lr\. « k.'M Cornell Hmoetattg ffiihrarg 3tlyaca, Stem %atk St ... University of Iowa ...Lihr ' y . In..Ex.changa Cornell University Library F 621D64 P39 Augustus Caesar Dodge: a study in Americ olin 3 1924 028 913 527 fl Cornell University 3 Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028913527 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE A STUDY IN AMERICAN POLITICS BT LOUIS PELZER SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE COLLEGE OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IOWA CITY IOWA 1909 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE: A STUDY IN AMERICAN POLITICS BY LOUIS PELZER SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE COLLEGE OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY OP IOWA IN PARTIAL ' FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR I,, O, , THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IOWA CITY IOWA 1909 AS3*4-S\ AUTHOR'S PREFACE Spanning a period of nearly twenty years, the official career of Augustus Caesar Dodge is em- braced in his record as Eegister of the United States Land Office, Delegate to Congress, Unit- ed States Senator, and Minister at the Court of Madrid. Twelve years of this official tenure reflects the history of Iowa in Congress. Augustus Caesar Dodge beheld the popula- tion of Iowa grow from twenty-two thousand to over one and one-half millions ; he was identi- fied with the disposal of Iowa's public domain and its purchase from the Indian tribes ; he was Iowa's Delegate in Congress during the transi- tion from Territory to State; and as the medi- um between the Territory and Congress he was entrusted with problems of appropriations, the public domain, and boundaries. As dean of the Iowa delegation in Congress he was foremost in the discussion of the issues of slavery ; while his career at the Court of Madrid is a link in the long chain of diplomatic negotiations for the Pearl of the Antilles. The two decades of American politics preced- iv AUTHOR'S PREFACE ing the accession of the Eepublican party to power constitute the National setting for his public life. He moved in the company of such men as Van Buren, Polk, "Webster, Clay, Cass, Benton, and Douglas — men who enacted a drama the final act of which was the War for the Union. The accounts of this drama and of its leading characters have already passed from reminiscence and story into more sober history and biography. Born in the West and tempered in the atmos- phere of its virgin forests and prairies, Augus- tus Caesar Dodge represented and reflected the life, of a western frontier community, which without historic traditions or settled political formula had a free and natural growth. As a part of the trans-Mississippi region bordering upon the plains and prairies of the trans-Mis- souri country, his Commonwealth viewed and responded to the questions of slavery with ex- periences and sentiments different from those of the States of the East. Thus the biography of Dodge reflects a somewhat different view of our National history than do the biographies of other, and perhaps greater, statesmen of his time. Posterity upon critical reflection has placed the estimate of honesty, fidelity, and efficiency AUTHOR'S PREFACE v upon Dodge's public services. Although he served in a period and in positions where temp- tations were many, the few charges of dishon- esty (which came from partisan sources) were vaporous and without proof. The Territorial history of Iowa pays tribute to his fidelity to public trusts. His capability was neither high nor low, but of moderate rank. His public ca- reer when viewed from the small prestige of the young community which he represented and the restrictions under which he served will bear favorable comparison with that of his associates with like opportunities. The citations to the various sources used, in the preparation of this volume are to be found in the Notes and References which follow the text. In quotations the original has been fol- lowed without change in spelling, capitalization, and punctuation. Eev. William Salter's schol- arly articles in the Iowa Historical Record on members of the Dodge family have been con- sulted freely, and thanks are due him for pre- senting to the writer a manuscript containing autobiographical notes by Augustus Caesar Dodge. The chapters on Dodge's mission to Madrid are based on his diplomatic correspond- ence as contained in two letter-books written in Spain. vi AUTHOR'S PREFACE To Professor Benj. F. Shambaugh the author is indebted for valuable suggestions and criti- cisms both in the manuscript and in the proof as well as for a constant personal interest in the work. Special mention is also due Mr. W. W. Dodge, the only surviving son of Augustus Caesar Dodge, for permission to use his father's li- brary at Burlington. Without free access to this store of material a biography of Iowa's first United States Senator would hardly have been possible. Special acknowledgment should therefore be made to Mr. Dodge for his interest and assistance. The unfortunate destruction some years ago of a large body of the Dodge correspondence has prevented a more vital as well as a more personal treatment of both his official life and his private career. But from conferences with his relatives and with many of his constituents the writer hopes that he has been enabled to reflect something of the spirit of the man in the pages that follow. This monograph appears as Augustus Caesar Dodge in the Iowa Biographical Series edited by Professor Benj. F. Shambaugh, and is re- printed therefrom by permission of The State Historical Society of Iowa. CONTENTS I. The Dodge Ancestry 1 II. Henry Dodge 11 III. Youth Manhood and Marriage . . 38 IV. Register of the Land Office ... 47 V. The FmsT Election to Congress . . 63 VI. The Missouri-Iowa Boundary ... 77 VII. Congressional Appropriations . . 94 VIII. Boundaries for the State of Iowa . 112 IX. Election to the Senate 128 X. The Compromise of 1850 139 XI. The Principle of the Homestead Bill 153 XII. The Pacific Railroad 162 XIII. The Iowa Land Bill 171 XIV. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill .... 181 XV. At the Court of Madrid 196 XVI. Spanish Royalty and Revolutions . 205 XVII. Diplomatic Negotiations for Cuba . 219 XVIII. Candidate for Governor 1859 . . . 235 XIX. The Last Years 1860-1883 .... 249 XX. A Characterization 259 Notes and References 267 Index 345 The Dodge Ancestby 1 Lying due south of the main shore of Ehode Island is an island irregular in shape, about eight miles long and three miles in width, com- manding in every direction a view of the Atlan- tic. Adrian Block, a Dutch skipper, had touched this bit of land in 1614 and had modestly named it ' ' Block Eylandt ' '." For nearly fifty years its Indian inhabitants lived undisturbed by any permanent settlements of the white man; but in 1661 a shallop from Taunton, Massachusetts, landed its cargo of fifteen passengers — the first settlers of Block Island. Among the list was one Trustarum Dodge, the ancestral founder of the Dodge family in America. 3 For over two centuries this family line grew and prospered — nurturing and developing the instinct of migration which had led the founder to Block Island. The westward trail of their mi- gration winds through many States and is marked by Indian wars and the exploits and hardships of frontier settlements. In the far West the record gains new strength in the Black Hawk War and in the negotiation of Indian treaties. Under the legislative and administra- 2 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE tive force of this family vast territorial empires of the West were transformed into Territories and Commonwealths with security, wealth, and population. Still further, the descendants of this family contribute to the statesmanship and the diplomatic history of the Nation. In short, the achievements of the Dodge family are an- other expression of that dominating force and virility of character which won the West. Israel Dodge, one of the four sons of Trus- tarum (or Tristram) Dodge migrated to New London, Connecticut, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, and on October 1, 1720, sold his land on Block Island to his brothers. Of the five sons of Israel, John was born in 1689. He removed to Colchester and then to Canterbury, Connecticut, and died at the ripe age of eighty-seven or eighty-eight years.* Eleven children, the third of whom was born March 10, 1723, and also named John, were born to John Dodge. 5 John Dodge, Jr. became a blacksmith by trade ; and the farm implements which he made are said to have been of superior quality. For many years he lived at Canter- bury, Connecticut, where the family were regu- lar attendants of the Baptist Church. He was thrice married; and it is said that in his cor- respondence he compared his three wives to "Heaven, Earth, and Hell". Eight children were born of the first wife, and the father some- THE DODGE ANCESTRY 3 times gave their names in the following bit of rhyme: Jordan and John, Israel and Josiah, Lydia and Elizabeth, Jere and Miah. 8 Israel, the third son and the third of that name in his line, was the grandfather of Augus- tus Caesar Dodge. He was born at Canterbury, Connecticut, on September 3, 1760. The spirit of adventure and a love for daring seem to have been born in him, and when but a lad of fifteen years he visited the coast of Africa on board a slaver. Two years later the Colonies were in revolt against their mother country and young Israel joined the Eevolutionary troops from Connecticut. On September 11, 1777, he par- ticipated in the Battle of Brandywine, 7 and in a hand to hand conflict with a Britisher he was wounded in the chest by a bayonet. The youth- ful La Fayette (only three years older) also underwent his baptism of fire in this battle and while attempting to rally the yielding patriots was wounded in the leg by a musket-ball. Later young Israel served as second lieutenant in the continental army. Near the close of the war he was married to Nancy Ann Hunter, whose life is filled with pioneer hardships and adventures. She was the youngest of eight children of Joseph and 4 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Molly Hunter — a sturdy Scotch-Irish couple who settled at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, where Nancy Ann was born. The father, however, did not prosper well in Pennsylvania and so the family decided to emigrate to Kentucky. "When but fifteen years of age Nancy Ann occupied with her father's family a fort in Ken- tucky a few miles below the mouth of the Ohio Eiver. The stealth and treachery of the Indians made the cultivation of the soil extremely haz- ardous. Frequently, the little garrison was re- duced almost to starvation, having nothing to subsist upon except what could be reared and cultivated in little patches around the fort. Sometimes when the savages would relax their watchfulness a few of the bolder settlers would venture out and return with a pack of game for the hungry inmates. At other times they were so closely beleagured that they did not dare to venture outside the stockade. Such was the situation when one day a favor- ite cow gave birth to a calf a short distance from the fort. Both animals were exposed to the danger of capture by the skulking warriors ; and so the settlers held a hurried consultation. But realizing the danger from hidden redskins, none of them would venture outside of the fort. Then it was that alone and unaided Nancy Ann rushed forth and seized the calf in her arms while all eyes were fixed upon her. Carrying THE DODGE ANCESTRY 5 the calf toward the fort, with the cow following closely after, she advanced toward the stockade while a volley of arrows whistled around her. Amid the joy of those in the fort all three reached the stockade unharmed. 8 Meanwhile western immigration had been powerfully stimulated by the capture in 1778 and 1779 of Kaskaskia and Vincennes in the Old Northwest Territory by Colonel George Eogers Clark. 9 Israel Dodge's spirit of adven- ture drew him into this westward current. His older brother John had been appointed Indian agent for the Illinois country by President Thomas Jefferson, and on his arrival at Fort Kaskaskia he became the leader of the war par- ty of that region. 10 Israel Dodge and his young wife emigrated to this fort where Israel served under the military authority of his brother. Disagreements between the civil and the mili- tary authority arose in the Illinois country. The military officers, forced to offer worthless continental paper which the inhabitants refused to receive, were sometimes compelled to seize provisions without giving proper compensation in return. "Winston, the acting Governor, charged some of the military officers with dis- honesty and crime ; and they in return promptly imprisoned him. This was on April 29, 1782. He complained bitterly of the "tyrannic mili- tary force" and indignantly protested against 6 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE the arrest which had been made "by Israel Dodge, on an order given by John Dodge, in despite of the civil authority." 11 In the fall of 1782 Nancy Ann Dodge returned to Kentucky for a visit with her parents who were still in the "dark and bloody ground". Her first child, Henry, was born that year — an event that was to mean much in the history of the West. Three years later their second child, Nancy, was born at Bardstown, Kentucky. Nancy Ann Hunter's second husband was Asael Linn, and from this union two children grew to maturity — the latter of whom, Lewis Fields Linn, was one of the three United States Sena- tors in whose veins coursed the blood of Nancy Ann Hunter. Again the spirit of migration impelled Israel Dodge onward, and in 1788 or 1789 he left Ken- tucky and with his brother John removed to the Spanish Province of Upper Louisiana. They settled at New Bourbon near the old French town of Ste Genevieve, while the McDonalds, another family from Kentucky, located near St. Louis. They had been tempted to these regions by reports concerning the rich lands and the pros- perous lead mines which were offered without price to all who would occupy and improve them. 12 For nearly twenty years Ste Gene- vieve had been a market for lead, which, next THE DODGE ANCESTRY 7 to peltries, was the most important and valuable export of the Province of Upper Louisiana. It even served as the currency for the region, and a peck of corn exchanged for a peck of ore. Later the growth of St. Louis caused the lead trade to center at that city. 13 Near Ste Genevieve this Connecticut Yankee, Israel Dodge, prospered and grew wealthy. With the help of several slaves he tilled a large tract of land. On October 15, 1799, he petitioned the Lieutenant General of the Province, Don Carlos Dehault de Lassus, for a grant of 1000 arpens of land upon which he had made many improvements. The commandant of the post at New Bourbon, Pierre de Lassus de Luziere, rec- ommended the granting of the petition, declar- ing that the petitioner had often signalized his zeal for the King's service. "In short," he wrote, "we do attest that the said petitioner has erected, at a very great expense, several es- tablishments, such as mills, breweries, distil- leries, and others, which are of the most pre- cious utility to the inhabitants of this section of the country." The concession of this tract of land bears the date of October 25, 1799. 14 Such grants, however, were often of compara- tively small value because of the few and isolat- ed settlements, dangers from the Indians, and remoteness from markets. It is most interest- ing to note that one of the tracts of land granted 8 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE to Israel Dodge by the King of Spain, long after the land had passed from his descendants, fur- nished some of the building stone for the pres- ent Capitol of the State of Iowa. 15 The products of his farm and of his breweries and distilleries were loaded in crude crafts known as the "flat-bottomed boat" or the "old broad scow" and shipped down the Mississippi Eiver to the old Spanish town of New Orleans. The river pirates added to the risks of such long trips; but such dangers did not deter the man who had faced British bayonets at Brandy- wine. - On one of these trips when far down the Mis- sissippi, Israel Dodge's boat was boarded in broad daylight by a modern "Bob Boy", backed by a gang of river pirates. Placing their guns at the heads of Dodge and his defenseless crew, the pirates ordered them to row the boat ashore where they could plunder the cargo to their own satisfaction and if need be murder captain and crew. Israel Dodge, however, re- tained his self-possession and watched the pi- rate chief closely. Noticing something in his speech or bearing which roused the belief that he was a Mason, Dodge offered him a grip or sign. The effect of this act was instantaneous. Turning to his companions the man of blood and plunder exclaimed: "Boys! we must let this THE DODGE ANCESTRY 9 man and his boat go." They did so, and the chief graciously accepted a barrel of flour and some bacon as presents for his kindness and courtesy. Thankful to escape so easily the orew continued its winding journey down the river and landed safely at New Orleans, where they exchanged their flour, bacon, and spirits for Spanish gold. After the vast empire of Louisiana had been acquired from Napoleon on April 30, 1803, Is- rael Dodge was present at St. Louis when Up- per Louisiana formally entered under the juris- diction of the United States. Captain Amos Stoddard, acting for both France and the United States, received possession on March 9, 1804, of Upper Louisiana from the last Spanish Gov- ernor, Carlos Dehault de Lassus. On the next day the stars and stripes of the United States replaced the eagles of the Eepublic of France. Amid the tears and lamentations of the ancient inhabitants might have been heard the cheers of Israel Dodge swelling the joyous shouts of the Americans who were present. 16 In the same year, on October 1, he was appointed Sheriff of the Ste Genevieve Dis- trict by William Henry Harrison, Governor of Indiana and of the District of Louisiana. In December he returned a venire for the first term of court in the district, and was appointed to receive proposals for the building of a jail. 17 10 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE He continued to perform his duties as Sheriff and to farm his lands until 1806 when he died in the forty-seventh year of his age. His ashes repose near the ancient town of Ste Genevieve,. Missouri. II Heney Dodge Between the life of Henry Dodge and that of his son, Augustus Caesar Dodge, there runs a remarkable parallel: both were horn upon the frontier and tempered in the civilization of the West; both passed a part of their boyhood in the same State and died in the same city; and neither secured an academic education. Their official careers are interwoven with the history of Wisconsin and Iowa — two States historically connected and exhibiting many similarities. In family relations, in business relations, and in official career the life of the one supplements that of the other. The romance of history centers about Post Vincennes (now Vincennes in Indiana) where Henry Dodge was born on October 12, 1782. 18 It is one of the old towns of the Mississippi Valley and one for the possession of which the great nations of the earth — France, England, and the United States — have contended. Its cap- ture from the British on February 24, 1779, added lustre to the military exploits of Colonel George Bogers Clark. The early boyhood of Henry was spent in Kentucky amid the dan- 12 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE gers of that "dark and bloody ground" where five of his uncles perished in Indian warfare. When but fourteen years of age he joined a company of emigrants bound for the Spanish Province of Upper Louisiana. 19 There the lad rejoined his father who several years before had settled near the old town of Ste Genevieve. Here under the fostering care of Israel Dodge the son grew to manhood. With the slaves he worked on the farm and directed its operations ; and he learned and performed the various du- ties connected with the mills, breweries, and distilleries. He was fond of hunting and dan- gerous exploits, and thus laid the foundation of a healthy and vigorous body. No doubt he of- ten accompanied his father to New Orleans on his trips down the Mississippi Eiver. He had successfully courted Christina McDonald, and in 1800 in the "Bonne Homme" settlement (a few miles west of St. Louis) he was married when she was but fifteen years old. 20 Additional duties devolved upon Henry Dodge at the age of twenty-four on account of the death of his father in 1806. Since 1805 he had served as Deputy Sheriff, but on the death of Israel Dodge he succeeded to the office of Sheriff of the Ste Genevieve District. For many years he occupied this office discharging the du- ties with promptness and fidelity, when many desperate characters infested the District. 21 HENRY DODGE 13 During the War of 1812 Henry Dodge was appointed to several military commissions ; and in 1814 President Madison appointed him to be Brigadier General of the Militia of Missouri Territory. He raised companies of troops, and by marches and garrison duty he protected the exposed frontier settlements from wandering bands of Sioux, Foxes, Sacs, and Pottawatta- mies. His name stands appended as a witness to the treaty which was made with the Yankton Sioux tribe on July 19, 1815. 22 In 1820 he was elected a delegate from Ste Genevieve County to attend the Convention in St. Louis which was to draft a Constitution for the State of Missouri. This Convention met in June and on July 19 adopted a Constitution which bears the signature of "H. Dodge". Many years later when the boundary dispute between Missouri and the original Territory of Wisconsin had become acute Henry Dodge ex- pounded in 1837 his views on the disputed line in a communication to the Legislative Assem- bly. 23 Lieutenant Albert M. Lea in 1838 refer- red to Dodge's views, 24 and in July, 1842, Dele- gate Augustus Caesar Dodge when defending the claims of the Territory of Iowa appealed to the testimony of his father. 25 Between his civil and military duties Henry Dodge continued his business of salt-making, mining and smelting lead, and shipping his. 14 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE products down the Mississippi Biver. For sev- eral years, however, the fame of the Upper Mississippi Lead Mines had been spreading, and their competition with the lead mines of Missouri had seriously impaired his business and had embarrassed his fortune. Drawn into the current of migration to the new lead mines he emigrated in 1827 with his wife, nine chil- dren, and a family of slaves to the Fever Eiver (Illinois) lead region. It was early in the spring of 1827 when the Winnebago Indians assumed a threatening at- titude that Henry Dodge's military skill was again called into service. Thousands of hardy, resolute, and enterprising settlers had been at- tracted by the rich lead mines, and a hurried but confused preparation for defense was under way. All were without arms, order, or control. Governor Lewis Cass of Michigan Territory (of which Wisconsin then formed a part) arrived at Prairie du Chien on July 4 ; military compa- nies were organized at Fort Crawford and at Galena; and Brigadier General Henry Atkin- son came up from St. Louis with a force of 750 men. 26 At Galena, meanwhile, a company of mounted volunteers was raised by the miners who chose Henry Dodge as their commander. "The flat prairie between the bluff and the river was crowded with wagons, the families camping in HENRY DODGE 15 them", said an eye-witness. "Block-houses were erected on the hill, companies forming, drums beating, and Gen. Dodge was busily- engaged in organizing troops, and creating or- der and confidence out of terror and confu- sion." 27 Hemmed in on all sides by the troops of Colo- nel Snelling, Major "Whistler, Brigadier Gen- eral Henry Atkinson, and by the mounted volunteers under Dodge, Chief Red Bird and his Winnebago warriors surrendered quickly and thus saved the tribe from the miseries of war. Bed Bird died in prison, while two of his accomplices were sentenced to be hanged but were pardoned by President Adams on Novem- ber 3, 1827. 28 The war, although of short dura- tion, was a severe blow to the smelters and gave a rude shock to the prosperity of the region. It was after the Winnebago War that Henry Dodge removed from Galena, Illinois, and on November 3, 1827, located near the present town of Dodgeville in Iowa County, Wisconsin. Here he continued his mining operations until again called to military service in the Black Hawk War five years later. Mutterings of dis- content among the Winnebagoes over the en- croachments of the settlers upon their hunting grounds arose, and Indian agents directed pro- tests and threats at the squatter miners. Henry Dodge was foremost in defending the rights of 16 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE the miners and in urging a treaty "with the In- dians. Finally on August 1, 1829, a treaty on which the name of Henry Dodge stands as a witness was signed whereby the Winnebagoes sold their lands between the Eock and Wiscon- sin rivers to the United States. 29 The village of Black Hawk (or Black Spar- row Hawk as he called himself) was situated on the right bank of the Mississippi, but included the present site of Bock Island. The entire village was included in the territory ceded by the Sacs and Foxes in the treaty of November 3, 1804. The validity of this treaty was denied by Black Hawk, although it was ratified and confirmed in another treaty made on May 13, 1816, to which Black Hawk had affixed his mark. 30 The treaty of August 19, 1825, 31 also recognized the binding force of these treaties. Driven to desperation Black Hawk in the spring of 1831 crossed the Mississippi River with three hundred warriors and began attack- ing the homes and property of the Illinois set- tlers. Again the cry of war was raised and by June 10, 1831, as many as 1500 volunteers had assembled at Beardstown on the Illinois River. Frightened back across the river, the Indians signed a treaty "(June 30, 1831) whereby' they agreed to remain forever on the west bank of the Father of Waters. "The Sauks were as completely humbled", remarked Major General HENET DODGE 17 Edmund P. Gaines who had helped to negotiate the treaty, "as if they had heen chastised in battle, and less disposed to disturb the frontier inhabitants." 32 , But in this he was mistaken : the Black Hawk War was yet to be fought. In the battles of Pecatonica, Wisconsin Heights, and Bad Axe, Henry Dodge was yet to win fame and glory as the "Captain of Aggressive Civilization" and the "Hero of the Black Hawk War". The far-reaching results of this war in opening up a vast area for settlement and agriculture and for the planting of permanent cities and homes belong to the romantic rise of the West. Henry Dodge now held the position of Colo- nel of the Michigan militia. On May 8, 1832, he wrote a letter to Governor John Beynolds (of Illinois) requesting a force for the protection of the settlers and promising to cooperate with volunteers later. 33 With a party of twenty- seven men he made a scouting expedition to the Bock Biver and learned of the disastrous defeat of Major Isaiah Stilhnan on Old Man's Creek on May 14, 1832. Beturning to Dodgeville he warned the miners to prepare for a defense. Fort Union became Colonel Dodge's head- quarters, and he and his force were placed un- der the command of Brigadier General Henry Atkinson. On June 14, four men were murdered on the Pecatonica Biver near Spafford's Ford 18 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE by Black Hawk's marauders. 34 On the 16th another man was shot within a short distance of Fort Hamilton. 35 "With only half an hour's start the fleeing Indians were now pursued by Colonel Dodge and his mounted troops. The Indians directed their course to a bend of the Pecatonica, which they reached before the pur- suers could reach the stream. "After crossing the Pecatonica, in the open ground", runs Colonel Dodge's account of the fight, "I dismounted my command, linked my horses, and left four men in charge of them, and sent four men in different directions to watch the movements of the Indians, if they should attempt to swim the Pecatonica; they were placed on high points that would give them & complete view of the enemy, should they at- tempt to retreat. I formed my men on foot at open order, and at trailed arms, and we pro- ceeded through the swamp to some timber and -undergrowth, where I expected to find the ene- my. When I found their trail, I knew they were close at hand; they had got close to the edge of the lake, where the bank was about six feet high, which was a complete breastwork for them. They commenced the fire, when three of my men fell, two dangerously wounded, one severely but not dangerously. I instantly or- dered a charge on them, made by eighteen men, which was promptly obeyed ; the Indians being HENET DODGE 19 under the bank, our guns were brought within ten or fifteen feet of them before we could fire on them. Their party consisted of thirteen men; eleven were killed on the spot, and the re- maining two were killed in crossing the lake, so that they were left without one to carry the news to their friends. The volunteers under my command behaved with great gallantry; it would be impossible for me to discriminate among them; at the word 'charge', the men rushed forward and literally shot the Indians to pieces. "We were, Indians and whites, on a piece of ground not to exceed sixty feet square." 36 A new plan of campaign developed shortly after the battle of Pecatonica or Horse Shoe Bend, and by June 28, 1832, the whole army was in pursuit of Black Hawk and his fleeing braves. Colonel Dodge and Brigadier General Posey formed the left wing of the army; Gen- eral Alexander's command formed the center; while Brigadier General Atkinson with Briga- dier General Henry's brigade made up the right wing. 37 For over three weeks the chase con- tinued in long and weary marches. Through the heat and rains of the July month it led across rivers, through swamps and tangled for- ests in the southwestern portion of the present State of Wisconsin. The pursuers quickened their march when the 20 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE trail was discovered and as it grew fresher. Brigadier General Henry's force with that of Colonel Dodge's had become detached from the main army and were in close pursuit. On the 20th of July a large body of Indians was dis- covered by the scouts, and for thirty miles a running fire was kept up during the whole day. Late in the afternoon the immediate commands under Colonels Henry Dodge and L. D. Ewing overtook the Indians at the bluffs of the Wis- consin Eiver. At five o'clock in the afternoon the battle began and for an hour the two com- manders held their position under a heavy fire. Brigadier General Henry now arrived; a gen- eral charge was ordered; and the Indians were repulsed to the bottoms of the Wisconsin. Bain and the high grass in the lowlands pre- vented further pursuit. Henry's loss was one killed and eight wounded; while it is believed that Black Hawk's loss was over sixty and that many other warriors died later of wounds. This decisive engagement is known as the Battle of Wisconsin Heights. Weary and worn from the long chase, the victors waited for reinforcements. The Indians had crossed the Wisconsin Biver and had dis- appeared, but the pursuit was continued. The trail of Black Hawk's band was marked by the dead bodies of braves who had died of wounds and of disease. On July 31, 1832, the freshness HENRY DODGE 21 of the trail indicated the immediate presence of the enemy. On August 2, Black Hawk's de- feated band of braves was found near the mouth of the Bad Axe on the Mississippi River (about forty-five miles above Prairie du Chien). Promptly Brigadier General Atkinson ar- ranged the order of battle. The regular troops under Colonel Zachary Taylor and Colonel Dodge's troops composed the front; the Illinois militia under Posey and Alexander formed the right; and Henry's brigade of about four hun- dred men composed the left. A steep bluff was descended by the advance, and the battle took place upon a grassy and heavily wooded bottom. Here were collected Black Hawk's men, women, and children to make a final desperate stand against the whites. For three hours the battle raged while the Indians were driven from one hiding place to another. "The whole of the troops", ran At- kinson's report of the next day, as written by Albert Sidney Johnston, "participated in the honour of the combat; some of the corps were however more fortunate than others, in being thrown from their position in order of battle, more immediately in conflict with the enemy. There were Henry's brigade, Dodge's battalion, the regular troops, Leach's regiment of Posey's brigade and the Spy battalion of Alexander's brigade." 38 Upward of 150 of the Indians 22 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE were killed, while the whites suffered a loss of twenty-four killed and wounded. The loss to Dodge's battalion was six wounded, of whom three died of their wounds. This engagement known as the Battle of Bad Axe, terminated the war and led to the capture of the leader Black Hawk. 39 On June 15, 1832 — a day before the Battle of Horse Shoe Bend — Congress ordered the crea- tion of a battalion of Mounted Eangers for the protection of the northwestern frontiers. Six days later President Jackson appointed Henry Dodge as Major of the battalion which was to be composed of six companies, each con- taining 114 men and officers. 40 Besides guarding the safety of the settlers Henry Dodge rendered valuable services in the negotiation of treaties with the Indians and witnessed the signing of the treaty of September 21, 1832, 41 which opened the region west of the Mississippi to settlement. Congress on March 2, 1833, converted the battalion of Mounted Eangers into a regiment of dragoons, and two days later Henry Dodge was commissioned as its Colonel. Ten com- panies with a total of 748 officers and men were to constitute this force. 42 Five of the Ban- ger captains remained with the dragoons, and among the first lieutenants was Jefferson Davis, then a young man of twenty-five. This organi- zation is notable as being the first regiment of HENRY DODGE 23 dragoons in the army history of the United States. 43 For nearly three years Colonel Dodge re- mained with this famous military organiza- tion 44 in its marches through the vast area of the Louisiana Purchase. During the summer he marched with his dragoons from Fort Gib- son to the Pawnee Pict village accompanied by George Catlin, the famous portrait painter of Indians. Choctaws, Osages, Cherokees, Dela- wares, and Kiowas were met with in the long marches. ' ' Two miles from camp, ' ' reads Colo- nel Dodge's journal of July 18, 1834. "Com- mand delayed two hours waiting for the litters to come up; six litters, including Mr. Catlin 'a. Eemarkable absence, day and night of mosqui- tos and flies. A chain of hills five miles from us, bearing south by west ; country exceedingly beautiful; soil good; water abundant; grazing excellent. The season is a remarkably dry one, but we have suffered very little for want of good water. Our men seem somewhat discontented on account of the scarcity of game; they are very improvident; brought ten days' provisions on the 7th, with orders to make it last twenty days ; have been supplied with a plenty of buf- falo meat till within a day or two, yet many of them are entirely out of provisions; plenty of deer in the neighborhood, but no buffalo; out of the buffalo range to-day; our sick encum- 24 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE bered us so much that Colonel Dodge resolves to leave them behind."* 5 On May 31, 1835, Colonel Dodge with a de- tachment of dragoons left Fort Leavenworth to penetrate the Indian country as far as the Eockies. Day after day and month after month they marched along the Platte Eiver over the virgin prairies and through fertile valleys. Councils were held with Indian chiefs and pres- ents of knives, blankets, and tobacco were dis- tributed. The scenery impressed the old In- dian fighter. "The elements of the scene", en- thusiastically records his journal of July 9, 1835, "were now an unbounded prairie, a broad river, with innumerable herds of buffalo graz- ing upon its banks, and occasionally a solitary tree standing in bold relief against a clear blue sky. These elements, combined with the skill of nature's artist, formed one of the finest land- scapes I had ever seen." The return journey was along the Arkansas River until it struck the old Santa Fe Eoad. "Continued the march", runs his record of Sep- tember 3, 1835. "Crossed the Hundred-and- ten-mile creek, and entered upon the dividing ridge between the Kansas and Osage rivers; passed Eound and Elm Groves, and arrived at the crossing of the Kansas, at Dunlap's Ferry, on the 15th ; crossed the river, and on the 16th arrived at Fort Leavenworth." The expedition HENRY DODGE 25 had covered a distance of over sixteen hundred miles. 46 This expedition marked the close of Henry- Dodge's military career. When Congress in April, 1836, had passed an act for creating on July 4, 1836, the Territory of Wisconsin, it was fitting and expected that Colonel Dodge would be appointed its first Governor. No one had contributed more to the upbuilding of its min- eral industry and to its reclamation from the In- dian tribes. He was a Democrat, and his long and faithful military record appealed to the "Hero of New Orleans" who in April appoint- ed the "Hero of the Black Hawk War" to be the first Governor of the Territory of Wiscon- sin. Amid the festivities of the anniversary of Independence Day in 1836 he took the oath of office at Mineral Point. 47 A vast domain of territory was included with- in the boundaries of the area over which Henry Dodge was called to preside. To the east of the Mississippi Eiver lay the present State of Wisconsin while to the west of it lay the present State of Iowa and portions of Minnesota, North and South Dakota. A hardy and vigor- ous population numbering (in 1836) 22,218 souls from nearly every State in the Union had already braved Indian dangers and founded homes. The administration of Henry Dodge, the first Governor, extending over a period of 26 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE five years, is the heritage of two Common- wealths. Meeting at Belmont 48 the Legislative Assem- bly was reminded by the Governor of the de- mands of the ever-increasing population; coun- ties and townships had to be organized; the organization of the militia he considered an object of the first importance to the safety of the frontier citizens ; and the need of extending the right of preemption for the settlers and miners and the need of memorializing Congress for public improvements were faithfully ex- pounded. Widespread jealousy was aroused over the question of the permanent location of the Capi- tal. Numerous cities made bids and contests for the coveted prize, but the Governor refused to interpose his official influence saying, "I deem it proper to state that my assent will be given to its location at any point where a ma- jority of the representatives of the people agree it will best promote the public good." 49 The choice made has long justified the wisdom of those pioneer law-makers. In 1838 the area west of the Mississippi Eiver was detached from the Territory of Wisconsin and the Territory of Iowa was created. Fol- lowing the financial panic of 1837 several abor- tive attempts were made to establish a bank with branches. The construction of public HBNEY DODGE 27 buildings was a long and vexing question. Me- morials for Congressional appropriations were a persistent feature of Dodge's administration,, and the extravagance of the Legislative Assem- bly not a few times exceeded the Congressional allowance. As Superintendent of Indian Affairs Gover- nor Dodge put to excellent use his long and varied experience with the Indian tribes. He cultivated the friendship of the Winnebagoes, the Sioux, the Pottawattamies, the Sacs and Foxes, and other tribes, and used his best ef- forts to keep them at peace with one another. Diplomacy was required in negotiating treaties for land cessions, while an ever-present prob- lem was the regulation of the trade between the settlers and the widely scattered tribes. Similar duties had been performed by such notable Su- perintendents of Indian Affairs as William Clark, William H. Harrison, and Lewis Cass. 50 A Whig administration, however, had been elected in 1840, and in the following year Presi- dent Tyler removed Governor Dodge and ap- pointed James Duane Doty as his successor. The people of the Territory, however, were ready and willing to reward his public services by another trust; and so on July 19, 1841, he was unanimously nominated for Delegate to Congress by the Democrats of the Territory and in the next month the voters expressed 2g AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE their acknowledgment of his worth by giving him a majority of 507 votes. 51 It was a tall, dignified, and erect figure that stepped up with a military bearing to take the oath of office in the House of Eepresentatives when on December 7, 1841, ex-Governor John Eeynolds of Illinois 52 presented the credentials of Henry Dodge of Wisconsin. He was not unknown in Washington; for his services in the Black Hawk War were yet fresh in the recollection of the public mind, while the fame of his Mounted Bangers and their long explo- rations still centered much interest upon their Colonel. Henry Dodge's duties during the four years of his service in the House were not unlike those of Delegate Levy from Florida and his son Au- gustus Caesar from the neighboring Territory of Iowa. From a new and growing community he presented petitions for harbors at Racine, Milwaukee, and other cities; new post roads were continually desired in his Territory; ap- propriations to improve the Fox and Wisconsin rivers were asked for; petitions for grants of land for public purposes were presented ; claims arising out of the Black Hawk War were sent to the Delegate ; and memorials for various pub- lic improvements were pressed upon him. Ever mindful of the growth and prosperity of his Territory he labored faithfully in securing HENEY DODGE 29 legislation favorable for the settler and the miner. When an amendment was introduced (July 14, 1842) proposing to reduce the duty on lead from three cents to two and one-half cents per pound he rose to the defense of the miners, urging that Congress extend to the min- ers and smelters of the Upper Mississippi, the fostering and protecting arm of legislation until their business should be more fully established. Furthermore, the Nation would derive immense benefits from the extent and value of the inte- rior commerce thus created. The amendment was then rejected and the duty left at three cents. 53 Five days later he made a strong plea for ap- propriations for the construction of harbors on the west shore of Lake Michigan. For six years, he urged, memorials had been sent from the Territory which had only resulted in esti- mates and surveys. More than four hundred miles of coast extending from Chicago to Green Bay were destitute of harbors or shelter and no safety could be found for vessels from the storms, high winds, and surf of the great lakes of the Northwest. The importance of these har- bors to the East was shown: the immense sur- plus of the produce of the Northwest — wheat, flour, pork, beef, etc. — would have to find its way through the great lakes to the canals and railroads of New York and be distributed by 30 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE these to the cities and towns of the sea-coast. Likewise good harbors would facilitate the land- ing and transportation of troops and munitions of war, which were necessary to enable the Gov- ernment to command the lakes and to afford protection to the lake region and the frontiers of the Territories of Iowa and Wisconsin. 54 A proposition to disband the second regiment of dragoons, which was under consideration in the House on March 26, 1844, stimulated an in- telligent protest from the old commander. He warmly contended for the protection of the frontier and caused several letters to be read by the Clerk in which he set forth the dangers to which the residents of the frontier were ex- posed. The remounting of this regiment he deemed but justice to the western people on whose borders the government had placed so many warlike Indian tribes. He enumerated the western forts and the amount of troops em- ployed in their defense and showed the inef- ficiency of the force there employed. 55 This speech elicited an explanation from the mover of the amendment, John Quincy Adams, who declared that he had no disposition to aim a blow at the regiment of dragoons. His pur- pose had been merely to test the question of in- crease or decrease of appropriations. On the strength of Dodge's speech Mr. Adams then withdrew the amendment. HENRY DODGE 31 Demands for the removal of the Indians from "Wisconsin Territory were sent to the Delegate to be pressed npon Congress. The prodigality of the Territorial legislature brought on de- layed payments and arrearages, which the Dele- gate was expected to cover with paternal ap- propriations secured from the United States Treasury. The quarrel between Governor Doty and the Legislative Assembly grew so acute in 1843 that Delegate Henry Dodge wrote to the President asking his removal and declaring that "the history of the present Governor of this Territory is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations." 56 President Tyler, however, declined to remove the offending Governor, and on the expiration of his term he was succeeded by Nathaniel P. Tallmadge. In 1844 a Democratic President had been elected ; and so on May 13, 1845, Hen- ry Dodge was restored to his old appointment as Governor of Wisconsin. On June 5, at Min- eral Point, he was welcomed back to his old post in a celebration consisting of a ball, pro- cession, and speeches. 57 During his administration the Territory grew rapidly in wealth and population. Much of the attention of the legislature was drawn upon the subject of railroads and upon the question of granting franchises to corporations. Governor Dodge insisted that the Territorial debt should 32 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE be paid as early as possible. And he urged the Legislative Assembly to memorialize Congress on the subject of the sale of the lead mines and the mineral lands. The subject of the militia and the public arms was referred to, and pub- lic improvements generally found a place among his discussions. Governor Dodge now renewed his campaign for a State government. As in the Territory of Iowa the evil state of the circulating medium was one of the main causes which led to the agi- tation for a Constitution and a State govern- ment. After an able and energetic contest the Constitution was defeated by a decisive vote in 1847. Governor Dodge, however, called a spe- cial session of the Legislative Assembly for October 18, 1847, to again consider the question of Statehood. Another Constitutional Conven- tion was authorized which framed another Con- stitution which was adopted by the people on March 13, 1848 ; 58 and Henry Dodge saw the Territory which he had guided so long and well take its place as the thirtieth State of the Union. Political nominating conventions now began to discuss Governor Dodge's official and mili- tary record. A Barnburners Convention, com- posed of the friends of Van Buren, met at Utica, New York, on June 22, 1848, and nomi- nated Martin Van Buren for President and HENEY DODGE 33 Henry Dodge for Vice President. Governor Dodge, however, declined the honor — proud though he would be, as he said, to have his name under other circumstances associated with that of Van Buren. In the next August the first National Free Soil Convention at Buf- falo composed of Barnburners, Liberty men, and Anti-slavery Whigs indorsed Van Buren for President and nominated Charles Francis Adams (the son of Dodge's former colleague in the House) for Vice President. 69 The highest office in the gift of the people of Wisconsin was now bestowed upon Henry Dodge for his long and conscientious service to them. Against his old political rival, James D. Doty, he was elected United States Senator on June 8, 1848. On December 4, 1848, he took his seat in the second session of the Thirtieth Con- gress and was assigned to the class of Senators whose terms expired in 1851. 60 Henry Dodge's senatorial career covered a period of nine years — a time which included the legislation of the Compromises of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Clay, Webster, Cal- houn, Benton, Foote, Douglas, and Isaac P. Walker from his own State were among his col- leagues. He served faithfully on the Commit- tee on Commerce as well as on the Committee on the Militia, for the latter of which he pos- sessed superior qualifications. 84 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE His lifelong friend in the Senate was Senator Thomas H. Benton, whom he had known and ad- mired for thirty-five years and whom he con- sulted often on questions of a public nature. A bitter personal debate between Senators Foote and Benton on April 17, 1850, almost resulted fatally. Benton had advanced toward Foote who then drew a pistol. Henry Dodge now sprang to his feet and arrested his friend from Missouri who amid the confusion exclaimed from time to time : "I have no pistols ! " " Let him fire!" " Stand out of the way ! " "I have no pistols!" "I disdain to carry arms!" Meanwhile the excited Senator from Missouri had been brought back to his seat, but, break- ing away from Senator Dodge he again ad- vanced toward Foote who at this time was standing near the Vice President's chair. Sen- ator Dickinson now induced Foote to surrender the weapon and then locked it in his seat. "I am certain that these things should be stopped", said Senator Dodge when matters had somewhat cooled. "The Senate of the "United States has heretofore been considered as one of the most decorous bodies of men in the world, and we owe it to ourselves to vindi- cate the Senate from the disrepute, so far as it can be done, which attaches to it in consequence of a scene like this." 61 On the same day the Senate on his motion ordered the appointment HENRY DODGE 35 of a committee of seven to investigate and re- port on the facts of the recent disorder. Sena- tor Dodge was appointed chairman of this com- mittee, bnt on the next day declined to serve. 62 In his votes on the Compromise measures he was scrupulously honest and obedient to his constituents. During the legislation on these measures the Wisconsin Senators were instruct- ed by a resolution of their legislature to vote against a clause in a bill applying to California, which was construed as admitting slavery. Senator Walker, however, disregarded his in- structions and voted for the measure. Senator Dodge rising from a sick-bed had himself car- ried to the Senate chamber when the vote was to be taken. When his name was called he re- quested the Clerk to read the instructions from the legislature of Wisconsin to her Senators. When the Clerk finished reading he firmly voted "No". This action was looked upon as a sting- ing rebuke to Walker, whose action retired him from the confidence and esteem of the people of Wisconsin. 63 When the debate over the question concerning the admission of Kansas was raging in 1856, Senator Henry Dodge rose to make an expla- nation. "I have heretofore voted against the extension of slavery under the instructions of my Legislature", he said. "I shall continue to do so. Although I have seen much to approve in 36 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE the bill reported by the Committee on Terri- tories, and really think it is well calculated to give peace to the people of Kansas, I shall vote against it ; for as long as I represent the people of Wisconsin, and as long as their Legislature, which sends me here, instructs me, as it has done ever since I have been a member of this body, for eight years, I feel bound to conform my action to their instructions, or resign my po- sition. I shall vote against the bill." 64 His second term as Senator completed his long official and military life. At the close of his term he was an old man of seventy-five years and gladly sought rest in the retirement of private life. His last years were spent at Dodgeville, Wisconsin, and at the home of his son at Burlington, Iowa, where he died on June 19, 1867. Five days later Governor Lucius Fairchild of Wisconsin in announcing his death paid tribute to him in these words : "A brave and accomplished soldier, an en- lightened and incorruptible statesman — Gen- eral Dodge was for many years recognized as one of the most distinguished leaders in the na- tion. Too brave to be other than he seemed, too honest to be a demagogue, his career was char- acterized by a manly independence in doing right, which won for him the confidence of the whole people. "After a life, long and of rare usefulness, he HENEY, DODGE 37 has gone from our midst; and truly may it be said of him that to few indeed has it been given to leave a fame at once so wide-spread and so spotless." 65 He seeved his own generation by the will of God. 66 Thus reads the epitaph on his monu- ment overlooking the Father of Waters at Bur- lington. It is a fit resting place for the man. The strong and ceaseless flow of the great Mis- sissippi symbolizes his aggressive pioneer spirit. Its turbulent waves from the north re- echo forever the tales of his Indian conflicts and conquests. And in its more peaceful moods it reflects his civil and military career during which he helped to make and to mould two mighty Commonwealths. Ill Youth Manhood and Maebiage Augustus C. Dodge boen at Sainte Genevieve, Mo. Jan. 2nd 1812 — reads the inscription on his tombstone. Here as early as 1735 the foundation of the first civilized community had been laid by emigrants from Kaskaskia, Ca- hokia, and Fort Chartres. The families of Valle, St. Gen, and other groups had imported those French manners and customs which have survived the many changes in national and local jurisdiction 67 and have given color to the com- munity. Stirring events marked the period of Dodge's birth : in the previous month the earthquake at New Madrid had shaken that part of the Missis- sippi Valley, causing destruction to property and bringing terror to the inhabitants; a few months later, on June 4, the Territory of Mis- souri was created ; war had broken out between the United States and Great Britain and the Indian tribes were being incited by British agents; while his father, widely renowned for his knowledge of Indian character, for his skill with the rifle, and for his capable leadership was organizing (in September) a company of YOUTH MANHOOD AND MARRIAGE 39 mounted riflemen for the protection of the white settlements. The hoy grew accustomed to his father's fre- quent absences on military and official duties and from necessity learned much of the mining and smelting of lead, besides becoming familiar with the various other duties about the farm and mines. Scanty educational facilities char- acterized the frontier in those days, and less than six months would cover the time that Augustus was privileged to attend school. Through greased paper the light of day was admitted into the rough log school house where the boys and girls of Ste Genevieve received their primary instruction. Pencils made from lead bullets and beaten into shape served for the purpose of ruling paper. With Barlow knives pens were manufactured from quills; and a serviceable ink was made by boiling but- ternut bark or gunpowder. 68 By the year 1827, Galena, Illinois, had be- come the Mecca of thousands of miners who had been attracted thither by the rich lead de- posits. Hoping to better his fortune Henry Dodge decided to migrate to this land of new opportunities, and in the spring of 1827 the family embarked on the steamer "Indiana". A family of negroes, including Leah whom Au- gustus was wont to call "Mammy", accompa- nied them. 69 40 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Past St. Louis and the budding villages on the Mississippi Eiver the "Indiana" steamed with its cargo of miners bound for the Fever Eiver lead region. When they reached the rap- ids of the Des Moines Eiver, where Keokuk now stands, they discovered that owing to the low state of the water in the Mississippi Eiver their boat would not be able to pass the rapids. Forced to abandon the 'Indiana," the passen- gers and the cargo were transferred to a keel- boat on which they then continued the journey. For twenty-four days this primitive craft was towed and rowed against the steady cur- rent of the Mississippi by some forty French oarsmen up to Galena — a distance of about two hundred miles. Shovels, picks, buckets, wind- lasses, and miners' lamps were stowed in the boat. The apartment for passengers was di- vided by a partition, and into these two uncom- fortable sections the men, women, and children were crowded. Husbands and wives were sepa- rated, and without berths or compartments they were forced to sleep on the floor. Twenty or thirty ladies, among whom was a sister of Judge Charles Mason, braved without com- plaint the discomforts of this lazy voyage. The food was in keeping with the other dis- comforts. During the warm June days passen- gers as well as the perspiring oarsmen were without ice, vegetables, fruit, milk, or cream. YOUTH MANHOOD AND MARRIAGE 41 Salted meat, sailors' biscuits, hard tack, and "black coffee were served for breakfast, dinner, and supper. Now and then a band of Indians with venison or game would be spied on tbe bank of the river and the boat would be pulled ashore to enable the passengers to "swap" beads, trinkets, and salt pork for the appetizing fresh meat. On the second day Montrose was passed. Fort Madison was the next point of interest. Little did the fifteen year old boy dream as the boat labored past the bluffs where now stands Burlington that this spot was destined to be his home for forty-five years. Little did he realize that here was to be the beginning of set- tlement, population, and institutions in the great State of Iowa which eleven years later he chose for a home. Henry Dodge, anxious to reach his new mines and impatient of the boat's slow course, little thought that here he would spend his last days and find his final resting place. The natural beauty of the vegetation and the scenery somewhat mollified the monotony of the journey and the impatience of the passen- gers to reach Galena. "Where Eock Island now stands was the largest Indian village in the northwest, and here hundreds of ponies were pasturing on the unhedged green. Here too for the first time Augustus and his brother Henry 42 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE gazed upon Black Hawk, "Wapello, Mahaska, and other Indian chiefs and braves whose names have been perpetuated in Iowa history in treat- ies, traditions, and in the naming of counties. They were gaudily dressed in their peculiar costumes of head-ornaments and wampum ; and they appeared the lords of the soil and forest that they were, for their power had not yet commenced to wane. 70 On arriving at Galena on July 4, 1827, the re- lief from the long journey was changed into the general excitement over Indian marches, mur- ders, and treachery. Galena, containing at this time a population as large as that of the vil- lages later known as Peoria and Chicago, was overflowing with frightened men, women, and children. Young Augustus was anxious to join the force commanded by his father. A small shot-gun was found which his father gave him, saying, "Shoot well, my boy." 71 More than fifty-five years later George "W. Jones, his life- long friend, said: "He could have told you of his own services when under fifteen years of age, in the Winnebago "War of 1827, with his only brother, Henry L. Dodge; how he and I campaigned together in the regiment led by his gallant father ; of how we slept and sweetly, too, o'er nights, with our saddles for pillows, and resting upon the under saddle blanket, with no other cover than the upper saddle blanket, save YOUTH MANHOOD AND MARRIAGE 43 the starry heavens ; of how frequently we swam rivers together, drawing over them the hastily constructed rafts, laden with men who could not swim; and when at one time for several days our only rations were fresh beef killed and butchered upon the ground, the hard cooked and burnt part being used as bread, we having none of the staff of life, and being without flour to make it." 72 Five years later as aid-de-camp to his father, Augustus witnessed the campaigns of the Black Hawk War while with the Michigan volunteers. With Lieutenant Jefferson Davis and Captain Zachary Taylor he divided his rations and of- ten accepted of their return hospitalities. 73 Speaking from a retrospect of fifty-one years, Mr. Dodge in 1883 said: "Fathers were fre- quently called upon to defend their own thresh- olds, and mothers and sisters moulded bullets, and carried water, filling barrels in order to have a supply during the anticipated siege. My mother and sisters have done both. Families were sometimes awakened from sleep in the midst of conflagration and slaughter in some lo- calities. The cows were milked and God wor- shipped under the surveillance of armed men, and virgins carried off into captivity by savage monsters/' 74 For eight years the Dodge family lived in a rude log cabin. This structure, made from 44 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE hewn timbers and without a particle of sawed lumber, boasted of a puncheon floor and a clap- board roof. Their food was rusty pork worth :$30 a barrel, flour worth $25, and black coffee. During his minority Augustus acted as errand boy and maid-of-all-work. As the cook for the mining camp he became skillful with the oven, the skillet, and the frying-pan. He was earnest and untiring in his efforts to aid his father in the support and education of a large family and in extricating himself from the heavy debts which he had contracted while at Ste Genevieve. With Americans, French, Germans, and Irish he served in various capacities — at the wind- lass, in the lead mines, and at the furnaces. The task of driving ox-teams with their loads of rock, mineral, or lead was also numbered among his many duties. 75 Hard and trying as these times were the peo- ple found time for social enjoyments which ex- tended beyond the sociability of teas and after- noon calls. Families separated many miles visited each other. Buggies and carriages were unheard of, and on these visits the miner or set- tler would drive his wagon drawn by horses or faithful oxen. Galena was a noted social cen- ter, and parties came up from the vicinity of Keokuk and from Fort Madison to attend po- litical meetings, barbecues, and the festive balls. Politics, too, was beginning to serve as an at- YOUTH MANHOOD AND MARRIAGE 45 tractive diversion for the young miner. When the Territory of Wisconsin was established am- bitions for the office of Delegate to Congress began to crop out which soon became full blown candidacies. On May 23, 1835, a meeting of citizens of Iowa County was held at Mineral Point, and a set of resolutions nominating George Wallace Jones for the office of Delegate was introduced by his friend Augustus Caesar Dodge. This meeting was not professedly Democratic, although both Dodge and Jones prided themselves on their Democratic princi- ples. 76 Meanwhile the young man had been making occasional trips to visit his former home at Ste Genevieve; 77 and while there was the guest of Professor Joseph Hertich, the schoolmaster. In 1815, Professor Hertich had married Mercilite de Villars, the daughter of a prominent French official whose name is honorably connected with the early history of New Orleans. 78 On June 20, 1819, their daughter Clara Ann was born,, and soon showed her father's quick intelligence and love of books as well as the southern cul- ture and deep religious feeling of her mother — qualities that marked her character through life. As schoolmates their acquaintance began early and soon budded into a strong friendship which the removal of Augustus to the lead re- 46 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE gion did not terminate or even lessen. Letters came and went, love grew, and solemn promises followed. During their engagement they would often ride a hundred miles — sometimes on a single horse — to attend one of those social gath- erings that were frequent and famous about Ste Genevieve. On March 19, 1837, in her eight- eenth year, the engagement ripened into a mer- ry wedding at the old schoolmaster's house in Ste Genevieve. At Dodgeville, Wisconsin Territory, the young couple made their home until they re- moved to the young town of Burlington a little later. Many years afterward, when in a remi- niscent mood, Mr. Dodge declared that "With abundant opportunities of knowing, he was ready to certify, in or out of Court, that no State could furnish better wives than Mis- souri" 79 IV Register of the United States Land Office From the time of the enactment of the Or- dinance of 1787 to the period of the timber thieves and land-grabbers of the twentieth cen- tury, the administration of the public domain has been vast in its scope, great in its problems, and far-reaching in its results. It has created problems of immigration, of finance, and of public improvements ; and it has been involved in international boundary disputes. It engaged the statesmanship of Hamilton, Webster, Clay, Benton, and Douglas. From the disposition and sale of the public lands have flowed the tides of immigration; preemption laws have been passed; towns have multiplied; counties have been created; and social and political in- stitutions have kept pace with the onward march of the American settler and pioneer. The Congressional Act of May 10, 1800, 80 is the Magna Charta in the history of the public lands of America. It was the first serious at- tempt to create a system for the disposal and administration of the public domain and was followed by various acts creating the General Land Office, regulating the survey, the minimum 48 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE price, and the sale of lands, denning the duties of land officers, prescribing the credit and money for lands sold, and beginning with 1830 instituting the first general preemption act. In what is now the State of Iowa the Indians had ceded vast tracts of territory to the United States — from the great cession of 1830 to the relinquishment of the Keokuk Eeserve in 1836. On October 21, 1837, the Sauk and Foxes ceded 1,250,000 acres lying west of the Black Hawk Purchase of 1832. 81 Instructions for the sur- vey of these lands were issued in 1836, and by November, 1837, the Sauk and Fox cession had been surveyed and forty townships had been divided into sections. 82 When the Iowa District became a part of the original Territory of Wisconsin in 1836 the population west of the Mississippi numbered 10,531 souls. 