F CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE F 532P85"'ff67""""'""'"-"'"^ "'^linilUillllWia;^^^^^^ ■• from olln 3 1924 028 803 406 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028803406 .• HISTOE^ - I^OSEY COUNTY INDIANA. From the Earliest Time to the Present ; with Biographical Sketches, Reminiscences, Notes, Etc.; Together with an Extended History op the Northwest, the Indiana Territory AND the State of Indiana. IXjXjTJSTILJLT"BnD. Chicago: THE GOODSPEED PUBLISHING CO, 1886. 11 t- / I V N^'^ll'f- CHICAGO: JOHN MORRIS COMPANY, PRINTERS 118 AND 120 MONROE STREET. PREFACE. OUR history of Posey County, after months of persistent, conscientious labor, is now completed. Every important field of research has been minutely scanned by those engaged in its preparation, and no subject of universal public value has been omitted save where protracted effort failed to secure trustworthy re- sults. The impossibility of ingrafting upon the pages of this volume the vast fund of the counties' historic information, and the proper omission of many valueless details, have compelled the publishers to select such matters as are deemed of the greatest importance. Fully aware of our inability to furnish a perfect history from meager public •documents, inaccurate private correspondence, and numberless con- flicting traditions, we make no pretension of having prepared a work devoid of blemish. Through the courtesy and the generous assist- ance met with everywhere, we have been enabled to rescue from oblivion the greater portion of important events that have transpired in past years. We feel assured that all thoughtful people in the counties, at present and in future, will recognize and appreciate the importance of the undertaking and the great public benefi.t that has been accomplished. It wUl be observed that a dry statement of fact has been avoided, and that the rich romance of border incident has been woven with statistical details, thus forming an attractive and graphic narrative, " and lending beauty to the mechanical execution of the volume and ad- ditional value to it as a work for perusal. We claim superior excel- lence in our systematic manner of collecting material by workers in specialties; in the division of the subject matter into distinct and ap- propriate chapters ; in the subdivision of the individual chapters into topics, and in the ample and comprehensive index. We also, with pride, call the attention of the public to the superb mechanical execu- tion of the volume. While we acknowledge the existence of unavoid- able errors, we have prepared a work fully up to the standard of our promises, and as accurate and comprehensive as could be expected under the circumstances. December, 1885. THE PUBLISHERS. CONTENTS. PART I. HISTOBT OF INDIAHTA. CHAPTER I. PAGE. Pkehistokic Baces 17 Antiquities 19 Chinese, The 18 Discovery by ColumbuB 33 Explorations by the Whites 37 Indians, The „ 31 Immigration, The First 18 Immigration, The Second 20 Pyramids, etc., The 21 Eelics of the Mound-Builders 23 Savage Customs * 34 Tartars, The 23 Vincennes 39 Wabash River, The 39 White Men, The First 87 CHAPTER II. NATIONAI. PotlCIES, ETC 41 American Policy, The 46 Atrocity of the Savages 47 Burningof Hintou 48 British Policy, The 46 Clark's Expedition 62 French Scheme, The 41 Gilbault, Father 65 Government of the Northwest 67 Hamilton's Career 64 Liquor and Gaming Laws 74 Missionaries, The Catholic 42 Ordinanceof 1787 70 Pontiac's War 46 Ruse Against the Indians 64 Vigo, Francis '. 66 CHAPTER IIL Opekatiohs Against THE Indians 75 Battle at Peoria Lake 104 Campaign of Harrison 92 Cession Treaties 93 Defeat of St. Clair 79 Defensive Operations 76 Expedition of Harmer 75 Expedition of Wayne 79 Expedition of St. Clair 78 Expedition of Williamson 78 Fort Miami, Battle of. 80 Harrison and the Indians 87 Hopkins' Campaign 105 KickapooTown, Burningof. 78 Maumee, Battle of 75 Massacre at Pigeon Roost 103 Mississinewa Town, Battle at 106 Oratory, Tecumseh's 114 Prophet Town, Destruction of 100 Peace with the Indians 106 Siege of Fort Wayne 101 Siege of Fort Harrison 103 Teoumseh Ill Tippecanoe, Battle of 98 War of 1812 101 ' War of 1812, Close of the 108 CHAPTER IV. PAGE. Obgamization op Indiana Teekitory 82 Bank, Establishment of 120 Courts, Formation of. 120 County Officers, Appointment of. 119 Corydon,the Capitol. 117 Governor Posey 117 Indiana in 1810 84 Population in 181 5 118 Territorial Legislature, The First 84 Western Sum, The 84 CHAPTER V. Organization of the State, etc 12^ Amendment, The Fifteenth 14'' Black Hawk War 12" Constitution, Formation of the 12^ Campaigns Against the Indians 12? Defeat of Black Hawk 13" Exodus of the Indians 13' General Assembly, The First 12^ Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Treaty of 14^ Harmony Community 13^ Indian Titles 13^ Immigration 12^ Lafayette, Action at 12^ Land Sales 138 Mexican War, The 136 Slavery 144 CHAPTER VI. Indiana in the Rebellion 148 Batteries of Light Infantry : 182 Battle Record of States 188 Call to Arms, The 149 Colored Troops of Indiana 182 Calls of 1864 177 Field, In the 152 Independent Cavalry Regiment 181 Morgan's Raid 170 Minute-Men 170 One Hundred Days' Men 176 Regiments, Formation of. 151 Regiments, Sketch of. 153 Six Months' Regiments 172 CHAPTER VIL State Affairs After the Rebellion... 189 Agriculture 209 Coal 207 Divorce Laws 193 Finances 194 Geology 205 Internal Improvements 199 Indiana Horticultural Society 212 Indiana Pomological Society 213 Special Laws 190 State Bank 196 State Board of Agriculture 209 .State Expositions .•. 210 Wealth and Progress 197 CONTENTS. CHAPTEE VIII. PAGB. Education, State Offioebs, etc 215 Auditors of State 246 Attorney Generals 247 Blind Institute, The 232 City School System 218 Compensation of Teachers 220 Denominational and Private Institu- tions 230 Deaf and Dumb Institute 236 Enumeration of Scholars 219 Free School System, The 21S Funds, Management of the 217 Female Prison and Reformatory 241 Governors of Indiana Territory 245 House of Hefuge, The 243 Insane Hospital, The 238 PAGE. Judges of the Supreme Court 2*7 Lieutenant-Governors............... ^»? Northern Indiana Normal School iiJ Origin of School Funds "i Purdue University. ^" Eepesentatives in Congress ^4» School Statistics..;^. ^J» State University, The ^^^ State Normal School ^j° Secretaries of State ^ State Governors J*' State Prison, South ^»J State Prison, North ^4" Treasurers of State ^^ Territorial Delegates f*° Total School Funds ^j« United States Senators ■'47 PORTBAITS, VIEWS, ETC. Early Explorations of Indiana 25 Gen. George E. Clarke 53 Hunting Prairie Wolves 191 Hieroglyphics 29 Indians Attacking Frontiersmen 43 Opening an Indiana Forest 123 Pioneer Dwelling, A 179 Shawnee Prophet, The 89 Scene ou the Wabash Eiver 145 Scene on the Ohio Elver 233 Tecumseh 109 PABT II. HISTORY OF POSEY COWWTY. CHAPTEE I. Geology 251 Alluvium 263 Archaiology 260 Boundary 251 Coals, The 253 Cut-off, Section at the 253 Drainage 261 Drift, The •. 264 Eminent Scientists 267 Fossils, Characteristic 253 Limestones and Sandstones 254 Lacustral Epoch, The 263 New Harmony, Section at 265 New Harmony's Importance 258 Eash Coals 954 Section of the County 261 Sandstones, Shales, etc 266 Section at Calvin's 254 Section at Blairsville 255 Trees, Fossil 255 Valuable Specimens 256 Water Supply 260 CHAPTEE II. Settlement of the County 265 Asylum, The Poor...., 289 Anecdote, An 312 Black Township 266 Block-houses, The 285 Black Township Schools 269 "Book Larnin" 287 Bethel Township 323 "Bone-bank" 319 Benevolent Institutions 324 Customs, The Early 298 Comers, The First 294 Centre Township 307 County Seminary, The 270 Churches of Black Township 273 Cut-off, The 281 Cemeteries 289 Churches, The 288 Distilleries, etc 308 Elections, etc 312 Entries of Land 284 Education, Teachers, etc 286 Fossil Fields 322 Farm Implements 290 Harmony Township 278 Industries 300 Incidents, etc 303 Immigrants, the First 265 Incidents of the Indians 285 Kidnapers, The 300 Lynn Township 304 LandEntries 268 Mills, The Early 289 Marrs Township 311 Markets 309 Militia Musters 306 Mounds, Eelics, etc... 281 Mount Vernon Schools 272 Manufactures 312 Officers, etc 304 Pioneer Industries 267 Point Township 317 Pioneer Schoolbouse, A 286 Purchasers of Land 311 Pedagogues : 309 Railroads, The 291 Eeligious Institutions 296 Robb Township 282 Religion in Mount Vernon 275 Robinson Township 320 Subsidies 302 Stories, etc 326 Sales of Land 318 Smith Township 292 Settlers of Point Township 318 Slaves in Indiana 266 Settlers, The First 283 Squatters, Names of 266 Township Officers 291 Timber, The 293 Teachers, etc., The 294 Tragedies, etc 3^0 Tippecanoe, Soldiers of 265 Tree, ALarge 320 Valuable Forests 32a Voters in 1833 305 Wild Game 267 CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. PAGE. Oegakiztiok of the County 327 Act of Creation 327 Auditors 346 Boundary Alterations 328 Blackford Laid Out 332 Buildings at Springfield 336 County before Formation, The 327 County Buildings, The Firat 332 Clerks 846 County Business Transacted 341 Elections 348 Finances 347 ■ Later Buildings 343 Medical Society, The 356 Mount Vernon, Lots at 340 New Townships 333 Officers, The First 330 Origin of the Name " Posey" 329 Proceedings of the County Board 330 Population 346 Eelooation, The First « 335 Relocation, The Second .-. 339 Representatives 345 Recorders 346 Railroads 354 Special Acts 328 Son of George Washington 329 Springfield Founded 336 Senators 345 Sheriffs 346 Surveyors 346 Townsiiip Boundaries, etc 331 Treasurers 346 CHAPTER IV. Towns OF THE CotiNTr 357 Additions to Mount Vernon 366 Business at New Harmony 400 Blairsville 409 Banks of Mount Vernon 372 Blackford 414 Comparison of the two Communities 391 Cynthiana 407 Community of Equality, The 390 Caborn Station 415 Cholera, Visitation of the 373 City Charter, Adoption of the 374 Conflagrations 377 City Offices of Mount Ternon 376 Customs of the Happites 386 Corn and Pork Shipments 364 Distinguished Scientists 392 Enlargements of New Harmony...... 398 Enormous Land Sale .'. 388 Entries of Land 359 Farmersville : 410 Grafton 416 "Harmonle" 331 "Hoop-pole Township" 365 Incidents at New Harmony 395 Incorporation of New Harmony 397 Industries of Mount Vernon 368 Incorporation, The First 362 Incorporation, The Second 367 Labors of the Community 381 Lot Owners at Mount Vernon 360 Later Residents of Mount Vernon 363 List of the Residents of Mount Vernon.. 367 Merchants of Poseyville 405 Manufacturers of Cynthiana 408 Mount Vernon 357 Merchants, etc 361 "McFaddin's Bluff" .*. 357 Mount Vernon Company, The 361 Nashoba Community,The 394 Newspapers at New Harmony 403 New Baltimore '. 415 New Harmony 379 New Harmony Under the Owenses 389 Officers and Statistics of Mount Vernon 368 Posey County Agricultural Society, The 403 Poseyville 404 PAGE. Present Business of Mount Vernon 377 Panther, Story of a 368 Present Business of Poseyville 407 Price's Station 419 Press of Mount Vernon 370 Plank Road, The 373 Religion at New Harmony 401 Rappites, The 379 Rai>p's Purchase of Land 380 Residents of Mount Vernon 360 Secret Societies at New Harmony 402 Survey of Poseyville 404 St.Wendel 416 Springfield 411 Statistics of Mount Vernon 875 Stewartsville '. 413 Secret Societies of Mount Vernon 369 Time Store, The 396 Workingmen's Institute, The 398 Wadesvlile 412 Worshipers, The 382 West Franklin 414 Wagoner's Plat of Mount Vernon 359 Winfield 419 Williams' Plat of Mount Vernon 360 CHAPTER V. HiSTOBY OF THE BENCH AND BaB 419 Attorneys Admitted 426 Alvin P. Hovey 434 Bar, Members of the 423 Courts under the New Constitution 436 Common Pleas Court 437 Circuit Court, The First 420 Character of Attorneys 428 D'Arusmont Case, The 440 Divorce Case, The First 428 Demand for Law 419 George S. Green 432 Grave Robbing 425 Goodlet Fined for Contempt 432 Grand Jury, The First 420 Hogs, Killing of. 421 Indictments, The First 421 Judge Blackford 422 Jail Strengthened, The 428 John Doe uj. Richard Roe 437 Local Practitioners 431 Larceny by Brown 427 McClure Will Case, The 438 Murder of Park 426 Oath Concerning Dwelling 429 Pitcher and the Judge 431 Professional Fitness 434 Poisoning of Gibbons, The 427 Revolutionary Soldiers, The 430 Slander, Cases of. 424 Wlilpping Post, The 422 CHAPTER VI. MiLITABY HiSTOEY 441 Aid Societies 458 Bounty and Relief 463 Close of the Rebellion 464 Casualties 457 Draft of 1862, The 459 Eightieth Regiment, The 460 First Cavalry, The 447 Field Service 449 Hospital at Home, A 468 Legion, The 450 Later volunteers 460 Militia System, The 441 Military Appropriations 443 Men for the Field 444 Number of Volunteers 450 Ninety-first Regiment 461 Officers, Etc 445 One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Regi- ment 463 Public Sentiment in 1861 442 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VIII. PAGE. Education, State Officers, etc 215 Auditors of State 246 Attorney Generals 247 Blind Institute, The 232 City School System 218 Compensation of Teachers 220 Denominational and Private Institu- tions 230 Deaf and Dumb Institute 236 Enumeration of Scholars 219 Free School System, The 216 Funds, Management of the 217 Female Prison and Reformatory 241 Governors of Indiana Territory 245 House of Refuge, The 243 Insane Hospital, The 238 page. Judges of the Supreme Court 247 Lieutenant-Governors.........."-..- ff? Northern Indiana Normal School "» Origin of School Funds "J Purdue University "! Bepesentatives in Congress ^«» School Statistics ^ig State University, The "f State Normal School ^^° Secretaries of State ^ State Governors ^J° State Prison, South ^"J State Prison, North 240 Treasurers of State ;J4b Territorial Delegates 248 Total School Funds 220 United States Senators 247 PORTRAITS, VIEAVS, ETC. Early Explorations of Indiana 25 Gen. George R. Clarke 53 Hunting Prairie Wolves 191 Hieroglyphics 29 Indians Attacking Frontiersmen 43 Opening an Indiana Forest 123 Pioneer Dwelling, A 179 Shawnee Prophet, The 89 Scene on the Wabash River 145 Scene on the Ohio Kiver 233 Tecumseh 109 PART II. HISTORY OF POSKY COUIVTY. CHAPTER I. Geology 251 Alluvium 263 Archseology 260 Boundary 25L Coals, The 253 Cut-off, Section at the 253 Drainage 251 Drift, The .'. 264 Eminent Scientists 257 Fossils, Characteristic 253 Limestones and Sandstones 254 Lacustral Epoch, The 263 New Harmony, Section at 255 New Harmony's Importance 258 Rash Coals 254 Section of the County 251 Sandstones, Shales, etc 256 Section at Calvin's , 254 Section at Blairsville '. 255 Trees, Fossil 255 Valuable Specimens 256 Water Supply 260 CHAPTER JI. Settlement of the County 265 Asylum, The Poor...., 289 Anecdote, An 312 Black Township 266 Block-houses, The 285 Black Township Schools 269 "Book Larnin" 287 Bethel Township 323 "Bone-bank" 319 Benevolent Institutions 324 Customs, The Early 293 Comers, The First 294 Centre Township 307 County Seminary, The 270 Churches of Black Township 273 Cut-off, The 281 Cemeteries 289 Churches, The 288 Distilleries, etc 308 Elections, etc 312 Entries of Land 284 Education, Teachers, etc 286 Fossil Fields 322 Farm Implements -290 Harmony Township 278 Industries 300 Incidents, etc 303 Immigrants, the First 265 Incidents of the Indians 285 Kidnapers, The 300 Lynn 'Township 304 LandEntries 268 Mills, The Early 289 Marrs Township 311 Markets 309 Militia Musters 306 Mounds, Relics, etc 281 Mount Vernon Schools 272 Manufactures 312 Officers, etc 304 Pioneer Industries 267 Point Township 317 Pioneer Schoolhouse, A 286 Purchasers of Land 311 Pedagogues ; 309 Bailroads, The 291 Religious Institutions 296 Robb Township 282 Religion in Mount Vernon 275 Robinson Township 320 Subsidies 302 Stories, etc 326 Sales of Land 313 Smith Township '. 292 Settlers of Point Township 318 Slaves in Indiana 266 Settlers, The First .]".". 283 Squatters, Names of. "]' 266 Township Officers 201 Timber, The mt Teachers, etc.. The 294 Tragedies, etc 310 Tippecanoe, Soldiers of mm Tree, ALarge ,?„ Valuable Forests Q90 Voters in 1833 ?n? Wild Game 267 CONTENTS. CHAPTER m. PAGE. OBGiNIZTION OP THE COUNTY 327 Act of Creation 327 Auditors 346 . Boundary Alterations 328 Blackford Laid Out 332 Buildings at Springfield 336 County before Formation, The 327 County Buildings, The First .' 332 Clerks 346 County Business Transacted 341 Elections 348 Finances 347 • Later Buildings 343 Medical Society, The 356 Mount Vernon, Lots at 340 New Townships 333 Officers, The First 330 Origin of the Name " Posey" 329 Proceedings of the County Board 330 Population 346 Eelooation, The First - 335 Eelocation, The Second .'. 339 Representatives 345 Recorders 346 Railroads 354 Special Acts 828 Son of (Jeorge Washington 329 Springfield Founded 336 Senators 345 Sheriffs 346 Surveyors 346 Township Boundaries, etc 331 Treasurers 346 CHAPTER IV. Towns OF THE Cookty 357 Additions to Mount Vernon 366 Business at New Harmony 400 BlairsvUle 409 Banks of Mount Vernon 372 Blackford 414 Comparison of the two Communities 391 Cynthiana 407 Community of Equality, The 390 Caborn Station 415 Cholera, Visitation of the 373 City Charter, Adoption of the 374 Conflagrations 377 City Offices of Mount Temon 376 Customs of the Kappltes 386 Corn and Pork Shipments 364 distinguished Scientists 392 Enlargements of New Harmony...... 398 Enormous Land Sale .' 388 Entries of Land 359 FarmersviUe : 410 Grafton 416 "Harmonie" 381 " Hoop-pole Township " 366 Incidents at New Harmony 395 Incorporation of New Harmony 397 Industries of Mount Vernon 358 Incorporation, The First 362 Incorporation, The Second 367 Labors of the Community 381 Lot Owners at Mount Vernon 360 Later Residents of Mount Vernon 363 List of the Residents of Mount Vernon.. 367 Merchants of PoseyvlUe 405 Manufacturers of Cynthiana 408 Mount Vernon 357 Merchants, etc 361 "McFaddin's Bluff" .'. 357 Mount Vernon Company, The 361 Nashoba Community,The 394 Newspapers at New Harmony 403 New Baltimore 415 New Harmony 379 New Harmony Under the Owenses 389 Officers and Statistics of Mount Vernon 368 Posey County Agricultural Society, The 403 PoseyvlUe 404 PAGE. Present Business of Mount Vernon 377 Panther, Story of a 358 Present Business of Poseyville 407 Price's Station 419 Press of Mount Vernon 370 Plank Road, The 373 Religion at New Harmony 401 Eappitesi The 379 Rapp's Purchase of Land 380 Residents of Mount Vernon 360 Secret Societies at New Harmony 402 Survey of Poseyville 404 St.Wendel 416 Springfield 411 Statistics of Mount Vernon 875 Stewartsville 1 413 Secret Societies of Mount Vernon 369 Time Store, The 396 Workingmen's Institute, The 398 Wadesviile 412 Worshipers, The 382 West Franklin 414 Wagoner's Plat of Mount Vernon 359 Winfield 419 Williams' Plat of Mount Vernon 360 CHAPTER V. History of the Bench and Bab 419 Attorneys Admitted 426 Alvin P. Hovey 434 Bar, Members of the 423 Courts under the New Constitution 436 Common Pleas Court 437 Circuit Court, The.First 420 Character of Attorneys 428 B'Arusmoot Case, The 440 Divorce Case, The First 428 Demand for Law 419 George S. Green 432 Grave Robbing 425 Goodlet Fined for Contempt 432 Grand Jury, The First 420 Hogs, KUling of. 421 Indictments, The First 421 Judge Blackford 422 Jail Strengthened, The 428 John Doe vs. Richard Roe 437 Local Practitioners 431 Larceny by Brown 427 McClureWill Case, The 438 Murder of Park 426 Oath Concerning Dwelling 429 Pitcher and the Judge 431 Professional Fitness 434 Poisoning of Gibbons, The 427 Revolutionary Soldiers, The 430 Slander, Cases of 424 Whipping Post, The . 422 CHAPTER VI. Military History 441 Aid Societies 458 Bounty and Relief 463 Close of the Rebellion 464 Casualties 457 Draft of 1862, The 459 Eightieth Regiment, The 460 First Cavalry, The 447 Field Service 449 Hospital at Home, A 458 Legion, The 460 Later Volunteers 460 Militia System, The 441 Military Appropriations 443 Men for the Field 444 Number of Volunteers 450 Ninety-first Regiment 461 Officers, Etc 445 One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Regi- ment 463 Public Sentiment in 1861 442 CONTENTS. PAGE. Bebel EaidB- „ 453 Sixty-fifth Regiment 458 Sketch of the Twenty-fifth 446 Sixtieth Regiment 465 Sumter, The Fall of. 444 Tenth Cayalry, The 462 PAOB. Texan War, The ^42 Twenty-fifth Regiment *44 Twenty-fourth Regiment *p^ Volunteers, Call for ff* War of 1812 ^i War with Mexico ^42 BI06»APHICAIi 8KETCBES. Bethel Township 691 Black Townshi)) 465 Centre Township 665 Harmony Township 544 Lynn Township 642 Marrs Township 678 Point Township 693 Robb Township 581 Robinson Township 687 Smith Township 618 PORTRAITS, VIEWS, ETC. Black, Milton 297-298 Brinkmann, Henry 417-418 Cartwright, V. M 349-350 County Map 261-262 Catholic Church 697-698 French, James W .801-502 Fretageot,A. E 619-520 Green, George S 451-452 Lockwood, John M 383-384 Montgomery, D. B 879-680 Naas, George 589-590 Rosenkrans, E. W 558-664 Sparks, Albert A 571-572 'ftafirord, W. W 561-562 Thomas, G. W 315-316 Tente, C. F 607-608 Weekesser,;Vincent 626-626 Williams, A. C 279-280 Weever, Charles 643-644 HISTORY OF INDIANA: FOEMER OCCUPANTS. PEEHISTOEIC RACES. Scientists have ascribed to the Mound Builders varied origins and though their divergence of opinion may for a time seem incom- patible with a thorough investigation of the subject, and tend to a confusion of ideas, no doubt whatever can exist as to the compar- ative accuracy of conclusions arrived at by some of them. Like the vexed question of the Pillar Towers of Ireland, it has caused much speculation, and elicited the opiaior^s of so many learned antiquarians, ethnologists and travelers, that it will not be found beyond the range of possibility to make deductions that may suffice to solve the problem who were the prehistoric settlers of America. To achieve this it will not be necessary to go beyond the period over which Scripture history extends, or to indulge in those airy flights of imagination so sadly identified with occasional writers of even the Christian school, and all the accepted literary exponents of modern paganism. That this continent is co-existent with the world of the ancients cannot be questioned. Every investigation, instituted under the auspices of modern civilization, confirms the fact and leaves no channel open through which the skeptic can escape the thorough refntation of his opinions. China, with its numerous living testi- monials of antiquity, with its ancient, though limited literature and its Babelish superstitions, claims a continuous history from antediluvian times; but although its continuity may be denied with every just reason, thereis"hothingto prevent the transmission of a hieroglyphic record of its history prior to 1656 aniio rtivrndi, since many traces of its early settlement survived the Deluge, and became sacred objects of the first historical epoch. This very sur- vival of a record, such as that of which the Chinese boast, is not at variance with the designs of a God who made and ruled the universe; but that an antediluvian people inhabited this continent, 18 HISTORY OF INDIANA. will not be claimed; because it is not probable, though it may be possible, that a settlement in a land which may be considered a portion of the Asiatic continent, was effected by the immediate followers of the first progenitors of the human race. Therefore, on entering the study of the ancient people who raised these tumu- lus monuments over large tracts of the country, it will be just sufficient to wander back to that time when the flood-gates of heaven were swung open to hurl destruction on a wicked world ; and in doing so the inquiry must be based on legendary, or rather upon many circumstantial evidences; for, so far as written narra- tive extends, there is nothing to show that a movement of people too far east resulted in a Western settlement. THE FIRST IMMIGRATION. The first and most probable sources in which the origin of the Builders must be sought, are those countries lying along the east- ern coast of Asia, which doubtless at that time stretched far beyond its present limits, and presented a continuous shore from Lopatka to Point Cambodia, holding a population comparatively civilized, and all professing some elementary form of the Boodhism of later days. Those peoples, like the Chinese of the present, were bound to live at home, and probably observed that law until after the con- fusion of languages and the dispersion of the builders of Babel in 1767, A. M.; but subsequently, within the following century, the old Mongolians, like the new, crossed the great ocean in the very paths taken by the present representatives of the race, arrived on the same shores, which now extend a very questionable hospitality to them, and entered at once upon the colonization of the country south and east, while the Caucasian race engaged in a similar move- ment of exploration and colonization over what may be justly termed the western extension of Asia, and both peoples growing stalwart under the change, attained a moral and physical eminence to which they never could lay claim under the tropical sun which ehed its beams upon the cradle of the human race. That mysterious people who, like the Brahmins of to-day, wor- shiped some transitory deity, and in after years, evidently embraced the idealization of Boodhism, as preached in Mongolia early in the 35th century of the world, together with acquiring the learning of the Confucian and Pythagorean schools of the same period, spread all over the land, and in their numerous settlements erected these rathe, or mounds, and sacrificial altars whereon they received their HISTOKT OF INDIANA. 19 periodical visiting gods, surrendered their bodies to natural absorp- tion or annihilation, and watched for the return of some transmi- grated soul, the while adoring the universe, which with all beings they believed would be eternally existent. They possessed religious orders corresponding in external show at least with the Essenes or Theraputse of the pre-Christian and Christian epochs, and to the reformed Theraputae or monks of the present. Every memento of their coming and their stay which has descended to us is an evi- dence of their civilized condition. The free copper found within the tumuli ; the open veins of the Superior and Iron Mountain copper-mines, with all the modus operandioi ancient mining, such as ladders, levers, chisels, and hammer-heads, discovered by the French explorers of the Northwest and the Mississippi, are conclu- sive proofs that those prehistoric people were highly civilized, and that many flourishing colonies were spread throughout the Missis- sippi valley, while yet the mammoth, the mastodon, and a hundred other animals, now only known by their gigantic fossil remains, guarded the eastern shore of the continent as it were against sup- posed invasions of the Tower Builders who went west from Babel; while yet the beautiful isles of the Antilles formed an integral portion of this continent, long years before the European Northman dreamed of setting forth to the discovery of Greenland and the northern isles, and certainly at a time when all that portion of America north of latitude 45" was an ice-incumbered waste. Within the last few years great advances have been made toward the discovery of antiquities whether pertaining to remains of organic or inorganic nature. Together with many email, but telling relics of the early inhabitants of the country, the fossils of pre- historic animals have been unearthed from end to end of the land, and in districts, too, long pronounced by geologists of some repute to be without even a vestige of vertebrate fossils. Among the collected souvenirs of an age about which so very little is known, are twenty-five vertebrae averaging thirteen inches in diameter, and three vertebrae ossified together measure nine cubical feet; a thigh-bone five feet long by twenty-eight, by twelve inches in diameter, and the shaft fourteen by eight inches thick, the entire lot weighing 600 lbs. These fossils are presumed to belong to the cretaceous period, when the Dinosaur roamed over the country from East to West, desolating the villages of the people. This animal is said to have been sixty feet long, and when feeding in cypress and palm forests, to extend himself eighty-five feet, so that he may 20 HISTORY OF INDIANA. devour the budding tops of those great trees. Other efforts m direction may lead to great results, and culminate probably discovery of a tablet engraven by some learned Mound > describing in the ancient hieroglyphics of China all these m ^ beasts whose history excites so much speculation, ine i J the Mound Builders with the Mongolians might lead us to hope for such a consummation; nor is it beyond the range of probability, particularly in this practical age, to find the future labors of some industrious antiquarian requited by the upheaval of a tablet, written in the Tartar characters of ITOO years ago, bearing on a subject which can now be treated only on a purely circumstantial basis. THE SECOND IMMIGEATION may have begun a few centuries prior to the Christian era, and unlike the former expedition or expeditions, to have traversed north- eastern Asia to its Arctic confines, and then east to the narrow channel now known as Behring's Straits, which they crossed, and sailing up the unchanging Yukon, settled under the shadow of Mount St. Elias for many years, and pushing South commingled with their countrymen, soon acquiring the characteristics of the descendants of the first colonists. Chinese chronicles tell of such a people, who went North and were never heard of more. Circum- stances conspire to render that particular colony the carriers of a new religious faith and of an alphabetic system of a representative character to the old colonists, and they, doubtless, exercised a most beneficial influence in other respects ; because the influx of immi- grants of such culture as were the Chinese, even of that remote period, must necessarily bear very favorable results, not only in bringing in reports of their travels, but also accounts from the fatherland bearing on the latest events. With the idea of a second and important exodus there are many theorists united, one of whom says: "It is now the generally received opinion that the first inhabitants of America passed over from Asia through these straits. The number of small islands lying between both continents renders this opinion still more probable; and it is yet farther confirmed by some remarkable traces of similarity in the physical conformation of the northern natives of both continents. The Esquimaux of North America the Samoieds of Asia, and the Laplanders of Europe, are supposed" to be of the same family; and this supposition is strengthened by the aflSnity which exists in their languages. The researches of Hum- HISTORY OF INDIANA. 21 boldt have traced the Mexicans to the vicinity of Behring's Straits ; whence it is conjectured that they, as well as the Peruvians and other, tribes, came originally from Asia, and were the Hiongnoos, who are, in the Chinese annals, said to have emigrated under Puno, and to have been lost in the North of Siberia." Since this theory is accepted by most antiquaries, there is every reason to believe that from the discovery of what may be called an overland route to what was then considered an eastern extension of that country which is now-known as the " Celestial Empire," many caravans of emigrants passed to their new homes in the land of illimitable possibilities until the way became a well-marked trail over which the Asiatic might travel fofward, and having once entered the Elysian fields never entertained an idea of returning. Thus from generation to generation the tide of immigration poured in until the slopes of the Pacific and the banks of the great inland rivers became hives of busy industry. Magnificent cities and monuments were raised at the bidding of the tribal leaders and populous settlements centered with happy villages sprung up everywhere in manifestation of the power and wealth and knowl- edge of the people. The colonizing Caucasian of the historic period walked over this great country on the very ruins of a civil- ization which a thousand years before eclipsed all that of which he could boast. He walked through the wilderness of the "West over buried treasures hidden under the accumulated growth of nature, nor rested until he saw, with great surprise, the remains of ancient pyramids and temples and cities, larger and evidently more beauti- ful than ancient Egypt could bring forth after its long years of uninterrupted history. The pyramids resemble those of Egypt in exterior form, and in some instances are of larger dimensions. The pyramid of Oholula is square, having each side of its base 1,335 feet in length, and its height about 172 feet. Another pyramid? situated in the north of Vera Cruz, is formed of large blocks of highly-polished porphyry, and bears upon its front hiero- glyphic inscriptions and curious sculpture. Each side of its square base is 82 feet in length, and a ^ight of 57 steps conducts to its summit, which is 65 feet in height. The ruins of Palenque are said to extend 20 miles along the ridge of a mountain, and the remains of an Aztec city, near the banks of the river Gila, are spread over more than a square league. Their literature consisted of hieroglyphics; but their arithmetical knowledge did not extend farther than their calculations by the aid of grains of corn. Tet, 22 HISTORY OF INDIANA. notwithstanding all their varied accomplishments, and they were evidently many, their notions of religious duty led to a most demo- niac zeal at once barbarously savage and ferociously cruel, liacn visiting, god instead of bringing new life to the people, brought death to thousands; and their grotesque idols, exposed to drown the senses of the beholders in fear, wrought wretchedness rather than spiritual happiness, until, as some learned and humane Monte- zumian said, the people never approached these idols without fear, and this feat was the great animating principle, the great religions motive power which sustained the terrible religion. Their altars were sprinkled with blood drawn from their own bodies in large quantities, and on them 'thousands of human victims were sacri- ficed in honor of the deinons whom they worshiped. The head and heart of every captive taken in war were offered up as a bloody sacrifice to the god of battles, while the victorious legions feasted on the remaining portions of the dead bodies. It has been ascer- tained that during the ceremonies attendant on the consecration of two of their temples, the number of prisoners offered up in sacri- fice was 12,210; while their own legions contributed voluntary victims to the terrible belief in large numbers. Nor did this horrible custom cease immediately after 1521, when Cortez entered the imperial city of the Montezumas; for, on being driven from it, all his troops who fell into the hands of the native soldiers were subjected to the most terrible and prolonged suffering that could be experienced in this world, and when about to yield up that spirit which is indestructible, were offered in sacrifice, their hearts and heads consecrated, and the victors allowed to feast on the yet warm fiesh. A reference is made here to the period when the Montezumas ruled over Mexico, simply to gain a better idea of the hideous idolatry which took the place of the old Boodhism of the Mound Builders, and doubtless helped in a great measure to give victory to the new comers, even as the tenets of Mahometanism urged the ignorant followers of the prophet to the conquest of great nations. It was not the faith of the people who built the mounds and the pyramids and the temples, and who, 200 years before the Christian era, built the great wall of jealous China. No: rather was it that terrible faith born of the Tartar victory, which carried the great defenses of China at the point of the javelin and hatchet, who afterward marched to the very walls of Rome, under Alarie, and HISTORY OF INDIANA. 23 spread over the islands of Polynesia to the Pacific slopes of South America. THE TAETARS came there, and, like the pare Mongols of Mexico and the Missis- sippi valley, rose to a state of civilization bordering on that attained by them. Here for- centuries the sons of the fierce Tartar race con- tinued to dwell in comparative peace until the all-ruling ambition of empire took in the whole country from the Pacific to the Atlan- tic, and peopled the vast territory watered by the Amazon with a race that was destined to conquer all the peoples of the Orient, and only to fall before the march of the arch-civilizing Caucasian. In course of time those fierce Tartars pushed their settlements northward, and ultimately entered the territories of the Mound Builders, putting to death all who fell within their reach, and causing the survivors of the death-dealing invasion to seek a refuge from the hordes of this semi-barbarous people in the wilds and fast- nesses of the N^orth and Northwest. The beautiful country of the Mound Builders was now in the hands of savage invaders, the quiet, industrious people who raised the temples and pyramids were gone; and the wealth of intelligence and industry, accumulating for ages, passed into the possession of a rapacious horde, who could admire . it only so far as it offered objects for plunder. Even in this the invaders were satisfied, and then having arrived at the height of their ambition, rested on their swords and entered upon the luxury and ease in the enjoyment of which they were found when the van- guard of European civilization appeared upon the scene. Mean- time the southern countries which those adventurers abandoned after having completed their conquests in the North, were soon peopled by hundreds of people, always moving from island to island and ultimately halting amid the ruins of villages deserted by those who, as legends tell, had passed eastward but never returned; and it would scarcely be a matter for surprise if those emigrants were found to be the progenitors of that race found by the Spaniards in 1532, and identical with the Araucanians, Cuenches and Huil- tiches of to-day. KELIOS OF THE MOUND BUILDEES. One of the most brilliant and impartial historians of the Republic stated that the valley of the Mississippi contained no monuments. So far as the word is entertained now, he was literally correct, but 24 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. in some hasty effort neglected to qualify his sentence by a refer- ence to the numerous relics of antiquity to be found throughout its length and breadth, and so exposed his chapters to criticism. The valley of the Father of Waters, and indeed the country from the trap rocks of the Great Lakes southeast to the Gulf and south- west to Mexico, abound in tell-tale monuments of a race of people much farther advanced in civilization than the Montezumas of the sixteenth century . T^e remains of walls and fortifications found in Kentucky and Indiana, the earthworks of Vincennes and throughout the valley of the Wabash, the mounds scattered over Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Virginia, and those found in Illi- nois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, are all evidences of the univer- sality of the Chinese Mongols and of their advance toward a com- parative knowledge of man and cosmology. At the mouth of Fourteen-Mile creek, in Clark county, Indiana, there stands one of these old monuments known as the " Stone Fort." It is an unmistakable heirloom of a great and ancient people, and must have formed one of their most important posts. The State Geolo- gist's report, filed among the records of the State and furnished by Prof. Cox, says: "At the mouth of Fourteen-Mile creek, and about three miles from Charleston, the county-seat of Clark county, there is one of the most remarkable stone fortifications which has ever come under my notice. Accompanied by my assistant, Mr. Borden, and a number of citizens of Charleston, I visited the ' Stone Fort' for the purpose of making an examination of it. The locality selected for this fort presents many natural advantages for making it impregnable to the opposing forces of prehistoric times. It occupies the point of an elevated narrow ridge which faces the Ohio river on the east and is bordered by Fourteen-Mile creek on the west side. This creek empties into the Ohio a short distance below the fort. The top of the ridge is pear-shaped, with the part answering to the neck at the north end. This part is not over twenty feet wide, and is protected by precipitous natural walls of stone. It is 280 feet above the level of the Ohio river, and the slope is very gradual to the south. At the upper field it is 240 feet high and one hundred steps wide. At the lower timber it is 120 feet high. The bottom land at the foot of the south end is sixty feet above the river. Along the greater part of the Ohio river front there is an abrupt escarpment rock, entirely too steep to be scaled, and a similar natural barrier exists along a portion of the northwest side of the ridge, facing the creek. This natural wall « ; - .'V-^ o sa H CD O «1 M ai g a > ^ HISTORY OF INDIANA. 27 is joined to the neck of an artificial wall, made by piling up, mason fashion but without mortar, loose stone, which had evidently been pried up from the carboniferous layers of rock. This made wall, at this point, is about 150 feet long. It is bnilt along the slope of the hill and had an elevation of about 75 feet above its base, the upper ten feet being vertical. The inside of the wall is protected by a ditch. The remainder of the hill is protected by an artificial stone wall, built in the same manner, but not more than ten feet high. The elevation of the side wall above the creek bottom is 80 feet. Within the artificial walls is a string of mounds which rise to the height of the wall, and are protected from the washing of the hill- sides by a ditch 20 feet wide and four feet deep. The position of the artificial walls, natural cliffs of bedded stone, as well as that of the ditch and mounds, are well illustrated. The top of the enclosed ridge embraces ten or twelve acres, and there are as many as five mounds that can be recognized on the flat surface, while no doubt many others existed which have been obliterated by time, and though the agency of man in his efibrts to cultivate a portion of the ground. A trench was cut into one of these mounds in search of relics. A few fragments of charcoal and decomposed bones, and a large irregular, diamond-shaped boulder, with a small circular indentation near the middle of the upper part, that was worn quite smooth by the use to which it had been put, and the small pieces of fossil coral, comprised all the articles of note which were revealed by the excavation. The earth of which the mound is made resem- bles that seen on the hillside, and was probably in most part taken from the ditch. The margin next to the ditch was protected by slabs of stone set on edge, and leaning at an angle corresponding to the slope of the mound. This stone shield was two and one-half feet wide and one foot high. At intervals along the great ditch there are channels formed between the mounds that probably served to carry off the surplus water through openings in the outer wall. On the top of the enclosed ridge, and near its narrowest part, there is one mound much larger than any of the others, and so situated as to command an extensive view up and down the Ohio river, as well as affording an unobstructed view east and west. This is designated as ' Look-out Mound.' There is near it a slight break in the cliff of rock, which furnished a narrow passage way to the Ohio river. Though the locality afforded many natural advantages for a fort or stronghold, one is compelled to admit that much skill was displayed and labor expended in making its defense as perfect as possible at 28 HIBTOKY OF INDIANA. all points. Stone axes, pestles, arrow-heads, spear-points, totums, charms and flint flakes have been found in great abundance in plowing the field at the foot of the old fort." From the " Stone Fort " the Professor turns his steps to Posey county, at a point on the Wabash, ten miles above the mouth, called "Bone Bank," on account of the number of human bones continually washed out from the river bank. " It is," he states " situated in a bend on the left bank of the river; and the ground is about ten feet above high-water mark, being the only land along this portion of the river that is not submerged in seasons of high water. The bank slopes gradually back from the river to a slough. This slough now seldom contains water, but no doubt at one time it was an arm of the "Wabash river, which flowed around the Bone Bank and afforded protection to the island home of the Mound Builders. The Wabash has been changing its bed for many years, leaving a broad extent of jiewly made land on the right shore, and gradually making inroads on the left shore by cutting away the Bone Bank. The stages of growth of land on the right bank of the river are well defined by the Cottonwood trees, which increase in size as you go back from the river. Unless there is a change in the cur- rent of the river, all trace of the Bone Bank will be obliterated. Already within the memory of the white inhabitants, the bank has been removed to the width of several hundred yards. As the bank is cut by the current of the river it loses its support, and when the water sinks it tumbles over, carrying with it the bones of the Mound Builders and the cherished articles buried with them. No locality in the country furnishes a greater number and variety of relics than this. It has proved especially rich in pottery of quaint design and skillful workmanship. I have a number of jugs and pots and a cup found at the Bone Bank. This kind of work has been very abundant, and is still found in such quantities that we are led to conclude that its manufacture formed a leading indus- try of the inhabitants of the Bone Bank. It is not in Europe alone that we find a well-founded claim of high antiquity for the art of making hard and durable stone by a mixture of clay, lime, sand and stone; for I am convinced that this art was possessed by a race of people, who inhabited this continent at a period so remote that neither tradition nor history can furnish any account of them. They belonged to the Neolithic, or polished-stone, age. They lived in towns and built mounds for sepulture and worship and pro- tected their homes by surrounding them, with walls of earth and HISTORY OF INDIANA. 29 stone. In some of these mounds specimens of various kinds of pottery, in a perfect state of preservation, have from time to time been found, and fragments are so common that every student of archaeology can have a bountiful supply. Some of these fragments indicate vessels of very great size. At the Saline springs of Gal- latin I picked up fragments that indicated, by their curvature, ves- sels five to six feet in diameter, and it is probable they are frag- ments of artificial stone pans used to hold brine that was manufac- tured into salt by solar evaporation. " Now, all the pottery belonging to the Mound Builders' age, which I have seen, is composed of alluvial clay and sand, or a mix- ture of the former with pulverized fresh-water shells. A paste made of such a mixture possesses, in high degree, the properties of hydraulic Puzzuoland and Portland cement, so that vessels formed of it hardened without being burned, as is customary with modern pottery." The Professor deals very aptly with this industry of the aborig- ines, and concludes a very able disquisition on the Bone Bank in its relation to the prehistoric builders. HIEROGLYPHICS OP THB MOUND-BDILDEES. The great circular redoubt or earth-work found two miles west of the village of New "Washington, and the " Stone Fort," on a ridge one mile west of the village of Deputy, offer a subject for the anti- quarian as deeply interesting as any of the monuments of a decayed empire so far discovered. 30 HISTORY OF INDIANA. From end to end of Indiana there are to be found many other rel- ics of the obscure past. Some of thetn have been unearthed and now appear among the collected antiquities at Indianapolis. The hig ly finished sandstone pipe, the copper ax, stone axes, flint arrow-heads and magnetic plummets found a few years ago beneath the soil of Cut-Off Island near New Harmony, together with the pipes of rare workmanship and undoubted age, unearthed near Covington, all live as it were in testimony of their owner's and maker s excel- lence, and hold a share in the evidence of the partial annihilation of a race, with the complete disruption of its manners, customs and industries; and it is possible that when numbers of these relics are placed together, a key to the phonetic or rather hieroglyphic system of that remote period might be evolved. It may be asked what these hieroglyphical characters really are. Well, they are varied in form, so much so that the pipes found in the mounds of Indians, each bearing a distinct representation of some animal, may be taken for one species, used to represent the abstract ideas of the Mound Builders. The second form consists of pure hieroglyphics or phonetic characters, in which the sound is represented instead of the object; and the third, or painted form of the first, conveys to the mind, that which is desired to be repre- sented. This form exists among the Cree Indians of the far North- west, at present. They, when departing from their permanent vil- lages for the distant hunting grounds, paint on the barked trees in the neighborhood the figure of a snake or eagle, or perhaps hnskey dog; and this animal is supposed to guard the position until the warrior's return, or welcome any friendly tribes that may arrive there in the interim. In the case of the Mound Builders, it is un- likely that this latter extreme was resorted to, for the simple reason that the relics of their occupation are too high in the ways of art to tolerate such a barbarous science of language; but the sculptured pipes and javelins and spear-heads of the Mound Builders may be taken as a collection of graven images, each conveying a set of ideas easily understood, and perhaps sometimes or more generally used to designate the vocation, name or character of the owner. That the builders possessed an alphabet of a phonetic form, and purely hieroglyphic, can scarcely be questioned; but until one or more of the unearthed tablets, which bore all or even a portion of such characters, are raised from their centuried graves, the mystery which surrounds this people must remain, while we must dwell in a world of mere sneculation. HISTOKr OF INDIANA. 31 Vigo, Jasper, Sullivan, Switzerland and Ohio counties can boast of a most liberal endowment in this relation; and when in other days the people will direct a minute inquiry, and penetrate to the very heart of the thousand cones which are scattered throughout the land, they may possibly extract the blood in the shape of metal- lic and porcelain works, with liieroglyphic tablets, while leaving the form of heart and body complete to entertain and delight un- born generations, who in their time will wonder much when they learn that an American people, living toward the close of the 59th century, could possibly indulge in such an anachronism as is im- plied in the term "New World. " THE INDIANS. The origin of the Eed Men, or American Indians, is a subject which interests as well as instructs. It is a favorite with the eth- nologist, even as it is one of deep concern to the ordinary reader. A review of two works lately published on the origin of the Indians treats the matter in a peculiarly reasonable light. It says: " Recently a German writer has put forward one theory on the subject, and an English writer has put forward another and directly opposite theory. The difference of opinion concerning our aborig- inals among anthors who have made a profound study of races is at once curious and interesting. Blumenbach treats them in his classifications as a distinct variety of the human family; but, in the threefold division of Dr. Latham, they are ranked among the Mon- golidae. Other writers on race regard them as a branch of the great Mongolian family, which at a distant period found its way from Asia to this continent, and remained here for centuries separate from the rest of mankind, passing, meanwhile, through divers phases of barbarism and civilization. Morton, our eminent eth- nologist, and his followers, Nott and Gliddon, claim for our native Ked Men an origin as distinct as the flora and fauna of this conti- nent. Prichard, whose views are apt to differ from Morton's, finds reason to beHeve, on comparing the American tribes together, that they must have formed a separate department of nations from the earliest period of the world. The era of their existence as'a distinct and insulated people must probably be dated back to the time which separated into nations the inhabitants of the Old World, and fave to each its individuality and primitive language. Ur. Robert irown, the latest authority, attributes, in his "Races of Mankind," an Asiatic origin to our aboriginals. He says that the Western In- dians not only personally resemble their nearest neighbors — the Northeastern Asiatics — but they resemble them in language and traditions. The Esquimaux on the American and the Tchuktehis on the Asiatic side understand one another perfectly. Modern an- 32 HISTORY OF INDIANA. thropologists, indeed, are disposed to think that Japan, the Kuriles, and neighboring regions, may be regarded as the original hoine ot the greater part%f the native Amer?can race. It is also admitted by them that between the tribes scattered from the Arctic sea to Cape Horn there is more uniformity of physical _ features tnan is seen in any other quarter of the globe. The weight of evidence and authority is altogether in favor of the opinion that our so- called Indians are a branch of the Mongolian family, and allaaai- tional researches strengthen the opinion. Tlie tribes of botb JNortb and South America are unquestionably homogeneous, and, in all likelihood, had their origin in Asia, though they have been altered and modified by thousands of years of total separation from the parent stock." The conclusions arrived at by the reviewer at that time, though safe, are too general to lead the reader to form any definite idea on the subject. No doubt whatever can exist, when the American In- dian is regarded as of an Asiatic origin ; but there is nothing in the works or even in the review, to which these works were subjected, which might account for the vast difference in manner and form between the Eed Man, as he is now known, or even as he appeared to Columbus and his successors in the field of discovery, and the comparatively civilized inhabitants of Mexico, as seen in 1521 by Cortez, and of Peru, as witnessed by Pizarro in 1532. The fact is that the pure bred Indian of the present is descended directly from the earliest inhabitants, or in other words from the survivors of that people who, on being driven from their fair possessions, re- tired to the wilderness in sorrow and reared up their children under the saddening influences of their unquenchable griefs, bequeathing them only the habits of the wild, cloud-roofed home of their de- clining years, a sullen silence, and a rude moral code. In after years these wild sons of the forest and prairie grew in numbers and in strength. Some legend told them of their present sufferings, of the station which their fathers once had known, and of the riotous race which now reveled in wealth which should be theirs. The fierce passions of the savage were aroused, and uniting their scat- tered bands marched in silence upon the villages of the Tartars, driving them onward to the capital of their Incas, and consigning their homes to the flames. Once in view of the great city, the hurrying bands halted in surprise; but Tartar cunning took in the situation and offered pledges of amity, which were sacredly ob- served. Henceforth Mexico was open to the Indians, bearing pre- cisely the same relation to them that the Hudson's Bay Company's HISTOBY OF INDIANA. 33 Tillages do to the Northwestern Indians of the present; obtaining all, and bestowing very little. The subjection of the Mongolian race represented in North America by that branch of it to which the Tartars belonged, represented in the Southern portion of the con- tinent, seems to have taken place some five centuries before the advent of the European, while it may be concluded that the war of the races which resulted in reducing the villages erected by the Tartar hordes to ruin took place between one and two hundred ^ears later. These statements, though actually referring to events which in point of time are comparatively modern, can only be sub- stantiated by the facts that, about the periods mentioned the dead bodies of an unknown race of men were washed ashore on the Eu- ropean coasts, while previous to that time there is no account whatever in European annals of even a vestige of trans- Atlantic hu- manity being transferred by ocean currents to the gaze of a won- dering people. Towards the latter half ot the 15th century two dead bodies entirely free from decomposition, and corresponding with the Red Men as they afterward appeared to Columbus, were cast on the shores of the Azores, and confirmed Columbus in his be- lief in the existence of a western world and western people. Storm and fiood and disease have created sad havoc in the ranks of the Indian since the occupation of the country by the white man. These natural causes have conspired to decimate the race even more than the advance of civilization, which seems not to affect it to any material extent. In its maintenance of the same number of rep- resentatives during three centuries, and its existence in the very face of a most unceremonious, and, whenever necessary, cruel con- quest, the grand dispensations of the unseen Ruler of the universe is demonstrated; for, without the aborigines, savage and treach- erous as they were, it is possible that the explorers of former times would have so many natural difficulties to contend with, that their work would be surrendered in despair, and the most fertile regions of the continent saved for the plowshares of generations yet un- born. It is questionable whether we owe the discovery of this con- tinent to the unaided scientific knowledge of Columbus, or to the dead bodies of the two Indians referred to above; nor can their ser- vices to the explorers of ancient and modern times be over-esti- mated. Their existence is embraced in the plan of the Divinity for the government of the world, and it will not form subject for surprise to learn that the same intelligence which sent a thrill of liberty into every corner of the republic, will, in the near future, 34 HISTOHT OF INDIANA. devise some method under which the remnant of a great and an- cient race may taste the sweets of public kindness, and feel that, after centuries of turmoil and tyranny, they have at last found a shelter amid a sympathizing people. Many have looked at the In- dian as the pessimist does at all things; they say that he was never formidable until the white man supplied him with the weapons of modern warfare; but there is no mention made of his eviction from his retired home, and the little plot of cultivated garden which formed the nucleus of a village that, if fostered instead of being destroyed, might possibly hold an Indian population of some im- portance in the economy of the nation. There is no intention what- ever to maintain that the occupation of this country by the favored races is wrong even in principle; for where any obstacle to advanc- ing civilization exists, it has to fall to the ground; but it may be said, with some truth, that the white man, instead of a policy of conciliation formed upon the power of kindness, indulged in bel- ligerency as impolitic as it was unjust. A modern writer says, when speaking of the Indian's character: "He did not exhibit that steady valor and eflBcient discipline of the American soldier; and to-day on the plains Sheridan's troopers would not hesitate to attack the bravest band, though outnumbered three to one. " This piece of information applies to the European and African, as well as to the Indian. The American soldier, and particularly the troopers referred to, would not fear or shrink from a very legion of demons, even with odds against them. This mode of warfare seems strangely peculiar when compared with the military systems of civilized countries; yet, since the main object of armed men is to defend a country or a principle, and to destroy anything which may oppose itself to them, the mode of warfare pursued by the savage will be found admirably adapted to their requirements in this con- nection, and will doubtless compare favorably with the systems of the Afghans and Persians of the present, and the Caucasian people of the first historic period. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. The art of hunting not only supplied the Indian with food, but, like that of war, was a means of gratifying his love of distinction. The male children, as soon as they acquired sufficient age and strength, were furnished with a bow and arrow and taught to shoot birds and other small game. Success in killing a large quadruped required years of careful study and practice, and the art was as HISTORY OF INDIANA. 35 sedulously inculcated iu the minds of the rising generation as are the elements of reading, writing and arithmetic in the common schools of civilized communities. The mazes of the forest and the dense, tall grass of the prairies were the best fields for the exercise of the hunter's skill. No feet could be impressed in the yielding soil but that the tracks were the objects of the most searching scrutiny, and revealed at a glance the animal that made them, the direction it was pursuing, and the time that had elapsed since it had passed.' In a forest country he selected the valleys, because they were most frequently the resort of game. The most easily taken, perhaps, of all the animals of the chase was the deer. It is endowed with a curiosity which prompts it to stop in its flight and look back at the approaching hunter, who always avails himself of this opportunity to let fly the fatal arrow. , Their general councils were composed of the chiefs and old men. When in council, they usually sat in concentric circles around the speaker, and each individual, notwithstanding the fiery passions that rankled within, preserved an exterior as immovable as if cast in bronze. Before commencing' business a person appeared with the sacred pipe, and another with fire to kindle it. After being lighted it was first presented to heaven, secondly to the earth, thirdly to the presiding spirit, and lastly the several councilors, each of whom took a whiflF. These formalities were observed with as close exactness as state etiquette in civilized courts. The dwellings of the Indians were of the simplest and rudest character. On some pleasant spot by the bank of a river, or near an ever-running spring, they raised their groups of wigwams, con- structed of the bark of trees, and easily taken down and removed to another spot. The dwelling-places of the chiefs were sometimes more spacious, and constructed with greater care, but of the same materials. Skins taken in the chase served them for repose. Though principally dependent upon hunting and fishing, the uncertain supply from those sources led them to cultivate small patches of corn. Every family did everything necessary within itself, commerce, or an interchange of articles, being almost unknown to them. In cases of dispute and dissension, each Indian relied upon himself for retaliation. Blood for blood was the rule, and the relatives of the slain man were bound to obtain bloody revenge for his death. This principle gave rise, as a matter of course, to innumerable and bitter fends, and wars of extermination where such were possible. War, indeed, rather than peace, was the Indian's HISTOEY OF INDIANA. glory and delight,— war, not conducted as civilization, but war where Individual skill, endurance, gallantry and cruelty were prime requisites. For such a purpose as revenge the Indian would make great sacrifices, and display a patience and perseverance truly heroic; but when the excitement was over, he sank back into a listless, un- occupied, well-nigh useless savage. During the intervals of his more exciting pursuits, the Indian employed his time in decorating his person with all the refinement of paint and feathers, and in the manufacture of his arms and of canoes. These were constructed of bark, and so light that they could easily be carried on the shoulder from stream to stream. His amusements were the war-dance, ath- letic games, the narration of his exploits, and listening to the ora- tory of the chiefs; but during long periods of such existence he remained in a state of torpor, gazing listlessly upon the trees of the forests and the clouds that sailed above them; and this vacancy imprinted an habitual gravity, and even melancholy, upon his gen- eral deportment. The main labor and drudgery of Indian communities fell upon the women. The planting, tending and gathering of the crops, making mats and baskets, carrying burdens, — in fact, all things of the kind were performed by them, thus making their condition but little better than that of slaves. Marriage was merely a matter of bargain and sale, the husband giving presents to the father of the bride. In general they had but few children. They were sub- jected to many and severe attacks of sickness, and at times famine and pestilence swept away whole tribes. EXPLOEATIONS BY THE WHITES. EARLIEST EXPLOEEES. The State of Indiana is bounded on the east by the meridian line which forms also the western boundary of Ohio, extending due north from the mouth of the Great Miami river: on the south by the Ohio river from the mouth of the Great Miami to the mouth of the Wabash; on the west hyaline drawn along the middle of the Wabash river from its mouth to a point where a due north line from the town of Vincennes would last touch the shore of said river, and thence directly north to Lake Michigan ; and on the north by said lake and an east and west line ten miles north of the ex- treme south end of the lake, and extending to its intersection with the aforesaid meridian, the west boundary of Ohio. These bound- aries include an area of 33,809 square miles, lying between 37° 47' and 41° 50' north latitude, and between 7° 45' and 11° 1' west longitude from Washington. After the discovery of America by Colnmbas in 1492, more than 150 years passed away before any portion of the territory now com- prised within the above limits was explored by Europeans. Colo- nies were established in Florida, Virginia and Nova Scotia by the principal rival governments of Europe, but not until about 1670-'2 did the first white travelers venture as far into the Northwest as Indiana or Lake Michigan. These explorers were Frenchmen by the names of Claude AUuuez and Claude Dablon, who then visited what is now the eastern part of Wisconsin, the northeastern portion of Illinois and probably that portion of this State north of the Kan- kakee river. In the following year M. Joliet," an agent of the French Colonial government, and James Marquette, a good and simple-hearted missionary who had his station at Mackinaw, ex- plored the country about Green Bay, and along Fox and Wiscon- sin rivers as far westward as the Mississippi, the banks of which they reached June 17, 1673. They descended this river to about 33° 40', but returned by way of the Illinois river and the route they came in the Lake Region. At a village among the Illinois In- dians, Marquette and his small band of adventurers were received (37) 88 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. in a friendly manner and treated hospitably. They were made the honored guests at a great feast, where hominy, fish, dog meat and roast buffalo meat were spread before them in great abundance. In 1682 LaSalle explored the West, but it is not known that he entered the region now embraced within the State of Indiana. He took formal possession, however, of all the Mississippi region in the name of the King of France, in whose honor he gave all this Mis- sissippi region, including what is now Indiana, the name " Louisi- ana." Spain at the same time laid claim to all the region about the Gulf of Mexico, and thus these two great nations were brought into collision. But the country was actually held and occupied by the great Miami confederacy of Indians, the Miamis proper (an- ciently the Twightwees) being the eastern and most powerful tribe. Their territory extended strictly from the Scioto river west to the Illinois river. Their villages were few and scattering, and their occupation was scarcely dense enough to maintain itself against in- vasion. Their settlements were occasionally visited by Christian missionaries, fur traders and adventurers, but no body of white men made any settlement sufficiently permanent for a title to national possession. Christian zeal animated France and England in mis- sionary enterprise, the former in the interests of Catholicism and the latter in the interests of Protestantism. Hence their haste to preoccupy the land and proselyte the aborigines. No doubt this ugly rivalry was often seen' by Indians, and they refused to be proselyted to either branch of Christianity. The " Five N-ations," farther east, comprised the Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, Onondaguas and Senecas. In 1677 the number of warriors in this confederacy was 2,150. About 1711 the Tusca- roras retired from Carolina and joined the Iroquois, or Five Na- tions, which, after that event, became known as the " Six Nations." In 1689 hostilities broke out between the Five Nations and the colonists of Canada, and the almost constant wars in which France was engaged until the treaty of Eyswick in 1697 combined to check the grasping policy of Louis XIY., and to retard the plant- ing of French colonies in the Mississippi valley. Missionary efforts, however, continued with more failure than success, the Jesuits allying themselves with the Indians in habits and customs, even encouraging inter-marriage between them and their white fol- lowers. HISTOET OF INDIANA. 39 OUABACHE. The Wabash was first named by the French, and spelled by them Ouabache. This river was known even before the Ohio, and was navigated as the Ouabache all the way to the Mississippi a long time before it was discovered that it was a tributary of the Ohio (Belle Kiviere). In navigating the Mississippi they thought they passed the mouth of the Ouabache instead of the Ohio. In traveling from the Great Lakes to the south, the French always went by the way of the Ouabache or Illinois. VINCENNES. Francois Morgan de Yinsenne served in Canada as early as 1720 in the regiment of " De Carrignan " of the French service, and again on the lakes in the vicinity of Sanlt Ste. Marie in the same service under M. de Vaudriel, in 1725. It is possible that his ad- vent to Vincennes may have taken place in 1732 ; and in proof of this the only record is an act of sale under the joint names of him- self and Madame Vinsenne, the daughter of M. Philip Longprie, and dated Jan. 5, 1735. This document gives his military position as commandant of the post of Ouabache in the service of the French King. The will of Longprie, dated March 10, same year, bequeaths him, among other things, 408 pounds of pork, which he ordered to be kept safe until Vinsenne, who was then at Ouabache, returned to Kaskaskia. There are many other documents connected with its early settle- ment by Yinsenne, among which is a receipt for the 100 pistoles granted him as his wife's marriage dowry. In 1736 this officer was ordered to Charlevoix by D'Artagette, viceroy of the King at New Orleans, and commandant of Illinois. Here M. St. Yinsenne re- ceived his mortal wounds. The event is chronicled as follows, in the words of D'Artagette: " We have just received very bad news from Louisiana, and our war with the Chickasaws. The French have been defeated. Among the slain is M. de Yinsenne, who ceased not until his last breath to exhort his men to behave worthy of their faith and fatherland." Thus closed the career of this' gallant officer, leaving a name which holds as a remembrancer the present beautiful town of Yin- cennes, changed from Yinsenne to its present orthography in 1749. Post Yincennes was settled as early as 1710 or 1711. In a letter from Father Marest to Father Germon, dated at Kaskaskia, Nov. 9, 1712, occurs this passage: "Zes Francois itoient itahli wnfort swr 40 HISTORY OF INDIANA. lefleu-ee Ouahache ; Us demandereni un misaionatre ; et U Pere Mermet lewfut emooye. Ce Pere crut d&ooir travailler a la conversion des Mascoutens qui avoient fait un milage stir les horde dumeme Jlev/oe. Cest une nation Indians qui entend la Icmgue niinoise." Translated: " The French have established a fort upon the river Wabash, and want a missionary; and Father Mermet has been sent to them. That Father believes he should labor for the conversion of the Mascoutens, who have built a vil- lage on the banks of the same river. They are a nation of Indiana who understand the language of the Illinois." Mermet was therefore the first preacher of Christianity in this part of the world, and his mission was to convert the Mascoutens, a branch of the Miamis. " The way I took," says he, " was to con- found, in the presence of the whole tribe, one of these charlatans [medicine men], whose Manitou, or great spirit which he wor- shiped, was the buflfalo. After leading him on insensibly to the avowal that it was not the buffalo that he worshiped, but the Man- itou, or spirit, of the buffalo, which was under the earth and ani- mated all buffaloes, which heals the sick and has all power, I asked him whether other beasts, the bear for instance, and which one of his nation worshiped, was not equally inhabited by a Manitou, which was under the earth. ' Without doubt,' said the grand medi- cine man. ' If this is so,' said I, ' men ought to have a Manitou who inhabits them.' ' Nothing more certain,' said he. ' Ought not that to convince you,' continued I, ' that you are not very reasonable? For if man upon the earth is the master of all animals, if he kills them, if he eats them, does it not follow that the Mani- tou which inhabits him must have a mastery over all other Mani- tous? Why then do you not invoke him instead of the Manitou of the bear and the buffalo, when you are sick?' This reasoning disconcerted the charlatan. But this was all the effect it produced." The result of convincing these heathen by logic, as is generally the case the world over, was only a temporary logical victory, and no change whatever was produced in the professions and practices of the Indians. But the first Christian (Catholic) missionary at this place whose name we find recorded in the Church annals, was Meurin, in 1849. The church building used by these early missionaries at. Vin- oennes is thus described hy the " oldest inhabitants:" Fronting on Water street and running back on Church street, it was a plain HISTORY OF INDIANA. 41 building with a rough exterior, of upright posts, chinked and daubed, with a rough coat of cement on the outside; about 20 feet wide and 60 long; one story high, with a small belfry and an equally small bell. It was dedicated to St. Francis Xavier. This spot is now occupied by a splendid cathedral. Vincennes has ever been a stronghold of Catholicism. The Church there has educated and sent out many clergymen of her faith, some of whom have become bishops, or attained other high positions in ecclesiastical authority. Almost contemporaneous with the progress of the Church at Vincennes was a missionary work near the mouth of the Wea river, among the Ouiatenons, but the settlement there was broken up in early day. NATIONAL POLICIES. THE GREAT FRENCH SCHEME. Soon after the discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi by La- Salle in 1682, the government of France began to encourage the policy of establishing a line of trading posts and missionary stations extending through the West from Canada to Louisiana, and this policy was maintained, with partial success, for about 75 years. The traders persisted in importing whisky, which cancelled nearly every civilizing influence that could be brought to bear upon the Indian, and the vast distances between posts prevented that strength which can be enjoyed only by close and convenient inter- communication. Another characteristic of Indian nature was to listen attentively to all the missionary said, pretending to believe all he preached, and then offer in turn his theory of the world, of religion, etc., and because he was not listened to with the same degree of attention and pretense of belief, would go off disgusted. This was his idea of the golden rule. The river St. Joseph of Lake Michigan was called " the river Miamis" in 1679, in which year LaSalle built a small fort on its bank, near the lake shore. The principal station of the mission for the instruction of the Miamis was established on the borders of this river. The first French post within the territory of the Miamis was at the mouth of the river Miamis, on an eminence naturally fortified on two sides by the river, and on one side by a 42 HISTOET OF INDIANA. deep ditch made by a fall of water. It was of triangular form. The missionary Hennepin gives a good description of it, as he was one of the company who built it, in 1679. Says he: " We fell the trees that were on the top of the hill; and having cleared the same from bushes for about two musket shot, we began to build a redoubt of 80 feet long and 40 feet broad, "with great square pieces of timber laid one upon another, and prepared a great number of stakes of about 25 feet long to drive into the ground, to make our fort more inaccessible on the riverside. "We employed the whole month of November about that work, which was very hard, though we had no other food but the bear's flesh our savage killed. These beasts are very common in that place because of the great quantity of grapes they find there; but their flesh being too fat and luscious, our men began to be weary of it and desired leave to go a hunting to kill some wild goats. M. LaSalle denied them that liberty, which caused some murmurs among them; and it was but unwill- ingly that they continued their work. This, together with the approach of winter and the apprehension that M. LaSalle had that his vessel (the Griffin) was lost, made him very melancholy, though he concealed it as much as he could. We made a cabin wherein we performed divine service every Sunday, and Father Gabriel and I, who preached alternately, took care to take such texts as were euitable to our present circumstances and fit to inspire us with courage, concord and brotherly love. * * * The fort was at last perfected, and called Fort Miamis." In the year 1711 the missionary Chardon, who was said to be very zealous and apt in the acquisition of languages, had a station on the St. Joseph about 60 miles above the mouth. Charlevoix, another distinguished missionary from France, visited a post on this river in 1721. In a letter dated at the place, Aug. 16, he says: ^' There is a commandant here, with a small garrison. His house, which is but a very sorry one, is called the fort, from its being sur- rounded with an indifferent palisado, which is pretty near the case in all the rest. We have here two villages of Indians, one of the Miamis and the other of the Pottawatomies, both of them mostly Christians; but as they have been for a long time without any pas- tors, the missionary who has been lately sent to them will have no small difficulty in bringing them back to the exercise of their re-, ligion." He speaks also of the main commodity for which the In. dians would part with their goods, namely, spirituous liquors, which they drink and keep drunk upon as long as a supply lasted. ^^^' \*-'*i'lC»"" '-^' Tflt" ^P^ - INDIANS ATTACKING FRONTIERSMEN". EIBTOBT OF INDIANA. 45 More than a century and a half has now passed since Charlevoix penned the above, without any change whatever in this trait of In- dian character. In 1765 the Miami nation, or confederacy, was composed of four tribes, whose total number of warriors was estimated at only 1,050 men. Of these about 250 were Twightwees, or Miamis proper, 300 Weas, or Ouiatenons,300 Piankeshaws and 200Shockeys; and at this time the principal villages of the Twightwees were situated about the head of the Maumee river at and near the place where Fort Wayne now is. The larger Wea villages were near the banks of the Wabash river, in the vicinity of the Post Ouiatenon ; and the Shockeys and Piankeshaws dwelt on the banks of the Yermil- lion and on the borders of the Wabash between Vincennes and Ouiatenon. Branches of the Pottawatomie, Shawnee, Delaware and Eickapoo tribes were permitted at different times to enter within the boundaries of the Miamis and reside for a while. The wars in which France and England were engaged, from 1688 to 1697, retarded the growth of the colonies of those nations in North America, and the efforts made by France to connect Canada and the Gulf of Mexico by a chain of trading posts and colonies naturally excited the jealousy of England and gradually laid the foundation for a struggle at arms. After several stations were estab- lished elsewhere in the West, trading posts were started at the Miami villages, which stood at the head of the Maumee, at the Wea villages about Ouiatenon on the Wabash, and at the Piankeshaw vil- lages about the present sight of Vincennes. It is probable that before the close of the year 1719, temporary trading posts were erected at the sites of Fort Wayne, Ouiatenon and Yincennes. These points were probably often visited by French fur traders prior to 1700. In the meanwhile the English people in this country commenced also to establish military posts west of the Alleghanies, and thus matters went on until they naturally culminated in a general war, which, being waged by the French and Indians combined on one side, was called " the French and Indian war." This war was terminated in 1763 by a treaty at Paris, by which France ceded to Great Britain all of North America east of the Mississippi except New Orleans and the island on which it is situated ; and indeed, France had the preceding autumn, by a secret convention, ceded to Spain all the country west of that river. 46 HISTOET OP INDIANA. PONTIAC'S WAB. In 1762, after Canada and its dependencies had been surrendered to tlie English, Pontiac and his partisans secretly organized a pow- erful confederacy in order to crush at one blow all English power in the West. This great scheme was skillfully projected and cau- tiously matured. The principal act in the programme was to gain admittance into the fort at Detroit, on pretense of a friendly visit, with short- ened muskets concealed under their blankets, and on a given signal suddenly break forth upon the garrison ; but an inadvertent remark of an Indian woman led to a discovery of the plot, which was con- sequently averted. Pontiac and his warriors afterward made many attacks upon the English, some of which were successful, but the Indians were finally defeated in the general war. BRITISH POLICY. In 1765 the total number of French families within the limits of the Northwestern Territory did not probably exceed 600. These were in settlements about Detroit, along the river Wabash and the neighborhood of Fort Chartres on the Mississippi. Of these fami- lies, about 80 or 90 resided at Post Vincennes, li at Fort Ouiate- non, on the Wabash, and nine or ten at the confluence of the St. Mary and St. Joseph rivers. The colonial policy of'the British government opposed any meas- ures which might strengthen settlements in the interior of this country, lest they become self-supporting and independent of the mother country; hence the early and rapid settlement of the North- western territory was still further retarded by the short-sighted selfishness of England. That fatal policy consisted mainly in hold- ing the land in the hands of the government and not allowing it to be subdivided and sold to settlers. But in spite of all her efforta in this direction, she constantly made just such efforts as provoked the American people to rebel, and to rebel successfully, which was within 15 years after the perfect close of the French and Indiaa war. AMEEIOAN POLICY. Thomas Jefferson, the shrewd statesman and wise Governor of Tirginia, saw from the first that actual occupation of Western lands was the only way to keep them out of the hands of foreigners and HISTOEY OF INDIANA. 47 Indians. Therefore, directly after the conquest of Vincennes by Clark, he engaged a scientific corps to proceed under an escort to the Mississippi, and ascertain by celestial observations the point on that river intersected by latitude 36° 30', the southern limit of the State, and to measure its distance to the Ohio. To Gen. Clark was entrusted the conduct of the military operations in that quar- ter. He was instructed to select a strong position near that point and establish there a fort and garrison ; thence to extend his conquests northward to the lakes, erecting forts at different points, which might serve as monuments of actual possession, besides affording protection to that portion of the country. Fort " Jefferson " was erected and garrisoned on the Mississippi a few miles above the southern limit. The result of these operations was the addition, to the chartered limits of Yirginia, of that immense region known as the " North- western Territory." The simple fact that such and such forts were established by the Americans in this vast region convinced the Brit- ish Commissioners that we had entitled ourselves to the land. But where are those " monuments " of our power now? INDIAN SAVAGEET. As a striking example of the inhuman treatment which the early Indians were capable of giving white people, we quote the follow ing blood-curdling story from Mr. Cox' " EecoUections of the Wabash Valley": On the 11th of I]ebruary, 1781, a wagoner named Irvin Hinton was sent from the block-house at Louisville, Ky., to Harrodsburg for a load of provisions for the fort. Two young men, Kichard Hue and George Holman, aged respectively 19 and 16 years, were sent as guards to protect the wagon from the depredations of any hostile Indians who might be lurking in the cane-brakes or ravines through which they must pass. Soon after their start a severe snow-storm set in which lasted until afternoon. Lest the melting snow might dampen the powder in their rifles, the guards fired them off, intending to reload them as soon as the storm ceased. Hinton drove tlie horses while Hue walked a few rods ahead and Holman about the same distance behind. As they ascended a hill about eight miles from Louisville Hinton heard some one say Whoa to the horses. Supposing that something was wrong about the wagon, he stopped and asked Holman why he had called him to halt. Holman said that he had not spoken; Rue also denied it, 48 HISTOKT OF INDIANA. but said that he had heard the voice distinctly. At this time a voice cried out, " I will solve the mystery for you ; it was Simon Girty that cried "Whoa, and he meant what he said,"— at the same time emerg- ing from a sink-hole a few rods from the roadside, followed by 13 Indians, who immediately surrounded the three Kentuckians and demanded them to surrender or die instantly. The little party, making a virtue of necessity, surrendered to this renegade white man and his Indian allies. Being so near two forts, Girty made all possible speed in making fast his prisoners, selecting the lines and other parts of the harness, he prepared for an immediate flight across the Ohio. The panta- loons of the prisoners were cut off about four inches above the knees, and thus they started through the deep snow as fast as the horses could trot, leaving the wagon, containing a few empty bar- rels, standing in the road. They continued their march for sev- eral cold days, without fire at night, until they reached Wa-puc-ca- nat-ta, where they compelled their prisoners to run the gauntlet as they entered the village. Hinton first ran the gauntlet and reached the council-house after receiving several severe blows upon the head and shoulders. Kue next ran between the lines, pursued by an Indian with an uplifted tomahawk. He far outstripped his pursuer and dodged most of the blows aimed at him. Holman complaining that it was too severe a test for a worn-out stripling like himself, was allowed to run between two lines of squaws and boy s, and was followed by an Indian with a long switch. The first council of the Indians did not dispose of these young men; they were waiting for the presence of other chiefs and war- riors. Hinton escaped, but on the afternoon of the second day he was re-captured. Now the Indians were glad that they had an occasion to indulge in the infernal joy of burning him at once. Soon after their supper, which they shared with their victim, they drove the stake into the ground, piled np the fagots in a circle around it, stripped and blackened the prisoner, tied him to the stake, and applied the torch. It was a slow fire. The war-whoop then thrilled through the dark surrounding forest like the chorus of a band of infernal spirits escaped from pandemonium, and the scalp dance was struck up by those demons in human shape, who for hours encircled their victim, brandishing their tomahawks and war clubs, and venting their execrations upon the helpless sufferer, who died about midnight from the effects of the slow heat. As Boon as he fell upon the ground, the Indian who first discovered HISTORY OF INDIANA. 49 him in the woods that evening sprang in, sunk his tomahawk into his skull above the ear, and with bis knife stripped off the scalp, which he bore back with him to the town as a trophy, and which was tauntingly thrust into the faces of Kue and Holman, with the question, " Can you smell the fire on the scalp of your red-headed friend? We cooked him and left him for the wolves to make a breakfast upon; that is the way we serve runaway prisoners." After a march of three days more, the prisoners, Rue and Hol- man, had to run the gauntlets again, and barely got through with their lives. It was decided that they should both be burned at the stake that night, though this decision was far from being unani- mous. The necessary preparations were made, dry sticks and brush were gathered and piled around two stakes, the faces and hands of the doomed men were blackened in the customary manner, and as the evening approached the poor wretches sat look- ing upon the setting sun for the last time. An unusual excitement was manifest in a number of chiefs who still lingered about the council-house. At a pause in the contention, a noble-looking In- dian approached the prisoners, and after speaking a few words to the guards, took Holman by the hand, lifted him to his feet, cut the cords that bound him to his fellow prisoners, removed the black from his face and hands, put his hand kindly upon his head and said : " I adopt you as my son, to fill the place of the one I have lately buried; yon are now a kinsman of Logan, the white man's friend, as he has been called, but who has lately proven himself to be a terrible avenger of the wrongs inflicted upon him by the bloody Cresap and his men." With evident reluctance, Girty interpreted this to Hol- ' man, who was thus unexpectedly freed. But the preparations for the burning of Kue went on. Holman and Rue embraced each other most affectionately, with a sorrow too deep for description. Rue was then tied to one of the stakes ; but the general contention among the Indians had not ceased. Just as the lighted fagots were about to be applied to the dry brush piled around the devoted youth, a tall, active young Shawnee, a son of the victim's captor, sprang into the ring, and cutting the cords which bound him to the stake, led him out amidst the deafening plaudits of a part of the crowd and the execrations of the rest. Re- gardless of threats, he caused water to be brought and the black to be washed from the face and hands of the prisoner, whose clothes were then returned to him, when the young brave said: "I take this young man to be my brother, in the place of one I lately lost; 50 HISTORY OF INDIANA. I loved that brother well; I will love this one, too; my old mother will be glad when I tell her that 1 have brought her a son, in place of the dear departed one. We want no more victims. The burning of Red-head [Hinton] ought to satisfy us. These innocent young men do not merit euch cruel fate; I would rather die myself than see this adopted brother burned at the stake." A loud shout of approbation showed that the young Shawnee had triumphed, though dissension was manifest' among the various tribes afterward. Some of them abandoned their trip to Detroit, others returded to Wa-puc-ca-nat-ta, a few turned toward the Mis- sissinewa and the Wabash towns, while a portion continued to De- troit. Holman was taken back to Wa-puc-ca-nat ta, where he re- mained most of the time of his captivity. Eue was taken first to the Mississinewa, then to the Wabash towns. Two years of his eventful captivity were spent in the region of the Wabash and Illi- nois rivers, but the last few months at Detroit; was in captivity altogether about three years and a half. Rue effected his escape in the following manner: During one of the drunken revels of the Indians near Detroit one of them lost a purse of $90; various tribes were suspected of feloniously keeping the treasure, and much ugly speculation was indulged in as to who was the thief. At length a prophet of a tribe that was not suspected was called to divine the mystery. He spread sand over a green deer-skin, watched it awhile and performed various manipulations, and professed to see that the money had been stolen and carried away by a tribe entirely different from any that had been suspicioned; but he was shrewd enough not to announce who the thief was or the tribe he belonged to, lest a war might arise. His decision quieted the belligerent uprisings threatened by the excited Indians. Rue and two other prisoners saw this display of the prophet's skill and concluded to interrogate him soon concerning their fami- lies at home. The opportunity occurred in a few days, and the In- dian seer actually astonished Rue with the accuracy with which he described his family, and added, " You all intend to make your escape, and you will effect it soon. You will meet with many trials and hardships in passing over so wild a district of country, inhabited by so many hostile nations of Indians. You will almost starve to death ; but about the tim8 you have given up all hope of finding game to sustain you in your famished condition, succor will come when you least expect it. The first game you will succeed in taking HISTOET OF INDIANA. 51 will be a male of some kind ; after that you will have plenty of game and return home in safety." The prophet kept this matter a secret for the prisoners, and the latter in a few days set off upon their terrible journey, and had just such experience as the Indian prophet had foretold; they arrived home with their lives, but were pretty well worn out with the exposures and privations of a three weeks' journey. On the return of Holman's party of Indians to Wa-puc-ca-nat-ta, much dissatisfaction existed in regard to the manner of his release from the sentence of condemnation pronounced against him by the council. Many were in favor of recalling the council and trying him again, and this was finally agreed to. The young man was again put upon trial for his life, with a strong probability of his being condemned to the stake. Both parties worked hard for vic- tory in the final vote, which eventually proved to give a majority of one for the prisoner's acquittal. While with the Indians, Holman saw them burn at the stake a Kentuckian named Richard Hogeland, who had been taken prisoner at the defeat of Ool. Crawford. They commenced burning him at nine o'clock at night, and continued roasting him until ten o'clock the next day, before he expired. During his excruciating tortures he begged for some of them to end his life and sufferings with a gnu or tomahawk. Finally his cruel tormentors promised they would, and cut several deep gashes in his flesh with their tomahawks, and shoveled up hot ashes and embers and threw them into the gaping wounds. . When he was dead they stripped off his scalp, cut him to pieces and burnt him to ashes, which they scattered through the town to expel the evil spirits from it. After a captivity of about three years and a half, Holman saw an opportunity of going on a mission for the destitute Indians, namely, of going to Harrodsburg, Ky., where he had a rich uncle, from whom they could get what supplies they wanted. They let him go with a guard, but on arriving at Louisville, where Gen. Clark was in command, he was ransomed, and he reached home only three days after the arrival of Eue. Both these men lived to a good old age, terminating their lives at their home about two miles south of Hichmond, lud. EXPEDITIONS OF COL. GEOEGE EOGEES CLAEK. In the summer of 1778, Col. George Eogers Clark, a native of Albemarle county, Va., led a memorable expedition against the ancient French settlements about Kaskaskia and Post Vincennes. With respect to the magnitude of its design, the valor and perse- verance with which it was carried on, and the memorable results which were produced by it, this expedition stands without a parallel in the early annals of the valley of the Mississippi. That portion of the West called Kentucky was occupied by Henderson & Co., who pretended to own the land and who held it at a high price. Col. Clark wished to test the validity of their claim and adjust the government of the country so as to encourage immigration. He accordingly called a meeting of the citizens at Harrodstown, to assemble June 6, 1776, and consider the claims of the company and consult with reference to the interest of the country. He did not at first publish the exact aim of this movement, lest parties would be formed in advance and block the enterprise; also, if the object of the meeting were not announced beforehand, the curiosity of the people to know what was to be proposed would bring out a much greater attendance. The meeting was held on the day appointed, and delegates were elected to treat with the government of Virginia, to see whether it would be best to become a county in that State and be protected by it, etc. Various delays on account of the remoteness of the white settlers from the older communities of Virginia and the hos- tility of Indians in every direction, prevented a consummation of -this object until some time in 1778. The government of Virginia was friendly to Clark's enterprise to a certain extent, but claimed that they had not authority to do much more than to lend a little assistance for which payment should be made at some future time, as it was not certain whether Kentucky would become a part of Vir- ginia or not. Gov. Henry and a few gentlemen were individually so hearty in favor of Clark's benevolent undertaking that they assisted him all they could. Accordingly Mr. Clark organized his expedition, keeping every particular secret lest powerful parties would form in the West against him. He took in stores at Pittfl- (52) OES. GEOEGB EOGEES CLASS HISTOET OF INDIANA. 55 burg and "Wheeling, proceeded down the Ohio to the " Falls," where he took possession of an island of a about seven acres, and divided it among a small number of families, for whose protection he constructed some light fortifications. At this time Post Vin- cennes comprised about 400 militia, and it was a daring undertak- ing for Col. Clark, with his small force, to go up against it and Kas- kaskia, as he had planned. Indeed, some of his men, on hearing of bis plan, deserted him. He conducted himself so as to gain the sympathy of the French, and through them also that of the Indians to some extent, as both these people were very bitter against the British, who had possession of the Lake Kegion. From the nature of the situation Clark concluded it was best to take Kaskaskia first. The fact that the people .regarded him as a savage rebel, he regarded as really a good thing in his favor; for after the first victory he would show them so much unexpected lenity that they would rally to his standard. In this policy he was indeed successful. He arrested a few men and put them in irons. The priest of the village, accompanied by five or six aged citizens, waited on Clark and said that the inhabitants expected to be separ- ated, perhaps never to meet again, and they begged to be permitted to assemble in their church to take leave of each other. Clark mildly replied that he had nothing against their religion, that they might continue to assemble in their church, but not venture out of town, etc. Thus, by what has since been termed the "Earey" method of taming horses, Clark showed them he had power over them but designed them no harm, and they readily took the oath of allegiance to Virginia. After Clark's arrival at Kaskaskia it was difficult to induce the French settlers to accept the "Continental paper" introduced by him and his troops. Nor until Col, Vigo arrived there and guar- anteed its redemption would they receive it. Peltries and piastres formed the only currency, and Vigo found great difficulty in ex- plaining Clark's financial arrangements. "Their commandants never made money," was the reply to Vigo's explanation of the policy of the old Dominion. But notwithstanding the guarantees, the Continental paper fell very low in the market. Vigo had a trading establishment at Kaskaskia, where he sold coffee at one dollar a pound, and all the other necessaries of life at an equally reasonable price. The unsophisticated Frenchmen were generally asked in what kind of money they would pay their little bills. 66 HISTORY OF INDIANA. "Douleur," was the general reply; and as an authority on the sub- ject says, "It took about twenty Continental dollars to purchase a silver dollar's worth of coffee; and as the French word "douleur" sig- nifies grief or pain, perhaps no word either in the French or Eng- lish languages expressed the idea more correctly than the doulew for a Continental dollar. At any rate it was truly douleur to the Colonel, for he never received a single dollar in exchange for the large amount taken from him in order to sustain Clark's credit. Now, the post at Vincennes, defended by Fort Sackville, came next. The priest just mentioned, Mr. Gibault, was really friendly to "the American interest;" he had spiritual charge of the church at Vincennes, and he with several others were deputed to assemble the people there and authorize them to garrison their own fort like ' a free and independent people, etc. This plan had its desired effect, and the people took the oath of allegiance to the State of Virginia and became citizens of the United States. Their style of language and conduct changed to a better hue, and they surprised the numer- ous Indians in the vicinity by displaying anew flag and informing them that their old father, the King of France, was come to life again, and was mad at them for fighting the English ; and they ad- vised them to make peace with the Americans as soon as they could, otherwise they might expect to make the land very bloody, etc. The Indians concluded they would have to fall in line, and they offered no resistance. Oapt. Leonard Helm, an American, was left in charge of this post, and Clark began to turn his atten- tion to other points. But before leaving this section of the coun- try he made treaties of peace with the Indians; this he did, how- ever, by a different method from what had always before been followed. By indirect methods he caused them to come to him, instead of going to them. He was convinced that inviting them to treaties was considered by them in a different manner from what the whites expected, and imputed them to fear, and that giving them great presents confirmed it. He accordingly established treaties with the Piankeshaws, Ouiatenons, Kickapoos, Illinois, Kaskaskias, Peorias and branches of some other tribes that inhab- ited the country between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi. Upon this the General Assembly of the State of Virginia declared aU the citizens settled west of the Ohio organized into a county of that State, to be known as " Illinois " county ; but before the pro- visions of the law could be carried into effect, Henry Hamilton, the British Lieutenant-Governor of Detroit, collected an army of about HISTOET OF INDIANA; 57 30 regulars, 50 French volunteers and 400 Indians, went down and re-took the post Vincennes in December, 1778. No attempt was made by the population to defend the town. Capt. Helm and a man named Henry were the only Americans at the fort, the only members of the garrison. Capt. Helm was taken prisoner and a number of the French inhabitants disarmed. Col. Clark, hearing of the situation, determined to re-capture the place. He accordingly gathered together what force he could in this distant land, 170 men, and on the 6th of February, fatarted from Kaskaskia and crossed the river of that name. The weather was very wet, and the low lands were pretty well covered with water. The march was diflScult, and the Colonel had to workhard to keep his men in spirits. He suffered them to shoot game whenever they wished and eat it like Indian war-dancers, each company by turns inviting the others to their feasts, which was the case every night. Clark waded through water as much as any of them, and thus stimu- lated the men by his example. They reached the Little Wabash on the 13th, after suffering many and great hardships. Here a camp was formed, and without waiting to discuss plans for crossing the river, Clark ordered the men to construct a vessel, and pretended that crossing the stream would be only a piece of amusement, al- though inwardly he held a different opinion. The second day afterward a reconnoitering party was sent across the river, who returned and made an encouraging report. A scaf- folding was built on the opposite shore, upon which the baggage was placed as it was tediously ferried over, and the new camping ground was a nice half acre of dry land. There were many amuse- ments, indeed, in getting across the river, which put all the men in high spirits. The succeeding two or three days they had to march through a great deal of water, having on the night of the 17th to encamp in the water, near the Big Wabash. At daybreak on the 18th they heard the signal gun atYincennes, and at once commenced their march. Keaching the Wabash about two o'clock, they constructed rafts to cross the river on a boat-steal- ing expedition, but labored all day and night to no purpose. On the 19th they began to make a canoe, in which a second attempt to steal boats was made, but this expedition returned, reporting that there were two "large fires" within a mile of them. Clark sent a canoe down the river to meet the vessel that was supposed to be on her way up with the supplies, with orders to hasten forward day and night. This was their last hope, as their provisions were entirely 68 HISTORY OF INDUNA. gone, and starvation seemed to be hovering about them. The next day they commenced to make more canoes, when about noon the sentinel on the river brought a boat with five Frenchmen from the fort. From this party they learned that they were not as yet dis- covered. All the army crossed the river in two canoes the next day, and as Clark had determined to reach the town that night, he ordered his men to move forward. They plunged into the water sometimes to the neck, for over three miles. "Without food, benumbed with cold, up to their waists in water, covered with broken ice, the men at one time mutinied and refused to march. All the persuasions of Clark had no effect upon the half-starved and half-frozen soldiers. In one company was a small drummer boy, and also a sergeant who stood six feet two inches in socks, and stout and athletic. He was devoted to Clark. The Gen- eral mounted the little drummer on the shoulders of the stalwart sergeant and ordered him to plunge into the water, half-frozen as it was. He did so, the little boy beating the charge from his lofty perch, while Clark, sword in hand, followed them, giving the com- mand as he threw aside the floating ice, " Forward." Elated and amused with the scene, the men promptly obeyed, holding their rifles above their heads, and in spite of all the obstacles they reached the high land in perfect safety. But for this and the ensuing days of this campaign we quote from Clark's account: " This last day's march through the water was far superior to any- thing the Frenchmen had any idea of. They were backward in speaking; said that the nearest land to us was a small league, a sugar camp on the bank of the river. A canoe was sent off and re- turned without flnding that we could pass. I went in her myself and sounded the water and found it as deep as to my neck. I returned with a design to have the men transported on board the canoes to the sugar camp, which I knew would expend the whole day and en- suing night, as the vessels would pass slowly through the bushes. The loss of so much time to men half starved was a matter of con- sequence. I would have given now a great deal for a day's provis- ion, or for one of our horses. I returned but slowly to the troops, giving myself time to think. On our arrival all ran to hear what was the report; every eye was fixed on me; I unfortunately spoke in a serious manner to one of the officers. The whole were alarmed without knowing what I said. I viewed their confusion for about one minute; I whispered to those near me to do as I did, immedi- ately put some water in my hand, poured on powder, blackened my HISTOET OF INDIANA. 59 face, gave the war-whoop, and marched into the water without say- ing a word. The party gazed and fell in, one after another without saying a word, like a flock of sheep. I ordered those near me to begin a favorite song of theirs; it soon passed through the line, and the whole went on cheerfully. " I now intended to have them transported across the deepest part of the water; but when about waist-'deep, one of the men in- formed me that he thought he felt a path ; we examined and found it so, and concluded that it kept on the highest ground, which it did, and by taking pains to follow it, we got to the sugar camp with no difficulty, where there was about half an acre of dry ground, — at least ground not under water, and there we took up our lodging. ****** " The night had been colder than any we had had, and the ice in the morning was one-half or three-quarters of an inch thick in still water; the morning was the finest. A little after sunrise I lectured the whole; what I said to them I forget, but I concluded by in- forming them that passing the plain then in full view, and reaching the opposite woods would put an end to their fatigue ; that in a few hours they would have a sight of their long wished-for object; and immediately stepped into the water without waiting for any reply. A huzza took place. As we generally marched through the water in a line, before the third man entered, I called to Major Bowman, ordering him to fall in the rear of the 25 men, and put to death any man who refused to march. This met with a cry of approbation, and on we went. Getting about the middle of the plain, the water about mid-deep, I found myself sensibly failing; and as there were no trees nor bushes for the men to support them- selves by, I feared that many of the weak would be drowned, I or- dered the canoes to make the land, discharge their loading, and play backward and forward with all diligence and pick up the men ; and to encourage the party, sent some of the strongest men forward, with orders when they got to a certain distance, to pass the word back that the water was getting shallow, and when getting near the woods, to cry out land. This stratagem had its desired efiect; the men exerted themselves almost beyond their abilities, the weak holding by the stronger. The water, however, did not become shallower, but continued deepening. Getting to the woods where the men expected land, the water was up to my shoulders; but gaining the woods was of great consequence; all the low men and weakly hung to the trees and floated on the old logs until they were 60 HISTORY OF INDIANA. taken off by the canoes; the strong and tall got ashore and built fires. Many would reach the shore and fall with, their bodies half in the water, not being able to support themselves without it. " This was a dry and delightful spot of ground of about ten acres. Fortunately, as if designed by Providence, a canoe of Indian squaws and children was coming up to town, and took through 'this part of the plain as a nigh way ; it was discovered by our canoe-men as they were out after the other men. They gave chase and took the Indian canoe, on board of which was nearly half a quarter of buffalo, some corn, tallow, kettles, etc. This was an invaluable prize. Broth was immediately made and served out, especially to the weakly; nearly all of ns got a little; but a great many gave their part to the weakly, saying something cheering to their comrades. By the afternoon, this refreshment and fine weather had greatly invigor- ated the whole party. " Crossing a narrow and deep lake in the canoes, and marching some distance, we came to a copse of timber called ' Warrior's Island.' "We were now in full view of the fort and town; it was about two miles distant, with not a shrub intervening. Every man now feasted his eyes ancj forgot that he had suffered anything, say- ing that all which had passed was owing to good policy, and noth- ing but what a man could bear, and that a soldier had no right to think, passing from one extreme to the other, — which is common in such cases, And now stratagem was necessary. The plain between us and the town was not a perfect level; the sunken grounds were covered with water full of ducks. We observed several men within a half a mile of us shooting ducks, and sent out some of our active young Frenchmen to take one of these men prisoners without alarming the rest, which they did. The information we got from this person was similar to that which we got from those taken on the river, except that of the British having that evening completed the wall of the fort, and that there were a great many Indians in town. " Our situation was now critical. No possibility of retreat in case of defeat, and in full view of a town containing at this time more than 600 men, troops, inhabitants and Indians. The crew of the galley, though not 60 men, would have been now a re-enforcement of immense magnitude to our little army, if I may so call it, but we would not think of them. We were now in the situation that I had labored to get ourselves in. The idea of being made prisoner ' was foreign to almost every man, as they expected nothing but tor- ture from the savages if they fell into their hands. Our fate was HISTOET OF INDIANA. 