CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ^m '"*^m^, ,, «««« IMPERIAL MI.NI^KAL RESOURCES BUREAU. THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE AMD FOREIGN COUNTRIES. WAR PERIOD. NICKEL. (1913-1919.) U>i3t)0N: rRINTKD * PUBUSHKD BT HIS UAJSSTT'S BTATIOKEBT OFriCS To b« purdiu*)! throarb aar BookMlUr or dlractlj from H.U. 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Nickel ore is also found associated with haematite at Moel Hiraddug in the Cwm district of Fliatahire, while at Darley Dale, in the Peak district of Derbyshire, nickel ore has been found encrusting the dolomite rocks ; but none of these occurrences is worked and there is no production of nickel ore in the United Kingdom. Nickel refining has long been an established industry in Great Britain. The chief works are those of the Mond Nickel Co. at Clydach and of the Anglo-French Co. at Hafod Isha, both near Swansea, in South Wales. The Clydach plant treats Canadian matte by the Mond refining process in which (1) the matte is roasted in order to drive off as much sulphur as possible, (2) the roasted matte is treated with sulphuric acid for the extraction of most of its copper contents as copper sulphate, followed by (3) the reduction of the residue to the metallic state by the action of water gas or producer gas rich in hydrogen, and (4) the volatilization of the nickel as nickel carbonyl by the action of carbon monoxide. The decomposition of the nickel carbonyl with deposition of metallic nickel completes the process. The Hafod Isha plant has a capacity of 3,500 to 4,000 tons of nickel annually ; it refines only New Caledonian bessemerized matte, but it is equipped with Bessemer converters for treating low-grade matte, should it later be desirable to do so. Other works are those of Le Nickel Co. at Kirkintilloch in Scotland, and atErding- ton near Birmingham. The Erdington works produce only metallic nickel, which is sold locally to the manufacturers of nickel alloys. The Kirkintilloch plant smelts and de-ferrates New Caledonian ores and matte as well as occasional shipments of nickel ore from other countries, the bessemerized matte produced being sold chiefly to the Hafod Isha and Erdington refiners, who produce the metal- In addition to the nickel produced in domestic refineries, the United Kingdom before the war imported large quan/tities of the metal from the United States. In the year 1913 these imports were about 3,670 tons, and they were rapidly increased during the war-period. In the years 1915, 1916 and 1917, about one- half of the total exports of nickel from the United States was shipped to the United Kingdom. With the cessation of hostilities the demand for nickel greatly diminished. There were large stocks of the metal in hand, and imports from the United States in the year 1919 fell to the low level of 333 tons. * Mem. Geol. Surv. Scotland, Special Reports on the Mineral Besonrces of Great Britain, vol. 17, 1921. Eeport of the Royal Ontario Nickel Commission ; Toronto, 1917, p. 471. 14 Rhodesia"^ Nickel ores occur at many places in Rhodesia, but so far no deposits of economic value have been found. G-amierite has been recorded from the Mashaba asbestos field and from Gwanda, and carbonate of nickel is known to occur in the Great Dyke, south of Lalapanzi. Union of South Africaf Nickel ores have been found at several widely separated localities within the Union of South Africa, and during the last few years considerable efiorts have been made to exploit the nickel deposits in the Insizwa Range between Bast Griqualand and Pondoland. The nickel occurrences in this region occur in close association with intrusive sheets of norite. These cover a wide area and have a thickness of about 2,000 to 3,000 feet. The important ore-minerals are pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and pentlandite ; nicco- lite and bornite occur sparingly, while gold, silver, platinum and palladium are usually present in small quantities. Within' the intrusives the sulphides of nickel, copper and iron occur disseminated throughout a mineralized zone at or near the contact of the norites with the underlying altered shales, or are found filling the many small fissures which traverse them. Work in this region has hitherto been confined to prospectiug the small fissure-veins in which the percentage of metal in the ore varies from 1' 5 to 20 per cent, of copper and 1"5 to 10 per cent, of nickel, the average content being about 4 per cent, of each. Platinum is very irregularly distributed, occasional samples of the ore assaying as high as several ounces per ton, but the average platinum value may be taken at about 2 to 3 dwt. per ton. Gold and silver are present only in very small amounts. Nickeliferous pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite also occur as irregular impregnations in the basic rocks which cover an area of about 6,000 square miles in the central Transvaal. Very little is known about these nickel-bearing deposits, as prospecting operations have been confined to the sinking of four shafts near Vlakfontein in the Eustenburg district. None of these shafts has penetrated below the permanent water-level into the zone unaffected by surface leaching. Samples taken from the lowest depth reached (95 feet) gave an average value of 2 per cent, of nickel and O'T per cent, of copper. Small quantities of gold, silver, and the metals of the platinum group are associated with the ore. In the year 1919 a deposit of nickel ore was discovered on the property of the Scotia talc mine, in the Barberton district, eastern Transvaal. Prospecting operations have disclosed a bedded deposit about 2 feet in thickness containing, where sampled, from 17-2 to 25-8 per cent, of nickel. So far the owners have not developed this deposit. * Report of the RhodeBia Resources Comtm-ttee, 1921. f The Economic Geology of the Insizwa Range, by W. H. (Joodchild • Trans tnst. Min. Met., 1916-17, vol. 26, pp. 12-84. Nickel, by T G TrfeC 8. Afr. Journ. Tnd., 1918, 1, No. 15, 1385, and 1920, 3, No. 6, 532. ' ' 15 Nickel ores have also been found in the Transvaal at Derde Gelid, near Lydenburg; at Blaauvpbank, near Waterberg; and at the Cobalt mines, Kruis Eiver, North Middelburg. Nickel in the form of gamierite is widely distributed in the serpentine rocks of the N'kandhla district on the south bank of the Umhlatuzi river, Zululand, but no attempt has yet been made to exploit these deposits. Canada"^ The proved deposits of nickel ore in Canada are estimated to contain about 2,000,000 tons of nickel, and there are in addition large reserves at present vmdeveloped. Practically the whole of the Canadian output, which in the year 1918 constituted about 88 per cent, of the world's production, is obtained from the Sud- bury district of Ontario, only a relatively small amount being obtained from the Alexo mine, near Porcupine, and from the Cobalt district. Before the war the demand for nickel was steadily increasing, on account of the increasing use of nickel steel for structural and engineering purposes. During the war still larger amounts were required, and the nickel-mining and pmelting industry made remarkable progress. In spite of labour and other difficulties, the output of nickel during the year 1918 showed an increase of 86 per cent, over the 1913 figure, this constituting a record. Following upon the close of the war the output of nickel was greatly curtailed, and production in the year 1919 fell to a figure considerably below that of 1913. In the Sudbury region the nickel-bearing ores occur generally as roughly lenticular segregations varying in width from a few feet up to 180 feet, with a length ranging from 100 feet to 1,000 feet or more. They are always associated with an extensive series of norite and micropegmatite rocks. These Sudbury nickel-bearing eruptives form a basin-shaped sheet which covers an area of more than 550 square miles. The longer axis of the basin extends from the Whistle mine in the tovsmship of Norman on the north-east, to the Sultana mine in Trill township on the south-west, a distance of 36 miles. The greatest width of the basin is 16 miles. Only the upturned edges of the sheet are exposed, and the known deposits are all either along the outer edge of the basin or on off-sets from it. The most productive section follows the southern rim from the Sultana mine to the Garson mine, in Garson township. Along this margin seventeen mines have produced nickel ore, and ten others have been worked on the different ofi'-sets to the south of it. On the northern side the ore-deposits are more irregular and they are separated by wide stretches of barren ground. This area is, moreover, poorly sup- plied with railway communications, a deficiency which has • The Nickel and Copper Deposits of Sudbury, Ontario, by A. E. Barlow ; Ann. Rept. Geol. Sprv. Canada, 1890-91, pp. 122S-143S (reprinted in 1907). Beport of the Royal Ontario Nickel Commission, Toronto, 1917. The Nickel Industry, by A. P. Coleman ; Dept. of Mines, Canada, 1913. Ann. Repts. on the Min«^ Production of Canada. Ann. Repts. of the Trade of Canada. 