83 The legal title to every acre of this land resided, however, in the general gov- ernment. But the settlers upon this portion of the national domain had built towns ; upon their farms they had expended labor and capital in fencing and in improving and reclaiming the soil; mills, houses, and furnaces had been erected ; mineral products of the earth had been extracted; and the' land had increased many fold in market value by the labor, capital, and enterprise of the hardy pioneers who had en- tered upon the dangers and toil of frontier life. EEGISTER OF LAND OFFICE 49 The possession of farms without legal title gave rise to a strong demand for preemption laws in the Iowa district — that is, for "a pre- mium in favor of and condition for making permanent settlement and a home, .... a preference for actual tilling and residing upon a piece of land." 84 Governor Henry Dodge of the original Wisconsin Territory in his annual messages of 1836 and 1837 had strongly recom- mended that the Legislative Assembly ask Con- gress to extend the right of preemption to the settlers of the Territory. 85 A Territorial Convention at Burlington on October 13, 1837, representing the people of the Iowa District, was equally emphatic in the memorial to Congress. "This district", reads the document, "has been settled and improved with a rapidity unexampled in the history of our country, emigrants from all parts of the United States and from Europe are daily add- ing to our numbers and importances. An at- tempt to force these lands thus occupied and improved into market to be sold to the highest bidder, and to put the money thus extorted from the hard earnings of an honest and labori- ous people into the coffers of the public treas- ury, would be an act of injustice to the settlers which would scarcely receive the sanction of your honorable body. ' ' The memorial concludes with the hope that Congress would "pass a pre- 50 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE emption law giving to every actual settler on the public domain who has made improvements sufficient to evince that it is his bona fide design to cultivate and occupy the land, a right to en- ter at the minimum government price, one half section for that purpose, before it shall be of- fered for public sale." 86 With increased volume the streams of immi- grants kept pouring into the new land of prom- ise to the west of the Mississippi. They came from the eastern States, from Virginia, Ken- tucky, and Tennessee, by caravan and by boat, through Dubuque and Burlington. Congress finally passed a preemption act which was ap- proved on June 22, 1838, under the provisions of which the settlers of the Iowa District were to enjoy all the benefits of the law for two years. 87 On July 4, 1838, by act of Congress the Iowa District was erected into a separate Territory. 88 President Van Buren, on June 12, 1838, signed the law which created two land offices in the Iowa district. 89 The Du Buque District comprised all the land north of an east and west line passing through the northernmost bound- ary of Bockingham Township in Scott County. All the area south of this line was called the Des Moines District. In the former the land office was to be located at Du Buque, in the latter at Burlington. REGISTER OF LAND OFFICE 51 Such, briefly and roughly, was the political and the agrarian condition of the Territory of Iowa when Augustus Caesar Dodge entered up- on the duties of the first civil office to be held by him under the government of the United States. For his clerk he secured Mr. Bernhart Henn, who later became the Eegister of the Land Office at Fairfield and still later one of the Congressmen from Iowa. The appointment by President Van Buren of Augustus Caesar Dodge as Eegister of the Land Office at Burlington was confirmed by the Senate on June 18, 1838. 90 Ver Planck Van Antwerp was appointed Eeceiver of the Public Moneys at Burlington at the same time. Mr. Dodge's appointment was undoubtedly due to his father's influence, to that of his uncle, Lewis F. Linn, who was at this time a Senator from Missouri, and to that of George W. Jones, a lifelong friend of Augustus Caesar Dodge and at this time Delegate to Congress from the original Territory of Wisconsin. Writing to George W. Jones in December, 1836, Governor Henry Dodge of Wisconsin said: "I have no doubt there will be many applications for Land Offices west of the Mississippi, and perhaps Au- gustus Dodge may be one of them." 91 In Feb- ruary, 1837, he had visited Washington, osten- sibly in the interests of his appointment. The Land Office at this time was administered 52 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE under the authority of the Treasury Depart- ment; and the duties of the Register were in the main those prescribed in the Act of May 10, 1800. He was to receive the applications of any person or persons for the purchase of any section or half section of land. "When any two persons applied for the same tract at the same time he was to give the preference by lot. If required he was to give a copy of the descrip- tion or of the plat of the tract purchased; and if payment were not made on the proper date he was to cause the land to revert to the United States. Descriptions of tracts sold and receipts for payments were to be recorded in separate books ; and when the land was fully paid for he was to give the purchaser a final certificate which on presentation to the Secretary of the Treasury would entitle the buyer to a patent signed by the President of the United States. 92 Quarterly returns by the Register to the Sec- retary of the Treasury and to the Surveyor- Greneral were to indicate the tracts sold, the names of purchasers, the prices, and the tracts which had reverted to the United States. The Register was also to perform such other duties and comply with such other regulations as to keeping books and accounts as the Secretary of the Treasury might from time to time deem proper to prescribe. The Register was forbid- den to enter his own application for lands or REGISTER OP LAND OFFICE 53 to make entry in the name of any person acting in trust for him. If he wished to purchase land application had to he made to the Surveyor- General who was to follow the same steps as the Eegister when that officer was selling to a private party. Both the Eeceiver and the Eegister received a salary and a commission on the money taken in. The Act of April 20, 1818, provided that the compensations should not exceed $3,000 an- nually, 93 and the Act of April 24, 1820, allowed each officer $5 for every day's attendance at a public sale. 94 By the statute of May 10, 1800, each officer was required to give a bond in the sum of $10,000. 95 The proclamation of the first public sale of land within the Territory of Iowa was issued on July 6, 1838, and on August 4, 1838, Dodge entered upon the duties of his office. 96 Between Front and Main streets on Jefferson Street in Burlington, Mr. Dodge, who was then under twenty-seven years of age, opened his of- fice. When the notice had been issued that the land was to be offered for sale at public outcry the settlers were filled with dismay. Before the government surveys had been run they had staked out their claims and built their cabins; "claim clubs" had been formed to limit the amount of holdings ; committees of five to seven had been appointed to adjust disputes; and a 54 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE general protection and regulation surrounded these claims. 97 The government surveys, how- ever, fitted no man's claim. Township lines and section lines often ran through the middle of a farm. Sometimes it happened that a settler's claim would be located in two, three, or even four townships. The government surveyor's chain had left confusion and uncertainty in its path. 98 Perhaps the most unique feature of the situa- tion was the protection of the "claim clubs" which were maintained until the land was of- fered for sale by the government or until the settler was able to enter his claim. A contem- porary pioneer thus describes the township claim clubs regulating the land before it was sold by the Eegister: In order to prevent unpleasant litigation, and to keep up a spirit of harmony amongst neighbors, and the better to protect them in their equitable rights of "claim" purchase, each township has its own organ- ization generally throughout the territory, and an- nounces by public notice a "call meeting", thus: "The citizens of township of 72 north, range 5 west, are requested to meet at Squire B 's, Hickory Grove, (or as the place and time may be) to adopt the necessary measures for securing their homes at the approaching land sale at B or D ." Af- ter a short preamble and set of resolutions, suited to the occasion, a "register" is appointed, whose duty it REGISTER OF LAND OFFICE 55 shall be to record the name of each claimant to his respective "claim". A "bidder" is also appointed, whose duty it shall be, on the day of sale, to bid off all the land previously registered in the name of each respective claimant. These associations are formed mutually, to sustain and protect each other in their claim-rights. Thus, everything moves along at the land sales with the harmony and regularity of clock- work; and should any one present be found bidding over the minimum price ($1.25,) on land registered in the township book, wo[e] be unto him. Although "claim-law" is no law derived from the United States, or from the statute book of the territory, yet it never- theless is the law, made by and derived from the sovereigns themselves, and its mandates are impera- tive. When any controversy arises between two neighbors relative to trespassing, (in common parlance) "jump- ing a claim", it is arbitrated by a committee appointed for that purpose, and their decision is considered final." On November 19, 1838, the land sale at Bur- lington began. It was a pleasant fall day when that concourse of hardy pioneers of the Black Hawk Purchase assembled to secure the titles to their lands. Settlers from nearly every State of the Union were there. The Massachusetts Yankee was present to seize any bargain; the Kentuckian with his soft southern accent min- gled with his southern brethren from South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and Tennessee; 56 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE large numbers were gathered from Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana ; the Granite State was repre- sented ; the Hadleys were registered from South Carolina ; and besides there was present a con- siderable group of settlers who had but lately come from the District of Columbia. 100 Here within a few hundred feet of the Father of Wat- ers, Augustus Caesar Dodge and Ver Planck Van Antwerp officiated at the sales which be- came the starting points of industry, wealth, and permanent and happy homes in the future Commonwealth of Iowa. Mr. John B. Newhall, in his Sketches of Iowa, has left a graphic account of one of the early land sales at Burlington in these words : Many are the ominous indications of its approach among the "settlers." Every dollar is sacredly treas- ured up. The precious "mint drops" take to them- selves wings, and fly away from the merchant's till to the farmer's cupboard. Times are dull in the towns; for the settler's home is dearer and sweeter than the merchant's sugar and coffee. At length the wished-for day arrives. The suburbs of the town pre- sent the scene of a military camp. The settlers have flocked from far and near. The hotels are thronged to overflowing. Barrooms, dining-rooms, and wagons, are metamorphosed into bed rooms. Dinners are eaten from a table or a stump ; and thirst is quenched from a bar or a brook. The sale being announced from the land office, the township bidder stands near by with the registry book in hand, and each settler's REGISTER OP LAND OFFICE 57 name attached to his respective quarter or half -section, and thus he bids off in the name of the whole town- ship for each respective claimant. A thousand settlers are standing by, eagerly listening when their quarter shall be called off. The crier has passed the well known numbers. His home is secure. He feels re- lieved. The litigation of "claim- jumping" is over forever. He is lord of the soil. "With an independent step he walks into the land-office, opens the timeworn saddle-bags, and counts out the 200 or 400 dollars, sil- ver and gold, takes his certificate from the general government, and goes his way rejoicing. 101 The first purchase of land in the Des Moines District at Burlington was made on October 1, 1838, under the preemption act of the preced- ing June. John H. Murphy of Des Moines County was the purchaser, and the records say that "The applicant could not tell what the mid- dle letter 'H' in his name stood for." Two hundred and twenty patents were issued before November 19, under the provisions of the pre- emption act. These sales whetted the appetites of the land-hungry settlers. At the public sale on November 19, the first purchase went to Lewis Benedict of Albany County, New York, who bought thousands and thousands of acres at the various public sales. His first patent was to the northeast quarter of section 1, township 67, range 10 west, and bore the date of December 1, 1841. Receipt 58 AUGUSTUS CAESAK DODGE number 233 was for $100 paid for eighty acres by Samuel Green Jackson. Bichard F. Bar- ret of Sangamon County, Illinois, and Lyne Sterling of Franklin County, Ohio, were pres- ent with their coin for speculation and invested in thousands of acres. 102 For two weeks the first public land sale at Burlington continued. In "West Point Town- ship in Lee County, Hawkins Taylor was ap- pointed bidder; and his experience was doubt- less paralleled by that of many other bidders. In words and phrases which glow with the liv- ing spirit of the pioneer, Hawkins Taylor has left us the following account of this memorable land sale: I made a map of the township. In the meantime we had been adjusting lines as well as we could. I en- tered the name of the settler on his claim, and I man- aged to adjust all differences without calling on the committee. In many cases there were different claim- ants' interests on the same quarter section, often as many as three, but the acres of each were stated on the map and the money necessary to pay for their land, and it was agreed in whose name the land should be bid off, the other parties to furnish their share of the money. On the day of sale the able bodied men of the township went to Burlington as did all the able-bodied men of the other townships where their land was sold. There were probably two thousand men in and camped around Burlington during the two weeks of the sale, which was in September [November?] and the weath- REGISTER OF LAND OFFICE 59 er was pleasant. There was no rowdyism or drunken- ness, but they were at the sale. There was but a sin- gle attempt during the sale to bid on a settler's claim, and that was in my township and made by a Virginian who had a good deal of money. He stopped at Fletcher's Hotel, then on Jefferson Street near the river. He had told Col. Patterson who was, when a boy, from the same county in Virginia, that he meant to bid on any land that he chose to. The colonel dis- couraged him but he was indignant. Our township was an early one sold and on the day there was a drizzly rain, and the land officers, Gen. Dodge and Van Antwerp, always the earnest friends of the set- tlers, invited me inside where I bid off all the settlers' claims as registered on my map. Just before I went into the office 'Squire Judy, who had been disappoint- ed in getting his money, told me not to bid off his claim. It happened to be in section 35 near the last of the township and the Virginian bid it off. The mo- ment I could get out I reported that Judy's home had been bid off by an outsider. There was a whoop and John Caniday, of Fort Madison, who only died a few days ago, as the leader, made for Fletcher's. CoL Patterson had started 'cross lots to save his friend, and found him in his room defiant and ready for the fray, but the Colonel told him to look out. At the sight of an army of determined men he quailed and grabbed his carpet sack and rushed down stairs, out at the back door and to the river where he hired a man to take him across the river, and I think that man has never been in the State since. Col. Patter- son when he went into the room told the Virginian 60 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE that he must surrender his bid, but he indignantly refused until he saw the settlers coming down the street when he said to the colonel, "for God's sake stop them, I surrender the bid," and this was the only unpleasant incident of the sale. Bernard Henn, then a clerk in the land office acted as crier at the sale and there was scarcely paid for land that was not in silver. One German paid for a half section of land in the old Spanish quarter dollar pieces. 103 In payment for the lands sold in Iowa the Eegister received Missouri bank notes of de- nominations of twenty dollars and upwards, silver, gold, Spanish coins, United States treas- ury notes, and, under certain restrictions, Vir- ginia military landscrip. 104 This was in the pe- riod of severe financial depression which had followed in the wake of the stormy financial legislation under "Old Hickory". Speculators and money sharks clustered around the land of- fices to lend money to the settlers at high rates of interest. "Dr. Barrett, then of Springfield," said Mr. Taylor, "was there with money to loan, and an Albany, New York man was there with money to loan. Grimes and Starr were their representatives. They entered the lands in their own names and gave the settlers a bond to deed the land to them at the end of two years by the settler paying them double the price that it cost to enter the land. Dr. Barrett loaned $100,000 borrowed from the State Bank of EEGISTEE OF LAND OFFICE 61 Illinois. The bank failed and many of the set- tlers paid for their land to the Doctor in the paper of the bank, costing them but 50c on the dollar. I think that no settler failed to pay for his home." No land could be thrown open to private en- try before it had been offered at public sale for a period of two weeks, except as provided in the preemption act of June 22, 1838. 105 The public sales of the first two weeks at Burlington netted $295,495.61; in March, 1840, the public sales and private entries aggregated $332,222.- 42; while the total receipts from all sales be- tween November, 1838, and June, 1840, amount- ed to the immense sum of $968,987.14. The sil- ver coin was generally shipped in kegs to the United States Sub-Treasury at St. Louis. It was estimated that ninety per cent of all the lands sold fell into the hands of actual set- tlers. 106 It is perhaps true that nowhere in the history of settlement and immigration can there be found a more democratic and a sounder eco- nomic condition. On December 1, 1840, Dodge relinquished the office 107 and was succeeded by his lifelong friend, Enos Lowe. On the disposal of prac- tically all the land in the Des Moines District the Burlington office was closed on June 30, 1842, and removed to Fairfield where it was established on August 1, 1842. 108 62 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE As Eegister of the Land Office Mr. Dodge performed his duties with honesty and effi- ciency. The laborious and complicated tasks of the office were executed without suspicion of questionable practices. In his later political career his opponents never impeached the hon- esty of his administration. His experience in the office gave him an intimate and detailed knowledge of preemption laws, surveys, titles, and of the value and location of lands, which was of great service in his later public career. There is, moreover, evidence that Mr. Dodge made many investments which later yielded him good business returns. A wide and extensive acquaintance was a natural incident of the of- fice ; and his later correspondence is full of in- quiries from settlers as to titles, preemption laws, loans, and the like. A large portion of his time was cheerfully devoted to the advan- tage of settlers. His record in this office and the acquaintance and popularity that he gained from it won for him a trust of still greater honor, responsibility, and usefulness to the peo- ple of the Territory of Iowa. The First Election to Congeess Possessing a fine personal appearance and address and holding a record for faithfulness in the Land Office, Augustus Caesar Dodge was qualified to enter Territorial politics as a candi- date for the office of Delegate to Congress. Moreover, he enjoyed a wide and popular ac- quaintance — from the Governor of the Terri- tory to the humblest settler in the cabin. On January 9, 1839, Governor Lucas had appoint- ed him Brigadier General of the Second Brig- ade in the first division of the militia of the Territory. 109 In February, 1840, the citizens of Burlington had elected him to the office of alderman. 110 He had become versed in the many issues growing out of the disposal of the public domain; his labor in the lead mines at Dodge's Grove in Wisconsin had given him en- larged views on the problems of mining; his military record and ancestry were valuable po- litical assets ; and his political creed and prin- ciples were in accord with the administration of Van Buren whose inauguration he had wit- nessed. By the Organic Act the Territory was en- 64 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE titled to a Delegate to Congress elected by the people for two years. 111 This was an office of considerable honor and distinction. The Dele- gate was given a salary of $8 per day with $8 for every twenty miles traveled in going to and from "Washington. He enjoyed all the privi- leges of a Representative except that he was neither allowed to vote nor given membership on any committee. He was the sole representa- tive at Washington to present and push claims from the Territory and to take care of the great mass of memorials and petitions which were continually being sent to him from the Legisla- tive Assembly, from towns, and from citizens. "William "W. Chapman, the first Delegate from the Territory of Iowa, had rendered faithful service in originating the bill which secured for the State 500,000 acres for the support of com- mon schools and in urging the claims of the Territory in the Missouri-Iowa Boundary Dis- pute. He was a Democrat ; but he opposed the introduction of partisan politics into the young Territory and advised the people to desist from political warfare because it would endanger their interests at the National Capitol. 112 The year 1840 was a time of delirium for po- litical parties generally throughout the United States. For three long years the ill-fated Van Buren had been tossed like a political derelict upon the waves of financial distress and disas- FIRST ELECTION TO CONGRESS 65> ter which had followed in the wake of the stormy financial legislation under the autocrat- ic reign of "Old Hickory". With song and speech, parades and processions, "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" had been harangued, paraded,, and sung into office. Symptoms and effects of this noisy campaign) were early apparent in the Territory of Iowa, The Democrats early became active and drew abuse and denunciation from the "Whigs who at the same time were holding conventions and meetings, nominating candidates, forming Tip- pecanoe Clubs and assuming their role in the theatrical demonstrations of this year. 113 An undesirably large number of candidates for the Democratic nomination for Territorial Delegate appeared. "William "W. Chapman de- sired reelection; and from Dubuque County Francis Gehon and James Churchman were candidates. Other aspirants appeared; and so the nominating convention of July 9, 1840, at Bloomington did not promise to be a political ' 'love feast ' '. At the same time the Democratic convention managers desired to prevent a dis- cordant convention creating disappointed can- didates. Turning to Augustus Caesar Dodge they decided to bring his name and his record before the Convention and to induce the other candidates to withdraw. This scheme proved successful, and Mr. Dodge on July 9, 1840, was 66 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE nominated as the Democratic candidate for Delegate to Congress from the Territory of Iowa. 114 Three days later a committee consist- ing of the president and the four vice presidents of the Bloomington Convention sent to Mr. Dodge the following notification : Sir: — At the democratic Territorial convention which assembled at Bloomington on the 9th inst., a resolution was adopted appointing the president and vice-presidents a committee to apprise you of your nomination as a candidate to represent Iowa in the next Congress, and to solicit your acceptance of the same. In communicating to you this result, we cannot re- frain from expressing our sincere gratification at it; and we are forced to add that it is the desire and ex- pectation of the democracy of the whole Territory that you will yield a compliance to their wishes. Be assured, sir, that this is not the call of a few interested partisans, but the voice of a sober and think- ing people, speaking forth the sentiments of their hearts. With great respect, we have the honor to be your obedient servants, Geo. Temple, Sam'l Holliday, Silas Smith, John Reynolds, David Hendershott. On July 29, 1840, Mr. Dodge replied in a let- ter characteristic in its candor and its courtesy : FIRST ELECTION TO CONGRESS 67 Gentlemen: The receipt of your communication of the 12th instant, apprising me of my nomination for the delegacy of this Territory by the democratic convention, which assembled at Bloomington on the 9th instant, is acknowledged. The highly respectable character of the convention which has thus, without any seeking of mine, pre- sented my name before the people of Iowa in connec- tion with the honorable and respectable station re- ferred to, added to the circumstances under which that convention assembled, forbids that I should hesi- tate in yielding a compliance to the "desire and ex- pectation" of its members, as conveyed in your letter of the 12th. I accept, therefore, with pride and grati- tude the nomination. In the event of success, the only promise I can give is, that all my energies, and what- ever talent I may possess, shall be sedulously devoted towards the advancement of the common interests of the people and Territory of Iowa. Be the issue, how- ever, what it may, I shall ever regard the nomination by my democratic friends as a compliment which can scarcely be exceeded; and in return, I beg leave to convey to them through you an assurance of the obli- gation I am under for this mark of their confidence. I am very respectfully your obedient servant. A. C. Dodge. Messrs. Geo. Temple, Samuel Hollidat, Silas Smith, John Reynolds, and David Hendershott, committee, etc. 115 On July 29, 1840, at a "Congress of the Peo- ple" at Bloomington the Whigs had placed Al- fred Eich in nomination against Augustus Cae- 68 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE sar Dodge. 116 "Tippecanoe and Tyler too", "Little Van" with accompaniments of hard cider, log cabins and coon-skins became the picturesque elements of this campaign. A "Whig journal declared that General Dodge had come to this Territory under the patronage of the President, bearing a commission for one of the most lucrative offices in our government and but for that he never would have set foot upon the Territory. He would do all in his power to sustain the dynasty at Washington, advocating Van Buren's proposition for an army of two hundred thousand men, the sub-treasury, and in general he would oppose the true interests of the American people. 117 Mr. Eich, on the other hand, urged the Whigs, had come to this Territory "not in the gorgeous cabin of a splendid steamer, where are enjoyed all the luxuries of ease and com- fort and high living, nor yet had he the where- withal to procure even a deck passage — but, in the true democratic style of the most ardent ad- venturer, relying solely upon his own exertions and his own resources, determined to make an honest living, and 'without a penny in his purse, ' he footed it to our borders, went to work as a common laborer, and thereby obtained his daily bread." Clothed in such vestments of Jeffersonian simplicity he would "oppose the suicidal doc- FIRST ELECTION TO CONGRESS 69 trines and practices of the present administra- tion, of uniting the purse and the sword; he will advocate a reform in the abuses of the par- ty in power, retrenchment in the expenditures of the general government, one presidential term, the claims of the people to as good a cur- rency as the office-holders, and a restoration of the people's government to the good old days of Jefferson, Madison and Monroe. " 11S The two candidates stumped the Territory, holding joint debates, traveling together, and sharing common hardships and hospitalities. Across the prairie they rode on their horses, eating at the same table, and generally sleeping in the same bed. Sharp rejoinders would be given and taken in their discussions; but off the stump they knew no party and were friends. At the present site of Brighton (Iowa) they found a village of less than a dozen cabins. There was scarcely a bridge in the Territory, and owing to the unusual rains the smallest streams were overflowing. Brighton was final- ly reached by fording and swimming the swol- len streams, and both candidates were forced to leave the little village in the same way. Skunk Eiver in Washington County was also booming and was more than a quarter of a mile in width. The candidates entered a small skiff and while one of them rowed the other held the reins of the horses as they swam behind. 70 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Crooked Qreek with its swollen waters also con- fronted them. This was passed on a log — the one candidate driving in the horses while his opponent canght them when they landed on the other bank. Finally the weary candidates with their be- drabbled horses reached Washington, the coun- ty seat, where they hoped to secure rest and food for themselves and their horses. But Bloomer Thompson, the respectable and ac- commodating tavern-keeper of the only hotel in town, had gone to Moffet's mill, near Burling- ton, for flour. For five or six days he had been detained by the swollen streams, and his good wife had neither bread nor meat in the house. Without any dinner the two men dined upon a supper of tea and onions, and retired to forget candidates, campaigns, votes, and election. On the next morning Thomas Baker, the first clerk of the courts of Washington County, called upon the candidates. He was a hospi- table and kind-hearted man, and so the hungry candidates gladly accepted his invitation to eat breakfast with him at his farm-house near by. Baker was a strong Democrat and the breakfast hour was enlivened by his arguments against banks and the protective tariff. During the forenoon their hearts were gladdened by the ar- rival of the belated Thompson whose supply of grist now insured a hearty dinner. 119 FIRST ELECTION TO CONGRESS 71 It would be interesting to dwell upon the sights and scenes and experiences of the politi- cal gathering of nearly seventy years ago. It was a social event of the community, usually held in the open air and attended by the popu- lation of the neighborhood. The meetings often indulged in a barbecue. Hard cider was a com- mon campaign stimulus, and the voters came to eat and drink as well as to think. The followers of Tippecanoe and Tyler would be there to en- courage their candidates with songs and cam- paign doggerel; and with equal volume would be heard a chorus from the admirers of "Little Van". The speakers, unrestrained by the re- porter, the cartoonist, or the cold print of a morning daily, would give unbridled rein to story, illustration, invective, quotation, gesture, and passionate appeal. An eye-witness tells of how the "stump ora- tions went off" at one such meeting in Septem- ber, 1840. 120 The candidates, Dodge, Eich, and Churchman, arrived too late to address the peo- ple in the afternoon and .so the "orations" were given in the evening. The Democrats, however, were disowning Churchman because of his vote in the legislature disapproving of Van Buren's message and because of his communi- cation with the "Whigs. Dodge and Eich on the other hand were the objects of honor and atten- tion from the followers of "Little Van" and 72 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE "Old Tip". Churchman spoke first and spent his time in trying to identify himself with the Democratic party, but we are told that "he made awkward work of it". The narrator con- tinues in these words : Mr. Rich spent some time in replying to Church- man Gen Dodge took no notice of him whatever Gen. Dodge is decidedly the best speaker of the three. We were proud of our candidate even the leading Whigs admitted that he acquitted himself remarkably well — that he disappointed them — and we did not hear a word said about the effort of their candidate Rich the fact is he is no match for Dodge In speaking he preceded Gen. Dodge and when the Gen. had con- cluded Rich for the purpose of getting the last "tag" begged leave to make a few remarks in reply to the remarks of Dodge respecting Gen. Harrisons military accomplishments — he had had nothing to explain or [ ?] deny but evidently wished to do away with the imp[r]ession made by Dodge After he concluded Dodge replied in a few words & I think it was the unani [m] ous sentiment of the audience that Rich had better let him alone Dodge is a whole team when aroused and he handled the Hero of Tippecanoe for a few minutes without mittens — I never saw a man so tetotally used up as was Rich and Dodge concluded amidst an overwhelming burst of applause. Mr. Dodge's election took place on October 5, 1840. He was given 4,009 votes ; Rich secured 3,494; and James Churchman, who during the campaign had been described as in "an awk- FIRST ELECTION TO CONGRESS 73 ward fix", received but 92 votes. Dodge car- ried every county except Des Moines, Jones, Henry, and Louisa. St. Peters precinct, which at that time was attached to Clayton County and was the only organized precinct in the Ter- ritory of Iowa that at present is a part of Min- nesota, unanimously cast its eighteen votes for Dodge. 121 Although defeated the Whigs were unwilling to admit that Locofoco principles were upper- most in the Territory. The Whigs secured con- trol of the upper branch of the Legislative As- sembly and gained some advantages in the elec- tions to the lower house. They argued that the choice of Delegate furnished no criterion of po- litical strength. "Hundreds and hundreds of whigs voted for Gen. Dodge on account of per- sonal and local considerations," wrote the edi- tor of the Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot. 122 In writing this post election comment James G. Edwards had unwittingly admitted the high personal standing and the political popularity of Augustus Caesar Dodge. Mr. Dodge's career as Delegate from the Ter- ritory of Iowa covered a period of six consecu- tive years, embracing four terms. In Novem- ber, 1840, he left his young wife at Ste Gene- vieve, Missouri, and departed for Washington where on the 8th day of December he took his seat in the second session of the Twenty-sixth 74 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Congress. In the Senate he found Henry Clay, Thomas H. Benton, and his uncle Lewis F. Linn. In the House was ex-President Adams, ripe in age and political wisdom. Eobert M. T. Hun- ter was Speaker. Cave Johnson and John Bell were present from Tennessee. And James Duane Doty from the Territory of Wisconsin took the oath of office with Mr. Dodge on De- cember 8, 1840. 123 The area which Dodge represented in 1840 contained 43,112 souls and comprised a vast ter- ritorial empire including the present State of Iowa and the greater portion of Minnesota and a part of the present States of North and South Dakota. The constant westward movement of the border line between savagery and civiliza- tion produced an ever expanding area for settle- ment and for the establishment of government and the administration of law. Three subjects among the great complexity of his activities and duties stand out in clear re- lief — the Missouri-Iowa boundary, the problem of securing territorial appropriations from Con- gress, and the admission of Iowa to Statehood. Without membership on any committee, with- out the power and prestige of the right to vote, and often against the efforts of experienced leg- islators and statesmen his work directed to- wards the solution of these problems has re- mained a lasting legacy to a State which is now FIRST ELECTION TO CONGRESS 75 secure in its boundaries, rich in its public treas- ury, and powerful in its Congressional delega- tion. In the Twenty-sixth Congress it appears that Dodge presented several petitions from Iowa, suggested an amendment to the Indian Appro- priation Bill, and moved an appropriation for the Iowa Militia in the Missouri-Iowa Boundary Dispute. Floods of petitions were presented in the next Congress : mail routes, river improve- ment, the construction of roads, canals, and bridges, military roads, and the granting of sites for public buildings were some of the things desired by Dodge's constituents. The Legislative Assembly, too, was ever ready to place its petitions to Congress in the hands of Delegate Dodge. To the Twenty-eighth Congress he presented petitions for more mail routes, for harbor im- provements, for claims due from Indian trea- ties, for the establishment of new post offices, for grants for educational purposes, and a me- morial from John Morgan praying for a pen- sion. Indian treaties demanded attention; the interests of the mineral industry of the Terri- tory were guarded; and the Constitution of Iowa was presented. In the next Congress the Land Offices, petitions, the mineral lands, and river improvements demanded his care. On February 7, 1846, he spoke on the Oregon ques- 76 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE tion; 124 and throughout the session he was ready to urge the improvement of the Des Moines and the Mississippi rivers and to min- ister to the manifold wants and demands of a growing constituency. VI The Missotjbi-Iowa Bottndaby 126 The carelessness of John C. Sullivan, a gov- ernment surveyor, in marking in 1816 the boundaries designated in the Osage Indian treaty of 1808 126 is the remote cause of a long- drawn boundary dispute between Missouri and Iowa. For about twelve years (from 1836 to 1848) it was successively an object of Territo- rial convention resolutions, legislative memo- rials, extended newspaper discussions and gu- bernatorial messages and proclamations; it nearly precipitated a border war ; it was a ques- tion of long and extended discussion in Con- gress; and finally it became the subject of a decree in the Supreme Court of the United States. Compared to the vast area of the rival claim- ants the tract in dispute was ridiculously small. Lying in a strip adjacent to the present bound- ary line between Missouri and Iowa, extending for about 185 or 190 miles, and averaging thir- teen or fourteen miles in width the area in dis- pute contained but 2,616 square miles. Except- ing Page and Fremont it included a portion of 78 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE each county in the southern tier of counties of the present State of Iowa. A brief retrospect into the history of surveys, boundaries, and Indian treaties is required to show the rival claims of the parties which on the floor of Congress furnished a contest in which Augustus Caesar Dodge championed the claims of his young Territory. Colonel John C. Sullivan in 1816 in running the lines for the Osage treaty of 1808 had pro- jected a survey from the east bank of the Mis- souri Eiver opposite the mouth of the Kansas Eiver for a distance of 100 miles due north and there established a corner. From this corner he ran a line due east, as he thought, for a dis- tance of 150.5 miles. Subsequently it appeared that this line ran obliquely to the north to the amount of two and one-half degrees at the east end of the line. 127 This carelessness in making corrections for the variation of the needle of the compass was destined to give rise to ill- feeling, border strife, and litigation. Congress in authorizing Missouri (on March 6, 1820) to form a State constitution and in pre- scribing the boundaries of the proposed State adopted the Sullivan Line, describing it as "the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the river Des Moines, making the said line to correspond with the Indian boundary line ; thence east, from the point of intersection THE MISSOURI-IOWA BOUNDARY 79 last aforesaid, along the said parallel of lati- tude, to the middle of the channel of the main fork of said river Des Moines." 128 Sullivan's Line, or the Indian Boundary, as it came to be called, was later recognized by- Congress in Indian treaties in 1824, in 1832, and in 1836. It was again recognized when the Iowa region was made a part of Michigan Territory in 1834 and when it was made a part of Wiscon- sin Territory in 1836. By the act of June 12, 1838, Congress recognized the Sullivan Line in the formation of two land districts in the origi- nal Territory of Wisconsin. 129 Yet with all this uniformity of acceptance of the northern boundary line as specified in the Missouri Constitution of 1820, the discrepancy between it and the Sullivan Line (which was re- garded as coinciding with it) becomes apparent. The former called for a parallel of latitude, while the latter was an oblique line. The bound- ary line of the Missouri Constitution was di rected to pass through "the rapids of the river Des Moines", while the latter did not pass through any point deserving of such a name or description. A boundary dispute was clearly in prospect. The embarrassments flowing from the unset- tled state of this border line prompted the State of Missouri in 1837 to appoint Joseph C. Brown to make a new survey. Selecting a point on 80 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE the right bank of the Des Moines River at the "Big Bend" about ten miles north of the Sulli- van Line of 1816, he ran a line due west to the Missouri River. On February 11, 1839, the Gen- eral Assembly declared this line to be the true northern boundary of the State of Missouri. 130 Thus, there were now three distinct lines le- gally recognized. Sullivan's Line and the par- allel passing through "the rapids of the River Des Moines" had both been recognized by Con- gress and by the State of Missouri. Brown's line, however, was purely and solely Missourian both in origin and in legal force. The people from the Territory of Iowa were yet to be heard from. On June 12, 1838, the Territory of Iowa was established, and six days later President Van Buren signed an act by which he was to cause the southern boundary of Iowa to be ascertained and marked. The President and the Governors of Iowa Territory and Missouri were each to appoint one commis- sioner. 131 The former appointed Lieutenant Albert Miller Lea; Governor Lucas appointed Dr. James Davis; 132 but the Governor of Mis- souri made no appointment. Each commission- er made independent investigations and surveys and drew up separate reports. Dr. Davis made his report to Governor Robert Lucas, while Lieutenant Lea reported to the Commissioner of the General Land Office. Lea's report pre- THE MISSOUBI-IOWA BOUNDARY 81 sented a clear account of the genesis and his- tory of the various surveys concerned in the dispute and was used later in the debates in Congress. On February 16, 1839, the State of Missouri enacted a law declaring its authority over the disputed area by virtue of Brown's survey in 1837. In July the Commissioners of Van Bur- en County addressed a remonstrance to Gov- ernor Lucas: the authorities of Clark County, Missouri, were assessing their property and en- deavoring to ascertain their views on Slavery. Becalling the Governor's firmness in the Ohio Boundary Dispute they anxiously awaited his judgment and advice. 133 Sheriff Henry Heffleman of Van Buren Coun- ty now arrested the Missouri official who was attempting to collect taxes from the citizens of the Territory of Iowa. This was the bugle call for the assembling of the Missouri militia in Waterloo of Clark County. Governor Lucas, equally determined, 134 ordered Major Generals Jesse B. Browne, Jonathan Fletcher, and War- ner Lewis to be prepared to call out the mili- tia. A motley crowd of soldiers was now gath- ered and the situation was tense and warlike. United States Deputy Marshal Hendry of Iowa Territory on December 14, 1839, sent an embassy to negotiate with the enemy at Water- loo. Augustus Caesar Dodge, then holding a 82 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE commission of Brigadier General in the militia, headed the embassy of which Majors J. A. Clark of Fort Madison and James Churchman of Du- buque constituted the other members. Arriv- ing at Waterloo they found that the army had been disbanded, hostilities had been suspended, and assurance was given that no further at- tempt would be made to enforce jurisdiction in the disputed tract in Van Buren County until the boundary line should be adjudicated by the general government. 135 Thus the commanders with twice a thousand men had "marched up the hill and then marched down again". In the encounter of proclamations between Governor Boggs of Missouri and Governor Lu- cas of Iowa, the latter had maintained that the true boundary was the Sullivan Line of 1816. He insisted that the boundary dispute was be- tween the State of Missouri and the United iStates, and that the officers of the Territory represented the general government, the honor and dignity of which he had sworn to maintain. The stern old Governor had borne faithfully his share of a public burden which was now to be shifted to other and younger shoulders. The boundary question came before Congress where it was referred to the Committee on Ter- ritories of which Garrett Davis of Kentucky was chairman. William W. Chapman, the first Delegate from the Territory of Iowa, now be- THE MISSOURI-IOWA BOUNDARY 83 came pitted against Eepresentatives John Jameson and John Miller from Missouri. Chap- man had investigated the question thoroughly and he made such a strong plea for the Terri- tory that the committee reported in favor of the Territory, that is, the committee reported that the Des Moines Eapids meant the rapids in the Mississippi Eiver. The Missouri delegation now attempted to lure Chapman over to their view of the boundary dispute by the encourage- ment that he could rely on their support in se- curing early Statehood for the Territory of Iowa. These overtures were, however, reject- ed; and so it remained for Augustus Caesar Dodge to guard and to plead the claims of the Territory of Iowa. 136 For the six years of Dodge's career as Dele- gate the journals, the debates, and the laws of Congress present but a very meager outline of his work in upholding and advocating the Iowa boundary. He collected evidence, maps, and documents to fortify his arguments and to in- crease his knowledge of the subject. He kept a watchful eye on the Committee on Territories and on the Missouri delegation. With his knowl- edge of the border difficulty and of the geog- raphy of the disputed region he was ever ready to meet the claims of the Missourians, and so the memorials from the Legislative Assembly of his Territory were wisely handled. John C. 84 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Edwards from Missouri became his principal antagonist on this subject in the House, while Thomas H. Benton and Lewis F. Linn guarded the interests of Missouri in the Senate. No progress was made during his first term which ended on March 4, 1841. The special session during the summer was also too ab- sorbed with other matters to legislate on bound- aries. Mr. Dodge left Washington on Septem- ber 14, and on October 19 arrived in Burling- ton to spend a few days in rest before returning to Washington for the regular session in De- cember. 137 Alfred Bich had again been defeated by Dodge for the office of Delegate at the election on August 6, 1841. 138 The young Delegate's father, ex-Governor Henry Dodge, had been sent by the people to represent the Territory of Wisconsin in Congress. The son with a year's experience in Congress extended, on December 7, 1841, the hand of welcome to his father older by thirty years and wiser by thirty years' ex- perience in civil and military affairs. For four years they sat side by side in the same body, meeting similar problems and performing like duties for the Territories to which they were bound by ties of affection as well as duty. For nearly three months Congress droned along without taking up the disputed boundary. ' ' The house of representatives as usual is doing THE MISSOURI-IOWA BOUNDARY 85 nothing but to wrangle", Dodge wrote impa- tiently early in January, 1842. "Whenever pe- titions are in order up conies this never ending question of abolition, and then for a discussion of a week or more. The reformers have got the government into almost inextricable con- fusion." 139 Determined to force attention to the issue Delegate Dodge on February 28, 1842, moved a resolution directing the Secretary of State to furnish the House with all information on file in the State Department relating to the bound- ary line between the State of Missouri and the Territory of Iowa, together with a copy of all the correspondence on the subject between Mis- souri and the State Department. 140 On March 11 Secretary of State Daniel Webster submit- ted the documents which were then referred to Mr. Davis's Committee on Territories. 141 On May 26, 1842, Mr. Oarrett Davis made a report on the memorials relating to the dis- puted boundary which was accompanied by a bill fixing the boundary between Iowa Terri- tory and Missouri. The bill as introduced pro- posed to adopt and confirm the northern Indian boundary line (Sullivan's Line) as the divi- sional line between Missouri and the Territory of Iowa. 142 The Iowa Delegate on July 20, 1842, moved to take up the consideration of Mr. Davis's bill. 86 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE John C. Edwards of Missouri entered into a re- view of the whole subject and presented the claims of his State. Not the Sullivan Line, he contended, not the parallel passing through the Des Moines Eapids of the Mississippi Eiver, but the parallel passing through the rapids of the Eiver Des Moines was the true northern boundary of Missouri. He insisted that the members of the Constitutional Convention of Missouri had in mind the rapids of the Des Moines Eiver. Errors in map-making, and in- correct legislating and treaty-making, if there have been any such, could not change the con- stitutional boundaries of Missouri. 143 Mr. Davis who had heard every phase of the dispute threshed over before his Committee on Territories also entered into the debate, review- ing the history of the dispute and speaking at length in support of the claims of the Territory of Iowa. Mr. Dodge in replying to Mr. Edwards pre- sented a strong and dignified statement of the claims of his Territory. The blame for the dis- pute he placed upon Missouri when that State in 1837 appointed surveyors to run and mark her northern boundaries in the face of various Indian treaties to which her Senators had as- sented and without the assent or cooperation of the United States or the Territory of Iowa. "It was then, Mr. Chairman," argued the THE MISSOUEI-IOWA BOUNDARY 87 Iowa Delegate, "that several thousand citizens of Iowa saw and learned, with consternation and alarm, that they were about to be brought within the jurisdiction and laws of a State in which they had not intended to settle, and in which, on account of their repugnance to the in- stitution of domestic slavery, I affirm that they will never live. Many of these worthy pioneers had settled upon the lands which they now own, as far back as the years 1833 and 1834, having lived under the successive Territorial Govern- ments of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa ; never dreaming, for a moment, that they were to be subjected to a foreign jurisdiction, alike alien to their views, feelings, and habits. And, sir, I beg those members who may be inclined to give into this cry about State sovereignty and fan- cied dignity, to reflect upon the outrage which will have been committed upon this portion of my constituents, by yielding them up to the ten- der mercies of a State from which they have re- ceived nothing but wrong and insult, and un- der whose institutions, as I before remarked, they can never live." The "rapids of the Eiver Des Moines" was a name which, for more than half a century had been conferred by voyagers and settlers, pri- vate citizens, and public functionaries upon the rapids in the Mississippi River. To support this argument he read from a letter of acting 88 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Lieutenant Governor Zenon Trudeau of Upper Louisiana in 1799. Pierre Chouteau, Jr., a life long trader, who had also been a member of the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1820 (then in Washington), had never heard of the rapids in the Des Moines Eiver. He quoted from Mr. Davis's able report on the boundary dispute, and long extracts were read from Lieu- tenant Lea's report in 1838. At the time of the formation of the State Constitution of Missouri many of the members were not aware that there were any rapids at all in the Des Moines Eiver. Of these he men- tioned Captain Nathan Boone, Pierre Chouteau, [Jr.], and Judge Benjamin Emmons. "Henry Dodge," continued the son, "whose testimony as a member of the convention that formed the constitution of Missouri, is referred to by Mr. Lea, is now present as delegate from Wiscon- sin, and is ready to say, upon the floor of this House, what he has often stated before in his messages whilst Governor of that Territory — that his recollection is, that the rapids in ques- tion are those in the Mississippi river. And he would further state, as he has informed me, that although upon the Missouri frontier dur- ing the years 1812, 1813, and 1814, he never heard of any rapids in the Des Moines river until the year 1836." To the odious and unfeeling doctrine ad- THE MISSOURI-IOWA BOUNDARY 89 vanced that the citizens of Territories have no rights and that the soil and inhabitants may be parcelled out to any State, Mr. Dodge answered that in a strict legal sense such a right existed. "But stop, and let us inquire which of the States it is that asks this boon at the hands of our common parent? It is Missouri — gigantic, avaricious, grasping Missouri." "For myself, sir," rang his closing sentences, "knowing as I do the wrongs which we have re- ceived at her hands, I cannot talk upon the sub- ject without becoming excited. As an Ameri- can — one who is ardently attached to our glo- rious and happy Union — I deprecate sectional divisions and local animosities. I would that the recollections of this unfortunate collision could be effaced from the memory of all. In my opinion, sir, a decision by the two Houses of the American Congress — the highest authority known in the land (unless it be the Supreme Court) — will carry with it a degree of moral power, which will forever put this matter to rest." 144 Opposed to the last, Mr. Davis's bill passed the House on August 8, 1842. 145 It was now sent to the Senate, but having no longer the fostering care of Mr. Davis or Augustus Caesar Dodge the measure languished and died under the watchful eyes of the Missouri Senators. Nearly two years passed and Congress did 90 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE nothing by way of settling the controversy. Augustus Caesar Dodge was now a busy man in advocating before Congress the claims of his Territory to Statehood. Perhaps he had given up hope of securing action by Congress and was seeking to secure the admission of the Territory to Statehood and thereby take the question from Congress and force an adjudication by the Supreme Court of the United States. The Iowa Capitol Reporter by way of urging State- hood had declared that it would provide a speedy settlement of the vexed boundary ques- tion. 146 Finally on June 17, 1844, an act was ap- proved providing for the settlement of the northern boundary of Missouri by three com- missioners. One commissioner was to be ap- pointed by the Governor of Missouri, another by the Governor of the Territory of Iowa, and the third was to be selected by these two. The surveys of these commissioners were to be final and conclusive. 147 However, a clause providing that the act should not take force unless assented to by the Legislature of Missouri made the law a nullity. The Legislature of Missouri assented to the Congressional act, but Governor John C. Ed- wards, who had persistently opposed the claims of the Territory of Iowa as advocated by Au- gustus Caesar Dodge and the Committee on THE MISSOUEI-IOWA BOUNDARY 91 Territories, vetoed the bill. 148 Thus the con- troversy "which was still creating embarrass- ment on the disputed border and which for five years had been seeking an adjustment in Con- gress was as far from ended as ever The problem upon which surveyors and Gov- ernors could not agree, over which sheriffs had been arrested and militia called out, and which for five years Mr. Dodge had pressed upon Congress for solution, was now seeking settle- ment in the Supreme Court of the United States. The legislatures of both parties prayed Congress to authorize the determination of the matter in that body. On August 4, 1846 — the day after the adoption of the Constitution for the State of Iowa by the people — an act refer- ring the question in controversy to the Supreme Court was authorized. 149 Later, by the admis- sion of Iowa Territory as a State on December 28, 1846, the Supreme Court was given original jurisdiction in the controversy. Ex-Chief Justice Charles Mason was appoint- ed as counsel for the State of Iowa and he chose Hon. Thomas Ewing of Ohio to assist him. The counsel for Missouri were Mr. Gam- ble and Mr. Green. The case came up in the December term of 1848. The counsel for Mis- souri contended that the parallel of 40 degrees, 44 minutes, and 6 seconds, north, passing through the rapids of the Des Moines Eiver, 92 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE was the true boundary; while the counsel for Iowa claimed the parallel passing through the center of the rapids of the Mississippi Eiver as the true boundary. The Supreme Court found that there were no such rapids in the river Des Moines as that called for in the Constitution of the State of Missouri and that "the true and proper north- ern boundary line of the State of Missouri, and the true southern boundary of the State of Iowa, is the line run and marked in 1816, by John C. Sullivan, as the Indian boundary, from the north-west corner made by Sullivan, extend- ing eastwardly, as he run and marked the said line, to the middle of the Des Moines river, and that a line run due west, from said north-west corner to the middle of the Missouri river, is the proper dividing line between said State west of the aforesaid corner; and that the States of Missouri and Iowa are bound to con- form their jurisdiction up to said line on their respective sides thereof, from the river Des Moines to the river Missouri. ' ' Commissioners were appointed to survey and to mark the line fixed by the decree. 150 Thus ended a twelve year controversy; bor- der difficulties ceased and indignant counter proclamations disappeared. The Court had up- held the claims for which Governor Lucas, Au- gustus Caesar Dodge, Garrett Davis, and the THE MISSOTJEI-IOWA BOUNDARY 93 Committee on Territories had persistently con- tended. Reviewing in memory his Delegate ca- reer from his seat in the United States Senate when the decree was entered, Mr. Dodge could well indulge in a satisfied sense of duty. Rep- resenting an infant Territory without political prestige and encountering talented opposition, he had heen faithful and persevering in pre- venting its territorial dismemberment and in maintaining its honor and dignity. VII CoNGBESSIONAL ApPBOPBIATIONS FOB THE Tbbbitoby Amid the clamorous and often conflicting de- mands of the States upon Congress, one of the persistent and pressing problems of Delegate Dodge was to secure needed appropriations for a Territory young and poor but strong in latent possibilities. Claims, bills, and memorials of every description came from his constituents who sought his escort and requested him to pilot their bills through committees, conferences, de- bates, and Congressional inertia to the disburs- ing agents of the Treasury Department. Me- morials came from citizens and towns, from companies, officials, and from the Legislative Assembly. Nor was the task of securing appro- priations an easy one for a Territorial Delegate who, unlike the Eepresentatives of States, was without alert and industrious colleagues in the Senate. "Eepresenting", said Mr. Dodge in June, 1845, ' ' a constituency of one hundred thousand freemen inhabiting an extreme frontier country, who look to the general government for aid and support, the Delegate, in addition to being the APPROPRIATIONS FOR TERRITORY 95 sentinel to guard the public interests of the Ter- ritory, is the medium through which nearly all the private business of his constituents con- nected with Congress and the several Depart- ments is transacted. "Without any disposition to exaggerate, but with a fixed determination not to do so, I feel fully authorized in saying, that during the whole period which I have been laboring in your service my business corre- spondence has exceeded that of the entire dele- gation of the State of North Carolina, repre- sented by nine members. The constant and ac- cumulating wants of a new country, the domain of which has so recently been or is yet to be pur- chased from both the Indians and the govern- ment, together with other causes known to exist which it is not necessary to enumerate, but which cannot fail to suggest themselves to all who reflect upon the subject, serve to swell the labors of a Delegate to an extent which, in com- parison with the duties that devolve upon a representative of one of the old States, is bur- thensome indeed. Still, these are legitimate du- ties appertaining to the station; and the in- cumbent would stand condemned before his constituents for shrinking from their dis- charge." 151 To give an estimate of the volume of money claims and petitions for financial aid which flowed from the Territory and which were en- 96 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE trusted to Mr. Dodge, the petitions of April 14, 1842, may be enumerated. On that day a peti- tion was presented by Dodge which asked Con- gress to appropriate $6,000 for a bridge across the Wapsipinicon ; two other petitions each asked for a grant of a section of land for semi- naries; a group of citizens desired an appro- priation by which the penitentiary at Fort Madison could be completed; the Legislative Assembly asked for an appropriation of $8,000 to compensate Major Jeremiah Smith whose house had been consumed by fire while occu- pied by the Legislature in December 1837 ; 152 appropriations were needed to construct a na- tional road and to remove the obstructions to navigation in the Mississippi Eiver ; the sum of $5,000 was desired for a military road from Davenport to Iowa City ; one John Newland pe- titioned Congress for back pension; and the pioneer lawmakers asked Congress to appro- priate $1,200 for the encouragement of agricul- ture and household manufactures in the Terri- tory of Iowa. 153 Three objects of appropriations forced them- selves upon the Delegate and embrace most of the financial aid that he secured for the Terri- tory. First, the expenses growing out of Gov- ernor Robert Lucas's action in defending the southern border of the Territory in 1839 raised clamors for settlement; secondly, the young APPEOPRIATIONS FOR TERRITORY 97 Territory was ever asking for money for inter- nal improvements such as public buildings, roads, harbors, river improvements, and dona- tions of lands for public purposes ; and thirdly, the arrearages growing out of the generous ex- penditures of the Legislative Assembly prompt- ed many memorials from that body and re- quired years of active service on the part of the Territorial Delegate. It will be recalled that in December, 1839, Governor Lucas had ordered the Major Gen- erals of the militia to furnish the Marshal of the Territory with such assistance as would enable him to enforce the laws in the Territory and if need be to repel the Missourians who were trying to crowd the southern boundary of the Territory to the north. Augustus Caesar Dodge, it will be remembered, was a Brigadier General in that crowd of curiously armed men who gathered in Van Buren County and who for about a week tramped about in the snow ready to repel the Missourians. But the truce at "Waterloo closed a war that had not yet been waged. 15 * Eumors of a "month's pay" for those who had obeyed the call became current. A day was appointed for a parade and inspection at Bur- lington. There a raw and green body of men trying hard to look military and stern were in- spected by Lieutenant D. Buggies, an officer de- 98 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE tailed by the War Department, Governor Rob- ert Lucas, and his two Aids. With a cheer for the reviewing officer, for their colonel, and for the Governor the men disbanded to resume their places on the farm, at the counter, and in the shop. 155 Days, weeks, months, and a year passed and no pay came to the men who had volunteered their services. Arthur Washburn of Blooming- ton had furnished teams and provisions and was still a hopeful creditor. Other parties in Van Buren, Louisa, Clayton, Dubuque, and Des Moines counties had also furnished various sup- plies to the posse comitatus and were expecting to be reimbursed by the United States govern- ment. Lieutenant D. Buggies 's report had been made to the Secretary of War on Decem- ber 28, 1840, by whom it was now referred to the House of Representatives. He reported that 1,175 men had been mustered out and esti- mated that their services during the month of December, 1839, were worth $10,871.05; and the value of the teams, subsistence, etc. fur- nished the men he estimated at $3,484.15. The total expense of calling out the force was there- fore $14,355.20. 