CORNEL L UNIV ERSITY 
 
 THE 
 
 3FlDmer Iftf rtttarg Hibtarg 
 
 FOUNDED BY 
 
 ROSWELL P. FLOWER 
 
 for the use of the 
 
 N. Y. State Veterinary College 
 
 1897 
 
SF 761 B8 "'■'"" ""'™"'*y Library 
 
 V.I 
 
 0"J'j'}es of veterinary anatomy. 
 
 3 1924 000 946 719 
 
 
 
 
 Date Due 
 
 
 If^ 
 
 w^^ 
 
 
 
 
 h^ 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 <y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 DAY 
 
 i 
 
 Itc. 
 
 
 
 Ill 11 
 
 
 BOf^ 
 
 wi\ 1 
 
 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this bool< is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000946719 
 
yh^ ,/v<^ 
 
 OUTLINES OF 
 
 VETERINARY ANATO 
 
 PART I 
 
 THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR LIMB 
 
 O. CHARNOCK BRADLEY, 
 
 MEMBER OP THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SURGEONS ; 
 
 PROrESSOR OP ANATOMY IN THE NEW VETERINARY 
 
 COLLEGE, EDINBURGH 
 
 New Yoek : 
 
 WILLIAM R. JENKINS, 
 
 VETERINARY PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER, 
 
 851-853 Sixth Avenue (48th St.) 
 
 1896 
 
 [All rights reserved.] 
 
Be/ 
 
 V. I 
 
 Ac - ^n^ ^ .-^ 
 
 M^i^-a^ 
 
 / 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In the following pages I have endeavoured to present 
 the most important facts of Veterinary Anatomy in as 
 condensed a form as possible, consistent with lucidity. 
 It has long been felt that such a book was wanted by 
 students preparing for their examinations, and if the 
 present volume is of assistance to such, its mission 
 will have been fulfilled. No pretensions are made to 
 originality (other than of treatment) or completeness, 
 and it is intended that this little work shall be used in 
 conjuncliion with the larger standard text-books. 
 
 In a first edition it is almost inevitable that errors 
 should occur, and I dare not hope that this will be an 
 exception to the rule ; I therefore crave the indulgence 
 of my veadem, and shall feel very grateful to them if 
 they will point out any mistakes, technical or other- 
 wise. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 I have to express my indebtedness to those profes- 
 sional and literary friends who have assisted me by their 
 suggestions and encouragement ; and also to the text- 
 books, such as Chauveau, Strang ew ays, Ellenherger, etc., 
 to which reference has been repeatedly made. 
 
 0. C. B. 
 
 New Veterinary College, 
 Edinburgh, 
 April, 1896. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 THE ANTERIOR LIMB OF THE HORSE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 BONES - - 10 
 
 ARTICnLATIONS 31 
 
 MUSCLES 41 
 
 ARTERIES - - 58 
 
 VEINS - 65 
 
 LYMPHATICS 69 
 
 NERVES 69 
 
 the epidermal appendages 74 
 
 the foot of the horse 75 
 
 The Anterior Limb of the Ox, Sheep, Pig and Dog : 
 
 BONES - - 83 
 
 articulations 86 
 
 MUSCLES - 88 
 
 ARTERIES 92 
 
 VEINS - 94 
 
 NERVES 94 
 
 THE FOOT 95 
 
 THE POSTERIOR LIMB OF THE HORSE. 
 
 BONES - 96 
 
 ARTICULATIONS - - 114 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 MUSCLES 
 
 
 124 
 
 AETEKIES 
 
 
 143 
 
 VEINS 
 
 
 153 
 
 LYMPHATICS 
 
 
 156 
 
 NERVES 
 
 
 157 
 
 The Posterior Limb 
 
 OF THE Ox, Sheep, Pig and Dog : 
 
 
 BONES 
 
 
 163 
 
 ARTICULATIONS 
 
 
 166 
 
 MUSCLES 
 
 
 167 
 
 ARTERIES 
 
 
 170 
 
 VEINS 
 
 
 171 
 
 NERVES - 
 
 
 172 
 
 APPENDIX : 
 
 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF 
 
 BONES 
 
 173 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF 
 
 surface-markings of BONES 
 
 173 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF 
 
 ARTICULATIONS 
 
 175 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF 
 
 MOVEMENTS IN JOINTS 
 
 176 
 
 TABLE OF BONES, 
 
 MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS, ETC., OF 
 
 
 THE HORSE 
 
 
 177 
 
 INDEX 
 
 
 185 
 
TABLE OF DIAGEAMS. 
 
 FIG. PAGE 
 
 I. DIAGRAM SHOWING POSITIONS OP THE CARPAL BONES - 17 
 
 II. THE ANTERIOR CARPAL LIGAMENTS 34 
 
 in. THE POSTERIOR CARPAL LIGAMENTS 35 
 
 IV. THE INTEROSSEOUS CARPAL LIGAMENTS 36 
 
 V. THE ARTERIES OF THE ANTERIOR LIMB 60 
 
 VI. THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS 70 
 
 VII. DIAGRAM SHOWING POSITIONS OF THE TARSAL BONES - 108 
 
 VnL THE ANTERIOR TARSAL LIGAMENTS 120 
 
 IX. THE POSTERIOR TARSAL LIGAMENTS 121 
 
 X. THE INTEROSSEOUS TARSAL LIGAMENTS 122 
 
 XI. THE INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY - 145 
 
 XII. THE EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY 148 
 
 XIII. THE LUMBO-SACRAL PLEXUS 158 
 
VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 THE ANTERIOR LIMB OF THE HORSE. 
 
 The Anterior limb of the horse is divided into the 
 following regions : 
 
 I. The Shoulder — skeleton formed by the Scapula. 
 II. The Braohium, or Arm — skeleton formed by the 
 Humerus. 
 
 III. The Antibrachium, or Fore - arm — skeleton 
 
 formed by the Radius and Ulna. 
 
 IV. The Manns, or Hand — consisting of : 
 
 1. Carpus, formed by eight bones : 
 
 Scaphoid, lunar, cuneiform, trapezium, 
 pisiform, trapezoid, magnum, and 
 unciform. 
 
 2. Metacarpus, formed by five bones : 
 
 One large metacarpal, or cannon ; two 
 small metacarpals, or splints ; two sesa- 
 moids. 
 
 3. Digit, subdivided into three phalanges : 
 
 (a) Proximal phalanx — os suffraginis. 
 (6) Median phalanx — os coronte. 
 (c) Distal phalanx — os pedis and os 
 naviculare. 
 
VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 BONES. 
 SCAPULA (Shouldee-bladb). 
 Class. — Plat bone, triangular in shape. 
 /St«Ma*ton.— Antero-lateral aspect of thoracic cavity. 
 Direction.— Bo-wnwarda and forwards. It presents 
 two surfaces, three borders, and three angles. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 External, or Dorsum. — Has a spine, most marked at 
 tubercle, dividing it into two unequal parts : (1) Antea- 
 spinatus (supra-spinous) fossa (the lesser), and (2) 
 postea-spinatus (infra-spinous) fossa (the greater) . 
 
 Internal, or Venter. — Forms subscapular fossa, and 
 has two rough triangular spaces superiorly for mus- 
 cular attachment. 
 
 Borders. 
 
 Superior. — Nearly straight. Irregular for attach- 
 ment of cartilage of prolongation. 
 
 Anterior. — Sharp and thin. Superior two-thirds 
 convex ; inferior third concave. 
 
 Posterior. — Thick, slightly concave. 
 
 Angles. 
 Anterior or Cervical. — Thin. 
 Posterior or Dorsal. — Tuberous. 
 Inferior or Humeral. — Expanded and separated by a 
 neck or cervix. Presents : 
 
 1. Glenoid cavity, for articulation with head of 
 
 humerus. 
 
 2. Coracoid process, situated anteriorly, and 
 
 divided into a base and sumviit, or beak, 
 curved inwards. 
 
BONES. 
 
 Nutrient Foramen. — In inferior third of postea- 
 spinatus fossa. 
 It articulates with humerus, interiorly. 
 Development. — Prom three centres : 
 
 1. For greater part of the bone. 
 
 2. For coracoid process. 
 
 3. In centre of glenoid cavity. 
 
 Reference to Side. — Place the spine outwards, the 
 glenoid cavity downwards, and the coracoid process 
 anteriorly. 
 
 HUMERUS. 
 
 Class. — Long bone. 
 
 Situation. — Between scapula and radius and ulna. 
 
 Direction. — Downwards and backwards. It pos- 
 sesses a shaft and two (proximal and distal) 
 extremities. 
 
 I. Shaft. — Twisted in appearance. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 Anterior. — Wider above than below. Has muscular 
 imprints at its middle and inferior portions. 
 
 Posterior. — Convex and smooth. 
 
 External. — Excavated by musculo-spiral groove, or 
 furrow of torsion, which passes from above to below, 
 and from behind to before, and is bounded anteriorly 
 by the deltoid ridge. External tuberosity (or tubercle) 
 is at upper third of ridge, and bends backwards. 
 
 Internal.— Rounded, and not well marked from 
 anterior and posterior surfaces. It has the internal 
 tuberosity (or tubercle) about its middle. 
 
VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 II. Extremities. 
 Proximal. — 
 
 Head.— Convex and smooth ; much larger than 
 glenoid cavity of scapula. 
 
 Cervix. — Just below the head. 
 
 Depression containing foramina just in front of 
 head. 
 
 External Trochanter (trochiter or tuberosity). — Has 
 a, summit anteriorly and a coreweMit/ posteriorly. 
 
 Internal Trochanter (trochin or tuberosity). — Has 
 anterior, posterior, and inferior portions. 
 
 Bicipital Groove. — Situated anteriorly. For 
 passage of tendon of origin of flexor brachii. 
 Bounded on each side by the external and 
 internal trochanters. Presents two con- 
 cavities, separated by median ridge. 
 
 Distal. — 
 Articular Surface. — Broader in front than behind, 
 and divided by groove into : 
 Internal condyle, and 
 External condyle, or trochlea. 
 Posteriorly are two ridges : 
 
 Epicondyle, internally. 
 Epitrochlea, externally, smaller than epi- 
 condyle. 
 Olecranon fossa divides the two ridges and 
 receives the olecranon process of ulna. 
 Anteriorly. — Coronoid fossa, to receive the coronoid 
 
 process of radius. 
 Externally. — Depression for attachment of the 
 
BONES. 13 
 
 Internally. — Small tuberosity for internal lateral 
 ligament. 
 
 Nutrient Foramen. — In inferior third of internal 
 surface. 
 
 It articulates with three bones : 
 Scapula, superiorly. 
 Eadius and ulna, interiorly. 
 Development. — From six centres : 
 1. For shaft. 
 
 2 and 3. For the proximal and distal ex- 
 tremities. 
 4. For external trochanter. 
 5 and 6. For condyles at inferior extremity. 
 Reference to Side. — IPlace the head superiorly, the 
 bicipital groove anteriorly, and the deltoid ridge 
 externally. 
 
 RADIUS. 
 
 Class. — Long bone. 
 
 Situation.— Yertically between humerus and upper 
 row of carpal bones. 
 
 It possesses a shaft and two extremities. 
 
 I. Shaft. — Flattened from before to behind. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 Anterior.— Convex and smooth. 
 Posterior. — Slightly concave from above to below. 
 1. Externally : a narrow triangular roughened 
 surface, with apex downwards, reaching to 
 J lower fourth. 
 
 -^ 2. Shallow transverse groove, which helps to 
 form radio-ulnar arch. 
 
14 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 3. A vertically elongated eminence of insertion, 
 near internal border and towards lower 
 third. 
 
 Borders. 
 External and Internal. — Bounded and thick. 
 
 II. Extremities. 
 
 Proximal. — The larger of the two ; has : 
 
 1. Articular surface, elongated from side to 
 
 side, and moulded on the articular surface 
 on distal extremity of humerus. 
 
 2. Rough ridge round articular surface, for attach- 
 
 ment of capsular ligament. 
 
 3. External tuberosity at external extremity of 
 
 articular surface, well marked. 
 
 4. Bicipital (internal) tuberosity, antero-internally 
 
 to articular surface, for insertion of flexor 
 brachii. 
 
 5. Coronoid process, a small conical eminence 
 
 placed anteriorly. 
 
 6. Two small diarthrodial facets posteriorly for 
 
 articulation with ulna. 
 
 7. Roughened surface, terminating infer iorly at 
 
 radio-ulnar arch, for articulation with ulna. 
 Distal. — 
 
 1. Articular surface, elongated from side to side, 
 and divided into three parts : (a) External, 
 oval and convex, for articulation with cunei- 
 form and trapezium ; (b) middle, concavo- 
 convex, for lunar ; (c) internal, the largest, 
 concavo-convex, for scaphoid. 
 
BONES. IS 
 
 2. Two tuberosities : (a) External, has a vertical 
 
 fissure ; (b) internal, well marked. 
 
 3. Three grooves anteriorly for passage of tendons, 
 
 two being vertical, one oblique. 
 
 4. Ridge round articular surface for attachment 
 
 of capsular ligament. 
 
 Nutrient Foramen. — In radio-ulnar arch. 
 It articulates with six bones : 
 Humerus, superiorly. 
 Ulna, posteriorly. 
 
 Cuneiform, trapezium, lunar, and scaphoid, 
 inferiorly. 
 Development. — From four centres : 
 1. For shaft. 
 