16 greatly hindered development. The known ore-deposits on the western rim are not important, and those on the eastern side are too difficult of access to admit of profitable mining at present. The ore-bodies of commercial importance are seldom found within the norite itself. They occur almost wholly in the rocks adjacent to the norite as mineralized dykes and off-sets. Many of the most productive off-sets have a cyUndrical shape, the diameters of the pipes varying from 50 to 200 feet. They descend ahnost vertically and have been followed down for more than 1,400 feet, and it seems not improbable that they will continue to the greatest depth possible for mining. The Sudbury ore consists almost wholly of pyrrhotite, chal- oopyrite and pentlandite in a gangue of crush-conglomerates and breccias. Secondary nickel minerals are rarely found. Quartz is frequently abundant. Gold, silver, platinum and palladium are usually present in the ore in small amounts, and pyrite, magnetite, galena, zinc-blende and molybdenite are found in veins which cut the ore-bodies at several of the mines. tPhe ore mined in the Sudbury district varies considerably in richness, the average metal content being about 2 to 3 per cent, of nickel, IJ to 2 per cent, of copper, and 45 per cent, of iron. Cobalt, gold, silver, platinum and palladium are nearly always present in very small quantities. The greater part of the ore mined requires merely careful sorting to prepare it for the smelter. The amount of waste rock that can be removed by hand-picking varies from 10 to 16 per cent, on the Creighton mine and up to 60 per cent, on the Worthington. Even after cleaning, the ore still contains from 14 to 35 per cent, of silica. The metallurgical processes consist of a preliminary roasting to remove part of the sulphur, followed by smelting in water- jacket furnaces to produce furnace or standard matte. The British America plaint, however, will treat unroasted ore. The standard matte is re-smelted in converters to make a de-ferrated or bessemerized matte containing from 76 to 80 per cent, of nickel and copper. The final operation consists of separating and refining the nickel and copper and the extraction of the contained precious metals. Ini the year 1913 there were only two companies operating in the Sudbury district, namely, the Canadian Copper Company, a subsidiary to the International Nickel Company of the United States, and the Mond Nickel Company, Ltd., an English concern. These two companies operated minles and smelters in Sudbury, the matte produced being shipped to the United States and to Wales for refining. In the year mentioned the British America Nickel Corporation, Ltd., was incorporated in Canada. Eemarkable changes were witnessed in the Canadian nickel industry during the period under review. The tendency in the mineral industry of Ontario is to produce as far as possible the finished article instead of merely mining and selling the raw ore In 1916, the Intemlational Nickel Company of Canada, a sub- sidiary to the International Nickel Company, was formed for the 17 purpose of refining Canadian nickel matte in Canada. The company commenced the construction of a large nickel refinery at Port Colbome, Ontario, which is designed to produce about 7,500 tons of refined nickel and 4,000 tons of copper annually. The plant was completed and commenced operations in Jime, 1918. In the same year the company acquired the whole of the mines and works of the Canadian Copper Company. The British America Nickel Corporation did not produce any nickel matte or refined nickel during the period under review, but was engaged in developing its mines and in erecting a smelter at Nickelton, and a large nickel-refining plant at Deschenes on the Quebec side of the' Ottawa river where cheap hydro-electric power is available. The plant is designed to produced about 7,500 tons of nickel and 4,500 tons of copper per annum by the Hybinette electrolytic process. The smelter has a capacity of 1,000 tons of ore and flux per day and is constructed for the direct smelting of the ore vfithout preliminary roasting. The nickel mattes produced at Sudbury differ considerably in the proportions of nickel and copper which they contain. The product of the International Nickel Company averages about 54 to 56 per cent, of nickel and about 24 per cent, of copper, while that of the Mond Nickel Company contains about 41 per cent, of nickel and about 41 per cent, of copper. The whole of the copper and nickel contents of these mattes is not produced as finie metal. In the case of the International Nickel Company, a considerable quantity of Monel metal is extracted without separation of the metals ; while the copper contents of the Mond Company's matte are recovered during the refining operations in Wales in the form of copper sulphate, which is largely used in the vineyands of France and Southern Europe. The only known nickel deposit of importance outside the Sud- bury area is that of the Alexo mine in the township of Dundonald, in the Porcupine area. The Alexo ore-body is a contact deposit, the parent formationi being serpentine. The ore is a mixture of nickeliferous pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. The mine has been a small but steady producer throughout the period under review, the output being sent to the Mond Nickel Company's smelter at Coniston to be smelted. Other occurrences of nickel ore are known in the townships of McCart, Munro, Strathy, and near Lake Shebandowan in the district of Thunder Bay, Ontario, and nickeliferous pyrrhotite associated with copper ore occurs in the Gabbro Copper Mines, "Vancouver Island, British Columbia. In addition to the metal recovered directly from nickel-bearing ores, a small amount of metallic nickel is obtained from the silver-cobalt-nickel ores of Cobalt. Previous to 1915 the nickel produced in the silver refineries was in the form of speiss, nickel oxide and nickel sulphate, but since that year nickel has been produced as metal in the form of shot assaying about 98 per cent, of nickel. This is sold chiefly to the manufacturers of platers' supplies and made into anodes. 18 00 O CO 0-* OS -^ CO lO O lO O CO cc O 00 CO 00 00 ^H to ^ T-H CM O 05 Oi r-t 05 O r- rH 00 t-;. i-r«rbocro" »-H C^ CO i-H t-H o o 1 S O e as 1-1 CO CO iS!! CO C- I> CO OS OS -^ coos I>(N -^ t* ^ CO CO CD CM Tt* »0 00 CO O i-H rt< (M OS O O Os^"^ OS CO, 00 CD t-^o aTt-TcT O OS t* i-H CO o CO^C^I^ lO^ 5ft s CO r« tic a o (N CO « CO CO »o O t-Oi C- « : 2 a aj Sag " o 3 »•« _ — * f» ^ tn 0) o ;S Q^ OOPqo!2it« a B a a 19 Production of Nickel from the Silver-Cobalt-Nickel Smelters of Eastern Ontario Metallic Nickel. Nickel Oxides. Nickel Year. contents of Quantity Value* Quantity Value* recoveries (long tons). (long tons). (£). (long tons). (£). 1913 ... _ 1201 f 6,275 g 1914 ... — — 175- ■ 7,267 g 1915 ... 25 4,610 126:: 6,513 103 1916 ... 35 6,570 248t 21,116 161 1917 ... 119 22,570 294: ■ 25,617 249 1918 ... 109 18,483 430^ 44,849 329 1919 ... 178 28,632 152j 6,846 212 1920 ... 91 14,851 111 1,315 99 1921 ... • Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar ^ 4«. f Excluding mixed oxides of cobalt and nickel. t Including nickel sulphate. 9 Figures not available. 2d. Imports of Nickel, Nickel Silver and German Silver into Canada Year. Nickel, Nickel Silver and German Silver in ingots or blocks. Nickel, Nickel Silver and German Silver in bars, rods, strips, sheets and plates. Manufactures of German, Nevada, and Nickel Silver, not plated. Quantity (long tons). Value* (£). Quantity (long tons). Value* (£)• Value* (£). 1913 ... 1914 ... 1915 ... 1916 ... 1917 ... 1918 ... 1919 1920 ... 1921 ... 19 32 33 80 136 43 34 3 3,064 5,284 5,700 13,857 25,828 8,186 6,242 679 245 245 284 318 246 242 289 325 30,795 27,097 35,376 53,919 51,119 41,583 44,246 52,771 18,057 17,330 16,154 18,559 3r,191 42,543 71,471 118,955 Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 1 dollar = 4s. 2d. 20 CO 1 1—1 03 CO B5 CO 1 ^ 5 1 1 to to T-H o OS !N (N o o r CO 1 o o tr- io' OS 00 00 t- t~ m CO 1 CO CO Oi 1 1 CO CO tH t-" !>■" CO oa o (N (N t^ Oi rt -fll O lOrt to OS (N05 l-< (n"oo" 1— ( /— ^ T-i g o •+3 ^ ijD « PI l> o>o O »— • OJO OS ^ as (~ W ■* (M to ■*-• OS '"* CD OO o —I S «reo' ctT p-i p^ T-l T-H (M -+= c5 ^ ce s G? CD tD rt I^- CM \a Ir- (M (N 03 lO -«i^ OS ■^ •^ to T-H r-Tco" ■*" O , 2 o Oi Oi 1— ( ■* '<^ 1 "* ■* OS 1 1 l;~ t- rH co" to" '^' Oi 00 t^ lO CO 00 TH t-IN OS OS ^-"^ 00 r-t T-^ s^ 3 '3 Pt3 |3t3 21 a p. 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'-'" CO ooo 00 rH 03 (N CO 00 t^ OS CO lO 00 00 (M 1* » CO 03 *- 1 CO of =>" 1 ctTco" Os" oT "^ 1 1—1 T-l 94 o ' 1-1 T-* l-< T— 1 (N OS OS 1—1 1-4 ifl o> 05 ■* CO o o eo o •^ Tf o 1—1 t~ c^ 9S CO 1—* N 1 "- 1 eo_ t— I OS o ' 1-i 1-1 Od 1 r-H ' r-4 (N ■* ' o lO 1-H r-i OS OS 1—4 '• '■ i ; : : : .a E o a ' 1 ■ s : o O 1 o O .1 i V . a o a a o O a so HJ ^ 1 If £ If 1 Eh 5« o -*3 s II IJ PO 1 PW PO ■3 O s .r ::- 4s OS OS '^ OS 1-1 -g ts 26 Australia* Within the Commonwealth nickel-bearing deiposits have been found in Queensland at Mount Coora, in the Kilkivan district; in the Annie mine at Cawarral ; and at the Hector mme, near Eockhampton. These deposits consist of well-defined garniente- bearing lodes in serpentine, but owing to their low nickel-coiitent they have not received much attention. At Cawarral, the nickel is associated with chromium ores. Nickel-bearing deposits also occur at Port Macquarie, Ewengar and Carcoar, in New South Wales. At Port Macquane the ore is in the form of irregular masses and pockets either m serpentine or in clays resulting from the decomposition of this rock. Copper, cobalt, manganese, iron and chromium are present in small amounts. Prospecting operations have disclosed a large body of nickel- bearing serpentine near Trial Harbour on the west coast of Tasmania, and nickel ores have been mined near Zeehan in the Dundas mining division. In this division, the nickel ore occurs in fissure veins which cut the slate formation near its contact with a mass of serpentine rock. The