
 8.8 
 
 6.S 
 
 27.6 
 
 33.9 
 
 19.9 
 
 42.1 
 
 58.8 
 
 48.7 
 
 67.3 
 
 78.5 
 
 66.8 
 
 83.0 
 
 83.3 
 
 70.0 
 
 88.? 
 
 89.1 
 
 74.2 
 
 89.2 
 
 90.8 
 
 77.0 
 
 89.7 
 
 81.9 
 
 78.4 
 
 9.7 
 
 7.8 
 
 21.4 
 
 9D.4 
 
 99.2 
 
 99.8 
 
 Poor 
 
 Poor 
 
 Fair 
 
 Fair 
 
 Good 
 
 Exeell. 
 
132 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 No. 1. This sample of gravel was found ten miles south of Juno, 
 Val Verde County, along the bank of the Devil's River, where Devil's 
 River Road crosses the river. This is a well-graded gravel, com- 
 posed of rounded pebbles of a hard limestone with sufficient clay- 
 to supply the necessary binder. This material is very satisfactory 
 for road construction. Roads having considerable automobile 
 traffic, should, however, have a bituminous topping.. 
 
 No. 2. This sample of gravel was found in the bed of Devil's 
 River at the crossing of the Del Rio-Comstock Road, (Val Verde 
 County. This is a wellgraded gravel composed of rounded pebbles 
 of limestone and some flints. It should make a satisfactory road 
 material. Stones over 2" in size should be removed from gravel 
 when road is being constructed. 
 
 No. 3. This gravel was found on the bank of Sycamore Creek, 
 12 miles southeast of Del Rio at the crossing of the Del Rio-Eagle 
 Pass Road. This is a well-graded gravel composed of rounded 
 pebbles of a hard limestone and a small amount of chert with con- 
 siderable good binder. It should make a very good road material, 
 but stones over 1%" or 2" in size should be removed before the 
 gravel is compacted in the road. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. ft. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 percu.ft. 
 
 Per cent, 
 ot 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 eoel. ol 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 Value 
 
 Compres- 
 sion lbs. 
 per sq. in. 
 
 2.6S 
 
 ice 
 
 ,1.49 
 
 3.8 
 
 10.4 
 
 13.5 
 
 1 
 
 Pair 
 
 lE.GOO 
 
 Thi? sample of limestone was found on the road fr6m Del Rio 
 to Sonora, about 10 miles north of Val Verde County. This lime- 
 stone is rather soft with low toughness but medium resistance to 
 wear, fair cementing value, and medium resistance to compression. It 
 is about an average of the better itypes of limestone in use for good roau 
 construction in Texas. It should be satisfactory for medium traffic 
 roads, or in a concrete road under fairly heavy traffic. 
 
 Victoria County 
 
 Along the Guadalupe River in, this county are found quantities 
 of washed and screened sand and gravel. Samples on hand indi- 
 cate that the sand is rather medium fine, clean, white, quartz 
 sand. The gravel is washed and screened and it is composed of 
 flint and quartz pebbles. The Guadalupe River Navigation Com- 
 pany is the owner of this material. This company operates a 
 gravel plant at Victoria, Texas. 
 
Victoria County 
 
 133 
 
 Two and one half miles from Victoria, and 500 yds. from the 
 Southern, Pacific Railroad is a gravel pit, which, however, has not 
 been worked. The owner of the pit is John Koch, 307 N. De 
 Leon St., Victoria, Texas. 
 
 Near Nursery, Texas, is a deposit of gravel l)clonging to John 
 McCrabb (Callahan & Crawford pit). This material tested as 
 follows : 
 
 MECHANICAL ANATLSIS 
 
 Material retained on the 2-incli sieve 
 
 Material retained on the 1-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the %-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the ^-inch sieve 
 
 Mat°rial reta'ned on the .OS.?-inch sieye.. 
 Material retairferi on the .OllP-ineh sieve. 
 M-terial retained on the .0958-'nch sieve. 
 Material retailed on the .(M23-inch sieve. 
 Materia passing the .0029-ineh sieve,..;. 
 
 Trtal-j 
 
 Cempnt'ing: value on: 
 Material over % inch in size 
 
 Mster-'al under % inch in size 
 
 Ma*eial as received 
 
 No. 1 
 
 
 
 9.58 
 
 40.48 
 
 73. M 
 
 87.72 
 
 f'R.S'i 
 
 97.6'! 
 
 9S 91 
 
 97 
 
 89. 88 
 
 Poor 
 Ver.y 
 good 
 Good 
 
 This test was made at the request of M. C. Crawford. Nursrry, 
 Texas. The results show that this material consists essentially of 
 rounded fragments of flint and 'some quartz free from clay, and 
 fairly well graded. As this sample contains no clay binder, i; 
 would he necessary to add a binding material to make the road 
 compact. It should make a very good concrete aggre.3ate or railroad 
 ballast, being well graded. 
 
 Walker County 
 
 A deposit of rock consisting mostly of hard, glassy quartzite, 
 has been reported from this county. It is located at "Wynne's 
 Quarry on the hill south of Midway Road, 9.1 miles from Hunts- 
 ville on the I. & G. N. Railroad. The ro?k on the surface exposure 
 averages 13 feet with a base not exposed in most places, although 
 on the southwest it is underlain by soft, light-brown sands. The 
 indurated sandstone is above. The rim rock is 110 feet above 
 Nel'-on Creek. The rock is much cross-bedded. Next to the base 
 is an indurated layer of coarse angular quartz grit, the larger 
 
134 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 particles of which are about Vi inch in size, with black chert a 
 minor constitutent. 
 
 Gravel with much sand is found on the Huntsville branch of 
 the I. & G. N. Railroad between Phelps and Huntsville, and on 
 the summit of the grade on the I. & G. N. Railroad at mile post 
 78 in the southern part of the county. 
 
 A test has been made on gravel taken from Clark's Pit at 
 Huntsville, Texas, resulting as follows : 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 No. 1 
 
 Materia! retained on the 2-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the 1-Inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the %-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the H-inch sieve 
 
 Ms^pria' rpta'ne-i on the .03S inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the .0116-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the .0058-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the .0029-incto sieve 
 
 Material passing the .0029-inch sieve 
 
 
 
 3.4 
 44.8 
 98.9 
 
 100.0 
 0.0 
 
 "Washington County 
 
 Several deposits have been reported from this county, as 
 follows: (1) from 10 to 20 feet of hard quartzitic sandstone 
 on the B. F. Fayette Farm, 41/2. miles northwest of Burton, on 
 the H, & T. C. Railroad; (2) Several feet of sandstone found on 
 the B. F. Elliot farm in a bluff on Kerr Creek, 4 miles northwest 
 of Burton on the H. & T. C. Railroad; (3) 15 feet of interbedded 
 hard and soft sandstone, 1 mile northwest of Gay Hill on the 
 G. C. & S. F. Railroad; (4) 15 feet of sandstone at Ced Quarry 
 two miles southeast of Sommerville and about Y^ mile west of 
 the G. C. & S. F. Railroad; (5) 10 feet of interbedded soft and 
 hard sandstone on Tequa Creek about Y^ mile south of the G. C. 
 & S. F. Railroad. 
 
 A test On the sandstone at Graville Quarry has been made 
 resulting as follows : 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. It. 
 Solid 
 
 143 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 percu.ft. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 . wear 
 
 French 
 
 coel. of 
 
 wear 
 
 7.9 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 16.7 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 12 
 
 Cement- 
 Ins 
 Value 
 
 93 
 
 Comprea- 
 
 si on lbs. 
 
 per sq. In. 
 