 2 and 3. For the two extremities. 
 4. For external tuberosity at distal extremity. 
 Beference to Side. — Place the articular surface for 
 humerus superiorly, and the surface for ulna postero- 
 externally. 
 
 ULNA. 
 
 Class. — Elongated or interrupted bone. 
 Situation. — Postero-externally to radius. 
 Direction. — Vertical. Has a body and two ex- 
 tremities. 
 
 I. Body. — Triangular. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 External. — Smooth and nearly plane. 
 Internal. — Smooth and slightly hollowed. 
 
i6 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Anterior. — 
 
 1. Two diarthrodial facets superiorly. 
 
 2. Eough surface. 
 
 3. Shallow transverse groove for formation of 
 
 radio-ulnar arch. 
 
 4. Eough triangular surface, with apex below. 
 
 Borders. 
 
 External and Internal. — Sharp. 
 
 Posterior. — Concave, rounded, and thicker. 
 
 II. Extremities. 
 
 Superior. — Forms the olecranon process : 
 
 1. External surface, slightly convex. 
 
 2. Internal surface, concave. 
 
 3. Anterior border, thin superiorly, and shows 
 
 a prominent part, the beak of the olecranon, 
 and a smooth concavity for articulation with 
 humerus. 
 
 4. Posterior border, concave and smooth. 
 
 5. Summit, terminates olecranon superiorly. 
 Inferior. — Sharp and pointed, and situated about 
 
 the lower fourth of radius. 
 
 It articulates with two bones : 
 
 Humerus, supero-anteriorly. 
 
 Eadius, anteriorly. 
 Development. — From two centres : 
 
 1. For body. 
 
 2. For superior extremity. 
 
 Reference to Side. — Place the olecranon process 
 superiorly, concave surface internally, and the facets 
 for radius anteriorly. 
 
BONES. 
 
 17 
 
 CARPUS. 
 
 Composed of seven or ei^ht bones. 
 
 A. Upper Row.— Scaphoid, lunar, cuneiform, tra- 
 pezium.* 
 
 B. Lower Row. — Pisiform* (sometimes absent), 
 .trapezoid, magnum, unciform. I 
 
 Linr^ r 0-/71, S/ittirinq nositibn of Carnal lone 
 
 Pcste ri r 
 
 \Tro7i\ezium 
 
 C line (form Lunar. Scan ho i d. 
 
 OuJ-sid J ^ I I ^ 11 ^ \ lns/j0 
 
 Tra/iezcir7 
 
 l/r/cifbrm. Os Maanum. 5 Pisiform, 
 r 1^-^ 1 
 
 \Me tacarna J honej- 
 
 Fig. 1. — UiACxBAM showing Position of Carpal Bones (Pos^ 
 
 f 
 
 i TEKioR View). 
 
 ; The figures denote the number of articulations of each bone. 
 
 ! The following formula may be used to indicate the 
 
 number of bones : 
 
 4 
 
 = 7 or 8 bones. 
 
 8 or 4 
 
 * The trapezium is sometimes called the pisiform. In that 
 case the pisiform is known as the trapezium. 
 
 2 
 
i8 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 A. THE UPPER OB ANTIBBACHIAL BOW. 
 The Scaphoid. 
 
 Class. — Irregular. 
 
 Situation. — The most internal bone of upper row. 
 Has six surfaces. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 Anterior and Internal. — Are continuous, convex, and 
 rough. 
 
 Posterior. — Eough and irregular. 
 
 External. — Eough, excavated, and has three pro- 
 jecting facets for lunar. 
 
 Superior. — Smooth, concavo-convex for radius. 
 
 Inferior. — Smooth, and divided into anterior convex 
 part for os magnum, and posterior concave part for 
 trapezoid. 
 
 It articulates with four bones : 
 Eadius, superiorly. 
 Lunar, externally. 
 Magnum and trapezoid, inferiorly. 
 Development. — From one centre. 
 Reference to Side. — Concavo-convex surface su- 
 periorly. The three facets are for articulation with 
 lunar. 
 
 The Lunar, Os Lxjnabe, ok Os Sbmilunare. 
 Class. — Irregular. . i 
 
 Situation. — Middle bone of upper row.*^ Is wedge^ 
 shaped. 
 
 Possesses fom- surfaces, a base, and an apex. 
 
BONES. 19 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 Superior. — Articular, triangular, and concave pos- 
 teriorly. 
 
 Inferior. — Articular. Has a concavo-convex, portion 
 for magnum, and a small oblong portion for unci- 
 form. 
 
 Internal. — Excavated, and has three projecting facets 
 tor scaphoid. 
 
 External. — Excavated, and has two projecting facets 
 for cuneiform. 
 
 Base. — Kough, placed anteriorly. 
 
 Apex. — Eough and tuberous, placed posteriorly. 
 
 It articulates with five bones : 
 
 Eadius, superiorly. 
 
 Scaphoid, internally. 
 
 Cuneiform, externally. 
 
 Magnum and unciform, inferiorly. 
 Development. — From one centre. 
 Eeference to Side. — Place the concavo-convex facet 
 superiorly, the apex posteriorly. Two small facets go 
 externally for cuneiform. 
 
 CtlNEIFOEM. 
 
 Class. — Irregular. 
 
 SitiMtion. — The external bone in the upper row of 
 carpal bones. 
 Has^i^e surfaces. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 Superior. — Concave for radius. 
 Inferior. — Concave for unciform. 
 
VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 External. — Convex, rough for ligamentous attach- 
 ment. 
 
 Internal. — Two facets for lunar. 
 
 Posterior.— Sloping. Concave facet for trapezium. 
 
 It articulates with four bones : 
 Lunar, internally. 
 Eadius, superiorly. 
 Unciform, inferiorly. 
 Trapezium, posteriorly. 
 Development.^ — From one centre. 
 Eeference to Side. — Place the two facets for lunar 
 internally, the concave facet for radius superiorly, and 
 the concave facet for trapezium posteriorly. 
 
 Trapezium or Pisiform (sometimes called the 
 
 SUPBRCARPAL BoNB). 
 
 Class. — Irregular. 
 
 Situation. — Supero-posteriorly to cuneiform. 
 
 Has tivo surfaces and a circa inference. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 External. — Eough, convex, and has groove for 
 tendon of flexor metacarpi externus. 
 Internal. — Eough, concave. 
 
 Circumference. 
 Superior. — Eough for muscular and ligamentous! 
 attachment. ' 
 
 Anterior. — Two facets : 
 
 1. Upper, concave for radius. 
 
 2. Lower, convex for cuneiform. 
 Posterior and Inferior. — Eough. 
 
BONES. 21 
 
 It articulates with two bones : 
 Eadius, supero-anteriorly. 
 Cuneiform, infero-anteriorly. 
 Development. — From one centre. 
 Reference to Side. — Place the concave facet superiorly 
 and anteriorly, and the convex roughened surface 
 externally. 
 