deposits are small, the largest being about 150 feet in length by about 4 to 5 feet in thickness. The ore minerals are chiefly nickeliferous pyrrhotite associated with copper and iron sulphides. The ore contains from 8 to 12 per cent, of nickel, with from 4 to 6 per cent, of copper, some silver and a little platinum. The Dundas deposits were worked on a small scale before the war, the ore being shipped to Germany, Norway, and other countries. The total recorded output during the period under review was obtained in 1913 and 1914, when 3,089 tons of copper- nickel ore were produced, "the metal content being approximately 10 per cent, nickel and 4' 5 per cent, copper. Early in the v?ar, the Federal Government placed an embargo on the export of this ore and, as there was no local market, production ceased. The deposit at Trial Harbour occurs in a mass of serpentine which forms a hill about 800 feet in height. The chief nickel mineral is pentlandite, associated with magnetite and small quan- tities of pyrrhotite and garnierite. The ore occurs as segregations in small veins traversing the serpentine. Very little exploratory work has been done on this occurrence,, which is remote from railway communications. Samples of ore taken from the workings and the waste heaps were found to contain from 1'9 to 18'6 per cent, of nickel. * Tasmanian Nickel Deposits, by A. G. White ; Mining Mag., London, 1915 18, 103-5. The South Heemskirk Tin Field, by L. L. Waterhonae ; Dept. Mines, Tasmania, Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 21, 1916, pp. 185, 214 and 415-421. Annual Keports of the Secretary for Mines, Tasmania. Queensland Industrial Minerals : Nioksl, by B. Dunstan ; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ 1921 99 190-195 and 229-234. '' ' **' 27 New Zealand'^ Nickel ores occur in many parts of New Zealand but no deposits of economic importance have been found. Nickel and cobalt minerals have been identified in the tailings at the Waite- kauri gold mine in the Hauraki division, North Island, and the oxides of nickel and cobalt associated with manganese ore are not uncommon in the Waihi gold mines, where in places they form as much as 1 per cent, of the ore-body. In the Dun mountain sub-division. South Island, there is a belt of serpentinized basic rocks which extends from D'Urville Island on the north to the Wairoa Eiver,. a distance of 55 miles. Within this region there are many small veins and lenses containing copper ores with which is associated much nickel-bearing pyrr- hotite, but when tested the nickel content of the ore has been found too low to be of value. Nickeliferous iron-ores have been reported from the Eed Hill district in the west of Otago, but this occurrence has not so far been adequately prospected. FOEBIGN COUNTEIES Austria t A deposit of nickel ore was reported during the war period as occurring at the Nockelberg pyrites mine near Saalfelden in Salzburg. The ore is found near the contact of shale and lime- stone, and occurs in both kinds of rock, but chiefly in the lime- stone. Analysis of a sample proved it to consist of a mixture of hydrated arsenates and sulphates of nickel and cobalt, together with hydrated iron oxide and various other constituents, notably lime and magnesia. It contained 8'28 per cent, of nickelous oxide and 1'41 per cent, of cobaltous oxide. Belgium Belgium is not a producer of nickel ore. There is, however, an important nickel reduction plant at Antwerp, where New Cale- donian ore and matte are further treated to produce a high-grade matte. The works are owned by La Soci^te des Hauts-Foumeaux de Noumea, the ore and matte being imported from the com- pany's mines and smelter in New Caledonia. Before the war the matte produced at the Antwerp works was shipped for refining to New Brunswick, United States, but during the war all their shipments from New Caledonia, chiefly low-grade matte, were sent direct to the New Brunswick plant for treatment. In the year 1913, 15,934 tons of ore and 2,954 tons of matte were imported into Belgium from New Caledonia. • New Zealand Dept. of Mines, Geol. Siirv. Branch, Bulls. 10, 12 and 15 (New Series), t Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1917, vol. 25, p. 163. 28 Czechoslovakia The nickel resources of Czechoslovakia are unimportant. Small deposits of nickel-copper ore containing from 17 to 22 per cent. of nickel and 4 to 10 per cent, of copper have been mined at Dobsina in the province of Gromor , and nickel ores associated with those of silver, cobalt, lead and bismuth were formerly mined at Joachimsthal, Annaberg, Schneeberg, and other localities in the Bohemian Brzgebirge. France* The rich silver ores mined in the mountains of Chalanches, in the department of Isfere, are associated with cobalt and nickel ores and various ores of antimony, lead and copper. Very little nickel, however, is now produced from the mines, and France is dependent upon New Caledonian ores and matte and imported refined nickel for her supplies. Before the development of the Canajdian nickel-copper deposits, France held through her New Caledonian possession the leading position as a producer of nickel ore, and she still remains an im- portanlt producer of refined nickel. La Socit^te Anonyme de Nickel is the chief nickel-smelting and refining company in France. The company ovsms smelting and refining works at Havre, and controls smelting and refining works at Kirkintilloch in Scotland, refining works at Erdington in England, and before the war, operated also at Iserlohn in Germany. In addition to the domestic production France has imported large quantities of refined nickel and nickel oxide from the United States. Production of Nickel in France. Quantity Year (long tons) 1913 1,476 1914 3,337 1915 2,124 1916 2,361 1917 .: 1,887 1918 702 1919 1920 1921 Lrcrirde'LSTellnS?^ ^° ^^^-^"^ ^' - ^1^^- (1914-1918). 29 O a "9 4S H I o o -S -s 1^ o a a .a a ■!« a^ 5 s o a -2S? I*. a a S §^ o 3/-~ ■is 60^ S o S 3 '^-'-*3 ■S'W ■:S M^ S o S 3 "-^-ta 3? IH ooooooooo aooaoaocoaoao(MCO ao_00j"o"«o"t>^(ri"^''i>^or-^" toco ^ iC T-i i-( -^ CO IN>0 — -^IMOSOltoe*! 0'*-'1<0-^(N'*003 iO(M 1-1 IN 1-1 -S '-' 3 -< OOOOOOOOO OOOOOOIOtOO'*-* oo_irj^o^03^to^co^oo_(N_"*_ i-Tcq" ■^co'co'cTo' tiT i-T OO-^OOOCO-^OSiftOS CO CO O CO -^ C^ CO OOCOiOOOOCOlOOiOO ■<**(M0D'• i-l lO IN C- CO -< =rt CO to CO t^ CO lOO (Mc:ato-<**oo (NINOat-tOeOOOOi 1-1 1~^ to^t>^o_(>j^i-H^to o"oo' oo"oo'"io~co'o'" 1-1 (N 1-1 ^ :o-i*»otot-ooasOi-< i-(,-t,-H,-l,-(i-i,-iO10q Cd O OS OS OS OS OS OS OS 3 C3 H Eh o 30 Germany* The larger part of the nickel consumed in Germany is imported in the form of refined metal. There are important nickel-refining works at Iserlohn in Westphalia, and smelting and refining works at Frankenstein in Silesia, where, in addition to smelting local and New Caledonian ores, crude New Caledonian matte is de- ferrated and refined. Before the war the estimated production of nickel in Germany from domestic ores was about 200 to 300 tons annually, and from 1,000 to 1,200 tons of refined nickel were produced from New Caledonian ores. During the war Germany greatly increased her production from domestic ores and rehed chiefly on imports of Scandinavian nickel and small quantities of low-grade Turkish ore to augment her supplies. The German production of nickel ore is obtained chiefly from the low-grade garnierite deposits mined at Frankenstein in Prus- sian Silesia, where the ore contains about 2 per cent, of nickel; also from the deposits of nickeliferous pyrrhotito at Sohland in Saxony, and at Horbach and Totmoos in the Grand Duchy of Baden where pyrrhotite containing 12 per cent, of nickel is reported. Small veins of nickel associated with the ores of cobalt, silver and other metals occur in the Black Forest, the Harz Mountains, the Saxon Erzgebirge, and near Schneeberg in Saxony. These deposits were formerly extensively mined, but they are not now of much commercial importance, although doubtless they contributed to the German domestic production of nickel during the war-period. In addition to the nickel obtained by smelting and refining nickel ores and matte, Germany produces a relatively large amount of by-product nickel in her copper refineries. It is esti- mated that as much as 800 tons of nickel and cobalt have been obtained in a single year from blister copper imported from the Katanga district, Belgian Congo. Production of Nickel Ore in Prussia Year. Quantity (long tons). Estimated metal content (long tons) Valuet (£). 1913 . 1914 . 1915 . 1916 . 1917 . 1918 . 1919 . 1920 . 1921 . 13,347 12,375 16,499 81,711 101,954 92,051 28,682 267 248 330 1,634 2,039 1,841 574 14,673 12,056 16,652 62,932 106,811 153,785 76,169 * Zeits. f. d. Berg- Hiitteu- u. Salinenwesen. t Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 20 marks = £1. 31 Greece* Chromiferous iron-ores containing from O'lO to 12 per cent, of nickel and cobalt occur associated with the serpentine rocks that cover a large area in Greece and many of the adjacent islands. These ores are mined on an extensive scale in the dislrict of Locris, on the mainland of Greece opposite the island of Euboea; in the neighbourhood of Thebes; near Tsouka, a village 9 miles north-vpest of the port of Larmes; at Karditza, 5 miles south-west of Thebes; and at Lutzi, 5 miles west of Tsouka. Chromiferous iron-ores occur at many other localities, but they are often too impure to be of economic value. In the Thebes and Locris deposits, gamierite occurs in irregular stringers and pockets in the serpentine on the footwall of the chromiferous iron-ore. The dry nickel ore contains from 4 to 5 J per cent, of nickel, but owing to the irregular character of the deposits it is not possible to obtain an accurate estimate of the available tonnage of nickel.' Before the war considerable quantities of this ore were shipped to Norway for reduction to metal. The mines continued working during the war, but their output was irregular and gradually declined, only 1,078 tons being raised in the year 1919. Production and Sales of Nickel Ore in Greece Production. Sales. Tear. Quantity Metal content Quantity Valuet (long tons). (long tons). (long tons). (£). 