156 The hopes of these 1,175 men and of those who had furnished them stores and transporta- tion in December, 1839, now lay in the efforts of Delegate Dodge in Congress. On March 3, APPROPRIATIONS FOR TERRITORY 99 1841, the House was considering a bill provid- ing for the payment of the militia of Maine, when Mr. Dodge offered the following amend- ment: "For the payment of the Iowa militia, called into service upon an order from the Gov- ernor, in accordance with a requisition from the United States Marshal, $14,000. " 157 Mr. Dodge in opening the debate on the amendment declared from personal knowledge that Lieutenant Euggles had performed his duty in a correct and gentlemanly manner, and quoted from the report agreed upon by the Committee on Military Affairs to whom the matter had been referred. Waddy Thompson of South Carolina opposed the amendment, de- claring that it would establish a dangerous prec- edent and expressed the opinion that no neces- sity had existed for calling out the militia and that Governor Lucas had acted improperly. Henry A. Wise, however, considered the appro- priation just and proper and "patted little Iowa on the head for resisting the incursions of the armed force of Missouri." With considerable warmth the Delegate from "little Iowa" now replied to Mr. Thompson: — Iowa made no display of military force until driven to it by an unjust and unholy attempt on the part of Missouri to extend her jurisdic- tion beyond Sullivan's Line. He thanked God that Iowa had a Governor and a people who 100 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE would stand up for her rights when and wher- ever assailed. Even if the call on the militia were illegal and improper, argued Dodge, it would still he obligatory upon Congress to pay the militia because they had acted in obedience to orders of the officers whom the Government had placed over the people of the Territory, and whom they as law-abiding citizens were bound to obey. "Sir," said Mr. Dodge, "this call was made upon us in the midst of winter, when the snow upon the ground was a foot in depth — to de- fend what? Why, sir, your territory, and main- tain the boundaries which you, the Congress of the United States, had assigned to us in our organic act ; and, sir, if our Governor and peo- ple had acted otherwise than they did act, it would have been a dereliction of duty on their part, for which they would have deserved the re- proach of every true-spirited American. A thousand militiamen of the State of Missouri were marched upon our line for the purpose of collecting taxes from us, and an attempt was even made to possess themselves of one of the counties of our Territory. And, sir, instead of being reproached by members of this body, the Governor and people of Iowa deserve the thanks of Congress for the prompt and manly manner in which they shouldered their muskets to repel an insolent and tyrranical invasion of APPROPRIATIONS FOR TERRITORY 101 their dearest rights and the laws of the United States." Representative John Jameson of Missouri asserted that the claim of his State to the dis- puted tract was as clear as noonday and gave notice that if Mr. Dodge's amendment should be adopted he would move one to pay the militia of Missouri. Eepresentatives Garrett Davis and John Pope of Kentucky and John P. Allen 158 of Ohio supported Dodge's amend- ment, while Joseph E. Underwood and John Campbell spoke against it. The amendment then went down to defeat. 159 On February 14, 1842, Mr. Dodge presented the memorial from the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Iowa 160 praying for an ap- propriation to defray the expenses which he had sought to provide for in his amendment. On July 4, 1842, Ezra Dean of the Committee on Territories submitted a report embodying the estimates of Lieutenant Euggles and introduced a bill to provide for the full payment of the Iowa militia. 161 Undaunted, Mr. Dodge continued his efforts and in the next session called up his amendment on January 31, 1843. He now reviewed the history of the dispute and read the proclama- tion of Governor Lucas as well as letters from the United States Attorney of the Territory, Charles Weston, and from Stephen Whicher in 102 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE support of his contentions. By the construc- tion of the War Department no officer above the rank of colonel could share in the payment. He himself was thereby stricken from the pay roll ; but his anxiety to get the farmers paid for their corn, beef, and pork furnished for the suste- nance of the men and their horses superseded any feeling for himself or for the other gen- erals. The farmers were expecting to make pay- ments on their homes and had been assured that their accounts would be settled and allowed by the War Department. Now, in consequence of not having been paid, they were forced to bor- row money at high rates of interest to pay for their homes and for the lands which they had brought into cultivation. The bill then passed the House by a vote ninety to forty-five. 162 In the Senate, however, the bill died from sheer neglect. From session to session the measure reappeared above the surging surface of Congressional legislation. The Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Iowa continued its memorials, while Dodge wrote many letters to the despairing creditors who had furnished teams, corn, beef, and pork. On February 10, 1845, he declared that the measure had three times passed the House but had been ignored in the Senate. 163 Other and more pressing questions from the Territory of Iowa now APPROPRIATIONS FOR TERRITORY 103 caused the subject to be relegated to a perma- nent place on dusty shelves in committee rooms. The Delegate had successfully piloted the meas- ure through the House only to see it stranded in the Senate. In the meantime the militiamen of the "border war" had become veterans praiseworthy and patriotic but without pay or pensions. No petitions for Congressional appropria- tions were more just and deserving than those asking financial aid for public improvements. With a constantly expanding area for settle- ment, an increasing population, and an expand- ing commercial and agricultural trade the young Territory, with but little taxation of its own, was ever making its demands upon Con- gress. For a Delegate or a Congressman to se- cure a harbor, a new road, or a new public building would be to obtain a political asset for himself as well as a permanent improvement for his constituency. On December 22, 1840, a memorial was sent to Dodge and to Congress in which the Legisla- tive Assembly of the Territory of Iowa asked for an appropriation of $30,000 for the comple- tion of the penitentiary at Fort Madison. 164 On January 7, 1841, this memorial was referred to the Committee on Territories, but no ac- tion on the subject was taken at that session. About a year later another memorial was pre- 104 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE sented in which the amount asked for was re- duced to $20,000. 165 Finally, on May 26, 1842, Eepresentative Samuel L. Hays of Virginia submitted a report and introduced a bill. 166 The report recited that $20,000 had been ex- pended upon the building which was intended to accommodate 136 convicts and which would cost $55,000 when complete. Furthermore, the Committee found that a debt of $15,000 had been incurred in anticipating the donations of Congress. Without sanctioning this practice the Committee considered the frontier position of the Territory and its heterogeneous popula- tion and reported a bill appropriating $15,000. Some delay met the bill in the House and in the Senate, but it became a law on August 30, 1842. 167 A rather bitter feeling developed in the Ter- ritory of Iowa during the summer of 1843 in the campaign for the election of Delegate. Wil- liam H. Wallace was the Whig candidate against Mr. Dodge, and together they stumped the Territory. 168 In town after town they held joint debates in which the political editors joined. From the Whig press issued attacks on Dodge's record in securing appropriations for the Territory. "They have been praising him for an appropriation for cleaning out the Eap- ids which he never got, and they probably praise him for other things which he never APPROPRIATIONS FOR TERRITORY 105 did," said one editor. 169 Another Whig journal stigmatized him as "a power-loving, place- hunting demagogue". 170 The Iowa Capital Re- porter resented these attacks and said: "Prompt, able, and efficient, always at his post, his position has been as creditable to himself as useful to his constituents." 171 The Blooming- ton Herald also came to the defense of the Dele- gate's efforts to secure appropriations and ex- pressed the belief that the people would "send Gen. D. to try his luck again." 172 On Monday, December 4, 1843, Augustus Cae- sar Dodge began his third term as Delegate from the Territory of Iowa in the first session of the Twenty-eighth Congress. Notwithstand- ing an absorbing interest in the movement look- ing to the organization of a State government, this term represents two years that are fruit- ful in money appropriations for the Territory. By the Act of June 15, 1844, 173 the sum of $22,500 was set apart for improvements in the Territory of Iowa. Of this amount $7,500 was voted for the improvement of the harbor at Dubuque, then one of the largest and most flour- ishing river towns and the depot for all the lead manufactured in the Territory 17 * and the center of trade for a vast area of the surround- ing region. For the construction and repair of bridges on the "Agency Eoad" leading from Burlington to the Sac and Fox Agency the sum 106 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE of $5,000 was appropriated. The balance was voted for the "Military Road" running from Dubuque to Iowa City and thence through as many county seats as possible to the Missouri border in Van Buren County. The Act of March 3, 1845, 175 directed the Sec- retary of War to expend $5,000 on the road run- ning from Bloomington to Iowa City; an ad- ditional $5,000 was to be expended on the "Agency Road"; the "Military Eoad from Du- buque to Missouri" received an additional sum of $8,000 ; and the harbor at Dubuque was given another sum of $7,000. Thus the Iowa Delegate secured for the Ter- ritory, which in 1844 numbered 75,152 souls, a sum of $47,500 to be expended wholly for inter- nal improvements; and to this may be added the $15,000 for the work on the Fort Madison Penitentiary. Measured by the purse of the government to-day this seems a very small amount. But there were no billion dollar Con- gresses in the forties when appropriation com- mittees had to wrestle with problems of severe financial stringency and industrial depression. The success of Augustus Caesar Dodge in se- curing appropriations will measure well with that of the Delegates from the Territories of Florida and Wisconsin. 176 Another subject demanding the efforts of Mr. Dodge and involving an almost equally large APPROPRIATIONS FOR TERRITORY 107 amount of money was the claim from the Legis- lative Assembly of Iowa Territory for legisla- tive arrearages for 1842 and the preceding years. Memorials had been sent to the Dele gate and to Congress asking that $13,421 be ap- propriated to liquidate the legislative expenses of the Territory. By the provisions of the Organic Act of the Territory of Iowa a sum based upon estimates made by the Secretary of the Treasury was to be appropriated annually to defray the ex- penses of the Legislative Asesmbly, the print- ing of the laws, and other incidental expenses. The doctrine that the United States was a cow to be milked freely was a saying that was only too well known among legislatures, disbursing agents, appropriation committees, and even among the people. Too often the prodigality of legislatures in handling Congressional ap- propriations had militated against the payment of valid claims and the demands for needed public improvements. For the total legislative and administrative expenses of the Territory of Iowa for the year 1838 Congress had appropriated $24,675. 177 In the next year Congress appropriated $20,750 for the legislative expenses alone and $16,354 to pay for the arrearage of the previous year. 178 Still more generous in 1840 Congress gave $27,- 050 for the total expenses of the Legislative As- 108 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE .sembly (for 1840) and $14,000 to meet the de- ficit for the year 1839. 179 Of the latter sum, however, nothing was available for the members of the Legislative Assembly or for its clerks. Thus with each increase in appropriation there was also an increased deficit to be met. Governor Eobert Lucas in his message of No- vember 3, 1840 had given some warning statis- tics and advised the Legislative Assembly to be less lavish in their expenditures. For the year 1841 Congress had appropriated $20,175 for the expenses of the Legislative Assembly, but no deficiency item had been included in the bill. 180 Creditors who had furnished the Legislative Assembly with furniture, stationery, and va- rious services were now clamoring for payment, and memorials on the subject were again sent to the Delegate with instructions to plead the matter before Congress. On April 16, 1842, Mr. Dodge moved an amendment to the general ap- propriation bill that $13,421 be appropriated to meet the arrearages growing out of the ex- penses of the sittings of the Legislative Assem- bly of the Territory of Iowa. A proviso pre- vented members and clerks from sharing in the proposed appropriation. 181 The charge of extravagance, so often made against the Territorial legislature, was admit- ted by Mr. Dodge to have some foundation. APPROPRIATIONS FOR TERRITORY 109 Nevertheless, he urged, Congress is pledged for the payment of these arrearages and a refusal to do so would be "an act of the most manifest injustice to those who have toiled and labored in the service of the Government." Both the Secretary of the Treasury and the Committee on Ways and Means had estimated the amount of arrearages at $5,421 less than the amount contained in the Dodge amendment. Mr. Dodge explained that the appropriations of the Fourth Legislative Assembly had exceeded the amount allowed by Congress by $5,421. The sum of $1,100 was also due the firm of Van Ant- werp and Hughes for printing the laws. These debts, he declared, would remain unpaid unless Congress appropriated the amount necessary to pay them. The Dodge amendment was finally agreed to and became an item in the general appropria- tion bill. 182 "The amount appropriated", he wrote on the same day to his constituency, "will be sufficient to liquidate all the liabilities of the Territory growing out of the sittings of the Legislature. It rejoices me to know that the suffering creditors can now calculate upon ex- periencing relief at an early day with some con- fidence." 183 But in the Senate where there was no committee on Territorial business and no one especially interested in taking charge of such matters the measure received no notice. Where- 110 AUGUSTUS CABSAK DODGE upon the hopes of the creditors in the Territory of Iowa were reposed in another session. But the annual appropriations for the Terri- tory in 1842 and 1843 contained nothing that could be applied on the deficit. Dodge contin- ued his efforts and attempted to get the ar- rearage items included in the estimates of the Secretary of the Treasury. With a feeling of impatience he wrote on February 20, 1843, to Laurel Summers : ' ' Strange as it may appear to you it is nevertheless true that the old Comp- troller of the Treasury has not yet passed upon the arrearage accounts, upon which subject I have addressed him scores of letters and argu- ments. There is a great difference here in the management of business for the worse from the times of Democratic rule. Whiggery is de- funct not only in fiscal affairs but also in mat- ters of dispatch and correctness in the business of the country." 184 Despairing of securing a Congressional ap- propriation to cancel the long standing arrear- ages, the Legislative Assembly and Mr. Dodge now hit upon a new device which in brief was to postpone a regular meeting of the Legisla- tive Assembly and apply the money appropri- ated by Congress for that session to the liqui- dation of the arrearages. Accordingly, at a special session of the Legislative Assembly in June, 1844, a law was passed suspending the APPROPRIATIONS FOR TERRITORY m elections until April, 1845, and postponing to May, 1845, the session of the Legislative As- sembly which regularly would meet in Decem- ber, 1844. 185 Suitable action by Congress was secured. The general appropriation bill of June 17, 1844, appropriated $16,983 for the total expenses of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Iowa, "including arrearages of expenses of previous sessions of said Assembly". 186 In De- cember, 1844, Mr. Dodge urged Comptroller J. W. McCulloch to transmit $7,000 to Samuel J. Burr, the Secretary of the Territory of Iowa. 18T The Comptroller offered objections ; but Dodge succeeded, upon an appeal to Secretary of the Treasury George M. Bibb, in having the Comp- troller's decision overruled. 188 On December 23, 1844, there was forwarded to Secretary Burr the sum of $6,983 in New York drafts with instructions to apply it in "payment of the ar- rearages of debts incurred by past Legislatures of the Territory of Iowa." 189 VIII BOTJNDABIES FOB THE STATE OF IOWA When Mr. Dodge was sent to Congress in 1840 the agitation for Statehood had already been begun in the Territory of Iowa. Accus- tomed for generations to self-rule in the older States the pioneers had brought with them the instinct and the desire for self-government. Like the people of every Territory they looked forward to the time when they could emerge from a state of tutelage and assume their place on an equal footing with the original thirteen States. For six years the question of Statehood had found expression in Governors' messages, in public debate and discussion, in constitutional conventions, and in Congress. 190 The march of the Territory to Statehood was, moreover, free from many of the thorns that had marked the path of other Territories seeking the same goal. Unlike Indiana, the transformation was not darkened by the discussion of the issues of slavery. More fortunate than Missouri, the ad- mission of Iowa was not for years a bone of contention in Congress. Nor have there been bloody wars or "Lecompton Constitutions" in the constitutional history of Iowa. BOUNDARIES FOR THE STATE H3 Both Governor Lucas and his successor Gov- ernor Chambers had advocated Statehood in their messages to the Legislative Assembly. In July, 1840, that body passed a law for determin- ing the wishes of the people on this question. 191 In the following August, however, the voters decisively rejected the proposition by a vote of 2,907 to 937. 192 Again on February 16, 1842, Governor Chambers approved a law for ascer- taining the opinion of the people on the ques- tion 193 and again the proposition went down to defeat by a vote of 6,825 to 4,129. 194 A year of quiet followed this agitation; but on December 4, 1843, Governor Chambers again recommended that the Legislative Assembly pass a law for an election to ascertain the wishes of the people in regard to Statehood. 195 In February, 1844, it responded by passing an act which provided that the people express their wishes at the April election. 196 After a strenuous campaign in which the disadvantages and the benefits to flow from a condition of Statehood had been portrayed in speeches, in the press, and at political gatherings a strong vote in favor of a constitutional convention was cast at the April election. 197 Seventy- two dele- gates attended the Constitutional Convention at Iowa City in October, 1844, and framed a Constitution which was to be voted upon in April, 1845. 198 8 114 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE As defined in this Constitution the northern boundary of the proposed State differed from the present northern boundary as follows: a direct line running from the mouth of the Big Sioux River to the middle of the main channel of the St. Peters River where the Watonwan River enters the same ; thence down the middle of the main channel of the St. Peters River to the middle of the main channel of the Missis- sippi River ; and thence down the main channel of the Mississippi River to the present north- ern limit of the State. These boundaries pre- scribed in the Constitution of 1844, and known as the Lucas Boundaries, included several thousand square miles more than the present area. Senator Benjamin Tappan on December 9, 1844, presented to the Senate the Constitution of Iowa which was then ordered printed and referred to the Judiciary Committee. 199 Three ■days later Mr. Dodge presented the Constitu- tion, the Ordinance, and a memorial adopted by the Constitutional Convention at Iowa City and moved that they be referred to the Committee on Territories and that 5,000 copies thereof be printed. A brief discussion on Dodge's motion now took place. Representative Samuel F. Vinton of Ohio urged that the Constitution be referred to the Judiciary Committee and cited the ac- BOUNDARIES FOR THE STATE 115 tion of the Senate. Mr. Dodge, however, de- fended his motion by stating that the constitu- tions of Arkansas, Michigan, and Florida had been referred to the Committee on Territories which he believed fully competent to pass on any question of constitutional law. He trusted that the Constitution would be found equal if not superior to any instrument of the kind ever presented to the House. After a few desultory remarks from other Representatives Dodge's motion prevailed. 200 Eepresentative Aaron V. Brown of Tennes- see, the Chairman of the* Committee on Territo- ries, on January 7, 1845, reported a bill for the admission of Iowa and Florida into the Union. Thus two Territories were mated politically in order to maintain the neutralizing and balanc- ing of slave and free States — Territories wide- ly separated, different in climate and character, and antagonistic in interests. Old Florida em- bracing slavery became the handmaid of free young Iowa. "Our admission is exceedingly doubtful," wrote Dodge on February 9, 1845. "The Texas and Oregon questions have driven every thing else by the board, I still do not how- ever despair. We are coupled with Florida and must share her fate." 201 A rather listless discussion, in which Repre- sentatives Samuel F. Vinton, James E. Belser, Stephen A. Douglas, Alexander Duncan, George 116 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Rathbun, Thomas H. Bayly, Delegate Augustus Caesar Dodge, and Delegate David Levy of Florida participated, took place on this bill on February 11 and 13, 1845. 202 On the former date Alexander Duncan offered an amendment providing that the State should be "bounded by the Mississippi on the east, by a parallel of lati- tude passing through the mouth of the Mankato, or Blue Earth River, on the north, by a merid- ian line running equidistant from the seven- teenth and eighteenth degrees of longitude west from Washington on the west, and by the Northern boundary of Missouri on the south." These boundaries are known in history as the Nicollet Boundaries ; the meridian therein men- tioned passes two or three miles west of the eastern boundary of Taylor County while the northern boundary therein named passes through the City of Mankato in the present State of Minnesota. On February 11, 1845, Mr. Duncan's amendment was adopted by a vote of ninety-one to forty. On March 3, 1845, the bill for the admission of the Territories of Iowa and Florida became a law. 203 So far as Congressional action was concerned Iowa was now a sovereign State. On the fol- lowing day Mr. Dodge addressed a letter to his constituents 204 in which he advised them to ac- cept the Nicollet Boundaries and to consummate the sovereignty of Iowa. "The boundaries BOUNDARIES FOR THE STATE 117 adopted by Congress", lie said, "were those suggested by the late Mr. Nicollet, United States Geologist, and who had accurately and scientifically examined the whole country lying between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers." The Delegate then informed his constituents that the total length of the boundaries was 856 miles and that within them were contained 44,- 300 square miles of the most fertile land in the Union. He pointed out that the proposed State was larger than the States of New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, Connec- ticut, New Jersey, and Delaware combined and almost as large as the "Empire State". "Before you decide", advised the Delegate, "the important question presented for your consideration on the first Monday of April next, it is due to you that I should state by what influences the boundaries proposed by the con- vention were reduced. This was effected by the votes of the members of both Houses of Congress, from the North, from the East, and from the West, irrespective of party divisions. The amendment to reduce was proposed by Mr. Duncan, (Democrat,) of Ohio, and followed by Mr. Vinton, (Whig,) who, in a most lucid and cogent manner, represented the injury which the creation of large States would inflict in a political point of view on the Western country. He forcibly exhibited the great wrong done the 118 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE West in times past by Congress, in dividing out its territory into overgrown States, thereby enabling the Atlantic portion of the Union to retain the supremacy of the United States Sen- ate. He showed that it was the true interest of the people of the valley of the Mississippi, that the new States should be of reasonable dimen- sions ; and he appealed to western members to check that legislation which had heretofore de- prived the Western country of its due represen- tation in the Senate. I advert particularly to the remarks of Mr. Vinton, because their irre- sistible force was admitted by all, except the delegation from the South, and had the effect of procuring the adoption of Mr. Duncan's amendment, reducing the boundaries proposed by the convention." The Delegate also called attention to the fact that the House had passed a law for the re- annexation of Texas, by which five new slave States were provided for. This measure, of course, furnished additional reason why- Dodge's protest in behalf of the Lucas Bound- aries was disregarded: the Eepresentatives from the non-slaveholding States were desir- ous, by moderate divisions of the remaining free territory of the Union, to give to the States a counter-balancing influence. ' ' Forming my opinion from extensive inquiry and observation," read his final appeal, "I BOUNDARIES FOR THE STATE 119 must in all candor inform yon that, whatever your decision on the first Monday of April next may be, we will not be able hereafter, under any circumstances, to obtain one square mile more for our new State than is contained within the boundaries adopted by the act of Congress ad- mitting Iowa into the Union. ' ' The news that Congress had imposed the ob- jectionable restrictions of the Nicollet Bound- aries reached Iowa quickly. Many Democrats in the Territory became alarmed and united with the "Whigs in opposing the Constitution. 205 This, added to the mystification which the Con- gressional act of March 3 had created, resulted in a decisive defeat of the Constitution at the election of April 7, 1845, by a vote of 6,023 to 7,019. 206 Sharp criticism was directed at the Territo- rial Delegate for not having secured the Con- vention boundaries and for the publication of his letter of March 3. Nevertheless, on June 11, 1845, he was renominated for Delegate by the Democratic Territorial Convention which approved his course in Congress. 207 Two days later the Whigs chose Ealph P. Lowe to oppose the Democratic candidate whom they regarded as "deficient in ability, dignity, and influence"; and at the same time they utterly repudiated the sentiments contained in his "Letter to my Constituents". Another thrust was given the 120 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Delegate for "taking sides with Congress in their mutilation of our territory" and for mani- festing "a willingness to sacrifice the best in- terests of his constituents to the desire to se- cure his own promotion." 208 Even in the Legislative Assembly which had authorized the resubmission of the Constitution of 1844 to a vote of the people in August, Mr. Dodge's conduct on the boundaries had been put under fire. His whole management of the question had been reproached by the Whigs as a blunder from beginning to end, and they charged that he had calmly watched Congress despoil the Territory without raising a protest against it. Kepresentative James M. Morgan, a Democrat, admitted his action as "unfortu- nate" and regarded the circular of March 3 as "the most ill-advised paper that ever came to light." 209 Eepresentative David S. Wilson of Dubuque, however, rose to the defense of the Delegate: he had acted from the very best motives ; and he had followed the best advice and counsel and had only consented to the Nicollet Boundaries when the last ray of hope for the Lucas Boundaries was gone. 210 The Democratic news- papers, also, remained faithful to Dodge, and the Iowa Capital Reporter argued for the su- periority of the boundaries imposed by Con- gress. 211 The election of Mr. Lowe, it argued, BOUNDARIES FOR THE STATE 121 would be viewed as "a condemnation of our Delegate, Gen. Dodge, for demanding in the name of one hundred thousand freemen our convention boundaries." 212 Forced to take the stump by the attacks of Mr. Lowe and the assaults of the Whig news- papers, Mr. Dodge defended his action on the question of boundaries ; he caused letters from Eepresentatives John Wentworth and James Pollock (of the Committee on Territories) con- •taining certificates of his proper conduct on this question to be published; 213 and on June 23, 1845, he published an "Address to the Peo- ple of Iowa". 214 Augustus Caesar Dodge was not the man who would deliberately disregard the wishes of his constituency. In this address he again recited his efforts to secure the Lucas Boundaries and maintained that throughout the entire history of the question he had acted with honesty and good faith. "K again sent to "Washington," he promised, "I will go there to carry out your views, opinions and wishes, on this subject as on all others. The popular feeling has been so clearly and so emphatically expressed in rela- tion to the curtailment of our boundaries, as to leave none at a loss to know what it is." For the second time the Constitution of 1844 went down to defeat and for the fourth time Mr. Dodge was elected Delegate to Congress, by 122 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE a vote of 7,512 to 6,681. 215 This campaign and election shows that his attitude and conduct on the boundary question had been the most vul- nerable point of his delegate career and that it had been the convenient target for the weapons of the Whig opposition. Mr. Dodge entered the Twenty-ninth Con- gress with a determination to secure the Lucas Boundaries; he also carried instructions from the Council and the House of Representatives to insist on them unconditionally. 216 On Decem- ber 19, 1845, he introduced a bill to define the boundaries of the State of Iowa and to repeal the boundary section of the Congressional act of March 3, 1845, which was thenreferred to the Committee on Territories. 217 Two weeks later he reinforced his motion by presenting to the House his instructions from the Legislative As- sembly of the Territory of Iowa. 218 For over three months Dodge's motion was nursed by the Committee on Territories. Final- ly on March 27, 1846, Stephen A. Douglas, the Chairman, reported a bill to fix the boundaries of Iowa. 219 This bill, as a compromise between the Nicollet Boundaries and the Lucas Bound- aries, fixed the parallel forty-three degrees and thirty minutes as the northern boundary of Iowa. In the Territory of Iowa, meanwhile, an- other constitutional convention had assembled which on May 19, 1846, had also adopted the BOUNDARIES FOR THE STATE 123 parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty min- utes as the northern boundary for the proposed State. 220 On June 8, 1846, Mr. Douglas's bill was led into the arena of debate. 221 Julius Bockwell of Massachusetts moved an amendment to change the northern boundary of the State to forty-two degrees. This was opposed by Mr. Douglas: the Committee had already curtailed the bound- aries so that the area was already less than the people asked for and their Delegate desired. The Constitutional Convention at Iowa City had come to a compromise, and for Congress to change the boundaries in the bill would ne- cessitate another convention and a renewal of disputes. He did not think that the people of Iowa had been unreasonable. The boundaries in the bill were all natural boundaries while those in the Act of March 3, 1845, were unnat- ural, inconvenient, and the very worst that could be agreed upon. Mr. George Eathbun believed that the objec- tions of the people of Iowa were rather to the Constitution than to the boundaries contained in it. He objected to the formation of large States in the North while small ones were formed in the South. With its limitless fertil- ity and capacity for sustaining human life he thought that Iowa ought to be satisfied with 40,000 square miles. "Could the Delegate in 124 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE reason ask that he should have such a State as would by and by enable him to represent three millions and a half of people?" The gen- tleman from New York was against the making of empires. ' ' Mr. Chairman, ' ' retorted the Delegate from Iowa, "I sincerely hope that this illiberal ap- peal which has been made by the gentleman from New York, to excite sectional prejudices and to revive local animosities, will fail of its intended effect, and that the bill now under con- sideration will become a law." The people of Iowa had not been unreasonable, and when they found that Congress had given them arti- ficial and arbitrary boundaries and had cut them off from the great rivers, they rose as one man and rejected the Constitution with these objectionable boundaries. If the Congressional boundaries could have been voted upon alone they would not have received 500 — perhaps not 100 — votes in the whole Territory. The Delegate knew the wishes of the people of Iowa. "I would not be in this Hall to-day, if I had not made them the most solemn assur- ances that all my energies and whatever influ- ence I possessed would be exerted to procure for them the fifty-seven thousand square miles included within the limits designated in their original constitution. It was in conformity with pledges that I had given them personally, with BOUNDARIES FOR THE STATE 125 instructions which I knew I had received from them at the ballot-box, that I introduced, at an early day of the present session, the bill em- bodying the boundaries of their choice." Mr. Dodge then drew forth two letters 222 from Dr. Enos Lowe, his lifelong friend, who had been President of the Constitutional Con- vention at Iowa City in May. The first letter which was dated May 10 echoed the demand of the Convention for the Lucas Boundaries. The second letter which was written under date of May 13 stated that the Convention had receded from the large boundary and decided upon for- ty-three degrees and thirty minutes North for the northern boundary. "Will Congress con- cede nothing?" asked Mr. Dodge. He hoped that the House would meet the advances of the Convention in that spirit of compromise that lay at the foundation of our political institu- tions. Representative Vinton now moved an amend- ment to locate the northern boundary on the 43rd parallel. He believed that the West should not be swallowed up in a few States with a vast area ; the indulgence of the wishes of the Territories had been carried far enough. If the boundary were fixed at forty-three degrees North he would cheerfully vote for the bill. Laboring under obvious excitement, Mr. Dodge sprang to his feet to reply to the persist- 126 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE ent enemy of the large boundaries. "He has held", said Dodge bitterly, "a seat on this floor for nearly twenty years as a Representative from a western State, during which time he has been the constant, stern, undeviating, eter- nal opponent of preemption rights, of the graduation of the price of the public lands, and of almost every other measure in which the people of the West have felt an interest. ' ' In bitter and sarcastic tones the Delegate re- viewed the unrelenting opposition of the gen- tleman who "has taken the people of Iowa, and the State to be formed therein, under his espe- cial guardianship and control." The Iowa Delegate then declared that "if his views of public policy had controlled and shaped the legislation of this country, there would now be no people in Iowa, no State boundary to be fixed." "Mr. Chairman," concluded his plea, "I trust that the act for our admission is not again to be shackled with conditions. I admonish the majority of this House that if the amendment of the gentleman from Ohio is to prevail, they might as well pass an act for our perpetual ex- clusion from the Union. Sir, the people of Iowa will never acquiesce in it. " A vote on Mr. Vinton's amendment was now taken and it was defeated by a vote of 68 to 54. James B. Bowlin of Missouri then moved an BOUNDARIES FOR THE STATE 127 amendment to Mr. Douglas's bill so as to de- scribe the boundaries of the State in the pre- cise terms found in the Constitution adopted by the Convention in May. This amendment was adopted. On August 3, 1846, the Constitu- tion was adopted by the voters of Iowa Terri- tory by a vote of 9,492 to 9,036. 223 On the next day Douglas's bill containing the amendment of Mr. Bowlin was signed by President Polk. 224 Eulogistic praise cannot be given Dodge for his conduct (in the second session of the Twen- ty-eighth Congress) on the bill for the admis- sion of Iowa and Florida and for his attitude in his letter of March 3, 1845. His efforts to secure the Lucas Boundaries do not measure up to his work in securing appropriations or to his persistent and aggressive campaign on the Missouri-Iowa Boundary. His conduct in the Twenty-ninth Congress, however, is a fitting climax at the close of his career as Delegate : it shows faithfulness to his constituents, prompt compliance with his instructions, and, for the second time and in the face of opposing forces, a strong defense to prevent the dismemberment of the Territory. IX Election to the United States Senate Some choice offices had been created by the admission of Iowa. Two Eepresentatives were to be chosen to take the place of the Delegate in the House; and upon the General Assembly devolved the duty of electing three Supreme Court Judges and two United States Senators. The latter, carrying the greatest honor and dis- tinction, had already kindled the hopes of the leading politicians of the State; while the statesmen of both the great parties at the na- tional capital looked for reinforcements from Iowa in the upper branch of Congress. For eight years Mr. Dodge had been a Fed- eral office-holder. He had been successful, and both he and his party could defend his record. From the Whigs, however, there had been mur- murings over the "Dodge dynasty" and even a demand for rotation in office. But to the Democrats as well as to Dodge the principle of rotation had not appealed so long as Demo- cratic majorities had remained in the Territory and while the Whigs continued to be the victims of the spoils. Mr. Dodge was in his thirty-fifth year when ELECTION TO THE SENATE 129 Iowa was admitted to Statehood. He was un- doubtedly the foremost man of the State in his party. His six years' service at Washington, where he had formed an extensive acquaintance, had been to him an apprenticeship for a Sena- torial career. From committees to the third reading of a bill he had a good knowledge of the various cogs in the Congressional ma- chinery ; and like every legislator he had passed a period of Congressional probation and had gained success and had tasted defeat. He knew thoroughly the needs of Iowa, and was in full accord with the administration of President Polk by whom he had been asked in 1845 to recommend appointments for the Territory of Iowa. 225 At the general election on October 26, 1846, a full register of Democrats had been elected to officer the new government of Iowa ; but the party was less fortunate in the elections to the General Assembly, in the upper branch of which the Democrats had elected twelve members and the Whigs seven. Of the thirty-nine Represen- tatives the Whigs had captured a majority of one. 226 The Democrats, therefore, appeared to have a clear majority on joint ballot. Following the election there was sharp maneuvering on the political checker-board. Senator Huner and Representatives Clifton and Conlee were not orthodox Democrats, and the 130 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE uncertainty of their votes had stimulated wide- spread interest and conjecture. There was also some uncertainty as to Eepresentative Nelson King who credited his election to independent votes. At an early caucus the Democrats or- ganized their forces and nominated Thomas S. Wilson and Augustus Caesar Dodge for the senatorships ; while the Whigs centered upon Jonathan McCarty and Gilbert C. E. Mitchell. 227 Each party was now fearful that the other would win the election. The Whigs of the House were accused of having a desire to pre- vent a meeting of the joint convention, and the same charge was issued against the Democratic majority of the Senate. "The whole trouble", wrote a Whig editor, "in this matter is, simply, the Dodge faction is afraid to go into an election for fear they will lose their man. The public interest is to be sacrificed, that the chances, hereafter to be developed, will prove more pro- pitious to their favorite. The public are to suf- fer, that one man shall be benefitted. 'Caesar' is mighty ! and what is the interest of the peo- ple to the gratification of his ambitions!" 228 A large crowd packed the House when the joint convention assembled in the Old Stone Capitol at Iowa City on December 18, 1846. Politicians from all over the State were present to witness this contest for office. Amid sup- pressed but intense excitement Chief Clerk Silas ELECTION TO THE SENATE 131 A. Hudson began to call the roll. Both Repre- sentatives Clifton and Conlee voted for Mc- Carty, and Whig hopes rose. Senator Huner also voted with the Whigs, but to the surprise of everybody Senator Samuel Fullenwider, a stanch Whig, voted for Mitchell. This vote de- feated the election of McCarty who lacked but one vote of the thirty required to elect. 229 Motions to adjourn, calls for the yeas and nays, and debate added to the general confu- sion which followed. With such an embittered state of feeling there was no further prospect of electing Senators, and a motion finally pre- vailed that the Convention adjourn to reassem- ble on January 5, 1847 , 230 The Democratic ma- jority in the Senate, however, prevented a re- assembling 231 of the joint convention; and on February 25 the General Assembly adjourned, leaving the State without Supreme Judges and United States Senators. Dodge shared his disappointment with the other Democratic candidates and reposed his hopes in another joint convention. "We must not", wrote George W. Jones, "let our able, faithful & efficient friend and leader Grenl Dodge be sacrificed but must fight the harder for him as we see him more pressed. It is expected by all at Washg that he will be, as he should, Iowa's first Senator. He has more influence there than half a dozen such men as Leffler & 132 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE Hastings or than all Ms rivals in Iowa put to- gether. I saw him for 5 minutes the other day at Ste Genevieve Mo looking well & in fine spirits. I would rather see Iowa go unrepre- sented than him the people's choice de- feated." 232 At the August election of 1847 Josiah Kent, a Democrat, was chosen to fill the vacancy caused hy the death of Eepresentative Eeuben Conlee of Lee County. The Democrats of the General Assembly now felt confident that they had a majority on joint ballot and that they would be able to capture the senatorships and elect the Supreme Court Judges. 233 Accord- ingly, Governor Ansel Briggs issued a call for a special session of the legislature to meet on January 3, 1848. 234 By the Democratic press the names of Au- gustus Caesar Dodge, Ver Planck Van Ant- werp, Judge Charles Mason, Stephen Hemp- stead, Thomas H. Benton, Jr., and others had been considered for the senatorships. But again the election was to be thwarted. The Whigs of the House had learned that Eepresen- tative John N. Kinsman, representing the coun- ties of Jasper, Marion, Polk, and Dallas, had removed from his district. On the second day of the session a special committee was appoint- ed to investigate his right to a seat, and on the evidence presented by the Committee, the ELECTION TO THE SENATE 133 House on January 21, 1848, declared the seat vacant. 235 This action left the Whigs a ma- jority in the House, and they proceeded to imi- tate the Senate of the previous year in refusing to go into joint convention. The parliamentary tactics of the Democratic majority of the Sen- ate in 1846 had been revenged in the strategy of the Whig majority of the House in 1848. Mr. Dodge now entered the State and Presi- dential campaign of 1848. On June 1, 1848, John J. Selman, Joseph Williams, Lincoln Clark, and Augustus Caesar Dodge were placed in nomination for Democratic electors. "Gen. Dodge," wrote George W. Jones on the same day, "if made to-day at Iowa an Elector, will do more to reunite & reinvigorate o[u]r party than any other half dozen men." 236 It was a year full of exciting conventions and candidates, campaigns and contests. "So far as the dem. nominations throughout the State are concerned — " observed Bernhart Henn, "they are very favorable to Genl. D. — and if we return a majority to the Legislature I ap- prehend no difficulty about his triumphant elec- tion to the U. S. Senate, & the only thing that can prevent our getting a majority on joint bal- lot will be the successful trickery, fraud and corruption of the whigs." 237 A thorough and popular campaign was waged in July. Candidates were faithful on the hust- 134 AUGUSTUS CAESAK DODGE ings, and meetings and organizations created and intensified the spirit of the campaign. In Lee County a great Democratic barbecue at- tended by 2,500 or 3,000 people was celebrated on July 31, 1848. Said a contemporary editor : "the speakers Messrs. Hall, Dodge, and Smith acquitted themselves well — not well, alone — but nobly, the girls danced nimbly, but little dissipation was observed, and all parted with the same good feeling with which they met." 238 At the August election the entire Democratic State ticket was elected. Out of the thirty-nine Eepresentatives the Democrats had captured all but eleven, while in the Senate only eight Whigs had been elected. 239 The Democrats therefore, would have a clear majority of twen- ty on joint ballot when the General Assembly should meet in December. A rousing campaign for the November elec- tion was held in October. Dodge entered upon a speaking tour in the western counties and presented the issues of his party. In Septem- ber he had toured the State for two weeks in company with the candidate for Taylor elector, Fitz Henry Warren. 240 An immense Demo- cratic barbecue was held in Jefferson County in October at which the presidential qualifica- tions of Cass and Taylor were considered. Banners of Cass and Butler floated about and a procession two miles long was formed. A band ELECTION TO THE SENATE 135 playing patriotic airs preceded the procession, seventy carriages followed, and men and wom- en on horseback added to the length and the gaiety of the parade. An immense dinner had been prepared and the tables which made a total length of a quarter of a mile were loaded with the choice foods and the products of Iowa. Lincoln Clark and Augustus Caesar Dodge ad- dressed the cheering throng and presented the issues of the campaign, contrasting the military record and frontier life of General Taylor with the statesmanship of Senator Lewis Cass. 241 At the November election all the Democratic candidates for electors having been elected by average majorities of 1,400 votes, Dodge now turned his entire attention to the coming elec- tion of United States Senators. The scramble among the Democrats had grown warmer and a large list of candidates was expected. "Hall & co. are moving Heaven & Earth to defeat my election to the Senate," he wrote in October. "Hall and Judge Kinney are both, I am in- formed, from the best authority, candidates for the Senate. The former electioneers upon my demerits — the length of time I have been in office — the money I have received". 242 Hopelessly in the minority the Whigs had de- cided to offer William H. Wallace and Ealph P. Lowe as a sacrifice. Petty jealousies and ambitions of various Democratic candidates 136 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE had finally capitulated to Dodge and to George W. Jones, 243 who, like "Augustus Caesar" had also become ambitious for the toga. On De- cember 7, 1848, the joint convention assembled. The first ballot resulted in the election of Au- gustus Caesar Dodge by a majority of nineteen votes over William H. Wallace. The second ballot was then taken resulting in the election of George W. Jones. 244 Thus for two years partisan jealousy had prevented the election of Senators and Iowa had remained unrepresented in the Senate. Af- ter two years' campaign in caucus and against candidates, in conventions and against oppo- nents, the man who for six years had represent- ed the Territory in Congress became the first Senator from Iowa and the first man born west of the Mississippi to become a member of that august body. Hastening to Washington the two Iowa Sena- tors presented their certificates of election. Senator Jefferson Davis presented on Decem- ber 26, 1848, the credentials of Senator Dodge, who in turn presented the credentials of his colleague Senator Jones. On motion of Wil- liam Allen of Ohio a resolution was passed pro- viding for the classification of the two new Senators. Two papers of equal size one of which was to be numbered ' ' one ' ' and the other "three" were to be put into a ballot-box and ELECTION TO THE SENATE 137 drawn by the Senators. The term of the Sena- tor drawing "one" was to expire on March 3, 1849, and the term of the drawer of "three" on March 3, 1853. The Secretary announced that Augustus Caesar Dodge had drawn "one". 245 On January 10, 1849, another joint convention was held in the House chamber of the old Stone Capitol at Iowa City, and on that day Mr. Dodge was reelected to represent Iowa in the Senate of the United States for six years from March 4, 1849. 246 When the news of his second election to the United States Senate without any opposition in his own party reached Senator Dodge at Washington he could well feel a peculiar se- curity and satisfaction. He now directed his friends at Iowa City to give the members of the General Assembly a ball at his expense. Besides the members of the legislature a large number of other friends of the successful can- didate were present. The desks were taken out of the Senate chamber, and the long and bitter strain of the senatorial contest now relaxed in the musie and revelry of one of the largest and most brilliant social events that the Old Stone Capitol had ever witnessed. 247 His father, ex-Governor Henry Dodge of Wis- consin, had taken his seat in the Senate on June 23, 1848. Father and son had served in the Black Hawk War. Together they had served 138 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE as Delegates and had guarded the interests of the infant Territories of Iowa and "Wisconsin. Many and sincere congratulations were extend- ed to the young Senator from Iowa. Mrs. Jes- sie Benton Fremont, whose father (Senator Benton of Missouri) had presented the creden- tials of Henry Dodge, said in her winsome way r ' ' General, I am sure you will be the best-be- haved man in the Senate, on the ground that a dutiful son will be exceedingly decorous in the immediate presence of his father. " 248 But there was present one gray-haired Senator whose pride and joy were too deep to be expressed in ordinary felicitations and congratulations. The Compromise of 1850 Many distinct view-points are revealed in the study of the attitude of Senator Augustus Cae- sar Dodge toward the great Congressional Compromises which immediately preceded the War between the States. To be sure the story of this legislation has often been told — with the Seventh of March Speech, the Valedictory of Calhoun, the Plea of the Great Pacificator, and the promulgation of the Higher Law as points of dramatic interest. But the attitude and actions of the lesser lights, the statesmen of smaller capacity and influence such as Hous- ton, Atchison, Dodge, and Sturgeon, have re- ceived but little attention at the hand of either the biographer or the general historian. In 1850 Augustus Caesar Dodge was the dean of the Iowa delegation in Congress. 249 Although born in a slave State, he had at an early age removed to a free Territory. The plantation, the slave driver, and the many traditions of the institution of slavery formed no part of his social psychology. Having as a youth toiled long and hard with his hands, he was altogether 140 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE democratic. He now represented the western- most State — the first free State of the Louis- iana Purchase and one in which political and social ideas had not yet become fully crystal- lized. He was a type of the "West — born in it and devoted to it. Sumner, Webster, and Se- ward could with pride refer to the traditions and history of their States. On the other hand the Western Senators could point to the future of the domain of the Mississippi, to new prob- lems and possibilities unfettered by traditions and not mummified in any social or political theories. The first fifteen years of Dodge's life had been spent in Missouri, a slave State. For the next eleven years he lived in the origi- nal Territory of Wisconsin. And for the re- maining twelve years he was a citizen of Iowa. He can, therefore, be correctly considered a gen- uine representative of the West and particular- ly of the State of Iowa. Congress met on December 3, 1849, under a peace and quiet such as precedes the burst of a storm. But the event at Sutter's Mill in No- vember, 1848, was to reopen the question of slavery with all its arguments, estranging de- bate, threats, and ominous forebodings. By November 13, 1849, the gold- seekers of Cali- fornia had adopted a Constitution prohibiting slavery, and President Taylor recommended the admission of the State into the Union. THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 141 Fifteen slave States were now balanced against fifteen States whose soil was free ; and the struggle for the admission of California ushered in the golden age of American elo- quence. Clay with his commanding leadership unfolded his plan for compromise, appealing to the threatening sections for concord and con- cession. Calhoun's speech was his valedictory in the grim defense of a cause to which he had devoted the energy and the eloquence of his life. The famous Seventh of March Speech of Webster declaring that slavery was excluded from the Territories of New Mexico and Utah by the laws of nature and the ordinance of God filled the North with sorrow and disappointment which was voiced in the lament and denuncia- tion of Ichabod: Let not the land once proud of him Insult him now, Nor brand with deeper shame his dim, Dishonored brow. "The Constitution devotes the domain to un- ion, to justice, to defense, to welfare, to lib- erty", Senator Seward had pleaded, four days after the Seventh of March Speech. "But there is a higher law than the Constitution, which regulates our authority over the domain, and devotes it to the same noble purposes. The territory is a part, no inconsiderable part, of 142 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE the common heritage of mankind, bestowed upon them by the Creator of the universe." 250 Senator Clay on January 29, 1850, introduced his plan for a compromise to the conflicting claims of slavery extension and slavery restric- tion. His proposition embraced the following provisions: (1) the admission of California with her free Constitution; (2) the organiza- tion of the Territories of Utah and New Mexi- co without the application of the Wilmot Pro- viso; (3) the settlement of the boundary be- tween Texas and the Territory of New Mexico ; (4) the abolition of the slave trade in the Dis- trict of Columbia; and (5) more effectual pro- vision for the rendition of fugitive slaves — a more stringent fugitive slave law. This incongruous mixture of legislation be- came the basis for the Compromises of 1850, which for nearly seven months engrossed the attention of the first session of the Thirty-first Congress. Mingled in the bitterness, the hate, the threats, and the transcendent eloquence of these debates are heard the voices of Augustus Caesar Dodge and George W. Jones — the only free State Senators from the cis-Mississippi re- gion. Senator Dodge was elected Chairman of the Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate, and he also became a member of the Committee on Revolutionary THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 143 Claims. 251 His colleague, Senator Jones, be- came Chairman of the Committees on En- grossed Bills and on Pensions. Senator Dodge in a brief speech on February 20, 1850, did not regard the admission of Cali- fornia as a triumph over any section of the Union and deeply regretted the attitude of the South in regard thereto. "When the question of slavery had been decided by her own people he maintained that there was no appeal and that every section of the Union ought to ac- quiesce. "I have ever believed", he said, "that they had the right to decide this question of slavery among themselves, and I believe they have decided it in accordance with the public and almost universal sentiment among them." He held a sacred regard for the sovereignty of the people; and had they sent a Constitution silent on the subject of slavery he would have voted for the admission of their State. 252 Between Senators Dodge and John P. Hale a sharp debate took place on May 28, 1850, on the bill to admit California to Statehood, in which Dodge declared that as long as he had a voice and a vote he would oppose the "Higher Law" doctrine of Senator Seward and the "Abolitionism" of Senator Hale. The Wilmot Proviso he regarded as an abolition measure — a mask from behind which the Abolitionists were seeking to destroy the Constitution and 144 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE inevitably the Union. He was not to be de- terred by any denunciations that he was an ad- vocate of slavery. "No man is more opposed to it, in the abstract, than I am," he explained, "but just so far as it forms a portion of the Constitution of my country, I will support it." Senator Dodge then related that in the presi- dential election of 1848 the Democrats of Iowa had met every phase of the Wilmot Proviso. The Whig party of Iowa had attempted to ride into power on this "miserable sectional hobby". "I think I hazard but little", continued the Senator, "when I say that young and patriotic Iowa will enlist under no such banner, and do battle in no such cause. We are Democrats, and believe that the people of the territories are capable of self-government, and will take care of themselves, without conditions or re- strictions being fastened upon them by Con- gress." The preservation of the Constitution and the administration of the government under it in the same spirit in which it was formed, was re- garded by Senator Dodge as the real question. The forcing of the people to vote for presiden- tial candidates because they are in and for the free States would result in a severance of the Union. He deplored the forced alignment of political parties upon sectional and geograph- ical issues and divisions. "I am here a warm THE COMPBOMISE OF 1850 145 friend of the admission of California," he said, "And, sir, I would be willing now to sit day and night if that object could be effected, discon- nected with any other measure." Branding as political rather than philan- thropic the movement of persons fearing the dangers of slavery in Utah and New Mexico, he said: "These gentry do not believe in their souls that there is any danger whatever of southern slaveholders emigrating with their ne- groes to those elevated and hyperborean re- gions ; but yet for the sake of a little political capital — " Vice President Fillmore here ad- monished the rather excited Iowa Senator that his remarks were not strictly in order. Disavowing his intention to apply his re- marks to the Senators present, he continued: "I have not a very high appreciation of that sort of pseudo-philanthropy which passes over 'objects of benevolence' and charity at home, to travel a thousand or fifteen hundred miles for objects on which to lavish it; that gets up cari- catures and effigies, &c, depicting the horrors of slavery, to harass and excite the old maiden ladies, and men of weak nerves in the free' States." 253 As early as May 28, 1850, Senator Dodge had? declared his anxiety and willingness to vote for a fugitive slave bill. A long and protracted de- bate was held in August, 1850, in which Sena- 10 146 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE tors Cass, Chase, Butler, Badger, Davis, Hale, and others took part. 254 "So far as my State is concerned", said Dodge, "its laws and its conduct speak a language upon the subject that cannot be misunderstood." He then read the law entitled "An Act to regulate Blacks and Mulattoes", 255 stating that it had been the law of the Territory and was then the law of the State of Iowa. Negroes had often escaped to Iowa from the State of Missouri, and never in a single in stance, proudly asserted the Iowa senator, when the parties owning them had brought suit, did the courts and juries of Iowa fail to give dam- ages against those who had harbored and se- creted them. He also cited the case of Ruel Daggs vs. Elihu Frasier et al. which had been decided at Burlington in the previous June and in which the plaintiff had been awarded $2,900 damages. 256 Month after month the various provisions of Clay's compromises were tempered in the fire of Congressional oratory and debate, and it was not until September that the wearisome session came to an end and that the various measures became law. 257 Only four Senators — Houston of Texas, Sturgeon of Pennsylvania, Wales of Delaware, and Dodge of Iowa — voted for all the five bills as finally passed. 258 The Iowa Senator's father, however, refused such unani- THE COMPROMISE OP 1850 147 mous consent and voted against the Texas Boundary Bill, the Utah and New Mexico Bill, and the Fugitive Slave Law. 259 Congress adjourned on September 30 and re- assembled on December 2, 1850. The Fugitive Slave Law had not been smooth in its opera- tion, and the rescue of Shadraeh on February 15, 1850, by a mob in cultured Boston again prompted an interesting discussion in the Sen- ate. Senators Mann of Massachusetts and Hale of New Hampshire denounced the law; while Clay of Kentucky, Turney of Tennessee, Dodge of Iowa, and others defended it. Dodge insisted that the compromise meas- ures had done good, were doing good, and should be religiously lived up to and carried out in good faith. He pledged his voice and vote to assist President Fillmore in the execution of the laws, and he bitterly denounced Boston as a point where there was "more treason and sedi- tion preached and published against the Consti- tution and laws of the land than any other in the United States. ' ' He was not the friend of the blacks as op- posed to his own race, and demanded that the Southern people have a right to the enjoyment of their property and to the security and pro- tection guaranteed to it and to them in the Fed- eral Constitution. Bitter censure was again directed at the Abolitionists and Free Soilers, 148 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE who "while they will move heaven and earth to induce negroes to run away from a home at which they are well fed and provided for, the very instant the negro gets into a free State their sympathy for him ceases, until an oppor- tunity is afforded them to interfere between him and his lawful owner." The destiny of the State of Iowa was cast upon the Upper Mississippi and the safety, the welfare, and the well-being of the persons own- ing this property were dear to Dodge's constit- uents. "There are many slave States between us and its mouth, and we regard their citizens as our brethren — the States as our equals in every attribute of sovereignty and independ- ence." 260 Another and the best of Dodge's speeches on the Fugitive Slave Law was yet to be delivered. The Thirty-second Congress met on December 1, 1851, and continued in session for just nine months. The compromise measures were gen- erally accepted as a finality by both political parties. Conventions were held, candidates nominated, and both parties were sparring for the Presidential contest which was to be the death-blow to the Whig party. Five days before the close of the session Con- gress took up the civil and diplomatic appro- priation bill. Senator Sumner now moved an amendment to an amendment to repeal the Fu- THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 149 gitive Slave Law of September 18, 1850. For three and one-half hours in a speech covering twelve pages of the Globe he delivered a bit- ter philippic on the Fugitive Slave Law. It was discussed in all its moral, legal, and political aspects, adorned with literary and historical allusions and delivered with physical and moral courage. 261 "With sarcastic levity Senator Clemens of Alabama commented on this speech, saying "that the ravings of a maniac may sometimes be dangerous, but the barking of a puppy never did any harm. ' ' Senator George E. Badger of North Carolina, however, replied in an elabo- rate speech disputing Senator Sumner's argu- ment at every point and defending the sound- ness and operation of the law of September 18, 1850. 262 Eeady to vindicate his vote on the law, Sena- tor Dodge spoke on August 26, 1852. 263 "I voted for the fugitive slave law because I did not doubt its constitutionality, and I understood and believed it would be satisfactory to the peo- ple of the southern States." His object was that the law should accomplish the return of the negro to his lawful owner. Should the law fail of its purpose he was willing to strengthen its provisions and to arm the Executive with every power necessary to secure its full and complete enforcement. 150 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Greater questions than the problems of the Fugitive Slave Law and the abolition of slavery with its destructive and revolutionary tenden- cies were discerned in this slavery agitation. "Behind these are those grave and momentous questions of equality, amalgamation, and supe- riority between the Caucasian and the African races." All history evidenced the superiority of the white over the black race, and an ac- knowledgment of that superiority was the only condition upon which the two races could live together. Kespect was expressed for the "sincere but misguided Abolitionist". At the same time Dodge's usual and bitter censure was directed at the "political Abolitionists", whom he re- garded as seeking not only to establish the equality of the African race but even its supe- riority over the Caucasian. Their doctrines would introduce flat-nosed, black-skinned, and woolly-headed Senators and Eepresentatives into the halls of Congress. Furthermore, they were seeking to break down and destroy all dis- tinctions between the two races in respect to suffrage, office, marriage, and other relations in life. These intentions he offered to show by reading from the speeches of Senator Seward. ' ' And knowing these things to be their ulterior and cherished purposes, and believing as I most sincerely do, that the practical enforcement of THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 151 their doctrines will degrade and debase my own race, and sound the death-knell to the Union, I here and everywhere war upon abolitionism, in all its Protean shapes and guises." For the supporting columns in Senator Dodge's political theories relative to the Com- promises of 1850 there may be named then, the supremacy of the Constitution and the laws of Congress, the sovereignty of the people over their domestic institutions, the enforcement of the laws to secure the possession and safety of property, and the belief in the superiority of the white race over that of the African. Noth- ing is more direct than his opposition to the Free Soilers and the Abolitionists and his con- demnation of the "Higher Law" of Senator Seward. Beyond question Senator Dodge represented the views of the majority of the people of Iowa upon the compromise measures. The State was undoubtedly pro-slavery in sentiment before 1853 or 1854; in January 1851 the legislature passed a strong endorsement of the compro- mise measures asserting that they were bind- ing upon all citizens; 264 the Whig State Con- vention of 1852 regarded the question of slavery as "settled now and forever"; while the Demo- crats regarded the measures as a peace offer- ing and a final settlement of the subject of do- mestic slavery. 