 B. LOWER OB METAGABPAL BOW. 
 
 PiSIFOEM OE TeAPBZIUM. 
 
 Rounded, about the size of a pea. Not always 
 present. 
 
 It articulates with trapezoid, behind which it is placed. 
 
 Teapbzoid. 
 
 Class. — Irregular. 
 
 Situation. — The most internal bone in the lower row. 
 
 Has six surfaces. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 Superior. — Smooth, and convex for scaphoid. 
 Inferior. — Smooth. Has two facets : 
 
 1. Large, for inner small metacarpal bone. 
 
 2. Small, for large metacarpal bone. 
 
 External. — Excavated, and has two or three facets 
 for OS magnum. 
 
 Internal. — Eough, convex. 
 Anterior (apex). — Eoughened. 
 Posterior (base). — Eoughened. May have small 
 facet for pisiform. 
 
 It articulates with five bones : 
 Scaphoid, superiorly. 
 Os magnum, externally. 
 
VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Large and inner small metacarpals, inferiorly. 
 Pisiform (if present), posteriorly. 
 Development. — From one centre. 
 Reference to Side. — Place convex smooth surface 
 superiorly, the two or three facets for magnum ex- 
 ternally, and the base posteriorly. 
 
 Os Magnum. 
 Class. — Irregular. 
 
 Situation. — The median bone in the lower row. 
 Has six surfaces. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 Superior. — Divided into two facets : 
 
 1. Inner, concave for scaphoid. 
 
 2. Outer, concavo-convex for lunar. 
 Inferior. — Flat, and has two facets : 
 
 1. Large and flat, occupying nearly the whole 
 
 surface, for large Metacarpal. 
 
 2. Small, oblong and bevelled, for inner small 
 
 metacarpal. 
 
 Internal. — Excavated, and has two or three facets 
 for trapezoid. 
 
 External. — Excavated, and has two facets for unci- 
 form. 
 
 Anterior (base). — Eoughened and convex. 
 
 Posterior (apex). — Eoughened, narrow and rounded. 
 
 It articulates with six bones : 
 Scaphoid and lunar, superiorly. 
 Trapezoid, internally. 
 Unciform, externally. 
 Large and inner small metacarpals, inferiorly. 
 
BONES. 23 
 
 Development. — Prom one centre. 
 
 Reference to Side. — Place the small oblong bevelled 
 facet inferiorly and internally, and the broad roughened 
 surface (base) anteriorly. 
 
 Uncifobm. 
 Class. — Irregular. 
 
 Situation. — The most external bone of the lower 
 row. 
 
 Has six surfaces. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 Superior. — Smooth, convex, and sloping downwards 
 and backwards. 
 
 Inferior. — Smooth and flat, and has two facets : 
 
 1. Inner, large, for large metacarpal. 
 
 2. Outer, for outer small metacarpal. 
 Internal. — Excavated, and has two facets for os 
 
 magnum. 
 
 External. — Convex and rough. 
 
 Anterior (base).— Slightly convex and rough. 
 
 Posterior (apex). — Eough, forms prominent process. 
 
 It articulates with five bones : 
 Lunar and cuneiform, superiorly. 
 Os magnum, internally. 
 
 Large and outer small metacarpals, inferiorly. 
 Development. — Prom one centre. 
 Reference to Side. — Place the convex articular surface 
 superiorly, the two facets for magnum internally, with 
 the hook-shaped process (apex) posteriorly. 
 
24 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 METACARPUS. 
 
 Laegb Metacarpal Bone (Cannon Bone). 
 
 Class. — Long bone. 
 
 Situation. — Between carpus and phalanges. 
 
 Direction. — Vertical. 
 
 Has a shaft and two extremities. 
 
 I. Shaft. 
 Surface s. 
 
 Anterior. — Smooth, and convex from side to side. 
 
 Posterior. — Flat. On each side is a narrow rough 
 surface, extending from upper extremity to about the 
 middle, for articulation with small metacarpals. 
 
 Borders. 
 Internal and External. — Thick, rounded and smooth. 
 
 II. Extremities. 
 Superior. — Presents : 
 
 1. Superiorly, three continuous facets for lower 
 
 row of carpus. The external is bevelled. 
 
 2. Anteriorly and internally, an eminence for 
 
 muscular attachment. 
 
 3. Posteriorly and on each side, two small facets 
 
 for small metacarpals. 
 Inferior. — Two condyles (inner one slightly the 
 larger), divided by median articular ridge. Above 
 the condyles, on each side, is a depression for liga- 
 mentous attachment. 
 
 Nutrient Foramen. — On posterior surface, at the 
 junction of upper and middle thirds. 
 
BONES. 25 
 
 It articulates with eight bones : 
 
 Trapezoid, os magnum and unciform, superiorly. 
 
 Two small metacarpals, postero-laterally. 
 
 Os suffraginis and two sesamoids, inferiorly. 
 Development. — From two centres : 
 
 1. For shaft and proximal extremity. 
 
 2. For distal extremity. 
 
 Reference to Side. — Place the flattened facets for 
 carpal bones superiorly, the convex surface anteriorly, 
 and the eminence for muscular attachment internally. 
 
 Two Small Metacarpals (Splint Bones). 
 
 Class. — Interrupted. 
 
 (Siiwatiow.— Postero-laterally to large metacarpal. 
 
 Direction. — Vertical. 
 
 Have a body and two extremities. 
 
 I. Body. 
 
 1. Three surfaces : 
 
 (a) Anterior, rough, for articulation with large 
 
 metacarpal. 
 
 (b) External, smooth and slightly rounded. 
 
 (c) Internal, smooth and flat. 
 
 2. Three borders, dividing the surfaces. 
 
 II. Extremities. 
 Proximal (head). — 
 
 Superiorly. — Two facets for carpal bones. 
 Anteriorly. — Two facets for large metacarpal. 
 Inferior. — Small nodule, or 'button,' placed about 
 lower fourth of large metacarpal. 
 
 They articulate with : 
 
 Trapezoid and magnum (internal one). 
 
26 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Unciform and magnum (external one). 
 Large metacarpal (both). 
 Development.^ — From one centre each. Sometimes 
 the ' button ' ossifies separately. 
 
 DiflFerences between the Two Bones. 
 
 Inner. Outer. 
 
 The larger and longer. The smaller and shorter. 
 
 Two facets at proximal One facet at proximal 
 
 extremity. extremity. 
 
 Sometimes only one facet Always two facets for 
 
 for large metacarpal. large metacarpal. 
 
 The Two Sesamoids. 
 