1913 17,144 943 16,152 24,619 1914 13,407 737 10,840 17,950 1915 20,246 1,114 6,750 10,186 1916 10,102 556 13,196 21,645 1917 1,572 86 10,083 15,797 1918 11,970 658 5,014 11,130 1919 1,078 59 — — 1920 — — — — 1921 Jugoslavia No important deposits of nickel ore are as yet known in Jugo- slavia. Millerite (nickel sulphide) is found associated with galena in the Mount Avala mines, 12 miles south of Belgrade, and small quantities of nickel sulphide occur associated with zinc ores at the Zavlaka zinc mines, 15 miles east of Loznitsa in western Serbia. Nickel sulphide has also been reported from Sadyevats near Ivanjitsa, 24 miles south of Chachak in southern Serbia. • The Chromiferous Iron-ores of Greece and their Utilization, by H. K. Scott ; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1913, 87, 447. Tableaux Statis- tiques du Mouvement Minier de la Gr^ce (Annual). t Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 francs = £1. 32 Norway* Before the exploitation of the New Caledonian and Canadian nickel deposits the world was dependent chiefly upon tne Norwegian nickel mines for its supply of nickel. The Norwegiaa nickel deposits are small, however, and the ore contains only a low percentage of nickel. The mines were unable to compete with the Canadian product, and the greater number closed down. The introduction of the Hybinette electrolytic procem of refining in the year 1910 caused a considerable revival in the Norwegian nickel industry, which was further greatly stunulated by the increased demand for nickel during the wax. Many abandoned mines were re-opened and worked, and the smelting and refining capacity of the country increased to 1,200 tons ot nickel per annum. Since the war, all the Norwegian mines have been closed down. Although 40 outcrops of nickel ore are known m Norway, the number of producing mines is small. The mines which furnished the bulk of the Norwegian ore were the Flaad at Bvje; the Senjen in Tromso; the Eingerike at Hole, Buskerud county; the Dambler and the Kragero. The Dambler is a newly-opened mine, and is provided with its own smelter, while the others shipped their ore to the Evje, Eingerike and Stavanger smelters, the matte produced having been refined in a central refinery at Kristianssand, and the metal obtained going chiefly to Germany. The average recovery of metals from the ore is about 1 per cent, of nickel, O'? per cent, of copper, and | oz. of the precious metals per ton, of which silver constitutes about 95 per cent., the balance being palladium, platinum, and gold in the order named- The nickel ore-deposits occur in close association with basic eruptive rocks and are similar in character to those at Sudbury, in Canada. Few of the deposits exceed 600 feet in length, and they have an average thickness of 10 feet. The ore minerals are pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. Norwegian Production and Exports of Nickel Year. Production. Ore. Quantity (long tons). Valuef (£). Metal. Quantity (long tons), Valuef (£). Exports. Metal. Quantity (long tons). Valuef (£). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 49,187 47,749 75,780 78,619 68,815 23,762 9,888 12,281 26,720 26,183 54,301 70,430 120,968 25,806 13,441 16,075 679t 781t 878 795 373 32 218 415 101,613 117,204 191,398 195,430 142,473 86,022 59,677 100,108 584 685 749 711 435 58 52 269 99,070 102,962 163,624 2C9,774 166,489 * Norges Bergverksdrift (Annual). Norges Handel (Annual). f Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of Kr. 18" 6 ^ £1. j Includes.nickel obtained from Tasmanian, Grecian and New Caledonian ores. 33 Bussia Low-grade nickel ores, chiefly garnierite, are mined in the Ekaterinburg district of the Urals, the ore being smelted at the Redwinsk works. There are several deposits of cobalt and nickel ore in the province of Elisavetpol, in the Caucasus, but the nickel content of the ore is too low to allow of profitable extraction, and only the cobalt minerals are mined. Spain* Niccolite and garnierite were formerly mined on a small scale in the Jarales district, near Carratraca in the province of Malaga. The ores occur in serpentine in small veins and lenses which are seldom more than a few feet in length and 4 to 5 inches in thickness. They are said to contain from 1 to 20 per cent, of nickel. Farther to the south, near the Guadalmansa Eiver, nickeliferous pyrrhotite associated with chalcopyrite occurs in small veins and masses in the serpentine rocks of the district. None of these occurrences is now being worked. Sweden t The niokel deposits of Sweden are similar in character to those of Norway. During the war, many of the old mines, which could not previously be worked in competition with Canadian mines, were re-opened, and nickel-smelting works were established at Klefva, near Hvetlanda, in SmS,land and at Kusa in Dalame. The chief deposits are situated at S&gmyra near Falun ; at Klefva near Hvetlanda ; at Frustuna in Sodermanland ; at Haddebo near the north end of Lake Vattem ; and at Euda,' south-west of Oskarshamn. The output of nickel was small and not sufficient to satisfy the domestic demand. Production of Nickel Ore in Sweden. Year. Quantity (long tons). Estimated metal content (long tons). Valuel 1913 • 1914 .. 153 2 742 1915 .. 1,616 16 2,699 1916 .. 3,504 35 12,440 1917 .. 4,911 49 7,352 1918 .. 2,440 24 21,546 1919 .. 409 4 1,164 1920 .. — — — 1921 .. • Notes on the Ore Deposits of the Malaga Serpentines, by F. G-illman;; Trans. Inst. Min. Met.. 1895-1896, 4, 159-168. t Admiralty Handbook of Norway and Sweden, H.M. Stationery Office, London. Bergshantering Berattelae av EonunerBkollegiam (Annual). Statistiak Xrsbok for STerige (Annual). J Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of Kr. 18'2^£1. 38643 B u Imports and Exports of Nickel into and from Sweden Year. Imports. Exports. Quantity (long tons). Value* (£). Quantity (long tons). Value* (£). 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 135 129 496 123 40 58 57 141 22,543 23,697 116,850 30,918 21,511 51,161 14,911 31,110 1 0-4 69 30 8 4 1 125 95 24,911 23,439 7,065 4,122 305 11 Turkey + Deposits of low-grade nickel ore occur at Ak-Kaya in the vilayet of Castamuni, 31 miles north-east of Angora. During the war the total output of the mines was requisitioned by the Ministry of War, the mineral being shipped to steel-works in Germany and Austria. There are other deposits in the vilayet of Aidin. Egyptt Nickel ore (garnierite) associated with nickel-bearing iron oxide occurs in the altered peridotite rocks of St. John's Island in the Eed Sea. One deposit is known to be at least 150 feet in length, and from 2 to '5 feet in thickness. It has been proved to a depth of 120 feet. The garnierite ore contains about 9' 48 per cent, of nickel and the iron oxide from 2 to 4 per cent. The ore is extremely friable, a characteristic which makes it difficult to separate the two minerals, the mixed ore averaging about 6' 5 to 7 per cent, of nickel. Sufficient development work has not been ■done on these deposits to allow of an estimate being made of the quantity of ore available, but there are several thousands of tons of ore in sight. The only outputs of nickel ore hithertO' recorded are trial ship- ments of 74 tons in 1912 an'fl 229 tons in 1914, which were sold in Prance. Madagascar § Nickel ores are known to occur in the ultra-basic rocks which cover extensive areas in the island of Madagascar. The chief deposits are situated in the district of Ambohimasoa, in the province of Fianarantsoa. In this are^ the basic rocks form a * Values converted to £ sterling at the rate of Kr. 18-2 := £1 t The Minerals of Anatolia, by N. M. 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OS Oi (M C^ OCO i-H 1-H t~- >— I (M CO ' CD OS 'rJ^ OS T-< CO OS *0 iO 'i* 1— I CO CO -^ CO iCt 00 lO CN CO t>- 1- OS ir- r-iCD OS -^OS 1—1 OSo CD CO o CO cm" o "3 CM CD -a 60 a o o H -a ao a . ■ o n3 '^ M ".«« -is cS I! !2IO o m o o a 3 • -s a O CB ^ a. C3 a oj s a".2 S ^ ^ ^-^ M «» • 3 : o O ..