61 now to be determined, probably in a few hours; we knew that nothing but the most daring conduct would insure success ; I knew also that a number of the inhabitants wished us well. This was a favorable circumstance; and as there was but little prooability of our remaining until dark undiscovered, I determined to begin opera- tions immediately, and therefore wrote the following placard to the inhabitants: To the Inhabitants of Post Vlncennes: Gentlemen: — Being now within two miles of your village with my army, determined to take your fort this night, and not being willing to surprise you, I take this method to request such of you as are true citizens and willing to enjoy the liberty I bring you, to remain still in your houses ; and those, if any there be, that are friends to the king, will instantly repair to the fort and join the hair-buyer general and fight like men ; and if any such as do not go to the fort shall be discovered afterward, they may depend on severe punishment. On the contrary, those who are true friends to liberty may depend on being well treated ; and I once more request them to keep out of the streets ; for every one I find in arms on my arrival I shall treat as an enemy. [Signed] G. E. Claek. " I had various ideas on the results of "this letter. I knew it could do us no damage, but that it would cause the lukewarm to be decided, and encourage our friends and astonish our enemies. We anxiously viewed this messenger until he entered the town, and in a few minutes we discovered by our glasses some stir in every street we could penetrate, and great numbers running or riding out into the commons, we supposed to view us, which was the case. But what surprised us was that nothing had yet happened that had the appearance of the garrison being alarmed, — neither gun nor drum. We began to suppose that the informatiou we got from our prisoners was false, and that the enemy had already knew of us and were prepared. A little before sunset we displayed ourselves in full view of the town, — crowds gazing at us. We were plunging ourselves into certain destruction or success ; there was no midway thought of. We had but little to say to our men, except inculcat- ing an idea of the necessity of obedience, etc. We moved on slowly in full view of the town ; but as it was a point of some con- sequence to us to make ourselves appear formidable, we, in leaving the covert we were in, marched and counter- marched in such a manner that we appeared numerous. Our colors were displayed to the best advantage; and as the low plain we marched through was 62 HISTORY OF INDIANA. not a perfect level, but had frequent risings in it, of 7 or 8 higher than the common level, which was covered with water; and as these risings generally run in an oblique direction to the town, we took the advantage of one of them, marching through the water by it, which completely prevented our being numbered. We gained the heights back of the town. As there were as yet no hostile appearance, we were impatient to have the cause unriddled. Lieut. Bay ley was ordered with 14 men to march and fire on the fort; the main body moved in a difierent direction and took possession of the strongest part of the town." Clark then sent a written order to Hamilton commanding him to surrender immediately or he would be treated as a murderer; Hamilton replied that he and his garrison were not disposed to be awed into any action unworthy of British sub- jects. After one hour more of fighting, Hamilton proposed a truce of three days for conference, on condition that each side cease all defensive work; Clark rejoined that he would "not agree to any terms other than Mr. Hamilton surrendering himself and garrison prisoners at discretion," and added that if he, Hamil- ton, wished to talk" with him he could meet him immediately at the church with Capt. Helm. In less than an hour Clark dictated the termaof surrender, Feb. 24, 1779. Hamilton agreed to the total surrender because, as he there claimed in writing, he was too far from aid from his own government, and because of the " unanimity"' of his officers in the surrender, and his "confidence in a generous enemy." "Of this expedition, of its results, of its importance, of the merits of those engaged in it, of their bravery, their skill, of their prudence, of their success, a volume would not more than suffice for the details. Suffice it to say that in my opinion, and I have accurately and criti- cally weighed and examined all the results produced by the con- tests in which we were engaged during the Revolutionary war, that for bravery, for hardships endured, for skill and consummate tact and prudence on the part of the commander, obedience, dis- cipline and love of country on the part of his followers, for the immense, benefits acquired, and signal advantages obtained by it for the whole union, it was second to no enterprise undertaken dur- ing that struggle. I might add, second to no undertaking in an- cient or modern warfare. The whole credit of this conquest be- longs to two men ; Gen. George Rogers Clark and Ool. Francis Vigo. And when we consider that by it the whole territory now^ HISTORY OF INDIANA. 63 covered by the three great states of Indiana, Illinois and Michigan was added to the union, and so admitted to be by the British commis- sioners at the preliminaries to the treaty of peace in 1783; (and but for this very conquest, the boundaries of our territories west would have been the Ohio instead of the Mississippi, and so acknowledged by both our commissioners and the British at that conference;) a territory embracing upward of 2,C00,000 people, the human mind is lost in the contemplation of its effects; and we can but wonder that a force of 170 men, the whole number of Clark's troops, should by this single action have produced such important results." [John Law. The next day Clark sent a detachment of 60 men up the river Wabash to intercept some boats which were laden with provisions and goods from Detroit. This force was placed under command of Capt. Helm, Major Bosseron and Major Legras, and they proceeded up the river, in three armed boats, about 120 miles, when the British boats, about seven in number, were surprised and captured without firing "a gun. These boats, which had on board about $60,000 worth of goods and provisions, were manned by about 40 men, among whom was Philip Dejean, a magistrate of Detroit. The provisions were taken for the public, and distributed among the soldiery. Having organized a military government at Yincennes and appointed Capt. Helm commandant of the town. Col. Clark return- ed in the vessel to Kaskaskia, where he was joined by reinforce- ments from Kentucky under Capt. George. Meanwhile, a party of traders who were going to the falls, were killed and plundered by the Dela wares of White River; the news of this disaster having reached Clark, he sent a dispatch to Capt. Helm ordering him to make war on the Delawares and use every means in his power to destroy them; to show no mercy to the men, but to save the women and children. This order was executed without delay. Their camps were attacked in every quarter where they could be found. Many fell, and others were carried to Post Yincennes and put to death. The surviving Delawares at once pleaded for mercy and appeared anxious to make some atonement for their bad con- duct. To these overtures Capt. Helm replied that Col. Clark, the " Big Knife," had ordered the war, and that he had no power to lay down the hatchet, but that he would suspend hostilities until a messenger could be sent to Kaskaskia. This was done, and the crafty Colonel, well understanding the Indian character, sent a 64 HISTORY OF INDIANA. message to the Delawares, telling them that he would not accept their friendship or treat with them for peace; but that if they could get some of the neighboring tribes to become responsible for their future conduct, he would discontinue the war and spare their lives; otherwise they must all perish. Accordingly a council was called of all the Indians in the neigh- borhood, and Clark's answer was read to the assembly. After due deliberation the Piankeshaws took on themselves to answer for the future good conduct of the Delawares, and the " Grand Door " in a long speech denounced their base conduct. This ended the war with the Delawares and secured the respect of the neighboring tribes. Clark's attention was next turned to the British post at Detroit, but being unable to obtain sufficient troops he abandoned the en- terprise. Clark's ingenious ruse against the Indians. Tradition says that when Clark captured Hamilton and his gar- rison at Fort Sackville, he took possession of the fort and kept the British flag flying, dressed his sentinels with the uniform of the British soldiery, and let everything about the premises remain as they were, so that when the Indians sympathizing with the British arrived they would walk right into the citadel, into the jaws of death. His success was perfect. Sullen and silent, with the scalp- lock of his victims hansfing at his girdle, and in full expectation of his reward from Hamilton, the unwary savage, unconscious of danger and wholly ignorant of the change that had just been eflected in his absence, passed the supposed British sentry at the gate of the fort unmolested and unchallenged ; but as soon as in, a volley from the rifles of a platoon of Clark's men, drawn up and awaiting his coming, pierced their hearts and sent the unconscious savage, reek- ing with murder, to that tribunal to which he had so frequently, by order of the -hair-buyer general, sent his American captives, from the infant in the cradle to the grandfather of the family, tot- tering with age and infirmity. It was a just retribution, and few men but Clark would have planned such a ruse or carried it out successfully. It is reported that fifty Indians met this fate within the fort; and probably Hamilton, a prisoner there, witnessed it all, SUBSEQUENT CAREER OF HAMILTON. Henry Hamilton, who had acted as Lieutenant and Governor of the British possessions under Sir George Oarleton, was sent for- HISTOET OF INDIANA. 65 ward, with two other prisoners of war, Dejean and LaMothe, to Williamsburg, Va., early in June following, 1779. Proclamations, in his own handwriting, were found, in which he had offered a specific sum for every American scalp brought into the camp, either by his own troops or his allies, the Indians; and from this he was denominated the "hair-buyer General." This and much other tes- timony of living witnesses at the time, all showed what a savage he was. Thomas Jefferson, then Governor of Virginia, being made aware of the inhumanity of this wretch, concluded to resort to a little retaliation by way of closer confinement. Accordingly he ordered that these three prisoners be put in irons, confined in a dungeon, deprived of the use of pen, ink and paper, and be ex- cluded from all conversation except with their keeper. Major General Phillips, a British officer out on parole in the vicinity of Charlottesville, where the prisoners now were, in closer confine- ment, remonstrated, and President Washington, while approving of Jefferson's, course, requested a mitigation of the severe order, lest the British be goaded to desperate measures. Soon afterward Hamilton was released on parole, and he subse- quently appeared in Canada, still acting as if he had jurisdiction in the United States. GIBA0LT. The faithful, self-sacrificing and patriotic services of Father Pierre Gibault in behalf of the Americans require a special notice of him in this connection. He was the parish priest at Vincennes, as well as at Kaskaskia. He was, at an early period, a Jesuit mis- sionary to the Illinois. Had it not been for the influence of this man, Clark could not have obtained the influence of the citizens at either place. He gave all his property, to the value of 1,500 Spanish milled dollars, to the support of Col. Clark's troops, and never re- ceived a single dollar in return. So far as the records inform us, he was given 1,500 Continental paper dollars, which proved in the end entirely valueless. He modestly petitioned from the Govern- ment a small allowance of land at Cahokia, but we find no account of his ever receiving it. He was dependent upon the public in his older days, and in 1790 Winthrop Sargent "conceded" to him a lot of about "14 toises, one side to Mr. Millet, another to Mr. Vaudrey, and to two streets," — a vague description of land. 66 HISTOET OF INDIANA. VIGO. Col. Francis Vigo was born in Mondovi, in the kingdom of Sar- dinia, in 1747. He left his parents and guardians at a very early age, and enlisted in a Spanish regiment as a soldier. The regiment was ordered to Havana, and a detachment of it subsequently to New Orleans, then a Spanish post; Col. Yigo accompanied this de- tachment. But he left the army and engaged in trading with the Indians on the Arkansas and its tributaries. Next he settled at St. Louis, also a Spanish post, where he became closely connected, both in friendship and business, with the Governor of Upper Louisiana, then residing at the same place. This friendship he enjoyed, though he could only write his name; and we have many circumstantial evidences that he was a man of high intelligence, honor, purity of heart, and ability. Here he was living when Clark captured Kas- kaskia, and was extensively engaged in trading up the Missouri. A Spaniard by birth and allegiance, he was under no obligation to assist the Americans. Spain was at peace with Great Britain, and any interference by her citizens was a breach of neutrality, and subjected an individual, especially one of the high character and standing of Col. Vigo, to all the contumely, logs and vengeance which British power could inflict. But Col. Vigo did not falter. "With an innate love of liberty, an attachment to Republican prin- ciples, and an ardent sympathy for an oppressed people struggling for their rights, he overlooked all personal consequences, and as soon as he learned of Clark's arrival at Kaskaskia, he crossed the line and went to Clark and tendered him his means and influence, both of which were joyfully accepted. Knowing Col. Vigo's influence with the ancient inhabitants of the country, and desirous of obtaining some information from Vincennes, from which he had not heard for several months, Col. Clark proposed to him that he might go to that place and learn the actual state of affairs. Vigo went without hesitation, but on the Embarrass river he was seized by a party of Indians, plundered of all he possessed, and brought a prisoner before Hamilton, then in pos- session of the post, which he had a short time previously captured, holding Capt. Helm a prisoner of war. Being a Spanish subject, and consequently a non-combatant. Gov. Hamilton, although he strongly suspected the motives of the visit, dared not confine him, but admitted him to parole, on the single condition that he should daily report himself at the fort. But Hamilton was embar- HISTOEr OF INDIANA. 67 rassed by his detention, being besieged by the inhabitants of the town, who loved Vigo and threatened to withdraw their support from the garrison if he would not release him. Father Gibault was the chief pleader for Yigo's release. Hamilton finally yielded, on con- dition that he, Yigo, would do no injury to the British interests on his way to St. Louis. He went to St. Louis, sure enough, doing no injury to British interests, but immediately returned to Kaskaskia and reported to Clark in detail all he had learned at Vincennes, without which knowledge Clark would have been unable to ac- complish his famous expedition to that post with final triumph. The redemption of this country from the British is due as much, probably, to Col. Vigo as Col. Clark. GOVERNMENT OF THE NORTHWEST. Ool. John Todd, Lieutenant for the county of Illinois, in the spring of 177i9 visited the old settlements at Vincennes and Kas- kaskia, and organized temporary civil governments in nearly all the Settlements west of the Ohio. Previous to this, however, Clark had established a military government at Kaskaskia and Vincennes, appointed commandants in both places and taken up his headquar- ters at the falls of the Ohio, where he could watch the operations of the enemy and save the frontier settlements from the depreda- tions of Indian warfare. On reaching the settlements, Col. Todd issued a proclamation regulating the settlement of unoccupied lands and requiring the presentation of all claims to the lands set- tled, as the number of adventurers who would shortly overrun the country would be serious. He also organized a Court of civil and criminal jurisdiction at Vincennes, in the month of June, 1779. This Court was composed of several magistrates and presided over by Col. J. M. P. Legras, who had been appointed commandant at Vincennes. Acting from the precedents established by the early French commandants in the "West, this Court began to grant tracts of land to the French and American inhabitants; and to the year 1783, it had granted to different parties about 26,000 acres of land ; 22,000 more was granted in this manner by 1787, when the practice was prohibited by Gen. Harmer. These tracts varied in size from a house lot to 600 acres. Besides this loose business, the Court entered into a stupendous speculation, one not altogether creditable to its honor and dignity. The commandant and the magistrates under him suddenly adopted the opinion that they were invested 68 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. with the authority to dispose of the whole of that large region which in 1842 had been granted by the Piankeshaws to the French inhabitants of Vincennes. Accordingly a very convenient arrange- ment was entered into by which the whole tract of country men- tioned was to be divided between the members of the honorable Court. A record was made to that effect, and in order to gloss over the steal, each member took pains to be absent from Court on the day that the order was made in his favor. In the fall of 1780 La Balme, a Frenchman, made an attempt to capture the British garrison of Detroit by leading an expedition against it from Kaskaskia. At the head of 30 men he marched to Vincennes, where his force was slightly increased. From this place he proceeded to the British trading post at the head of the Maumee, where Fort Wayne now stands, plundered the British traders and Indians and then retired. While encamped on the bank of a small stream on his retreat, he was attacked by a band of Miamis, a number of his men were killed, and his expedition against Detroit was ruined. In this manner border war continued between Americans and their enemies, with varying victory, until 1783, when the treaty of Paris was concluded, resulting in the establishment of the inde- pendence of the United States. Up to this time the territory now included in Indiana belonged by conquest to the State of Yirginia; but in January, 1783, the General Assembly of that State resolved to cede to the Congress of the United States all the territory north- west of the Ohio. The conditions offered by Virginia were accepted by Congress Dec. 20, that year, and early in 1784 the transfer was completed. In 1783 Virginia had platted the town of Clarksville, at the falls of the Ohio. The deed of cession provided that the territory should be laid out into States, containing a suita- ble extent of territory not less than 10.0 nor more than 150 miles equare, or as near thereto as circumstances would permit; and that the States so formed shall be distinct Kepublican States and admitted members of the Federal Union, having the same rights of sovereignty, freedom and independence as the other States. The other conditions of the deed were as follows : That the necessary and reasonable expenses incurred by Virginia in subduing any British posts, or in maintaining forts and garrisons within and for the defense, or in acquiring any part of the territory so ceded or relinquished, shall be fully reimbursed by the United States; that the French and Canadian inhabitants and other settlers of the Kas- HISTORY OF INDIANA. 69 kaskia, Post Vincennes and the neighboring villages who have pro- fessed themselves citizens of Virginia, shall have their titles and possessions confirmed to them, and be protected in the enjoyment of their rights and privileges; that a quantity not exceeding 150,- 000 acres of land, promised by Virginia, shall be allowed and granted to the then Colonel, now General, George Eogers Clark, and to the officers and soldiers of his regiment, who marched with him when the posts and of Kaskaskia and Vincennes were reduced, and to the officers and soldiers that have been since incorporated into the said regiment, to be laid off in one tract, the length of which not to exceed double the breadth, in such a place on the northwest side of the Ohio as a majority of the officers shall choose, and to be afterward divided among the officers and soldiers in due proportion according to the laws of Virginia; that in case the quantity of good lands on the southeast side of the Ohio, upon the waters of Cumberland river, and between Green river and Ten. nessee river, which have been reserved by law for the Virginia troops upon Continental establishment, should, from the North Carolina line, bearing in further upon the Cumberland lands than was expected, prove insufficient for their legal bounties, the defi- ciency shall be made up to the said troops in good lands to be laid off between the rivers Scioto and Little Miami, on the northwest side of the river Ohio, in such proportions as have been engaged to them by the laws of Virginia; that all the lands within the ter- ritory so ceded to the United States, and not reserved for or appro- priated to any of the before-mentioned purposes, or disposed of in bounties to the officers and soldiers of the American army, shall be considered as a common fund for the use and benefit of such of the United States as have become, or shall become, members of the confederation or federal alliance of the said States, Virginia included, according to their usual respective proportions in the general charge and expenditure, and shall be faithfully and honafide dis- posed of for that purpose and for no other use or purpose whatever. After the above deed of cession had been accepted by Congress, in the spring of 1784, the matter of the future government of the territory was referred to a committee consisting of Messrs. Jeffer- son of Virginia, Chase of Maryland and Howell of Rhode Island, which committee reported an ordinance for its government, provid- ing, among other things, that slavery should not exist in said terri- tory after 1800, except as punishment of criminals ; but this article of the ordinance was rejected, and an ordinance for the temporary 70 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. government of the county was adopted. In 1785 laws were passed by Congress for the disposition of lands in the territory and pro- hibiting the settlement of unappropriated lands by reckless specu- lators. But human passion is ever strong enough to evade the law to some extent, and large associations, representing considerable means, were formed for the purpose of monopolizing the land busi- ness. Millions of acres were sold at one time by Congress to asso- ciations on the installment plan, and so far as the Indian titles could be extinguished, the work of settling and improving the lands was pushed rapidly forward, OKDINANCE OF 1787. This ordinance has a marvelous and interesting history. Con- siderable controversy has been indulged in as to who is entitled to the credit for framing it. This belongs, undoubtedly, to Nathan Dane; and to Rufus King and Timothy Pickering belong the credit for suggesting the proviso contained in it against slavery, and also for aids to religion and knowledge, and for assuring for- ever the common use, without charge, of the great national high- ways of the Mississippi, the St. Lawrence and their tributaries to all the citizens of the United States. To Thomas Jeflferson is also due much credit, as some features of this ordinance were embraced in his ordinance of 1784. But the part taken by each in the long, laborious and eventful struggle which had so glorious a consum- mation in the ordinance, consecrating forever, by one imprescript- ible and unchangeable monument, the very heart of our country to Freedom, Knowledge, and Union, will forever honor the names ol those illustrious statesmen. Mr. Jefferson had vainly tried to secure a system of government for the Northwestern territory. He was an emancipationist and favored the exclusion of slavery from the territory, but the South voted him down every time he proposed a measure of this nature. In 1787, as late as July 10, an organizing act without the anti- slavery clause was pending. This concession to the South was expected to carry it. Congress was in session in New York. On July 5, Kev. Manasseh Cutler, of Massachusetts, came into New York to lobby on the Northwestern territory. Everything seemed to fall into his hands. Events were ripe. The state of the public credit, the growing of Southern prejudice, the basis of his mission, his personal character, all combined to complete one of those sudden HISTORY OF INDIANA. 71 and marvelous revolutions of public sentiment that once in five or ten centuries are seen to sweep over a country like the breath of the Almighty. Cutler was a graduate of Yale. He had studied and taken de- grees in the three learned professions, medicine, law, and divinity. He had published a scientific examination of the plants of New England. As a scientist in America his name stood second only to that of Franklin. He was a courtly gentleman of the old style, a man of commanding presence and of inviting face. The Southern members said they had never seen such a gentleman in the North. He came representing a Massachusetts company that desired to purchase a tract of land, now included in Ohio, for the purpose of planting a colony. It was a speculation. Government money was worth eighteen cents on the dollar. This company had collected enough to purchase 1,500,000 acres of land. Other speculators in New York made Dr. Cutler their agent, which enabled him to represent a demand for 5,500,000 acres. As this would reduce the national debt, and Jefferson's policy was to provide for the public credit, it presented a good opportunity to do something. Massachusetts then owned the territory of Maine, which she was crowding on the market. She was opposed to opening the North- western region. This fired the zeal of Virginia. The South caught the inspiration, and all exalted Dr. Cutler. The entire South ral. lied around him. Massachusetts could not vote against him, be- cause many of the constuitents of her members were interested personally in the Western speculation. Thus Cutler, making friends in the South, and doubtless using all the arts of the lobby, was enabled to command the situation. True to deeper convic- tions, he dictated one of the most compact and finished documents of wise statesmanship that has ever adorned any human law book. He borrowed from Jefferson the term "Articles of Compact," which, preceding the federal constitution, rose into the most sacred char- acter. He then followed very closely the constitution of Massa- chusetts, adopted three years before. Its most prominent points were: 1. The exclusion of slavery from the territory forever. 2. Provision for public schools, giving one township for a semi- nary and every section n umbered 16 in each township ; that is, one thirty-sixth of all the land for public schools. 3. A provision prohibiting the adoption of any constitution or the enactment of any law that should nullify pre-existing contracts. 72 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Be it forever remembered that this compact declared that " re- ligion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good govern- ment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of edu- cation shall always be encouraged." Dr. Cutler planted himself on this platform'and would not yield. Giving his unqualified dec- laration that it was that or nothing,— that unless they could make the land desirable they did not want it,— he took his horse and buggy and started for the constitutional convention at Philadelphia. On July 13, 1787, the bill was put upon its passage, and was unani- mously adopted. Thus the great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and "Wisconsin, a vast empire, were consecrated to free dom, intelligence, and morality. Thus the great heart of the nation was prepared to save the union of States, for it was this act that was the salvation of the republic and the destruction of slavery. Soon the South saw their great blunder and tried to have the compact repealed. In 1803 Congress referred it to a committee, of which John Randolph was chairman. He reported that this ordinance was a compact and opposed repeal. Thus it stood, a rock in the way of the on-rushing sea of slavery. The " Northwestern Territory " included of course what is now the State of Indiana; and Oct 5, 1787, Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair was elected by Congress Governor of this territory. Upon commencing the duties of his office he was instructed to ascertain the real temper of the Indians and do all in his power to remove the causes for controversy between them and the United States, and to effect the extinguishment of Indian titles to all the land possible. The Governor took up quarters in the new settlement of Marietta, Ohio, where he immediately began the organization of the government of the territory. The first session of the General Court of the new territory was held at that place in 1788, the Judges being Samuel H. Parsons, James M. Varnum and John C. Symmes, but under the ordinance Gov. St. Clair was President of the Court. After the first session, and after the necessary laws for government were adopted. Gov. St. Clair, accompanied by the Judges, visited Kaskaskia for the purpose of organizing a civil gov- ernment there. Full instructions had been sent to Maj. Hamtramck, commandant at Yincennes, to ascertain the exact feeling and temper of the Indian tribes of the Wabash. These instructions were ac- companied by speeches to each of the tribes. A Frenchman named Antoine Gamelin was dispatched with these messages April 5, 1790, who visited nearly all the tribes on the "Wabash, St, Joseph and St. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 73 Mary's rivers, but was coldly received ; most of the chiefs being dissatisfied with the policy of the Americans toward them, and prejudiced through English misrepresentation. Full accounts of his adventures among the tribes reached Gov. St. Clair at Kaskas- kia in June, 1790. Being satisfied that there was no prospect of effecting a general peace with the Indians of Indiana, he resolved to visit Gen. Harmar at his headquarters at Fort Washington and consult with him on the means of carrying an expedition against the hostile Indians; but before leaving he intrusted Winthrop Sargent, the Secretary of the Territory, with the execution of the resolutions of Congress regarding the lands and settlers on the Wabash. He directed that officer to proceed to Vincennes, lay out a county there, establish the militia and appoint the necessary civil and military officers. Accordingly Mr. Sargent went to Vin- cennes and organized Camp Knox, appointed the officers, and noti- fied the inhabitants to present their claims to lands. In establish- ing these claims the settlers found great difficulty, and concerning this matter the Secretary in his report to the President wrote as follows: " Although the lands and lots which were awarded to the inhabi- tants appeared from very good oral testimony to belong to those persons to whom they were awarded, either by original grants, pur- chase or inheritance, yet there was scarcely one case in twenty where the title was complete, owing to the desultory manner in which public business had been transacted and some other unfor- tunate causes. The original concessions by the French and British commandants were generally made upon a small scrap of paper, which it has been customary to lodge in the notary's office, who has seldom kept any book of record, but committed the most im- portant land concerns to loose sheets, which in process of time have come into possession of persons that have fraudulently de- stroyed them ; or, unacquainted with their consequence, innocently lost or trifled them away. By French usage they are considered family inheritances, and often descend to women and children. In one instance, and during the government of St. Ange here, a royal notary ran off with all the public papers in his possession, as by a certificate produced to me. And I am very sorry further to observe that in the office of Mr. Le Grand, which continued from 1777 to 1787, and where should have been the vouchers for important land transactions, the records have been so falsified, and there is such gross fraud and forgery, as to invalidate all evidence and informa- tion which I might have otherwise acquired from his papers." 74r HISTORY OF INDIANA. Mr. Sargent says there were about 150 French families at Yin- cenues in 1790. The heads of all these families had been at some time vested with certain titles to a portion of the soil ; and while the Secretary was busy in straightening out these claims, he re- ceived a petition signed by 80 Americans, asking for the confirma- tion of grants of land ceded by the Court organized by Col. John Todd under the authority of Virginia. With reference to this cause. Congress, March 3, 1791, empowered the Territorial Governor, in cases where land had been actually improved and cultivated under a supposed grant for the same, to confirm to the persons who made such improvements the lands supposed to have been granted, not, however, exceeding the quantity of 400 acres to any one per- son. LIQUOE AND GAMING LAWS. The General Court in the summer of 1790, Acting Governor Sargent presiding, passed the following laws with reference to vending liquor among the Indians and others, and with reference to games of chance: 1. An act to prohibit the giving or selling intoxicating liquors to Indians residing in or coming into the Territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio, and for preventing foreigners from trading with Indians therein. 2. An act prohibiting the sale of spirituous or other intoxicat- ing liquors to soldiers in the service of the United States, being within ten miles of any military post in the territory; and to pre- vent the selling or pawning of arms, ammunition, clothing or accoutrements. 3. An act prohibiting every species of gaming for money or property, and for making void contracts and payments made in consequence thereof, and for restraining the disorderly practice of discharging arms at certain hours and places. Winthrop Sargent's administration was highly eulogized by the citizens at Vincennes, in a testimonial drawn up and signed by a committee of officers. He had conducted the investigation and settlement of land claims to the entire satisfaction of the residents, had upheld the principles of free government in keeping with the animus of the American Eevolution, and had established in good order the machinery of a good and wise government. In the same address Major Hamtramck also received a fair share of praise for his judicious management of afl"airs. MILITARY HISTORY 1790-1800. EXPEDITIONS OF HAEMAJE, SCOTT AND WILKINSON. G-ov. St. Clair, on his arrival at Fort "Washington from Kas- kaskia, had a long conversation with Gen. Harmar, and concluded to send a powerful force to chastise the savages about the head- waters of the Wabash. He had been empowered by the President to call on Virginia for 1,000 troops and on Pennsylvania for 500, and he immediately availed himself of this resource, ordering 300 of the Yirginia militia to muster at Fort Steuben and march with the garrison of that fort to Yincennes, and join Maj. Hamtramck, who had orders to call for aid from the militia of Vincennes, march up the Wiabash, and attack any of the Indian villages which he might think he could overcome. The remaining 1,200 of the mi- litia were ordered to rendezvous at Fort Washington, and to join the regular troops at that post under command of Gen. Harmar. At this time the United States troops in the West were estimated by Gen. Harmar at 400 effective men. These, with the militia, gave him a force of 1,450 men. With this army Gen. Harmar marched from Fort Washington Sept. 30, and arrived at the Mau- mee Oct. 17. They commenced the work of punishing the Indians, but were not very successful. The savages, it is true, received a severe scourging, but the militia behaved so badly as to be of little or no service. A detachment of 340 militia and 60 regulars, under the command of Col. Hardin, were sorely defeated on the Maumee Oct. 22. The next day the army took up the line of march for Fort Washington, which place they reached Nov. 4, having lost in the expedition 183 killed and 31 wounded; the Indians lost about as many. During the progress of this expedition Maj. Hamtramck marched up the Wabash from Yincennes, as far as the Yermillion river, and destroyed several deserted villages, but without finding an enemy to oppose him. Although the savages seem to have been severely punished by these expeditions, yet they refused to sue for peace, and continued their hostilities. Thereupon the inhabitants of the frontier settle- ments of Yirginia took alarm, and the delegates of Ohio, Monon- (75) 76 HISTORY OF INDIANA. gahela, Harrison, Kandolph, Greenbrier, Kanawha and Mont- gomery counties sent a joint memorial to the Governor of "Vir- ginia, saying that the defenseless condition of the counties, form- ing a line of nearly 400 miles along the Ohio river, exposed to the hostile invasion of their Indian enemies, destitute of every kind of support, was truly alarming; for, notwithstanding all the regula- tions of the General Government in that country, they have reason to lament that they have been up to that time ineffectual for their protection; nor indeed, could it be otherwise, for the garrisons kept by the Continental troops on the Ohio river, if of any use at all, must protect only the Kentucky settlements, as they immediately covered that country. They further stated in their memorial: "We beg leave to observe that we have reason to fear that the conse- quences of the defeat of our army by the Indians in the late expe- dition will be severely felt on our frontiers, as there is no doubt that the Indians will, in their turn, being flushed with victory, in- vade our settlements and exercise all their horrid murder upon the inhabitants thereof whenever the weather will permit them to travel. Then is it not better to support us where we are, be the ex- pense what it may, than to oblige such a number of your brave citizens, who have so long supported, and still continue to support, a dangerous frontier (although thousands of their relatives in the flesh have in the prosecution thereof fallen a sacrifice to savage in- ventions) to quit the country, after all they have done and suffered, when you know that a frontier must be supported somewhere?" This memorial caused the Legislature of Virginia to authorize the Governor of that State to make any defensive operations neces- sary for the temporary defense of the frontiers, until the general Government could adopt and carry out measures to suppress the hostile Indians. The Governor at once called upon the military commanding oflBcers in the western counties of Virginia to raise by the first of March, 1791, several small companies of rangers for thia purpose. At the same time Charles Scott was appointed Brigadier- General of the Kentucky militia, with authority to raise 226 vol- unteers, to protect the most exposed portions of that district. A full report of the proceedings of the Virginia Legislature being transmitted to Congress, that body constituted a local Board of "War for the district of Kentucky, consisting of five men. March 9, 1791, Gen. Henry Knox, Secretary of War, sent a letter of instruc- tions to Gen. Scott, recommending an expedition of mounted men not exceeding 750, against the Wea towns on the Wabash. With HISTORY OF INDIANA. 77 this force Gen. Scott accordingly crossed the Ohio, May 23, 1791, and reached the Wabash in about ten days. Many of the Indians, having discovered his approach, fled, but he succeeded in destroy- ing all the villages around Ouiatenon, together with several Kick- apoo towns, killing 32 warriors and taking 58 prisoners. He released a few of the most infirm prisoners, giving them a " talk," which they carried to the towns farther up the Wabash, and which the wretched condition of his horses prevented him from reaching. March 3, 1791, Congress provided for raising and equipping a regiment for the protection of the frontiers, and Gov. St. Clair was invested with the chief command of about 3,000 troops, to be raised and employed against the hostile Indians in the territory over which his jurisdiction extended. He was instructed by the Secre- tary of War to march to the Miami village and establish a strong and permanent military post there;, also such posts elsewhere along the Ohio as would be in communication with Fort Washington. The post at Miami village was intended to keep the savages in that vicinity in check, and was ordered to be strong enough in its gar- rison to afford a detachment of 500 or 600 men in case of emer- gency, either to chastise any of the Wabash or other hostile Indians or capture convoys of the enemy's provisions. The Secretary of War also urged Gov. St. Clair to establish that post as the first and most important part of the campaign. In case of a previous treaty the Indians were to be conciliated upon this point if possible; and he presumed good arguments might be offered to induce their acquiescence. Said he: " Having commenced your march upon the main expedition, and the Indians continuing hostile, you will use every possible exertion to make them feel the effects of your superi- ority; and, after having arrived at the Miami village and put your works in a defensible state, you will seek the enemy with the whole of your remaining force, and endeavor by all possible means to strike them with great severity. * * * * In order to avoid future wars, it might be proper to make the Wa- bash and thence over to the Maumee, and down the same to its mouth, at Lake Erie, the boundary between the people of the United States and the Indians (excepting so far as the same should relate to the Wyandots and Delawares), on the supposition of their continuing faithful to the treaties; but if they should join in the war against the United States, and your army be victorious, the said tribes ought to be removed without the boundary mentioned." Previous to marching a strong force to the Miami town, Gov. St. 78 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Clair, June 25, 1791, authorized Gen Wilkinson to conduct a second expedition, not exceeding 500 mounted men, against the Indian villages on the Wabash. Accordingly Gen. Wilkinson mustered his. forces and was ready July 20, to march with 525 mounted vol- unteers, well armed, and provided with 30 days' provisions, and with this force he reached the Ke-na-pa-com-a-qua village on the north bank of Eel river about six miles above its mouth, Aug. 7, where he killed six warriors and took 34 prisoners. This town, which was scattered along the river for three miles, was totally do- stroyed. Wilkinson encamped on the ruins of the town that night, and the next day he commenced his march for the Kickapoo town on the prairie, which he was unable to reach owing to the impassa- ble condition of the route which he adopted and the failing condi- tion of his horses. He reported the estimated results of the expe- dition as follows: "I have destroyed the chief town of the Ouiate- non nation, and have made prisoners of the sons and sisters of the king. I have burned a respectable Kickapoo village, and cut down at least 400 acres of corn, chiefly in the milk." EXPEDITIONS OF ST. CLAIK AND WAYNE. The IndianB were greatly damaged by the expeditions of Harmar, Scott and Wilkinson, but were far from being subdued. They regarded the policy of the United States as calculated to extermi- nate them from the land; and, goaded on by the English of Detroit,, enemies of the Americans, they were excited to desperation. At. this time the British Government still supported garrisons at. Niagara, Detroit and Michilimackinac, although it was declared by the second article of the definitive treaty of peace of 1783, that the king of Great Britain would, " with all convenient speed, and without causing any destruction or carrying away any negroes or property of the American inhabitants, withdraw all his forces, garrisons and fleets from the United States, and from every post, place and harbor within the same." That treaty also provided that the creditors on either side should meet with no lawful impedi- ments to the recovery of the full value, in sterling money, of all bona fide debts previously contracted. The British Government claimed that the United States had broken faith in this particular understanding of the treaty, and in consequence refused to with- draw its forces from the territory. The British garrisons in the Lake Region weps a source of much annoyance . to the Americans, as they afforded OBCfcor to iiostile Indians, encouraging them ta- HISTORY OF INDIANA. 79 make raids among the Americans. This state of aflfairs in the Territory Northwest of tlie Ohio continued from the commence- ment of the Revolutionary war to 1796, when under a second treaty all British soldiers were withdrawn from the country. In September, 1791, St. Clair moved from Fort "Washington with about 2,000 men, and itfovember 3, the main army, consisting- of abont 1,400 effective troops, moved forward to the head- waters of the Wabash, where Fort Recovery was afterward erected, and here the army encamped. About 1,200 Indians were secreted a few miles distant, awaiting a favorable opportunity to begin an attack, which they improved on the morning of N ov. 4, about half an hour before sunrise. The attack was first made upon the militia, which immediately gave way. St. Olair was defeated and he returned to Fort "Washington with a broken and dispirited army, having lost 39 officers killed, and 539 men killed and missing; 22 officers and 232 men were wounded. Several pieces of artillery, and all the baggage, ammunition and provisions were left on the field of bat- tle and fell into the hands of the victorious Indians. The stores and other public property lost in the action were valued at $32,800. There were also 100 or more American women with the army of the whites, very few of whom escaped the cruel carnage of the sav- age Indians. The latter, characteristic of their brutal nature, proceeded in the flush of victory to perpetrate the most horrible acts of cruelty and brutality upon the bodies of the living and the dead Americans who fell into their hands. Believing that the whites had made war for many years merely to acquire land, the Indians crammed clay and sand into the eyes and down the throats of the dying and the dead! GEN. WATNe's GEEAT VICTOET. Although no particular blame was attached to Gov. St. Clair for the loss in this expedition, yet he resigned the office of Major-Gen- eral, and was succeeded by Anthony "Wayne, a distinguished officer of the Revolutionary war. Early in 1792 provisions were made by the general Government for re-organizing the army, so that it should consist of an efficient degree of strength. "Wayne arrived at Pittsburg in June, where the army was to rendezvous. Here he continued actively engaged in organizing and training his forces until October, 1793, when with an army of about 3,600 men he moved westward to Fort "Washington. "While "Wayne was preparing for an offensive campaign, every 80 HISTOET OF INDIANA. possible means was employed to induce the hostile tribes of the Northwest to enter into a general treaty of peace with the Ameri- can Government; speeches were sent among them, and agents to make treaties were also sent, but little was accomplished. Major Hamtramck, who still remained at Vincennes, succeeded in con- eluding a general peace with the "Wabash and Illinois Indians; but the tribes more immediately under the influence of the British refused to hear the sentiments of friendship that were sent among them, and tomahawked several of the messengers. Their courage had been aroused by St. Clair's defeat, as well as by the unsuccess- ful expeditions which had preceded it, and they now felt quite pre- pared to meet a superior force under Gen. Wayne. The Indians insisted on the Ohio river as the boundary line between their lands and the lands of the United States, and felt certain that they could maintain that boundary. Maj. Gen. Scott, with about 1,600 mounted volunteers from Kentucky, joined the regular troops under Gen. Wayne July 26, 1794, and on the 28th the united forces began their march for the Indian towns on the Maumee river. Arriving at the mouth of the Auglaize, they erected Fort Defiance, and Aug. 15 the army advanced toward the British fort at the foot of the rapids of the Maumee, where, on the 20th, almost within reach of the British, the American army gained a decisive victory over the combined forces of the hostile Indians and a considerable number of the Detroit militia. The number of the enemy was estimated at 2,000, against about 900 American troops actually engaged. This horde of savages, as soon as the action began, abandoned themselves to flight and dispersed with terror and dismay, leaving Wayne's vic- torious army in full and quiet possession of the field. The Ameri- cans lost 33 killed and 100 wounded; loss of the enemy more than double this number. The army remained three days and nights on the banks of the Maumee, in front of the field of battle, during which time all the houses and cornfields were consumed and destroyed for a considera- ble distance both above and below Fort Miami, as well as within pistol shot of the British garrison, who were compelled to remain idle spectators to this general devastation and conflagration, among which were the houses, stores and property of Col. McKee, the British Indian agent and " principal stimulator of the war then existing between the United States and savages." On the return march to Fort Defiance the villages and cornfields for about 50 HISTOET OF INDIANA. 81 miles on each side of the Maumee were destroyed, as well as those for a considerable distance around that post. Sept. 14, 1794, the army under Gen. Wayne commenced its march toward the deserted Miami villages at the confluence of St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers, arriving Oct. 17, and on the follow- ing day the site of Fort Wayne was selected. The fort was com- pleted Xov. 22, and garrisoned by a strong detachment of infantry and artillery, under the command of Ool. John F. Hamtramck, who gave to the new fort the name of Fort Wayne. In 1814 a new fort was built on the site of this structure. The Kentucky volunteers returned to Fort Washington and were mustered out of service. Gen. Wayne, with the Federal troops, marched to Greenville and took up his headquarters during the winter. Here, in August, 1795, after several months of active negotiation, this gallant officer succeeded in concluding a general treaty of peace with all the hos- tile tribes of the Northwestern Territory. This treaty opened the way for the flood of immigration for many years, and ultimately made the States and territories now constituting the mighty North- west. Up to the organization of the Indiana Territory there is but little history to record aside from -those events connected with military affairs. In July, 1796, as before stated, after a treaty was con- cluded between the United States and Spain, the British garrisons, with their arms, artillery and stores, were withdrawn from the posts within the boundaries of the United States northwest of the Ohio river, and a detachment of American troops, consisting of 65 men, under the command of Capt. Moses Porter, took possession of the evacuated post of Detroit in the same month. In the latter part of 1796 Winthrop Sargent went to Detroit and organized the county of Wayne, forming a part of the Indiana Territory until its division in 1805, when the Territory of Michigan was organized. TEEEITORIAL HISTORY. OEGANIZATION OF INDIANA TEEEITOKT. On the final success of American arms and diplomacy in 1796, the principal town within the Territory, now the State, of Indiana was Yincennes, which at this time comprised about 50 houses, all presenting a thrifty and tidy appearance. Each house was sur- rounded by a garden fenced with poles, and peach and apple-trees grew in most of the enclosures. Garden vegetables of all kinds were cultivated with success, and corn, tobacco, wheat, barley and cotton grew in the fields around the village in abundance. During the last few years of the 18th century the condition of society at Yincennes improved wonderfully. Besides Vincennes there was a small settlement near where the town of Lawrenceburg now stands, in Dearborn county, and in the course of that year a small settlement was formed at "Armstrong's Station," on the Ohio, within the present limits of Clark county. There were of course several other smaller settlements and trading posts in the present limits of Indiana, and the number of civilized inhabitants comprised within the territory was estimated at 4,875. The Territory of Indiana was organized by Act of Congress May 7, 1800, the material parts of the ordinance of 1787 remaining in force; and the inhabitants were invested with all the rights, privi- leges and advantages granted and secured to the people by that ordinance. The seat of government was fixed at Yincennes. May 13, 1800, Wm. Henry Harrison, a native of Yirginia, was appoint- ed Governor of this new territory, and on the next day John Gib- son, a native of Pennsylvania and a distinguished Western pioneer, (to whom the Indian chief Logan delivered his celebrated speech in 1774), was appointed Secretary of the Territory. Soon afterward Wm. Clark, Henry Yanderburgh and John Griffin were appointed territorial Judges. Secretary Gibson arrived at Yincennes in July, and commenced, in the absence of Gov. Harrison, the administration of government. Gov. Harrison did not arrive until Jan. 10, 1801, when he imme- diately called together the Judges of the Territory, who proceeded (88) HISTORY OF INDIANA. 83 to pass such laws as they deemed necessary for the present govern- ment of the Territory. This session began March 3, 1801. From this time to 1810 the principal subjects which attracted the attention of the people of Indiana were land speculations, the adjustment of land titles, the question of negro slavery, the purchase of Indian lands by treaties, the organization of Territorial legis- latures, the extension of the right of suffrage, the division of Indiana Territory, the movements of Aaron Burr, and the hostile views and proceedings of the Shawanee chief, Tecumseh, and his brother, the Prophet. \ Up tb this time the sixth article of the celebrated ordinance of 1787, prohibiting slavery in the Northwestern Territory, had been somewhat neglected in the execution of the law, and many French settlers still held slaves in a manner. In some instances, according to rules prescribed by Territorial legislation, slaves agreed by indentures to remain in servitude under their masters for a certain number of years; but many slaves, with whom no such contracts were made, were removed from the Indiana Territory either to the west of the Mississippi or to some of the slaveholding States. Gov. Harrison convoked a session of delegates of the Territory, elected by a popular vote, who petitioned Congress to declare the sixth article of the ordinance of 1787, prohibiting slavery, suspend- ed; but Congress never consented to grant that petition, and many other petitions of a similar import. Soon afterward some of the citizens began to take colored persons out of the Territory for the purpose of selling them, and Gov. Harrison, by a proclamation April 6, 1804, forbade it, and called iipon the authorities of the Territory to assist him in preventing such removal of persons of color. During the year 1804 all the country west of the Mississippi and north of 33° was attached to Indiana Territory by Congress, but in a few months was again detached and organized into a separate ter- ritory. "When it appeared from the result of a popular vote in the Terri- tory that a majority of 138 freeholders were in favor of organizing a General Assembly, Gov. Harrison, Sept. 11, 1804, issued a procla- mation declaring that the Territory had passed into the second grade of government, as contemplated by : the ordinance of 1787, and fixed Thursday, Jan. 3, 1805, as the time for holding an election in the several counties of the Territory,to choose members of a House of Eepresentatives, who should meet at Yincennes Feb. 1 and 84 HISTORY OF INDIANA. adopt measures for the organization of a Territorial Council. These delegates were elected, and met according to the proclamation, and selected ten men from whom the President of the United States, Mr. Jefferson, should appoint five to be and constitute the Legisla- tive Council of the Territory, but he declining, requested Mr. Har- rison to make the selection, which was accordingly done. Before the first session of this Council, however, was held, Michigan Ter- ritory was set off, its south line being one drawn from the southern end of Lake Michigan directly east to Lake Erie. FIBST TEEEITORIAL LEGISLATUEE. The first General Assembly, or Legislature, of Indiana Territory met at Vincennes July 29, 1805, in pursuance of a gubernatorial proclamation. The members of the House of Representatives were Jesse B. Thomas, of Dearborn county ; Davis Floyd, of Clark county; Benjamin Parke and John Johnson, of Knox county, Shadrach Bond and William Biggs, of St. Clair county, and George Fisher, of Randolph county. July 30 the Governor delivered his first mes- sage to "the Legislative Council and House of Representatives of the Indiana Territory." Benjamin Parke was the first delegate elected to Congress. He had emigrated from New Jersey to In- diana in 1801. THE "western sun" was the first newspaper published in the Indiana Territory, now comprising the four great States of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, and the second in all that country once known as the "Northwestern Territory." It was commenced at Vincennes in 1803, by Elihu Stout, of Kentucky, and first called the Indiana Gazette, and July, 4, 1804, was changed to the Western Sun. Mr. Stout continued the paper until 1845, amid many discouragements, when he was appointed postmaster at the place, and he sold out the office. INDIANA IN 1810. The events which we have just been describing really constitute the initiatory steps to the great military campaign of Gen. Harrison which ended in the "battle of Tippecanoe;" but before proceeding to an account of that brilliant affair, let us take a glance at the re- sources and strength of Indiana Territory at this time, 1810: Total population, 24,620; 33 grist mills; 14 saw mills; 3 horse mills; 18 tanneries; 28 distilleries; 3 powder mills; 1,256 looms; HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 85 1,360 spinning wheels; value of manufactures — woolen, cotton hempen and flaxen cloths, $159,052; of cotton and wool spun in mills, $150,000; of nails, 30,000 pounds, $4,000; of leather tanned, $9,300; of distillery products, 35,950 gallons, $16,230; of gun- powder, 3,600 pounds, $1,800; of wine from grapes, 96 barrels, $6,000, and 5 0,000 pounds of maple sugar. During the year 1810 a Board of Commissioners was established to straighten out the confused condition into which the land-title controversy had been carried by the various arid conflicting admin- istrations that had previously exercised jurisdiction in this regard. This work was attended with much labor on the part of the Commis- sioners and great dissatisfaction on the part of a few designing specu- lators, who thought no extreme of perjury too hazardous in their mad attempts to obtain lands fraudulently. In closing their report the Commissioners used the following expressive language: "We close this melancholy picture of human depravity by rendering our devout acknowledgment that, in the awful alternative in which we have been placed, of either admitting perjured testimony in sup- port of the claims before us, or having it turned against our char- acters and lives, it has as yet pleased that divine providence which rules over the affairs of men, to preserve us, both from legal mur- der and private assassination." The question of dividing the Territory of Indiana was agitated from 1806 to 1809, when Congress erected the Territory of Illinois, to comprise all that part of Indiana Territory lying west of the Wabash river and a direct line drawn from that river and Post Vincennes due north to the territorial line between the United States and Canada. This occasioned some confusion in the govern- ment of Indiana, but in due time the new elections were confirmed, and the new territory started off on a journey of prosperity which this section of the United States has ever since enjoyed. From the first settlement of Vincpnnes for nearly half a century there occurred nothing of importance to relate, at least so far as the records inform us. The place was too isolated to grow very fast, and we suppose there was a succession of priests and com- mandants, who governed the little world around them with almost infinite power and authority, from whose decisions there was no appeal, if indeed any was ever desired. The character of society in such a place would of course grow gradually different from the parent society, assimilating more or less with that of neighboring tribes. The whites lived in peace with the Indians, each under- 86 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Standing the other's peculiarities, which remained fixed long enough for both parties to study out and understand them. The government was a mixture of the military and the civil. There was little to incite to enterprise. Speculations in money and prop- erty, and their counterpart, beggary, were both unknown; the nec- essaries of life were easily procured, and beyond these there were but few wants to be supplied; hospitality was exercised by all, as there were no taverns; there seemed to be no use for law, judges or prisons; each district had its commandant, and the proceedings of a trial were singular. The complaining party obtained a notifi- cation from the commandant to his adversary, accompanied by a command to render justice. If this had no effect he was notified to appear before the commandant on a particular day and answer; and if the last notice was neglected, a sergeant and file of men were sent to bring him, — no sheriff and no costs. The convicted party would be fined and kept in prison until he rendered justice according to the decree; when extremely refractory the cat-o'-nine- tails brought him to a sense of justice. In such a state of society there was no demand for learning and science. Few could read, and still fewer write. Their disposition was nearly always to deal honestly, at least simply. Peltries were their standard of value. A brotherly love generally prevailed. But they were devoid of public spirit, enterprise or ingenuity. GOV. HAKEISON AND THE INDIANS. Immediately after the organization of Indiana Territory Governor Harrison's attention was directed, by necessity as well as by in- structions from Congress, to settling affairs with those Indians who still held claims to lands. He entered into several treaties, by which at the close of 1805 the United States Government had ob- tained about 46,000 square miles of territory, including all the lands lying on the borders of the Ohio river between the mouth of the Wabash river and the State of Ohio. The levying of a tax, especially a poll tax, by the General Assem- bly, created considerable dissatisfaction among many of the inhabit- ants. At a meeting held Sunday, August 16, 1807, a number of Frenchmen resolved to " withdraw their confidence and support forever from those men who advocated or in any manner promoted the second grade of government." In 1807 the territorial statutes were revised and under the new code, treason, murder, arson and horse-stealing were each punish- able by death. The crime of manslaughter was punishable by the common law. Burglary and robbery were punishable by whip- ping, fine and in some cases by imprisonment not exceeding forty years. Hog stealing was punishable by fine and whipping. Bigamy was punishable by fine, whipping and disfranchisement, etc. In 1804 Congress established three land ofiBces for the sale of lands in Indiana territory; one was located at Detroit, one at Vin- cennes and one at Kaskaskia. In 1807 a fourth one was opened at Jeffersonville, Clark county; this town was first laid out in 1802, agreeably to plans suggested by Mr. Jefferson then President of the United States. Governor Harrison, according to his message to the Legislature in 1806, seemed to think that the peace then existing between the whites and the Indians was permanent; but in the same document he referred to a matter that might be a source of trouble, which in- deed it proved to be, namely, the execution of white laws among the Indians — ^laws to which the latter had not been a party in their enactment. The trouble was aggravated by the partiality with which the laws seem always to have been executed ; the Indian (87) 88 HISTORY OF INDIANA. was nearly always the sufferer. All along from 180-5 to 1810 the Indians complained bitterly against the encroacliments of the white people upon the lands that belonged to them. The invasion of their hunting grounds and the unjustifiable killing of many of their peo- ple were the sources of their discontent. An old chief, in laying the trouble of his people before Governor Harrison, said; " You call us children ; why do you not make us as happy as our fathers, the French, did? They never took from us our lands; indeed, they •were common between us. They planted where they pleased, and they cut wood where they pleased; and so did we; but now if a poor Indian attempts to take a little bark from a tree to cover him from the rain, up comes a white man and threatens to shoot him, claiming the tree as his own." The Indian truly had grounds for his complaint, and the state of feeling existing among the tribes at this time was well calculated to develop a patriotic leader who should carry them all forward to victory at arms, if certain concessions were not made to them by the whites. But this golden opportunity was seized by an unworthy warrior. A brother of Tecumseh, a "prophet" named Law-le-was-i- kaw, but who assumed the name of Pems-quat-a-wah (Open Door), was the crafty Shawanee warrior who was enabled to work upon both the superstitions and the rational judgment of his fellow In- dians. He was a good orator, somewhat peculiar in his appearance and well calculated to win the attention and respect of the savages. He began by denouncing witchcraft, the use of intoxicating liquors, th^ custom of Indian women marrying white men, the dress of the whites and the practice of selling Indian lands to the United States. He also told the Indians that the commands of the Great Spirit re- quired them to punish with death those who practiced the art? of witchcraft and magic; that the Great Spirit had given him power to find out and expose such persons; that he had power to cure all diseases, to confound his enemies and to stay the arm of death in sickness and on the battle-field. His harangues aroused among some bands of Indians a high degree of superstitious excitement. An old Delaware chief named Ta-te-bock-o-she, through whose in- fluence a treaty had been made with the Delawares in 1804, was accused of witchcraft, tried, condemned and tomahawked, and his body consumed by fire. The old chief's wife, nephew ("Billy Patterson ") and an aged Indian named Joshua were next accused of witchcraft and condemned to death. The two men were burned at the stake, but the wife of Ta-te-bock-o-she was saved from M THB SHAWNEB PROPHET. HISTOET OF INDIANA. 91 death by her brother, who suddenly approached her, took her by the hand, and, without meeting any opposition from the Indians present, led her out of the council- house. He then immediately returned and checked the growing influence of the Prophet by exclaiming in a strong, earnest voice, " The Evil Spirit has come among us and we are killing each other." — [^Dillon'' s History of Indiana. When Gov. Harrison was made acquainted with these events he sent a special messenger to the Indians, strongly entreating them to renounce the Prophet and his works. This really destroyed to some extent the Prophet's influence; but in the .spring of 1808, having aroused nearly all the tribes of the Lake Region, the Prophet with a large number of followers settled near the mouth of the Tippe- canoe river, at a place which afterward had the name of "Prophet's- Town." Taking advantage of his brother's influence, Tecumseh actively engaged himself in forming the various tribes into a con- federacy. He announced publicly to all the Indians that the treaties by which the United States had acquired lands northwest of the Ohio were not made in fairness, and should be considered void. He also said that no single tribe was invested with power to sell lands without the consent of all the other tribes, and that he and his brother, the Prophet, would oppose and resist all future attempts which the white people might make to extend their set- tlements in the lands that belonged to the Indians. Early in 1808, Gov. Harrison sent a speech to the Shawanees, in which was this sentence: " My children, this business must be stopped ; I will no longer suffer it. You have called a number of men from the most distant tribes to listen to a fool, who speaks not the words of the Great Spirit but those of the devil and the British agents. My children, your conduct has much alarmed the white settlers near you. They desire that you will send away those people; and if they wish to have the impostor with them they can carry him along with them. Let him go to the lakes ; he can hear the British more distinctly." This message wounded the pride of the Prophet, and he prevailed on the messenger to inform Gov. Harrison that he was not in league with the British, but was speak- ing truly the words of the Great Spirit. In the latter part of the summer of 1808, the Prophet spent sev- eral weeks at Vincennes, for the purpose of holding interviews with Gov. Harrison. At one time he told the Governor that he was a Christian and endeavored to persuade his pepple also to become Christians, abandon the use of liquor, be united in broth- 92 HISTORY OF INDIANA. erly love, etc., making Mr. Harrison believe at least, that he was honest; but before long it was demonstrated that the "Prophet" was designing, canning and unreliable; that both he and Tecumseh were enemies of the United States, and friends of the English; and that in case of a war between the Americans and English, they would join the latter. The next year the Prophet again visited Vincennes, with assurances that he was not in sympathy with the English, but the Governor was not disposed to believe him ; and in a letter to the Secretary of War, in July, 1809, he said that he regarded the bands of Indians at Prophet's Town as a combination which had been produced by British intrigue and influence, in antic- ipation of a war between them and the United States. In direct opposition to Tecumseh and the prophet and in spite of all these difficulties, Gov. Harrison continued the work of extin- guishing Indian titles to lands, with very good success. By the close of 1809, the total amount of land ceded to the United States, under treaties which had been effected by Mr. Harrison, exceeded 30,000,000 a'res. From 1805 to 1807, the movements of Aaron Burr in the Ohio valley created considerable excitement in Indiana. It seemed tliat he intended to collect a force of men, invade Mexico and found a republic there, comprising all the country west of the Alleghany mountains. He gathered, however, but a few men, started south, and was soon arrested by the Federal authorities. But before his arrest he had abandoned his expedition and his followers had dispersed. Harbison's campaign. While the Indians were combining to prevent any further trans- fer of land to the whites, the British were using the advantage as a groundwork for a successful war upon the Americans. In the spring of 1810 the followers of the Prophet refused to receive their annuity of salt, and the officials who offered it were denounced as "American dogs," and otherwise treated in a disrespectful manner. Gov. Harrison, in July, attempted to gain the friendship of the Prophet by sending him a letter ,offering to treat with him person- ally in the matter of his grievances, or to furnish means to send him, with three of his principal chiefs, to the President at Wash- ington; but the messenger was coldly received, and they returned, word that they would visit Vincennes in a few days and interview the Governor. Accordingly, Aug. 12, 1810, the Shawanee chief with 70 of his principal warriors, marched up to the door of the HISTORY OF INDIANA. &3 Governor's house, and from that day until the 22d held daily inter- views with His Excellency. In all of his speeches Tecumseh was haughty, and sometimes arrogant. On the 20th he delivered that celebrated speech in which he gave the Governor the alternative of returning their lands or meeting them in battle. While the Governor was replying to this speech Tecumseh inter- rupted him with an angry exclamation, declaring that the United States, through Gov. Harrison, had "cheated and imposed on the Indians." When Tecumseh first rose, a number of his party also sprung to their feet, armed with clubs, tomahawks and spears, and made some threatening demonstrations. The Governor's guards, who stood a little way off, were marched up in haste, and the In- dians, awed by the presence of this small armed force, abandoned what seemed to be an intention to make an open attack on the Gov- ernor and his attendants. As soon as Tecumseh's remarks were interpreted, the Governor reproached him for his conduct, and com- manded him to depart instantly to his camp. On the following day Tecumseh repented of his rash act and re- quested the Governor to grant him another interview, and pro- tested against any intention of offense. The Governor consented, and the council was re-opened on the 21st, when the Shawanee chief addressed him in a respectful and dignified manner, but re- mained immovable in his policy. The Governor then requested Tecumseh to state plainly whether or not the surveyors who might be sent to survey the lands purchased at the treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, would be molested by Indians. Tecumseh replied: "Brother, when you speak of annuities to me, I look at the land and pity the women and children. I am authorized to say that they will not receive them. Brother, we want to save that piece of land. We do not wish you to take it. It is small enough for our purpose. If you do take it, you must blame yourself as the cause of the trouble between us and the tribes who sold it to you. I want the present boundary line to continue. Should you cross it, I assure you it will be productive of bad consequences." The next day the Governor, attended only by his interpreter, visited the camp of the great Shawanee, and in the course of a long -interview told him that the President of the United States would not acknowledge his claims. "Well," replied the brave warrior, "as the great chief is to determine the matter, I hope the Great Spirit will put sense enough into his head to induce him to direct you to give up this land. It is true, he is so far off he will not be ■^4 ' HISTORY OF INDIANA. injured by the war. He may sit still in his town and drink his wine, while you and I will have to fight it out. In his message to the new territorial Legislature in 1810 Gov. Harrison called attention to the dangerous views held by Teeumseh and the Prophet, to the pernicious influence of alien enemies among the Indians, to the unsettled condition of the Indian trade and to the policy of extinguishing Indian titles to lands. The eastern settlements were separated from the western by a consider- able extent of Indian lands, and the most fertile tracts within the territory were still in the hands of the Indians. Almost entirely divested of the game from which they had drawn their subsistence, it had become of little use to them ; and it was the intention of the Government to substitute for the precarious and scanty sup- plies of the chase the more certain and plentiful support of agri- culture and stock-raising. The old habit of the Indians to hunt so long as a deer could be found was so inveterate that they would not break it and resort to intelligent agriculture unless they were compelled to, and to this they would not be compelled unless they were confined to a limited extent of territory. The earnest lan- guage of the Governor's appeal was like this: "Are then those extinguishments of native title which are at once so beneficial to the Indian and the territory of the United States, to be suspended on account of the intrigues of a few individuals? Is one of the fair- est portions of the globe to remain in a state of nature, the haunt of a few wretched savages, when it seems destined by the Creator to give support to a large population, and to be the seat of civili- zation, of science and true religion?" In the same message the Governor also urged the establishment of a system of popular education. Among the acts passed by this session of the Legislature, one authorized the President and Directors of the Vincennes Public Library to raise $1,000 by lottery. Also, a petition was sent to Congress for a permanent seat of government for the Territory, and commissioners were appointed to select the site. With the beginning of the year 1811 the British agent for Indian affairs adopted measures calculated to secure the support of the savages in the war which at this time seemed almost inevitable. Meanwhile Gov. Harrison did all in his power to destroy the influ- ence of Teeumseh and his brother and break up the Indian confed- eracy which was oeing organized in the interests of Great Britain. Pioneer settlers and the Indians naturally grew more and more HISTOET OF INDIANA. 95 aggressive and intolerant, committing depredations and murders,, until the Governor felt compelled to send the following speech, substantially, to the two leaders of the Indian tribes: "This is the third year that all the white people in this country have been alarmed at your proceedings; you threaten us with war; you invite all the tribes north and west of you to join against us, while your warriors who have lately been here deny this. The tribes on the Mississippi have sent me word that you intended to murder me and then commence a war upon my people, and your seizing the salt I recently sent up the Wabash is also sufficient evidence of such intentions on your part. My warriors are preparing themselves, not to strike you, but to defend themselves and their women and children. Tou shall not surprise us, as you expect to do. Tour intended act is a rash one: consider well of it. What can induce you to undertake such a thing when there is so little prospect of success? Do you really think that the handful of men you have about you are able to contend with the seventeen 'fires?' or even that the whole of the tribes united could contend against the Ken- tucky 'fire' alone? I am myself of the Long 'Knife fire.' As soon as they hear my voice you will see them pouring forth their swarms of hunting-shirt men as numerous as the musquitoes on the shores of the Wabash. Take care of their stings. It is not our wish to hurt you; if we did, we certainly have power to do it, " You have also insulted the Government of the tTnited States, by seizing the salt that was intended for other tribes. Satisfaction must be given for that also. You talk of coming to see me, attend- ed by all of your young men; but this must not be. If your inten- tions are good, you have no need to bring but a few of your young men with you. I must be plain with you. I will not suffer yon to come into our settlements with such a force. My advice is that you visit the President of the United States and lay your griev- ances before him. " With respect to the lands that were purchased last fall I can enter into no negotiations with you; the affair is with the Presi- dent. If you wish to go and see him, I will supply you with the means. " The person who delivers this is one of my war officers, and is a man in whom I have entire confidence; whatever he says to yon, although it may not be contained in this paper, you may believe comes from me. My friend Tecumseh, the bearer is a good man and a brave warrior; I hope you will treat him well. You are 96 HISTOET OF INDIANA. yourself a warrior, and all such should have esteem for each other." The bearer of this speech was politely received by Tecumseh, who replied to the Governor briefly that he should visit Vinoennes in a few days. Accordingly he arrived July 2T, 1811, bringing with him a considerable force of Indians, which created much alarm among the inhabitants. In yiew of an emergency Gov. Harrison reviewed his militia — about 750 armed men— and station- ed two companies and a detachment of dragoons on the borders of the town. At this interview Tecumseh held forth that he intended no war against the United States; that he would send messengers among the Indians to prevent murders and depredations on the white settlements; that the Indians, as well as the whites, who had committed murders, ought to be forgiven; that he had set the white people an example of forgiveness, which they ought to follow; that it wag his wish to establish a union among all the Indian tribes; that the northern tribes were united; that he was going to visit the southern Indians, and then return to the Prophet's town. He said also that he would visit the President the next spring and settle all diflSculties with him, and that he hoped no attempts would be made to make settlements on the lands which had been sold to the United States, at the treaty of Fort Wayne, because the Indians wanted to keep those grounds for hunting, Tecumseh then, with about 20 of his followers, left for the South, to induce the tribes in that direction to join his confederacy. By the way, a lawsuit was instituted by Gov. Harrison against a certain Wm. Mcintosh, for asserting that the plaintiff had cheated the Indians out of their lands, and that by so doing he had made them enemies to the United States. The defendant was a wealthy Scotch resident of Yincenues, well educated, and a man of influence among the people opposed to Gov. Harrison's land policy. The jury rendered a verdict in favor of Harrison, assessing the damages at $4,000. In execution of the decree of Court a large quantity of the defendant's land was sold in the absence of Gov. Harrison; but some time afterward Harrison caused about two-thirds of the land to be restored to Mr. Mcintosh, and the remainder was given to some orphan children. Harrison's first movement was to erect a new fort on the Wabash river and to break up the assemblage of hostile Indians at the Prophet's town. For this purpose he ordered Col. Boyd's regiment of infantry to move from the falls of Ohio to Vincennes. When the military expedition organized by Gov, Harrison was nearly HISTORY OF INDIANA; 9T ready to march to tHe Prophet's town,several Indian chiefs arrived at Vincennes Sept. 25, 1811, and declared that the Indians would comply with the demands of the Governor and disperse; but this did not check the military proceedings. The army under com- mand of Harrison moved from Vincennes Sept. 26, and Oct. 3, en- countering no opposition from the enemy, encamped at the place where Fort Harrison was afterward built, and near where the city of Terre Haute now stands. On the night of the 11th a few hos- tile Indians approached the encampment and wounded one of the sentinels, which caused considerable excitement. The army was immediately drawn up in line of battle, and small detachments were sent in all directions; but the enemy could not be found. Then the Governor sent a message to Prophet's Town, requiring the Shawanees, "Winnebagoes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos at that place to return to their respective tribes; he also required the Prophet to restore all the stolen horses in his possession, or to give satisfactory proof that such persons were not there, nor had lately been, under his control. To this message the Governor received no answer, unless that answer was delivered in the battle of Tip- pecanoe. The new fort on the "Wabash was finished Oct. 28, and at the re- quest of all the subordinate officers it was called "Fort Harrison," near what is now Terre Haute. This fort was garrisoned with a small number of men under Lieutenant-Colonel Miller. On the 29th the remainder of the army, consisting of 910 men, moved toward the Prophet's town ; about 270 of the troops were mounted. The regular troops, 250 in number, were under the command of Col. Boyd. With this army the Governor marched to within a half mile of the Prophet's town, when a conference was opened with a distinguished chief, in high esteem with the Prophet, and he informed Harrison that the Indians were much surprised at the approach of the army, and had already dispatched a message to him by another route. Harrison replied that he would not attack them until he had satisfied himself that they would not comply with his demands ; that he would continue his encampment on the Wabash, and on the following morning would have an interview with the prophet. Harrison then resumed his march, and, after some difficulty, selected a place to encamp — a spot not very desir- able. It was a piece of dry oak land rising about ten feet above the marshy prairie in front toward the Indian town, and nearly twice that height above a similar prairie in the rear, through which 98 HISTORY OF INDIANA. and near this bank ran a small stream clothed with willow and brush wood. Toward the left flank this highland widened consid- erably, but became gradually narrower in the opposite direction, and at the distance of 150 yards terminated in an abrupt point. The two columns of infantry occupied the front and rear of this ground, about 160 yards from each other on the left, and a little more than half that distance on the right, flank. One flank was filled by two companies of mounted riflemen, 120 men, under com- mand of Major-General Wells, of the Kentucky militia, and one by Spencer's company of mounted riflemen, numbering 80 men. The front line was composed of one battalion of United States in- fantry, under command of Major Floyd, flanked on the right by two companies of militia, and on the left by one company. The rear line was composed of a battalion of United States troops, under command of Capt. Bean, acting as Major, and four companies of militia infantry under Lieutenant-Colonel Decker. The regular troops of this line joined the mounted riflemen under Gen. Wells, on the left flank, and Col. Decker's battalion formed an angle with Spencer's company on the left. Two troops of dragoons, about 60 men in all, were encamped in the rear of the left flank, and Capt. Parke's troop, which was larger than the other two, in rear of the right line. For a pight attack the order of encampment was the order of battle, and each man slept opposite his post in the line. In the formation of the troops single file was adopted, in order to get as great an extension of the lines as possible. BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE. No attack was made by the enemy until about 4 o'clock on the morning of Nov. 7, just after the Governor had arisen. The attack was made on the left flank. Only a single gun was fired by the sentinels or by the guard in that direction, which made no resist- ance, abandoning their posts and fleeing into camp; and the first notice which the troops of that line had of the danger was the yell of the savages within a- short distance of them. But the men were courageous and preserved good discipline. Such of them as were awake, or easily awak^ed, seized arms and took their stations; others, who were more tardy, had to contend with the enemy in the doors of their tents. The storm first fell upon Capt. Barton's company of the Fourth United States Regiment, and Capt. Geiger's company of mounted rifiemen, which formed the left angle of the rear line. The fire from the Indians was exceedingly severe, and HISTOKr OF INDIANA. 99 men in these companies suffered considerably before relief could be brought to them. Some few Indians passed into the encampment near the angle, and one or two penetrated to some distance before they were killed. All the companies formed for action before they were fired on. The morning was dark and cloudy, and the fires of the Americans afforded only a partial light, which gave greater advantage to the enemy than to the troops, and they were there- fore extinguished. As soon as the Governor could mount his horse he rode to the angle which was attacked, where he found that Barton's company had suffered severely, and the left of Geiger's entirely broken. He immediately ordered Cook's and Wentworth's companies to march up to the center of the rear line, where were stationed a small com- pany of IT. S. riflemen and the companies of Bean, Snelling and Prescott. As the General rode up he found Maj. Daviess forming the dragoons in the rear of these companies, and having ascertained that the heaviest fire proceeded from some trees 15 or 20 paces in front of these companies, he directed the Major to dislodge them with a part of the dragoons ; but unfortunately the Major's gal- lantry caused him to undertake the execution of the order with a smaller force than was required, which enabled the enemy to avoid him in front and attack his fianks. He was mortally wounded and his men driven back. Oapt. Snelling, however, with his company immediately dislodged those Indians. Oapt. Spencer and his Ist and 2nd Lieutenants were killed, and Oapt. Warwick mortally wounded. The soldiery remained brave. Spencer had too much ground originally, and Harrison re-enforced him with a company of rifiemen which had been driven from their position on the left flank. Gen. Harrison's aim was to keep the lines entire, to prevent the enemy from breaking into the camp until daylight, which would enable him to make a general and effectual charge. "With this view he had re-enforced every part of the line that had suffered much, and with the approach of morning he withdrew several companies from the front and rear lines and re-enforced the right and left flanks, foreseeing that at these points the enemy would make their last effort. Maj. Wells, who had commanded the left flank, charged upon the enemy and drove them at the point of the bayonet into the marsh, where they could not be followed. Meanwhile Oapt. Oook and Lieut. Larrabee marched their companies to the right flank and formed under fire of the enemy, and being there joined 100 HISTORY OF INDIANA. by the riflemen of that flauk, charged upon the enemy, killing a number and putting the rest to a precipitate flight. Thus ended the famous battle of Tippecanoe, victoriously to the whites and honorably to Gen. Harrison. In this battle Mr. Harrison had about 700 eflScient men, while the Indians had probably more than that. The loss of the Ameri- cans was 37 killed and 25 mortally wounded, and 126 wounded; the Indians lost 38 killed on the fleld of battle, and the number of the wounded was never known. Among the whites killed were Daviess, Spencer, Owen, Warwick, Eandolph, Bean and "White. Standing on an eminence near by, the Prophet encouraged his warriors to battle by singing a favorite war-song. He told them that they would gain an easy victory, and that the bullets of their enemies would be made harmless by the Great Spirit. Being informed during the engagement that some of the Indians were killed, he said that his warriors must fight on and they would soon be victorious. Immediately after their defeat the surviving Indians lost faith in their great (?) Proph- et, returned to their respective tribes, and thus the confederacy was destroyed. The Prophet, with a very few followers, then took up his residence among a small band of Wyandots encamped on Wild-Cat creek. His famous town, with all its possessions, was destroyed the next day, Nov. 8. On the 18th the American army returned to Vincennes, where most of the troops were discharged. The Territorial Legislature, being in session, adopted resolutions complimentary to Gov. Harri- son and the officers and men under him, and made preparations for a reception and celebration. Capt. Logan, the eloquent Shawanee chief who assisted our forces so materially, died in the latter part of November, 1812, from the effects of a wound received in a skirmish with a recon- noitering party of hostile Indians accompanied by a white man in the British service, Nov. 22. In that skirmish the white man was killed, and Winamac, a Pottawatomie chief of some distinction, fell by the rifle of Logan. The latter was mortally wounded, when he retreated with two warriors of his tribe, Capt. Johnny and Bright-Horn, to the camp of Gen. Winchester, where he soon after- ward died. He was buried with the honors of war. WAE OF 1812 WITH GEEAT BEITAIN. The victory recently gained by the Americans at the battle of Tippecanoe insured perfect peace for a time, bat only a short time as the more extensive schemes of the British had so far ripened. as to compel the United States again to declare war against them. Tecumseh had fled to Maiden, Canada, where, counseled by the English, he continued to excite the tribes against the Americans. As soon as this war with Great Britain was declared (June 18, 1812), the Indians, as was expected, commenced again to commit depredations. During the summer of 1812 several points along the Lake Eegion succumbed to theBritish, as Detroit, under Gen. Hull, Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), commanded by Capt. Heald under Gen. Hull, the post at Mackinac, etc. In the early part of September, 1812, parties of hostile Indians began to assemble in considerable numbers in the vicinity of Forts Wayne and Harrison, with a view to reducing them. Capt. Ehea, at this time, had command of Fort Wayne, but his drinking pro- pensities rather disi^ualified him for emergencies. For two weeks the fort was in great jeopardy. An express had been sent to Gen. Harrison for reinforcements, but many days passed without any tidings of expected assistance. At length, one day, Maj. Wm. Oliver and four friendly Indians arrived at the fort on horseback. One of the Indians was the celebrated Logan. They had come in defiance of " 500 Indians," had "broken their ranks" and reached the fort in safety. Oliver reported that Harrison was aware of the situation and was raising men for a re-enforcement. Ohio was also raising volunteers ; 800 were then assembled at St. Mary's, Ohio, 60 miles south of Fort Wayne, and would march to the relief of the fort in three or four days, or as soon as they were joined by re- enforcements from Kentucky. Oliver prepared a letter, announcing to Gen. Harrison his safe ar- rival at the besieged fort, and giving an account of its beleaguered situation, which he dispatched by his friendly Shawanees, while he concluded to take his chances at the fort. Brave Logan and his companions started with the message, but had scarcely left the fort when they were discovered and pursued by the hostile Indians, yet passing the Indian lines in safety, they were soon out of reach. The Indians now began a furious attack upon the fort; but the little garrison, with Oliver to cheer them on, bravely met the assault, re- pelling the attack day after day, until the army approached to their relief. During this siege the commanding oflicer, whose habits of (ion 102 HISTORY OF INDIANA. intemperance rendered him unfit for the command, was confined in the "black hole," while the junior officer assumed charge. This course, was approved by the General, on his arrival, but Capt.Khea received very little censure, probably on account of his valuable ser- vices in the Revolutionary war. Sept. 6, 1812, Harrison moved forward with his army to the re- lief of Fort Wayne; the next day he reached a point within three miles of St. Mary's river; the next day he reached the river and was joined at evening by 200 mounted volunteers, under Col. Eich- ard M. Johnson; the next day at "Shane's Crossing" on the St. Mary's they were joined by 800 men from Ohio, under Cols. Adams and Hawkins. At this place Chief Logan and four other Indians offered their services as spies to Gen. Harrison, and were accepted. Logan was immediately disguised and sent forward. Passing through the lines of the hostile Indians,he ascertained their nuniber to be about 1,500, and entering the fort, he encouraged the solaiers to hold out, as relief was at hand. Gen. Harrison's force at this time was about 3,500. After an early breakfast Friday morning they were under march- ing orders; it had rained and the guns were damp; they were dis- charged and reloaded; but that day only one Indian was encount- erei ; preparations were made at night for an expected attack by the Indians, but no attack came ; the next day, Sept. 10, they ex- pected to fight their way to Fort Wayne, but in that they were hap- pily disappointed; and "At the first grey of the morning," as Bryce eloquently observes, " the distant halloos of the disappointed sav- ages revealed to the anxious inmates of the fort the glorious news of the approach of the army. Great clouds of dust could be seen from the fort, rolling up in the distance, as the valiant soldiery under Gen. Harrison moved forward to the rescue of the garrison and the brave boys of Kentucky and Ohio." This siege of Fort Wayne of course occasioned great loss to the few settlers who had gathered around the fort. At the time of its commencement quite a little village had clustered around the mili- tary works, but during the siege most of their improvements and crops were destroyed by the savages. Every building out of the reach of the guns of the fort was leveled to the ground, and thus the in- fant settlement was destroyed. During this siege the garrison lost but three men, while the Indians lost 25. Gen. Harrison had all the Indian villages for 25 miles around destroyed. Fort Wayne was nothing but a military post until about 1819. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 103 Simultaneously with the attack on Fort Wayne the Indians also besieged Fort Harrison, which was commanded by Zachary Taylor. The Indians commenced firing upon the fort about 11 o'clock one night, when the garrison was in a rather poor plight for receiving them. The enemy succeeded in firing one of the block-houses, which contained whisky, and the whites had great difficulty in pre- venting the burning of all the barracks. The word " fire " seemed to have thrown all the men into confusion ; soldiers' and citizens' wives, who had taken shelter within the fort, were crying; Indians were yelling; many of the garrison were sick and unable to be on duty; the men despaired and gave themselves up as lost; two of the strongest and apparently most reliable men jumped the pickets in the very midst of the emergency, etc., so that Capt. Taylor was at his wit's end what to do; but he gave directions as to the many ■details, rallied the men by a new scheme, and after about seven hours succeeded in saving themselves. The Indians drove up the horses belonging to the citizens, and as they could not catch th«^m very readily, shot the whole of them in the sight of their owners, and also killed a number of the hogs belonging to the whites. They drove oflf all of the cattle, 65 in number, as well as the public oxen. Among many other depredations committed by the savages dur- ing this period, was the massacre of the Pigeon Roost settlement, yernment, ten thousand men. OLIVER P. MORTON, Governor of Indiana. This may be considered the first official act of Governor Morton, who had just entered on the duties of his exalted position. The State was in an almost helpless condition, and yet the faith of the " War Governor " was prophetic, when, after a short consultation with the members of the Executive Council, he relied on the fidelity of ten thousand men and promised their services to the Protectorate at Washington. This will be more apparent when the military condition of the State at the beginning of 1861 is considered. At that time the armories contained less than five hundred stand of serviceable small arms, eight pieces of cannon which might be use- ful in a museum of antiquities, with sundry weapons which would merely do credit to the aborigines of one hundred years ago. The financial condition of the State was even worse than the military. (148) HISTORY OF INDIANA. 149 The sum of $10,368.58 in trust funds was the amount of cash in the hands of the Treasurer, and this was, to all intents and purposes unavailable to meet the emergency, since it could not be devoted to the military requirements of the day. This state of affairs was dispiriting in the extreme, and would doubtless have militated against the ultimate success of any other man than Morton; yet he overleaped every difficulty, nor did the fearful realization of Floyd's treason, discovered during his visit to Washington, damp his indomitable courage and energy, but with rare persistence he urged the claims of his State, and for his exertions was requited with an order for five thousand muskets. The order was not exe- cuted until hostilities were actually entered upon, and consequently for some days succeeding the publication of the President's procla- mation the people labored under a feeling of terrible anxiety min- gled with uncertainty, amid the confusion which followed the crim- inal negligence that permitted the disbandment of the magnificent corps W armee (51,000 men) of 1832 two years later in 1834, Great numbers of the people maintained their equanamity with the result of beholding within a brief space of time every square mile of their State represented by soldiers prepared to fight to the bitter end in defense of cherished institutions, and for the extension of the prin- ciple of human liberty to all States and classes within the limits of the threatened Union. This, their zeal, was not animated by hos- tility to the slave holders of the Southern States, but rather by a fraternal spirit, akin to that which urges the eldest brother to cor- rect the persistent follies of his juniors, and thus lead them from crime to the maintenance of family honor; in this correction, to draw them away from all that was cruel, diabolical and inhuman in the Republic, to all that is gentle, holy and sublime therein. Many of the raw troops were not only unimated by a patriotic feeling, but also by that beautiful idealization of the poet, who in his un- conscious Republicanism, said: " I would not have a slave to till my ground, To carry me, to fan me while I sleep. And tremble when I wake, for all the wealth That sinews bought and sold have ever earned No: dear as freedom is — and, in my heart's Just estimation, prized above all price — I had much rather be myself the slave, And wear the bonds, than fasten them on him." Thus animated, it is not a matter for surprise to find the first call to arms issued by the President, and calling for 75,000 men, 150 HISTOET OF INDIANA. answered nobly by the people of Indiana. The quota of troops to be furnished by the State on the first call was 4,683 men for three years' service from April 15, 1860. On the 16th of April, Gov- ernor Morton issued his proclamation calling on all citizens of the State, who had the welfare of the Republic at heart, to organize themselves into six regiments in defense of their rights, and in opposition to the varied acts of rebellion, charged by him against the Southern Confederates. To this end, the Hon. Lewis Wallace, a soldier of the Mexican campaign was appointed Adjutant-General, Col. Thomas A. Morris of the United States Military Academy, Quartermaster-General, and Isaiah Mansur, a merchant of Indian- apolis, Commissary-General. These general officers converted the grounds and buildings of the State Board of Agriculture into a military headquarters, and designated the position Camp Morton, as the beginning of the many honors which were to follow the pop- ular Governor throughout his future career. Now the people, im- bued with confidence in their Government and leaders, rose to the grandeur of American freemen, and with an enthusiasm never equaled hitherto, flocked to the standard of the nation ; so that within a few days (19th April) 2,400 men were ranked beneath their regimental banners, until as the official report testifies, the anxious question, passing from mouth to mouth, was, " "Which of ns will be allowed to go? " It seemed as if Indiana was about to monopolize the honors of the period, and place the 75,000 men demanded of the Union by the President, at his disposition. Even now under the genial sway of guaranteed peace, the features of Indiana's veterans flush with righteous pride when these days— re- membrances of heroic sacrifice — are named, and freemen, still un- born, will read their history only to be blessed and glorified in the possession of such truly, noble progenitors. Nor were the ladies of the State unmindful of their duties. Everywhere they partook of the general enthusiasm, and made it practical so far as in their power, by embroidering and presenting standards and regimental colors, organizing aid and relief societies, and by many other acts of patriotism and humanity inherent in the high nature of woman. During the days set apart by the military authorities for the or- ganization of the regiments, the financiers of the State were en- gaged in the reception of munificent grants of money from pri- vate citizens, while the money merchants within and without the State off'ered large loans to the recognized Legislature without even imposing a condition of payment. This most practical generosity HISTOET OF INDIANA. 151 strengthened the hands of the Exetfutive, and within a very few days Indiana had passed the crucial test, recovered some of her military prestige lost in 1834, and so was prepared to vie with the other and wealthier States in making sacrifices for the public welfare. On the 20th of April, Messrs, I. S. Dobbs and Alvis D. Gall re- ceived their appointments as Medical Inspectors of the Division, while Major T. J. Wood arrived at headquarters from Washington to receive the newlj"^ organized regiments into the service of the Union. At the moment this formal proceeding took place, Morton, unable to restrain the patriotic ardor of the people, telegraphed to the capitol that he could place six regiments of infantry at the dis- posal of the General Government within six days, if such a pro- ceeding were acceptable; but in consequence of the wires being cut between the State and Federal capitols, no answer came. Taking advantage of the little doubt which may have had existence in re- gard to future action in the matter and in the absence of general orders, he gave expression to an intention of placing the volunteers in camp, and in his message to the Legislature, who assembled three days later, he clearly laid down the principle of immediate action and strong measures, recommending a note of $1,000,000 for there- organization of the volunteers, for the purchase of arms and supplies, and for the punishment of treason. The message was received most enthusiastically. The assembly recognized the great points made by the Governor, and not only yielded to them in toto, but also made the following grand appropriations: • General military purposes $1,000,000 Purcliase of arms 500,000 Contingent military expenses 100,000 Organization and support of militia for two years 140,000 These appropriations, together with the laws enacted during the session of the Assembly, speak for the men of Indiana. The celerity with which these laws were put in force, thediligince and economy exercised by the officers, entrusted with their administration, and that systematic genius, under which all the machinery of Govern- ment seemed to work in harmony, — all, all, tended to make for the State a spring-time of noble deeds, when seeds might be cast along her fertile fields and in the streets of her villages of industry to grow up at once and blossom in the ray of fame, and after to bloom throughout the ages. Within three days after the opening of the extra session of the Legislature (27th April) six new regiments were organized, and commissioned for three months' service. These reg- 152 HISTORY OB" INDIANA. iments, notwithstanding the facC that the first six regiments were already mustered into the general service, were known as "The First Brigade, Indiana Yolunteers," and with the simple object of making the way of the future student of a brilliant history clear, were numbered respectively Sixth Eegiment, commanded by Col. T. T. Crittenden. Seventh " " " " Ebenezer Dumont. Eighth " " " " W. P. Benton. Ninth " " " " R. H. Milroy. Tenth " " " " T. T. Eeynolds. Eleventh " " " " Lewis "Wallace. The idea of these numbers was suggested by the fact that the military representation of Indiana in the Mexican Campaign was one brigade of five regiments, and to observe consecutiveness the regiments comprised in the first division of volunteers were thus numbered, and the entire force placed under Brigadier General T. A. Morris, with the following staff: John Love, Major; Cyrus C» Hines, Aid-de-camp; and J. A. Stein, Assistant Adjutant General. To follow the fortunes of these volunteers through- all the vicissi- tudes of war would prove a special work; yet their valor and endur- ance during their first term of service deserved a notice of even more value than that of the historian, since a commander's opinioa has to be taken as the basis upon which the chronicler may expatiate. Therefore the following dispatch, dated from the headquarters of the Army of Occupation, Beverly Camp, W". Yirginia, July 21, 1861, must be taken as one of the first evidences of their utility and valor: — "GovBBNOR O. P. Morton, Indianapolis, Indiana. GovEKNOB : — I have directed the three months' regiments from Indiana to move to Indianapolis, there to be mustered out and reorganized for three years' service. I cannot permit them to return to you without again expressing my high appreciation of the distinguished valor and endurance of the Indiana troops, and my hope that but a short time will elapse before I have the pleasure of knowing that they are again ready for the field. ******* I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, George B. McClellan, Major- General, U. 8. A, On the return of the troops to Indianapolis, July 29, Brigadier Morris issued a lengthy, logical and well-deserved congratulatory address, from which one paragraph may be extracted to characterize HISTOEY OF INDIANA. 153 the whole. After passing a glowing eulogium on their military qualities and on that unexcelled gallantry displayed at Laurel Hill, Phillipi andCarrick's Ford, hfe says: — " Soldiers! You have now returned to the friends whose prayers went with you to the field of strife. They welcome you with pride and exultation. Your State and country acknowledge the value of your labors. May your future career he as your past has been, — honorable to yourselves and serviceable to your country." The six regiments forming Morris' brigade, together with one composed of the surplus volunteers, for whom there was no regi- ment in April, now formed a division of seven regiments, all reor- ganized for three years' service, between the 20th August and 20th September, with the exception of the new of 12th, which was ac- cepted for one year's service from May 11th, under command of Colonel John M. Wallace, and reorganized May 17, 1862, for three years' service under Col. W. H. Link, who, with 172 officers and men, received their mortal wounds during the Richmond (Ken- tucky) engagement, three months after its reorganization. The 13th Uegiment, under Col. Jeremiah Sullivan, was mus- tered into the United States in 1861 and joined Gen. McClellan's command at Rich Mountain on the 10th July. The day following it was present under Gen. Rosencrans and lost eight men killed; three successive days it was engaged under Gen. I. I. Reynolds, and won its laurels at Cheat Mountain summit, where it participated in the decisive victory over Gen. Lee. The 14th Regiment, organized in 1861 for one year's service, and reorganized on the 7th of June at Terre Haute for three years' ser. vice. Commanded by Col. Eamball and showing a muster roll of 1,134 men, it was one of the finest, as it was the first, three years' regiment organized in the State, with varying fortunes attached to its never ending round of duty from Cheat Mountain, September, 1861, to Morton's Ford in 1864, and during the movement South in May of that year to the last of its labors, the battle of Cold Har- bor. The 15th Regiment, reorganized at La Fayette 14th June, 1861, under Col. G. D. Wagner, moved on Rich Mountain on the 11th of July in time to participate in the complete rout of the enemy. On the promotion of Col. Wagner, Lieutenant-Col. G. A. Wood became Colonel of the regiment, November, 1862, and during the first days of January, 1863, took a distinguished part in the severe action of Stone River. From this period down to the battle of Mis- sion Ridge it was in a series of destructive engagements, and was, 154 HISTORY OF INDIANA. after enduring terrible hardships, ordered to Chattanooga, and thence to Indianapolis, where it was mustered out the 18th June, 1864, — four days after the expiration of its term of service. The 16th Kbgiment, organized under Col. P. A. Hackleman at Kichmond for one year's service, after participating in many minor military events, was mustered out at "Washington, D.C., on the 14th of May, 1862. Col. Hackleman was killed at the battle of luka, and Lieutenant-Col. Thomas I. Lucas succeeded to the command. It was reorganized at Indianapolis for three years' service. May 27, 1862, and took a conspicuous part in all the brilliant engagements of the war down to June, 1865, when it was mustered out at New Orleans. The survivors, numbering 365 rank and file, returned to Indianapolis the 10th of July amid the rejoicing of the populace. The 17th Kegimbnt was mustered into service at Indianapolis the 12th of June, 1861, for three years, under Col. Hascall, who on being promoted Brigadier General in March, 1862, left the Colonelcy to devolve on Lieutenant Colonel John T. Wilder. This regiment participated in the many exploits of Gen. Reynold's army from Green Brier in 1862, to Macon in 1865, under Qen. Wilson. Eeturning to Indianapolis the 16th of August, in possession of a brilliant record, the regiment was disbanded. The 18th Regiment, under Colonel Thomas Pattison, was organ- ized at Indianapolis, and mustered into service on the 16th of August, 1861. Under Gen. Pope it gained some distinction at Blackwater, and succeeded in retaining a reputation made there, by its gallantry at Pea Ridge, February, 1862, down to the moment when it planted the regimental flag on the arsenal of Augusta, Georgia, where it was disbanded August 28, 1865. The 19th Regiment, mustered into three years' service at the State capital July 29, 1861, was ordered to join the army of the Potomac, and reported its arrival at Washington, August 9. Two days later it took part in the battle of Lewinsville, under Colonel Solomon Meredith. Occupying Falls Church in September, 1861, it continued to maintain a most enviable place of honor on the military roll until its consolidation with the 20th Regiment, October, 1864, under Colonel William Orr, formerly its Lieutenant Colonel. The 20th Regiment of La Fayette was organized in July, 1861, mustered into three years' service at Indianapolis on the 22d ef the same month, and reached the front at Cockeysville, Maryland, twelve days later. Throughout aJ its lirilliant actions from Hat- teras Bank, on the 4th of October, to Clover Hill, 9th of April, 1865, HISTOET OF INDIANA. 