152 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE A disintegrating force was, however, at work in Iowa; and the active principle of "the free soil hobby", "the fell spirit of abolitionism", and "the hand of incendiarism", as Dodge called the anti-slavery forces, were persistently forcing a revision of political theories and of political elements among the free State men of this westernmost Commonwealth. XI The Pbinciple of the Homestead Bni of 1853 No subject of Congressional legislation pos- sessed greater attractions for Senator Dodge than that of the disposal and administration of the public domain. The principle of the home- stead bill "providing homes for the landless", he declared, "is one dear to my heart — it has grown with my growth, and strengthened with my strength." 265 His membership on the Com- mittee on Public Lands offered a large and manifold scope for the manifestation of his interest in and the application of his knowledge concerning the public domain. For over fifty years the system of public land sales and its disposal under the various preemp- tion laws had been in operation: hundreds of land districts had been created; the sales of millions of acres had netted millions of dollars for the United States Treasury; thousands and thousands of homes had been established ; lands had been made productive ; and the wealth and profits of the farmer as well as the resources of the Nation had been increased. A sentiment for the abandonment of the idea of sales for revenue was growing (in 1850) into 154 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE a demand for the granting of free homes from and on the public domain. Scores and scores of petitions and memorials came to Congress in 1851 and 1852 in favor of homestead bills. The stream was heaviest from the eastern and from the older western States. Senator Dodge pre- sented petitions from the State of Iowa. 266 So strong became the demand that it developed into a National issue. The Free Soil Democracy at their National Convention at Pittsburg on August 11, 1852, adopted a strong resolution de- claring "That the public lands of the United States belong to the people, and should not be sold to individuals, nor granted to corporations but should be held as a sacred trust for the benefit of the people, and should be granted in limited quantities, free of cost to landless set- tlers." 267 In Congress a bill containing the homestead- principle was introduced in the Senate on De- cember 4, 1851, 268 by Senator "William M. Gwin of California. The measure passed the Senate on July 15, 1852, 269 but was lost in the House two weeks later. 270 The debate stimulated by the measure gave promise, however, of its re- occurrence in the next session with a strength increased by the popularity of its principle. It was at the next session of Congress that Senator Dodge appealed to the Senate to take up the homestead bill. "It is a measure", he THE HOMESTEAD BILL 155, urged in January, 1853, "in which a very large portion of the people of this country feel a very deep interest. Those that I represent, view it as a measure of the very deepest interest to them — of greater importance than any or all other measures which will come before this Congress. " He declared his intention of secur- ing a fair vote upon the merits of the subject. 271 The main speeches of the year 1853 on the homestead principle are by-products of the de- bate of February 24, 1853, upon the Pacific Bail- road Bill. Senator Chase had offered an amend- ment to this bill, whereupon Senator Isaac P. Walker of Wisconsin then moved to amend Chase's amendment by inserting a section which embodied the homestead principle. 272 This amendment, although defeated, 273 prompted an animated discussion of the principle of Wal- ker's amendment. Senator B. M. Charlton of Georgia opposed the homestead principle, be- lieving that it would lend a helping hand to idleness, profligacy, and vice, and that it would throw temptation in the way of honest indus- try. 274 Senator Stephen Adams of Mississippi also delivered a strong speech against the measure. 275 Although Mr. Walker's amendment had come up unexpectedly, Senator Dodge was not un- prepared to defend it; and he delivered the strongest speech in its favor. 276 He told the 156 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Senate that he had been born west of the Mis- sissippi Eiver and had lived upon the extreme frontier among the original inhabitants of the Territory of Iowa until it had been admitted into the Union. And so he had been enabled to learn personally something of the dangers, hardships, and difficulties which are incident to the settlement of the public domain of this country. He called upon Senators to secure a homestead law for their constituents — those who impelled by all the nobler and higher im- pulses were seeking to better their condition and that of their wives and children dependent upon them. The persons for whose benefit this bill is in- tended, continued Dodge, are not here. "They have no special lobby or special delegates to meet Senators and Representatives whenever they go without the bar of their respective Houses, to make interest for them." He be- lieved that this bill was the best bill of the kind which had ever passed either branch of Con- gress, but it was in imminent peril from the in- attention and indifference of those who ought to be its best friends. Senators spoke of the "gift" of lands which the homestead bill would make. But what are you called upon to do? "To settle those great forests and desert prairies of the West, by say- ing to the man who may be wearing out his THE HOMESTEAD BILL 157 body upon the poor bills of North Carolina, East Tennessee, or elsewhere, and who is obliged to give a large portion of his labor to some landlord, if yon go to this distant domain, settle and improve it, yon may, after five years' actual residence and cultivation, obtain a pat- ent for the one hundred acres thus occupied and improved." Can you call that which is so well and so dearly earned a "gift"? It is a generally conceded fact, he went on to say, that the independence, comfort, and wealth of a nation depend more upon its success in agriculture than upon any other branch of hu- man industry. The farmer feeds the manufac- turer, the artisan, the ship-builder, the beggar, and the king; and yet how little of protection, much less of aid, has he ever received from the general government! The attitude of the government toward the settlers is that of a great monopolist land- holder with an absolute proprietary right in fourteen hundred millions of acres! This mag- nificent estate is parsimoniously doled out at a fixed price per acre. The wealthy speculator is enabled to seize upon immense tracts of land as it is brought into market and to hold it until the stern necessities of an advancing popula- tion and a resistless tide of settlement enable him to command his own price. For the ruin- ous effects of such a system he pointed to the 158 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE -epidemic of land speculation of 1836 and its disastrous results upon commerce and pros- perity. Up to January 1, 1850, the whole cost of the public lands, including their purchase, survey, sale, and management was $74,957,879.38. (This did not include California, Oregon, New Mexico, and Utah.) The aggregate receipts from the sale of all lands to that time was $135,339,- 093.17. This left a net balance in favor of the United States of $60,381,213.79. 2TT As a mere question, then, of dollars and cents, reasoned Senator Dodge, the government might be will- ing to stop there, for it had been more than re- imbursed. The new States and Territories will suffer most by the continuance of the present system. The mania of speculation will soon sweep over them like the Sirocco blast; the embryo States will soon cease to be the Territories of the Un- ion, and become the property of monopolists who will delay their admission into the Union and thus shape their destiny for half a century. Witness, he said, the deplorable condition of Ireland, the anti-rent evils in New York and the non-resident proprietorship of the Half-breed lands (so called) in Iowa. 278 From a pecuniary point of view, advised Senator Dodge, the government ought to dis- card the present system which was producing THE HOMESTEAD BILL 159 a net annual profit of from two to three mil- lions. It ought to throw open the public lands to an industrious and energetic population which would give back in exchange a rich and perpetual stream of wealth, fed by all the ele- ments of a nation's prosperity. The govern- ment stands in the position of a political par- ent, whose duty it is to watch over, guard, and protect the interests of every citizen. That duty requires it to furnish to every man be- tween the Atlantic and the Pacific a homestead for himself and his family. That would be a generous, just, and noble system which would repudiate the selfish policy of shillings. Such a system would rescue from a State wholly un- productive thousands of square miles; "it will convert them to the great purposes of life — thus subserving the ends of our being ; and will add new stars of equal brilliancy to those now constituting the galaxy of the American Un- ion. ' ' The homestead bill, he pointed out, is em- phatically a measure of progress, and, if en- acted into a law, will produce benefits to the whole country. The objections waged against it are but renewals of the opposition which had been directed against every preemption law and graduation bill that had ever been in Con- gress. The bill is a just tribute to agriculture — "that first, noblest, and God-favored calling 160 AUGUSTUS CABSAE DODGE of man." It will tend to increase the number engaged in that pursuit, "thus augmenting the productions of our country, and the comfort, independence, and happiness of our people." Some held that the homestead bill would de- stroy the receipt of all revenues from the public domain. But Dodge contended that the best interests of the Eepublic demanded an abolition of the auction of the public domain to individ- uals and that it should be conveyed only to> those who settled upon it and cultivated it. Thousands of deserving people were not able and never would be able to pay down money for a quarter section, an eighty or a forty acre tract. He was convinced that no one hundred and sixty acre tract in a state of nature and on the verge of civilization was worth $200 to him who bought it simply for settlement and im- provement. "I think the policy of holding on to the public domain, with a view to extorting the last dollar from the cultivator, unwise and impolitic." "The domain of the United States is the only one, I believe, for which pay was ever de- manded in gold and silver, before it could be settled and cultivated." 279 As samples of the evils of the land system upon the West he cited the condition of the States of Missouri 280 and Michigan. 281 The provisions of the homestead bill are rigorous, he declared, but never was a THE HOMESTEAD BILL J61 measure so abused, so misrepresented, and so vilified. Like every measure of reform it had been fought by all the arguments that could be invented. The measure would diffuse the for- eign population. Instead of congesting the for- eigners in the large cities it would elevate their condition by inviting them upon the magnificent and fertile plains of the West where they would add to the wealth and power of the Common- wealths. The agitation for a homestead law continued, and the nine years after 1853 are filled with fierce political battles, debates, votes, and ve- toes on the homestead bill. The demand of the settlers was incessant and constant, but it was not until May 20, 1862, 282 that Mr. Dodge saw Congress enact a homestead law which contain- ed the principles for which he had contended in the Senate nearly ten years before. 11 XII The Pacific Railroad "I believe it to be the greatest question which now concerns our nation, and I wish to commit the Government to its construction — ay, and beyond the possibility of backing out — let the cost be double, triple or quadruple the amount which the bill proposes to appropriate." 283 In these words Senator Augustus Caesar Dodge expressed his views relative to a bill looking to the construction of a transcontinental railroad and his faith in the transcendent importance of the policy of national improvement which it was intended to inaugurate for the West. Since 1803 subsidies of public lands had been ^granted in aid of the construction of canals, turnpikes, and military and wagon roads. This policy was an outgrowth of the fierce political "battles which had been waged over the subject of National aid for internal improvements. Over two and a half million acres of land had been granted before the year 1850 to Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio for canal purposes alone; while thousands of acres were granted to aid in the construction of military and wagon roads. 28 * THE PACIFIC EAILROAD 163 The development of the West appealed strongly to Eepresentative Stephen A. Douglas, and while Chairman of the Committee on Terri- tories he had proposed in 1845 a grant of alter- nate sections of land to the States of Ohio, In- diana, Illinois, and Iowa to aid in the construc- tion of a railroad from Lake Erie via Chicago and Eock Island to the Missouri Eiver. He al- so prepared a bill for the organization of the Territories of Nebraska and Oregon to which grants were to be given for the construction of a transcontinental line from the Missouri Eiver to the Pacific. 285 Asa Whitney, a New York merchant, contin- ued the campaign. He saw a scheme to build the railroad by making use of the vast wealth of the lands through which it would pass, and held public meetings and interested the people in his enterprise. He petitioned Congress for a grant of 100,000,000 acres to enable him to construct the road to the Pacific Ocean. The income from this grant was to build the road. Several State legislatures encouraged him with favorable resolutions, but no grant was made by Congress. 286 A powerful stimulus to railroad construction was given by the discovery of gold on the Pa- cific and the admission of California into the Union. The "yellow mania" had been the magic wand which had touched immigration, 164 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE and had created a Pacific Commonwealth. Be- tween the Mississippi Eiver and this State the only overland means of travel were stages, wagons, and the emigrant trains. A railroad to the Pacific Ocean would not be a question of local interest but one of national or internation- al importance in spanning the Occident and the Orient. A demand for a transcontinental line forced itself upon Congress. Petitions from citizens, memorials from State legislatures, and resolu- tions from trade associations began to pour in upon Congress in 1849. Bills were introduced for both railroad and telegraph lines to the Pa- cific. The endorsement by the New York Cham- ber of Commerce of Asa Whitney's plan was sent to Congress, and scores of Congressmen now had dreams of a line to the Pacific running through their States. Among the score or more of bills upon the subject of a transcontinental railroad intro- duced in the Thirty-first and the Thirty-second Congress, Senator Dodge's interest and activi- ty became centered in the bill introduced in the Senate on April 22, 1852, by Senator Douglas. 287 At the next session on January 20, 1853, this bill was referred to a select committee consist- ing of Senators Thomas J. Eusk of Texas, John Davis of Massachusetts, John Bell of Tennes- see, William M. Gwin of California, and Angus- THE PACIFIC RAILROAD 165 tus Caesar Dodge of Iowa. 288 Each section of the Nation was therefore represented on the committee. 289 During January and February the measure was subjected to debate which grew in warmth and interest as amendment after amendment was piled upon it by Senators incited by the ri- valry and jealousy of their respective States. Senator Eusk had charge of the measure; and the Appendix to the Globe has recorded the speeches of Adams, Bell, Butler, Cooper, Dodge, Geyer, and Smith. Dodge's argument for the bill was delivered on February 18, 1853, and covers five pages of the Globe. 290 The following contending lines or routes were named by Senator Dodge over which it was proposed to run a railroad from the Valley of the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. These, be- ginning at the North were: (1) from Green Bay, Wisconsin, to Puget Sound in Oregon, with a branch to California; (2) from some point in Iowa, on the Mississippi River, via Council Bluffs, Fort Laramie, the South Pass, in latitude forty-two degrees and thirty minutes north, Salt Lake City, and then by emigrant trail through a pass in the Sierra Nevada; in latitude about forty-two degrees north, to San Francisco; (3) from St. Louis to Albuquerque, latitude thirty-five degrees north, on the Eio Grande ; thence to Walker's Pass, near the same 166 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE parallel, in the Sierra Nevada; thence through the valley of the San Joaquin, to San Fran- cisco; (4) either from St. Louis, Memphis, Vicksburg, southwest corner of Arkansas, or Matagorda, in Texas, to El Paso, on the Eio Grande ; and thence by the Gila, at its junction with the Eio Colorado ; and thence, via the To- hone pass, about thirty-three degrees north, through the valley of the San Joaquin, to San Francisco. 291 All these surveys, explained Senator Dodge, had been made by the Corps of Topographical Engineers and each route had its supporters and advocates. He was aware that every Sena- tor wished the route of the road to be so located as to subserve the immediate interests of his own State and community. "I want a vote up- on the great paramount question of the road it- self," insisted Dodge, "unembarrassed by col- lateral questions, such as those of route, survey, or cost, which although important, are of minor consequence." This mighty thoroughfare he regarded as a question involving the brightest hopes of the Nation and of the people, if not the perpetuity of the Union itself. The road would foster a dense settlement of the distant Pacific posses- sions and stimulate the mineral and agricul- tural wealth of those regions. It would give to the ocean-bound Bepublic opposite Asia the THE PACIFIC RAILROAD 16T command of the commerce of Asia 292 — a coun- try containing two-thirds the population of the globe. To a great extent this road would su- persede the long and dangerous commercial voyages around the capes of Horn and Good Hope. It would link the commerce of the Mis- sissippi Valley States with that of the Pacific Commonwealths, while it would also facilitate the commerce between the Atlantic coast of North America and a large portion of the wes- tern coast of the South American continent. "For one," declared Dodge, "I would be will- ing to reduce the expenses of the Government at all hazards, to one-half of what they now are, if necessary, to enable us to go forward with this work. To my own State — to the West — to the nation, I believe it is worth all the other measures which have come before Congress in modern times, or which are at all likely to pre- sent themselves for legislative favor." Dodge wished to strike out the incorporation clause of the act and to vote for an express pro- hibition against the exercise, by the company who were to construct the road, of anything in the shape of banking powers. Furthermore,, were it not for the success, economy, and speed with which private companies have carried for- ward railroad enterprises in the older States, he would prefer that exclusive management and control be left to the general government. 168 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Although Senator Dodge preferred the route running through his own State, up either side of the Platte River, through the South Pass, etc. (the second route named above), he was will- ing to vote for the road whether his favorite line was designated or not. He then quoted from "the accomplished and scientific Fre- mont" respecting the practicability of the route preferred and especially to that portion gener- ally admitted to be the most difficult. 293 When Senators were frightened at the magni- tude of the measure, Dodge begged them to con- template the past, present, and probable future growth of the country — to regard the interests of not only those living but of those who were to come afterward. He looked with satisfac- tion upon the arrival of large numbers of foreigners who in the main were trans- formed into excellent citizens. ' ' This large and various population scattered over our western plains and valleys will greatly accelerate their settlement, and produce a harvest of good fruits not possible without them." Senator Dawson spoke against the bill; and Senator Dodge regarded him as one of those Senators who "never failed to show their oppo- sition to every western measure". Senator Cooper objected to Dodge's preferred route on account of the obstructions that the snow of- fered. But, rejoined the Iowa Senator, it is not THE PACIFIC RAILROAD 169 dry snow but wet snow that impedes a rail- road. 294 To incorporate an amendment or provision fixing the route would be fatal to the success of the measure. Pass the bill first, he urged, then let the power of designation be left with the President of the United States. He was will- ing to trust that power of selection to Millard Fillmore as well as to Franklin Pierce or to Chief Justice Taney or to any of his distin- guished associates on the Bench. "I want the law for the road put upon the statute-book. I want the dollars and the land voted." As the debate progressed it became apparent that the bill was tottering from the weight of many amendments and was weakening from the fire of attacks which were aroused out of sectional interests or State jealousy. On Feb- ruary 19, 1853, Senator Dodge moved another amendment which provided that the eastern ter- minus should not be south of St. Louis. This amendment, however, was hurried out of the way by a vote of forty to one. 295 Four days later the final ceremonies over the bill were held in the Senate. When the bill came up for discussion it was evident that most of the Senators came to bury it, not to praise it. Senator Badger thought that the best course to pursue would be "to treat it exactly as we treat a member of Congress when he is 170 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE dead. And by way of taking final leave of it, and testifying onr respect for its memory, I move that the Senate do now adjourn, [laugh- ter,] with the understanding that that makes an end of the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, at least for this session." 296 Amidst cries of "Order!" "Order!" Sena- tor Douglas called for the yeas and nays in order to put gentlemen to the test in regard to the speeches they had made on the bill. "I take it for granted that all those Senators who have been making speeches will not be afraid — " "I call the Senator to order", said Mr. Mason. "I ask for the yeas and nays", persisted Douglas. "Afraid of what?" ques- tioned Mr. Bell. "Afraid to have their misrep- resentations exposed," retorted Senator Doug- las. The vote was then taken by yeas and nays on the question to adjourn, which carried by a vote of thirty to fifteen. "So the motion was agreed to; and the Sen- ate adjourned," runs the record of the Senate. XIII The Iowa Land Bui, The pioneer railroad grant in the United States which "went through without a dollar, pure, uncorrupt" 297 bears the date of Septem- ber 20, 1850. 298 This was the first railroad act of real importance initiating the system of sub- sidies of lands for railroads by Congress — a policy which prevailed until July 1, 1862. 299 This grant gave to the State of Illinois alter- nate sections of land (even-numbered) for six sections in width on either side of the road and of its branches. Another section of the law provided that no lands within the grant should be sold for less than double the minimum price ($2.50 per acre). Still another section provided for unsold lands and for neglect or failure to construct the road. The road was to be a pub- lic highway, to be used by the government free of toll or other charges, and the mails were to be carried at prices to be fixed by Congress. This act, the basis of the Illinois Central Rail- road, extended similar terms and conditions to< the States of Alabama and Mississippi in aid of the Mobile and Ohio Eiver Eoad which was to connect with the Illinois Central and its branches. 172 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Keeping pace with its expanding commercial possibilities and with the increase of its popu- lation the State of Iowa through its legislature on January 22, 1848, memorialized Congress for an appropriation of lands for the construction of a railroad from Dubuque to Keokuk through the interior of the State. 300 On February 6, 1850, Senator Dodge presented seven petitions from citizens of Iowa asking for a land grant to aid in the construction of a railroad from Davenport to Council Bluffs. 301 Two weeks later he introduced a bill setting aside a portion of the public lands with which to construct a railroad from the Mississippi to the Missouri Biver. 302 Thus petitions from various Iowa citizens and from rival Iowa towns continued to beg for Congressional assistance for the con- struction of railroads. Dodge's colleague, Senator Jones, on Janu- ary 3, 1850, had introduced a bill granting a quantity of land to Iowa for the purpose of aid- ing the State in the construction of a railroad from Dubuque to Keokuk. 303 A brief discus- sion greeted this bill on June 18. Senator Jones explained that the provisions conformed to those of the bill making a grant to the State of Illinois in the construction of what was called the Illinois Central Eailroad. The quantity of land proposed to be granted was estimated by Senator Jones at 1,450,000 acres — which was THE IOWA LAND BILL 173 seventy or eighty thousand acres less than that to be granted to Illinois. 304 "The people of our State feel a deep interest in this measure", said Senator Dodge "The Legislature and people of Iowa have made a commencement in this matter. They have gone to a considerable expense in making very minute geographical and topographical surveys of the country, and they are now mak- ing every preparation which they can make. But a large portion of the plan lies through Government lands, and the people are desirous of obtaining this grant as the foundation on which to raise a fund to complete this to them very great and important work." 305 On the next day the bill passed the Senate, 306 but here its legislative career ended. Eival claims and petitions from other States and the engrossing importance of the Compromise measures prevented any further action on rail- road land grants for Iowa during this session. Bill No. 1 on the Senate's calendar in the first session of the Thirty-second Congress was introduced by Senator Jones of Iowa on De- cember 2, 1851. 307 A week later (December 8, 1851) this bill, "granting the right of way and making a grant of land to the State of Iowa, in aid of the construction of certain railroads in said State", was referred on Senator Jones's motion to the Committee on Public Lands 308 174 AUGUSTUS CABSAE DODGE which was composed of Alpheus Felch (Chair- man), James Shields, Augustus Caesar Dodge, Joseph E. Underwood, and Thomas G. Pratt. 809 Scores of land bills for various purposes from almost as many different States were intro- duced at this session, and the rival and conflict- ing interests promised to create a sharp debate when Senate file No. 1 should come up for dis- cussion. As was expected Senator Dodge contributed the soundest and most vital exposition and de- fense of the Iowa Land Bill. He had been in- terested in the public domain since he had sold land to the squatters at public sale in 1838 at Burlington. The bill was a thoroughly western measure and of vital importance to his con- stituents as their many petitions showed. As a member of the Committee on Public Lands he had heard every phase of the measure dis- cussed; and he knew the claims of the other States and could anticipate the objections of his colleagues on the Committee. After the bill had remained with the Commit- tee two weeks it was reported with an amend- ment 310 by Senator Dodge to the Senate on De- cember 22, 1851. His two speeches, on March 3 and 4, contain a mass of information in re- gard to the public domain of Iowa. With abundant historical allusions, with sharp re- joinders to Senators Underwood, Greyer, and THE IOWA LAND BILL 175 Dawson, and with telling quotations Senator Dodge presented the arguments in favor of the bill. 311 Iowa was now placed in the forefront of the public land and railroad battle which was to be waged month after month. As to the constitutionality of the measure Senator Dodge thought that the most rigid con- structionist should be satisfied with the argu- ments of Calhoun, Cass, Wright, Polk, McDuffie, and others. From the first two he quoted lib- erally to support his view that to dispose of the public domain to the best advantage was a duty as well as a power of Congress. Iowa possessed strong claims upon Congress for the passage of the bill which had been so often and so urgently asked by its legislature and its people. "We claim it", added Dodge, "because you have granted to our sister and adjoining States, Illinois and Indiana, a million or more acres for similar objects than this bill grants to Iowa." If the location of the termini and the length of the road should be objected to he would point to the road on the other side of the river which was double the length of the Iowa road. Its termini were at Mobile and Cairo, notwithstanding the uninterrupted navi- gation of the Mississippi Eiver. To show how the account between Iowa and the general government stood, Senator Dodge introduced tabular statements of statistics 176 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE gathered from the various branches of the pub- lic service. Up to September 30, 1851, the United States had received, over and above cost, from the sale of lands in Iowa (which amounted to 32,585,600 acres) the immense sum of $4,- 574,636.19. But from this he subtracted the total expenses of the Territory of Iowa (which amounted to $585,867.40) and deducted Iowa's pro rata share of the Louisiana Purchase ($519,398.96). He showed that these calcula- tions would leave a total balance of $3,469,- 369.83 as contributed to the United States by Iowa. 312 Another statement was given to show how matters would stand in the prospective. De- ducting the grant proposed in the bill, (namely > 1,500,000 acres) from the total area of undis- posed of lands in Iowa (which amounted to 24,578,676 acres) would leave 23,078,676 acres. This balance at $1.25 per acre would amount to $28,848,345. But the 1,500,000 acres would be raised to $2.50 per acre, which would mean $1,875,000 additional. Thus there was the sum of $30,723,345 which the government would yet receive from lands in Iowa. The "outrageous clause" of the bill by which the people were required to pay $2.50 instead of $1.25 for the reserved lands was roundly abused by Dodge. The government would lose nothing by the sale ; while in truth the citizens THE IOWA LAND BILL 177 would be taxed, in the enhanced price of the land, to build the railroads. Senator Jones, his colleague, had secured in 1838 a rich grant for a public improvement in the original Territory of "Wisconsin, whose Delegate he then was. To save the bill from defeat the price was set at $2.50 per acre. A storm of indignation came from the settlers and Senator Jones received curses, "loud, long, and deep, and was burned in effigy by those from whom above all others he expected gratitude and thanks." Congress later, by request, took back its grant. "Mr. President," said Dodge, "the new States are peculiarly situated, and are entitled to the sympathy and active aid of all the friends of State rights, in their efforts to extinguish the Federal proprietorship to the lands within those States. . . . 313 The free, sovereign, and independent State of Iowa is deprived of one of the highest attributes of sovereignty as long as another Government owns the eminent domain within her limits ; for it is scarcely pos- sible that she can make a road of any consider- able length without running it over some por- tion of the public lands. I know of none pro- posed that would not do so, and thus be liable to be stopped in its progress by any forty acre tract through which it might pass, unless you choose to grant us the right of way." In opposition to the Iowa Land Bill it was 12 178 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE declared by Senator Dawson of Georgia on March 1, 1852, that "If a railroad were to be dropped from heaven, and laid between Iowa City and the Missouri river, it could not sup- port itself, for there is no population there; and yet we are called on to adopt this meas- ure." 314 This road, rejoined Dodge, was designed for a great central thoroughfare through the State. He guaranteed that, if the bill became a law, in five or ten years there would be large towns and a heavy population even upon the Missouri Eiver. Within the last thirty years the foreign trade of the United States had doubled, but the do- mestic trade had increased tenfold, declared Dodge, looking at the eastern Senators. More than $500,000,000 had been expended upon the former ; but perhaps not one twentieth as much had been expended for the lakes, rivers, canals, and railroads of the interior of the country. Navies, light-houses, and custom-houses have been paid for from the National Treasury, and no people have borne the taxation with less complaint than had the people of the West. Senator Dodge pointed out that, although as sailed by a " transmontane influence", there are some measures upon which the whole West can unite. "If the money of the nation is still to be poured out at this capital to make your al- THE IOWA LAND BILL 179 ready splendid buildings tower to the clouds; to line the ocean with mail and other steamers ; to erect your magnificent custom-houses upon the sea-board, I trust there is sufficient Union amongst us western men to go together upon some points, that we may make ourselves felt if we are to be driven to the wall." Not another dollar would he vote for Atlantic harbors, light-houses, and custom-houses until the rivers and lakes of the West were placed upon an equal basis with the waters of the At- lantic in regard to appropriations. The good policy and the wisdom of the alternate-section grants had been tested. He pointed to the bene- ficial effects of the Illinois Central railroad bill : "Illinois has made something, the United States has lost nothing." The bill had almost lifted the State out of the mire of State indebt- edness. A wide range of subjects — internal improve- ments, State rights, tariff, distribution, and many other topics of interest — received dis- cussion in connection with the debate upon the Iowa Land Bill. This was particularly true of the debates of Senators Dodge, 315 Underwood, and Hunter. A final vote upon the bill on March 17, 1852, resulted in its passage by a vote of thirty to ten. 316 In the House of Rep- resentatives other railroad land bills were in- troduced by the Iowa Eepresentatives, but there 180 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE is no record that Senator Jones's Senate file No. 1 was ever presented to that body. Senators Jones and Dodge could not give their bill a momentum which would at this time carry it over the rival claims and sectional jealousies in the House. Indeed, it was not un- til May 15, 1856, that a Congressional act was approved giving to Iowa a grant of land for railroad purposes. 317 The early efforts of Dodge and Jones, however, elicited a fine com- pliment from Senator Cass, who on March 15, 1852, said: "I have never seen in my legisla- tive experience a subject of this kind prosecuted more earnestly, with more zeal, energy, and talent, than have been displayed by those Sena- tors in the prosecution of this bill. All our as- sociates in this Chamber can bear evidence to the truth of this statement. All have seen with what perseverance and ability the bill has been urged; how every fact connected with it has been laid before us; and all know as well as I do, that not one instant of time has been lost in consequence of any remissness on the part of these gentlemen." 318 XIV The Kansas-Nebraska Bill, When Congress assembled on December 5, 1853, it met under peaceful auspices : the resist- ance to the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law had abated ; trade was good and there was a surplus in the Treasury; the signs pointed to the amicable settlement of pending diplomatic problems; President Pierce in his annual mes- sage announced that an acquiescence in the pro- visions of the Compromises of 1850 had re- stored a sense of "repose and security" to the public mind throughout the country, and he solemnly promised "That this repose is to suf- fer no shock during my official term, if I have power to avert it, those who placed me here may be assured." 319 At this session Senator Dodge became Chair- man of the Committee on Public Lands, with Stuart, Johnson, Foot, "Walker, and Clayton as associate members. A vast area lay to the West of the State of Iowa, and in this the Com- mittee on Public Lands as well as that on Ter- ritories felt a peculiar interest because from it were next to be carved Commonwealths for the American Union. On December 14, 1853, Sena- 182 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE tor Dodge of Iowa introduced a bill to organize the Territory of Nebraska. This measure was then referred to the Committee on Territories, of which Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois was then the Chairman. 320 For three weeks this bill was under the fos- tering care of Douglas and his Committee on Territories. On January 4, 1854, he reported the bill back to the House with various amend- ments accompanied by a special report. On motion of Senator Dodge 5,000 copies of the bill and the report were ordered to be printed for the use of the Senate. 321 A vast domain of 485,000 square miles was included within the bounds of the proposed Ter- ritory. It included the present States of Kan- sas, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado - — an area nearly nine times that of the State of Iowa and larger by thirty-three thousand square miles than all the free States then in the Union east of the Eocky Mountains. Situated in the heart of the American continent its area was almost as large as that of Italy, France, and Spain — nations that successively dominat- ed the globe. Less than 1,000 inhabitants were in this vast domain ; but it needed only the ma- chinery of civil society to stimulate immigra- tion, the founding of homes, and the creation of Commonwealths. THE KANSAS-NBBEASKA BILL 183 Senator Dodge's bill of December 14 was in the usual form and had assumed the binding force of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 whereby slavery was forever excluded north of the parallel of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes. Douglas's report and bill, however, held that Congress had no right to legislate for the Territories in regard to slavery; that the Constitution secured to every citizen the right to migrate to any Territory with his property including slaves, and to have this right pro- tected; and that the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Law should be applicable to the Territo- ries. This Nebraska Bill of January 4 was, how- ever, abandoned; and on January 23, 1854, Senator Douglas offered a substitute which came to be known as the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 322 It divided the Territory of the Nebras- ka Bill into two Territories — Kansas between the parallels of thirty-seven and forty degrees, and Nebraska between the parallels of forty and forty-three degrees. Both of these Terri- tories had been consecrated to freedom by the Compromise of 1820; but the bill now intro- duced by Douglas expressly declared that the eighth section of the Act of March 6, 1820, was inoperative, void, and repealed by the Compro- mises of 1850, and that henceforth each Terri- tory whether north or south of the parallel of 184 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes should ad- mit or bar slavery as the people should deter- mine. Amid the political peace and repose for which Henry Clay had pleaded, for which President Pierce had given his solemn assurances, and which for two years had been unbroken this doctrine of "Squatter Sovereignty" stimulated transcendent moral forces and roused a sinister storm on the political horizon. In May, 1854, an Iowa editor said that the measure of Doug- las had struck like a storm in the slavery poi- soned atmosphere, but he hoped that it would clear without destroying. 323 With merciless candor and severity the ' ' In- dependent Democrats" of Congress exposed and published the fallacies of the Kansas-Ne- braska Bill. 324 Senator Chase's strong moral nature asserted itself in lucid and unanswerable arguments against it; with a lawyer's skill the expounder of the "Higher Law" doctrine ar- raigned the measure before the bar of public opinion ; the moral earnestness of Sumner rang against it in classic sentences ; and Everett and Wade added their arguments against its pro- visions. But "neither the logic and the accu- rate knowledge of Chase, nor the lofty invective of Sumner, nor the smooth eloquence of Ever- ett, nor Seward's rare combination of political adroitness with an alertness to moral forces, THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL 185 matched, in hand to hand debate, the keen-mind- edness, the marvelous readiness, and the head- long force of Douglas." 325 "The noblest tribute which has ever yet been offered by the Congress of the United States to the sovereignty of the people." This was the compliment of the senior Senator from Iowa upon the doctrine of "Squatter Sovereignty" as contained in the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. It was the text upon which on February 25, 1854, he rehearsed the merits of the bill in a speech covering seven pages of the Congressional Globe. 326 He followed Senators Andrew P. But- ler of North Carolina and Albert G. Brown of Mississippi who spoke on the same day. Dodge's speech is typically western in tone and sentiment. It is the utterance of a Senator from the westernmost free State — from a State that bordered the proposed Territories and which was the last section in the trail of the emigrant wagons bound for the valley of the Platte or the virgin prairies of Kansas. He was representing a State having a neighborly interest in the Territories to which it possessed many similarities in climate, geography, natur- al resources, and in the sterling character of the inhabitants. Nothing in the Constitution, argued Senator Dodge, empowers Congress to regulate the lo- cal or internal concerns of the citizens of Ter- 186 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE ritories. Such an assumption by Congress would be a denial to them of the powers of self- government and a direct outrage upon those cardinal principles for which the fathers of the Revolution contended — an attack upon that sovereignty which all our institutions recognize as being vested in the people. Replying to the contention that Congress has sovereign power over all persons residing on the public domain beyond the limits of State boundaries, Dodge remarked: "But an Ameri- can citizen does not part with his portion of the sovereign power which is in the people, his right of protection, and to exercise all the privi- leges of a citizen under the Constitution, unless he commits a crime which renders him infamous and unworthy the trusts, or unless he volun- tarily becomes the subject of a foreign nation. He therefore bears with him, when he removes from a State to the Territory of the Republic, his powers and rights as a citizen, and can there exercise them for his own happiness and safety, guided by the provisions and spirit of the great law which pervades the Republic and its posses- sions — the Constitution. ' ' He believed that the natural propensity of legislative bodies to grasp for power had insensibly operated to form opinions hostile to the true spirit of American institutions. "While it is the duty of Congress to extend THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL 187 aid to the citizens settled upon the public do- main which will enable them to enjoy the right of self-government with more perfection and certainty, and to extend over them the asgis of our judicial system, nevertheless, Dodge de- clared, these are rights which are coextensive with the Eepublic, and are conferred upon our citizens by the whole spirit and genius of our in- stitutions. Furthermore, the formation of Ter- ritorial governments by Congress is not an evi- dence of sovereign power over the Territories, but only legislation in aid of the right of self- government and not a usurpation of a power. If Congress did not have power over the Ter- ritories why had they uniformly petitioned Con- gress for a form of Territorial government, the opponents of Douglas's bill asked. Senator Dodge answered this by saying that the citizens had always been in destitute pecuniary circum- stances and could not sustain such a govern- ment as the condition of the country required. To the Senators who questioned the right of the American settler upon the public territory to self-government or who sneered at his com- petency to govern himself, the Iowa Senator re- plied sharply. The most enterprising, patriotic, and intelligent citizens settled in the Territories and they have ever believed that they had the right to make rules and regulations for their own domestic institutions. This right they have 188 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE exercised without any interposition, hindrance, or censure from Congress. Here, with Senator Jones nodding assent, Senator Dodge cited an instance of "squatter" justice and punishment at Dubuque in 1834. Patrick O'Connor had brutally murdered George 'Kief, and the peo- ple were determined to put a stop to such des- perate deeds. But no judicial system was pres- ent; and so after improvising a jury, a fair, protracted, and impartial trial was held, and O'Connor was found guilty and hanged. This, said the Senator, was done "without having an iota of what may be called legal or congres- sional authority for the act. ' ' The people can and will govern the Territo- ries, asserted Dodge. When a majority are in favor of excluding slavery they will do it, but when otherwise they will admit it in the face of any law which Congress may enact. Stringent laws had prohibited settlements upon the pub- lic domain in the Indian country, but the whole western country had been settled and occupied by pioneers in defiance of marshals, district at- torneys, and Indian agents. "The Senator from Wisconsin, on my right [Henry Dodge], has been a violator of that law throughout the greater portion of his life. He has had these laws, with the proclamations of the United States officers, read to himself and neighbors, when upon the Indian country in Wisconsin, THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL 189 more than a quarter of a century ago, command- ing him and them to abandon the settlements they had made. He disregarded the mandate of those officers, threw up a stockade fort, pro- vided himself and neighbors with several hun- dred guns, and announced that if the officers and soldiers of the regular Army desired to expel him they could come and try it." "That", interrupted Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, "was 'squatter sovereignty!' " Neither the Missouri Compromise 327 nor the Wilmot Proviso were ever intended for the benefit of the negro, claimed Senator Dodge. These measures would tend to increase rather than to decrease slavery : by exclusion from the newer Territories the blacks would become seg- regated in the southern States where the mild- er climate, the denser population, and a greater number of marriages would result in a greater slavery population. Would the presence of slave labor in the new- ly acquired Territory deter citizens of the free States from settling there? No, argued Dodge, the slaves from Virginia and Maryland could not compete with the northern and western farmers because they lacked the training for the work and the use of farming implements. It was no longer considered degrading for a white man to work in the fields with a black man. The northern climate of Kansas and 190 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Nebraska would not be congenial enough for slavery to endanger the existence of free labor. Of the "intolerant, proscriptive and bigoted Abolitionist" Dodge neither asked nor gave quarter. By mischievous machinations and plots, intended to harass the fears of the plant- er for his negroes, they were omitting neither means nor opportunity to make the chains of the slave heavier and his life more irksome. Their infamous and unfounded slanders touch- ing the treatment of the slaves by the planter cause him to curtail much of the liberty he would like to grant his servants. In fine, po- litical power alone is what is sought by the leaders of the Abolitionists. "This determina- tion to gain political power alone accounts for the falsehood and virulence of their orators and their presses — carried to the treasonable ex- treme of demanding a sacrifice of the Constitu- tion and dissolution of the Union." Senator Douglas, "the young and progres- sive Democrat who reported and carried the bills for the admission of Texas, Iowa, Florida, and Wisconsin into the Union," was defended by Dodge from the many thrusts from the east- ern Senators. He replied briefly to Senator Sumner who, he declared, had been "wafted into this body upon an Abolition tornado." 328 The whole senatorial career of Seward showed him to be "the Napoleon of this grand move- THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL 191 ment against the domestic institutions of the South, the Constitution and the Union. " 3 " The deep veneration expressed for ex-Senator Benton was equalled only by the sarcastic words directed at Senator Truman Smith of Connecticut. Honesty and consistency with their votes in 1850 demanded that those who supported the compromise measures should zealously support the bill for the organization of the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska. It would be a re- turn to the sound principle of leaving to the people of the Territories the right of determin- ing for themselves their domestic institutions. "Mr. President," ran Dodge's argument, "the passage of the bill before us will, in my judgment, confer great benefits upon the nation, the West, and especially upon the State which I in part represent. The settlement and occu- pation of Nebraska will accomplish for us what the acquisition and peopling of Iowa did for Il- linois. Originally I favored the organization of one Territory ; but representations from our constituents, and a more critical examination of the subject — having an eye to the systems of internal improvement which must be adopted by the people of Nebraska and Kansas to develop their resources — satisfied my colleague, who was a member of the committee that reported this bill, and myself that the great interests of 192 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE the whole country, and especially of our State, demand that we should support the proposition for the establishment of two Territories ; other- wise the seat of government and leading thor- oughfares must have fallen south of Iowa." It was Dodge's intention to vote for the bill because it recognized the doctrine of non-inter- vention as established by the Compromises of 1850 and because, as he said, ' ' the people whom I represent have ever recognized and acted up- on that doctrine." "I sincerely believe that if anything which I may have said or done shall survive the brief hour in which I live, it will be the part I have taken, and the efforts I have made, to settle upon broad national prin- ciples the slavery question, and to sustain and defend the Constitution and the Union, in the letter and the spirit in which both were formed." A vote on the Kansas-Nebraska Bill had been set for March 3, 1854, and as the hour arrived the Senators felt the thrill and the dramatic force of the scene which was to close the legis- lative career of the measure in the Senate. Meeting at the usual hour, the Senate went through a brief routine of reports, communica- tions, and petitions, and then took up Douglas's bill. Dawson, Norris, Wade, Fessenden, and others carried on an oratorical skirmish until a late hour of the night. The Senators were THE KANSAS-NEBEASKA BILL 193 becoming weary with the long session when Douglas offered to waive his right to close the debate and call for the vote. 830 "It is now half past eleven o'clock", said Senator Houston. "I cannot see any particu- lar necessity for going on to-night and there- fore we might as well adjourn." Several Sena- tors protested and Douglas then gave his final argument. He was indeed "The Little Giant" in this debate. For five hours he occupied the floor. He marshalled his forces and attacked ev- ery vulnerable point in his opponents' armor. With marvellous force and swiftness he changed his attack and gained new ground; and Chase, Sumner, Seward, and Everett were put on the defensive before the headlong force of his on- slaughts. 331 The morning of March 4 was dawning when the vote was taken at ten minutes before five. "The question is on the passage of the bill," said the presiding officer, Augustus Caesar Dodge, who was then in the chair. "And on that question the yeas and nays have been or- dered." The bill then passed the Senate by a vote of thirty-seven to fourteen. Both the Iowa Senators voted for the bill. But the vote of Henry Dodge, the old Indian fighter from Wis- consin, stands recorded with the minority. 332 Nearly two months later, on May 30, 1854, the measure was signed by President Pierce. 333 13 194 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE "I think", said Senator Badger, "that the Senate after this protracted sitting, is entitled to a rest of three days". On his motion the Senate, at five minutes to five o 'clock on Satur- day morning, after a continuous session of sev- enteen hours, adjourned to Tuesday. 334 Through the awakening dawn sounds of triumph over the Senate's vote could be heard by the Senators as they were leaving the Capitol. "They cele- brate a present victory," mused Senator Chase to Senator Sumner, "but the echoes they awake will never rest until slavery itself shall die. 1 ' 335 A week after the passage of the bill by the Senate, Senator Dodge wrote a letter in reply to an invitation to address a Nebraska meeting at Old Tammany Hall on the 16th of March 1854. 336 He insisted that no man except a big- oted and incendiary Abolitionist would expect that either Kansas or Nebraska would enter the Union as a slave State. The sincere Aboli- tionist should favor the bill in its present shape because its effect would be to lead to ultimate freedom several hundred family servants who would be taken from Arkansas and Missouri to the Territories in question. These servants would otherwise remain lifelong slaves. "But the principle involved in the bill — the right of American citizens to elect whether they will or will not have slavery or any other domestic in- stitution which to them may seem conducive to THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL 195 their happiness and welfare — is one worthy to be struggled for by the descendants of our revo- lutionary sires." 337 In the meantime a political revolution had taken place in Iowa. On February 22, 1854, three days before Dodge spoke in the Senate, emphatic and unqualified protest was made against the doctrine of Douglas by the Whig State Convention. It was branded as a "propo- sition totally unreasonable and absurd on its face, conceived in bad faith and prompted by an ignoble and most unworthy ambition for party and personal political preferment." 338 James W. Grimes was nominated to weld to- gether the various elements opposed to the doc- trine of Stephen A. Douglas. Senator Dodge's speech of February 25, 1854, would no doubt have represented the majority sentiment of Iowa upon the subject of slavery in 1848 or 1849 and perhaps in 1850. But a change had taken place. The triumph of the Whig party of Iowa in August, 1854, ushered out of power the party which had held practical sway for a quarter of a century. It sounded the clarion of opposition to an institution to which the State of Iowa had given aid and com- fort by silence, sympathy, and speech. In Iowa the voters saw a new light in 1854, but Senators Dodge and Jones had not been obedient to the popular vision. XV At the Cotjet op Madbed With twelve years' experience in Congress Mr. Dodge was now transferred to Enrope as En- voy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten- tiary at the Court of Spain. Here from 1842 to 1846 the anthor of the Conquest of Granada and the Alhambra had found time between his official duties to write the Life of George Wash- ington. Later Daniel E. Sickles and Caleb Cushing bore for ten years the burden of a long diplomatic correspondence growing out of the Cuban Eevolution of 1868. And still later James Eussell Lowell wrote his charming let- ters to be filed with the staid diplomatic corre- spondence of the foreign office at "Washington. Against his own hopes Dodge had reentered the contest for the senatorship in December, 1854, although the "Whigs had a clear majority of nine in the legislature. 339 Ebenezer Cook, Fitz Henry Warren, and James Harlan were his strongest opponents ; and after five ineffec- tual ballots the joint convention adjourned to meet on January 5, 1855. Dodge at this stage of the contest withdrew and on January 6, 1855, James Harlan was elected to succeed him in the Senate. 340 AT THE COURT OF MADRID 197 Senator Dodge had been a strong supporter of the policies of the Administration and, in- deed, was an ardent personal admirer of Frank- lin Pierce. Upon the declination of the offer of the post of Minister to Spain by John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky 341 the choice of the President fell upon the senior Iowa Senator whose appointment was confirmed on February 9, 1855. By the Congressional act of March 1, 1855, the representative at the Court of Spain was to rank as an "Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary" after June 30, 1855, with an annual salary not to exceed $12,000. The Secretary of the legation was to be given an annual salary not to exceed $2,250. Excepting on holidays the legation was to be kept open between the hours of 10 A. M. and 4 P. M. 342 Newspaper comment on Dodge's appointment seems to have been rather favorable, although James Gordon Bennett of the New York Her- ald expressed his displeasure over the Presi- dent's choice. "His frank and fearless charac- ter," said the Washington Union, "his sagacity and his experience, will make him a worthy rep- resentative of his country." "Mr. Dodge," said the Washington Star, a neutral journal, "being one of the most popular men in Con- gress there was great rejoicing yesterday among the members when the news of his ap- pointment and confirmation first got out. He 198 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE will worthily discharge the duties with which he is to be entrusted, being a man of great sa- gacity, energy, urbanity and experience. No better selection for the position could possibly have been made." 343 Unlike Pierre Soule, 344 his predecessor, he could not be opposed for his foreign birth; but his western origin and character led some edi- tors to say that he was unfitted for the duties of an ambassador to a foreign court. "But it is notorious", said the Washington Star again, "that there is not at this time in public life here, a gentleman of more dignity and urbanity of address to all with whom he has occasion to hold intercourse, than Gen. Dodge ; all are easy in his society, and he deports himself in all re- spects as a gentleman should, who has long been habituated to constant familiar intercourse with persons accustomed to all the refinements of life in official society in this Metropolis." Immediately upon his appointment Mr. Dodge began a diligent study of the Spanish language. And with the help of a Spanish teacher, grammar, and lexicons he made rapid progress. In one of his note-books over eighty rules of Spanish grammar are written in his own hand which show an orderly and persever- ing method and application to study. The relations between the United States and Spain were far from pleasant at the time of AT THE COURT OF MADRID 199 Mr. Dodge's appointment and the commence- ment of his duties. President Pierce's appoint- ment of the hot-headed Soule in 1853 was pe- culiarly unfortunate and inappropriate, as well as out of keeping with the high qualifications of Soule's predecessors. Previous to his sailing he made a laudatory speech on the Cuban fili- busterer, Narcisso Lopez ; and on December 18, 1853, he had fought a pistol duel with Admiral Turgot, the French minister, wounding him perhaps for life. 345 These rash proceedings were far from improving Soule's standing in the diplomatic circles at Madrid. But a still more serious difficulty arose shortly afterward which became a diplomatic charge that was far from lightened by Soule's tactless diplomacy. This was the "Black Warrior Affair" which arose in February, 1854, and was inherited by Soule's successor, Augustus Caesar Dodge. The "Black "Warrior" was one of a regular line of steamers between Mobile and New York, which stopped semi-monthly at Havana to let off and receive passengers and mail without breaking cargo. On the morning of February 28, 1854, the steamer sailed into the harbor at Havana with its 900 bales of cotton and 14 pas- sengers. She had been expected on the twenty- fifth, and on that day the consignees of the ves- sel, Charles Tyng and Co., had delivered the manifest in ballast to the custom-house officers 200 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE without any mention of the cotton. This was the customary method and there was no inten- tion or attempt on the part of the steamer's of- ficers to defraud the Spanish authorities. When the vessel was ready to leave Havana (at noon on the 28th) Charles Tyng applied for a pass. This was courteously but firmly re- fused as was also Tyng's request to be allowed to amend the original manifest. Shortly after- ward he was informed that the cotton was con- fiscated and that Captain James D. Bullock was fined according to the custom-house regula- tions. Captain Bullock refused to deliver up the cargo and threatened, in case of force, to abandon the ship. The Spaniards hesitated, but on the next morning they returned, opened the hatches, and began to discharge the cargo. Thereupon Captain Bullock hauled down the steamer's flag and abandoned it to the Spanish authorities. 346 This event almost rose to the dignity of a casus belli. Secretary of State Marcy directed Soule to demand of the Spanish government a disavowal of the act and the payment of an in- demnity. The delays of distance were, how- ever, eagerly seized upon by Madrid officials as excuses for administrative procrastinations. The ship and her cargo were soon restored by the Spanish officials, but Soule continued (ac- cording to his instructions) to demand repara- AT THE COURT OP MADRID 201 tion for damages not compensated for in the re- turn of the ship and its cargo and also for the insult to the United States flag. Months of diplomacy and delay followed, and the resigna- tion of Soule left the final negotiations with Mr. Dodge. In the spring of 1855 Mr. Dodge, accompanied by his family, sailed on the "Pacific" for Eu- rope. He expressed his admiration for the beautiful scenery between London and Liver- pool, and described Paris with its armed sol- diers as "a vast military camp" where the ordinary news of the day was suppressed under the iron rules of military surveillance. 347 Madrid was reached on the seventh of June. 348 From the moment of his arrival on the Spanish frontier he was everywhere treat- ed with marked attention and courtesy by all the Spanish authorities with whom he came in contact. Soldiers at that time were maintaining peace in various provinces which were dis- turbed by the insurrectionary movements of the Carlist party, and the Spanish commanders offered escorts of soldiers to Dodge's party as it passed through the northern provinces. The Court was then summering at Aranjuez, a city located about twenty-five miles south of Madrid. The American minister arrived there on the eighth of June, 1855 ; but a change in the Spanish cabinet happening just at the time of 202 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE his arrival served to delay for some days the ceremony of his presentation to the Queen. On the thirteenth he obtained an interview with General Juan de Zavala, the new Minister of State, and on the seventeenth he was received in andience by the Queen of Spain. Isabella II, then in her twenty-fifth year, re- ceived the credentials of Mr. Dodge which were signed by President Pierce. Mr. Dodge then de- livered the following speech to the young Queen : Madam: In presenting the letter which accredits me as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of America near Your Majesty, I am instructed to express the sentiments of amity and high consideration entertained towards Tour Majesty by the President of the United States — It is the sin- cere wish of the President and of the people of the United States to cultivate and strengthen those an- cient relations of friendship which have so long ex- isted between the Government of Your Majesty and that of the United States, and while I am honored with the functions with which I am at present charged, my duty not less than my inclinations will prompt me to contribute as far as I can to remove all the causes of difficulty between the United States and Spain and constantly and assiduously to endeavor to preserve and advance the interests and happiness of both Na- tions. Permit me to express my best wishes for the health AT THE COURT OP MADRID 203 and happiness of Tour Majesty and that of your Royal family. 