Webb County 135 
 
 Webb County 
 
 The chief road material in this county is gravel which is found 
 somewhat widely distributed in the creek beds and on the sum- 
 mits of many of 'the bluflEs. This is a large county, but it is a 
 cattle country and therefore a large mileage of highly improved 
 roads is not necessary. The quartzitic sandstone Just about dis- 
 appears in this county and is only apparent in loose sand with 
 a few scattered boulders of harder sandstone which is unsatis- 
 factory for road construction. One deposit of the quartzitic 
 sandstone is found southeast of Ochea one mile east of a low line 
 of hills in two masses covering from thirty to forty square yards 
 and fully twenty feet in height.' The boulders are of all sizes, 
 from a foot to those having a base of twenty square yards and 
 ten to .twelve feet thick. Many deposits of gravel have been 
 reported from this county as follows : (1) three miles below the 
 north line of Webb County and southeast of India Ranch, cap- 
 ping Webb Bluff on the Rio Grande; (2) at Guajelete Ranch on 
 San Lorenzo Creek, in the northwestern part of the county; (3); 
 capping butte, four miles north of Palafox near the Rio Grande ; 
 (4) five feet of gravel on the surface at prospect drill hole No. 
 2 by Cannel Coal Co., northeast of Carbon; (5) five feet of 
 gravel on the surface about three miles southeast of Santa Tomas ; 
 (6) capping most of the hills along road from Richardson Ranch 
 to San Lorenzo Creek; (7) flint gravel, which caps the divide 
 between Chupadero and San Ambrosio Creeks on Eagle Pass- 
 Laredo Road; ^8) gravel and sand capping bluffs along the Rio 
 Grande in the vicinity of Laredo; (9) gravel conglomerate, 12 
 miles north of Laredo on the I. & G. N. Railroad, owned by 
 T. A. Coleman, of La Salle, Texas. This gravel conglomerate 
 has been used for ballast by the I. & G. N. Railroa,d and it has 
 also been used on the roads of Webb County. 
 
 Whaeton County 
 
 In this county deposits of sand and gravel with pebbles of 
 quartz, jasper, agate, limestone, flint, and granite have been 
 found at Louise, and near Lizzie, both places being on the G. H. 
 & S. A. Railroad. 
 
136 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 Wichita County 
 
 The sand and gravel reported from this county is found near 
 the Wichita and Red Rivers. One deposit, owned by Kemp 
 Duncan, Wichita Falls, Texas, has no trackage from the pit, but 
 the material has been used on short stretches of the Colorado and 
 Gulf Highway. 
 
 The Wichita Sand & Gravel Company, Wichita Falls, Texas, 
 owns a pit near Wichita Palls, on the Wichita River, and in 1916, 
 about 3,500 tons were produced. This material consists of sand 
 and gravel and is considered good road material, having been 
 used on the roads around Wichita Falls. 
 
 Williamson County 
 
 Quite a number of samples have been collected from this 
 county, but most of the stone is comparatively soft and unsuited 
 for the ordinary water-bound macadam roads. A number of 
 samples should prove satisfactory for bituminous roads under 
 medium traffic or in concrete construction. There are numerous 
 very satisfactory gravel deposits, many of which have been suc- 
 ccrsfuUy used in constructing the present roads in this county. 
 At Round Rock there is in operation a small rock crushing and 
 screening plant, producing a comparatively soft limestone. This 
 material is used as a concrete aggregate and for other purposes. 
 Data. from Mr. W. S. McGregor, Temple, Texas, follows: 
 
 Right at the depot at Circleville, Texas, there is an excellent 
 deposit' of road gravel but it is limited in quantity. One tract 
 is owned by a negro and contains about 100,000 cu. yds. An- 
 other tract which has been opened and used on the local roads, 
 (owner's name unknown) is just north of the depot and ad- 
 jacent to the Katy track: the quantity here is only about 50,000 
 ■cu. yds. Two miles north of Circleville is located a gravel pit 
 from which the Katy Railroad has taken gravel. The trackage 
 has been removed, but there are only about 50,000 cu. yds. left. 
 It is considered very good road material. 
 
 Fred Hoch of Taylor, Texas, owois a deposit of good road 
 gravel near Circleville, Texas. The deposit contains approxi- 
 
Williamson County 
 
 137 
 
 inately 50,000 yds. about one mile from the Katy Railroad 
 tracks. 
 
 Tests on the limestones from this county have been made as 
 follows : 
 
 
 
 Wt. per 
 
 Water 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Jrench 
 
 
 
 Oemeut- 
 
 Oompres- 
 
 
 
 cu. ft. 
 
 aba. IbB. 
 
 of 
 
 ooef. of 
 
 Hard- 
 
 Tough- 
 
 ing 
 
 BiOD lbs. 
 
 No. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 
 per cu: ft 
 
 wear 
 
 wear 
 
 ness 
 
 ness 
 
 Value 
 
 persq. ;». 
 
 1 
 
 2.60 
 
 162 
 
 1.66 
 
 3.0 
 
 13.2 
 
 14.3 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 13,725 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 13.5 
 
 13.8 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 17,050 
 
 3 
 
 z'eo 
 
 •162 
 
 2I95 
 
 S.l 
 
 13 
 
 13.3 
 
 7 
 
 29 
 
 15,050 
 
 4 
 
 2.69 
 
 162 
 
 2.14 
 
 3.4 
 
 11.7 
 
 13.8 
 
 6 
 
 38 
 
 13,400 
 
 5 
 
 2.50 
 
 156 
 
 3.72 
 
 4.2 
 
 9.5- 
 
 11.1 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 8,!i50 
 
 6 
 
 2.55 
 
 159 
 
 1.S2 
 
 6.2 
 not 
 
 6.5 
 not 
 
 13.9 
 
 4 
 
 Pair 
 
 11,725 . 
 
 7 
 
 2.50 
 
 156 
 
 3.74 
 
 made 
 
 made 
 
 11.1 
 
 6 
 
 Fair 
 
 15,300 
 
 8 
 
 2.30 
 
 143 
 
 7.14 
 
 13.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Good 
 
 S,200 
 
 9 
 
 2.60 
 
 156 
 
 6.36 
 
 5.8 
 
 6.9 
 
 6.9 
 
 4 
 
 Good 
 
 9,620 
 
 .10 
 
 2.B5 
 
 159 
 
 3.80 
 
 5.4 
 
 7.4 
 
 11.2 
 
 4 
 
 Fair 
 
 12,950 
 
 11 
 
 2.45 
 
 15S 
 
 5.04 
 
 5.6 
 
 7.2 
 
 7.8 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 9,050 
 
 12 
 
 2.40 
 
 150 
 
 5.03 
 
 7.5 
 
 5.3 
 
 3.7 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 8,140 
 
 13 
 
 2.69 
 
 162 
 
 2.70 
 
 4.3 
 
 9.3 
 
 15.2 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 13,400 
 
 14 
 
 2.50 
 
 162 
 
 2.64 
 
 4.4 
 
 9.1 
 
 15.2 
 
 5 
 
 29 
 
 11,550 
 
 15 
 
 2.40 
 
 150 
 
 6.78 
 
 5.5 
 
 7.3 
 
 7.5 
 
 2 
 
 47 
 
 6,190 
 
 16 
 
 2.50 
 
 156 
 
 1.78 
 
 4.3 
 
 9.2 
 
 9.5 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 11 ,25D 
 
 17 
 
 2.25 
 
 142 
 
 6.16 
 
 29.7 
 
 1.3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 4,025 
 
 Test N'o. 1. Limestone found along Lake Brushy Creek, about 
 200 yards above the I. & G. N. bridge. The test shows that this is 
 a hard rock, with medium resistance to wear, low toughness, fair 
 cementing value and also fair resistance to compression. It should 
 make a satisfactory material for bituminous macadam roads. 
 
 Test No. 2. Limestone found near the I. & G. N. main line, 
 about 3 miles southwest of Round Rock. The test shows that the 
 rock has medium hardness, and resistance to wear, low toughness, 
 fair cementing value and fairly high resistance to compression. It 
 should make a very satisfactory material for bituminous road con- 
 struction or for medium traffic plain macadam roads. 
 
 Test No. 3. Limestone found about 1% mile south of Round 
 Rock on the I. & G. N. Railroad main line and on the McNeill 
 wagon road. The test shows that this rock is rather low in hard- 
 ness, with medium resistance to wear, low toughness, good cement- 
 ing value, and fairly high resistance to compression. The material 
 should be satisfactory for medium traffic. bituminous construction or 
 light traffic water bound macadam road. 
 