165 including the saving of the United States ship Congress, at New- port JJews, it added daily some new name to its escutcheon. This regiment was mustered out at Louisville in July, 1865, and return- ing to Indianapolis was welcomed by the great war Governor of their State. .The 21sT JRegiment was mustered into service under Colonel I. W. McMillan, July 24, 1861, and reported at the front the third day of August. It was the first regiment to enter New Orleans. The fortunes of this regiment were as varied as its services, so that its name and fame, grown from the blood shed by its members, are destined to live and flourish. In December, 1863, the regiment was reorganized, and on the 19th February, 1864, many of its veterans returned to their State, where Morton received them with that spirit of proud gratitude which he was capable of showing to those who deserve honor for honors won. The 22d Regiment, under Colonel Jeff. C. Davis, left Indian- apolis the 15th of August, and was attached to Fremont's Corps at St. Louis on the 17th. From the day it moved to the support of Colonel Mulligan at Lexington, to the last victory, won under General Sherman at Bentonville, on the 19th of March, 1865, it gained a high military reputation. After the fall of Johnston's southern army, this regiment was mustered out, and arrived at Indianapolis on the 16th June. The 23d Battalion, commanded by Colonel W. L. Sanderson, was mustered in at New Albany, the 29th July, 1861, and moved to the front early in August. From its unfortunate marine ex- periences before Fort Henry to Bentonville it won unusual honors, and after its disbandment at Louisville, returned to Indianapolis July 24, 1865, where Governor Morton and General- Sherman reviewed and complimented the gallant survivors. The 24th Battalion, under Colonel Alvin P. Hovey, was mustered at Tincennes the 81st of July, 1861. Proceeding imme- diately to the front it joined Fremont's command, and participated under many Generals in important affairs during the war. Three hundred and ten men and officers returned to their State in August, 1865, and were received with marked honors by the people and Executive. The 25th Regiment, of Evansville mustered into service there for three years under Col. J. C. Veatch, arrived at St. Louis on the 26th of August, 1861. During the war this regiment was present at 18 battles and skirmishes, sustaining therein a loss of 352 men 156 HISTOET OF INDIANA. and officers. Mustered out at Louisville, July 17, 186-5, it returned . to Indianapolis on the 21st amid universal rejoicing. The 26th Battalion, under W. M. Wheatley, left Indianapolis for the front the 7th of September, 1861, and after a brilliant cam- paign under Fremont, Grant, Heron and Smith, may be said to disband the 18th of September, 1865, when the non-veterans and recruits were reviewed by Morton at the State capital. The 27th Regiment, under Ool. Silas Colgrove, moved from Indianapolis to Washington City, September 15th, 1861, and in October was allied to Gen. Banks' army. From Winchester Heights, the 9th of March 1862, through all the affairs of General Sherman's campaign, it acted a gallant and faithful part, and was disbanded immediately after returning to their State. The 28th oe 1st Oavalkt was mustered into service at Evans- ville on the 20th of August, 1861, under Col. Conrad Baker. From the skirmish at Ironton, on the 12th of September, wherein three companies under Col. Gavin captured a position held by a few rebels, to the battle of the Wilderness, the First Cavalry per- formed prodigies of valor. In June and July, 1865, the troops were mustered out at Indianapolis. The 29th Battalion of La Porte, under Col. J. F. Miller, left on the 5th of October, 1861, and reaching Camp Nevin, Kentucky, on the 9th, was allied to Jiosseau's Brigade, serving with McCook's division at Shiloh, with Buell's army in Alabama, Tennessee and Kentucky, with Kosencrans at Murfreesboro, at Decatur, Alabama, and at Dalton, Georgia. The Twenty-ninth won many laurels, and had its Colonel promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. This officer was succeeded in the command by Lieutenant-Ool. D.M.Dunn. The 30th Regiment of Fort Wayne, under Col. Sion S. Bass, proceeded to the front via Indianapolis, and joined General Kosseau at Camp Nevin on the 9th of October, 1861. At Shiloh, Col. Bass received a mortal wound, and died a few days later at Paducah, leaving the Colonelcy to devolve upon Lieutenant-Ool. J. B. Dodge. In October 1865, it formed a battalion of General Sheri- dan's army of observation in Texas. The 31st Regiment, organized at Terre Haute, under Col. Charles Cruft, in September 1861, was mustered in, and left in a few days for Kentucky. Present at the reduction of Fort Donelson on the 13th, 14:th, and 15th of February, 1862, its list of killed and wounded proves its desperate fighting qualities. The organization HISTORY OF INDIANA. 157 was subjected to many changes, but in all its phases maintained a fair fame won on many battle fields. Like the former regiment, it passed into Gen. Sheridan's Army of Observation, and held the district of Green Lake, Texas. The 32d Kbgiment of German Infantry, under Col. August Willich, organized at Indianapolis, mustered on the 24:th of August, 1861, served with distinction throughout the campaign. Col. Willich was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General, and Lieut.- Col. Henry Von Trebra commissioned to act, under whose com- mand the regiment passed into General Sheridan's Army, hold- ing the post of Salado Creek, until the withdrawal of the corps of observation in Texas. The 33d Eegiment of Indianapolis possesses a military history of no small proportions. The mere facts that it was mustered in under Col. John Cobnrn, the 16th of September, won a series of distinctions throughout the war district and was mustered out at Louisville, July 21, 1865, taken with its name as one of the most powerful regiments engaged in the war, are sufficient here. The 84:Tn Battalion, organized at Anderson on the 16th Sep- tember, 1861, under Col. Ashbury Steele, appeared among the in- vesting battalions before New Madrid on the 30th of March, 1862. From the distinguished part it took in that siege, down to the 18th of May, 1865, when at Palmetto Kanche, near Palo Alto, it fought for hours against fearful odds the last battle of the war for the Union. Afterwards it marched 250 miles up the Kio Grande, and was the first regiment to reoccupy the position, so long in Southern hands, of Kingold barracks. In 1865 it garrisoned Bea- consville as part of the Army of Observation. The 35th or First Irish Regiment, was organized at Indian- apolis, and mustered into service on the 11th of December, 1861, under Col. John C. Walker. At lN"ashville, on the 22d of May, 1862, it was joined by the organized portion of the Sixty-first or Second Irish Regiment, and unassigned recruits. Col. Mullen now became Lieut.-Colonel of the 35th, and shortly after, its Colonel. From the pursuit of Gen. Bragg through Kentucky and the affair at Perryville on the 8th of October, 1862, to the terrible^ hand to hand combat at Kenesaw mountain, on the night of the 20th of June, 1864, and again from the conclusion of the Atlanta campaign to September, 1865, with Gen. Sheridan's army, when it was mus- tered out, it won for itself a name of reckless daring and unsur- passed gallantry. 158 HISTOET OF INDIANA. The 36th Eegiment, of Eichmond, Ind., under Col. William Grose, mustered into service for three years on the 16th of Sep- tember, 1861, went immediately to the front, and shared the for- tunes of the Army of the Ohio until the 27th of February, 1862, when a forward movement led to its presence on the battle-field of Shiloh. Following up the honors won at Shiloh, it participated in some of the most important actions of the war, and was, in October, 1865, transferred to Gen. Sheridan's army. Col. Grose was pro- moted in 1864 to the position of Brigadier-General, and the Colonelcy devolved on Oliver H. P. Carey, formerly Lieut-Colonel of the regiment. The 37th Battalion, of Lawrenceburg, commanded by Col. Geo. "W. Hazzard, organized the 18th of September, 1861, left for the seat of war early in October. From the eventful battle of Stone river, in December, 1862, to its participation in Sherman's march through Georgia, it gained for itself a splendid reputation. This regiment returned to, and was present at, Indianapolis, on the 30th of July, 1865, where a public reception was tendered to men and officers on the grounds of the Capitol. The 38th Regiment, under Col. Benjamin F. Scribner, was mus- tered in at New Albany, on the 18th of September, 1861, and in a few days were en rovie for the front. To follow its continual round of duty, is without the limits of this sketch; therefore, it will suffice to say, that on every well-fought field, at least from February, 1862, until its dissolution, on the 16th of July, 1865, it earned an enviable renown, and drew from Gov. Morton, on return- ing to Indianapolis the 18th of the same month, a congratulatory address couched in the highest terms of praise. The 39th Regiment, oe Eighth Cavalet, was mustered in as an infantry regiment, under Col. T. J. Harrison, on the 28th of August, 1861, at the State capital. Leaving immediately for the front it took a conspicuous part in all the engagements up to April, 1863, when it was reorganized as a cavalry regiment. The record of this organization sparkles with great deeds which men will extol while language lives; its services to the Union cannot be over esti- mated, or the memory of its daring deeds be forgotten by the un- happy people who raised the tumult, which culminated in their second shame. The 40th Regiment, of Lafayette, under Col. W. C. Wilson, subsequently commanded by Col. J. W. Blake, and again by Col. Henry Leaming, was organized on the 30th of December, 1861, and HISTORY OF INDIANA. 159 at once proceeded to the front, where some time was necessarily spent in the Camp of Instruction at Bardstown, Kentucky. In February, 1862, it joined in Buell's forward movement. During the war the regiment shared in all its hardships, participated in all its honors, and like many other brave commands took service under Gen. Sheridan in his Army of Occupation, holding the post of Port Lavaca, Texas, until peace brooded over the land. The 4:1st Eegiment oe Second Cavalky, the first complete regi- ment of horse ever raised in the State, was organized on the 3d of September, 1861, at Indianapolis, under Ool. John A. Bridgland, and December 16 moved to the front. Its first war experience was gained en route to Corinth on the 9th of April, 1862, and at Pea Ridge on the 15th. Gallatin, Vinegar Hill, and Perryville, and Talbot Station followed in succession, each battle bringing to the cavalry untold honors. In May, 1864, it entered upon a glorious career under Gen. Sherman in his Atlanta campaign, and again under Gen. Wilson in the raid through Alabama during April, 1865. On the 22d of July, after a brilliant career, the regiment was mustered out at Nashville, and returned at once to Indianapolis for discharge. The 42d, under Col J. G. Jones, mustered into service at Evans- vlUe, October 9, 1861, and having participated in the principal military affiairs of the period, Wartrace, Mission Kidge, Altoona, Kenesaw, Savannah, Charlestown and Bentonville, was discharged at Indianapolis on the 25th of July, 1865. The 43d Battalion was mustered in on the 27th of September, 1861, under Col. George K. Steele, and left Terre Haute en route to the front within a few days. Later it was aPied to Gen. Pope's corps, and afterwards served with Commodore Foote's marines in the reduction of Fort Pillow. It was the first Union regiment to enter Memphis. From that period until the close of the war it was distinguished for its unexcelled qualifications as a .military body, and fully deserved the encomiums passed upon it on its return to Indianapolis in March, 1865. The 44th or the Regiment of the 10th Congressional Distkiot was organized at Fort Wayne on the 24th of October, 1861, under Col. Hugh B. Reed. Two months later it was ordered to the front, and arriving in Kentucky, was attached to Gen. Cruft's Brigade, then quartered at Calhoun. After years of faithful service it was mustered out at Chattanooga, the 14th of September, 1865. The 45th, oe Third Cavalry, comprised ten companies 160 HISTOET OF INDIANA. organized at different periods and for varied services in 1861- '62, under Colonel Scott Carter and George H. Chapman. The distinguished name won by the Third Cavalry is established in every village within the State. Let it suffice to add that after its brilliant participation in Gen. Sheridan's raid down the James' river canal, it was mustered out at Indianapolis on the 7th of Au- gust, 1865. The 46th Kegiment, organized at Logansport under Colonel Graham N. Fitch, arrived in Kentucky the 16th of February, 1862, and a little later became attached to Gen. Pope's army, then quar- tered at Commerce. The capture of Fort Pillow, and its career under Generals Curtis, Palmer, Hovey, Gorman, Grant, Sherman, Banks and Burbridge are as truly worthy of applause as ever fell to the lot of a regiment. The command was mustered out at Louis- ville on the 4th of September, 1865. The 47th was organized at Anderson, under Col. I. R. Slack, early in October, 1862. Arriving at Bardstown, Kentucky, on the 2l8t of December, it was attached to Gen. Buell's army; but within two months was assigned to Gen. Pope, under whom it proved the first regiment to enter Fort Thompson near New Madrid. In 1864 the command visited Indianapolis on veteran furlough and was enthu- siastically received by Governor Morton and the people. Eeturn- ing to the front it engaged heartily in Gen. Banks' company. In December, Col. Slack received his commission as Brigadier-General, and was succeeded on the regimental command by Col. J. A. Mc- Laughton ; at Shreveport under General Heron it received the sub- mission of General Price and his army, and there also was it mus- tered out of service on the 23d of October, 1865. The 48th Regiment, organized at Goshen the 6th of December, 1861, under Col. Norman Eddy, entered on its duties during the siege of Corinth in May, and again in October, 1862. The record of this battalion may be said to be unsurpassed in its every feature, so that the grand ovation extended to the returned soldiers in 1865 at Indianapolis, is not a matter for surprise. The 49th Regiment, organized at Jeffersonville, under Col. J.W. Ray, and mustered in on the 21st of November, 1861, for service, left en route for the camp at Bardstown. A month later it arrived at the unfortunate camp-ground of Cumberland Ford, where dis- ease carried off a number of gallant soldiers. The regiment, how- ever, survived the dreadful scourge and won its laurels on many HISTOET OF INDIANA. 161 a well-fought field until September, 1865, when it was mustered out at Louisville. The 60th Keqiment, under Col. Cyrus L. Dunham, organized during the month of September, 1861, at Seymour, left en route to Bardstown for a course of military instruction. On the 20th of August, 1862, a detachment of the 60th, under Capt. Atkinson, was attacked by Morgan's Cavalry near Edgefield Junction ; but the gallant few repulsed their oft-repeated onsets and finally drove them from the field. The regiment underwent many changes in organization, and may be said to muster out on the 10th of Septem- ber, 1865. The 51sT Regiment, under Col. Abel. D. Streight, left Indianap- olis on the 14th of December, 1861, for the South. After a short course of instruction at Bardstown, the regiment joined General Buell's and acted with great effect during the campaign in Ken- tucky and Tennessee. Ultimately it became a participator in the work of the Fourth Corps, or Army of Occupation, and held the post of San Antonio until peace was doubly assured. The 62d Regiment was partially raised at Rushville, and the organization completed at Indianapolis, where it was consolidated with the Railway Brigade, or 56th Regiment, on the 2d of Feb- ruary, 1862. Going to the front immediately after, it served with marked distinction throughout the war, and was mustered out at Montgomery on the 10th of September, 1866. Returning to Indian- apolis six days later, it was welcomed by Gov. Morton and a most enthusiastic reception accorded to it. The 53bd Battalion was raised at New Albany, and with the addition of recruits raised at Rockport formed a standard regi- ment, under command of Col. W. Q. Gresham. Its first duty was that of guarding the rebels confined on Camp Morton, but on going to the front it made for itself an endurable name. It was mus- tered out in July, 1866, and returned to Indiananoplis on the 25th of the same month. The 54th Regiment was raised at Indianapolis on the 10th of June, 1862, for three months' service under Col. D. G.Rose. The succeeding two months saw it in charge of the p'risoners at Camp Morton, and in August it was pushed forward to aid in the defense of Kentucky against the Confederate General, Kirby Smith. The remainder of its short term of service was given to the cause. On the muster out of the three months' service regiment it was reorgan- 162 HISTORY OF INDIANA. ized for one year's service and gained some distinction, after which it was mustered oiit in 1863 at New Orleans. The 55th Eegiment, organized for three months' service, retains the brief history applicable to the first organization of the 54th, It was mustered in on the 16th of June, 1862, under Col. J. K. Mahon, disbanded on the expiration of its term and was not reor- ganized. The 56th Kegiment, referred to in the sketch of the 52nd, was designed to be composed of railroad men, marshalled under J. M. Smith as Colonel, but owing to the fact that many railroaders had already volunteered into other regiments, Col. Smith's volunteers were incorporated with the 52nd, and this number left blank in the army list. The 57th Battalion, actually organized by two ministers of the gospel,— the Eev. I. W. T. McMullen and Eev. F. A. Hardin, of Kichmond, Ind., mustered into service on the 18th of Novem- ber, 1861, under the former named reverend gentleman as Colonel, who was, however, succeeded by Col. Cyrus C. Haynes, and he in turn by G. W. Leonard, "Willis Blanch and John S. McGrath, the latter holding command until the conclusion of the war. The history of this battalion is extensive, and if participation in a num- ber of battles with the display of rare gallantry wins fame, the 57th may rest assured of its possession of this fragile yet coveted prize. Like many other regiments it concluded its military labors in the service of General Sheridan, and held the post of Port Lavaca in conjunction with another regiment until peace dwelt in the land. The 58th Kegiment, of Princeton, was organized there early in October, 1861, and was mustered into service under the Colonelcy of Henry M. Oarr. In December it was ordered to join Gen- eral Buell's army, after which it took a share in the various actions of the war, and was mustered but on the 25th of July, 1865, at Louisville, having gained a place on the roll of honor. The 59th Battalion was raised under a commission issued by Gov. Morton to Jesse I. Alexander, creating him Colonel. Owing to the peculiarities hampering its organization. Col. Alexander could not succeed in having his regiment prepared to muster in before the 17th of February, 1862. However, on that day the equipment was complete, and on the 18th it left en route to Commerce, where on its arrival, it was incorporated under General Pope's command. The list of its casualties speaks a history, — no less than 793 men were lost during the campaign. The regiment, after a term char- HISTOET OF INDIANA. 163 acterized by distinguished service, was mustered out at Louisville on the 17th of July, 1865. The 60th JRegiment was partially organized under Lieut .-Col. Kichard Owen at Evansville during November 1861, and perfected at Camp Morton during March, 1862. Its first experience was its gallant resistance to Bragg's army investing Munfordsville, which culminated in the unconditional surrender of its first seven com- panies on the 14th of September. An exchange of prisoners took place in November, which enabled it to joine the remaining com- panies in the field. The subsequent record is excellent, and forms, as it were, a monument to their fidelity and heroism. The main portion of this battalion was mustered out at Indianapolis, on the 21st of March, 1865. The 61st was partially organized in December, 1861, under Col. B. F. Mullen. The failure of thorough organization on the 22d of May, 1862, led the men and officers to agree to incorporation with the 35th Regiment of Volunteers. The 62d Battalion, raised under a commission issued to Wil- liam Jones, of Kockport, authorizing him to organize this regiment in the First Congressional District was so unsuccessful that consoli- dation with the 53d Kegiment was resolved upon. The 63d Hegiment, of Covington, under James McManomy, Commandant ot Camp, and J. S. Williams, Adjutant, was partially organized on the 31st of December, 1861, and may be considered on duty from its very formation. After guarding prisoners at Camp Morton and Lafayette, and engaging in battle on Manassas Plains on the 30th of August following, the few companies sent out in February, 1862, returned to Indianapolis to find six new companies raised under the call of July, 1862, ready to embrace the fortunes of the 63d. So strengthened, the regiment went forth to battle, and continued to lead in the paths of honor and fidelity until mustered out in May and June, 1865. The 64th Regiment failed in organization as an artillery corps ; but orders received from the War Department prohibiting the con- solidation of independent batteries, put a stop to any further move ill the matter. However, an infantry regiment bearing the same number was afterward organized. The 65th was mustered in at Princeton and Evansville, in July and August, 1862, under Col. J. W. Foster, and left at once en route for the front. The record of this battalion is creditable, not only to its members, but also to the State which claimed it. Its 164 HISTOET OF INDIANA. last action during the war was on the 18th and 20th of February, 1865, at Fort Anderson and Town creek, after which, on the 22d June, it was disbanded at Greensboro. The 66th Eegiment partially organized at New Albany, under Commandant Eoger Martin, was ordered to leave for Kentucky on the 19th of August, 1862, for the defense of that State against the incursions of Kirby Smith. After a brilliant career it was mus- tered out at Washington on the 3d of June, 1865, after which it returned to Indianapolis to receive the thanks of a grateful people. The 67th Regiment was organized within the Third Congressional District under Col. Frank Emerson, and was ordered to Louisville on the 20th of August, 1862, whence it marched to Munfordville, only to share the same fate with the other gallant regiments en- gaged against Gen. Bragg's advance. Its roll of honor extends down the years of civil disturbance, — always adding garlands, un- til Peace called a truce in the fascinating race after fame, and insured a term of rest, wherein its members could think on comrades forever vanished, and temper the sad thought with the sublime mem- ories bom of that chivalrous fight for the maintenance and integri- ty of a great Republic. At Galveston on the 19th of July, 1865, the gallant 67th Eegiment was mustered out, and returning within a few days to its State received the enthusiastic ovations of her citi- zens. The 68th Regiment, organized at Greensburg under Major Ben- jamin C. Shaw, was accepted for general service the 19th of August, 1862, under Col. Edward A. King, with Major Shaw as Lieutenant Colonel; on the 25th its arrival at Lebanon was reported and with- in a few days it appeared at the defense of Munfordville; but shar- ing in the fate of all the defenders, it surrendered unconditionally to Gen. Bragg and did not participate further in the actions of that year, nor until after the exchange of prisoners in 1863. From this period it may lay claim to an enviable history extending to the end of the war, when it was disembodied. The 69th Regiment, of Eichmond, Ind., under Col. A. Bickle, left for the front on the 20th of August, 1862, and ten days later made a very brilliant stand at Eichmond, Kentucky, against the advance of Gen. Kirby Smith, losing in the engagement two hundred and eighteen men and officers together with its liberty. After an exchange of prisoners the regiment was reorganized under Col. T. W. Bennett and took the field in December, 1862, under HISTORY OF INDIANA. 165 Generals Sheldon, Morgan and Sherman of Grant's army. Chick- asaw, Yicksburg, Blakely aud many other names testify to the valor of the 69th. The remnant of the regiment was in January, 1865, formed into a battalion under Oran Perry, and was mustered out in July following. The 70th Regiment was organized at Indianapolis on the 12th of August, 1862, under Col. B. Harrison, and leaving for Louisville on the 13th, shared in the honors of Bruce's division at Franklin and Russeilville. The record of the regiment is brimful of honor. It was mustered out at Washington, June 8, 1865, and received at Indianapolis with public honors. The 71sT OE Sixth Cavalet was organized as an infantry regi- ment, at Terre Haute, and mustered into general service at Indian- apolis on the 18th of August, 1862, under Lieut. -Col. Melville D. Topping. Twelve days later it was engaged outside Richmond, Kentucky, losing two hundred and fifteen officers and men, includ- ing Col. Topping and Major Conklin, together with three hundred and forty-seven prisoners, only 225 escaping death and capture. After an exchange of prisoners the regiment was re-formed under Col. I. Bittle, but on the 28th of December it surrendered to Gen. J. H. Morgan, who attacked its position at Muldraugh's Hill with a force of 1,000 Confederates. During September and October, 1863, it was organized as a cavalry regiment, won distinction throughout its career, and was mustered out the 15th of September, 1865, at Murfreesboro. The 77th Regiment was organized at Lafayette, and left enroute to Lebanon, Kentucky, on the 17th of August, 1862. Under Col. Miller it won a series of honors, and mustered out at Nashville on the 26th of June, 1865. The 73ed Regiment, under Col. Gilbert Hathaway, was mustered in at South Bend on the 16th of August, 1862, and proceeded im- mediately to the front. Day's Gap, Crooked Creek, and the high eulogies of Generals Rosencrans and Granger speak its long and brilliant history, nor were the welcoming shouts of a great people and the congratulations of Gov. Morton, tendered to the regiment on its return home, in July, 1865, necessary to sustain its well won reputation. The 74th Regiment, partially organized at Fort "Wayne and made almost complete at Indianapolis, left for the seat of war on the 22d of August, 1862, under Col. Charles "W. Chapman. The desperate opposition to Gen. Bragg, and the magnificent defeat of Morgan, 166 HISTORY OF INDIANA. together with the battles of Dallas, Chattahoochie river, Kenesaw and Atlanta, where Lieut. Ool. Myron Baker was killed, all bear evi- dence of its never surpassed gallantry. It was mustered out of ser- vice on the 9th of June, 1865, at Washington. On the return of the regiment to Indianapolis, the war Governor and people tendered it special honors, and gave expression to the admiration and regard in which it was held. The 75th Eegiment was organized within the Eleventh Congress- ional District, and left Wabash, on the 21st of August, 1862, for the front, under Col. 1. W. Petit. It was the first regiment to enter Tullahoma, and one of the last engaged in the battles of the Repub- lic. After the submission of Gen. Johnson's army, it was mustered out at Washington, on the 8th of June 1865. The 76th Battalion was solely organized for thirty days' service under Colonel James Gavin, for the purpose of pursuing the rebel guerrilas, who plundered Newburg on the 13th July, 1862. It was organized and equipped within forty-eight hours, and during its term of service gained the name, " The Avengers of Newburg." The 77th, oe Foukth Oavalkt, was organized at the State capi- tal in August, 1862, under Colonel Isaac P. Gray. It carved its way to fame over twenty battlefields, and retired from service at Edgefield, on the 29th June, 1865. The 79th Kkgiment was mustered in at Indianapolis on the 2nd September, 1862, under Colonel Fred Knefler. Its history may be termed a record of battles, as the great numbers of battles, from 1862 to the conclusion of hostilities, were participated in by it. The regiment received its discharge on the 11th June, 1865, at Indianapolis. During its continued round of field duty it captured eighteen guns and over one thousand prisoners. The 80th Regiment was organized within the First Congress- ional District under Col. C. Denby, and equipped at Indianapolis, when, on the 8th of September, 1862, it left for the front. During its term it lost only two prisoners; but its list of casualties sums up 325 men and officers killed and wounded. The regiment may be said to muster out on the 22nd of June, 1865, at Saulsbury. The 81sT Regiment, of New Albany, under Colonel W. W. Caldwell, was organized on the 29th August, 1862, and proceeded at once tp join Buell's headquarters, and join in the pursuit of General Bragg. Throughout the tevrific actions of the war its infiuence was felt, nor did its labors cease until it aided in driving the rebels across the Tennessee. It was disembodied at Nashville HISTORY OF INDIANA. 167 on the 13th June, 1865, and returned to Indianapolis on the 15th, to receive the well-merited congratulations of Governor Morton and the people. The 82nd Regiment, under Colonel Morton C. Hunter, was mustered in at Madison, Ind., on the 30th August, 1862, and leaving immediately for the seat of war, participated in many of the great battles down to the return of peace. It was mustered out at Washington on the 9th June, 1865, and soon returned to its State to receive a grand recognition of its faithful service. The 83ed Eegiment, of Lawrenceburg, under Colonel Ben. J. Spooner, was organized in September, 1862, and soon left en route to the Mississippi. Its subsequent history, the fact of its being under fire for a total term of 4,800 hours, and its wanderings over 6,285 miles, leave nothing to be said in its defense. Master of a thousand honors, it was mustered out at Louisville, on the 15th July, 1865, and returned home to enjoy a well-merited repose. The 84th Regiment was mustered in at Richmond, Ind., on the 8 th September, 1862, under Colonel Nelson Trusler. Its first military duty was on the defenses of Covington, in Kentucky, and Cincinnati; but after a short time its labors became more con- genial, and tended to the great disadvantage of the slaveholding enemy on many well-contested fields. This, like the other State regiments, won many distinctions, and retired from the service on the 14th of June, 1865, at Nashville. The 85th Regiment was mustered at Terre Haute, under Colonel John P. Bayard, on the 2d September, 1862. On the 4th March, 1863, it shared in the unfortunate affair at Thompson's Station, when in common with the other regiments forming Coburn's Bri- gade, it surrendered to the overpowering forces of the rebel Oeneral, Forrest. In June, 1863, after an exchange, it again took the field, and won a large portion of that renown accorded to Indiana. It was mustered out on the 12th of June, 1865. The 86th Regiment, of La Fayette, left for Kentucky on the 26th August, 1862, under Colonel Orville S. Hamilton, and shared in the duties assigned to the 84th. Its record is very creditable, particu- larly that portion dealing with the battles of Nashville on the 15th and 16th December, 1864. It was mustered out on the 6th of June, 1865, and reported within a few days at Indianapolis for discharge. The 87th Regiment, organized at South Bend, under Colonels Kline G. Sherlock and N. Gleason, was accepted at Indianapolis on the 31st of August, 1862, and left on the same day en route to 168 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. the front. From Springfield and Perryville on the 6th and 8th of October, 1862, to Mission Ridge, on the 25th of November, 1863, thence through the Atlanta campaign to the surrender of the South- ern armies, it upheld a gallant name, and met with a true and en- thusiastic welcome- home on the 21st of June, 1865, with a list of absent comrades aggregating 451. The 88th Eegiment, organized within the Fourth Congressional District, under Col. Geo. Humphrey, entered the service on the 29th of August, 1862, and presently was found among the front ranks in war. It passed through the campaign in brilliant form down to the time of Gen. Johnson's surrender to Gen. Grant, after which, on the 7th of June, 1865, it was mustered out at Washing. ton. The 89th Kegiment, formed from the material of the Eleventh Congressional District, was mustered in at Indianapolis, on the 28th of August, 1862, under Col. Chas. D. Murray, and after an exceedingly brilliant campaign was discharged by Gov. Morton on the 4th of August, 1865. The 90th Regiment, oe Fifth Cavalet, was organized at Indianapolis under the Colonelcy of Felix W. Graham, between August and November, 1862. The different companies, joining headquarters at Louisville on the 11th of March, 1863, engaged in observing the movements of the enemy in the vicinity of Cumber- land river until the 19th of April, when a first and successful brush was had with the rebels. The regiment had been in 22 en- gagements during the term of service, captured 640 prisoners, and claimed a list of casualties mounting up to the number of 829. It was mustered out on the 16th of June, 1865, at Pulaski. The 91st Battalion, of seven companies, was mustered into service at Evansville, the 1st of October, 1862, under Lieut.-Colonel John Mehringer, and in ten days later left for the front. In 1863 the regiment was completed, and thenceforth took a very prominent position in the prosecution of the war. During its ser- vice it lost 81 men, and retired from the field on the 26th of June, 1865. The 92d Regiment failed in organizing. The 93d Regiment was mustered in at Madison, Ind., on the 20th of October, 1862, under Col. De Witt C. Thomas and Lieut.- Col. Geo. W. Carr. On the 9th of November it began a move- ment south, and ultimately allied itself to Buckland's Brigade of HISTOKT OF INDIANA. 169 Gen. Sherman's. On the 14:th of May it was among the first regi- ments to enter Jackson, the capital of Mississippi; was next pres- ent at the assault on Yicksburg, and made a stirring campaign down to the storming of Fort JBlakely on the 9th of April, 1865. It was discharged on the 11th of August, that year, at Indianapo- lis, after receiving a public ovation. The 94:TH AND 95th Regiments, authorized to be formed within the Fourth and Fifth Congressional Districts, respectively, were only partially organized, and so the few companies that could be mustered were incorporated with other regiments. The 96th Kegiment could only bring together three companies, in the Sixth Congressional District, and these becoming incorpo- rated with the 99th then in process of formation at South Bend,' the number was left blank. The 97th Kegiment, raised in the Seventh Congressional Dis- trict, was mustered into service at Terre Haute, on the 20th of September, 1861, under Col. Robert F. Catterson. Reaching the front within a few days, it was assigned a position near Memphis, and subsequently joined in Gen. Grant's movement on Vicksburg, by overland route. Aftel" a succession of great exploits with the several armies to which it was attached, it completed its list of battles at Bentonville, on the 21st of March, 1865, and was dis- embodied at Washington on the 9th of June following. During its term of service the regiment lost 341 men, including the three Ensigns killed during the assaults on rebel positions along the Augusta Railway, from the 15th to the 27th of June, 1864. The 98th Regiment, authorized to be raised within the Eighth Congressional District, failed in its organization, and the number was left blank in the army list. The two companies answering to the call of July, 1862, were consolidated with the 100th Regiment then being organized at Fort Wayne. The 99th Battalion, recruited within the Ninth Congressional District, completed its muster on the 21st of October, 1862, under Col. Alex. Fawler, and reported for service a few days later at Memphis, where it was assigned to the 16th Army Corps. The va- ried vicissitudes through which this regiment passed and its remark- able gallantry upon all occasions, have gained fpr it a fair fame. It was disembodied on the 5th of June, 1865, at Washington, and returned to Indianapolis on the 11th of the same month. The 100th Regiment, recruited from the Eighth and Tenth Congressional Districts, under Col. Sandford J. Stoughton, mustered li^O HI8T0KT OF INDIANA. into the service on the 10th of September, left for the front on the 11th of JSTovember, and became attached to the Army of Tennessee on the 26th of that month, 1862. The regiment participated in twenty-five battles, together with skirmishing during fully one-third of its term of service, and claimed a list of casualties mounting up to four hundred and sixty-four. It was mustered out of the ser- vice at Washington on the 9th of June, and reported at Indianapolis for discharge on the 14th of June, 1865. The lOlsT Kegiment was mustered into service at Wabash on the 7th of September, 1862, under Col. William Garver, and pro- ceeded immediately to Covington, Kentucky. Its early experiences were gained in the pursuit ofBragg's army and John Morgan's cavalry, and these experiences tendered to render the regiment one of the most valuable in the war for the Republic. From the defeat of John Morgan at Milton on the 18th of March, 1863, to the fall of Savannah on the 23rd of September, 1863, the regiment won many honors, and retired from the service on the 25th of June, 1865, at Indianapolis. THE MOEGAN RAID REGIMENTS — MINUTE MEN. The 102d Regiment, organized under Col. Benjamin M. Gregory from companies of the Indiana Legion, and numbering six hun- dred and twenty-three men and officers, left Indianapolis for the front early in July, and reported at North Vernon on the 12th of July, 1863, and having completed a round of duty, returned to In- dianapolis on the 17th to be discharged. The 103d, comprising seven companies from Hendricks county, two from Mariqn and one from Wayne counties, numbering 681 men and officers, under Col. Lawrence S. Shuler, was contemporary with the 102d Regiment, varying only in its service by being mus- tered oat one day before, or on the 16th of July, 1863. The 104th Regiment of Minute Men was recruited from mem- bers of the Legion of Decatur, La Fayette, Madison, Marion and Rush counties. It comprised 714 men and officers under the command of Col. James Gavin, and was organized within forty hours after the issue of Governor Morton's call for minute men to protect Indiana and Kentucky against the raids of Gen. John H. Morgan's rebel forces. After Morgan's escape into Ohio the command returned and was mustered out on the 18th of July, 1863. The 105th Regiment consisted of seven companies of the Legion and three of Minute Men, furnished by Hancock, Union, Randolph, HISTOET OF INDIANA. 171 Putnam, "Wayne, Clinton and Madison counties. The command numbered seven hundred and thirteen men and officers, under Col. Sherlock, and took a leading part in the pursuit of Morgan. Ee- turning on the 18th of July to Indianapolis it was mustered out. The 106th Regiment, under Col. Isaac P. Gray, consisted of one company of the Legion and nine companies of Minute Men, aggregating seven hundred and ninety-two men and officers. The counties of Wayne, Randolph, Hancock, Howard, and Marion were represented in its rank and file. Like the other regiments organized to repel Morgan, it was disembodied in July, 1863. The 107th Regiment, under Col. De "Witt C. Rugg, was organ- ized in the city of Indianapolis from the companies' Legion, or Ward Guards. The successes of , this promptly organized regiment were unquestioned. The 108th Regiment comprised five companies of Minute Men, from Tippecanoe county, two from Hancock, and one from each of the counties known as Carroll, Montgomery and Wayne, aggregat- ing 710 men and officers, and all under the command of Col. W. C. Wilson. After performing the only duties presented, it returned from Cincinnati on the 18th of July, and was mustered out. The 109th Regiment, composed of Minute Men from Coles county. 111., La Porte, Hamilton, Miami and Randolph counties, Ind., showed a roster of 709 officers and men, under Col. J. R. Mahon. Morgan having escaped from Ohio, its duties were at an end, and returning to Indianapolis was mustered out on the 17th of July, 1863, after seven days' service. The 110th Regiment of Minute Men comprised volunteers from Henry, Madison, Delaware, Cass, and Monroe counties. The men were ready and willing, if not really anxious to go to the front. But happily the swift-winged Morgan was driven away, and conse- quently the regiment was not called to the field. The 111th Regiment, furnished by Montgomery, Lafayette, Rush, Miami, Monroe, Delaware and Hamilton counties, number- ing 733 men and officers, under Col. Robert Canover, was not requisitioned. The 112th Regiment was formed from nine companies of Min- ute Men, and the Mitchell Light Infantry Company of the Legion, Its strength was 703 men and officers, under Col. Hiram F. Brax- ton. Lawrence, Washington, Monroe and Orange counties were represented on its roster, and the historic names of North Vernon and Sunman's Station on its banner. Returning from the South 172 HISTORY OF INDIANA. after seven days' service, it was mustered out on the 17ta or July, 1863. The 113th Eegiment, furnished by Daviess, Martin, "Washington, and Monroe counties, comprised 526 rank and iile under Col. Geo. W. Burge. Like the 112th, it was assigned to Gen. Hughes' Brigade, and defended North Yernon against the repeated attacks of John H. Morgan's forces. The 114:TH Regiment was wholly organized in Johnson county, under Col. Lambertson, and participated in the affair of North Yernon. Returning on the 2l8t of July, 1863, with its brief but faithful record, it was disembodied at Indianapolis, 11 days after its organization. All these regiments were brought into existence to meet an emergency, and it must be confessed, that had not a sense of duty, military instinct and love of country animated these regi- ments, the rebel General, John H. Morton, and his 6,000 cavalry would doubtless have carried destruction as far as the very capital of their State. SIX months' regiments. The 115th Eegiment, organized at Indianapolis in answer to the call of the President in June, 1863, was mustered into service on the 17th of August, under Col. J. R. Mahon. Its service was short but brilliant, and received its discharge at Indianapolis the 10th of February, 1864. The 116th Eegiment, mustered in on the 17th of August, 1863, moved to Detroit, Michigan, on the 30th, under Col. Charles Wise. During October it was ordered to Nicholasville, Kentucky, where it was assigned to Col. Mahon's Brigade, and with Gen. Willeox's entire command, joined in the forward movement to Cumberland Gap. After a term on severe duty it returned to Lafayette and there was disembodied on the 24th of February, 1864, whither Gov. Morton hastened, to share in the ceremonies of welcome. The 117th Eegiment of Indianapolis was mustered into service on the 17th of September, 1863, under Col. Thomas J. Brady. After surmounting every obstacle opposed to it, it returned on the 6th of February, 1864, and was treated to a public reception on the 9th. The 118th Eegiment, whose organization was completed on the 3d of September, 1863, under Col. Geo. "W". Jackson, joined the 116th at Nicholasville, and sharing in its fortunes, returned to the HISTORY OF INDIANA. 173 State capital on the 14:th of February, 1864. Its casualties were comprised in a list of 15 killed and wounded. The 119th, or Seventh Cavalry, was recruited under Col. John P. C. Shanks, and its organization completed on the 1st of Octo- ber, 1863. The rank and file numbered 1,213, divided into twelve companies. On the Tth of December its arrival at Louisville was reported, and on the 14th it entered on active service. After the well-fought battle of Guntown, Mississippi, on the 10th of June, 1864, although it only brought defeat to our arms. General Grier- son addressed the Seventh Cavalry, saying: " Your General con- gratulates you upon your noble conduct during the late expedition. Fighting against overwhelming numbers, under adverse circum- stances, your prompt obedience to orders and unflinching courage commanding the admiration of all, made even defeat almost a vic- tory. For hours on foot you repulsed the charges of the enemies' in- fantry, and again in the saddle you met his cavalry and turned his assaults into confusion. Your heroic perseverance saved hundreds of your fellow-soldiers from capture. You have been faithful to your honorable reputation, and have fully justified the confidence, and merited the high esteem of your commander." Early in 1865, a number of these troops, returning from impris- onment in Southern bastiles, were lost on the steamer ' ' Sultana." The survivors of the campaign continued in the service for a long period after the restoration of peace, and finally mustered out. The 120th Kegiment. In September, 1863, Gov. Morton re- ceived authority from the War Department to organize eleven regi- ments within the State for three years' service. By April, 1864, this organization was complete, and being transferred to the com- mand of Brigadier-General Alvin P. Hovey, were formed by him into a division for service with the Army of Tennessee. Of those regiments, the 120th occupied a very prominent place, both on ac- count of its numbers, its perfect discipline and high reputation. It was mustered in at Columbus, and was in all the great battles of the latter years of the war. It won high praise from friend and foe, and retired with its bright roll of honor, after the success of Eight and Justice was accomplished. The 121sT, OR Ninth Cavalry, was mustered in March 1, 1864, under Col. George W. Jackson, at Indianapolis, and though not numerically strong, was so well equipped and possessed such excel- lent material that on the 3rd of May it was ordered to the front. The record of the 121st, though extending over a brief period, is ITi HISTOET OF INDIANA. pregnant with deeds of war of a high character. On the 26th of April, 1865, these troops, while returning from their labors in the South, lost 55 men, owing to the explosion of the engines of the steamer " Sultana." The return of the 386 survivors, on the 5th of September, 1865, was hailed with joy, and proved how well and dearly the citizens of Indiana loved their soldiers. The 122d Eegiment ordered to be raised in the Third Congres- sional District, owing to very few men being then at home, failed in organization, and the regimental number became a blank. The 123d Regiment was furnished by the Fourth and Seventh Congressional Districts during the winter of 1863-'64, and mus- tered, March 9, 1864, at Greensburg, under Col. John C. McQuis- ton. The command left for the front the same day, and after win- ning rare distinction during the last years of the campaign, par- ticularly in its gallantry at Atlanta, and its daring movement to escape Forrest's 15,000 rebel horsemen near Franklin, this regi- ment was discharged on the 30th of August, 1865, at Indianapolis, being mustered out on the 25th, at Raleigh, North Carolina. The 124th Regiment completed its organization by assuming three companies raised for the 125th Regiment (which was intended to be cavalry), and was mustered in at Richmond, on the 10th of March, 1864, under Colonel James Burgess, and reported at Louis- ville within nine days. From Buzzard's Roost, on the 8th of May,. 1864, under General Schofield, Lost Mountain in June, and the capture of Decatur, on the 15th July, to the 21st March, 1865, in its grand advance under General Sherman from Atlanta to the coast, the regiment won many laurel wreaths, and after a brilliant campaign, was mustered out at Greensboro on the 31st August, 1865. The 125th, oe Tenth Cavalry, was partially organized during November and December, 1862, at Vincennes, and in February, 1863, completed its numbers and equipment at Columbus, under Colonel T. M. Pace. Early in May its arrival in Nashville was reported, and presently assigned active service. During September and October it engaged rebel contingents under Forrest and Hood, and later in the battles of Nashville, Reynold's Hill and Sugar Creek, and in 1865 Flint River, Courtland and Mount Hope. The explosion of the Sultana occasioned the loss of thirty-five men with Captain Gaffney and Lieutenants Twigg and Reeves, and in a collision on the Nashville «fe Louisville railroad, May, 1864, lost five men killed and several wounded. After a term of service un- HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 175 surpassed for its utility and character it was disembodied at Yicks- burg, Mississippi, on the 31st August, 1865, and returning to Indianapolis early in September, was welcomed by the Executive and people. The 126th, oe Eleventh Cavalry, was organized at Indian- apolis under Colonel Eobert R. Stewart, on the 1st of March, 1864, and left in May for Tennessee. It took a very conspicuous part in the defeat of Hood near Nashville, joining in the pursuit as far as G-ravelly Springs, Alabama, where it was dismounted and assigned infantry duty. In June, 1865, it was remounted at St. Louis, and moved to Fort Uiley, Kansas, and thence to Leavenworth, where it was mustered out on the 19th September, 1865. The 127th, oe Twelfth Cavaley, was partially organized at Kendallville, in December, 1863, and perfected at the same place, under Colonel Edward Anderson, in April, 1864:. Eeaching the front in May, it went into active service, took a prominent part in the march through Alabama and Georgia, and after a service bril- liant in all its parts, retired from the field, after discharge, on the 22d of TSTovember, 1865. The 128th Kegiment was raised in the Tenth Congressional Dis- trict of the period, and mustered at Michigan City, undpr Colonel K. P. De Hart, on the 18th March, 1864. On the 25th it was reported at the front, and assigned at once to Schofleld's Division. The battles of Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Lost Mountain, Kenesaw, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Dalton, Brentwood Hills, Nashville. and the six days' skirmish of Columbia, were all participated in by the 128th, and it continued in service long after the termination of hostilities, holding the post of Raleigh, North Carolina. The 129th Regiment was, like the former, mustered in at Michigan City about the same time, under Colonel Charles Case, and moving to the front on the 7th April, 1864, shared in the for- tunes of the 128th until August 29, 1865, when it was disembodied at Charlotte, Notrh Carolina. The 130th Regiment, mustered at Kokomo on the 12th March, 1864, under Colonel C. S. Parrish, left en route to the seat of war on the 16th, and was assigned to the Second Brigade, First Division, Twenty-third Army Corps, at Nashville, on the 19th. During the war- it made for itself a brilliant history, and returned to Indian- apolis with its well-won honors on the 13th December, 1865. The 131sT, OE Thieteenth Cavaley, under Colonel G. M L. Johnson, was the last mounted regiment recruited within the State. 176 HISTOET OF INDIANA. It left Indianapolis on the SOth of April, 1864, in infantry trim, and gained its first honors on the Ist of October in its magnificent defense of Huntsville, Alabama, against the rebel division of General Buford, following a line of first-rate military conduct to the end. In January, 1865, the regiment was remounted, won some distinction in its modern form, and was mustered out at Vicksburg on the 18th of November, 1865. The Anorak and services of the regiment were such that its Colonel was promoted Brevet Brigadier-General in consideration of its merited honors. THE ONE HUNDEED-DATS VOLUNTEEES. Governor Morton,in obedience to the offer made under his auspices to the general Government to raise volunteer regiments for one hun- dred days' service, issued his call on the 23rd of April, 1864. This movement suggested itself to the inventive genius of the war Gov- ernor as a most important step toward the subjection or annihila- tion of the military supporters of slavery within a year, and thus conclude a war, which, notwithstanding its holy claims to the name of Battles for Freedom, was becoming too protracted, and proving too detrimental to the best interests of the Union. In answer to the esteemed Governor's call eight regiments came forward, and formed The Grand Division of the Volunteers. The 132d Eegiment, under Col. S. C. Vance, was furnished by Indianapolis, Shelbyville, Franklin and Danville, and leaving on the 18th of May, 1864, reached the front where it joined the forces acting in Tennessee. The 133d Regiment, raised at Richmond on the 17th of May, 1864, under Col. R.N. Hudson, comprised nine companies, and followed the 132d. The 134th Regiment, comprising seven companies, was organ- ized at Indianapolis on the 25th of Maj;, 1864, under Col. James Gavin, and proceeded immediately to the front. The 135th Regiment was raised from the volunteers of Bedford, Noblesville and Goshen, with seven companies from the First Con- gressional District, under Col. W. 0. Wilson, on the 25th of May, 1864, and left at once en route to the South. The 136th Regiment comprised ten companies, raised in the same districts as those contributing to the 135th, under Col. J. W. Foster, and left for Tennessee on the 24th of May, 1864. The 137th Regiment, under Col. E. J. Robinson, comprising volunteers from Kokomo, Zanesviile, Medora, Sullivan, Rockville, HISTORY OF INDIANA. 177 and Owen and Lawrence counties, left en route to Tennessee on the 28th of May, 1864, having completed organization the day previous. The 138th Regiment was formed of seven companies from the Ninth, with three from the Eleventh Congressional District (un- reformed), and mustered in at Indianapolis on the 27th of May, 1864, under Col. J. H. Shannon. This fine regiment was re- ported at the front within a few days. The 139th Regiment, under Col. Geo. Humphrey, was raised from volunteers furnished by Kendallville, Lawrenceburg, EHzaville, Knightstown, Connersville, Newcastle, Portland, Yevay, New Albany, Metamora, Columbia City, New Haven and New Phila- delphia. It was constituted a regiment on the 8th of June, 1864, and appeared among the defenders in Tennessee during that month. All these regiments gained distinction, and won an enviable po- sition in the glorious history of the war and the no less glorious one of their own State in its relation thereto. the president's call of JULY, 1864. The 140th Regiment was organized with many others, in response to the call of the nation. Under its Colonel, Thomas J. Brady, it pro- ceeded to the South on the 15th of November, 1864. Having taken a most prominent part in all the desperate struggles, round Nash- ville and Murfreesboro in 1864, to Town Creek Bridge on the 20th of February, 1865, and completed a continuous round of severe duty to the end, arrived at Indianapolis for discharge on the 21st of July, where Governor Morton received it with marked honors. The 14 1st Regiment was only partially raised, and its few com- panies were incorporated with Col. Brady's command. The 142d Regiment was recruited at Fort Wayne, under Col. I. M. Comparet, and was mastered into service at Indianapolis on the d of November, 1864. After a steady and exceedingly effective service, it returned to Indianapolis on the I6th of July, 1865. THE president's CALL OF DECEMBER, 1864, Was answered by Indiana in the most material terms. No less than fourteen serviceable regiments were placed at the disposal of the General Government. The 143d Regiment was mustered in, under Col J. T. Grill, on the 21st February, 1865, reported at Nashville on the 24th, and af- ter a brief but brilliant service returned to the State on the 2l8t October, 1865. 178 HISTORY OF INDIANA. The 144th Eegiment, tinder Col. G. W. Riddle, was mustered in on the 6th March, 1865, left on the 9th for Harper's Ferry, took an effective part in the close of the campaign and reported at Indian- apolis for discharge on the 9th August, 1865. The 145th Regiment, under Col. W. A. Adams, left Indianapolis on the 18th of February, 1865, and joining Gen. Steadman's division at Chattanooga on the 23d was sent on active service. Its duties were discharged with rare fidelity until mustered out in January, 1866. The 146th Regiment, under Col. M. 0. Welsh, left Indianapolis on the 11th of March en rovie to Harper's Ferry, where it was \.i- signed to the army of the Shenandoah. The duties ot this regiment were severe and continuous, to the period of its muster out at Bal- timore on the Slst of August, 1865. The 147th Regiment, comprised among other volunteers from Benton, Lafayette and Henry counties, organized under Col. Milton Peden on the 13th of March, 1865, at Indianapolis. It shared a fortune similar to that of the 146th, and returned for discharge on the 9th of August, 1865. The 148th Regiment, under Col. N. E. Ruckle, left the State capital on the 28th of February, 1865, and reporting at Nashville, was sent on guard and garrison duty into the heart of Tennessee. Returning to Indianapolis on the 8th of September, it received a final discharge. , The 149th Regiment was organized at Indianapolis by Col. W. H. Fairbanks, and left on the 3d of March, 1865, for Tennessee, where it had the honor of receiving the surrender of the rebel forces, and military stores of Generals Roddy and Polk. The reg- iment was welcomed home by Morton on the 29th of September. The 150th Regiment, under Col. M. B. Taylor, mustered in on the 9th of March, 1865, left for the South on the 13th and reported at Harper's Ferry on the 17th. This regiment did guard duty at Charleston, Winchester, Stevenson Station, Gordon's Springs, and after a service characterized by utility, returned on the 9th of August to Indianapolis for discharge. The 151sT Regiment, under Col. J. Healy, arrived at Nashville on the 9th of March, 1865. On the 14th a movement on Tullahoma was undertaken, and three months later returned to Nashville for garrison duty to the close of the war. It was mustered out on the 32d of September, 1865. The 152d Regiment was organized at Indianapolis, under Cd. o HI8T0ET OF INDIANA. 181 "W. W Griswold, and left for Harper's Ferry on the ISthof March, 1865. It was attached to the provisional divisions of Shenandoah Army, and engaged until the 1st of September, when it was dis- charged at Indianapolis. The 153d Regiment was organized at Indianapolis on the 1st of March, 1865, under Ool. O. H. P. Carey. It reported at Louis- ville, and by order of Gen. Palmer, was held on service in Ken- tucky, where it was occupied in the exciting but very dangerous pastime of fighting Southern guerrillas. Later it was posted at Louisville, until mustered out on the 4th of September, 1865. The 154th Eegiment, organized under Col. Frank Wilcox, left Indianapolis under Major Simpson, for Parkersburg, W. Virginia, on the 28th of April, 1865. It was assigned to guard and garrison duty until its discharge on the 4th of August, 1865. The 155th Regiment, recruited throughout the State, left on the 26th of April for Washington, and was afterward assigned to a provisional Brigade of the Ninth Army Corps at Alexandria. The companies of this regiment were scattered over the country, — at Dover, Centreville, Wilmington, and Salisbury, but becoming re- united on the 4th of August, 1865, it was mustered out at Dover, Delaware, The 156th Battalion, under Lieut.-Colonel Charles M. Smith, left en route to the Shenandoah Valley on the 27th of April, 1865, where it continued doing guard duty to the period of its muster out the 4th of August, 1865, at Winchester, Virginia. On the return of these regiments to Indianapolis, Gov. Morton and the people received them with all that characteristic cordiality and enthusiasm peculiarly their own. independent CAVALET COMPANr OP INDIANA VOLUNTEERS. The people of Crawford county, animated with that inspiriting patriotism which the war drew forth, organized this mounted com- pany on the .25th of July, 1863, and placed it at the disposal of the Government, and it was mustered into service by order of the War Secretary, on the 13th of August, 1863, under Captain L. Lamb. To the close of the year it engaged in the laudable pursuit of arresting deserters and enforcing the draft; however, on the 18th of January, 1864, it was reconstituted and incorporated with the Thirteenth Cavalry, with which it continued to serve until the treason of Americans against America was conquered. 182 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. OUK COLORED TROOPS. The 28th Regiment of Colored Troops was recruited through- out the State of Indiana, and under Lieut.-Colonel Charles S. Russell, left Indianapolis for the front on the 24:th of April, 1864. The regiment acted very well in its first engagement with the rebels at White House, Virginia, and again with Gen. Sheridan's Cavalry, in the swamps»of the Chickahominy. In the battle of the " Crater," it lost half its roster; but their place was soon filled by other colored recruits from the State, and Russell promoted to the Colonelcy, and afterward to Brevet Brigadier-General, when he was succeeded in the command by Major Thomas H. Logan. During the few months of its active service it accumulated quite a history, and was ultimately discharged, on the 8th of January, 1866, at Indianapolis. batteries of light artillery. First Battery, organized at Evansville, under Captain Martin Klauss, and mustered in on the 16th of August, 1861, joined Gen. Fremont's army immediately, and entering readily upon its salu- tary course, aided in the capture of 950 rebels and their position at Blackwater creek. On March the 6th, 1862 at Elkhorn Tavern, and on the 8th at Pea Ridge, the battery performed good service. Port Gibson, Champion Hill, Jackson, the Teche country, Sabine Cross Roads, Grand Encore, all tell of its efficacy. In 1864 it was subjected to reorganization, when Lawrence Jacoby was raised to the Captiancy, vice Klauss resigned. After a long term of useful service, it was mustered out at Indianapolis on the 18th of August, 1865. Second Battery was organized, under Captain D. G. Rabb, at Indianapolis on the 9th of August, 1861, and one month later pro- ceeded to the front. It participated in the campaign against Col, Coffee's irregular troops and the rebellious Indians of the Cherokee nation. From Lone Jack, Missouri, to Jenkin's Ferry and Fort Smith it won signal honors until its reorganization in 1864, and even after, to June, 1865, it maintained a very fair reputation. The Third Battery, under Capt. W. W. Frybarger, was organ- ized and mustered in at Oonnersville on the 24th of August, 1861, and proceeded immediately to join Fremont's Army of the Mis- souri. Moon^s Mill, Kirksville, Meridian, Fort de Russy, Alex- andria, Round Lake, Tupelo, Clinton and Tallahatchie are names HISTOEY OF INDIANA, 183 which may be engraven on its guns. It participated in the affairs before Nashville on the 15th and 16th of December, 1864, when General Hood's Army was put to route, and at Fort Blakely, out- side Mobile, after which it returned home to report for discharge, August 21, 1865. The Fourth Battery, recruited in La Porte, Porter and Lake counties, reported at the front early in October, 1861, and at once assumed a prominent place in the army of Gen. Buell. Again under Rosencrans and McGook and under General Sheridan at Stone River, the services of this battery were much praised, and it retained its well-earned reputation to the very day of its muster out — the 1st of August, 1865. Its first organization was completed under Capt. A, K. Bush, and reorganized in Oct., 1864, under Oapt B. F. Johnson. The Fifth Battery was furnished by La Porte, Allen, Whitley and Noble counties, organized under Capt. Peter Simonson, and mus- tered into service on the 22d of November, 1861. It comprised four six pounders, two being rifled cannon, and two twelve-pounder Howitzers with a force of 158 men. Reporting at Camp Gil" bert, Louisville, on the 29th, it was shortly after assigned to the division of Gen. Mitchell, at Bacon Creek. During its term, it served in twenty battles and numerous petty actions, losing its Cap- tain at Pine Mountain. The total loss accruing to the battery was 84 men and oflicers and four guns. It was mustered out on the 20th of July, 1864. The Sixth Battery was recruited at Evansville, under Captain Frederick Behr, and left, on the 2d of Oct. , 1861, for the front, reporting at Henderson, Kentucky, a few days after. Early iu 1862 it joined Gen. Sherman's army at Paducah, and participated in the battle of Shiloh, on the 6th of April. Its history grew in brilliancy until the era of peace insured a cessation of its great labors. The Seventh Battery comprised volunteers from Terre Haute, Arcadia, Evansville, Salem, Lawrenceburg, Columbus, Vin- cennes and Indianapolis, under Samuel J. Harris as its first Captain, who was succeeded by G. R. Shallow and O. H. Mor- gan after its reorganization. From the siege of Corinth to the capture of Atlanta it performed vast services, and returned to Indianapolis on the 11th of July, 1865, to be received by the peo- ple and hear its history from the lips of the veteran patriot and Governor of the State. 184 HISTORY OF INDIANA. The Eighth Battery, under Captain G. T. Cochran, arrived at the front on the 26th of February, 1862, and subsequently entered upon its real duties at the siege of Corinth. It served with dis- tinction throughout, and concluded a well-made campaign under "Will Stokes, who was appointed Captain of the companies with which it was consolidated in March, 1865. The ]S"iNTH Battery. The organization of this battery was perfected at Indianapolis, on the 1st of January, 1862, under Capt. !N. S. Thompson. Moving to the front it participated in the affairs of Shiloh, Corinth, Queen's Hill, Meridian, Fort Dick Taylor, Fort de Russy, Henderson's Hill, Pleasant Hill, Cotile Landing, Bayou Eapids, Mansnra, Chicot, and many others, winning a name in each engagement. The explosion of the steamer Eclipse at Johnson- ville, above Faducah, on Jan. 27, 1865, resulted in the destruction of 68 men, leaving only ten to represent the battery. The survivors reached Indianapolis on the 6th of March, and were mustered out. The Tenth Battery was recruited at Lafayette, and mustered in under Capt. Jerome B. Cox, in January, 1861. Having passed through the Kentucky campaign against Gen. Bragg, it partici- pated in many of the great engagements, and finally returned to report for discharge on the 6th of July, 1864, having, in the mean- time, won a very fair fame. The Eleventh Battbry> was organized at Lafayette, and mus- tered in at Indianapolis under Capt. Arnold Sutermeister, on the 17th of December, 1861. On most of the principal battle-fields, from Shiloh, in 1862, to the capture of Atlanta, it maintained a high reputation for military excellence, and after consolidation with the Eighteenth, mustered out on the 7th of June, 1866. The Twelfth Battery was recruited at Jeffersonville and sub- sequently mustered in at Indianapolis. On the 6th of March, 1862, it reached Nashville, having been previously assigned to Buell's Army. In April its Captain, G. W. Sterling, resigned, and the position devolved on Capt. James E. White, who, in turn, was suc- ceeded by James A. Dunwoody. The record of the battery holds a first place in the history of the period, and enabled both men and officers to look back with pride upon the battle-fields of the land. It was ordered home in June, 1865, and on reaching Indianapolis, on the 1st of July, was mustered out on the 7th of that month. The Thirteenth Battery was organized under Captain Sewell Coulson, during the winter of 1861, at Indianapolis, and proceeded to the front in February, 1862. During the subsequent months it HISTORY OF INDIANA. 185 was occupied in the pursuit of John H. Morgan's raiders, and aided effectively in driving them from Kentucky. This artillery company returned from the South on the 4th of July, 1865, and were discharged the day following. The FouKTEENTH Battebt, recruited in "Wabash, Miami, Lafay- ette, and Huntington counties, under Captain M. H. Kidd, and Lieutenant J. "W". H. McGuire, left Indianapolis on the 11th of April, 1862, and within a few months one portion of it was cap- tured at Lexington by Gen. Forrest's great cavalry command. The main battery lost two guns and two men at Guntown, on the Mis- sissippi, but proved more successful at Nashville and Mobile. It arrived home on the 29th of August, 1866, received a public wel- come, and its final discharge. The Fifteenth Battery, under Captain I. C. H. Yon Sehlin, was retained on duty from the date of its organization, at Indian- apolis, until the 5th of July, 1862, when it was moved to Harper's Ferry. Two months later the gallant defense of Maryland Heights was set at naught by the rebel Stonewall Jackson, and the entire garrison surrendered. Being paroled, it was reorganized at Indian- apolis, and appeared again in the field in March, 1863, where it won a splendid renown on every well-fought field to the close of the war. It was mustered out on the 24th of June, 1865. The Sixteenth Battery was organized at Lafayette, under Capt. Charles A. Naylor, and on the 1st of June, 1862, left for Washington. Moving to the front with .Gen. Pope's command, it participated in the battle of Slaughter Mountain, on the 9th of August, and South Mountain, and Antietam, under Gen. McClel- lan. This battery was engaged in a large number of general en- gagements and flying column affairs, won a very favorable record, and returned on the 5th of July, 1865. The Seventeenth Battery, under Capt. Milton L. Miner, was mustered in at Indianapolis, on the 20th of May, 1862, left for the front on the 6th of July, and subsequently engaged in the Gettys- burg expedition, was present at Harper's Ferry, July 6, 1863, and at Opequan on the 19th of September. Fisher's Hill, New Mar- ket, and Cedar Creek brought it additional honors, and won from Gen, Sheridan a tribute of praise for its service on these battle grounds. Ordered from Winchester to Indianapolis it was mus- tered out there on the 3d of July, 1865. The Eighteenth Battery, under Capt. Eli Lilly, left for the 186 HISTORY OF INDIANA. front in August, 1862, but did not take a leading part in the cam- paign until 1863, when, under Gen. Kosencrans, it appeared prom- inent at Hoover's Gap. From this period to the affairs of West Point and Macon, it performed first-class service, and returned to its State on the 25th of June, 1865. The Nineteenth Battery was mustered into service at Indian- apolis, on the 6th of August, 1862, under Oapt. S. J. Harris, and proceeded immediately afterward to the front, where it participated in the campaign against Gen. Bragg. It was present at every post of danger to the end of the war, when, after the surrender of John- son's army, it returned to Indianapolis. Reaching that city on the 6th of June, 1865, it was treated to a public reception and received the congratulations of Gov. Morton. Four days later it was discharged. The Twentieth Battery, organized under Oapt. Frank A. Rose, left the State capital on the i7th of December, 1862, for the front, and reported immediately at Henderson, Kentucky. Subsequently Captain Rose resigned, and, in 1863, under Capt. Osborn, turned over its guns to the 11th Indiana Battery, and was assigned to the charge of siege guns at Nashville. Gov. Morton had the battery supplied with new field pieces, and by the 5th of October, 1863, it was again in the field, where it won many honors under Sherman, and continued to exercise a great influence until its return on the 23dof June, 1865. The Twenty-first Battery recruited at Indianapolis, under the direction of Captain "W. W. Andrew, left on the 9th of September, 1862, for Covington, Kentucky, to aid in its defense against the advancing forces of Gen. Kirby Smith. It was engaged in numerous military affairs and may be said to acquire many honors, although its Vecord is stained with the names of seven deserters. The battery was discharged on the 21st of June, 1865. The Twenty-second Battery was mustered in at Indianapolis on the 15th of December, 1862, under Capt. B. F. Denning, and moved at once to the front. It took a very conspicuous part in the pursuit of Morgan's Cavalry, and in many other affairs. It threw the first shot into Atlanta, and lost its Captain, who was killed in the skirmish line, on the 1st of July. While the list of casualties numbers only 35, that of desertions numbers 37. This battery was received with public honors on its return, the 25th of June, 1865, and mustered out on the 7th of the same month. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 187 The TwENTT-THiED Batteey, recruited in October 1862, and mustered in on the 8th of November, under Oapt. I. H. Myers, pro- ceeded south, after having rendered very efficient services at home in guarding the camps of rebel prisoners. In July, 1865, the battery took an active part, under General Boyle's command, in routing and capturing the raiders at Brandenburgh, and subsequently to the close of the war performed very brilliant exploits, reaching Indianapolis in June, 1865. It was discharged ou the 27th of that month. The Twenty-fourth Battery, under Capt. I. A. Simms, was enrolled for service on the 29th of November, 1862; remained at Indianapolis on duty until the 13thof March, 1863, when it left for the field. From its participation in the Cumberland Eiver campaign, to its last engagement at Columbia, Tennessee, it aided materially in bringing victory to the Union ranks and made for itself a widespread fame. Arriving at Indianapolis on the 28th of July, it was publicly received, and in five days later disembodied. The Twenty-fifth Battery was recruited in September and Oc- tober, 1864, and mustered into service for one year, under Capt. Frederick C. Sturm. December 13th, it reported at Nashville, and took a prominent part in the defeat of Qen. Hood's army. Its, duties until July, 1865, were continuous, when it returned to report for final discharge. The Twenty-sixth Battery, or "Wildee's Battery," was re- cruited under Capt. I. T. "Wilder, of Greensburg, in May, 1861; but was not mustered in as an artillery company. Incorporating itself with a regiment then forming at Indianapolis it was mustered as company "A," of the 17th Infantry, with Wilder as Lieutenant- Colonel of the regiment. Subsequently, at Elk Water, Virginia, it was converted into the "First Independent Battery," and became known as " Rigby's Battery." The record of this battery is as brilliant as any won during the war. On every field it has won a distinct reputation; it was well worthy the enthusiastic reception given to it on its return to Indianapolis on the 11th and 12th of July, 1865. During its term of service it was subject to many transmutations; but in every phase of its brief history, areputation for gallantry and patriotism was maintained which now forms a living testimonial to its services to the public. The total number of battles in the " War of the Rebellion " in which the patriotic citizens of the great and noble State of Indiana were more or less engaged, was as follows: 188 HISTORY OF INDIANA. . Locality. No. of Battles. Locality. »o. of Battles. Virginia 90 Maryland 7 Tennessee 51 Texas 3 Georgia 41 Soutli Carolina 2 Mississippi 34 Indian Territory 2 Arkaasas 19 Pennsylvania 1 Kentucky 16 Ohio » 1 Louisana 15 Indiana 1 Missouri 9 — ~ North Carolina 8 Total 308 The regiments sent forth to the defense of the Republic in the hour of its greatest peril, when a host of her own sons, blinded by some unholy infatuation, leaped to arms that they might trample upon the liberty-giving principles of the nation, have been passed in very brief review. The authorities chosen for the dates, names, and figures are the records of the State, and the main subject is, based upon the actions of those 267,000 gallant men of Indiana who rushed to arms in defense of all for which their fathers bled, leaving their wives and children and homes in the guardianship of a truly paternal Government. The relation of Indiana to the Republic was then established; for when the population of the State, at the time her sons went forth to participate in war for the maintenance of the Union, is brought into comparison with all other States and countries, it will be apparent that the sacrifices made by Indiana from 1861-'65 equal, if not actually exceed, the noblest of those recorded in the history of ancient or modern times. . Unprepared for the terrible inundation of modern wickedness, which threatened to deluge the country in a sea of blood and rob, a people of their richest, their most prized inheritance, the State rose above all precedent, and under the benign influence of patriot- ism, guided by the well-directed zeal of a wise Governor and Government, sent into the field an army that in numbers was gigantic, and in moral and physical excellence never equaled It is laid down in the official reports, furnished to the War De- partment, that over 200,000 troops were specially organized to aid in crushing the legions of the slave-holder; that no less than 50,000 militia were armed to defend the State, and that the large, but abso- lutely necessary number of commissions issued was 17,114. All this proves the scientific skill and military economy exercised by the Governor, and brought to the aid of the people in a most terri- ble emergency; for he, with some prophetic sense of the gravity of the situation, saw that unless the greatest powers of the Union were put forth to crush the least justifiable and most pernicious HISTORY OF INDIANA. 189 of all rebellions holding a place in the record of nations, the best blood of the country would flow in a vain attempt to avert a catas- trophe which, if prolonged for many years, would result in at least the moral and commercial ruin of the country. The part which Indiana took in the war against the Rebellion is one of which the citizens of the State may well be proud. In the number of troops furnished, and in the amount of voluntary con- tributions rendered, Indiana, in proportion and wealth, stands equal to any of her sister States. " It is also a subject of gratitude and thankfulness," said Gov. Morton, in his message to the Legis- lature, " that, while the number of troops furnished by Indiana alone in this great contest would have done credit to a first-class nation, measured by the standard of previous wars, not a single battery or battalion from this State has brought reproach upon the national flag, and no disaster of the war can be traced to any want of fidelity, courage or efficiency on the part of any Indiana officer. The endurance, heroisnj, intelligence and skill of the officers and soldiers sent forth by Indiana to do battle for the Union, have shed a luster on our beloved State, of which any people might justly be proud. Without claiming superiority over our loyal sister States, it is but justice to the brave men who have represented us on almost every battle-field of the war, to say that their deeds have placed Indiana in the front rank of those heroic States which rushed to the rescue of the imperiled Government of the nation. The total number of troops furnished by the State for all terms of service exceeds 200,000 men, much the greater portion of them being for three years ; and in addition thereto not less than 50,000 State militia have from time to time been called into a,ctive service to repel rebel raids and defend our southern border from inva- sion." AFTEK THE WAR. In 1867 the Legislature comprised 91 Republicans and 59 Dem- ocrats. Soon after the commencement of the session. Gov. Morton resigned his office in consequence of having been elected to the U. S. Senate, and Lieut.-Gov. Conrad Baker assumed the Executive chair during the remainder of Morton's term. This Legislature, by a very decisive vote, ratified the 14:th amendment to the Federal Constitution, constituting all persons born in the country or sub- ject to its jurisdiction, citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside, without regard to race or color; reduc- 190 flISTOKY OF INDIANA. ing the Congressional representation in any State in which there should be a restriction of the exercise of the elective franchise on account of race or color; disfranchising persons therein named who shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States; and declaring that the validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, shall not be questioned. This Legislature also passed an act providing for the registry of votes, the punishment of fraudulent practices at elections, and for the apportionment and compensation of a Board of Registration ; this Board to consist, in each township, of two freeholders appointed by the County Commissioners, together with the trustee of such township; in cities the freeholders are to be appointed in each ward by the city council. The measures of this law are very strict, and are faithfully executed. No cries of fraud in elections are heard in connection with Indiana. This Legislature also divided the State into eleven Congressional Districts and apportioned their representation; enacted a law for the protection and indemnity of all officers and soldiers of the United States and soldiers of the Indiana Legion, for acts done in the military service of the United States, and in the military ser- vice of the State, and in enforcing the laws and preserving the peace of the country; made definite appropriations to the several benevolent institutions of the State, and adopted several measures for the encouragement of education, etc. In 1868, Indiana was the first in the field of national politics^ both the principal parties holding State conventions early in the year. The Democrats nominated T. A. Hendricks for Governor, and denounced in their platform the reconstruction policy of the Kepnblicans; recommended that United States treasury notes be substituted for national bank currency ; denied that the 'General Government had a right to interfere with the question of suffrage in any of the States, and opposed negro suffrage, etc. ; while the Kepublicans nominated Conrad Baker for Governor, defended its reconstruction policy, opposed a further contraction of the currency, etc. The campaign was an exciting one, and Mr. Baker was elected Governoi- by a majority of only 961. In the Presidential election that soon followed the State gave Grant 9,572 more than Seymour. During 1868 Indiana presented claims to the Government for about three and a lialf millions dollars for expenses incurred in the war, and $1,968,917.94 was allowed. Also, this year, a legislative o t1 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 193 commission reported that $413,599.48 were allowed to parties suf- fering loss by the Morgan raid. This year Governor Baker obtained a site for the House of Refuge. (See a subsequent' page.) The Soldiers' and Seamen's Home, near Knightstown, originally established by private enter- prise and benevolence, and adopted by the Legislature of the previous year, was in a good condition. Up to that date the insti- tution had aflforded relief and temporary subsistence to 400 men who had been disabled in the war. A substantial brick building had been built for the home, while the old buildings were used for an orphans' department, in which were gathered 86 children of deceased soldiers. DIYORCE LAWS. By some mistake or liberal design, the early statute laws of Indiana on the subject of divorce were rather more loose than those of most other States in this Union ; and this subject had been a matter of so much jest among the public, that in 1870 the Governor recommended to the Legislature a reform in this direction, which was pretty effectually carried out. Since that time divorces can be granted only for the following causes: 1. Adultery. 2. Impo- tency existing at the time of marriage. 3. Abandonment for two years. 4. Cruel and inhuman treatment of one party by the other. 6. Habitual drunkenness of either party, or the failure of the hus- band to make reasonable provision for the family. 6 The failure of the husband to make reasonable provision for the family for a period of two years. 7. The conviction of either party of an infamous crime. FINANCIAL. Were it not for political government the pioneers would have got along without money much longer than they did. The pressure of governmental needs was somewhat in advance of the monetary income of the first settlers, and the little taxation required to carry on the government seemed great and even oppressive, especially at certain periods. In November, 1821, Gov. Jennings convened the Legislature in extra session to provide for the payment of interest on the State debt and a part of the principal, amounting to $20,000. It was thought that a sufficient amount would be realized in the notes of the State bank and its branches, although they were considerably depreciated. Said the Governor: " It will be oppressive if the State^ after the paper of this institution (State bank) was author- ized to be circulated in revenue, should be prevented by any assign^ ment of the evidences of existing debt, from discharging at least 60 much of that debt with the paper of the bank as will absorb the collections of the present year; especially when their notes, after being made receivable by the agents of the State, became greatly depreciated by great mismanagement on the part of the bank itself. It ought not to be expected that a public loss to the State should be avoided by resorting to any measures which would not comport with correct views of public justice; nor should it be anticipated that the treasury of the United States would ultimately adopt measures to secure an uncertain debt which would inter- fere with arrangements calculated to adjust the demand against the State without producing any additional embarrassment." The state of the public debt was indeed embarrassing, as the bonds which had been executed in its behalf had been assigned. The exciting cause of this proceeding consisted in the machinations of unprincipled speculators. Whatever disposition the principal bank may have made of the funds deposited by the United States, the connection of interest between the steam-mill company and the bank, and the extraordinary accommodations, as well as their amount, effected by arrangements of the steam-mill agency and some of the officers of the bank, were among the principal causes which (194) HISTOBT OF INDIANA. 295 had prostrated the paper circulating medium of the State, so far as it was dependent on the State bank and its branches. An abnormal state of affairs like this very naturally produced a blind disburse- ment of the fund to some extent, and this disbursement would be called by almost every one an " unwise administration." During the first 16 years of this century, the belligerent condi- tion of Europe called for agricultural supplies from America, and the consequent high price of grain justified even the remote pio- neers of Indiana in undertaking the tedious transportation of the products of the soil which the times forced upon them. The large disbursements made by the general Government among the peo- ple naturally engendered a rage for speculation; numerous banks with fictitious capital were established; immense issues of paper were made ; and the circulating medium of the country was in- creased fourfold in the course of two or three years. This infla- tion produced the consequences which always follow such a scheme, namely, unfounded visions of wealth and splendor and the wild investments which result in ruin to the many and wealth to the few. The year 1821 was consequently one of great financial panic, and was the first experienced by the early settlers of the West. In 1822 the new Governor, William Hendricks, took a hopeful view of the situation, referring particularly to the " agricultural and social happiness of the State." The crops were abundant this year, immigration was setting in heavily and everything seemed to have an upward look. But the customs of the white race still com- pelling them to patronize European industries, combined with the remoteness of the surplus produce of Indiana from European mar- kets, constituted a serious drawback to the accumulation of wealth. Such a state of things naturally changed the habits of the people to some extent, at least for a short time, assimilating them to those of more primitive tribes. This change of custom, however, was not severe and protracted enough to change the intelligent and social nature of the people, and they arose to their normal height on the very first opportunity. In 1822-'3, before speculation started up again, the surplus money was invested mainly in domestic manufactories instead of other and wilder commercial enterprises. Home manufactories were what the people needed to make them more independent. They not only gave employment to thousands whose services were before that valueless, but also created a market for a great portion 196 HISTOET OF INDIANA. of the surplus produce of the farmers. A part of the surphis cap- ital, however, was also sunk in internal improvements, some of which were unsuccessful for a time, but eventually proved remu- nerative. Noah Noble occupied the Executive chair of the State from 1831 to 1837, commencing his duties amid peculiar embarrassments. The crops of 1832 were short, Asiatic cholera came sweeping along the Ohio and into the interior of the State, and the Black Hawk war raged in the Northwest, — all these at once, and yet the work of internal improvements was actually begun. STATE BANK. The State bank of Indiana was established by law January 28, 1834. The act of the Legislature, by its own terms, ceased to be a law, January 1, 1857. At the time of its organization in 1834, its outstanding circulation was $4,208,725, with a debt d ue to the insti- tution, principally from citizens of the State, of $6,095,368. During the years 1857-'58 the bank redeemed nearly its entire circulation, providing for the redemption of all outstanding obligations; at this time it had collected from most of its debtors the money which they owed. The amounts of the State's interest in the stock of the bank was $1,390,000, and the money thus invested was procured by the issue of five per cent bonds, the last of which was payable July 1, 1866. The nominal profits of the bank were $2,780,604.36. By the law creating the sinking fund, that fund was appropriated, first, to pay the principal and interest on the bonds; secondly, the expenses of the Commissioners; and lastly the cause of common-school educa- tion. The stock in all the branches authorized was subscribed by indi- viduals, and the installment paid as required by the charter. The loan authorized for the payment on the stock allotted to the State, amounting to $500,000, was obtained at a premium of 1.05 per per cent, on five per cent, stock, making the sum of over $5,000 on the amount borrowed. In 1836 we find that the State bank was doing good service; agricultural products were abundant, and the market was good; consequently the people were in the full enjoy- ment of all the blessings of a free government. By the year 1843 the State was experiencing the disasters and embarassment consequent upon a system of over-banking, and its natural progeny, over-trading and deceptive speculation. Such a state of things tends to relax the hand of industry by creating false HISTORY OF INDIANA. 197 notions of wealth, and tempt to sudden acquisitions by means as delu- sive in their results as they are contrary to a primary law of nature. The people began more than ever to see the necessity of falling back upon that branch of industry for which Indiana, especially at that time, was particularly fitted, namely, agriculture, as the true and lasting source of substantial wealth. Gov. Whitcomb, 1843-'49, succeeded well in maintaining the credit of the State. Measures of compromise between the State and its creditors were adopted by which, ultimately, the public works, although incomplete, were given in payment for the claims against the Government. At the close of his term, Gov. "Whitcomb was elected to the Senate of the United States, and from December, 1848, to Decem- ber, 1849, Lieut-Gov. Paris C. Dunning was acting Governor. In 1851 a general banking law was adopted which gave a new impetus to the commerce of the State, and opened the way for a broader volume of general trade ; but this law was the source of many abuses; currency was expanded, a delusive idea of wealth again prevailed, and as a consequence, a great deal of damaging speculation was indulged in. In 1857 the charter of the State bank expired, and the large gains to the State in that institution were directed to the promotion of common-school education. WEALTH AND PEOGEESS. During the war of the Kebellion the financial condition of the people was of course like that of the other Northern States generally. 1870 found the State in a very prosperous condition. October 31 of this year, the date of the fiscal report, there was a surplus of $373,249 in the treasury. The receipts of the year amounted to $3,605,639, and the disbursements to $2,943,600, leaving a balance of $1,035,288. The total debt of the State in November, 1871, was $3,937,821. At the present time the principal articles of export from the State are flour and pork. Nearly all the wheat raised within the State is manufactured into flour within its limits, especially in the north- ern part. The pork business is the leading one in the southern part of the State. When we take into consideration the vast extent of railroad lines in this State, in connection with the agricultural and mineral resources, both developed and undeveloped, as already noted, we can 198 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. see what a substantial foundation exists for the future welfare of this great commonwealth. Almost every portion of the State i* coming up equally. The disposition to monopolize does not exist to a greater degree than is desirable or necessary for healthy compe- tition. Speculators in flour, porJi and other commodities appeared during the war, but generally came to ruin at their own game. The agricultural community here is an independent one, under- standing its rights, and " knowing them will maintain them." Indiana is more a manufacturing State, also, than many imagine. It probably has the greatest wagon and carriage manufactory in the world. In 1875 the total number of manufacturing establishments ■ in this State was 16,812; number of steam engines, 3,684, with a total horse-power of 114,961; the total horse-power of water wheels, 38,614; number of hands employed in the manufactories, 86,402; capital employed, is $117,462,161; wages paid, $35,461,987; cost of material, $104,321,632; value of products, $301,304,271. These figures are on an average about twice what they were only five years previously, at which time they were about double what they were ten years before that. In raanufecturing enterprise, it is said that Indiana, in proportion to her population, is considerably in advance of Illinois and Michigan. In 1870 the assessed valuation of the real estate in Indiana was $460,120,974; of personal estate, $203,334,070; true valuation of both, $1,268,180,543. According to the evidences of increase at that time, the value of taxable property in this State must be double the foregoing figures. This is utterly astonishing, especially when w-s consider what a large matter it is to double the elements of a large and wealthy State, compared with its increase in infancy. The taxation for State purposes in 1870 amounted to $2,943,078; for county purposes, $4,654,476; and for municipal purposes, $3,193,577. The total county debt of Indiana in 1870 was $1,127,- 269, and the total debt of towns, cities, etc., was $2,523,934. In the compilation of this statistical matter we have before us the statistics of every element of progress in Indiana, in the U. S. Census Reports; but as it would be really improper for us further to burden these pages with tables or columns of large numbers, we will conclude by remarking that if any one wishes further details in these matters, he can readily find them in the Census Eeports of the Government in any city or village in the country. Besides, almost any one can obtain, free of charge, from his representative in HISTOKY OF INDIANA. 199 Congress, all these and other public documents in which he may be interested. LNTEENAIi IMPROVEMENTS. This subject began to be agitated as early as 1818, during the administration of Governor Jennings, who, as well as all the (rovernors succeeding him to 1843, made it a special point in their messages to the Legislature to urge the adoption of measures for the construction of highways and canals and the improvement of the navigation of rivers. Gov. Hendricks in 1822 specified as the most important improvement the navigation of the Falls of the Ohio, the Wabash and White rivers, and other streams, and the construction of the National and other roads through the State. In 1826 Governor Ray considered the construction of roads and canals as a necessity to place the State on an equal financial footing with the older States East, and in 1829 he added: "This subject, can never grow irksome, since it must be the source of the bless- ings of civilized life. To secure its benefits is a duty enjoined upon the Legislature by the obligations of the social compact." In 1830 the people became much excited over the project of con- necting the streams of the country by " The National New York & Mississippi railroad." The National road and the Michigan and Ohio turnpike were enterprises in which the people and Legis- lature of Indiana were interested. The latter had already been the cause of much bitter controversy, and its location was then the subject of contention. In 1832 the work of internal improvements fairly commenced, despite the partial failure of the crops, the Black Hawk war and the Asiatic cholera. Several war parties invaded the Western settlements, exciting great alarm and some suffering. This year the canal commissioners completed the task assigned them and had negotiated the canal bonds in New York city, to the amount of $100,000, at a premium of 13^ per cent., on terms honorable to the State and advantageous to the work. Before the close of tnis year $54,000 were spent for the improvement of the Michigan road, and $52,000 were realized from the sale of lands appropriated for its construction. In 1832, 32 miles of the Wabash and Erie canal was placed under contract and work commenced. A communication was addressed to the Governor of Ohio, requesting him to call the attention of the Legislature of that State to the subject of the extension of the canal from the Indiana line through Ohio to the 200 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Lake. In compliance with this request, Governor Lucas promptly laid the subject before the Legislature of the State, and, in a spirit of courtesy, resolutions were adopted by that body, stipulating that if Ohio should ultimately decline to undertake the completion of that portion of the work within her limits before the time fixed by the act of Congress for the completion of the canal, she would, on just and equitable terms, enable Indiana to avail herself of the bene- fit of the lands granted, by authorizing her to sell them and invest the proceeds in the stock of a company to be incerporated by Ohio; and that she would give Indiana notice of her final determination on or before January 1, 1838. The Legislature of Ohio also authorized and invited the agent of the State of Indiana to select, survey and set apart the lands lying within that State. In keeping with this policy Governor Noble, in 1834, said: "With a view of engaging in works of internal improvement, the propriety of adopting a general plan or system, having reference to the several portions of the State, and the connection of one with the other, naturally suggests itself. No work should be commenced but such as would be of acknowledged public utility, and when completed would form a branch of some general system. In view of this object, the policy of organizing a Board of Public Works is again respectfully suggested." The Governor also called favorable atten- tion to the Lawrenceburg & Indianapolis railway, for which a charter had been granted. In 1835 the Wabash & Erie canal was pushed rapidly forward. The middle division, extending from the St. Joseph dam to the forks of the Wabash, about 32 miles, was completed, for about $232,000, including all repairs. Upon this portion of the line nav- igation was opened on July 4, which day the citizens assembled " to witness the mingling of the waters of the St. Joseph with those of the Wabash, uniting the waters of the northern chain of lakes with those of the Gulf of Mexico in the South." On other parts of the line the work progressed with speed, and the sale of canal lands was unusually active In 1836 the first meeting of the State Board of Internal Im- provement was convened and entered upon the discharge of its numerous and responsible duties. Having assigned to each mem- ber the direction and superintendence of a portion of the work, the next duty to be performed preparatory to the various spheres of active service, was that of procuring the requisite number of engineers. A delegation was sent to the Eastern cities, but returned HISTOET OF INDIANA. 20l without engaging an Engineer-in-Chief for the roads and railways, and without the desired number for the subordinate station; but after considerable delay the Board was fully organized and put in operation. Under their management work on public improve- ments was successful; the canal progressed steadily; the naviga- tion of the middle division,»from Fort Wayne to Huntington, was uninterrupted; 16 .miles of the line between Huntington and La Fontaine creek were filled with water this year and made ready for navigation; and the remaining 20 miles were completed, except a portion of the locks; from La Fontaine creek to Logan sport prog- ress was made; the line from Georgetown to Lafayette was placed under contract; about 30 miles of the Whitewater canal, extending from Lawrenceburg through the beautiful valley of the White- water to Brookville, were also placed under contract, as also 25 miles of the Central canal, passing through Indianapolis, on which work was commenced; also about 20 miles of the southern divis- ion of this work, extending from Evansville into the interior, were also contracted for; and on the line of the Cross-Cut canal, from Terre Haute to the intersection of the Central canal, near the mouth of Eel river, a commencement was also made on all the teavy sections. All this in 1836. Early in this year a party of engineers was organized, and directed to examine into the practicability of the Michigan protect a good many white people from marrying negroes. And as they didn't need any labor in the State, if it was ' colored,' they had to make regulations to shut out all of that kind of labor, and. to take steps to put out all that unfortunately got in, and they didn't, have time to consider the scheme proposed by the white people" — W. W. Clayton. In 1853, the State Board of Agriculture employed Dr. Brown tO' make a partial examination of the geology of the State, at a salary of $500 a year, and to this Board the credit is due for the final success of the philanthropists, who in 1869 had the. pleasure of witnessing the passage of a Legislative act " to provide for a Depart- ment of Geology and Natural Science, in connection with the State Board of Agriculture." Under this act Governor Baker immedi- ately appointed Prof. Edward T. Cox the State Geologist, who has made an able and exhaustive report of the agricultural, mineral and manufacturing resources of this State, world-wide in its celeb- rity, and a work of which the people of Indiana may be very proud. "We can scarcely give even the substance of his report in a work like this, because it is of necessity deeply scientific and made: up entirely of local detail. HISTOKT OF INDIANA. 207 COAL. The coal measures, says Prof. E. T. Cox, cover an area of about 6,500 square miles, in the southwestern part of the State, and extend from Warren county on the north to the Ohio river on the south, a distance of about 150 miles. This area comprises the fol- lowing counties:'Warrea, Fountain, Parke, Vermillion, Vigo, Clay, Sullivan, Greene, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Gibson, Pike, Dubois, Vanderburg, "Warrick, Spencer, Perry and a small part of Crawford, Monroe, Putnam and Montgomery. This coal is all bituminous, but is divisible into three well-marked varieties: caking-coal, non-caking-coal or block coal and cannel coal. The total depth of the seams or measures is from 600 to 800 feet, with 12 to 14 distinct seams of coal ; but these are not all to be found throughout the area ; the seams range from one foot to eleven feet in thickness. The caking coal prevails in the western portion of the area described, and has from three to four workable seams, ranging from three and a half to eleven feet in thickness. At most of the places where these are worked the coal is mined by adits driven in on the face of the ridges, and the deepest shafts in the State are less than 300 feet, the average depth for successful mining not being over 75 feet. This is a bright, black, sometimes glossy, coal, makes good coke and contains a very large percentage of pure illuminating gas. One pound will yield about 4r^ cubic feet of gas, with a power equal to 15 standard sperm candles. The average calculated calorific power of the caking coals is 7,745 heat units, pure carbon being 8,080. Both in the northern and southern portions of the field, the caking coals present similar good qualities, and are a great source of private and public wealth. The block coal prevails in the eastern part of the field and has an area of about 450 square miles. This is excellent, in its raw state, for making pig iron. It is indeed peculiarly fitted for metal- lurgical purposes. It has a laminated structure with carbonaceous matter, like charcoal, between the lamina, with slaty cleavage, and it rings under the stroke of the hammer. It is " free-burning," makes an open fire, and without caking, swelling, scafibldingin the furnace or changing form, burns like hickory wood until it is con- sumed to a white ash and leaves no clinkers. It is likewise valuable for generating steam and for household uses. Many of the principal railway lines in the State are using it in preference to any other coal, as it does not burn out the fire-boxes, and gives as little trouble as wood. 308 HISTOBT OF INDIANA. There are eight distinct seams of block coal in this zone, three of which are workable, having an average thickness of four feet. In some places this coal is mined by adits, but generally from shafts, 40 to 80 feet deep. The seams are crossed by cleavage lines, and the coal is usually mined without powder, and may be taken out in blocks weighing a ton or more. When entries or rooms are driven angling across the cleavage lines, the walls of the mine present a zigzag, notched appearance resembling a Virginia worm fence. In 1871 there were about 24 block coal mines in operation, and about 1,500 tons were mined daily. Since that time this industry has vastly increased. This coal consists of 81J to 83 J percent, of carbon, and not quite three fourths of one per cent, of sulphur. Calculated calorific power equal to 8,283 heat units. This coal also is equally good both in the northern and southern parts of the field. The great Indiana coal field is within 150 miles of Chicago or Michigan City, by railroad, from which ports the Lake Superior specular and red hematite ores are landed from vessels that are able to run in a direct course from the ore banks. Considering the proximity of the vast quantities of iron in Michigan and Missouri one can readily see what a glorious future awaits Indiana in respect to manufactories. Of the cannel coal, one of the finest" seams to be found in the country is in Daviess county, this State. Here it is three and a half feet thick, underlaid by one and a half feet of a beautiful, jet- black caking coal. There is no clay, shale or other foreign matter intervening, and fragments of the caking coal are often found adhering to the cannel. There is no gradual change from one to the other, and the character of each is homogeneous throughout. The cannel coal makes a delightful fire in open grates, and does not pop and throw off scales into the room, as is usual with this kind of coal. This coal is well adapted to the manufacture of illuminating gas, in respect to both quantity and high illuminating power. Que ton of 2,000 pounds of this coal yields 10,400 feet of gas, while the best Pennsylvania coal yields but 8,680 cubic feet. This gas has an illuminating power of 25 candles, while the best Pennsylvania coal gas has that of only 17 candles. Cannel coal is also found in great abundance in Perry, Greene, Parkeand Fountain counties, where its commercial value has already been demonstrated. Numerous deposits of bog iron ore are found in the northern part of the State, and clay iron-stones and impure carbonates and brown HISTOET OF INDIAKA. 209 oxides are found scattered in the vicinity of the coal field. In some places the beds are quite thick and of considerable commercial value. An abundance of excellent lime is also found in Indiana, espe- cially in Huntington county, where many large kilns are kept in profitable operation. AGEICULTURAL. In 1852 the Legislature passed an act authorizing the organization of county and district agricultural societies, and also establishing a State Board, the provisions of which act are substantially as follows: 1. Thirty or more persons in any one or two counties organizing into a society for the improvement of agriculture, adopting a consti- tution and by-laws agreeable to the regulations prescribed by the State Board, and appointing the proper ofiicers and raising a sum of $50 for its own treasury, shall be entitled to the same amount from the fund arising from show licenses in their respective counties. 2. These societies shall offer annual premiums for improvement of soils, tillage, crops, manures, productions, stock, articles of domestic industry, and such other articles, productions and improve- ments as they may deem proper; they shall encourage, by grant of rewards, agricultural and household manufacturing interests, and so regulate the premiums that small farmers will have equal opportunity with the large; and they shall pay special attention to cost and profit of the inventions and improvements, requiring an exact, detailed statement of the processes competing for rewards. 3. They shall publish in a newspaper annually their list of awards and an abstract of their treasurers' accounts, and they shall report in full to the State Board their proceedings. Failing to do the latter they shall receive no payment from their county funds. STATE BOAED OF AGEICULTUEE. The act of Feb. 17, 1852, also established a State Board of Agri- culture, with perpetual succession; its annual meetings to be held at Indianapolis on the first Thursday after the first Monday in January, when the reports of the county societies are to be received and agricultural interests discussed and determined upon; it shall make an annual report to the Legislature of receipts, expenses, proceedings, etc., of its own meeting as well as of those of the local 210 HISTORY OF INDIANA. societies; it shall hold State fairs, at such times and places as they may deem proper; may hold two meetings a year, certifying to the State Auditor their expenses, who shall draw his warrant upon the Treasurer for the same. In 1861 the State Board adopted certain rules, embracing ten sections, for the government of local societies, but in 1868 they were found inexpedient and abandoned. It adopted a resolution admitting delegates from the local societies, THE EXPOSITION. As the Board found great difficulty in doing justice to exhibitors without an adequate building, the members went earnestly to work in the fall of 1872 to get up an interest in the matter. They appointed a committee of five to confer with the Council or citizens of Indianapolis as to the best mode to be devised for a more thorough and complete exhibition of the industries of the State. The result of the conference was that the time had arrived for a regular " exposition," like that of the older States. At the Janu- ary meeting in 1873, Hon. Thomas Dowling, of Terre Haute, reported for the committee that they found a general interest in this enterprise, not only at the capital, but also throughout the State. A sub-committee was appointed who devised plans and specifications for the necessary structure, taking lessons mainly from the Kentucky Exposition building at Louisville. All the members of the State Board were in favor of proceeding with the building except Mr. Poole, who feared that, as the interest of the two enterprises were somewhat conflicting, and the Exposition being the more exciting show, it would swallow up the State and county fairs. The 'Exposition was opened Sept. 10, 1873, when Hon. John Sutherland, President of the Board, the Mayor of Indianapolis, Senator Morton and Gov. Hendricks delivered addresses. Senator Morton took the high ground that the money spent for an exposi- tion is spent as strictly for educational purposes as that which goes directly into the common school. The exposition is not a mere show, to be idly gazed upon, but an industrial school where one should study and learn. He thought that Indiana had less untill- able land than any other State in the Union; 'twas as rich as any and yielded a greater variety of products ; and that Indiana was the most prosperous agricultural community in the United States. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 211 The State had nearly 3,700 miles of railroad, not counting side- track, with 400 miles more under contract for building. In 16 or 18 months one can go from Indianapolis to every county in the State by railroad. Indiana has 6,600 square miles of coal field) 450 of which contain block coal, the best in the United States for manufacturing purposes. On the subject of cheap transportation, he said: " By the census of 1870, Pennsylvania had, of domestic animals of all kinds, 4,006,- 589, and Indiana, 4,611,094. Pennsylvania had grain to the amount of 60,460,000 bushels, while Indiana had 79,350,464. The value of the farm prodiicts of Pennsylvania was estimated to be $183,946,- 000; those of Indiana, $122,914,000. Thus you see that while Indiana had 505,000 head of live stock more, and 19,000,000 bushels of grain more than Pennsylvania, yet the products of Penn- sylvania are estimated at $183,946,000, on account of her greater ■proximity to market, while those of Indiana are estimated at only $122,914,000. Thus you can understand the importance of cheap transportation to Indiana. " Let us see how the question of transportation affects us on the other hand, with reference to the manufacturer of Bessemer steel. Of the 174,000 tons of iron ore used in the blast furnaces of Pitts- burg last year, 84,000 tons came from Lake Superior, 64,000 tons from Iron Mountain, Missouri, 20,000 tons from Lake Champlain, and less than 5,000 tons from the home mines of Pennsylvania. They cannot manufacture their iron with the coal they have in Pennsylvania without coking it. We have coal in Indiana with which we can, in its raw state, make the best of iron; while we are 250 miles nearer Lake Superior than Pittsburg, and 430 miles nearer to Iron Mountain. So that the question of transportation determines the fact that Indiana must become the great center for the manufacture of Bessemer steel." " What we want in this country is diversified labor.'' The grand hall of the Exposition buildings is on elevated ground at the head of Alabama street, and commands a fine view of the city. The structure is of brick, 308 feet long by 150 in width, and two stories high. Its elevated galleries extend quite around the building, under the roof, thus affording visitors an opportunity to secure the most commanding view to be had in the city. The lower floor of the grand hall is occupied by the mechanical, geologi- cal and miscellaneous departments, and by the offices of the Board, which extend along the entire front. The second floor, which is 212 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. approached by three wide stairways, accommodates the fine art, musical and other departments of light mechanics, and is brilliantly lighted by windows and skylights. But as we are here entering the description of a subject magnificent to behold, we enter a descriptioQ too vast to complete, and we may as well stop here as anywhere. The Presidents of the State Fairs have been: Gov. J. A. Wright, 1852-'4; Gen. Jos. Orr, 1855; Dr. A. 0. Stevenson, 1856-'8; G. D. "Wagner; 1859-60; D. P. Holloway, 1861; Jas. D.Williams, 1862, 1870-'l; A. D. Hamrick, 1863, 1867-'9; Stearns Fisher, 1864-'6; John Sutherland, 1872-'4; Wra. Grim, 1875. Secretaries: JohnB. Dillon, 1852-'3, 1855, 1858-'9; Ignatius Brown, 1856-'7; W.T, Den- nis, 1854, 1860-'l; W.H. Loomis, 1862-'6; A. J. Holmes, 1867-'9; Joseph Poole, 1870-'l ; Alex. Heron, 1872-'5. Place of fair, Indian- apolis every year except: Lafayette, 1853; Madison, 1854; New Albany, 1859; Fort Wayne, 1865; and Terre Haute, 1867. In 1861 there was no fair. The gate and entry receipts increased from $4,651 in 1852 to $45,330 in 1874. On the opening of the Exposition, Oct. 7, 1874, addresses were delivered by the President of the Board, Hon. John Sutherland, and by Govs. Hendricks, Bigler and Pollock. Yvon's celebrated painting, the " Great Kepublic," was unveiled with gr.eat ceremony, and many distinguished guests were present to witness it. The exhibition of 1875 showed that the plate glass from the southern part of the State was equal to the finest French plate; that the force- blowers made in the eastern part of the State was of a world-wide reputation; that the State has within its bounds the largest wagon manufactory in the world ; that in other parts of the State there were all sorts and sizes of manufactories, including roll- ing mills and blast furnaces, and in the western part coal was mined and shipped at the rate of 2,500 tons a day from one vicinity; and many other facts, which " would astonish the citizens of Indiana themselves even more than the rest of the world. " INDIANA HOETICULTITEAL SOCIETY. This society was organized in 1842, thus taking the lead in the West. At this time Henry Ward Beecher was a resident of Indian- apolis, engaged not only as a minister but also as editor of the Indiana Farmer amd Gardener, and his influence was very exten- sive in the interests of horticulture, floriculture and farming. Prominent among his pioneer co-laborers were Judge Coburn, HISTOKV OF INDIANA. 