349 Meanwhile the Spanish government had been making overtures for the settlement of the "Black Warrior Affair", and Dodge's note of June 28, 1855, to the Minister of Foreign Af- fairs Zavala communicated the acceptance of Spain's terms by the United States. The own- ers of the vessel, Livingston, Crocheron and Co., claimed damages to the amount of $43,212.96; St. John, Powers and Co., shippers of cotton, claimed $10,515; and C. T. Cromwell a ship- per of print, claimed $221. Mr. Dodge assured Zavala that the United States was anxious to limit the demands to the actual and direct loss sustained and to exclude any remote consequential damages. The origi- nal demand of the owners had been reduced one- third by the Department of State and the scaled amount was intended to cover the damage aris- ing to the owners from the loss of the use of their vessel and the interruption of their busi- ness for twenty-five days. From the other claims no reduction had been made. Mr. Dodge ended this note with the hope that the good im- pression made by the decision of Spain to set- tle the difficulty, would not be weakened by any delay in the final payment of the damages. 350 A few days later (on July 12) Dodge dis- patched Zavala's note to Secretary Marcy in 204 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE which the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs accepted in essence and in the form in which they had been presented the damages sustained by American citizens by the detention of the "Black Warrior" at Havana. 351 On August 8, 1855, Dodge informed Marcy that Zavala had transmitted an order to the Cuban authorities "for the payment of the indemnity due our citizens for the illegal detention of the Ameri- can Steamship 'Black Warrior.' " 352 Thus was adjusted peacefully a vexed international dif- ficulty which in the fifties was symptomatic of the political relations between the United States and Spain. XVI Spanish Bulges Boyalty and Bevolutions "This government as it now stands", wrote Dodge to Marcy in the month after his arrival at Madrid, "is a strange medley. It is neither monarehial or republican. With the name and paraphernalia of royalty the power of the. Queen is nevertheless entirely nominal and she and those about her are destitute of all influence in the State." 353 It is in this background of backstairs intrigue, of parties without principle, and of ephemeral cabinets that the confused political maneuvers of Spain and the diplomatic achievements of Augustus Caesar Dodge find their setting and significance. Isabella II, the ruling Queen, had already had a stormy and tempestuous career. On Novem- ber 8, 1843, in her fourteenth year this Bourbon had been declared the constitutional monarch of Spain; 354 and the young girl's precocious profligacy kept pace with the many unhappy events of her reign. 355 In August, 1846, her vicious mother Christina and the French Am- bassador Bresson had wrung from her a con- sent to marry Don Francisco d'Assis, her cous- in and a man of weak and degenerate charac- 206 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE ter. On her sixteenth birthday (October 10, 1846) the unhappy marriage was celebrated with royal pomp at Madrid. 356 From the Eevolution of July, 1854, there had emerged a singularly discordant and contradic- tory form of government. General Boldomero Espartero, 357 who had been recalled from his retreat by the Queen to take charge of the dis- ordered government, was admitted by all to be one of the very few honest and patriotic men of Spain. He was said to be exclusively a military man, without talents or political experience but with a leaning toward liberal principles. Juan de Zavala, the Minister of State, was also a sol- dier without civil or political experience. Gen- eral Leopold O'Donnell, 358 the chief of the Eevolution, became the Minister of War. "Unlike Espartero", wrote Dodge to Marcy in July, 1855, "O'Donnell is said to be at heart a royalist and in favor of a more despotic sys- tem than that now prevailing, at the head of which it is thought he is seeking to place him- self. He and Espartero have recently quar- relled and I am told do not now speak. 'Don- nell is represented to be a man of fair talents and great energy of character. He is ambitious and it is said is desirous for the present to sup- plant Espartero, while the latter disappointed in his efforts of reform and disgusted with the lamentable condition of the public affairs of ROYALTY AND REVOLUTIONS 207 his country has several times tendered his resig- nation to the Queen by whom — by his associates in the Min'y, and by all interested in the peace and welfare of Spain he has been induced to withdraw it and to continue where he is. His health is very feeble and it can hardly be ex- pected he will long remain at the head of the Ministry." Republicanism was being advocated at this time by the Spanish press as well as by many speakers and public men, but the people were not yet sufficiently intelligent to sustain a Re- public, although liberal principles had received some impetus by the Revolution of 1854. The government was practically a despotism under the control of military officers. In the retro- spect of the long and bitter rivalry between the two men, the presence in the cabinet of both Espartero and O'Donnell gave rise to dismal forebodings as to the stability of the govern- ment. It was upon the former that all men of all parties believed that the existence of the government and even the life of the Queen her- self depended. "Never", declared Dodge, "were country and people in so deplorable a condition than are these at the present conjuncture of their af- fairs." In many of the provinces the standard of open rebellion was being raised; laws were being trampled under foot; the treasury was 208 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE bankrupt ; the Minister of Finance had been de- feated in the Cortes in all his measures for the replenishment of the exhausted finances; and a universal lack of confidence in the stability of the government existed. In such a condition of affairs it is not to be expected that the Ameri- can Minister entertained any but faint hopes for the attainment of the objects desired by the Administration at "Washington. 359 Spanish politics seemed to be centered about men rather than measures or principles: Nar- vaez, San Luis, Calderon de la Barca, and Senor de Cueta 360 constituted before 1856 the cohe- sive forces among the "Moderados" party; while Espartero was the propelling as well as the cohesive factor among the "Progresista" party. He was a man of honesty and patriotism and almost the only man in Spain, declared Dodge, who had not been charged upon good testimony with having committed some pecula- tion or crime. In June, 1856, however, his great popularity was already waning, for it was im- possible for him to meet the violent demands of the Eevolutionists who had launched him into power in July, 1854. 361 The dissensions between Espartero and O'Donnell grew more and more acute until the rupture between the two men occurred on July 13, 1856. The latter being at the head of the army and in the confidence of the Queen had EOYALTY AND BEVOLUTIONS 209 been the master spirit of this Bevolution and had played his part boldly and skillfully. 362 Espartero, honest and confiding, had readily fallen into the snares of his more ambitions and wily rival, and after his downfall had been forced to seek safety in the honse of the Eng- lish Minister. 363 For the new cabinet O'Don* nell named men with leanings toward the "Pro- gresista" or reactionary party. No sooner was O'Donnell installed and Es- partero ont of the way than the contest for the overthrow of the former began, and the same means and equally bitter attacks were now di- rected against O'Donnell who but a short time before had used these means for gaining his own power. These attacks continued, in the face of the unexpected mildness and humanity which he had exercised toward his enemies. Ex- iles of all political shades were allowed to return to Spain among whom were Bravo Murillo, San Luis, Pidal, Calderon de la Barca, and a long list of other less notorious statesmen. Even the well-known and formidable Bamon Maria Narvaez, a favorite with the Queen and the army, was allowed to return, and his partisans boldly predicted that their chief would soon supplant Espartero 's hated rival. "From his well-known character," wrote Dodge on Octo- ber 6, 1856, "despotism will again brood over unhappy Spain." 364 14 210 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Only six days later the O'Donnell ministry fell. Although it had been in power less than three months it had overturned or abandoned all the reform measures which had been enact- ed or proposed by the unlucky Espartero and his associates. No scenes of violence, however, such as had occurred three months before, took place. The bold and dashing Narvaez, 365 whom the fickle Isabella had welcomed with open arms, became the head of the new ' ' Moderado ' ' ministry. He was the terror of all those pos- sessing democratic or republican tendencies and inclined strongly toward monarchy in its most despotic form. The Queen was bitterly cen- sured for this change because the O'Donnell ministry had shown their fidelity to her at a time and under circumstances when dangers threatened her life and her crown, "thus", re- flected Dodge, "furnishing another evidence of the wisdom of the injunction, that we should not place our trust in earthly Princes." 366 Dodge's private and confidential letter to President Buchanan dated September 26, 1857, 367 is a severe indictment of Spanish roy- alty and society which the restraint in official diplomatic correspondence would not permit him to express. "The domestic scandals of the palace," he writes, "checked for a while by the revolution of 1854, are represented now, to be worse than at any former period ROYALTY AND REVOLUTIONS 211 The Royal pair, though appearing together on state occasions, are known to be separated in feeling by an intense and mutual dislike. The King is actually charged with conspiring against her throne — he is believed to be en- tirely under the dominion of Priests who sur- round him, and to have become a Convert to 'Carlistism'. "It is generally thought that Narvaez will soon go the way of his predecessors and that he will be succeeded by Bravo Murrillo, the Count of Saint Louis, or some other person of the absolute party, (which was the one over- thrown by the heroic resistance of the people in 1854) when little doubt is entertained that a violent revolution must soon follow and only end with the overthrow of the reigning dynasty and the reform of this old and effete monarchy. "The most sombre pictures which have been drawn of the immorality of the higher classes of Spanish society — in the Capital at least — are true. It is no exageration to say that ev- ery institution has degenerated and is now at the lowest degree of degredation. All the pub- lic ladies of Spain — such as usually represent the authority and dignity of a country are notoriously base, venal and unworthy of the names which they bear — the taint of corruption is upon every thing and almost every body. This is the lamentable condition of a nation, 212 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE numbering 14 millions of people, possessing a genial clime, a territory rich alike in every thing that is to be found either on the earth or in its bowels, situated between two great seas and commanding the commerce of the old and the new world; a nation which but a few centuries ago spread its language over the globe, con- quering, colonizing and boasting, in truth, that the sun never set in her dominions. Well may Spain, in her distracted and decaying condi- tion, serve as a beacon light to warn other na- tions how speedily and completely the most magnificent fabric of national greatness may crumble into ruins when undermined by the depravity and wickedness of those to whose hands its preservation has been committed." It was but a short time until the aggressive Narvaez circumvented by royal disfavor and palace intrigue found himself toppling to his fall. The Queen's success in juggling away her revolutionary generals had imbued Her Catho- lic Majesty with a sense of personal power which the ministry under the pressure of the revolutionary fever were bound sooner or later to feel. On October 15, 1857, Narvaez tasted the defeat which had fallen to his predecessors, and on that day Isabella II accepted his resig- nation and that of his associates. Admiral Francisco Armero was chosen as the Premier to be the next victim of royal disfavor. ROYALTY AND REVOLUTIONS 213 Although, the Queen had made her power al- most absolute she found it almost impossible to summon a full ministry. The assistant sec- retaries of the various departments so far had performed the duties of ministers under Ar- mero. Many had been asked to accept cabinet positions but none could be found willing to ac- cept. Every man of ability and character was deterred by the fate of the unlucky Espartero, of O'Donnell, and of Narvaez. 368 "Patience and shuffle the cards", is a favor- ite motto of the Spanish politician, and the min- isterial changes and insurrections had long been popular in Spain as political engines. The Peninsula abounds in examples of men who at one moment were favorites of the King or Queen and at the next moment hurled from pow- er by a general revolt or by royal caprice. This was liable to be followed by forcible exile and denunciation as a traitor or rebel for having rendered the most meritorious and unselfish service for the Kingdom. Late in October, 1857, a full cabinet was summoned that finally accepted. Admiral Ar- mero, the Premier, became Secretary of War. He was a nautical man without any experience in civil or political affairs. Martinez de la Eosa, the urbane and accomplished Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, was one of the most eminent literary men in the Kingdom and 214 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE imparted character and prestige to the new cabinet. Alexandre Mon, a financier of ability, became Secretary of the Treasury and it was fondly hoped in Spain that Armero's wealth would free the Premier from any designs to loot the royal exchequer! Indeed, Armero's wealth was even pointed out as one of his best qualifications for the office. 369 In the political nomenclature of that day this ministry was designated as the "Moderado" party. "But in this country", writes Dodge on October 27, 1857, to Secretary Cass, "party names are no index to principles, nor is there any harmony between those who march under the same banner and profess the same creed. Besides the lack of common principle as a bond of union there is none of that mutual concession without which political parties can never be long held together — here almost every public man seems to be moved by personal impulse es- pecially by a feeling of hatred, and nothing can be safely calculated upon in public men save caprice and revenge. It is passing strange that a country possessing so much individual talent as this does should be so wanting in collective or administrative ability." On December 2, 1857, Mr. Dodge announced to the Department of State the birth on Novem- ber 28, 1857, of a robust Prince. The Princess of Austurias, the Queen's only living child, had ROYALTY AND REVOLUTIONS 215 been heiress to the crown ; but by the birth of Alfonso the little princess lost the title. The event was the cause of much rejoicing on the part of the people of Madrid and of the nation generally because this unhappy people now fondly dreamed of such a rule under a King as had been denied them under the unhappy reign of a queen — "good government a boon" wrote Dodge, "which I fear the Gods are destined ever to withhold from Spain." 370 The time was about ripe for another fall of the ministry. In January, 1858, Bravo Murillo, an adroit and forceful politician, had united and arrayed the elements opposed to the ministry and in the Cortes had overthrown the govern- ment by a vote of 126 to 118. Xavier Isturiz, 371 formerly the ambassador to England and later at St. Petersburg, became Premier and Secre- tary of State for Foreign Affairs. Although honest and worthy he was not regarded as a man of ability sufficient to meet the demands of the turbulent Spanish politics. Indeed, the whole ministry was universally regarded as weak in the extreme and was derided as the "transition ministry". 372 For nearly six months, however, this incho- ate body of statesmen lived out a sickly exist- ence — a period quite as long as the average duration of preceding ministries. There was an irreconcilable difference among the members 216 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE upon the question of the dissolution of the Cor- tes, and on June 30, 1858, Her Catholic Majesty accepted the resignation of the Isturiz minis- try. Captain General Leopold O'Donnell, Count of Lucena, the hero of the Revolution of 1854 and of the bloody coup d'etat of 1856, was named President of the Council of Minis- ters and Secretary of War. "Marshall O'Donnell", writes Dodge to the Secretary of State, "is and will be the guiding spirit of the government recently inaugurated under his auspices, and it is due to his first ad- ministrative act to say that it has been well re- ceived and is regarded as reflecting credit on his sagacity and judgment. I allude to the se- lection of his cabinet which is esteemed a good one — the individuals composing it being gener- ally admitted to be persons of good character and talents and more homogenous in principle and action than those heretofore called to the Council board of this distracted and divided people. But when I write thus it is to be borne in mind that I speak of Spain and Spaniards — of a nation and a people whose contrarieties have become proverbial." O'Donnell and his associates belonged to the "Moderado" party to which Isturiz, Armero, and Narvaez had also belonged. But a vast change had taken place: almost every official in the civil and diplomatic service was dis- ROYALTY AND REVOLUTIONS 217 placed ; so great was the hurry to carry on the work of removal that they recalled their repre- sentatives at foreign courts by telegraphic mes- sages. Amid these kaleidoscopic changes in persons and things Narvaez, Armero, and Isturiz each had had their day, and with the reappearance of 'Donnell as the central figure on the politi- cal stage the question naturally arose as to how long he could combat royal caprice and secret political intrigues and retain his power. "His friends say", reported Dodge to Cass, "that knowing from experience the uncertainty of Eoyal favor, he required and received in ad- vance assurances from H. M. such as promise to him a much longer lease of power than that hitherto granted to his predecessors or to him- self and to this result things look favorable as he has vanquished all his formidable opponents and stands forth to-day as fairly the first man of Spain Although bred in the profession of arms and ranking very high as a military man even his enemies concede to him the possession of fine civil and administrative talents. He is a good speaker and a writer, is bold independent and decisive, and has with all an iron will. It is said I know not with what truth that he is regardless of the means by which his ends are attained. He was for many years Captain Gen. of Cuba, and as such in 1844 issued the well 218 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE known Cuban Decree under which the unsettled claims of American Citizens for restoration of duties and indemnification for losses origi- nated." 373 The constant influence of these intermittent revolutions upon administrative business is in- dicated by Dodge to the Department of State with a feeling of some annoyance. "Of the many ills", he writes to Secretary Cass, "from which this lamentably misguided country is suf- fering the most obstinate and chronic is that of Ministerial changes which sweep within their vortex not only the heads of Dept's but fre- quently those of the Bureaux, and minor offices. Recently they have occurred every three months, and certainly few things could militate more against the conclusion of a business affair or an unfinished diplomatic negotiation." 374 XVII Diplomatic Negotiations fob Cuba "I want Cuba; first, because it would greatly increase our national wealth and strength ; sec- ondly, because, in tbe bands of any nation who dare be our enemy, it would be a point whence the commerce of the southwest, and most of that of the northwest, could be assailed and an- nihilated. I want Cuba as soon as it can be fairly, honorably obtained. I wish her people, now groaning under a species of tyranny and military despotism scarcely equaled in the most barbarous ages of the world, God speed in their every effort to burst the shackles of Spanish oppression. Send them, I say, La Fayettes, Montgomerys, Steubens, and Pulaskis to assist them in achieving their liberty and indepen- dence." 375 This emphatic statement by Senator Dodge on February 25, 1854, in the debate on the Kan- sas-Nebraska Bill, contains the active principle of his diplomatic negotiations for the acquisi- tion of Cuba which became vitalized in the ad- ministrations of Presidents Pierce and Buch- anan. Mr. Soule with a zeal exceeding the scope of his instructions had entered upon his duties 220 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE as Minister to Spain with the firm purpose of consummating the long cherished scheme of ac- quiring the island. He had, however, been di- rected to open negotiations for the purchase of Cuba whenever in his judgment conditions seemed favorable. Then came the Ostend Conference (October 9-11, 1854) with its covetous and unsolicited re- port in regard to the acquisition of Cuba, the repudiation by the Administration of its ob- jectionable features, the widespread criticism and ridicule of the report, and finally the resig- nation of Mr. Soule. 376 "When the appointment of his successor was confirmed by the Senate on February 9, 1855, one of the great objects of the Democratic Administration was the acqui- sition of Cuba; and Augustus Caesar Dodge was sent to Madrid with directions to be pre- pared to return home if the government of Spain showed no inclination to entertain cor- dial relations by a change of policy. On May 1, 1855, Secretary Marcy had de- livered to Mr. Dodge a set of instructions which contained these points : the acquisition of Cuba was essential to the welfare of both countries and was but a question of time; self-govern- ment was bound to come to Cuba which would then seek political association with the United States ; if annexation should become a necessity European nations would not be allowed to in- NEGOTIATIONS FOE CUBA 221 terfere with its destiny; Spain's relinquishment of the Island would not he a forfeiture of her honor; the United States desired to use only honorable means to increase its territory; and the United States had repressed such unlawful enterprises as filibustering and as a cure for such evils Spain was to be asked to cooperate to secure peace. 377 Mr. Dodge was also instructed to suggest im- provements for the better administration of Cuban affairs: the existing blockade of Cuba should cease and the treatment of American citizens by Spanish officials should be im- proved; there should be more direct communi- cation with the Captain-General or a commis- sion with full power to redress grievances and settle difficulties; various pending questions were to be discussed; an improvement in the political and social conditions of the Cuban population was to be recommended; and a treaty of commerce between the two powers was to be negotiated. Dodge was to exert himself earnestly and carefully and was to be informed if the honor and interests of the United States demanded war with the Peninsula. 378 Various causes had prevented a full and im- mediate discussion of the relations between the United States and Spain by Dodge and Juan de Zavala, the Spanish Minister of Foreign Af- fairs. On August 25, 1855, a conference was 222 AUGUSTUS CABSAE DODGE finally secured in which Dodge read his special instructions. 379 Zavala listened with profound attention and in reply to the question whether he understood them, said he did so perfectly. But, added the Spaniard, as to the main ques- tion, the cession of Cuba, there were not two men in the Spanish kingdom favorable to such a measure. Indeed, as an official and a Span- iard it was a subject too painful for him even to talk about or to consider. All the treasure of the earth could not purchase the island, and any Ministry that would receive favorably a proposition for its cession would instantly be hurled from power and exposed to the popular fury. Grave objections were expressed against the proposition of giving diplomatic powers to the Captain-General of Cuba, but he would gladly entertain a proposition looking toward a commercial treaty between the countries. This was a sample of the arrogant Spanish self-esteem with which the American Minister was dealing. Though not wholly unexpected, he regretted to hear such an emphatic rejec- tion of the proposition of the United States for the purchase of Cuba. He regretted it the more because he sincerely believed that the peace, prosperity, and happiness of both nations would be better secured and promoted by the cession of the island to the United States than by any other means that could be devised. NEGOTIATIONS FOR CUBA 223 On acount of the transcendent interests in- volved he regretted that Spain had made the question one of national honor. Pointing to the sale of Louisiana by Napoleon and of the Floridas by Spain herself he declared that such an attitude was a reflection upon the truth of history and upon the illustrious dead — as un- just as it was unfounded. The United States was willing to pay a considerable sum to se- cure an island geographically appurtenant and of commanding military importance to it and to get rid of what had proved to be an exceed- ingly bad neighbor owing to the system of mili- tary government and terrorism which had pre- vailed upon the unhappy island. This offer was made with the most perfect respect for Spain and he was amazed that it should be regarded as a sale of her national honor. Was he to understand then that no offer would be considered howsoever large it might be, asked the American diplomat. Entirely so, replied Zavala, repeating at the same time that it was with difficulty that he entertained the subject. He only did so from respect to Mr. Dodge whom he urged to advise his government that the sale of Cuba was an impossible thing. This, added the Spanish statesman, was said with due respect and kindly feelings for the peo- ple and the government of the United States. Dodge now shifted his diplomatic foil to an- 224 AUGUSTUS CABSAE DODGE other quarter. It was absolutely necessary, he began, that the Captain-General of Cuba or some other officer on the other side of the At- lantic should have authority to dispose of mat- ters of controversy arising in the colonial juris- diction of that island which involved the rights of American citizens. The Captain-General now possessed extraordinary powers which were exercised to the annoyance and injury of the people of the United States. Furthermore, when any palpable wrong or outrage was in- flicted upon them (as in the case of the "Black Warrior") it took months and sometimes years to obtain redress in consequence of the distance and the time required to have such matters passed upon at the Spanish Capital. If this plan were not feasible could it not be conferred upon the Spanish minister at Wash- ington or upon him and the Captain-General jointly? Something of this kind would have to be done, warned the American. The ill-feeling among the people in the United States arising from many outrages, the apprehension that other injuries would follow, and the fear that they could not get justice from the Spanish gov- ernment would force them to take the law into their own hands. The inevitable consequence of this, declared Dodge, would be war. Again Zavala emphasized the objections of his government to the delegation of such pow- NEGOTIATIONS FOR CUBA 225 ers to its distant officers. 380 The suggestion to> confer such powers upon the Minister at Wash- ington met with some favor, and he promised to bring it to the consideration of his colleagues in the Cabinet where he believed it would be re- ceived with favor. Neither could Spain enter- tain any proposition to grant to the inhabitants- of Cuba any such constitution and local self- government as England had given to Canada. Another phase of the Cuban question was now presented to the Spanish Minister of For- eign Affairs. This related to the question of domestic slavery as it then existed in nearly one-half of the States of the American Union. An impression prevailed, explained Dodge, that through the medium of Cuba, the Abolitionists of Great Britain and elsewhere were seeking to' interfere with and to undermine slavery in the- southern States. This measure was directed at the Constitutional rights of these States — rights which involved $1,500,000,000 worth of property and the peace and the lives of its citi- zens. In answer to this suspicion Zavala begged! Dodge to assure the United States that Spain entertained no such idea nor would she tolerate it in others ; indeed, she regarded slavery as an indispensable factor in the prosperous develop- ment of Cuba. He (Zavala) himself had seen the ruinous results of the emancipation of the 15 226 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE slaves in the British. West Indies; it had re- duced the inhabitants to a state of barbarism. Even in Cnba the number of slaves was de- creasing; and although Spain viewed this with regret she was bound to obey the treaty which forbade the importation of Africans. But, advised Dodge, if Spain expects to re- tain the island she must extend to the Creole population a government and laws more in ac- cordance with the liberal spirit of the age. He also pointed to the good results which had flowed from Great Britain's modification of the colonial laws for Canada. To this Zavala agreed; a special and competent commission had already been named which would devote its special attention to the island of Cuba and pro- vide a code more in harmony with the progres- sive spirit of the epoch. Again and again Zavala expressed his kindly feelings for the United States, notwithstanding the many unpleasant incidents which had arisen in and about Cuba and had strained the friend- ly relations between the two countries. The party then in power, he said, was more desirous to be on friendly terms with the United States than with any other power. Mr. Dodge then promised to lay before him in the near future a project for a treaty of friendship and com- merce. 381 Here the long and historic confer- ence ended. NEGOTIATIONS FOR CUBA 227 In July, 1855, Dodge wrote to Marcy saying that the indications for the peaceful acquisition of Cuba were not favorable. Disregardful of her own interests, of those of the United States and of those of the rest of the civilized world, Spain seemed determined to act with reference to Cuba as Mexico had acted toward Texas. For the good of all concerned he hoped that an- other revolution would soon take place. 382 Day after day he continued to press his instructions relative to the Cuban situation upon the Min- ister of State but with little success. On July 12, 1856, Mr. Dodge tendered his resignation to the President, pleading his ina- bility to accomplish the paramount objects for which he had been accredited and the unfavora- ble effect of climate upon the health of Mrs. Dodge. 383 "During my residence of nearly 18 months at this Court", bitterly complained Dodge to the Marquis de Pidal, the Minister of State, "I have at different times and upon different sub- jects addressed several respectful communica- tions to your predecessors making inquiries concerning matters of less interest than those hereinbefore enumerated [Cuban questions] to which I have reed, no response whatsoever." 384 The home government, however, was not in a position to accept his withdrawal and Dodge was induced to remain at Madrid. 228 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE Another year of torpid and fruitless negotia- tions for the acquisition of Cuba followed. Meanwhile James Buchanan had become Presi- dent, and Lewis Cass had succeeded William L. Marcy as Secretary of State. 385 Again Dodge expressed his willingness to resign if his presence at Madrid would interfere for a single day with the carrying out of the policies and principles of President Buchanan 386 with which he was thoroughly conversant. This was followed by a long private and con- fidential letter to Buchanan in which he again tendered (on September 26, 1857) his resigna- tion. 387 This action was taken in response to Secretary Cass's kind and complimentary letter to Dodge which intimated that such a resigna- tion would not be unacceptable to the President. The acquisition of the island he regarded as a measure of great national policy falling within the scope of diplomatic achievement, which it was generally hoped the American representa- tive would effect. Dodge then expressed the fear that he might be standing in the way of the appointment of some person not only animated with equal zeal but qualified by more tact and ability. Dodge in this letter speaks not in the careful and crafty diplomacy of an official dispatch or a ministerial conference but in the free and honest language of friendly intercourse. ' ' The NEGOTIATIONS FOR CUBA 229 acquisition of Cuba I am well aware, ' ' he wrote, "from your early and unflagging advocacy of the measure, is one which will be cherished and promoted throughout your entire administra- tion : and justly does it deserve to be. It is em- phatically an American question — one broad as our nationality, involving not only progress and civilization but even our security in time of peace and certainly our defence in time of war ; and if I could believe there was a reasonable probability of my adding the Queen of the An- tillas to our matchless union, by purchase, or by an acknowledgement of her independence, or by loosening, in any honorable way, the tyran- ical grasp of her unnatural parent, leaving Cuba to unite her destiny to ours or not, as she might deem expedient, I would not only be will- ing to remain here, exerting myself to that end as I have hitherto done, but I should without hesitation, ask you to allow me so to continue — there being no created man who has more at heart the attainment of the object in question, or the triumphant success of your administra- tion, both in its foreign and domestic policy, than has the writer of this. Candor, however, compels me to say that our prospect here is most gloomy — that I can see little or no proba- bility of our acquiring Cuba by any diplomatic means heretofore employed at this court and without a change in the ways and means, such 230 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE as from the nature of our Government can hard- ly be resorted to, success here is unattainable." A paragraph of censure is provoked by his baffled efforts. "If ever there was a Colonial possession not for sale it is Cuba — if there ever was an entire nation, which had taken the oath of Hannibal against Borne, it is Spain in oppo- sition to all of our views, hopes, and aspira- tions respecting that Island, and from the proud, stuborn and uncalculating character of the degenerate Spaniard no satisfactory ar- rangement, in my opinion, can ever be made with him, nor need any be looked for until he shall have reformed his morals and government — certainly not so long as the present condition of things exists in this country or the balance of power in Europe remains any thing like what it now is." Should some adventurer like Louis Napo- leon rise to the head of affairs, thought Dodge, the United States might make an arrangement with him, or if in an eruption of anarchy, revo- lution, or general confusion a second Godoy 388 should grasp the helm of affairs a bargain for the island might be concluded. But in the pres- ent constitutional and quasi representative form of government a proposition in the Cortes for the sale of "the ever faithful Island of Cuba" would rouse every man in the manufac- turing and wheat-growing provinces of the NEGOTIATIONS FOR CUBA 231 Peninsula to arms. Every minister would be expelled and, if supported by the Crown, the reigning dynasty itself would be destroyed — "the latter, at this time, not being difficult of accomplishment. ' ' "All here know that a great cause of the fanatical opposition manifested to any arrange- ment with us touching Cuba — how advan- tageous soever it might be to Spain, — is the notorious fact that that Island is to Spanish officials a rich mine, one in which nearly all in authority, both here & in Cuba have a share of the illegitimate plunder. The 'outs' are quite as much interested in the preservation of the spoils as the 'ins' — for with each Ministerial change, occurring oh an average every nine months, there is a change of the persons hold- ing place." In a private letter to Secretary Cass it was insisted by Mr. Dodge that whereas he hailed from a free State, the mission to Spain was re- garded as one belonging peculiarly to the South. To continue at Madrid two years longer would be to invite criticism upon the President. By more reasonable friends in the South it might even be construed as evidence of indifference on his part to the acquisition of Cuba — in the face of all that the American Minister at Ma- drid had said in favor of that great American measure. 389 232 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE A year later when Mr. Dodge's resignation had been accepted, and the post declined by Judah P. [?] Benjamin high hopes were enter- tained that the mission would be tendered to George W. Jones. 390 "The President is over- whelmingly committed by his Ostend letter and otherwise," wrote Dodge to Jones on Septem- ber 30, 1858, 391 "upon the Cuban question — aye even to attempting some Coup-de-etat by which we may acquire the queen of the Antilles." The failure of the Administration to secure it would place a large (if not the largest) share of the responsibility upon the Minister and so it was thought that the President would be com- pelled to select a minister from the South. However, it was at Paris rather than at Madrid where Dodge believed the opportunities lay for the purchase of the island. Queen Isabella II wished to show the esteem in which the Dodge family had been regarded, and so with her own hands she took from the walls of the palace a portrait of the Eoyal pair and presented it to Mrs. Dodge. For many years this picture was a proud possession of ex- Minister Dodge and is still in the custody of a descendant of the Dodge family. At four o'clock on March 12, 1859, the final ceremonies of leave-taking were held. Queen Isabella, O'Donnell (the Prime Minister), the Prince-consort, and other high functionaries of NEGOTIATIONS FOR CUBA 233 the Eoyal household received the American Minister in private audience where he was an- nounced by the Introducer of Embassadors. 392 He then delivered to the Eoyal hand the letter which terminated his mission, and in Spanish conveyed to Her Catholic Majesty the Presi- dent's desire to cement the friendly relations between the two countries. "For myself", spoke the retiring minister, "I can truly say that in the discharge of the duties of the Mis- sion entrusted to me it has been my constant ob- ject to cultivate with Tour Majesty's govern- ment relations of the closest friendship, and I shall return home with none other than the most agreeable recollections of Spain." "In taking leave of Tour Majesty", ran his closing compliments, "I cannot withhold the ex- pression of my thanks and gratitude for the uniform kindness and courtesy always extend- ed to myself and my family by Tour Majesty, by all your Authorities and by the Spanish peo- ple." 393 The career of Augustus Caesar Dodge at the Court of Spain cannot be said to have been fruitful in diplomatic achievements. During his four years' term he had seen Spanish statesmen come and go and powerful cabinets superseded by military dictators. The influences of these intermittent revolutionary fevers and the min- isterial changes were not conducive to progress- 234 AUGUSTUS CABSAE DODGE ive diplomatic negotiations or to the growth of an intelligent foreign policy. This fact mast be considered in recalling Dodge's failure to se- cure that island, which, about forty years later, the United States welcomed to the family of nations. XVIII Candidate for Governor 1859 After an absence at the Spanish Capital of four years Augustus Caesar Dodge was again drawn into the vortex of an Iowa political cam- paign. Since the memorable defeat of the Democrats in 1854 Bepublicanism and the anti- slavery elements had drawn many voters from the Democratic ranks. The doctrine of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill for which Dodge had given his voice and vote in 1854 had been tested and had created crime, carnage, and border warfare in Kansas Territory and had produced Bepublicans in the State of Iowa. The Dred Scott Decision of March 6, 1857, had startled the North and was the last attempt to settle by law the question of the extension of slavery. Four years of Bepublican administration in the State had furnished some vulnerable points for Democratic attack; and early in 1859 the recollection of their former prestige in the Ter- ritory and the State urged the Democrats to renewed activity. Both the Buchanan and the Douglas wings of the party were preaching the slogan of united and harmonious action, and the political horizon was early being scanned 236 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE for an available and aggressive man who should lead them from the thraldom of "Black Repub- licanism". Before June, 1859, almost every Democratic newspaper in the State had printed the name of some man whom it recommended for the nomi- nation for the governorship. Augustus Caesar Dodge, Bernhart Henn, and Ver Planck Van Antwerp — the former trio in the land office at Burlington — were named. The list grew with the names of Maturin L. Fisher, William E. Leffingwell, Ben M. Samuels, Judge Charles Mason, George Gillaspy, and Gilbert C. B. Mitchell. The mention of Beverend Henry Clay Dean, however, prompted a Republican editor to say that it would be incongruous for Rever- end Dean to serve as the Embassador of Christ and at the same time serve as the Embassador for the Democratic party. "There are issues to be Dodged," wrote another Republican edi- tor, "Fisher-men to strangulate, and Samuel- ites to appease which require much time and profound deliberation, before the meeting of the Convention." 394 Although he had not yet returned from his foreign mission, Mr. Dodge had sent his un- qualified refusal to accept the Democratic nomi- nation for Governor. 395 In February James A. Williamson, the Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee, issued the call for CANDIDATE FOR GOVERNOR 237 the State Convention to meet in Des Moines on June 1. In April, however, another call was is- sued, declaring that at the request of many- Democrats the State Convention was postponed to June 23 — the day following the meeting of the Republican State Convention. This second manifesto drew upon the Democrats a fire of Eepublican criticism, and the Mt. Pleasant Journal with faint hopes for the Democracy sarcastically advised that the Convention be postponed to the year 9000. 396 The demands for Dodge's nomination grew in number and persistency as the time for the Convention approached. Meanwhile the de- sired nominee was returning from Spain and the hope was expressed that he would consent to accept a unanimous nomination. The ex- Minister, however, did not arrive at Burlington until July 9, and the Convention of June 23 met without Tn'm and placed him in nomination by acclamation. 397 His running-mate for Lieuten- ant-Governor was L. W. Babbitt of Pottawat- tamie County ; while for Judges of the Supreme Court the Democrats nominated Thomas S. Wilson of Dubuque County, Judge Charles Mason of Des Moines County, and C. C. Cole of Polk County. The platform adopted reaffirmed the national platform of 1856 and asserted that no power could prevent the Territories from passing such 238 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE laws upon the subject of slavery as to them might seem proper. Eesponsibility for the doc- trines of the Supreme Court was disavowed; a transcontinental railroad was favored; the ac- quisition of Cuba was deemed desirable; and another plank declared in favor of the home- stead policy. In the State they demanded re- form in taxation and expenditures, and insisted on the repeal of the Constitutional provision which admitted negro children to the public schools on an equality with the whites. The Maine liquor law they regarded as "inconsist- ent with the spirit of a free people", and in- sisted on a total change of the existing school system. Like Cincinnatus of old Samuel Jordan Kirk- wood had been summoned from his plow by the Eepublicans to lead them against the Demo- cratic cohorts. He was a Marylander by birth and was forty-five years of age. In 1835 the Kirkwood family had removed to Eichland County, Ohio, where Samuel spent his winters in teaching. Later he studied law, was admit- ted to the bar, and became a prosecuting attor- ney. In the spring of 1855 he had removed to Iowa, and although he had been a lifelong Democrat he espoused the cause of the Bepub- lican party of Iowa in 1856 and was present at its organization. When he was nominated by the Eepublican State Convention on June 22, CANDIDATE FOR GOVERNOR 239 1859, he was living near Iowa City (where Coralville now stands) where he owned a large farm and operated a grist-mill and a saw- mill. 398 Immediately after the Conventions had named their respective candidates correspond- ence between the Central Committees ensued relative to the arrangement of a series of joint debates between the two candidates. The fame of the Lincoln-Douglas debates was still fresh in the minds of the voters who were anxious to see the two men matched in debate. This corre- spondence created vaporous charges that Kirk- wood was afraid to meet Dodge, and vice versa that the ex-Minister was afraid to meet the oratorical onslaughts of the Eepublican nomi- nee. Scores of editorials voiced these charges and issued denials and counter-charges. Mr. Dodge had finally accepted the nomina- tion against his own wishes and interests, but with the hope of serving once more the party which had many times elevated him to honor and power. On his arrival at Burlington he took his family for a visit with 1 his aged father at Dodgeville, Wisconsin. Here he remained but one night, returning to Burlington on the 25th of July and three days later reaching Des Moines where he spent the day in consultation with the Central Committee. 389 A strong Democratic organ, the Dubuque 240 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE Herald, announced the position of the Demo- cratic candidate upon the leading issues : he was unequivocally and bitterly opposed to a slave code for the Territories; the reopening of the slave trade he would regard as an insult to the civilization of the age; he held sacred the doc- trine of Popular Sovereignty as set forth in the Kansas-Nebraska Act; he was opposed to all Congressional interference with the rights of the people in regulating their domestic institu- tions in their own way; and finally he was in favor of a homestead law — a measure for which he had labored long before the birth of the Republican party. 400 A series of joint discussions was agreed upon and Dodge was to begin his campaign by a de- bate with Kirkwood on July 29, 1859, at Oska- loosa. Thither he hurried by stage and arrived at four o 'clock in the afternoon. Kirkwood had been speaking for three hours when Dodge en- tered the hall, and his arrival was a surprise to the Republicans who had been boldly declaring that Dodge feared to meet their candidate. Taxation, State expenditures, the school sys- tem, and the Dred Scott Decision were dis- cussed; the Kansas troubles and the Lecomp- ton Constitution were reviewed; and slavery was debated in all its bearings. "Mr. Kirkwood, would you obey the Fugi- tive Slave Law?" demanded the Democratic CANDIDATE FOR GOVERNOR 241 candidate. "I would not resist the enforce- ment of the law", was the reply, "but before I would aid in capturing a fugitive slave I would suffer the penalty of the law, but I would not aid in carrying it into execution.'' To a similar question from Kirkwood, Dodge replied that he would, and that he would do what the law commanded him to do. In the evening the discussion was continued before a crowded audience. For an hour and a half Dodge occupied the floor, during which he eulogized Clay, "Webster, Douglas, Buchan- an, and Soule. Although Kirkwood had paint- ed slavery in its darkest colors Mr. Dodge main- tained that in spite of its defects it was a civil- izing and Christianizing institution. Accounts of this meeting taken from the most extreme points of political vision were widely circulated in the State. "Gen. Dodge", runs a Eepublican account, "strode up and on to the platform, with an heir [air] of pseudo-dignity and ultra pomposity that would have excited the admiration of her majesty, the Queen of Spain. He commenced in a most furious and incoherent declamation. He fairly boiled over with rage and indignation. . . . His excite- ment and passion had a complete mastery over him." A different story is told by a Demo- cratic observer. "His speech, marked with a noble and manly dignity for which he is re- 16 242 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE markable, clear, plain, bold, and unequivocal, took a firm hold on the minds of his auditors. The effect of his address was heightened by the fact that Mr. Kirkwood had shown himself to be a low and vulgar blackguard, and had lam- pooned with his gross vulgarities, and ribald inuendoes, everything and everybody opposed to Bepublicanism." 401 Comparing the two State tickets the Bloom- field Democratic Clarion derisively dubbed the Eepublican nominees as the "Plow Handle Ticket" because both Kirkwood and N. J. Eusch (the candidate for Lieutenant-Governor) were farmers. This name the Eepublicans seized with avidity, and made the term identify the Eepublican candidates with the great body of farmers and laborers of the State, while they contrasted the character of the Eepublican nominees with the alleged boasted gentility and exalted dignity of Dodge, Babbitt, Mason, and Wilson. 402 Town after town was visited. Magnolia, Lewis, Sioux City, Winterset, Newton, and va- rious other towns listened to the debates of the rival candidates. The debates were usually be- gun at two o'clock in the afternoon and were of- ten resumed in the evening. At Adel on Au- gust 29 Dodge attacked the $200,000 loan ap- propriations for the Insane Asylum, the Agri- cultural College, and the increase of the ex- CANDIDATE FOR GOVERNOR 243 penses and salaries of the State officers. The salary of James Thorington as Swamp Land Commissioner was also cited as an example of Eepublican prodigality. 403 For Friday, Septem- ber 2, 1859, they were billed to speak at Wash- ington and at an early hour in the morning farmers from the surrounding country began to pour into the town to hear and to see the well-dressed Dodge and the plain but shrewd farmer candidate from Iowa City. As the time for the arrival of the speakers approached, the curiosity and interest of the people increased. Mr. Bacon, a prominent Democrat and a breeder of fine stock, brought out a splendid carriage drawn by four horses. At about ten o'clock this carriage left Wash- ington to meet Dodge as he approached on the Sigourney road; he was to be driven into the town in a manner befitting the man who had served at the Court of Her Catholic Majesty in Spain. These preparations came to the knowl- edge of the Eepublican brethren who at once determined that an escort befitting the candi- date of the "Plow Handle Ticket" should be sent to Mr. Kirkwood. Accordingly a good sized wagon — presuma- bly with a hay-rack — with two sturdy oxen was driven by Jonathan H. Wilson down the Sig- ourney road. An escort of a dozen Bepubli- cans accompanied the wagon. In due time the 244 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE wagon returned with plain Sam Kirkwood seat- ed in plain view. On account of the small size of the court house the meeting was to be held in the public square where the people had con- gregated. Hundreds crowded both sides of the street to welcome the novel cortege as it slowly approached. "It's Sam Kirkwood" was passed from ear to ear, while loud and lusty cheers were given the occupant of the wagon when the bewildered oxen had drawn him into the public square. Shortly afterward the splendid carriage con- taining the tall and erect form of Dodge and his friends arrived, carrying hickory poles, and in fine style made a turn or two about the square. The cheering continued but most of it had already been bestowed upon the plain and smiling occupant of the ox-wagon. During Kirkwood 'a speech a drunken man who kept interrupting by asking hazy and foolish ques- tions was finally silenced by Kirkwood 's sober remark that "he was moved by the spirit of democracy." 404 Iowa City on the next day greeted the de- baters where Dodge opened the discussion, speaking from the northern projection of the Old Capitol steps. He seemed hoarse and fatigued from the work and excitement of the campaign, while Kirkwood seemed worn and anxious from reflecting upon the consequences CANDIDATE FOR GOVERNOR 245 depending upon the issue of the campaign. 405 About 1,000 people listened to the next discus- sion at Tipton on September 5. 406 Two days later, at Maquoketa, Kirkwood was introduced as the "Plow Handle Candidate" and Dodge again arraigned the Eepublican administration for extravagant expenditures of the public money. 407 Several Democratic barbecues interspersed these joint discussions. At Oskaloosa on Sep- tember 21, 1859, processions and parades, bands and banners, and songs and speeches marked the occasion. Augustus Caesar Dodge, C. C. Cole, and Ben M. Samuels addressed the gath- ering. 408 Three days later Des Moines was the host at a large Democratic barbecue. From Walnut Street a long procession of men and women flying banners marched to the Capitol grounds. Mr. Dodge then discussed for two hours the issues of the day, after which the gathering sat down to a dinner of "barbecued beef", pork, mutton, and wheat and corn bread with a few "chicken fixins". Mr. C. C. Cole then addressed the gathering after which it ad- journed with three lusty cheers for Dodge and the Democratic ticket. 409 In this campaign Dodge's entire public career was put upon the rack by politicians and the press. The criticisms ranged from a denuncia- tion of his views upon the subject of slavery 246 AUGUSTUS CABSAE DODGE to the charge that he was so undignified as to refer to a former Governor as "Jimmy" Grimes. The Bepublicans referred to the "Dodge dynasty" as chronic office seekers; his career as Eegister of the Land Office was criti- cised; his speeches and votes on the Compro- mises of 1850 were held np to public censure; and they poked fun at his career as "Mission- ary to the heathen of Spain." 410 "Dodge, the Democratic nominee for Gov- ernor of Iowa", wrote the editor of the Iowa Weekly Republican, "is in favor of paying two hundred million of dollars for the small island of Cuba. If the possession of Cuba is necessary for the protection of our commerce or for pur- poses of defense, then there might be some sense in the agitation of the question of its pur- chase; but as the sole object in view is the ac- quisition of territory out of which to form an- other Slave State, we will be slow to believe that the freemen of Iowa will lend a helping hand in any such scheme to plunder the Treas- ury." 411 The Burlington Hawkeye estimated that Dodge's wealth by land speculations and official salaries amounted to $1,000,000, and in another wild and extravagant sentence esti- mated his contribution to the canvass to be $50,000. 412 Kirkwood, on the other side, was painted as a deserter of the Democratic party, and it was CANDIDATE FOR GOVERNOR 247 suggested that his residence in Iowa of only four years ought not to entitle him to the high- est office in the gift of the State. Dodge bitter- ly denounced him for reopening the questions of slavery and for not entertaining a proper veneration for the Compromises of 1850. Far from creditable or enlightening was the campaign as conducted by the newspapers. The sixty-two Republican journals vied with each other in printing stories of the immense swag- gering, the towering passions, and the grandil- oquent bombast of Dodge ; while the Democratic organs teemed with charges of dirty black- guardism, stupenduous lying, and consummate demagoguism against the candidate from John- son County. "We don't care a copper", was a Democratic editorial fulmination, "whether Sam Kirkwood smells rank and strong of sweat and dirt, so long as he remains at home among his hogs — or in Iowa City among his associate money shavers." 413 A campaign poet also ap- peared in Eepublican journals against Dodge in a bit of rhyme. The big bull dog of the tanyard's here; The Great Immortal Brigadier; He's fought the exchequer for many a year, A regular Treasury privateer! See the conquering Hero come, "Who went to Spain and sucked his thumb. 414 For the second and last time in his political 248 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE career Augustus Caesar Dodge went down to defeat. At the polls on October 11, 1859, Kirk- wood was elected by a majority of 3,170. Dodge was fairly beaten; and Kirkwood's political star from that day took an ascending course as "Iowa's War Governor". Dodge's absence of four years had not given him living convictions upon the great questions of slavery. The people in Iowa in 1859 felt more keenly and saw more thoroughly than did Dodge the effects of "Squatter Sovereignty" and the Lecompton Constitution. The political pendulum of Iowa was swinging farther away from slavery exten- sion than it had when Dodge was defeated for the Senate in 1855, and the ante-bellum decade had matured new political creeds and converts. XIX The Last Yeabs 1860-1883 To the biographer and the historian the last twenty-four years of Mr. Dodge's life possess but an incidental interest. Withdrawn from the duties and the responsibilities of official station and from the active leadership of his party, he spent the later years of his life as a private citizen in retirement. During these closing years other men, different issues, and changing conditions arise to which he bears the relation only of a prominent private citizen. As a public man the career of Augustus Caesar Dodge belongs to the ante-bellum period of statesmen and issues. Upon the heels of his. defeat for Governor and without his solicitation the Democratic par- ty in 1860 again tendered him the most distin- guished mark of their undiminished confidence. On January 14, 1860, he received the full vote of the Democrats in the legislature for United States Senator, but was defeated by his old time rival James Harlan, who received seventy- three votes — a majority of twenty-one over Dodge. 415 Deploring the commencement of hostilities in 250 AUGUSTUS OAESAE DODGE the Civil War Mr. Dodge maintained in Octo- ber, 1861, that the Eepublican party was enter- ing upon policies contradictory to its past his- tory. He commended highly the Crittenden,, the Douglas, and the Kellogg compromises- which had been urged upon the Thirty-eighth Congress. In favorable terms he spoke also of the peace convention which had assembled in Virginia under the leadership of the venerable ex-President Tyler. All these he maintained had been rejected and disregarded by the Ee- publican party. Opponents of the War, he de- clared, were denounced as traitors — a term which the Democrats had declined to heap upon Thomas Corwin and his associates when they denounced the War with Mexico. 416 On June 16, 1864, the Iowa State Convention chose him as a delegate to attend the convention of the Peace Democracy at Chicago on August 29 ; and on July 11, 1866, he was chosen by the Iowa State Convention to attend the "National Un- ion Convention" which was to meet at Phila- delphia on August 14, and once more he ad- dressed the convention at Des Moines upon the principal issues. 417 As early as 1868 Mr. Dodge had been men- tioned for the vice-presidency. "His nomina- tion", said The Democratic Watchman (Bell- fontaine, Pennsylvania) "would probably give satisfaction to as many Democrats as that of THE LAST YEARS 251 any other western man. " 418 Eleven years later when on an eastern tour he received frequent mention in the leading journals of the East, and met many of the men with whom he had served as Delegate and United States Senator. 419 In 1872 the platform of the Liberal Bepubli- cans and their candidate met his approval and he indorsed warmly their independent action which he regarded as a movement generally for reform and for the correction of flagrant abuses in President Grant's administration. Greeley's plea for the inviolability of the principle of self-government appealed to him; while he de- manded a real and not a pretended reform in the civil service, so that the executive would be- stripped of a vast patronage "glaringly used". With Greeley he demanded a single term for the executive. And he insisted upon the pas- sage of a law which should sacredly reserve the public domain for the occupation and cultiva- tion by the people and prevent its surrender to railroad corporations. Upon the question of the tariff he believed that Greeley was in accord with the former poli- cies of Presidents Polk and Buchanan. The raising of revenue by tariff or otherwise was to be treated as the people's business to be shaped and directed by Congress through their repre- sentatives whose action the President should neither dictate, nor veto, nor overrule. Very 252 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE many of the Bepublicans of the "West, he urged, would indorse such a doctrine and help to vital- ize it in legislation. 420 "The credit mobilier", he wrote after Gree- ley's defeat, "is one of the many fountains whence flowed the streams of corruption which, in November, bore down the united Liberal and Democratic cause." He considered this affair as the darkest page on our Congressional his- tory and a blow at our republican institutions. The charges of a heated political campaign had, he believed, been proved to be true, as shown by the disclosures against Oakes Ames and the "rings" infesting Washington. 421 Early in 1874 the citizens of Burlington by a spontaneous expression of confidence elected their prominent townsman mayor of the city. For two years Mr. Dodge served the city faith- fully and showed his active interest in many projects for the improvement of the city. Some of the mayor's records are in his own clear handwriting. It is said that his pity and com- passion for offenders of the law often prompted him to pay their fines himself. The mayoralty of Burlington was the last official position which he held. Thus the man who in his prime had been accorded the highest honors by the State showed a fine sense of civic obligation when in his old age he accepted at the hands of his neighbors the humble office of mayor. THE LAST YEARS 253 In April, 1875, an investigation was demand- ed by the irregularities in the management of the Eeform School at Eldora. Boys too old in years and in crime had been sent to this school at the expense of the morale of the younger in- mates; the institution was passing through a developing process; money and facilities were few, and the small salaries did not secure per- sons of the best intelligence and capacity. These conditions somewhat extenuated the faults in the management. Nevertheless, the trustees of this school requested the appointment of a com- mittee to aid in an investigation, and in April, 1875, Governor Cyrus Carpenter appointed Au- gustus Caesar Dodge, Wm. H. Leas, Esqr., and Mrs. Deborah Cattell to visit and to investigate the finances and management of the institution and to report their findings. For several weeks this committee sat at Eldora and conducted its investigations. Two reports were presented: one by a majority of the committee, and an- other by the trustees, which in the main was concurred in by Mrs. Cattell. The investiga- tion resulted in the resignation of the Super- intendent. 422 The quadrangular campaign of 1879 in which Republicans, Democrats, Greenbackers, and the Temperance party participated, revived the po- litical interest of the former leader of the Democracy. Their State Convention met this 254 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE year on May 21 at Council Bluffs, and Augus- tus Caesar Dodge was chosen Chairman. He referred in his speech to the election of 1876 to which he declared the Democrats had sub- mitted rather than "to Mexicanize our institu- tions by a resort to bloody civil war." "Extravagance, public debts, and class leg- islation are the terrible evils of which we com- plain, ' ' he declared. ' ' I can only refer to a few : The first was enacted under Grant's adminis- tration. It was the act to pay in coin the 5-20 bonds, which under the law and the contract were to have been paid in greenbacks. This measure at one fell swoop legislated at least five hundred millions of the people's money in- to the pockets of the bond holders." The chair- man ended his speech by urging a union of all the elements opposed to the party by which he had met defeat twenty years before. 