§> • a3 • fr^ o D p c€ a> 3 O O g, o o Eh Eh O 11 Brazil Nickel ore containing fiora 3"5 to as much as 15 per cent, of nickel occurs as veins in serpentine in the mdnity of Villa de Livramento, in the State of Minas Geraes. Recent explorations in this region have indicated that important amounts of chrome ore are likely to be found associated with the nickel. Deposits of nickeliferous pyn-hotite are recorded at vaiious locahties in Minas Geraes, but these occuirences have never been worked. Peru In the vicinity of the town of Eapi, in the province of Aya*;ucho, Peru, there are a number of small veins containing nickel, silver and cobalt ores in a gangue of quartz and calcite. These veins have been vporked for silver only, the nickel minerals (chiefly niccolite) being discarded as not worth saving. Veins containing niccolite associated with cobalt minerals, tetrahedrite and galena, occur in the Vilcabamba district, province of Cuzco, but the absence of railway facilities in this region prevents the exploitation of these deposits at the present time. New Caledonia'^ In New Caledonia the profitably workable nickel deposits are situated on the spurs of the main mountain ridge at elevations of from 400 to 2,500 feet. The parent rock is serpentine, the deposits being formed by the superficial weathering of the serpentine accompanied by a concentration of the nickel l)_y the action of surface waters. The nickel mineral is garnierite, occurring partly as " green ore " and partly as " chocolate ore." Most of the ore now obtained is the chocolate variety, the colour being due to iron oxides. The deposits are limited in area, the largest being about half-a- mile in length and comparatively narrow. As a rule they lie near the surface, the overburden varying in thickness from 1 foot to 20 feet. In some cases, however, they lie at a greater depth, but it is exceptional for any deposit to be worked where more than 20 feet of overburden has to be removed. The ore is obtained by opencast and quarrying methods, the broken rock after careful sorting being transported to the railway by aerial and surface tramways. Before the discovery and exploitation of the Canadian nickel deposits in the year 1887, New Caledonia occupied the foremost position as a producer of nickel ore, but at the present time the output is comparatively small. The relatively small output is due chiefly to the character of the deposits and to the fact that they are scattered over a \Aide area. The largest known contain • Report of the Royal Ontario Nickel Commission, Toronto, 1917. The Nickel Industry, by A. P. Coleman ; Canada Dept. Mines, Ottawa Canada, 1913. Statistiques de I'lndustrie Miniere dans les Colonies Franyaises (Annual). 42 only about 600,000 tons of ore, and very few of them contain as much as 260,000 tons. It has been estimated that the total reserves of ore, of the same grade as that now being mined (4-5 to 6-25 per cent, of nickel), contain not more than 160,000 tons of metal. Another factor that has hampered the expansion of the industry is the lack of refining facilities on the island. In the year 1913 about 91,700 tons of ore were exported, chiefly to smelting plants at Havre in France and Kirkintilloch in Scotland, each of which produced annually from 1,500 to 1,800 tons of nickel, while smaller amounts were sent to Antwerp in Belgium, also to the port of Rotterdam, in Holland, whence it was forwarded to Iserlohn, in Germany, for treatment.. The shipping rates on these cargoes are very high. It has been estimated that in the year 1913 the freight rates charged on shipping nickel ore from New Caledonia to Europe were about equal to the cost of the ore loaded on board in New Caledonia, that is, the cost of the ore was doubled. As was to be expected, the exports of ore declined during the war period, and in 1919 amounted to only 1,536 tons, the whole of which, with the exception of a parcel of 51 tons consigned to the United Kingdom, was shipped to France. In addition to the nickel ore exported, two companies have smelting works in New Caledonia. These plants are situated at Noumea and Thio, and each plant has a capacity of 100 to 120 tons of ore per day, producing about 9 tons of matte containdng from 40 to 48 per cent, of nickel. At Tao there is an electric furnace which treats small quantities of ore. As the ore contains no sulphur, fluorspar and gypsum are required for fluxing, and these materials are obtained from Australia, local coral being used in the furnace-charge instead of limestone. During 1921 preparations were in hand for the erection of a large hydro-electric plant at Yate for the production of ferro-nickel and ferro- chromium. Before 1914 the matte obtained was exported chiefly to Belgium, the United Kingdom, France and Germany, but during the war the New Caledonian matte formerly sent to Antwerp and Germany was sent for refining to New Jersey, United States. Production of Nickel Ore in New Caledonia Year Quantity Value* (long tons) i£) 1913 161,764 151,258 1914 169,595 137,892 1915 138,722 107,146 1916 102,951 142,301 1917 93,725 243,855 1918 89,193 224,760 1919 1920 1921 * Values couverted to £ sterling at the rate of 25 francs =: £1. 4;s *«* s o -a a O S o o o f 94 OJ 1— ( •* ■* ■* (N Oi 03 OS >a 1 1 <-' 1 1 1-t **« 1 1 1 1 -^111 r^ 1 era 1 ' ' CO en oT 1— t >o O c^ a> >o >o 00 00 1 1 •* 1 1 1 ■^ OS 1 1 *~ 1 1 1 ■*" (N CO !0 eo 1-4 1 1 1 1 o 1 1 C4 era era o 03 1 I 1 ' (m" ' ' era" leT to to" r^ " .— 1 tC i-t i-< s ss 9-* (N era t> N ■N 00 O to rH ■* r Tfi 1 00 1 (M o us 04 o> » 1 1 " — >o 1 o" 1 (N ' era to" T-t o" to o 00 OS 00 00 t- r- 1 00 1 1 O 1 1 CO era 1-1 (N o> ctT 1 OJ" 1 t-- 1 1 N o" o" ■5 1-t »— 1 »-t era to IM (N cra era \a OS iri O >a ■* ■^ Ol o »— ( O 1 o. 1 t^ 1 t-_ c^ »o o» S-i «o" 1 ^- 1 1 1 t-^ (N" era era I— 1 T-* Tit to IMiO t- era-^cos o CO »-) ■*■ r-lO> o 00 o t~ o I> !£ »-* |> 00 oo t- 1 1 00 to OS 05 CO* era" td"era c-T 1 ' «o" o" *" OS t~t « : ■ 1 J a . s o O o /-^ H : : . ; 2 C I .SP El • a 'r-i o o a o PQ fL^ E-t s 'V . . . OQ • '3 3d : Q * 6 So d a -e ^ o -*3 > S.2 3 "3 -♦a 3 -gg ^ o Eh ^ -S -s • •-1 m a p f as'3 §• P< pq(i(OPi-5 bo 44 O 5? ^- a _^ o 1 I c Si. OS o CM 00 -^ ■* CO -^ »0; CO O Tf< 1 --of to .1*. CM T— I O^-^ CO CS 00 CD CM 05 -^ 1 CO CM- CM (M 00 Tf O OS 00 CO "<*■ 1 1 " oo co" 00_ co" C-. CO -^ 00 lO as CO. 1 "^ Oi t* l>- CM 1 m- 00 00 05 00 t- T-l 1—1 o toco OVI 00 to lO CO -^ 1 i-Tco" en CO -*- en CO (M oo" CO rH CTS CO CO o QO .- O "^ "^ CO tM-N- 1 00 o (M CO o mi CO c::s CO r^ CO o f^ o -(J 3 o o ClC n 45 Dutch East Indies Au extensive deposit of nickel-bearing iron ore occurs on Seboekoe, an islajid situated a few miles off the south-east coast of Borneo. The ore occurs as a surface deposit of hmonite about 15 feet in thickness, and having a known length of four miles. Prospecting operations have shown that the deposits contain about 300,000,000 tons of limonite carrying about 0"5 per cent, of cobalt and nickel, 2'2 per cent, of chromium, and 52 per cent, of iron. The ore is similar in nature and origin to that con- taining nickel and chromium in Cuba,. Lateritic nickel-bearing iron ores have recently been dis- covered in the mountain ranges of central Celebes. Tfiese deposits are situated in the Verbeek Mountains, and are estimated to contain about 1,000 milhon tons of iron associated with 0'27 to 0"64 per cent, of nickel. In the vicinity of these deposits nickel ores occur as fissure fillings in the underlying serpentine. The nickel mineral is chiefly gamierite, and the percentage of nickel in the ore runs as high as 10 per cent. Prospecting operations have been carried out at Soroako on the southern shore of Lake Katano, and on Boetoh Hill near by. The average nickel value of the ore thus exposed varies from 2' 5 to over 5 per cent. The nickel-bearing region has not yet been adequately examined, but the individual deposits appear to be small, few containing more than 50,000 to 60,000 tons of ore. China An alloy of copper, nickel and zinc has been used for many centmies in China for the manufacture of gongs, candlesticks and various other articles. It is exported to Europe under the name of " packfong." Nickel is not produced separately in China, the aUoy being obtained directly by smelting nickeliferous copper ores with those of zinc. These ores are obtained chiefly from the metalliferous districts of Yunnan and Szechuan in south-western China, but very little is known about the character of the deposits. 46 REFERENCES TO TECHNICAL LITERATURE. OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND MINING. British Empire. United Kingdom. The lead, zinc, copiJer and nickel ores of Scotland, by G. V. Wilson; Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain, Vol. 17, Mem. Geol. Surv. Scotland, 1921. Discovery of nickel deposits in the Peak district of Derbyshire; Colliery Guardian, 1920, 119, 676. Rhodesia and the Union of South Aieica. The steel hardening group of metals, by F. P. Mennell; Bept. Rhodesia Resources Committee, Bulawayo, 1921, p. 122. Report of the Government Mining Engineer; Department of Mines and Industries, Pretoria, Union of South Africa, 1915, 1919, 1920. The economic geology of the Insizwa Range, by W. H. Goodchild; Trans. Inst. Alin. Met., London, 1916-1917, 26, 12-84. Nickel, by T. G. Trevor; S. Afr. Journ. Ind., 1918, 1, 1385-1394. The base metal resources of the Union of South Africa, by W. Versfeld; Dept. Mines and Industries, Pretoria, U. of S. Africa, Mem. No. 1, 1919, pp. 66-73. The geology of Pondoland and portions of Alfred and Lower Umzimkuiu Counties, Natal, by A. L. Du Toit; Dept. Mines and Industries, Pretoria, U. of S. Africa, 1920, p. 42. Letter on the nickel deposits of Insizwa, by W. H. Goodchild; Mining Mag., 1913, 9, 445-447. Notes on the occurrence of nickel in the Barberton district, bv T. G. Trevor; S. Afr. Journ. Ind., 1920, 3, 532-533. South African nickel ore; S. Afr. Min. Eng. Journ., 1921, 32, 1382. The property of the South African Nickel and Talc Company, by A. F. Crosse and T. G. Trevor; Chem. Met. Min. Soc. S. Africa; abstr. S. Afr. Min. Eng. Journ., 1921, 30, 773. Canada. Report on the mineral production of Canada; Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada (Annual). Canada's nickel industry, by A. Gray; Can. Min. Journ., 1913, October 1, pp. 613-617; October 15, pp. 647-650; November 1, pp. 678-680. Economic minerals and mining ind'ustries of Canada; Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada, No. 322, 1914, pp. 23-26. Lateritic ore-deposits, by W. G. Miller; Ann. Rept. Ont. Bur. Mines Toronto, 1917, 26, 318-334. The