313 Aaron Aldrulo;e, Capt. James Sigarsoii, D. Y. CuUey, Eeuben liagan, Stophou llaiupton, Oornolins Riitliff, Joshua Lindley, Abner Popo and many others. In the autumn of this year the society hold an exhibition, probably the first in the State, if not in the West, in the hall of the new State house. The only pre- mium otlored was a sot of silver teaspoons for the best seedling apple, which was won by Reuben Ragan, of Putnam county, for an apple christened on this occasion the "Osceola." The society gave great encouragement to the introduction of new varieties of fruit, especially of the pear, as the soil and cli- mate of Indiana were well adapted to this fruit. But the bright horizon which seemed to be at this time looming up all around the field of the young society's operations was suddenly and thoroughly darkened by the swarm of noxious insects, diseases, blasts of win- ter and the great distance to market. The prospects of tlie cause scarcely justified a continuation of the expense of assembling from remote parte of the State, and the meetings of the society therefore soon dwindled away until the organization itself became quite extinct. But when, ii\ 1852 and afterward, railroads began to traverse the State in all directions, the Legislature provided for the organization of a State Board of Agriculture, whose scope was not only agri- culture but also horticulture and the mechanic and household arts. The rapid f^rowth of the State soon necessitated a differentiation of this body, and in the autumn of 1860, at Indianapolis, there was organized the INDIANA POMOLOGIOAL SOOIETT. October 18, Reuben Ragan was elected President and Wm H. Loomis, of Marion county, Secretary. The constitution adopted provided for biennial meetings in January, at Indianapolis. At the first regular meeting, Jtui. 9, 1861, a committee-man for each congressional district was appointed, all of them together to be known as the " State Fruit Committee," and twenty-five members were enrolled during this session. At the regular meeting in 1863 the constitution was so amended as to provide for annual sessions, and the address of the newly elected President, Hon. I. G. D. Nel- son, of Allen county, urged the establishment of an agricultural oollego. He continued in the good cause until his work was orowned with success. 214 HISTORr OF INDIANA. In 1864r there was but little done on account of the exhaust- ive demands of the great war; and the descent of mercury 60° in eighteen hours did so much mischief as to increase the discourage- ment to the verge of despair. The title of the society was at this meeting, Jan., 1864 changed to that of the Indiana Horticultural Society. The first several meetings of the society were mostly devoted to revision of fruit lists; and although the good work, from its vast- ness and complication, became somewhat monotonous, it has been no exception in this respect to the law that all the greatest and most productive labors of mankind require perseverance and toil In 1866, George M. Beeler, who had so indefatigably served as secretary for several years, saw himself hastening to his grave, and showed his love for the cause of fruit culture by bequeathing to the society the sum of $1,000. This year also the State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction was induced to take a copy of the Society's transactions for each of the township libraries in the State, and this enabled the Society to bind its volume of proceedings in a substantial manner. At the meeting in 1867 many valuable and interesting papers - were presented, the office of corresponding secretary was created, and the subject of Legislative aid was discussed. The State Board of Agriculture placed the management of the horticultural depart- ment of the State fair in the care of the Society. The report for 1868 shows for the first time a balance on hand, after paying expenses, the balance being $61.55. Up to this time the Society had to take care of itself, — meeting current expenses, do- ing its own printing and binding, "boarding and clothing itself," and diffusing annually an amount of knowledge utterly incalcu- lable. During the year called meetings were held at Salem, in the peach and grape season, and evenings during the State fair, which was held in Terre Haute the previous fall. The State now assumed the cost of printing and binding, but the volume of transactions was not quite so valuable as that of the former year. In 1870 $160 was given to this Society by the State Board of Agriculture, to be distributed as prizes for essays, which object was faithfully carried out. The practice has since then been con- tinued. In 1871 the Horticultural Society brought out the best volume of papers and proceedings it ever has had published. HISTOET OF INDIANA. 215 In 1872 tlie office of corresponding secretary was discontinued ; the appropriation by the State Board of Agriculture diverted to the payment of premiums on small fruits given at a show held the previous summer; results of the exhibition not entirely satisfac- tory. In 1873 the State officials refused to publish the discussions of the members of the Horticultural Society, and the Legislature appropriated $500 for the purpose for each of the ensuing two years. In 1875 the Legislature enacted a law requiring that one of the trustees of Purdue University shall be selected by the Horticultu- ral Society. The aggregate annual membership of this society from its organ- ization in 1860 to 1875 was 1,225. EDUCATION. The subject of education has been referred to in almost every gubernatorial message from the organization of the Territory to the present time. It is indeed the most favorite enterprise of the Hoosier State. In the first survey of Western lands, Congress set apart a section of land in every township, generally the 16th, for school purposes, the disposition of the land to be in hands of the residents of the respective townships. Besides this, to this State were given two entire townships for the use of a State Seminary, to be under the control of the Legislature. Also, the State con- stitution provides that all fines for the breach of law and all com- mutations for militia service be appropriated to the use of county seminaries. In 1825 the common-school lands amounted to 680,207 acres, estimated at $2 an acre, and valued therefore at $1,216,044. At this time the seminary at Bloomington, supported in part by one of these township grants, was very flourishing. The common schools, however, were in rather a poor condition. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. In 1852 the free-school system was fully established, which has resulted in placing Indiana in the lead of this great nation. Al- though this is a pleasant subject, it is a very large one to treat in a condensed notice, as this has to be. The free-school system of Indiana first became practically oper- ative the first Monday of April, 1853, when the township trustees 216 HISTOET OF INDIANA. for school purposes were elected through the State. The law com- mitted to them the charge of all the educational affairs in their respective townships. As it was feared by the opponents of the law that it would not be possible to select men in all the town- ships capable of executing the school laws satisfactorily, the people were thereby awakened to the necessity of electing their very best men; and although, of course, many blunders have been made by trustees, the operation of the law has tended to elevate the adult population as well as the youth; and Indiana still adheres to the policy of appointing its best men to educational positions. The result is a grand surprise to all old fogies, who indeed scarcely dare to appear such any longer. To instruct the people in the new law and set the educational machinery going, a pamphlet of over 60 pages, embracing the law, with notes and explanations, was issued from the office of a super- intendent of public instruction, and distributed freely throughout the State. The first duty of the Board of Trustees was to establish and conveniently locate a sufficient number of schools for the edu- cation of all the children of their township. But where were the school-houses, and what were they? Previously they had been erected by single districts, but under this law districts were abol- ished, their lines obliterated, and houses previously built by dis- tricts became the property of the township, and all the houses were to be built at the expense of the township by an appropriation of township funds by the trustees. In some townships there was not a single school-house of any kind, and in others there were a few old, leaky, dilapidated log cabins, wholly unfit for use even in sum- mer, and in " winter worse than nothing." Before the people could be tolerably accommodated with schools at least 3,500 school-house's had to be erected in the State. By a general law, enacted in conformity to the constitution of 1852, each township was made a municipal corporation, and every voter in the township a member of the corporation ; the Board of Trustees constituted the township legislature as well as the execu- tive body, the whole body of voters, however, exercising direct con- trol through frequent meetings called by the trustees. Special taxes and every other matter of importance were directly voted upon. Some tax-payers, who were opposed to special townships' taxes, retarded the progress of schools by refusing to pay their assess- ment. Contracts for building school-houses were given up, houses HISTOET OF INDIANA. 217 half finished were abandoned, and in many townships all school operations were suspended. In some of them, indeed, a rumor was circulated by the enemies of the law that the entire school law from beginning to end bad been declared by the Supreme Court uncon- stitutional and void ; and the Trustees, believing this, actually dis- missed their schools and considered themselves out of oflBce. Hon. W. C. Larrabee, the (first) Superintendent of Public Instruction, corrected this error as soon as possible. But while the voting of special taxes was doubted on a constitu- tional point, it became evident that it was weak in a practical point j for in many townships the opponents of the system voted down every proposition for the erection of school-houses. Another serious obstacle was the great deficiency in the number of qualified teachers. To meet the newly created want, the law authorized the appointment of deputies in each county to examine and license persons to teach, leaving it in their judgment to lower the standard of qualification sufficiently to enable them to license as many as were needed to supply all the schools. It was therefore found necessary to employ many " unqualified " teachers, especially in the remote rural districts. But the progress of the times enabled the Legislature of 1853 to erect a standard of qualifica- tion and give to the county commissioners the authority to license teachers; and in order to supply every school with a teacher, while there might not be a sufficient number of properly qualified teach- ers, the commissioners were authorized to grant temporary licensee to take charge of particular schools not needing a high grade of teachers. In 1854 the available common-school fund consisted of the con- gressional township fund, the surplus revenue fund, the saline fund, the bank tax fund and miscellaneous fund, amounting in all to $2,460,G00. This amount, from many sources, was subsequently increased to a very great extent. The common-school fund was intrusted to the several counties of the State, which were held responsible for the preservation thereof and for the payment of the annual interest thereon. The fund was managed by the auditors and treasurers of the several counties, for which these officers were allowed one-tenth of the income. It was loaned out to the citizens of the county in sums not exceeding $300, on real estate security. The common-school fund was thus consolidated and the proceeds equally distributed each year to all the townships, cities and towns 21g HISTOET OF INDIANA. of the State, in proportion to the number of children. This phase of the law met with considerable opposition in 1854. The provisions of the law for the establishment of township libraries was promptly carried into effect, and much time, labor and thought were devoted to the selection of books, special atten- tion being paid to historical works. The greatest need in 1854 was for qualified teachers; but never- theless the progress of public education during this and following years was very great. School-houses were erected, many of them being fine structures, well furnished, and the libraries were consid- erably enlarged. The city school system of Indiana received a heavy set-back in 1858, by a decision of the Supreme Court of the State, that the law authorizing cities and townships to levy a tax additional to the State tax was not in conformity with that clause in the Constitu- tion which required uniformity in taxation. The schools were stopped for want of adequate funds. For a few weeks in each year thereafter the feeble " uniform " supply from the State fund en- abled the people to open the schools, but considering the returns the public realizes for so small an outlay in educational matters, this proved more expensive than ever. Private schools increased, but the attendance was small. Thus the interests of popular edu- cation languished for years. But since the revival of the free schools, the State fund has grown to vast proportions, and the schools of this intelligent and enterprising commonwealth compare favorably with those of any other portion of the United States. There is no occasion to present all the statistics of school prog- ress in this State from the first to the present time, but some interest will be taken in the latest statistics, which we take from the «th Biennial Report (for ] 877-'8) by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Hon. James H. Smart. This report, by the way, is a volume of 480 octavo pages, and is free to all who desire a copy. The rapid, substantial and permanent increase which Indiana enjoys in her school interests is thus set forth in the above report. Length Total of School Ho of Attendance School Am't Paid Tear. in Days. Teachers. at SchooL EnDmerallon. Teachers. 1855 61 4,016 306,994 445,791 % 239.924 1860 65 7,649 303,744 495,019 481,020 1865 66 9,493 402,813 557,092 1,020.440 1870 97 11,826 462,527 619,627 1,810,866 1875 130 13,133 502,362 667,736 2,830,747 1878 129 13,676 512,535 699,153 3,065,968 HISTOKT OF INDIANA. 219 The increase of school population during the past ten years has been as follows: Total in 1868, 593,865. Increase for year ending Increase for jear ending BepLl,1869 17,699 May 1, 1874 13,922 " 1,1870 9,063 " 1,1875 13,372 " 1,1871 3,101 " 1,1876 11,494 " 1,1873 8,811 " 1,1877 15,476 May 1, 1873 (8 months) 8,903 " 1, 1878 4,447 Total, 1878 699,153 No. of white males 354,371; females 83-3,033 687,304 " "colored" 5,937; " 5,912 11,849 699,153 Twenty-nine per cent, of the above are in the 49 cities and 212 incorporated towns, and 71 per cent, in the 1,011 townships. The number of white males enrolled in the schools in 1878 was 267,315, and of white females, 237,739; total, 505,054; of colored males, 3,794; females, 8,687; total, 7,481; grand total, 512,535. The average number enrolled in each district varies from 51 to 56, and the average daily attendance from 32 to 35; but many children reported as absent attend parochial or private schools. Seventy- three per cent, of the white children and 63 per cent, of the colored, in the State, are enrolled in the schools. The number of days taught vary materially in the diflFerent town- ships, and on this point State Superintendent Smart iterates: "As long as the schools of some of our townships are kept open but 60 days and others 220 days, we do not have a uniform system, — such as was contemplated by the constitution. The school law requires the trustee of a township to maintain each of the schools in his corporation an equal length of time. This provision cannot be so easily applied to the various counties of the State, for the reason that there is a variation in the density of the population, in the wealth of the people, and the amount of the township funds. I think, however, there is scarcely a township trustee in the State who cannot, under the present law, if he chooses.to do so, bring his schools up to an average of six months. I think it would be wise to require each township trustee to levy a sufficient local tax to maintain the schools at least six months of the year, provided this can be done without increasing the local tax beyond the amount now permitted by law. This would tend to bring the poorer schools up to the standard of the best, and would thus unify the system, and make it indeed a common-school system." 220 HISTOKT OF INDIANA. The State, however, averages six and a half months school per year to each district. The number of school districts in the State in 1878 was 9,380, in all but 34 of which school was taught during that year. There are 396 district and 151 township graded schools. Number of white male teachers, 7,977, and of female, 5,699; colored, male, 62, and female, 43; grand total, 13,781. For the ten years ending with 1878 there was an increase of 409 male teachers and 811 female teachers. All these teachers, except about 200, attend normal institutes, — a showing which probably surpasses that of any other State in this respect. The average daily compensation of teachers throughout the State in 1878 was as follows: In townships, males, $1.90; females, $1.70; in towns, males, $3.09; females, $1.81; in cities, males, $4.06; females, $2.29. In 1878 there were 89 stone school-houses, 1,724 brick, 7,608 frame, and 124 log; total, 9,545, valued at $11,536,647.39. And lastly, and best of all, we are happy to state that Indiana has a larger school fund than any other State in the Union. In 1872, according to the statistics before us, it was larger than that of any other State by $2,000,000! the figures being as follows: Indiana : 18,437,593.47 Michigan |2,500,214.91 Ohio 6,614,816.50 Missouri 2,525,252.53 Illinois 6,348,538.32 Minnesota 2,471,199.31 New York 2,880,017.01 Wisconsin 2,237,414.37 Connecticut 2,809,770.70 Massachusetts 2,210,864.09 Iowa 4,274,581.93 Arkansas 2,000,000.00 Nearly all the rest of the States have less than a milliou dollars in their school fund. In 1872 the common-school fund of Indiana consisted of the following: Non-negotiable bonds |3,591,316.15 Escheated estates 17,866.55 Coinmon.school fund, 1,666,824.50 Sinking fund, last distrib- Sinking fund, at 8 per cent 569,139.94 ution 67,068.72 Congressional township Sinking fund undistrib- fund 2,281,076.69 uted 100,165.92 Value of unsold Congres- Swamp land fond 42,418.40 sional township lands.. 94,245.00 Saline fund 5,727.66 18,437,593 47 Bank tax fund 1,744.94 In 1878 the grand total was $8,974,456.55. The origin of the respective school funds of Indiana is as follows: 1. The " Congressional township " fund is derived from the proceeds of the 16th sections of the townships. Almost all of these HISTORY OF INDIANA. 221 have been sold and the money put out at interest. The amount of this fund in 1877 was $2,452,936.82. 2. The " saline " fund consists of the proceeds of the sale of salt springs, and the land adjoining necessary for working them to the amount of 36 entire sections, authorized by the original act of Congress. By authority of the same act the Legislature has made these proceeds a part of the permanent school fund. 3. The " surplus revenue " fund. Under the administration of President Jackson, the national debt, contracted by the Revolutionary war and the purchase of Louisiana, was entirely discharged, and a large surplus remained in the treasury. In June, 1836, Congress distributed this money amcng the States in the ratio of their repre- sentation in Congress, subject to recall, and Indiana's share was $860,254. The Legislature subsequently set apart $573,502.96 of this amount to be a part of the school fund. It is not probable that the general Government will ever recall this money. 4. " Bank tax " fund. The Legislature of 1834 chartered a State Bank, of which a part of the stock was owned by the State and a part by individuals. Section 15 of the (charter required an annual deduction from the dividends, equal to 12^ cents on each share not held by the State, to be set apart for common-school education. This tax finally amounted to $80,000, which now bears interest in favor of education. 5. "Sinking" fund. In order to set the State bank under good headway, the State at first borrowed $1,300,000, and out of the unapplied balances a fund was created, increased by unapplied balances also of the principal, interest and dividends of the amount lent to the individual holders of stock, for the purpose of sinking the debt of the bank; hence the name sinking fund. The 114th section of the charter provided that after the full payment of the bank's indebtedness, principal, interest and incidental expenses, the residue of said fund should be a permanent fund, appropriated to the cause of education. As the charter extended through a period of 25 years, this fund ultimately reached the handsome amount of $5,000,000. The foregoing are all interest-bearing funds; the following are additional school funds, but not productive: 6. " Seminary " fund. By order of the Legislature in 1852, all county seminaries were sold, and the net proceeds placed in the common-school fund. 222 HISTOET OF INDIANA. 7. All fines for the violation of the penal laws of the State are placed to the credit of the common-school fund 8. All recognizances of witnesses and parties indicted for crime, when forfeited, are collectible by law and made a part of the school fund. These are reported to the office of the State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction annually. For the five years ending with 1872, they averaged about $34,000 a year. 9. Escheats. These amount to $17,865.55, which was still in the State treasury in 1872 and unapplied. 10. The "swamp-land" fund arises from the sale of certain Congressional land grants, not devoted to any particular purpose by the terms of the grant. In 1872 there was $42,418.40 of this money, subject to call by the school interests. 11. Taxes on corporations are to some extent devoted by the Constitution to school purposes, but the clause on this subject is somewhat obscure, and no funds as yet have been realized from this source. It is supposed that several large sums of money are due the common-school fund from the corporations. Constitutionally, any of the above funds may be increased, but never diminished. INDIANA STATE UNIVEESITT. So early as 1802 the U. S. Congress granted lands and a charter to the people of that portion of the Northwestern Territory resid- ing at Vincennes, for the erection and maintenance of a seminary of learning in that early settled district; and five years afterward an act incorporating the Yincennes Qniversity asked the Legisla^ ture to appoint a Board of Trustees for the institution and order the sale of a single township in Gibson county, granted by Congress in 1802, so that the proceeds might be at once devoted to the objects of education. On this Board the following gentlemen were ap- pointed to act in the interests of the institution: "William H. Har- rison, John Gibson, Thomas H. Davis, Henry Yanderburgh, "Wal- ler Taylor, Benjamin Parke, Peter Jones, James Johnson, John Kice Jones, George "Wallace, "William Bullitt, Elias McNaraee, John Badolett, Henry Hurst, Gen. "W. Johnston, Francis Vigo, Jacob Kuykendall, Samuel McKee, Nathaniel Ewing, George Leech, Luke Decker, Samuel Gwathmey and John Johnson. The sale of this land was slow and the proceeds small. The members of the Board, too, were apathetic, and failing to meet the institution fell out of existence and out of memory. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 223 In 1816 Congress granted another township in Monroe county, located within its present limits, and the foundation of a university was laid. Four years later, and after Indiana was erected into a State, an act of the local Legislature appointing another Board of Trustees and authorizing them to select a location for a university and to enter into contracts for its construction, was passed. The new Board met at Bloomington and selected a site at that place for the location of the present building, entered into a contract for the erection of the same in 1822, and in 1825 had the satisfaction of being present at the inauguration of the university. The first session was commenced under the Rev. Baynard R Hall, with 20 students, and when the learned professor could only boast of a salary of $150 a year; yet, on this very limited sum the gentleman worked with energy and soon brought the enterprise through all its elementary stages to the position of an academic institution. Dividing the year into two sessions of five months each, the Board acting under his advice, changed the name to the " Indiana Academy," under which title it was duly chartered. In 1827 Prof. John H. Harney was raised to the chairs of mathematics, natural philosophy and astronomy, at a salary of $300 a year; and the salary of Mr. Hall raised to $400 a year. In 1828 the name was again changed by the Legislature to the " Indiana College," and the following professors appointed over the difierent departments; Rev. Andrew Wylie, D. D., Prof, of mental and moral philosophy and belles lettres; John H. Harnej'^, Prof, of mathematics and natural philosophy ; and Rev. Bayard R. Hall, Prof, of ancient languages. This year, also, dispositions were made for the sale of Gibson county lands and for the erection of a new college building. This action was opposed by some legal difficulties, which after a time were overcome, and the new college building was put under construction, and continued to prosper until 1854, when it was destroyed by fire, and 9,000 volumes, with all the apparatus, were consumed The curriculum was then carried out in a temporary building, while a new struct- ure was going up. In 1873 the new college, with its additions, was completed, and the routine of studies continued. A museum of natural history, a laboratory and the Owen cabinet added, and the standard of the studies and morale generally increased in excellence and in strict- ness. Bloomington is a fine, healthful locality, on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago railway. The University buildings are in the ii2i HISTOET OF INDIANA. collegiate Gothic style, si mply and truly carried out. The building, fronting College avenue is 145 feet in front. It consists of a central building 60 feet by 53, with wings each 38 feet by 26, and the whole, three stories high. The new building, fronting the west, is 130 feet by 50. Buildings lighted by gas. The faculty numbers thirteen. Number of students in the col- legiate department in 1879-'80, 183; in preparatory, 169; total, 349, allowing for three counted twice. The university may now be considered on a fixed founaation, car- rying out the intention of the President, who aimed at scholarship rather than numbers, and demands the attention of eleven pro- fessors, together with the State Geologist, who is ex-officio member of the faculty, and required to lecture at intervals and look after the geological and mineralogical interests of the institution. The faculty of medicine is represented by eleven leading physicians of the neighborhood. The faculty of law requires two resident professors, and the other chairs remarkably well represented. The university received from the State annually about $15,000, and promises with the aid of other public grants and private dona- tions to vie with any other State university within the Republic. PUEDUE UNIVEESITT. This is a " college for the benefit of agricultural and the mechanic arts," as provided for by act of Congress, July 2, 1862, donating lands for this purpose to the extent of 30,000 acres of the public domain to each Senator and Representative in the Federal assem- bly. Indiana having in Congress at that time thirteen members, became entitled to 390,000 acres; but as there was no Congress land in the State at this time, scrip had to be taken, and it was upon the following condition (we quote the act): " Section 4. That all moneys derived from the sale of land scrip shall be invested in the stocks of the United States, pr of some other safe stocks, yielding no less than five per centum upon • the par value of said stocks ; and that the moneys so invested shall constitute a perpetual fund, the capital of which shall remain undi- minished, except so far as may be provided in section 5 of this act, and the interest of which shall be inviolably appropriated by each State, which may take and claim the benefit of this act, to the endowment, support and maintenance of at least one college, where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and HI8T0ET OF INDIANA. 225 classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such a manner as the Legislatures of the States may re- spectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and pro- fessions of life. " Seo. 6. That the grant of land and land scrip hereby author- ized shall be made on the following conditions, to which, as well as the provision hereinbefore contained, the previous assent of the several States shall be signified by Legislative act: " First. If any portion of the funds invested as provided by the foregoing section, or any portion of the interest thereon, shall by any action or contingency be diminished or lost, it shall be replaced by the State to which it belongs, so that the capital of the fund shall remain forever undiminished, and the annual interest shall be regularly applied, without diminution, to the purposes mentioned in the fourth section of this act, except that a sum not exceeding ten per centum upon the amount received by any State under the pro- visions of this act may be expended for the purchase of lands for sites or experimental farms, whenever authorized by the respective Legislatures of said States. " Second. No portion of said fund, nor interest thereon, shall be applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretence whatever, to the purchase, erection, preservation or repair of any building or buildings. " Third. Any State which may take and claim the benefit of the provisions of this act, shall provide, within five years at least, not less t|ian one college, as provided in the fourth section of this act, or ^e grant to such State shall cease and said State be bound to pay the United States the amount received of any lands pre- viously sold, and that the title to purchase under the States shall be valid. " Fourth. An annual report shall be made regarding the prog- ress of each college, recording any improvements and experiments made, with their cost and result, and such other matter, including State industrial and economical statistics, as may be supposed use- ful, one copy of which shall be transmitted by mail free, by each, to all other colleges which may be endowed under the provisions of this act, and also one copy to the Secretary of the Interior. "Fifth. When lands shall be selected from those which have been raised to double the minimum price in consequence of railroad 226 HISTOET OF INDIANA. grants, that they shall be computed to the States at the maximum price, and the number of acres proportionately diminished. "Sixth. No State, while in a condition of rebellion or insur- rection against the Government of the United States, shall be entitled to the benefits of this act. "Seventh. No State shall be entitled to the benefits of this act unless it shall express its acceptance thereof by its Legislature within two years from the date of its approval by the President." The foregoing act was approved by the President, July 2, 1862. It seemed that this law, amid the din of arms with the great Rebel- lion, was about to pass altogether unnoticed by the next General Assembly, January, 1863, had not Gov. Morton's attention been called to it by a delegation of citizens from Tippecanoe county, who visited him in the interest of Battle Ground. He thereupon sent a special message to the Legislature, upon the subject, and then public attention was excited to it everywhere, and several localities competed for the institution ; indeed, the rivalry was so great that this session failed to act in the matter at all, and would ha,ve failed to accept of the grant within the two years prescribed in the last clause quoted above, had not Congress, by a supplementary act, extended the time two years longer. March 6, 1865, the Legislature accepted the conditions ot the national gift, and organized the Board pf " Trustees of the Indiana Agricultural College." This Board, b^ authority, sold the scrip April 9, 1867, for $212,238.50, which sum, by compounding, has increased to nearly $400,000, and is invested in U. S. bonds. Not until the special session of May, 1869, was the locality for this col- lege selected, when John Purdue, of Lafayette, offered $1 50,000 and Tippecanoe county $50,000 more, and the title of the institution changed to " Purdue University." Donations were also made by the Battle Ground Institute and the Battle Ground Institute of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The building was located on a 100-acre tract near Chauncey, which Purdue gave in addition to his magnificent donation, and to which 86i acres more have since been added on the north. The boarding-house, dormitory, the laboratory, boiler and gas house, a frame armory and gymnasium, stable with shed and work-shop are all to the north of the gravel road, and form a group of build- ings within a circle of 600 feet. The boiler and gas house occupy a rather central position, and supply steam and gas to the boarding- house, dormitory and laboratory. A description of these buildings HISTOET OF INDIANA. 227 may be apropos. The boarding-house is a brick structure, in the modern Italian style, planked by a turret at each of the trout angles and measuring 120 feet front by 68 feet deep. The dormitory is a quadrangular edifice, in the plain Elizabethan style, four stories high, arranged to accommodate 125 students. Like the other build- ings, it is heated by steam and lighted by gas. Bathing accommo- dations are in each end of all the stories. The laboratory is almost a duplicate of a similar department in Brown University, R. I. It is a much smaller building than the boarding-house, but yet suffi- ciently large to meet the requirements. A collection of minerals, fossils and antiquities, purchased from Mr. Richard Owen, former President of the institution, occupies the temporary cabinet or museum, pending the construction of a new building. The military hall and gymnasium is 100 feet frontage by 50 feet deep, and only one story high. The uses to which this hall is devoted are exer- cises in physical and military drill. The boiler and gas house is an establishment replete in itself, possessing every facility for supply- ing the buildings of the university with adequate heat and light. It is further provided with pumping works. Convenient to this department is the retort and great meters of the gas house, capable of holding 9,000 cubic feet of gas, and arranged upon the principles of modern science. The barn and shed form a single building, both useful, convenient and ornamental. In connection with the agricultural department of the university, a brick residence and barn were erected and placed at the disposa' of the farm superintendent, Maj. L. A. Burke. The buildings enumerated above have been erected at a cost approximating the following: boarding-house, $37,807.07; labora- tory, $15,000; dormitory, $32,000; military hall and gymnasium, $6,410.47; boiler and gas house, $4,814; barn and shed, $1,500; work-shop, $1,000; dwelling and barn, $2,500. Besides the original donations. Legislative appropriations, vary- ing in amount, have been made from time to time, and Mr. Pierce, the treasurer, has donated his official salary, $600 a year, for the time he served, for decorating the grounds, — if necessary. The opening of the university was, owing to varied circumstan- ces, postponed from time to time, and not until March, 1874, was a class formed, and this only to comply with the act of Congress in that connection in its relation to the university. However, in September following a curriculum was adopted, and the first regu- lar term of the Purdue University entered upon. This ourriculun) 228 HISTORY OF INDIANA. comprises the varied subjects generally pertaining to a first-class university course, namely: in the school of natural science physics and industrial mechanics, chemistry and natural history ; in the school of engineering — civil and mining, together with -the principles of architecture; in the school of agriculture — theoret- ical and practical agriculture, horticulture and veterinary science; in the military school — the mathematical sciences, German and French literature, free-hand and mechanical drawing, with all the studies pertaining to the natural and military sciences. Modern languages and natural history embrace their respective courses to the fullest extent. There are this year (1880) eleven members of the faculty, 86 students in the regular courses, and 117 other students. In respect to attendance there has been a constant increase from the first. The first year, 1874-'6, there were but 64 students. INDIANA STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. This institution was founded at Terre Haute in 1870, in accord- ance with the act of the Legislature of that year. The building is a large brick edifice situated upon a commanding location and possessing some architectural beauties. From its inauguration many obstacles opposed its advance toward efllciency and success; but the Board of Trustees, composed of men experienced in edu- cational matters, exercised their strength of mind and body to overcome every difficulty, and secure for the State Normal School every distinction and emolument that lay within their power, their efforts to this end being very successful; and it is a fact that the institution has arrived at, if not eclipsed, the standard of their expectations. Not alone does the course of- study embrace the legal subjects known as reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, geography, United States history, English grammar, physiology, manners and ethics, but it includes also universal history, the mathematical sciences and many other subjects foreign to older institutions. The first studies are prescribed by law and must be inculcated; the second are optional with the professors, and in the case of Indiana generally hold place in the curriculum of the nor- mal school. The model, or training school, specially designed for the training of teachers, forms a most important factor in State educational matters, and prepares teachers of both sexes for one of the most important positions in life; viz., that of educating the yoiith of the HISTOET OF INDIANA. 229 State. The advanced course of studies, together with the higher studies of the normal school, embraces Latin and German, and pre- pares young men and women for entrance to the State University. The efficiency of this school may be elicited from the following facts, taken from the official reports: out of 41 persons who had graduated from the elementary course, nine, after teaching success- fully in the public schools of this State from two terms to two years, returned to the institution and sought admission to the advanced classes. They were admitted ; three of them were gentle- men and six ladies. After spending two years and two terms in the elementary course, and then teaching in the schools during the time already mentioned they returned to spend two and a half or three years more, and for the avowed purpose of qualifying them- selves for teaching in the most responsible positions of the public school service. In fact, no student is admitted to the school who does not in good faith declare his intention to qualify himself for teaching in the schools of the State. This the law requires, and the rule is adhered to literally. The report further says, in speaking of the government of the school, that the fundamental idea is rational freedom, or that free- dom which gives exemption from the power of control of one over another, or, in other words, the self-limiting of themselves, in their acts, by a recognition of the rights of others who are equally free. The idea and origin of the school being laid down, and also the means by which scholarship can be realized in the individual, the student is left to form his own condiict, both during session hours and while away from school. The teacher merely stands between this scholastic idea and the student's own partial conception of it, as expositor or interpreter. The teacher is not legislator, executor or police officer; he is expounder of the true idea of school law, so that the only test of the student's conduct is obedience to, or nonconformity with, that law as interpreted by the teacher. This idea once inculcated in the minds of the students, insures industry, punctuality and order. NOKTHEEN INDIANA NORMAL SCHOOL AND BUSINESS INSTITUTE, VALPAEAISO. This institution was organized Sept. 16, 1873, with 35 students in attendance. The school occupied the building known as the Valparaiso Male and Female College building. Four teachers 230 HISTORY OF INDIANA. were employed. The attendance, so small at first, increased rap- idly and steadily, until at the present writing, the seventh year in the history of the school, the yearly enrollment is more than three thousand. The number of instructors now employed is 23. From time to time, additions have been made to the school buildings, and numerous boarding halls have been erected, so that now the value of the buildings and grounds owned by the school is one hundred thousand dollars. A large library has been collected, and a complete equipment of philosophical and chemical apparatus has been purchased. The department of physiology is supplied with skeletons, manikins, and everything necessary to the demonstration of each branch of the subject. A large cabinet is provided for the study of geology. In fact, each department of the school is completely furnished with the apparatus needed for the most approved presentation of every subject. There are 15 chartered departments in the institution. These are in charge of thorough, energetic, and scholarly instructors, and send forth each year as graduates, a large number of finely cultured young ladies and gentlemen, living testimonials of the efficiency of the course of study and the methods used. The Commercial College in connection with the school is in itself a great institution. It is finely fitted up and furnished, and ranks foremost among the business colleges of the United States. The expenses for tuition, room and board, have been made so low that an opportunity for obtaining a thorough education is presented to the poor and the rich alike. All of this work has been accomplished in the short space of seven years. The school now holds a high place among educational institutions, and is the largest normal school in the United States. This wonderful growth and development is wholly due to the energy and faithfulness of its teachers, and the unparalleled exec- utive ability of its proprietor and principal. The school is not endowed. DENOMINATIONAL AND PEIVATE INSTITUTIONS. Nor is Indiana behind in literary institutions under denomina- tional auspices. It is not to be understood, however, at the present day, that sectarian doctrines are insisted upon at the so-called " denominational" colleges, universities and seminaries ; the youth at these places are influenced only by Christian example. HISTOET OF INDIANA. 231 Notre Dame University, near South Bend, is a Catholic institu- tion, and is one of the most noted in the United States. It was founded in 1842 by Father Sorin. The first building was erected in 1843, and the university has continued to grow and prosper until the present time, now having 35 professors, 26 instructors, 9 tutors, 21 3 students and 12,000 volumes in library. At present the main building has a frontage of 224 feet and a depth of 155. Thousands of young people have received their education here, and a large number have been graduated for the priesthood. A chapter was held here in 1872, attended by delegates from all parts of the world. It is worthy of mention that this institution has a bell weighing 13,000 pounds, the largest in the United States and one of the finest in the world. The Indiana Ashv/ry University, at Greencastle, is an old and well-established institution under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, named after its first bishop, Asbury. It was founded in 1836, and in 1872 it had nine professors and 172 students. Howard College, not denominational, is located at Kokomo, and was founded in 1869. In 1872 it had five professors, four instructors, and 69 students. Union Christian College, Christian, at Merom, was organized in 1858, and in 1872 had four resident professors, seven instructors and 156 students. Moore's Hill College, Methodist Episcopal, is situated at Moore's Hill, was founded in 1854, and in 1872 had five resident professors, five instructors, and 142 students. EarlharrCs College, at Richmond, is under the management of the Orthodox Friends, and was founded in 1859. In 1872 they had six resident professors and 167 students, and 3,300 volumes in library. Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, was organized in 1834, and had in 1872, eight professors and teachers, and 231 students, with about 12,000 volumes in the library. It is under Presbyterian management. Concordia College, Lutheran, at Fort Wayne, was founded in 1850; in 1872 it had four professors and 148 students: 3,000 volumes in library. Hanover College, Presbyterian, was organized in 1833, at Han- over, and in 1872 had seven professors and 118 students, and 7,000 volumes in library. 232 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Hartsville UmversUy, United Brethren, at Hartsville, was founded in 1854, and in 1872 had seven professors and 117 students. Northwestern Christian University, Disciples, is located at Irvington, near Indianapolis. It was founded in 1854, and by 1872 it had 16 resident professors, 181 students, and 6,000 volumes^ in library. BENEVOLENT AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS. By the year 1830, the influx of paupers and invalid persons was so great that the Governor called upon the Legislature to take steps toward regulating the matter, and also to provide an asylum for the poor, but that body was very slow to act on the matter. At the present time, however, there is no State in the Union which can boast a better system of benevolent institutions. The Benevo- lent Society of Indianapolis was organized in 1843. It was a pioneer institution ; its field of work was small at first, but it has grown into great usefulness. INSTITUTE FOB THE EDTTOATION OF THE BLIND. In behalf of the blind, the first efibrt was made by James M. Ray, about 1846. Through his efi:brts William H. Churchman came from Kentucky with blind pupils and gave exhibitions in Mr. Beecher's church, in Indianapolis. These entertainments were attended by members of the Legislature, for whom indeed they were especially intended; and the effect upon them was so good, that before they adjourned the session they adopted measures to es- tablish an asylum for the blind. The commission appointed to carry out these measures, consisting of James M. Ray, Geo. W. Mears, and the Secretary, Treasurer and Auditor of State, engaged Mr. Churchman to make a lecturing tour through the State and collect statistics of the blind population. The " Institute for the Education of the Blind " was founded by the Legislature of 1847, and first opened in a rented building Oct. 1, of that year. The permanent buildings were opened and occu- pied in February, 1863. The original cost of the buildings and ground was $110,000, and the present valuation of buildings and grounds approximates $300,000. The main building is 90 feet long by 61 deep, and with its right and left wings, each 30 feet in front and 83 in depth, give an entire frontage of 150 feet. The main building is five stories in height, surmounted by a cupola of HISTOBY OF INDIANA. 235 the Corinthian style, while each wing is similarly overcapped The porticoes, cornices and verandahs are gotten up with exquisite taste, and the former are molded after the principle of Ionic archi- tecture. The building is very favorably situated, and occupies a space of eight acres. The nucleus of a fund for supplying indigent graduates of the institution with an outfit suitable to their trades, or with money in lieu thereof, promises to meet with many additions. The fund is the out-come of the benevolence of Mrs. Fitzpatrick, a resident of Delaware, in this State, and appears to be suggested by the fact that her daughter, wJio was smitten with blindness, studied as a pupil in the institute, and became singularly attached to many of its inmates. The following passage from the lady's will bears testimony not only to her own sympathetic nature but also to the efficiency of the establishment which so won her esteem. " I give to each of the following persons, friends and associates of my blind daughter, Margaret Louisa, the sum of $100 to each, to wit, viz: Melissa and Phoebe Garrettson, Frances Cundiff, Dallas Newland, Naomi Unthunk, and a girl whose name before marriage was Rachel Martin, her husband's name not recollected. The balance of my estate, after paying the expenses of administering, I give to the superintendent of the blind asylum and his successor, in trust, for the use and benefit of the indigent blind of Indiana who may attend the Indiana blind asylum, to be given to them on leaving in such sums as the superintendent may deem proper, but not more than $50 to any one person. I direct that the amount above direct- ed be loaned at interest, and the interest and principal be distributed as above, agreeably to the best judgment of the superintendent, 80 as to do the greatest good to the greatest number of blind persons." The following rules, regulating the institution, after laying down in preamble that the institute is strictly an educational estab- lishment, having its main object the moral, intellectual and phys- ical training of the young blind of the State, and is not an asylum for the aged and helpless, nor an hospital wherein the diseases of the eye may be treated, proceed as follows : 1. The school year commences the first Wednesday after the 15th day of September, and closes on the last Wednesday in June, showing a session of 40 weeks, and a vacation term of 84 days. 2. Applicants for admission must be from 9 to 21 years of age; but the trustees have power to admit blind students under 9 or 236 HISTORY OF INDIANA. over 21 years of age; but this power is extended only in very extreme cases. 3. Imbecile or unsound persons, or confirmed immoralists, cannot be admitted knowingly; neither can admitted pupils who prove disobedient or incompetent to receive instruction be retained on the roll. i. No charge is made for the instruction and board given to pupils from the State of Indiana; and even those without the State have only to pay $200 for board and education during the 40 weeks^ session. 5. An abundant and good supply of comfortable clothing for both summer and winter wear, is an indispensable adjunct of the pupil. 6. The owner's name must be distinctly marked on each article of clothing. 7. In cases of extreme indigence the institution may provide clothing and defray the traveling expenses of such pupil and levy the amount so expended on the county wherein his or her home is situated. 8. The pupil, or friends of the pupil, must remove him or her from the institute during the annual vacation, and in case of their failure to do so, a legal provision enables the superintendent to forward such pupil to the trustee of the township where he or she resides, and the expense of such transit and board to be charged to the county. 9. Friends of the pupils accompanying them to the institution, or visiting them thereat, cannot enter as boarders or lodgers. 10. Letters to the pupils should be addressed to the care of the Superintendent of the Institute for the Education of the Blind, so as the better to insure delivery. 11. Persons desirous of admission of pupils should apply to the superintendent for a printed copy of instructions, and no pupil should be sent thereto until the instructions have been complied with. INSTITUTE FOE THE DEAF AND DUMB. In 1843 the Governor was also instructed to obtain plans and information respecting the care of mutes, and the Legislature also levied a tax to provide for them. The first one to agitate the subject was William "Willard, himself a mute, who visited Indiana in 1843, and opened a school for mutes on his own account, with 16 pupils. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 237 The next year the Legislature adopted this school as a State insti- tution, appointing a Board of Trustees for its management, consist- ing of the Governor and Secretary of State, ex-officio,and Revs. Henry Ward Beecher, Phineas D. Gurley, L. H. Jameson, Dr. Dunlap, Hon. James Morrison and Eev. Matthew Simpson. They rented the large building on the southeast corner of Illinois and Maryland streets, and opened the first State asylum there in 1844; but in 1846, a site for a permanent building just east of Indianapolis was selected, consisting first of 30 acres, to which 100 more have been added. On this site the two first structures were commenced in 1849, and completed in the fall of 1850, at a cost of $30,000. The school was immediately transferred to the new building, where it is still flourishing, with enlarged buildings and ample facilities for instruc- tion in agriculture. In 1869-'70, another building was erected, and the three together now constitute one of the most benefi- cent and beautiful institutions to be found on this continent, at an aggregate cost of $220,000. The main building has a fagade of 260 feet. Here are the offices, study rooms, the quarters of officers and teachers, the pupils' dormitories and the library. The center of this building has a frontage of eighty feet, and is five stories high, with wings on either side 60 feet in frontage. In this Central structure are the store rooms, dining-hall, servants' rooms, hospital, laundry, kitchen, bakery and several school-rooms. Another struct- ure known as the " rear building " contains the chapel and another set of school-rooms. It is two stories high, the center being 50 feet square and the wings 40 by 20 feet. In addition to these there are many detached buildings, containing the shops of the industrial department, the engine-house and wash-house. The grounds comprise 105 acres, which in the immediate vicinity of the buildings partake of the character of ornamental or pleasure gardens, comprising a space devoted to fruits, flowers and veget- ables, while, the greater part is devoted to pasture and agriculture. The flrst instructor in the institution was Wm. Willard, a deaf mute, who had up to 1844 conducted a small school for the instruc- tion of the deaf at Indianapolis, and now is employed by the State, at a salary of $800 per annum, to follow a similar vocation in its service. In 1853 he was succeeded by J. S. Brown, and subse- quently by Thomas Mclutire, who continues principal of the institution. 338 HISTOET OF INDIANA. H08PITA1. FOE THE INSANE. The Legislature of 1832-'3 adopted measures providing for a State hospital for the insane. This good work would have been done much earlier had it not been for the hard times of 1887, intensified by the results of the gigantic scheme of internal improve- ment. In order to survey the situation and awaken public sympa- thy, the county assessors were ordered to make a return of the insane in their respective counties. During the year 1842 the Governor, acting under the direction of the Legislature, procured considerable Information in regard to hospitals for the insane in other States; and Dr. John Evans lectured before the Legislature on the subject of insanity and its treatment. As a result of these efforts the authorities determined to take active steps for the estab- lishment of such a hospital. Plans and suggestions from the superintendents and hospitals of other States were submitted to the Legislature in 1844, which body ordered the levy of a tax of one cent on the $100 for the purpose of establishing the hospital. In 1846 a commission was appointed to obtain a site not exceeding 200 acres. Mount Jackson, then the residence of Nathaniel Bolton, was selected, and the Legislature in 1846 ordered the commissioners to proceed with the erection of the building. Accordingly, in 1847, the central building was completed, at a cost of $75,000. It has since been enlarged by the addition of wings, some of which are larger than the old central building, until it has become an immense structure, having cost over half a million dollars. The wings of the main building are four stories high, and entirely devoted to wards for patients, being capable of accommodating 500. The grounds of the institution comprise 160 acres, and, like those of the institute for the deaf and dumb, are beautifully laid out. This hospital was opened for the reception of patients in 1848. The principal structure comprises what is known as the central building and the right and left wings, and like the institute for the deaf and dumb, erected at various times and probably under various adverse circumstances , it certainly does not hold the appearance of any one design, but seems to be a combination of many. Not- withstanding these little defects in arrangement, it presents a very imposing appearance, and shows what may be termed a frontage HI8T0ET OF INDIANA. 239 of 624 feet. The central building is five stories in height and con- tains the store-rooms, offices, reception parlors, medical dispensing rooms, mess-rooms and the apartments of the superintendent and other officers, with those of the female employes. Immediately in the rear of the central building, and connected with it by a corridor, is the chapel, a building 60 by 60 feet. This chapel occupies the third floor, while the under stories hold the kitchen, bakery, employes' dining-room, steward's office, employes' apart- ments and sewing rooms. In rear of this again is the engine- house, 60 by 50 feet, containing all the paraphernalia for such an establishment, such as boilers, pumping works, fire plugs, hose, and above, on the second fioor, the laundry and apartments of male employes. THE STATE PEISON SOUTH. The fii'st pensd institution of importance is known as the " State Prison South," located at Jeffersonvilje, and was the only prison until 1859. It was established in 1821. Before that time it was customary to resort to the old-time punishment of the whipping- post. Later the manual labor system was inaugurated, and the convicts were hired out to employers, among whom were Oapt. Westover, afterward killed at Alamo, Texas, with Crockett, James Keigwin, who in an affray was fired at and severely wounded by a convict named Williams, Messrs. Patterson Hensley, and Jos. R. Pratt. During the rule of the latter of these lessees, the atten- tion of the authorities was turned to a more practical method of utilizing convict labor; and instead of the prisoners being per- mitted to serve private entries, their work was turned in the direc- tion of their own prison, where for the next few years they were employed in erecting the new buildings now known as the " State Prison South." This structure, the result of prison labor, stands on 16 acres of ground, and comprises the cell houses and work- shops, together with the prisoners' garden, or pleasure-ground. It seems that in the erection of these buildings the aim of the overseers was to create so many petty dungeons and unventilated laboratories,, into which disease in every form would be apt to creep. This fact was evident from the high mortality character- izing life within the prison; and in the efforts made by the Government to remedy a state of things which had been permitted to exist far too long, the advance in prison reform has become a reality. From 1857 to 1871 the labor of the prisoners was devoted 240 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. to the manufacture of wagons and farm implements; and again the old policy of hiring the convicts was resorted to; for in the latter year, 1871, the Southwestern Car Company was organized, and every prisoner capable of taking a part in the work of car-building was leased out. This did very well until the panic of 1873, when the company suffered irretrievable losses; and previous to its final down-fall in 1876 the warden withdrew conviet labor a second time, leaving the prisoners to enjoy a luxurious idleness around the prison which themselves helped to raise. In later years the State Prison South has gained some notoriety from the desperate character of some of its inmates. During the civil war a convict named Harding mutilated in a most horrible manner and ultimately killed one of the jailors named Tesley, In 1874, two prisoners named Kennedy and Applegate, possessing themselves of some arms, and joined by two other convicts named Port and Stanley, made a break for freedom, swept past the guard, Chamberlain, and gained the fields. Chamberlain went in pursuit but had not gone very far when Kennedy turned on his pursuer, fired and killed him instantly. Subsequently three of the prisoners were captured alive and one of them paid the penalty of death, while Kennedy, the murderer of Chamberlain, failing committal for murder, was sent back to his old cell to spend the remainder of his life. Bill Kodifer, better known as " The Hoosier Jack Sheppard," effected his escape in 1875, in the very presence of a large guard, but was recaptured and has since been kept in irons. This establishment, owing to former mismanagement, has fallen very much behind, financially, and has asked for and received an appropriation of $20,000 to meet its expenses, while the contrary is the case at the Michigan City prison. THE STATE PRISON NOETH. In 1859 the first steps toward the erection of a prison in the northern part of the State were taken, and by an act of the Legis- lature approved March 5, this year, authority was given to construct prison buildings at some point north of the National road. For this purpose $50,000 were appropriated, and a large number of convicts from the Jeffersonviile prison were transported northward to Michigan City, which was just selected as the location for the new penitentiary. The work was soon entered upon, and continued to meet with additions and improvements down to a very recent period. So late as 1875 the Legislature appropriated $20,000 HISTOBY OF INDIANA. 241 toward the construction of new cells, and in other directions also the work of improvement has been going on. The system of government and discipline is similar to that enforced at the Jeffer- son ville prison; and, strange to say, by its economical working has not only met the expenses of the administration, but very recently had amassed over $11,000 in excess of current expenses, from its annual savings. This is due almost entirely to the continual employment of the convicts in the manufacture of cigars and chairs, and in their great prison industry, cooperage. It differs widely from the Southern, insomuch as its sanitary condition has been above the average of similar institutions. The strictness of its silent system is better enforced. The petty revolutions of its inmates have been very few and insignificant, and the number of punishments inflicted comparatively small. From whatever point this northern prison may be looked at, it will bear a very favorable comparison with the largest and best administered of like establish- ments throughout the world, and caimot fail to bring high credit to its Board of Directors and its able warden. FEMALE PEISON AND EEFOEMATOKT. The prison reform agitation which in this State attained telling proportions in 1869, caused a Legislative measure to be brought forward, which would have a tendency to ameliorate the condition of female convicts. Gov. Baker recommended it to the General Assembly, and the members of that body showed their appreciation of the Governor's philanthropic desire by conferring upon the' bill the authority of a statute; and further, appropriated $50,000 to aid in carrying out the objects of the act. The main provisions con- tained in the bill may be set forth in the following extracts from the proclamation of the Governor: "Whenever said institution shall have been proclaimed to be open for the reception of girls in the reformatory department thereof, it shall be lawful for said Board of lilanagers to receive them into their care and management, and the said reformatory department, girls under the age of 15 years who may be committed to their custody, in either of the following modes, to- wit: " 1. When committed by any judge of a Circuit or Common Pleas Court, either in term time or in vacation, on complaint and due proof by the parent or guardian that by reason of her incorrig- ible or vicious conduct she has rendered her control beyond the power of such parent or guardian, and made it manifestly requisite 242 HISTORY OF INDIANA. that from regard to the future welfare of such infant, and for the protection of society, she should be placed under such guardianship. " 2. "When such infant has been committed by such judge, as aforesaid, upon complaint by any citizen, and due proof of such complaiQt that such infant is a proper subject of the guardianship of such institution in consequence of her vagrancy or incorrigible or vicious conduct, and that from the moral depravity or other- wise of her parent or guardian in whose custody she may be, such parent or guardian is incapable or unwilling to exercise the proper care or discipline over such incorrigible or vicious infant. " 3. When such infant has been committed by such judge as aforesaid, on complaint and due proof thereof by the township trustee of the township where such infant resides, that such infant is destitute of a suitable home and of adequate means of obtaining an honest living, or that she is in danger of being brought up to lead an idle and immoral life." In addition to these articles of the bill, a formal section of instruction to the wardens of State prisons was embodied in the act, causing such wardens to report the number of all the female convicts under their charge and prepare to have them transferred to the female reformatory immediately after it was declared to be ready for their reception. After the passage of the act the Governor appointed a Board of Managers, and these gentlemen, securing the services of Isaac Hodgson, caused him to draft a plan of the proposed institution, and farther, on his recommendation, .asked the people for an appropriation of another $50,000, which the Legislature granted in February, 1873. The work of construc- tion was then entered upon and carried out so steadily, that on the 6th of September, 1873, the building was declared ready for the reception of its future inmates. Gov. Baker lost no time in proclaiming this fact, and October 4 he caused the wardens of the State pwBons to be instructed to transfer all the female convicts in their custody to the new institution which may be said to rest on the advanced intelligence of the age. It is now called the " Indiana Reformatory Institution for Women and Girls." This building is located immediately north of the deaf and dumb asylum, near the arsenal, at Indianapolis. It is a three- story brick structure in the French style, and shows a frontage of 174 feet, comprising a main building, with lateral and transverse wings. In front of the central portion is the residence of the superintendent and his associate reformatory officers, while in the HI8T0HY OF INDIANA. 2i3 rear is the engine house, with all the ways and means for heating the buildings. Enlargements, additions and improvements are still in progress. There is also a school and library in the main building, which are sources of vast good. October 31,1879, there were 66 convicts in the " penal" depart- ment and HI in the " girls' reformatory " department. The " tioket-of-leave " system has been adopted, with entire satisfaction, and the conduct of the institution appears to be up with the times. INDIANA HOUSB OF EEFUGE. In 1867 the Legislature appropriated $50,000 to aid in the formation of an institution to be entitled a house for the correction and reformation of juvenile defenders, and vested with full powers in a Board of Control, the members of which were to be appointed by the Governor, and with the advice and consent of the Senate. This Board assembled at the Governor's house at Indianapolis, April 3, 1867, and elected Charles F. Coifin, as president, and visited Chicago, so that a visit to the reform school there might lead to a fuller knowledge and guide their future proceedings. The House of Kefuge at Cincinnati, and the Ohio State Reform school were also visited with this design ; and after full ■ consider- ation of the varied governments of these institutions, the Board resolved to adopt the method known as the " family " system, which divides the inmates into fraternal bodies, or small classes, each class having a separate house, house father and family offices, — all under the control of a general superintendent. • The system being adopted, the question of a suitable location next presented itself, and proximity to a large city being considered rather detrimental to the welfare of such an institution. Gov. Baker selected the site three-fourths of a mile south of Plainfield, and about fourteen miles from Indianapolis, which, in view of its eligibility and convenience, was fully concurred in by the Board of Control. Therefore, a farm of 225 acres, claiming a fertile soil and a most picturesque situation, and possessing streams of running water, was purchased, and on a plateau in its center a site for the proposed house of refuge was fixed. The next movement was to decide upon a plan, which ultimately met the approval of the Governor. It favored the erection of one principal building, one house for a reading-room and hospital, two large mechanical shops and eight family houses. January 1, 1868, 244 HISTOET OF INDIANA. three family houses and work- shop were completed; in 1869 the main building, and one additional family house were added; but previous to this, in August, 1867, a Mr. Frank P. Ainsworth and his wife were appointed by the Board, superintendent and matron respectively, and temporary quarters placed at their disposal. In 1869 they of course removed to the new building. This is 64 by 128 feet, and three stories high. In its basement are kitchen, laundry and vegetable cellar. The first floor is devoted to offices, visitors' room, house father and family dining-room and store- rooms. The general superintendent's private apartments, private offices and five dormitories for officers occupy the second floor; while the third floor is given up to the assistant superintendent's apartment, library, chapel and hospital. The family houses are similar in style, forming rectangular build- ings 36 by 68 feet. The basement of each contains a furnace room, a store-room and a large wash-room, which is converted into a play-room during inclement weather. On the flrst floor of each of these buildings are two rooms for the house father and his family, and a school-room, which is also convertible into a sitting- room for the boys. On the third floor is a family dormitory, a clothes-room and a room for the " elder brother," who ranks next to the house father. And since the reception of the first boy, from Hendricks county, January 23, 1868, the house plan has proved equally convenient, even as the management has proved efficient. Other buildings have since been erected. HI8T0EY OF INDIANA. 245 STATE OFFICEES. Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio, October 5, 1787, to July 4, 1800. Governors of Indiana Territory. — William Henry Harrison, from July 5, 1800, to 1812 ; John Gibson, acting governor from 1812 to 1813; Thomas Posey, from March 3, 1813, to Novem- ber 7, 1816. Governors of the State of Indiana. — Jonathan Jennings, from November 7, 1816, to December 4, 1822; "William Hendricks, from December 4, 1822, to February .12, 1825 ; James B. Eay, from December 7, 1825, to December 7, 1831; Noah Noble, from December 7, 1831, to December 6, 1837 ; David Wallace, from December 6, 1837, to December 9, 1840; Samuel Bigger, from December 9, 1840, to December 6, 1843; James Whit- comb, from December 6, 1843, to December 26, 1848 ; Paris C. Dunning, acting-governor, from December 26, 1848, to Decem- ber 6, 1849; Joseph A. Wright, from December 6, 1849 to January 5, 1857; Ashbel P. Willard; Abram A. Hammond; Henry S. Lane, a few days in January, 1860; Oliver P. Mor- ton, acting from 1860, to January 12, 1865 ; Oliver P. Mor- ton, fi-om January 12, 1865, to January 12, 1867; Conrad Baker, acting, from 1867 to 1869; Conrad Baker, from 1869 to 1873; Thomas A. Hendricks, from 1873 to 1877 ; James D. Williams, from 1877 to 1881; Albert G. Porter, fi-om 1881 to 1883; Isaac P. Gray, from 1883 to . Lieutenant Governors. — Christopher Harrison, from 1816 to December 17, 1818 ; Katliff Boone, from 1819 to 1824; James B. Eay, acting, from 1824 to 1825 ; John H. Thompson, from 1825 to 1828 ; Milton Stapp, from 1828 to 1831 ; David Wallace, from 1881 to 1837; David Hillis, fi-om 1837 to 1840; Samuel Hall, from 1840 to 1843; Jesse D. Bright, from 1843 to 1845; God- love S. Orth, acting, 1845 ; James G. Eead, acting, 1846 ; Paris C. Dunning, from 1846 to 1848; James G. Eead, 1849; James H. Lane, from 1849 to 1853; Ashbel P. Willard, from 1853 to 1857 ; Abram A. Hammond, from 1857 to 1859 ; John E. Crav- ens, acting, from 1859 to 1863 ; Paris C. Dunning, acting, from 1863 to 1865 ; Conrad Baker, from 1865 to 1867 ; Will Cumback, from 1867 to 1869; Will Cumback, from 1869 to 1863; Leonidas Sexton, from 1873 to 1877 ; Isaac P. Gray, irom 1877 to 1881 ; 246 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Thomas Warner, from 1881 to 1883; Mahlon D. Manson, from 1883 to . Secretaries of State.— John Gibson, Territorial, from 1800 to 1816; Eobert A. New, from 1816 to 1825; W. W. Wick, from 1825 to 1829; James Morrison, from 1829 to 1833; William Sheets, from 1833 to 1837 ; William J. Brown, from 1837 to 1841; William Sheets, from 1841 to 1845; John H. Thompson, from 1845 to 1849; Charles H. Test, from 1849 to 1853; Nehe- miah Hayden, from 1853 to 1855 ; Erasmus B. Collins, 1855 to 1857 ; Daniel McClure, from 1857 to 1858 ; Cyrus L. Dunham, from 1858 to 1859 ; Daniel McClure, from 1859 to 1861 ; William A. Peele, from 1861 to 1863; James S. Anthon, from 1863 to 1865; Nelson Trusler, from 1865 to 1869; Max F. A. Hoffman, from 1869 to 1871; Norman Eddy, from 1871 to 1872; John H. Farquhar, from 1872 to 1873; W. W. Curry, from 1873 to 1874^ John E. Neff, from 1874 to ; John P. Shanklin, from 1879 to 1881; E. E. Hawn, from 1881 to 1883; William R. Meyers, 1883 to 1885. Auditors of State.— Willmm H. Lilley, from 1816 to 1829; Morris Morris, froDa 1829 to 1844; Horatio J. Harris, from 1844 to 1847; Douglas McGuire, from 1847 to 1850; E. W. H. Ellis, from 1850 to 1853; John P. Dunn, from 1853 to 1855; Hiram E. Talbot, from 1855 to 1857; John W. Dodd, from 1857 to 1860; Albert Lange, from 1861 to 1863; Joseph Eistine, from 1863 to 1865; Thomas B. McCarty, from 1865 to 1869; John D. Evans, from 1869 to 1871; John C. Shoemaker, from 1871 to 1873; James A. Wildman, from 1873 to 1874; Ebenezer Henderson, from 1875 to ; M. D. Manson, from 1879 to 1881; E. H. Wolfe, from 1881 to 1883; J. H. Eice, from 1883 to . Treasurers of State. — Daniel C. Lane, from 1816 to 1823; Samuel Merrill, from 1823 to- 1835; Nathan B. Palmer, from 1835 to 1841; George H. Dunn, from 1841 to 1844; Eoyal May- hew, from 1844 to 1847; Samuel Hanna, from 1847 to 1850; J. P. Drake, from 1850 to 1853; Elijah Newland, from 1853 to 1855; William B. Noffsinger, from 1855 to 1857; Aquilla Jones, from 1857 to 1859; Nathaniel F. Cunningham, from 1859 to 1861; J. S. Harvey, from 1861 to 1863; Matthew L. Brett, from 1863 to 1865; John I. Morrison, from 1865 to 1867; Nathan Kimball, from 1857 to 1871; James B. Eyan, from 1871 to 1873; HI8T0BY OF INDIANA. 247 Jolin B. Glover, from 1873 to 1875; B. 0. Shaw, from 1875 to ; "William Fleming, from 1879 to 1881; E. S. Hill, from 1881 to 1883; John J, Cooper, from 1883 to . Attorney-Generals. — James Morrison, from March 5, 1855; J. E. McDonald, from December 17, 1857; J. G. Jones, from December 17, 1859; John P. Usher, from November 10, 1861; Oscar B. Hord, from November 3, 1862 ; D. E Williamson, from November 3, 1864; Bayliss W. Hanna, from November 3, 1870; James C. Denny, from November 6, 1872 ; Clarence A. Buskirk, from November 6, 1874; Thomas Woolen, from November, 1878, to November, 1880; Daniel O. Baldwin, from 1881 to 1883; Francis T. Hord, from 1883 to . Judges of the Supreme Court. — James Scott, from 1816 to 1831 ; John Johnston, from 1816 to 1817 ; J. L. Holman, from 1816 to 1831; Isaac Blaclford, from 1817 to 1853; S. C. Stev- ens, from 1831 to 1836; J. T. McKinney, from 1831 to 1837; Charles Dewey, from 1836 to 1847; Jeremiah Sullivan, from 1837 to 1846; Samuel E. Perkins, from 1846 to 1865; Thomas L. Smith, from 1847 to 1853; Andrew Davidson, from 1853 to 1865; William L. Stewart, from 1854 to 1857; Addison L. Eoache, from 1853 to 1854; Alvin P. Hovey, appointed, to 1854; S. B, Gookins, from 1854 to 1857 ; James L. Worden, appointed, from' 1858 to 1865; James M. Hanna, appointed, from 1858 to 1865; Charles A. Bay, from 1865 to 1871; John P. Elliott, from 1865 to 1871; James S. Frazier, from 1865 to 1871; Robert S. Gregory, from 1865 to 1871; James L. Wor- den, from 1871 to ; Alex C. Downey, from 1871 to ; Samuel H. Buskirk, from 1871 to ; John Pettit, from 1871 to ; Andrew L. Osborn, from 1872 to ; Horace P. Bid- die, from 1874 to ; Samuel E. Perkins ; George V. Howk ; William E. Niblack; William A. Woods; Byron K. Elliott; Allen ZoUars. United States Senators. — James Noble, from 1816 to 1831; Waller Taylor, from 1816 to 1825; William Hendricks, from 1825 to 1837; Eobert Hanna, appointed, 1831; John Tipton, from 1831 to 1839; Oliver H. Smith, from 1837 to 1843; Albert S. White, from 1839 to 1845; Edward A. Hannegan, from 1843 to 1849; Jesse D. Bright, from 1845 to 1861; James Whitcomb, from 1849 to 1852; Charles W. Cathcart, appointed, from 1852 248 HISTORY OF INDIANA. to 1853; John Pettit, from 1853 to 1857; Graham N. Fitch, from 1857 to 1861; Joseph A. Wright, from 1861 to 1863; Henry S. Lane, from 1861 to 1867; David Turpie. 1863; Thomas a Hen- dricks, from 1863 to 1869; Oliver P. Morton, from 1867 to 1877; Daniel D. Pratt, from 1869 to 1875; Joseph E. McConald, 1875; Daniel W. Voorhees, Benjamin Harrison. Territorial Delegates. — William H. Harrison, delegate from the territory northwest of the Ohio Eiver, resigned in 1800; succeeded by William McMillan, who took his seat November 24, 1800. Indiana Territory. — Benjamin Parke, December 12, 1805, resigned iu 1808; succeeded by Jesse B. Thomas, who took his seat December 1, 1808 ; Jonathan Jennings, November 27, 1809. EEPEESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 1817-22.— William Hendricks. 1822-24.^ — Jonathan Jennings. 1823-25. — Jonathan Jennings, William Prince, John Test and Jacob Call. 1825-27. — Katliff Boon, Jonathan Jennings, John Test. 1827-29. — Thos. H. Blake, Jonathan Jennings, Oliver H. Smith. 1829-31. — Ratliff Boon, Jonathan Jennings, John Test. 1831-33.— Eatliff Boon, John Carr, Jonathan McCarty. 1833-35. — Eatliff Boon, John Carr, John Ewing, Jonathan McCarty. 1835-37.— Eatliff Boon, John Carr, John W. Davis, Edward A. Hannegan, William Herod, George L. Kinnard, Amos Lane, Jonathan McCarty. 1837-39.— Eatliff Boon, George H. Dunn, John Ewing, Will- iam Graham, William Herod, James Eariden, Albert S. White. 1839-41. — John Carr, John W. Davis, Tilghman A. Howard, Henry S. Lane, George H. Proffit, James Eariden, Thomas Smith, William W. Wick. 1841-48. — James H. Cravens, Andrew Kennedy, Henry S. Lane, George H. PrOffit, Eichard W. Thompson, David Wallace, Joseph L. White. 1843-45.— William J. Brown, John W. Davis, Thomas J. Henley, Andrew Kennedy, Eobert Dale Owen, John Pettit, Sam^ uel C. Sample, Caleb B. Smith, Thomas Smith, Joseph A. Wright. HISTORY OF INDIANA. 249 1845-47. — Charles "W. Cathcart, John W. Davis, Thomas J. Henley, Andrew Kennedy, Edward W. McGaughey, Eobert D. Owen, John Pettit, Caleb B. Smith, Thomas Smith, Wm. W. Wick. 1847-49.— Charles W. Cathcart, George G. Dunn, Elisha Embree, Thomas J. Henley, Johii Pettit, John L. Eobinson, William Eockhill, Caleb B. Smith, Eichard W. Thompson, Will- iam W. Wick. 1849-51. — Nathaniel Albertson, William J. Brown, Cyrus L. Dunham, Graham N. Fitch, Willis A. Gorman, Andrew J. Har- lan, George W. Julian, Joseph E. McDonald, Edward W. Mc- Gaughey, John L. Eobinson. 1851-53. — Samuel Brenton, John G. Davis, Cyrus L. Dun- ham, Graham N. Fitch, Willis A. Gorman, Thomas A. Hendricks, James Lockhart, Daniel Mace, Samuel W. Parker, John L. Eob- inson. 1853-55. — Ebenezer M. Chamberlain, John G. Davis, Cyrus L. Dunham, Norman Eddy, William H. English, Andrew J. Har- lan, Thomas A. Hendricks, James H. Lane, Daniel Mace, Smith Miller, Samuel W. Parker. 1855-57. — Lucien Barbour, Samuel Brenton, Schuyler Col- fax, William Cumback, George G. Dunn, William H. English, David P. HoUoway, Daniel Mace, Smith Miller, ^ohij U. Pettit, Harvey D. Scott. 1857-59. — Charles Case, Schuyler Colfax, John G. Davis, WiUiam H. English, James B. Foley, James M. Gregg, James Hughes, David Kilgore, William E. Niblack, John U. Pettit, James Wilson. 1859-61. — Charles Case, Schuyler Colfax, John G. Davis, William M. Dunn, William H. English, William S. Holman, David Kilgore, WUliam E. Niblack, John U. Pettit, Albert G. Porter, James Wilson. 1861-63. — Schuyler Colfax, James A. Cravens, W. McKee Dunn, William S. Holman, George W. Julian, John Law, Will- iam Mitchell, Albert G. Porter, John P. C. Shanks, Daniel W. Voorhees, Albert S. White. 1863-65. — Schuyler Colfax, James A. Cravens, Ebenezer Du- mont, Joseph K. Edgerton, Henry W. Harrington, William S. Holman, George W. Julian, John Law, James F. McDowell, Godlove S. Orth, Daniel W. Voorhees. 250 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 1865-67.— Schuyler Colfax, Joseph H. Defrees, Ebenezer Du- mont, John H. Farquhar, Ealph Hill, George W. Julian, Michael C. Kerr, William E. Niblack, Godlove S. Orth, Thomas N. Still- well, Daniel W. Voorhees, Hemy D. Washburn. 1867-69.— John Coburn, Schuyler Colfax, William S. Hol- man, Morton C. Hunter, George W. Julian, Michael C. Kerr, William E. Niblack, Godlove S. Orth, John P. C. Shanks, Henry D. Washburn, William Williams. 1869-71. — John Coburn, William S. Holman, George W. Julian, Michael C. Kerr, William E.' Niblack, Godlove S. Orth, Jasper Packard, John P. C. Shanks, James N. Tyner, Daniel W. Voorhees, William Williams. 1871-73.— John Coburn, William S. Holman, Michael C. Kerr, Mahlon D. Manson, William E. Niblack, Jasper Packard, John P. C. Shanks, James N. Tyner, Daniel W. Voorhees, Will- iam Williams, Jeremiah M. Wilson. 1873-75. — Thomas J. Cason, John Coburn, William S. Hol- man, Morton C. Hunter, WiUiam E. Niblack, Godlove S. Orth, Jasper Packard, Henry B. Sayler, John P. C. Shanks, James N. Tyner, William Williams, Jeremiah M. Wilson, Simeon K. Wolfe. 1875-77. — John H. Baker, Nathan T. Carr, Thomas J. Cason, James L. Evans, Benoni S. Fuller, Andrew H. Hamilton, William S. Haymond, W. S. Holman, Andrew Humphreys, Morton C. Hunter, Michael C. Kerr, Franklin Landers, Jeptha D. New, Mil- ton S. Eobinson, James D. Williams. 1877-79.— John H. Baker, George A. Bicknell, Thomas M. Browne, William H. Calkins, Thomas K. Cobb, James L. Evans, B. S. Fuller, A. H. Hamilton, John Hanna, M. C. Hunter, M. S. Robinson, Leonidas Sexton, M. D. White. 1879-81.— William Heilman, Thomas E. Cobb, George A. Bicknell, Jeptha D. New, Thomas M. Browne, William R. Myers, Gilbert De La Matyr, Abraham J. Hostetter, Goodlove S. Orth, WilUam H. Calkins, Calvin Cowgill, Walpole G. Colerick, John H. Baker. 1884-85.— John F. Kleiner, Thomas R. Cobb, Strother M. Sockslager, W. S. Holman, C. C. Matson, T. M. Brown, S. J. Peelle, J. E. Lamb, T. B. Ward, T. F. Wood, G. W. Steele, Robert Loury, W. H. Calkins. PART II. HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY, COMPILED BY PROF. Z. T. EMERSON. OHAPTEK I.* Oeologt— Boundary— Section of the County Strata— Local De- tails—The Coals — Catalog of Fossils— Sandstone and Lime- stone—New Harmony as a Geological Center— Eminent Scien- tists-Archeology— Alluvium, Water, Laoustral Loam and THE Drift. POSEY COUNTY is bounded north by Gibson, east by Gib- son and Vanderburg, south by the Ohio River and the State of Kentucky, and west by the Wabash and the State of Illinois, and contains 420 square miles, or 268,000 acres. The leading streams are the Ohio, Wabash and Black Rivers, and Big and other small creeks which ramify the county, giving ample drain- age. The following general section is combined from the shafts, bores and explorations made from out-crops in eastern and north- ern parts or adjoining regions, and doubtless gives the unex- plored strata of the county: Feet. Feet. 1. BufE, brown, red and mottled shales 3 to 2. Merom sandstone, soft, shaly, upper div 30 to 25 3. Merom sandstone, massive in quarry beds. .. 10 to 30 3}. Dark gray or bufE shales and flaggy sand- stones, with clay iron stones 10 to 30 4. Brown impure coal, 3d rash coal li to 00 4J. Flaggy or thick-bedded sandstone, ripple- marked 9 to 4 5. Hard, clinky, gray limestone, at bottom irreg- ular and sometimes flinty, passing to the west to a calcareous shale 3 to 6 ^Adapted from the report of the State Geologist, John CoUett, of 1883. 252 HISTORY OF rOSEV COUNTY. Feet. Feet. 6. Argillaceous shale and shaly sandstone 34 to 7. Black slate, with fish spines and fossils li to 8. Second rash coal to i^ 9. Fire-clay 1 to 10. Grayshale 6 to 11. Limestone, yellow ferruginous 3 to 18 Hi. Gray shale 98 to 13. First rash coal and black slate to ^ 13. Fire-clay 1 to 2 14. Soft, flaggy, blue, buff and gray sandstone, with much gray shale and beds of clay iron- stone and nodules 60 to 121 15. Yellow and gray sandstone, often giving good quarry beds 15 to 29 16. Gray and bufE alluminous, arenaceous or shaly, flaggy sandstone, with ironstone nod- ules and shaly concretions 39 to 8 17. Black slate or clod, with fossils 1 18. Coal N, choice, gassy, caking 2 19. Fire-clay, at bottom shaly, with iron balls. . 5 30. Buff or gray limestone, with CA(Bte5b^ ^QSmiiA n r Bodmson- X^Foint \ I Marrs HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 263 ALLUVIUM. "The 'river bottoms,' or alluvial 'meadow lands,' bordering the rivers and streams are due to causes now in action. Solid roots, laminated or crystalline, compose the rock-ribbed crust of the earth. These, on exposure to frost, air and water, decompose or disintegrate, or, broken from their beds, are rounded, rolled, and, by the mills of nature, ground into clays, sands and pebbles- by rushing water and waves. The finer particles, as clay and sand, combined with rich organic matter, form here the produc- tive alluvial bottoms of a delta outrivaling the famous delta of Africa. This deposit is always found above or against the sides or excavated edges of older beds. "In deep shafts at Evansville, and at Henderson, Ky., a bed of fluviatile shells was found, at a depth of forty to seventy feet from the surface, so deposited as to indicate an era when the Ohio flowed at a bed that much below its present level ; but, more won- drous, it showed an early period in the river's existence, reaching back to tell the story of life, and climate, and time. These mol- lusks, then abundant here, were such as now are common in streams bordering the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico ; and as they could only exist in a sub-tropic climate, they prove that such climate prevailed here. They may be intimately connected with the following epoch. LACUSTKAL EPOCH. " The loess or lacustral loams succeed in age. It was the epoch of great lakes or slow-flowing lagoons, with a warm climate succeeding the glacial time. These loams are an ash gray or brownish buff color, exhibiting, principally, an impalpable sand, with a small amount of clay. Sir Charles Lyell, on his visit to this county, identified this deposit as the equivalent to the loess of the Ehine, and he was enabled to know of the thermal con- ditions by the shells found abundantly at New Harmony as equiv- alent to that of Cuba or Mexico. These shells are as follows : Macrocyclas concava, Say; Zonites arboreus, Say, Hyalina inden- tata, Say ; Patulaperspectiva, Say ; Helicodiscus lineatus, Say ; Pupa armifera, Say; P. fallax, Say; Strobila labyrinthica, Say; Steno- trema hirsuta, Say; S. monodon, Back. ; S. monodon var.fraierna, Say; Vallonia pulchella, Muell. ; Succinea avara, Say; Valvaia iri- 264 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. carinata, Say; Pomatiopsis lapidaria, Say; Helicina occulta, Say. Of these shells, H. occulta is of tropic life and belongs to the lat- itude of Cuba and Mexico. Prof. Swallow remarks: 'These lacus-' trine fluviatile and land species of mollusca indicate a deposit formed in a fresh-water lake, surrounded by land and fed by rivers; and refer back to a time when a large portion of this val-. ley was covered by a vast lake, into which flowed various rivers and streams.' The climate was tropic or sub-tropic. "The low, rounded hill tops, constantly recurring, appear like tumuli, and are occasionally shaped by the Mound-Builders for funeral purposes. The red, marshy clay, fat with shells of that epoch, forms a fertile soil along the shore line of the lagoon-like lake, characterized by a heavy growth of poplar, walnut, sugar tree, ash and post oaks of giant size ; the lower and more sandy member of the loess, impervious to air and moisture, bears a growth of oak, hickory, gum, beach, dogwood, symbolic of the cold, close soil. DKIFT. "Next in order of time succeeds the great ice age; a stratum of sand and gravel resting below the loess, but upon or against the sides of older formations. It represents the sorting and sifting power of water in motion, each deposit being placed where the velocity of the current could no farther carry it; thus a ripple de- posited gravel and bowlders, a slower current left banks of coarse sand, and, finally, slow eddy-currents made banks of clay and fine sand. At the base of the hills at New Harmony are beds of gla- cial material, indicating the sorting powers of the Wabash in its youthful vigor." HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 265 CHAPTER II. Settlement of the County— Names of the Early Besidents— TuEiR Customs, Industries, Sports, Trials and Privations; To- gether with an Account of the Primitive Schools, Buildings, Teachers, IhIethods of Instruction and Correction, and of the Church Organizations, Circuit Bidbrs, Eevivals, Members Sunday-schools, Ministers, Houses, Etc., Besides a Fund of Valuable and Interesting Miscellaneous, Historical and Biographical Matter. SOON after the ceding of the claims of Virginia, on the North- west Territory, and the passage of the "Ordinance of '87 " by Congress, immigrants from the old States began to pour into the lands west of the Ohio. Some came to cultivate the rich lands, some to enjoy the freedom and scenes peculiar to a new country, a part desired to hunt game and some were moved by idle curi- osity. In 1763 all the land above mentioned passed from the hands of the French into those of the English. The last named people had a greater faculty for civilizing a new country than the first, but not such a faculty for making friends of the natives. The lands of southern Indiana with a great portion of the Northwest Territory remained in dispute between the Indians and the squat- ters until the power of the great Miami Confederacy was crushed at Tippecanoe in 1811. BLACK TOWNSHIP. This township was not reduced to its present limits with its present name until March 13, 1822. It was named in honor of the Black family who came fi-om North Carolina in 1806 and set- tled a short distance northwest of Mount Vernon. The grandfather, Thomas, had four sons: James, William, Thomas and John. The three last named were in the battle of Tippecanoe, the last named having been killed at that battla James Black was represented in the battle in the person of Robert Berger. The family has grown to be quite large, and has always been identified with interests of the township and county. Gen, 266 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. William Henry Harrison entered a portion of the land on which the city of Mount Vernon now stands. His claim called for 317 acres of Section 8. This claim he tried to sell to James Black, but he refused to buy because one of the McFaddin's had squatted on the land and refused to yield possession. Harrison afterward sold the land to Aaron "Williams, of Big Prairie, 111., for a horse and some money borrowed of James Black. NAMES OF SQUATTEKS. Adam Albright squatted in the county in 1807 in the Albright settlement. The sons of Adam Albright were William, John and Adam. They were from North Carolina. The Aldridge family settled in the township in 1810; they, too, were from North Caro- lina. Of the older ones were Samuel, Elijah, Eeuben, Henry (who was a gunsmith), William and Aaron. The father of these was John Aldridge, who was something of a blacksmith. The family are now quite numerous. Other early settlers were Joseph Holleman, Thomas Kussell, John and Aaron Burlison, and the Todd family, who came from Charlottesville, N. C. The elder ones were Hugh and William Todd. They both were at Tippe- canoe, but the former, like the New York soldier at Bull Kun, being ordered to retreat and not ordered to halt, went on home. William Todd was something of a wheelwright. Of the younger Todds there were Samuel, John, William and Darius. Thomas Jones and sons, Nathan and Milton, are also numbered among the first settlers. George Harshman settled in what is known as "Prairie Set- tlement." Thomas and Ealph French came to the township from Kentucky. There were also the two Ashworths — Nathan and Moses, who brought two slaves to this county. Old," Solomon," one of the slaves, lived until a few years ago. Moses Ashworth was a local Methodist preacher. Aaron Bacon was one of the early settlers of Black Township ; he was one of the early sheriffs of the county, having served in that office for two terms, from 1820 to 1824. There were also Edmond Bacon, Samuel and Joseph Bacon. The last named brought two slaves to this county, but as he could not keep them in slavery here they were taken South and sold. Joseph Kennedy and Samuel Kennedy were early settlers ; the former was a son-in-law of Aaron Bacon. HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. -207 The Netlers also were early settlers, of whom were Solomon and Jonathan, who are said to have been somewhat given to fisti- cuff. William Curtis and Joshua Curtis came from North Caro- lina and settled at the old Curtis homestead in 1811. William Curtis was the father of William B. Curtis, who is still living. All of those heretofore mentioned settled on the northwest or west of Mount Vernon, and nearly all are represented by descendants of the same name, living in the same neighborhood. The McFaddins gave name to the bluff on the river. This family was one of the first to settle in the township, and seemed prolific in nicknames, as there were two Andrews designated by the names " Slim " and " Piddle-de-dum." The former claimed the honor of firing the first gun at Tippecanoe ; the latter lived to a very old age. There were also two Jameses known as " Big " and " Little " Jim. John McFaddin was one of the same family. Other families were the Bowes, Dunns, Jeffreys and Andrews. GAME. The first settlers lived almost entirely on meats from wild an- imals, such as the county was filled with, consisting of deer, tur- key, occasionally a bear, and smaller game. Numerous wild hogs were found in the woods, where they were allowed to run at large until two or three years of age. Wolves were so plentiful that sheep could not be kept without enclosing them at night. They would sometimes attack sheep in daylight. Wolves were caught in steel traps, or in pens, and killed sometimes by the unerring rifle of the backwoodsman. Few bear were ever killed in the county. It is claimed the marks of their claws are still to be seen on beech trees which they had climbed! John Noel once killed a bear in the Wabash bottom. PIONEER INDUSTRIES. The first mill in the township, was begun by William Wier, who settled in the county in 1807. The mill was completed by James Black, it is claimed, as early as 1810; this was a horse- mill. The marks of the. old mill are still visible. Black built a water-mill on Big Creek, in 1817, and afterward moved his horse- mill to the same place, so that if the water should be too low, he could use his horse-mill. Hugh Todd built a horse-miU 268 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. about eight miles northwest of Mount Vernon, in 1820. The first steam-mill ever built in the township, was built by Darius North, Virgil Soaper and Andrew McFadden, in 1831, at Mount Vernon. This, at first, was a saw-mill, but buhrs were added for grinding corn. It was finally changed to a grist-mill and distil- lery. In 1838. it was destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt imme- diately by other parties, and again burned in 1853. The estab- lishment was again rebuilt on an enlarged ^cale a few years la- ter. The buildings were burned for the third and last time in 1873. In 1832 John Wier built a water-mill within the city limits of Mount Vernon ; this mill was soon afterward moved to the river bank and changed to a steam-mill. Adam Albright built the first tannery in the township, about five miles from Mount Vernon, on the Jordan farm. This was before the quick process of tanning was known, and almost every man was his own shoe-maker. Hides were frequently tanned on the shares. EAKLY LAND ENTEIES. James Moore, 1816; Amos Eobinson, 1807; Thomas Duck- worth; 1817 ; Absalom Duckworth, 1811 ; Sylvester French, 1818 ; Anson S. Andrews, 1818 ; Daniel A. Willis, 1818 ; Elisha Phillips, 1818; James Duckworth, 1817; Samuel Phillips, 1818; Absa- lom Willis, 1816; Alexander Willis, 1813; Daniel Barton, 1817; Edward Blount, 1817; Joseph Cully, 1819; Eeason Cavin, 1816; F. and S. Culley, 1817 ; Joseph P. Coburn, 1818 ; Aaron Moore, 1819; David E. A. Bradley, 1819; William Moffit, 1818; Aaron Burlison, 1818; Andrew McFaddin, 1812; James Moore, 1817; B. W. Moore, 1812; Samuel Gill, 1807; John Bradley, 1819; Solomon Nelson, 1813; Christopher Nelson, 1818; Edward Traf- ford, 1818; Samuel Jones, 1816; William Eussel, 1818; John Burlison, 1819; Elijah Culley, 1819; David Thomas, 1814; Eobert Castles, 1817; Thomas Nesler, 1816; Samuel Jones, 1807; Samuel Gregg, 1814; Thomas Templeton, 1815; Samuel Ald- ridge, 1813; Thomas Givens, 1807; William Wier, 1807; Gen. William Henry Harrison, 1807 ; (Section 8, Town 7 south, Eange 13 west) ; Henry P. Colvin, 1818 ; John Eussel, 1817 ; Jabez Jones, 1807; John Caldwell, 1815; Thomas Miller, 1814; John Warrick, 1811; Peter Wilkinson, 1817; Joseph Johnson, 1816; John Goad, 1819; Charles AUison, 1818; Jacob Kern, 1818; HISTORY OP POSEY COUNTY. 269 Samuel Eblin, 1816; Francis Miller, 1816; Aaron Eobinson, 1808; John Phillips, 1816; Mark Barrett, 1816; Thomas "Willie, 1817; Lowry Hay, 1812; John Walker, 1817; James Black, 1811. SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS. Thomas Heady is claimed to have been the first teacher in the township, as well as the county. He taught in a rude log sohoolhouse built at McFaddin's Bluff, now a part of the corpor- ate limits of Mount Vernon, in 1814. Heady taught the three "R's," and was strong on spelling. There are quite a number of the old settlers who can testify to his skill in the use of the birch and his promise to use it. His practice bore evidence that he believed in "no lickin, no larnin." Heady taught in almost every neighborhood in the township. William Hooker taught school as early as 1825, in a schoolhouse built in the city limits of Mount Vernon. He also taught in the various settle- ments of Black Township. E. Allen, another of the pioneer teachers, taught in a number of places, one of which was at James Black's. Mr. Black had built a new house, a frame, the first in the township, and the old log house was used for a school- house. This is said to have been about 1816. The families of Black, of French, of Templeton and of Kussel, attended at this school. Later, a schoolhouse was built just north of where Milton Black's farm lies, near the Templeton graveyard. An- other place of holding school was at, or near, John Wilbern's, in the Aldridge settlement. As the country was sparsely settled, the schoolhouses and school teachers were not numerous, nor were the buildings or furniture gorgeous. The houses were of logs, size f^bout 12x14 feet. Seats were made of split logs, sup- ported upon wooden pegs. The floor was made of puncheons, or the bare earth, the door of boards loosely nailed together and hung on wooden hinges. The writing desk was made of a broad slab or plank fastened at one side of the building, at the proper height und inclined, and' over this was a window made by cutting out a log and pasting greased paper over the aperture. Through this opening, the sun shed his feeble light upon the toiling and mischievous urchins and lordly teacher. The following were among the early teachers: Harrison O'Banyon, who taught both in town and in the 270 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. country, and was postmaster at three different times. He was considered a fair teacher in his day. A man named Williams and one named Larkin also taught. John Wetherell taught school about fifty years ago, he is said to have had a weakness for whisky. J. S. Barwick was one of the first to teach in the seminary, Samuel Annoble being the first. Philo Dibble, a pioneer teacher, was an intelligent man, and had a faculty of making everybody in his presence laugh, and was well liked by his pupils, while "Vince" Jones was morose and cold. Edward Clark, an old Black Township teacher, moved to Grayville, 111., and founded the Grayville Independent, a very able paper which he edited until his death a few years ago. Two other teachers were Kobert Jeffreys and a man named Bostick. In addition to those already mentioned were Isaac Knapp and Greorge Knapp, (who is said to have been a good teacher), Cyrus Collins, H. A. Marston and Robert McCann. It hds not been possible to follow these names in order, nor to give dates, as no record of their work has ever been kept. There are four other teachers whose names should not be forgotten: Charles Weaver, Thomas Smith and two of the Gages who were from New England. While one of them, whose Christian name cannot be recalled, was teaching in the Aldridge settlement, the boys undertook to enforce an old practice, not entirely fallen into disuse yet, that of making the teacher treat. He came into the school-room with an unusual look upon his countenance, and on his refusal to treat was promptly set upon by the boys, who carried him to the near- est pond of water. The ice was broken and he was unceremoni- ously immersed, and pieces of ice were placed on his bare bosom, still he remained inexorable, and but for the arrival of some of the neighbors, something serious might have resulted from it. Since the adoption of the free school system in 1853, there has been a constant, steady growth in the public schools. The town- ship trustee, Mr. Templeton, employs twenty-one teachers at an average of $2.45 per day, about the highest, if not the highest salaries in the State. THE COUNTY SEMINARY. The General Assembly of the State, at a very early period of the State's history, saw the necessity of popular education, and HISTORY OP POSEY COUNTY. 271 passed a law that certain fines, forfeitures, penalties, etc., before justices, circuit court, etc., should be applied for the maintenance of a county seminary of learning. The fines were to revert to the seminary fund varied from 1 cent to many dollars. Lots 107, 108, and 109 of Springfield were set apart April 20, 1822, for seminary purposes.- The first trustees of the seminary of the county were Samuel Jones, Joseph Price and William Hunter. They were appointed in 1822. Their first report was made November 8, 1825, which showed a balance of about $300 on hand. Jones resigned November, 1830, and Anson S. Andrews was appointed in his place ; John Carson and Ezekiel HoUand were the other trustees. In 1840, George S. Green, Asbury Jagneer and Thomas Brown were trustees. The law pro- vided that when there was a surplus of the seminary fund to the amount of $500, the trustees might, at their optian, erect a semi- nary building. As the amount of money had accumulated suffi- ciently for the beginning of the erection of the building, the General Assembly February 18, 1833, appointed Gen. W. Johnson of Knox County, Daniel Grass of Spencer, and the Hon. George H. Proffit of Pike County, as commissioners, to locate said building. Efforts were made in several places to secure its loca- tion. Hon. R. D. Owen tendered ninety-two square rods of land at New Harmony, and about eighty acres of land on the Spring- field road for its benefit, and the free use of his library. McClure, by his agent, offered the McClure Library and Musexim. A petition of 114 names with the property mentioned and money to the amount of $1,399.50, came from New Harmony. Elisha Phillips of the "Yankee settlement" tendered four and a half acres of land to have it located there. Lynn Township pe- titioned with a list of 121 names; Robb, with 106 names; Smith with 85, and Robinson with 68 names. Mount Vernon sent a long list of petitioners, and made a tender of $500 and about four acres of ground. The commissioners, in September, decided on Mount Vernon. The report of the treasurer, Elijah Goodwin, showed available means on hand to the amount of $1,564.78 in 1841. The trustees at once began the erection of the building near the L. & N. depot. The same building is now used for the colored schools. The building was finished in 1843, on the completion of which there was a deficiency of $194. 