423 Besides giving many political speeches in State and National campaigns Mr. Dodge spoke at old settlers gatherings and at Fourth of July celebrations where his vast fund of historical recollections and reminiscences made him a fa- vorite. In 1870 he delivered the oration at West Point at the festival of the Nation's jubilee; and the next year he spoke at Fort Madison. In the same year and at the same place he ad- dressed an old settlers celebration at which 15,000 people were present. THE LAST YEARS 255 Both Missouri and Illinois as well as Iowa heard his voice at these old pioneer gatherings when he recalled the early days of lead-mining and boating on the Mississippi Eiver. Wapello, Mt. Pleasant, and other towns in Iowa were his audiences. There he drew vivid pic- tures of old time methods of electioneering, and paid noble tribute to the men who had been his competitors for Congressional honors. His vast acquaintance with former statesmen and with the old pioneers gave him a mass of informa- tion and stories that never failed to rouse and to hold a sympathetic attention from the men and women who had helped in the rearing of the Commonwealth. At Ste Genevieve and other places he deliv- ered a lecture entitled "The History of Spain", which the Ste Genevieve Fair Play pronounced "an excellent and elaborate discourse." Tem- perance lectures also engaged his attention. At Mt. Pleasant on November 25, 1878, he gave (the local editor declared) "one of the most ef- fective lectures that our citizens have listened to since the organization of the temperance work." Early in 1882 he received an invitation from the Iroquois Club of Chicago to attend their banquet 42 * on March 15 in honor of the anni- versary of the birth of Andrew Jackson. A re- cent indisposition, however, prevented his ac- 256 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE ceptance; but in his declination of March 11, 1882, he expressed his tribute to the idol of Democracy, extolling his civil and military serv- ices, and his manly virtues. "The 4th of March, 1837," he wrote, "on the occasion of the inau- guration of Van Buren, I saw for the last time his venerable person, the incarnation of patriot- ism, when he made his farewell bow from the east portico of the capitol to the American peo- ple and retired through the portal, which in his case led to the temple of everlasting fame." An immense celebration was held at Burling- ton on June 1, 1883, in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of Iowa. It was eminently fitting that Augustus Caesar Dodge should be appointed Chairman of the Ex- ecutive Committee and President of the day. Thousands of visitors attended this anniver- sary of the settlement of "Flint Hills" and among these were Governor Buren B. Sherman, ex-Senator George W. Jones, and Theodore S. Parvin. During the festivities Hon. B. J. Hall presented the President of the day with a hick- ory cane "cut from the precincts where sleeps the immortal Jackson." Two speeches were delivered by Mr. Dodge, the first of which is a fine epitome of Iowa's early history. It teems with historical infor- mation of events most of which he had seen and helped to enact. Burlington, a straggling vil- THE LAST YBAES 257 lage in 1838, he had seen grow into a city of wealth, culture, and homes; while he had wit- nessed the growth of Iowa's population from a few thousand to over one and one half millions. In his own retrospect of forty-five years he could well feel a glow of pride and satisfaction in the growth of the Commonwealth he had helped to form, to rear, and to administer. 425 He had reached the age of nearly seventy-two years. For five years his strong constitution had repelled a chronic disease of the internal organs. In November, 1883, a severe cold de- veloped into a sickness which in spite of medi- cal attendance rapidly grew worse. "Wife, sons, and friends were about him as he continued to sink, and the townspeople watched anxiously for news from his house at 829 North Fifth Street. On Tuesday November 20, 1883, at a few minutes past four o 'clock Augustus Caesar Dodge expired. 426 His widow and three sons survived him. Au- gustus Villars, the oldest, died at Burlington in 1888. Charles Jones became a brilliant attor- ney, but died iu 1889 at the age of thirty-seven years. William Wallace is the youngest and the only surviving child of Augustus Caesar Dodge. In 1874 he graduated from Notre Dame University, and two years later he took a de- gree from the Law Department of The State University of Iowa. He was for many years a 17 258 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE prominent Democrat in the politics of Iowa, and was State Senator from 1885 to 1893. While in the Senate he introduced several child labor bills, a bill to create a labor day, and was one of the sponsors of the bill creating a Bureau of Labor Statistics. 427 With ceremonies as impressive as were the many tributes to his life Augustus Caesar Dodge was buried in Aspen Grove Cemetery in Burlington, beside the body of his father with whom he remains in death as he always was in life — a companion. Life is not a pleasure nob a pain, but a sebious business, which it is oub duty to cabby THBOUGH AND TO TERMINATE WITH HONOB reads the epitaph of Augustus Caesar Dodge. XX A Charactebization The personal appearance of Augustus Caesar Dodge was striking : in height lie is said to have been over six feet, his hair was dark, a rather stern expression marked his features, and heavy eye-brows overhung a pair of clear eyes. From his father he had inherited a strong con- stitution and an erect carriage which added to the dignity of his appearance. He was always careful of his dress, and in his later life wore the best broadcloth and developed aristocratic tastes more befitting the Court of Spain than a disciple of Andrew Jackson. As with all men a most important event in his life was his marriage, whereby he came un- der the gentle culture and refined influence of a southern woman. Until his death the union was a happy one, and their domestic life ever breathed a spirit of deep affection and refine- ment. While he was away attending Congress she wrote him, almost daily, letters of interest and encouragement. Her religious fervor per- meated her household and left its influence up- on his life. At the Court of Spain she was a favorite, and the Queen with her own hand pre- 260 AUGUSTUS CABSAE DODGE sented to Mrs. Dodge a portrait of the Boyal pair. Mr. Dodge's generosity and hospitality were almost without stint. No appeal was ever made to him that did not elicit some responsive aid. No tramp was ever turned away from his resi- dence, and the "Old General's House" on the hill became known far and wide among the dis- ciples of the Wanderlust for its open door and its charity. More than once he found a weary vagrant sleeping in the haymow whom he took into the house. "Even the poor colored man was met half way," said his fellowtownsman, "taken by the hand, aided, advised, and en- couraged, just as though he were a man of in- fluence, place or position." 428 His charitable impulses caused him, however, to be imposed upon by many who selfishly courted his friend- ship. With his wide circle of acquaintances he en- tertained often and liberally, because he was always anxious that his children should see and hear men and women of influence and refine- ment. Politicians, office-seekers, and the old settlers made many a visit to the man who had been the leader of the Democracy of Iowa and whose advice on matters of the public lands had been widely sought. By birth, training, and association Augustus Caesar Dodge was a Democrat, while in all his A CHARACTERIZATION 261 instincts and proclivities he belonged to the old ante-bellum school of American statesmen. His political views had become fixed after the teachings of Jackson, whom he regarded as a "fine type of the American democrat", and af- ter Clay, Webster, and especially Benton from whom he says "I have derived nearly all of my limited stock of political information." His speeches teem with extracts from and refer- ences to the addresses of "Old Bullion". Upon the subject of slavery he followed in the main the views of Southern statesmen, which led to the charge that he was a servile follower of Southern slave-holders. It is upon subjects relating to the public domain, however, that he exhibited the greatest interest, the wid- est information, and the most originality in thought and presentation. The style of his speeches was too labored and involved to be eloquent, although his fund of confidence and self-assurance usually gave con- siderable propulsion to the force of his address. Mentally he possessed vigor, but lacked the force of some of his contemporaries : he lacked the penetrating intellect of Judge Charles Ma- son, and the learning and logic of his old time political rival, James Harlan ; while as a ready debater and campaigner he was overmatched by Samuel J. Kirkwood. Political retirement could not lessen or lower 262 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE him in the sentiment and esteem of the people, and the honor and affection of thousands fol- lowed him in retirement to private life. He knew perhaps more men, women, and children, and their family histories in Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Iowa than any other man of his time. He had entered more homes in the northwest during his long career than perhaps any other western man; and when he died three hundred children paid to his memory their tribute of flowers. Having a personal experience and knowledge of manual labor, no one ever held in higher es- teem the nobility and the dignity of honest toil. Eealizing that it was so fundamental in prog- ress, he could not see it insulted or wronged without offering a defense in its behalf. Sena- tor A. G. Brown of Mississippi in a debate on the Kansas-Nebraska Bill had spoken of man- ual labor as lowering a man in the social scale. "Would any man take his boot-black," he half sneeringly asked, "would any lady take her chambermaid into companionship? We do not in the South for they are always negroes." 429 With defiant but dignified tones the Iowa Senator resented such remarks: "No senti- ments to which I have ever listened during my senatorial career have ever made so unfavora- ble an impression as those which have just fal- len from him. . . . Sir, I tell the Senator A CHARACTERIZATION 263 from Mississippi — I speak it on the floor of the American Senate, in presence of my father, who will attest its truth — 'that I have per- formed and do perform when at home all of those menial services to which that Senator re- ferred in terms so grating to my feelings. As a general thing I saw my own wood ; do all my own marketing. I never had a servant of any color to wait upon me a day in my life. I have driven teams, horses, mules, and oxen, and con- sidered myself as respectable then as I now do, or as any Senator upon this floor is." Explar nations and apologies from Senator Brown followed, after which Dodge continued his speech. 430 Always friendly to education, he was anxious that others should receive the benefits which had been denied to him in his early youth. He possessed a strong attachment for Notre Dame University from which two of his sons had graduated. He took great pleasure in address- ing the school children of Burlington on such subjects as Education, History, Life in Spain, etc. By precept and example he advocated tem- perance, and it is said that throughout his life he abstained from the use of strong drink, the evil effects of which he had observed in private life, among the lead miners, in political cam- paigns, and among persons in official station. Even upon his deathbed he demurred when a 264 AUGUSTUS CABSAE DODGE stimulant was offered him and attempted to waive it aside. Both in private and public life he was pure and uncorruptible. 431 No one has ever im- peached the purity of his personal life, albeit the sterling worth of his character has often been lost sight of in the quietness of his private life and in the long retirement from public af- fairs.* 32 Always friendly to the Catholic re- ligion, the inherited and lifelong faith of his wife, he embraced its teachings in his last mo- ments. Let it be remembered that Augustus Caesar Dodge was the architect of his own life. Prom early youth he had been accustomed to the sweat on his brow. Working among the rude frontier settlements he had lived amidst their crudities and their narrow prejudices as well as in their free democratic spirit. Unlike James Harlan he never enjoyed even a course in the common schools, to say nothing of a college edu- cation. This lack of early training he tried later to remedy by persevering efforts at study, by reflection, and by an enormous amount of reading. Who can withhold admiration for the pluck and perseverance of the young man who, after having spent the major portion of his life among lead miners and common laborers, be- came at the age of twenty-eight a Delegate to Congress? A CHARACTERIZATION 265 The Territory of Iowa and the early State owed much to its public servants. Posterity has garnered the fruits of their sowing. And where old-fashioned political honesty still finds a welcome, where fidelity to public trust is hon- ored, and where industry and the rendition of an official's best talents are remembered, there a place of honor will be accorded to Iowa's first United States Senator — Augustus Caesar Dodge. NOTES AND REFERENCES NOTES AND EEFERENCES CHAPTER I 1 Most of the facts in this chapter are gleaned from the following sources: Theron Royal Woodward's Dodge Genealogy. The- author is a descendant of the Dodge family and his- book contains an exhaustive register of all the de- scendants of the Dodge line. Robert Dodge's Tristram Dodge and Descendants. Besides the genealogical material, this book contains sketches of Henry Dodge and Augustus Caesar Dodge and a brief history of Block Island. William Salter's article A Heroine of the Revolu- tion: Nancy Ann Hunter, in the Iowa Historical Rec- ord, April 1886, Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 258-264. Manuscript notes by Augustus Caesar Dodge for an historical address delivered before the old settlers of Clark County, Missouri, in the fall of 1883. These notes were presented to the writer by Rev. William Salter of Burlington, Iowa. 2 Richman's Rhode Island, pp. 6, 7. 3 Dodge 's Tristram Dodge and Descendants, p. 204.. 4 Woodward's Dodge Genealogy, pp. 7-11. 5 Woodward's Dodge Genealogy, p. 11. 6 Woodward's Dodge Genealogy, pp. 16-18. 7 Dodge's Manuscript Notes. 8 Dodge's Manuscript Notes. 270 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 9 Judge John Law's The Colonial History of Vin- cennes, pp. 24-37. 10 Thwaites and Kellogg 's The Revolution on the Upper Ohio, 1775-1777, p. 143. 11 English's Conquest of the Northwest, 1778-1783, Vol. II, p. 736. "As we had suffered already from the simple as- sertions of obscure persons, one of whom John Dodge, was known by several Virginians to be an unprin- cipled and perjured renegade, and as we had expe- rienced the inhumanity of the executive power." — Lieutenant Governor Henry Hamilton's statement in The Haldimand Papers printed in the Michigan Pio- neer Collections, Vol. IX, p. 512. 12 Dodge's Manuscript Notes. 13 Thwaites's Early Lead-Mining in Illinois and Wisconsin, in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1893, p. 193. 14 American State Papers, Public Lands, Vol. VIII, pp. 105, 106. 15 Dodge's Manuscript Notes. 16 Dodge 's Manuscript Notes. 17 History of Southeast Missouri, p. 310. "At this term [December, 1804] the grand jury made no pre- sentments. The next term was held in March, 1805, at which time, Nicholas and Gabriel Keith, Jamea Hunter, Henry Dodge, Joseph Donohue, and Jere- miah Able were indicted, and convicted of assault and battery." NOTES AND REFERENCES 271 CHAPTEE II 18 "A few days after the birth af the child, a Piankeshaw chief came in, and said that it could not be allowed to live in their country, and he would dash out its brains. The mother plead for the life of her first born. Moses Henry explained that it was the 'papoose' of a friend of his, whose 'squaw' was so- journing in his house — that the child was born out of due time while the young mother was on her way to her people, and that they would soon go on their journey. These expostulations prevailed, the chief at the same time remarking, 'nits make lice; this little nit may grow to be a big louse and bite us ; ' a proph- ecy which came true. In gratitude to her benefactor, Mrs. Dodge gave his full name to the child, which he retained until he was grown, when he adopted the single name, Henry." — Salter's A Heroine of the Revolution: Nancy Ann Hunter, in the Iowa His- torical Record, Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 261, 262. 19 "When a lad of fourteen, passing through a Ken- tucky village, Henry Dodge saw a brawny savage bending over the prostrate form of a woman with one hand in her tresses, the other brandishing a butcher knife, as if to take her scalp. As she screamed for help he seized a stone and felled the Indian to the ground, apparently dead. He at once informed his people of what he had done. His mother, appre- hending that the Indians would seek revenge, told him that he must flee for his life. He spent the night in a graveyard, the next day joined a company of pioneers going west, and reached St. Genevieve in 272 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE safety." — Salter's A Heroine of the Revolution: Nancy Ann Hunter, in the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. II, No. 2, p. 263. 20 Dodge's Manuscript Notes. 21 While in this office he hung two notorious mur- derers — Peter Johnson, August 3, 1810, and Charles Heath, March 9th, 1812— on Academy Hill.— Sal- ter's Henry Dodge, in the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. V, No. 4, p. 343. 22 Kappler's Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, p. 115. 23 Shambaugh's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol. I, pp. 21-23. 24 Iowa Historical Record, Vol. II, No. 1, p. 204. 26 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 2nd Session, 27th Congress, p. 944. 26 Salter's Henry Dodge, in the Iowa Historical Rec- ord, Vol. V, No. 4, p. 348; and Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, p. 126. 27 Mrs. Adele P. Gratiot's Narrative, in the Wiscon- sin Historical Collections, Vol. X, p. 270. Her hus- band, Bion Gratiot, located in 1825 with his brother Henry Gratiot in the lead region in southwestern Wisconsin, and was long engaged in lead mining. During the Black Hawk War he raised a party of men, principally of his own employees, and did good service for which he received the thanks of Brigadier General Henry Atkinson. NOTES AND REFERENCES 273 28 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, pp. 130, 131. "Kappler's Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 300-304. 30 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, p. 131. "Kappler's Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 250-255. 32 Quoted in Strong's History of Wisconsin Terri- tory, p. 132. 33 This letter is found in Smith's History of Wiscon- sin, Part II, Vol. I, p. 417. 34 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, pp. 141, 142. 36 Stevens's Black Hawk War, p. 182. 36 From Dodge's report to Atkinson dated June 18, 1832, and found in Smith's History of Wisconsin, Part II, Vol. Ill, pp. 195-199. 37 Smith's History of Wisconsin, Part I, Vol. I, p. 277. The main facts of the campaign and battle are taken from this volume. 38 Smith's History of Wisconsin, Part I, Vol. I, p. 426. 39 Stevens's Black Hawk War, p. 224. 40 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 533. 41 Kappler's Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, pp. 349-351. 42 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IV, p. 652. 18 274 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 43 Mrs. Augustus Caesar Dodge in 1892 presented to the Historical Department at Des Moines a collec- tion of Henry Dodge's papers. This is one of the most valuable and noteworthy colections of any one man's papers in the Mississippi Valley. The follow- ing is a list of the civil and military commissions of Henry Dodge: — Commission as Lieutenant of Militia in the district of St. Genevieve, dated May 10, 1806, signed by James Wilkinson, Governor of the Territory of Louisiana, and Joseph Browne, Secretary. Commission as Adjutant of Militia in the district of St. Genevieve, dated July 17, 1806, signed by James Wilkinson, Governor of the Territory of Louisiana, and Joseph Browne, Secretary. Commission as First Lieutenant of Cavalry, dated August 14, 1807, signed by Frederick Bates, Secre- tary of the Territory of Louisiana. Commission as Sheriff of the County of St. Gene- vieve, dated October 1, 1813, signed by Governor William Clark — the Clark of the famous "expedition of Lewis & Clark." Commission as Sheriff of the County of St. Gene- vieve, dated October 1, 1815, signed by Governor Wil- liam Clark. Commission as Brigadier General of Militia, dated April 16, 1814, signed by President James Madison and J. Armstrong, Secretary of State. Commission as U. S. Marshal for the district of Mis- souri, dated April 25, 1822, signed by President James Monroe and John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State. Commission as Major General of Missouri Militia, NOTES AND REFERENCES 275 dated May 8, 1822, signed by Governor A. Howard and Wm. G. Pettus, Secretary of State. Commission as U. S. Marshal for the district of Missouri, dated December 22, 1825, signed by Presi- dent John Quincy Adams, and Henry Clay, Secre- tary of State. Commission as Chief Justice of the County Court in and for the County of Iowa, dated October 14, 1829; signed by Governor Lewis Cass, Governor of the Territory of Michigan. Commission as Colonel in the Militia of the Terri- tory of Michigan, dated October 15, 1829, signed by Lewis Cass, Governor of the Territory of Michigan, and J. Wetherell, Secretary. Commission as Major of Mounted Rangers, dated June 22, 1832, signed by President Andrew Jackson, and Lewis Cass, Secretary of State. Commission as Colonel of Dragoons, dated March 4, 1834, signed by President Andrew Jackson, and Lewis Cass, Secretary of State. Commission as Captain of St. Genevieve Troop of Cavalry, dated July 13, 1834, signed by Governor Meriwether Lewis — the Lewis of the "expedition of Lewis & Clark." Commission as Governor of the Territory of Wis- consin when it included Iowa, dated April 30, 1836, signed by President Andrew Jackson, and John For- syth, Secretary of State. Commission as Governor of the Territory of Wis- consin (as above), dated March 9, 1839, signed by President Martin Van Buren, and John Forsyth, Secretary of State. 276 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE Commission as Governor of the Territory of Wis- consin; dated February 3, 1846, signed by President James K. Polk, and James Buchanan, Secretary of State. "Colonel Dodge's "Military Order Book" in his own handwriting is found in the Historical Depart- ment at Des Moines, Iowa. 45 Colonel Dodge 's journal of this expedition is to be found in American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. V, pp. 373-382. 46 The journal and map of this expedition as re- ported by Colonel Dodge are found in American State Papers, Military Affairs, Vol. VI, pp. 130-146. 47 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, p. 220. 48 The second Legislative Assembly met at Burling- ton. 49 Shambaugh's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 11. 60 Salter's Henry Dodge, in the Iowa Historical Rec- ord, Vol. VIII, No. 3, p. 308. 51 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, p. 351. 52 John Reynolds had been a farmer, a lawyer, a soldier, and a judge, and during the Black Hawk War he had been Governor of the State of Illinois. 63 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 27th Congress, pp. 754, 755. "From a report recently made by the Secretary of NOTES AND REFERENCES 277 War to the Senate, ' ' this account of the speech stated, "it is shown that the amount of lead made at the Upper Mississippi lead-mines, from 1821 to the 30th of September, 1834, was 66,664,862 pounds ; and that the rents received from the miners by the Government, during that period amounted to 5,270,558 pounds. It also appears, from a report recently made by the present superintendent of the United States lead- mines to the Ordnance Department, that, at the Up- per Mississippi lead-mines, there were made, during the last year, 20 millions of pounds. This will show the vast increase of the manufacture of that article. ' ' 54 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 2nd Session, 27th Congress, pp. 668, 669. "To these reasons," he said in closing, "which urge themselves upon the gentlemen who compose this Congress, to induce a compliance with the peti- tions of a suffering people, he would add the con- sideration, that millions of acres of the public lands remain unsold in "Wisconsin ; and the erection of har- bors on the western shore of the lake would have a tendency to increase the navigation to the Territory, enhance the value of the public lands, and increase the sales. To insure the growth of the Territory, and to produce the development of her natural advantages and great resources, it would be necessary to erect her harbors, improve her rivers, and assist her to open a few important roads ; and, in aiding in thus bringing into successful operation her many advantages, the Government cannot fail to advance its own best in- terests. ' ' 278 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 60 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 28th Congress, p. 422. A full report of this speech in the National Intelligencer, April 27, 1844, is found in Salter's Henry Dodge, in the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. XIV, No. 3, pp. 296-300. "The Territory I represent is in a very exposed situation", said Mr. Dodge. "Large bodies of the Pottawatamies and Winnebagoes, who have ceded their lands to the United States by treaty, return from time to time to the east side of the Mississippi and become very troublesome In conclusion, feeling an intense interest for the safety and welfare of those who have sent me here, and knowing the extent of the frontier to be defended, and the number and character of the enemy by whom it is threatened, and the need of an eye of sleepless vigilance to watch his every movement, I trust the House will not vote to disband a force so necessary to the security of the set- tlements." 56 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, p. 398. 57 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, p. 479. 58 In the twenty-five counties 16,797 votes were cast in favor of the Constitution which was a majority of 10,414. — Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, p. 582. 59 Shepard's Van Bur en, pp. 364, 365. 60 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, p. 1. 61 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 31st Congress, pp. 762, 763. NOTES AND REFERENCES 279 02 Senator Pearce was appointed in Dodge 's place. The other members of the committee were Webster, King, Phelps, Rusk, Bell, and Shields. During June, 1850, this committee subpoenaed witnesses and col- lected evidence. Senator Dodge was among the many- witnesses called and questioned. On July 30 they made a report accompanied by an appendix contain- ing in 175 pages the full record of the sittings of the committee. No action was recommended by the com- mittee who, nevertheless, felt bound to say that "the whole scene was most discreditable to the Senate" and that the practice of carrying arms in the Senate chamber could not be too strongly condemned. — Senate Reports, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. I, Doc. No. 170. 63 Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. VII, pp. 378, 379. 64 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 34th Congress, p. 805. 65 Dodge 's Tristram Dodge and Descendants, pp. 166, 167. 66 Acts, xiii, 36. CHAPTEB III 87 History of Southeast Missouri, pp. 240-243. 68 Dodge 's Manuscript Notes. 69 This statement was made by Senator Dodge in a speech on the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — Congressional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, p. 381. 280 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 70 The facts of this voyage are gathered from ac- counts of Mr. Dodge 's speeches before the old settlers of Louisa County on February 21, 1874, and at an old settlers meeting at Brighton, Iowa, on September 5, 1878. The clippings containing these accounts are from The Republican (Wapello), February 27, 1874, and from the (Burlington?) Weekly Gazette, Sep- tember 19, 1878. 71 Salter's Augustus G. Dodge, in the Iowa Histor- ical Record, Vol. Ill, No. 1, p. 390. 72 From a speech of ex-Senator George W. Jones at the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of Iowa, held at Burlington on June 1, 1883. The speech is found on pp. 63-65 of the printed record of this celebration. 73 Stevens's Black Hawk War, p. 304. 74 From an address by Augustus Caesar Dodge de- livered at the commemoration of the fiftieth anniver- sary of the settlement of Iowa. The speech in full is found on pp. 70-74 of the printed record of this celebration, held at Burlington on June 1, 1883. On page 73 Mr. Dodge says: "My own brother, Henry La Fayette Dodge, U. S. Indian agent in New Mexi- co, by appointment of President Pierce, was captured by the Appaches in 1857, [1856], and burned to death at the stake. Before his sad fate became known, as it did through friendly Indians, large rewards of every kind were offered in vain, for his ransom. Besides the tender of money; he might have successfully pleaded, (for he could speak ten different dialects), before any tribunal, other than the infuriated Ap- NOTES AND REFERENCES 281 paclie, the preservation of the lives of two of their race, an Indian woman and her child, snatched by his own hands, from the jaws of death in the heat of battle at Bad Axe, exposed as he was to the fire of friends and foes when he accomplished the deed." 75 These facts are gathered from a speech by Sena- tor George W. Jones. — Congressional Globe, Appen- dix, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, p. 779. 76 Strong's History of Wisconsin Territory, p. 192. 71 "Augustus rode to the latter place [Ste Gene- vieve] on horseback in 1833, his mother and sister having gone down the Mississippi River. Intent to avail himself of educational advantages that had pre- viously been beyond his reach, he put himself for a few months under the instruction of Prof. Joseph Hertich, a Swiss gentleman and ripe scholar, who taught an academy near St. Genevieve; the youthful daughter of Prof. Hertich assisted her father in teach- ing grammar and other branches, and helped his schol- ars in their studies." — Salter's Augustus C. Dodge, in the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. Ill, No. 1, p. 394. 78 Villars and Favre d'Aunoy were the two com- missioners appointed by France to negotiate and to regulate the trade between Spain and France in the French "West India Islands. They arrived in New Orleans, where they were required to reside, on Feb- ruary 12, 1777. — Gayarre's History of Louisiana, Vol. Ill, pp. 106-118. 79 Dodge's Manuscript Notes. 282 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE CHAPTER IV 88 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. II, pp. 73-78. 81 Kappler's Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, p. 349-351. 82 Shambaugh's Constitution and Records of the Claim Association of Johnson County, Iowa, p. xi. 83 Shambaugh's The First Census of the Original Counties of Dubuque and Demoine, pp. 45, 82. 84 Donaldson's The Public Domain, p. 214. 80 Shambaugh's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol. I, pp. 4, 5, 13-15. 88 Quoted from the Iowa News, Vol. I, No. 23, No- vember 25, 1837. 87 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 251. 88 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 235. 89 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 243. 90 The Fort Madison Patriot, Vol. I, No. 12, July 11, 1838. 91 Letter by Governor Henry Dodge of December 18, 1836, to Delegate George W. Jones, edited by Dr. William Salter in the Annals of Iowa, Third Series,. Vol. Ill, p. 389. 92 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. II, pp. 76, 77. 93 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. Ill, p. 466. NOTES AND REFERENCES 283 94 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. Ill, pp. 565-567. 96 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. II, pp. 73- 75. 96 Letter from the Commissioner of the General Land Office, February 21, 1908. 97 For the history and importance of claim clubs in the institutional development of Iowa see Sham- baugh's History of the Constitutions of Iowa. 98 Wisconsin Territorial Gazette and Burlington Advertiser, Vol. I, No. 9, September 7, 1837. 99 John B. Newhall in his Sketches of Iowa. This little volume of about 252 pages is dedicated to Au- gustus C. Dodge. Published in 1841 and written by an active eye-witness of the pioneers it is crowded with information, statistics, and descriptions for the ever arriving immigrants. ioo ji rom the records in the United States Land Of- fice at Des Moines, Iowa. Complete records of every sale by the United States in the Des Moines district are preserved in the various books of the Register and the Receiver of Public Moneys. Accurate de- scriptions of the tracts sold are given; the amount, the date of sale, the price, the name of the purchaser and his residence, the number of the certificate of purchase, the name of the patentee, etc., are the prin- cipal items found in these well preserved records. 101 Newhall 's Sketches of Iowa, pp. 57, 58. 102 Facts gathered from the records in the United States Land Office at Des Moines, Iowa. 284 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 103 Letter from Hawkins Taylor, January 19, 1893, to Professor B. F. Shambaugh, printed in the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. XIV, No. 3, pp. 310-317. Mr. Taylor came to Iowa in 1836, settled in Lee County, was one of the founders of the town of West Point in that County, served in the Territorial legislature, and was a delegate to the Republican convention which nominated Lincoln in 1860. 104 Newhall's Sketches of Iowa, p. 50. 106 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 251. 106 Statistics compiled from the records of the United States Land Office at Des Moines, Iowa. The monthly totals showed the amounts sold under the preemption acts of 1824, 1834, and 1838 and by pub- lic sale. 107 Letter from the Commissioner of the General Land Office, February 21, 1908. 108 Donaldson's The Public Domain, p. 174. CHAPTER V 108 Shambaugh 's Executive Journal of Iowa, 1838- 1841, p. 78. 110 Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot, Vol. I, No. 36, Feb- ruary 6, 1840. Mr. Dodge's colleagues who were elect- ed at the same time were : John Johnson, C. Maderia, J. B. Webber, Levi Hagar, W. C. Morrison, Henry Moore, and G. W. Hight. 111 Shambaugh 's Documentary History of Iowa, Vol. I, pp. 102-116. NOTES AND REFERENCES 285 112 Letter from Delegate William W. Chapman writ- ten to his constituents from the House of Representa- tives on March 27, 1840, printed in the Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot, Vol. I, No. 47, April 23, 1840. 113 For a more detailed discussion of Territorial po- litical conditions during this period, see the writer's The History and Principles of the Whigs of the Ter- ritory of Iowa and The History and Principles of the Democratic Party of the Territory of Iowa in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. V. No. 1, p. 46 and Vol. VI, No. 1, p. 3. ^Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot, Vol. II, No. 14, September 3, 1840. 116 This correspondence is printed in Rev. William Salter's article on Augustus C. Bodge, in the Iowa Historical Record, for January, 1887. Rev. Salter came to Iowa Territory in 1843, was an intimate friend of Augustus Caesar Dodge, and had, therefore, a great advantage in studying his personal life and public career. 116 Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot, Vol. II, No. 10, August 6, 1840. Ralph P. Lowe, later Governor of the State, was the President of this "Congress". 117 Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot, Vol. II, No. 10, August 6, 1840. 118 Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot, Vol. II, No. 10, August 6, 1840. 119 The facts in this narrative are taken from a clip- ping of the Weekly Gazette of September 19, 1878. 286 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE This clipping in one of Mr. Dodge's scrap-books is an account of an address by Mr. Dodge delivered be- fore the old settlers at Brighton, Iowa, on September 5, 1878. To illustrate Dodge's popularity, Rev. William Sal- ter in the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. Ill, No. 1, p. 401, quotes the words of a pioneer: "I know that Mr. Dodge is a Democrat, and the candidate of the Democratic party, but you cannot draw party lines on him. His opponent says there is no use in elec- tioneering against him, that you had as well sing psalms to a dead horse as preach Whiggery or Henry Clay where Guss Dodge is; they forget that they ever were Whigs, or had seen Henry Clay. They flock around Dodge, every one insisting that he must go home with him, and leave me standing like a poor boy at a frolic." 120 Letter from J. E. Fletcher to Jesse Williams, found in the Williams collection of letters in the His- torical Department at Des Moines, Iowa. 121 These figures are taken from the Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot, Vol. II, No. 27, December 3, 1840. The vote of Cedar County was unofficial but was added to the returns from the other counties. The figures are therefore only approximately correct. At this election the question of calling a constitu- tional convention to form a constitution for the State when it should be admitted was defeated by a vote of 2,907 to 937. As compared with the vote for Dele- gate this is a very light vote. — Iowa Standard, Vol. I, No. 6, November 27, 1840. NOTES AND REFERENCES 287 122 Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot, Vol. II, No. 22, October 29, 1840. 123 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 26th Congress, p. 1. 124 This speech elicited a strong defense of the American pioneer. "The American pioneer", he said, "is impelled onward by the strongest motives to human action; the consideration of bettering his condition, and still more that of his children. And what has been the result of this process of expatria- tion, this 'snapping recklessly the ties of blood and kindred?' It has brought into the Union fifteen new States, with two more soon to follow, in a space of time covering but fifty-three years. It has reclaimed an almost boundless wilderness from the possession of savage beasts and still more savage men, and re- duced it into fruitful fields and cultivated lands. Carrying with them the Bible and the plough, the two greatest civilizers of mankind, the pioneers in their westward march have facilitated improvement and dispensed comfort and happiness around them. I envy not the feelings of that man who regrets the transformation of the extended and gloomy forest, or the dull monotonous prairie, into a land teeming with millions of enterprising freemen engaged in develop- ing its hidden resources. If ever there was a prayer which should find an instantaneous response in an American Congress, it is that which was read at an early day of the present session from the American citizens now settled on the coast of the Pacific. These people have gone thither under the plighted faith of 288 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE the Government of their choice, that the aegis of our laws would be extended over them, forts built for their protection, and liberal grants of land made to them." CHAPTEE VI 126 The rather numerous sources upon which this account is based are scattered and may roughly be classified in the following divisions: — A. General accounts. In this division Parish's Robert Lucas, Chapter XXII, is the most satisfactory and judicial treatment of the subject and gives spe- cial emphasis to Governor Lucas's part in the contro- versy; Landers 's The Southern Boundary of Iowa, in the Annals of Iowa, Third Series, Vol. I, p. 641, is an accurate history of the oflicial and legal aspects of the dispute; Hebard's The Border War between Iowa and Missouri, on the Boundary Question, in the An- nals of Iowa, Third Series, Vol. I, p. 651, presents the military episode; Negus's The Southern Boundary of Iowa, in the Annals of Iowa, Vol. IV, p. 743 and Vol. V, p. 786 gives a general treatment of the sub- ject; brief accounts are given in Gue's History of Iowa, Salter's Iowa: The First Free State in the Louisiana Purchase, Sabin's The Making of Iowa, and meager accounts are found in various county his- tories. B. Surveyors* Eeports. Of these Lieutenant Al- bert M. Lea's report in the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. II, p. 193, is the best, being a concise and ac- curate statement of the conflicting claims. Doctor James Davis's report to Governor Lucas upholds the NOTES AND REFERENCES 289 claims of Iowa Territory and is found in Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 27th Congress, Vol. Ill, Document 141, p. 17. To Brown's report the writer did not have access. The report of the Commission- ers appointed by the Supreme Court to establish and mark the boundary line, (Journal of House of Rep- resentatives, Iowa, 1850-1851, Appendix, p. 216) gives a detailed report of the work of the Commissioners appointed by the Supreme Court, their field notes, and a statement of their expenses. C. Congressional Sources. These include the de- bates in the Congressional Globe from 1840 to 1846; the Journals of the House and Senate for the same period; Executive Documents, 27th Congress, 2nd Session, Vol. Ill, 1841-1842, Document 141; Reports of Committees, 2nd Session, 27th Congress, Vol. IV, 1841-1842, Document 791, containing Garrett Davis's report from the Committee on Territories favoring the claims of Iowa Territory ; and United States Stat- utes at Large, Vols. V and IX, pp. 677 and 52, con- taining the Congressional acts in reference to the boundary dispute. D. State and Territorial sources: Shambaugh's Executive Journal of Iowa, 1838-1841, contains let- ters by Acting Governor Conway, commissions to Dr. James Davis, the proclamations of Governors Lucas and Boggs, etc.; Shambaugh's Messages and Procla- mations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol. I, offers much material on the subject in the correspondence to Gov- ernor Lucas and in the messages of Governors Henry Dodge, Robert Lucas, John Chambers, James Clarke, and Ansel Briggs ; Executive Documents, 1st Session, 19 290 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 29th Congress, Vol. IV, Documents 104 and 126 are respectively memorials from the conventions of the State of Missouri and from the Territory of Iowa. E. Newspaper accounts. The Iowa News, Vol. 1, No. 23, Nov. 25, 1837, contains resolutions on the boundary question by the Territorial Convention at Burlington; The Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot, Vol. I, No. 14, Sept. 5, 1839, contains interesting accounts of events in the border war; scattered material is found in the Iowa Standard and in the Iowa Capitol Reporter for the Territorial period. F. The decision of the Supreme Court of the Unit- ed States in 7 Howard 660. This contains the de- cision and the decree appointing the commissioners to mark the new boundary. It is a full and exhaust- ive treatment of all phases of the surveys, treaties, and statutes that bore upon the dispute. A copy of the decree of the Supreme Court of the December term, 1848, signed by Wm. Thos. Carroll, the Clerk of the Supreme Court, is in the possession of The State Historical Society of Iowa. 126 Kap pier's Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties, Vol. II, p. 95. 127 Report of Lieutenant Albert M. Lea, in the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. II, No. 1, p. 193. 128 Poore 's Charters and Constitutions, Part II, p. 1102. 128 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 243. 180 Landers 's The Southern Boundary of Iowa, in the Annals of Iowa, Third Series, Vol. I, p. 645. NOTES AND REFERENCES 291 131 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 248. 132 Shambaugh's Executive Journal of Iowa, 1838- 1841, p. 16. 133 Shambaugh's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 123. Jno. Carnes, Chs Davis, and John Taylor were the three Com- missioners. 134 Negus's The Southern Boundary of Iowa, in the Annals of Iowa, Vol. IV, No. 4, p. 747; Parish's Rob- ert Lucas, pp. 244-250. "If the unjustifiable course of Missouri in her at- tempt to tax our citizens, and to enforce the collec- tion of taxes from them, be persevered in, and the citizens of the United States, within this Territ[or]y, be compelled thereby, to withdraw their confidence from the citizens and authorities of that state, both social and commercial, and bestow it, upon their neighbors, on the eastern side of the Mississippi river, — The Sin will be with the politicians of Missouri — it will be because they would have it so, and with the authorities of that state must rest the consequences." This was Governor Lucas's counter proclamation to Governor Lilburn "W. Boggs on September 25, 1839. — Shambaugh's Executive Journal of Iowa, 1838-1841, p. 153. 135 Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 27th Con- gress, Vol. Ill, 1841-1842, Document No. 141, p. 11. 138 Iowa Historical Record, Vol. II, No. 2, p. 252. 137 Letter to Laurel Summers dated October 19, 1841, found in the Historical Department at Des Moines, Iowa. 292 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 138 Rich received 4,315 votes and Dodge 4,838. 139 Letter to Laurel Summers dated January 7, 1842, found in the Historical Department at Des Moines, Iowa. "The 'Whigs' look," he writes, "as though they were worse whiped than the Democrats were last fall — they are going to the devil faster than ever a party did in the world. ' ' 140 House Journal, 2nd Session, 27th Congress, 1841- 1842, p. 453. 141 Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 27th Con- gress, Vol. Ill, 1841-1842, Document 141. 142 Reports of Committees, 2nd Session, 27th Con- gress, Vol. IV, 1841-1842, Document 791. 143 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 27th Congress, p. 770. 144 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 2nd Session, 27th Congress, 1841-1842, pp. 943-945. 146 House Journal, 2nd Session, 27th Congress, 1841- 1842, p. 1237. 146 Iowa Capitol Reporter, Vol. I, No. 34, July 23, 1842. 147 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 677. 148 Parish's Robert Lucas, p. 255. 149 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IX, p. 52. 150 7 Howard 660. The final decree was entered January 3, 1851. Henry B. Hendershott and W. G. Minor were appointed Commissioners for the States of Iowa and Missouri respectively. At the old north- NOTES AND REFERENCES 293 west corner was planted a solid cast iron monument weighing nearly 1,600 pounds, four and one-half feet long and twelve inches square at the base. The word "Missouri" was cast on the south side, "Iowa" on the north side, and "State Line" on the east side. Iron pillars were set every ten miles on Sullivan's Line and on the line running due west from the north- west corner. The total expense of the resurvey and remarking was $10,929.08, and was borne equally by the States of Iowa and Missouri. — Journal »f the House of Representatives (of Iowa), 1850-1851, Ap- pendix, p. 216. CHAPTEE "VTI 151 These quotations are taken from "An Address to the People of Iowa" dated June 23, 1845. In this document Dodge reviews the laborious duties of a Delegate, his record in Congress, and explains fully his own actions in Congress in regard to the bound- aries of the proposed State of Iowa. The address was found in an old scrap-book kept by Dodge. 152 This was the Legislative Assembly of the origi- nal Territory of Wisconsin. 153 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 27th Congress, 1841-1842, p. 430. 154 Parish's Robert Lucas, pp. 247-254. 155 Annals of Iowa, Third Series, Vol. I, pp. 651- 657. This is an account of the "Border War" and its aftermath by Alfred Hebard who served in it as captain of a company. He served in the Territorial 294 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE and also in the State legislature and was one of the founders of Red Oak, Iowa. He built the first bridge on the "Agency Road" for which Dodge had secured an appropriation in Congress in 1844 and 1845. 158 These estimates are found in Ezra Dean's report from the Committee on the Territories in regard to the pay of the Iowa militia. — Reports of Committees, 2nd Session, 27th Congress, Vol. IV, Report No. 896. 157 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 26th Congress, 1840-1841, p. 228. 158 Representative John P. Allen was one of Dodge's intimate friends at Washington. 169 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 26th Congress, 1840-1841, p. 228. 160 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 27th Congress, 1841-1842, p. 235. 181 Reports of Committees, 2nd Session, 27th Con- gress, Vol. IV, Report No. 896. 162 Congressional Globe, 3rd Session, 27th Congress, 1843-1844, pp. 228, 229. 163 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 28th Congress, 1844-1845, p. 268. 164 Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 26th Con- gress, 1840-1841, Vol. II, Document No. 52. 165 Executive Documents, 2nd Session, 27th Con- gress, 1841-1842, Vol. II, Document No. 83. 166 Reports of Committees, 2nd Session, 27th Con- gress, 1841-1842, Vol. IV, Document No. 792. NOTES AND REFERENCES 295 167 House Journal, 2nd Session, 27th Congress, 1841- 1842, p. 1451. 168 A reminiscence of their visit at the county seat of Clayton County is given by an old settler of that region in the Annals of Iowa, Third Series, Vol. IV, p. 392, in the following words : "Some sixty electors had gathered in a ring on the prairie, in the center of which was laid down a piece of timber, hewn on two sides. Presently the candi- dates rode up, alighted, took off their saddles, tied their horses head and foot, turned them out to graze, walked into the ring, and introduced themselves. Dodge took off his hat, stepped upon the stick of tim- ber, made a polite bow, and for an hour and a half made a fine speech. I was disappointed in the man; I had heard so much about the awkward ox-driver and wood-sawyer that I expected little from him, but when his speech was concluded I set him down as no ordinary man; self-drilled, self-educated, his manner showed a man of no common intellect. "In the midst of Mr. Wallace's eloquent speech a large snake of the blue racer species appeared in the ring, and was driven out, but appeared again. Some took its part and swore it should remain. There came near being a melee. Dodge requested order, and suggested it should be unmolested, which was acceded to, and the speeches went on." 199 Hawk-Eye, New Series, Vol. V, No. 7, Extra, September 23, 1843. 170 Iowa Standard, Vol. Ill, No. 37, September 14, 1843. 296 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 171 Iowa Capital Reporter, Vol. II, No. 33, July 22, 1843. 172 Bloomington Herald, Vol. Ill, No. 46, Septem- ber 22, 1843. 173 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 670. 174 In both the 28th and 29th Congresses Dodge was active in attempting to secure the passage of a bill directing the President to cause the mineral lands in Illinois, Arkansas, and the Territories of Wisconsin and Iowa to be exposed to sale. 175 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 778. 17S In his "Address to the People of Iowa" on June 23, 1845, Mr. Dodge gave a list of the appropriations which he had secured, and he stated that "Five thou- sand dollars was appropriated on my motion to defray the expenses of treating with the Winnebago tribe of Indians for their lands in our Territory, known as the 'Neutral Ground'." 177 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 266. 178 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 344. 179 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 376. 180 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 426. 181 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 2nd Session, 27th Congress, 1841-1842, p. 286. 182 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 2nd Session. 27th Congress, 1841-1842, p. 286. 188 Iowa Capitol Reporter, Vol. I, No. 24, May 14, 1842. NOTES AND REFERENCES 297 184 From a letter in the Historical Department at Des Moines, Iowa. Laurel Summers was a member of the House of Representatives in the first, second, and third sessions of the Legislative Assembly, and of the Council in the seventh and eighth sessions. 185 Laws of Iowa (Extra Session), 1844, p. 1. 186 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 689. 187 This letter to Comptroller J. W. McCulloch is found in the Journal of the Council of Iowa Terri- tory, Eighth Session, 1845-1846, pp. 107, 108. 188 In a letter dated December 20, 1844, to Jesse Williams, later the Secretary of the Territory of Iowa, Mr. Dodge wrote: "Yours of the 5th inst. has just come to hand, and I hasten to inform you that I have succeeded, upon an appeal to the Secretary of the Treasury, in getting him to over-rule Mr. Comptroller McCullough and to send seven thousand dollars of the last appro, to pay off arrearages to Mr. Secretary Burr. Mr. McCullough assured me that the money should be re- mitted to day, in Treasy Notes, so as to save the de- lay attendant upon the cashing of a draft. I write in haste that you may not send me your acct. It will not be paid here. ' ' 189 Journal of the Council of Iowa Territory, Eighth Session, 1845-1846, p. 109. CHAPTER VIII 190 Shambaugh's History of the Constitutions of Iowa. This volume treats of the inception, growth, 298 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE and adoption of the Constitutions of the Common- wealth — from the Squatter Constitutions to the Con- stitution of 1857. It describes the Constitutional Conventions, analyzes the Constitutions, and follows them as they are discussed in the Legislative Assem- bly, on the political forum, and in Congress. A clear and logical discussion of the boundary phase is found in Chapters XIII, XIV, and XVII. Maps Illustrative of the Boundary History of Iowa, by the same author in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. II, No. 3, p. 369, shows the Lucas Boundaries and the Nicollet Boundaries. The origin and the history of these boundaries is clearly set forth in a discussion accompanying the maps. 191 Shambaugh's Documentary History of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 135. 192 Shambaugh's Documentary History of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 137. 193 Shambaugh's Documentary History of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 137. 194 Shambaugh's Documentary History of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 142. 195 Shambaugh's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 271. 196 Shambaugh's Documentary History of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 143. 197 For a more detailed discussion of this campaign see the writer's The History and Principles of the Democratic Party of the Territory of Iowa, in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. VI, No. 1, p. 3. NOTES AND REFERENCES 299 198 Shambaugh's History of the Constitutions of Iowa, Chapter X. 198 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 28th Congress,. 1844-1845, p. 12. 200 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 28th Congress,. 1844-1845, p. 24. 201 Letter to Dr. Gideon S. Bailey found among the Bailey letters in the Historical Department at Des; Moines, Iowa. 202 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 28th Congress,, 1844-1845, pp. 268, 269. 203 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V, p. 742. 204 An original printed copy of this letter is pre- served in an old scrap-book kept by Mr. Dodge. It. is also found in the Iowa Capital Reporter, Vol. IV,. No. 16, March 29, 1845. 205 Notably Theodore S. Parvin, Shepherd Leffler r James W. Woods, and Frederick D. Mills. 206 Shambaugh's Documentary History of Iowa r Vol. I, pp. 179, 180. 207 "In the case of the nomination of Gen. Dodge a signal instance of this spirit of conciliation is afford- ed; for he not only received the unanimous nomina- tion of the convention, but this nomination will be confirmed by the united support of the entire democ- racy at the polls in August." — Iowa Territorial Ga- zette and Burlington Advertiser, Vol. VIII, No. 50,. June 21, 1845. 208 The Davenport Gazette, Vol. IV, No. 45, July 3 T 1845. 300 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 208 Printed in the Iowa Capital Reporter, Vol. IV, No. 18, June 7, 1845. 210 Printed in the Iowa Capital Reporter, Vol. IV, No. 18, June 11, 1845. 211 Iowa Capital Reporter, Vol. IV, No. 8, March 29, 1845. 212 Iowa Capital Reporter, Vol. IV, No. 24, July 23, 1845. 213 These letters are printed in the Iowa Capital Re- porter, Vol. IV, No. 25, July 30, 1845. The following is from a Democrat. Chicago, June 29, 1845. ■Gen. A. C. Dodge: Dear Sir: — Please accept my congratulations on your unani- mous nomination, and your flattering prospects of re-election. I hear, however, with great surprise, that you are charged with not having done your duty in resisting the change made by <3ongress of the boundary lines which your people claimed in the Convention which framed your Constitution. If all the citizens of Iowa were as familiar with your course as myself, a due regard for his veracity would hinder any one from mak- ing this groundless charge, however desirous he might be of -the overthrow of the democratic party. Every day, during the last session of Congress, I had the good fortune to be present at both the meeting and the adjournment of the House, and I am aware of no occasion when I was absent from a meeting of the. Committee upon Territories. And, as I felt a particu- lar interest in contracting the proposed limits of Iowa so as to get more States out of our Western Territory, I can bear testi- mony, that I, and every other person of my views upon this matter, met you in opposition to every point. It was through your untiring exertions that the Committee originally opposed reported in favor of your boundaries and, when they reported in accordance with your views, no person could be more as- siduous in his exertions to have that report confirmed by the NOTES AND REFERENCES 301 House. Besides your exertions in doors, I often heard it stated! that you were calling with your personal appeals upon eaeh member at his lodgings. It would embarrass any one to tell how you could have done more than you did. Tour ob't servant, John Wentwoeth. The second letter under date of June 23, 1845, from; Milton, Pennsylvania, is from a Tyler Whig. — I regret to hear that your conduct in the late Congress in relation to the boundaries of Iowa has been misrepresented. Having been a member of the Committee on Territories, andi having frequent opportunities to observe your course on that question, I have no hesitation in saying, that both before the Committee and in the House, you warmly, zealously and ably,, contended for the boundaries as indicated in the constitution of Iowa. I have a distinct recollection of your protest against any alteration or reduction of boundary; and so far as my knowledge extends, I am well assured that you never directly or indirectly acquiesced in or or approved, the boundaries desig- nated by Congress. Could your wishes or your exertions have- controled the action of Congress, the constitutional boundaries, of Iowa never would have been altered, and you have been saved the disagreable necessity of refuting a charge both groundless and unjust. Yours, Most Respectfully, Hon. A. C. Dodge. Jas. Pollock 214 This is the same letter referred to in note 151. 215 Iowa Territorial Gazette and Burlington Adver- tiser, Vol. IX, No. 10, September 13, 1845. 216 Laws of Iowa (Extra Session), 1845, p. 110. 217 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 29th Congress, 1845-1846, p. 86. 218 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 29th Congress,. 1845-1846, p. 175. 302 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 218 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 29th Congress, 1845-1846, p. 562. 220 The account of this Convention may be found in Shambaugh's History of the Constitutions of Iowa, Chapter XV. 221 The debate upon this bill is found in the Con- gressional Globe, 1st Session, 29th Congress, 1845- 1846, pp. 938-941. The Iowa Delegate's speech is re- ported in full in the Appendix, pp. 668, 669. 222 The first letter reads as follows : Dear Sir: The convention, now in session here for the formation of a constitution for the State of Iowa, has indi- cated, by a test vote, that the boundary, as contained in the old constitution, will be the boundary of the new constitution. No portion of this instrument has yet passed beyond the controll- ing hand of the convention, but I consider the boundary as de- cided beyond all doubt, as there were, upon the question of adopting the old boundary, but eight negative votes. The question, then, is, what is best calculated, so far as the action of Congress is concerned, to favor the adoption of the con- stitution with this boundary? All with whom I have con- versed join in the opinion, that unless we can get the large boundary, that all action on this subject by Congress should, if possible, be delayed until after the first Monday in August, at which time the fate of the constitution will be decided. If Congress will give us our boundary, it will insure the adoption of the constitution; if they delay all further action on this subject until their next session, it will not interfere with its adoption. If adopted, we will organize the State, send our members and constitution to Congress, and risk the consequences. I have not time to write more. This much I have said for oth- ers of the convention as well as myself. Very respectfully, &c., Hon. A. C. Dodge. Enos Lows. NOTES AND REFERENCES 303 The extract quoted from the second letter by Dodge during his speech reads: Since I wTote you on the 10th instant, the convention, hav- ing received the report of the Committee on Territories of the House of Eepresentativs, has receded from the large boundary, and, by a vote taken to-day, decided in favor of forty-three degrees and thirty minutes north latitude as our northern boundary. 223 Shambaugh's Documentary History of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 213. 224 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IX, p. 52. CHAPTER IX 225 On May 24, 1845, Dodge wrote to Dr. Gideon S. Bailey of Bentonsport, Iowa Territory: "Previous to my departure from Washington I had an inter- view with President Polk in relation to the appoint- ments in our Territory, in the course of which the President stated his ignorance of the character, quali- fications, &c. of the applicants, and expressed a de- sire to advise with [me] in reference to the men to be appointed, in order that he might thereby guard against imposition. The task of making positive rec- ommendations for the various offices where there are so many worthy and deserving aspirants, all my per- sonal and political friends, is, you may well imagine, a most painful one, but under the circumstances I do not esteem it consistent with my sense of duty to shrink from it. Neither, in submitting names to the President's favorable action, did I regard myself as confined merely to those who had made formal appli- cations for appointments; the adoption of such a rule 304 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE being calculated in its effects to exclude from office entirely men of retiring dispositions and modest merit." In this connection it is interesting to note that on November 18, 1845, President Polk appointed James Clarke (a talented Democratic editor of Burlington and a brother-in-law of Augustus Caesar Dodge) Gov- ernor of the Territory of Iowa. 226 The Bloomington Herald, New Series, Vol. I, No. 25, November 6, 1846. 227 Gue's History of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 238. 228 The Bloomington Herald, New Series, Vol. I, No. 30, December 11, 1846. 229 Gue's History of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 239. 230 Journal of the House of Representatives, 1846- 1847, pp. 95-99. 231 "Since the balloting for U. S. Senator," wrote Bernhart Henn on December 27, 1846, "Genl. Dodge's prospects evidently look brighter. There is no pros- pect of his getting the Possum votes, but it is believed that there will be enough whig members who will obey instructions to elect him. I say that his prospects are brighter for this reason : The ballot that was had, convinced every democrat that the Possums will no sooner vote for any other regularly nominated demo- crat than they will for Genl. D., and hence those democrats who were a little timid cannot now be frightened so as [to] drop him and take up some other man. At least the arguments that have hereto- fore been used by the other aspirants are now NOTES AND EEFBEBNCES 305 'knocked into a cocked hat', and I have no fears that another nomination -will be made by the Democrats." — Extract from a letter to Dr. Gideon S. Bailey, found in the Bailey collection of letters in the His- torical Department at Des Moines, Iowa. 232 Letter to Dr. Gideon S. Bailey written on the Steamboat "Uncle Bob" near Montrose on March 23, 1847, found in the Bailey collection of letters in the Historical Department at Des Moines, Iowa. 233 Gue's History of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 245. 234 Shambaugh's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 418. 236 Journal of the Rouse of Representatives, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 159. 238 Letter from Dubuque, Iowa, dated June 1, 1848, to Dr. Gideon S. Bailey, found in the Bailey collec- lection of letters in the Historical Department at Des Moines, Iowa. 237 Letter from Fairfield, Iowa, to Dr. Gideon S. Bailey, dated July 22, 1848, found in the Bailey col- lection of letters in the Historical Department at Des Moines, Iowa. 238 Weekly Dispatch, Vol. I, No. 11, August 3, 1848. 239 Weekly Dispatch, Vol. I, No. 13, August 19, 1848. 240 Letter to Dr. Gideon S. Bailey dated October 2, 1848, written from Burlington, Iowa, found in the Bailey collection of letters in the Historical Depart- ment at Des Moines, Iowa. 241 Weekly Dispatch, Vol. I, No. 22, October 19, 1848. 20 306 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE 242 Letter from Burlington, Iowa, to Dr. Gideon S. Bailey, dated October 2, 1848, found in the Bailey- collection of letters in the Historical Department at Des Moines, Iowa. 243 ' ' Soon after the legislature was organized the democrats held a caucus and nominated candidates for senators, and adjourned till the next night to nominate candidates for supreme judges. At this caucus, A. C. Dodge and George W. Jones were nomi- nated. As soon as the result was known, taking the nomination as equivalent to an election, shouts of joy were heard all over the city, and a large number of their friends went to their lodgings to inform them of the result of the caucus, and immediately all parties repaired to a saloon, where there was a general time of rejoicing, and oysters and liquor were dealt out with profusion, for which the candidates were charged three hundred dollars, a treat of unknown liberality in the history of Iowa at that time." — From an ar- ticle by Charles Negus in the Annals of Iowa, Janu- ary, 1874, Vol. XII, No. 1, pp. 7, 8. 244 Journal of the House of Representatives, 1848- 1849, pp. 28-32. 245 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, p. 97. 246 Journal of the House of Representatives, 1848- 1849, pp. 377, 378. 247 Negus's Early History of Iowa, in the Annals of Iowa, January, 1874, Vol. XII, No. 1, p. 13. 