 Test No. 4". Limestone found near Round Rock, about % mile 
 south and east from I. & G. N. Railroad, % mile southeast of Round 
 Rock. This is a rather soft rock, with medium resistance to wear, 
 low toughness, good cementing value and fair resistance to com- 
 
138 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 pression. It should prove satisfactory for road construction under 
 medium traffic. Test made at the request of G. A. Burliman. 
 
 Test No. 5. This limestone was tested at the crusher plant on 
 the I. & G. N. Railroad spur to Georgetown, owned by B. C. Rich- 
 ards, Round Rock, Texas. This is a soft rock, with low toughness, 
 medium resistance to wear, and low resistance to compression. It 
 is not recommended except for light traffic. 
 
 Test No. 6. This limestone was found 1% miles west of Cedar 
 Park on the H. & T. C. -Railroad. It is a soft rock, having low 
 resistance to wear and toughness, fair cementing value and fair 
 resistance to compression. This rock is not recommended as a road 
 building material, having no properties to recommend it for this 
 purpose. 
 
 Test No. 7. Limestone found 2 miles east of Cedar Park on the 
 A. & N. W. Railroad. This rock has low hardness and toughness, 
 fair cementing value and rather high resistance to compression. It 
 is not recommended as a material for road construction. 
 
 Test No. 8. Limestone found 1% miles from Liberty Hill and 
 the H. & T. C. Railroad, the deposit being owned by Wm. Casheer. 
 This rock has very low hardness, toughness and resistance to wear, 
 low resistance to compression and good cementing value. It is not 
 recommended for road construction, having none of the necessary 
 properties. 
 
 Test No. 9. Limestone found on the H. & T .C. Railroad and 
 northeast of Cedar Park on the property of B. Cluck. This is a soft 
 rock, having low resistance to wear, and toughness, good cementing 
 value and low resistance to compression. It is not recommended as a 
 material for road construction. 
 
 Test No. 10. Limestone found on the Walsh Estate, % mile 
 northeast of Cedar Park, % mile north of A. & N. W. Railroad. 
 This is a soft rock, having low toughness, and resistance to wear, 
 fair cementing value and fair resistance to compression. It is not 
 recommended as a road building material, being too soft for this 
 purpose. 
 
 Test No. 11. Limestone found 1% miles north of Round Rock, 
 on Brushy Creek,' along the I. & G. N. Railroad. This is a soft rock, 
 with low toughness, medium resistance to wear, good cementing 
 value, and low resistance to compression. It is not recommended 
 as a road building material nor as a railroad ballast. 
 
 Test No. 12. Limestone fojind about 1% miles east of Round 
 Rock and 300 yards west of the I. & G. N. main line near Fouse's 
 switch on the Merrill land. This is a soft rock, with low resistance 
 to wear and toughness, poor cementing value and low resistance to 
 compression. It is not recommended as a road-building material. 
 
 Test No. 13. Limestone found about 2 miles east of Round 
 Rock, on the I. & G. N. main line. This rock has medium hardness. 
 
Williamson County 
 
 139 
 
 and resistance to compression. It should prove satisfactory under 
 medium traffic in bituminous construction or light traffic in water 
 bound macadam roads. It is also a satisfactory railroad ballast. 
 
 Test No. 14. This material was found about 1% miles east of 
 Round Rock, on Lake Brushy Creek, and about 300 yards southeast 
 of the water tank on the I. & G. N. Railroad main line. Lower 
 stratum. This rock has medium hardness, and resistance to wear, 
 low toughness, good cementing value, and fair resistance to com- 
 pression. It is recommended for bituminous construction' only 
 under medium traffic. It is a fair railroad ballast. 
 
 Test No. 15. This material was found about 1% miles east 
 of Round Rock on Lake Brushy Creek, about 300 yards southeast 
 of the water-tank on the I. & G. N. Railroad main line. This is a 
 soft rock, with low resistance to wear, very low toughness, good 
 cementing value and low resistance to compression. It is not 
 recommended as a road building material. 
 
 Test No. 16. Limestone found at the I. & G. N. Railroad quarry 
 on the right of way, about 1 mile north of McNeill, Williamson 
 County. This rock is low in hardness and toughness with medium 
 resistance to wear and fair cementing value. It has also fair 
 resistance to compression. This material is only recommended for 
 light traffic in water bound macadam construction or under medium 
 traffic with a bituminous binder. It should make a fair railroad ballast. 
 
 Test No. 17. This limestone was found % mile from Round 
 Rock and the Georgetpwn spur. It is a very soft rock, with very 
 low toughness and resistance to wear and low resistance to com- 
 pression. It is not recommended as a road building material. 
 
 Three tests have been made of gravel from this county as follows: 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 No. 3 
 
 Material retained on the 2-inch sieve 
 
 Mat^ia) retained on the 1-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the %-inch sieves... 
 Mat"r'al retained on the %-ineh sieve — 
 Material retained on the .033-inch sieve- 
 Material retained on the .0016-inch sieve. 
 Material leta-ned on the .OOSS-inch sieve. 
 Mater-'al retained on the .0(K9-inch sieve. 
 Material passing the .0029-inch sieve — 
 
 Total 
 
 Cementing value on: 
 
 Material over % inch in size 
 
 Material under .% inch in size 
 
 Material as received 
 
 
 
 11.96 
 29.82 
 52.78 
 61.77 
 64.91 
 66.04 
 66.83 
 34.29 
 
 100.62 
 
 Exeell. 
 Exccll. 
 Exeell. 
 
 
 
 18.05 
 46.92 
 78.27 
 85.63 
 88.69 
 90.17 
 90.72' 
 8.62 
 
 99.34 
 
 Good 
 
 Excell. 
 
 Good 
 
 11.35 
 32.80 
 60.81 
 85.43 
 92.32 
 96.56 
 96.14 
 96.23 
 3.49 
 
 99.72 
 
 Good 
 
 Excell. 
 
 Good 
 
MO 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 No. 1. This gravel is ccmposed of limestone fragments with a 
 large amount of clay and fine calcareous material. It contains too 
 much fine material to be recommended for gravel road construction, 
 but it should make a very good binder for foundation cT larger 
 material. This gravel was found about 200 yards e-^st of the I. & 
 G. N. Railroad track and south of Round Rock near the city limits. 
 
 No. 2. This gravel was found on Lake Brusliy Creek, just below 
 the I. & G. N. Railroad bridge. It consists of more or less rounded 
 fragments of limestone. It should prove satisfactory as a gravel 
 road construction. 
 
 ,No. 3. This gravel was found in the W. J. Fouse pit, about 1% 
 miles east of Round Rock on the I. & G. N. Railroad switch on 
 Brushy Creek. It is composed of rounded fragments of hard lime- 
 stone with little fine material. It is satisfactory for road construc- 
 tion, but it will require considerable traflBc to get it compacted. If 
 screened and remixed properly, it should make a very good concrete 
 aggregate. It is now one, part sand to four parts coarse aggregate. 
 
 "Wilson County 
 
 The San Antonio Sand Company, Mrs. P. W. Casseano, owner, 
 San Antonio, Texas, operates a pit of concrete sand, 1% mi. 
 north of Calaveras on a spur of the S. A. & A. P. Railroad. 
 During 1916, there were produced about 54,000 tons of sand and 
 the present output is 350 tons per day. 
 
 Tests have been made and a sample of the sand sent to the 
 laboratory for its mortar making qualities compared with Stand- 
 ard Ottawa sand. The results follow : 
 
 1:3 TENSILE BRIQUETTES (Lbs. per sq. in.) 
 
 San Antonio Sand 
 
 Ottowa Sand 
 
 7 day test 
 fOO 
 
 28 day test 
 4(B 
 
 7 day test 
 278 
 
 28 day test 
 372 
 
 1:3 COMPRESSION CUBES (Lbs. per sq. in.) 
 