27. The 272 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. first school was taught by Samuel Annable ; of his school there is no report. In 1844 Isaac Knapp was teacher; he reported a number studying the higher mathematics, six Latin, and one Greek. Isaac Knapp was compelled to resign on account of ill health, and for a short period, there was no school in the seminary. The report of 1845 states that Thomas Collins and wife "had a good school" of thirty scholars, of whom six were studying Latin and one Greek. In 1847 Mr. Collins left the school and again there was no teacher. George Knapp taught for a time but the year can not be ascertained. The trustees report their inability to get a foreign teacher. Rev. E. K. Dibble reported on the last day of May, 1847, that the school averaged twenty -eight scholars for the term. In September, 1850, the trustees of the institution were out of debt and«had a surplus of |277.66. Mr. Dibble, the principal, reported an average of sixty-five with classes in Greek, Latin, geometry, algebra, and the com- mon branches, and that the average cost of tuition per scholar was $4.00. As an encouragement to patronage, and to give all parts of the county some benefit of the school, the trustees recommended that free scholarships should be given to one or two in each township. They thought further that this would tend to "allay prejudice." The later principals were the Eev. J. S. Barwick and Rob B. McCann; This brought the school up to 1860. The adoption of the constitutional amendment, in 1853, providing for the free school system and the putting of the same into operation a few years later, rendered the seminary as a sep- erate institution unnecessary, and it was accordingly sold and the proceeds transferred to the common school fund. PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF MOUNT VEENON. The schools of Mount Vernon were properly brought to a sys- tem under Prof. A. J. Snoke, who was the first superintendent. He began his work in 1870. The school buildings are named re- spectively: High School, East Ward, West Ward and Seminary (colored school). The high school building was erected in 1868 at a ^ ^^^^^^1^^ ^ HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 281 the township in 1814; Isaac "White in 1807, andEobert Randolph 1815. It was at his house that regimental musters were some- times held under the old militia law of the State. Berry and Henry Venable took lands in 1816; John Rogers, in 1814; Sam- uel Jaquess, in 1813, and John Gray, in 1809. It will be observed that nearly all these lands lay to the eastern part of the town- ship, as the Harmonites held nearly all in the vicinity of New Harmony. Benjamin Cater entered land in 1818; William Cross, in 1813; William H. Shepard, in 1819; Isham Fuller, in 1811, and Elias Altizer who was a resident of Lynn Township. Thomas Tuggles entered his lands in 1811 ; James Ritchey, in 1814, and William Nelson, in 1814; Thomas Barton, in 1814, and Nathaniel Ewing who lived at Vincennes, and who was con- nected with the old Vincennes Bank at the time of its failure. The Cox family were very prominent in the eastern part of the township, as were the Stallings and Stilwell families. Jonathan T. Emerson, who was identified with almost every public enter- prise, lived about four miles east of New Harmony. THE CUT-OFF. This place as the name indicates, is cut ofE from the main land by an arm of the river. The area of land embraced in the body, consists of about 2,000 acres of land of very rich soil. This was occupied by the Rappites in 1815 ; the land yielded them rich harvests, and the cut-off chute afforded an excellent mill site for water-power of which they availed themselves. The government has recently expended considerable money for the improvement of the river at this point. The wing-dam built near the head of the chute has been a failure. MOUNDS, INDIAN EBLICS, ETC. Mounds of the Mound-Builders are frequently met with in dif- ferent parts of the township. A few moderate sized mounds may be seen in the old Rapp Graveyard. A hill below town near the grave- yard bears evidences of having been used by the Indians or Mound- Builders for burial or sacrificial purposes, as bones and shells have been found buried there. The hill was found by Dr. Richard Owen, to be 163 feet in height. An old Indian "trace" is yet dis- tinctly seen where it has been almost obliterated by cultivation, 282 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. through not only the township, but the entire county. It began about the Shawnee villages in Illinois, and crossed the river into Point Township, and on through Posey, Gibson and Knox Coun- ties to Vincennes, thence east through Pike by way of White Oak Springs, Dubois County, by way of the Mud Holes, thence by way of the Martin County Springs, and finally to the falls at LouisviUe. EOBB TOWNSHIP. This township was named in honor of the Robbs, early and prominent settlers. It is located in the extreme north of the county, being adjacent to Smith, Center, Harmony and Bethel Townships, the Wabash River on the west and Gibson County on the north. The original boundaries, as appears of record March 24, 1817, included the whole of Bethel and a goodly portion of Harmony Township. , The present area is 23,560 acres. The surface is agreeably diversified, the greater portion being undu- lating, that near the Wabash and Black Rivers being level while parts remote from these streams are much higher, rising in places to such a height as to be denominated hills. Numerous brooks thread the township in all directions, which together with the contiguous streams of the Wabash and Black Rivers, Big Creek and Cox's Creek afford drainage and water supply unexcelled elsewhere, and renders the atmosphere sufficiently humid for ample rainfall to mature the various crops and insure a bountiful harvest. Her soil is principally a black sandy loam, especially so in the low and level lands, while the higher lands have a clayey mixture. Wheat and corn, the principal products, grow well on either soil, though corn is grown principally on the former and wheat on the latter. The average yield of corn will approximate fifty bushels per acre, while many farms yield as high as seventy- five to 100 bushels. The wheat crop usually averages twenty bushels. Well clovered lands with good tillage and favorable seasons, frequently yield forty bushels per acre. Oats, barley, rye, clover, timothy, vegetables and fruits of various kinds, and in fact any and all products that usually grow in this climate, can be produced in paying quantities. The township was originally almost an HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 283 unbroken forest of heavy timber, the ground being covered with spice wood and pea vines. The timber was composed in part of large quantities of white oak, hickory, walnut, poplar and ash. Game was abundant, such as deer, bears, wolves, wild cats, cata- mounts and panthers ; of the feathery tribe were turkeys in great abundance, eagles, ravens, pheasants, prairie chickens, ducks and paroquets. Our sturdy ancestors having thought only of carving for themselves a home out of the wilderness, felled or "deadened" all timber as one common enemy, only reserving sufficient of the oak, poplar, ash and walnut to fence the " clearing." On many farms black walnut rails may yet be seen that were split by the first settlers, and that, too, in a tolerable state of preservation. Many of the best farms would to-day bring twice, yes in some instances many times their present value, if the woodsman's ax: had not touched a tree. But notwithstanding the great sacrifice of valuable timber, there yet remains much oak, poplar, ash and an abimdance of inferior grades. Walnut was originally very- plentiful and of good quality, but the greater portion of what was; not destroyed has found its way into market. An area of twenty- acres of timber owned by T. C. Jaquess, produced 75,000 feet of: first-class walnut lumber. In addition to preparing ground for corn and other crops, the: flax patch was not to be overlooked. Since all dressed in home- spun, a flax patch was an essential to every family. The process of pulling, rotting, breaking, swingling, hackling and spinning- flax was both laborious and tedious, but it was all accomplished with a hearty good will by buxom rosy cheeked lassies and stout hearted mothers. The original price of land, known at that time as Congress land, was $2 per acre, but was afterward reduced to SI -25, while swamp lands sold for 12^ cents. Land now ranges from $50 to $100 per acre, with an average of probably $60. Nearly all farms are in a good state of cultivation, many being beautified by neat residences and commodious barns and granaries. THE FIKST SETTLEES. The first settlers in the township of whom there is any rec- ord were Joshua Overton and Joseph Montgomery, who came 284 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. with their families in 1808. Though there are no records of the fact, yet it is quite probable that there were settlers in the town- ship as trappers and hunters at the beginning of the present century. The following persons entered land up to 1818: Will- iam Nelson and Eobert AUmon, 1809 ; James Allen, Samuel Mur- phy, Joseph Johnson, 1810; Jonathan Jaquess, Maxwell JoUey, Thomas Shouse, Thomas Allmon, Daniel Drake, James Eankin, John Cox, 1811; James Murphy, 1812; John Wilkins, Thomas Eobb, 1813; Eight Stallings, Peter Jones, William Harrigan, Warner Clark, Simeon Eeecles, John Stroud, John Waller, Thomas and William Harrison, Harrison Sartin, John Gwaltney, William Stallings, Langston Drew, Leander Defer, Thomas Owens, John Crabtree, William Price, Thomas Eogers, John Eobards, 1814; John Drew, William Gray, Nathan Britton, John Calvin, Eichard Harrison, William McPherson, Ezekiel Kight, 1815 ; Clement Estes, Joseph Endicott, Joshua Overton, Thomas McLure, Legro Bennett, John Calvin, Jesse Britton, Frederick Eapp, James Anderson, Jesse Cox, 1816; Lawrence StuU, John Walker, 1817; James Eobb, 1818. Thomas Allmon and Ezekiel Kight, of the foregoing list, and Adam Fisher were soldiers un- der Gen. Harrison at the memorable battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Allmon and Fisher both received wounds, while Kight was made famous by the fact that fourteen balls passed through his coat without touching his person. His descendants still keep the coat as a memento of the event, and it is regarded as a great curiosity. On the 25th of September, 1815, the settlement of the township received quite an impetus by the arrival of a colony of forty-four persons from the vicinity of Cynthiana, Ky. They located about one mile from Poseyville, near the site of the fa- mous Sulphur Springs waters, which it may be remarked par- enthetically, though they bring not immortal youth, are fast becoming recognized as a powerful remedial agent in the cure of many ills, especially those of the stomach and kindred diseases. Prominent among the settlers were Jonathan Jaquess, James Eankin, Joseph Endicott, William Casey and Alexander Fergu- son. Of the forty-four who arrived only five remain on the stage of life, viz. : Asburry C. Jaquess, Cynthiana, Ind. ; Harry Endi- cott, Arkansas City, Kas. ; Betsey Cooper, Terre Haute, Ind. ; Polly Price, Grayville, 111. ; Lucinda Casey, Poseyville. John HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 285 Eobb and Joseph Davis are the only male residents who were bom here before Indiana was admitted as a State in 1816. THE BLOCK-HOUSE. Numerous Indian depredations throughout the country in- duced the pioneers, about the year 1809, to erect a fort or block- house, as usually termed in those days, as a common place of refuge in case of an attack by the treacherous red skins. It was: located about one mile southwest of Stewartsville, on land then owned by John Cox ("double head"). The oldest inhabitant; Bays it was two stories in height, and built of heavy round logs. The diinensions of the lower story were about 30x30 feet, while that of the upper was about one foot greater, thus necessarily projecting over the first story about one foot all around the fort. In this upper room loop-holes, in the shape of the letter V, were sawed into the logs, some with points down- ward and others outward, thus affording view of an enemy approaching the fort as well as when against its walls. The blocks sawed out in making loop-holes, were kept to plug ' up- the holes after firing at the enemy, leathern straps being- fastened to them to facilitate handling. There were two doors- and no windows ; one door to the first story and one at the head of the rude stairway leading to the second floor, light being ad- mitted through the loop-holes. Notwithstanding all these precau- tions tradition fails to reveal any engagements at the fort, though the families of John Cox, Moxey Jolly, Thomas Eobb, V. Lea- vitt, John Wallace and others frequently took refuge there dur- ing troublous times with their Indian neighbors. Constant exposure to danger not only emboldened the' hearts of the men, but of the women as well, as is illustrated in the he- roic conduct of Mrs. Sarah Cox, wife of John Cox. Her husband had gone to Vincennes for a load of salt, and she and her little children were left alone in their cabin in the woods. During his absence the Indians became troublesome, and visited his cabin in war paint, but his intelligent and brave wife received them with marks of great respect, sat cake and eatables before them, and thus reaching their hearts through their stomachs, they departed -without the least molestation. On another occasion, while her husband was making the journey to Terre Haute on foot to secure 286 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. a superior article of seed corn, she discovered, upon arising one morning, the foot-prints of what appeared to be a huge bear plainly visible in the light sprinkling of snow that had fallen the night previous. Fearing that the beast would return and attack ier children while at play, she armed her self with a butcher knife and tracked bruin to his hiding place in a hollow log in the ad- joining woods. Being without firearms, she notified the neigh- bors, and the beast was dispatched. Tradition goes no further, but it is presumable that she dressed a portion of the meat as food for herself and children, reserving a choice steak for her husband upon his return from his long and tedious journey. Her husband, John, familiarly known as "double head," on account of the peculiar formation of his cranium, was a local surveyor, and a ntan of much intelligence for that day. EARLY SCHOOLS AND SCHOOLHOUSES. The privations and hardships endured by the settlers never caused the better class of them to lose sight of the fact that their children should be taught, at least to read and write, though there were then, as now, a few old fogies who thought more of the training of the physical than mental powers. As early as 1816 a substantial hewed log house, about 20x30 feet, was erected as a schoolhouse on the Wesley Jaquess farm, about one mile west of Poseyville. The floor was of puncheons, the roof of boards held in their place by rib-poles, and the cracks between the logs were chinked and daubed with mud. At each end of the house were fireplaces, 4x10 feet. They were made of logs, poles and sticks, heavily plastered on the inside with mud as a protection from the fii'e. Into these huge receptacles logs and limbs were piled, and bright, glowing fires kept up all day long, the school day then being from sun up till sun down. The girls sat at one fireplace and the boys at the other, showing that even in that day lads and lassies were like unto lads and lassies of to-day. The seats were about ten feet in length, and made of logs a foot in diameter split into halves. On the bark side auger holes were bored, and pins inserted for legs. They were usually all of the same height and without backs, there being no thought taken of health or comfort in their construction. The writing desks consisted of wide heavy planks, sawed with a whip-saw, resting on pins driven into auger HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 287 holes ill the side walls of the room. There were no windows then, as now, light being admitted above each writing desk through an opening a foot wide hewed out of the upper and lower sides of two logs in the wall. Over this opening greased paper was pasted as a substitute for window glass. Henry W. Hunt is said to be entitled to the honor of having taught the fii-st school in this primitive temple of learning, as well as of being the first teacher in the township. When he first made his advent and solicited employment as a teacher, he met with some opposition from the " old fogy," or ignorant element of the community. They thought him " a lazy, trifling, good for nothing feller, who wanted to make a livin' with- out work," forgetting that if everybody raised corn and pump- kins, there would be no market for such commodities. . Not daunted by these unkind and foolish remarks, he started out with his " article " for subscribers to his school and met with much encouragement from the intelligent portion, but from the opposite element he was told that " book larnin' neither clothes the back nor feeds the belly." Strai:ge or unstrange as it may seem, the descendants of the families who opposed "book larnin'," as they termed it, are but little farther advanced in education and general knowledge than were their remote ancestry. They are suspicious of and prejudiced against all tradespeople, as well as everybody that '■ makes a livin' without work " verifying the truthfulness of the Scriptural adage that " the sins of the fathers are visited on their children to the third and fourth generation." As popula- tion demanded, other houses of similar structure sprang up in different portions of the township and other teachers came seek- ing employment. Robert Curry, Alexander Ferguson, Chapman, James Eankin, John Cooper and James Lafferty are among the early teachers. The schools were taught during the winter months after the big boys had finished gathering corn. The course of study was usually spelling, reading, writing and arithmetic as far as the " Double Eule of Three." The early schools were, as a rule, so many little petty despot- isms in which the teacher played the part of a despot, and the pupils his subjects; the most trifling ofEenses being punished with an injudicious application of the rod. " Lickin' and larnin' " 288 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. were thought to go hand in hand, one and inseparable, by the majority of teachers and patrons. The salary of teachers was usually small, being paid from $1 to $1.50 per pupil for term of threemonths and "board around" among the patrons gratuitously; patrons and pupils feeling highly honored when it came their turn to have the teacher board with them. The present free school system did not take effect until after the adoption of the new constitution in 1852, though there was, previous to that date, a small seminary fund that was occasionally apportioned among the schools. Though the early schools and early teachers were far from perfection, the bosom of the "oldest inhabitant" swells with emotions of joy and tears bedim the eye when the mind re- verts to the old masters, the old schoolhouse, with desks scarred and begrimed by jack-knife and ink, the play ground and the boys and girls who romped thereon and who perchance " looked love to eyes that spake again." From such rude beginnings the schools of tjie township have steadily advanced until they are now almost models of perfection. There are eight school districts with as many neat and commodi- ous buildings, all of which are furnished with neat school furni- ture and necessary apparatus. THE CHUECHES. The Methodist and the Baptist (Hardshells) were the princi- pal churches represented, though occasional itinerant preachers representing other cienominations made their advent and preached to the settlers. Rev. John Schroder, a Methodist, came about 1814, and was one of the first preachers to locate. He was regarded as a pow- erful preacher and traveled extensively in this State, Illinois and Missouri. Bevs. Scripps, Holaday and Thomas Davis were among the early Methodist ministry. Elders James Martin, Benny Keith, Charles Whiting, Ezekiel Sanders, Louis Williams and Joel Hume, were pioneer Baptist preachers. Their first houses of worship, like all other buildings of that day, were rude log buildings but they have long since given way to neat frame structures. The Methodists have buildings and congregations at Poseyville and Stewartsville, the Baptists at Bethlehem near HISTORY ,0P POSEY COUNTY. 289 Poseyville, and the Christians or "Wasonites at Bethsada near Stewarts ville. CEMETERIES. Respect for the dead was characteristic of the early settlers. It was customary for each farmer to set apart a spot for burial purposes as a family graveyard and not until later times did it enter into their minds to have a common burying ground. Pub- lic cemeteries are now established at Poseyville and Stewartsville and at Bethlehem and Bethsada churches. THE POOR ASYLUM. The board of county commissioners in September, 1857,. purchased of Asbury Ferguson 120 acres of land as a site for the county poor asylum. It is located two miles west of Posey- ville and is a large two-story frame. Solomon C. Dunlap is the present superintendent. EARLY MILLS. The first saw-mill seems to have been erected by James Ean- kin on Black River about 1817. It was short lived, the waters. taking it away in a few months after its erection. Grammis' Saw- mill located on Cox's Creek was probably the next, but the pro- prietorship soon changed to James Robb. Before the erection of these mills the little lumber that was u^ed was sawed with whip- saws. "Horse mills" for grinding corn and wheat came with the first settlers. James Murphy and Joshua Overton established mills near Poseyville and Stewartsville, the Murphy Mill having in connection a still-house that was famous for distilling excellent quality of liquors and that too, at only 25 cents per gallon. The buhrs used in grinding were similar to those in use at this time, the same set being used for both kinds of grain, and the bolting done by hand. These mills were termed " horse-mills " because the motive power was that of horses hitched at each end of a long sweep erected above the stones. About the year 1825 a still-house was established near Stew- artsville, by Turner Nelson who afterward became such a promi- nent character in county politics. James Robb was also the pro- prietor of a still-house, in an early day, on Cox's Creek. Money not being plentiful with the majority of the settlers it 290 HISTORY OF POSET COUNTY. -was customary to barter corn for whisky, a bushel of corn being taken in exchange for a gallon of whisky. As late as 1852 whisky retailed by the gallon at 16 cents and by the barrel at 11. As early as 1820 a cotton gin was established about one mile south of Poseyville by Eobert Downey. Every farmer raised ;suflELcient cotton for home consumption and all cotton goods were manufactured by the women on rude and clumsy hand loomsi hence a cotton gin was regarded as of much importance as a dis- tillery. A tanyard was established near Stewartsville some time in the forties by Allen Westfall who tanned hides on the shares There were numerous cobblers, some of whom worked up their own leather into shoes for themselves and families, while others ■cobbled on the shares, or for a moneyed consideration. FARM IMPLEMENTS. The farm implements first in use were very rude affairs. For breaking new ground a plow generally known as "jijmping devil'' was used. It was formed after the fashion of single shovel plows, though it was much heavier and stouter. Plows with wooden mold-boards were also in use as late as 1850. Oxen were principally used in breaking ground and doing other farm work, as well as drawing the family to church or elsewhere. Com was dropped by hand and covered with the hoe until within a few jears. Wheat was originally sowed broadcast and brushed in with a huge pile of brush drawn over the field by the oxen or whatever power the farmer chanced to have. In later years the wooden tooth harrow took the place of the brush, but that wonderful improvement was many years after supplanted by the iron tooth harrow. From 1820 to 1840 wheat was cut with sickles. Cradles were introduced into the township in 1840, and were regarded as a' most wonderful invention. Per- fection in harvesting was now thought to be attained, but it too was superseded by the reaping machine, Mr. Asburry C. Jaquess introducing the first one in the townships as well as the county, in 1854. In the days of the sickle, farmers foui^d it more diffi- cult to dispose of their meager products than now. Wheat sold at 40 cents and oats, 12^ cents per bushel; pork, $1.50 to $2.25 per hundred. Much of the produce of that time found its way South in flat-boats. Hogs, however, were driven to Mount Vernon HISTORY OF POSEV COUNTY. 291 or Evansville. Wages were low. A good farm hand received $8 per month ; harvesters 50 to 62^ cents per day. The current money was silver, in 6J, 12J, 25 and 50 cent pieces, with an oc- casional "dollar of our daddies." THE RAILEOADS. In the spring of 1880 the people of the township voted an appropriation of $13,199 to aid the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Eailway in extending its line through the township. The road was completed in 1881. In 1882 a few public spirited citizens of the township, by private donations, secured the extension of the Mount Vernon branch of the Evansville & Terre Haute Boad through the township, crossing the Pittsburgh, Detroit & Erie at Poseyville. In the first settlement of the township nearly all supplies were hauled from Port St. Vincent, now the city of Vin- cennes, Ind., and latterly up to the building of these railroads nearly all goods were hauled out by wagon from Evansville. These iron highways, together with the rich soil, the salubrious climate, the pure water, the excellent schools and the general intelligence of the people must ever keep the township at the front as one of the best in the county. FIRST TOWNSHIP OFFICERS. Officers appointed by the county board from 1817 to 1820, viz.: Gillison Price, Nathan Britton, Joshua Wade, John Gale, constables; Thomas Eobb, Peter Jones, Langston Drew, James Eobb, William Casey, election inspectors ; Eobert Allen and Jona- than Jaquess, William Casey and John Waller, James Murphy, Job Calvin, Peter Jones and James Calvin, overseers of the poor ; Joshua Overton, Thomas Owens, Leander Defer, Ezekiel Kight, James Calvin and John AUman, supervisors. The first election in the township was held at the house of Langston Drew April 12, 1817, for the purpose of electing one justice of the peace, Peter Jones being elected to that position. In 1852 David Waller, Thomas Eobb and Moses Endicott were elected township trustees ; Thomas Clark, clerk, and James Carter, treasurer. These constituted a township board and looked after schools, bridges, roads and the poor. By the acts of 1859 the township board was abolished, and in April of that year 292 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. James Carter was elected township- trustee. He was succeeded by Fritz Faul, who held the office continuously for about fifteen years, when he was succeeded by James A. Cox, his successors being George Faul, James H. Gwaltney and Dr. Thomas B. Young, incumbent. It is reported of James Lafferty, an early and eccentric jus- tice of the peace, that on the occasion of a fight between Nathan Overton and Allen Moutry he rushed up to the belligerents and shouted at the top of his voice, " I command the peace; give him h — , Nath. I will only fine you $1 and pay half of it myself; give him h — ; I command the peace." Later on, when the threads of life had about run, and while on his death -bed he requested that a post-mortem examination be held on his body for his own satisfaction that he might know what disease killed him. Oliver Graves, a Frenchman, murdered his wife Cynthia in this township September 29, 1829, by forcing her to swallow three ounces of laudanum, but Graves managed to make his escape from justice. About 1815 two human skeletons were discovered in the forest near Stewartsville. Near by them was found a jug of whisky. Their identity was never known, and it could only be conjectured as to whether they were murdered, killed by each other in a drunken quarrel, devoured by wild beasts or frozen to death while intoxicated. SMITH TOWNSHIP. This was formed and recorded by the county board, March 24, 1817, including at that time its present boundaries, with addi- tional territory that has since become a part of Gibson and War- rick Counties. It was named in honor of George Smith, an early and prominent settler, at whose house the first election of the township was held. August 15, 1817, "all that part of Smith Township lying north of the main Big Creek and south of Eeeter's Kace" was added to and became a part of Lynn Township. The present boundaries are Gibson County on the north ; Gibson and Vanderburgh, east; Vanderburgh County, Bobinson and Center Townships, west, and contains an area of about 13,440 acres. The soil in the northern part of the township is black and rich. HISTORY OP POSEY COUNTY. 293 The central part is not as black and rich, yet it produces wheat, corn and other crops in paying quantities, only being excelled by the black soil in the item of corn alone. On the farm of Hollum Jones was the largest tree of the township. It was a cotton wood eight feet in diameter and nearly 150 feet high. The farms are all well cultivated, the major part of them being improved with neat residences and barns. THE TIMBEE. Too much cannot easily be said in praise of the immense for- ests of valuable timber that originally covered the whole face of the township. The finest quality of yellow poplar, black walnut, and white oak grew in great quantities, the trees being large and as straight as an arrow, with their branches towering 100 feet in the air. But now this vast forest has nearly passed away, the greater part having found its last place in burning log heaps years ago. The pioneers had thought only to carving out of the forest homes for themselves and posterity, and in doing so de- stroyed valuable timber that would to-day equal in price the value of all the lands in the township. ' EARLY, CUSTOMS. Realizing that in union there is strength, log rollings and house-raisings were frequent, and thither the neighbors would gather for miles around. At these gatherings every man was expected to do his whole duty, and he who was found reaching for the " long end of a handspike" was the butt of all jokes for the balance of the day. They also assisted each other in husking corn. It was customary to gather corn with the husk on and pile it up in one huge pile in a barn or adjoining cribs or pens. When the crop of the neighborhood was thus gathered, the huskr ing commenced. The women, also, were wont to assist each other in their arduous duties, and while the men were husking corn, and passing "the little brown jug" as often as a red ear was husked, the women were quilting and picking wool. At night- fall the dance commenced, and by the light of the tallow dip, and to the music of the flute and fiddle, * Danced on the joyous hours.- And It is well; youth has its time, Merry hearts -will merrily chime. 294 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. It was at these gatherings the whole heart of the neighborhood was made to rejoice. It was then that labor became a genuine pleasure. The husking season was looked forward to with as much interest as is the opening of the opera season by belles and beaux of fashionable society of to-day. THE EARLY SETTLERS. The names of many of the early settlers are to be found on the records of the land office but we are without records showing when they came to the township. It is fair to presume that there were settlers far in advance of any land entries. Elsberry Arm- strong, Miles Armstrong and Joseph Garris entered land in 1810; James Eankin, 1811; W. M. Steel, David Benson, 1813^ Joseph Easborough, Simon Williams, George and Bennett Will- iams, William Downey, George Smith, Regina Gale, 1814; Thomas McLure, John Smith, Thomas Duncan, William Smith, Isaac Kimball, Eobert Davis, Thomas Ashley, Simpson Richey, 1815 ; William Davis, Henry Casey, Stephen Eaton, John Neal, Sallie Sanders, Willis Armstrong, Zachariah Harris, 1816; John McConnell, Louis Williams, Jonathan Jaquess, George Eaton, John Eaton, Stubel Garrett, Samuel McReynolds, Joshua Elkins, 1817 ; Elisha Kimball, Herndon Meadows, George Lowe, Harri- son Meadows, 1818. THE SCHOOLS. Early in the settlement of the township came teachers prof- fering to teach the young idea how to shoot. Prominent among these were Eli Knowles, Ebenezer Phillips, Thomas Barrett, Elijah Goodwin, Josiah Elliott, John Mpore, William Blackwell and Samuel McReynolds. Log schoolhouses were erected in different parts of the township. They were all built after the same general plan, viz. : Round or hewed logs for the walls ; puncheon floor ; board roof; fireplace; 4x10 feet with stick and clay chimney; heavy door, with wooden hinges and a wooden latch, operated by the proverbial "latch string;" windows in the sides, one foot wide by from ten to twenty feet long, and covered with greased paper. The furniture consisted of long puncheon seats and writing desks fastened to the sides of the room, or one large double desk sitting in the middle of the floor. HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 295 Tlie course of study was quite limited, consisting usually of fipelling, reading, writing and arithmetic. The spelling book was the principal text book to most pupils in spelling, reading, geography, grammar and moral philosophy. Writing was done altogether with goose quill pens. All teachers were expected to be experts in making and repairing quill pens, it being one of the chief duties of the teacher to look after the sharpening of pens every day. The first year or two of the beginner's cout-se was taken up in that useless waste of time and energy in teaching the tyro the alphabet, trying to impress upon the mind the recol- lection of fifty-two distinct forms — the capitals and small letters — not one of which standing alone could be associated with a single idea! At the end of this wearisome task for a beginner, another year or two was taken up in pronouncing monosyllables that were as utterly devoid of meaning or of the association of ideas to the child's mind as was the alphabet. . At the completion of this second course the student was then prepared to commence th€ spelling of intelligible words. After a cruise of sometimes several years on seas educational the pupil could spell all the words from baker to incomprehensibility, even to the spelling of , the first dozen words on each page from memory, the fourth and last step was taken. This course consisted in reading short and simple sentences, fables and stories found in the spelling book, exceptionally bright students who were able to afford it, some- times reading from the English reader, in writing, ciphering from Pike's arithmetic, together with spelling long columns from the indispensable spelling book. The impressions made upon the youthful mind by the spelling book stories of the bad boy who commenced his wicked career by sticking pins in poor little innocent flies, of the neighbor's ox that was gored and the boy in the farmer's sour apple tree, were doubtless deep and lasting, and may have had something to do in shaping the course of many a statesman. When compared with the teachers, school- houses and educational system of to-day, what a contrast! When the circumstances surrounding the pupil's entry into school is considered, it is not strange that many soon learned to regard it as a place of torture and punishment, and that a goodly number of the children of the first settlers failed to acquire the rudiments of an English education. Whatever knowledge the pupils acquired 206 HI5T0RY OF POSEY COUNTY. was attained under the greatest disadvantages. They were not only confronted with incompetent teachers but they were compelled to assist their parents, perform the duties of the household and the farm thus preventing anything like regularity in attendance. The present system seems in comparison to be absolute perfection. The rude and barbarous method of teaching the alphabet has given place to the word method, and pupils now commence read- ing simple sentences the very first day they enter the school- room. The progression in everything pertaining to schools' is equally as great as in the'method of teaching beginners to read. The township is divided into four school districts, one of which, the Cynthiana School, is a township graded school. The build- ings are all respectable and supplied with modern furniture. Joseph Welborn is the present trustee, and manifests much inter- est in the educational affairs of the township. THE. CHUECHES. Preachers representing the Regular Baptists, Methodist, Dis- ciples or Christians and' Guniberlands were earlyin the township, each pleading the cause, of Christ and pointing; out' the straight and harrow guaged single tracked road that leads to life eternal . as well as the broad guaged, double tracked road that leads to damnation eternal. Elders "Jimmy" Morton, "Benny'? Keith, "Luky"' Williams, "Charley" Whiting and Joel Hume, were among the early . Baptist preachers. Revs. Schrader, HoUiday, Thomas and Davis represented the Methodists. Revs. John M. Berry, Hiram A. Hunter, William Lynn, William McClesky and William Barnett, represented • the Cumber lands. Elders Elijah Goodwin, William Goodwin and Montray headed the Disciples. Though at firstSvithout any houses of worship they were kindly received by the settlers and permitted to preach" in their log dwellings until their ojganizations were able to build houses of their own. The Baptists and Methodists biiilt at Cynthina, the Disciples about a mile northeast of town and the Oumberlands four miles southwest, the former being christened Liberty and the latter Mount Pleasant. The Elders Goodwin denounced in unmeasured terms the use of the "mourners' bench" and the prev- alent doctrine that people could and did "get religion" declaring that the mourners' bench was without precedent in the Bible and ^'■m-j:' ^^^^-^^^ O-^i^ HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 299, that religion consisted in doing good works and obeying to the letter the commands of the Scriptures. They also denounced the use of the words reverend, the reverend, the right-reverend, doctor, the reverend doctor, and the right-reverend doctor, as prefixes to the names of preachers, insisting that Bible names should be applied to Bible things. Eev. Joseph Wason, dissent- ing from these views, organized a faction and withdrew from the church. They organized as a separate body near 1816 retaining the old name of Christians but they have usually been known as the Christian Body, New Lights or "Wasonites. The old log church at Liberty has long since passed away, but through the benevolence of "uncle" Isaiah Wilkinson a neat frame was erected a few years ago on the old site and the Wason^ ites still "hold the fort" at the old stand. The other log churches have also given place to neat frame edifices. The Mount Pleas- ant church was organized about the year 1820. Soon after its organization a large log church was built and a camp ground laid out in the form of a hollow square. A large number of small log-huts were built all around the outer edge of the square, for the accommodation of the campers. The pulpit erected in this log church was very similar to those erected in other houses and would be quite a curiosity to church goers of to-day. The pulpit floor was about four feet above the main floor the dimensions being 6x12 feet. This platform was boxed up all around to a height of about four feet above the pulpit floor, with the exception of two small openings on each side of the pulpit which were left for doors. The pidpit was reached by stairways on each side. Unless the preacher was very tall only the head and shoulders would be visible to the audience. Camp-meetings were occasionally held and thither people flocked in great numbers to hear "the same sweet story of the Cross," the beauties of heaven and the tor- ments of hell. In that early time the torments of hell, or what is now known as hades and sheol, was quite a lever in the hands of the revivalists in warning sinners to flee from the wrath to come. The greatest revivals of the time occurred at this camp-ground. Hundreds of voices have frequently been heard supplicating with the Throne of Mercy at the same for forgiveness of sin. At times the excitement became so intense that the penitent sinners 300 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. were seized with strange hallucinations declaring that they could see the Savior, the devil, or smell the burning of brimstone in hell. Some were seized with what was termed "the jerks," fall- ing headlong to the floor or ground. The violent jerking was succeeded by a comatose state in which the mourners would re- main for half an hour. The history of this church and camp- ground would be incomplete without mentioning that Thomas Smiley, "Uncles" "Tommy" Wilson, "Johnnie" Shelton and Squire James Wilson were prominent characters in camp-meeting days. THE MILLS. In the first settlement of the township George Smith erected a horse-mill for grinding corn and wheat. A still was run in connection, a bushel of meal being taken in exchange for a gallon of whisky. They were located about two miles south of Cyn- thiana. The horse-mill was succeeded by Kimball's Grist-mill, Knight's Grist-mill, the Alcorn Grist and Saw-mill and the Elper- man Grist and Saw-mill, all located on Big Creek, and run by the excellent water-power it then afforded. The first lumber was sawed with a whip-saw by Jonathan and William Moutry. They established themselves in business as sawyers, and with their hand saw-mill did much sawing for the neighbors. Ford Eiobinson built a cotton gin about 1825, but it ceased to be operated when cotton goods became cheap. When cotton reached such a high price during the late Rebellion, the people again commenced the cultivation of cotton, and Elisha Jones built and operated a cotton gin. THE KIDNAPERS. The kidnaping of free negroes and runaway slaves was quite frequent in the early settlement of the county, and several in- stances of the kind are reported to have occurred in this township, the most interesting of which is the kidnaping of the Goddard boys, John and Isaac. They were twin sons of a white woman of that name, whose husband was a very dissipated and dissolute character. While the family were immigrating to this county, in 1815, the wife took sick with small pox on a small flat-boat, com- ing down the Ohio. Her husband deserted her, and she was picked up and cared for by a negro, who had a small hut on the HISTOKY OF POSEY COUNTY. 301 bank of the river. Upon her return to health she returned to her husband, and soon after gave birth to twins, one a bright mulatto and the other of darker complexion. Their rich color was ac- counted for by her husband as birth marks, he being a believer in psychological impressions. It was in 1822, when the boys were six years old, that they were kidnaped by Acquilla Ford and Jack Lynn, members of a gang of adventurous and desperate men, who congregated at Diamond Island, later known as West Frank- Un. The news of this high-handed outrage spread like wildfire all over the township. It was known to be the work of this gang, led on by the brave and desperate Ford. Patrick Calvert, William BiOgers and Joe Cater, bold and fearless spirits, immediately or- ganized a band of twenty-seven men armed with flint-lock guns, horse pistols, knives and xjlubs, and started in pursuit. Ford, Lynn, Inman and their friends about West Franklin, hearing of the movements of the rescuers, made preparations to meet them. The party of deliverance arrived at the village, and demanded a search of the entire place. At this proposition the citizens ap- peared highly incensed, declaring that the boys were not in the village, and after a somewhat lengthy and heated discussion a conflict ensued. The citizens rallied to the defense of the Ford gang. The rescuers, fearing that the whole neighborhood might re-enforce them, retreated to an adjoining corn field, Goddard be- ing the first to run away, leaving Calvert, Cater and Bogers to resist the attack. Guns and clubs were freely used by both par- ties, and two of the Ford gang received serious wounds, while only Calvert of the rescuers had been hurt. He had been se- verely beaten, and was left for dead. The combatants had now been reduced to two of the rescuers and five of the opposition, when Dan Lynn appeared on the scene as a peace-maker, and stopped the battle. After hostilities ceased Calvert was looked after, and found to be still alive and able to ride home, though another account says he remained at the house of Dan Lynn for several days. The rescuers collected together, and departed for home. It is reported of Calvert that after he had been severely beaten and his gun taken from him and bent around a tree, that he was asked if he was not sorry he came, to which he replied; "No, you cowards!" They then gave him another beating, and asked if he was not now sorry he came, the reply being "No, you 302 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. cowards and cut-throats!" He then received another beating, and was left for dead. But the search did not end here. Joe Cater organized another company of forty picked men, whose reputation for courage was well known, Avery Allen, of Oynthi- ana, being one of them and the only survivor of the band. The company visited West Franklin, and not only searched the place without opposition, but crossed over into Kentucky and searched the entire neighborhood, but their efforts to find the boys were in vain. For a time the matter was almost forgotten. About the year 1824 Patrick Calvert visited the Eed Eiver country in Arkansas on a prospecting tour, being accompanied by a party of Posey County farmers, who were going to that country for the purpose of entering lands. After viewing the country the whole party started homeward. On their return they camped for the night at Fulton, Ark. While sitting around the camp fire, in conversation with one of the citizens, Calvert chanced to speak of his experience with the kidnapers. When he had finished the ' story his visitor remarked: "Stranger, about the time you men- tion two mulatto boys, answering your description exactly, were brought here and sold to -, in the neighborhood." The next morning Calvert went to see the boys. He tested their memories in reference to their abduction and other matters, and was so entirely convinced of their identity that he at once insti- tuted legal proceedings for their recovery. The court, after hear- ing the evidence and testing the memories of the boys as to all the circumstances of the kidnaping, was thoroughly convinced that they were the same abducted by Ford and his gang, and ordered them turned over to Calvert, who returned them to their mother upon his return home. The joy of Mrs. Goddard's heart seemed to know no bounds when her dusky children were returned so unexpectedly to her. In gratitude, their mother had them bound to Calvert who had been wounded in their behalf and who rescued them from a life of servitude. The boys served Mr. Calvert long after at- taining their majority and always proved themselves grateful to their deliverer. RAILBOAD. In 1880 the township voted a subsidy to the Evansville & Terre Haute Railroad Company for an extension of its line from HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 303 Owensville to Cynthiana; the extension being made the same year. The extension was brought about principally through the efforts of the late Dr. D. B. Montgomery, who merits great praise for his public spirit and the interest taken in the welfare of the township. INCIDENTS. The county board made the following township appointments in 1817: William Davis, assessor and inspector of merchandise; John Armstrong and James Martin, overseers of the poor; John McCrary, constable; Josiah Elkins, supervisor of all the roads in Smith Township ; Miles Armstrong, inspector of an election held in the township on the 12th day of April of that year for the purpose of electing two justices of the peace. Samuel Irons and Samuel McReynolds were early justices of the peace, but there are no records showing the dates of their commissions. The commissioners' record shows that the board of county commissioners was succeeded September 6, 1824, by the board of county justices, and that Samuel McBeynolds was elected presiding officer. Ebenezer Phillips, James Nesbet, James Downey and Peyton Robb served the township as trustees, clerks or treasurers in the days of the township board. When the board was abolished in 1859, William Calvert was elected trustee, continuing in office fourteen years. His successors were Ellsberry Smith, John Wil- son, Dallas Smith and Joseph Welborn, incumbent. ,Eobert Montgomery, William Harmon, Samuel Johnson and John Williams were in the battle of Tippecanoe in 1812. Joseph McReynolds, a soldier of the Revolution, joined the army in his sixteenth year, and continued in the service till the close of the war, eight years. In his seventieth year he married Miss Jane Simpson, in her seventeenth year. The old soldier now lies buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, while his widow still survives him, though married. again. In an affray at Cynthiana, August 20, 1881, Robert Vint shot and killed Joseph Alvey, but the murderer made his escape from justice by fleeing the country. George W. McCrary, late secretary of war in President Hayes' cabinet, was born in this township on a farm about one mile and a half southeast of Cynthiana. 304 HISTORY OF POSEV COUNTV. James Williams was accidentally killed July 4, 1861, at a celebration near Cynthiana. He was loading a cannon, when a premature discharge sent the ramrod through his body. LYNN TOWNSHIP. This township embraces an area of about 43 square miles, and is bounded on the north by Harmony Township, on the east by Center, on the south by Black and on the west by the Wabash River. The township was named in honor of Dan Lynn, who was the first representative to the State Legislature, and also a member of the convention that adopted the constitution when Indiana was admitted into the Union. Among the early settlers of the township, were Samuel Eblin, who settled in the township about 1814. F. Young and Edmond Bacon were early settlers in the township. John Server was a Methodist class leader, a jus- tice of the peace and a kind of lawyer. The Goad family, who were prominent in the township, came from Kentucky. Henry Kivent and Samuel York were two other early settlers. BiUy Alexander, another settler, had sons: William, John and Silas. John Noel came from Ohio and settled in the township in 1820; he raised quite a large family. The township was organized in 1817, not, however, with its present limits. OFFICEBS, INDUSTBIES, ETC. John Turney and Elias Altizer were the first overseers of the poor of the township. Altizer was inspector of electioias before the township was separated from Harmony Township. John Curtis and David Love were constables in 1818, and Frederick Rapp was appointed superintendent of school section for Lynn Township, in March, 1817. James Black built a mill on Big Creek, in Lynn Township near the upper New Harmony and Mount Vernon stage route in 1817. A bridge was built across Big Creek, at Black's Mill, in 1818. Black's first mill was a water-mill, but in 1823 he built a horse-mill near the same place, in addition to his water-mill. In 1823 William Wier built a horse-mill on Mill Creek, in Lynn Township. Abner Coates built a mill on Coates' Creek, in the same township in 1825. George N. Thomas built an ox HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 305 tread-mill on Big Creek in 1836, and it was burned down in 1841, but was rebuilt again at once and changed to a steam-mill. The second mill was burned in 1848, but Mr. Thomas again erected a new" mill which he used until it was worn out. Grafton marks the site of the mill. In 1822 John Schnee and Joseph Spalding were appointed by the county board to select a lot in Springfield on which to build a schoolhouse. A little later, 1827, a school- house was built on Big Creek. The house was built on the Allison farm and Samuel Annable was the first teacher. In 1818 Thomas Denby and Absalom Henson obtained license to keep tavern and sell liquors in Springfield. The General Baptists buUt a church at Beech Grove in 1870, and called it Bethesda. The trustees of the church were William York, John G. Donald- son and B. S. Aldrich. A church organization had existed here several years previous to the building of the church. The church was quite prosperous for a time under Elder James Eusk, but some difference of opinion as to church polity sprang up and caused a schism in the church. The members are now quite few. The Methodists formerly had a camp ground at Beech Grove. A quarterly meeting was held by them at Beech Grove in 1844. It is related by a reliable citizen of Mount Vernon that at one of these meetings, when it was almost considered a standard of Christianity to shout or to be affected by the "jerks," there was a woman who was considered of rather easy virtue, and who was always very demonstrative in her shouts, to the no little annoy- ance of other worshipers. Once while in one of her ecstasies, some of the Kennedy and McHenry boys with their companions, managed to throw a well fiUed hornets' nest near her feet, and when the hornets began to express their anger at the treatment they had received the woman shouted, "I already feel the stings of conscience!" This was done to the discomfiture of the wor- shipers but to the great amusement of the boys. VOTERS IN 1833. The following persons voted at Springfield in 1833, at the April election: Solomon Tennison, James Johnson, Isaac Bacon, Lawrence Douty, John Wilson, Greenbury Casey, Emanuel Edwards, Jefferson Nelson, Ezekiel Brady, Eobert Wilson, Jesse Murphy, Leonard Hust, Milton Dodd, Henry Edmonds, John Cox, 306 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. John Gail, James Murphy, John T. Gooksey, Samuel Edmonds, Elias Altizer and John Noel. EARLY LAND ENTRIES. George Eapp and association, 1815; Alexander Heyman, 1816; John Saltzman, 1816; Frederick Eapp, 1817; Aquilla Mathews, 1816; Michael Saltzman, 1816; David Lynn, 1815; Abel Mathews, 1816; Eobert Wilson, 1815; John Wilson, 1816; Thomas Miller, 1815; Absalom Kinson, 1819. MUSTERS. In the early history of the county musters were regularly held. There were the company, battalion, regimental and brigade muster. Among the officers at various times were Gen. William Twigg, Gen. James P. Drake, Col. Zachariah Wade, Col. Jesse Nash, Col. Clement Whiting, Capt. W. J. Lowry, Lieut. John F. Allison, Adjt. Allen and others. The officers wore gorgeous uniforms. A blue coat, cut "swal- low-tail" with stripes of red tape sewed on the breast and adorned with double rows of huge brass buttons and tinsel epaulets, a sword, homespun or buckskin trousers, a huge three-cornered hat with waving plume, and moccasins completed the costume. The file were dressed in the ordinary costume of the frontiersman; rifles or muskets or cornstalks were the arms. Their display of plumes and feathers were of little practical advantage, further than to satisfy a vanity for military display. Each section had its place of drill, at Mount Vernon the field east of Milton Black's was a common place for such, further north, Blairsville, and general musters were generally held in the vicinity of Springfield, at the farm of Lewis Wilson. An order at hand reads about as follows: New Harmony, February 26, 1836. KKQIMENTAL OKDBR. The officers of the companies will appear with their commands at the house of Robert Randolf, on the 16th day of October, 1836, for a two days' regimental muster. All commissioned officers must appear in full uniform. Battallion muster will be held at the house of Joshua Overton. Zackabiah Wade, Commanding Twenty -Sixth Begiment. In 1834, a law was passed allowing persons to pay $1 as an equivalent for non-performance of military duty. In 1837, the law reqitiring militia musters was repealed altogether. HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 307 CENTKE TOWNSHIP. This township as its name indicates is in the centre of the county. It was originally a part of Robinson, Harmony and Lynn. It is bounded on the north by Eobb and Smith, on the east by Eobinson, on the south by Kobinson and Lynn, and on the west by Lynn and Harmony. It was separated from the above named townships by order of the county commissioners March, 1859. Owing to the inconvenience of Blairsville, New Harmony and other towns, the citizens were compelled to provide them- selves with a market place nearer home which was done by the laying out of Wadesville, and the establishing of that as a central seat. The township contains over 15,000 acres of excellent farm- ing, more than half of which is under cultivation, yielding the industrious husbandman a rich reward for his toils. The soil produces an abundance of all the cereals, and fully maintains her portion of the immense yield made by Posey County. Andrew Cavitt came from Pennsylvania in 1817, and settled on the Cavitt farm about two miles from Wadesville. Andrew Cavitt was the father of William Cavitt now living near Wadesville. A sister of Cavitt came a little earlier and settled about four miles north of Wadesville. She married Jesse Nash and became the head of a respectable family. Joseph Eobinson settled a little further east ; he was the father of Jonathan and James Eobinson. Eobinson is believed to have built the first miU in the township. This was on his farm and was a small horse-mill to which was attached a cot- ton gin and still. The Wade family settled in Centre Township in 1817, in the vicinity of Wadesville, from which the town took its name. The two older Wades were Joshua and Caleb. They became the heads of very large families who have mainly all set- tled in the same vicinity. John Ashley settled near Wadesville ; he was a mechanical genius, and worked a long time endeavoring to make a perpetual ' motion, and like all others who have tried that failed, but to use the language of one of his neighbors, he "came mighty nigh doing it." Sharp Garris settled in the same vicinity of the others in 1815. He came originally from North Carolina and settled in Kentucky, and afterward settled in Centre Township. John Parish was among the early settlers of the town-ship ; he was drowned in Wabash Eiver, not far from New 308 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. Harmony. Benjamin Gwaltney settled the farm about two miles from Wadesville, lying on the line of the E. & T. H. E. R. Mr. <}waltney, father-in-law of A. C. Williams, of the First National Bank of Mount Vernon, is still living. David Ball, father of Mrs. Wallace, of Wadesville, settled the farm about one-quarter of a mile from the town. He came from Kentucky about 1816. Moses Cross also from Kentucky, came about the same time. Abner and Ajax CampbeU were among the early settlers ; the former settled the farm now owned by Winnie Campbell ; the lat- ter was an "old bachelor." Other families were the Wallaces, Smiths andWilkinses. Reuben and Wright Stalling also settled a very short distance from Wadesville. The former brought four negroes to the settlement: George, Jerry, Becca and Morn- ing, but as slavery was not tolerated, they soon found their way back into slavery, whether by kidnaping or otherwise, will remain an unsolved mystery to the public. Old Nero, another, who had been a slave, lived in the settlement until his death. All the above mentioned settlers were farmers, and were instru- mental in clearing away the forests, and preparing the way for the trades and professions that were to follow. As before stated, farming was the business of the settlers mainly; still other business had to be carried on. Work was not so well divided then as now. A great many men tanned their own leather, and made their own shoes. Andrew Cavitt was among those who did such work. MILLS, DISTILLERIES, ETC. Joseph Eobinson furnished meal, whisky and ginned the cotton for the settlement for a long time. Almost every one at first raised a small patch of cotton, hence the necessity of a gin. This was in the days of the old spinning wheel, carding and weaving by hand, and the dames and damsels af that day, looked as handsome to their admirers, dressed in their linsey-woolsey or home made suits, as do the queens of fashion now, in their silks and diamonds. Though they were not so artistic, they were far more robust. Corn or wheat was carried to the mill on horseback and not unfrequently the parties would have to wait a day or so for their grist as the mills were few and had a capacity of ten to twenty-five bushels per day. Bach man furnished the team to grind his own grain. The time was usually whiled away in HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 309 JTunping, shooting at a mark or other pastime. As distilleries were usually connected with the mills, not* unfrequently drinking was indulged in. In addition to Robinson's still, John Ahley also iad a small one on his farm, and still later one was run at the same place by James Cross. These were all small copper stills with a capacity of a few gallons per day. The commissioners formerly regulated the price of liquors, meals, feed and lodging. Whisky sold at 12^ cents per one-half pint, wines at 50 cents, food and lodging 25 cents, a horse with hay and stall all night 50 cents. MABKETS. The place for market for the township was Evansville, Mount Vernon or New Harmony. Market consisted mainly of pork, butter and eggs and a few other small articles. Pork was always killed at home and hauled to Evansville or Mount Vernon, and was finally sent to New Orleans. The price ranged from 1^ to 3^ cents. Butter was from 6^ cents to 12^ cents, and eggs 6 J to 12^ cents per dozen. It was considered no hardship to carry a basket of eggs or butter all the way to New Harmony or Evansville and sell at the above prices, and return the same day. ■ In this con- nection it will not be wondered at that there was little wheat raised for market as it was all cut by the reap-hook, an instru- ment in use since the building of the Pyramids of Egypt, and beaten out with the flail and wiimowed by pouring through a sieve and allowing the wind to carry away the chaff by an artifi- cial current made by waving a sheet quickly over the grain. SCHOOLS, TEACHERS, CHURCHES, ETC. Polly Ball is granted the honor of being the first schoo , teacher in Centre Township. She taught in a little log house on Stalling' s farm ; this had been an old dwelling house. This was as early as 1820. Schools were also taught at Robinson's and Gale's. The first sehoolhouse was built about one-half mile south of town and Polly Ball taught the first school in this house, and after her Turner Nelson, and he was followed by Zachariah Wade. Another sehoolhouse was built a short distance north of Wadesville, at a little later date. A new sehoolhouse need not excite wonder, as one such as was used in those days could be built by a few men in a day. Other 310 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. early teachers were Samuel Gray; John E. Hays, who was con- sidered a good teacher; Daniel B. Craddic also was a good teacher, as well as George Grant and Nicholas Harmon. Thomas Moye, still living near Wadesville, was a pioneer teacher. James Ferguson taught in the early schools of the township. On the adoption of the free school system in 1855, the township was not slow to take advantage of the system, and free schools were soon funded for all. The township now has — schoolhouses and employs — teachers at an average salary of about $2.25 per day, and a school term of about 100 days with a steady growth for the better. Notwithstanding the moral sentiment of the community is fully up to the average, there is only one church in the township. Mount Zion — a general Baptist Church. This house is in Section 26, and was built on lands formerly owned by John R. Skelton. The church was built in 1876, with Weston Lewis, Eobert Willis and Francis Tennison as trustees. The membership of the church is not large. BAILKOADS, TRAGEDIES, ETC. Centre Township labored many years under difficulties for want of an outlet for her produce. This placed her at a disad- vantage as compared with sisters. The difficulty was removed when by voting a bonus of $7,191.60 to aid the Evansville & Terre Haute Bailroad, that branch was extended through the township. The aid was voted in October, 1881, and the road was completed the foUovsdng year. Great have been the changes since the completion of the road. A man named Stanley, a school teacher, and a stranger, were passing through the township many years ago; the body of Stanley wa,s found near the road side, partially decayed. It bore evidence of foul play. The murderer was never found. The body lies buried on the farm of John Kelton. William Hays once killed a man named Odell by stabbing. Hays went away and was never brought to justice. December 6, 1864, John Garris, or Garress, for a trivial cause, killed Michael Herman, a stage driver at Wadesville. He was sentenced to be hung, but his sentence was changed to imprison- ment for life. He has since died in prison. Henry Eoeder killed William Quincy at Wadesville in December, 1870. Boeder was sent to the penitentiary for five years for the crime. HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 311 LAND ENTRIES. Tile following parties made land entries at the dates annexed: William Dodge, 1815 ; John McEeynolds, 1817 ; Sharp Garress, 1816; Andrew Cavitt, 1815; Wright Stallings, 1817; Joseph McE'eynolds, 1817; John Ashley, 1819; Jesse Stallings, 1817; Ajax Campbell, 1818; David Ball, 1818; E. Cross, 1815; Joan- athah Eobinson, 1818; Enoch Fillingen, 1819; Archibald South, 1819; Michael Smith, 1818; Thomas Smith, 1818; George Eapp & Association, J815; James Owens, 1818; John Crunk, 1816; John Hay, 1817; Frederick Eapp, 1817; William Nelson, 1816; Samuel Scott, 1817; Thomas Wilson, 1816; Al Wilson, 1817; John D. Hay, 1817; D. Lynn, 1816; David A. Willis 1817; John Stallings, 1816; Jacob Kern, 1816; William Alexander, 1816; Thomas Leavett, 1817; William Wier, 1815; James Eobb, 1818; John Gray, 1809; Thomas Eogers, 1809. MAEES TOWNSHIP. At a meeting of the board of the county commissioners of Posey County, held March 24, 1817, at Blackford, which- was then the county seat, Marrs Township was organized, and named in honor of Samuel E. Marrs, one of the pioneers of the township, and one of the first county commissioners. He was also the first sheriff of Warrick County. He died in this couiity in 1818. The town- ship, one of the largest in the county, is bounded on the north by Eobinson Township; on the east, by Vanderburg County; on the south, by the Ohio Eiver, and on the west, by Black Township. The following are the names of some of the early settlers of the township: Alexander Barton, Moses Calvin, George Daws, John Caborn, William Hutcheson, James Benbrook, Gabriel Da- vid, Hamilton Corson, James B. Campbell, Bedford Lynn, Judge Marrs, Lewis Benner, Michael Schriber, John Vanwey, Wilson Jones, the Forris family, John Usery, the Winemillers, and some others. The following land entries were made in the township prior to 1820: Thomas E. Casselberry, 1807; John and Alexan- der Borton, 1811; William Downen, 1811; William Sample, 1812; Paul Casselberry, 1813 ; Elsberry Armstrong, 1813 ; Samuel B. Marrs, 1813; Adam Young, 1814; William Borton, 1814; Jacob and James AVinemiller, 1814; Eobert Dery, 1814; John Moon, 312 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 1814; Elkanah Williams, 1814; William Hutcheson, 1815; Ben- jamin Worthington, 1815; Needham Blount, 1815; Lawrence Stull, 1816; Jeffrey Sanders, 1817; John William, 1817; Charles Smith, 1817; Elias McNamee, 1818. m ELECTIONS. At an election held April 7, 1833, at the house of Thomas Jordan, the following persons voted: John Usery, Zimri Mills, Augustus Gavins, C. M. Corson, Johnson Forris, F. D. Lynn^ B. G. Corson, and C. W. Corson. John Forris was inspector of elections, Charles Corson was elected constable. Urban Mason, James Stull, Henry Dunn and Isaac Casselberry were elected road supervisors. At an election held April 6, 1835, in a house formerly occupied by Thomas Jordan, the following men exer- cised their right of suffrage : William Brown, Johnson Forris, William Boyd, James Bice, David Harrison, Z. Harrison, James Winemiller, William Dornald, Augustus Cavins, Daniel Elkins, George Forris, Alfred Martin, Benjamin Mackintosh, William Jordan, Joel Martin, Thomas Jordan, Hugh McKinnis, John Brown, David Blair, William Breant, Gabriel David, John Usery, Dillard Elkins, William Foster, James Patterson, Zimri Mills, Joseph McLane, Charles Howard, Conrad Winemiller, Henry Winemiller, William Forris, Thomas Martin, Frederick Benner, Cornelius Foster, Martin Stinson, Criswell Corson, C. H. Corson, Henry Green^ Isaac S. Casselberry, Leveritt Johnson, Minnick Waddle, Jacob Kellar, John F. Benner and Lewis Benner. At this election there were one constable, four road supervisors, two overseers of the poor and two fence-viewers elected. The first election in the township was held at the house of William Hutch- eson, one of the first settlers of the township. At this election there were less than ten ballots cast. INDUSTRIES, ETC. The first mill in the township was one built about 1839, on Big Creek by a man by the name of Vauble, who came to the township in that same year. The structure was one of the horse-mill kind. The principal mill of the township is what was formerly known as Black Hawk's Mill, but now as Deig's Mill, now owned and ope- rated by Joseph Deig. It is a large steam-mill, erected about HISTORY OP POSEY COUNTY. 313 1852, and has a capacity of about seventy-five barrels of flour per day. Prior to 1839, James Benbrook built a small distillery in the township. It was a very small affair, but was in operation more or less for about ten years. The proprietor " swopped " whisky for corn, giving a gallon of his manufacture for a bushel of corn, and was widely known as the "whisky swopper." A prominent eaiiy day character of Marrs Township, was Cor- nelius Foster, known as "Rifle Foster" the gun-smith and pio- neer preacher. He was a first-class mechanic, and for many years he manufactured nearly all the early rifles used by the pioneers of this township and the surrounding country. He was also a Methodist minister and preached occasionally in his neighborhood. It has been said of him, that he would preach for one denomina- tion until a difficulty arose in the church, and then he would unite with some other denomination and there continued his work so long as peace reigned. He was sometimes a Methodist and some- times a Baptist. He was an exceedingly large man, weighing about 300 pounds. He had many friends, and was one of those generous hearted early men of the county, and a benefactor of hu- manity. He died in this township many years ago, and now and then a Foster rifle can only be found to tell the story. AN ANECDOTE. The following well authenticated story is told of Jacob Wein- millerwhowas justice of the peace at West Franklin. Suit had been. brought for the collection of a note, the obligation of which was the payment of a new milk cow. The note was past due twelve months, and the court rendered a verdict for the plaintiff in words and figures as follows : The defendant shall pay plaintiff at once one milk cow and a young calf; the court holds that had the debt been paid at maturity the cow would doubtless have had a calf, and its payment will be for interest on the note. A second case occurred at Blackford. The place was then covered with woods, the clerk used a stump for a desk and the jury a log for seats. A man was tried for hog stealing and the case was submitted to the jury, and while they were deliberating the attorney for defendant with others went with Weinmiller to dinner. In their absence a, verdict of " guilty " was returned and the sheriff proceeded to in- flict the punishment — thirty-nine lashes on the bare back. On the. 314 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. opening of court after dinner, the attorney, Eichard Daniels, hear- ing the sentence, but not that it had been inflicted, at once began an argument for a new trial. To the amusement of the spectators his client begged in accents more emphatic than polite that he did not want a new trial as he had already received one punish- ment and he feared the next time they would kill him. A third story is told on good authority: John "Williams was justice of the peace at West Franklin. A crowd of men were quarreling; Williams ran out and said " I command the peace." His order not being obeyed, and misinterpreting the law as to his duties he again said " by , I command the peace," and at once pro- ceeded to thrash the disputants himself. POSTOFFICES, ETC. St. Phillip, also, on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, and like Caborn, is in one of the . finest agricultural sections of the county. The village, or settlement, is situated in the northeast- ern part of Marrs Township, eleven miles east of Mount Vernon, and five miles from .Caborn. There is a postoffice: here, estab- lished after the building of the - St. Louis & Southeastern Bail- road, and Elizabeth Deig was the first postmistress. Here one of the first Catholic congregations in the county was established. Father Distel has labored here for twenty-five years, at least. The fine church edifice, which was erected in 1870, and is a fine structure. The first postoffice in the township, was established at West Franklin, and there continued until about 1858, when it was re- moved to what was known as Black Hawk's Mills, and John B. Deig was the postmaster. The office was continued until the completion of the first railway through the county, when it was removed to Caborn, and the office at West Franklin was re-estab- lished. SCHOOLS. One of the first schoolhoases in the township is what is known as Hutchinson's schoolhouse. The first building was of logs, and not materially different from all the pioneer school buildings of the county. Here, religious services were held prior to the erection of the Methodist Church near Caborn. An early day pedagogue of the township, was a man by the name of . u '■^\ G. W. Thomas HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 317 Weatherford, -who taught at Hutchison's schoolhouse as early as 1839 ; also John Welborn was an early teacher, and James B. Campbell was a prominent early and latter-day educator. The township is now well supplied with schools and churches, and each year brings a greater advancement in the cause of educa- tion, there being twelve houses and thirteen teachers, with an average length of about six months. Marrs Township, has a generally fertile soil, and the greater part of which is in a fine state of cultivation and improvement. It is largely settled by the Germans, and is the second township in the county in point of delinquent taxes. In 1880 there were 14,265 acres under cultivation, and since then there has been a continued improvement. POINT TOWNSHIP. This township was originally, and prior to 1822, called Dan- iel Township, or "The Daniel Territory." At a meeting of the board of county commissioners of Posey County, at the May session of 1822, Point Township was organized and so named. Called Point Township, for the reason that it is the extreme point of Posey County and the old Hoosier Commonwealth, and is bounded as follows: On the east and south, by the Ohio Eiver; west, by the Wabash Kiver and north by Black Township. The first white settler in the county, is supposed to have settled in what is now Point Township, near the mouth of the Wabash Eiver, some time in the latter part of the last century. He was an Irishman by the name of Thomas Jones. He died at his place of settlement in 1826. The following are among the first settlers and pioneers of this township: a man by the name of CordufE, who settled in the southwestern portion of the township. He was also an Irishman. Then came Samuel Black, Nathaniel Miller, the Eobinson family, a man by the name of Eoach, who settled at the mouth of the Wabash Eiver, and his place of set- tlement was for many years, the landing and trading point for all the flat-boat business transacted at the mouth of the Wabash. Many times each year, a line of fiat-boats almost a mile in length could be seen lying in wait at this place. Mr. Eoach died in this township about 1848. A man by the name of Summers, an 318 HISTORy OF POSEY COUNTY. old keel-boatman, was an early settler here. George Henchet, James Conner, a man by the name of Edwards, William and Isaac James, the Bacon family. Squire Love, Capt. Henry Stripe, tte Greathouse and Dixon families. Nearly all of the pioneers of this township have returned to the dust formation from whence they were originated. ELECTIONS. The first election held in the township was at the house of Daniel Owen, one of the pioneers. At an election held at the house of Samuel Love, May 30, 1835, the following men voted: Eichard H. Austin, Aaron Bacon, Cornelius Austin, Nehemiah Hastings, Thomas Black, Cornelius Ludlow, James Shinders, John Hancock, John Deen, Jefferson Hill, John McDaniel, James McCloud, David Dixon, Leander Johnson, John Dixon, Lloyd Marsh, Lewis Coon, Thomas Black, George Parker, William Black, Sylvanus McFarlor, William Stephens, L. York, Henry Williams, John Boothe, George W. Greathover, Elias Hancock, John Clark, William Pool, Sampson Greathover, James Conlin, Samuel N. Love, Joseph H. Black and James Dixon. This elec- tion was held for the purpose of selecting a justice of the peace, and the regular township officials. LAND ENTEIES. The following land entries were made in the township prior to 1820: William Broadhead, 1800; Samuel Kimmel, 1809; Seth Hargrave,1813; James Black, 1813; Samuel Aldridge, 1814;George Bow, 1814; Hugh Todd, 1814;Eobert Hargrave, 1814; Nathaniel Ewing,1814 ; Samuel W. Parr,1814; JosephKennedy, 1814;FranciB Black, 1815 ; Aaron Bacon, 1815 ; Thomas Jones, 1817 ; Elisha Boudinott, 1817 ; Christopher Ashworth, 1817 ; Martin Shlater, 1818; George Hershman, 1818; John Hamilton, 1818; David Greathouse, 1818; WiUiam F. Daniel, 1819. SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. The first schoolhouse in the township was what was long known as the Stripe Schoolhouse. The same was a log structure, erected in the Greathouse neighborhood. The building was, also used for religious services, and in it the Methodists, Baptists and HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 319 Christians worshiped, and the pioneer circuit riders expounded the word of God. The then old- building was thrown about twenty years since, and another erected in its stead. There are now six schoolhouses in the township, and the educational facil- ities are greatly advanced. The only church in the township is Greathouse Church, which is a frame building about 40x60 feet, erected in 1872, at an esti- mated cost of $1,500. The same is located in the Greathouse neighborhood, and the ground upon which it is situated was given by Henry Stripe, upon the condition that the building should be called and retain the name of Greathouse Church. It is a Meth- odist institution. The first minister was a man by the name of Johnson, and the present is Eev. Miles Woods. The primitive religious exercises of the township were held in private houses, or in the woods. The township has one postoffice, Hovey's, established in 1879, at the house of John S. Phillip, who was the postmaster. Here the office was continued until 1881, when it was removed to Furhrer's grocery, which is on the stage line running from Mount Vernon to TJniontown, Ky. The office has a daily mail, and George K. Furhrer, is the present postmaster. Politically the township is Democratic. At the election of 1884 it cast for Grover Cleveland, 110 votes, for James G. Blaine, 90, the former securing a majority of 20 votes. "BONE BANK. " This is a famous Indian burying ground situated on the bank of the Ohio Eiver. Tb e Indians seem to have been using this place as sepulchral grounds so far back that the "memory of man runneth not the contrary." The artificial mound made by these dwellers of the forest has been undermined by the river and vast quan- tities of human bones and other relics of Indians have been ex- posed. There have been found thin plates of copper, buttons, gorgets, tiny bells, flints, arrow heads, ornamented vases engraved with rude %ures, sea shells from the ocean, and various other things that serve as a kind of an index to the peculiarities of a very peculiar people. Mr. James Samson of New Harmony has the best collection of relics of any one in this part of the State. His sanctum sanctorum is a study for any one. 320 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. While it is true that this township contains a number of fine and well improved farms, it is also true that the major part is yet in the wild, and totally unimproved. Many thousand acres in the township are held by non-residents and hence a hasty development is unexpected. A LARGE TREE. It is stated on the authority of Mr. Fred Nolte of Mount Vernon, that there stands on his lands in Point Township, a sycamore tree which measures thirteen feet in diameter, and five cows have been seen standing in the hollow of the same at one time. EOBINSON TOWNSHIP. This township occupies the central portion of the eastern part of the county. It is bounded on the north by Smith Township ; on the east by Vanderburg County; on the south by Marrs, and on the west the meanderings of Big Creek separate it from Centre Township. The township was not reduced to its present limits until within the last few years. It was named in honor of Jonathan Robinson. Very few early land entries were made in this township, and it was not until the great influx of Germans began to pour into this county that the lands were taken up rap- idly, owing doubtless to the distance to market and that there was plenty of more desirable land elsewhere. The only land entries made within the present township pre- vious to 1820 were made by William Dodge, in 1817; William Eodgers, 1818; Ajax Campbell, 1818; Charles Kimball, 1818 Ezekiel Dukes, 1818; Rezin Halsell, 1816; Isaac Slover, 1819 David Murphy, 1819; John Crunk, 1818; Josifth Denney, 1814 Joel Preuitt, 1818 ; Thomas Halsell, 1817 ; William Holson, 1819 Alex S. Morrow, 1818, and Samuel Barton, 1816. SETTLERS. One of the pioneer settlers of Robinson was Silas Parker who settled near where the New Harmony and Evansville road crosses the Cynthiana and Diamond Island road. Parker lived and died at his old homestead. Ezekiel Dukes lived near where Parker died; he settled there about 1820. He was a farmer and also built a HISTORY OF rOSEY COUNTY. 321 horse-mill, but as a mill would not support a man and his family- he was compelled to follow an additional business. Not unfre- quently small distilleries were attached to the mills. Richard Ed- wards and the Grant family were early settlers and farmers who lived south of Blairsville, all of whom are now gone. Jacob, John and William McMann lived near Silas Parker. An old and well known early settler was William Dodge, who entered lands in the township in 1817 and was a farmer; he also built a horse-mill on his farm about two miles from Blairsville. These horse-mills had a capacity of from fifteen to twenty-five bushels per day, and would yield the niiller only two or three bushels per day of very in- different meal or flour. Samuel and " Steve " McCoUons settled near St. Wendel, as did James Haynes, who was one of the last of the pioneers of the township to pass away. George B/amsey came from Alabama and settled in the township within the twen- ties. He lived uear St. Wendel and was a brickmaker by trade. Hugh McKinnis lived between Blairsville and Dukes, about three miles from Blairsville ; he was a very successful farmer, and Charles Kimball built a mill at the bridge where the Evansville and New Harmony road crosses Big Creek. Kimball obtained permission from the county commissioners to build his mill in 1817, and that is supposed to be about the date of the building of the same. Isaac Slover was a pioneer of whose history little is now known. David Murphy, a man formerly well known lived a short distance southwest of Blairsville. Josiah Denney, Samuel and Daniel Barton lived in the southwest of the township. Daniel G. Walson, a far- mer, lived near St. Wendel. Benjamin Garris was a man of some- what unsavory reputation. Greenberry Eatcliif and John Stephen- son were farmers who lived south of Blairsville. John DePaster, Frederick, Christ and Herman Eyster lived a short distance east of Blairsville. Samuel and Jonathan Wilkins, and William Hop- son were other old settlers. Samuel Lee was a blacksmith and lived north of Blairsville. Utley and Mills were old settlers ; Mills was the father of Thomas Mills who lives in the southwest part of the township. Thomas Denney who entered lands in 1814 was the father of George F. and Timothy Denney who live in the southwest part of the township. John Williams an early settler was a noted fighter at fisticuff. John Ealler and John Mitz were old settlers. Mr. 322 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. Wies was one of the oldest German settlers. It is also claimed that the Hon. William Heilman resided in the township during his first years in this country. Peter Cole or Kohl lived east of Blairs- ville, and there built a horse-mill at an early period. Gardner built the first steam-mill near Blairsville, and John Baker owned the same before the war. The township now contains but the two small towns, Blairsville and St. Wendel ; the inhabitants are almost entirely Germans and are engaged in agricultural pursuits. The country is somewhat broken toward the eastern part, and is ex- tremely well suited for the growth of fruits, particularly apples and peaches. The township contains about 20,000 acres of land, about half of which is under cultivation, and according to the cen- sus of 1880 yielded fifteen bushels of wheat and thirty-five bushels of corn per acre. The people are quiet and inoffensive, but being mainly of foreign birth are somewhat exclusive in habits and manners. SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. The public schools of Robinson compare very favorably with other schools of the county; there are nine school buildings and nine schools in the township, with an average length of about six months. Zion's Evangelical Church located in the southern part of Bobinson Township was organized in 1843, with sixteen families, the building then erected was of logs. In 1856 a new frame house was built at a cost of $2,200, with a $600 and a $700 pipe organ. A parochial school of seven weeks is maintained each year. St. Jacob's and St. Peter's are two fine churches, located not far from the central part of the township ; they are both strong in numbers and are of the Lutheran faith. FOSSIL FIELDS. The geological fields about Blairsville are very rich, yielding fossil ferns and other coal plants, thin seams of coal, argillaceous shales and the Sigillaria Oweni of large size. The place has been visited by Sir Charles Lyell, Dr. Owen, "William McClure, Thomas Say, C. A. Le Seuer, Dr. Troost, Norwood, Shumard, Pratten, Worthen, L. Lesquereux, E. T. Cox and others. Posey County, particularly New Harmony, has been called the Mecca of geolo- gists. HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 323 BETHEL TOWNSHIP. was organized August 14, 1821, and was named after P. C. Bethel, the first white man settling in the township. It is in the extreme northwest of the county, lying contiguous to Gibson County, Eiobb Township and the Wabash Eiver. The present area is near 13,760 acres, about two-thirds being in cultivation. The surface is level with the single exception of about 2,000 acres of table-land which is situated in the extreme north of the township. The level land is very rich, and is principally of a black sandy loam. Wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley and many other crops grow in great abundance on the black sandy soil, while that adjoining the Wabash and Black Rivers, being subject to overflows, is cultivated for corn only. The soil of the table- land is not as black and rich as the lower lands adjoining, still it produces remarkably well. These high lands, usually called "the hills," rise from 100 to 200 feet above the level lands, the highest plateaus affording a fine view of the surrounding towns and country. The principal portion of the land in cultivation is valued at from $30 to $50 per acre, while a few swampy tracts can be bought at a low rate. The original forests that covered the ground contained much valuable timber, but the bulk of it was of the inferior grades. Sweet gum grew in immense quanti- ties, the trees being very large and tall, much of it still remain- ing on the low lands near the streams. The largest burr oaks in the county, and perhaps in the State, are to be found on the bot- tom lands of Gen. Hovey. Many of these trees will measure from four to five feet in diameter, while occasionally one is found that will reach over eight feet. The General recently sold one of these mammoth trees on the stump for $51. On the table-land much black walnut, yellow poplar, oak and ash originally grew, but the greater went to market or was destroyed by the first set- tlers. Considerable oak, ash, poplar, sugar-tree and inferior grades still abound. LAND ENTRIES. The records show that John Waller entered land in 1807 ; James Farris, 1808; John McQuidy and Mathias Mounts, 1811; Thomas Shous, 1812; George Eapp and the "Harmonic associa- 32-4 HISTORY OF rOSEV COUNTY. tion," Isaac and Alexander Boyer, Samuel B. Williams and Joseph Green, 1815; John Neal, 1816; Qeorge Bar nett, John S. Campbell, Carmelia Carpenter, Thomas Jordan, John E. Wil- son, 1817'; Eobert Allen, Jess Spann, John B. Eachels, Gillison Price, Nicholas Harding, 1818; Stephen Eaton, William Griffin, Jacob Whittaker, Jesse Williams and William Browder, 1819. There are now only about twenty-five freeholders living in the township, much of the land being owned by non-residents of New Harmony. THE SCHOOLS. Josiah Elliott, Ezekiel Harmon, William Harper, James Was- son and Jacob Taylor were among the first teachers. The first schoolhouses were very rough unsightly affairs but after the peo- ple became more prosperous they built houses after the following plans and specifications, viz. : "The house to be built 20x30 feet with ceiling eight feet high ; the walls to be of hewed logs not less than ten inches in diameter; the floor to be well laid with the parts of logs split into halves, the face being smoothed with the broad-ax ; the roof of shingles four feet long riven from white oak and held in place by logs or poles securely fastened on the roof, and the ceiling to be laid of the same material. The fire- place shall be four feet high, ten feet wide and four feet deep, and be built of puncheons notched at each end that they may be securely held in place. The fireplace to be provided with a chimney as high as the house and to be made of small poles or split sticks of timber. The door shall be substantially built of hewn or split oak timber, well pinned together and hung on stout wooden hinges made of hickory, and to be furnished with a wooden latch and a leathern latch string. There shall be two windows, one in each side of the room, and shall be one foot wide and twenty feet long, covered with raw hide or greased paper. The cracks between the logs shall be well chinked and daubed with mud. The fireplace to be filled with clay even with the floor of the room and the inside of the fireplace and chimney to be well plastered over with mud as a protection from fire. The furniture of the house shall consist of seats split from logs one foot in diameter and not less than ten feet long. The split side of the halves shall be well smoothed and freed of splinters, and the legs of the seats shall be of hickory two feet long and set in augur HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 325 holes not less than four inches deep, and the whole to be done in a neat and workmanlike manner." It will be observed that no nails were mentioned in the "plans and speciiications," and none were needed, since houses were then built without driving a sin- gle nail, everything being put together with pins, The first school- houses in the township, though quite similar to the one, were not so elaborately constructed. The logs were not hewed, the cracks were not daubed, and no raw hide or greased paper covered the openings in the sides of the house left to admit light. There are now five school districts, and all supplied with neat buildings and modern furniture. THE CHUKCHES. The Eegular Baptists, near 1815, built a small log church house on the high table-land. Here they worshiped for many years until they were sufficiently strong to build a more commo- dious frame edifice at the foot of the hills, the same old building being in use by that denomination at this time. Jerry Cash, Louis Williams, and Peter Saltsman were their earliest preachers. The Disciples also preached in the little Baptist Church on the hill and organized a church there after the Baptists built their new edifice. After the Disciples grew in strength they also' built a new frame house at the foot of the hills. Elders Elijah and Moses Goodwin ministered to the wants of the flock in those early days. The congregation has long since ceased to exist in the township, about the year 1840 the Methodists built a small frame across the bayou, and James Bonner, John Scroder and F. A. Hes- ter, preached to the little flock. They too have ceased to exist in the township as an organization. A schoolhouse now occupies the site of the little church, which has been moved to one side for a woodshed. THE MILLS. Early in the history of the township John T. Morehead, es- tablished a water-power saw and grist-mill on the bayou. He operated it several years and was succeeded in the proprietorship^ by John Vanway, who soon after moved the mill to the mouth of the bayou, where he operated by steam-power. Before the in- troduction of mills of any kind the settlers were forced to manu- facture their meal in a mortar, as was the custom of their Indian neighbors. Mortars were usually hollowed out of rock, but occa- 326 HISTOKY OF POSEY COUNTY. sionally formed in a big stump. A stump mortar was formed by burning a deep funnel shaped hole on the top of the stump. A heavy wooden pestle, with the lower end pointed to fit the funnel shaped mortar, was used for crushing the corn into meal. After the meal was thought to be fine enough it was run through a buckskin sieve. It was then ready to be made into delicious "corn dodgers," hoe cake or johnny cake. In 1880 the people of the township were asked to vote a dona- tion of near $4,000 to aid the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Eail- road in extending its line through the township. A vote was taken on the proposition and the donation was defeated. The township, however, secured the road and they now have both water and railway communication with the great markets. INCIDENTS. Near 1811 a stockade was erected near Shows' Ford on Black River, as a protection against the Indians. It was about 50x50 feet and made of heavy timbers about twenty feet long split into halves. These timbers were set on end in a deep ditch dug all around the square, the split side being turned on the outside. In case of an invasion the families of the neighborhood would :flee to the fort, where they could better give battle to the foe. Eichard Harris, Roily M. Highman, James M. Kennell, James Whitson, James L. Jolly composed the township board previous to 1859, at which time they were succeeded by John L. Brooks who was elected trustee. He continued in office till the day of his death, which occurred in 1881. He was succeeded by Riley Thomas, the brightest and most proufising young man in the township, and continued in office only a short time till death re- lieved him. The successorship fell to Harrison Sanders, the present efficient officer. Eli Robb was one of the first justices of the peace. The fol- lowing persons were appointed to offices in 1822, viz.: Joseph Johnston, constable; Joseph Green and Joseph Johnston, over- seers of the poor : Joseph Johnston, supervisor of all the roads in the township; Gillason Price, election inspector; John Oolvin, assessor. George Webb was licenced to run a ferry at Webb's Ferry on the Wabash in 1823. HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 327 CHAPTER III. Organization of Posey County— Act of Formation— Alterations IN Boundary — A Son of George Washington— Proceedings of THE County Board— New Townships— Change of the County Seat— Public Buildings-tSecond Change of the County Seat— Later Public Buildings— County Officers— Finances —Elec- tions— Bailroad Projects. AT the organization of Indiana Territory, a large part of the southwestern portion was embraced within the boundary of Knox County. On the 9th of March, 1813, the Territorial Legislature created all that part of Knox County south of White Eiver and its east fork, up to a point near the present yillage of Haysville, in Dubois County, and south of a line running from there west to the Harrison County line, into two new counties. All that part south of Eector's base line was called Warrick County, and that part north was called Gibson County. Rector's base line is the line dividing Townships 4 and 5 south, and passes through the southern portion of the present town of New Harmony. Each of these new counties is yet too large, and neither of them long enjoyed such extensive dominion, as will be seen by the following act of the Territorial Legislature : An Act fob the Formation of two New Counties out of the Coitntt OF Wabbick and pabt of Gibson County. Approved Septbmbee 7, 1814. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Legislative Council and House of Representa- tives, and it is hereby enSCted by the authority of the same, that from and after the first day November next, ail that part of the county of Warrick, which is included within the following boundaries, shall form and constitute a new county which shall be known and designated by the name and style of the county of Posey; that is to say, beginning on the Ohio River where the range line passing between the tenth and eleventh ranges, strikes or intersects the said Ohio River north with the said range line passing between the said tenth and eleventh ranges to its intersection with the line dividing the counties of Gibson and Warrick, thence west with the said line dividing the said counties of Gib- son and Warrick to the western bank of the Wabash River; thence down the western bank of the Wabash River with the line of the Illinois Territory to its junction with the Ohio River; thence up the Ohio River with the meanders thereof to the beginning. (The second section establishes and bounds Perry County.) Sec. 3. And be it furtlier enacted, That the said counties hereby formed and established, shall severally and respectively enjoy and exercise all the rights. 328 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. privileges and jurisdiction which to separate counties of this territory do or may properly appertain or belong; Provided always that all suits, pleas, plaints, actions and proceedings which may before the first day of November next, have been commenced, instituted or depending within the present counties of Gibson and Warrick, shall be prosecuted to final judgment and execution, in the same manner as if this act had never been passed; and that the territorial and county taxes which are now due within the boundaries of the new counties hereby established, shall be collected in the same manner and by the same oflacers as they would have been if this act had not been passed. Sec. 4. And be it farther enacted. That until a court house shall be erected in the said county of Posey „jufficient for the accommodation of the court, the courts for the said county Of "Posey shall be held at the house of Absalom Duck- worth, in said Posey County. * * *" Sec. 5. And be it further enacted. That Robert W. Tevault, William Bris- coe, Joseph English, Adam Young and Samuel Snide, all of Warrick County, be and they ar6 hereby appointed commissioners to fix the seat of justice in Posey County, who shall meet at the said Absalom Duckworth's on the third Monday in November next, and proceed to fix the seat of justice for the said Posey County, agreeably to the provisions of an act, entitled "an act for fixing the seats of justice in all new counties hereafter to be laid off." SPECIAL ACTS. On the 18th of December, 1815, an act was jjassed to attach a part of Gibson to Posey County; a portion of it reads as fol- lows: "That from and after the first day of March next, all that part of the present county of Gibson, to wit: Beginning on the township line dividing Townships 4 and 5 where the line dividing Eanges 13 and 14 crosses the said township line ; thence with said range line north till it strikes the Wabash River ; thence with the meanders of said river to a point where the township line aforesaid strikes said river; thence eastwardly with said township line to the place of beginning, shall be, and the same is hereby separated or taken from Gibson and added or attached to the said Posey County." This embraced a large part of the present town of New Har- mony, and the change was made for the accommodation of the citizens of that place. The Eappites were then in full possession there, and it was most likely at their request that the change was granted. Another act approved on the 1st of January, 1817, added the following to Posey County, taken from Gibson: "Beginning at the northeast corner of Posey County, running thence north with the line dividing Eanges 10 and 11, six miles to the line dividing Townships 3 and 4 south; thence west with said line HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 329 dividing said Townships to the "Wabash Eiver; thence down said river with the meanders thereof, to where the present line of Posey County strikes the said river." By the same act "Walter Wilson of Knox County, John Bras- elton and Isaac Montgomery of Gibson County, Hugh McGary of Warrick County, and Adam Hope of Pike County were " ap- pointed commissioners, whose duty it shall be to repair to the house of Elias AUister in said county of Posey on the third Mon- day of February next, and proceed to designate the place for the permanent seat of justice of Posey County." The town of Blackford was to be vacated and the town lots sold under the di- rection of the circuit court, and the proceeds turned into the county treasury. This act was signed by Isaac Blackford as speaker of the House of Representatives. January 7, 1818, an act was passed to create "Vanderburgh County, and for that purpose, one Range, No. 13, was taken from the east of Posey and given to the new county. In this manner the boundaries of Posey County remained until January, 1823, when another row of sections was taken from Gibson County and added to the northern end of Posey. The change since that date has been but little, if any. OEIGIN OF THE COUNTY NAME. Posey County is unfortunate in its name. It is doubtful if any county in any State is better adapted to agricultural pur- poses, and certain it is that none in Indiana excels it. Notwith- standing this it has a national reputation for poverty and igno- rance, the very antithesis of its actual condition. It was named for Thomas Posey, who was governor of the Territory at the time the county was created. Tradition tells us that he was a son of George Washington, born out of wedlock, and several circumstances seem to indicate the probability of such a story being true. While the future father of his country was surveying in the vicinity of Fort DuQuesne, it is said that he made the acquaint- ance of a widow who became the mother of Thomas Posey. The personal resemblance of the father (of his country) and the son (of the widow) was most striking. Posey owed his political prosperity to Gen. Washington, who took every opportunity to favor him, and on one occasion went so far as to almost peremp- torily interfere with a duel which had been arranged with Posey 330 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. as one of the principals. These things, among others, are pointed out as evidences of the parentage of Thomas Posey, but it is said that all signs fail in dry weather, and it may have been that the attachment which the illustrious founder of our nation enter- tained for this early governor of Indiana Territory was only such a friendship as the ordinary intercourse of mankind begets. During the early settlement of this portion of the country no county was more favorably situated than Posey. Two navigable and principal rivers formed more than half its boundary, thus af- fording, for those days, unusual and advantageous facilities for trade and commerce. So fortunate a location brought with it many of its natural results. No other county in southern Indi- ana was more rapidly settled, and that, too, with as industrious and as good a class of people as any new country could well ex- pect. ACTS OF THE COUNTY BOAED. The first session of a board or court of any kind to do busi- ness for Posey County, began Monday. January 6, 1815. It was held at the house of Absalom Duckworth, and in the record is called a court of claims. The members were Thomas B. Casselberry and Dan Lynn, the associate judges of the county. It was really a court to do the county business and corresponded to the present board of county commissioners. William B. Stewart filed his bond as clerk and recorder for the county, and John Carson did the same as sheriff. John Graddy was recommended to the governor for justice of the peace for Lynn Township; Peter Wilkinson and Nathan Ashworth for Big Creek Township ; Will- iam Wagoner and S. K. Marrs for Casselberry Township. For these three townships respectively, were recommended: Charles Symmons, Samuel Canady and Robert Denny for constables; John Talbert for county surveyor, and Samuel Jones for coroner. The boundary of Casselberry Township was fixed as follows: Beginning on the Ohio Eiver where the line dividing Posey and Warwick Counties, leaves said river and running thence with said line to the Gibson County line, and thence with the line dividing Gibson and Posey Counties until it strikes the main fork of Big Creek ; thence down said Big Creek until it strikes- the line dividing Ranges 12 and 13 ; thence with said line south to the Ohio River ; thence with said Ohio River to the place of HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 331 beginning. In addition to the present townships of Marrs and Bobinson this comprised all that part of the county that was afterward added to Vanderburgh County. Big Creek Township comprised all that part of the county lying west of the line divid- ing Ranges 12 and 13, and south of the main branch of Big Creek. It coincided very nearly with the present townships of Point and Black. Lynn Township was all that part of Posey County lying north of Big Creek, and it included the present townships of Lynn, Centre and the southern portion of Harmony, It will be remembered that all the present part of the county lying north of the line between Townships 4 and 5 south, and embracing Smith, Kobb, Bethel and the northern portion of Harmony Townships then belonged to Gibson County. The ap- pointment of a few minor offices and the fixing of the ferry rates concluded the first day's session. On the following day the com- missioners appointed to fix the seat of justice made the following report of their work: We, the commissioners appointed "toy a special act of the General Assembly of the Indiana Territory, for to fix on the permanent seat of justice in Posey County, do certify that we the undersigned have selected 380 acres of land, to wit: The northeast quarter of Section Number 30, in Township Number 6 south of Range Number 12 west, also the southeast quarter of Section Number 19 in township south of Range Number 13 west, a beautiful situation and ex- cellent soil. We do certify to the honorable judges of Posey County that the above named is land selected for your permanent seat of justice of Posey County. Given from under our hands and seals this 14th day of January, 1816. Adam Young. JOSBPH INGLISH. William Bbiscoe. Samubl Smyth. George W. Tevatjlt. This was to be the county seat of Posey County and the loca- cation is scarcely a mile north of Caborn Station on the Louis- ville & Nashville Eailroad, in the northwestern portion of Marrs Township. Samuel K Marrs was appointed county agent to receive the land for the county and to perform other such business as was the custom in those days.- The office of county agent lasted until the adoption of the present constitution. This completed the busi- ness for the second day. On the fourth day of the term, or the 19th of the month, it was ordered that the seat of justice for Po- 332 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. sey bounty be called Blackford. The comity agent was instruct- ed to lay off the town in a certain manner. The first public sale of the lots was advertised for the first Monday in March following. Eight of the lots adjoining the public square were to be sold at $40 each, those on Main Street at $20, and the others at $12 each. On the eight lots one-fourth was to be paid down, one-fourth in six months and the balance in twelve months. The rest of the lots were to be paid for, one-half in six months and the balance in twelve months. The agent was ordered to advertise to receive on the same day, at the house of Absalom J)uckworth, proposals for building a court house and jail. A small house was already built upon the land and occupied by James Martin. This build- ing the county agent was ordered to rent for $3 per month. The first orders for money out of the Posey County treasury were in favor of Thomas E. Casselberry for $102, and Jacob Landers for $60, money loaned to the county. At this same session plans were adopted for the court house and jail. There was but little other business then to do, and the court adjourned. The second session began on Monday, the 1st of May, 1815, and it was held by the same judges as before, at the house of A. Duckworth. It at once adjourned to meet at the tovsm of Black- ford, where William Hutchison had offered the use of his house, free of rent. The contract for building the county jail was given to Samuel Jones for $565, and that for the court house to Jacob Winemiller for $125, and each gave bond to fulfil their engage- ments. Another auction of the town lots was ordered for the first Wednesday after the third Monday in June. The out-lots were to be sold at $12 per acre. Thomas E. Casselberry was appoint- ed to superintend the surveying of the lots in Blackford, and the county agent was to advertise for bids for clearing the streets "smack smoothe." ADDITIONAL ACTS OF THE BOARD. In November William Hutchison was allowed $6 for whisky furnished at the sale of town lots. At the old price of this bev- erage $6 would buy enough to make everybody at an ordinary public sale feel very happy and liberal. No doubt it was a good investment for the county. William E. Stewart was allowed $63 for his services during the year as county clerk. Thomas E. Cas- HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 333 selberry $46 as associate judge, Dan Lynn $35, William Prind $45 as prosecuting attorney. In May, 1816, Jacob Winemiller tendered the court house to the board, but its acceptance was put off until July for alterations to be made, and John Stapleton and Blsberry Alexander were appointed to inspect the building and see that it was done according to contract. Another sale of the town lots was ordered for the second Monday in July. The per- sons appointed for that purpose reported that the court house had not been built according to contract. In July it was finally ac- cepted by deducting $10 from the original price, making the total cost of Posey County's first court house $115. The jail was received at the same time and $100 was taken out of the contract price for alleged deficiencies, leaving $422. 87 J the total amount of its cost. It is scarcely necessary to say that these were both constructed of logs, and in the primitive style of that period. By the law the associate judges were then the officers before whom people were adjudged insane. The first case of the kind in Posey County oc- curred in July, 1816, and a jury of twelve men decided that James Cook was non compos mentis. NEW TOWNSHIPS. July 18, 1816, the following orders were made by the court doing county business: "Ordered that all that part of Posey County lying east of the following line be known and designated by the name and style of Wagnon Township, to wit: Beginning at the mouth of the big bayou, up said bayou to the mouth . of EUedges Creek; thence up said creek to the main fork; thence up the main branch of the left hand fork to Black River Road ; thence with said road to the Gibson line." "Ordered that all the remaining part of Casselberry Township be known by the name and style of Blackford. That the follow- ing places be, and they are hereby known to be the places of holding elections: For the township of Wagnon, at the house of William Wagnon; for the township of Blackford, at the court house; for the township of Lynn, in the town of Harmony; for the township of Big Creek, at the house of James Black." In March, 1817, under the new State law, the county business was done by three county commissioners. These were Samuel R. Marrs, Thomas Robb and Abner Coates. Their first act was to 334 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. fix upon a county seal, which had these words: "Commissioners' seal of Posey County." Their next transaction of any conse- quence was to establish and found the several townships of the county. This was done as follows: "Wagnon Township, beginning on the -Ohio Biver at the range line, between 9 and 10, and running with said line to the center of Township 5 ; thence west with the line dividing Sections 13 and 24 to the line dividing Eanges 11 and 12; thence south with said line to the Ohio Eiver ; thence up the river to the place of beginning. Marrs Township, beginning on the Ohio Eiver, where the line divides Eanges 11 and 12 ; thence running with said line north to the center of Township 5 ; thence west to the line divid- ing Eanges 12 and 13 ; thence south with said line to the Ohio Eiver; thence up said river to the place of beginning. Black Township, beginning on the Ohio Eiver, at the range line between 12 and 13; thence north to the main branch of Big Creek; thence down said creek, with the meanders thereof, to the Wabash Eiver; thence with said Wabash Eiver to the Ohio Eiver ; thence up said Ohio Eiver to th'e place of beginning. Lynn Township, beginning at the mouth of Big Creek, and running up the main fork of said creek to the line dividing Eanges 12 and 13 ; thence north with said line to the line divid- ing Townships 4 and 5 ; thence west line to the line dividing Eanges 13 and 14 ; thence north with said line to the Wabash Eiver ; thence down said river to the place of beginning. Eobb Township, beginning on the Wabash Eiver where the line divides Eanges 13 and 14; thence south with said line to the line between Townships 4 and 5 ; thence with said township line east to the range line between Eanges 12 and 13; thence north to the county line; thence west with the county line to the Wabash Eiver ; thence down said river to the place of beginning. Smith Township, commencing on the line between Gibson and Posey Counties, at the point where the range line between Eanges 12 and 13 crosses it, and running thence east with the coimty line to the line dividing Warrick and Posey Coimties ; thence south to the center of Township 5 ; thence west to the line between Eanges 12 and 13; thence north to the place of begin- ning. HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 335 • At the same time the places for holding elections, and the in- spectors were appointed as follows: For Marrs Township, at the house of William Hutchison, with Elsberry Armstrong inspector ; for Black Township, at the house of Thomas Givens, in Mount Vernon, with Samuel Jones inspector; for Lynn Township, at Harmonie, with Elias Alltizer inspector; for Eobb Township, at the house of Langston Drew, with Thomas Eobb inspector; for Smith Township, at the house of George Smith, with Miles Arm- strong inspector ; for Wagnon Township, at the house of Mr. Johnson, formerly the house of Mr. Long, at the fork of the Cony branch of the stream, in said township, with Daniel Miller inspec- tor. In May, of this year, Samuel Jones was appointed county treasurer, and he gave bond for $4,000. He continued to serve in this capacity until 1822. KELOCATION OF THE COUNTY SEAT. Blackford was not long to enjoy the honor of being Posey^s capitaL Its location was not near enough to the center to suit the people of those days, when a few miles travel consumed a whole day. In order to change the location an act of the Legis- lature was passed, appointing a committee for that purpose. At a session of the board of commissioners held on the 12th of May, 1817, the following report of the commissioners appointed to change the county seat was received: We, whose names are hereunto subscribed, being appointed by the Legisla- ture of the State of Indiana to fix the permanent seat of justice for Posey County in the said State, did meet at the house of Elias Alltizer on the day appointed by law, and after being first sworn have proceeded to examine and explore the said county in different directions; have received proposals of donation in land from different persons; have maturely considered their several advantages and situations, together with the extent of the county, the advantages of the soil, the weight of the present as well as the prospect of the future population and future divisions; have selected 100 acres of land, a donation given by Frederick Rapp, on which to fix the permanent seat of justice for said county, it being the south- east quarter of Section 33, in Township 5 south, in Range 13 west, and to lie on the south side of said quarter section from corner to corner of the same, it being near the center (of the county) and an eligible situation for a town, do make this our report of the same to the county commissioners of Posey. Given under our hands and seals 33d day of February, 1817. Isaac Montqombhy. Hugh McQary. AdamJHopk. John Bbazelton. 336 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. ■I At the same time Frederick Eapp gave bond to faithfully per- form the duties of agent of the county. May 16, following, the board ordered that the new seat of justice in the county of Posey be known and designated by the name and style of Springfield. Agent was ordered to lay out the town and advertise a sale of the lots to take place on the 15th of July, and also at the same time to receive bids for building a court house and jail. The board met on the 24th of May to approve the plan of the new town. The lots adjoining the Public Square were to be sold at $100, and the back lots for $12. This was the beginning of Springfield, and the prestige of being the county capital gave it a boom that for a time threatened the welfare of some other rising places of the county. The second sale of the town lots occurred in October following. A large number of the lots were sold and the buyers were some of the best citizens of the county ; among them several attorneys and a doctor or two. The agent was ordered to keep up the clearing of the land until November. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. At the appointed time, for some unknown reason, the con- tracts for the public buildings was not let. The plans, however, were adopted in August following. The sale of lots, however, with John B. Stinson as auctioneer, went of as advertised with the addition of $7 worth of whisky furnished by Thomas E. Casselberry. In November the county board met for the first time at Springfield. It is probable that there was a tem- porary building already on the land that was used by the officers as a court house, for an order for $16.50 appears in the record in favor of Alexander Hindman for laying floor in the court house a,t Springfield. Samuel Jones the county treasiirer took out a license to keep tavern in the new town, and everything seemed prosperous. Abner Coates was awarded the contract for building the county jail at $458. It was to be built much in the manner of the old one at Blackford. Nearly all the jails of that day were constructed with double hewed log walls on the first story, and a single wall above. The first story was called the dungeon, and the second story the "debtors' prison." Imprisonment for debt was then allowed in Indiana. Frederick Eapp did not long remain county agent, and when he resigned Thomas E. Cassel- HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 337 berry was appointed in his place, who served something more than a year. In November, 1818, he reported the proceeds of the sale of town lots as $2,866.25, a sum that shows considerable activity in the demand for the property. James P. Drake was at that time made county agent. At the site of the town good clay could be procured for making brick, and the agent was ordered to let out contract for making brick for new court house and putting on the public square ready for use. The board had determined to built a good and substantial court house, and the treasurer was ordered not to pay out money for anything except public build- ings. Joseph Spalding secured the contract for making the brick and doing the mason work on the court house. The build- ing was to be forty feet square and two stories high. In May, 1819, Elias Roberts, one of the leading attorneys of the county, was appointed county agent, but he only held the office for a short time. His successor was Alexander Mills. James Carter was given the contract for the woodwork of the court house, and Peter Saltzman was appointed to superintend the building on behalf of the county. Frederick Rapp took Carter's place in the court house contract and finished the building. This house is now standing in Springfield, and its total cost was about $4,500, and for the time in which it was built was a remarkably good one. It was not all paid for until about two years later. James P. Drake had collected, during his term as county agent, $1,087.50 for lots in Springfield ; Elias Roberts, $1,175. These sums, in ad- dition to what was already on hand, made a total of $3,222.34 that Roberts turned over to his successor. In November, 1820, the agent, Alexander Mills, reported the proceeds from sales made by him as amounting to $750.50. The county had already spent about $6,000 for its public buildings. The taxes of these times were light when compared with those of the present day, yet even then they were thought to be heavy and oppressive. But, alas ! it is ever thus with human governments. In May, 1822, Alexander Mills was removed and Peter Saltzman appointed county agent in his stead. In the same year Samuel Jones was succeeded by John Schnee as county treasurer. Things now ran smoothly enough until the next change of the county seat. In the meantime the county had been considerably altered in regard to the township boundaries. The law had changed the 338 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. method of transacting the county business and instead of a board of three commissioners all the justices of the peace formed a board for doing county business. The first of these met in Posey County in September, 1824, and was composed of these men: Peter Jones, William Mofifatt, Eobert Denny, Josiah Downen, James Conlin, Jonathan Robinson, James Dunn, Joseph Spald- ing, "William J. Lowry and Peter Saltzman. FOEMATION OF TOWNSHIPS. In May, 1817, the following order was passed, changing the boundary of Smith and Eobb Townships : "All that part of SiHith Township lying in the following boundary, be added to E.obb Township, to wit: Beginning on the range line dividing Eanges 12 and 13, where the line between Townships 3 and 4 intersects the same ; thence running east two miles, to the line between Sec- tions 4 and 5, in Township 4 ; thence south to the township line dividing 4 and 5 ; thence with said township line west to the range line dividing 12 and 13." In August of the same year, "All that part of Smith Township lying north of the main Big- Creek, and south of Eector's Base, on the old county line, shall be known by the name and taken to be a part of Lynn Township, and is hereby attached to the sa;me." At the May term, 1818, of the county commissioners, "Har- monie" Township was created, with the following boundaries: "Beginning on the Wabash Eiver at the line dividing fractional Sections 14 and 23, in Township 5 south, Eange 14 west, and running thence east with said line, to the far corner of Sections 14 and 23, in Township 5, Eange 13; thence north to the far cor- ner of Sections 25 and 26, Township. 