 Class. — Irregular. , 
 
 Situation. — Posteriorly at distal extremity of large- 
 metacarpal. 
 
 Each has three surfaces, a base, and an apex. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 Anterior. — Smooth, convex transversely and concave 
 vertically. 
 
 Posterior. — Smooth, convex. The surfaces of the 
 two bones form a groove for tendons. 
 
 External. — Has roughenings for ligamentous attach- 
 ment. 
 
 Base. — Placed inferiorly. 
 
 Apex. — Placed superiorly. 
 
 They articulate with the large metacarpal. 
 
 Development. — From one centre. 
 
BONES. 27 
 
 DIGIT, 
 
 Os SUFFRAGINIS, PkOXIMAL OE MbTACAEPAL PhALANX 
 
 (Large Pastern Bone). 
 Class. — Long bone. 
 
 Situation. — Between large metacarpal and os coronse. 
 Direction. — Downwards and forwards. 
 Has a shaft and two extremities, 
 
 I. Shaft. 
 Surfaces. 
 
 Anterior. — Smooth and convex from side to side. 
 Posterior. — Flattened, with triangular roughened 
 base upward. 
 
 Borders. 
 
 Internal and External. — Thick and rounded. 
 II. Extremities. 
 
 Proximal. — The larger; presents: 
 
 1. T-wo glenoid cavities, separated by median arti- 
 
 cular groove. 
 
 2. Postero-laterally, two eminences for liga- 
 
 mentous attachment. 
 Distal. — 
 
 1. Two condyles, separated by median groove. 
 
 2. Laterally, a roughened depression for liga- 
 
 mentous attachment. 
 
 It articulates with two bones : 
 
 Large metacarpal, superiorly. 
 
 Os coronse, inferiorly. 
 Development. — From three centres : 
 
 1. For shaft. 
 
 2 and 3. For the extremities. 
 
VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Reference to Side. — Place the bone with its posterior 
 surface flat on the table ; the- external condyle does 
 not touch. 
 
 Os CoBON^, Median Phalanx (Small Pasteen Bone). 
 
 Class. — Short bone. 
 
 SiUiation. — Between os suffraginis and os pedis. 
 
 Direction. — Downwards and forwards. 
 
 Has six surfaces. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 Superior. — Two glenoid cavities, divided by median 
 ridge. 
 
 Inferior. — Two condyles, divided by median groove. 
 
 Anterior. — Bough, convex or flat. 
 
 Posterior. — Slightly excavated. Has superiorly a 
 transversely elongated surface for passage of a tendon. 
 
 It articulates with three bones : 
 
 Os suffraginis, superiorly. 
 
 Os pedis and navicular bone, inferiorly. 
 Development. — Prom two centres : 
 
 1. For superior extremity. 
 
 2. For remainder of bone. 
 
 Os Pedis, Distal Phalanx (Coffin Bone). 
 
 Class. — Irregular. 
 
 Situation. — Below os corona and within the hoof. 
 Has three surfaces, three borders, and tivo lateral 
 angles. 
 
BONES. 29 
 
 Surfaces. 
 Anterior. — Convex from side to side ; shows numer- 
 ous vascular openings ; also : 
 
 1. Preplantar groove, or fissure, which commences 
 
 between retrossal and basilar processes, runs 
 horizontally, and terminates anteriorly in 
 one of the large foramina. 
 
 2. The patilobe eminence, between the above 
 
 groove and inferior border. 
 
 Superior. — Articular, and composed of two glenoid 
 cavities and a median ridge. 
 
 Inferior or Solar. — Concave, and divided into two 
 parts by the semilunar crest or ridge : 
 
 1. The anterior part, or sole, is finely perforated. 
 
 2. The posterior part, or tendinous surface, has : 
 
 (a) A median triangular roughened depres- 
 sion for the tendon of the flexor pedis 
 perforans. 
 
 (h) Two plantar fissures, or grooves, running 
 from the roots of the basilar processes, 
 and terminating in the plantar foramina. 
 
 Borders. 
 Superior. — Curved, with convexity forwards. Pre- 
 sents : 
 
 1. The pyramidal process, or eminence, centrally 
 
 placed. 
 
 2. Two depressions for ligamentous attachment. 
 Inferior. — Thin, convex, semilunar, and irregular, 
 
 with a notch at its most anterior part. 
 
 Posterior. — Slightly concave, and has a transversely 
 elongated facet for navicular bone. 
 
30 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Lateral Angles. 
 The two posterior projections are divided into two 
 parts by the preplantar fissure or notch: 
 
 1. The fcasiZar proceas, placed superiorly ; and 
 
 2. The retrossal process, placed inferiorly. 
 The angles support the lateral cartilages. 
 
 The semilunar sinus is found in the substance of the 
 bone, the plantar foramina leading to it. 
 It articulates with two bones : 
 
 Ob coronse, superiorly. 
 
 Navicular bone, posteriorly. 
 Development. — From two centres : 
 
 1. For articular surface. 
 
 2. For remainder of the bone. 
 
 The Naviculae Bone. 
 
 Class. — Irregular. 
 
 Situation. — Inferiorly and posteriorly to os corona, 
 and posteriorly to os pedis. 
 
 Has two surfaces, tico borders, and two extremities. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 Superior. — Articular and smooth ; has two glenoid 
 cavities and a median ridge. 
 
 Inferior. — Smooth, and has two concavities with a 
 median projection, covered by fibro-cartilage, for the 
 passage of a tendon. 
 
 Borders. 
 Anterior.— Divided into two portions : 
 
 1. Superior, articular for os pedis. 
 
 2. Inferior, an elongated excavation for liga- 
 
 mentous attachment. 
 
ARTICULATIONS. 31 
 
 Posterior. — Eough and triangular, and gives attach- 
 ment to a ligament. 
 
 The Extremities are pointed, and afford ligamentous 
 attachment. 
 
 It articulates with two bones : 
 The OS coronse and os pedis. 
 Development. — From one centre. 
 
 ARTICULATIONS. 
 
 I. SCAPTJLO-HUMERAL (ob Shouldek-joint). 
 
 Class . — E narthrosis. 
 
 Formed by the glenoid cavity of the scapula and 
 the head of the humerus. 
 Ligaments. — 
 
 1. Capsular, surrounding the two articular sur- 
 
 faces, and disposed as all capsular ligaments 
 are. 
 
 2. Certain muscles acting as ligaments, viz., 
 
 antea and postea spinati, postea-spinatus 
 minor, subscapularis, and flexor brachii. 
 Synovial Membrane.— One lining the internal face of 
 the capsule. 
 
 Movements. — Flexion, extension, adduction, abduc- 
 tion, rotation, and circumduction. 
 
 II. HXIMERO-RADIO-ULNAR (oe Elbow-joint). 
 
 Class. — Ginglymus. 
 