 San Antonio Sand 
 
 Ottowa Sand 
 
 7 day test 
 2,023 
 
 28 day test 
 .•),175 
 
 7 day test 
 1,975 
 
 28 day lest 
 3,187 
 
WUson County 
 
 141 
 
 Therefore, both the 7-day and 28-d.ay tensile briquettes made 
 with San Antonio sand have 108% of the strength of Ottowa sand 
 briquettes. The 7 -day compression cubes made with San Antonio 
 sand have 102% of the strength of the Ottowa sand briquettes and 
 the 28-day cubes have 100% of the strength of the Ottowa sand. 
 
 The Wagner Sand Company of San Antonio also operates a 
 sand pit in this county on the S. A. & A. P. Railroad. Tests 
 made on the sand resulted as follows. 
 
 Weight per cubic foot, dry and loose 91^ lbs. 
 
 Weight per cubic toot, dry and shaken 100 lbs. 
 
 Voids in loose sand a per cent. 
 
 Voids in packed sand 39 per cent. 
 
 Specific gravity 2.64 
 
 The sand is composed of rather fine grains of quartz, free 
 from clay or silt. 
 
 1:3 TKNSILE BEIQUETTES (Lbs. per sq. in.) 
 
 Wagner Sand 
 
 ottowa Sand 
 
 7 day test 
 233 
 
 28 day teat 
 308 
 
 7 day test 
 293 
 
 28 day test 
 356 
 
 1:3 
 Wagnc 
 
 OOMPEESSION 
 
 CUBES 
 
 (Lbs. per sq. i 
 
 n.) 
 Sand 
 
 r Sand 
 
 
 
 Ottowo 
 
 r day test 28 day test 
 2,280 
 
 7 day test 28 day test 
 2,710 
 
 Therefore the 7-day tensile strength briquettes made with Wagner 
 sand have 80% and the 28-day briquettes have 86% of the strength 
 of the Ottowa sand briquettes. 
 
 The 28-day compression cubes made with Wagner sand have 84% 
 of the strength of Ottawa sand cubes. The mechanical analysiis of 
 this sand follows: 
 

 No. 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5.2 
 57.4 
 95.8 
 9S.5 
 
 
 .9 
 
 
 99.4 
 
 142 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 Material retafned on the 2-Inch sieve 
 
 Mnterlal retained on the 1-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the %-inch sieve 
 
 Material retained on the %-ineh sieve 
 
 Material retained on the .003-inch sieve 
 
 Material reta'ned on the .Ollfi-Inch s'eve 
 
 Material retained on the .OOfW-Inch sieve- 
 Material retained on the .0029-inch sieve- 
 Material passing the .0029-Inch sieve 
 
 Total 
 
 "Wise County 
 
 Two miles south of Alvord, on the Ft. Worth & Demver City 
 Railroad, there is a gravel and sand, pit, owned by Oran Speer, 
 Alvord, Texas. The production varies from 40 to 50 tons per 
 day, and a switch from the railroad to the pit gives good shipping 
 facilities. This material has never been used for road con- 
 struction. 
 
 A limestone quarry is located 3 mi. north of Bridgeport and 
 8 miles west of Alvord on a spur of the Ft. Worth & Denver 
 Railroad, from Alvord on the Margaret Swift Survey. A. B. 
 Conley, Lubbock, Texas, is the owner. During 1914 about 
 100,000 tons were produced, but the equipment has all been re- 
 moved, and the quarry shut down. However, a quarry face of 
 25 feet exists, so that it would be an easy matter to start opera- 
 tions. There is a spur of the Fort Worth & Denver City Rail- 
 road from Alvord, Texas, to the pit. A sample on hand indicates 
 that this is a fairly hard limestone. It has been used on the 
 Tarrant County roads to a great extent and also as ballast for 
 the tracks of the Ft. Worth and Denver City Railroad. 
 
 The Chico Crushed Stone Company, Chico, Texas, A. S. Goetz, 
 Agent, Ft. Worth, Texas, owns a limestone deposit at Morris 
 Spur, on the Rock Island Railroad between Bridgeport and 
 Chico, 47 mi. north pf Fort Worth. The plant is equipped with 
 one No. 71/2 Gates gyratory crusher and one No. 5% Gates and 
 one No. 5i/2 Simms gyratory crusher, with a set of rolls for 
 crushing small sizes. This equipment permits an output of 1,000 
 
Wise County 
 
 143 
 
 tons a day -of crushed stone. The output for the preceding year 
 was approximately 67,000 tons. 
 
 Two tests have been made on materials, the first sample being 
 a light colored stone taken from the top of the quarry, and the 
 second being a dark colored stone taken from down in the 
 quarry. The results follow: 
 
 ■No. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. ft. 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 per cu. ft 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of 
 
 wear 
 
 French 
 
 coet. of 
 
 wear 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 Tough- 
 ness 
 
 Cement- 
 ing 
 Value 
 
 Compres- 
 sion lbs. 
 pcrsq. in. 
 
 I 
 
 e 
 
 Z.60 
 2.70 
 
 162 
 168 
 
 O.U 
 0.36 
 
 4.9 
 
 5.7 
 
 8.2 
 7.0 
 
 12.6 
 15.8 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 Good 
 Exeell. 
 
 15,400 
 17,200 
 
 No. 1. The tests show this to be a rather soft rock with medium 
 resistance to wear, low toughness and medium resistance to- com- 
 pression. It should prove fairly satisfactory in light traffic ■ water- 
 bound or medium traffic bituminous construction. 
 
 No. 2. The tests show this to be a medium hard rock, with 
 low resistance to wear and toughness, excellent cementing value 
 and fairly high resistance to compression. It should prove satis- 
 factory in light traffic waterbound or medium traffic bituminous 
 construction. It has a slight advantage over No. 1. 
 
 A sample of the crushed stone was tested in the laboratory for 
 its usefulness as concrete aggregate and the results showed it 
 to be quite satisfactory. 
 
 Wood County 
 
 The chief characteristics of the material in this county are 
 that they are for the most part impregnated with iron ore. 
 There is a number of ferruginous sandstones to be found, most 
 of which are comparatively soft and will not stand up under 
 traffic. The. iron ore gravels have very high cementing value, 
 which gives them a special value in road construction, as they 
 are able to resist long periods of dry weather, and they pack 
 well under traffic. Most of these gravels contain considerable 
 fine pebbles of a disintegrated sandstone. Where these are 
 found, the material is not considered first-class road material, 
 as the soft stone will not resist wear. Some of the samples given 
 
14-4- 
 
 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 below, hovever, contain flint, quartz, and hard sandstone, which 
 makes them very acceptable for road construction. 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 2.55 
 2.85 
 2.65 
 2.70 
 
 Wt. per 
 cu. ft. 
 
 159 
 178 
 165 
 168 
 
 Water 
 abs. lbs. 
 per cu. It 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 ol 
 
 wear 
 
 0.98 
 
 11.15 
 
 6.04 
 
 6.54 
 
 French 
 
 cod. of 
 
 wear 
 
 3.3 
 
 21.5 
 21.8 
 35 
 
 12.1 
 1.9 
 1.8 
 1.1 
 
 Hard- 
 ness 
 
 17.8 
 not 
 not 
 not 
 
 
 Cement- 
 
 Toogh- 
 
 ing 
 
 ness 
 
 Value 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 made 
 
 20 
 
 iiiada 
 
 2) 
 
 made 
 
 45 
 
 Compres- 
 sion lbs. 
 persq. In. 
 
 1P,S25 
 5,675 
 
 2,175 
 
 No. 1. This sample of quartzite was found one mile south of 
 Golden, Texas, at Negro Cemetery, on the property of Mr. John 
 Reese, on the line of the M. K. & T. Railroad. The tests show that 
 this rock has a high hardness, a medium resistance to wear, a 
 somewhat low toughness and a very poor cementing value. It has 
 a high resistance to compression. On account of its low cementing 
 value, it should be used only in bituminous construction or it 
 should make a good railroad ballast or concrete aggregate. 
 