248 Quoted in Salter's Augustus C. Dodge, in the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. Ill, No. 1, p. 411. NOTES AND REFERENCES 307 CHAPTER X 249 The other Senator from Iowa was George Wal- lace Jones, while the two Representatives were Shep- herd Leffler and William Thompson — all Democrats. The seat of the latter, however, was contested by the Whig opponent, Daniel F. Miller, and on June 29, 1850, declared vacant. 250 Baker's Seward's Works, Vol. I, p. 74. 251 Among the first of the official acts of Senator Dodge was the presentation on December 29, 1848, of a bill providing for the payment of expenses incurred by Iowa militia of 1839. — Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 30th Congress, p. 120. His last official act was to present a list of petitions, the first of which was a resolution from the legislature of Iowa, asking for an appropriation for defraying the expenses incurred by the Iowa militia in the Missouri-Iowa border dis- pute of 1839. — Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 33rd Congress, p. 782. 252 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 31st Congress, p. 406. 253 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 31st Congress, pp. 1085-1087. 254 Dodge's speech is found on p. 1623 of the Con- gressional Globe, 1st Session, 31st Congress. 255 This law, which was approved January 21, 1839, is found in the Laws of Iowa, 1838-1839, p. 65. 256 This case is reported in full in the Annals of Iowa, Third Series, Vol. VI, No. 1, pp. 9-45. 308 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 267 The full texts of these statutes may be found in the United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IX, pp. 446, 452, 453, 462, and 467. 268 Rhodes 's History of the United States, Vol. I, p. 183. 280 These facts are taken from the Journal of the Senate. The records do not show that George W. Jones was present when the votes on the bills for the boundaries of Texas and for the Territory of Utah were taken. Upon the other three bills he voted yea. 260 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 2nd Session, 31st Congress, pp. 310-311. 261 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, pp. 1102-1113. 262 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, pp. 1113-1118. 268 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, pp. 1118, 1119. 264 Laws of Iowa, 1850-1851, p. 244. CHAPTER XI 266 Quoted from his speech of February 24, 1853, as found in the Congressional Globe, Appendix, 2nd Session, 32nd Congress, p. 202. 286 Journal of the Senate, 1st Session, 32nd Con- gress, p. 499. Such petitions or memorials were al- most always referred to the Committee on Public Lands. NOTES AND REFERENCES 309 267 At this Convention John P. Hale of New Hamp- shire was nominated for President and George W. Julian of Indiana for Vice President. 268 Journal of the Senate, 1st Session, 32nd Con- gress, p. 32. 269 Journal of the Senate, 1st Session, 32nd Con- gress, p. 531. 270 Journal of the House of Representatives, 1st Ses- sion, 32nd Congress, p. 1129. 271 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 32nd Con- gress, p. 321. 272 Journal of the Senate, 2nd Session, 32nd Con- gress, pp. 234, 235. Senator Walker's amendment reads: "That as soon as practicable after said route shall have been surveyed and located, there shall be surveyed, as the other lands of the United States have been surveyed, six townships wide on either side of said route ; the even-numbered sections of which lands so to be surveyed, except sections thirty-six and six- teen, shall be granted and patented by the United States, free of costs, in quantities not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres to each person who shall set- tle upon, occupy, and cultivate the same for one year : Provided; That such occupant shall be the head of a family, or, if single, of the age of twenty-one years or upwards, a citizen of the United States, or having declared his or her intention to become such, accord- ing to the naturalization laws of the United States; and the odd-numbered sections of said land shall be sacredly held and disposed of for the ultimate con- 310 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE struction of said railroad, and the furnishing and equipment of the same." 273 Journal of the Senate, 2nd Session, 32nd Con- gress, p. 239. 274 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 2nd Session, 32nd Congress, pp. 205-207. 276 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 2nd Session. 32nd Congress, pp. 199-202. 276 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 2nd Session, 32nd Congress, pp. 202-205. 277 Senator Dodge here introduced the following letter : General Land Office, February 25, 1853. Sir: In answer to your inquiry, I have the honor to state: That the whole amount of lands sold during the years 1844, 1845, 1846, and 1847, was 8,383,326.66 acres. Making a yearly average of 2,095,831.66 acres. The whole number of entries during said period was 155,130 Or a yearly average of 38,782 This makes an average of 54 4-100 acres to each entry, showing that a large majority of the entries were in 80 and 40-acre tracts. In the year 1846, there were sold in the Fairfield district, in Iowa, 180 tracts of 160 acres each, equal to . . 28,800 acres 1,028 " " 80 " " " " ..82,240 " 967 " " 40 " " " " ..38,680 " Total 2,175 149,720 acres Making an average for each sale of 68 8-10 acres. With great respect, your obedient servant, John Wilson, Commissioner, &c. Hon. A. C. Dodge, Senate. 278 See Webster vs. Reid, 11 Howard 437. NOTES AND EEFERENCES 311 279 "The promised land", said Dodge, "was a gift to the children of Israel; one dollar and twenty-five cents the acre was not demanded for it; nor the ac- tual cultivator expelled from his home, if he pos- sessed not the two hundred dollars to pay down for the one hundred and sixty acres, and his home sold, under the hammer, to the highest bidder; land was then the gift of God to man, and to woman also ; for the daughters of Manasseh were permitted to inherit and partake of the bounty of the Giver of all good. ' ' 280 "Mr. President," Dodge illustrated here, "to show the evils of the present land system, I call your attention to a letter from the Commissioner of the General Land Office respecting the State of Missouri. Prom this letter it is seen that the State contains a superficial area of about 65,037 square miles, or 41,- 623,680 acres; of this quantity 17,125,174 acres have been sold, and 188,901 acres absorbed by Spanish and French grants, leaving 24,309,605 acres unsold upon the 30th day of June last, according to the Commis- sioner's statement now before me. "Under the present wretched system of disposing of the public lands, the first sales in Missouri took place in 1818. Thus, if it has taken thirty-four years for the Federal Government to sell 17,125,174 acres, by the same ratio, estimating by the rule of propor- tion, it will take forty-eight years to dispose of the remaining lands in that State. The 24,309,635 acres, divided by 160, the quantity given to each settler un- der this bill, would add to the population of the State 151,935 land-owning and tax-paying inhabi- tants." 312 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 281 The following presents the conditions in Michi- gan: General Land Office, February 25, 1853. Sir: In reply to your inquiries of this date, I have the honor to inform you that the first public sale of lands in Michigan was made in the year 1818. From that date to the 30th of June last, a period of thirty-four years, there was sold and located by land warrants 9,858,670 acres. On the 30th of June last there remained undisposed of the quantity of 19,679,811 acres. Estimating the future by the past, it will require, to dispose of this remaining land, a period of about sixty-eight years. With great respect, your obedient servant, John Wilson, Commissioner. Hon. A. C. Dodge, U. S. Senate. 282 For the text of this law, see Donaldson's The Public Domain, pp. 347-349. CHAPTEE XII 283 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 2nd Session, 32nd Congress, p. 235. 284 Donaldson's The Public Domain, pp. 257, 258. 285 Donaldson's The Public Domain, pp. 265, 266. 286 Donaldson's The Public Domain, p. 265; Larra- bee's The Railroad Question, p. 81; Sparks 's The Ex- pansion of the American People, p. 366. 287 Journal of the Senate, 1st Session, 32nd Con- gress, p. 371. 288 Journal of the Senate, 2nd Session, 32nd Con- gress, p. 118. NOTES AND REFERENCES 313 289 "The North, the South, the East, and the West, -were fairly represented, and I am proud to say, that I never saw the least exhibition of sectional or selfish feeling manifested by any member of the committee in the preparation of the bill." — Prom Dodge's speech of February 18, 1853. 290 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 2nd Session, 32nd Congress, pp. 234-239. 29i "Five routes had been surveyed under the direc- tion of the War Department. The northernmost lay between the forty-seventh and forty-ninth parallels of north latitude, from St. Paul to Vancouver; the next along the forty-first parallel from Council Bluffs by the Black Hills, Fort Badger, and the Great Salt Lake to San Francisco; the third along the thirty- eighth parallel from the mouth of the Kansas river to the Sevier river in the Great Basin, where the route was abandoned; the fourth followed the thirty-fifth parallel, but lay in a desert country for the larger part and was not considered possible ; the southernmost lay near the thirty-second parallel along the Red river, the Rio Grande, and the Gila to southern California, and thence up to San Francisco." — From Sparks 's The Expansion of the American People, p. 367. 292 ' ' Instead, then, of meeting us in India, China, and even on our own Pacific coast, as the English now do, with the advantage of some ten days' sail, or more, the scales will be turned, and we shall have the advan- tage over them of twenty-five or thirty days, which, in commercial and business transactions, is conclusive and overwhelming. This Pacific railroad across our 314 AUGUSTUS CAESAE DODGE country will be the grave of British commercial su- premacy. The epoch of its completion will be the zenith of her sun over the sea — from that day the splendor of her maritime power will begin to grow dim." — Prom Dodge's speech of February 18, 1853. 293 < < t^ roa ^ ; which is not generally followed through this region, is a very good one, without any difficult ascents to overcome. It passes through an open prairie region, and may be much improved so as to avoid the greater part of the inequalities it now presents. ' ' — Quoted from Col. John C. Fremont. 294 The following letter edited by Rev. William Sal- ter in the Annals of Iowa, Third Series, Vol. VIII, No. 4, pp. 297, 298, was received by Senator Dodge from Thomas H. Benton: C Street, Tuesday night. Hon. Augustus C. Dodge, XT. S. Senate, Senate Chamber* Dear Sir: I have to thank you for the copy of the amend- ment to the Pacific Railroad Bill, reported by Mr. Busk, and which you have had the kindness to send me, with a request for my remarks upon it. I give them freely. 1. I think the amendment is right in dispensing with branches, and going for one line through. 2. I suppose it is as well to leave it to the President to fix the point of crossing the mountains, which of course fixes the points of termination. 3. I think the plan of execution is too complex — too much mixture of private interest and public expenditure — to admit of execution, and that, if gone into, there will be many balks, and eventual failure, and time lost, and a new start necessary. 4. I think the road should be either public or private — either made by the United States or by a joint stock company of adequate capital. The former I prefer. All the plans that I have seen propose the United States to furnish the means: NOTES AND REFERENCES 315 then why not own the work when it is done? and make the freight and transportation so much the cheaper. My idea is this: That the United States should build the road and fixtures, and then let it out to the lowest responsible bidder in point of rates for mails, passengers, freight, etc., for say 10 years at a time, the bidders furnishing and working their own cars; and if superseded by lower bidders at the end of say 10 years the new contractor to take all the stock of the previous one. I think it better for the United States to pay, like individuals, for everything she gets done. She will have to pay anyway, in a lump, if not in detail — and pretty sure inr a big lump. A slight toll might be required to keep the road in repair; but with me cheapness of transportation is the object; and that is necessary to make the road a great national thor- oughfare. This is my first idea; after that a joint stock com- pany which can raise an adequate sum, and make the road themselves, and run it themselves, having for their main object profit, and of course the highest instead of the lowest rates — and so to diminish the use of the road. Thus you see that I do not think a mixed interest — part public and part private — will work well; and if the United States furnishes the means she ought to own the road, and make the use of it as cheap as possible to everybody. On this plan she might create a stock at once of $100,000,000, and raise every cent of it from the sale of lands as she goes along, and that upon the pre-emption principle. Settlers would be upon the whole line, like a flock of pigeons, the moment it was indicated, and raise crops immediately. In this way, with ample means, and beginning the road at both ends at once, and perfecting 100 miles at a time, on which cars could be placed to carry materials to the remainder, and also to help passen- gers a little, and I am sure that seven years would be enough. When done a daily train should be obligatory to start from each end. I would not embarrass the Government with a telegraph — but assign a margin for as many lines as individuals or com- panies chose to put up. The road should have a width of 1,000 feet, for if rightly located, it will want many tracks in process of time. .316 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE When Alexandria was the seat of Asiatic commerce the street which carried it was 1,000 feet wide, five miles long, and with 100 feet footway under colonades under each side. The United States should make a common road also for peo- ple who have much time and little money. Yours truly, Thomas H. Benton. The following postscript to this letter occurs almost verbatim in Senator Dodge's speech of February 18, 1853. (See Congressional Globe, Appendix, 2nd Ses- sion, 32nd Congress, pp. 237, 238.) Dry snow is no impediment to a car, no matter how deep. It is wet snow that impedes. This may now be seen without go- ing to Eussia. At Ogdensburg, N. Y., the cars have been seen to plough through 15 feet of snow without impediment, while a few inches of wet snow, i. e., snow in a soft climate, is a great impediment. This I learn from practical men — not from books. 295 Journal of the Senate, 2nd Session, 32nd Con- gress, p. 218. 298 Congressional Globe, 2nd Session, 32nd Congress, p. 775. CHAPTER XIII 297 The passage of this bill in the House was secured through the parliamentary strategy of Stephen A. Douglas, then Chairman of the Committee on Terri- tories. The bill was defeated by a majority of one vote. Ninety-seven bills preceded it on the calendar, and to secure another vote on it at that session seemed impossible. The motions to clear the Speaker's table and to go into Committee of the Whole on the slavery question would each have to be made ninety-seven NOTES AND REFEEBNCES 317 times. With his remarkable skill in management and diplomacy these motions were secured from friends, and enemies of various bills, and near the close of the session and to the consternation of the enemies of the bill, the measure got to the head of the calendar and was passed. — From a statement made by Stephen A. Douglas, written out by Col. J. Madison Cutts, and printed in Donaldson's The Public Domain, pp. 262- 264. 298 The text of this law is found in the United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IX, p. 466. The title of the act reads: "An Act granting the right of Way, and making a Grant of Land to the States of Illinois, Mississippi, and Alabama, in Aid of the Construction of a Railroad from Chicago to Mobile." 299 On this date was approved the Congressional act incorporating the Union Pacific Railroad Company and providing for a central route. — United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XII, pp. 489-498. 300 Laws of Iowa, 1848 (Extra Session), p. 100. 301 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 31st Congress,, p. 300. 302 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 31st Congress, p. 391. 308 Journal of the Senate, 1st Session, 31st Congress, p. 51. 304 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 31st Congress, pp. 1240, 1241. 305 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 31st Congress,, p. 1241. 318 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 306 Journal of the Senate, 1st Session, 31st Congress, pp. 409, 410. 307 Journal of the Senate, 1st Session, 32nd Con- gress, p. 7. The bill provided for two routes to be designated by the State .- the one from Dubuque to Keokuk, and the other from Davenport to the Missouri River. The right of way was not to exceed one hundred feet in width, and every alternate even-numbered section for six sections in width on either side of the road was to be granted to the State of Iowa. These sections were to be disposed of by the General Assembly for not less than double the minimum price of $1.25 per acre. Another section provided that if the road were not completed in ten years, the State was to pay back to the United States the amount received from sales, and any unsold lands were to revert back to the United States. 308 Journal of the Senate, 1st Session, 32nd Con- gress, p. 41. 309 Journal of the Senate, 1st Session, 32nd Con- gress, p. 35. 310 Journal of the Senate, 1st Session, 32nd Con- gress, p. 82. 311 These two speeches are found in the Congres- sional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, pp. 359-368. 312 The following is the table compiled by Senator Dodge and used in his speech as delivered on March 3 and 4, 1852 : NOTES AND REFERENCES 319 Cost of lands or Amount Ares of Iowa Amount paid Area of lands received for in acres to Indians sold lands sold 32,585,600 $1,935,819.34 *2,707,284.43 $3,383,105.53 1 2,501,880.00 3,127,350.00 Total acres 5,209,164.43 6,510,455.53 Deduct cost of land 1,935,819.34 Total amount received by the U. S. over and above cost $4,574,636.19 From this deduct the territorial expenses of Iowa as follows : Public buildings $ 55,000.00 Eoads 36,872.48 Bridges 19,926.17 Executive 32,910.61 Judicial 232,338.64 Legislative 208,819.50 $585,867.40 Leaves over and above cost of lands and all expenses of the Territorial government $3,988,768.79 Deduct Iowa's pro rata share, Louis- iana purchase 519,398.96 Present balance in favor of United States $3,469,369.83 *Cash. t Land warrants. 313 "I left the great body of my Democratic friends," said Senator Dodge, "to vote, on the 3d of March, 1849, to create the Department of the In- terior. If they will forgive me for having done that, I think I can assure them that it is the last time I will sin, when a proposition is before us to extend the power of this Government. . . . The late Senator from Ohio, (Mr. Ewing,) to whom I refer in no terms of disrespect, was first placed at the head of that Department. He was known, throughout his whole term of service here, as one of the most implacable enemies to the settlers on the public domain who ever 320 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE occupied a seat in Congress. He was the author of the most odious proposition touching the disposition of public lands, which was ever suggested by our enemies — to wit: the substitution of secret and sealed bids, to be opened at Washington city, in lieu of the present mode." 314 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, p. 240. 3111 At the end of his speech Senator Dodge gave a statement to fortify a position which had been ques- tioned by Senator Dawson of Georgia. In this ap- peared the following interesting facts: the average cost of the extinguishment of the Indian title in Iowa was twelve and a quarter cents an acre. The Black Hawk Purchase cost a little more than a cent and a half an acre. While the Louisiana Purchase cost a cent and a half an acre. 316 Journal of the Senate, 1st Session, 32nd Con- gress, p. 284. 317 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XI, p. 9. 318 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 32nd Congress, p. 276. CHAPTEE XIV 319 Richardson's Messages and Papers of the Presi- dents, Vol. V, p. 222. 320 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, p. 44. The other members of this committee were Johnson of Arkansas, Jones of Iowa, and Houston of NOTES AND REFERENCES 321 Texas, who were Demoerats, and Bell of Tennessee and Everett of Massachusetts, who were Whigs. 321 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, p. 115. 322 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, pp. 221, 222. 323 Th. Guelich in Der Demokrat, Vol. Ill, No. 28, May 20, 1854. 324 This "Appeal of the Independent Democrats in Congress to the People of the United States" was pub- lished on January 24, 1854. Senator Chase was the principal author of the paper which was signed by Senators Sumner and Chase and Representatives Joshua R. Giddings, Gerrit Smith, Edward Wade, and Alexander De Witt. — Rhodes 's History of the United States, Vol. I, p. 441, 442. 325 Brown's Stephen Arnold Douglas, p. 91. 328 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, pp. 375-383. On March 29, 1854, Governor Stephen Hempstead of Iowa wrote to Senator Dodge : "I have attentively and carefully read your speech. I have no end to gain by flattery, and have too much respect for you and myself to attempt it. But I do say what is only the simple truth, that you have made the best speech on that question — and that is saying a great deal ; for on no question which has come before the Senate, of late years, have the debates been as high-toned, able and eloquent as on the Nebraska bill. I have read all the speeches, and I give yours the preference ; 21 322 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE and I do not stand alone." — Quoted in William Sal- ter's article on Augustus C. Dodge, in the Iowa His- torical Record, Vol. Ill, No. 1, p. 415. 327 The Compromise of 1820 was repealable, argued Dodge. Often Congress had passed a law which the Constitution did not warrant, and which later was declared unconstitutional. He pointed out "that Washington and Madison's approval of a Bank of the United States, backed up by a quasi decision of the Supreme Court, did not deter Andrew Jackson from vetoing it for objections going both to its constitu- tionality and its expediency." Nor did the sanction of the Alien and Sedition Laws prevent Thomas Jef- ferson and those who acted with him from wiping them off the statute-book. — Congressional Globe, Ap- pendix, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, p. 379. 328 "While trampling under foot, literally spitting upon, the plainest provisions of that sacred instru- ment [the Constitution] — provisions without which he knows, as every other man does, there never could have been a Constitution or a Union formed — he yet pathetically discourses of good faith, of the binding force and sacredness of a mere ordinary act of legisla- tion, not having as much of the character of a com- pact as a common tariff law has." — Congressional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, p. 380. 829 Senator Seward "announced the existence of a law higher than the Constitution — declared in favor of absolute equality between the races — and came out soon after the passage of those measures [the Compromise of 1850] , in a letter re-agitating the NOTES AND REFERENCES 323 slavery question, for the purpose of keeping up an is- sue in New York with President Fillmore. As Gov- ernor of the Empire State, he equally disregarded all his constitutional obligations in his memorable con- troversy with Governor Gilmore, of Virginia — and yet has the hardihood to stand up in this body and charge those who support this bill with a violation of plighted faith. That, sir, is the language of a Senator directed at the Constitution of his country, who now rebukes myself and others for a violation of good faith." — Congressional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, pp. 380, 381. 330 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, pp. 531, 532 ; also the Appendix, p. 325. 331 This running account of oratory, debate, ques- tion, repartee, and retort is found in the Congressional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, pp. 325- 342. 332 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, p. 532. 333 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. X, p. 277. Not until after its passage by the Senate was the title changed to "A bill to organize the Territories of Ne- braska and Kansas." Its former title had been "A bill to organize the Territory of Nebraska." 334 Congressional Globe, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, pp. 532. 835 Quoted in Rhodes 's History of the United States, Vol. I, p. 476. 330 This letter, dated March 10, 1854, was written to 324 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Elijah F. Purdy, James R. Steers, Thomas Munroe, Ambrose L. Pinney, and Robert Donnel — presuma- bly the committee having charge of this meeting. The text of the letter is in a newspaper clipping in one of Augustus Caesar Dodge's scrap-books. 337 "They fought and bled for seven long years," continues this paragraph of the letter, "from Bunker Hill to Yorktown, for little else than the sacred prin- ciples which the fell spirit of abolitionism and free- soilism is seeking to disregard and trample under foot. From the snow-capped mountains of the North to the savannas of the South, the blood which flowed from the veins of our revolutionary fathers, and was left by their bare and scarred feet on the hills and val- leys on the then thirteen colonies, was all offered as a sacrifice on the altar of non-intervention — the Par- liament of Great Britain then occupying towards them the precise attitude which the Congress of the United States now does towards the citizens who may inhabit the territory of our republic." 338 Fairall's Manual of Iowa Politics, Vol. I, Part I, p. 37. CHAPTER XV 339 The election in August, 1854, in Iowa rendered Dodge 's reelection to the United States Senate impos- sible. Of the thirty-one Senators elected the Demo- crats had secured a majority of but one, while the "Whigs had captured forty of the seventy Representa- tives. "I have no more idea", wrote Dodge on Novem- NOTES AND REFERENCES 325 ber 14, 1854, to Dr. Gideon S. Bailey, "of being elect- ed by the Legislature soon to convene, than I have that it will choose the Czar Nicholas of Russia to rep- resent Iowa in the Senate. The great object to be attained by democrats should be to prevent an elec- tion. Far better to be unrepresented than misrepre- sented. Nor should our friends be seduced by any proposed bargain or coalition which might look to the election of some whigs and some democrats. If the fusionists have the power and can unite let them elect the Senator & the three Judges, but let us give them no help — neither for National nor other Whigs nor ask any from them. Both parties in our State are committed to the principle by precedent at least, to defeat an election of Senators and Judges, if they can do so: vide the failures of 1846 & 1847. " 840 Journal of the House of Representatives, 1854- 1855, p. 187. For a discussion and an account of this dramatic election contest see the writer's The History and Principles of the Democratic Party of Iowa 1846- 1857, in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. VI, No. 2, pp. 163-246. 841 Letter to George W. Jones dated September 30, 1858, found in the Jones collection of letters in the Historical Department at Des Moines, Iowa. 842 United States Statutes at Large, Vol. X, p. 619. 348 These newspaper extracts are taken from clip- pings found in one of Dodge's scrap-books. 844 Pierre Soule was a Frenchman by birth, but was driven from France on account of his extreme liberal 326 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE ideas and his attacks on the ministry of Charles X. In 1826 at the age of twenty-four he came to the United States and studied law in New Orleans. He represented Louisiana as a Democrat in 1847 and again from 1849-1853. He was Minister to Spain from 1853 to 1855, and was one of the three Ministers who framed the celebrated "Ostend Manifesto" in October, 1854. He died in 1870. 345 Latimer's Spain in the Nineteenth Century, p. 402. 346 The documents and correspondence in regard to this episode are found in the Executive Documents, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, Vol. X, Document No. 76. Janes 's The Black Warrior Affair in The American Historical Review, Vol. XII, No. 2, pp. 280-298, is a careful and judicial presentation and discussion of both sides of the matter ; while a brief account is given in Latane's The Diplomacy of the United States in Regard to Cuba, in the Annual Report of the Ameri- can Historical Association, 1897, pp. 240-250. 347 Letter from Augustus Caesar Dodge to Bernhart Henn, dated May 25, 1855, and printed in the Iowa Historical Record, Vol. Ill, No. 1, pp. 415, 416. 348 In December, 1907, two well-filled letter-books containing his diplomatic correspondence were found in a store-room at Burlington, Iowa, which contained the library of Augustus Caesar Dodge. The dis- patches are written in ink and are in an excellent state of preservation. Much of the writing is in the hand of Dodge, while many of the dispatches are pre- sumably written by the secretary of the legation and NOTES AND REFEEENCES 327 by copyists. About four hundred closely written pages make up the contents of these letter-books from which only the last fourteen dispatches to the De- partment of State are missing. Forty-two official dispatches are directed to Secre- tary of State William L. Marcy and fifty-three to Secretary of State Lewis Cass. Two unofficial letters to Marcy, three to Cass, one to Buchanan, and one to George W. Jones (Dodge's former colleague in the Senate) complete the list of the communications di- rected to Washington. About one-half of the cor- respondence in the letter-books is comprised in the various notes sent by Dodge to the Spanish Ministers of State. 349 Dodge to Marcy, dispatch No. 1, June 18, 1855. 360 Dodge to Zavala, June 28, 1855. 361 Dodge to Marcy, dispatch No. 6, July 12, 1855. 362 Dodge to Marcy, dispatch No. 9, August 8, 1855. CHAPTEE XVI 363 Dodge to Marcy in July, 1855. This is an un- official note and is not numbered among the regular series of dispatches to the Department of State. 354 By a decree which set aside the Salic law in Spain and which was confirmed by the Cortes on March 29, 1830, the Infanta Isabella became the heir- ess apparent to the Spanish throne. 355 "At the period of which we are now speaking [1843] she was a stoutly built, very precocious girl with full cheeks, a snub nose, and thick, sensuous lips, 328 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE incredibly ignorant, but with a great deal of natural shrewdness; in a manner somewhat bluff, jovial, and outspoken, partaking of her father's malicious jocosity and her mother's frank fascination. She was good- hearted and generous to the point of prodigality, im- pulsive and imprudent beyond belief, even for so young a girl, and this quality she has never lost. With no steadying sense of responsibility whatever, she had yet a high notion of queenly dignity, and a noble carriage, which frequently invested acts of thoughtless levity with an appearance of magnani- mous condescension." — From Hume's Modem Spain 1788-1898, pp. 375, 376. 356 Latimer's Spain in the Nineteenth Century, pp. 274-276. 357 Boldomero Espartero was born on February 27, 1792, and was educated at the University of Almagro. He served in the Spanish army in the campaigns against Napoleon and later saw military service in South America. He took a prominent part in the civil conflicts which took place after the death of Ferdinand VII, and in 1839 expelled Don Carlos from Spain for which he received Royal honors. He became practically military dictator, but in 1843 was driven from power and forced into exile. After his return in 1848 he lived for six years in retirement. His death occurred on January 9, 1879. 358 Leopold O'Donnell was born at Santa Cruz de Teneriffe on one of the Canary Islands on January 12, 1809, of an Irish family which had long been in the service of Spain. For his military services against NOTES AND REFERENCES 329 the Carlists at Lucena in 1839 he was made a grandee and lieutenant-general. In the next year he sided in with the queen mother and went to France where he intrigued against Espartero. In 1843 he was Cap- tain-General of Cuba. He died on November 5. 1867. 359 Dodge to Marcy in an unofficial letter dated July, 1855. This is the same letter referred to in Note 353. 360 Senor de Cueta was the Spanish minister at the time of the "Black Warrior Affair", and it was said that his opposition to the amicable settlement of this incident resulted in his removal by the Spanish Gov- ernment. — Dodge to Marcy, June 23, 1856. 361 " 'Donnell you will probably remember", ran Dodge's dispatch of July 2, 1858, to Secretary Lewis Cass, "as the hero of the revolution of 1854, and of the bloody coup d' etat of 1856 in both of which his success was complete. In the year just mentioned when under a decree of banishment for opposition to the Govt, of that day he sallied forth from his hiding place in Madrid and having induced the cavalry in the Queen's service to join him he raised the flag of rebellion and fought the troops sent to arrest him at a place called Vicalvaro a few miles from the gates of Madrid. It was a drawn fight, but while the Govt, troops were in pursuit of 'Donnell and his followers the people of Madrid rose as if by concert almost en masse against the constituted authorities and after three days fighting from houses and street barricades the Govt, capitulated — the Queen consenting to the 330 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE forcible expulsion of her Ministers — her Mother Queen Christina and all persons obnoxious to the revolutionary party and to the placing of Espartero at the head of affairs. This was done and O'Donnell made Minister of War, in which post he so adroitly managed as to bring on a violent contest in which he overthrew and supplanted Espartero whose support- ers the National Militia were dreadfully worsted and cut to pieces in an unequal and sanguinary fight with the regular troops. On his accession to power O'Don- nell completely disarmed the people and by other strong measures so strengthened the authority and power of the Queen, that within the brief space of three months she most unexpectedly to all withdrew from him and called General Narvaez his enemy and rival to the Premiership." 362 Dodge to Marcy, July 16, 1856. 363 "A legation which would refuse to receive any political fugitive, or any number of them, would be considered wanting in every attribute of humanity. When your house is full, and the fighting is over, it is regarded as the proper thing for you to take all your guests in the train with you, as your own family, and convey them safely to Prance. This is an office no one ever declines." — Hay's Castilian Days, pp. 360, 361. 364 Dodge to Marcy, October 6, 1856. 365 Ramon Maria Narvaez was born on August 4, 1800. He took part in the attempted revolution against Espartero in 1839 and was forced to flee to France where he plotted with Maria Christina. He NOTES AND EEFERENCES 331 became Prime Minister in 1844 and effected a new Constitution the next year. He held several impor- tant diplomatic positions and died at the age of sixty- seven years. 366 Dodge to Marcy, October 11, 13, 1856. 367 This letter is found in the Diplomatic Corre- spondence of Augustus Caesar Dodge. 368 Dodge to Cass, October 21, 1857. 369 Dodge to Cass, October 27, 1857. 370 Dodge to Cass, December 2, 1857. This child became Alfonso XII who was proclaimed King of Spain on December 30, 1874. He was the father of the present King of Spain, Alfonso XIII. 371 Francisco Xavier Isturiz was born at Cadiz in 1790 and was one of the leaders in the revolution of 1820. In 1836 he became Minister of Foreign Af- fairs and Premier; he was devoted to Maria Chris- tina and attempted to advance her interests with all his power. The change of politics in 1868 caused his retirement from public life. His death occurred in 1871. 372 Dodge to Cass, January 18, 1858. 373 Dodge to Cass, July 2, 1858. 374 Dodge to Cass, August 25, 1858. CHAPTEE XVII 375 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, p. 381. 376 Latane's The Diplomacy of the United States in 332 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE Regard to Cuba, in the Annual Report of the Ameri- can Historical Association, 1897, p. 219. The Ostend Manifesto declared that the possession of Cuha by the United States was necessary to insure peace with Spain and the existence of the American Union. It recommended the purchase of the island at a price not to exceed $120,000,000 and in case Spain refused to sell "then by every law, human and divine, we shall be justified in wresting it from Spain if we pos- sess the power." 377 Callahan's Cuba and International Relations, p. 291. 378 Callahan's Cuba and International Relations, p. 292. 379 A full memorandum of this conference accom- panied and was made a part of Dodge's dispatch to Marcy, No. 12, dated August 26, 1855. 380 These objections were : (1) it was a power which the central government could not delegate; (2) it would lead to a dangerous exercise and abuse of the power on account of the distance of Cuba from the Metropolitan government; and (3) it would become necessary that the agents of all other independent governments be clothed with like powers in Cuba. 381 Concerning a commercial treaty the Spanish Minister was ready at the earliest moment to enter upon a discussion. Mr. Dodge was asked to make out a memorandum of its stipulations, which should be directly considered by himself and his colleagues. He would be glad to negotiate such a treaty as would se- NOTES AND EBFERENCBS 333 cure the rights of the citizens of each country and lead to the honorable and correct adjustment of com- mercial differences between the two nations. 382 "Prom what I can learn", he says in another part of this letter, "it seems that at the present time all men of all parties how great soever may be their differences on all other subjects are united against the sale of Cuba at any price. I sometimes cherish the hope that their overwhelming pecuniary embarrass- ments may serve to open their eyes and cause them to treat this question in a more sensible business like and statesman like manner than they have heretofore done." 383 The full text of this letter is as follows : Madrid July 12th 1856 Hon. Wm L Marcy Secretary of State Sir: Disappointed in not being able to accomplish the paramount objects for which I was accredited to this Court, owing to the mistaken views of public policy entertained at this time by the government and people of Spain — and also in finding that the Climate of Madrid does not agree, as I fondly hoped it would, with Mrs. Dodge, whose health is very delicate, I hereby tender, through you to the President my resignation as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, near the Court of her Catholic Majesty; and being anxious to re- turn home I respectfully ask to be relieved from the further discharge of its duties at as early a day as may be practicable. In thus asking to sever my connexion with the department of our government over whose affairs you have presided for more than three years — exhibiting a rare combination of prudence and ability — encountering in that time many new and momen- tous questions which you have boldly met or definitely settled in such manner as to secure the blessings of peace at home and 334 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE add greatly to the character of our America abroad — permit me to express to the President and to yourself the deep sense of gratitude I feel towards both for the aid you have afforded me in the discharge of my public duties, and for the great kindness and courtesy which I have received at your joint hands. I remain Very Eespectfully Your obliged & greatful Friend A C. Dodge 384 Dodge to the Marquis of Pidal, Minister of State, under date of November 24, 1856. 385 Lewis Cass succeeded William L. Marcy as Sec- retary of State on March. 6, 1857. 386 a jf iP rem011 t had been elected", wrote Dodge to Secretary Cass on April 10, 1857, "I would not have held office under him if I could a day longer than to have given a reasonable time for the appointment of my successor; and when my heart was gladdened with the joyous intelligence of the triumph of democ- racy I determined in my own mind, if the choice were left to myself, not to remain in Europe more than two years longer, thus completing the ordinary term of four years — for you will remember I suc- ceeded Mr. Soule in the latter half of Mr. Pierce's administration. But I pray you distinctly to under- stand that while I am willing to remain here two years more I do not ask it. I want no wish of mine to interfere for a single day with the carrying out of the principles or policy of an administration to which I am wholly devoted and upon whose success I verily believe the perpetuity of our Heaven blessed Union depends." NOTES AND REFERENCES 335 387 This letter is found among the Diplomatic Cor- respondence of Augustus Caesar Dodge. 388 Manuel Godoy was born May 12, 1767, of a noble but reduced family. He is one of the remarkable characters of Spanish history holding almost every civil, military, and honorary office and rising to the post of Prime Minister at the age of twenty-five. He was a great favorite of the King and Queen and by the negotiation of the treaty of Basel in 1796 gained the sobriquet of "Prince of Peace". He was exiled from Spain; but in 1842 that nation restored to him his former honors. He died October 4, 1851. 389 This letter, dated October 13, 1857, is found in the Diplomatic Correspondence of Augustus Caesar Dodge. The last important conference in regard to Cuba was held on November 13, 1858. Collantes, the Span- ish Minister of State, referred to the reported de- signs of the United States to seize upon the island of Cuba at a favorable opportunity, and suggested that President Buchanan formally disavow such designs by a proclamation. This would strengthen the good relations between the two countries and would be a new guarantee for the peace of Europe. Spain had no fear of losing Cuba, declared Collantes, for its in- habitants were loyal to the last degree. From the Queen down all parties were thoroughly united against selling their brethren and the graves of many of their ancestors for money. Dodge in reply assured him that the United States would never have recourse to dishonorable means to 336 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE accomplish its purposes and recapitulated his former arguments for the acquisition of the island. He re- viewed President Buchanan's attitude on the question and admitted that the popular feeling in the United States inclined toward seizing the island. The United States was offering Spain a purchase price greater than had ever been given for a similar extent of ter- ritory in any age of the world. Looking to the fu- ture and judging by the past, urged Dodge, the American people could not but think that the time would come when the Cubans would throw off the yoke of the mother country and ask for admission into our Union. — (A memorandum of this conference was a part of Dodge's dispatch to Cass dated November 19, 1858.) 390 William Preston of Kentucky, whom Dodge re- garded as an "excellent selection", was appointed as Dodge's successor. "I was present", he wrote in his last dispatch to Cass, "at his first interview with H. C. M's Minister of State and I assure you I felt proud of the calm, dignified and judicious manner in which he bore himself and thwarted the obvious purpose of Mr. Collantes. I predict for him a popu- lar and successful Mission, and I have omitted noth- ing on my part to contribute to that result." 391 This letter is found among the correspondence of George W. Jones in the Historical Department at Des Moines, Iowa. 392 Reprinted from the Official Gazette, (Madrid), March 13, 1859, in the Muscatine Weekly Journal, Vol. XI, No. 10, September 9, 1859. NOTES AND REFERENCES 33^ 363 A copy of this farewell speech to the Queen was made a part of Dodge's last dispatch to Cass under date of March 14, 1859. The Queen's reply is given in Spanish in this same dispatch. A translation of the Queen's reply, as found in the Des Moines Valley Whig, Vol. XIII, No. 48, July 18, 1859, reads as follows: Mr. Minister: I regret that the desire to return to your native country, as expressed by you to the President of the United States and kindly acceded to by him, puts an end to your mission here. The frankness and dignity with which you have discharged your trust, have contributed to maintain the close relations, which are dictated to both peoples by a common interest. I am pleased to hear the assurances which you give me in the name of the President of the United States, of the earnest desires which animate him for the increase and extension of those relations, so that under their influence both nations might enjoy the advantages which must result therefrom. I request that you assure the President of the United States that I shall always endeavor to maintain harmony and good feeling between the two countries. You well understand the people whom Providence has placed under my care, and knowing that they will appreciate loyalty and frankness, you will not doubt that they will always pre- serve an agreeable recollection of your name, with which those noble qualities are united. The consideration which I have shown you, and my special appreciation of yourself and your family, will follow you to your own country. CHAPTEE XVIII 394 The Iowa Citizen, Vol. TV, No. 8, April 6, 1859. 396 Weekly Iowa State Beporter, Vol. II, No. 45, $ay 25, 1859. 22 338 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 396 Printed from the Mt. Pleasant Journal in the Iowa Weekly Republican, Vol. X, No. 545, April 27, 1859. 397 "One of the best things", wrote the Chicago Herald, an Administration organ, "(if not the only good thing) done by the late Iowa State Democratic Convention, was the nomination of the Hon. Augus- tus C. Dodge for Governor. Mr. D. is a sound Demo- crat, a friend of the Administration, and an able and worthy man. If elected, he will prove a true Democrat, notwithstanding the exceptionable features in the platform erected by the Convention." — Print- ed in The Washington Press, Vol. IV, No. 10, July 20, 1859. 398 These facts are gathered principally from La- throp's The Life and Times of Samuel J. Eirkwood. Governor Kirkwood was still living when Lathrop wrote his book and to him the manuscript of each chapter was submitted for criticism and correction. 399 Iowa State Journal, Vol. Ill, No. 26, August 6, 1859. 400 Printed in the Iowa State Journal, Vol. Ill, No. 26, August 6, 1859. 401 These accounts are printed in The Washington Press, Vol. IV, No. 13, August 10, 1859. The first is reprinted from the Burlington Hawkeye, a leading Republican journal, while the second is from the Bur- lington War Eagle, Dodge's organ during this can- vass. 4»2 < < rpjjg L 0C8 f ocos helped to elect Gen. Harrison NOTES AND REFERENCES 339 in 1840", wrote the Pittsburg Gazette, "by sneering at him as a poor man who lived in a log-cabin and imbibed hard cider as a beverage. In the same sneer- ing way, indicating the aristocratic spirit of that par- ty, the Locofoco newspapers of Iowa have dubbed the Republican ticket in that State derisively, 'The plow handle Ticket', because the candidates upon it are farmers. They are themselves running two old office holders, who have lived all their lives upon gov- ernment pay; and they seem to consider it a disgrace to have to contend with a couple of farmers; hence the sneer and derisive epithet. Much good may it do them. The farmers of that farming State will pay them back for it with compound interest." — Printed in The Weekly Ottumwa Courier, New Series, Vol. IV, No. 31, August 11, 1859. 403 Iowa State Journal, Vol. Ill, No. 31, September 10, 1859. Will Tomlinson the associate editor of this journal travelled with Dodge during the canvass and reported the meetings besides making several speeches himself. 404 This account is taken from articles in The Wash- ington Press, Vol. IV, No. 17, September 7, 1859. im Iowa State Reporter, Vol. Ill, No. 8, Septem- ber 7, 1859. 408 "Mr. Dodge denied that the Democratic party was in favor of opening the slave trade," wrote editor C. Curtiss in regard to this debate, "and referred to our platform. . . . He said that there was no power granted to Congress by the Constitution to establish territorial governments. Such power was given in 340 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE relation to the District of Columbia, and that it was equally necessary in relation to other Territories. The power must be implied, and if so it must be limited to the establishing of social order in the Territories by the organization of governments. If Congress go beyond this in the organization of territorial govern- ments they act without limitation and may establish a despotism." — The Cedar Democrat, Vol. IV, No. 5, September 10, 1859. 407 Weekly Maquoketa Excelsior, Vol. IV, No. 27, September 13, 1859. 408 Oskaloosa Weekly Times, Vol. V, No. 34, Sep- tember 22, 1859. 409 Iowa State Journal, Vol. Ill, No. 34, October 1, 1859. 410 Said the Burlington Hawkey e : ' ' Twenty-one years in office, mingling among the great men of the country at Washington, a residence abroad at the Court of Spain, of four years, would be presumed to be sufficient to brighten up most men's ideas some- what — to give interest and piquancy to their conver- sation. If it has had any such influence upon Gen- eral Dodge we have not heard of it. No man that we can hear of, has yet repeated any of his observations as witty or wise or pointed. He has the pump-handle style of hand-shaking, a knowing way of speaking of the weather, and a condescending manner of inquir- ing after the family, and that is all. ' ' — Reprinted in The Iowa Citizen, Vol. IV, No. 24, July 27, 1859. 411 Iowa Weekly Republican, Vol. X, No. 555, July 6, 1859. NOTES AND REFERENCES 341 412 The following paragraph is part of an article entitled The Chief of the Office-Holders, which was widely circulated against Dodge : General Dodge has been in office about nineteen years of the twenty-one that have elapsed since his arrival at Burlington, and has received in cash — For two years service as Register of the Land Office at Burlington at $3,000 per annum $ 6,000 Tor six years Representative in Congress, per diem and mileage $3,000 per annum 18,000 Tor seven years as Senator, at $3,000 per annum 21,000 For constructive mileage in 1849 and 1852, at $1,600 each 3,200 For outfit as Minister to Spain 9,000 For four years ' salary 48,000 Total $105,200 — Printed in The Iowa Citizen, Vol. IV, No. 26, Au- gust 10, 1859. 413 Quoted from the Iowa State Democrat in the Des Moines Valley Whig, Vol. XIII, No. 51, August 15, 1859. 414 Iowa Weekly Republican, Vol. X, No. 567, Sep- tember 28, 1859. CHAPTER XIX 415 Journal of the House of Representatives, 1860, pp. 80, 81. 418 Dubuque Daily Herald, October 8, 1861. 417 The State Press, Vol. VI, No. 28, July 18, 1866. 418 The Democratic Watchman, January 10, 1868. 419 Boston Post, July, 1879. 342 AUGUSTUS CAESAR DODGE 420 Reprinted from the Keokuk Constitution in the Burlington Gazette, October 8, 1872. 421 Prom a newspaper clipping in Dodge's scrap- book. 422 Shambaugh's Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol. IV, pp. 152-154. 423 An extract of this speech is found in Dodge's scrap-book. 424 Chief Justice Melville W. Fuller was one of the committee on invitation. 425 A full record of this semi-centennial celebration was published in a pamphlet of over one hundred pages. 426 The Burlington Eawk-Eye, November 21, 1883. 427 Senate File No. 83, Twentieth General Assem- bly, 1884. CHAPTER XX 428 This quotation is from an eulogium upon Augus- tus Caesar Dodge delivered by Benton J. Hall in the Iowa Senate on March 21, 1884. 429 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, p.- 230. 430 Congressional Globe, Appendix, 1st Session, 33rd Congress, pp. 375, 376. 431 Writing to Gideon S. Bailey on October 6, 1854, in regard to the coming election of United States Senator, he said: "I scout and scorn the idea that my election is to be the result of bargain or intrigue NOTES AND REFERENCES 343 or even what might be styled judicious selection or foresight in the selection of this that or the other candidate for Congress in either of the districts." 432 The Burlington Hawk-Eye of November 21, 1883, which during Dodge's life time had opposed him politically, summarized his character as follows: "A character so strong, a life so pure, could not endure without elevating those with whom they came in contact, and advancing the moral status of the world. Exemplary in private and public life, kind and courteous in the domestic circle, gentle and chiv- alrous in the social world, inflexible in personal mor- ality, vigorous in his public career, a character which endured the privations of pioneer life, the vicious concomitants of the political vortex of Washington, the blandishments of the brilliant court of Isabella and which could gracefully and beautifully spend the evening of life amid the sole emoluments ac- cumulated in all the varied opportunities that such a life had afforded — the reflection that no dishonor had ever degraded his escutcheon — he bequeathes to his posterity the priceless legacy of an untarnished name and illustrates, as few are privileged to illus- trate by the naked power of their unswerving fidelity, that 'no life can be pure in its purpose and strong in its strife, and all life not be stronger and purer thereby'." INDEX INDEX Able, Jeremiah, 270 Abolitionists, denounced by Augus- tus Caesar Dodge, 143, 144, 147; doctrines of, denounced by Augus- tus Caesar Dodge, 150, 151, 190; of Great Britain, 225 Academy Hill, 272 Adams, Charles Francis, nomination of, by National Free Soil Con- vention for Vice President, 33 Adams, John Quincy, pardons Chief Red Bird, 15 ; speech of, on bill to disband Regiment of Dragoons, 30; reference to, 74 Adams, Stephen, opposes homestead principle, 155, 165 Address to the People of Iowa by A. 0. Dodge, 121, 293, 296 Adel (Iowa), joint debate at, be- tween Kirkwood and Augustus Caesar Dodge, 242, 243 Agency Eoad, appropriations for, 105, 106 Alabama, railroad land grant to, 171 Albuquerque (New Mexico), 165 Alexander, Milton K., in Black Hawk War, 19 ; in Battle of Bad Axe, 21 Alexandria, 316 Alfonso XII, birth of, 214, 215; proclaimed King of Spain, 331 Alfonso XIII, 331 Alhambra, 196 Alien and Sedition Laws, 322 Allen, John P., supports resolution by Augustus Caesar Dodge to pay Iowa militia, 101 Allen, William, 136 Ahnagro, University of, 328 Ames, Oakes, 252 Apache Indians, Henry L. Dodge burned at stake by, 280, 281 Appropriations, Congressional, for Territory of Iowa, 94-111; task of securing, 94; petitions for, from Territory of Iowa, 96 ; three objects of, 96; demands for, to pay Iowa militia, 99-102; claims for, to aid public improvements, 103-106; for penitentiary at Ft. Madison, 104; for harbor at Du- buque, 105, 106; for Agency Eoad, 105, 106; for Military Road, 106; for legislative ex- penses and arrearages, 107, 108, 109, 111 Aranjuez, city near Madrid, 201 Arkansas, 115, 166, 296, 320 Armero, Francisco, chosen Premier, 212, 213; becomes Secretary of War, 213; fall of ministry of, 215, 216, 217 Arrearages of Legislative Assembly of Territory of Iowa, 107-111 Asia, commerce to be gained from, through Pacific railroad, 166, 167 Aspen Grove Cemetery, burial place of Augustus Caesar Dodge, 258 Asturias, Princess of, 214 Atchison, David B., 139 Atkinson, Henry, arrival of, from St. Louis, 14; in Winnebago out- break, 15; reference to, 272 Babbitt, L. W., Democratic nomi- nee for Lieutenant Governor, 237, 242 Bacon, Mr., drives Augustus Cae- sar Dodge into Washington, 243 Bad Axe, battle of, 21; order of battle in, 21; troops engaged in, 21; defeat of Black Hawk in, 22; losses in, 21, 22 Badger, George E., 146, 149; de- rides Pacific railroad bill, 169, 170 Bailey, Gideon S., letter to, by Bern- hart Henn, 304, 305 Baker, Thomas, 70 Barnburners, Convention of, 32, 33 Barret, Richard F., speculator and money lender, 57, 58, 60, 61 Basel, treaty of, 335 Bayly, Thomas H., 116 Bell, John, 74, 164, 165, 170, 279, 321 Bellfontaine (Pennsylvania), 250 Belmont, meeting of Legislative As- sembly at, 26 Belser, James E., 115 Benedict, Lewis, first purchaser of land at auction sale at Burling- ton, 57 348 INDEX Benjamin, Judah P., appointment as Minister to Spain declined by, 232 Bennett, James Gordon, displeasure of, over appointment of Augustus Caesar Dodge, 197 Benton, Thomas H., friendship be- tween Henry Dodge and, 34; en- counter between Senator Foote and, 34, 74, 84, 138, 191; in- fluence of political ideas of, upon Augustus Caesar Dodge, 261; Congressional report on encoun- ter between Senator Foote and, 279; views of, on Pacific Bail- road, 314, 316 Benton, Thomas H. Jr., 132 Bibb, George M., Ill Big Sioux River, 114 Black Hawk (or Black Sparrow Hawk), 16; village of, 16; de- feat of, 18, 19; pursuit of, 19; defeat of, at Battle of Wisconsin Heights, 20; retreat to Bad Axe River, 20, 21; defeat of, in Bat- tle of Bad Axe, 21, 22; loss of warriors of, in Battle of Bad Axe, 21, 22; capture of, 22 Black Hawk Purchase, 48; cost of, 320 Black Hawk War, 16; causes and opening events of, 16; defeat of Major Stillman in, 17; battle of Pecatonica, 18, 19; pursuit of Black Hawk, 19, 20; plan of campaign in, 19; Battle of Wis- consin Heights in, 20; retreat of Indians, 20; Battle of Bad Axe in, 21, 22; capture of Black Hawk in, 22; reference to, 137, 272, 276 Black Hills, 313 Black Republicanism, 236 BPack Warrior, 329 Black Warrior Affair, Black War- rior lands at Havana, 199 ; mani- fest of, delivered, 199, 200; con- fiscation of cotton on Black War- rior, 200; Black Warrior aban- doned to Spanish authorities, 200 ; reparation for seizure of Black Warrior demanded by Pierre Soule, 200, 201; Spain's over- tures for settlement of, 203 ; dam- ages claimed in, 203 ; correspond- ence between Dodge and Zavala in regard to, 203, 204; settle- ment of, 204, 224 Blacks and Mulattoes, act to regu- late, 146 Block, Adrian, 1 Block Eylandt, discovery and settle- ment of, 1 Block Island (see Block Eylandt) Bloominffton Herald, 105 Bloomington (Iowa), Democratic Convention at, 65; Whig meet- ing at, 67; reference to, 98 Boggs, Lilburn W., proclamation of, in Missouri-Iowa boundary dis- pute, 82; extract from Governor Lucas's proclamation to, 291 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 328 Boone, Nathan, referred to by Au- gustus Caesar Dodge, 88 Boston, rescue of Shadraeh at, 147 Boundaries for State of Iowa, 112- 127 Boundary, Missouri-Iowa, 77-93 Bowlin, James B., amendment to adopt boundaries of the Consti- tutional Convention of 1846 mov- ed by, 126, 127 Brandywine, Battle of, 3 Breckinridge, John C, appointment as Minister to Spain declined by, 197 Bresson, Ambassador, 205 Briggs, Ansel, special session of leg- islature called by, 132 Brighton (Iowa), 69, 280, 286 British West Indies, slavery in, 226 Brown, Aaron V., bill for admis- sion of Iowa and Florida report- ed by, 115 Brown, Albert G., 185; quoted on dignity of labor, 262; reply of Augustus Caesar Dodge to, 262, 263; apology of, 263 Brown, Joseph C, re-marks north- ern boundary of Missouri, 79, 80 Browne, Jesse B., ordered to be ready to call out militia of Iowa Territory, 81 Buchanan, James, 210, 211, 219, 228; private letter of Augustus Caesar Dodge to, 228-231; 235, 241, 251, 327, 336 Bullock, James D., captain of Black Warrior, 200 Bunker Hill, 324 Burlington, land office at, establish- ed, 50 ; first land sales at, 55, 57, 58; land office at, removed to Fairfield, 61; reference to, 146, 236; Augustus Caesar Dodge chosen mayor of, 252 ; semi-cen- tennial celebration at, 256, 257; prominent visitors at semi-centen- nial of, 256; reference to, 263, 280, 326 Burlington Hawkeye, 246 INDEX 349 Burlington Bawk-Eye, The, sum- marizes character of Augustus Caesar Dodge, 343 Burr, Samuel J., Ill Butler, Andrew P., 146, 165, 185 Butler, William 0., 134 Cabinets, Spanish (see Ministries, Spanish) Cadiz (Spain), 331 Cairo (Illinois), 175 Calderon de la Barca, 208; return of, from exile, 209 Calhoun, John C, 139, 141, 175 California, adoption of Constitution for, 140; admission of, recom- mended by President Taylor, 140 ; hill to admit, 142 ; speeches of Augustus Caesar Dodge on ad- mission of, 143-145; reference to, 158; influence of discovery of gold in, upon railroad construc- tion, 163, 164; reference to, 165, 313 Campaign of 1840, excitement of, 64; effect of, on Territory of Iowa, 65 ; picturesque elements of, 68; nature of political gath- erings of, 71; debate in, between Dodge, Rich, and Churchman, 72 ; William H. Harrison in, 68, 72; Van Buren in, 68, 72; result of, in Iowa Territory, 72, 73 Campbell, John, resolution by Au- gustus Caesar Dodge to pay Iowa militia opposed by, 101 Canada, 226 Canary Islands, 328 Caniday, John, 59 Cape Horn, 167 Carlistism, 211 Carpenter, Cyrus, appoints commit- tee to investigate Reform School at Eldora, 253 Carroll, Wm. Thos., Clerk of Su- preme Court, 290 Cass, Lewis, Governor of Michigan Territory, arrival of, at Prairie du Chien, 14; Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 27; references to, 134, 135, 146, 175; compliments of, to Senators Dodge and Jones, 180 ; quotation from, 189 ; letter of Augustus Caesar Dodge to, 214; influence of ministerial changes described to, by Augus- tus Caesar Dodge, 218; succeeds William L. Marcy, 228; dispatch- es and letters of Augustus Caesar Dodge to, 327; succeeds William L. Marcy as Secretary of State, 334; letter of Dodge to, 334 Catlin, George, portrait painter, ac- companies Regiment of Dragoons, 23 Cattell, Mrs. Deborah, serves on Committee to investigate Reform School at Eldora, 253 Chambers, John, Statehood advo- cated by, 113 Chapman, William W., first Dele- gate from Iowa Territory, serv- ices of, 64; defense of, in Con- gress of Missouri-Iowa boundary question, 82, 83 Chase, Salmon P., 146, 155, 193; Appeal of Independent Demo- crats signed by, 321 Charles X, 326 Charles Tyng and Co., consignees of Black Warrior, 199, 200; re- quest of, to amend manifest re- fused, 200 Charlton, R. M., homestead princi- ple opposed by, 155 Cherokee Indians, 23 Chicago, 163, 250 China, 313 Choctaw Indians, 23 Chouteau, Pierre, Jr., referred to by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 88 Christina, mother of Isabella II, 205; expelled from Spain, 330 Churchman, James, aspirant for nomination for Delegate to Con- gress, 65 ; in campaign of 1840, 71; speaks in campaign, 72; de- bate with Rich and Dodge, 72 ; defeat of, as Delegate to Congress, 72 ; member of embassy sent to Waterloo, Missouri, 82 Claim clubs, purpose and operation of, 53, 54, 55 Clark, George Rogers, capture of "Vincennes by, 5 Clark, J. A., member of embassy sent to Waterloo, Missouri, 82 Clark, Lincoln, 133, 135 Clark, William, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 27 Clarke, James, appointed Governor of Territory of Iowa, 304 Clay, Henry, 74; reference to, 141; introduces plan for compromise, 142; reference to, 147, 184, 241, 261, 286 Clayton, John N., 181 Clemens, Jeremiah, 149 Clifton, Josiah, 129; vote of, for Senator, 131 Cole, O. C, nominated by Demo- crats for Judge of Supreme Court, 237; attends Democratic barbe- 350 INDEX cues at Oskaloosa and Des Moines, 245 Collantes, Spanish Minister of State, sale of Cuba opposed by, 335; reference to, 336 Colorado, 182 Compromise of 1820, 183, 322 Compromise of 1850, 139-152; elo- quence of debates in, 141, 142; plan of, introduced by Clay, 142 ; provisions of, 142; vote on pro- visions of, 146, 147; accepted as finality, 148 ; Augustus Caesar Dodge's views on, summarized, 151 ; attitude of Iowa toward, 151, 152; references to, 181, 183, 192 Congress, creation of Mounted Ran- gers by, 22 ; creation of Wiscon- sin Territory by, 25 ; petition to, for preemption laws, 49; passage of preemption law by, 50; crea- tion of Territory of Iowa by, 50; creation of two land districts in Iowa by, 50; Sullivan Line adopt- ed and described by, 78 ; subse- quent recognition by, 79 ; passage by, of act to establish boundary line, 80 ; receives Missouri-Iowa boundary question, 82 ; Missouri- Iowa boundary discussed in, 86- 89; passes act to provide three commissioners to settle boundary dispute, 90; authorizes settlement of boundary dispute in Supreme Court, 91; appropriations from, for Territory of Iowa, 94-111; petitions presented to, from Ter- ritory of Iowa, 96; demands of troops in Missouri-Iowa bound- ary dispute debated in, 99-102; demands upon, for public im- provements in Iowa Territory, 103-106 ; grants $15,000 for Penitentiary at Fort Madison, 104; appropriations from, for harbor at Dubuque, 105, 106 ; appropriations from, for Agency Road, 105, 106; appropriations from, for Military Roads, 106 ; appropriations from, to Territory of Iowa for legislative expenses and arrearages, 107-111 Conlee, Reuben, vote of, for Sena- tor, 131; death of, 132 Connecticut, 117, 191 Conquest of Granada, 196 Constitution, adoption of, by peo- ple of Iowa, 91 Constitution of 1844, formation of, by Convention, 113 ; boundaries of State in, 114; presentation of, to Senate, 114; reference of, to Ju- diciary Committee, 114, 115; discussion of boundaries in, 116- 119; defeat of, 119; second de- feat of, 121 Constitution of 1846, adoption of, 127 Constitutional Convention, vote on calling, in 1840, 286 Constitutional Convention of Mis- souri, 88 Constitutional Convention of 1844, 113, 114 ; Constitution of, re- 3 ected, 119; Constitution of, re- jected second time, 121 Constitutional Convention of 1846, 122, 123, 125; views of, explain- ed by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 125 ; boundaries of, adopted by Congress, 127 ; Constitution of, adopted, 127 Contents, table of, xiii Cook, Ebenezer, 196 Cooper, James, 165, 168 Coral ville (Iowa), 239 Cortes, 208, 215, 216, 230 Corwin, Thomas, 250 Council Bluffs (Iowa), 165, 172, 254, 313 Credit Mobilier, denounced by Au- gustus Caesar Dodge, 252 Crittenden Compromise, 250 Cromwell, C. T., shipper of print on Black Warrior, 203 Crooked Creek, 70 Cuba, 217; desire expressed by Au- gustus Caesar Dodge to obtain, 219; Ostend Conference in regard to, 220; desire of Democratic Administration to secure, 220; instructions of Augustus Caesar Dodge in regard to, 220, 221; effect of acquisition of, on Unit- ed States, 222 ; United States willing to pay large sum for, 223; powers of Captain-General of, 224 ; proposition to confer diplomatic powers to Spanish Minister in regard to, 225; ques- tion of domestic slavery in, 225 ; more liberal laws for Creole popu- lation of, 226; Democratic par- ty anxious to secure, 226; fruit- less negotiations for, 228; im- portance to United States of se- curing, 229; bitter opposition of Spain' to sale of, 230; corrup- tion of Spanish officials in, 231; reference to, 238; Augustus Cae- sar Dodge's attitude toward, criti- INDEX 351 eized in 1859, 246; objection! to granting diplomatic powers to Captain-General of, 332 j Com- mercial treaty for, proposed, 332, 333; union of parties in Spain against sale of, 333; last impor- tant diplomatic conference in re- gard to, 335 Cuban Revolution of 1868, 196 Cueta, Senor de, 208; Minister to United States, 329 Gushing, Caleb, Minister to Spain, 196 d'Assis, Don Francisco, marriage of, to Isabella II, 205, 206; conspires against Queen's throne, 211 Davenport (Iowa), 96, 172, 318 Davis, Garrett, Chairman of Com- mittee on Territories, 82, 85; bill to fix Missouri-Iowa boundary reported by, 85; passage of bill of, to settle boundary dispute, 89; reference to, 92; Augustus Caesar Dodge's resolution to pay Iowa militia supported by, 101 Davis, James, appointment of, as boundary commissioner, 80 ; re- ports of, to Governor Lucas, 80 Davis, Jefferson, lieutenant in Regi- ment of Dragoons, 22; in Black Hawk War, 43; credentials of Augustus Caesar Dodge present- ed by, 136; reference to, 146 Davis, John, 164 Dawson, Willam C, Pacific Rail- road opposed by, 168; reference to, 175; Iowa Land Bill opposed by, 178; references to, 192, 320 Dean, Ezra, report of, on claims of troops in Missouri-Iowa boundary dispute, 101 Dean, Henry Clay, mention of, for Democratic nomination for Gov- ernor, 236 Delaware Indians, 23 Delegate to Congress, importance and compensation of office of, 64; William W. Chapman the first, from Iowa Territory, 64; candi- dates for Democratic nomination for, 65; election of, in 1840, 72 Democratic Clarion, (Bloomfield), Republican ticket dubbed Plow Handle Ticket by, 242 Democratic Watchman, The, "250 Democrats, Whigs of Territory of Iowa assisted by, in defeating Constitution of 1844, 119; in election of 1846, 129; in election •f 1847, 132 ; in election of 1848, 134, 135; barbecues of, in 1848, 134; attitude of, toward Wilmot Proviso, 144; activity of, in Iowa in 1859, 235; candidates of, named for Governorship, 236; State Convention called by, 236, 237; State Convention postponed by, 237; platform of, in 1859, 237, 238; barbecue of, at Os- kaloosa in 1859, 245; barbecue of, at Des Moines in 1859, 245; defeat of, in 1859, 248 Department of the Interior, crea- tion of, 319 Des Moines (Iowa), Democratic barbecue at, in 1859, 245; Dem- ocratic convention at, 250 Des Moines, rapids of the river, 78, 79, 80, 83, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92 De Witt, Alexander, Appeal of the Independent Democrats signed by, 321 Dickinson, Daniel S., intervention of, in Benton-Poote encounter, 34 Diplomatic Correspondence of Au- gustus Caesar Dodge, description of, 326, 327 Dispute, Missouri-Iowa' boundary, duration of, 77; area of tract in, 77; cause of, 78; three distinct boundary lines in, 80; Congres- sional act in regard to, 80; com- missioners appointed in, 80 ; troops in, 81, 82; proclamations in, of Governors Lucas and Boggs, 82 ; referred to Congress, 82; William W. Chapman's de- fense in, 82, 83; Augustus Cae- sar Dodge defends claims of Iowa Territory in, 83 ; bill to fix bound- ary reported in House of Repre- sentatives, 85; John 0. Edwards defends claims of Missouri in, 86; Garrett Davis upholds claims of Iowa Territory in, 86; bill to settle discussed in House of Rep- resentatives, 86-89; bill to settle, passes Houses of Representatives, 89 ; neglected by Senate, 89 ; Con- gressional act providing commis- sioners to settle, 90 ; seeks settle- ment in Supreme Court, 91; set- tlement of, authorized in Supreme Court, 91; argued in Supreme Court, 91, 92; decided by Su- preme Court, 92 ; bill to pay Iowa militia in, 98-103 ; list of authori- ties on, 288-290; extract from a proclamation in regard to, 291 Dodge ancestry, 1 352 INDEX Dodge, Augustus Caesar, portrait of, frontispiece ; birth of, 38; earl; life and education of, 39; migration of, with ' his father, to Galena, 39; voyage of, to Ga- lena, 40; crowded condition, of boat, 40; food offered on boat, 40, 41; sees Black "Hawk's vil- lage, 41, 42 ; Bee's Wapello, Ma- haska, 42; arrival of, at Galena, 42; part of, in Winnebago out- break told by George W. Jones, 42, 43 ; campaigns of Black Hawk War witnessed by, 43; associate of Jefferson Davis and Zachary Taylor, 43 ; quotation from, on dangers of the Black Hawk War, 43; labors of,, at lead mines, 44, 45; early politics of, 45; George Wallace Jones nominated by, 45 ; visit of, to Ste Genevieve, 45; marriage of, 46; removal of, to Burlington, 46; appointment of, as Register of the United States Land Office, 51; visit of, to Washington, 51; du- ties of, as Register, 52; compen- sation and bond of, as Register, 53 ; commences duties as Regis- ter, 53; work of, as Register, 59; relinquishes office of Regis- ter, 61; efficiency of work of, as Register, 61; advantages to, gain- ed from office of Register, 62; appointed Brigadier General in militia of Iowa Territory, 63 ; elected alderman at Burlington, 63; qualifications of, for a seat in Congress, 63 ; nomination of, for Delegate to Congress, 66; no- tification sent to, 66; acceptance of nomination by, 67 ; criticism of, by Whigs, 68 ; campaigns with Alfred Rich, 69; reaches Brigh- ton, Iowa, 69 ; fords streams, 70 ; arrives at Washington, Iowa, 70; entertained by Thomas Baker, 70 ; debate with Rich and Church- man, 72 ; election of, as Delegate to Congress, 72; popularity of, shown by vote,' 13 ; takes seat in Congress, 73; area represented by, in 1840, 74; principal prob- lems of, as Delegate, 74; peti- tions presented py, in Twenty- sixth Congress, 75 ; petitions pre- sented by, in Twenty-seventh Con- gress, 75 ; petitions presented by, in Twenty-ninth Congress, 75; speech of, on Oregon question, 75; reference to, 78; member c embassy sent to Waterloo, Mil souri, 81; upholds Iowa boun< ary, 83; return of, to Burlinf ton, 84; second election of, t Congress, 84; welcomes his fatl er to House of Representative! 