Canadian Mining Manual, 1918; Mines Publishing Co., Toronto, pp 122-140. History of the nickel industry since 1910, by E. P. Mathewson; Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1918, 37, 53T. - The mining and smelting operations of the International Nickel Companv of Canada, Limited; Bull. Can. Inst. Min. Met., No 99, 1920 m> 546-582. Quebec. Deposit of nickel and copper ore in Quebec; Note in Journ. Soc Chem Ind., 1918, 37, 298R. 47 Onf til 10. Report of the Ontario Bureau of Mines; Toronto, Canada (Annual). The outlying cobalt-silver areas, by A. G. Burrows; Ann. Kept. Ont. Bur. Mince, 1913, 19, Part 2, 134-144. Thi' nickel industry : with special reference to the Sudbury region, Ontario, by A. P. Coleman; Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada, No. 170, 1913, 189 pp. with appendices. Classification of the Sudburv ore deposits, by A. P. Coleman; Trans. Can. -Min. Inst., 1913, 16, 283-288. Geology of a portion of Sudbury Map-area, south of Wanapitei Lake, Ontario, by W. H. Collins; Dept. Mines, Ottawa, Canada, Summ. Rept. Geol. Surv. for 1913, pp. 189-195. -Magmatic origin of Sudbury nickel-copper deposits, bv R. E. Hore; Trans. Can. Min. Inst. 1913, 16, 271-282. Cobalt-niqkel arsenides and silver (Cobalt and adjacent areas), bv W. G. Miller; Ann. Rept. Ont. Bur. Mines, 1913, 19, Part 2, 1-133. Notes on the roclis at I^evack, by C. Brackenbury; Ann. Rept. Ont. Bur. Mines, 1914, 23, Part I, 194-201. The pre-Cambrinn rocks north of Lake Huron, with special reference to the Sudburv series, bv A. P. Coleman; Ann. Rept. Ont. Bur. ^Mines, 1914, 23, Part I, 204-236. Congreso geologico internacional del Canada : expedicion geologica por los principales distritos mineros de Ontario, by P. Fabrega, A. Marin and ill. Dupuy de Lome; Bol. Inst. Geol. de Espana, 1914, 15, Second Series, 117-172. Petrographical notes on the Sudbury nickel deposits, by E. Howe; Econ. Geol., 1914, 9, 505-522. The Sudbury nickel district of Ontario, by K. Thomas; Eng. Min. Journ., 1914, 97, 152-154. Temisknmite, a new nickel arsenide from Ontario, by T. L. Walker; Amer. Journ. Science, 1914, 37, 170-172. Short abstr. Journ. Soc. Chera. Ind., 1914, 33, 261. Certain mineral occurrences in the Worthington mine, Sudbury, Ontario, and their significance, by T. L. "Walker; Econ. Geol., 1915, 10, 536-542. Chief minerals of the Sudbury nickel ores, by A. P. Coleman; Can. ;\tin. Journ., 1916, 37, 388-389. Geolofiical relations of the Sudbury nickel ores, by A. P. Coleman; Eng. Min. Journ., 1916, 102, 104-105. Origin of Sudbury nickel-copper deposits, by C. W. Knight; Eng. Min. ^Journ., 1916, 101, 811-812. Geological relaitions of Sudbury nickel ores, by C. W. Knight; Eng. ]Min. Journ., 1916, 102, 554-555. Report of the Royal Ontario Nickel Commission; Toronto, 1917, 528 pp. with bibliography and appendix. \lexo nickel mine, Timiskaming district, by M. B. Baker; Ann. Rept. Ont. Bur. Mines, 1917, 26, 258-274. Magmatic ore deposits, Sudbury, Ont., by A. M. Bateman; Econ. Geol., 1917, 12, 391-426. , . , . , , Some quantitative measurements of minerals of the nickel-eruptive at Sudburv, bv :M. a. Dresser; Econ. Geol., 1917, 12, 563-580. Nickel mining methods at Creighton, Sudbury district, Ontario, by T. I. Sutherland; Can. iNIin. Journ., 1917, 38. 175-176, 178-180. The origin of the Sudbury nickel ores, by C. F. Tolman and A. F. Rogers; Eng. I\tin. Journ., 1917, 103, 226-229. Alining methods at the Worthington mine ■ with notes oii underground eontrut system, by R. N. Palmer; Trans. Can. Mm. Inst., 1918, 21, 127-144 Genesis of the Sudbury nickel-copper ores as indicated by recent explora- tion, bv H. M. Roberts and R. D. Longyear; Trans Can. Mm. Inst 1918 21, 80-126. Also Trans. Amer. Inst. Mm. :\iet. ling., 191B, 59, 27-67. 48 Mining methods at the Mond Nickel Company's mines, by O. Hall; Trans. Can. Min. Inst., 1919, 22, 180-186. Nickel in the Abitibi-Night Hawk gold area, by C. W. Knight, A. &. Burrows, P. E. Hopkins and A. L. Parsons; Ann. Bept. Ont. Bur. Mines, 1919, 28, Part 2, 63-64. The nickel-copper mines of Sudbury, by J. Mackintosh Bell; Mining Mag., 1920, 23, 87-94. « . t. Lake Shebandowan nickel deposit, by J. G. Cross; Ann. Kept. Ont. Bur. Mines," 1920, 29, Part I, 225-234. Windy Lake and other nickel areas, by O. W. Knight; Ann. Kept. Ont. Bur. Mines, 1920, 29, Part I, 193-224. The veins of Cobalt, Ontario, by W. L. Whitehead; Econ. Geol., 1920, 15, 103-135. Diffusion in vein-genesis at Cobalt, by A. R. Whitman; Econ. Geol., 1920, 15, 136-149. Nickel ore mining in Sudbury district, by W. L. Wotherspoon ; Can. Min. Journ., 1920, 41, 118-122. The British American Nickel Corporation, Limited, by W. A. Carlyle; Can. Min. Journ., 1921, 42, 209-212. The Great Fault of the Sudbury nickel district, by C. H. Hitchcock ; Can. Min. Journ., 1921, 42, 215. Mikroskopische Untersuchungsbeitrage zur Kenntnis der Kanadiechen Kobalt-Nickel-Silberformation, by K. Schlossmacher ; Zeits. f. pralct. Geol., 1921, 29, 131-134. The British-America Nickel Corporation, by E. A. Wraight; Min. Journ., 1921, 134, 526-527. Manitoba. A norite of the Sudbury type in Manitoba : a reconnaissance, by R. J. Colony; Bull. Can. Inst. Min. Met., No. 103, 1920, pp. 862-872. Mineral prospects in south-eastern Manitoba, by J. S. De Lury; Manitoba Bulls., Office of Commissioner of Northern Manitoba, The Pas, Manitoba, 1920, pp. 40-43. The Bird River copper-nickel deposits; Bull. Can. Inst. Min. Met., No. Ill, 1921, pp. 592-594. Alherta. First annual report on the mineral resources of Alberta, by J. A. Allan; King's Printer, Edmonton, Alberta, 1920, pp. 79-80. India. Quinquennial reviews of the mineral production of India; Rec. Geol. Surv. India, Calcutta, 1915, 46, 281-282 ; 1920, 52, 303. AtrsTBALIA. Queensland industrial minerals: nickel, by B. Dunstan; Queens. Govt. Min. Journ., 1917, 18, 396-403; 1921, 22, 190-195, 229-233 with bibliography. Tasmanian nickel deposits, by A. G. White; Mining Mag., 1915, 12, 103-104. The South Heemskirk Tin-Field, by L. L. Waterhouse; Dept. Mines, Hobart, Tasmania, Geol. Surv. Bull. 21, 1916, pp. 185-188. FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Austria. ^''^^^^V*^.,'''''''^^?!'^* Ausbluhung im Kiesbergbau Nockelberg bei Saalfelden, Salzburg, by C. Mayr; Zeits f. prakt. Geol 1917 'm 163-164. • '' ^°' 49 Gebuany. Die friderizianischen Kobalt- und Nickelerze der Kupferberger Erzberg- werke bei Kupferberg i. 6'chl., by B. Koemann ; Metall u. Erz, 1919, 16, 115-123. Zur neueren Geeohichte des preussischen Nickelerzbergbaues, by B. Simmersbach; Zeits. f. d. Berg- Hutten- u. Salinenwesen, 1920, 68, No. 2, 48-57. Italy. Rivista del Servizio Minerario; Ministero d'Agricoltura, Rome, 1913, 1914, 1917, 1918. Russia. Nickel deposits in the TJrak, by H. W. Turner; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng. (1914), 48, 118-124. Spain. Jji'. peninsule ib^rique (Espagne), bv R. Douville; Handb. d. reg. Oeol., 3, No. 7, 159. Informe sobre el reconocimiento de la Serrania do Ronda, by D. de Onieta; Bol. Inst. Geol. de Espaiia, 1919, 20, 264-331. Sweden. Beitrag zur Kenntnis dee Nickel-Magnetkies-Vorkommens Ruda bei Vingaker (Oestergotland) in Schweden, by Sorg; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1919, 27, 153-157. Nogra studier roraude nickels forekomstsatt uti Svenska, nickelfbrande magnetkieer, by G. T. Lindroth; Teknisk Tidskrift, 1920, April 28, pp. 68-73. SwiTZERL.^ND. Dor Schweizerische Bergbau wahrend des Weltkrieges, by H. Fehlmajin; Kummerly and Frey, Bern, 1919, pp. 277-289. Texte explicatif de la carte des gisemente des matieres premieres min^rales de la Suisse, by C. iSchmidt; Commission geotechnique de la Soc. helvetique des Scieiico'! naturelles, Bfile, 1920, pp. 223-234. Madagascar. Discovery ol a deposit of gainierite in Madagascar, by F. Bonnefond : iMemorandum to the Soc. Ing. Civile de France. Abstr. Eng. Min. Journ., 1913, 96, 390. Les mines de Madagascar en 1918, by F. Bonnefond; Bull. Soc. Ing. Civile de France, Series 8, Nos. 7-9, 1918, pp. 369-370. fitude succincte sur les mines de Madagascar, by F. Bonnefond; Bull. fioonomique de Madagascar, Tananarive, 1920, pp. 19-20. United States. The mineral resources of the United States; U.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, D.C. (Annual). „ , ,, t. „ <-«•£ Our mineral supplies: nickel, by F. L. Hess; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 666, 1919, "pp. 127-129 and bibliography. Occurrence of nickel on Canyon Creek, Copper River VaUey, Alaska; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 576, 1914, pp. 52-53. . Mineral resources of Alaeka: the Alaskan mining industry m 1917; U.b. Geol. Surv., BuU. 692, 1919, pp. 22-23. 