4 south, Eange 13 ; thence west with the sectional line, to the Wabash Eiver ; thence down said river to the beginning." On the 15th day of May, 1821, the following order was passed creating Eobinson Township: "That the Fifth Congressional Township in Eange 12 west of the second principal meridian form a new township, to be called Eob- inson." This name was given in honor of Jonathan Eobinson, an early and prominent resident of the county. Bethel Town- ship was created on the 14th day of August, 1821, with the fol- lowing boundary: "Beginning at a point at or near Creek's Mill on Black Eiver; thence down said river, so as to include all that HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 339 of Posey County lying west of said river." At the same time tlie following was created as Daniel Township: "Beginning at the mouth of the "Steep Cut," thence on a straight line to the mouth of the Maple Swamp, on the Wabash River; thence down said river to its mouth; thence up the Ohio to the beginning." John Daniel was the man for whom this township was named. In May, 1822, the name was changed to Point, or "Pint," as the record has it. On the 11th of May, 1824, the boundary of Harmony Township was fixed as follows; "Beginning on the Wabash Eiver with -the line dividing fractional Sections 14 and 23, Township 5, Bange 14 ; thence east with the sectional line to the line dividing Ranges 12 and 13; thence north to Rector's Base Line; thence west to the line dividing Sections 35 and 36, in Township 4, Range 13; thence north two miles; thence west to the Wabash River; thence down said river to the beginning." At the September term, 1825, the south boundary of Robin- son Township was fixed as follows : ' 'Beginning at the southeast cor- ner of said township line and running thence south two miles ; thence west to the west fork of Big Creek : thence up said creek to the old township line of Robinson Township." SECOND CHANGE OF THE COUNTY SEAT. In the meantime the necessity for a change in the location of the county seat had arisen. While the town of Springfield was centrally located in the county, yet it had not the elements to make a flourishing town. That was before the day of railroads, and the rivers were the commercial thoroughfares of the country. Mount Vernon was fortunately located upon the Ohio River, and it rapidly assumed the first importance as a trading point in the county over every other town in it. Springfield had developed slowly ; nothing but the fact of it being the county seat rendered it of the least importance. In February, 1825, the State Legislature passed a law authorizing a change in the seat of justice for Posey County, and appointed a committee for that purpose. According to the law in force at that time, the members of this committee were to be neither residents nor land owners in the county. The report of these commissioners reads as follows : 340 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. To THE WOBSHIPPUL BOARD OP JUSTICES OP THE COUNTY OP POSEY: In pursuance of an act of the General Assembly of the State of Indiana en- titled "An act appointing commissioners to relocate the seat of justice of Posey County, and for other purposes," approved February 12, 1835, we, the under- signed, James Smith and James Stewart, of Gibson County, and Richard Daniel, of Knox County (being a majority of commissioners appointed in said act), beg leave to report that on having met at Springfield on the first Monday in this instant, agreeable to law, and being duly sworn to discharge the duties assigned us as commissioners in said act, proceeded to examine into the situation of the said county of Posey, and on finding donations could be procured, which in our opinion would be sufficient to defray the expense of erecting good and suf- ficient public buildings suitable for said county, and in a more advantageous situation for the interests of the people of said county, have procured said dona- lions to be made, and thereupon have and do relocate the seat of justice of said county of Posey, in the town of Mount Vernon, on the elegant situation known and designated on the plat of said town by the name of the public square. * * Jambs Smith. James Stewart. R. Daniel. This report was made to the board of justices in special ses- sion May 10, 1825. At the same session the clerk and recorder were directed to move their offices to Mount Vernon, where suit- able buildings had been procured for the public use. The furni- ture and other property belonging to the clerk's office was ordered to be sold at public auction. Jesse Y. Welbom was authorized to receive all subscriptions for the building of public buildings at Mount Vernon. The commissioners for locating the county seat reported the value of town lots in Springfield to be $1,679, and that the value would be decreased one-half by a removal of the seat of justice from that place. This was the death blow to Springfield, and it can scarcely be said to have advanced any since that time. The present assessed valuation of the town lots is only about $1,000, thus showing a complete stagnation of business and enterprise. The first session of the county board held in Mount Vernon, began Monday, the 4th of July, 1825. For the purpose of no unfavorable comparison with that other famous body of men that sat in Philadelphia just forty-nine years before this, we give the names of Mount Vernon's first county board as follows: James Conlin, William Moffett, Jonathan Eob- inson, Eobert Denny, John Graddy, James Dunn, William J. Lowry, James W. Swift, Peter Jones and John Williams. Of this board John Graddy was president. The first act of the board was to order the sale of the court house and jail in Springfield. HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 3-41 This was done by the sheriff at public auction, Darius North giv- ing $380 for the cotirt house, and William Hutchison $10 for the jail. A few persons were allowed the amount of damage on their lots in Springfield, and beyond this no business of impor- tance was done at this session. In order to secure the location of the seat of justice at Mount Vernon, Jesse Y. Welborn, John Bur- lison and Darius North had made liberal donations of land in and around the town to the county. The county agent was ordered to lay this out in lots in order that it might be the more readily disposed of. The first public sale of these lots took place on the 4th of July, 1826. Jesse Y. Welborn had undertaken to build a court house for the county, and it was soon completed. It is probable that the public buildings were all built free of cost to the county. A number of the leading citizens of the place gave liberally. The county seat had now been located in three different places within ten years, but it had at last been located properly. Many persons had been losers in property at both Blackford and Springfield. Early in May, 1827, the Legislature passed an act for the relief of owners of lots in Springfield. Philanthropic Lodge of Freemasons finished off the garret of the court house for a lodge room. Almost from the first the building was used for school purposes, but in May, 1829, the fol- lowing was entered upon the record: "It is the opinion of the » court that it is improper that a school should be taught in the court house: It is therefore ordered that the school shall no longer be taught here, and that the clerk of this court be author- ized to institute an action at law against the teachers in behalf of this court to eject them, or either of them, provided they do not desist immediately from keeping a school here." It is more than likely that this caused the teachers to keep out. The sale of the town lots went on more slowly than it had in Springfield. Jesse Y. Welborn was county agent, but a disagree- ment between him and the board caused his removal, and William J. Lowry was appointed in his stead. A lawsuit was the result in which judgment was obtained in favor of the county. Early in 1831 the law was again changed, and three commis- sioners transacted the county business. Their first session was in September of that year, and the board was composed of John 342 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. Hamilton, Jacob Schnee and Jesse E. Craig. Four years later the board of justices again became the authority for the county. In March, 1835, the following order was passed: " That the follow- ing letters, viz., W. H. H. with a scroll around them be adopted as the seal of this board until a more regular seal can be pro- cured. The letters are to represent William Henry Harrison." These letters are yet in the seal, but the words " Commissioners ■Court of Posey County " have since been placed around them. In March, 1836, a fire-proof clerk's ofi&ce was ordered to be built 20x36 feet. The contract was let to William J. Lowry for 12,580. By June of the following year it was completed and accepted by the board. It was built near the southwest corner of the present court house, where it stood until the present building was erected. In January, 1837, Felix Mills was appointed to contract for the building of a new jail to be placed upon the Public Square. The plan was the same as the Gibson County jail, which served as a model for all the counties in this portion of the State for several years. It was to be finished by the 1st of January, 1838, The contract was let to Eben D. Edson and Charles Hovey for $3,800, but Arza Lee soon after assumed all the responsibilities of the contract in their stead. The jail was completed on time, and during the year 1838 the court house was repaired at an ■expense of $675. LATER ACTS. Again, in 1839, the board of three commissioners came into, power, and soon afterward Turner Nelson was appointed to expend $200 on the Public Square. In that year a strip of land eighty- seven feet wide was laid off the north side of the Public Square into four lots and offered for sale. The two lots on the northwest comer were sold to Moses Winings for $757, and the two on the northeast corner to George S. Green for $540. The jail then stood near the north door of the present court house, the clerk'8; ■office at the southwest corner, and the old court house at the south- east comer. A few years later the purchasers of these lots peti- tioned the county board to declare these sales void, which was accordingly done. At the organization of the State under the new constitution, the counties were to be governed, and ever since have been, by HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 343s three county commissioners. The first board elected under the new order of things John Moore, James Wilson and A. E. Prer tageot. In December following A. E. Fretageot was appointed to. examine the Evansville prison and others and procure plans for a new jail. In March he reported to the board, and the plans he recommended were adopted. The county auditor was ordered to advertise for bids to construct a new jail. John K. Hugo secured this contract in March, 1855, for $7,603. It was to contain four cells and be of brick and iron, and be attached to the old jaiL The work was completed and the board received the building ofi the contractor in November, 1855. This lasted until the present one was built in 1878. THE NEW JAIL. A special session was held in November, 1877, when the- plans of Urydale & Clarke were adopted for a new jail and jaiU er's residence attached thereto. Advertisement was made in the- Mount Vernon Democrat that bids would be received until Thurgt day, December 20, following. The bids were as follows : McCorkle & Sansom, Evansville, Ind $33,400 Franz R. Garden, Evansville, Ind, 30,900 Whitworth & Nelson, Mount Vernon, Ind 30,000 John G. Eigenman & Co., Rockport, Ind 17,700 Hinkley & Norris, Indianapolis, Ind 19,600 William Dreiski, Terre Haute, Ind ^ . 31,963 Farman & Pearce, Indianapolis, Ind 83,387 W.T. Washer, Troy, Ind 23,730 John G. Eigenman & Co. received the contract for the amount of this bid, and the work was to be finished by the first day of September, 1878. In June, 1879, the contractors presented theiu bill for extras furnished, which amounted to $10,378; but it was, rejected by the board. A lawsuit was the result, which was; finally determined in the Supreme Court against the contractors. The total cost of the jail when completed was $21,782.05. The. court house had been built before that. The funds for that pur- pose were derived from the unearned tax of the Mount Vernon &f. Uraysville Eailroad. On a petition from the Mount Vernon &,, Graysville Eailroad Company an election was ordered for the 27tliu of July, 1869. The question was whether the county shouldf give $100,000 to aid in the construction of said railroad. The 344 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. vote was favorable, and at the June session, 1870, the county board ordered a tax of 80 cents on each $10Q to be collected for that purpose. The company failed to complete the road on time, and in June, 1873, the commissioners extended the time to Sep- tember 1 of that year. THE NEW COUET HOUSE. Upon the same day the following record was made: "Where- as, a new court house has, in the opinion of the people of this county become a necessity for the preservation of the public rec- ords, and, Wheeeas, the financial condition of the county is such that a levy for that purpose is feasable at this time. It is now here ordered that William Loundon, John Pfeffer, James Samp- son, Thomas Jq,quess and George W. Thomas be and they are hereby appointed a committee to investigate and consider plans and specifications and costs of a court house, with authority to employ for the county an architect. Said court house not to cost less than $50,000, nor more than $80,000; said committee to re- port to this board at its next regular session. And for the pur- pose of raising funds for the erection of said proposed court house, it is now here ordered that a levy of $1 on each and every $100 of all the taxable property of Posey County be and the same is hereby made. "It is further ordered that in the event of the non-forfeiture of the donation voted by Posey County to the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railway Company at the next regular session of this court, said levy shall at said session be remitted." This was the beginning of the present court house of Posey County. At a special session held in October following this com- mittee reported that they had selected "a plan submitted to them by Messrs. Vrydale & Clarke, architects, and by employing the said Vrydale & Clarke to furnish the necessary drawings, specifi- cations and detailed estimates of the cost of said court house for the sum of $1,200." In addition to this the architects were to re- ceive $15 per day for their professional services when called upon. On the 4th of February, 1874, the board received bids for building the court house according to the plans of Vrydale & Clarke. They were as follows : HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 345 John McMannomy, Covington, Ind $74,400 Treibble, Kenneda & Brown, Henderson, Ky 74,985 N. L. Wickweis, Cairo, 111 86,736 Norris & Heinkley, Indianapolis, Ind 77,300 Jacob Meyer & Bro., Evansville, Ind 76,500 D. M. McKennan, Evansville, Ind 75,500 McCorkle & Sansom, Evansville, Ind 76,600 Layman & Yeost, Metropolis, 111 91,480 R. G. Thomas, Mount Vernon, Ind 77,993 The contract was awarded to John McMannomy, his bid being $43 less than the architects' estimate. POPULATION. In 1810 (estimated) 300 In 1830 4,061 In 1830 6,540 In 1840 9,583 In 1850 13,549 In 1860 16,147 In 1870 19, 185 In 1880 23,057 in 1885 (estimated) 24,000 COUNTY OFFICERS. A list of the county officers is here given: Senators. — Thomas Givens, Williams Casey, Charles I. Bat- tell, Joseph Lane, John Pitcher, William H. Stockwell, Enoch B. James, William Greathouse, Cyrus K. Drew, Magnus T. Car- nahan, Thomas C. Jaquess, Thomas J. Hargrave, Jasper David- son, G. V. Menzies. Sepresentatives. — Dann Lynn, William Casey, Jesse E. Craig, John Schrader, Jesse Y. Welborn, Eichard Daniel, George S. Green, Eobert D. Owen, Charles I. Battell, Azra Lee, Samuel Annable, W. B. Southard, Eben D. Edson. James C. Endicott, John Hall, M. T. Carnahan, George W. Thomas, Adam Lichten- berger, Felix Mills, Horatio C. Cooper, Silas Cox, H. S. Cassel- berry, Joel Hume, Urbin Marrs, William P. Edson, William C. Pitts, Hazel Nelson, Joseph P. Edson, Edward T. Sullivan, Elijah M. Spencer, George Wofin, Wolfgang Hynes, James W. Whitworth, Joseph F. Welborn, Eussel Blackley, John Walz and James W. French. County Clerks. — William E. Stewart from the organization of the county, in January, 1816, to June, 1817; David Love to 1819, James P. Drake to 1829, W. E. Stewart to 1839, Turner Nelson 346 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. to 1861, William P. Edson to 1865, Turner Nelson to 1867, William Nelson to 1875, George W. Curtis to 1883, Oliver N. F. Fretageot to present time. Sheriffs. — John Carson to 1817, William Boyle (one year), James Eobb (one year), Aaron Bacon (four years), John Carson (four years), Felix Mills (four years), William James (four years), John Cox (two years), Felix Mills (four years), Aaron C. Moore (two years), John Patterson (two years), Joseph Showers (two years), Felix Mills (six years), Joseph Showers (two years), Aaron Lichtenberger (two years), Alexander Crunk (four years),, John S. Wheeler (four years), Alexander Crunk (four years), Edward S. Hays (present incumbent.) Recorders. — Prior to 1851, the county clerk performed the duties that now devolve upon the recorder. In May, of that year, Thomas B. Holt was elected recorder and served to 1855, his suc- cessors have been George E. Latham, 1855, serving but two months; John D. Hinch to 1863, George W. Thomas to 1867, F. A. Pentecost to 1875, Philo A. Hutcheson to 1879, Aaron Lich- tenberger to 1883, Vincent M. Cartright (present incumbent). Auditors. — Thomas F. Prosser 1844 to 1863, John B. Gardi- ner to 1871, F. D. Bolton to 1875, Alfred D. Owen to 1883, George S. Green (present incumbent). ' Treasurers. — It is probable that Samuel E. Marrs, the county agent, acted as county treasurer up to 1817, when Samuel Jones was appointed and served until 1822; John Schnee to 1826, J. W. Swift to 1829, James Eobb to 1830, Felix Mills to 1832, Felix Mills to 1833, George S. Green to 1837, Eben D. Edson to 1839, John Pitcher to 1840, William J. Lowry to 1844, John Cox to 1847, John M. Sanders to 1853, Felix Mills to 1857, John M. Sanders to 1859, John B. Gardiner to 1861, Joseph F. Welborn to 1863, William B. Smith to 1867, Thomas Stephens to 1869, Joseph Showers to 1873, John G. Young to 1875, George Naas to 1879, Nicholas Joest to 1883, Andrew Wasem (present incum- bent. Surveyors. — John Talbert, Matthew Williams, Ebenezer Phillips, WiUiam F. Phillips, J. W. Whitworth, Aaron Baker, Moses Johnson and T. J. Johnson. FINANCES. The receipts into the county treasury for 1818 were $912.41. HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 347 Tlie receipts for 1818 were $1,951, and the expenses $2,067. The receipts for 1819 -were $1,827.82, and the expenses $1,827.82. The receipts for 1831 were $1,361.44 and the expenses $1,405.28, and the county revenue was $735.41, and licenses brought $255.97. In 1833 the receipts were $1,787.84. the county revenue being $1,147.25 and licenses bringing $293.41. The total expenses were $1,787.84. In 1838 the receipts were $2,166.47 and the expenses $2,167.89. In 1840-41 (fiscal year) the receipts were $1,537.68 ; expenses $1,537.68 ;the county revenue being $1,192.69. In 1845- 46 the county revenue was $5,367.01; total receipts, $5,992.07; total expenses, $5,992.07; license receipts, $526.37. In 1850-51 there was on hand $92.27 ; licenses brought $668 ; county revenue $5,478.38; total receipts, $7,710.74; total expenses, $7,548.26; leaving on hand $162.48. In 1855-56 the county revenue was $8,720.25; total receipts, $13,100.61; total expenses, $16,379.66 ; county officers cost $681.67 and poor, $1,093. In 1859-60 there was on hand $7,154.24; broker's license was $100; county reve- nue, $7,167.30; total receipts, $21,454.53: total expenses, $14,- 128.16; poor, $1,059.27; agricultural society, $100; county offices, $1,009.99, leaving on hand $7,326.37. In 1864-65 there was on hand $7,373.81; county revenue was $17,828.36; total receipts, $34,976.84;total expenses, $32,091.25, leaving on hand $2, 8 8 5.59,- the poor cost $2,204.45 and county officers, $1,946.05. In 1869- 70 there was on hand $13,111.58; county revenue, $22,446.78; total receipts, $59,533.64; poor cost $2,662.95; county officers,. $2,573.70; total expenses, $45,987.66, leaving on hand $13,545.98. In 1874^75 there was on hand $49,158.14; county revenue was $49,773.98; total receipts, $171,688.69; poor expenses, $5,000.56; county officers, $6,065.29. In 1879-80 there was on hand $58,- 370.40; county revenue was $12,322.30; delinquent tax col- lected, $15,725.90; total receipts, $92,353.22; county officers cost $5,916.73 ;poor, $6,456.85 ;iron fence around court yard $2,405.50 ; total expenses, $45,041.88, leaving on hand $39,260.28. In 1884- 85 there was on hand $84,869.83; county revenue was $41,414.89; railroad tax receipts, $17,614.06; total receipts, $173,527.29; rail- road expenses, $46,131.98; county officers, $3,343.14; poor,, $5,391.12; total expenses, $190,770.23, leaving on hand $67,- 626,39. The contract price of the new construction was $74,400 ; extras on the building cost $1,011; total cost of building proper. 34S HISTORY OF POSEy COUNTY. 175,411; architect's and superintendent's fees, furniture, heating, plumbing, etc., cost $12,865.48; total cost ready for occupancy SS«.276.48. ELECTIONS. The election returns, like the remainder of the records of Posey County are well preserved. The following exhibit of the vote at Presidential elections will illustrate the political aspect of the county : NOVEMBEB, 1836. TOWNSHIPS. WHIG. DEUOCBATIC. Harrison and Van Buren and Granger. Johnson. Marrs 6 23 Black 134 305 Robinson 7 49 Smith 56 119 Harmony '. 121 250 Lynn 6 6 Totals 330 751 NOVEMBER, 1840. TOWNSHIPS. WHIG. DBHOCKATIC. Harrison and Van Buren and Tyler. Johnson. Black 354 345 Robb 9 59 Harmony 253 294 Point 4 31 Smith. '. 41 94 Marrs... ; 18 16 Robinson....... 27 136 Totals 706 965 NOVEMBEB, 1844. DEHOCBATIC. WHIG. TOWNSHIPS. Polk and Clay and Fre- Dallas. linghnysen. Black , 467 283 Point 3 14 Lynn ; — — Marrs 46 34 Harmony 232 308 Robb.... 153 43 Robinson 183 38 Smith 72 54 Bethel — — Totals 1155 673 ^-l^-CA^ W^^ ,iZ/. M^ ty >-^^ Gen. Santa Anna, who was then Dictator of Mexico, offered the whole State of Texas to Mr. Owen to be used by his community, provided he would prevent the annexation and exclude all religions except the Catholic. The last proviso was the rock on which they split. HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 393 State University. He is now devoting his energies to investi- gations in electricity and the cosmic forces. William McClure, mentioned before, was a geologist, one of the principal founders of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia. He made collections in geology and mineralogy in Europe and America, was the author of "McClure' s Opinion," consisting of sixty-two different articles; "Essay on the I'ormation of Eocks," "Outlines of the Geology of the United States," and "Geology of the West India Islands." He was the founder of the McClure Libraries that are found scattered over the country. He died in Mexico after willing his property to charitable purposes. Thomas Say, who with three of the McClures, lies buried in Dr. Owen's yard, was the husband of Lucy Sistere, a lady of talent. He accom- panied the United States expedition to the Pacific Coast under Maj. Long, as naturalist. He was pronounced by Louis Agassis to be the best entomologist of his day and was the author of "Conchology of North America." C. A. Le Sueur accompanied as naturalist Le Perouse in his tour around the world. Le Sueur stopped off at Australia and the remainder of the crew were lost. He was compelled to reside in France to obtain a pension which the French Government gave him as the only survivor of that ex- pedition. E. H. Fauhtley was one of the principal officers of the United States coast survey and a son-in-law of Eobert Owen. Joseph Eeef was a coadjutor of Pestalozzi, and for a time taught at the- falls of Schuylkill. He was the teacher and friend of Admiral Farragut and the father-in-law of Dr. Eichard Owen. Gerard Troost became State geologist of Tennessee. William Phiquefal D'Arnsmont, commonly known as William Phiquefal, an eccentric Frenchman, became the husband of Frances Wright. Madame Fretageot came to New Harmony at the request of Will- iam McClure. She was an educated French lady, and assisted Mr. McClure in his work and was for a time his financial agent. She was the grandmother of A. H. Fretageot of New Harmony. She died in Mexico in 1831. Frances Wright was a woman of extraordinary talent as a lecturer and author. She was a com- panion of Gen. Lafayette and the founder of Nashoba, a colony which she tried to establish on a body of 200 acres of land near Meinphis, Tenn. The object of this society was the ameleora- tion of the condition of the poor and the freedom of the slave "on 394 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. a just and equitable basis." Her plan was something as follows: She would purchase the slave, say for $400. She would place him at work upon the farm and feed and clothe him. At the end of the year the product of his labor was sold and the cost of liv- ing taken out and the balance was given to his credit on the pur- chase price, which when paid he would become free. If the product of his labor was worth in the market $150 and the ex- pense of feeding and clothing him was $50 he would then get a credit of $100, and would t^en work out his own freedom in four years. It is not necessary to say that the enterprise was a failure. On her leaving Nashoba she deeded her lands in trust to Gen. Lafayette, R. D. Owen, Camilla Wright Whitby, Richardson Whitby, husband of Camilla Wright, and some others. Frances Wright was editress of the Nashoba Gazette, which was soon after combined with the New Harmony Gazette. William Michaux, an Frenchman ' of means and talent, lived for a time in New Harmony. Prof. E. T. Cox, for many years State geologist, is a native of the town. Mr. James Samson, the father- in-law of Prof. Cox, and the intimate friend of William McClure, has been for many years collecting fresh water shells, fossils and of these he now has an extensive and well selected collection. Besides there were Mr. and Mrs. Chapellsmith, who were recluses and very abstemious vegetarians. ITEMS AND INCIDENTS. In 1826 New Harmony could boast of a fine military display, for she had one company of infantry, one of artillery and of rifle- men, one of veterans and one compaiiy of fusileers. In the same year the society was compelled to give notice through the Gazette that no more immigrants could be accommodated for the present. Notice was given that on the night of December 1, a military ball would be given, to which the staff officers of Illinois and Indiana were invited and that the New Harmony Light Infantry would serve as an escort. March 26, 1826, the steamboat "High- land Laddie" arrived at the wharf bound from Louisville to Vincennes, under command of Oapt. McCuUum; owing to the storm prevailing the passengers were compelled to remain on board till next morning, among them were Joseph Neef and HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 395 family who came to join the community, also Mr. Smith's family. But a short time before the "William Tell" had borne the last of the Rappites away. On Sunday Phillip M. Price of Philadelphia, and Matilda Greentree of "Washington City, and Eobert Robson and Eliza E. Parvin were married in the hall, according to the custom of the society. They were married by or in the pres- ence of the Rev. Burkitt. The usual questions were propounded and were answered by the father. They, however, stated that they did this not because they thought it was necessary, but because it was the law. May 13, the Duke of Saxe-Weimar arrived in New Harmony, where he remained some time on a visit. At a little later date Baron Bransfeld from a little prov- ince on the east bank of the Rhine, arrived in the place and re- mained a welcome guest of the citizens. May 31, 1827, during a storm the lightning struck the old frame church which was then used as a workshop. At the time there were sixty boys in the building and the wires supporting the stovepipe were melted and other damage done to the building, but no one was injured. The house containing the boarding school, in which were 100 children, was struck, but slight damage was done to the building and no one was seriously hurt, yet some narrowly escaped with their lives. January 11, 1828, the first number of the Disseminator was issued. It was begun by the New Harmony School of Industry, under the direction of William McClure and Samuel Bolton. In 1828 Mr. Owen leased to Taylor, Fauntlesay & Co., for the period of 10,000 years, the cut off and lands to the amount of 3,000 acres. The conditions were that the children should be sent to school for a certain time, the place should remain as community property and they should pay all taxes on the land, and should pay a nominal sum to Mr. Owen, if called upon, and should manufacture only certain articles of commerce, and the company should have an interest in the general store. Taylor proved to be a rascal, and set up a distillery in opposition to Mr. Owen, and it was only by great sacrifice that he was got rid of. In 1828 the educational society reconveyed certain of these lands to Eob- ert Owen, who transferred it to Oliver Evans for a period of 10,000 years, "to be completed and used" for the purpose of es- tablishing an iron foundry. The establishment was started but did not prove successful. 396 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. CUEIOUS ITEMS OF INTEREST. In the year 1828, the New Harmony Gazette and Nashoba Gazette were consolidated and called the Free Enquirer, with R. D. Owen and Frances Wright as editors. The paper was soon moved to New York. The persons who had served on the edito- rial staff of the New Harmony Gazette up to this time were Eob- ert L. Jennings, William Owen, William Pelham, Thomas Palm- er, Frances Wright and R. D. Owen. About this time this curious advertisement appeared in the Gazette: "One hundred dollars reward for a human soul. Proof by the Bible. George W. Brock, Salina, 111." In the same year the New Harmony Thespian Society presented their first play, the "Poor Gentle- man." New Harmony has to this day been favorably known for her dramatic talent, and has always kept in the front rank for enter- tainments by home talent. In 1835 the first agricultural society was formed. It was duly incorporated and had the following officers: Jacob Schnee, president; William Casey, vice-president; John Cooper, treasurer; R. D. Owen, recording secretary, and Louis Gex, corresponding secretary. Curators were appointed for the various townships. The society was called the Agricultural Society of Posey County. It was intended for the improvement of stock and to provide for their sale. To encourage improve- ment in produce private premiums were offered by different indi- viduals. Owen & Fauntlesay offered $25 for the best bushel of castor beans. In the same year was made an attempt to establish the New Harmony College of Manual Labor. President, vice-president, bursar and other necessary officers were duly elected, and the most prominent men of the town were enlisted in the cause but it did not prove a success. THE TIME STORE. In 1842 Josiah Warren, who had been a member of the com- munity of 1825, and a somewhat eccentric character, started his celebrated time-store. He was a man of some ability and was the author of what was known as "Equitable Commerce." He considered one man's time worth as much as another's, and endeavored to prove the correctness of his theory by experiment. HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 397 The following extended description of his store is given: "A portion of a room was divided ofE by lattice work, in which were many racks and shelves containing a variety of small articles. In the center of this lattice an opening was left through which the storekeeper could hand goods and take pay. At the back of the storekeeper against the wall was a time-piece, and underneath this was a dial. In othe> parts of this room were such articles as are usually kept in a general store. There was a board hanging on the wall conspicuous enough for all to see, on which was placed the bill that had been paid to the wholesale merchant and the price intended for them, to which was added a small per cent for risks. I entered the store one day and walked up to the wicket and asked the storekeeper for some glue. I was immediately asked if I had a "labor note?" On my saying no, I was told I must get one. I then traded in the following manner : I made or presented a written labor note promising so many hours labor at so much an hour, to Mr. Warren. I went to the time-store with my note and cash and informed the keeper that I wanted a few yards of Kentucky jeans. As he commenced busi- ness with me he set the dial which was underneath the clock and marked the time. He then attended to me, giving me what I wanted and taking from me as much cash as was paid the whole- sale merchant including expressage, and taking out of my labor note as much time as he had spent with me. If we had been twenty minutes in trading I received forty minutes in change." Mr. Warren was sometimes imposed upon by unprincipled persons who overcharged for their own labor. The notes of such persons soon depreciated in value at the time-store. Mr. Warren contin- ued his store about two years, and demonstrated to his satisfac- tion its practicability. In 1844 the town contained twelve stores, two steam-mills and- two tanneries, the streets were raised and the sidewalks graveled and enclosed by hand-rails. A high levee was built to the river so as to make a passable road to it at any season, and at the sides of this levee were canals sufficiently large to admit keel-boats and flat-boats into the city during high water. INCOEPOBATION. On petition of the requisite number of citizens, eighty-two in 398 HISTOEY OF POSEY COUNTY. all, the town was duly incorporated in August, 1850. The board was organized by electing James Sampson president, and proceed- ed to pass the customary ordinances and by-laws regulating saloons, pedlars, the rate of taxation, etc. The tax duplicate for the town for 1865, shows a total value of $225,353 of property. April 11, 1867, the town board 'at their meeting adjourned sine die, and their charter was allowed to lapse. In 1881 the town was reincorporated. J. W. Miller was elected trustee of the First Ward ; O. N. Fretageot of the Second ; Henry Hunsdon of the Third; John Walz of the Fourth, and W. M. Ford of the Fifth. John Walz was chosen president of the board. W. S. Boren is the present clerk. The school trustees chosen were Richard Owen, John Corbin and Thomas Munford. June 13, 1882, the city was provided with a fire engine and a hook and ladder company. It is but justice to say that New Harmony has practically never been in debt. ENLAEGEMENTS. The first enlargement added to the town was Robert Owens' September 6, 1832; McClure's enlargement was added in 1841, and an additional part was added in 18M; Victor C. Du- clos' enlargement was added October 9, 1857 ; Samuel Arthur's March 15, 1858; John Wiley's March 2, 1871, and Richard Owen's additional enlargement September 12, 1871. WORKING men's INSTITUTE. This well known organization was founded by William Mc- Clure. He believed "Ignorance was a fruitful cause of human misery " and he intended to devote his fortune to the improve- ment of mankind. January 29, 1837, at the American consulate at the City of Mexico, in the presence of W. D. Jones, the Ameri- can consul, and other witnesses, he made a will giving certain of his property at New Harmony to Alexander, Anna and Mar- garet McClure, some to Miss McClure of Galway, and some to Mrs. Thomas Say. After the death of those the remainder should be devoted to founding libraries for persons who work at "manual labor." He gave all his property in Spain to George W. Ewing, John Wilbard and John Speakman for libraries for workingmen of Pennsylvania. In a codicil added he made Alexander, Anna HISTORY OF POSEY COCNTY. 399 and Margaret McClure his sole executors, but gave them power to appoint new trustees, but added, that they should hold no connec- tion with law, church, or State. As soon as any number of work- ingmen should organize themselves into a body and collect 100 vol- umes they should be entitled to $500 to increase their library. " Unless the millions have some idea of the value of instruction and useful knowledge, it is labor lost to attempt giving them needful information. Should any dispute arise by any one as to the meaning and intent of this will, then the power of that one shall cease." In a second codicil he says: "But on reconsider- ing the melancholy state of morals which prevent dead men's wills from being fulfilled, I discharge George W. Ewing, John Hilbank and John Speakman and appoint my brother, Alexander McClure," etc. It is rather a melancholy fact that the very thing he tried to guard against occurred, and a large portion of the estate was squandered in litigation. Mr. McClure intended to endow the Workingmen's Institute at New Harmony very liberally, but died before it was done. As it was, only one wing of the hall and an order for £200 on a book dealer of London were received. The library was duly incorporated April 2, 1838, and a constitu- tion drawn up and signed by thirty members. Mr. McClure took great interest in the infant institution till his death, which oc- curred March 22, 1840, at St. Angel near the City of Mexico. On receipt of the news, addresses and eulogies were made in honor of his worth. The first officers elected were Thomas Braun, presi- dent; A. E. Fretageot, treasurer; C. H. White, secretary; John Beal, William Cox, John Cooper, 8r., and James Samson, trustees. The catalog contains a list of 3,400 volumes, this with miscel- laneous articles, papers, magazines, etc., is thought would make a total of 6,000 volumes. William Michaux, an Frenchman who resided at New Harmony for a time, left by will, $1,000 for the library, and an additional $200, the interest of which was to go to the librarian. Alexander McClure also left a number of books for the library and various other parties have, at different times,. left books and papers. The subscription price has always been so low that any one can have access to the library. The library is open every Thursday and Sunday evenings, and all day Saturday. A person can be accommodated at any time by calling on the li- brarian. One thing struck the writer as a peculiar characteristic 400 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. of New Harmony, and that was the great number of boys and o-irls of tender age who patronized the library, and read such books as would hardly be expected of persons of their years. BUSINESS. Between 1825 and 1830 the business was carried on at the New Harmony Store, or by Taylor, Fauntlesay & Co., and by the community in general. The steam-boats on the river were the "William Tell," "Eobert Macon," "General Nevill" and "Highland Laddie." The ferry was owned by Mr. McOlure. In the decade of the thirties were Owen & Fauntlesay, L. Gex & Co., E. J. Eogers, N. G. Nettleton and Lichtenberger. In the forties were N. G. Nettleton, general store ; E. J. Eogers, Elliott & Cox, the same; A. McDonald, book binder; Owen Bros., mil- lers, John Thactcroft, stone cutter ; C. Gobble, groceries ; Drs. Arza Lee and Carr, physicians, and Lyman .D. Stickney, attorney. In the fifties were E. J. Eogers, Dransfield & Swift, and William Baldwin, and A. H. Fretageot, dry goods and general store; taverns. Nelson, Welch, John O'Neal, Lunber, Lichtenberger & Co. ; physicians, Euark, William M. Stephen, and E. V. Mitchell ; di'ug store, Euark & Miller; tailor, Mr. Eobinson; pork packers, A. Lichtenberger & Co., Elliott & Viets; and Munford, Eogers & Samson ; artist, A. N. Thrall ; millers, Lyon & Elliott ; ferry-boat, John E. Hugo. In the decade of sixty were : dry goods and gen- eral stores. Ford & Fitton, Thrall & Munford, Boren & Lichten- berger, A. E. & A. H. Fretageot; drug store, J. B. Cuyler; woolen factory, Lichtenberger & Co. ; painter, E. A. Twigg ; shoe- maker, JohnAValz; wagons and buggies, Ducles & Son and William M. Bennett; jeweler, W. F. Gray. The present business is about as follows: dry goods and general stores, A. H. Fretageot & Co., Henry Hunsdon, Ford & Bro., and Lichtenberger & Sons; gro- cery stores. Ford & Bennett, Wilhelm & Co., and T>. M. Schnee; bakeries and confectioneries, F. Heberheldt and J. C. Miller ; ag- ricultural implements, E. F. Owen & Co., and William Eichards; saddlers, James Husbands, D. M. Schnee ; drug stores. Thrall & Munford, and Breith; clothing store, H. Brown; stoves and tin- ware, John Hardemann, and W. F. Lichtenberger; hardware, guns, etc., C. A. F. Pretzsch; flouring-mill, Eebeyer & Son; shoe store, John Walz; merchant tailor, Weber; saw-mill, Ducles & Sons; HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 401 washboard factory, Henry Mann & Co. ; dentists, Drs; Ford and O. W. Willis; physicians, Drs. J. W. Eawlings, G. W. Bucklin, Holton, Neal and McDonald. The New Harmony Banking Com- pany was organized in 1877 with paid in capital $18,000, and individual responsibility, $150,000. The officers are E. S. Thrall, president; H. P. Owen, cashier; William H. Owen, assistant; Engene F. Owen, A. D. Owen, Thomas Munford, Jr., and Charles A. Parke, directors. The following is a list of postmasters of New Harmony in order of succession; Eomelia Baker, A. Roppeti, John Schnee, Louis Gex, Oboussier, Thomas Brown, N. G. Net- . tleton, William Cox, William Twigg, Nelson Felch, J. C. Miller, William Twigg, William S. Allen, J. C. Miller and Frank Bolton. SCHOOLS AND CHUECHES. The first church built in the town was the old frame church built by the Eappites. This was soon replaced by the hall, built in 1822. This was followed, at a much later date, by St. Stephens, an Episcopal Church, built about 1842. The church for many years was in a flourishing condition, having a large membership, supporting an able minister, and sustaining a flour- ishing Sabbath-school. The church does not now maintain a minister. The first preaching by the Methodists was by the Revs. Meek and Burkitt, who were in New Harmony in the time of the community. The first Methodist class was organized at the house of Mrs. Anderson, in 1846. Among the members were Mrs. Anderson, son and daughter, Mrs. Hope, Mr. Hope, . John E. Hugo, Josiah Whitlock, John Beal and H. Dalrymple. A Sabbath-school was organized in November, 1840, with J. E. Hugo, superintendent, and Mrs. Heaton, assistant. The class numbered fifty scholars, and liad a library of 246 volumes. The church is now in a healthful condition, with a membership of about seventy. The schools in 1826 were under the management of the edu- cational society, at the head of which was Joseph Neef. Many prominent teachers were connected with this school. The instruction in this department was of a very high grade. After the dissolution of the community, schools were mainly of a private character, till the adopting of the free school system in general. Prominent among the private schools was one taught 402 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. by Mr. Fauntlesay. Many others gave private instructions, among whom were E. D. Owen, Eichard Owen, E. T. Cox. Mr. John Copellsmith contributed many valuable papers on educa- tional subjects. Early in the fifties the schools were placed under the town board, and they have been managed with varying success till the present time. They are now under the manage- ment of an intelligent school board, and superintended by Prof. C. H. Wood. Miss Grace Woodburn has charge of the high school ; Emma Armstrong, the grammar grade ; Bruce Lawrence, the intermediate, and Miss May Hugo and Mrs. Eliza E. Thomas have the primary grades. The school enrolls between 350 and 400. Four persons will graduate from the high school in the school year of 1885-86. SOCIETIES. The New Harmony Lodge No. 87, 1. O. O. F., was organized in January, 1851. The charter members were John E. Hugo, Horatio C. Cooper, Joshua H. Variel, George Grant and Aaron Lichtenberger. The officers were N. G. Nettleton, N. G. ; H. 0. Cooper, V. G. ; John Cooper, Jr. , secretary ; John E. Hugo, treasurer. Others were Michael Craddock, George Grant, J. H. Variel, Aaron Lichtenberger, G. W. Saltzman, E. B. Neal and E, D. Owen. The present officers are Charles Wheatsift, N. G. ; John Mott, V. G. ; Thomas Peasley, S.; E. M. Schnee, P. S., and Henry Huston, treasurer. The membership of the lodge is sixty-three. The first Masonic installations were the officers of the Phil- anthropic Lodge at New Harmony, November 7, 1825, at which time John Conrad, E. Southard and George Samson were on com- mittee of arrangement, and Col. Evans, of Princeton, was orator. The Arctic Lodge No. 394, A. F. & A. M., was instituted May 25, 1869, on application by James B. Cuyler, Eichard Brooks, A. D. Owen, Eichard Fitzgerald, William Cross, Albert Hill and George W. Engler. Of these A. D. Owen was W. M. ; G. W. Engler, S. W., and J. B. Cuyler, J. W. The New Harmony En- campment No. 78, was instituted May 16, 1866. The John K. Hindman Post of the G. A. E. was organized October 9, 1885, by Daniel S. Wilson. The officers are J. Y. Mc- Kasson, Commander; M. B. Pote, Senior Vice-Commander; J. T. Eagle, Junior; J. P. Jackson, Adjt. ; William M. Ford, Q. M. ; D. McDonald, Surgeon; E. E. Snelling, Chaplain. Other officers HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 403 are J. T. Truscott, John Moon, W. H. Sclinee and C. D. Elliot The post now numbers about thirty members. NEWSPAPERS. The first paper in New Harmony, and in Posey County, was the New Harmony Gazette. It was begun October 1, 1825, and continued till October 28, 1828. It was the organ of Mr. Owen, and was widely circulated, there being agents for it in every prominent city in the United States. It had able contributors. In October, 1828, it was consolidated with the Nashoba Gazette, Frainces Wright's paper. It was then called the Free Enquirer, and continued at New Harmony till December, 31, 1828, when it was moved to New York. Its range of matter was very wide. The Disseminator was founded by William McClure, January 28, 1828. It was published by the School of Industry. It was an ably edited paper, and was devoted mainly to science and litera- ture. It was continued till May 7, 1840. The Indiana States- man was begun at Evansville by Alex Burns, May 13, 1842, but was moved to New Harmony October 22, 1842, and was continued till 1845. Burns said: "Be just, and fear not." The paper was spicy. Democratic in politics, and made war on Whiggery, and warned the people against "rag" money and "coons." In 1846 James Bennett started the Western Star, but it was discontinued the following year. In 1848 the same individual began the pub- lication of the Gleaner, but ceased its publication the following year. The first number of the New Harmony Register appeared Saturday, July 12, 1858. The paper was published by its present proprietor as an independent paper, with Democratic proclivities. The paper maintained a very consistent course, and Wednesday following the fall of Fort Sumpter the American flag was hoisted over the office of the Register . Owing to the "assistant" going to the army, the paper was suspended August 18, 1861. It was again revived by C. W. Slater and J. P. Bennet, February 3, 1867. It was again run as an independent paper for about one year, since which time it has advocated the doctrine of the Demo- cratic party. POSEY COUNTY AGKICULTUKAL SOCIETY. The present fair association was temporarily organized July 17, 404 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 1858. Permanent officers were elected, and directors were ap- pointed soon after. The first permanent officers were M. T. Car- nahan, president; John Cooper, vice-president; Col. Kichard Owen, secretary ; J. C. Miller, corresponding secretary, and Sam- uel Arthur, treasurer. The first fair was held October 25, 20 and 27, 1859. The second fair was supposed to have had 5,000 visitors, and left a balance in the treasury of $1,500. Prominent among the attractions at that time was the "riding ring" for ladies and for boys, also orations on agricultural subjects. The receipts of the fair did not reach |3,000 until 1867. In 1881 they amounted to nearly |4,500, and dropped again to about $3,500, and again in 1883 and 1884 they were over $4,000. For the first decade the receipts were usually in excess of the expend- itures, but lately, owing to the much "greater cost of attractions and other expenses, the expenditures have exceeded the receipts. In 1881 the society donated $300 to aid the Peoria, Decatur ey0 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. paternal grandfather of John B., came from England, his native country, to this in 1818, first settling at Evansville, but later removing to New Harmony became a member of Number Three Society in the Owen community, in which he held a prominent position. John B. Elliott, the immediate subject of this biogra- phy, passed his boyhood on the farm and attending the public schools. He attended school at Evansville one year, one year at the Indiana State University, and one year at the Western Military Institute at Drennon Springs, Ky., and Syi-ee Springs, Tenn. In 1854 he assisted in surveying a route for the M. & L.- E. E. K, but in 1855 engaged in stock business. In 1856 was placed in charge of his father's farm and mill, and in 1858 and 1859 was engaged in merchandising. November 11, 1858, he wedded Helen A., daughter of Virgil and Martha D. Soper, who was born in this township February 9, 1838, and died August 19, 1883. Seven children were born to them, as follows: William v., Lena, Elmer E., Marcy, John S., Annie and Morton. The first named is dead. Mr. Elliott is one of the county's most progressive citizens, is an Odd Fellow and a Eepublican. He was one of the leading spirits in the establishment of the Posey County Agricultural Society, and has held the position of presi- dent of that organization two terms. THOMAS S. FOED, dealer in fine wines and liquors, is a native of Frederick County, Va. He is a son of William T. and Kate Ford, of English and French ancestry, and the second in a family of eight children. He came with his parents to Kentucky in about 1861. For some time he worked in a tobacco factory, and then clerked in a store. Subsequently he began the practice of dentistry, following this profession some years. Since 1871 he has resided in New Harmony, at first clerking in a store, but May 22, 1883, he engaged in his present business, in which he has been successful. He is a Democrat in politics, and an active worker for that party's success. He is a member of the A. O. U. AV. Lodge No. 87. He has many friends and is well connected, and he is the architect of his own success. Mr. Ford was mar- ried, July 2, 1878, to Miss Joseph Walz, daughter of the Hon. John Walz, of New Harmony. Of three children born to Mr. and Mrs. Ford, two survive, viz. : Bessie and Leroy ; Katie being the name of the one that died. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 551 ACHILLES EMEEY FEETAGEOT was born in Paris, France, October 24, 1813, and received a liberal education. He came to New Harmony in 1826, after which date to the time o£ his death, which occurred March 1, 1873, a period of over forty- seven years, he was a resident of New Harmony, and closely iden- tified with its prosperity and history. Possessing an active tem- perament, his life from boyhood was one of industry and great usefulness. Passing a business life of nearly half a century, he has left a name unsullied by a single blemish. Honest, truthful, gen- erous and kind in his dealings with his fellow-men had made him esteemed by all who knew him. Mr. Eretageot was a very faithful and zealous Odd Fellow, having been for nearly twenty-one years an honored member of New Harmony Lodge No. 87, I. O. O. F., and for many years treasurer of that lodge. At the time of his death he was also treasurer of the Posey County Agricultural Society, a position he had held for twelve years, and was county commissioner elect, having been chosen to the last named office at the October election in 1872, his popularity and usefulness being then recognized, as the opposing party placed no candidate in the field and printed his name on all the tickets. This recog- nition of his merits was worthy of the man. In his youth and young manhood he was a true and trusted friend and counselor of Alexander McClure and Thomas Say. Mr. McClure entrusted the funds and founding of the Workingmen's Institute Library of New Harmony largely to Mr. Fretageot. Their fi-iend- ship began in Paris, France, during Mr. McClure' s residence at that city as commissioner of the United States for settlements of claims of American citizens, being known as "The French Spoliation Claims Commissioner." The friendship thus formed between the boy and man was iiever disturbed and remained un- broken until death. A complete history of Mr. Fretageot includes the history of Posey County, and of New Harmony from 1826 to 1873. Born on the banks of the Seine, he passed the useful part of his life on the Wabash ; born in an empire, he died in a repub- lic ; born a subject, he died a sovereign, peer of the noblest and best; he died as he had lived — an honest man. He was the father of twelve children, six of whom were born of his first wife, Miss Cecelia Noell, and six of his second wife. Miss Mary Alexan- der. His eldest son Alexander M. was a brave soldier, and 552 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. among the first to enlist in the First Eegiment of Indiana Caval- ry, serving in Company C, of that command as a private soldier until his death in the service at Helena, Ark., September 7, 1862. A. H. Fretageot, merchant, New Harmony, Ind., and Oliver N. Fretageot, clerk of the circuit court of Posey County, Ind., are the sole survivors of the male members of the Fretageot family in this country and Europe. JAMES HINSON, one of the leading farmers o^ Posey County, was born in Wayne County, N. C,, October 1, 1835, the son of John and Smithy (Ward) Hinson, and of English origin. Mr. Hinson is the eldest in a family of three children. His parents were born in Wayne County, N. C, and his father died there in 1843. James came with his widowed mother to Posey County, Ind., in 1854, and in 1877 his mother died. He was reared on the farm, and in 1854 began farming for himself. In 1857 he bought his present farm consisting of 120 acres of well improved land. Mr. Hinson was married, November 10, 1864, to Miss Elizabeth Schnee, a native of Lynn Township, daughter of Cyrus and Agnes (Goad) Schnee. Three children were born to them, named James H., Mattie and Mollie E. He is a Republi- can, and was made an Odd Fellow in 1872. WILLIAM M. HOLTON, M. D., of New Harmony, was born in Westminster, Vt., July 15, 1827, and in 1835 removed with his people to McDonough County, 111., where he was reared. In 1849 he went to New York City, and after reading medicine in the office of Prof. Willard Parker, he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of that city, which graduated him March 11, 1852. After one year's practice in New York, he returned to Illinois, and in 1859 moved to Stewartsville, Posey Co., Ind. In November, 1861, he joined the Sixtieth Eegiment of Indiana Volunteers, and was made second lieutenant of Com- pany B. In 1862 Gov. Morton caused him to be transferred to the Twenty-fifth Eegiment, of which he was made assistant sur- geon, but owing to ill health he was compelled to relinquish his position shortly after the fall of Corinth. In March, 1863, he settled at New Harmony and resumed the practice of his profes- sion, at which he has been very successful. He is deeply inter- ested in all that pertains to his profession, and for a number of years has belonged to the State Medical Society and the Ameri- , ■•fe-Afteis 1/huiA^tg V- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 555 caB Medical Association. March. 14, 1853, Dr. Holton and Car- oline E. Cuyler, of Elizabethtown, N. Y., were united in mar- riage. Mrs. Holton died March 8, 1873, after bearing eight chil- dren, seven of whom survive her. For his present wife Dr. Hol- ton married Mary Fretageot, July 4, 1875. He is a Eepublican in politics, and a member of the I. O. O. F. JOHN E. HUGO, one of the very few old settlers of New Harmony living, was born in the county of Cornwall, England, January 30, 1814. He was a son of Edward and Amy (Read) Hugo. The family went originally from France to England, having been driven thence during religious persecutions. Ed- ward Hugo was born in England in 1774, and Mrs. Hugo also in England in 1784. The family came to America in 1819, landing in Baltimore, Md., whence they came by wagon to Pittsburgh, Penn. In the spring of 1826 they came by flat-boat to what was then known as McFaddin's Bluff, and thence to New Harmony, the father having died, however, near Pitbsburgh in 1822. At the time of the removal the family consisted of the widowed mother and seven children. Mrs. Hugo died in 1873. The sub- ject of this sketch before he was thirteen years old began serv- ing an apprenticeship to the carpenter's trade, which lasted him until he was nineteen years old. He followed this trade until 1848, and afterward for about twenty years he was engaged in steam-boating, and for the same length of time owned the New Harmony Ferry. From 1868 to 1872 he was engaged in mer- chandising. He has been a member of the I. O. O. F. since 1849, and is the only charter member living here of New Harmony Lodge No. 87. In 1838 he joined th$ General Baptist Church in Gibson County, Ind., remaining a member of that body until the fall of 1845, when by letter he united with the Methodist Episcopal Church in New Harmony, of which he still remains a member. Politically he is a Republican, and is one of the prominent old settlers living in the county, and is one of the old fashioned gentleman. Mr. Hugo was married, August 25, 1835, to Miss Jane McAllister, of Evansville, , by whom he had four children, only one of whom is now living, viz. : William H. Mrs. H go died March 11, 1846. Mr. Hugo married again, De- cember 3, 1846, Miss Jane K. Craddock, a native of Wabash County, 111. By this marriage there are three children living. 556 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. viz. : Jane, Amy and John K. Mrs. Hugo died December 13, 1853, and Mr. Hugo was married the third time, December 26, 1854, to Mrs. Kachael Griffith, of Pittsburgh, Penni, by whom he had four children, viz.: Jenkin T., Thomas E., May and Eacie. Mrs. Hugo died December 10, 1871, and the fourth and last marriage of Mr. Hugo was solemnized November 3, 1872, to Mrs. Elizabeth Craddock, a native of England, who came to America in 1834. B. PEOCTOE HUME, farmer and fine stock raiser, was born where he now resides, in Harmony Township, April 8, 1861. He is a representative of an early family. He is a son of W. "W. Hume and Emily J. Hume, whose maiden name was Taylor. He is the youngest of this family. His father was born near Cov- ington, Ky., October 19, 1821, and his mother was born August 20, 1833. His father came to Posey County when quite a young man and settled in Harmony Township, where he resided until recently. He was three times married. The subject of this sketch grew to manhood on the farm* At the age of sixteen he began farming for himself, and now owns 160 acres of fine farm- ing land. He lives on the old Hume homestead. For some years he has been giving attention to the raising of fine hogs and cattle — poland-china hogs, and short-horn cattle. He now has the largest herd of short-horns in the county. Mr. Hume is a good farmer and an enterprising citizen. In politics he is a Democrat. He was married March 19, 1880, to Miss Anna Stallings, a native of Posey County, and daughter of Calvin and Mary Stallings. Mr. and Mrs. Hume have one child, Margie, born March 18, 1882. HENEY HUNSDON, general merchant, notary public, at- torney at law and advocate of United States pension claims, is a native of Hertford, England, having been born November 30, 1835. He is a son of Henry and Sarah (Mnmford) Hunsdon. His parents were born, lived and died in England, both dying while he was a mere boy. His education up to the time when he was thirteen years old, was received at an English charity school. At that time at the request of Thomas Mumford, Sr., he came to America, and almost directly to New Harmony. With Thomas Mumford, Sr., he lived about one year, at the end of which pe- riod he was engaged by Mr. Mumford to clerk in his store. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 657 Young Henry remained in this position ten years. In 1863, he engaged in the general merchandising business, forming a part- nership with John Cooper, Jr. This partnership lasted until the death of Mr. Cooper in 1874: Since this time, Mr. Hunsdon has remained alone, and, being a practical man, has built up a successful and extensive business. For twelve years past he has been engaged in the prosecution of pension claims. He was ad- mitted to the bar in this county in 1883, is a first-class office law- yer, and does an extensive business in the preparation of legal papers. He was commissioned a notary public in 1874, and has ever since held the office. Mr. Hunsdon is a conspicuous exam- ple of a self-made man. Thrown on his own resources in child- hood he has won his present position, and earned his success by his own unaided efforts. He was married in 1857, to Miss Louisa J. Woods, of Louisville, Ky. They have three children: George A., Nelson S. and Marion. Mr. Hunsdon has been a member of the I. 0. O. F., since 1878. JOHN HUNTEE, farmer and stock raiser, son of William and Margaret (Nash) Hunter, was born in Posey County, Sep- tember 21, 1825. He is of English and Irish descent, and the fourth in a family of seven children. The father of our subject came from Pennsylvania to what is now Posey County in 1815, and was thus one of the early pioneers of the county. He was a farmer by occupation, bought his land of the Harmony Dutch, and died in this county when our subject was about ten years old. The mother of our subject was born in Pennsylvania, and came to this State in 1815, and has resided here ever since. .John Hxmter was brought up on the farm upon which he now resides. When quite young he attended school three months each year for a few years. He has always lived on the old homestead, has more than 400 acres of fine farming land, and is one of the lead- ing farmers of Harmony Township. Prior to the war of the Eebellion, he was a Democrat, but since that he has been a Ke- publican. In February 1850, he was married to Miss Lucinda Wade, born in Posey County in 1830, and a daughter of Isaac M. and Sarah Wade. Mr. and Mrs. Hunter have six children viz.: William W., Mary J., Sarah, Virginia A., John N. and Martha B. 558 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. GAMMA E. JOHNSON is a pioneer farmer born in Johnson County, N. C, in 1816, the son of Eichard and Nancy (Sawyer) Johnson, is of Irish descent and the second of four children. His father was also born in North Carolina in 1784, and died in Arkansas in 1828, while on his way to Posey County, Ind. Camma E. Johnson came to Posey County, Ind., in 1828, was reared on the farm as a "bound boy," from the age of twelve to twenty-one years, by a man whose name was John Osley. He began life for himself at the age of twenty-one ; for five years he worked at various kinds of employment and then began farming. For some years he lived on "Cut-off" Island, and then removed to his present place of residence, now owning 210 acres of good land. Mr. Johnson is an excellent farmer, a man of limited knowledge of books but of good judgment and practical sense. He was married in 1839 to Eachel Staley, of Pennsylvania. Of nine children born to their union seven still live: Eichard, Virgil, Anna E., Haywood, Eigdon, Sidney E. and Louis E. Mrs. Johnson died in June, 1884. Politically Mr. Johnson is a Democrat. He has twenty-three grandchildren and three great- grandchildren. Mr. Johnson has always borne the reputation of an honorable man. J. N. JOHNSON, retired farmer, was born in Nelson County, Ky., in 1826. He is a son of Elias and Sarah (Whitehead) Johnson, and of English and Irish extraction. His father was born near Ealeigh; N. C, in 1792, and his mother in Virginia in 1796. The former when a young man immigrated to Kentucky where he remained until 1832, when he came to Posey County, Ind. He lived on a farm until his death in 1860, Mrs. Johnson having died two years before. The subject of this sketch is next to the youngest in a family of eight. He remained on the farm with his father until nearly twenty years of age, when he began life for himself. In 1848 he commenced farming and followed agricultural pui-suits until 1880, when he retired. He now owds 724 acres of finely improved land. Mr. Johnson is an honorable and honored citizen, and one of the leading men of the county. Politically he is a Eepublican. In 1878 he was a candidate for sheriff, carrying his own town and township which are usually Democratic, and being defeated in the county by only 232 votes. He was married in 1848 to Miss Mary Stallings, a native of Posey BIOGKAPHICAL SKKfCHES. 559 County, Ind. They have had two children, one of whom survives, Martha W. Mrs. Johnson died August 17, 1880. THOMAS J. JOHNSON, county surveyor, was born where he now resides, January 11, 1845. He is a son of Moses and Eliza- beth (Johnson) Johnson, and is of English and Irish descent His father was born in Posey County in 1817, and his mother in Hardin County, Ky., in 1813. His paternal grandfather, Thomas H. Johnson, was born in Franklin County, N. C, in 1787, and immigrated to this Territory in 1812, where he remained about six years. He then went to Hardin County, Ky., and remained until 1830, when he returned to Posey County, Ind. His death occurred in Clay County, 111., in 1869. His maternal grandfather was Elias Johnson, also a native of North Carolina, born in 1789, and died in Posey County in 1860. The father of the subject of this sketch was the first elected county surveyor of Posey County in 1854. He was again elected in 1872, and died in office May 9, 1874. He was a man of much general information, gaining his knowledge through his own exertions. He was a prominent citizen and much respected by the entire community. The mother of our subject still resides on the old home farm. He himself was raised on the farm and attended the common schools. In 1863 he entered the State University at Bloomington, remain- ing two years. In the winter of 1864-65 he attended a course of law lectures at the University by Judge Bicknell. In 1870 he was admitted to the Posey County bar and practiced law for some time. In 1870 he was elected surveyor of Posey County and served one term, and was subsequently appointed to fill the vacancy in that office caused by his father's death. He is a prominent Democrat and takes an active part in local politics. His long service in the office of county surveyor is merely indicative of the fact that he is one of the most reliable surveyors the county has ever had. He was married in 1869 to Mrs. Elizabeth C. Barrett, formerly Miss Miller of Posey County, and a daughter of John Miller. Mrs. Johnson died December 17, 1881. She was a most estimable woman, and a devoted member of the Christian Church. EUGENE V. JOHNSON, insurance agent and president of the Posey County Agricultural Association, was born in Posey County, October 5, 1849. He is a son of Zachariah and Catha- 560 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. rine (Staley) Johnson, both of them natives of Posey County, the former having been born here in 1820, and the latter in 1822, He is of German and Scotch descent. His early life was spent upon the farm, and in attendance at the district school, until he arrived at the age of twenty years. In 1875 he engaged in the hardware and agricultural implement business in New Harmony, in which he continued until 1884, when on account of ill-health he was obliged to retire from active business. His firm was known as the New Harmony Machine Company. In November, 1884, Mr. Johnson was elected president of the Posey County Agricultural Association. For several years he has been in the insurance business, but did not devote much attention to it previ- ous to 1884. He is a self-made man, has been successful, and is one of the prominent men of Posey County. In politics, he is a Democrat, and is a member of the town council. Mr. Johnson was married, in 1878, to Miss Louisa Fretageot, a native of Posey County, by whom he has four children; Eugenia L., John T., Nettie and Gertrude. CHARLES KEMMERLING (deceased), was born in Ger- many, March 10, 1828. Both of his parents were also natives of Germany. Early in life he learned the butcher's trade and car- ried it on for quite a number of years in his native country. In 1851 he immigrated to America, landing at New Orleans, coming up the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers to Evansville, and thence to Posey County. For many years he resided near New Harmony, carrying on the butchering and meat market business, and also farming extensively. In 1872 he bought the farm on which his widow still continues to reside, consisting of 245 acres of well- improved land, and familiarly known as the " Old Pelham farm." Mr. Kemmerling was an enterprising and successful man, being worth, at the time of his death, about $50,000. He died, Sep- tember 9, 1885, and was mourned by many friends. In politics he was a Democrat, and a prominent, honorable man. He was married, September 15, 1851, to Miss Elizabeth Schafer, daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth (King) Schafer, and born in Germany, in 1832. Of fourteen children born to Mr. and Mrs. Kemmer- ling, only eight survive, as follows: Charles, Louisa, Elizabeth, Henry, Jacob, Anna, Mary and Frederick. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 561 JULIUS C. JMILLEE, of New Harmony, was born in Le- high County, Penn., January 6, 1834, and is a son of Joseph and Barbara (Fahrlender) Miller, who were natives of Ettenheim, Germany, the former having been born in 1798. Joseph Miller immigrated to the United States, in 1832, and settled where our subject was afterward born. Three years later the family moved to Posey County, Ind., and settled near New Harmony, where the father died in 1858, and the mother in 1863; Julias C. Miller was reared to early manhood by his parents receiving a common school education. In 1851 he went to Evansville and there learned the confectioner's trade. In 1854 he returned to New Harmony where he has since successfully carried on that branch of trade. Mr. Miller cast his first presidential ballot for James Buchanan, but for the last twenty -nine years has been an active Eepublican, In July, 1861, he was appointed postmaster at New Harmony, and with the exception of about eighteen months dur- ing Johnson's administration, he served continuously in that office up to August 15, 1885. He is an Odd Fellow, a Freemason, and is one of the foremost citizens of the place. September 18, 1857, Miss Phebe Grant, a native of this county and daughter of Collin and Margaret Grant, became his wife, and by him, the mother of these two children, now living : Emma G. and Frank J. JOHN W. MILLEE was born March 25, 1847. He is a son of Lavis and Margaret (Wise) Miller, and of English descent. His father was born near Strasburg, France (now Germany), January 16, 1803, as was also his mother, April 11, 1813. They both immigrated from the old country to America when quite young, and came to Indiana in its early days. The subject of this sketch is the sixth of a family of nine children. With his parents and the rest of the family he came to Posey County in 1852, and settled near Stewartsville, where his parents still reside. At the age of eighteen he began learning the marble business at Evansville, under the direction of Uhlhom & Brinkmann. In 1868 he went to Mount Carmel, 111., and began the marble busi- ness on his own account. In 1871 he came to New Harmony, where he has ever since continued in the same business. He is now one of the most extensive marble and granite dealers in southern Indiana. He handles all kinds of granite, and the fol- lowing kinds of marble: Tennessee, Whitney, Italian, Mottled 562 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. Blue of Vermont, Esperenza of the same State, and the Mottled Blue of New York. He also deals in all kinds of statuary. His work is sold and erected in many towns in Indiana — Evansville, Vincennes, Princeton, Owensville, Mount Vernon, Oakland, Jasper, Haubstadt, Fort Branch, and also in Illinois — Mount Carmel, Grayville, Albion, Carmi, Burnt Prairie and other towns, all of which demostrate the fact that Mr. Miller is a man of enterprize and energy. He was married, in 1868, to Lydia A. Burrucker of Evansville, a daughter of George and Catharine Burrucker. Tbey have four children: Ealph S., William L., Clarence J. and Oscar M. Mr. Miller is a Democrat, and has been a member of the town council. He became an Odd Fellow in 1868, Lodge No. 87, of Encampment No. 78, and of the A. O. U. W. No. 87. HENEY MANN, proprietor of the New Harmony lumber yard, and of the New Harmony Washboard Factory and Planing- mill, was born in Posey County, Ind., August 6, 1854. He is a son of Martin and Elizabeth (Mann) Mann, and is of German descent. His parents were both born in Germany, his father in 1827 and his mother in 1826. His father came to America when eighteen years of age, and settled in Evansville, Ind. In 1848 he came to Posey County, where he npw resides. The subject of this sketch was raised on the farm and during the winters at- tended the common schools. At the age of twenty-one he began business on his own account. In 1876 he engaged in the saw- mill business ; in 1878 in the lumber business ; in 1880 he opened a lumber yard at Calvin Station, and in 1885 he purchased the New Harmony Washboard Factory and Planing-mill, all of which branches of business he still continues to operate. He is con- ducting a prosperous business, and employs twenty-five men. He has been an enterprising and is a successful business man ; is a Democrat and a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mrs. Mann is also a Presbyterian. He was married in 1878 to Miss Elizabeth Kemmerling, who was bom March 3, 1855, a daughter of Charles and Elizabeth K. Kemmerling. They have three chil- dren: Henry M., born May 30, 1880; Charles J., born February 22, 1882, and Elizabeth, born November 8, 1883. ANDEEW NASH, an old pioneer of Posey County, was bom in Butler County, Penn., November 26, 1809. He is a son of Jesse and Sarah (Cavett) Nash, and of Welsh and Irish descent. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 563 His father was born in Delaware in 1765, and was raised in that State. His mother was born in Westmoreland County, Penn., in 1775. The Nash family came to what is now Posey County in 1815. Jesse Nash was a carpenter, a natural mechanic and a farmer. He died here in 1846, and Mrs. Nash in 1857, The subject of this sketch was raised on the farm and had very little opportunity to obtain an education. In 1832 he began clearing for himself the farm he now owns. In 1838 he bought his pres- ent home for $5 per acre, and now owns 885 acres of fine land. He has been successful, and has lived to see Posey County trans- formed from a dense wilderness to one of the first agricultural counties in the State, and now, at the advanced age of over the allotted three score years and ten, he has sufficient property to permit him to rest from active labor. In politics he is a Kepub- Ucan. He was married, in 1831, to Miss Maria Montgomery, a native of Kentucky, by whom he had one child, Eliza J. Mrs. Nash died September 15, 1838. Mr. Nash was again married in 1841, to Miss Julia Ann Smith, a native of Posey County, born May 31, 1820, daughter of George W. Smith, also a pioneer of the county, having come here before 1815. Of this marriage there are nine children, as follows: William C, Mary E., John A., Charles E., Martha A., Nancy A., James, Andrew J. and Eu- gene W. DE. DANIEL NEAL, one of the oldest practicing physicians of Posey County, Ind., and for many years a resident of New Harmony, is a son of Max and Ann (Williams) Neal, who were of Irish extraction. These parents were natives of South Caro- lina, and when Indiana was yet a Territory they removed thither and settled in Posey County, where the subject of this biography was born January 21, 1828. Until 1846 his life was passed upon a farm, and the succeeding three years he attended the Mount Vernon schools. He was employed then as a dry goods clerk for one year, but in 1850 crossed the plains by ox-team to the gold fields of California, where he remained until 1852, when he returned to his native county. In 1853 he began the study of medicine with Dr. F. A. Mott, of New Harmony; in 1854 he at- tended the Transylvania Medical College of Lexington, Ky., and two years later began the regular practice of medicine. In 1857 he removed to Jackson County, 111., but in 1866 returned to New 564 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. Karmony, which has since been his home. Dr. Neal is a Dem- ocrat, a representative of one of the pioneer families of the county and an enterprising citizen. To his marriage with Martha Ben- nett, which occurred in May, 1857, four children have been born: Nellie, MoUie, Benjamin and August. PEOF. RICHAKD OWEN, LL.D. Among the most celebrated and eminent men of Indiana, is Prof. Eichard Owen, youngest son of Eobert Owen, the English philanthropist and social reformer, who was born at Newton, Montgomeryshire, England, in 1771, and who died November 19, 1858. The subject of this sketch was born January 6, 1810, at BraxfieldHouse, near New Lanark, Scot- land. He was educated chiefly at Hofwyl, Switzerland, but subse- quently attended lectures in Glasgow, Scotland, delivered by Dr. Andrew Ure. In 1828 Prof. Owen immigrated to America, and settled at New Harmony, the scene of his father's social experi- ments. He here engaged in farming until the breaking out of the Mexican war, when he was commissioned captain of the Six- teenth United States Infantry, in which position he served until the close of the war. In 1849 he became assistant to his brother, Dr. David Dale Owen, in his survey of the Northwest Territory, under the General Government, and in company with Dr. I. G. Nor- wood, examined the northwest shore of Lake Superior. Later he was elected professor of geology and chemistry in the Western Military Institute of Kentucky, and there remained about ten years. While connected with that institution he published a work . entitled " Key to the Geology of the Globe." In 1850, Prof. Owen returned to Indiana, and became assistant, and subse- quently State geologist. On the breaking out of the late civil war he was commissioned by Gov. O. P. Morton, lieutenant-col- onel of the Fifteenth Indiana Volunteers, and participated in the battles of Eich Mountain and Greenbrier, W. Va., was at the first siege of Vicksburg, under Sherman, at the battle of Arkansas Post, and at the fall of Vicksburg under Grant. He was a true and brave soldier, and was honorably discharged. In 1863 he was elected to fill the chair of natural science in the Indiana State University, which position he filled with great credit and ability. In 1872 he was elected president of the Perdue University, but declined the proffered honor, and in the same year Wabash Col- lege conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. In 1837 Prof. BIOGRAPICHAL SKETCHES. 565 Owen was married to the fourth daughter of Joseph Neef, the as- sociate of Pestalozzi. In 1869 he visited Europe, extending his travels to Turkey, Egypt and Palestine. He is a great and cele- brated naturalist. He resigned his professorship in the Indiana State University at the close of 1879, and a brief account of a portion of his labors since then is here introduced. In 1883 the king of the Belgians offered a prize of 25,000 francs for the work adjudged most meritorious in recommending "The best system of popularizing Geography, and teaching it in institutions of all grades." The award has not yet (September 1, 1885), been made. Prof. Owen's work for the prize consisted of a manuscript in En- glish, French and German, advocating in the study of geography, the advance step by step, from the known surroundings of the student, viz. : the homestead, measured and mapped, to the less known but visited neighborhood, and finally to unknown but well described regions. He recommended models in relief of any country the pupil might be studying, and sent many specimens of such relief maps, etc., besides about eighty-five illustrative maps and diagrams. Since the completion of this work for Belgium, Prof. Owen has sent to the Montreal meeting of the A. A. S., a paper showing that the earthquakes most frequently occurring in Great Britian are transmitted along a great circle, which after leaving Etna and Stromboli, traverse the poles of the land hemisphere in Switzerland, skirt the east coast of England, and passing through a part of Scotland, frequently shaken by slight tremors (comrie), reach Hecla in Iceland. Dr. Owen, having been made a member of the British Association at their Montreal meeting, sent to the Aberdeen meeting a communication on the "Correlation of Solar and Terrestrial Dynamics," endeav- oring to show the close connection existing between any changes in the sun, as sun spots, solar storms, etc., and the meteorological and other conditions of our earth, thereby modifying, directly or indirectly, the development and well being of its inhabitants. When the International Geological Congress met in Bologna, in 1881, Dr. Owen, by request, sent a paper on the "Unification of Geological Nomenclature." The president of the congress sent an autograph letter expressing the thanks of the congress for the communication, and requested a translation in French, for inser- tion in their "proceedings," which request was granted. The con- 566 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. gress meets once in four years, this year (1885), in Berlin, Prussia. In response to an invitation by circular, to be present or contribute a paper. Dr. Owen transmitted a box, containing a relief map, a section, a painting and a descriptive manuscript, recommending a system of uniform coloring for geological maps, based on a selection of the colors of the rainbow, from red to violet, to characterize geological formations from the oldest to the newest. EENEST DALE OWEN, attorney at law, was born at New Harmony, Posey Co., Ind., April 17, 1853. He is a son of the late celebrated Robert Dale Owen, and Mary Owen, whose maid- en name was Robinson. The subject of this sketch is of Scotch and Welsh ancestry. His father, Robert Dale Owen, came to Posey County in 1825, and settled at New Harmony, with his kinsmen. In 1853 he went to Europe as United States Minister to Naples, Italy, taking with him his son, the subject of this sketch. Ernest Dale Owen received an excellent education at European schools and in New York City. He began the study of law in 1870, and in 1871 was admitted to practice in the Indiana courts, and has built up for himself an extensive practice by industry and rigid adherence to principle. He is a consistent and earnest Re- publican, and in 1884 was the candidate on the Republican ticket for circuit judge of this judicial district. He is a representative man of southern Indiana, and is widely and favorably known for his many excellent qualities of head and heart. In 1871 he was made a member of the I. O. O. F., and was married April 17, 1873, to Miss Frances Mann, a native of Posey County, Ind. The father of our subject died at Lake George, N. T., in 1877, and his mother in New Harmony in 1871. LOUIS PELHAM, Adams Express agent. New Harmony, was born in New Harmony in 1838. He is a representative of one of the pioneer families of Posey County. He is a son of William C. and Catharine (Gex) Pelham, and of English descent. His father was born in Massachusetts in 1801, and his mother at Vevay, Ind., in 1810. His grandfather was a native of Massachu- setts, came to Posey County in 1825, and died here in 1835. His father came to this county in 1826, and was by occupation a far- mer and miller, and died in 1846. His mother died in 1850. The subject of this sketch himself remained in the county until after BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 567 the death of his father and mother, and then he went to Mason County, Ky., where he followed farming until 1860, when he re- turned to his native county, and there followed the same occupa- tion until 1872. From this time until 1881, he was in the insur- ance business, and in the latter year was appointed agent for Adams Express Company, at New Harmony. For some years he has been giving much attention to fine poultry, making a specialty of the Plymouth Bock variety. He is a Republican and a mem- ber of the I. O. O. F., and himself and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Pelham was married in 1864, to Miss Mary Chadwick, of Posey County, by whom he had two children: Cassie C. and Charles L. Mrs. Pelham died in 1878, and Mr. Pelham married again in 1884, this time to Miss Elea- nora, daughter of D. M. Schnee. HENRY E. POTE, one of the leading farmers of Harmony Township, was born in Posey County, Ind., November 4, 1842, the son of Thomas and Maria (Coad) Pote and is of English de- scent. He was reared on the farm, attended school but a short time, working for his father until twenty-two years of age and then beginning for himself. In 1867 he bought what was known as the Ptolemy Wells farm, upon which he resided until 1872, when he removed to his present place of residence, owning in all 101 acres of well improved land. In 1865 he was married to Miss Nancy Bailey a native of this county and daughter of John A. and Cynthia Bailey, and by her is the father of three children, named Thomas B., George W. and Grace. Mr. Pote is a Democrat, and in 1875 was made a member of the I. O. O. F. He is a stock holder of the Posey County Agricultural Society and has been superintendent of the association for six years. He is one of the foremost citizens of Posey County. MAUEICE B. POTE, farmer, was born near New Harmony, Posey Co., Ind., July 28, 1844, the son of Thomas and Maria Pote, and is of English descent. He was reared on the farm, attending the early schools in youth, and assisted his father on the home place until he enlisted, in July, 1862, in Company A, Ninety-first Indiana Volunteer Infantry, for three years or dur- ing the war. He participated in the battles of Fort Knoxville, Lookout Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Atlanta, Frank- lin and numerous other engagements and was discharged July 568 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 9, 1865. In 1866 he began farming for himself, and in 1868 bought his present place. He is one of the progressive farmers of this county, and his valuable farm is just outside the corpor- ation of New Harmony. Mr. Pote bought the first sulky plow sold in New Harmony, and had the first wind engine put up in the county, all of which shows an enterprising spirit. May 6, 1866, he was married to Miss Mary Schnee, daughter of Luther and Caroline Schnee and four children, named Carrie M., Annie B., Eacie and Sarah B., have been born to them. Mr. Pote is a Eepublican and was made a member of the I. O. O. F, in 1875. He has been the architect of his own success. SAMUEL O. EAWLINGS, M. D.,one of the successful disci- ples of ^sculapius in Posey County, was born September 10, 1845, atOlney, 111., where he was reared and educated. Lloyd Eawlings, his father, was born in the Buckeye State in 1803, and at an early day moved to Illinois. In 1849 he was attracted to the gold fields of California and while there had an encounter with that king of the western forests, the grizzly bear, in which he was not only disabled but suffered disfigurement for life. He died in 1883. The mother of our subject was born in the year 1813. Dr. Eaw- lings, in 1867, began the study of medicine in his native county under the direction of Dr. M. Vancougdon ; and in 1869 attended the Cincinnati College of Physicians and Surgeons which gradu- ated him in 1873. In 1870 he established himself in his pro- fession at New Harmony where he has won a desirable practice. Alice Youngblood, of Boonyille, Ind., became his wife in May, 1877, and by him the mother of these children: Elbert W., Claude E. and Aden. Since 1875, Dr. Eawlings has been an Odd Fellow. He is a Democrat and leading citizen of the county. WILLIAM EICHAEDS, dealer in hardware, farm machin- ery, buggies and wagons and grain, was born in Harmony Town- ship, July 17, 1846. He is the son of John J. and Mary (Dun- bar) Eichards, and is of Scotch-Irish descent. His father was born in North Carolina, October 3, 1819, and his mother in Pennsylvania, in 1826. His grandfather William Eichards was also a Carolinian. The Eichards family came to Indiana about 1832 and settled in Harmony Township. The subject of this sketch spent his boyhood upon the farm until he was eighteen years old. He then taught school four years, and during the BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 569' four subsequent yeaxs was engaged in farming and saw-milling. From the end of this period until 1884 he was engaged in farm- ing, and he now owns an excellent farm of 180 acres near New Harmony. In 1884 he entered upon the business of selling bug- gies and wagons in New Harmony, and in the spring of 1885 added a full line of hardware, and now has an exceedingly pros- perous business. Mr. Richards is one of the prominent men of New Harmony, having led a successful life. He was made a Mason in 1869, and a Royal Arch Mason and a member of the I. O. O. F. in 1872. Politically he is a Democrat, and in 1884 was elected trustee of New Harmony Township by sixty-nine ma- jority. He now owns a part of the old Richards' homestead. Mr. Richards was married February 12, 1873, to Miss S. Jennie Wilson, daughter of Christopher and Elizabeth Wilson. They have four children : Hattie, Nettie, Minnie and Nola. Mr. Rich- ards has been president for two years of the Posey County Agri- cultural Society, and is pne of the most enterprising men of Posey County. RICHARD RICHARDS, farmer of Harmony Township, and a representative of an early family of Posey County, was born within the county in 1857. He is a son of Joshua and Polly (Wilkerson) Richards and is of Scotch and German origin. His father was born in North Carolina in 1813, came to Posey County in 1832 and here died in 1872. Mrs. Richards was born Decem- ber 23, 1823, and still resides on the old homestead. The sub- ject of this sketch was raised on the farm, and received his edu- cation at the common schools. At the age of seventeen he began farming the home farm, at which he has since continued, and at which he has been reasonably successful, having sixty-seven acres of well improved land. Politically he is an earnest Democrat, ^nd a highly respected citizen. In 1881 he became a member of New Harmony Lodge No. 394, A. F. & A. M. and is recognized as one of the county's best citizens. LEWIS RICHARDS, farmer, was born in Harmony Town- ship, Posey Co., Ind., September 14, 1861. He is a son of John J. and May (Aldridge) Richards, is of Scotch and German de- scent, and is the eldest son by his father's second marriage. At twelve years of age he began life for himself as a farmer on the old homestead. He attended the common schools, but being an 570 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. extensive reader he has gained more by his own efforts than with the aid of schools. He has succeeded in business also by his own efforts. His father was a leading early settler, and he himself is an active, enterprising man. He is a Democrat in politics, and an earnest worker for his party's succcess. He was married, March 15, 1883, to Miss Lizzie Schaeffer, who was born in 1855, a daughter of George and Louisa Schaeffer. Mr. and Mrs. Eich- ards have one child, viz.. Pearl, born December 22, 1884. Mr. Eichards settled in 1884, where he now resides. DAVID M. SCHNEB, grocer and harness-maker, was born at Lancaster, Penn., November, 1820. He is a son of Jacob and Catharine (Krips) Schnee, and of German descent. His father was born in Lebanon County, Penn., in 1784, and in 1827 came to Posey County, Ind., with a number of Pennsylvania families. After remaining in Posey County about a year and a half he went to Cincinnati, Ohio, remaining there until 1829, when he returned to New Harmony, and settled on the farm. He was a prominent man among the early settlers, and was at one time county judge. He died in 1838. The subject of this sketch was next to the youngest in a family of ten children, only four of whom now sur- vive. He remained in his father's service until nineteen years of age, when he began learning the trade of a harness-maker in Evansville under J. P. Elliott. After, serving an apprenticeship of three years, in 1845 he engaged in business for himself at New Harmony. He continued in the harness-making business alone until 1880, when he added thereto the grocery business, both of which he still carries on. Mr. Schnee is one of the prominent and well-known men of New Harmony. In 1850 he was apjwint- ed by the General Government to take the census of Posey County. In May, 1851, he became a member of the I. O. O. F., and has been chosen three times a delegate to the Grand Lodge. In politics he was formerly a Whig, but is now a Eepublican. Mr. Schnee was married, in 1845, to Miss Nancy W. Traverse, of AVarren County, Ky,, by whom he has three children: Eleanor a M., Kate M. and Harry T. THOMAS P. SHEPHEED, farmer and stock raiser, was born near where he now lives, in 1829. He is a son of William H. and Mary (Perry) Shepherd, and is of English descent Both of his parents were bom in England, his father in 1769, and ./] ^t' c^. --J'fz^^^i^ /(f, / BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 573 his mother in 1789. The family came to America and settled in Pennsylvania, and after remaining there a short time came to what is now Posey County, Ind., in 1816. Here William H. Shepherd died four months previous to the birth of the subject of this sketch. Mrs. Shepherd died in 1860, having, however, attended her own mother at her last illness in her native country. Thomas P. Shepherd was raised on the farm, and attended school in a log schoolhouse. In 1859 he settled where he now lives, and where he has 159 acres of good land, well improved. For some years he has been paying attention to the raising of fine horses. He was married, in 1864, to Mrs. Nancy Jane Lock- ridge, who was formerly a Miss Eandolph, born in Illinois, and came to Posey County in early life. Mr. Shepherd is a Demo- crat, and a prosperous farmer. Both himself and Mrs. Shep- herd are members of the Eegular Baptist Church. PEEDEEICK SIEKMANN, farmer and dairyman, was born in Prussia, Germany, January 14, 1821. He is the son of Ar- nold and Mary (Steinbech) Siekmann, and is the youngest of seven sons. His father was born in Prussia in 1782, and died there in 1832. His paternal grandfather was Peter Siekmann. The subject of this sketch was educated in Prussian schools, and immigrated to America in 1852, landing at New Orleans. He came up the Ohio Eiver to Bvansville, and settled in Warrick County, Ii;d., where he remained until 1876, when he came to Posey County, and settled where he now resides. He now owns 120 acres of good land. In 1883 he began the dairy business which he still continues. Mr. Siekmann is a self-made man, a good citizen, a Democrat, and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was married, in 1846, to Margaret Boe- mer, born February 25, 1826, a daughter of Henry and Mary Boemer. They have had thirteen children, five of whom are living: Caroline, born February 28, 1852; Gideon, born Decem- ber 22, 1855; Amelia, born August 7, 1862; Eli, born November 3, 1864, and Anna, born July 12, 1867. JOHN T. SOPEE, farmer, was born in New Harmony, Ind., April 8, 1836. He is the son of Virgil and Martha D. (Thrall) Soper, and of English descent. His father was born in Connec- ticut October 20,1803, and his mother in the same State July 30, 1809. The former came to Indiana in a very early day, and set- 574 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. tied in Gibson County, where he remained until about 1830, when he came to Posey County and settled in New Harmony Township, becoming an extensive land owner, and one of the prominent farmers of the county. His death occurred December 17, 185{>. Mrs. Soper died December 26, 1859. The subject of this sketch is the second of seven children. He was educated at the Mount Vernon schools; after which he remained on the farm in the serv- ice of his father until 1861, when he enlisted in Company C, Sixtieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. Eemaining in the service one year he was discharged at Lebanon, Ky., on account of phys- ical disability, and returning home, he again engaged in agricult- ural pursuits, which have been his life work. He now owns the old Soper homestead, and in all has 400 acres of the best land in Posey County. In politics Mr. Soper is a consistent Republican. He was married, October 1, 1865, to Miss Jane E. McCoUum, a native of Wayne County, 111., who died July 19, 1866. Mr. So- per married again, October 8, 1874, Miss Julia E. Osbom, a native of Farmersville, Posey County, Ind. AUSBUEN T. STEPHENS, proprietor of the Stephens House, New Harmony, was born in Covington, Ky., November 15, 1819. His father was James Stephens, and his mother Sarah (Trail) Stephens. The former was born in Virginia in 1780, and the latter in Maryland in 1796. James Stephens died in 1825, and Mrs. Stephens in 1879. The subject of this sketch was raised on a farm in Kenton County, Ky., and remained in Ken- tucky until January, 1855, at which time he came to Posey County, Ind. He settled on Section 22, Lynn Township, where he followed farming until 1884, when he retired from farm life. In this year he became proprietor of what was formerly the "Ran- dolph House," which he has since improved, and it is now a good hotel. He was married, in 1842, to Miss Elizabeth Hume, a native of Kentucky. Of this marriage there were born live chil- dren, four of whom are now living: Orion W., Ezra A., Parthe- mia and Flora. Mrs. Stephens died in 1881, and Mr. Stephens was married, the second time, in 1884, to Mrs. Hectorenna Real, a native of New Harmony. Mr. Stephens has been a Mason since 1854, and in politics he is a Democrat. JAMES S. STALLINGS, farmer and stock raiser, was born in Posey County, Ind., in 1821. He is a son of Shadrach and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 575 Nancy ) Willis) Stalliugs, and is of English descent. His father was one of the pioneer settlers of the county, and also one of the prominent men among them. He was born in North Carolina,, but immigrated to Posey County when yet a young man. He lived here the remainder of his life. Mrs. Nancy Stallings was born in Tennessee. The subject of this sketch is the only one living of thirteen children ; he was raised on the' farm and his opportunities for obtaining an education were |but meager. He began the life of a farmer for himself when twenty-two years old, settling where he now lives in 1848. He owns 200 acres of well- improved land, lying in the corner of three townships — Harmony, Centre and Lynn. He is a successful farmer, and in politics a Democrat; he was married in 1847, to Miss Maria Nash, a native of Posey County. She is a daughter of Jesse and Nancy Nash, and was born in 1829. Mr. and Mrs. Stallings have nine chil- dren, as follows: Cynthia, Samuel L., "William H., Mary E., John H., Jesse M., Charles, Wilson W. and Andrew. JASPEK NEWTON STALLINGS, farmer and stock raisei;, was born in Eobb Township, Posey County, May 9, 1842. He is a son of the late Willis and Matilda (Harvey) Stallings, and of English extraction; he is the ninth in a family of thirteen chil- dren; his father was born in North Carolina, February 28, 1805, and immigrated to what is now Posey ' County, when he was about ten years of age, in company with his parents ; he lived in Harmony Township until he was twenty-two years old, when he removed to Eobb Township, and settled on the farm where he lived until his death, August 3, 1885; he accumulated much property, was a leading, early day citizen, and died surrounded by a large circle of relatives and many friends ; he was twice married, and is survived by his second wife, who lives on the old homestead. The mother of our subject died when he was six years old; his education was received at the common schools. At the breaking out of the war, he enlisted in Company A, Fifty- sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being on a visit to a relative in "Sudsdam." January 1, 1863, he re-enlisted in same companj and regiment; he took active part in seventeen different engage- ments, the principal ones being Corinth, Vicksburg, Chattanooga,, Resaca and Ealeigh. He was honorably discharged August 12, 1865. After the war he resumed farming, which he continues to r)7(3 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. the present time, residing now on the old homestead. In politics he is a Democrat, and is a good and useful citizen. He was married, in 1867, to Miss Eachel Homer, daughter of Edward and Elizabeth Homer, who was born April 30, 1850. They have two children : Annabel, born in 1868, and Truman Homer, born in 1872. ELIJAH WILLIS STALLINGS, farmer, was born in Eobb Township, July 26, 1845. He is a representative of one of the pioneer families of the county. He is a son of Willis and Matilda (Harvey) Stallings, the tenth in a family of thirteen children, and is of English descent. His early life was spent on the farm, and his early education was obtained at the district schools. At the age of twenty-one he began life for himseK as a farmer, and has followed that honorable occupation ever since. He removed to where he now lives, about fifteen years ago. He is a successful farmer, and in politics a Democrat. He was mar- ried, in 1867, to Miss Ellen Homer, daughter of Edward and Elizabeth Homer, and born July 5, 1847. They have two chil- dren: Luella, born in May, 1868, and Milton, born in September 1872. Mr. Stallings has of late years given considerable atten- tion to the raising of short-horn cattle. GEOEGE W. STALLINGS, a representative of one of the early families of this county, was born in Harmony Township,, September 16, 1846. He is a son of William and Mary A. (Johnson) Stallings, and of English descent. William Stallings was also a native of Posey County and died here in 1879. The boyhood of the subject of this sketch was passed on the farm, and in attendance upon the district schools. At the age of twenty-one, he began life on his own account. In 1869 he be- came engaged in the milling business in partnership with his father. In 1873 he retired from this business and began his present occupation, that of a farmer, and has now one of the best 175 acre farms in the county. Upon this farm he erected, in 1884, a fine residence forty-two-foot front, with a twenty-eight foot L, costing $2,500. He was married, January 2, 1870, to Miss Mary J. Murphy, of Posey County, Ind. They have six children: Frederick, born November 27, 1870; Mary, born Au^ gust 21, 1872; Ida, November 23, 1874; Elvie, October 22, 1876; Nellie, October 3, 1878, and Ora E., born October 5, 1881. Mr BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 577 Stallings is a representative farmer of the county, and has re- cently been paying considerable attention to short-horn cattle. ELIAS STALLINGS, farmer, was born where he now lives, May 11, 1854, and is a representative of one of the early pioneer families of the county. He is a son of William and Mary A. (John- son) Stallings. His father was born in this county, and died here in 1876, He was a farmer and miller by occupation. His mother was a native of Kentucky, came to this county when about twenty years of age, and still resides on the old homestead, with her son, the subject of this sketch, who was raised on the farm. At twenty years of age, he began life for himself, work- ing on the farm. In 1874 he went to California, and after re- maining there one year, returned to the scenes of his childhood, and to farm life on the old Stallings homestead. Here he has since continued to live and now owns the place, a well improved farm of 175 acres. He is a prosperous farmer, and is now pay- ing attention to raising short-horn cattle. He is a Republican in politics, having cast his first vote for Rutherford B. Hayes. He was married in 1877, to Miss Seraphine Pitts, who was born at Springfield, Posey County, in 1855. Their children are as fol- lows: Arlenia, born July 24, 1879; Malcolm, born May 26, 1881, and Kelly, born August 4, 1883. THOMAS J. TRUSCOTT, attorney at law, and retired farmer, was born October 17, 1840, in Wabash County, 111. He is a son of George and Margaret (McCleary) Truscott, and is of English descent. His father was born in England, July 17, 1802, and his grandfather, Truscott, was born in England, in 1775. He immigrated to America in 1817, and settled in what was then known as Edwards County, 111. About 1820 he re- moved from Carlisle to Albion, where he died in February, 1851. The father of Thomas J. left England in 1818, and settled at Carlisle, 111., residing there until about 1820, when he removed to Albion. In 1832 he married Margaret McCleary, of Mc- Cleary's Bluff, 111. In 1853 he removed to Mount Erie, Wayne Co., 111., where he died in July, 1865. The mother of our sub- ject was born in Ohio, in 1809, and died December 12, 1844. Thomas J. Truscott was raised on the farm and attended district school. He has always been a hard student. He taught his first school in 1860, in Wayne County, 111., and continued teach- 578 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. ing at intervals about ten years. In June, 1861, Mr. Truscott enlisted in Company E, Fortieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serving, however, less than a year, being discharged on account ©f physical disability. In 1863 he re-enlisted in Company H, Ninety-first Indiana Volunteer Infantry, of which company he was elected first lieutenant. He was a good soldier and was mustered out at the expiration of his term of service in April, 1864. After the war he resumed agricultural pursuits and con- tinued thus engaged until 1875, when he removed to New Har- mony, where he has since resided. He has several fine farms in Lynn Township. In 1860 he began the study of law, and in 1876 was admitted to the Posey County bar. From 1882 to 1884 he was a special examiner in the United States Pension Bureau. He was a representative man of Posey County, and one of her best citizens. In politics he is a Republican. He was married in May, 1864, to Miss Catharine Wilson, of Posey County. They are the parents of these children: Mary, born February 15, 1865; Elizabeth B., born July 5, 1866, and Frede- rick W., born August 12, 1870. Mr. and Mrs. Truscott are lead- ing members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. HON. JOHN WALZ, maiaufacturer of boots and shoes, was bom in Germany, February 28, 1829. He is a son of Phillip and Mary Ann (Litzler) Walz, both of whom were natives of Ger- many. The subject of this sketch immigrated from Germany to America in 1851, landing in New York, where he remained' until the following fall. At that time he moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, and in the spring of 1852 removed to New Harmony, where he has since resided. Mr. Walz is by occupation a shoe- maker, having learned that trade in his native country. In politics he is a Democrat, having cast his first vote for Franklin Pierce for President in 1852. In 1874 he was elected to represent Posey County in the Legislature of Indiana, by a majority of 1,800, andin 1880 he was re-elected over an Independent Democrat, by a major- ity of about 500. In this position served to the entire satisfaction of his constituents, and introduced a number of bills which became laws. He is a prominent and leading man, and one of the most popular men in Posey County. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M., and also of the I, O. O. F. Mr. Walz was married, in 1852, to Miss Elizabeth Soil, of Kentucky, by whom he had five chil- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 579 dren, and who died in 1871. Mr. Walz was married the second time, in 1875, to Miss Ina Schnee, a native of Posey Cpunty, by whom he has one child: Neva Walz. PETER WEBER, merchant tailor, one of the prominent citizens of Posey County, a son of George and Catharine (Tan- fertshoefer) Weber, was born in Germany, in 1849. Both his parents were Germans by birth. In his early youth he attended the German schools, and at nine years of age began learning the tailor's trade under the direction of his father. At sixteen years of age he was completely master of his trade. He served in the regular army three years, was a soldier in the Franco-Prussian war, and served in a number of the prominent battles of that great conflict of arms. In 1871 he came to America, remained for a time in Philadelphia, and in 1874 came to Posey County, settling in New Harmony where he has since remained. Upon his arrival he engaged in, and has since continued in the mer- chant tailoring business, of which he has made a success. Being a public-spirited and enterprising man, he is bound to succeed. He left his home at thirteen years of age, and has made his own way in life ever since. In politics, he is a stanch Democrat. He was married, in 1874, to Miss Lone Emge, a native of Cincinnati, Ohio, by whom he has two children: Mary, born in February, 1880, and Henry, born in November, 1881. Mr. Weber is one of the leading citizens of New Harmony, and an honorable gentle- man. JOHN WILKERSON, one of the few living old settlers of Posey County, was born on the Neuse River, North Carolina, in 1816, the son of James and Louisa (Cooper) Wilkerson, of En- glish-Irish descent, and the eldest of six children. His father and mother were born in North Carolina in 1792. His paternal grand- father was a native of Maryland, and a drummer in the Revolu- tionary war. The Wilkerson family immigrated to Indiana in 1821, and settled in Posey County, where the father of our subject died in 1857, and his mother in 1863. Thus they were among the first settlers of this locality. John Wilkerson was reared on the farm and attended the early schools, his first teacher being Turner Nelson. At the age of twenty-one years, he began life for himself. In 1842 he began farming, and has since continued that occupa- tion, now owning 154 acres of good land; In 1844 he was married 580 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. to Miss Mary Jackson, a native of Vermont, daughter of James and Margaret (Wood) Jackson. Mrs. Wilkerson came to Posey County in 1841, and is a lady widely known for her many virtues and numerous charitable acts. Six children were born to them, named James L., Josiah S., John B., Fannie, Euark S. and Hen- ry S. Mr. Wilkerson, formerly a Whig, is now a stanch Eepub- lican, and a good and useful citizen. LYTLE WYLIE, farmer and stock raiser, was born in Posey County, Ind., in 1829, the son of James and Sophia (Vandiever) Wylie, of Scotch-French origin. Lytle is the eldest of five chil- dren. His father was a Kentuckian, came to Posey County, Ind., at an early day, settled in Harmony Township, and here lived until his death in 1838. His mother was born in Kentucky in 1810, and now resides in Harmony Township. Lytle Wylie was reared on the farm, and in 1850 began for himself. In 1852 he crossed the plains by ox-team, to California, and engaged in mill- ing, remaining in that State until 1855. After that time he began farming, and has ever since continued, now owning 304 acres of good land. In 1880 he bought what is known as the Filligim farm. He was married, in 1864, to Louisa Burbick, a native of Posey County, Ind., and by her is the father of four children, named Frederick B., Mary E., Morris C. and Ethel. In 1860 Mr. Wylie was made a member of the I. O. O. F. He is a Democrat, and a leading citizen of his township. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 681 ROBB TOWNSHIP. BENNET ALMON is a native of Posey County, Ind., born February 11, 1824. His parents, Thomas and Euth (Martin) Almon, were natives of Kentucky and Virginia, respectively. The father was of English-Irish descent, born in 1790. He came to Posey County in his youth and followed the occupation of agri- culture. His death occurred December 19, 1877, and the mother's in 1870. Our subject remained at home until twenty-two years of age, and received a limited education, owing to the scarcity of schools at that early period. February 12, 1846, he married Maranda Armstrong, born in Illinois, December 25, 1829. To their union were born twelve children: Sarah E., Thomas B., Elsberry, Euth J., Julia A., Nancy C, JohnL., Bailey M., Millie A. (deceased), Mary E., Martha L. (deceased), and Miranda F., all of whom are living at or near home. Mr. Almon has resided on the old homestead since marriage. He owns 156 acres of land, on which is erected a beautiful frame residence. He and his wife are members of the General Baptist Church, and he is a Demo- crat. JOHN N. BAEEETT was born March 30, 1843, in Posey County, Ind., and is one of eleven children born to George A. and Minerva (Sanders) Barrett. The father was of English de- scent, born October 12, 1818. He owned 430 acres of land in Robb Township and was among the first settlers of the county. He died December 5, 1871, after a useful and well spent life. The mother was Irish by birth, born in Kentucky in 1820. Since the death of her husband she has made her home with her children, who are living near each other. Our subject was educated in the common schools and 'made his home with his mother until twenty- six years old. September 21, 1869, he took for his companion through life Phoebe A., daughter of Isaiah and Polly Wilkinson. She is a native of Gibson County, Ind., born in 1842. They have three children: Elma, Clara E. and Arthur. After his marriage .OS'J IIIHTOIIV OF I'dHKV COUNTY, Mr. IJfirrnii |)urnr Hubjdd;, W)iH of IriHli (IdHcoiii,, born in Kmiiiicky, .luniiiiry '1, I71'2, (Ui'l waM a Ull(ir of (,li(i Hoil. May yit, IH14, Ihi inarriod l*lli/al)()th Kohh, anil tluiy t)H(ianin tJKf (tarnnlH ol' Hnvon dliildron. 