 No. 2. This sample of ferruginous sandstone was found about 5 
 miles east of Mineola, about 200 yards north of Varner & Mineola 
 Road en the property of Dr. Patton. The tests shew that this 
 material has a very low resistance to wear, fair cementing value, 
 and low resistance to compression. It is not recommended as a road 
 building material, for it is believed that it would wear to dust 
 even on a very light tra>ffic road in a short time. 
 
 No. 3. This sample of iron conglomerate was found about 5 % 
 miles east of Mineola, about % mile north of Mineola & Varner Road, 
 at the tank. The property belongs to the Mineola Hunting and 
 Fishing Club. This material is a conglomerate composed of flint 
 and sandstone cemented together with a red oxide of iron. Its 
 resistance to wear is very low and cementing value fairly good, but 
 a material of this nature would not prove satisfactory for road 
 building. It might be used for foundation course under light 
 traffic. 
 
 No. 4. This sample of iron conglomerate was found on the side 
 of the road on the Hawkin & Hainesville Road, opposite the oil well, 
 about 'two miles southeast of Hainesville on county property. The 
 tests show that this material is a conglomerate composed of small 
 flint stones and sandstone cemented together with iron oxide. It 
 has a very low resistance to wear and good cementing value. This 
 material is not recommended as a road building material as it will 
 wear to dust in a very short time. Even as a foundation course, it 
 would be unsatisfactory except under light traffic. 
 
 The gravel in this county has been tested as follows : 
 
Wood County 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 145 
 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material retained 
 Material passing 
 
 on tbe 
 on the 
 on tbe 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 the .0 
 
 2-inch sieve 
 
 1-ineh sieve 
 
 %-ineh sieve 
 
 ^ inch sieve 
 
 .033-Inch sieve 
 
 .Olie-inch sieve.. 
 .0068-inch sieve-. 
 .00e9-inch sieve-, 
 oae-lnch sieve 
 
 Total 
 
 Cementing value on: 
 
 Material over % inch in size 
 
 Material under % inch In slza 
 
 Material as received 
 
 No. 1 
 
 
 .9 
 
 8.7 
 6T.2 
 66.1 
 72.2 
 91.2 
 98.5 
 
 100.2 
 
 No. 2 
 
 3.3 
 
 17.4 
 31.5 
 67.7 
 78.1 
 82.7' 
 89.3 
 92.3 
 7.6 
 
 Good 
 
 Excell. 
 
 Good 
 
 No. S 
 
 6.9 
 
 21.3 
 42.2 
 70.9 
 81.4 
 86.6 
 88.4 
 91.3 
 9.6 
 
 100.9 
 
 Fair 
 
 Excell. 
 
 Good' 
 
 No. 1. This sample of creek gravel was found in a creek about 
 i% miles northeast of Mineola, about V2 mile west of Green Bridge. 
 It was not found satisfactory as a comcrefe aggregate. 
 
 No. 2. This sample of Iron gravel was found about 150 yards 
 up the creek from wooden bridge on the Dallas and Shreveport 
 road, about .5 Vz miles south of Mineola, on the property of Eliza 
 Copeland. The tests show that this material is composed of frag- 
 ments of flint and ferruginous sandstone with considerable sand 
 and a small amount of clay. It should make a fairly satisfactory 
 road building material. The exposure is not very heavy. 
 
 No. 3. This sample of iron gravel was found on the Riley Stew- 
 art estate, from Stewart Hill, about 300 yards west of Mineola 
 and Tyler Road, and about 6% miles south of Mineola. The tests 
 show that this rnaterlal consists of angular fragments of a ferru- 
 ginous sandstone with considerable sand and clay. It should 
 prove very satisfactory as a road building material. The exposure 
 is very heavy. 
 
 The results of three more similar tests are given below: 
 
 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2 
 
 No. 3 
 
 Material 
 Material 
 Material 
 Material 
 Material 
 Mnt<«rial 
 Material 
 Material 
 Material 
 
 retained 
 retained 
 retained 
 retained 
 retained 
 retained 
 retained 
 retained 
 passing 
 
 on the 2-inch sieve 
 
 on the 1-inch sieve 
 
 on the %-inch sieve 
 
 on the %-inch sieve 
 
 on the .OSS-inch sieve 
 
 on the .0116-inch sieve — 
 on the .0058-ineh sieve 
 
 on the .0029-inoh slave — 
 the .ooes-ineh sieve 
 
 Total- 
 
 Oementing value on: 
 Material over % inch in size-— 
 Material under % inch In slzcL., 
 Material as recdved 
 
 7.8 
 14.1 
 20.4 
 38.6 
 44.2 
 46.1 
 61.9 
 67.0 
 43.0 
 
 100.0 
 
 Fair 
 Good 
 Good 
 
 19.5 
 28.0 
 87.3 
 56.3 
 60.6 
 62.0 
 70.5 
 74.4 
 2S.8 
 
 100.2 
 
 Good 
 Very 
 good 
 Very 
 good. 
 
 9.56 
 18.97 
 28.56 
 64.90 
 63.46 
 64.63 
 69.50 
 76.67 
 23.79 
 
 100.36 
 
 Very 
 good 
 
 Excell. 
 
 Good 
 
146 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 No. 1. This sample of iron-sand gravel was found on the Mineola 
 Road, 1 mile west from red sand stone and about 7 miles east 
 from Mineola, on county property. The tests show that this material 
 is composed of fragments of a soft ferruginoois sandstone with a large 
 amount of fine sand and clay. It contains too much fine material 
 and not enough large stones to be satisfactory as a road building 
 material: Gravel should contain about 70 per cent of stones between 
 %" and 2" in size. 
 
 No. 2. This sample of iron-sand gravel was found on the Mineola 
 ajid Varner Road, about 5 % miles east of Mineola, on the property 
 of Dr. Patton. The tests show that this gravel is composed of 
 ferruginous sandstone with a 'large amount of fine sand and some 
 clay. This material does not contain enough hard stones of a large 
 size to be satisfactory as a road material. It is a good surfacing 
 material. 
 
 No. 3. This sample of sandstone gravel was found on the 
 property of Mr. Emory Palmer, 4 % miles east of Mineola. The 
 tests were made upon the request of Geo. C. Reeves, Mineola, 
 Texas. This gravel is composed of angular fragments of medium 
 hard, ferruginous sandstone with a large amount of sand and clay. 
 It is not recommended for general gravel road building, will do as 
 a surfacing material or for general road construction if nothing 
 else is available. 
 
 Zavalla County 
 
 Only three deposits of gravel are reported from this county. 
 These are located as follows: (1) 60 ft. of gravel at the north 
 end of the bluff on the Nueces River, just below McDaniel's 
 Ranch in the north-central part of the county; (2) in patches 
 from Batesville to the crossing of the Nueces River on the road 
 to Carrizo Springs; (3) on the Nueces River, % mile below 
 Pulliam Ranch. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 Physical Tests of Eoad Materials 
 
 J. P. Nash 
 
 The Testing of Road-Buildestq Rock 
 
 The physical tests made on road-building rocks to determine 
 their value are as follows: (1) hardness; (2) toughness; (3) 
 resistance to wear; (4) cementing value; (5) specific gravity; 
 (6) absorption; and (7) compression. The methods of making 
 these tests in this laboratory are briefly described here 
 
 The hardness test, which determines the resistance of the rock 
 to disintergration from friction, is made in the Dorry hardness 
 machine shown in Plate 1, which was first devised by the French 
 School of Roads and Bridges in a modified form. The test is 
 made on a core one inch in diameter and usually about 3" in 
 length, drilled from the rock, and placed in a spool-shaped recep- 
 tacle, which holds it vertically against a revolving disc under 
 standard pressure. The disc is fed continually from the hoppers 
 with a standard crushed quartz between 30 and 40 mesh sieve. 
 This crushed quartz acts as an abrasive agent. Two cores are 
 run at the same time for 1,000 revolutions and the average of 
 the two is taken in computing the coefficient of hardness. This 
 is derived by weighing the specimen before and after the rnn, 
 dividing the. loss in weight by 3, and substracting the result from 
 the arbitrary number 20. The degree of hardness varies, there- 
 fore, from to 20, with the latter figure as a maximum. If it 
 falls below 14, it is considered as soft; from 14 to 17, as medium 
 hard ; and above 17, as hard. 
 