 Formed by the articular condyles of the humerus, 
 the articular surface on the superior extremity of the 
 radius, and the sigmoid notch of the ulna. 
 
32 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Ligaments. — 
 
 1. Capsular, surrounds the articular surfaces. 
 
 The flexor brachii (tendon of insertion) is 
 attached to it in front, and the anconeus 
 behind. 
 
 2. External lateral, from a small depression on 
 
 the external part of the distal extremity of 
 the humerus (some fibres coming from the 
 posterior ridge of the musculo-spiral groove) 
 to the supero-external tuberosity of the 
 radius. 
 
 3. Internal lateral, much longer, but less strong, 
 
 than the preceding. From a small eminence 
 above the internal condyle of the humerus to 
 the inner border of the radius. 
 Synovial Membrane. — Possesses three diverticula : 
 
 1. In the olecranon fossa. 
 
 2. Lining the tendon of the flexor metacarpi 
 
 externus ; and 
 
 3. At the origin of the flexors of the digit. 
 Movements. — Flexion and extension. 
 
 III. RADIO-ULNAE. 
 
 Class. — Diarthrosis and synarthrosis. 
 Formed by the anterior surface of the ulna (with its 
 two diarthrodial facets), and the roughened surface 
 and two diarthrodial facets on the posterior face of the 
 radius. 
 
 Ligaments. — 
 
 1. Interosseous, pass between the adjacent bony 
 surfaces, and become ossified in the adult. 
 
ARTICULATIONS. 33 
 
 2. Arciform, or superior radiating, attached to 
 
 the inner and outer borders of the ulna and 
 contiguous parts of the radius, above the 
 radio-uhiar arch. 
 
 3. Inferior radiating, similar to above, but much 
 
 smaller, and below the radio-ulnar arch. 
 
 Synovial Membrane. — A prolongation from the elbow 
 for the diarthrosis. 
 
 Movements. — Very slight in the young, and prac- 
 tically absent in the adult. 
 
 IV. THE CARPUS (on Knee-joint). 
 This is a complex ginglymoid and arthrodial articu- 
 lation, formed by the radius, all the bones of the 
 carpus, and the three metacarpal bones. 
 
 The Ligaments are divided into special and common : 
 1. The Special ligaments are divided into five 
 groups : 
 
 (a) Superior carpal, uniting the bones of the 
 upper row. Three anterior and three inter- 
 osseous ; 
 
 The anterior are ilat bands attached to 
 
 the anterior faces of the bones. 
 The interosseous pass between the adjacent 
 faces of the bones. The most external 
 one is scarcely interosseous, but is 
 placed beneath the posterior common 
 ligament. 
 (6) Inferior carpal, uniting the bones of the lower 
 row. Two anterior and two interosseous. 
 These are arranged in a manner similar 
 to those of the superior carpal group. 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 (c) Madio-carpal, three in number, and uniting 
 the radius to the bones of the upper row : 
 An oblique one, passing from the radius to 
 
 the scaphoid. 
 A small and slender ligament under the 
 oblique, passing from the radius to the 
 lunar. 
 
 Ra dins 
 
 \Uncifcrm 
 
 \lnfe ri 0) 
 j carp a I 
 
 Me. I a ca rn al 
 
 Fig. 2.— The Anterior Caepal Ligaments. 
 
 .A superior trapezial, uniting the tra- 
 pezium to the outer border of the distal 
 extremity of the radius. 
 (d) Intercarpal, also three in number. These 
 unite the two rows of bones. 
 
 One joining the scaphoid to the magnum 
 and trapezoid. 
 
ARTICULATIONS. 
 
 35 
 
 A second, joining the cuneiform and 
 
 magnum, 
 And a third, known as the infei-ior trape- 
 
 zial, passing from the trapezium to the 
 
 cuneiform and head of the external 
 
 small metacarpal bone. 
 
 \Ra cJio - 
 
 1 c s te r I r L, f a a m^n/s 
 
 Ra d i u s 
 
 \Inter- \ 
 
 Scaphoid L 
 
 \Cur\eiform\ 
 
 Unviform 
 
 Met a c a rnal 
 
 (e) Carpo-metacarpal, six in number, viz., two 
 anterior, two posterior, and two Aterosseous. 
 One anterior, consisting of two bundles of 
 fibres, joins the magnum to the head of 
 the large metacarpal bone. 
 The other anterior unites the unciform 
 and head of the external small meta- 
 carpal. 
 
36 
 
 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 The posterior join the magnum and trape- 
 zoid to the heads of the large and inner 
 small metacarpals. 
 
 The interosseous unite the three hones of 
 the lower row to the three metacarpals. 
 
 , f cfa me n rs 
 
 .a a L us 
 
 Superior ) 
 
 carnal Scaphoid] 
 
 
 n 
 
 J, 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 \Cunei fai-m\ 
 
 Carn 0- J " 
 MetacarftalK 
 
 U nc ifo rm 
 
 M.f t a c a r ji al 
 
 Fig. 4. — The Interosseous Carpal Ligaments. 
 
 2. The Common ligaments are four in number : two 
 laterals, an anterior and a posterior. 
 
 (a) The internal lateral is attached to the inner 
 part of the distal extremity of the radius, and 
 consists of two bundles of fibres ; the super- 
 ficial of which is attached to the magnum 
 and large metacarpal, and the deep to the 
 scaphoid, trapezoid, and inner small meta- 
 carpal. 
 
ARTICULATIONS. 37 
 
 (6) The external lateral passes from the external 
 part of the distal end of the radius, and 
 consists of two bundles, the more superficial 
 of which is attached to the external small 
 metacarpal, and the deeper one to the cunei- 
 form, unciform and external small meta- 
 carpal. 
 
 (c) The anterior common or capsular is a quadri- 
 
 lateral membranous expansion, covering the 
 anterior face of the carpus and being attached 
 to the distal end of the radius, the bones of 
 the carpus and their anterior ligaments, and 
 the heads of the metacarpals. 
 
 (d) The posterior common or capsular is disposed 
 
 in a similar manner to the anterior common, 
 
 on the posterior face of the carpus. It is 
 
 much stronger than the anterior, and has 
 
 been described as the strongest ligament in 
 
 the body. 
 
 The Synovial Membranes are four or five in number : 
 
 (1) Eadio-carpal ; (2) intercarpal ; (3) carpo-meta- 
 
 carpal ; (4) between the trapezium and cuneifprm 
 
 bones ; and sometimes (5) between the pisiform and 
 
 trapezoid. 
 
 Movements. — Flexion and extension in the radio- 
 carpal and intercarpal portions; gliding movement 
 takes place between the individual bones, and there 
 is also some slight lateral movement. 
 
38 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 V. INTERMETACARPAL ARTICXTLATION. 
 
 Class. — Diarthrosis and synarthrosis. 
 