84; quotation from, on work c Congress, 85 ; moves resolution i regard to Missouri-Iowa bounc ary, 85 ; moves to take up Gai rett Davis's bill, 85; defend claims of Iowa Territory in Mil souri-Iowa boundary dispute, 8€ 89; appeals to Henry Dodge i: speech on Missouri-Iowa bound ary, 88 ; denounces Missouri, 89 urges settlement of boundary dii pute by American Congress, 89 references to, 90, 91, 92, 93; ei timate of defense of, in defend ing Iowa boundary, 93 ; dutie of, as Delegate, 94, 95; busines correspondence of, 95 ; petition sent to, 96; services of, in Mis souri-Iowa boundary dispute, 97 offers resolution to pay troops ei listed in the Missouri-Iowa bound ary dispute, 99 ; speaks in f avo of resolution, 99-102; defend services of troops in Missour: Iowa boundary dispute, 100; pr< sents memorial from Legislativ Assembly of Iowa Territory, 101 writes letters to creditors in Mil souri-Iowa boundary claims, 102 presents petitions asking aid fo public improvements, 103 ; ri eeives petition asking aid for Foi Madison Penitentiary, 103 ; si cures $15,000 from Congress fa Penitentiary at Fort Madisoi 104; campaign of, against Wi liam H. Wallace for Delegate t Congress, 104; criticism of Coi gressional career of, by "Whi press, 104, 105 ; begins thir term as Delegate to Congresi 105; secures appropriations fo harbor at Dubuque, 105, 106; si cures appropriations for Agenc Road, 105, 106; Becures appri priations for Military Roads, 106 success of, in securing Congrei sional appropriations, 106 ; mi tion of, to appropriate $13,42 for arrearages in Iowa Territor; 108 ; speech of, urging approprii tion of $13,421, 108, 109; mi tion of, appropriating $13,42 INDEX 353 passes House, 109; complains to Laurel Summers of slowness of Congress, 110; references to, 111, 112; presents Constitu- tion of 1844 to House, 114; Constitution of 1844 referred to Judiciary Committee on motion ef, 114, 115; reference to, 116; addresses letter to his constitu- ents, 116; urges acceptance of Nicollet Boundaries, 116-119 ; criticism of, for attitude on boundaries, 119-121 ; renomina- tion of, for Delegate to Congress, 119; record on boundaries de- fended by, 121; publishes Ad- dress to the People of Iowa, 121; fourth election of, as Delegate to Congress, 121, 122; determi- nation of, to secure Lucas Bound- aries, 122; instructions to, by Legislative Assembly, 122 ; intro- duces bill to define boundaries for Iowa, 122 ; instructions pre- sented by, 122 ; arguments of, for Lucas Boundaries, 124-126; views of Constitutional Convention of 1846 in regard to boundaries presented by, 125; Samuel F. Vinton's amendment opposed by, 125, 126; criticism of conduct and attitude of, on boundaries, 127; senatorial qualifications of, 128, 129; requested to recom- mend appointments, 129; nomi- nated for Senate, 130 ; newspaper comment on candidacy of, 130; reference to, 131; mentioned for United States senatorship, 132; failure of, to secure election to Senate, 133; enters presidential campaign of 1848, 133, 134; op- position to senatorial candidacy of, in 1848, 135; first election of, as United States Senator, 136; qualifies at Washington, 136; classification of, in U. S. Sen- ate, 136, 137; second election of, as United States Senator, 137; provides ball to celebrate second election, 137; is congratulated on election, 138; distinct view- points revealed in attitude of, on Compromise of 1850, 139, 140; representative of the West, 140, 142; membership of, on commit- tees, 142, 143; speeches of, on admission of California, 143-145; Abolitionism denounced by, 143; Wilmot Proviso denounced by, 143, 144; called to order by Vice President, 145; defends Fugitive Slave Law, 147-151; Abolitionists and Free Soilers denounced by, 147; justifies his vote on Fugi- tive Slave Law, 149; denounces doctrines of Abolitionists, 150, 151; sees race question in slav- ery agitation, 150; summary of theories of, on Compromise of 1850, 151; reference to, 152; at- tracted by problems of public do- main, 153 ; membership of, on Committee on Public Lands, 153; petitions from Iowa for free homes on public domain pre- sented by, 154; demands that Senate take up homestead bill, 154; speech of, on homestead principle, 156-161; reference to, 156, 158; cites evils flowing from public sales of public do- main, 158, 160; tribute from, to agriculture, 159, 160; cites ef- fects of homestead policy on im- migrants, 161; tribute from, to importance of Pacific Railroad, 162 ; interest of, in bill of Sena- tor Douglas, 164; serves on Com- mittee to consider Pacific Bail- road Bill of Senator Douglas, 164, 165; routes for Pacific railroad named by, 165, 166; government management of Pacific railroad preferred by, 167 ; declares Asi- atic commerce would be gained by railroad, 166-177; route prefer- red by, 168; quotes from Jobs C. Fremont, 168; value of Pa- cific railroad to immigration cit- ed by, 168, 169; amendment of, to Pacific railroad bill defeated, 169; petitions asking for rail- road land grants for Iowa pre- sented by, 172; bill providing for a railroad land grant in Iowa introduced by, 172; argues in favor of bill for railroad land grant for Iowa introduced by Senator Jones, 173; member of Committee on Public Lands, 174; provisions of Iowa Land Bill thoroughly understood by, 174; Iowa Land Bill reported by, to Senate, 174; two speeches on Iowa Land Bill by, 174-179; statistics of land sales in Iowa presented by, 176; sale clause of Iowa Land Bill criticised by, 176, 177; criticism of expendi- 23 354 INDEX tures in eastern States by, 178; union of Western representatives urged by, 179; advocacy of, on Iowa Land Bill complimented, by Lewis Cass, 180 ; chairman of Committee on Public Lands, 181; introduces bill to organize Ter- ritory of Nebraska, 182; moves printing of Douglas's Nebraska Bill and report, 182 ; Nebraska Bill of, in usual form, 183 ; speech of, on Kansas-Nebraska ■Bill, 185-192; western tone in speech of, on Kansas- Nebraska Bill, 185; argues for local self- government in Territories, 186; self-government in territories and Congressional power compared by, 186, 187; capacity of settlers for self-government argued by, 187, 188; cites instance of "squatter" justice in Iowa, 188 ; argument of, that people can and will gov- ern the Territories, 188 ; cites "squatter" practice of Henry Dodge in "Wisconsin Territory, 188, 189; effects of Wilmot Pro- viso and Missouri Compromise on slavery cited by, 189 ; effect of .slave labor on free labor in Ter- ritories explained by, 189, 190; Abolitionists denounced by, 190; defends Senator Douglas, 190 ; denounces Senator Sumner, 190; denounces Senator Seward, 190, 191; expresses veneration for Senator Benton, 191; sarcasm at Senator Smith directed by, 191; cites benefits to be conferred on Iowa by Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 191, 192; acts as presiding of- ficer of Senate, 193; vote of, on Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 193 ; in senatorial contest of 1854, 196; appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Spain, 197; news- paper comment on appointment of, 197, 198 ; studies Spanish, 198; sails for Europe on "Pa- cific," 201; arrives at Madrid, 201; arrives at Aranjuez, 201; interview of, with Juan de Za- vala, 202; presented to Queen of Spain, 202; speech of, to Queen of Spain, 202, 203; correspond- ence of, with Juan de Zavala on Black Warrior Affair, 203, 204; quoted on nature of Spanish gov- ernment in 1855, 205; quoted on fall of O'Donnell ministry, 208; quoted, 209; describes royal scan- dals of Spain, 210-212; describes Spanish political parties to Sec- retary Cass, 214; announces birth of a Spanish prince, 214; quota- tion from, 215; describes stand- ing and ability of Leopold O'Don- nell, 217, 218; influence of min- isterial changes described by, 218 ; expresses desire to secure Cuba, 219; confirmation of appointment of, as Minister to Spain, 220; instructions of, in regard to Cu- ba, 220, 221; conference of, with Zavala in regard to Cuba, 221- 226; promises to draft treaty of commerce and friendship, 226; writes to Marcy in regard to Cuba, 227; tenders resignation, 227; induced to remain at Ma- drid, 227; confidential letter of, to James Buchanan, 228-231 ; private letter of, to Lewis Cass, 231; urges appointment of South- ern statesman at Madrid, 231; resignation of, as Minister to Spain- accepted, 232 ; hopes George W. Jones will be appoint- ed Minister to Spain, 232; letter of, to George W. Jones, 232 ; fare- well of, to Isabella, 232, 233 ; farewell speech of, 233 ; criti- cism of diplomatic career of, 233, 234; reenters Iowa politics, 235; mentioned for nomination for Governor, 236 ; declines to ac- cept nomination for Governor, 236; demands for nomination of, 237; arrives at Burlington, 237; nominated for Governor, 237; ac- cepts nomination, 239 ; joint de- bate between Kirkwood and, pro- posed, 239; consults with State Central Committee, 239; position of, on leading issues, 240 ; joint debate at Oskaloosa between Kirkwood and, 240-242 ; visits Lewis, Magnolia, Sioux City, Win- terset, and Newton, 242 ; debate between Kirkwood and, at Adel, 242-243; joint debate between Kirkwood and, at Washington, 243, 244; joint debate between Kirkwood and, at Iowa City, 244, 245 ; joint discussion between Kirkwood and, at Tipton, 245; joint debate between Kirkwood and, at Maquoketa, 245; attends barbecues at Oskaloosa and Dea Moines, 245 ; criticisms upon, in campaign of 1859, 245, 246; at- INDEX 355 titnde of, toward Cuba censured, 246; alleged wealth of, 246; Kirkwood denounced by, 247; bitter newspaper attacks on, 247; campaign poet against, 247; de- feated for Governor, 248; criti- cism of views of, in campaign of 1859, 248; last years of, 249- 258; place of, in ante-bellum pe- riod, 249; receives Democratic vote for United States Senator in 1860, 249; deplores commence- ment of hostilities of Civil' War, 249, 250; urges compromises, 250; commends peace conference in Virginia, 250; chosen dele- gate to convention of Peace De- mocracy, 250 ; chosen delegate to National Union Convention, 250; mentioned for vice presidency, 250, 251; goes on eastern tour in 1879, 251; indorses Liberal Republicans, 251; views of, on tariff, 251; attitude of, toward public domain, 251 ; denounces Credit Mobilier, 252; elected may- or of Burlington, 252; serves on Committee of Investigation of Re- form School at Eldora, 253; en- ters' Iowa campaign of 1879, 253 ; acts as Chairman of Demo- cratic State Convention, 254; quoted, 254; addresses of, at old settlers' meetings, 254, 255 ; ad- dresses of, in other States, 255; addresses of, at Ste Genevieve, 255 ; temperance lectures of, 255 ; tribute of, to Andrew Jackson, 256; -President of the day at Burlington's semi-centennial, 256 ; speeches of, at Burlington's semi- centennial, 256, 257; illness of, 257; death of, 257; children of, 257, 258; burial of, 258; epi- taph of, 258 ; picture of monu- ment of, opposite 258; charac- terization of,' 259-265; person- al appearance of, 259 ; dress of, 259; domestic life of, 259; generosity and hospitality of, 260; visitors of, 260; politi- cal instincts and training of, 260, 261; influenced by political theories of Thomas H. Benton, 261; interest of, in questions of public domain, 261; style of speeches of, 261; popular esteem of, 261, 262; wide acquaintance of, .262 ; attitude of, toward man- ual labor, 262 ; retorts to Sena- 23* tor Brown on the dignity of lab- or, 262, 268; attitude of, toward education, 263; attitude of, to- ward temperance, 263, 264; pri- vate life of, 264; embraces Catho- lic faith, 264; perseverance and self-help of, 264; place of, in Iowa history, 265; extract from a speech by, at semi-centennial celebration at Burlington, 280; visit of, to Ste Genevieve, 281; Sketches of Iowa dedicated to, 283 ; reference to, 285 ; populari- ty of, in political campaign, 286; extract of speech by, on Ameri- can pioneer, 287, 288; vote of, for Delegate in 1841, 292; de- scription of a political meeting between William II. Wallace and, 295 ; efforts of, to effect exposi- tion of mineral lands to sale, 296; appropriation to secure re- moval of Winnebagoes obtained by, 296; letter of, to Jesse Wil- liams, 297; letter to, from John Wentworth, 300, 301; conduct of, in regard to boundaries com- mended, 300, 301; course of, in campaign for boundaries for State of Iowa commended by James Pollock, 301; letters to, from Enos Lowe, 302, 303; letter from, to Dr. Gideon S. Bailey, 303, 304; asked by President Polk to recommend appointments for Territory of Iowa, 303, 304; strength and chances of, in sena- torial election in 1846, 304, 305; gives treat to celebrate his nomi- nation for Senator by Democrats, 306; bill and petitions presented by, to pay militia in Missouri- Iowa boundary dispute, 307; let- ter to, from Commissioner of Gen- eral Land Office giving statistics on land sales, 310; extracts from speeches of, on Homestead Bill, 311; letter from Commissioner of General Land Office to, 312; letter to, from Thomas H. Ben- ton giving views on Pacific Bail- road, 314-316; presents tabular statement showing expenses of Iowa Territory and cost and sell- ing price of public lands in, 319; votes to create Department of In- terior, 319; policy of Thomas Ewing denounced by, 319, 320; speech of, on Kansas-Nebraska 356 INDEX Bill complimented by Stephen Hempstead, 321, 322; argues that Compromise of 1820 is re- pealable, 322 ; criticizes Charles Sumner, 322 ; criticizes William H. Seward, 322, 323; extract from letter of, to Tammany Hall, 324; election of, in 1854 impos- sible, 324; letter of, to Gideon S. Bailey, 324, 325; Democrats advised by, to prevent election of Senator, 325 ; Diplomatic Cor- respondence of, described, 326, 327; dispatches and letters of, to Marcy, Cass, Buchanan, and Jones, 327; dispatch of, to Lewis Cass quoted from, 329, 330; ask- ed to draft commercial treaty, 332; letter of, to William L. Mar- cy, 333, 334; letter of, to Lewis Cass, 334; argues for sale of Cuba by Spain, 335, 336; fare- well speech of Isabella II to, 337; complimentary notice of, by Chicago Herald, 338 ; criticism of a campaign speech by, 339, 340; criticism of speeches and cam- paign methods of, 340; partisan estimate of salaries received by, 341; eulogium upon, by B. J. Hall, 342; scorns bargain or in- trigue in election, 342, 343 ; char- acter of, summarized by The Bur- lington Hawh-Eye, 343 Dodge, Augustus Villars, eldest son of Augustus Caesar Dodge, 257 Dodge, Charles Jones, second son of Augustus Caesar Dodge, 257 Dodge family, influence of, in America, 1, 2 Dodge, Henry, ancestry of, 1; birth of, 11; boyhood of, 11, 12; mar- riage of, 12; duties of, as Sher- iff, 12 ; services of, in War of 1812, 13 ; witnesses Indian treaty, 13; Delegate to Missouri Constitutional Convention, 13 ; Albert M. Lea's reference to, 13 ; on boundary dispute, 13 ; busi- ness of, 13; removal of, to Illi- nois, 14; services of, in Winne- bago outbreak, 14, 15; removes to Wisconsin Territory, 15; de- fense of settlers' rights, 15 ; signs treaty with Winnebagoes, 16; ti- tles won in Black Hawk War, 17; makes scouting expedition, 17; warns miners, 17; headquar- ters of, 17; pursues Indians, 18; fights battle of Pecatonica, 18, 19 ; overtakes Indians, 20 ; j Battle of Wisconsin Heights, 2C in Battle of Bad Axe, 21, 22 loss of, in Battle of Bad Ax 22; appointed Major of Mounte Bangers, 22 ; services of, as Mi jor, 22; appointed Colonel c Regiment of Dragoons, 22; qui tations from journals of, 23, 2< 25 ; leaves Fort Leavenworth, 24 penetrates Indian country, 24 holds councils with Indians, 24 returns to Fort Leavenworth, 25 distance covered by expedition ol 25 ; appointment of, as Governo of original Territory of Wiscor sin, 25 ; oath of office as Govei nor of original Territory of Wif consin, taken by, 25; recommer, dations in messages of, 26; atti tude of, on location of Capital o original Territory of Wisconsin 26; features of first administra tion of, 26, 27; duties of, as Su perintendent of Indian Affairs 27; removal of, as Governor o the original Territory of Wiscon sin, 27; election of, as Delegati to Congress, 28 ; oath of office ai Delegate to Congress, taken by 28 ; duties and labors of, as Dele gate from the Territory of Wis consin, 28 ; speech of, against re duction of duty on lead, 29 harbors for Lake Michigan urgec by, 29; opposition of, to disband ing Regiment of Dragoons, 30 explanation from John Quinci Adams eKcited by speech of, 30 removal of Governor James D Doty urged by, 31; restoratioi of, as Governor of Wisconsii Territory, 31; welcomed back t< Mineral Point, 31; growth ol Wisconsin Territory during ad ministration of, 31; problems oi administration of, 31, 32 ; cam paign of, for State government 32 ; special session of Legislative Assembly called by, 32; nomina tion of, for Vice President bj Barnburners, 32, 33; declinatioi of nomination by, 33 ; electioi of, as United States Senator, 33; committees served on by, 33 ; friendship of, for Thomas H Benton, 34; interference of, ii encounter between Senators Foot< and Benton, 34; criticism of, or Benton-Foote encounter, 34; de clination of, to serve on commit INDEX 357 tee of seven to investigate Ben- ton- Foot e encounter, 35; rebuke of, to Senator Walker, 35; re- marks of, on admission of Kansas 35; last days of, 36; death of, 36; tribute to, by Governor Fair- child, 36 ; epitaph and resting place of, 37; protection of, to Missouri frontiers, 38, 39; mi- gration of, to Galena, 39; recom- mends preemption laws, 49 ; ref- erence to, 51; takes seat as Dele- gate from Wisconsin, 84; ap- pealed to, by Augustus Oaesar Dodge in speech on Missouri- Iowa boundary, 88; takes seat as Senator from Wisconsin, 137; gratification of, over son's elec- tion to Senate, 138; votes of, on Compromise of 1850, 146, 147; a violator of settlement laws, 188; defies United States officers, 188, 189; vote of, on Kansas- Nebraska Bill, 193; indicted and convicted of assault and battery, 270; life of, threatened by In- dian chief, 271; saved by Moses Henry, 271 ; stones an Indian, 271; flees to Ste Genevieve, 271, 272; hangs two murderers, 272; papers of, presented to Histori- cal Department at Des Moines, 274; list of commissions of, 274- 276; Military Order Book of, 276; extract from a speech by, on Upper Mississippi lead-mines, 277; urges appropriation for har- bors in Territory of Wisconsin, 277; witness in investigation of Benton-Foote encounter, 279 Dodge, Henry La Fayette, brother of Augustus Caesar Dodge, 41; in Winnebago outbreak, 42; burned at the stake, 280 Dodge, Israel, grandfather of Au- gustus Caesar Dodge, birth and early life of, 3 ; wounded in Bat- tle of Brandy wine, 3; marriage of 3; emigration of, to Kaskas- kia, 5; migration of, to Upper Louisiana, 6; prosperity of, 7; grant of land to, 7; breweries and distilleries of, 7; shipments of products of, 8; adventure of, 8, 9; joy of, in acquisition of Louisiana, 9; appointed Sheriff, 9; duties as Sheriff, 9, 10; death and burial of, 10 Dodge, Israel, son of Trustarum or Tristram Dodge, sketch of, 2; children of, 2 Dodge, John, son of Israel Dodge, 2; children of, 2 Dodge, John, Jr., sketch of, 2; children of, 3 Dodge, John, brother of Israel Dodge, Indian agent at Kaskas- kia, 5; reference to, 270 Dodge, Mrs, Augustus Oaesar, cli- mate of Spain on health of, 227; portrait presented to, 232; cul- ture and influence of, 259; pre- sents Henry Dodge's papers to Historical Department at Des Moines, 274 Dodge, Mrs. Nancy Ann, return of, to Kentucky, 6; children of, 6; second marriage of, 6; pleads for life of Henry Dodge, 271; urges Henry Dodge to flee, 271 Dodge, parallel between lives of Henry and Augustus Oaesar, 11 Dodge, Trustarum, or Tristram, founder of Dodge line, 1 Dodge, William Wallace, only liv- ing son of Augustus Caesar Dodge, acknowledgments to, xii; references to, 257, 258 Don Carlos, 328 Donnel, Robert, 324 Donohue, Joseph, 270 Doty, James Duane, appointment of, as Governor of Wisconsin Terri- tory, 27; removal of, urged by Henry Dodge, 31; defeat of, by Henry Dodge for the United States Senate, 33 ; reference to, 74 Douglas Compromise, 250 Douglas, Stephen A., 115 ; bffl_to fix boundaries for State of Iowa reported by, 122; defends bill, 123 ; bill of, adopted by Con- gress, 127; proposes grant of land for railroad construction, 163; prepares bill to organize Territory of Nebraska, 163; pre- pares bill to organize Territory of Oregon, 163; debate upon Pa- cific railroad bill of, 165; Augus- tus Oaesar Dodge's speech on Pacific railroad bill of, 169, 170; calls for yeas and nays on Pacific railroad bill, 170; reports Ne- braska Bill, 182; Nebraska re- port of, 183; introduces Kansas- Nebraska Bill, 183; impression created by Kansas-Nebraska Bill of, 184; references to, 185, 187; defended by Augustus Oaesar Dodge, 190; bills for admission of new States reported by, 190; 358 INDEX offers to waive right to close de bate, 192; closes debate on Kan sas-Nebraska Bill, 193 ; refer- ences to, 235, 241; strategy of, in securing Illinois Central Rail- road grant, 316, 317 Dragoons, regiment of, created, 22 composition of, 22 ; Henry Dodge, Colonel of, 22; Jefferson Davis, a lieutenant in, 22 ; services of, 23; expedition of, 24, 25; bill to disband, discussed, 30 Dred Scott Decision, 235, 240 Dubuque (Iowa), 82; appropria- tions for harbor at, 105, 106, 172, 318 Duncan, Alexander, 115, 117, 118 Earthquake at New Madrid, Mis- souri, 38 Editor's introduction, vii Edwards, James G., quoted, 73 Edwards, John C, claims of Mis- souri defended by, in Iowa-Mis- souri boundary dispute, 84; de- fense by, of claims of Missouri in Missouri-Iowa boundary dispute, 86; reply to, by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 86-89; vetoes bill to choose boundary commissioner, 90, 91 Eldora (Iowa), Reform School at, investigated, 253 Election of 1846, in Iowa, 129 Embassy in Missouri-Iowa boundary dispute, sent to Waterloo, Mis- souri, 81, 82 Emmons, Benjamin, referred to by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 88 Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Spain, 196; salary of, 197; of- fice hours of, 197; Augustus Caesar Dodge appointed as, 197 Espartero, Boldomero, recalled by Isabella, 206; ministry of, 206; rival of O'Donnell, 206, 207; ill health of, 207; leader of Pro- gresista party, 208 ; dissensions between O'Donnell and, 208, 209; references to, 209, 210, 213 ; bi- ographical sketch of, 328 Everett, Edward, opposes Kansas- Nebraska Bill, 184; references to, 193, 321 Ewing, L. D., in Battle of Wiscon- sin Heights, 20 Ewing, Thomas, assists Charles Ma- son as counsel in boundary dis- pute, 91 ; policies of, denounced by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 319, 320 Fairchild, Lucius, tribute of, U Henry Dodge, 36 Fair Play, 255 Favre d'Aunoy, trade commission er, 281 Feleh, Alpheus, 174 Ferdinand VII, 328 FesBenden, William Pitt, 192 Fillmore, Millard, calls Augustui Caesar Dodge to order, 145; ref erence to, 147, 169 Fisher, Maturin L., mentioned fox Democratic nomination for Gov- ernor, 236 Fletcher's Hotel at Burlington, 59 Fletcher, Jonathan, in Missouri-Iowa boundary dispute, 81 Flint Hills, 256 Florida, Territory of, 106, 115; bill admitting, into Union becomes law, 116; reference to, 127 Foot, Solomon, 181 Foote, H. S., encounter between Senator Benton and, 34; Con- gressional report on encounter be- tween Thomas H. Benton and, 279 Fort Badger, 313 Fort Chartres, 38 Fort Crawford, 14 Fort Gibson, 23 Fort Hamilton, 18 Fort Laramie, 165 Fort Madison (Iowa), 82; speech of Augustus Caesar Dodge at, 254 Fort Madison, Penitentiary at, 96, 103 ; petitions for appropriation to complete, 103, 104; $15,000 appropriated for, 104 Fort Union, 17 France, 182, 281, 329 Fremont, John C, quotation from, by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 168, 169; quoted, 314 Fremont, Mrs. Jessie Benton, Au- gustus Caesar Dodge congratulat- ed by, 138 Free Soilers, denounced by Augus- tus Caesar Dodge, 147; reference to, 151; demands of, for free homes on public domain, 154 Fugitive Slave Law, bill for, 142; debate on, 145, 146; Augustus Caesar Dodge favors, 145 ; speech on, 146; attitude of Iowa on, 146; reference to, 147; debate on, 147-151;' references to, 181, 183, 240 Fullenwider Samuel, vote of, foi Senator, 131 Fuller, Melville W., 342 INDEX 359 Gamble, Mr., counsel for Missouri in boundary dispute, 91 Gaines, Edmund P., quoted, 16, 17 Galena (Illinois), 14; lead center in 1827, 39; terror at, over In- dian outbreak, 42; noted social center, 44 Gehon, Francis, aspirant for nomi- nation for Delegate to Congress, 65 General Land Office, creation of, 47 Geyer, Henry S., 165 Giddings, Joshua E., signs Appeal of Independent Democrats, 321 Gila River, 166, 313 Gillaspy, George, mentioned for Democratic nomination for Gov- ernor, 236 Gilmore, Governor of Virginia, 323 Godoy, Manuel, 230; biographical sketch of, 335 Gold, discovery of, influence of, up- on railroad construction, 163, 164 Good Hope, Gape of, 167 Grant, TJlysses S., 251 Gratiot, Bion, early settler of lead region in Wisconsin, 272 Gratiot, Henry, early settler of Wis- consin lead region, 272 Great Basin, 313 Great Britain, 226 Great Salt Lake, 313 Greeley, Horace, 251 Green Bay (Wisconsin), 165 Green, Mr., counsel for Missouri in boundary dispute, 91 Grimes, James W., 246 Gwin, William M., introduces meas- ure in Senate containing home- stead principle, 154; bill of, lost in House, 154; reference to, 164 Hagar, Levi, 284 Hale, John P., speech of, on bill to admit California, 143, 146, 147; nominated for President, 309 Half-breed lands in Iowa, 158 Hall, B. J., cane to Augustus Cae- sar Dodge presented by, 256; quoted, 260; eulogium on Augus- tus Caesar Dodge by, 342 Hannibal, 230 Harlan, James, elected United States Senator, 196; defeats Augustus Caesar Dodge for United States Senate, 249; references to, 261, 264 Harrison, William Henry, 9; Super- intendent of Indian Affairs, 27; in Iowa campaign of 1840, 68, 72; references to, 338, 339 Hastings, S. Clinton, 132 Havana, 199, 200, 204 Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot, 73 Heath, Charles, 272 Hebard, Alfred, sketch of, 293, 294 Heffleman, Henry, Missouri tax col- lector arrested by, 81 Hempstead, Stephen, 132; compli- ment of, to speech of Augustus Caesar Dodge on the Kansas-Ne- braska Bill, 321, 322 Hendry, Deputy Marshal, embassy sent to Waterloo (Missouri) by, 81 Hendershott, David, 66, 67 Hendershott, Henry B., boundary commissioner, 292 Henn, Bernhart, clerk of land of- fice at Burlington, 51; crier at auction sale of land at Burling- ton, 60 ; mentioned for Democrat- ic nomination for Governor, 236; letter of, to Dr. Gideon S. Bailey, 304, 305 Henry, Brigadier General, 19 ; in Battle of Wisconsin Heights, 20; in Battle of Bad Axe, 21 Henry, Moses, saves life of Henry Dodge, 271 Hertich, Clara Ann, birth of, 45; marriage of, to Augustus Caesar Dodge, 46 Hertich, Joseph, schoolmaster at Ste Genevieve, 45, 281 Hight, G. W., 284 History of the Constitutions of Io- wa, brief description of, 297, 298 Holliday, Samuel, 66, 67 Homestead Bill, principle of the, 153-161; growth of, 153, 154; Free Soil party announces, 154; measure containing, introduced by Senator Gwin, 154; impor- tance of, to Nation, 155 ; debate on, in 1853, 155-161; persons benefited by, 156 ; does not oper- ate to make a gift, 156; benefit to agriculture, 156; restraint of, on speculation, 157, 158; effect of, on productiveness of States, 159; effect of, on immigrants, 161; enactment of, in 1862, 161 Horse Shoe Bend, battle of, (see Pecatonica, battle of) Houston,- Sam, 139, 146, 193, 320 Hudson, Silas A., 130, 131 Huner, Jacob, 129; vote of, for Senator, 131 Hunter, James, 270 Hunter, Joseph, 3, 4, 5 Hunter, Molly, 4 Hunter, Nancy Ann, marriage of, 360 INDEX 3 ; parents of, 3, 4 ; heroism of, 4, S; (see also Dodge, Mrs. Nan- cy Ann) Hunter, Robert M. T., 74, 179 Ichabod, quotation from, 141 Illinois, 162, 163, 175; beneficial ef- fects of land grant to, 179; ref- erences to, 262, 296 Illinois Central Railroad, first im- portant land grant made to, 171; provisions of land grant to, 171; Mobile and Ohio River Road giv- en grants similar to, 171; refer- ence to, 172 ; beneficial effects of grant to, 179; grant for, se- cured by Stephen A. Douglas, 316, 317 Independent Democrats, 184; Ap- peal of, 321 India, 313 Indiana, 113, 162, 163, 175, 309 Indiana, steamer embarked in by Dodge family, 39 Indian Boundary (see Sullivan's Line) Indians, land cessions from, 48 Introduction, editor's, vii Iowa Capital Reporter, 105, 120 Iowa Capitol Reporter, 90 Iowa City, 96, 113, 123, 130, 178, 239, 243 ; joint debate between Kirkwood and Augustus Caesar Dodge at, 244, 245 Iowa District in 1836, 48 Iowa Land Bill, the, 171-180; in- troduced by Senator Jones, 173 ; referred to Committee on Public Lands, 173 ; reported to Senate by Senator Dodge, 174; debated, 174-179 ; constitutionality of, 175 ; claims of Iowa to, 175 ; opera- tion of provisions of, on unsold lands in Iowa, 176 ; sale clause of, criticized, 176, 177; opposed by Senator Dawson, 178; influ- ence of, on population, 178 ; re- lated subjects discussed in debate on, 179 ; passage of, in Senate, 179 ; House fails to act upon, 179, 180 ; routes and terms pro- vided in, 318 Iowa-Missouri Boundary, 77-93 Iowa, State of, offices created by ad- mission of, 128; reference to, 140 ; attitude toward Compromise of 1850, 151, 152 ; petitions from for railroad land grants, 172; statistics of land sales in, 176; statistics of unsold lands in, 176; first railroad land grant for, 180, 182 ; attitude of, on slavery, 1859, 248; description of iron monument erected on boundary of, 292, 293 Iowa, Territory of, created, 26; agrarian condition of, in 1838, 48-50 ; references to, 50, 80 ; Gar- rett Davis upholds claims of, 86; references to, 90, 96; petitions from, 101, 102 ; references to, 103, 105; legislative arrearages of, 106-109; action of, on Nicol- let Boundaries, 119 ; reference to, 296; course of Augustus Caesar Dodge in securing boundaries for, 300, 301; tabular statement of cost and selling price of laud in, 319; expenses of, 319 Iowa Weekly Republican, 246 Ireland, 158 Iroquois Club of Chicago, letter of Augustus Caesar Dodge to, 255, 256 Irving, Washington, Minister to Spain, 196 Isabella II, Queen of Spain, receives Augustus Caesar Dodge , 202 ; speech of Augustus Caesar Dodge to, 202, 203 ; declared Queen of Spain, 205 ; marriage of, 205, 206 ; censured for cabinet change, 210; husband disliked by, 211; accepts resignation of Narvaez ministry, 212; political power of, 212, 213; difficulty of, in sum- moning cabinet, 213; new cabi- net obtained by, 213; children of, 214, 215; accepts resignation of Isturiz ministry, 216; presents portrait to Mrs. Augustus Cae- sar Dodge, 232; farewell of Au- gustus Caesar Dodge to, 232, 233; references to, 243, 327; description and characterization of girlhood of, 327, 328; fare- well speech of, to Augustus Cae- sar Dodge, 337 Isturiz, Francisco Xavier, head of transition ministry, 215; fall of ministry of, 215, 216, 217; bio- graphical sketch of, 331 Italy, 182 Jackson, Andrew, appointment of Henry Dodge as Major of Mount- ed Rangers by, 22; appointment of Henry Dodge as Colonel of Regiment of Dragoons by, 22 ; ap- pointment of Henry Dodge as Governor of original Territory of Wisconsin by, 25; tribute of Augustus Caesar Dodge to, 256; INDEX 361 reference to, 259; bill for Unit- ed States Bank vetoed by, 322 Jackson, Samuel Green, 57 Jameson, John, Representative from Missouri, 83; opposition of, to resolution of Augustus Caesar Dodge to pay Iowa militia, 101 Jefferson, Thomas, appointment by, of John Dodge as Indian Agent, 5; reference to, 322 Johnson, Cave, 74 Johnson, John, 284 Johnson, Peter, 272 Johnson, Robert M., 181, 320 Johnston, Albert Sidney, report of Battle of Bad Axe written by, 21 Jones, George W., quotation from, on Winnebago outbreak, 42, 43; nomination of, for Delegate to Congress, 45 ; reference to, 51 ; on Augustus Caesar Dodge's ef- ficiency, 131, 132; quoted, 133; election of, as United States Sena- tor, 136; takes seat in Senate, 136; reference to, 142; member- ship of, on committees, 143 ; bill for railroad land grant in Iowa introduced by, 172; provisions of bill explained by, 172, 173; bill introduced by, passes Senate, 173; introduces Iowa Land Bill, 173 ; moves to refer Iowa Land Bill to Committee on Public Lands, 173; burned in effigy, 177; efforts of, on Iowa Land Bill complimented by Lewis Cass, 180; reference to, 188; votes for Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 193; letter of Augustus Caesar Dodge to, 232; reference to, 280; gives treat to celebrate his nomination for Senator by the Democrats, 306; reference to, 307; votes of, on Compromise measures, 308; references to, 320, 327 Judy, 'Squire, 59 Julian, George W., nominated for Vice President, 309 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 240 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, the, 181-195, (see also Nebraska Bill); intro- duced, 183; provisions of, 183, 184; effect of doctrines of, 184; denounced by Independent Demo- crats, 184; debate upon, 185-193; benefits to the West to be con- ferred by, 191, 192; doctrine of non-intervention recognized by, 192 ; legislative ending of, in Sen- ate, 192 ; vote on, in Senate, 193 ; signed by President Pierce, 193; reference to, 219; effects of, 235; reference to, 262; final title of, 323 Kansas River, 313 Kansas, State of, 182 Kansas, Territory of, 185, 235 Kaskaskia, capture of, 5 Keith, Gabriel, 270 Keith, Nicholas, 270 Kellogg Compromise, 250 Kent, Josiah, election of, 132 Kentucky, Joseph Hunter migrates to, 4; Nancy Ann Dodge returns to, 6 ; early boyhood of Henry Dodge spent in, 11, 12; refer- ence to, 197, 336 Keokuk (Iowa), 172, 318 Keokuk Reserve, 48 King, Nelson, 130 Kinney, Judge, 135 Kinsman, John N., seat of, declared vacant, 132, 133 Kiowa Indians, 23 Kirkwood, Samuel Jordan, sketch of, 238; nominated by Republi- cans for Governor, 238, 239; joint debate with Augustus Cae- sar Dodge and, proposed, 239; joint debate between Augustus Caesar Dodge and, at Oskaloosa, 240-242; visits Magnolia, Lewis, Sioux City, Newton, and Winter- set, 242 ; joint debate between Au- gustus Caesar Dodge and, at Washington, 242, 244; driven in- to Washington on a hay-rack, 243, 244; joint debate between Augus- tus Caesar Dodge and, at Iowa City, 244, 245; joint discussion between Augustus Caesar Dodge and, at Tipton, 245; joint discus- sion between Augustus Caesar Dodge and, at Maquoketa, 245 ; Democratic criticism of, in cam- paign of 1859; 246, 247; bitter newspaper attacks on, 247; elec- tion of, as Governor of Iowa, 248; reference to, 261 Kirkwood, The Life and Timet of Samuel J,, reference to, 338 La Fayette, wounded in Battle of Brandy-wine, 3 Lake Erie, 163 Land districts, creation of, for Io- wa, 50 Land Office at Des Moines, records in, described, 283, 284 Lassus, Don Carlos Dehault, 7; last Spanish Governor of Upper Louisiana, 9 Lathrop, Henry W., author of Th« 362 INDEX Life and Times of Samuel J. Kirkwood, 338 ' Lea, Albert Miller, refers to Henry Dodge, 13; Appointment of, to mark boundary between Iowa Territory and Missouri, 80; re- port of, to Commissioner of Gen- eral Land Office, 80; Augustus Caesar Dodge quotes, 88 Leah, slave of Henry Dodge, 39 Leas, William II., serves on Com- mittee to investigate Reform School at Eldora, 253 Lecompton Constitution, 240, 248 Leffingwell, William E., mentioned for Democratic nomination for Governor, 236 Leffler, Shepherd, references to, 131, 299, 307 Legislative Assembly of Iowa Terri- tory, extravagance of, 107; post- ponement of session of, 110, 111 Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin Territory, special session of, 32 Levy, David, 116 Lewis (Iowa), 242 Lewis, Warner, in Missouri-Iowa boundary dispute, 81 Liberal Republicans, Augustus Cae- sar Dodge indorses, 251 Life of George Washington, 196 Lincoln-Douglas debates, 239 Linn, Asael, father of Lewis F. Linn, 6 Linn, Lewis Fields, son of Nancy Ann Hunter, 6 ; references to, 51, 74, 84 Liverpool, 201 Livingston, Crocheron and Co., own- ers of BHack Warrior, 203 London, 201 Lopez, Narcisso, Cuban filibusterer. 199 Louisiana, acquisition of, 9 Louisiana Purchase, cost of, 320 Lowe, Enos, successor of Augustus Caesar Dodge as Register of Land Office at Burlington, 61; refer- ence to, 125; letters from, to Au- gustus Caesar Dodge in regard to boundaries for State of Iowa, 302, 303 Lowe, Ralph P., nominated by Whigs for Delegate to Congress, 119; record of Augustus Caesar Dodge attacked by, 121 ; Whig candidate for Senate, 135; defeat of, for Senate, 136 Lowell, James Russell, Minister to Spain, 196 Lucas Boundaries, 114, 118, 121, 122, 125, 298 Lucas, Robert, Augustus Caesar Dodge appointed Brigadier Gen- eral in militia of Iowa Territory by, 63 ; Dr. James Davis ap- pointed boundary commissioner by, 80; remonstrance address to, by Commissioners of Van Buren County, 8 1 ; order of, to Major Generals to call out malitia, .81; contention of, in Missouri-Iowa boundary dispute, 82 ; references to, 92, 96, 97; reviews troops in Missouri-Iowa boundary dispute, 98; references to, 99, 101; urges economy to Legislative Assembly, 108 ; advocates Statehood, 113 ; extract from message of, 291 Lucena (Spain), 329 Luziere, Pierre de Lassus, 7 McCarty, Jonathan, nominated for the Senate, 130 ; defeated for Senate, 131 McCulloch, J. W., Ill McDonald, family of, 6 McDonald, Christina, marriage of, to Henry Dodge, 12 McDuffie, 175 Madison, James, 13 ; approves Unit- ed States Bank, 322 Maderia, C, 284 Madrid, 199, 200, 201, 206, 220, 227, 228, 231, 232, 329 Magnolia (Iowa), 242 Mankato (Minnesota), 116 Mankato or Blue Earth River, 116 Mann, Horace, 147 Maquoketa (Iowa), joint debate be- tween Kirkwood and Augustus Caesar Dodge at, 245 Marcy, William L., instructions of, to Pierre Soul 6, 200;. references to, 204, 205 ; instructions of, to Augustus Caesar Dodge in regard to Cuba, 220, 221; letter to, by Augustus Caesar Dodge in regard. to Cuba, 227; succeeded by Lewis Cass, 228; dispatches and letters of Augustus Caesar Dodge to, 327; letter of Augustus Caesar Dodge to, 333, 334; succeeded by Lewis Cass, 334 Maryland, 189 Mason, Charles, counsel for Iowa in boundary dispute, 91; refer- ences to, 132, 236; mentioned for Democratic nomination for Gov- ernor, 236; nominated for Judge of Supreme Court, 237; refer- ences to, 242, 261 INDEX 363 Mason, James M., 170 Massachusetts, 117, 231 Matagorda (Texas), 166 Memphis (Tennessee), 166 Mexico, 227; War with, 250 Michigan, 115; evils of public sale of land in, 160; statistics con- cerning sold and unsold lands in, 312 Miller, Daniel F., contests seat of William Thompson, 307 Miller, John, Representative from Missouri, 83 Milte, Frederick D., 299 Military Roads, appropriations for, 106 Mineral Point, Wisconsin, political meeting at, 45 Ministries of Spain, ministry of Espartero, 206, 207; dissensions in ministry of Espartero, 207 ; fall of Espartero's ministry, 208; the O'Donnell ministry, 209; dis- sensions in O'Donnell' s ministry, 209; fall of O'Donnell ministry, 210; Narvaez ministry, 210; weakness of Narvaez ministry, 212 ; Armero's ministry, 213 ; 214; fall of Armero's ministry, 215; Isturiz ministry or the "transition ministry," 215; fall of Isturiz ministry, 216; O'Donnell ministry, 216; strength of O'Don- nell ministry, 216, 217 Minor, W. G., boundary commis- sioner, 292 Mississippi, railroad land grant to, 171; references to, 185, 262, 263 Mississippi River, 114, 156, 164, 165, 172, 175 Missouri Compromise, not intended for benefit of negro, 189 Missouri-Iowa Boundary, 77-93 Missouri, State of, adoption of Con- stitution for, 13 ; remarks its northern boundary, 78 ; accepts line run by Joseph C. Brown, 80 ; declares authority over disputed area, 81; assesses property in Van Buren County, 81; denounc- ed by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 89 ; reference to, 140 ; evils of public sale of land in, 160; ref- erence to, 262 ; description of iron monument erected on bound- ary of, 292, 293; statistics con- cerning sold and unsold lands in, 311 Missouri River, 163, 172, 178, 318 Missouri, Territory of, created, 38; authorized to form State consti- tution, 78; Constitutional Con- vention of, 88; reference to, 140 Mitchell, Gilbert C. R., nominated for the Senate, 130; mentioned for Democratic nomination for Governor, 236 Mobile (Alabama), 175, 199 Mobile and Ohio River Road, land grant to, 171 Moderados party, 208, 210, 214, 216 Moffet's Mill, 70 Mon, Alexander, Secretary of the Treasury in Spain, 214 Moore, Henry, 284 Morgan, James M., criticizes Augus- tus Caesar Dodge, 120 Morgan, John, 75 Morrison, W. C, 284 Mt. Pleasant (Iowa), address of Au- gustus Caesar Dodge at, 255 Mt. Pleasant Journal, 237 Mounted Rangers, creation of, by Congress, 22; conversion of, into Regiment of Dragoons, 22 Mulattoes, act to regulate blacks and, 146 Munroe, Thomas, 324 Murillo, Bravo, returns from exile, 209; reference to, 211; over- throws Armero ministry, 215 Murphy, John H., first purchaser of land at Burlington, 57 Napoleon Bonaparte, 328 Napoleon, Louis, 230 Narvaez, Ramon Maria, 208; re- turns from exile, 209; becomes head of Moderado ministry, 210; reference to, 211; fall of ministry of, 212; references to, 213, 216, 217; succeeds Espartero as Pre- mier of Spain, 330; biographical sketch of, 330, 331 National Union Convention, 250 Nebraska, 182, 262 Nebraska Bill, introduced by Sena- tor Dodge, 182; referred to Com- mittee on Territories, 182 ; re- ported with an amendment, 182 ; 5,000 copies of, ordered printed, 182; area and population of ter- ritory included in, 182; aban- doned and succeeded by Kansas- Nebraska Bill, 183 Newhall, John B., description from, of early land sale at Burlington, 56; Sketches of Iowa by, 283 New Hampshire, 117, 309 Newland, John, 96 New Mexico, Territory of, 141; bill to organize, 142 ; boundary of, 142; references to, 147, 158 364 INDEX New Orleans, 8, 9, 281, 326 Newton (Iowa), 242 New York, 117, 124; anti-rent evils in, 158; references to, 199, 323 New York Chamber of Commerce, approval of, of Asa Whitney's plan, 164 New York Herald, 197 Nicollet Boundaries, acceptance of, urged by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 116-119; described by Dodge, 117; references to, 119, 120, 122, 298 Nicollet, Jean, United States Geolo- gist, 117 Norris, Moses, 192 North Carolina, 157, 185 North Dakota, 182 Notre Dame University, William Wallace Dodge a graduate of, 257; interest of Augustus Caesar Dodge in, 263 O'Connor, Patrick, murderer of George O'Kief, 188; hanged, 188 O'Donnell, Leopold, Minister of War, 206; rival of Espartero, 206, 207 ; dissensions between Es- partero and, 208, 209; names new cabinet, 209; fall of minis- try of, 210; reference to, 213; again assumes leadership of the Spanish cabinet, 216; excellency of cabinet of, described by Augus- tus Caesar Dodge, 216; standing and ability of, described by Au- gustus Caesar Dodge, 217, 218; reference to, 232; biographical sketch of, 328; triumph of, in revolutions of 1854 and 1856, 329, 330; displaces Espartero, 330; succeeded by Narvaez, 330 Ogdensburg (New York), 316 Ohio, 126, 136, 162, 163 Ohio Boundary Dispute, 81 O'Kief, George, murdered by Pat- rick O'Connor, 188 Old Stone Capitol, 130, 137 Oregon, Territory of, 158 Osage Indians, 23 Osage Indian Treaty of 1808, 77, 78 Oskaloosa (Iowa), joint debate at, between Kirkwood and Augustus Caesar Dodge, 240-242 ; partisan accounts of joint debate at, 241, 242 ; Democratic barbecue at, in 1859, 245 Ostend Conference, 220 Ostend Manifesto, 326 Pacific, Augustus Caesar Dodge sails on, to Europe, 201 Pacific Railroad, 162-170; tribute of Augustus Caesar Dodge to problem of, 162; campaign of Asa Whitney for a land grant for, 163 ; demand upon Congress for, 164 ; bill for, introduced by Sena- tor Douglas, 164; bill of Senator Douglas for, referred to commit- tee, 164, 165; debated, 165-169; routes for, named by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 165, 166, fostering of western settlement by, 167; Asiatic commerce facilitated by, 166-167; route for, preferred by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 168; set- tlement of immigrants aided by, 168; selection of route for, 169; jealousies over, 169; defeat of, in Senate, 170; five routes for, 313; commercial advantages of, 313, 314; views of Thomas H. Ben- ton on, 314-316 Pacific Railroad Bill, 155 Pacific Telegraph, demand for, 164 Paris, 201 Parvin, Theodore S., 256, 299 Patterson, Colonel, 59 Peace Democracy, convention of, 250 Pearce, James A., chairman of com- mittee to investigate Benton- Foote encounter, 279 Pecatonica, battle of, 18, 19 ; Hen- ry Dodge's account of, 18, 19 Petitions, presented to Congress by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 96; pre- sented for aid for public improve- ments, 103, 108 Phelps, Samuel S., 279 Philadelphia, 250 Pidal, Marquis de, 209; letter of Augustus Caesar Dodge to, 227 Pierce, Franklin, 169; quotation from, 181; references to, 184, 197; appoints Pierre Soule Min- ister to Spain, 199; references to, 202, 219, 280, 334 Pinney, Ambrose L., 324 Pirates, on Israel Dodge's boat, at- tack of, 8, 9 Pittsburg, Free Soil National Con- vention at, 154 Platte River, 24, 168, 185 Plow Handle Ticket, 242, 243, 339 Polk, James K., 127; asks Augus- tus Caesar Dodge to recommend appointments, 129; references to, 175, 251 ; asks Augustus Caesar Dodge to recommend appoint- ments for Territory of Iowa, 303, 304; appoints James Clarke Governor of Iowa Territory, 304 INDEX 365 Pollock, James, 121; commends course of Augustus Caesar Dodge in securing boundaries for State of Iowa, 301 Pope, John, supports Augustus Cae- sar Dodge's resolution to pay Iowa militia, 101 Popular Sovereignty, 240 Portrait of Augustus Caesar Dodge, frontispiece; picture of monu- ment of Augustus Caesar Dodge, opposite 258 Posey, Alexander, 19; in battle of Bad Axe, 21 Pottawattamie Indians, 27 Prairie du Chien, 14, 21 Pratt, Thomas G., 174 Preface, ix-xii Presidential campaign, Iowa's first, 133, 134 Preston, William, complimented by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 336 Progresista party, 208, 209 Public Domain, importance of, 47; effects of disposal of, 47; first Congressional act in reference to, 47; problems of, attractive to Au- gustus Caesar Dodge, 153 ; re- sults of disposal of, by public sales, 153 ; demand for granting free homes on, 153, 154; Free Soil party demands granting of free homes on, 154; attitude of government toward settlers on, 157; total cost of, prior to 1850, 158; total receipts from sale of, prior to 1850, 158; gain from, to government prior to 1850, 158; effect of public sale of, upon new States and Territories, 158; duty of government in regard to, 159; evils from public sale of, in Mis- souri and Michigan, 160; grant- ed for public improvements, 162; grant of, proposed by Stephen A. Douglas, 163; attitude of Au- gustus Caesar Dodge toward, in 1872, 251; facts concerning land sales on, 310, 311 Public Domain in Iowa, first sur- vey of, 48; early settlement of, 49; preemption laws demanded for, 49, 50; rapid settlement of, 50; two land districts created for, 50; proclamation for first public sale of, 53 ; confusion in early surveys of, 54; first public sale of, at Burlington, 55; settlers at public sale of, at Burlington, 55; first purchasers of, at Burlington, 57; description of sale of, at Bur- lington, 58; money received for sale of, at Burlington, 60, 61; cost of extinguishment of Indian title to, 320 Puget Sound (Oregon), 165 Purdy, Elijah P., 324 Bailroad land grants, bill for, pre- pared by Stephen A. Douglas, 163 ; to Illinois Central Bailroad, 171; to Mobile and Ohio Biver Boad, 171 ; petitions from Iowa asking, 172; bill for, in Iowa in- troduced by Senator Jones, 172; Iowa Land Bill introduced, 173; many bills for, introduced, 174; to original Territory of Wiscon- sin, 177; the first, to Iowa, 180 Bailroad, The Pacific (see Pacific Bailroad) Eapids of the river Des Moines, 78 79, 80, 83, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92 Bathbun, George, 116; arguments of, for smaller boundaries for State of Iowa, 123, 124 Bed Bird (Winnebago Chief), cap- ture and death of, 15 Reform School at Eldora, investiga- tion of, 253 ; report on affairs of, 253 Begister of Land Office, duties of, 52; compensation of, 53; bond of, 53 Bepublicans of Iowa, administra- tion of, 235; State Convention of, in 1859, 238, 239 Bevolution of 1854 in Spain, 206; liberal principles given impetus by, 207 Beynolds, John, 66, 67 Beynolds, John, Governor of Illi- nois, 17; presents credentials of Henry Dodge, 28; 276 Bhode Island, 117 Bich, Alfred, nominated for Dele- gate to Congress by Whigs, 67; humble origin of 68; policies of, in campaign, 69 ; campaigns with Augustus Caesar Dodge, 69 ; reaches Brighton, Iowa, 69; fords streams, 70; arrives at Wash- ington, Iowa, 70 ; entertained by Thomas Baker, 70; debate with Dodge and Churchman, 72; de- feat of, for Delegate to Congress, 72; second defeat of, by Augus- tus Caesar Dodge, 84; vote of, for Delegate in 1841, 292 Bio Colorado Biver, 166 Bio Grande Biver, 165, 166, 313 Bock Island, Black Hawk's village at, in 1827, 41; reference to, 163 366 INDEX Rockwell, Julius, 123 Rosa, Martinez de la, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 213; reference to, 214 Royalty, Spanish, 205 ; extravagance and immorality of, described, 210-212 Buel Daggs vs. Elihu Frasier et al., 146 Buggies, D., inspects troops of Mis- souri-Iowa boundary dispute, 97 ; report of, to War Department, 98; report of, considered by Con- gress, 98-103 ; reference to, 99, 101 Rusch, N. J., Republican candidate for Lieutenant Governor, 242 Rusk, Thomas J., 164, 279 Russia, 316 Sacs and Foxes, treaty with, 16; reference to, 27; cession of, 48 St. Gen, family of, at Ste Gene- vieve, 38 Ste Genevieve, Israel Dodge settles at, 6; market for lead, 6, 7; settlement of, 38; visit to, of Au- gustus Caesar Dodge, 45; refer- ence to, 73 ; addresses of Augus- tus Caesar Dodge at, 255; ref- erence to, 281 St. John, Powers and Co., shippers of cotton on Black "Warrior, 203 Saint Louis, Count of, 211 St. Louis, lead trade at, 7, 165, 166, 169 St. Paul (Minnesota), 313 St. Peters River, 114 Salic law, set aside in Spain, 327 Salter, William, acknowledgments to, xi; references to articles by, 269, 271, 272, 276, 280, 281, 282, 285, 288, 306, 314, 322 Salt Lake City, 165 Samuels, Ben M., mentioned for Democratic nomination for Gov- ernor, 236 ; attends Democratic barbecue at Oskaloosa, 245 San Francisco (California), 165, 166, 313 San Joaquin River, 166 San Luis, 208, 209 Santa Cruz de Teneriffe, 328 Santa Fe Road, 24 Selman, John J., 133 Senatorial election, Iowa's first, candidates in, 130; party tactics in, 130, 131; first joint conven- tion in, 131; candidates in, in 1847, 132; contested election in, 132, 133; thwarted in 1848, 133; candidates in, in 1848, 135; Whig candidates in, in 1848, 135, 136; final vote of, in 1848, 136 Seventh of March Speech, 139, 141 Sevier River, 313 Seward, William H., 140, 141; quo- tation from, 141 ; references to, 143, 151; opposes Kansas-Ne- braska Bill, 184; denounced by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 190, 191; reference to, 193; criti- cized by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 322, 323 Shadrach, rescue of, 147 Shambaugh, Benj. F.. editor's in- roduction by, vii; acknowledg- ments to, xi, xii Sherman, Buren R., 256 Shields, James, 174, 279 Slavery, repugnance to, of citizens of Territory of Iowa, 87; atti- tude of Iowa on, 146 ; reference to, 151, 152; in British West Indies, 226 Slave trade, in District of Colum- bia, bill to abolish, 142 Sickles, Daniel E., Minister to Spain, 196 Sierra Nevada Mountains, 165, 166 Sigourney (Iowa), 243 Sioux City (Iowa), 242 Sioux Indians, 27 Sketches of Iowa, volume by John B. Newhall, quoted from, 56 Skunk River, 69 Smith, Gerrit, Appeal of the Inde- pendent Democrats signed by, 321 Smith, Jeremiah, 96 Smith, Silas, 66, 67 Smith Truman, 165, 191 Snelling, Colonel, 15 Soule 1 , Pierre, predecessor of Augus- tus Caesar Dodge, 198 ; speech of, on Narcisso Lopez, 199 ; fights duel with Admiral Turgot, 199; diplomacy of, in Black Warrior Affair, 199; demands reparation for Black Warrior seizure, 200, 201; negotiations by, to secure Cuba, 219, 220; resignation of, 220; reference to, 241; biograph- ical sketch of, 325, 326; refer- ence to, 334 South Dakota, 182 South Pass, the, 165, 168 Spafford's Ford, murder of four men at, 17, 18 Spain, 182 ; American representa- tives at, 196 ; relations of, and United States in 1855, 198, 199; Augustus Caesar Dodge arrives INDEX 367 in, 201; speech of Augustus Cae- sar Dodge on relations between United States in 1855, 198, 199; litical condition of, in 1855, 205 ; Revolution of 1854 in, 206, 207; deplorable condition of, 207, 208; immorality of royal society of, 210-212; departed glory and pow- er of, 212 ; popularity of minis- terial changes in, 213 ; political parties in, described, 214; po- litical revolution of, in 1858, 216, 217; reference to, 221; attitude of people of, in regard to sale of Cuba, 222; regards sale of Cuba a sale of national honor, 223; opinion of, in regard to slavery in Cuba, 225; bitter opposition of, to sale of Cuba, 230; refer- ence to, 233, 243, 281 ; Salic law in, 327; reference to, 328; re- fuses to sell Cuba, 335, 336 Squatter Sovereignty, 184; tribute of Augustus Caesar Dodge to, 185; example of, cited by Augus- tus Caesar Dodge, 188, 189; ref- erence to, 248 State University of Iowa, The, Wil- liam Wallace Dodge a graduate of, 257 Steers, James R., 324 Sterling, Lyne, speculator at Bur- lington land sale, 58 Stillman, Isaiah, defeat of, 17 Stoddard, Amos, 9 Stuart, Charles E., 181 Sturgeon, Daniel, 139, 146 Sullivan, John C, government sur- veyor, 77; runs Sullivan Line, 78 ; result of carelessness of, 78 ; reference to, 92 Sullivan Line, run by John C. Sul- livan, 78; obliquity of, 78; adopt- ed by Congress, 78 ; • recognized by Congress, 79; ambiguity of, 79; references to, 82, 85, 86, 99 Summers, Laurel, letter of Augustus Caesar Dodge to, 110; member of Legislative Assembly, 297 Sumner, Charles, 140 ; delivers phil- ippic against Fugitive Slave Law, 148, 149; reference to, 149; op- poses Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 184; denounced by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 190; reference to, 193; signs Appeal of Independent Democrats, 321; course of, on slavery criticized by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 322 Supreme Court, 77, 90, 91; Mis- souri-Iowa boundary case in, 91; decision of, in Missouri-Iowa boundary case, 92 ; commission- ers appointed by, to mark bound- ary line, 92; reference to, 322 Sutter's Mill, discovery of gold at, 140 Talhnadge, Nathaniel P., succeeds James D. Doty as Governor of Wisconsin Territory, 31 Taney, Roger B., 169 Tappan, Benjamin, 114 Taylor, Hawkins, description from, of land sale at Burlington, 58; quotation from, in regard to pay- ments for land sales, 60; sketch of, 284 Taylor, Zachary, in Battle of Bad Axe, 21; in Black Hawk War, 43; reference to, 134, 135; rec- ommends admission of California 140 Temple, George, 66, 67 Tennessee, 157, 321 Territorial Convention at Burling- ton, in 1837, 49 Territory of Iowa, created, 26, 50; appropriations for, 94-111 ; peti- tions from, 96, 103; $15,000 granted to, 104; $22,500 granted to, 105, 106; appropriations to, in year 1845, 106 ; Organic Act of, 107; appropriations for leg- islative expenses and arrearages in, 107, 108, 109, 111; desire of, for Statehood, 112; vote of, on question of Statehood, 113 ; Convention to form Constitution for, 113; bill for admission of, 115 ; bill to admit, becomes law, 116; rejection by, of Constitu- tion of 1844, 119, 121, 122; adoption by, of Constitution of 1846, 127; reference to, 138 Texas, 118 ; bill to settle boundary of, 142 ; reference to, 147 ; ref- erences to, 166, 227, 321 Thompson, Bloomer, 70 Thompson, Waddy, opposes payment of Iowa militia, 99 Thompson, William, seat of, declar- ed vacant, 307 Thorington, James, Swamp Land Commissioner, 243 Tohone Pass, 166 Tomlinson, Will, travels with Dodge in campaign of 1859, 339 Troops in Missouri-Iowa boundary dispute, 81, 82, 97; inspection of, 97; estimate of value of serv- ices of, 98 ; demands of, consid- ered in Congress, 98-103 ; reso- 368 INDEX lution to pay, introduced by Delegate Dodge, 99; bill to pay, passes House of Representatives, 102; bill to pay, neglected in Senate, 102; bill to pay, subse- quent history of, 102, 103 Trudeau, Zenon, referred to, by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 88 Turgot, Admiral, fights duel with Pierre Soule, 199 Turney, Hopkins L., 147 Tyler, John, appointment by, of Governor of original Territory of Wisconsin, 27; removal of Hen- ry Dodge by, 27; declines to re- move Governor James D. Doty, 31; Peace Conference of, 250 Tyng & Co. (see Charles Tyng & Co.) Underwood, Joseph R. t opposes resolution by Augustus Caesar Dodge to pay Iowa militia, 101; references to, 174, 179 Union Pacific Railroad Company, incorporated, 317 Upper Mississippi Lead Mines, fame of, 14 ; statistics concerning, 277 Utah, Territory of, 141; bill to or- ganize, 142 ; references to, 147, 158 Valle, family of, at Ste Genevieve, 38 Van Antwerp and Hughes, legisla- tive printers, 109 Van Antwerp, Ver Planck, appoint- ment of, as Receiver of Public Moneys, 51; Receiver of Public Moneys, 56, 59 ; reference to, 132 ; mentioned for Democratic nomination for Governor, 236 Van Buren, nomination of, for President by Barnburners, 32 ; indorsement of, for President by National Free Soil Convention, 33 ; in Iowa campaign of 1840, 68, 72; appoints Albert Miller Lea, boundary commissioner, 80 Vancouver, 313 Vermont, 117 Vicalvaro (Spain), 329 Vicksburg (Mississippi), 166 Villars, trade commissioner, 281 Villars, Mercilite de, marriage of, to Joseph Hertich, 45 Vincennes, capture of, 5 ; romantic history of, 11; capture of, from British, 11 Vinton, Samuel P., 114, 115; argu- ments of, for reduction of bound- aries for Iowa, 118 ; moves amendment to Iowa boundary, 125 ; amendment of, defeated, 126 Virginia, 189, 323 Wade, Benjamin P., opposes Kan- sas-Nebraska Bill, 184; reference to, 192 Wade, Edward, signs Appeal of the Independent Democrats, 321 Walker, Isaac P., 35, 155, 181; amendment of, containing home- stead principle, 309, 310 Walker's Pass, 165 Wallace, William H., Whig candi- date for Congress against Augus- tus Caesar Dodge, 104; defeat of, by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 105 ; Whig candidate for Senate, 135; defeat of, for Senate, 136; description of a political meeting between Augustus Caesar Dodge and, 295 Wapello (Iowa), address of Augus- tus Caesar Dodge at, 255 Wapsipinicon River, 96 Warren, Fitz Henry, campaign tour of, 134; 196 Washburn, Arthur, 98 Washington (D. C), 88, 129, 131, 136, 137, 196, 208 Washington, George, approval of a United States Bank by, 322 Washington (Iowa), joint debate at, between Kirkwood and Dodge, 243, 244 Washington Star, 197, 198 Washington Union, 197 Waterloo (Missouri), 81, 97 Watonwan River, 114 Webber, J. B., 284 Webster, Daniel, 85, 140; Seventh of March Speech of, denounced by Ichabod, 141; references to, 241, 261, 279 Went worth, John, 121; letter of, to Augustus Caesar Dodge, 300, 301 ; commends course of Augus- tus Caesar Dodge on boundaries for the State of Iowa, 300, 301 West India Islands, 281 Weston, Charles, 101 West Point (Iowa), speech of Au- gustus Caesar Dodge at, 254; reference to, 284 Whicher, Stephen, 101 Whigs, activity of, in Iowa Terri- tory, 65; successes of, in Iowa Territory in 1840, 73 ; in elec- tion of 1846, 129 ; accused of desire to prevent joint conven- tion, 130; in election of 1847, 132; in 1848, 134, 135 INDEX 369 Whistler, Major, 15 Whitney, Asa, campaign of, for Pa- cific railroad land grant, 163; plan of, approved by New York Chamber of Commerce, 164 Williams, Jesse, letter of Augustus Caesar Dodge to, 297 Williams, Joseph, 133 Williamson, James A., Chairman Democratic Central Committee, 236, 237 Wilmot Proviso, 142 ; denounced by Augustus Caesar Dodge, 143, 144; in presdential election in Iowa, 144; not intended for bene- fit of negro, 189 Wilson, David S., defends Augus- tus Caesar Dodge, 120 Wilson, John, letters of, to Augus- tus Caesar Dodge, 310, 312 Wilson, Jonathan H., drives Kirk- wood into Washington, 243 Wilson, Thomas S., nominated for Senate, 130; nominated by Demo- crats for Judge of Supreme Court, 237; reference to, 242 Winnebago Indians, treaty with, 16; friendship of, cultivated by Hen- ry Dodge, 27 Winnebago outbreak, 14; events of, 14, 15; end and effects of, 15 Winston, Richard, acting Governor at Kaskaskia, 5 ; quoted, 5, 6 Winterset (Iowa), 242 Wisconsin Heights, battle of, 20; losses in, 20 Wisconsin, (State of), Constitution for adopted, 32; reference to, 262 Wisconsin, Territory of, campaign for State government in, 32; ref- erences to, 106, 138, 140, 296; harbors urged for, 277 Wisconsin, original Territory of, created in 1836, 25; vast area of, 25; population of, in 1836, 25 ; question of location of Capi- tal of, 26; Iowa Territory cre- ated out of, in 1838, 26; land districts for, 79; land grant to, 177 Wise, Henry A., favors payment of Iowa militia, 99 Woods, James W., 299 Wright, 175 Wyoming, 182 Torktown, 324 Zavala, Juan de, interview of, with Augustus Caesar Dodge, 202; reference to, 203; negotiation of Augustus Caesar Dodge with, On Black Warrior Affair, 203, 204; order for settlement of Black Warrior Affair transmitted by, 204; Minister of State, 206; conference of, with Augustus Caesar Dodge in regard to Cuba, 221-226 w r -*cr* %£^ aWMT A