'I'liiiy mrno to Indiana in 1818, and livod in dill'on^iit |>artH of I'oHfiy Ooiinty until I8'll, wliiiii lin pundniHod 120 acnm in llobi) 'l'ownHlii|i and livod until hiHdnatili.lanuary U, 1850. Tlni ttiotluu' w/iHl>orn in Ual- timom, January 1, 171)4, and diod January 'Ji., 18(;4. Liontil WflH liorn Octoltor 'JO, 1815 and obtained hiH (wincation in th(» old lo^ . H(r|ioolliouH(( of fifty or Hixty yoarn a>^o. Ajtril 24, 181(8, lio tnarri(Ml An^iiHtft A. (Kiinlc, daii^^litftr of li(*wiH and (/idibarino Ulunk, born in 181)5, in (Jorinany. To tlmir nnioti hIx cldldniii w<*r«l)orn niinnMl; Julinn I'',, {.louiH M,, Ijouina (1, \iv/,'/Ms H,, Jobri 11. and Mary (J. JuHuh Ih a,n M. I), in Xonia, III.; LouIh Jh a farrnor in Kontncky; IjoniHa Ih in MiHHonri and tlio rornaindor ari! atornttar liornn, Mr. Boylo locatud on tlni old lioirioHtoad aftor irnirriaj^n. llcowMH 1 50 aM- 5, 1825, and Ih onii of a lar^brirttian Ohnrcb. Vlliaili I'. lUWKMAN, banker of IVmeyville, Ind., Ih a H<.n of William (J. and llebecca A. fPhilijiH) Hozeman, and waH born BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. , 583 January 5, 1842, in White County, 111. The father was a native of the same place, born January 26, 1816, a wool-carder by occupation. He moved to Posey County, Ind., in 1842 and located near Poseyville. A year later he moved to the town where he remained until his death, April 10, 1872. He was a successful business man and good financier. The mother was of Irish extraction and was born in the same State and county as her husband, November 21, 1819. Since the death of her hus- band she has lived with our subject. Vigil P. came with his parents to Posey County when an infant. He has a fair business education, completing the common school course and attending the University at Bloomington, Ind., for one year. When eighteen years old he began teaching school, continuing at that work seven years. December 10, 1874, he married Sarah E. Jaquess, born in Posey County, September 5, 1840. Since marriage they have resided in Poseyville, where Mr. Bozeman follows the occupation of brokerage. In 1883 he was elected president of the Posey County Bank at Mount Yemon, which suspended business about eighteen months later. In the winter of 1885 he and George Waters organized a private bank in PoseyviUe, which is at the present time in a prosperous condition. He owns about 700 acres of land besides town property in Poseyville. In politics he is a Eepublican and cast his first vote for A. Lincoln. He is a mem- ber of the I. O. O. F. and Masonic fraternity. His wife is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. E. A. BRENNAN, the leading merchant of Poseyville, was bom June 18, 1848, in Cincinnati, Ohio, and is the youngest son of a family of eight children of Michael and Elizabeth Brennan. His parents were .both of Irish birth and were married in the old country when quite young, immigrating to America about 1840. They located in Cincinnati where our subject's father en- gaged in the business of merchant tailoring, but his health fail- ing he was forced to give this up. He died while his youngest son was yet an infant. Several years after the death of our sub- ject's father his mother to Lexington, Ky., where she now lives, a venerable old lady. Our subject was reared without a father's care or training and received but a limited education, such as the country schools afforded. At the early age of twelve years he was compelled to fight the battle of life alone. He commenced 584 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. working at odd jobs around the neighborhood, such as picking berries, driving cart, etc. It being about the time the war broke out, our subject determined to take part in the conflict. Being too young to enlist, he joined his brother Edward at Camp Nelson, Ky., in the fall of 1863, and went with the Seventh Ohio Cavalry, participating in several engagements. He was at one time sent by Gen. Fry, the then commandant at Camp Nelson, with dis- patches from said camp to Mount Sterling, a distance of over seven- ty-five miles, which he made safely, going twice through the ene- my's lines. For this exploit he received the personal thanks of Gen. Fry. Being discharged in August, 1865, he returned to Lexing- ton, but remained there but a short time. He determined to go West but having a brother and sisterresiding in Evansville, Ind., he made them a visit and while there entered the employ of the wholesale dry goods house of Sweetser, Caldwell & Co. Here he found a business suiting his abilities and soon took the road as a traveling salesman, which position he held for over fifteen years, traveling over most of the Western and Southern States. No man that ever left the city of Evansville was better known than "Col. Bob" as his friends called him. September 4, 1873, he married Cora Alice Messick, daughter of Capt. J. W. and Sarah A. Mes- sick, of Evansville, Ind. She (his present wife), was born July 21, 1854, in Madison, Jefferson Co., Ind. They have two chil- dren named Harry A. and Bessie Brennan. Mr. Brennan re- mained in Evansville until March, 1884, when he came to Posey- ville and commenced business for himself by establishing a general merchandise store, at which he has since continued. He has always kept a large stock of goods of all kinds, buying from the largest houses in the Eastern markets, his early training in the wholesale business enabling him to make the best possible purchases. He is the leading merchant of the town and has the quality of push and energy which are essential to success. He is a shrewd business man and is honest and upright in all his deal- ings and has made many friends although a comparative stranger. Soon after his arrival in Poseyville he organized the Poseyville Building and Loan Association, and was elected one of its direct- ors and secretary, which position he now holds. He has ever worked for the good of the town and was the prime mover for the incorporation of the town, and he with other gentlemen advanced BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 585 sufficient money to make the survey and have the town platted. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and is now, after the early struggles of life, situated and surrounded with kind friends and neighbors. JOHN CHEISTIE was born in Virginia, June 21, 1834, son of Henry and Ellen (St. Clair) Christie. The parents were natives of Virginia, born in 1806 and 1811, respectively. The father was a stone-mason, and came to Posey County, Ind., in 1850, where he followed the life of a farmer. His death occurred June 6, 1879. The mother is yet living. Our subject re- ceived a limited education, owing to the poor facilities of that day, and when nineteen years old began working for himself. June 13, 1859, he took for his companion through life Rosetta Kirby, born September 13, 1842, in Tennessee. They have this family: Jessie E., Minnie E. (deceased), Mary E. (deceased), Martha A., Nellie G. and Bstella F. Mr. Christie enlisted in Company D., Ninety -first Regular Indiana Infantry, Aug- ust 20, 1862, and was an active and faithful soldier for three years. In June, 1865, he returned home, and in the fall of the same year, purchased forty-seven acres of land in Robb Town- ship, and began farming. December 8, 1880, he lost his wife, and since that time his daughter Jessie has been his housekeeper. He aftetWard increased his farm to 107 acres, but meeting with an accident which crippled him in 1884, he abandoned farming, and has since lived in Poseyville. He is a Republican in politics and cast his first vote for Fremont. JOSEPH DAVIS, one of the early settlers of Posey County, Ind., was born November 9, 1816, and is a son of John and El- len (Journey) Davis. The father was of Irish extraction, born in Kentucky in 1790. He came to Indiana in 1816, and located on a 160 acre farm given him by his father. In 1818, while he and his brother-in-law, Ralph Martin, were attending a Method- ist camp meeting, in Gibson County, a violent storm arose, and while they were standing under a tree, waiting for the storm to pass, they were struck by lightning and instantly killed, together with their two horses. Our subject's mother was born in the State of New Jersey, and after the death of her husband, mar- ried James Downey, with whom she lived until her death in 1858. Joseph made good use of his time while in school, and was es- 586 HISTORY OP POSEY COUNTY. pecially skillful in the science of mathematics. At the age of twenty-one he began teaching school, and taught in all five terms, receiving from $16 to $25 per month. November 7, 1839 he married Mary Endicott, born January- 24, 1823, in Posey County. Nine children were born to them, seven of whom are living: Ellen, Martha E., John B., William, Joseph James, Pres- ton and Mary E. Mr. Davis began life as a farmer, with eighty acres of land, which he has since increased to 150 acres. He and J. W. Robb are the only two men now living who' were born in the township when the State was a Territory. He is a Eepub- lican, and cast his first vote for William Henry Harrison. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. LEANDEK DEFUE was born in Posey County, Ind., Feb- ruary 15, 1831, son of Eoswell and Bedy (Eoberts) Defur. The father was of French descent, born in 1803, in South Carolina, and came to Indiana in his youth. He was married in 1821, and resided in Posey County until his death in 1858. Our subject's grandfather took an active part in the battle of Tippecanoe. At that time the country was full of hostile Indians, and many atrocious crimes were committed. Some interesting stories re- lated by Mr. Defur will be found in another part of this work. The mother was born in South Carolina October 20,. 1804. She is at present living with our subject, and is quite bright and active for so old a lady. Leander was educated in the district schools, and in 1854 took a trip to the Pacific coast, going via the Gulf of Mexico, Isthmus of Panama, and up the Pacific coast to the Golden Gate. He became a miner, and only a few days after his arrival found a piece of quartz rock which con- tained over $60 worth of gold. He remained there four years and then returned to "Hoosierdom" with upward of $1,000, which he had earned. He located on the old place, where he has ever since lived, owning 101 acres of land. In 1874 the house caught fire and was consumed. Since that time he has rebuilt, and is doing well as a farmer. He is a Democrat in pol- itics, and is a member of the Eegular Baptist Church. JAMES H. DEFUE is a native of Posey County, Ind., born December 9, 1841, son of Louis and Julia (Bonner) Defur. The father was of French lineage, born in 1811 in Posey County. At the time of his marriage, in 1888, he lived in the last named BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 587 county, where he owned eighty acres of land. He was one of the old settlers of the county, and died January 24, 1851. The mother was of Irish descent, born November 17, 1809, in Penn- sylvania. Since the death of her husband she has lived with our subject. James was reared on a farm, and attended the dis- trict schools in boyhood. March 13, 1863, he married Ella, daughter of Hosea and Margaret Lee. She was born September 5, 1847, in Posey County. They have six children: William L. (deceased), Oscar L., Arthur C, Edgar O., Louis L. and Mar- garet C. After marriage he operated a shingle factory in Owens- vUle, Ind., for two years. He then lived for some time in the "Hawkeye" and "Sucker" States, and then returned to Indiana, where he has since resided on the old homestead. He built a fine dwelling house in 1884, which is furnished with all the modern conveniences. He is a Democrat and cast his first vote for George B. McClellan. JAMES T. DEMAEEE was born in Kentucky August 1, 1834. His parents, Samuel and Frances (Cropper) Demaree, were born in Kentucky in 1803 and 1808 respectively. The father was a farmer, and lived successively in Kentucky, Illinois and lastly Missouri, where he died, December. 1884. The mother died in the same place in 1883, after a well spent life. James T. remained with his parents until twenty-four years old. November 18, 1857 he married Artemisia Ward, born in Tennes- see in 1841. They became the parents of nine children, seven of whom are living: John, Ida, Mary and Martha (twins), Lu- ella, Walter and Edna. Our subject was living in Missouri at the time of his marriage, and remained in that State until the breaking out of the war, when he moved to Posey County, Ind. September 17, 1861, he enlisted in Company I, Twenty-eighth Kegiment Illinois Infantry for three years and was in many of the bloodiest battles of the war. At the battle of Shiloh he re- ceived a wound which disabled him so badly that he was com- pelled to quit the service. In 1874 he was chosen county com- missioner to superintend the county poor for two years, and in 1879 was re-elected. Mr. Demaree began life for himself with but a few dollars, but by industry and the aid of his wife now owns 196 acres of good land. He is a Republican, and a mem- ber of the I. O. O. F. 588 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. HENEY DEMBERGEE was born in Bavaria, Germany, November 6, 1849, and is the only child born to Martin and Henrietta (Faul) Demberger, natives of the same country as our subject. The father, who was born in 1824, was a cabinet-maker by trade, but at present is a farmer. In 1852 he and family came to the United States, locating in Stewartsville, Ind. The mother was born in 1824. Henry obtained a fair English educa- tion, and made his home with his people until he was twenty-two years old. January 8, 1877, he married Margaret Doll, daugh- ter of Jacob and Catharine Doll. She is a native of Posey County, born in 1855. They have four children: William A. (deceased), John A., Henrietta and Lewis Jacob. Mr. Dember- ger entered into partnership with George Faul in the mercan- tile business in Stewartsville. They keep a fine stock of goods, and are doing a very fair trade. In politics our subject is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the German Evan- gelical Church. In 1875 ha was appointed postmaster, and held the office until 1882. WILLIAM A. DEAKE, miller, is a native of Kentucky, born August 23, 1854, son of Eev. James and Sarah Jane (Gish) Drake. The parents were natives of Keiitucky, born in 1815 and 1821, respectively. The father was a farmer and miller by oc- cupation, and also became minister of the gospel while in his native State, and preached for upward of forty years. He came to Posey County, Ind., where he remained until 1880, when he moved to Kentiicky and remained until his death in 1883. The mother's death occurred in 1872. Our subject was educated in the common schools, and aided his parents on the farm until nearly twenty-one years old. In 1879 he entered into partner- ship with his brother, John, in the saw-mill business. In 1884 they became partners of James Hall in grist-milling, and are do- ing a paying business. In politics Mr. Drake is a Eepublican. In 1884 he was married to Miss Mattie A. Sandefur, daughter of J. T. and Julia B. Sandefur. She was born April 28, 1866, and has borne her husband one child, George Humphrey. She is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. SOLOMON C. DUNLAP, superintendent of the county poor, is a son of William and Sarah (Green) Dunlap, who were natives of North Carolina and Indiana, respectively. The father was BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 591 bom in 1801, and followed the calling of a farmer. He lived for some time in White County, 111., and then moved to Stoddard County, Mo., where he died November 4, 1880. The mother also died at that place, in August, 1882. Our subject was born in Illinois, April 17, 1830. He worked on the home farm until twenty-two years of age. January 27, 1854, he married Mahala Ann Wells, daughter of James and Elizabeth Wells. She is a native of Posey County, Ind., born May 22, 1832. They have four children living: James William, Sarah Elizabeth, John Martin and Burl Crawford. After his marriage he lived for some time in the " Sucker State," and in 1866 came to Posey County, Ind., where he rented property for some time. In 1879 he was chosen superintendent of the poor, and has held the posi- tion by re-election ever since, thus showing how he is appreciated by the people. In politics Mr. Dunlap is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for AVinfield Scott. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. WILLIAM B. ENDICOTT. Moses Endicott was born in Mount Vernon, Ky., September 2, 1808. He left his native State when but six years old, and came to Posey County, Ind., with his parents. He married his wife, Elizabeth Calvert, of Irish descent, born in Vanderburg County, Ind., and made his home in Posey County, where he at one time owned upward of 300 acres of land. They became the parents of eleven children. His death occurred July 18, 1882, and the mother's in 1854. Our subject was born in Posey County, Ind., September 3, 1848. He obtained a fair education, and remained with his parents until twenty-seven years of age. He began doing for himself on eighty-seven acres of land given him by his father and where he has since resided. He is a Democrat and his first vote was cast for Horace Greeley. June 30, 1877, he was married to Kate Eister, born in 1849 in Indiana, and daughter of Christopher and Margaret Bister. She has proved a helpmate to her husband, and is a member of the Regular Baptist Church. WILLIAM W. FAIECHILD was born December 19, 1825, in Vanderburg County, Ind., son of Sherman and Dyantha (Cody) Fairchild, who were natives of New York. The father was born in 1800, and was a farmer by occupation, and lived in the Hoosier State the greater part of his life. He died in 1860. 592 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. The mother was of English lineage. Her death occurred in Kirkland, Ohio, in 1832. Our subject obtained his education in the pioneer log schoolhouse, and remained with his father until twenty-three years old. December 10, 1848, he married Lucinda Young, born in Posey County in 1831. To their union eight children were born, seven of whom are living: Mary, Martha L., Edward, Frederick, Laura A., Delilah and Minor M. Mary and Frederick are living in Kansas. Edward is engaged in making brick and drain tile in Posejrville, and Minor is engaged in the same business on his father's farm. Mr. Fairchild owns 120 acres of land in Eobb Township. In 1871 he commenced mak- ing drain tile in connection with farming, and was the first man to manufacture and introduce tiling in Posey County. Its demand was very slow at first, but is now a great industry. He continued the business for nine years, when his son Frederick took control. Mr. Fairchild is a Bepublican, and cast his first- vote for Zachary Taylor. He belongs to the I. O. O. F., and he and wife are members of the General Baptist Church. ELAM W. FAIECHILD is a son of Sherman and Dyantha (Cody) Fairchild, and was born March 17, 1828, in Ohio. He was reared at home, and received his education in the district schools. April 14, 1850, he wedded Martha Linxwiler, daughter of Christopher and Mary Ann Linxwiler. She was born in Van- derburg County, Ind., September 28, 1828. To their marriage two children were born, named Eliza (wife of Franklin Knowles) and John. Eliza is living in Gibson County, and John is engaged in farming near the old homestead. After his marriage Mr. Fairchild rented land in Vanderburg County for upward of two years, and at the end of that time moved to Posey County, where he purchased sixty-five acres of land in Eobb Township. Here he located and has since lived. By energy and industry he has accumulated property year by year until he at present owns 105 acres of good land. His political views are Eepublican. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and his wife is a member of the General Baptist Church. Her grandfather, Thomas Eose, was the father of twenty-nine children. He was married twice, his first wife bearing him eleven children and his second wife eighteen. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 593 E. EDWARD FAIECHILD, manufacturer of brick and tile, is a son of William and Luoinda (Young) Fairchild, and was born in Posey County, Ind., August 29, 1853. The parents were natives of Indiana, the father born in 1825 and the mother in 1831. The father was a carpenter and farmer in early life, but for the last sixteen years has been engaged in making brick and tile. Our subject received his education in the district schools, and remained at home working on the farm until twenty-three years of age. October 29, 1876, he married Sarah A. Wallace (born in 1859), who bore him four children: Claudie C, Bthna P., EarlE. and Lola D. (deceased). Soon after marriage Mr. Fair- child purchased forty acres of land in Posey County and com- menced farming. Two years later he sold out and purchased a 120 acre farm near Poseyville, operating it about eighteen months, when he disposed of it. Since the spring of 1881 he has been manufacturing brick and tile. He makes about 250,000 bricks and 8,000 rods of drain tile per season, and employs about six men. In politics he is a Republican, and cast his first vote for E. B. Hayes. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and General Baptist Church. JACOB FAUL is a son of Louis and Lena (Gorlich) Faul who were natives of Rhein-Bavaria, Germany, born in 1808 and 1814 respectively. The father was a brewer and cooper by occu- pation. He has since been to the United States three different times and is yet living in his seventy-eighth year. The mother died in 1868. Our subject was born in Germany, July 25, 1833., and attended school until fourteen years old, living part of the time in Germany and part of the time in France. He learned the cooper's and brewer's trades of his father, and at the age of eighteen came to the United States locating first in New York, next in Philadelphia, and in 1853 reached Stewartsville where he located and commenced working at the cooper's trade, and after- ward at the carpenter's trade. In 1865 he purchased eighty acres of land which he has since increased to 160 acres in Robb Town- ship where he located and has since lived. He is a Democrat in politics. October 11, 1859 he married Carrie Mann, born April 13, 1841, in Posey County. They became the parents of nine children, six of whom are living: Margaret, Harriet, Susan, Henry, Carrie and Lena. Mrs. Faul is a member of the Evan- 594 HISTOKY OF POSEY COUNTY. gelical Church and has been, in every sense of the word, a help- mate to her husband. GEOEGE W. FAUL, merchant of Stewartsville, Ind., was born May 24, 1851, in the place where he now lives. He at- tended the district schools and remained at home until twenty- eight years old. When fifteen years old he began learning the sad- dler's trade with his father, continuing four years ; he then en- tered into partnership with Henry Demberger in the mercantile business, and as they keep a fine stock of goods, they are corres- pondingly prosperous. May 18, 1879, he wedded Mary J.Waller, born June 27, 1855, and daughter of David and Lucy Waller. They have two children: Frank and Nora. They have a fine house and lot in the village and are very comfortably situated. Our subject is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Samuel J. Tilden. His parents were Frederick and Elizabeth (Dickmeier) Faul, natives of Germany, the father born in 1819 and the mother in 1831. Frederick was a harness-maker by trade and came to the United States when only sixteen years old. He served in the Mexican war and was in many of its principal bat- tles ; he located in Stewartsville, after coming from the war, where he owns considerable land ; he held the office of township trustee for nearly fifteen years. JOHN S. FITZGEEEELL, the oldest citizen of Eobb Town- ship, Posey Co., Ind., was born March 17, 1819, in Gibson County, Ind., son of James and Elizabeth (Eay) Fitzgerrell, natives of Virginia and Kentucky, and born in 1777 and 1789, and died in 1865 and 1874, respectively. The father lived in different parts of Kentucky and Indiana, and finally came to Posey County, where he purchased 160 acres of land and remained until his death. He was quite wealthy and owned, at one time, 800 acres of land. In boyhood John S. went three miles to receive instruc- tion. March 15, 1845, he married Nancy (Clism) Graham, born December 22, 1818. . They have six children: .Mary L., Eliza- beth A., Jane E., James and Patsey Ann, twins (deceased), and Louis E. Mr. Fitzgerrell purchased 165 acres of land soon after marriage, which he has since increased to 230 acres, besides giving three of his children sixty-six acres of land apiece. As a farmer he has been very successful. He is a stanch Democrat and cast his first vote for Martin Van Buren. He was trustee of BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 595 Kobb Township for three. years; he and wife are members of the Kegular Baptist Church. JAMES FREEMAN, hotel proprietor, Posey ville, Ind., was born September 10, 1823, in Pennsylvania. His parents, James and Jane (Dngan) Freeman, were of Irish extraction. His father came to this country in his youth, and married his wife in Philadelphia. He was a shoe-maker by trade, and at times en- gaged in hotel keeping. He died of cholera at Massillon, Ohio. The mother died in Indiana about 1867. Our subject learned the saddler's trade in youth, and in time became a skillful work- man. About 1845 he married Purlina Anderson, who died in 1847, leaving one son, William. March, 1853, he wedded Louise Anna Durnal, born in Bowling Green, Ky., in 1837. They have five children, named Belle, Emery, Lizzie, Eva and Alva. Mr. Freeman located in Vincennes, where he lived about one year. He then resided in Illinois and in different parts of In- diana until 1853, when he moved to Poseyville. He was a strong Union man, and during the war fought bravely in Com- pany D, Ninety-first Indiana Infantry for three years. He plied his trade in Poseyville for twenty years, when he abandoned it and began keeping a hotel and livery stable. In politics he is a Republican, and cast his first vote for Zachary Taylor. JOHN GRIN, shoe-maker, Poseyville, Ind., is one of two children born to John and Emma (Hoffman) Grin, his birth oc- curring August 11, 1848, in Bavaria, Germany. His father was a carpenter, of German birth, born in 1812. His death occurred February 6, 1866. The mother was born in 1811, and is yet liv- ing. Subject received the compulsory education of his country, and when thirteen years old began learning the shoe-maker's trade, at which he worked in the principal cities of Germany for over four years. "When twenty years old he entered the army, remain- ing in the service two years. In 1872 he came to America, lo- cating in Evansville, Ind. August 24, 1874, he married Eliza Hoce, born in Evansville in 1848. She died January 31, 1876, leaving one child, named Henry. November 28, of the same year, he married Anna Helmann, who was born in 1848. They have one child, named Frederick. John Grin located in Poseyville in 1877. He was the first German settler of the town, and has made a success of life among the American people. He is a 596 HISTORY OP POSEV COUNTY. good workman, and has a good home in Posey ville. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and his wife is a member of the Ger- man Lutheran Church. JAMES S. HALL, miller of Poseyville, Ind., was bom Jan- uary 20, 1843, in England, and is a son of William and Jane (Woods) Hall. The father was a native of England, bom in 1780, and followed the life of a farmer. His death occurred in the mother country in January, 1851. The mother is a native of the same place, born in 1795, and is still living. Our subject at the age of fourteen commenced as an apprentice, learning the miller'ft and baker's trades, and worked for the same firm for four- teen years. May 12, 1807, he married Hannah Abdrew, born February 28, 1843, in England. They have seven children: John H., Annie, Albert E., Victor (deceased), Stella, Frank and Kalph. Our subject left his native land in 1871, and came to the United States, locating in Jacksonville, IlL, where he con- tinued plying his trade. He lived in that city until 1876, when he moved to Evansville. Ind., and worked one year; thence to Englefield, Ind., where he remained four years. In June, 1884, he came to Poseyville, and purchased a one-third interest in the grist-mill, the firm being known as Drake Bros. & Hall. Mr. Hall is a skillful mechanic, and an excellent miller. In politics he is very conservative, voting rather for principle than part)'. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. JACOB HERMANN was bom in Bavaria, Germany, De- cember 22. 188(5, and is one of two children bom to Peter and Elizabeth f Capis) Hekmann, who were bom in the same country as our subject. The father's birth occurred in 1807. He fol- lowed weaving as an occupation. The mother's death occurred in 1837. The father then married again. Our subject received a very good German education in his native country, attending school until he was fourteen years old. As he was enterprising and ambitious, he came to the United States when seventeen years old, and located in Posey County, Ind. He hired out to Aaron Eobb as a day laborer and worked for him six years. November V-K 1850, he married Mary Ann Huebner, daughter of Lawrence and Elizabeth Huebner. She was bom in Posey County, April 20, 1842. They became the parents of eight children, six of whom are living: Louisa E., Margaret, Emma, John, Anna and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 597 Martiu. Mr, He.kmaiiii owns 2S"2 acres of land and is well fixed finandally. He is a member of the L O. O. F. and a Democrat in polities. MICHAEL J. HOFilAXX is a native of Bayaria, Germany, ' ■ft-here lie was born Jannarr '24. IS-tS. He is a son of Michael and Eva ^Meder) Hofmann^ who were bom in Germany in iSOo and 1>11'. and died in 1S50 and 1S74. respectively. TThen onr sub- ject was but two years old his father died. He attended school until fourteen years of age and afterward attended a normal school at Kissinger four hours per week for live years, acquiring a thorough knowledge of the higher branches. He began learn- irg tJie carpenters trade at the age of fourteen, and worked at it until 1ST2. with the exception of three years spent in the army. At the latter date he came to the United States and located in Gibson County. Ind.. where he worked at his calling. February 1?. 1ST3, he was married to Mary A. Meyer, bom January, 1S56. in Indiana. They have five cluldren: Celie, Bosa, Johnnie, Willie and Laura. In ISSI Mr. Hofmann moved to Poseyville, Ind- He entered into partnership with Joseph Joest and Dr. Toimg in the saw and pLaning-mill and stave factory business. Sis months later Mr. Young withdrew, and the business has since Iveu suceessfrdly carried on by the other two men. Mr. Hofmann is an excellent carpenter and has erected most of the business houses in the town. He is a Democrat and he and wife are mem- bers of the Catholic Church. GEOBGE HUEBXEB, farmer, was bom in Posey County. hid.. February 1, ISil. son of Lawrence and lilizabeth (Hein) Hnebner. who were natives of Bavaria. Germany. The father was bom in 1S15, and when twenty-one years old entered the regular army, being in the Crown Prince's regiment. Later his father purchased his discharge and sent him to America. He kvated in Posey County on eighty acres of land, where he resided until his death. A few days after reaching this county he hired out as a day laborer to Henry Casey, an old bachelor who Uved near where Stewartsville now is. The next day he and two other men went to see Casey, and on arriving found him dead, with three u^ly flesh wounds in his breast. On looking around they saw a man by the name of Joel Ferguson, an outlaw and the" terror of the OMumunity. coming rapidly toward them, brandishing a large 598 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. knife and threatening to kill them. Lawi-ence's companions fled, but he stood his ground, and after a short contest Ferguson was overpowered and made prisoner, but before his trial was called he contrived to make his escape and was last heard of in Oregon. Lawrence was a well to do farmer and died in 1877. The mother is yet living. Our subject attended the district schools in boy- hood, and March 8, 1866, married Mary L. Fitzgerald, born De- cember 23, 1848. To them were born five children: Louisa E., John H. and "William L., Nancy L. and George E. His wife died February 1, 1880, and August 15, 1882, he married Cassandra Clark, born July 10, 1856, and died June 29, 1885. Mr. Hueb- ner was one of the boys in blue, and served in Company F, Thirty-eighth Indiana Lifantry. He is a Democrat and a member of the I. O. O. F., also of the Methodist Episcopal Church. WILLIAM W. HUNTEE, one of the enterprising farmers of Posey County, Ind., was born January 1, 1851, and is a son of John and Lucinda (Wade) Hunter, who were natives of Posey County, Ind. The father was a farmer by occupation and at the time of his marriage, which occurred in 1850, he lived in Posey County on his present farm. He is the owner of 420 acres of land and is one of the leading farmers of the county. William W. was educated in the district schools and resided with his people until he was nearly twenty-one years of age. September 3, 1871, he took for his life companion Serilda Ackman, daughter of William and Lucretia Ackman. She was born in the State of Kentucky October 13, 1849. To their union one child has been born named Ida, born February 5, 1872. Mr. Hunter is a Repub- lican and cast his first vote for U. S. Grant. THOMAS J. HYNE, farmer, was born in Posey County, Ind., February 19, 1849, and is one of eight children of George and Matilda (Stallings) Hyne. The father was of German birth, born in 1822, and came to the United States about 1840 and began tilling the soil in Posey County. He resided in different parts of the county and finally settled on his 160 acre farm, where he now resides. He has been industrious and owns one of the finest houses and best farms in the county. His wife was born December 25, 1818, in Posey County. Thomas received a com- mon school education and in addition attended the Commercial BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 599 College at Evansville, receiving his diploma May 7, of the same year. February 4, 1872, he married Lizzie Boyle, daughter of Hugh and Augusta Boyle. She was born May 9, 1846, in Posey County. They have two childi'en living, named Alfred and Grace. After his marriage Mr. Hyne purchased 100 acres of land in Eobb Township, where he has since made his home. His political views are Democratic. He cast his first vote for Horace Greeley. J. BENJAMIN HYNE is a son of John and Caroline Hyne. The father was born in Bavaria, Germany, May 27, 1819, and followed the life of an agriculturist. At the age of nineteen he left his fatherland and came to the United States with his brother and sister. He married RachaelM. Overton in 1843. She died in September, 1844, and January 6, 1849, he wedded Caroline Carbie, born in Brunswick, Germany, in 1826. To them were born three children: James M., Margaret and our subject. Ben- jamin attended the common schools and made his home with his people until he was twenty-two years old. April 10, 1880, he married Mary Eobb, daughter of John and Mary (Montgomery) Robb. She is a native of the county, born March 9, 1859. They have one child named Carl. Mr. Hyne is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Grover Cleveland. LEWIS HYNE, one of the promising young farmers of Robb Township, was born April 2, 1852, in Posey County, Ind., son of George and Matilda (Stallings) Hyne. Lewis attended the common schools, and also the Asbury University, now De Pauw College, in the winter of 1870. He made his home with his parents until 1882. He gave considerable attention to stock buying, meeting with fair success. In 1875 he purchased eighty acres of land in Eobb Township. He is now cultivating his farm and also 310 acres in Gibson County. He employs, on an aver- age, eight men during the summer season. He is very energetic and enterprising, and will undoubtedly be one of the first farmers in the county. In politics he is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for Horace Greeley. HON. THOMAS C. JAQUESS was born in Posey County, Ind., December 10, 1821, and is one of eight children born to Jona- than G. and Mary (Smith) Jaquess. The father was of French birth, born in Cynthiana, Ky., in 1793. Coming to Indiana in 600 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 1815, he followed the life of a farmer, receiving 160 acres of land from his father. He was married in 1817, and was one of the few men who have made the county what it is. His death occurred in 1842, and on the same day of the month as his birth. The mother was also a native of Kentucky, born September 11, 1796, and died September 20, 1862. Thomas C. received his ed- ucation in the district schools near his home, and after the death of his father assumed control of the farm. February 11, 1852, he was married to Elizabeth "Whittlesey, born in New York in 1827. They became the parents of six children, five of whom are living, named Mary P., Horace G., Thomas J., Harry E. and James S. Mary is a teacher in Mount Vernon; Horace and Harry are in the West, and Thomas and James are farming near home. The same year of his marriage Mr. Jaquess moved to Owensville, where he remained eighteen months merchandising. He then came to Poseyville, where he followed the same calling, and also kept a shoe store, tanyard and saddle shop, and from 1856 to 1874 operated a steam grist-mill. At the latter date he abandoned all his former occupations and resumed farming. In 1879 he again began merchandising, continuing until 1883. Since that time he has speculated in grain. In politics he is a Republican, and cast his first vote for Henry Clay. In 1866 he was elected by the Republican party to the State Senate, rep- resenting Vanderburgh and Posey Counties, it being the first and only time Posey County ever went Republican. Mr. and Mrs. Jaquess are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. FRANCIS H. KELLET, M. D., of StewartsviUe, Ind., was born October 1, 1835, in Kentucky. His parents were Robert and Charlotte (Walton) Kelley. The father, who was a farmer, was born in Virginia in 1797. At the time of his death in 1864 he was a resident of Missouri. The mother's birth occurred in 1863, and her death in Missouri in 1877. Our subject remained with his parents until 1859. He attended the disteict schools, but his mother was his principal instructor until he was sixteen years of age. He attended a high school for two years, and then entered the Georgetown, Ky., College, where he spent about two years. He then began studying medicine under Dr. Suddarth, and was also a pupil of Dr. OrndofE. In 1858-59 he studied at home and did some farming, and at the latter date entered the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 601 University at Charlottsville, Va. "When the war broke out, he was attending medical lectures at Nashville, Tenn. He joined the Southern Confederacy and was commissioned captain, and at a later period was promoted to the rank of major. He was in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Corinth, Mur- freesboro and Chickamauga. While in a skirmish at Danville, Ala., in 1864, he was taken prisoner and sent to Indianapolis, Ind., where he was released in 1865. He was without money or friends. He went to Orange County, Ind., and began working in a saw-mill. He had been there but a short time when it was learned that he had a knowledge of medicine, and he was called to prescribe for a sick man. His treatment was successful, and he was soon brought into notice by the citizens, and has since practiced his profession very successfully. In 1867 he married Ehoda E. Stone, who bore him one child — Albert Lee. His wife died in June, 1870, and Match of the same year he graduated as an M. D. from the Louisville Medical College. He then came to Stewartsville and married Mary Alice Eobb in 1873. She was born in 1853, and is a daughter of John W. and Mary (Mont- gomery) Eobb. Five children were born to them, two of whom are living: Mary A. and Elenora. The Doctor is a Democrat,, and a member of the I. O. O. F. and Masonic fraternities. JESSE KIGHT, one of the prominent farmers and old set- tlers of Posey County, Ind., was born in the county where he now resides, May 11, 1822, son of Ezekiel and Eebecca (Mur- phy) Kight, who were born in North Carolina in 1787 and 1788, respectively. The father moved from his native State to Ken- tucky, and in 1810, came to Indiana and entered 160 acres of land in Posey County. He took an active part in defending his home from the Indians, and participated in the famous battle of Tippecanoe. At the time of his death, in 1841, he owned 440 acres of land. The mother died in 1870. Jesse obtained his education in the district schools near home, and when twenty- three years old, married Polly Ann Murphy, who died February 19th, of the same year. October 17, 1850, he wedded Malinda Boyle, born January 9, 1831, daughter of Eobert and Nancy Boyle. To their union nine children were born, named Eobert F., Silas C, Minerva Jane, Sarah E. (deceased), James S., Olive L., William' B., Eosa L. and Anna M. Mr. Kight, by his energy 602 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. and close attention to business, increased his farm until lie now owns 260 acres of good land, furnished with a large frame house and substantial barns. He is a prosperous farmer, and is upright in all his business dealings. His wife is a member of the Chris- tian Church, and he is a Republican. CHAELES KIGHTLY, postmaster and druggist, of Posey- ville, Ind., is a son of John P. and Mary (Goodliff) Kightly, who were natives of England, the former born in 1816, and the latter in 1817. The father was a farmer, and came to the United States in 1852, and settled at Evansville, where he died June 29, 1856. The mother is yet living in Evansville. Charles, who was born in England, May 9, 1850, wa,s but six years old when his father died. He obtained a very good education and attended the Evansville High School one year. At the age of thirteen he was compelled to fight the battle of life for himself, and worked in an art gallery and clerked in a book store two years. At the age of eighteen, he took a full business course at the Commer- cial College in EvansviUe, and then kept books for one year, and followed clerking again for five years. He then went to Gibson County and commenced the study of medicine, and in connection clerked in a general store for about five more years. May 15, 1878, he married Eva M. Gardner, who was born in Indiana, April 17, 1850. They have two children: Blanche G. and Edith May. In 1881 he moved to Poseyville and commenced in his present business. May 4, 1885, his store caught fire, and was consumed, together with most of its contents. He immediately rebuilt, and now has a very fine store-room. He is a warm Dem- ocrat, and August 8, was appointed postmaster of Poseyville, un- der the new administration. He is a member of the Episcopal Church, and his wife is a Methodist. JOSEPH A. LEONARD, editor and proprietor of the Po- seyville News, was born April 8, 1836, in Alabama, and is a son of Patrick and Frances A. (Brownley) "Leonard. The father was a farmer by occupation, and at the time of his marriage lived in his native State. His death occurred about 1843. The mother was born in Virginia, about 1819, and was married at the age of fifteen. After her husband's death, she married one Charles Bishop, with whom she lived until her death. May 14, 1859. Joseph A. was reared at home, but without a father's care BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 603 or guidance. He received a common school education, and ob- tained a rudimentary knowledge of Latin, in the Mount Vernon High School. He came to Posey County when about sixteen years old, and began working as an apprentice in a carriage shop. He became quite skiUful as a carriage painter, and continued that occupation the greater part of twenty-five years. In 1859 he located in Poseyville, and in the fall of 1860 began teaching school. He was a strong Union man, and June 12, 1861, enlisted in the Seventeenth Regiment Indiana Volunteers. His regiment was sent to Virginia, where they remained about seven months, and then went to Kentucky, where the regiment was discharged, and he returned home. August 10, of the same year, he re-en- listed in Company A, Ninety-first Indiana Infantry, which was organized at Evansville, and he was appointed corporal, and a few days later, was given the position as sergeant. Before entering the field, he was appointed sergeant-major of the regiment. He participated in following Morgan on his famous raid, and crossed the Cumberland Mountains during the cold winter of 1864, He joined Sherman in May, and remained with him until the fall of Atlanta. He was afterward in the battles of Franklin, Nashville and numerous minor engagements. In September, 1864, he was commissioned -first lieutenant and adjutant of his regiment, and . later, was transferred to the One Hundred and Twenty -fourth Indiana Infantry. He remained on duty until hostilities ceased. After his return home he resumed teaching, and two years later went to Gribson County where he followed the same vocation. December 13, 1869, he married Amanda M. Bucklin, born January 19, 1844. They have one son, Horace Patrick. He located in Poseyville after marriage, and in 1882, launched upon the journal- istic sea. December 7, of that year, he issued the first copy known as the Poseyville News. It is a newsy and spicy paper, and is independent in politics. Mr. Leonard has built up his pa- per until it now has a circulation of about 450 copies weekly. Our subject is a member of the I. O. O. F., and his wife is a mem- ber of the Methodist Episcopal Church. SAMUEL D. McREYNOLDS, attorney at law, of Posey- ville, Ind., was born October 1, 1848, in Posey County. Until seventeen years, he remained on the farm -wilh his parents and manifested much interest in agricultural pursuits. At the age of 604 HISTOKY OF POSEY COUNTY. eighteen he entered the teacher's profession, thinking to use it as a stepping stone to something more remunerative and congenial. In this calling he remained several years, reading law and the- ology during vacations. In 1869 he entered the law college at Lexington, Ky., and in 1871 was admitted to the bar, at Evans- ville, Ind. He was dependent upon his own exertions, and being in need of funds, published an arithmetic entitled the " Light- ning Arithmetic," and traveled in several States selling his work, which he disposed of at $2 each. Unlooked for contingencies arose, such as the loss of health and the entire care and support of his mother and sisters, which prevented the purchase of the necessary law library. In 1877 he became editor of the Posey- ville Sun, and later accepted a similar position on the Western Star, published at Mount Vernon, by John C. Lefifel. After see- ing the paper established on a solid foundation, he severed his connection therewith, and in 1878 embarked in the mercantile trade in Poseyville, and remained in that business until the build- ing of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Kailroad, in 1880. He then formed a partnership with V. P. Bozeman, to furnish 40,000 cross ties for the road, and afterward occupied the positions of superintendent of construction, contractor, paymaster and book- keeper on the Nickel Plate, the Indianapolis & Evansville, the Louisville & St. Louis Air Line and the Evansville & Terre Haute Railroads. He then settled down to the practice of law in 1883, and has met with good success, and is fast becoming one of the leading lawyers of the county. He is a Democrat in politics, but liberal in his views. He has devoted much time to the study of theology, and in belief is a Free Thinker or Liberal. AARON T. MURPHY is a native of Posey County, Ind., where he was born June 21, 1848. He is one of five sons and five daughters born to Aaron and Amelia (Williams) Murphy. He is of Irish extraction and was born in Kentucky, in 1810. He came to Posey County when only three years old. After his marriage, in 1828, he began farming on an eighty-acre tract given him by his father. He lived for some time in Gibson County, Ind., when he returned and located on a 160 acre farm where he resided the remainder of his days. He owned at one time 742 acres of land. He was the father of seven children: Joseph, Sarah, James B., John C, Keziah, Aaron T. and Lizzie. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 605 The father died m 1868. The mother was born in 1810, and is at present living with her son, Aaron, on the old homestead. Aaron T., our subject, received a common school education, and October 20, 1870, he was married to Amanda Bennett, born May 21, 1847, in Posey County, Ind. They have three children: Le- Eioy F., Clarence and Ivy May. Mr. Murphy owns 134 acres of land and in politics is a Democrat, casting his first vote for Horace Greeley. Both father and mother were members of the Eegular Baptist Church. ISAAC MURPHY was born in the county where he now re- sides, September 24, 1850, and is one of the nine children born to Noah and Elizabeth (Vandaveer) Murphy, natives of Indiana and Kentucky, respectively; the former born in 1814 and the lat- ter in 1812. They were married in 1834 and resided in Posey County, where the father owned 160 acres of land. His death occurred June 30, 1869. Isaac, our subject, remained at home until twenty-one years of age. November 9, 1871, he married Martha Jane Smith, born June 15, 1851, daughter of James and Sarah Smith. They have three children: Charles Franklin, William Albert, and Noah Welzy. After marriage Mr. Murphy erected a log house on the east part of the old homestead, he owning eighty acres of land there. By industry and good man- agement, he was able, in 1880, to erect him a fine frame dwelling house, in which he is living at the present time. He is a Demo- crat and cast his first vote for Horace Greeley. His wife is a member of the Regular Baptist Church. GEORGE W. MURPHY, an enterprising young farmer of Posey County, Ind., was born July 80, 1855, son of Noah and Elizabeth (Vandaveer) Murphy (elsewhere written). George received his education in the district schools near home. Novem- ber 28, 1878, he married Cornelia Ellen Wilson, who was born December 23, 1856, daughter of John and Sarah Wilson. To their marriage two children were born, named Ina May and Ora Wilson. Mr. and Mrs. Murphy located on the old homestead after marriage, eighty acres of the farm being willed to our sub- ject by his father. He is an enterprising and intelligent young farmer, and bids fair to be one of the first farmers of the county. He is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for S. J. Tilden. His wife is a member of the General Baptist Church. 606 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. JESSE M. NEAL may be mentioned as one of the promi- nent farmers of Eobb Township, Posey Co., Ind. He is one of thirteen children born to the marriage of Meeks Neal and Anna Williams, born in South Carolina in 1790 and 1792, and died in 1845 and 1846 respectively. Soon after his marriage, which occurred in his native State, he came to Indiana and purchased 160 acres of land in Posey County, where he located and lived only a few years, when he moved to New Harmony in order to educate his children. He was a carpenter by trade. Owing to the many disadvantages which existed in our subject's boyhood he received a somewhat limited education : He was born Decem- ber 24. 1825. February 25, 1848, he wedded Martha Ann Still- well, born in Gibson County, Ind., November 8, 1828, daughter of William and Patsey Stillwell. Mr. and Mrs. Neal have four children, named Thomas I., John Q., Mary and Emma. Mr. Neal rented property in Harmony Township for four years after his marriage, at the expiration of which he purchased his present farm of 135 acres. By business ability and industry he now owns 320 acres of good land. He is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for Lewis Cass. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. JOSHUA NOEEIS is a native of Posey County, Ind., his birth occurring January 3, 1828. His father, Edward Norris, was of German descent, born in 1790. He was married to Eliza- beth Wilkins, and about 1810 came to Posey County, where he followed the life of a farmer. He took an active part in defend- ing the white settlers from Indian attacks, and was in the battle of Tippecanoe, leaving his family in the block-house which stood near where Stewartsville now is. His death occurred in 1830, and the mother's two years later. Our subject was very young when his parents died. He was bound out to Josiah Colvin, and remained with him until attaining his majority, receiving for his services a horse, saddle and bridle, and a suit of clothes. He received no education, and on leaving Mr. Colvin' s services could not write his own name. This deficiency he has overcome, how- ever, and is now able to write very well. October 19, 1851, he married Elizabeth Gwaltney, born in 1832, who died October '•), 1862, leaving four children: Sylvester (deceased), William E., Sarah E. and Joshua M. July 12, 1863, Mr. Norris married Fanny Gwaltney, sister of his first wife. She was born in 1838, C^,A':^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 609 and has borne her husband five children: Morton (deceased), Mary E., Cora M., Ida T. (deceased) and Eosa A. Mr. Norris owns 320 acres of land, and is well fixed financially. He is a Eepublican, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church. JOHN EAMSEY is a son of Annias and Mary (Cole) Eam- -sey, and was born March 27, 1840. The father was of Irish descent and was born in Kentucky May 3, 1811. He came with his parents to Posey County when only six years old. Here he lived about fifteen years and then moved to Missouri, 'but remained there only three months, when he returned to "Hoosierdom " and spent the remainder of his days on his farm in Eobb Township, Posey County. He died July 14, 1883. The mother was born in 1821, and is now residing with her children. Our subject attended the district schools where he obtained a fair education. June 13, 1875, he married Caroline Huebner, daughter of Lawrence and Elizabeth (Hien) Huebner, born May 3, 184U. They have two children, named Ada Elizabeth and Philip Martin. After marriage Mr. Eamsey purchased 160 acres of land where he settled and has since lived. He began his career as a fartaer with no property save two horses and a wagon, but by energy and business ability now owns a fine farm. He is a Democrat and his wife is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. FEANCIS M. EEBVES, an enterprising farmer of Eobb Township, Posey Co., Ind., was born in the county where he now resides April 18, 1833, and is one of eleven children born to the marriage of Eichard H. Eeeves and Jane Owens. The father was of Scotch birth and was born in the State of Kentucky August 4, 1806, and followed the occupation of farming. He was married in Posey County December 13, 1827. His death occurred April 4, 1863. The mother was of Irish descent,' born in Posey County and died April 12, 1860. Our subject remained at home, working on the farm until he was twenty -two years of age. In September, 1854, he married Martha A. Overton, daughter of Cornelius and Nancy Overton. She was born in November, 1832, and became the mother of four children: Sophronia, Felix M., Laura M. and Serilla P. After our sub- ject's marriage he lived on rented farms until 1876, when he purchased eighty acres of land in Eobb Township, where he 610 HISTORY OF POSEy COUNTY. located and has since lived. He is industrious and is well spoken of by all who know him. He is a Republican in polities and is a member of the Masonic fraternity. JOHN W. ROBB, merchant of Stewartsville, Ind., may be mentioned as one of the leading citizens of the county. He was born in the county where he now resides October 23, 1816, and is the youngest son of a family of ten sons and three daughters born to Thomas and Lyda (Waller) Eobb. The father, who was born in the "Emerald Isle" August 10, 1769, came with his parents to the United States when an infant, and located in Washington County, Ky., where he began his career as a tiller of the soil. April 23, 1795, he married Lydia Waller, who was of Scotch lineage, born in Kentucky February 21, 1777. In 1808 they came to Indiana, which was then a Territory, and located in what is now Posey County. He purchased 160 acres of land in Robb Township, said township being named in his honor. The deed was given and signed by Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States, and James Madison, Secretary of State, and is now in the possession of our subject. Thomas was one of the fLrst settlers of the county, and was ready and willing to ride ten or twelve miles to assist his neighbors in any way. He met a violent death June 24, 1818, being thrown from his horse and unable to extricate his foot was dragged to death. The mother's death occurred February 13, 1867, at the age of ninety years. When our subject was but two years old his father died. He i-eceived the greater part of his education in the pioneer sohoolhouse. July 24, 1844, he married Mary Montgomery, born August 24, 1819, in Indiana. She is a daughter of James and Nancy Mont- gomery, and became the mother of eleven children: Lenora A., wife of F. M. Welborn; America M., wife of Edward Carr; Eliza J., deceased; Laura E., deceased; Minerva A., deceased; Mary Alice, wife of Dr. F. H. Kelly; Ida P., wife of John Hyne; John E., deceased; Leroy T. ; James F. A., and William P. Our sub- ject resided on the home place for eight years after marriage and then moved to Stewartsville, where he has since lived. In 1847 he began merchandising in the village and has met with marked success. He is one of the most enterprising business men of the county, and is identified with it in its prosperity. He is one of its largest land holders and owns over 3,000 acres of land, 1,155 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 611 acres being in Posey County and tlie rest in Gibson County. He and two other men are the only ones now living who were born in the township before Indiana was organized as a State. He expects to soon close out his store and retire from active business life. November 8, 1863, his wife died and since that time he has lived with his children. He is a Democrat in politics, and was postmaster of Stewartsville for twenty-three years. He is a member of the I. 0. O. F., and his wife was a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. J. F. A. EOBB, a wide-awake young farmer residing near StewartsArille, Ind., was born August 4, 1860. He is a son of John W. and Mary (Montgomery) Kobb, whose sketch is given in this work. He was reared without a mother's care, she having died when he was but three years of age. He attended the graded school at Stewartsville, and made his home with his father until attaining his majority. April 30, 1881, he was united in matri- mony to Lucretia, daughter of Theophilus and Lucretia Defur. Her birth occurred February 23, 1863, in Posey County. They have two children: Mary, born July 27, 1883, and Eoyal born November 15, 1884. Mr. Robb is an industrious young farmer, and owns 150 acres of land. He is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for Grover Cleveland. WILLIAM P. KOBB, was born in Stewartsville, Ind., July 15, 1862, son of John W. and Mary (Montgomery) Robb. His mother died when he was but sixteen months old, but he remained with his father until twenty years of age. He acquired his early education in the Stewartsville schools, and attended the Evans- ville Commercial College, and completed his course in two months and eighteen days, making an average of 99.8. September 13, 1883, he married Emma Eutledge, daughter of Dr. John C. and Elizabeth (Stewart) Rutledge. Mrs. Eobb was born December 31, 1859, in Poseyville, Ind. They have one child, named Ealph. William P. remained with his father in the store until Septem- ber, 1885, when he moved to a farm two miles north of Stewarts- ville where he has since resided. He is doing well as a farmer, and bids fair to rank among the first farmers of the county. He is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for Cleveland in 1884. THOMAS T. EOBEETS, farmer and stock raiser, son of the old settlers of Posey County, was born March 30, 1818, in Eobb 612 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. Township, and is a son of Jolin and Nancy (Cox) Eoberts. He is of Scotch and English extraction. His father was born in Halifax County, Va., August 3, 1780, and his mother in South Carolina, November 25, 1782. The father of Mr. Eoberts, when a young man, immigrated to Todd County, Ky., and there re- mained until 1808, when he came to what is now Posey County, settled within the present limits of Robb Township, and there died October 11, 1874. The mother of our subject died in 1856. Mr. Roberts was raised on the farm upon which he now resides in Robb Township. He helped to clear from the green more than 100 acres of land, and lived at home with his parents until he was about fifty years of age. He now owns the old Roberts home- stead, and has in the aggregate over 300 acres of fine farming land well improved, showing him to be an enterprising and suc- cessful farmer. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Company B, Sixtieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was at Vicksburg, Ya- zoo and Port Mumfordsville, where he was taken prisoner, and held five months. He was honorably discharged from the service in July, 1865. After the war he returned to the farm, and has since been one of the leading farmers of Robb Township. He was married, April 22, 1875, to Miss Sarah H. Norton, a native of Vanderburg County, Ind. Mrs. Roberts died November 16, 1877, and Mr. Roberts was married the second time to Mrs. Anna E. Schnee, formerly Miss Schnee, also a native of Vanderburg Coun- ty, Ind. Mr. Roberts is a Democrat in politics, and Mrs. Roberts is a member of the Regular Baptist Church. JOHN E: SHELTON is a. native of Mason County, Ky., born November 20, 1823. His father, John Shelton, was of Dutch- French descent, born in Virginia, May, 5, 1797, and when four- teen years old went to Mason County, Ky., where he lived at the time of his marriage. In 1824 he moved to Eort Branch, Ind., where he remained one year, and then moved to Vanderburg County, where he purchased 240 acres of land, and lived until his death November 8, 1857. He was among the first settlers of southern Indiana, and was of a very benevolent disposition. The mother was of English lineage, born August 11, 1798, in Ken- tucky, and died March 11, 1847. Our subject received his edu- cation in the log schoolhouse of primitive days and was compelled to submit to many hardships. He attended school only about BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 61:3 three months during the year, and owing to the scarcity of the "almighty dollar," went barefooted until the snow fell. At the age of eighteen years he assumed control of the farm, but re- ceived no remuneration for his services. July 25, 1850, he mar- ried Sophronia B. Merritt, born July 29, 1832, in Indiana. They have three children: LeRoy C. (deceased), Sophronia B. (de- ceased) and Wilmina. Mr. Shelton started in life with 80 acres of land, but soon after traded it for 72 acres in Robb Town- ship, which he afterward increased to 190 acres. His wife died September 3, 1858, and September 15, 1859, he married Mary Cavett, born November 3, 1830. They have three children: James A., Penelope A. and Ella Gertrude. Mr. Shelton is a Republican and a member of the I. 0. O. F., and has been a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church for forty years. THOMAS D. SHELTON is a native of Indiana born April 1, 1837. He is one of ten children born to John and Catharine (Finch) Shelton. Thomas attended the common schools in his boyhood days and made his home with his parents until he was twenty years old. At that time his father died, and he made his home with his brother George W. for three years. February 14, 1860, he led to Hymen's altar Keziah Murphy, who was born Feb- ruary 2, 1839, in Posey County. She is a daughter of Aaron and Amelia Murphy and became the mother of four children: named George M. (deceased), James A. (deceased), Flora and Jesse. After his marriage Mr. Shelton located on the old home- stead in Vanderburg County where he remained one year. He then moved to Posey County and purchased land in Smith Township, but sold out in 1871 and purchased his present farm of about eighty-five acres. His land is very fertile, and by his energy he has cleared it of timber and has erected good buildings, and ad- ded many other improvements. He is a Democrat and member of the A. O. U. W. and of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. FRANK M. SMITH is a son of Thomas and Hannah (Mur- fitt) Smith, and was born in Warrick County, Ind., February 22, 1853. He received a common school education and remained with his people until reaching his majority. He then went to St Paul, Minn., and worked at the carpenter trade for nearly two years, when he returned to "Hoosierdom," and in 1881 came to Poseyville and entered into partnership with George W. Stallings 614 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. in a livery and feed stable, also dealing in agricultural imple- ments. At the end of one year Mr. Smith purchased Mr. Stall- ings' interest and about the same time took Thomas Davis as equal partner. They soon after sold out and established an un- dertaking and furniture store. In 1883 our subject bought Davis' interest and has since carried on the business with marked suc- cess. In politics he is a Eepublican, casting his first vote for E. B. Hayes. His parents were born in England in 1809 and 1820 respectively. His father came to the United States and located in Warrick County, Ind. He is a prominent farmer and at one time owned 400 acres of land, but has given much of his prop- erty to his children. GEOEGB TEETHEWAY was born June 15, 1843, in Corn- wall, England, and is one of fifteen children of Thomas and Ann (Culum) Tretheway. George, together. with a brother and sister, came to America in 1854, under the guardianship of a friend of their father, and came directly to New Harmony, Ind. Our subject worked on the farm until the war broke out, when he en- listed, at the age of seventeen, in Company A, Twenty-fifth In- diana Infantry, and served three years. He was in the battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and many minor engage- ments. He received his discharge at Louisville, Ky., in 1864, and in February, 1865, re-enlisted in Company A, Fourth United States Volunteers, and served for one year. After his return home in 1866 he resumed farming, but owing to a wound received in the battle of Shiloh was forced to abandon agricultural pursuits, and accordingly moved to New Harmony and began working at the wagon-maker's trade. In 1869 he moved to Stewartsville, where he has since lived. In politics he is a Eepublican and cast his first vote for Abraham Lincoln. He is a member of the I. O. 0. F., and was married, July 26, 1868, to Alice Baldwin, daughter of George and Maria Baldwin, born July 26, 1848. They have six children: Bertha, Alice, Nora, Maria, Georgiana and George Edgar. GEOEGE J. WATEES, banker, of Poseyville, Ind., was born in the place where he now resides February 20, 1863, and is the only sou in a family of four children born to John L. and Caro- line S. (Jaquess) "Waters. The father was of Irish lineage and was born in 1825 in Gibson County, Ind. He followed the mer- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 615 cantile business in Poseyville and also carried on farming near the village. He died February 7, 1874. The mother is of French and Scotch extraction and was born April 3, 1827. Subject was reared at home. He finished the common school branches at Poseyville and then took the complete high school course at Evans- ville, and later attended the Valparaiso Business College one term. He then worked for his uncle, V. P. Bozeman, two years in buying grain ; at the end of which he entered into partnership with the same party in the banking business, he being cashier. They are doing a good business, and the bank bids fair to become one of the leading ones in the county. George W. is a Re- publican and cast his first vote for James G. Blaine. GEOEGE W. WELBOEN, M. D. of Stewartsville, Ind. was born March 17, 1844, in Evansville, Ind., where he was reared and received his early education. In 1859 he entered the Asbury University, now DePauw College, at Greencastle, Ind., where he •remained until the Rebellion broke out. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Company B, Sixtieth Indiana Infantry, and served three years, participating in many hot skirmishes. He received his discharge June 30, 1865. After returning from the war he began clerking in a drug store in Evansville, but at the end of six months entered into partnership with an uncle in the boot and shoe business. Two years later he sold his interest and came to Stewartsville and began farming. October 27, 1867, he married Martha Stinnett, born July 29, 1845, in Kentucky. They have four children: William W., Annie A., James Y. and Helen A. George W. began his medical studies while in the army and in 1875 quit farming and gave his entire attention to medicine. He took a two years' course in the Evansville Medical College graduating in 1877. He has since practiced his profession in Stewartsville and has met with flattering success. He owns con- siderable property in the village. He is a Democrat and a mem- ber of the I. O. O. F. The parents of our subject were Dr. Will- iam W. and Hannah (Walker) Welborn, natives of Indiana and Ohio respectively. The father was a physician and surgeon and obtained his medical , education in Evansville. His death oc- curred in that city in 1871. LEEOY WILLIAMS is a son of John and Elizabeth (Allen) Williams. The father was born in North Carolina and came to 616 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. Posey County, Ind., where he became the possessor of 460 acres of land. The mother was of Scotch descent and was born near Bowling Green, Ky. Her husband died in Vanderburg County and about 1857, and she married Charles Whiting of Posey County, and since that time has been a resident of Cynthiana. Our sub- ject was born in Vanderburg County, February 22, 1844, and came with his mother to Posey County and obtained his early educa- tion in the high schools of Cynthiana and Owensville. August 12, 1862, he enlisted in Company F, Eightieth Indiana Infantry, and served three years. He took an active part in the battles of Perryville, Fort Anderson, Wilmington and numerous minor en- gagements. After his return from the war he attended the State University at Bloomington, Ind., for two years, and in 1868 commenced the study of law at Evansville, and was admitted to the bar in 1869. November 16, 1871, he married Eliza E. Fletchall, who was born July 16, 1849, in Posey County. They have two children : Numa N. and Curran A. Mr. Williams has ' resided in Poseyville since his marriage and is engaged in till- ing the soil. He is a stanch Democrat in politics and in 1883 was elected to the Legislature, serving two years. He is a mem- ber of the Christian Church and his wife is a Baptist. G. B. YOUNG is one of thirteen children born to John and Elizabeth (O'Neal) Young, and was born August 2, 1826, in Posey County, Ind. Our subject made his home with his parents until his marriage, which occurred August 31, 1849, to Berthenia St. Clair, who was born in Sullivan County, Ind., in 1825. Their marriage was blessed with six children, named Hester Ann (de- ceased), Elizabeth Jane, who lives in Smith Township; William Walker (deceased), Joseph Lane (deceased), Thomas Benton, who is a physician in Poseyville, and John Bailey. About a year after marriage Mr. Young and wife located on an eighty acre farm near the old homestead and where he now lives. He now owns 180 acres. He has a fine dwelling-house and is very comfortably situated. He moved to Poseyville in 1881, but three years later returned to the farm. He is a Democrat and he and wife are members of the General Baptist Church. His parents were born in Virginia and North Carolina, in 1803 and 1800, and died in 1870 and 1874, respectively. The father was a farmer BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 617 and came with his parents to Indiana in 1810. At the time o£ his death he owned 280 acres of land in Smith Township. THOMAS B. YOUNG, M. D. was born in Posey County, Ind., April 14, 1858, son of Grenberry and Barthenia (St. Clair) Young. He completed his common school education and also took a rudi- mentary course in the higher branches in the Cynthiana' High School. He began studying medicine with Dr. Cosby, of Cyn- thiana in 1874 and continued with him one year, when he entered the School of Medicine, at Louisville, Ky., remaining five months. In September of the same year he entered the Louisville Medical College, graduating in February, 1876. He then attended the Vanderbilt University, at Nashville, Tenn., for four months. In the fall of 1876 he entered the Eclectic Medical Institute at Cin- cinnati, Ohio, graduating January 26, 1877. He then returned home and began practicing his profession. November 26, 1878, he married Delia Cale, born August 7, 1859. To them have been born one child, Morris C. His wife died August 31, 1881. Dr. Young has a thorough knowledge of .his profession and has suc- ceeded in building up an excellent practice. He is a leading business man of the town, and is quite well to do in worldly goods, owning eleven houses and lots and twenty-two vacant lots in the town, besides property in Stewartsville. He is a Demo- crat, and October 11, 1884, was appointed trustee of Eobb Town- ship to fill an unexpired term. 618 HISTOKY OF POSEY COUNTY. SMITH TOWNSHIP. ELMEE M. BATES is a son of David and Catherine (Mc- Clure) Bates, who were natives of Ohio, where the father was born in 1833, and the mother in 1829. "When only nineteen years old the father began the practice of medicine, and has con- tinued in that profession ever since. Soon after marriage he came to this State, and remained in Huntington County for one year, when he immigrated to Richland County, 111. Here the mother died in 1871. The father married his second wife while in that county, and shortly after moved to Sumner, 111., and there married his third wife. He is now living in Bohham, Fannin Co., Tex., where he conducts an infirmary, and is doing well, financial- ly. Our subject was born in Huntington County, Ind., in 1863. He received very poor educational advantages, but has acquired a good practical education from contact with business life. When only sixteen years old he began working for himself, taking sole charge of a drug store at Fort Branch. In 1882 he moved to Cynthiana, where he is doing a good business. In 1885 he was married to Laura F. Whitson, daughter of John E. and Elizabeth (Wilson) Whitson. Mr. Bates is a rising young Democrat of Posey County, and cast his first vote for Cleveland. Mrs. Bates is a member of the Christian Church, and he is a member of the Pharmaceutical Association. JAMES W. BEREIDGE, merchant, of Cynthiana, Ind., is a son of Joseph and Sarah (Grooms) Berridge, who are natives of Huntingdonshire, England, where the father was born, in 1810, and the mother in 1811. They were married in their native land, where they lived until 1840. They then embarked for the United States. They were eleven weeks on the journey, and landed in New Orleans. Coming to Evansville they settled on a farm, which they worked very successfully until a few years ago, when they moved to the city to spend their declining years. Both still live, at a ripe old age. Our subject was born in 1842, in Evans- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 619 yille. When he was twenty years old he began clerking in Ad- ams Express office, continuing there eighteen months, when he worked about the same length of time for Lyon & Semonin, wholesale clothing house. For fifteen years he was traveling salesman for Loewenthal & Co., wholesale clothiers, of Evans- Tille. By close attention to business and good management he accumulated enough of the "almighty dollars" to begin business in Cynthiana. He has now one of the best selected stocks in town, and is doing well. He has a good store-house and first-class d\?elling. In 1868 he married Hattie Cross, born in 1847 in England, daughter of William and Mahala (Davis) Cross. Mr. and Mrs. Berridge are the parents of three children: Albert, Joseph E. and Willoughby. Joseph is a wide-awake young salesman in his father's store. Mr. Berridge is a stanch Kepub- lican, and cast his first vote for Lincoln. He and wife are mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. WILLIAM T. BOYLE and his ancestors, as far back as can be traced, have been successful farmers. His father and grand- father were stanch Democrats. The father cast his first vote for Jackson, and William for Seymour. Our subject's parents are Eobert and Nancy (Eaton) Boyle, who were born in the Blue Grass State, in 1805 and 1807, respectively. They came to this State in early times, and married in 1825. In connection with farming Mr. Boyle worked at the shot-maker's trade during the winter months. The mother died in 1868, but the father still lives with his son, William. The grandparents of our subject were John and Mary (Hughs) Boyle. They were natives of Pennsylvania, where they were married, and moved to Kentucky in 1820. The grandfather's death occurred in 1824, and the grandmother's in 1835. The great-grandfather was a native of the "Emerald Isle," and came to America with his family, and settled in Pennsylvania. William T. was born in Smith Town- ship, Posey County, in 1847. When twenty-four years old he took for his companion through life Maria H. Calvert, born in Vanderburg County, Ind., in 1850, daughter of Leroy and Penel- ope (Shelton) Calvert. They have three children: Otis E., Indie E. and John C. Mr. Boyle and all his people are memb^s of the Christian Church. 620 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. JAMES F. BOYLE is a native of Posey County, Ind., born in 1849, son of Robert and Nancy (Eaton) Boyle. In boyhood he attended the common schools, and later received instruction at Fort Branch. At the age of twenty-one he began farming for himself on the home farm in connection with his brother William. They farmed together for some time, when a division was made, and James received 116 acres for his share. By hard work and good management he has increased his farm to 144 acres, of which 116 acres are under a good state of cultivation. In 1872, Mr. Boyle took for his life companion, Elizabeth A. Endicott, born in 1855, in Sobb Township, Posey County, and daughter of Joseph and Polly A. (Fletchall) Endicott. They became the parents of three children: Joseph E. Nancy E. and Ethel E. Both husband and wife are members of the Christian Church. Mr. Boyle is a supporter of Democratic principles, and east his first vote for Horace Greeley. He has been quite successful in business enterprises, and is one of the rising farmers of the neighborhood. SAMUEL N. CARTEE, farmer, is a son of Rane and Mag- dalene (Chastine) Carter. They were natives of Buckingham County, Va., where the father was born, in 1794, and the mother in 1800. They were married in Kentucky, and soon after came to Posey County, Ind., and settled on a farm near Cynthiana. The father's death occurred in 1873, and the mother's in 1880. Samuel N., our subject, was born in Posey County, in 1837. February 15, 1862, he enlisted in Company B., Sixtieth Indiana Infantry, and was a faithful soldier for three years; he was at the siege of Vieksburg, Arkansas Post, and numerous other engage- ments. During service his eyesight was injured, and as a slight compensation he received a pension of $2 per month. He arose to the rank of sergeant. In 1865 he was married to Sarah J. Bur- ton, born in 1843, daughter of William and Mahala (Kimball) Burton. They are the parents of four children: Lily D., Elmer ^■1. ^^J F. and Charley G. Both husband and wife are members of the Christian Church, and he is a warm Republican, and cast his first vote for Lincoln. , DAVID E. CRAIG was born in Vanderburg, County, Ind., in 1834. He is a son of John H. and Sarah (Early) Craig. The father was born in Virginia, in 1796, and while an infant BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 621 was taken to Pennsylvania. On reaching manhood's estate he removed to Kentucky, where he married in 1824. About this time he and family moved to Evansville Ind., where he taught school. They remained in Vanderburg County until 1840, and then moved to Posey County, settling near Mount Vernon. Later they moved to Smith Township, where the father farmed and worked at the shoe-maker's trade until his death, in 1854. He held the office of probate judge for one term, and was also township assessor. The mother still resides with our subject, and is eighty-three years old. When twenty years old, David began farming on the home place, of which he took charge at the death of his father. He was married, in 1862, to Louisiana, daughter of Leland Cleveland. She was born in 1840. To their union nine children were born: Mary L. Thomas S., George H., John N., Walter E., EvaL., Florence L. Jesse E. and Louetta L., all of whom are at home. Mrs. Craig died in 1878. Both husband and wife were members of the Christian Church. Mr. Craig • is one of the leading Eepublicans of Smith Township, although he voted the Democratic ticket till the breaking out of the war. He started in life with no capital but his hands, but now owns a good farm. HENRY C. DAUGHERTY is a son of Stephen and Jane (Smith) Daugherty, who were natives of Virginia and Kentucky, respectively. The father came with his parents to Kentucky, when quite young. Here he was married in 1818. In 1834 he brought his family to this State, and located in Gibson County, where the father died in 1867, and the mother the year before. By occupation the father was a farmer, which calling he followed throughout life ; his father was a teamster in the Revolutionary war, and his wife's father was a soldier in the same war, and was present at the surrender of Cornwallis. Henry C. was born in Adair County, Ky., in 1830. At the age of twenty-one years he began working at the carpenter's trade, and at the end of three years he abandoned this business and rented the farm where he now lives. In 1864 he purchased 160 acres of his present farm, and has since added twenty-seven acres more. Of this, 137 acres are under cultivation. In 1855 he married Caroline Pollard, born in 1836. They have ten children: Silas P., John T., William L., Elizabeth, Mary L., Maggie, James, Henry W., Carrie and 622 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. Ella F. Mr. and Mrs Daugherty are members of the General Baptist Churcli, and his political views are Republican ; he cast his first vote for Winfield Scott, in Smith Township, in 1856, when there were only four Republican votes cast. CONRAD GRIES, son of John and Anna M. (Staab) Gries was born near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1848. His parents were na- tives of Bavaria, Germany, the father born in 1800 and the mother fourteen years later. In 1840 he, with some of his coun- trymen, immigrated to America ; he located in our subject's birth- place where he followed gardening for a livelihood. In 1850 he came to Posey County and settled on the farm where Conrad lives. Here he resided until his death in 1866. The mother died in 1854. Conrad received a very good education in both English and German schools. At the death of his father, he and a brother began working the home farm of eighty acres, and two years later he took sole charge. He now owns ninety-seven acres, In 1868 he married Gertrude Oppel, born in 1844. The fruits of this union were five children: Margaret, Kunigunda, Lizzie, Joseph and Mary. After a wedded- life of ten years Mrs. Gries died and a year later Mr. Gries married Elizabeth Knaap. They became the parents of three children: John, Conrad and Peter W. Mr. Gries and both his wives were members of the Catholic Church and he is politically a Democrat. WILLIAM M. HANES is a son of James W. Hanes, who was born in Kentucky and came to Indiana where he was married to Elizabeth Martin. They located in Robinson Township, Posey County, where the father always followed the life of a farmer. They are still living at an advanced age on the old farm. Our subject was born in Posey County in 1844. His educational ad- vantages were very limited, but by contact with business life he has since acquired a good practical education. At the age of twenty-one he began farming for himself on a rented place con- tinuing there seven years when he purchased eighty-one acres of the farm where he now lives. He has since increased this to 133 acres. In 1865 he was married to Elizabeth Williams, born in 1847, daughter of James and Julia A. (McDonald) Williams, born in 1818 and 1826 respectively, and were married in Vander- burg County, Ind., in 1842. They lived in Posey County three years and then moved to Gibson County where the father died in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 623 1847. Mr. Hanes is a Democrat and oast his first vote for Sey- moiir. He lias been a successful farmer and he and wife are members of the Regular Baptist Churcih, and the parents of these three children: George W., Anna A., and Robert A. ASBURY C. JAQUESS is a son of Jonathan and Rebecca (Fraizer) Jaquess. The father was born in New Jersey in 1753 and the mother in Maryland in 1762. In 1815 they located in Posey County, Ind., where the father entered 1,400 acres of land. He was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. His death occurred in 1842 and the mother's seven years later. Asbury C was born in Kentucky in 1812. At the death of his father he took posses- sion of the home farm of 200 acres. He lived on this place until 1875, when he sold out and moved to Poseyville where he made his home until 1881. Since that time he has lived in Cynthiana. In 1838 he was married to Jane Ashworth, born in 1819, daughter of Moses Ashworth, the first Methodist Episcopal minister appointed on the circuit in Indiaha Territory. Mr. and Mrs. Jaquess became the parents of ten children : George L. and WiUiam P. (twins), Mary G., Henry B., Wilber P., Rebecca E., OgdenT, Florence A., Jonathan and Moses (twins). William and Wilber were participants in the late war, the latter fell at HiUsboro, Tenn. William served nearly four years. In 1858 Mrs. Jaquess died, and in 1866 Mr. Jaquess married Jane Smyth, bom in 1820, daughter of William Smyth. Two years later she was called from among the living, and since that time he has traveled tQ a considerable extent. He has been a successful farmer- and is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. GEORGE W. LOWE, Sk., grain merchant of Cynthiana is the son of George and Susan (Endicott) Lowe.. The parents were bom in 1794 in the State of Kentucky. They were married in Harrison County, and some years later came to Posey County, Ind., and settled in Smith Township on a farm. George W. was bom in 1825 in Smith Township. He received common school advantages, and later, by close application, prepared himself for the profession of teaching. During the summer months he farmed and in the winter taught school. Six or seven years passed away in this manner when he turned his entire attention to farming, continuing at this work until 1864 when he began merchandising as one of the four equal partners in the store 624 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. known as "Wilkinson & Co., and later owned a share in a mer- chandise establishment in Fort Branch. They dealt quite exten- sively in grain also, and owing to a sudden decline in wheat they were financially embarrassed. They immediately sold their property and paid off their entire indebtedness. Since that time Mr. Lowe has been buying and selling grain in Cynthiana. In 1848 he wedded Ann E. McConnell, born in 1826, daughter of John and Lucinda (McCrary) McConnell. They became the parents of ten children: Cordelia A., Mary A., Albert E., James M., Ida W., John C, Etna M., George E., Laura E. and Oscar M. Mr. Lowe is a member of the Baptist- Church and a Repub- lican and was notary public for fifteen years. SILAS H. LOWE, farmer, is a son of. George and Susan (Endicott) Lowe, both of whoni were natives of Cynthiana, Ky., and born in 1794. They were married in their native State and shortly after came to this State, locating in Smith Township, Posey County. The father, who followed the life of a farmer, died in 1862 and the mother five years later. Our subject was born in this county in 1835. When twenty-one years old he took charge of the home farm which became his at the death of his father. Sixty acres of it were cleared and under cultivation with the first frame house erected in this part of the county. Mr. Lowe has erected a fine dwelling house and has about eighty- five acres under cultivation. In 1860 he was married to Eliz- abeth Meadows, born in 1842, daughter of Gideon and Nancy (McDonald) Meadows. They have six children: Marshal E., Eosa A., Susan I., Jesse T. M., Silas A. and Clarence E. Eosa is the wife of Alfred Saulmon, a prominent young farmer of the neighborhood Both Mr. and Mrs. Lowe are members of the Eegular Baptist Church, and he is a leading Eepublican and cast his first vote for Lincoln. EZEKIEL MAEQUIS, the son of Pleasant and Eunice (Wilkins) Marquis, was born in Smith Township, Posey Co., Ind., in 1835. Since the death of his father he has lived the most of the time on the old homestead, caring for his good mother. In 1864 he enlisted in his country's cause, serving in Company F, Forty-fourth Indiana Infantry for nearly a year. He then returned home and resumed his labors on the farm where he has remained ever since. He has seen fit to spend his life in <^U7-^^€yt^ /^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 627 single blessedness, his mother being his house-keeper. He is a stanch Democrat and. cast his first vote for Buchanan. As a farmer he has met with moderate success. As a citizen he is much respected by all his acquaintances. WILLIAM MARQUIS was reared and educated in Posey, his native county, his birth occurring in 1838. At the age of sixteen he began working as a farm laborer at which business he remained for about five years and then began tilling his father's place. He accumulated enough money to buy out the six heirs to the property and became sole proprietor of the home farm. In 1859 he married Josephine Brown, born in 1840, daughter of William and Elizabeth (Hunt) Brown. To their marriage these three children were born: Coretha, Flora and Francis E. Mrs. Marquis died in 1880, and two years subsequently Mr. Marquis married Margaret A. (Stevens) CuUey, daughter of James and Janet (Lee) Stevens. She is a member of the Baptist Church. Mr. Marquis is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Brecken- ridge, His parents were Solomon and Winnie (Alkins) Marquis, natives respectively of North and South Carolina. The father was born in 1801 and died in 1855. The mother died in 1850 in her thirty-eighth year. In early life the father farmed and also raised a great deal of tobacco.. He was an old pioneer of the county. THOMAS J. MATHEWS, miller, of Cynthiana, Ind., was born in England at Berkshire, on the Thames, in 1855. His parents, Henry and Eliza (Mason) Mathews, were natives of the same place. They came to America about 1857, landing at New York. They lived successively in Lodi, N. J., Evansville, Ind., Hazelton, Ind., and finally in Owensville, where the father died in 1876. The mother still lives with our subject. When twenty- two years old Thomas began milling for himself in his father's establishment, and at the end of four years he came to Cynthiana, and purchased the mill known as the Cynthiana Mills. He first began business with a partner, but after several changes he be- came sole proprietor in 1885, and is now doing well financially. In 1880 he married Luella Barker, born in 1860, and daughter of Hiram and Eliza (Fitzgerald) Barker. To Mr. and Mrs. Mathews one child was born, who died in infancy. In 1882 Mrs. Mathews passed from among the living, and since that time 628 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. our subject's mother has kept house for him. He is a warm Ee- publican, and cast his first vote for Hayes. His whole line of ancestors have been millers, tracing them back to his great-great- great-grandfather, each and all have followed this occupation. EOBEET MONTGOMEEY is a son of Eobert and Patience (Marvel) Montgomery, who were natives respectively of Georgia and Delaware. They came to Gibson County, Ind., when quite young, and here they were married. In 1830 they came to Posey County, where the father died in 1844. The mother died in Gib- son County in 1882. Our subject is a native of Posey County, born in 1831. At the age of fourteen he began working for him- self and for thirteen years worked on a farm. He was married to Priscilla Knowles, born in 1836. She is a daughter of-Eddie and Nancy (Fitzpatrick) Knowles. Her father was a native of Delaware, and her mother of Georgia. They were married in the latter State, and moved to Gibson County, where they lived on the farm till 1856, when the father died. The mother's death occurred in 1871. To Mr. and Mrs. Montgomery six children were born: Van E., Florence, Lawrence V., Dexter K, Kirt K. and Daisy. Van and Lawrence are prosperous young teach- ers of the county. In politics Mr. Montgomery is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for Buchanan. He has been a hard worker all his life, and now owns 150 acres of good land, about 130 of which are under cultivation. He is one of the county's best citizens, and is much respected by his friends and neighbors. NELSON McEEYNOLDS, one of the old settlers of Posey County, Ind.. is one of ten children born to Samuel and Milbrey (Dement) McEeynolds, who were natives of North Carolina, and were born in 1784 and 1786, respectively. In early life they moved to Virginia, and then to Tennessee, where they were mar- ried. After residing there a short time they immigrated to Ken*- tucky, and finally in 1817 they came to Posey County, and lo- cated in Smith Township, where they remained till their respect- ive deaths. By occupation the father was a farmer, and held the office of squire ten years, and was associate judge about four- teen years. His death occurred in 1852, and the mother's two years later. Both Mr. McEeynolds' grandfathers were Eevolu- tionary soldiers. Our subject was born in Posey County in 1819. His education is somewhat limited, as his entire schooling BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 629 amounted to about six months. In 1844 he married JJovina Marrel, born in Gibson County, Ind., in 1824. They are the parents of eight children: William A., Nancy B., Robert W., Mary L., Matilda J., James N., Lucinda F. and John S. John is a successful young teacher of the county, and a graduate of the Evansville Commercial College. Mr. McEeynolds is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Polk. He has retired from active life, and is spending his latter days in the village of Cynthiana, and is widely known and respected by all. DE. DAVID B. MONTGOMEEY was born March 26, 1834, on a farm in Montgomery Township, Gibson Co., Ind. He is one of five children born to" Samuel and Nancy (Davis) Montgom- ery, three of whom. Dr. Thomas, Newton and Jesse, survive him. His early life on the farm consisted of the usual routine farm work, interspersed each year with a few months at the dis- trict school. When nearing manhood he left the farm, and entered an academy at Newburg, Ind., where he remained two years. Upon attaining his majority, he commenced the study of medicine in the office of Dr. John Euncie, of Cynthiana. After a course of study, he entered the Eush Medical College of Chicago, from which institution he graduated with honors in February, 1858. Upon re- ceiving his diploma, he returned and opened an office at Cynthiana, and commenced the practice of his chosen profession. From the beginning, his practice was successful, large and lucrative, and it so continued up to the illness which terminated in his death September 1, 1885. Upon opening his office he was compelled to buy a horse and outfit on credit, having exhausted all his means at college, but at his death he left an estate valued at many thousands of dollars. The Doctor was a man of fine personal appearance, neat in his dress, courteous in his manner and kind and obliging to his friends. During his long practice he never refused the benefit of his medical skill to the deserving poor or turned them empty handed from his door. He was possessed of a strong mind and an indomitable will that could smile in trouble and gather strength by distress. He dared to think, speak and act for himself, doing whatever he believed to be right and caring little for the consequences. He was liberal in his views and viewed all things in the broad and generous sense of liberality. He looked upon religion as a matter of strictly private concera 630 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. in the meddling of which no power had a just right, according to all absolute freedom of religion, being himself a firm believer in the religion of freedom. He believed in human happiness, that the time to be happy is now, and that happiness consisted in mak- ing others happy. With his own ample means he erected in the year 1875, a neat and commodious brick hall, that the' amuse- ment-loving people of the community might enjoy the mazy whirl of the dance or while away pleasant hours at the opera. The edifice was christened Byron Hall, in honor of his favorite author. Lord Byron, and was dedicated to "Liberty," the word being painted in conspicuously large letters on the front of the hall, and true to the principles of liberty, the doors have opened to whomsoever asked it without regard to political or re- ligious views. He was twice married, his first wife being Miss Margaret Whiting. This union was consummated June 15, 1860, there being born to them, Ada, now the wife of Samuel Adams, of Francisco, Ind. The union not proving to be an agreeable one, it was dissolved by the court in 1883, after a long and tedious trial. His second wife was Miss Mary Downs, to whom he was joined in marriage September 30, 1883, and with whom he was living at the time of his death. His body rests at Liberty Cemetery, and arrangements are now perfected for an imposing granite monument to mark the last resting place of a manly man who was neither afraid to die or to express the honest convictions of his mind, and who commanded the admiration, warm friendship and love of those who knew him best. JAMES G. NISBET was born in Cynthiana, Posey Co., Ind., in 1820. His father, James Nisbet, was born in 1785, and in his youth was a playmate of Henry Clay's. He married Hannah Journey in Kentucky in 1808. They came to Posey County in 1818. The father was a tanner and farmer. His death occurred in 1873, and the mother's in 1862. Our subject received but very little schooling, but obtained his education by reading at every spare moment, until now he is one of the best informed men in his community. In 1839 he began merchandising in Cynthiana, but after three years he devoted himself to farming for some time and then engaged in the boot and shoe business at Owens- ville, in which he has been very successful. In 1854 he took a BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 631 trip West for the benefit of his health and became acquainted with the famous John Brown. He was married to Dorcas Bishop in 1839. She was born in 1816 and is a daughter of Joshua and Margaret (Limes) Bishop. They haye five children: Mary, Ma- tilda, Joseph, Martha and Louisa. He was a warm anti-slavery man, and in 1861 enlisted in Company C, Sixtieth Indiana Vol- unteers, and served over a year, when he was discharged on ac- count of physical disability, but was in the secret service of the Government until the close of the war. He has the honor of be- ing the first man who advanced the theory of underground drain- age and was the first to put it in practice, for which his neighbors talted of sending him to the insane asylum. He is a member of the Baptist Church and is independent in his political views. He has been a brave and trustworthy soldier, and is one of Posey County's best citizens. JAMES KEDMAN is a son of William and Ann (Clark) Eedman, who weiip natives of Kentucky, where they married and soon after came to Indiana, locating in Gibson County, where the father followed the life of a farmer until his death. Our subject was born in Kentucky in 1821, and owing to the fact that he was obliged to assist his father on the farm, his education is rather limited. When twenty-three years old he began farming for him- self on his father's farm. In 1847 he removed to this county, locating on the farm of 115 acres which he now owns. In 1844 he was married to Eliza J. Kimball, born in 1826, and daughter of Isaac and Phyllis (Lowe) Kimball. Mr. and Mrs. Eedman became the parents of nine children: Malissa, Cornelia (deceased), William P. (deceased), Sarah E. (deceased), Wilson E., Henry M. (deceased), Thomas L., Oliver M. and Willimina B. Both husband and wife were members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. In 1878 Mrs. Eedman died, and since that time Mr. Bedman has lived on the home farm with his son Oliver and wife. He owns a tile factory and his sons Wilson and Thomas operate it. He donated $500 to the building of the railroad running through Cynthiana. He is a Eepublican and cast his first vote for Clay. PATEICK EOGEES, a farmer of Smith Township, Posey Co., Ind., is a son of Preston C. and Omelia (Calvert) Eogers, natives of Indiana. They were married in Vanderburg County 632 HISTORY OF POSEV COUNTY. and immediately removed to this county, locating near New Har- mony. When the great gold excitement was at its height in 1849, the father went to California to seek his fortune. He remained there for some time and accumulated considerable wealth. About 1855 he sickened and died of a fever, his wife having died about a year before. Our subject was born in Posey County in 1841. He was educated in the district schools and when twenty years old began farming on a rented place. At the end of two years he purchased eighty acres of the farm where he now lives. By in- dustry and good management he increased his farm to 156 acres, 150 of which are under cultivation. In 1861 he married Sarah McConnell, born in 1840. They became the parents of these children: James O., Mary O., Elvie B., Or a C, Flora A. and one unnamed. In 1884 Mrs. Rogers died. She was a faithful and consistent member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. August 12, 1885, Mr. Rogers married Louisa (Young) Williams, born in 1851, and daughter of Robert William*. She is a mem- ber of the Baptist Church. Mr. Rogers is a Democrat and cast his first vote for McClellan. He has been successful in business enterprises and is a prominent citizen. JOHN A. RUTTER was born in Posey County, Ind., in IS 28. He is a son of Alexander and Elizabeth J. (Davis) Rutter, who were both born in 1798. They came to this- county when quite young and here they were married. The father was a farmer and died in 1837. The mother then made several changes of residence and at last located in Gibson County, where she died about 1871. When about twenty years old our subject rented a place and began working for himself. At the end of two years he purchased forty acres of the old homestead, but soon after sold it and purchased eighty acres of land in Vanderburg County, where he lived six years. In 1858 he purchased the farm of fifty acres where he now lives. Magdalene Carter, born in 1827, became his wife in 1848. They are the parents of eight children: Joseph A., William A., Susan J., John W., Amasa W., Friend L., Alex- ander and Eunice. John W. is a rising young physician of Cyn- thiana and a graduate of the Eclectic School of Medicine at Cin- cinnati, Ohio. Amasa is married and living near home. In 1862 Mr. Rutter enlisted in Company F, Eightieth Indiana Infantry, lander Capt. R. J. Showers. He was taken with paralysis while BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 633 in the army, it rendering Mm unfit for service. After five months' service he returned home. He is a leading Eepublican and cast his first vote for Scott. He has been quite successful as a farmer and is much respected by all. JOHN SCHAPKER was born in Prussia, Germany in 1831. He is a son of Wenner and Margaret Schapker, who were natives of Prussia, the father born in 1791 and the mother in 1793. In 1843 they came to America and proceeded to Cincinnati, Ohio, where they lived until 1846. They then came to Posey County, Ind., locating on the farm where John now lives. The father's death occurred in 1872, and the mother's in 1874. Our subject inherited the home farm and cared for his parents in their old age. By hard work and good management he increased his farm to 150 acres, 100 acres being under cultivation. In 1855 he was married to Berndina Grote, born in 1829, in Prussia. To their union nine children were born: Mary, Henry, Gerhard, Anne, Anthony, Lizzie, John G., Kate and Bernard. Both Mr. and Mrs. Schapker and their children are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. Schapker is politically a Democrat and cast his first vote for Pierce. He has been a successful farmer and is one of Posey County's most respected citizens. ELSBERRY SMITH is the son of George E. and Sarah (Armstrong) Smith. The father was born in North Carolina, in 1772. He first married Lydia Tate, and about five years later moved to Kentucky where his wife died. In 1810 he married our subject's mother, and two years later came to Posey County and settled on the place where Elsberry now lives. Smith Town- ship was named in honor of him. His death occurred in 1840, and the mother's in 1854. Our subject was born in 1818, in Posey County, and at the death of his parents, he took the home farm of 233 acres, which he has since increased to 318 acres. In 1845 Mr. Smith was married to Susannah Blackwell, born in 1821, in North Carolina, and daughter of William M. and Eliza- beth (Strader) Blackwell, who were born in 1801 and 1799, respectively. The father still lives at the age of eighty-four. The mother died in 1867. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are the parents of ten childi'en: George D., William M., John F., Ira B., Al- bert E., Sarah E., Joseph B., Fannie E., Charles W. and James A. Mr. Smith is a member of the Regular Baptist Church. 634 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. For eight years he was township trustee and filled that position to the entire satisfaction of the people. ' JAMES A. SMITH, a well to do farmer, of Smith Township, Posey Co., Ind., is a son of Daniel and Nancy (Spain) Smith (see sketch of J. C. Smith). He was born in Pike County, Ind., in 1827, and at the age of twenty-five years, left home to battle with the world. He lived on a rented farm for two years, and then moved to Illinois and purchased 160 acres of land. A year later he returned and located in Smith Township. In 1857 he purchased 120 acres of the farm on which he lives at the present time. He now owns 248 acres of land, 180 of which are under cultivation. In 1852 he was married to Sarah A. McEeynolds, born in 1833, in Posey County. She is the daughter of Joseph A. and Elizabeth (Bloodworth) McEeynolds. They became the parents of eight children: Martha J., William S., Sophronia E., James W., Alfred N. and three unnamed. Husband and wife are members of the Eegular Baptist Church, and he is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Van Buren. JOHN C. SMITH is the son of Daniel and Nancy (Spain) Smith. The father was born in North Carolina in 1788, and the mother about ten years later in Virginia. In the latter State they were married, and soon after moved to Tennessee. In 1818 they came to Pike County, Ind., from there to Gibson County, and finally, in 1845, they settled in Posey County, where they remained during life. In early life the father was a hatter, but after marriage he devoted his entire time to farming. The mother died in 1852 and the father in 1874. John C. was born in Gibson County, Ind., in 1831. In early life he had very poor advantages for schooling, and at the age of twenty-one he began farming on a rented place. At the end of two years he purchased eighty acres of land. He cleared this and then sold it and pur- chased 110 acres, where he now lives. He increased his farm to 209 acres, but later sold forty acres. Mrs. Smith owns 255 acres of land, this making them an excellent farm of 424 acres. In 1852 Mr. Smith was united in matrimony to Lavina Eobb, bom in 1837, and daughter of Peyton and Susan (Finch) Eobb. They became the parents of nine children: Peyton E., Susan M., Anna, George C, Ida, James W., Nora and Flora and Alice F. In 1874 Mr. Smith was chosen county commissioner, and acted in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 635 that capacity for six years in succession with great ability. After an interval of three years he was again elected to that office, and is now filling that position with credit to himself. He is one of the leading Democrats of Smith Township, and cast his first vote for Pierce. Both husband and wife are members of the Eegular Baptist Church. CEAWFOKD B. SMITH, one of the rising young farmers of Smith Township, Posey Co., Ind., is the son of William B. and Jemima (Smith) Smith. He was born in 1849, and in boy- hood attended the common schools, and at the death of his father in 1878 began farming on his present place of 120 acres. In 1879 he took for his companion through life Rachel E. Haines, born in 1861, a native of Posey County, and daughter of Charles C. and Jane (Culley) Haines. They became the parents of two children: Virgil D. and Edgar L. Mr. Smith is a supporter of Democratic principles, and cast his first vote for Greeley. He has been a successful farmer, and is well known and respected by all. Mrs. Smith is a member of the Baptist Church. JAMES E. SMITH was born in Posey County, Ind., in ISbl. He attended the district schools in boyhood, and graduated fi'om the Mount Vernon High School in 1873. A year later he took entire charge of the home farm of 227 acres, and since that period has added forty acres more. Mary E. Haines, born in 1856, became his wife in 1874. She is a daughter of Charles C. and Jane (Cully) Haines. Mr. and Mrs. Smith became the par- ents of four children: Ina B., Delia M., Eza F. and one unnamed. Mr. Smith is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for Greeley. His wife is a member of the Eegxdar Baptist Church. Our subject's parents were William and Jemima (Smith) Smith. They were born in Muhlenburgh County, Ky., the father in 1811 and the mother in 1809. William was married twice, his first wife being Jane Smith. After six years of wedded bliss she died, and in 1845 he led to Hymen's altar Jemimah, our subject's mother. The father was a farmer, and was also connected with the Cynthiana Mills. He was county treasurer four years, and in 1872 was elected assessor by an overwhelming majority. He was called to his long home in 1878. The mother still lives and is seventy-four years of age. 636 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. JAMES B. STEVENS is a son of James J. and Janet (Lee) Stevens, and was born in Posey County, Ind., in 1848. When nineteen years of age he began to do for himself, and was a farm laborer for two years and then took charge of the home farm. In 1878 he was married to Sonora Stewart, born in 1853, daughter of Josiah and Elizabeth (Redman) Stewart. They have four children: Bertie G., Elsie M., Beulah L. and Heber E. Both husband and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and Mr. Stevens is a warm Democrat. His parents were natives of Mason County, Ky., born in 1801 and 1816 respect- ively. They were married in 1837, and left their native State and came to Indiana to build up a new home among the woods of Posey County. Mr. Stevens became the owner of eighty acres of land, and followed farming as an occupation after marriage. Pre- vious to this he flat-boated on the Ohio River. He died in 1884. His wife yet lives on the old homestead. MOSES A. WILKINSON is a son of Isaiah and Mary (Pruett) Wilkinson. The father was born in 1813 in Gibson County, Ind., and the mother was born in 1812, in Boyle County, Ky. The father was a farmer, and in 1875 he came with his family to this county, locating at Cynthiana. He was first mar- ried to Elizabeth McConnell, and after her death he married Mary Pruett in 1837. In 1871 she passed from among the living, and about two years later he married Lou Karns, with whom he still lives. Mr. Wilkinson', when quite a small lad, was bound out to a man by the name of Hunter, but on account of brutal treatment his brother William removed him, and took charge of him until he was grown. The first year he received $100 for his labor, and since that time he has been increasing his capital, until he is now very wealthy. To each of his seven children he gave $4,000 when of age,.and has donated $500 to Miram Col- lege and the same amount to the railroad running through Cyn- thiana. Our subject was born in Gibson County in 1838, and remained with his father until 1862, when he enlisted in the army in Company F, Eightieth Indiana Infantry. He was in a number of battles, and after seventeen months' service was dis- charged on account of general debility. In 1865 he was mar- ried to Nancy Bixler, born in 1841, daughter of John and Caro- line Bixler, who were natives of Pennsylvania. Mr. and Mrs. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 637 Wilkinson are the parents of seven children: Isaiah E., Clarence E., Azilah F., John B., William A., Elizabeth E. and one un- named. Mr. Wilkinson is a member of the Christian Church, and his wife of the Methodist. He is a Republican, and cast his first vote for Lincoln. Years ago he moved on the farm of 200 acres where he now lives. He is a successful farmer, and is known by all as an honest and wide-awake business man. WILLIAM WILKINSON, one of the earliest settlers of Posey County, Ind., is a son of Cary and. Sarah (Mangrum) Wilkinson. Both parents were born in North Carolina, where they married, and a few years later removed to Kentucky. They resided in that State four or five years, and then came to Indiana, locating near Port Branch, in Gibson County. The father died in 1823 and his widow married again and returned to Kentucky, where she died. Our subject was born in his parents' native State in 1800. In early life his educational advantages were very poor, and he has never learned to write. When seven- teen years old he hired out as a farm laborer, but soon pur- chased a farm of forty acres, which he went in debt for. By hard work and good management he not only paid for this, but from time to time added to it, until he at one time owned nearly 700 acres. In 1819 Mary M. Miller became his wife, and to them were born eleven children: Aaron B., Balaam, Levi J., John, Isaiah, Silas N., Delilah, Sarah E., Narcissa C, Esther C. and one deceased. In 1849 Mrs. Wilkinson died and the same year the husband married Elizabeth (Ben- nett) Bennett, born in 1802. In politics Mr. Wilkinson is a Eepublican, and cast his first vote for Clay. He is one of the famous hunters of this section of the country, having killed both bear and panther. He has been very successful as a farm- er, as he commenced life a poor boy, and now owns one of the largest farms in Posey County. LEVI J. WILKINSON, the leading merchant of Cynthiana, Ind., is a son of William and Mary (Miller) Wilkinson. He was born in Gibson County, Ind., in 1825, and when twenty years of age he began farming for himself, and continued at that occupation till 1851, when he sold his farm and came to Posey County, and purchased a farm of 160 acres in Smith Township. Four years later he discontinued farming and engaged in mer- 638 HISTORY OF POSEY COUKTY. chandising, being a member o£ the firm of Wilkinson & Putman. He soon after purchased Mr. Putman's share of the stock, and then entered into partnership with J. H. C. Lowe, and shortly after two more men were added to the company, the firm then be- ing called Wilkinson, Lowe & Co. Shortly after Mr. Wilkinson sold his share to his partners, and commenced the mercantile business by himself. He built a commodious store in 1866, and filled it with a fine line of goods, and has since carried on a lively business. In 1845 he was married to Elizabeth Smith, born in 1814, daughter of Daniel and Nancy (Spain) Smith. To Mr. and Mrs. Wilkinson two children were born, who died in infancy. After a married life of twenty-five years Mrs. Wilkinson died, and in 1871 her husband married Julia E. Wilkinson, daughter of Isaiah and Mary (Pruett) Wilkinson. The husband and both wives were members of the Christian Church, and he has always taken great interest in all public enterprises, and was one of the solicitors for a donation for the railroad running through Cynthi- ana, himself donating $1,000 to the enterprise, besides his share of the tax. He is a leading Republican, and cast his first vote for Taylor. He has been a successful farmer and a reliable and energetic business man. WILLIAM H. WILLIAMS may be mentioned as one of Posey County's prominent citizens. He is a son of Enoch and Lydia (Lowe) Williams and was born in 1820. His parents were natives of Tennessee and Maryland, respectively. They were married in Posey County, Ind., in 1819. The father was a farmer and owned 200 acres of good land. His death oc- curred in 1843 and the mother's in 1871. William H., our sub- ject, began farming for himself in Vanderburg County, when twenty -one years old. After remaining there three years, he re- turned to Posey County and purchased ninety acres in Smith Township. In 1854 he traded that for the farm, consisting of 180 acres, where he now lives. In 1841 he married Mary, daughter of Herendon and Janet (Hearlston) Meadows. They became the parents of these children: Joseph B., Greenberry, Eebecca J., Silas H., Julia A., John H., James F. and May E. Mrs. Williams was called to her long home in 1862, and in December of the same year Mr. Williams married Margaret (McMunn) Barton. They have three children: William C, Charlotte and Prudence BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 639 M. Mr. Williams and wife are members of the Baptist Churcli, and he is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Polk. JAMES P. WILLIAMS, a retired farmer of Cynthiana, Ind., is the son of George and Ordra (Journey) Williams. They came to this State and county in, early times and located near Cynthiana, where they remained till the father's death in 1850. Since that time the mother has lived among her children, and has reached the advanced age of eighty-nine years. James P. was bom in 1823, and at the age of eighteen began working for him- self among the farmers in the neighborhood for four or five years. He then purchased ninety acres of timber land on credit, but by good management and energy he paid for this and thirty acres more. He sold this at a good profit and purchased the farm where he now lives. In 1850 he married Freelove J. Gib- son, born in 1830. After a wedded life of forty -five years Mrs. Williams died, leaving five children: Anna L., Mary J., Martha, George E. and Laura B. Mr. Williams is one of the leading Democrats of his township, having cast his first vote for Polk. He has been very successful as a farmer, and now owns a good little farm. He at one time was the owner of 115 acres of land where Haubstadt now is, which he ^Id for about $8 per acre. Mr. WiUiams is much respected in the neighborhood where he lives, and has done much to aid the business interests of the county. JOHN WILSON is a son of Thomas and Mary (McKey- nolds) Wilson, who were natives of North Carolina. The father was born in 1781 and the mother in 1786. They were married in Virginia and moved to Posey County, Ind., in January, 1822. The father died at the age of eighty -three, and the mother when sixty years old. Our subject was born in Posey County in 1828. His educational advantages were limited, and when nineteen years of age he assumed the entire control of his father's farm of 240 acres, which he afterward increased to 513 acres. In 1848 the nuptials of his marriage with Avilena Shelton were celebrated. She was born in Vanderburg County, in 1830, and is the daughter of John and Catherine (Finch) Shelton. Mrs. Wilson died in 1854 leaving two children; Mary C. and John T. Mr. Wilson took for his second wife Sarah A. Boyle, born in 1835, daughter of Eobert and Nancy (Eaton) Boyle. They be- came the parents of eight children: Nancy J., Cornelia E., Leroy 640 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. C, Mary E., Marshal L., Blmira A., Indiana, and one unnamed. Mr. Wilson's first wife was a member of the Cumberland Presby- terian Church, and he and his present wife belong to the Baptist Church. He is a Democrat politically, and has been highly suc- cessful as a farmer and owns one of the largest farms in Smith Township. He takes great pride in raising fine stock— horses, cattle, sheep and hogs. He is very enterprising, and is one of the two men who introduced the threshing separator in his neigh- borhood. WILLIAM YOUNG, Sb., one of the early settlers of Smith Township, Posey Co., Ind., was born in Virginia, in 1810. His parents, William and Susan (Turney) Young were natives of Virginia, where they were married. The father died in that State, and the mother moved to Kentucky, and in 1818 or 1819 came to this county and located in Smith Township. About 1815 she married Thomas Endicott an octogenarian. The result of this marriage was one child, Absalom T. About 1832 the mother died. Our subject came with his mother to this county. He never received schooling enough to learn to read and write, but within the last teh years he has learned to read reasonably well. He was married, in 1829, to Mary Wilson, born in 1813. They have three children: Lucinda, Mary and Thomas. Mrs. Young died, and in 1844 Mr. Young married Martha A. Cleveland, born in 1824. They became the parents of eleven children: Nancy, John, James, Mary, Serena, Susan, Louisa. Indiana, Berthena, William, and Lavina. His second wife died in 1864, and in 1869 he wedded Liza (Cleveland) Montgomery. Mr. Young is a member of the Baptist Church and is an old time Democrat. He first worked at the cooper's trade, but later com- menced farming. He made several changes of residence, but finally settled on his present farm, where he lives respected and esteemed by all. MINEE YOUNG is a son of John and Elizabeth (Neal) Young. The father was born in Virginia in 1803, and the mother in North Carolina in 1802. The father was a cooper by trade, but later followed the occupation of farming. He died in 1872, and his wife three years later. Our subject was born in Posey County, Ind., in 1844. His educational advantages were very limited, but he has since acquired a good practical educa- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 641 tion. As he was a strong Union man, at the breaking out of the Rebellion he enlisted in Company H, One Hundred and Thirty- sixth Indiana Infantry. After serving his country faithfully for four months he returned home. In 1866 he was married to Emily C. Miller, born in 1844, daughter of Godfrey and Sarah (Forcrum) Miller. They became the parents of four children: Sarah E., Thomas B., Stella A. and Ethel E. Mr. Young is one of the leading Democrats of his township, and cast his first vote for Greeley. In 1866 he received 140 acres of land from his father's estate. By industry he has increased this to 220 acres, about 170 of which are under cultivation. Mr. Young has been quite successful as a farmer, and is one of Posey County's most worthy citizens. 642 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. LYNN TOWNSHIP. THOMAS L. ALDEICH, a prominent farmer of Posey Coun- ty, Ind., was born December 27, 1818, in Ohio. He is a son of Luke and Elizabeth (Lowry) Aldrich. The father was a na- tive of the Green Mountain State. He was married in Ohio, where his wife was born, and in 1821, they : moved to Posey County, Ind. The father, who was a farmer, died in 1839. Thomas L. came with his parents to Indiana when he was but three years old. When twenty-four years of age he married and located on the farm where he has ever since lived. He owns , 400 acres of land, all but about six acres being under cultivation. In 184() he married Margaret Todd, who died a year later. They had one child, who died in infancy. In 1849 he married Isabel Welborn, a daughter of John Welborn, a very early settler of Black Township. She was born June 29, 1828. They have seven children: Marion, Anne, John T., Lizzie, Edward S., Sallie and Ida B. Mrs. Aldrich is a member of the General Baptist Church. Mr. Aklrich has always been a Republican, but has never sought for office. By strict attention to business he has acquired a good competency, and is recognized as one of the county's foremost citizens and farmers. MAEION S. ALDRICH is the son of Mark S. and Lucretia (Belee) Aldrich. The father was born in 1803, and the mother in 1802. They were married in Ohio, and some years later moved to Illinois, and about 1839 came to Posey County, Ind. The father was a farmer. His death occurred in 1841, and the mother's in 1876. Marion was born in Scioto County, Ohio, in 1830. His educational advantages were very limited. He remained at home until twenty -four years old, supporting his mother and the younger members of the family. After farming the home place for some time he purchased eighty acres of bot- tom land. He soon paid for that and also added forty acres more. In 1856 he was married to Alyira A. Lee, born in 1838. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 645 To them was born one child, Cynthia L. After a brief married life Mrs. Aldrich died, and in 1862 Mr. Aldrich took for his sec- ond wife Missouri Braudes, born in 1844. They became the par- ents of seyen children: Mark W., Sarah E., Emma, James N., Marion S., Elmer H. and Fred. Both husband and wife are members of the General Baptist Church. Mr. Aldrich is a Ee- publican and cast his first vote for Scott. MARION ALDRICH is the eldest of a family of seven chil- dren bom to the marriage of Thomas L. Aldrich and Isabel Wel- horn (appropriate mention of whom is made in this work). He was born February 16, 1849, on the place where his father now lives. He was reared on the farm and received a common school education. He remained at home until twenty-three years old, when he married and located on his present farm. He has been fairly successful, and owns eighty -three acres of exceptionally fine land, well improved with excellent residence, barn and granaries. His barn is a model of convenience, being furnished with all the modern improvements. In 1872 he took for his helpmate through life MoUie C. Rodenberger, a native of this county, born in 1853. They have five children, all of whom are living : Norma, May, Nellie, Cecil and Clara. Both husband and wife are members of the General Baptist Church, and he is a warm Republican. JOHN T. ALDRICH is the third child of Thomas L. and Isabel (Welborn) Aldrich (appropriate mention of whom is made elsewhere). He was born December 10, 1854, in Posey County, Ind., and was raised on a farm. When twenty-two years old he led to Hymen's altar, Elva French, daughter of Ralph and Eliza- beth (Kivett) French. They have three children: Ida, Fannie and Ralph. The wife was born February 17, 1856, in Posey County, where her father is residing. Politically Mr. Aldrich is, and always has been, a Republican, and is one of the rising young far- mers of this county. He has been very successful in his business ventures and owns 195 acres of very good land, about one-half of which is under cultivation. EDWARD S. ALDRICH may be mentioned as one of the promising and industrious young farmers of Posey County, Ind. He is a son born to the marriage of Thomas L. Aldrich and Isabel Welborn, and is a native of Posey County, born on the farm where his father now lives, September 24, 1860. His boyhood 646 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. days were spent on a farm, and only the common school advan- tages were afforded him. He made his home with his people un- til attaining the age of twenty-four years, when he married and settled on his present farm which is a short distance from his father's place of residence. January 8, 1885, he married Char- lotte, daughter of Ealph French. She was born in 1862. Mr. Aldrich is a young man of promising success and is highly re- spected by all his neighbors. Politically he has always been a Eepublican. He owns but a small farm which his father gave him, but the land is very fertile, and his start being equal to his two senior brothers' warrants his future success. HENRY ALDRIDGE was born in Black Township, Posey Co., Ind., 1828, son of Eeuben and Mary (York) Aldridge, who were natives of North Carolina and were born in 1797 and 1798 respectively. The father was a farmer. His death occurred in 1877 and the mother's twelve days later. On attaining his majority Henry began farming for himself. He purchased a one-fourth interest in 100 acres of land and worked his share for several years and then sold out and after several changes bought this farm of 160 acres which he now owns. In 1857 he took a half interest in a saw-mill, but owing to his partner's misman- agement he became considerably involved. At sheriff's sale Mr. Aldridge bought the entire mill and operated it for about ten years, saving enough money in the meantime to pay all his debts. In 1849 he was married to Eachel Walker, born in 1832. They have nine children: Missouri A., Eufus, Margaret C, Mary C, Eva J., Barney, Sarah E„ Lloyd and Esther M. Mr. Aldridge is a stanch Democrat and cast his first vote for Pierce. His wife is a member of the General Baptist Church. CHAELES Alexander was bom near the place where he now lives July 24, 1828. He is the eldest of nine children, and is a son of William and Eleanor (Allison) Alexander. He remained with his parents until twenty-four years old, when he married and settled on his present farm of 257 acres. August 19, 1852, he was joined in wedlock to Hannah AUdredge, who bore him four children: Lean'der, Sarah O., William E. and Emma. She died August 28, 1859, and October 25, 1860, his marriage to Hannah Anne Gill was solemnized. They have one son, Joseph G. Charles is a member of the Masonic fraternity BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 647 and has always been a Bepublican. He has held the office of township trustee and been justice of the peace for sixteen years. He is one of the prominent men of the county and is one of its most successful farmers, and is knowai to possess an irreproach- able moral character. His parents were natives of Kentucky and Tennessee respectively. The father was born in 1806. He was raised in this county and followed the occupation of farming. He became the possessor of 1,000 acres of the very finest land. H« died in 1866. The mother was bom in 1804 and came to' Indiana in 1818. She is still living and resides with our sub- ject. WILLIAM D. ALEXANDEE is one of nine children born to the marriage of William Alexander and Eleander Ellison, who were natives of Kentucky and Tennessee respectively. The father came to Indiana with his parents when about six years old. He was a farmer and his death occurred in 1866. The mother is still living and is over eighty-four years old. William D., our sub- ject, was bom near his present residence. May 20, 1837. Whea about twenty-one, he married', and in 1859 located on his present farm. He started in life with but very little capital, but now owns 420 acres of very fine land. He has an elegant home, situ- ated in a very beautiful location. Prom his residence may be seen timber land in two different counties in Illinois, two in Kentucky and three in Indiana. Mount Vernon, ten miles dis- tant, is in plain view. Smoke from steam-boats can be traced from Evansville to the mouth of the Wabash and up that river above Grand Chain. Besides farming extensively he also deals extensively in live-stock. March 12, 1857, he was married to Phoebe Ann Wilson, daughter of Dr. P. D. Wilson of Virginia She was born in Ohio in 1839. To them were born ten children, seven living : Philip, Eva, Eugene, Elora, Charles, Julius and Lucius. Mr. Alexander and his family are stanch Republicans. His father was a Whig. He is a prominent man of the county, and' may be envied by any farmer the beautiful situation of his' home. JAMES J. BAILEY may be mentioned as one of the promi- nent farmers of Posey County, Ind. His parents, John A. and Cynthia (Stallings) Bailey, were born about 1800 and 1802 re- spectively. They were married in this county, where the father 648 HISTORY OP POSEY COUNTY. followed the calling of a farmer. He died about 1863 and the mother about 1871. James is a native of this county and was born in 1827. He received about nine months' schooling and obtained that under many difficulties. He followed the profes- sion of teaching for about seventeen years and ranked high in that profession. In 1856 he purchased forty acres of land which he has since increased to over 800 acres. In 1862 Sarah J., daughter of Andrew and Emeline (Stallings) Defur, became his wife and the mother of his six children: Mary A., Fannie, Ida, John A., Thomas H. and Lawrence W. In 1880 Mr. Bailey was elected county commissioner and has since filled that position to the entire satisfaction of all. Although he has been a cripple all his life and in frail health, yet he has surmounted all these diffi- culties and is now one of the largest landholders in the county. He is a faithful officer and a citizen who is widely known and re- spected. LAEDNEE C. FEENCH was the fifth of a family of nine children of Doris and Sarah (Thomas) French. The father re- moved from New Jersey to Kentucky when quite young, and at the age of fifteen years he came to what is now Posey County, Ind. He was, in all probability, one of the very first in Lynn Township. He was born in July, 1792, and came to this county in 1807. He was a farmer and a very prominent man in the set- tlement of the county. He died about 1855. The mother was born in Tennessee in 1801. She was a sister of G. W. Thomas of .Mount Vernon; her death occurred in 1885. Lardner C. French was born February 28, 1830, in Posey County. He remained at home with his parents until twenty- two years of age, when he married and settled on the land where he now lives. He has met with well deserved success and owns 300 acres of very good land. Elizabeth Wilson became his wife November 30, 1851. To them were born thirteen children, eleven now living: James W., Luke, Catharine, Maria, Nellie, Walter, Sarah, Alexander, Fannie, Ealph and Louis C, Mr. French's political views are Democratic. He has never aspired to office and never would accept any. He is a prominent and en- terprising man and an excellent farmer and citizen. THOMAS FEENCH was born March 10, 1835, in Posey County, Ind., near where he now lives. His parents, Doris and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 649 Sarah (Thomas) French, were born in Kentucky and Tennessee respectively. The father was born in 1792 and came to Posey County about 1807; his death occurred August 27, 1853. The mother was born in 1801. Thomas, our sub- ject, passed his boyhood days on a farm and received the schooling of the average farmer boy of that period. When twenty years old he married and settled on the farm where he now lives. He has been very successful in his business enter- prises and now owns 245 acres of very fine beech land, on which is erected an excellent two-story frame residence. In 1855 he was united in marriage to Angeline Calkin who lived but thirteen months after her marriage. March 15, 1857, he wedded Julia A. Greathouse. They have one son, Gustave, who is now mar- ried and living with his father. Our subject and wife have also raised an orphan, Ella Harshman. Mr. French has always been a warm Republican. He has never aspired to office but is a prominent man in his community. ROBERT W. HIGHMAN was born August 21, 1849, son of John and Mary Ann (Wilson) Highm?.n. The father, who was a farmer, was born and raised in Posey County, Ind. He died when our subject was about four years old. The mother was a native of the Keystone State, and came to Indiana when quite young. The subject of our sketch was raised on a farm, and re- ceived a limited education. He made his home with his mother until thirty-three years old, when he married, and settled on the farm where he now resides. He has been a successful farmer, and owns 285 acres of very fine land, well improved. Politically he has always been a Democrat. He is now holding the office of township trustee, which position he has held for five years to the satisfaction of all. April 9, 1882, his marriage with Sallie Alex- ander was celebrated. To them have been born one child, a daughter, named Mabel. Mr. Highman is one of Posey Coun- ty's enterprising and successful young farmers, and is a citizen of whom the county may be proud. EDWARD E. HIGHMAN was born in Lynn Township, Posey Co., Ind., in 1851. In boyhood he attended the common schools, and later went to the New Harmony High School for two years. On reaching mature years he and his brother took charge of the home farm until the latter's marriage. He inherited about €50 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. forty acres of land at the death of his father, and by persisteiri; effort has now a farm of 240 acres, about 170 acres of which are cultivated and furnished with good buildings. In 1884 his mar- riage with Kate M. Schnee was celebrated. She was born in 1858 in New Harmony, and is the daughter of David M. and Nancy (Travers) Schnee. Edward E. is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for Tilden. His parents, John and Mary A. (Wilson) Highman, were born in 1810 and 1815, respectively. They were married in 1836, and were the parents of eight children. The father was a farmer and Eepublican, and held the office of justice of the peace for fifteen years. His death occurred in 1854. His widow is still living. CHAELE8 HOEHN may be mentioned as a prosperous young farmer of Posey County, Ind. He was born in Germany October 20, 1853, and when but three weeks old was brought by his parents to the United States. He remained with them until their deaths, and then continued farming on the old homestead. He has done well financially, and now owns about 200 acres of very fine land, nearly all of it being under cultivation. He is unmarried, and two of his sisters (one a widow) live with him. He has a nice home in a good location, and his farm is well im- proved. He and sisters are members of the Catholic Church, and he is a Democrat. His parents, Blasius and Josephine (Peaster) Hoehn, were native Germans. They and a family of five chil- dren came to the United States and located in New Harmony, Ind., in the Eappite settlement. They lived there five years and then moved to Point Township and finally located on the farm where Charles now lives. The father was a farmer, born Feb- ruary 4, 1821, and died April 18, 1869. The mother was bom in 1823 and died in 1875. HENET C. KIVETT may be mentioned as one of the promi- nent farmers of Lynn Township. He is a son of Peter arid Margaret (Cowgill) Kivett, and is a native of Posey County, Ind., where he was born in 1844. The parents were born in 1819 and 1816, respectively. They were married in 1836 and lived in Lynn Township until 1874, when they moved to Illinois. Two years later the father, who was a farmer and justice of the peace for sixteen years, died. The mother is still living. Henry C. worked faithfully on the farm until the breaking out of the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 651 Bebdlion, when he enlisted in Company H, Ninety-first Indiana Infantry, and served eight months, when he returned home. In Jebruary, 186S, he re-enlisted, this time in Company K, One Hundred and Eorty-fourth Indiana Infantry, and served until the close of the war. He flat-boated for some time on the river, and in 1866 married Matilda Noble, born in 1843, daughter of Louis and Christina (Smith) Noble. To Mr. and Mrs. Kivett were born five children: Inez, Enos, Eunice, Earnest and Birdest. Both husband and wife are members of the Methodist Church. Mr. Kivett is a Republican. He is quite well off, financially, owning 162 acres of good land. GEORGE 1. McCONNELL was born near Oynthiana, Posey Co., Ind., June 24, 1858, and is the youngest in a family of six children born to the marriage of A. R. McConnell and Mary C. Bavis. The father was a farmer and now lives at Cynthiana-— a very old man. The mother died in the fall of 1881. George E. remained on the farm until he was ten years old when he began attending school in Cynthiana. In 1876 he entered the college at Merom, Ind., and took a two years' course. He then began teaching school and continued at that work for about five terms, meeting with the best success. He then clerked for a general merohan(Mse store in Solitude, Ind., and in 1883, purchased the proprietor's stock of goods and began business on his own re- sponsibility. Besides his store he deals in grain, farm produce and coal. His marriage to Kate E. Hanchette was celebrated December 30, 1880. They have a daughter, Lotta Estelle, born July 26, 1883. Mr. McConnell is a member of the A. O. U. W. and a Republican politically. He is an agent at Solitude for the Evansville & Terre Haute Railroad and is also postmaster of that place. JAMES M. McFADDIN, a native of the county in which he lives, was born Eebruary 27, 1834. He was raised on a pioneer farm and can remember when the country was almost a wilder- ness,, inhabited by Indians and wild animals. At the age of twenty-eight he took for his life companion Julia A. Redman, a native of Black Township, Posey Co., Ind., born November 14, 1836. To them were bom four children, three of whom are living: Noah ¥., Sallie J., David O. (deceased) and James O. After marriage Mr. McFaddin began tilling the soil on the farm 652 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. of 180 acres where he now lives. His wife is a member of the Baptist Church and he has always been a Democrat in politics and is recognized as an honorable and leading citizen. His par- ents, Noah and Sarah (Albright) McFaddin, were natives of the Blue Grass State where the father was born in 1802 and the mother in 1804. The McFaddins are of Irish descent, our sub- ject's grandfather being a native of the Emerald Isle. Noah was a farmer, in which occupation he was very successful. His death occurred August 27, 1879, and the mother's February 17, 1868. PHILOCLES P. McFADDIN is a son of Noah and Sarah (Albright) McFaddin (see sketch of James McFaddin), and was born November 4, 1844. He received a limited education while at home on the farm, but afterward attended three winter terms of school at Mount Vernon, where the mother and a part of the family had moved for the purpose of educating the children. When eighteen years old, he attended a term of school at Owens- ville, Ind., and a year later married and settled on his father's farm near his present place of abode, on which he moved a year later. He owns 320 acres of well improved and fertile land. May 15, 1864, he wedded Malinda Bundy, daughter of James and Louisa (Weir) Bundy. She was born January 8, 1845, in Posey County. Her mother was born in 1814, and came with her parents to this county in 1818, where she lived and died. Mr. and Mrs. McFaddin became the parents of six children-. James F., Enoch W., Benoni, Noah, Idellia and Lemuel P., who died when quite young. Mr. McFaddin belongs to the Masonic fraternity, and both husband and wife are members of the Gen- eral Baptist Church. He is a Democrat and a wide-awake farmer. EILEY NOBLE was born in Ohio, March 30, 1807. After reaching the age of fourteen years he left home and began earn- ing his own living. When twenty he began working on flat- boats on the river, continuing at that work until 1848. In 1840, he purchased the farm where he now lives, but remained on the river eight years longer, and at the same time carried on farming. He owns eighty acres of good land, having lately sold one half of his farm. April 2, 1839, our subject took for his life compan- ion Matilda Seward, born in Ohio, December 11, 1817. She came BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 653 to Indiana in 1825. Their marriage has remained childless, but they have raised several orphans. They are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he has always been identified with the Whig and Republican parties. He is now about seventy- nine years old, and is a prominent and respected old man. His parents were Elijah and Anna (Bishop) Noble, who were natives of Connecticut. The father was a trader and farmer, and came to Indiana in 1820. He died in 1838, and the mother in 1812. HON. "WILLIAM C. PITTS (deceased) was a son of Juddy •and Elizabeth (Kelton) Pitts, and was born in Robertson County, Tenn., in 1814. He came to Posey County, Ind., in childhood, and there he grew to manhood. Not having the advantages of good schools he was obliged to supply the deficiency by much desultory reading and study, and in this manner became one of •the best informed men in his community. During the greater part of his life he devoted his time to agricultural pursuits. In 1861 he was elected by the people to represent them in the State Legislature, and filled the duties of that ofl&ce with great ability. In 1838 he was married to Mrs. Jane (Lynn) Brown, born in Hopkins County, Ky., in 1818. To this union were born eight children: Juddy, Edward A., Esther, Warren, Mary C, Magnus. C, Alvin P. and one unnamed. Mrs. Pitts had two daughters by a former marriage : Seraphine and Angeline. Mr. Pitts was a Democrat. His death, which occurred in 1884, was cause for great regret among his relatives and friends. His wife still lives on the old homestead, and although sixty-seven years old, mana- ges the farm of 135 acres with great ability and credit to herself. WILLIAM T. PURCELL is a son of George and Emily (Told) Purcell, who were natives of Kentucky and Virginia, respectively. In 1825 they came to Mount Vernon, Ind., where the father followed the occupation of farming, and also worked at the plasterer's trade. In 1847 he moved to Iowa, where he spent the remainder of his days. William's grandfather Purcell, was a lieutenant in the French army, and with LaFayette, came to this- country to aid the Americans in their struggle for liberty. Of such ancestry was born the subject of our sketch in Kentucky, in 1823. When nineteen years old, he began teaching the "young idea," and continued at that work for nine years, also fol- 654 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. lowing the occupations of plastering and farming. In 1845 be was married to Esther Pitts, born in 1826, daughter of Juddy and Elizabeth (Kelton) Pitts. They became the parents of these children: Albion, Emma, Charles, Lawrence, Clinton, Jo. and Grace, all of whom are dead except Emma and Grace. Mr. Purcell is a well to do farmer, and owns 150 acres of land. He is a Republican, and held the position of constable for twenty-one years, and has been justice of the peace for some time. In 1852 he went to California to dig gold, and soon after set up a miner^s supply store, continuing two years. After an absence of three years, he returned home, and has since lived in Lynn Township. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. ALFRED RECORDS is a son of Alex and Elizabeth (Al- dridge) Records, who were natives of Delaware. The father vcarried on farming on an extensive scaile, and ailso operated & water-mill and a distillery after moving to Kentubky. His death occurred about 1822, and the mother's in 1855. Alfred was born in Boone County, Ky., in 1820. His schooling, all told, never amounted to more than three months, but he has since acquired a very good education. When fourteen years old he began work- ing among the farmers in his neighborhood. About eight years later, he moved to Greene County, Ind., and purchased 160 acres of timber land which he afterward sold, and purchased 280 acres. This he also sold, and then in 1857 moved to this county (Posey), and purchased a farm of 160 acres, which he has since increased to 380 acres, 200 of which he has given to his children. In 1841 he married Rebecca Gibson (died in 1853). To them were bom these children: Minerva E., Francis M., Irvin T., Missouri A. and Thomas. In 1854 Mr. Records married Eliza Grange, idaughter of Thomas and Margaret (Sherbrook) Grange. He is & Democrat politically, but cast his first vote for Harrison. TAYLOR RECORDS is a native cA Greene County, Ind., where he was born in 1846, and is a son of Alfred and Rebecca '(Gibson) Records. He received a common school education, which he improved in later years by self application. He received iEoTty-five acres of land from his father which he has since, by hard work and good management and the aid of his wife, in- creased to 160 acres. In 1867 he was ma,rried to Sallie A. Cos., (bom in 1849). To their union were bom four children: Thomas BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 655 E.,EmmaE., Ella "V. and Clara E. In 1882 Mrs. Eecords died, and in 1883 Mr. Eecords took for his second^ wife, Mary Teager (bom in 1850), daugMer of Absalom and Elizabeth (Williams) Yeager. Her father was born in Kentucky, and came to Gibson Oaunty in very early times. Both parents still lire in that county, at an advanced age. Mr. and Mrs. Eecords became the parents of one child, Lester E. Mr. Eecords is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Seymour. Both wives were members of the General Bap- tist Church. THOMAS A. EECOED, farmer of Lynn Township, Posey Co., Ind., is a son of Alfred and Eebecca J. (Gibson) Eecord, and was born in Greene County, Ind. in 1851. After- attending the common schools near his home he spent some time at Earm- «csville, and later attended the graded school at Owensville, and in 1876-77 attended the State University of Indiana. After fin- irfiing his education he returned home and remained with his father until twenty-seven years of age. In 1878 he took for his helpmate through life Mary J. Goad, born in Lynn Township in 1864. She is a daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Bundy) Goad. Mr. and Mrs. Eecord are the parents of two children: Myrtle and Warren. Mr. Eecord is a supporter of Democratic principles but cast his first vote for Horace Greeley. He started in life with forty acres of land given him by his father and also 120 acres of cheap land in Illinois. H« sold all of this at a good profit and purchased 180 acres of good land in Illinois, and is now one of the most prosperous farmers in Posey County. JAMES H. THOMAS is one of the prominent farmers of Posey County, Ind. He is a son of James and Mary (Eblin) Thomas, and was born July 28, 1817. The parents were natives of North Carolina and Virginia, respectively and both removed to Tennessee when quite young. Here they were married, and afterward came to Kentucky, and finally in 1814 to Posey County Ind., and located near Mount Vernon. A year or so later they moved near where James now lives. Here they built them a camp and commenced clearing the land. The father died in 1854 and the mother in 1839. Our subject was raised on a wilderness farm and when twenty -two married and settled on his present farm. Where he has continued ever since. He engaged quite extensively in grain and stock dealing and in 1875 656 HISTORV OF POSEY COUNTV. sustained a great loss on a grain deal, August 19, 1838, he was married to Lucinda Eobinson, a native of Kentucky. They be- came the parents of eight children, six of whom are living ; Mary, William J., Luna, George L. (deceased), Eimel L., (deceased), Samuel H., John M. and Eoger E. Mr. Thomas is a member of the I. O. O. F. and was a Whig during the existence of that party, but has since been a Democrat. He has prospered ex- tremely well as a farmer, owning 294 acres of good land on which is an excellent two-story frame residence. JAMES P. UTLEY is the eldest of five children born to the marriage of David H. Utley and Ellen Heltsley, who were natives respectively of North Carolina and Kentucky. The father removed to Kentucky when a child, and about 1833 came to Indiana, dur- ing its early settlement. He was a farmer by occupation and died in 1879, and the mother in 1863. Our subject was born in Todd County, Ky., December 16, 1831, and when but two years old, came with his parents to Posey County, where he has since risided. He remained at home until attaining his majority, when he married and began the carpenter's trade and continued at that business for twelve years. He then began farming on his pres- ent place and has been very successful, notwithstanding the many adversities he has had to encounter. July 30, 1853, Susan Mc- Lain became his wife. They are the parents of seven children, all of whom are living: Harrison, Mary, Martha, Emma, Nealie, Orila and Loretta. Mr. and Mrs. Utley and five children are members of the General Baptist Church. Our subject has al- ways been a Democrat and is a very prominent man in his com- munity. He is an honorable, religious and highly respected cit- izen, and is one of the trustees of the church to which he be- longs. VINCENNES WALKEE is a son of John and Sarah (Call) Walker, who were natives of North Carolina. He and wife came to Posey County, Ind., in 1811. He was a farmer and died in 1833 and the mother in 1847. Vincennes was born February 9, 1822. When sixteen years old he left home and began working for himself on steamboats. He worked as a cabin boy for two years and the following year worked on the home farm. He and his father took a load of produce by flat-boat to New Orleans, and after their return home the father died. Our subject then re- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 657 mained at home and some time later built another boat, but after loading it, it caught fire and was consumed. He then worked at the cooper's trade, but being unfortunate in that business he bought poultry and traded in New Orleans for three years. He worked for some time at the boat business in Missouri and then returned to Indiana, where he married Rachel Kivett, February 4 1844. To their union ten children were born, six of whom are now living: John H., Mary E., Clarence L., Carrie M., Jessie Anne, Fremont and Minnie R. Both parents are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and Mr. Walker is a Mason and has always been a very ardent Republican. He is well to do in wordly goods and owns 130 acres of very fine land. ELI WALKER is the son of John and Mary (Bird) Walker, who were born in North and South Carolina, respectively. They were married in the former State, and after a residence of a few years, came to Posey County, Ind., and for two years farmed the land where Mount Vernon now lies. They finally settled in the woods of Lynn Township on a 160 acre farm. Our subject was born in Lynn Township, Posey Co,, Ind., in 1830. At the age of eighteen he began farming for himself. In 1852 he pur- chased his first piece of land, amounting to 120 acres, for which he paid $1,200. He sold it soon after for $1,400, and invested the money in the farm of ninety-five acres where he now lives. In 1864 he enlisted in Company E, Thirty-first Indiana Infantry, and participated in the battles of Spring Hill, West Franklin, NashviUe and Black Swamp. After £fteen months' service he returned home, honorably discharged. He has since devoted his time to farming and stock raising. In 1851 he was married to Phoebe A. Walls, who died in 1854, leaving three children: Car- oline, Margaret A. and Martha A. Three years later he married Maria (Aldrich) Downey, born in 1826. To them were born four children: Martha A., William M., William S. and Mary. Mr. Walker is e. Republican and cast his first vote for Scott. CHARLES W. WEIR, a prominent young farmer and mer- chant, was born in Mount Vernon, Posey Co., Ind., September 5, 1857. He was raised on a farm and received only a common school education. At the age of twenty-one he married and be- gan farming on the old homestead. In 1883 he engaged in the merchandise business. He has met with well deserved success, 668 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. and owns 143 acres of very fertile land. December 2, 1878, the ceremony uniting him in the bonds of matrimony to Ida MoFad- din was solemnized. She is a daughter of Enoch McFaddin. They have one son, Enoch J. Mr. Weir is a Democrat and a first-class citizen of the county. The parents of our subject were James and Mary (Noel) "Weir, natives of the Blue Grass and Buckeye States respectively. The father was born in 1809 and when six years old came with his parents to Posey County, Ind. Charles' grandfather was a native of the Emerald Isle and was one of the old pioneer settlers of the county. He was proprietor of a flouring-mill and distillery combined, the only one ever in Lynn Township. . It was erected in 1838 and run by steam. The father died in 1868. WILLIAM WHITE, of the firm White & Williams, manu- facturers of brick and tile, is the son of David A. and Deborah (Wilsey) White. The father was born in Posey County, in 1829. The mother is a native of Illinois, and was born in 1833. They were married in New Harmony, in 1850, and about 1865 moved to Lynn Township, where they resided fifteen years, and finally located in Gibson County, where they yet live. William was born in Harmony Township in 1851. When twenty-one years old he began working for himself among the farmers in his neighborhood. In 1875 he was married to Almedia Wilson, born in 1859, daughter of John and Briney (Eogers) Wilson. Mr. and Mrs. White became the parents of three children: Bertha, Shelley and Homer. Our subject is a stanch Democrat, and cast his first vote for Tilden. He has been moderately successful, and as a manufacturer of brick and tile does first-class work. His wife is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. LUKE WILEY is the second of eight children, born to Lytle and Elizabeth (Vandever) Wiley. The father was born where Frankfort, Ky., now is, December 10, 1800. His father, William Wiley, with his. family and one brother came to Indiana, settling in the woods of Posey County. Both William and his brother were killed by the Indians near the. Gibson and Posey County Hne. Our subject's father was then taken back to Ken- tucky, but in 1812 he returned and located at New Harmony. When about twenty-five years old he moved to Centre Tovmship, where he passed the remainder of his life. His death oc- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 65& * curred December 8, 1863. The motlier was born in Nortk Carolina, June 8, 1808. Her death occurred February 13, 1877. Of this parentage was born the immediate subject of this sketch, January 17, 1830. When twenty-six years old, he married and settled on a farm in New Harmony, but later moved to his present farm; he has 282 acres of well- improved land. February 21, 1857, he wedded Mary French, daughter of Davis French, an old settler of the county. She was born December 10, 1837. They became the parents of six children, four of whom are living: William F., Sallie B., Edward L. and Charles P. Mr. Wiley's political views are Democratic ; he is a prominent man of the township, and is highly respected by all. WILLIAM WILSON, one of the prominent farmers of Lynn Township, Posey Co., Ind., and son of Robert and Elizabeth (Wilson) Wilson, was born in Posey County, in 1818. At the age of twenty-two, he began clearing his eighty acre woodland farm given him by his father. By energy and good management he has increased his farm to 640 acres, 200 acres of which he has given to his children. In 1841 he was marrried to Cynthia Mathews, born in Posey County, Ind., in 1818, and daughter of Aquilla and Susanna (Saltzman) Mathews. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson became the parents of ten children: Susanna, Elizabeth, Lewis, Maria, Eobert, John, Mary A., Sarah C, William and Jane. Mrs. Wilson's death occurred in 1866, and since that time Mr. Wilson's daughters have been his housekeepers. About 1858 he was chosen one of the three trustees for the township, and later, under the new law, was chosen to fill the office alone ; he supports Dem- ocratic principles, and cast his first vote for Van Buren. CHRISTOPHER WILSON is a son of Robert and Elizabeth (.Wilson) Wilson, and was born in Posey County, Ind., in 1824. The parents were natives of Pennsylvania and were born in 1792 and 1794 respectively. They brought their goods and chattels on a flat-boat down the Ohio River, landing at Mount Vernon, then consisting of but one log house. For a year they lived in Sand Hills and then moved to New Harmony, where they remained five years. Some time after they moved to Lynn Township, where they filled out the measure of their days. The father was a farmer, and county commissioner. His death occurred in 1865 t)60 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. and the mother's four years later. At the age of twenty-four, Christopher began farming on his father's place, and three years later his father deeded him 160 acres of land, where he now lives. He at one time owned 620 acres, but has given part to his chil- dren. He was married to Elizabeth Eogers in 1848. She was born in 1823, and is a daughter of Alex and Orra (Stallings) Rogers. They have five children: Catherine, Sarah J., Colum- bus C, Joseph and Julia. Mr. Wilson is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Cass. He and wife, and the two eldest children are members of the Eegular' Baptist Church. ALEXANDER WILSON is a native of Posey County. Ind., where he was born in 1826. He acquired such education as could be obtained in the schools of his day, and when twenty-eight years old began laboring for himself. He worked for seven years for his father, and at the end of that time his father deeded him 160 acres of land on whiph was a log house, 18x24 He has since increased his fairm to 415 acres, of which about 250 are cleared and under cultivation. Mr. Wilson's political proclivities are Democratic. He cast his first vote for Lewis Cass, of Michigan. In 1853 he led to Hymen's altar Margaret Stallings, born in 1832, daughter of John and Celia (McAdoo) Stallings. To Mr. and Mrs. Wilson were born seven children: Eugene, Lawrence, Walter, Helen M., Robert E., Harry C. and one unnained. ISAAC WILSON was born in Posey County, Ind.', in 1834, and is a son of Christopher and Abigail (Bacon) Wilson. The father was a native of Pennsylvania and the -mother of Ten- nessee. The father came to this county in 1816; and after a two years' residence in Harmony Township; moved to Lynn Township and located on the farm where Isaac now lives. The father's death occurred in 1858, and the mother's in 1873. At the death of his father Isaac Wilson inherited about twenty-five acres of land, which he has since increased to 300 acres, 200 acres being under cultivation. In 1858 he was married to Lucy A. Edmunds, a native of Posey County, born in 1839, daughter of Samuel and Tabitha (Goad) Edmunds. They have three children: Samuel C, Tabitha E, and Lou W. Mr. Wilson is a stanch Republican, and cast his first vote for Lincoln. He has always led an active life, and as a citizen is widely known and respected. i ^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 663 EOBEET WILSON is a native of Posey County, Ind., where he was born in 1850. He is a son of William and Cyn- thia (Mathews) Wilson, and passed his boyhood days on the farm. He received a good practical business education in the common schools, and until the age of twenty-five years remained with his father on the farm. In 1875 he was married to Angeline French, born in Posey County in 1856, and to their union one child was born, Fred. Mrs. Wilson is a daughter of Ralph and Elizabeth (Kivett) French. When Eobert was married his father deeded him eighty acres of land, on which he has lived ever since. In 1884 he took a trip westward with the view to investing in land, but returned home without making a purchase. He has been quite a successful farmer, and as a citizen ranks among the first in the county. He is a supporter of Democratic principles and cast his first vote for Greeley. CHEISTOPHEE C. WILSON, one of the rising young farmers of Lynn Township, Posey Co., Ind., is the son of Chris- topher and Elizabeth (Eogers) Wilson. He is a native of the township in which he now lives, and was born in 1851. He received a very good education in the common schools near his home, and at the age of twenty-two began farming for himself on eighty acres of land given him by his father, all of which is under cultivation, Mr. Wilson himself having cleared twenty-five acres. In 1873 he was married to Anna P. Stephens, a native of the county, born in 1855, and daughter of Ausburn T. and Eliza- beth (Hume) Stephens. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson became the par- ents of two children: Ida B. and Hervey C. Both husband and wife are members of the Eegular Baptist Church. Mr. Wilson is a Democrat politically, and cast his first vote for Greeley. He has been a successful farmer, and is one of the rising citizens of the county. JOHN WILSON, Jb., is the son of William and Cynthia (Mathews) Wilson, and was born in Posey County in 1851. He acquired a practical education and remained at home until twenty-two years of age. He was married, in 1873, to Missouri E. Goad, a native of Posey County, born in 1855. To them was born one child, Elva. A year after his marriage Mr, Wilson inherited sixty -one acres of land, which he has since increased to 109 acres. His political views are Democratic, and his first vote 664 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. was cast for Greeley. He is an enterprising young farmer, and is worthy the respect of all. Mrs. "Wilson's parents are Thomas and Elizabeth (Bundy) Goad, who were born in 1832 and 1835 respectively. The father received but little schooling owing to undeveloped school systems and the demand for his services at home. When twenty years old he began farming on his father's place, and during the summer time flat-boated on the Ohio River. In 1854 he received eighty acres of the farm where he now lives. He is now the owner of 250 acres. He and wife became the parents of six children, Missouri E. being the eldest. Mr. Goad is the leading Republican of his township, and cast his first vote for Fremont. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 665 CENTRE TOWNSHIP. FINLEY ALLISON was born in Tennessee September 19, 1817. Hugh and Abigail (Bacon) Allison were the parents of six children, our subject being the second. They were of Irish extraction, and were natives of Virginia. From their native State they moved to Tennessee, thence to Posey County, Ind., in 1819. The father was a farmer of limited circumstances. Fin- ley's educational advantages were very limited, owing to the early death of his father. At the age of thirteen he began supporting himself and attending school at every opportunity. When twenty years old he began farming for himself. He has continued at that work ever since, and owns eighty acres of land and con- siderable town property, including one of the stores in the town of Wadesville. He carries a general line of merchandise and has a good trade. Sarah Hiinan became his wife in 1838. ■ They became the parents of seven children, now but three living. The children were born as follows: Nancy Jane, John W., Hugh A., Mary Anne, Abigail, Emily and Finley. Mr. Allison is a very ardent Republican. He has held the office of justice of the peace three terms, and has been postmaster of Wadesvijle over four years. JOHN BECKER, a prominent farmer of Centre Township, was born May 16, 1834, in Germany. He is the eldest of a fam- ily of four children born to the marriage of John Becker and Katrina Hirth, native Germans, who came to America in 1852, landing at New Orleans. They started for Bvansville, Ind., but the mother died on the way. The rest of the family reached the city and settled tliere, where the father engaged at daily manual labor. Our subject came with his parents to America, and was eighteen years old at that time. He remained with his father until he attained his majority, when he married and began farm- ing in Posey County, near where he now lives. He soon after purchased his present farm, and has been very fortunate. He 666 HISTORY OP POSEY COUNTY. owns 578 acres of excellent land, well improved. March 10, 1855, he wedded Elizabeth Letterman, who bore him eight chil- dren, seven living: Henry, Elizabeth, Katrina, John, Jacob, Delane, Margaret and MoUie, who is deceased. Mr. Becker is a Eepviblican in politics, having been a Democrat till 1880, when he changed his political views, and is now an enthusiastic Ke- publican. JACOB BECKEE,^a prominent farmer of Wadesville, Ind., is a son of John and Katrina (Hirth) Becker, who were the parents of four children, our subject being the third. The par- ents were native Germans, and came to the United States in 1852, landing at New Orleans. On their way to Evansville, Ind., the mother was taken ill and died. Our subject was born March (■), 184-0, and was about twelve years old when he came to Amer- ica. He was apprenticed to a shoe-maker at Evansville, and worked exclusively at that trade for eight years. At the age of twenty-two years he married, and engaged in the general mer- chandise business with his father-in-law at Wadesville, Ind., where they remained five years. He then purchased the farm where he now lives. He has been quite fortunate, and owns sixty acres of good land. He was married to Mary Allison (who died July 2, 1867) January 30, 1862. To them were born two children: William H. and John F. December 12, 1867, he married Emily Allison, sister of his first wife. They became the parents of six children: Mary B., Emma, Laura, Eddie (deceased), Charley and Eddie. Mr. Becker is a member of the A. O. U. W., and has been a member of the I. O. O. F. He has always been a Bepublican in politics, and has held the office of township trustee. He was candidate for recorder, but the county being Democratic he was defeated. ♦ WILLIAM CAVETT was born near his present place of res- idence November 26, 1820; son of Andrew and Nancy (Lowe) Cavett, who were the parents of five children, our subject being the eldest. The father was born and raised in the "Keystone" State, and came to Indiana in 1815. He was a well to do farmer, and died when seventy-five years old. The mother was a native of Maryland. Subject married at the age of twenty-one years, and located on his present farm of 250 acres, and here he has since lived and farmed. Jemima Dorsett became his wife in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 667 1841, and the mother of eight children, four now living : John P., Sarah J., Harrison, Jesse, Nancy E., James, Matilda C. and Mary. His wife died in the latter part of 1857, and he took for his second wife Elizabeth Wade. They became the parents of three children, one now living: William T., Laura A. and Ida B. Mr. Cavett takes an active interest in politics and is a Eepub- lican, and has held the office of township trustee. Our subject's father was a very prominent man in the settlement of Posey County, and was associate judge for fourteen consecutive years, and also held the office of justice of the peace several years. JOHN W. CAETWEIGHT, farmer, was born in Centre Township, this county, October 8, 1838, and is the eldest child in a family of ten children born to the marriage of Presley Cartwright and Sedda M. Moye. The father is still a resident of Harmony Township and a farmer by occupation. The mother died in February, 1881. John CartAvright's educational advan- tages were quite limited, obtaining schooling only from two to three months during the year, and that by very indifferent teach- ers, but in later years he obtained a good education by self ap- plication. He has taught about twenty-one terms of school, and was considered one of the most successf al teachers of the county. When twenty-six years old he married, and then carried on farm- ing in connection with school teaching until 1872, when he gave up teaching and devoted his time to farming, meeting with good success. He owns 160 acres of fine land, and has deeded forty acres to his daughter. He was married to Dicie Williams, De- cember 15, 1864. They became the parents of one child, Anna M., wife of William A. Stallings, a prominent young farmer. Mr. Cartwright is a Democrat, and has always been identified with that party. He has been assessor one term, and township trustee four years. He is a brother of Vincent Cartwright, county recorder of Posey County, and is in all respects a self- made man. GEEENBEEKY CAUSSEY was reared and educated m Posey, his native county, his birth occurring November 3, 1846, the seventh in a family of twelve. He remained at home to the age of twenty-four years, when he married and located on his present farm, where he has since lived. He has been very pros- perous financially, and owns 250 acres of very fine land, well im- 668 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. proved. He was married to Sarah Cox, March 30, 1870. Four children were born to their marriage, three of whom are living: Charles Kelly, Gracie and Lemuel. Mr. Caussey is a member of, the Masonic fraternity, and he is a Democrat and a very promi- nent one. His parents were Hudson and Martha J. (Hightower) Caussey. The father was .born in North Carolina, and lived there to the age of about thirty-five years, when he came to Posey County, Ind. He married our subject's mother, who was a native Kentuckian, in Vanderburg County, this State. They were farmers and in moderate circumstances. The father died February 15, 1875, and the mother March 30, 1874. ELIJAH COX, son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Hunsaker) Cox, was born in Robb Township, Posey Co., Ind., January 20, 1817. He received but very little education, spending the most of his time hard at work on the farm in order to aid in supporting the large family at home. When twenty-one years old he married, and began farming on a rented place in very destitute circum- stances. About seven years later he purchased some land, and now is the owner of 120 acres, having^ sold part of his land to his children. He was married to Elizabeth Price April 11, 1838. Eleven children were born to them, now but seven living: Eli- jah J., John P., Sarah E., William O., Elizabeth A., Elihu and Leo. All the children are married except one. Mr. Cox and wife are members of the Eegular Baptist Church, and he is a warm Democrat. His wife's parents were natives of Kentucky, and came to Indiana in 1811. His parents were natives of Ken- tucky and Pennsylvania, respectively. The father was in the war of 1812 and in the battle of Tippecanoe. They lived to a very advanced age, and the mother lived to see children of the fourth generation. BENJAMIN COX, trustee of Centre Township, Posey Co., Ind., and native of the same, was born August 19, 1822. He is a son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Hunsaker) Cox, who were born in South Carolina and Pennsylvania, respectively, and both removed to Kentucky when quite young. They came to Indiana about 1815, and settled on a wilderness farm. The father died in 1866, and the mother in 1879. The whole family are noted for their longevity. The mother died at the age of eighty-six, having ivedtosee her descendants of the fourth generation, number- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 669 ing in all 209 members of the family. Benjamin Cox received only limited educational advantages, and Ms general occupation through life has been farming. He owns an excellent and well improved little farm of forty-two acres. Politically he is a Dem- ocrat, and has held the office of- justice of the peace for twelve years, and is now filling his second term as township trustee. January 22, 1844, he married Melvina Gates. To their union four children were born: Joseph, George W. (deceased), An- drew J. (deceased), and Lavina. JAMES CROSS was born in the county where he now re- sides, December 16, 1845. Eussell and Nancy (Smith) Cross were parents of two children, our subject being the youngest. The father was of English exti-action and a native of Posey County, and was a farmer in ordinary circumstances. He died of small-pox in 1847. The mother was a native of Virginia. When seventeen years old our subject began clerking in a store at Wadesville, Nicholas Joest being the proprietor at that time. He continued with him about ten years, and in 1872 purchased an interest (which amounted to only $11) in the store. He is now a member of one of the wealthiest firms in the county. They carry a complete line of general merchandise, their stock being worth about $10,000, They do an average business of $30,000, but have done $75,000 worth of retail business in one year. They have a fine two-story brick building which cost $6,000, and would add to the appearance of any city. December 12, 1872, Mr. Cross was married to Mary Fox. They have two children: Ida, born August 28, 1874, and an infant about two months old. Mr. Cross is a member of the Masonic and A. O. U. W. fraternities. He is a Democrat, and held the office of postmaster for twelve years, end- ing about two years ago. He was township trustee from 1868 to 1869. AMARIAH FLETCHALL, one of the prominent farmers of Posey County, was born October 12, 1839, near his present place of residence, a son of Thomas and Cynthia (Gwaltney) Fletchall. The father came to Indiana in very early times, and was a farmer in good circumstances, owning 607 acres of good land. He died in 1862. The mother who was a native of the Hoosier State, is living at Poseyville, with a son. Amariah Fletchall, was raised a farmer, beginning for himself when twenty-three years old. He 670 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTy. has been a tiller of the soil ever since, and has met with good suc- cess financially. By years of hard toil and economy, he has acquired 330 acres of land, the greater part of which is under cul- tivation and well stocked. His marriage with Martha Ann Record was solemnized May 8, 1861, and seven children have been born to them, five now living, named Laura E. (wife of Bichard Cart- right), Ida B., Mary E., Oscar and Bertha. The two who are dead, are Eufus I. and Magnus C. Mr. Fletchall is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Regular Baptist Church. WILLIAM E. FOECUM, farmer, was born January 13, 1841, on the place where he now lives. He is a son of John and Mar- garet Cross Forcum, and the eleventh child born to them. His parents were natives of North Carolina, and the father was a farmer in good circumstances. He was entirely blind for about seven years before his death. Our subject's boyhood was passed on the home farm, where he continued after his father's death. He owns a one-half interest in the old homestead of 380 acres. December 27, 1866, he was married to Nancy E. Cox, the result of this union being six children: Cyrena Jane, Albert M., William David, Lawrence Edward, Gracie Damie and Menzie Alvin. Mr. Forcum takes active interest in politics, and is a warm Democrat, and is considered a prominent man in his neighborhood. HENEY M. FORCUM was born near his present place of abode January 24, 1857. He was the youngest child of a family of fourteen children, born to John and Margaret (Cross) Forcum. Henry was reared on a farm and received a limited education. He remained at home, and at the death of his father he and a brother worked on the old homestead. He spent about six years in Illinois on some very rich bottom land which he had pur- chased and improved. At the end of that time he sold out and returned to the Hoosier State. He has been very successful in his business enterprises and owns 380 acres of excellent farming land. May 18, 1879, he was married to Mary S. Maddox. To their union three children were born: Emma A., Minnie and Elvie. Mr. Forcum is a very strong Democrat. He and his brother are considered the most successful farmers of the com- munity. GEOEGE L. FOX was born at Mount Carmel, 111., Au- gust 23, 1856, the youngest of a family of six born to Frank and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 671 Maiy M. (Scliuler) Fox. The father was a native American but of German extraction. The mother was born in Germany and came to the United States when very young. Her death occurred several years ago, but the father still lives at Blairsville, Ind. At the age of fourteen George L. began clerking for Joest & Cross at Wadesville, Ind., continuing with them nine years. He then bought property in Wadesville, and began retailing liquors, and still continues in that business in connection with J. B. Ramming. He also has a one-half interest with Conrad Kolb in the farming implement agency and has an agency for marble works and undertaking goods for J. W. Miller of New Harmony. Ho took for his life companion Isabel Creak. They have two children, Jeannette and an infant. Mr. Fox is a member of the A. O. U. W. and politically is a Democrat and is a good citizen and business man. JOHN HERRMANN, one of Posey County's most enter- prising and intelligent citizens, was reared and educated in Ger- many, his native land, his birth occurring August 10, 1827, the fourth in a family of six children born to John and Magdalena (Wagner) Herrmann, who were native Germans and lived and died in the old country. Our subject came to the United States in 1851 and located in the State of New York where he remained for one year. He then went to Ohio, and March 18, 1853, he lo- cated on the place where he now lives. He made his own start in life, unselfishly leaving his share of the estate to his widowed mother and brothers and sisters. By indomitable courage and energy he now owns 300 acres of very fine land under good cultivation. His barn, the finest in the county, cost $6,000. He has an elegant residence, and financially is one of the foremost farmers in the State. August 20, 1851, he married Margaret Heffling, who has borne him these seven children: Barbara (de- ceased), Elizabeth (deceased), Christina, Carolina (deceased), Simon (deceased), John and Sophia. Mr. Herrmann and family are members of the Lutheran Church and he is a Democrat and takes an active interest in politics. He has held the office of jus- tice of the peace for sixteen years and in all respects is worthy of the confidence reposed in him, and has been proffered many po- sitions of honor and trust by his political friends, but for various 672 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. reasons could not accept. He is a prominent man politically. As a farmer and citizen betakes the lead in his community. NICHOLAS JOEST, merchant, of Wadesville, Ind., was born May 1, 1834, son of Adam and Margaret (Schiller) Joes't, who were native Germans. When sixteen years old our subject be- gan learning the tailor's trade and worked as an apprentice for two years. In 1856 be came to the United States and spent some time in Evansville, Ind., and Cincinnati, Ohio, where he worked at his trade, meeting with good success. He finally came to Wadesville, Ind., where he has remained ever since. For the first twenty years he kept a tailor's shop and worked at his trade. He began adding general merchandise to his stock until he now lias one of the finest stores in this section of the country. In 1872 James Cross became his partner in business. They also own the Centre Flouring-mill and our subject has considerable property in West Vernon and owns different farming lands. Mr. Joest has been a successful business man. He started Avith but little capital but his two hands, but at the expense of his own energies he has now a comfortable competency. He was married to Catharine Rothert, of the kingdom of Hanover, Germany, August 25, 1859. They have one child, Anna. Mrs. Joest died July 3, 1863, and in December, 1866, he married Cassie Fox. They have three children: Laura, Charles and Fannie. Mr. Joest is a member of the I. O. O. F., Masonic and A. O. U. W. fraternities. Politically he is a very ardent Democrat and has been county treasurer of Posey County two terms. He has also been township trustee and postmaster several years. He is widely known as a business man and an excellent neighbor. CONEAD KOLB, the leading blacksmith of WadesviUe, Ind., was born June 10, 1848, in Bavaria, Germany. He was one of a large family of children born to the marriage of John Kolb and Elizabeth Fisher, who died in Germany, their native land. Conrad had good educational advantages but spent the most of his time in his father's blacksmith shop. He remained at home to the age of sixteen and later worked in three of the largest manvtfacturing establishments in the world. In 1869 he came to the United States and traveled over several States and finally located at Wadesville, Ind., where he has very successfully plied his trade ever since, being also a manufacturer of wagons BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 673 and buggies. He owns a one-half interest with. Louis Fox in handling all kinds of farming implements and they also have the agency for all kinds of machinery, including the Davis Sewing Machines. November 23, 1869, he was married to Margaret Dieds, who bore him six children, five now living : Anna, Henry, Eddie, Louis and Laura. Mr. Kolb is a member of the A. O. U. W. His wife is a Catholic and he is a member of the Luth- eran Church and belongs to the Democratic party. DE. DAVID KEAUSGEILL was born January 2, 1848, in Harrison County, Ky., son of Philip and Mary (Keller) Kraus- grill. He was reared and educated in his native county, and when sixteen years old enlisted in the army in the Thirteenth Indiana Cavalry, serving from March 14, 1864, to December 4, 1865. After his return from the war he attended school at Or- leans, Ind., for three years, and followed the occupation of teach- ing for four subsequent years. He then commenced the study of medicine and entered college at Cincinnati, Ohio, graduating from the medical college of that State in 1879. He began, however, the practice of medicine in 1873 in Francisco, Gibson Co., Ind., and two years later moved to Wadesville, where he has ever since successfully practiced his profession. He married Miss Linnie Barber, October 7, 1874. To their union three children were born: Ernst, Clyde and Emmett. The Doctor is a member of the A. O. U. W. and Masonic fraternities. Po- htically he is a Democrat and a leader of his party, and is one of the most successful physicians in that section of the county. PHILIPP LEIPOLD. John Leipold, the father of the sub- ject of this sketch, was a native German. He married Mary Uifelmann in his native land, and they became the parents of five children, our subject being the eldest of the family. The father was a wagon-maker in ordinary circumstances. Philipp was raised in a little village, and received a good education in his native tongue. At the age of seventeen he began learning the wagon-maker's trade, and worked in the shop four years After serving three years in the regular army of Germany he again worked at his trade, continuing four years. When twenty-seven years old he came to the United States, and lived in the. follow- ing places: Pennsylvania, Ohio and Louisiana^ and in 1861 he married and settled in New Harmony, where he remained four 674 HISTOKY OF POSEY COUNTY. years plying his trade. In 1865 he came to Wadesrille, where he has remained ever since, keeping the only hotel in the place. He married Catharine Uffelmann, who bore him seven children, these living: Elizabeth, Mary and Henry. He is a member of the Lutheran Church and an exceptionally enthusiastic . Demo- crat. GODFEEY MILLEK, son of Michael and Catharine (Utz) Miller, was born in Germany, June 17, 1814, and is the third of a family of four children. The parents were native Germans, and came to the United States about 1817, and settled in Dear- born County, Ind., where they remained the. rest of their lives, and followed the occupation of farming. Godfrey was reared on a farm, and when about fifteen years old, began learning the blacksmith's trade. He never received but six months schooling, but has since acquired a good practical education by contact with business life. He followed his trade almost exclusively until 1835, when he moved to Posey County, Ind., and afterward to Henderson, Ky., remaining until 1843, when he married and lo- cated on his present farm of 160 acres. His land is well im- proved with good residence, barns, etc. October 24, 1843, he married Sarah J. Forcum. They have six children: Emily C, Elizabeth M., Thomas E., William H., John A. and Cornelius E. He and wife are members of the General Baptist Church, and politically, he has always been a Whig and Republican. He has been a resident of Posey County for forty-two years, and is one of its most worthy citizens. THOMAS G. MO YE, of WadesviUe, Ind., is a native of Craven County, N. C, born March 12, 1810. His parents John and Alice (Brown) Moye, were the parents of eleven children, and natives of North Carolina. They married and lived in their native State until Thomas was twenty years old, when they came to Indiana, and located in Posey County, where they resided for several years and then moved to Illinois, where both parents died. Our subject obtained the most of his education by self-applica- tion at home. When twenty-eight years old he began farming, and for forty-five years has continued at that occupation. He launched out in life with $100 capital, and now owns 370 acres of very fine land. January 1, 1840, his marriage with Hester Camp- bell was solemnized. To them were born seven children: Abner, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 675 Louisa, Hester, Jane, Joseph L., John B. and Martha Anne. All are dead but the last and youngest. Mr. Moye's wife has been dead about twenty-five years, and since that time he has Uved with his daughter. Politically he is a Democrat, and a very prominent man of his party. He has held the office of township trustee and assessor for several years each, but has never aspired to public offices. ISAAC G. W. WADE was born in what is now Centre Township, Posey Co., Ind., February 15, 1829. His parents, Zachariah and Nancy (Underwood) Wade, were the parents of eight children, and were natives of South Carolina and Kentucky, respectively. They came to Indiana from Kentucky, in 1815. The father was a farmer, and a very prominent man. His death occui'red September 15, 1846, and the mother's December 15, 1834:. Isaac remained at home to the age of twenty, when he began farming for himself, and eight years later, married and settled on his present farm of 260 acres of fertile land. He has a fine residence and many modern conveniences. Eliza J. Nash became his wife May 15, 1857. They became the parents of five children; William H., the eldest, died when quite young. The others are yet living: Maria, George B. M., Isaac M. and Andrew A. Mr. Wade is, politically, a very enthusiastic Demo- crat, and wields much influence in his community. He is an excellent farmer, and one of the most prominent men of the county. He is moral and energetic, and is ready to support all public enterprises. WILLIAM L. WADE, son of Isaac M. and Sarah C. (Wil- son) Wade, was born in Centre Township, Posey Co., Ind., December 25, 1839, and is one of eleven children. The parents were natives of Kentucky and Pennsylvania, respectively, and both came to Indiana when quite young. They were among the prominent families of early times. The father's death oc- curred in 1863. The mother still lives near Wadesville. When our subject attained the age of twenty-two years, he married and began his career as a farmer, meeting with good success. He owns ninety-six acres of very fine land, and being well im- proved, is valued at perhaps $100 per acre. He was married to Palina J. Hunter, June 5, 1862, and to their union three chil- dren were born: Isaac L., Charlotte and Sarah C. Mrs. Wade 676 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. died September 27, 1875, and January 29, 1879, he took for his second wife, Josephine Taylor. They have one son : Jesse. Mr. Wade is a zealous Democrat, and is recognized as one of the leading men of his township. FEEDEEICK B. WILLIAMS is the fifth of a family of six children born to Joseph and Sarah (Carney) Williams, who were born and raised in Craven County, N. C. They came to Posey County, Ind., during its early settlement, with a family of three children. They rented farms for a few years, and then purchased a farm. The father is eighty-eight years old, and lives with Frederick. The mother died in 1882. Our subject received such education as could be obtained in those early times. He remained at home to the age of twenty years, when he married Argent Cross, February 14, 1853, and began farming for himself near his old home. He has been quite fortunate, and owns 172 acres of very fine land. His wife died December 2, 1877, leaving four living children (five dead) : Sarah, William, Charles and Virgil. November 21, 1879, Elizabeth Young became his wife. They have one daughter, Ida F. Mrs. Williams is a member of the General Baptist Church, and he is a Democrat, and a very prominent man of the county. S. JETT WILLIAMS, a prominent young farmer of Posey County, Ind., was born February 17, 1853, in the house where he now lives. He was the third of a family of four children born to Asa C. and Anna (Gwaltney) Williams. The father is a prom- inent banker of Mount Vernon, mention of whom is made in this work. Our subject was raised on a farm and received a very good education. He attended the high school of Mount Vernon and the Commercial College at Evansville, receiving a diploma from each of those institutions. Aitei coming from school he kept a book and stationery store in Mount Vernon and afterward, took charge of and edited the Western Star for four years. He then moved on the old homestead and began farming. He owns 160 acres of land and farms 400 acres of his father's farm. He still owns a one-half interest in the Western Star. He was mar- ried, March 5, 1873, to Jennie C. Eiley. They became the par- ents of four children, three living: Asa E., Annie L., Florence L. and Clarence, who died in infancy. Mr. Williams is a Mason and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 677 he and wife are members of the Regular Baptist Church. Polit- ically he is a very enthusiastic Democrat and is now holding the office of justice of the peace. He is one of the most prominent young men in the county and is regarded as a worthy and enter- prising citzizen. JACOB WINTEENHEIMEE was born in Germany, in 1844, and lived there to the age of nine years. His parents were Louis and Louisa (Schweickert) Winternheimer, who, with their five children embarked for the United States in 1853. The mother and three of our subject's brothers died on the voyage and were buried in the Atlantic Ocean. The father located in Rob- inson Township, Posey Co., Ind., where he still resides. Our subject remained at home working on the farm until twenty-six years old, when he and his father purchased and operated a mill at Blairsville, Ind., until it was burned to the ground in 1874. A year later he and his brother rebuilt it, at the same place, and operated it until 1883, when Jacob formed a partnership with Nicholas Joest and moved the mill to Wadesville, refitting it with roller process machinery. The mill has a capacity of 100 bar- rels per day, and was erected at a cost of $14,000. Mr. Wintern- heimer married Mary Stein in 1872. She died in 1873. They had one child, who lived but a short time. In March, 1874, he married Eachel Damm, who died in 1881, leaving three children, only one of whom is living, George. He took for his third wife Mary Lutz, in 1883. Mr. "Winternheimer and family are members of the Lutheran Church, and he is a Republican and has been trustee of Robinson Township two terms. 678 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. MAEES TOWNSHIP. SILAS BEEECE, teacher and farmer of Marrs Township, was born March 1, 1851, in Posey County, Ind., and is the young- est of five children born to David and Jane (Rogers) Breece. The father is of English descent, born in North Carolina in 1812. He came with his parents to Indiana in' 1821. He married in 1839, and afterward entered eighty acres of ' land six miles from Mount Vernon ; here he has since lived. He has been very fortunate in his agricultural pursuits, and owns. 363 acres of land in Posey County, and 140 acres in Illinois. The mother was of English extraction, born in 1815, died: December 8, 1867. Our subject received his education in the district schools, and in addi- tion attended the graded schools at Carmi, 111., for six months. At the age of nineteen he began pedagoguing, and follows that occupation during the. winter seasons and farms during the sum- mer. December 25, 1873, he married Angeline Miller, daughter of Aaron and Louisa .Miller. She was born October. 4, 1854. They have three children : Oliver, Pearl and Lola. After mar- riage Mr. Breece took control of the home farm, for three years, and in 1876 purchased the farm where he. now lives. He has been a prosperous farmer, a;nd as an instructor ranks among the first in the county. , He is an influential citizen and an. enthusi- astic Democrat, and cast his first vote for Horace Greeley. WILLIAM D. CEUNK is a native of the county in which he now resides, born March 10, 1842, son of Timothy and Euthy (Barton) Crunk. The father was born about 1814, and followed farming as an occupation. After his marriage he purchased 120 acres of land in Marrs Township, and lived there until his death in February, 1849. The mother died in 1846. Our subject re- ceived his education in the district schools, and after the death of his parents made his home with his grandmother until he was thirteen years old, when she too died and he was left to fight the battle of life alone. He was one of the "boys in blue," enlisting July 8.1861, in Company B, Twenty-fifth Eegiment Indiana Vol- \^ "r^x. o/y''''^^ z^-^Pc^^jL-'^'^^-^^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 681 unteers, and for three years took an active part in many of the principal battles of the war. He came home on furlough once, and was married April 7, 1863, to Missouri Dixon, daughter of John and Jane Dixon, born in Posey County in 1843. They have four children: Timothy, Ellen, Jennie and Carrie. Mr. Crunk purchased 120 acres of land after marriage, and has since in- creased his farm to 317 acres. He is an honest and upright cit- izen, and a Democrat, casting his first vote for George B. Mc- Clellan. EOBEET J. CEUNK is a native of Posey County, Ind., where he was born December 19, 1854. He is one of a family of three children born to the marriage of John M. Crunk and Nancy Lewis, natives of this county, the father born in 1834 and the mother in 1832. They were married in 1857 and located in Marrs Township, where they purchased 210 acres of land and afterward increased it to 478 acres. In 1884 they moved to Mount Vernon where they are now living. Our subject received his education in the district schools. November 8, 1882, he mar- ried Eachael Kelly, daughter of Daniel and Mary Kelly. She was born in 1863 and is a native of the county in which she re- sides. Her death occurred August 23, 1883, and September 25, 1884, he married Ellen (Dixon) Derington, daughter of John and Jane Dixon. She was born in Posey County in 1854. They have one child: Agnes. After marriage Eobert located on the home place. He is a Democrat and cast his first vote for S. J. Tilden. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. EEV. H. JOHN DIESTEL, rector of St. Philip's Church of St. Philips, Ind., was born October 7, 1838, in Hanover, Ger- many and is a son of John and Gesina Diestel, who were both born in 1799 in Germany. The father was a farmer and died in his native country in 1839, and the mother in 1878. Our subject was reared at home without a father's care or guid- ance. He received his early schooling in Hanover, Germany. In 1857 he left his native country and came to the United States and entered the St. Charles Seminary, at Vincennes, Ind., and commenced studying theology. He was ordained priest Decem- ber 21, 1864, and was given the charge at St. Philips. He has proved worthy of the charge and has had control of , one flock for 682 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. nearly a quarter of a century. He is a devout Catholic and is highly esteemed by all who know him. ALVIN P. DIXON, one of the enterprising farmers of the county, was born May 24, 1857, in Posey County, Ind., and is one of a family of three sons and eight daughters born to John and Jane (Downey) Dixon. The father is of Scotch lineage, born in the State of South Carolina, in 1808, and followed agri- culture as his occupation. He left his native State and came to Posey County with his parents and settled in the southern part of Marrs Township. He was married in 1831 and afterward pur- chased forty acres of land where he located and lived on or near said tract the remainder of his life. He was very fortunate in business and owned at his death 1,240 acres of land, being one of the largest land holders in Posey County. He died Novem- ber 12, 1875. The mother is of English extraction, born in 1810, in Indiana. Alvin P. received a good education in the dis- trict schools near his home. November 10, 1880, he married Catharine Zigler, daughter of George and Catharine Zigler. Mrs. Dixon was born February 19, 1856. They have two chil- dren: Ethel and John Homer. After their marriage they settled on the old home farm. He and his mother have 347 acres of land. Mr. Dixon possesses the attributes which go to make a first-class citizen, and is one whose future success in life is un- questionable. He is a Democrat in politics and cast his first vote for Hancock. JOHN FISCHEE, a prominent German farmer of Posey County, Ind., was born July 26, 1826, and is one of a large family of children born to John and Catherine (Yeagle) Fischer. When ten years old he came to America with his parents and made his home with them until he was thirty years of age. May 20, 1856, he married Louisa Blair, who died October 19, 1870, leaving two living children: John C. and Isabelle (wife of Henry Cobler). February 13, 1872, he married Christena Kebler, daughter of Benhart and Christena Kebler; Mrs. Fischer was born April 6, 1843, in Germany. They have one child, Georgie William. After Mr. Fischer's first marriage, he located on 160 acres of land given him by his father. He has been very indus- trious and owns 250 acres of good land. He has a fine residence and has made many other improvements which add to the beau- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 683 tiful appearance of Ms home. He is a Democrat in politics and a member of tlie Roman Catholic Church. His wife is a mem- ber of the Evangelical Church. VALENTINE FISCHER was born April 9, 1828, and is a native of Germany, son of John and Catherine (Yeagle) Fischer, who were native Germans, born in 1790 and 1800, respectively. They came to America, in 1836, and located for a short time in Wheeling, W. Va., and then moved to EvansVille, Ind., where the sons worked in the brick-yards, and the father entered eighty acres of land in Posey County, which he afterward increased to 200 acres. Here he died February 17, 1868, and the mother, May 14, 1855. Valentine remained with his parents until he was twenty-seven years old. He married Barbara Seiner, May 1, 1855 ; she is a daughter of John and Catharine Seiner, and was born February 6, 1835. They became the parents of fourteen chil- dren, nine of whom are living: Elizabeth, Mary Ann, Caroline, Julia, Henry, Matilda, Joseph, Barbara and Victoria. Mr. Fischer settled on the old home place after his marriaga He now owns 598 acres of land, besides seven houses and twelve lots in Evansville. In 1880 he erected one of the finest brick dwel- ling houses in the county, furnished with all the modern con- veniences. He is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Franklin Pierce. He and family are members of the Catholic Church. SAMUEL C. HENDERSON, M. D., of St. Philips, was born in Tennessee, January 16, 1848, son of Samuel and Amy (Will- iams) Henderson. The father is of Scotch descent, born in Ten- nessee, in 1802. He was a tanner by ti-ade in early life, but afterward became a disciple of Blackstone. He is yet living, i];i his eighty-fourth year. The mother was of German descent, bom in Kentucky in 1815, and died October 10, 1851. Samuel C. volunteered his services in the army, at the early age of four- teen years, in Company E., First Regular Tennessee Artillery, and participated in the battles of Rogersville, siege of KnoxviUe and numerous minor engagements. He remained in the field eleven months, and after coming home worked for some time in Gibson County, but becoming dissatisfied with his limited educa- tion he attended the district school during the winter of 1866 and 1867, and the next year entered the Owensville (Indiana) 684 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. Graded School. In 1868 he entered the teacher's profession and taught his first school in Wadesville, Ind. In connection with teaching he began the study of medicine, and in the fall of 1876 entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Cincinnati, Ohio, attending one term. In 1878 and 1879 he attended the medical college at Evansville, Ind., and graduated from that in- stitution February 27, 1879. He then came to St. Philips and began practicing his profession. August 7, 1873, he married Barbara Pelt, daughter of James and Nancy Pelt. They became the parents of five children; Anna (deceased), Charles, Stella, Inez (deceased) and an infant. The Doctor is one of the first physicians of the county, a Democrat and Mason. C. HICKS, M. D., of Caborn, Ind., was born October 22, 1847, in Kentucky, son of James and Ann (Eeed) Hicks. James is of English descent, and was born in North Carolina, in 1820, and followed the life of an agriculturist. He and wife are residents of Kentucky. Our subject's literary education was acquired in the common schools and in the academy at Cairo, Ky. At the age of twenty he began the study of medicine under Dr. J. T. Bethel, of Pool's Mills, Ky., continuing with him about a year. He attended a course of lectures at the University of Louisville, Ky., during 1870-71, after which he located in Dalton, Ky., and began the practice of his profession. In the fall of 1871 he returned to Louisville, and graduated from the medi- cal college of that place in March, 1872. He then practiced his profession with Dr. Bethel about a year and then came to Posey County, Ind., and located at Caborn. September 24, 1873, he was married to Alice Thurman, daughter of Rev. Elijah and Ma- lissa (Spencer) Thurman. She was born October 27, 1854, and is the mother of these three children : Lela, Harry S. and James. The Doctor is a Democrat and is considered an efficient phy- sician and surgeon by all who know him. He is a Mason. UEBAN S. MARKS, teacher, was born October 20, 1845, and is a native of the county. He is the youngest of a family of twelve children born to Urban and Susanna (Martin) Marrs. The father was born in Logan County, Ky., March 10, 1802, and followed agricultural pursuits j he left his native State in 1809, and came to Posey County, Ind., with his parents. On reaching man's estate he entered eighty acres of land in Marrs Township, where BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 685 lie located, and remaiBed uutil his death. He was associate judge of the circuit court from 1845 to 1851, and was a member of the State Legislature during 1851 and 1852, and held the office of justice of the peace for fifteen years ; he died August 28, 1875. The mother was born in June, 1801, in South Carolina, and died February 29, 1868. The war of the Eebellion broke out when our subject was but sixteen years of age, but as he was thoroughly patriotic, November 13, 1863, he enlisted in Company A, Tenth Indiana Cavalry, and served three years, and was in many important engagements. After his return home he lived with and took care of his father, who was an invalid for a num- ber of years. In 1875 he entered the teacher's profession, and has continued at that work ever since. In politics he is a Repub- lican, and cast his first vote for U. S. Grant; he is a Mason. MICHAEL RUMINEE, farmer of Posey County, Ind., was born in Kentucky, February 18, 1821, son of Christian and Jane (Campbell) Ruminer. The father was of German descent, born in the State of Maine. He lived in the States of Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Kentucky, and came to Indiana when about twen- ty-eight years old. He died in 1838. The mother was born in North Carolina, in 1779, and died in 1846. Michael obtained his education in subscription schools and made his home with his parents as long as he remained single. November 7, 1837, he entered forty acres of Government land in Marrs Township, the deed for which was given by Martin Van Buren, President of the United States, and is now in the possession of our subject. March 23, 1843, he married Jane Marrs, daughter of Urban and Susan Marrs. Mrs. Ruminer was born December 10, 1825. They have had eleven children born to them, six now living: John, Jane, Joseph W., Edward E., Martha, Lenora. Marrs Township was named in honor of Mrs. Ruminer' s uncle Samuel, who was county commissioner at that time. Our subject has been a prosperous farmer, and owns 260 acres of land; he is a Republican, and cast his first vote for Henry Clay. ADAM SCHREIBER is a native of Posey County, Ind., born December 11, 1846, son of Michael and Elizabeth Schreiber, who were Germans by birth. The father was a farmer and was married three times, his first wife dying on the voyage to Amer- ica. His death occurred in 1880. The mother was born in 686 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. 1818 and died in 1866. Adam obtained his education by going from three to six miles to school. February 11, 1868, he mar- ried Margaret Houser, daughter of John and Phoebe Houser, born March 10, 1847, in Germany. They have six children: Phoebe, Caroline, Matilda, Mary Ann, Adam and Samuel. After marriage Mr. Schreiber lived with] his father-in-law for six years and in 1874, moved on the 100 acre tract where he now lives. He has been very industrious and has added ninety- eight acres to his farm. In the summer of 1884 his bain caught fire and was consumed together with 1,000 bushels of wheat, 100 bushels of oats, ten tons of hay, and various kinds of farming implements. Since that time he has erected another barn and added various other improvements. He is very conserva- tive in politics. In 1882 he was elected township trustee and was re-elected in 1884. He and wife are members of the Evangelical Church. JOHN ZEIGLEE. is a son of George and Catharine (Gross- man) Zeigler, born March 29, 1846 in Posey County, Ind. The par- ents were of German descent, born about 1820 and 1824, respective- ly. The father was a farmer and came to this country in 1840 and located first in Pennsylvania, then in Ohio, and finally located in Indiana in 1842, and eventually became the owner of 310 acres of good land. He died in 1875 and the mother in 1884. John remained with his parents until twenty-four years old. March 15, 1870 he led to Hymen's altar, Cynthia, daughter of John and Rebecca Hogue. Mrs. Zeigler was born in Vander- burg County, Ind., 1840. They became the parents of three children: John, Nettie and Andrew. After marriage they located on a ninety acre tract, thirty acres of which were given them by Mrs. Zeigler's father. Mr. Zeigler has been quite successful and now owns 160 acres of fertile land. He is a Republican in poli- tics and cast his first vote for U. S. Grant. His wife died March 22, 1879, and in December 1880 he married Lizzie Stiner, born in 1862, daughter of John and Margaret Stiner. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 687 EOBINSON TOWNSHIP. DK. LAUEENCE B. BITZ, a prominent physician residing at Blairsville, Ind., was born December 6, 1839, in Bavaria, Ger- many. He is the third in a family of four children born to Simon and Catharine (Schaffener) Bitz. The parents and all of their an- cestors, so far as known, were native Germans. They came to the United States in 1847, locating in Warrick County, Ind., where they lived until the father's death in 1857. The family then moved to Evansville, Ind., in 1875, and the mother died there in 1881. Our subject was raised on a farm, and at the breaking out of the war enlisted in Company G, Forty-fourth Indiana Volunteers, and served one year. After returning from the war he farmed until 1867, and then entered the Miami Medical College and graduated two years later. He then located in Blairsville, where he has been a very successful practitioner ever since. He has suc- ceeded well financiallj'^, and owns an orange grove of 225 acres in Florida, besides three lots in Evansville and the, property where he now lives. His marriage to Mary Marvick was solem- nized in 1871. To them were born six children: Frederick C, Minnie E., Julia F., Laurence B., Mary C. and an infant, de- ceased. He and family are members of the Catholic Church. Po- litically he is a D.emocrat. He is a member of four or five med- ical societies, and is one of the ablest of Posey County's physi- cians. GEOEGE T. DOWNEN, the youngest in a family of ten children born to George T. and Lucretia (Culley) Downen, is a native of the township and county where he now resides, his birth occurring June 12, 1844. His father was a native Tennesseean, and came to Indiana when but five years old. He died in 1880, and the mother in 1845. After the mother's death the father married again and raised a family of seven daughters. Our subject remained with his parents for a number of years after his marriage, which occurred February 11, 1869, to Clara C. Allen. 688 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. They became the parents of seven children: Katie, Lucretia, Jacob M., Philo, Timothy, Ada, Nellie and one who died in in- fancy. Mr. Downen is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and is an ardent Democrat and a prominent man of his township. He is popular with both parties, and was elected justice of the peace by the largest majority eveT polled in the township. He has been prosperous in his business enterprises and owns 238 acres of very fine land, well improved. EEV. K. FELDMANN, pastor of the Evangelical Zion Church in Robinson Township, Posey Co., Ind., was born in Baden, Germany, November 17, 1851. He is the third of a family of twelve children born to Conrad and Selma (Feldmann) Feldman, who were born in Germany and came to America in 1865, and located first in Louisville, Ky., where the father worked at manual labor. Our subject came to America when fourteen years old. His educational advantages were quite lim- ited while in his native land, but on coming to this country he began a course of private study which aided him greatly in later years. When eighteen years old he entered the college at Elm- hurst, and three years later attended the Theological Seminary near Marthasville, Mo. Three years later he took charge of a church at Hermann, Mo., where he remained three years. In 1884 he came to his present charge. He has quite a large con- gregation, and his church is in a prosperous condition. He was married, in 1882, to Caroline Fuhrmann. They have one child, Theodore. Rev. Feldmann is liberal in his political views, vot- ing rather for the man than for party. During his short stay at St. Philips he has made many friends, and promises a long life of usefulness. DR. CARL FLUCKS, of St. Wendel, Ind., was born in Ger- many, December 11, 1837. He is a son of Carl and Anna (Ertelt) Flucks, who were native Germans, and lived and died in the land of their birth. The Doctor was raised in town and received an exceptionally fine education in the German language and theology. He entered the regular army of Germany at the age of nineteen, and was in the sanitary service for about seven years. He came to the United States in 1872, and located in Terre Haute, Ind., where he practiced medicine for about nine months, and then moved to St. Wendel, where he has since resid- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 68 9 ed. In 1873 he was married to Mary McHenry. They became the parents of six ohildrenj three now living: Anna, Mattie and Carl. Dr. Flucks and family are members of the Catholic Church, and he is a Democrat. He is a prominent man, a fine physician and a good citizen, and quite a talented musi- cian, having attended some of the best musical schools of Eu- rope. He has in his possession a beautiful and finely toned piano, made by an uncle at the age of seventy-three years, every part of which is made by hand. The Doctor owns forty- two acres of good land, well improved, and in him are combined about all the energy, talent and enterprise of the township. MATHIAS SOHWEIKHAET is a native of Hesse Darm- stadt, Germany, born in 1835. His parents, Jacob and Mary Schweikhart, with their parents and family, came to the United States and settled in Kobinson Township, Posey Co., Ind. Our subject was raised on a farm in Germany, and when fifteen years old began learning the carpenter's and cabinet-maker's trades. He came with his parents to America when seventeen years old, and worked at his trade until reaching his twenty-third year, when he began farming in connection with his trade. He has built many of the best buildings in his neighborhood, and has succeeded well as a farmer, owning 180 acres of very fine land, on which are erected excellent buildings. December 1, 1859, he was married to Mary Wolfe, of German extraction. To them were born nine children, seven of whom are living: Susannah, William, Helena, Henry, Jacob, Lizzie and John. He and fam- ily are members of the Germam Presbyterian Church. He is a Bepublican, and although living in a Democratic neighborhood he is very popular with all. He is at present holding the office of township trustee for the second term. HENET VAUBEL was born in Hesse Cassel, Germany, January 15, 1826. He was one of six children (five of whom are dead) born to John and Catharine (Schmidt) Vaubel, who immigrated to the United States in July, 1838, and located in Posey County, Ind. The father was a farmer and one of the very early settlers. He died in 1854 and the mother in 1862. Henry was reared on a farm, but received a good primary educa- tion in Germany. He improved his English education by apply- ing himself to his books at home. When twenty-five years old 690 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. he married and commenced his career as a farmer. He has been exceedingly fortunate and owns 320 acres of fertile land. He has a good residence and large and spacious barns and granaries. In April, 1852, he was married to Catharine Dickhaut, who bore him twelve children, eight of whom are living: Henry, Elizabeth, George, Peter, Caroline, Ernst, Moritz and Mary. Mr. Vaubel is a member of the Zion Evangelical Church, and has been identified with the Eepublican party since 1860. He is an old and prominent citizen of the county, and is highly respected by all. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 691 BETHEL TOWNSHIP. DANIEL W. DIXON was bora March 4, 1826, in Craven County, N. C. His parents were Daniel and Arcada (Abrahams) Dixon ; the father was a native and farmer of North Carolina, his birth occurring in 1790. In 1828 he came with his family to Posey County, Ind., but a short time thereafter moved to Frank- lin Cbunty, 111., where he died in 1850. The mother was bom about 1795, and died in 1848. Our subject remained with his par- ents until about eighteen years old when he began working for himself. August 7, 1850, he wedded Martha Calvin, daughter of J. and D. Calvin. Mrs. Calvin is a native of the county in which she now resides, her birth occurring April 1, 1833; and she has borne her husband eleven children, these eight now living : Lizzie, John D., Robert T., George B., James "W., Edgar T., Martha E. and Virgil A. In 1847 our subject came to Posey County and pur- chased a small farm. By untiring energy he has increased his farm acre by acre, until he now owns a fine tract of land compris- ing 800 acres. He is a leading citizen, an enterprising farmer and Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church. HARBISON SANDERS, a well to do farmer of Posey Coun- ty, and native of the Hoosier State, was born January 29, 1851, and is one of five children of Martin W. and Lucinda (Casey) Sanders. The father is a native of the Blue Grass State, born 1818. He came to Indiana about 1838, and settled on a farm in Robb Township where he was married. In 1875 he moved to Bethel Township where he remained until his death in April, 1876. The mother's birth occurred in October, 1823, and she is living with our subject at the present time. Harrison received the education of the average farmer's boy, and remained at home aiding his parents on the farm until he was twenty-one years of age. He was united in marriage with Miss Barbara Heubner, May 5, 1879. She was born February 8, 1847, and is a daughter 692 HisTORy OF posey county. of John F. and Elizabeth Heubner. Mr. and Mrs. Sanders are the parents of these two children: Horace K. and Frederick A. Mr. Sanders is one of the leading and enterprising Democrats of Posey County, and is now efficiently filling the office of township trustee. Mrs. Sanders is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. CHAELBS N. WILLIAMS, son of Isaac and Martha (Col- ran) Williams, was born in Gibson County, Ind., September 1, 1846, and is one in a family of five children. He was reared among strangers without the protecting and loving care of father or mother, these natural protectors having died when he was quite young. Under such circumstances he received but little or no advantages. By self application and the rough school of expe- rience has secured a very good practical education which is the best unless too dearly bought. He is the owner of a good farm and is quite well fixed financially. December IB, 1869, Laura Ellen Price became his wife. This lady is a daughter of Romelia and Permelia Price and was born in Posey County. Ind., about 1850. They became the parents of three children: Alida, La- randa and Martha May (deceased). In January, 1880, Mr* Williams died, and for his second wife our subject selected Mar- garet C, daughter of John L. and Midian Waller. To them have been born one child, Alberta. Mr. Williams is a Republican in politics and cast his first Presidential ballot for Hon. A. Lincoln. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 693 POINT TOWNSHIP. J. M. BENNETT was born December 11, 1835, in Tennes- see. He is one of a large family of children born to the marriage of E. H. Bennett and Sarah Kelley, who were natives, respectively, of Virginia and Tennessee. The father was born in 1809, and followed the occupation of farming. He moved with his parents to Tennessee in 18,12. He married there, and in 1850, moved his family to Kentucky, where he remained until his death March 10, 1872. The mother was born in 1811, and died in September, 1879. Our subject remained with his parents until he attained his majority, and January 14, of the next year, he led to the hymenial altar, Mary Ann, daughter of Samuel and Maria Humphreys, born January 9, 1837, in Tennessee. They have eight children: W. D., J. A., E. H., F. M., W. N., J. K, N. G. and O. 0. In 1880 Mr. Bennett purchased 100 acres of timber land in Point Township, and now has about forty acres under cul- tivation. In politics he is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for J. C. Breckinridge. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and he and wife are members, of the Methodist Episcopal Church. HENEY KEEUTZINGEE, a w6ll to do farmer of Point Township, Posey Co., Ind., was born in Prussia, Germany, Janu- ary 8, 1831. He is a son of Henry and Earnestina (Hamier) Kreutzinger. The father was a farmer, born in 1798, and came to the United States in 1844, settling inVanderburg County, Ind., where he began carpentering and farming. In the fall of 1846, he moved to Posey County, and remained there until his death, which occurred in 1847. The mother was born in 1813 and died in 1853. Our subject received a very good education and came with his grandparents to the United States. They located in Evansville, Ind., and here Henry attended school for about a year. He lived with his grandparents until the arrival of his parents from the old country, when he made his home with them. Upon reaching manhood he married Esther Knight, born April 28, 1838. 694 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. She died November 3, 1880, leaving one child, James K. In the spring of 1882, Mr. Kreutzinger was elected trustee of Point Township, and was re-elected in 1884. He is a Democrat and cast his first vote for Stephen A. Douglas. His wife was a mem- ber of the Eegular Baptist Church. INDEX, BLACK TOWNSHIP. Alldredge,Elijah 465 Allyn, Alanson . ^ 465 Barker, Daniel 466 Barter, Sr., Richard 466 Barter, John H 474 Barter, Julius 474 Benuer, Romelia 475 Benthall, Samuel 475 Black, Milton 476 Black, I. Newton 477 Blackley, Hon. Russell 477 Blackley, Frank P 478 Boyce, William L 478 Breece, David 479 Brettner, Louis 479 Brinkmann, Henry 480 Bryan, Eugene 481 Carpenter, Charles 481 Carr, Edwin W 482 Cartwright, Vincent M 482 Clark, Andrew J 483 Craig, Noble 484 Cralley, Joseph K 487 Crunk, Alexander 487 Crunk, John M 488 Curtis, Merrit 489 696 HISTORY OF POSEV COUNTY. Curtis, Jr., George W 489 Dieterle, John D 489 Edson, Judge William P 490 Freeman, Holman 491 French, Hon. James W 492 Fretageot, Oliver N 493 Fuhrer, Columbus 493 Gardiner, John B 494 Greathouse, David H 494 Green, George S 495 Gregory, John K .' 496 Hayes, Edward. S 496 Henrieh, George .■ .• ■..-..•.. ^ 497 Hovey, Gen. Alvin H 498 Hudnut, Theodore 499 Hunter, KobertK. 500 Hutchinson, Alexander. , 500 James, Hon.. Enoch R , 501 Jones, Silas E , ,-..,,,.,, 501 ■ Elein, Charles P ,.,.. 501 Liffel, .John C 502 Lockwood, John .M.. 503 Mackey, Capt.. Abaalom .■ v , - 504 Magill. Brothers . , . . s : 505 Mann, Philip , 505 McArthur, M.. D.,. William M 506 McArthur,. Thomas M... 507 McCallister, Oscar L ,,.,...■ 507 McGregor, Braddock , .,..-.,.,.. 508 Menzies, Hon. Gustavus V , 593 Milner, Maj. Sylvanus ; _ _ _ 5Q9 Monroe, Edwin ' • g09 ■ M'orlock, Mrs. Christena • ..-.■...•....;... . . 510 ' Naas, George ,,..,..., '. 510 J^eale, Thornton. W. , ; ..,....' 511 Nebe, Charles ; . ;. 5^2 Nelson, . Turner , 5^2 ) ^^^^Ms^ki-^^- INDEX. 699 Niederst, John I 513 Noel, William J. L 513 Nolte, Frederick W ; 514 Owen, M. D., David Dale 514 Owen, Col. AlfrediDale 515 Pearse, M. D., Simeon H 516 Pearse, Milton W 517 Peckinpaugh, M. D., George R 517 Pfeffer, Sr., John 518 Pitcher, Judge John 518 Powell, M. D., John, W 521 Ramsey, M. D., Douglas C 521 Robertson, George W 522 Rosenkrans, Everson W 522 Rowe, George D 523 Sarlls, Richard 524 Schenk, Eberhard P 524 Sehenk, Eberhard B 525 Schiela Bros ; . 525 Sohnur, Sr. Henry 526 Schultz, M. D., Oscar T 526 Shore, John L 528 Smith, Sr., Charles 528 Smith, Ellwood 529 Smith, Prank 529 Smyth, Dr. Richard 530 Sparks, Albert A 530 Spencer, M. D., Edwin V 531 Spencer, Elijah M 532 Springer, Charles 533 Templeton, Gilbert 533 Templeton "Worth 534 Tente, Christian F 534 Thomas, Sr., Hon. George W 535 Trafford, William W 536 Traudt, Philip 536 Wade, Leroy M 537 27 700 HISTOEY OF POSEY COUNTY. Walter, Peter 537 Wasem, Charles 538 Wasem, Andrew 539 Weckesser Vincent 539 Weever, M. D., John B 540 Welborn, Hon Joseph F ^ 541 Williams, Asa C . . . . 542 Winnings, Dr. MoSfes 543 HAKMONY TOWNSHIP. Bailey, Benjamin M , 544 Barrett, Capt. Joseph A 544 Bolton, Frank D 645 Breith, Jacob 546 Bucklin, M. D., George W 547 Chadwick, Charles 547 Cooper, Horatio C 548 Corbin, John 548 Elliott, John B 549 Ford, Thomas S 55O Fretageot, Achilles Emery 55I Hinson, James 552 Holton, M. D., William M 552 Hugo, John K, 555 Hume, B. Proctor 55g Hunsdon, Henry 55g Hunter, John 557 Johnson, Camma R 55g Johnson, J. N 553 Johnson, Thomas J 559 Johnson, Eugene V 559 Kemmerling, Charles 550 Miller, Julius C , 5gj Miller, John W 5gl Mann, Henry 5g2 Nash, Andrew 5g2 INDEX. 701 Neal, Dr. Daniel 563 Owen, LL.D., Prof. Richard 564 Owen, Ernest Dale. 566 Felham, Louis 566 Pote, Henry R 567 Pote, Maurice B 567 Rawlings, M. D., Samuel 568 Richards, William 568 Richards, Richard 569 Richards, Lewis 569 Sehnee, David M 570 Shepherd, Thomas P 570 Siekmann, Frederick 573 Soper, John T 573 Stephens, Ausburn T 574 Stallings, James S 574 Stallings, Jasper Newton 575 Stallings, Elijah Willis , 576 Stallings, George W 576 Stallings, Elias 577 Truscott, Thomas J 577 Walz, Hon. John 578 Weber, Peter 579 Wilkerson, John 579 Wylie, Lytle 586 ROBB TOWNSHIP. Almon, Bennet 581 Barrett, John N 581 Boyle, Lionel H 582 Boyle, James M 582 Bozeman, Virgil P 582 Brennan, B. A 583 Christie, John 585 Davis, Joseph 585 Defur, Leander 586 Defur, James H 58i; 702 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. Demaree, James T ^^'^ Demberger, Henry ^^° Drake, William A 588 Dunlap, Solomon C ^^^ Endieott, William B 591 Fairchild, William W 591 Fairchild, Elam W 592 Fairchild, E. Edward 593 Faul, Jacob 593 Faul, George W 594 Fitzgerrell, John S 594 Freeman, James 595 Grin, John 595 Hall, James S 596 Hekmann, Jacob 596 Hofmann, Michael J 597 Huebner, George 597 Hunter, William W 598 Hyne, Thomas J 598 Hyne, J. Benjamin 599 Hyne, Lewis 599 Jaquess, Hon. Thomas C 599 Kelley, M. D., Francis H 600 Right, Jesse 601 Kightly, Charles 602 Leonard, Joseph A 602 McReynolds, Samuel D ' 603 Murphy, Aaron T 604 Murphy, Isaac 605 Murphy, George W 605 Neal, Jesse M 606 Norris, Joshua 606 Ramsey, John , 609 Reeves, Francis M 609 Robb, John W 610 Robb, J. F. A 611 Robb, William P 611 INDEX. 70; Roberts, Thomas T 611 Shelton, John F 615 Shelton, Thomas D 61c Smith, Frank M 61S Tretheway, George 614 Waters, George J 614 Welborn, M. D., George W 615 Williams, Leroy 615 Young, G. B 616 Young, M. D., Thomas B 617 SMITH TOWNSHIP. Bates, Elmer M : 618 Berridge, James A 618 Boyle, William T 619 Boyle, James F 620 Carter, Samuel N 620 Craig, David E 620 Daugherty, Henry C 621 Gries, Conrad 622 Hanes, William M ' 622 Jaquess Asbury C 623 Lowe, Sr., George W 623 Lowe, Silas H 624 Marquis, Ezekiel 624 Marquis, William 627 Mathews, Thomas J : 627 Montgomery, Robert 628 McReynolds, Nelson 628 Montgomery, Dr. David B 629 Nesbit, James G 630 Redman, James 631 Rogers, Patrick 631 Butter, John A 632 Sohapker, John 633 Smith, Elsberry , . . 633 Smith, James A 634 704 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. Smith, John C 634 Smith, Crawford B 635 Smith, James K 635 Stevens, James B 636 Wilkinson, Moses A 636 Wilkinson, William 637 Wilkinson, Levi J 637 Williams, William H 638 Williams, James P 639 Wilson, John 639 Young, Sr., William 640 Young, Miner 640 LYNN TOWNSHIP. Aldrich, Thomas L 642 Aldrich, Marion S 642 Aldrich, Marion 645 Aldrich, John T 645 Aldrich, Edward S 645 Aldridge Henry 646 Alexander, Charles 646 Alexander, William D 647 Bailey, James J , 647 French, Lardner C 648 French, Thomas 648 Highman, Robert W 649 Highman, Edward E 649 Hoehn, Charles 650 Kivett, Henry C 650 McConnell, George E 651 McFaddin, James M g5^ McFaddin, Philocles P 652 Noble, Riley ggo Pitts, Hon. William C 653 Purcell, William T gjjg Records, Alfred gg . INDEX. 705 Records, Taylor 654 Record, Thomas A 655 Thomas, James H 655 Utley, James P 656 Walker, Vincennes , , 656 Walker, Eli 657 Weir, Charles W 657 White, William 658 Wiley, Luke 658 Wilson, William 659 Wilson, Christopher 659 Wilson, Alexander 660 Wilson, Isaac 660 Wilson, Robert 663 Wilson, Christopher C 663 Wilson, Jr., John 663 CENTRE TOWNSHIP. Allison, Finley 665 Becker, John. 665 Becker, Jacob 666 Cavett, William 666 Cartwright, John W 667 Caussey, Greenberry. 667 Cox, Elijah 668 Cox, Benjamin 668 Cross, James 669 Fletchall, Amariah 669 Foroum, William E 670 Forcum, Henry M 670 Fox, George L 670 Herrmann, John • '. 671 Joest, Nicholas 672 Kolb, Conrad. 672 Krausgrill, Dr. David 673 Leipold, Philipp 673 Miller, Godfrey 674 706 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. Moye, Thomas G ^'^* Wade, Isaac G. W 675 Wade, William L 675 Williams, Frederick B • 676 Williams, S. Jett , 676 Winternlieimer, Jacob • ; • • • 677 MARKS TOWNSHIP. Breece, Silas.. 678 Crunk, William D 678 Crunk, Robert J 681 Diestel.Rev. H. Joiin... ." 681 Dixon, Alvih P ." 682 Fischer, John 682 Fischer, Valentine 683 Henderson, Samuel C 683 Hicks, Dr. C 684 Marrs, Urban S 684 Ruminer, Michael 685 Schreiber, Adam 685 Zeigler, John ; 686 ROBINSON TOWNSHIP. Bitz, Dr. Lawrence B ; 687 Downen, George T 687 Feldmann, Rev. K ; 688 Flucks, Dr. Carl 688 Schweikhart, Mathias . . ; 689 Vaubel, Henry 689 BETHEL TOWNSHIP. Dixon, Daniel W -. 691 Sanders, Harrison 691 Williams, Charles N 692 POINT TOWNSHIP. Bennett, J. M 693 Kreutzinger, Henry 693 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 707 708 HISTORY OP POSEY OO0NTY. HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 709 710 HISTORY OF POSEY COUNTY. HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 711 712 HISTORY OP POSEY COUNTY. HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. 713 714 HISTOBY OF POSEY COUNTY.