 Formed by the adjacent surfaces of the large and 
 small metacarpal bones. 
 
 Ligament. — Interosseous, which becomes ossified in 
 old animals. 
 
 Movements. — Almost none. 
 
 VI. METACARPO-PHALANGEAL (ok Fetlook-joint). 
 
 Class. — Ginglymus. 
 
 Formed by the distal extremity of the large meta- 
 carpal, the proximal extremity of the os suffraginis, 
 and the anterior faces of the two small sesamoids. 
 
 Ligaments. — (1) Accessory, or sesamoidean ; (2) 
 proper. 
 
 1. Accessory. 
 
 (a) Superior sesamoidean, or suspensory. Attached 
 superiorly to the heads of the large meta- 
 carpal bone and the lower row of the carpus. 
 It passes down the groove formed by the 
 three metacarpals, bifurcates some little dis- 
 tance above the sesamoids, each portion 
 becoming attached to the summit of a sesa- 
 moid and then passing downwards and for- 
 wards to gain the front of the digit and join 
 the extensor pedis tendon. 
 
 (6) Inferior sesamoidean, divided into three parts ; 
 (1) an external Y-shaped, (2) a middle V- 
 shaped, and (3) a deep X-shaped. This 
 Hgament arises superiorly from the base of 
 the sesamoids — the external portion passing 
 
ARTICULATIONS. 39 
 
 to the glenoid cartilage of the os coronse ; the 
 middle portion to the ridges on the posterior 
 surface of the os suffraginis, and the deep 
 portion to the supero-posterior part of the 
 OS suffraginis. 
 
 (c) The external and internal lateral sesamoidean 
 
 pass from the lateral faces of the sesamoids 
 to the tubercles on each side of the head of 
 the OS suffraginis. 
 
 (d) The inter-sesamoidean unites the two sesa- 
 
 moids and is covered by fibro - cartilage, 
 thus forming a smooth groove for the flexor 
 tendons to play over. 
 
 2. Proper. 
 
 (a) Capsular, arranged in the usual way. 
 
 (6) External and internal lateral, passing from the 
 lateral aspects of the distal end of the large 
 metacarpal to the supero-lateral parts of the 
 OS suffraginis. 
 
 Synovial Ilembrane. — This is prolonged upwards be- 
 tween the two branches of the superior sesamoidean 
 ligament. 
 
 Movements. — Flexion and extension, and slight 
 lateral movement when the joint is flexed. 
 
 VII. PROXIMAL INTERPHALANGEAL 
 
 (oK Pasteen- joint). 
 
 Ctoss.— Ginglymus. 
 
 Formed by the distal end of the os suffraginis and 
 the proximal end of tne os coronse. 
 
40 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Ligaments. — 
 
 (1) Capsular, connected with the tendon of the 
 
 extensor pedis. 
 
 (2) External and internal lateral, attached to the 
 
 distal extremity of the os suffraginis and the 
 proximal extremity of the os coronse, and con- 
 tinued downwards and backwards to form the 
 postero-lateral ligaments of the next joint. 
 
 (3) Two posterior, arising from three points on 
 
 the borders of the os suffraginis, and be- 
 coming attached to the glenoid cartilage of 
 the OS coronse, one on each side of the 
 external portion of the inferior sesamoidean 
 ligament. 
 
 Synovial Membrane. — This lines the posterior surface 
 of the extensor pedis tendon, and is continued 
 upwards between the glenoid cartilage and the os 
 suffraginis. 
 
 Movements. — Flexion and extension and some slight 
 lateral movement when the joint is flexed. 
 
 VIII. DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL 
 
 (or Coffin- joint). 
 
 Class. — Ginglymus. 
 
 Formed by the articular surface on the distal end 
 of the OS coronse, the os pedis and navicular bone. 
 Ligaments. — 
 
 (1) Capsular, attached around the articular 
 margin of the three bones, and connected 
 with the tendons of the extensor pedis and 
 flexor pedis perforans. 
 
ARTICULATIONS. 41 
 
 (2) Two antero-lateral, from the lateral faces of 
 
 the OS coronse to the small depressions on each 
 side of the pyramidal process of the os pedis. 
 
 (3) Two postero - lateral, continuation of the 
 
 laterals of the preceding joint; they are 
 attached to the superior margin of the navi- 
 cular bone. These unite to form 
 
 (4) The superior navicular. 
 
 (5) The inferior or interosseous passes from the 
 
 anterior margin of the navicular bone to the 
 semilunar ridge of the os pedis. 
 
 (6) The two lateral naviculars unite the extre- 
 
 mities of the navicular bone and the lateral 
 cartilages and alse of the os pedis. 
 
 The Synovial Membrane forms a prolongation up- 
 wards behind the os coronse. 
 
 Movements. — Flexion and extension. 
 
 MUSCLES. 
 
 The muscles are divided into the following primary 
 groups : 
 
 A. Shoulder or scapular region. 
 
 B. Brachinm or arm region. 
 
 C. Antibrachiiun or fore-arm region. 
 
 D. Manus or hand or metacarpal region. 
 
 A. SHOULDER OR SCAPULAR REGION. 
 
 Consists of two groups : (1) External and (2) internal 
 scapular. 
 
42 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 I. External Scapular Group. 
 
 Comprises four muscles : 
 
 1. Teres Externus. 
 
 Synonyms. — Teres minor, long abductor of the 
 arm. 
 
 Situation. — Immediately beneath the scapular 
 aponeurosis, and along the posterior border 
 of the postea-spinatus. 
 
 Origin. — Consists of two portions, one from the 
 posterior angle of the scapula, and the other, 
 more aponeurotic, from the scapular spine. 
 
 Insertion. — The external tuberosity of the 
 humerus. 
 
 Relations. — Externally, the scapular aponeurosis. 
 Internally, the postea-spinatus, postea-spin- 
 atus minor, and caput magnum and medium. 
 
 Actions. — Flexes and slightly rotates the shoulder- 
 joint and abducts the arm. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Posterior circumflex. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Circumflex. 
 
 2. Autea-spinatus. 
 
 Synonyms. — Superspinatus, superacromio-trochi- 
 
 terus. 
 Situation. — In the antea-spinatus fossa. 
 Origin. — Cartilage of prolongation, antea-spinatus 
 
 fossa and anterior surface of scapular spine. 
 Insertion. — The internal and external trochanters 
 
 of the humerus. 
 Relations. — Externally, the scapular aponeurosis; 
 
 internally, the scapula and subscapularis ; 
 
 anteriorly, pectoralis parvus; posteriorly, 
 
 scapular spine and postea-spinatus. 
 
MUSCLES. 43 
 
 Action. — ^Extends the shoulder-joint and acts 
 
 passively as a ligament. 
 Blood-supply. — Prescapular, subscapular, and 
 
 posterior circumflex. 
 Nerve-supply. — Prescapular. 
 