38643 50 Geology and mineral resources of the west coast of Chichagof Island : Alaska nickel mines, by E. M. Overbeck; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 692, 1919, pp. 125-134. Nickel deposits in the Lower Copper River Valley, Alaska, by R. M. Over- beck; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 712-C, 1919, 8 pp. An occurrence of nickel ore in San Diego County, California, by F. C. Calkins; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 640, 1917, pp. 77-82. Geology and ore deposits of Lemhi County, Idaho, by J- B. Umpleby; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 528, 1913, pp. 71-72. The ore deposits of north-eastern Washington, by H. Bancroft; U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 550, 1914, pp. 30 and 181-185. Argentixa akd Brazil. Los yacimientos de minerales y rocas de aplicacion en la Republica Argentina, by R. Stappenbeck; Ministerio de Agricultura de la Nacion, Direocion General de Minas, Geologia © Hidrologia, Buenos Ayres, Argentina, Bull. No. 19, Series B (Geology), 1918, p. 73. Nota eobre una occorrencia de un mineral de nickel, Perto da Villa de Livra^iento, Esta9ao da Estrada de Ferro Rede-sul-Mineira, Estado de Minas Gteraes, by H. E. Williams; Servico Geologico e Mineralogico do Brasil, 1916. Anatolia. The minerals of Anatolia: nickel, by-N. M. Penzer ; Mining Mag., 1919, 21, 279. Dutch Bast Indies. Die Erzvorkommen Niederlandisch-lndiens : nickel, bv G. Buetz; Zeits. f. prakt. Geol., 1919, 27, 112. New Caledonia. Nickel in New Caledonia; Min. Journ., 1917, 117, 373. Metalliferous laterite in New Caledonia, by W. M. Davis; Amer. Journ. Science, 1918. Proceedings National Acad. Science (Washington), 1918. Conditions in the nickel industry; Bd. Tr. Journ., London, 1921 107 463-464. New Caledonia mineral production : niokeJ and other substances by W. G Miller; Can. Min. Journ., 1921, 42, 305-308. ' METALLURGY. The plant of the Canadian Copper Company, for sorting, roasting and smelting the ores of the Creighton No. 2, and Crean Hill nickel-copper • mines, Sudbury, Ontario; Can. Min. Journ., 1913, August 1. Nickel smelting by the Mond Press, by A. P. Coleman; Min. Sci. Pre*;s, 1913, September 13. The roasting of copper-nickel ma,tte, by E. F. Kern and M. H. Merris; Columbia School of Mines Quarterly, 1915-1914, 35, 1-21. Studien iiber Vereinfachung der Verhuttung eisen- und kupferhaltiger sulfidischer Niekelerze und Huttenprodukte, by H. Pedersen- Metall u. Erz, 1913, 10, 384-403. The copper smelting industries of Canada, by A. W. G. Wilson; Mines Branch Canada, Publ. No. 209, 1913, 180 pp. Chloridizing the Sudbury copper-nickel ores, by A. H. Carpenter- Bng: Min. Journ., 1914, 97, 1085-1089. Processes of matte refining, by A. Stansfield; Bull. Can. Min. Inst., 1914, December; abetr. Mining Mag., 1915, 12, 48-49. Nickel smelting plant of the Mond Company at Victoria Mines and Coniston, Ontario, by A. W. G. Wilson; Can. Min. Journ 1914 October 15, pp. 667-671. ' ' 51 Refining of nickel; Can. Min. Journ., 1915, March 1, pp. 132-134. A study of the chloridizing roast and its application to the separation of /fo,^'' ^j;'"" '"ckel, by B. Dudley; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. (1915), 61, .684-699. ** Roasting of copper-nickel ores, by H. Miinz; Ohem.-Zeit., 1915, 39 693-694. Abstr. Journ. Sac. Chem. Ind., 1915, 34, 1057. Beobachtungen beim Pyritschmelzen : Pyritschmelzung des Nickelerzes, by R. Storen; Mctall u. Erz, 1915, 12, 249-250. Met^Iurgy of the ores from Cobalt. Ont., by R. W. Bridges; Can. Min. Journ., 1916, January 15. Abstr. Eng. Min. Journ., 1916, 101 646-647. ' Process for concentration of Sudbury ore, b\ H. E. T. Haultain; Can Min. Journ., 1916, August 15, p. 387. The electric furnace in metallurgical work, by I). A. Lyon, R. M. Keeiiev and J. F. CuUen; U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull. 77, 1916, pp. 151-154. Das Metallhiittenwesen in den Jahren 1914 und 1915, by B. Neumann; Gluckauf, 1916, 52, 688-689. Die MetalJhuttenindustrie unter dem Kriege : Nickel, by K. Nugel ; Metall u. Erz, 1916, 13, 352-353. Metallurgy and uses of nickel, by L. Parodi; Metallurgia Italiana, 1916, 8, 355-368 : and by A. Lotti, pp. 429-432 : see also pp. 605-609. Studien zur Verhiittuus kupferhaJtiger sulfidischer Nickelerze, by A. von Zeerleder; Metall u. Erz, 1916, 13, 453-462, 473-481, 494-505. Die auslandisohe Gewinnung von Nickelerz und -metall, bv A W Dves ■ Metall u. Erz, 1917, 14, 429-436. > J • • .r , British America Nickel Corporation's new works in Ontario, by E P Mathewson; Eng. Min. Journ., 1917,104, 327-328. Die Elektrometailurgie der eiseniihnlichen Metalle im Jahrzehnt 1906 bis 1915: Nickel, by F. Peters; Gluckauf, 1917, 63. 178-181, 212-215 234-240, 277-280. The International Nickel Co.'s refinery at Port Colborne; Can. Min. Journ., 1918, August 1, pp. 262-263. Daa MetaHhiittenweaen im Jahre 1916, by B. Neumann: Gluckauf, 1918, 54, 64-66. Die Verarbeitung von KobaJt-Nickellaugen, by 0. Barth; Metall u. Erz 1919, 16, 267-273. Treatment of low-grade nickel ores, by C. W. Davis; Journ. Ind Eng Chem., 1919, U, 644-648. A process for electrolytically refining nickel, by G. A. Guess; Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc., 1919, 35, 259-264. Le nickel, sa metallurgie, see emplois, by L. Guillet; Le Genie Civil 1919, 75, 473-481, 507-510, 532-535, 565-569, 590-593. International Nickel Company's refining works at Port Colborne, Ontario, by W. L. Wotherspoon ; Eng. Min. Journ., 1919, 107, 429-435. Physical properties of nickel, by D. H. Browne and J. F. Thompson; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., 1920, 64, 387-419. The Haglund niokel refining process, by A. Prisak; Min. Journ., 1921, 134, 549-550, 571-572. Improvements to settlers at the British America Nickel Corporation's smelter, Nickelton, Ontario, by R. J. Gill; Bull. Can. Inst. Min. Met., No. 115, 1921, pp. 973-974. Pure Nickel, (Physikalische Technische Reichsanstalt) ; Zeitschrift fiir Instrumentenkunde, 1921, 41, 170. , ", ! ; Notes on nickel, by P. D. Merica; Chem. Met. Eng., 1921, 24, i7-20. ' Pyritic smelting of refractory sulphidiee in a Knudsen furnace, by E. H. Robie; Eng. Min. Journ., 1921, 111, 304-307. Extraction of nickel and alumina from Cuban iron ores, by C. R. Hayward : Chem. Met Eng., 1922, 26, 261-266. 52 ALLOYS. 1913. Discrepancies between the structure and composition of nickel-chrome steels, by M. Bres; Rev. de Met., 1913, 10, 797-807. The corrodibility of nickel, chromium and nickel-chromium steels, by J. N. Friend, W. West and J. L. Bentley; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1913, 87, 388-398. Transformation points and structure of nickel-chrome steels, by L. Guillet; Comptes Rendus, 1913, 156, 1774-1776. Nickel brasses, by L. Guillet; Rev. de Met., 1913, 10, 1130-1141. The alloys of palladium and nickel, by F. Heinrich; Zeits. f. anorg. Chemie, 1913, 83, 322-327. ^ ^ „^^ Report on copper-nickel steels, by H. T. Kalmus; Mines Branch, Uttawa, Canada, Summ. Rept. for 1913, pp. 18-20. Electrical resistance and microstructure of two nickel-chrome steels, by A. Portevin; Rev. de Met., 1913, 10, 808-810. 1914. The chemical and mechanical relations of iron, tungsten and carbon, and of iron, nickel and carbon, by J. O. Arnold and A. A. Read; Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 1914, March-May, pp. 223-279. L'aluminium-nickel, by J. Canac and E. Tassilly; Bull. Soc. d'Encourage- ment pour I'lnd. Nat., 1914, Nov. -Dec. High-nickel steels, by P. Chevenard; Rev. de Met., Memoires, 1914, 11, 841-862. Influence of gases on rich nickel-steel, by W. Froehlich; Stahl u. Bisen, 1914, 34, 723-724. Transformation points and structure of nickel-chromium steels, by L. Guillet; Comptes Rendus, 1914, 158, 412-414. Alloys of copper, nickel and aluminium, by L. Guillet; Comptes Rendus, 1914, 158, 704-706. The quantitative effect of rapid cooling upon the constitution of binary alloys: the copper-nickel alloys, by G. H. Gulliver; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1914, 11, 266-268. The equilibrium diagram of the system Cu^S-NijS^, by C. R. Hayward; Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng. (1914), 48, 141-152. Heat treatment of nickel steels, by H. Meyer; Stahl u. Eisen, 1914, 34, 1395-1405, 1456-1461. The influence of nickel on some copper aluminium alloys, by A. A. Read and R. H. Greaves; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1914, 11, 169-213. Nickel-brass, by F. C. Thompson; Trans. Chem. Soc., 1914, 105, 2342. Ternary alloys of copper with nickel and cobalt, by M. Waehlert; Osterr. Zeits. f. Berg- u. Hiittenwesen, 1914, 62, 341, 357, 374, 392, 406. 1915. The thermo-electric properties of special steels, by E. L. Dupuy and A. M. Portevin; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1915, 91, 308 and 316-317. Manufacture and uses of alloy steels, by H. D. Hibbard; U.S. Bur. Mines, Washington, D.C., Bull. 100, 1915, 72 pp. Influence of tungsten on nickel, by R. Irmann: Metall u. Erz 1915 12 358-364. ' ' ' Specifications for alloys for high-speed superheated steam turbine blading by W. B. Parker; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1915, 14, 25-68. ' The properties of some nickel-aluminium and copper-nickel-aJuminium alloys, by A. A. Read and R. H. Greaves; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst 1915, 13, 100-159. ' Manganese-copper-nickel steel, by J. B. Rhodes; Iron Age 1915 96 1553-1554. Short abstr. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1916* 94 457 ' Alloy steels in bridgework, by J. A. L. Waddell; Trans. International Eng. Congress, San Francisco, 1915, Paper No. 108, pp. 465-505 Melting, casting and rolling nickel silver, by R. A. Wood; Metal Industrv 1915, December, pp. 399-403. "uustry, 53 1916. Resistance of nickel steels to corrosion; Trans. Faraday Soc., 1916, 2, 212-234. I*li.v.sical properties, mjcrostructure and constitution of nickel steels; U.S. Dept. Commerce, Bur. Standards Oirc. No. 58, 1916, 68 pp. -ModificationB de la dilatabilite de I'invar par des actions mecaniques ou thermiques. by C. H. Guillaume; Comptes Rendus, 1916, 163, 654-658. Composition of the cupro-nickel used in the United States for bullet jackets, by G. Lyons; Metal Industry, 1916, 8, 69-73. A preliminary study of the alloys of chromium, copper and nickel, by D. F. McFarland and 0. B. Harder; Univ. Illinois Bull., 1916, 14. No. 10, 57 pp. Monel metal, by F. H. Mason; Mia. Sci. Press, 1916, 112, 585-586. Addition of chromium to nickel steels, by L. G. L. Norris; Can. Min Journ,, 1916, Jan. 15, p. 44. Cupro-nickel: its micro-structure, by J. Scott; Metal Industry, 1916, 9, 675-676. Influence of some elements on the mechanical properties of steel, by J. E. Stead; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1916, 94, 83-86. Notes on nickel steel scale and on the reduction of solid nickel and copper oxides by solid iron, by J. E. Stead; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1916, 94, 243-245. The annealing of nickel-silver, by F. C. Thompson; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1916, 15, 230-263; 1917, 17, 119-140. 