 The toughness test is made on the rock to determine its resist- 
 ance to impact. It is made in the machine shown in Plate II, 
 devised by L. W. Page, Director of the Office of Public Roads at 
 Washington. It is based on the pile driver principle. The speci- 
 men used is a rOck cylinder 1 inch' in diameter, and 1 inch in 
 height, faced smooth on both bases. The tests consist in dropping 
 
148 University of Texas Bulletin ■ 
 
 a two kilogram weight on the specimen through the medium of a 
 steel cylinder whose curved lower surface remains in contact with 
 ' the center of the rock specimen. The hammer is dropped from 
 a height which is increased by increments of one centimeter (".i 
 inches) from one until the specimen breaks, which it usually 
 does by splitting into two or three equal parts. The number of 
 blows, which also represents the height of the last blow, measured 
 in centimeters, is the numerical toughness. If the rock fails in 
 less than 13 blows it is considered as having low toughness ; from 
 13 to 19, as medium; and above 19, as high. A rock having a 
 toughness of 9, however, is considered satisfactory and even (me 
 as low as 6 is often recommended. The average of two te^sts is 
 taken. 
 
 The rock core used in both the hardness and toughness test is 
 drilled from the rock by means of the diamond core drill shown 
 on Plate III, cut and faced to the required size by means of the 
 diamond saw and lap shown in Plate IV. 
 
 The abrasion test, also devised by the French School of Roads 
 and Bridges, is made on the rock to determine its resistance to 
 wear under trafSc conditions. This test is made in the Standard 
 Deval Abrasion machine shown in Plate V. By revolving the rock 
 sample in one of the cast iron cylinders which rotates at an angle 
 of 30 degrees to the horizontal, the rock is thrown from one end 
 of the cylinder to the other and back, upon each revolution ; ten 
 thousand such revolutions constituting the test. The sample con- 
 sists of rock broken by hand in sizes so that approximately 50 
 pieces will weigh 5,000 grams (11 pounds). This throwing of 
 the rock from one end of the cylinder to the other causes the 
 stones to wear upon themselves and to impact against the ends of 
 the cylinder. The fine dust resulting from this wear is removed 
 by screening and the stone reweighed, the loss being expressed in 
 per cent, and also by the French coefficient of wear. This coefficient 
 is obtained by dividing the per cent of wear into 40. The best 
 wearing rocks have a per cent of wear 2 or coefficient of 20. If 
 this coefficient of wear is below 8, it is considered as low ; from 8 
 to 13, medium ; from 14 to 20, high ; and above 20, very high. 
 
 The cementation test is made on the rock to ascertain to what 
 extent the fine material will bind into a hard, impervious crust 
 
Testing of Road BuUding Bock 149 
 
 in a water-bound macadam. It is made by grinding 500 grams 
 of the crushed rock below V^" in size with 90 cu. cm. of water 
 in a ball mill with two steel balls. The revolving of the mill 
 causes the two balls to knead the rock into a kind of dough. The 
 double ball mill is shown in Plate VI with the open mill on the 
 right. After 5,000 revolutions in this mill, the rock dough is 
 made into cylindrical briquettes 25 millimeters (1 inch) in 
 diameter and 25 mm. (1 inch) in height, under a pressure of 132 
 kilograms per square Centimeter (about 1,800 lbs. per square 
 inch) in the hydraulic press shown in Plate VII. 
 
 These briquettes are allowed to remain in air 20 hours at room 
 temperature, and 4 hours more at 100 deg. C. (212 deg. F.), 
 after which they are cooled and tested in the Page Impact 
 machine for cementation tests, shown in Plate VIII. This causes 
 a 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) hammer to drop 1 centimeter (.4 inches) 
 repeatedly until the specimen breaks. The numbei' of blows 
 required to break the specimen is recorded automatically on a 
 sheet of indicator paper so that a permanent record is obtained. 
 The cementing value is considered as being low if below 10 blows ; 
 between 10 and 25, as fair ; between 25 and 75, good ; 75 to 100, 
 very good; and above this, as excellent. 
 
 The specific gravity of all rock samples is obtained by weigh- 
 ing the dried specimen in air and then in water, setting tne 
 weights on the balance to approximate the weight in water, before 
 immersion. Ordinarily the specimen weighs about 20 grams in 
 air. 
 
 The absorption is derived by allowing the rock to remain in 
 water for 96 hours and is reported in pounds of water absorbed 
 per cubic foot of solid rock. 
 
 As most crushed stone is bought by the ton, it is necessary lo 
 know the weight of a cubic foot of the material. The weight of 
 a cubic foot of solid rock is obtained by multiplying the weight 
 of a cubic foot of water, or 62.4 pounds, by the specific gravity. 
 Knowing the voids in the crushed stone, its weight per cubic 
 foot can be calculated by substracting from the weight of a 
 cubic foot of the solid rock, the weight of rock represented by 
 the voids. This may be reversed and the voids found, if the 
 weight of loose stone is known. 
 
150 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 The compression test is made on the rock to determine the 
 weight it will carry without rupture, but more especially as 
 an index to its general qualities. A road building rock is not 
 required to have such resistance to compression to any marked 
 degree, but in testing material for railroad ballast or building 
 stone, the determination of compression strength is demanded. 
 It is also a good test for concrete aggregate, stone block or 
 brick paving material. A two-inch cube bedded in plaster of 
 Paris is used as the specimen to be tested. It is broken in the 
 100,000 pounds testing machine shown in Plate IX. To be 
 recommended for a railroad ballast, it is neeesary that the 
 rock should have a compressive strength greater than 10,000 
 lbs. per sq. inch, besides howing up well in the other tests. A 
 rock has a fair resistance to compression if it will break at be- 
 tween 10,000 and 15,000 pounds pressure per square inch ; good 
 if between 15,000 and 18,000 pounds per square inch ; very good 
 from 18,000 to 20,000 pounds; and excellent if it resists com- 
 pression above 20,000 pounds per square inch. 
 
 The Eelation of the Tests to One Another 
 
 In a paper presented before the 1913 convention of the 
 American Society for Testing Materials, L. W. Page showed the 
 relation of various road material tests to one another.. The 
 relation between the hardness and toughness tests was brought 
 out in a curve which showed that for high toughness, the 
 hardness is invariably high, but when the toughness is low, 
 the hardness may be either high or low. A somewhat^ similar 
 relation was established between the toughness and the abra- 
 sion tests. It was shown that where a high toughness exists, 
 a high coefficient of wear is found. As in the ease of the 
 hardness test, a low toughness rock may have either a high or 
 low coefficient of wear. Between the abrasion and hardness 
 tests no relation could be definitely established. 
 
 From the results of about 125 of these tests on rock, curves 
 have been drawn illustrating the relation between compres- 
 sive strength and toughness. The curves indicate that for 
 high toughness the compressive strength is invariably high. 
 
Becomnnendations of Rocks 151 
 
 As in the cases noted above, the compression may be high or 
 low, when the toughness is low. Thus, if a hard rock with 
 high resistance to wear and compressive strength is desired, it 
 would only be necessary to require that it show high toughness ;• 
 but with rocks low in toughness, all degrees of hardness, resist- 
 ance to wear, and compressive strength could be expected, 
 depending in a great measure upon the type of rock. 
 