1917. Nichrome high-temperature resisting alloy; Iron Age, 1917, 100, 256-257. Abstr. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1917, 96, 449. The role of nickel in alloy steels, by R. R. Abbott; Proc. Amer. Soc. for Testing Materials, 1917, 17, Part 2, 9-14. Changes in the dilatations of iron-nickel alloys under the influence of various thermal and mechanical treatments, by C. E. Guillaume ; Comptes Rendus, 1917, 164, 904-906. Arbeiten iiber schwefelsaurebestandige Legierungen durch Verbesserung der Saurebestandigkeit des Nickels, by R. Irmann; Metall u. Erz, 1917, 14, 21-30, 37-42. Constructional steels and their heat treatment, by F. C. A. H. Lanteberry; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1917, 36, 983-984. Transformation points of nickel-chromium steels, by A. Portevin; Rev. de Met., 1917, 14, 707-716. Notes on the thermocouple nichrome-constantan, by R. W. Woodward ■and T. R. Harrison; U.S. Bur. Standards. Met. Cheni. Eng., 1917, 16, 647-648. 1918. Report ou the sources and production of iron and other metalliferous ores used in the Iron and Steel industry; Advisory Council, Dept. ■Scientific and Industrial Research, London, 1918, pp. 149-157. The manufacture and uses of ferro-alloys and alloy steels; Commonwealth of Australia, Advisory Council of Science and Industry, Melbourne, Bull. No. 9, 1918, 34 pp. with appendix and bibliography. Manufacture of nickel-copper steel from Sudbury ores, by G. M. Colvocoresses ; paper before Montreal Met. Assoc; Iron and Steel of Canada, 1918, 1, 230-238. Production of nickel copper steel from the Sudbury ores, by R. W. Leonard; paper before Canadian Soc. Civil Eng.; Iron and Steel of Canada, 1918, 1, 135-139. The metallography and heat treatment of metals used in aeroplane construction: chrome-nickel steel and nickel steel, by F. Grotts; Chem. Met. Eng., 1918, 19, 195-197, 242-246. 54 Thermal and electric conductivities of nickel steels, by K. Honda; Science Eept. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 1918, 7, 59-66. Cause of irreversibility of nickel steels, by K. Honda and H. Takagx; Science Rept. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 1918, 6, 321-340. See also Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1919, 100, 353-375. Nickel-copper steel, by R. W. Leonard; Trans. Eng. Inst. Canada, 191b, 32, Part 2, 361-383. 1919. Manufacture and electrical properties of Oonstantan, by F. E. Bash; Bull. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., No. 153, 1919. Heat-treatment of nickel-chrome steel, by J. H. S. Dickenson; Journ. West of Scotland Iron and Steel Inst., 1919, April, pp. 110-123. Cupro-nickel, by H. A. Eastick; Metal Industry, 1919, 14, 141-143. Present status of nickel-chromium alloys, by W. A. Gatward; Proc. Eng. Soo. Western Pennsylvania, 1919, 35, 449-458. Temper-brittleness of nickel-chrome steel, by R. H. Greaves, with a further communication by R. H. Greaves, M. Fell, and R. Hadfield; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1919, 100, 329-351. Nickel chrome forgings, by J. H. Andrew, J. N. Greenwood and G. W. Green ; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1919, 100, 231-323. Elasticity and rigidity of nickel steels, by K. Honda; Science Rept. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 1919, 8, 59-60. A theory of Invar, by K. Honda and H. Takagi; paper before Faraday Soc, 1919, July 14. Short abstr. Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1920, 101, 755. Some experiments on nickel steel, by N. Hudson; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1919, 100, 349-351. Some fatigue tests of nickel steel and chrome-nickel steel, by H. P. Moore and A. G. Gtehrig; Proc. Amer. Soc. for Testing Materials, 1919, 19, Part 2, 207-223. Brittleness in nickel-chrome and other steels, by F. Rogers; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1919, 100, 325-328. Notes on carbon in 80 : 20 cupro-nickel melted in the electric furnace, by F. C. Thompson and W. R. Barclay; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1919, 38, 130-132. Note on graphite and oxide inclusions in nickel-silver, by P. C. Thomp- son; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1919, 22, 327-328. 1920. Monel metal, by J. Arnott; Journ. Inst. Metals, 1920, 23, 545-551. Torsional elasticity of nickel steel containing a high percentage of chromium, by P. Chevenard; Comptes Rendus, 1920, 171, 93-96. Temper-brittleness of nickel-chromium steels, by R. H. Greaves and J. J. A. Jones; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1920, 102, 171-222. The instability of nickel steels, by C. E. Guillaume; Comptes Rendus, 1920, November 29, pp. 1039-1041. Nickel brasses, by L. Guillet; Comptes Rendus, 1920, 170, 460. Short abstr. Journ. Inst. Metals, 1920, 24, 453. See also Chem. Met Eng., 1921, 24, 261-265, for general review of Guillet's work. The constitution of the nickel-iron alloys, by D. Hanson and H. E. Han- son; Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1920, 102, 39-64. Nickel-chromium alloys, by L. 0. Hart and M. E. Harrison- Trans Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., 1920, 64, 554-565; also Mining and Metallurgy, No 168, 1920, p. 39. Nickel-copper (Nicu) steel, with a discussion of its physical properties by T. W. Hardy and J. Blizard; Final Rept. Munition Resources Commission, Toronto, Canada, 1920, Appendix C, pp. 225-232 Brittleness in nickel-chrome and other steels, by F. Rogers- Journ Iron and Steel Inst., 1920, 101, 613-625. Tensile tests on some copper alloys at various temperatures, by p C Lea; Report on Materials of Construction used in Aircraft Engines Aeronautical Research Committee, pp. 90-91; H.M. Stationery Office' 1 oaij . 55 The eU>ctrical production of alloys (Nichrome), by R. M. Major; Trans. Amer. Electnx-heni. Soc.. 1920, 87, 457-464. Critical ranges of some conimiicinl nickel steels, by H. Scott; U.S. Dept. Comnierco, WashinRton, B.C., Bur. Standards, Sci. Paper No. 376, 1920, 20 pp. Magnetic properties of iron-nickel alloys, by T. D. Yeneen; Journ. Amer. Inst. Electr. Eng., 1920, 39, 396-405. 1921. Burrowlite, a new alloy steel; Iron Tratdes Rev., 1921, 68, 974-975. (Jorraan Standards Committee, Nickel; Zeitschrift fiir Metallkunde, 1921, 13, 52. Purity and quality of commercial nickel, by W. von Selve ; Zeitschrift fiir Metallkunde, 1921, 13, 40-46. Copper-nickel alloys, by P. D. Merioa ; Chem. Met. Eng., 1921, 24, 558-560. Miscellaneous alloys of nickel, by P. D. .Merica; Chem. Met. Eng., 1921, 24, 649-653. Physical tests on sheet nickel silver, by W. B. Price and P. Davidson; Chem. Met. Eng., 1921, 25, 141-147. Notes on Monel metal, by P. I). Merica; Oliem. Met. Eng., 1921, 24, 291-294. Electrical resistance of nickel steels, bv A. Portevin; Comptefi Rendus, 1921, 172, 445-447. Nickel; U.S. Dept. Commerce, Washington, D.C., Bureau of Standards Circ. No. 100, 1921, 94 pp. with bibliography. The use of fluorides in solutions for nickel deposition, by W. Blum ; Trans. Amer. Electrochemical Soc., 1921, 39, 459-481. Ductile electrolytic nickel, bv C. P. Madsen; Tran'^. Amer. Electrochemical Soc., 1921, 39, 483-496. USES. Effect of annealing on the tensile strength of hard idrawn wires of nickel, by L. Guillet; Rev. de M6t., 1913, 10, 665-676. Nickel underglaze colours, by T. Perrv ; Trans. Ceramic Soc., 1913-1914, 13, 67-69. Nickel inglaze colours, by H. Wicks and J. W. Mellor; Trans. Ceramic Soc., 1913-1914, 13, 61-66. Cobalt and nickel colours, by A. D. Hollinshead, J. Turner and J. W. Mellor; Trans. Ceramic Soc., 1914-1915, 14, 167-172. The use of nickel and its oxides in catalysis, by J. B. Senderens and J. Aboulenc; Bull. Soc. Chim., 1915, 17, 14-19. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1915, 34, 377. Ground coats for sheet-iron enamels, by R. R. Danielson ; Trans. Amer. Ceramic Soc., 1916, 18, 343. Abstr. Trans. Ceramic Soc., 1916-1917, 16, 112 (A). Some substitutes for platinum ware, by R. F. Heath; Met. Chem. Eng., 1917, 17, 666-667. Abstr. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1918, 37, 40A. Preparation of colloidal nickel, by C. Kelber; Berichte d. deutsch. chem. Ges., 1917, 50, 1509. Abstr. Journ. Inst. Metals, 1918, 19, 243. Nickel coinage; excerpt from the portfolio issued by the Mond Nickel Co., Mining Mag., 1918, 19, 160-162. Nickel coinage : a comparison of nickel with other metals for coinage, by A. E. MacDonald; Can. Chem. Journ., 1920, 4, 106-108. -V new type of catalyzer for hydrogenation, by W. D. Richardson; paper before Amer. Chem. Soc., April, 1920. Abstr. Chem. Met. Eng., 1920, 22, 793-796. The hydrogenation of oils, by C. Ellis; 1920: Constable, London, 767 pp. 56 IMPERIAL MINERAL RESOURCES BUREAU- The following is a list of the Official Publicatiors (all prices are net, and those in parentheses include postage) : — Report on the Mineral Industry of the British Empire and Foreign Countries. (War Period, 1913-19.) 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