 Recommendations of Rocks 
 
 Recommendations are based on the results of the tests and to 
 some extent upon the variety of the rock itself, the type of road 
 to be constructed and the amount of traffic it has to support. , 
 
 A heavy traffic road of water-bound construction demands that 
 the stone be hard and tough, with a' high resistance to wear, and 
 that it have a good cementing value. It is possible that this same 
 material might be too hard for a lighter-traveled road, as the 
 amount of material worn off by traffic would be insufficient to 
 supply the powder needed as a binder to replace that carried 
 away by wind and water, and the road would soon ravel. A light 
 traffic road requires a softer rock. Material suitable for light 
 traffic roads is abundant in Texas, and it needs little persuasion 
 to have road-builders use it, no matter what the class of traffic 
 might be. The average stone found in Texas could be classed as 
 suitable for medium traffic roads. 
 
 It is necessary that there be an understanding of what is meant 
 by heavy, medium, and light traffic on country roads. In the 
 discussion and tables, the following classification will be used : 
 
 A heavy traffic road is one upon which considerable heavy haul- 
 ing is done, such as a main highway leading into a town or city j 
 or a street in the suburbs of a town or city, not a business street. 
 Ordinarily such a traffic will also be quite dense. 
 
 A medium traffic road designates one having considerable 
 traffic of a light nature mingled with some heavy loaded travel, 
 such as would be found on an ordinary country highway or main 
 road, a considerable distance from town. 
 
 A light traffic highway is one having nothing but lightly loaded 
 vehicles traveling upon it, such as carriages or light wagons ; as, 
 for instance, a park or private road. 
 
152 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 Since modern traffic is approximately 90 per cent motor-driven 
 vehicles, the plain macadam road of a decade ago is being rapidly 
 replaced by those treated with a foreign binder. The properties 
 of road materials are somewhat different according to the type of 
 construction used. Prom the nature of the binder, a bituminous 
 road is resilient in itself and therefore the rock need not be one 
 of high toughness nor cementing value. The resistance to wear 
 will be the best index of its quality when used in this type of 
 road. 
 
 As a general rule the rocks recommended for a certain class of 
 traffic in plain macadam construction may be used with satisfac- 
 tion on roads having a heavier class of traffic, if used in bitumi- 
 nous construction. That is, a limestone which is recommended 
 for medium traffic in water abound construction, would be satis- 
 factory for heavy traffic in a bituminous road, provided the 
 toughness was as high as 8, or over. 
 
 The Testing op Road Gravels 
 
 It is presumed that the sample of gravel to be tested' is a 
 good average of the material to be used. The material for the 
 sample should be taken from a number of places in the pit, 
 be mixed all together, and about 25 pounds of this taken to he 
 used as the test sample. 
 
 The testing of gravels is divided into three parts: (1) the 
 grading test; (2) the cementation test; (3) the identification 
 of the material. Besides these, the voids determination is some- 
 times made. 
 
 The Gbadinq Test 
 
 In order to reduce the sample to a size small enough to be 
 Sieved, it is well mixed and quartered, to get about 2,000 grams 
 for the cementation test and also for a permanent sample to be 
 filed with the recommendations. 
 
 Before the sizing test or mechanical analysis is made, the 
 gravel is washed in order to remove the clay. To do this the 
 gravel, which lias been dried at 100 deg. C. and then weighed, 
 is agitated in a shallow pan containing water, for not less than 15 
 
Cementation Test _ 153 
 
 seconds, and allowed to settle for not less than 15 seconds more, 
 when the water with the clay held in suspension is poured off. 
 This is repeated, until the water remains comparatively clear 
 after stirring. The washed gravel is dried and weighed again, 
 so that the difference in weight is the clay and very fine silt. 
 This very fine material will all pass the No. 200 sieve, which 
 means that the particles are less than 1-350 of an inch in diam- 
 eter, and represent the binder in the gravel. 
 
 The washed material is then run through both the stone and 
 sand sieves. The stone screens are seven in number, made of 
 plates with round openings corresponding to the following 
 diameters: 2-inch^ 1%-inch, 1%-inch, 1-inch, %-inch, V^-inch 
 and %-inch. 
 
 The material passing the % inch sieve is classed as sand 
 and is run through the wire sand sieves of the Tyler s^-stem. 
 from No. 10 to No. 200, including the following sieves : No, 10, 
 No. 20, No. 28, No. 35, No. 48, No. 65, No. 100, and No. 200. 
 Such material as passes the No. 200 sieve is a very fine sand, 
 which failed to go off in the washing test. It is always a very 
 smjall amount, seldom more than 1 per cent; and this is classed 
 with the clay. 
 
 The machine shown in Plate X is the mechanical sieving de- 
 vice, used in making the mechanical analysis. The sieves are 
 meshed as shown and the sample run through all of them at one 
 shaking by the vibrator during the space of 20 mintes. 
 
 The Cementation Test 
 
 The cementation test is made on gravels by the same methods 
 as in a rock sample, except that three determinations are made 
 on one gravel sample: (1) on the material as it comes from the 
 ipit; (2) on the stones failing to pass the % inch sieve; (3) on 
 the sand and clay passing the % inch sieve. 
 
 With a gravel, as with rock, the dust worn off from the stones 
 often supplies a binder, especially in a limestone grayel. To 
 ascertain the quality of this binder, a cementation test is made 
 on the larger fragments of the gravel. By a cementing value 
 determination on the matfirial under i/4-inch in size, the relative 
 binding properties of the clay or very fine material are ibrought 
 
154 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 out, while a determination on the sample as run iai the pit gives 
 an index of what may be expected of the road after it has begun 
 to wear. This latter value will fall between the first two. 
 
 It is essential that the material under i/4-ineh should show a 
 high cementing value, as this is the material which holds the 
 larger stones together and forms the impervious crust essential 
 to a permanent road., The cementing value on this should range 
 over 100. With gravel a different classification is used than is 
 the case with stone. Below 100 is considered as poor, from 100 
 to 250 is fair, from 250 to 500 is good, and above 500 is ex- 
 cellent. 
 
 Identification op Mateedoj 
 
 An examination of the material is made in the laboratory to 
 ascertain the composition of the gravel, the hardness and kind 
 frock from which it is derived, and also the nature of the fine 
 material, all of which aids in the judgment of the value of the 
 material for road-building. 
 
 Recommendations op Gravel 
 
 In judging gravel from the results of the, tests, due considera- 
 tion is given to the fact that it is very difficult to get a small 
 sample which would exactly represent the pit, and figures are 
 considered only in a relative sense. 
 
 In recommending a gravel as being satisfactory, it is consid- 
 ered that the stones themselves shall be hard and fairly well 
 graded in size, with enough sand — and only enough — ^to fill the 
 voids. Experience seems to indicate that this amount should 
 be about 30 per cent of the sample. In order to carry this over 
 the dry spells, it is necessary that about one-third of the sand 
 ibe replaced by clay or 10 per cent of the entire sample. This 
 is not enough to become muddy in wet weather, amd just enough 
 to keep the road well bonded, over an ordinary dry spell. 
 
 The kind of material making up the gravel has considerable 
 influence upon the clay question. The above discussion is pri- 
 marily for quartz, flint or granite gravel, but as a good propor- 
 tion of Texas gravel is of limestone origin, this must be con- 
 
Testing Other Materials 155 
 
 sidered also. The stones themselves will supply the bond so 
 that little fine material is necessary and, in fact, very little is 
 found in this type of material. The fine material is usually 
 of a calcareous nature and proves a satisfactory binder. Fur- 
 thermore, as limestone pebbles themselves are subject to con- 
 siderable wear, the grravel is continually supplying fine ma- 
 terial, so that the initial amount need not be more than 7 per 
 cent of the sample. Some limestone gravels are too soft for road 
 construction and should not be used, except under very light 
 traffic or as a foundation course with a wearing surface of better 
 material. From the nature of the mode of formation of gravels, 
 they should have a high resistance to wear, but if the gravel is 
 deposited near the source of the rock from which it is derived, 
 it need not be hard, as it has little chance to wear before being 
 deposited. 
 
 In considering further the grading of a road gravel, it would 
 be incorrect to say that only those gravels having 30 per cent 
 sand are satisfactory. These, however, have given the best 
 service. Good roads are in service where a much higher sand 
 and clay content than this has been used, but roads built of 
 such gravel require more maintenance and do not last as long. 
 Gravels are tested that have over 75 per cent of their material 
 below the % inch sieve, but they are really sand, and can only 
 be recommended as a sand- clay construction material. 
 
 Gravels lacking clay, with the exception of limestone gravels, 
 give fairly good results for the first year, but after tliat they be- 
 come very dusty unless there is considerable underground water 
 present. 
 
 The Testing of Othee Materials. 
 
 This includes granite and wood blocks, brick, concrete, and 
 bituminous materials. Tests of these are valuable in ascer- 
 taining for the purchaser just what grade of material he is 
 getting. They enable him to buy his road on definite speeifica- 
 tions, with the assurance that they will be complied with. 
 
156 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 G-BANiTE Blocks. 
 
 Granite blocks are tested for their properties as to hardness, 
 -toughness, and resistance to wear in the same manner as rocks 
 for macadam roads. A compression test is also made on a 
 2-inch cube cut from the block. The greatest importance is given 
 the toughness test, as a tough granite will be hard and have a 
 high resistance to wear. In fact, this is the only test demanded 
 by many specifications, while others include the compression 
 test of 18,000 or 20,000 pounds per square inch. The American 
 Society of Municipal Improvement recommended a toughness of 
 9 as a minimum for granite, but this is a rather low figure. The 
 stone itself should be even-grained, without disintegration, or 
 an overabundance of mica or feldspar, and the blocks should 
 run in uniform size. 
 
 Very few granite block pavements have been laid in Texas, 
 due probably to the fact that the traffic conditions did not war- 
 rant the cost. Excellent granite can be had in Texas for this 
 purpose and a larger field should be developed for its use. 
 
 "Wood Blocks. 
 
 Wood blocks are usually specified as to size, variety of wood 
 and kind and amount of filler used, and are tested for these 
 properties. The common practice is to use a filler of creosote 
 oil of a sp,ecific gravity of about 1.10 at the rate of about 16 to 
 20 pounds per cubic foot, varying according to the variety of 
 wood and the traffic. The variety of wood is usually limited to 
 yellow pine, Norway pine, Douglas fir, and tamarack, of even 
 growth and free from knotholes. 
 
 The only test considered necessary is to test the filler to see 
 that it passes specifications, which are usually those of the Asso- 
 ciation of Standardization of Paving Materials. Absorption of 
 the block is sometimes determined, but it varies to such an extent 
 that it is of little value. Wood block pavements are confined to 
 heavy traffic streets and have not been used in. this State in road 
 work, on account of their high cost. 
 
Paving Brick 157 
 
 Paving Brick. 
 
 Paving bricks have taken a big stride into public favor in the 
 last few years, from many causes ; one of which is the uniformly 
 good grade of bricks that the manufacturers are turning out. 
 
 In testing brick, the sample should be a representative one and 
 not less than 10 brick for each 10,000 to be used should be tested, 
 in order to secure a good average of the shipment. The sample, 
 however, should not include any brick that would be culled out 
 upon visual inspection. 
 
 The tests on brick include. hardness and toughness tests, made 
 on a core drilled from the brick, as is done in the rock test. The 
 cross-bending test is also made as an index to the quality of the 
 brick. It is made by applying a load by means of a knife edge in 
 the center of the brick which rests on two other knife edges, 7 
 inches apart. The modulus of rupture is calculated from the 
 breaking load. A compression test is also made on a 2-inch cube 
 cut from two blocks. Besides these, the absorption and specific 
 gravity tests are made. 
 
 These tests are of little value themselves, but on abcount of the 
 correlation of data of a considerable number of blocks known to 
 be satisfactory, a good estimate of their value can be given. 
 
 The most meritorious test, however, on paving brick is the 
 rattler test, which is described in the 1913 Proceedings of the 
 American Society for Testing Materials. It consists of revolving 
 10 blocks in a cast-iron barrel, 28^/^ inches in diameter and 20 
 inches loflg, inside. The machine is also charged with an abra- 
 sive agent, consisting of 10 cast-iron spheres, 3% inches in 
 diameter, and 250 smaller ones, 1 %-iiieli ™ diameter. It is 
 revolved for 1,800 revolutions at 30 r., p. m. Some authorities, 
 however, prefer that the shot be omitted in making the test. 
 
 The loss in weight is reported in per cent, and should not run 
 above 24, for heavy trafSc street work. 
 
 The manufacture of paiving brick in the State is very limited ; 
 in fact, only one company now in operation is known to the 
 Bureau, this being located at Thurber, Erath County. The tests 
 on some brick from this place show them to be of excellent 
 quality. 
 
158 University of Texas Bulletin 
 
 Concrete Materials. 
 
 The concrete pavement has of late taken a permanent place 
 among the modern highways, and when well constructed with 
 good materials, fulfills expectation. 
 
 The testing of concrete for road work is limited to ascertaining 
 the properties of the aggregate used. The cement is tested accord- 
 ing to the methods of the American Society of Testing Materials 
 and is required to pass these specifications. 
 
 The sand used in the concrete is made into briquettes using 
 one part cement and three parts of the sand by weight. Coinci- 
 dent with these 1 :3 tensile briquettes of standard Ottawa sand 
 are made; and at the same time, 2-inch cubes are made of the 
 same mix. These specimens are required to show at least the 
 strength in tension and compression of the standard Ottawa sand 
 specimens. The grading and composition of the sand is ascer- 
 tained. Quartz or flint sands are the best, but a hard limestone 
 is quite satisfactory. If the sieving test shows more than three 
 per cent silt below the No. 200 sieve it is questionable whether 
 the sand should be used without being washed. 
 
 The coarse aggregate should be a hard, durable material that 
 will resist the wear, and be well graded between %" and 2 or 2% 
 inches. An essential feature of the coarse aggregate is that it be 
 uniform in character, whether it be gravel or crushed stone. 
 This insures uniformity of wear on the concrete road surface and 
 is of as much importance as the hardness of the aggregate. 
 Gravels uniform in character — limestone, trap rOck origranite — 
 are all good aggregates. The stone itself should have a coefficient 
 of wear of at least 8, although under medium traffic a coefficient 
 of wear of as low as 7 might be successfully used. Like all con- 
 crete aggregates, the coarse aggregate should be practically free 
 their grading and gravels are usually washed to determine the 
 amount of silt or clay. Compression cylinders 6 inches in 
 diameter and 12 inches high, using definite proportions of aggre- 
 gates and a standard cement, are tested usually after curing 28 
 days. This compression test is made as a check test as 
 the time necessary to make it prevents an early result. A number 
 of tests have been devised to test concrete for its wear resisting 
 
Bituminous Materials 159 
 
 properties, by subjecting the surface to wear with some abrasive 
 agent. 
 
 Bituminous Materials. 
 
 This subject is such a broad one that it will not be considered 
 in this discussion, further than to emphasize the necessity of buy- 
 ing these materials on specifications, and of seeing that these are 
 complied with. For each type of bituminous construction, a dif- 
 ferent oil is necessary, the requirements being modified by the 
 method of application and the results desired. The tests 
 demanded may all be included under the head of physical testing, 
 although most of them are made on such equipment as is f oun^ 
 in a chemical laboratory. 
 
Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology 
 
 Bulletin No. 1839 
 
 Plate 1. Dorry Hardness Machine. 
 
Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology 
 
 Bulletin No. 1839 
 
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 Plate 2. Impact Machine for Tough- 
 ness Testing. 
 
 Plate 3. Diamond Core Drill. 
 
Plate 4. Diamond Saw and Lap Grinder. 
 
 Plate 5. Duval Abrasion Machine. 
 
Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology 
 
 Bulletin No. 1839 
 
 Plate 6. Two Drum Ball Mill for Cementation Test. 
 
Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology Bulletin No. 1839 
 
 Plate 8. Page Impact Machine for Cementation Test. 
 
Bulletin No. 1839 
 
Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology 
 
 Bulletin No, 1839 
 
 
 
 
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