 3. Fostea-spiuatus. 
 
 Synonyms. — Subspinatus, subacromio-trochiterus. 
 
 Situation. — In the postea-spinatus fossa. 
 
 Origin. — The postea-spinatus fossa, the cartilage 
 of prolongation, and the posterior surface of 
 the scapular spine. 
 
 Insertion. — By two tend&ns, one to the convexity 
 of the external trochanter of the humerus, 
 the other to a ridge below, having a synovial 
 membrane between itself and the convexity. 
 
 Relations. — Externally, the teres externus and 
 scapular fascia ; internally, the scapula, cartil- 
 age of prolongation and postea-spinatus minor. 
 
 Actions. — Abducts and rotates the humerus. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Prescapular and subscapular. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Prescapular. 
 
 4. Fostea-spinatns Hinor. 
 
 Synonyms. — Scapulo-humeralis minor, short ab- 
 ductor of the arm. 
 
 Situation. — Beneath the teres externus and pos- 
 tero-inferior to the postea-spinatus. 
 
 Origin. — The posterior costa of the scapula and 
 small tubercle on the external margin of the 
 glenoid cavity. 
 
 Insertion. — Behind the deltoid ridge. 
 
 Relations. — Externally, teres externus and pos- 
 tea-spinatus ; internally, the large and 
 
44 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 medium heads of the triceps extensor brachii, 
 and the capsular ligament of the shoulder- 
 joint. 
 
 Actions. — Abducts and rotates the humerus. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Subscapular. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Prescapular. 
 
 II. Internal Scapular Group. 
 
 Consists of three muscles : 
 
 1. Subscapularis. 
 
 Synonym. — Subscapulo-trochineus. 
 
 Situation. — In the subscapular fossa, is triangular, 
 with its base divided into three portions, and 
 placed superiorly. 
 
 Origin. — From the entire subscapular fossa. 
 
 Insertion. — To the internal trochanter of the 
 humerus, its tendon possessing a small 
 synovial membrane. 
 
 Relations. — Externally, the scapula and shoulder- 
 joint ; internally, the serratus magnus ; 
 anteriorly, the antea-spinatus and sub- 
 scapular bloodvessels and nerves. 
 
 Actions. — Adducts and slightly rotates tl)e arm. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Subscapular and prescapular. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Subscapular. 
 
 2. Teres Internus. 
 
 Synonyms. — Teres major, subscapulo-humeralis. 
 Situation. — Posterior to the subscapularis, and 
 
 along the posterior border of the scapula. 
 Ort^rin.— Posterior angle and border of the 
 
 scapula. 
 
MUSCLES 45 
 
 Insertion. — The internal tuberosity of the 
 humerus, its tendon blending with that of 
 the latissimus dorsi. 
 
 Relations. — Externally, the aponeurosis of the 
 latissimus dorsi and of the scapulo-ulnaris ; 
 internally, serratus magnus ; anteriorly, sub- 
 seapularis. 
 
 Actions. — Adducts and rotates the humerus, and 
 flexes the shoulder when it acts along with 
 the teres externus. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Subscapular. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Brachial plexus. 
 3. Scapulo-lianieralis Grracilis. 
 
 Synonyms. — Scapulo-humeralis posticus, grele. 
 
 A small, insignificant cylindrical bundle of 
 muscular fibres, found between the large head 
 of the triceps and the capsular ligament of the 
 shoulder- joint. It arises just above the 
 glenoid cavity, and terminates below the 
 head of the humerus. It is said to render 
 tense the capsular ligament of the shoulder- 
 joint during flexion, and so prevent injury 
 to this structure. It is regarded as peculiar 
 to solipeds. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Circumflex. 
 
 B. ERACHIUM OB ABM BEGION. 
 
 Divided into two groups: (1) Anterior brachial 
 group ; (2) posterior brachial group. 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 ] 
 
 46 VETERINARY ANATOMY. I 
 
 I. Anterior Brachial Group. > 
 
 Consists of three muscles : j 
 
 1. Flexor BracMi. ,' 
 
 Synonyms. — Biceps (a misnomer), coraco-radi- ^'i 
 alis. I 
 
 Sittiation, etc. — In front of the humerus, long and I 
 cylindrical, possesses fibro-cartilage in its 
 tendon of origin, and has a tendinous inter- 
 section passing from end to end. 
 
 Origin. — Base of the coracoid process of the 
 scapula; its tendon of origin passes over 
 and is moulded upon the bicipital groove, 
 and between them is a synovial membrane. 
 
 Insertion. — The bicipital tuberosity of the radius, 
 capsular ligament of the elbow-joint, and 
 beneath the internal lateral ligament o"f this 
 joint. At the commencement of the tendon 
 of insertion a strong slip is given off and 
 spread over the anterior face of the extensor 
 metacarpi magnus. 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, fascia and levator humeri ; 
 posteriorly, humerus and humeralis obliquus. 
 Its origin is related with the bifid insertion 
 of the antea-spinatus. 
 
 Actions. — Flexes the fore-arm, extends the arm, 
 and renders tense the antibrachial fascia. 
 Its tendinous cord acts as a passive support 
 to the shoulder-joint, and allows the animal 
 to rest while standing. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Cora,co-mdii&\ branch of the 
 
 humeral and anterior circumflex. 
 Nerve-supply. — Median. 
 
MUSCLES. 47 
 
 . Coraco-Iiumeralis. 
 
 Synonyms. — Coraco-brachialis, omo-brachialis. 
 Situation, etc. — On the inner surface of the 
 
 humerus ; long and fusiform. 
 Origin. — Beak of the coracoid process of the 
 
 scapula. 
 Insertion. — By fleshy attachments above and 
 
 below the internal tuberosity of the humerus. 
 Relations. — Externally, humerus, humeralis 
 
 obliquus and shoulder-joint; internally, 
 
 pectoralis magnus ; anteriorly, flexor 
 
 brachii ; posteriorly, teres internus and 
 
 latissimus dorsi. 
 Actions. — Adducts, rotates and extends the arm. 
 Blood-supply. — Anterior circumflex. 
 Nerve-supply. — Median. 
 . Humeralis Obliqaus. 
 Synonyms. — Humero-cubitalis obliquus, humero- 
 
 radialis, braehialis anticus. 
 Situation, etc. — In the musculo-spiral groove. 
 
 It forms an almost complete circuit of the 
 
 humerus. 
 Origin. — Posterior surface of humerus below the 
 
 head. 
 Insertion. — ^Internal surface of the head of the 
 
 radius, some fibres passing to the ulna and 
 
 becoming blended with the arciform ligament. 
 Relations.— Exkevn&lly, large and medium heads 
 
 of triceps ; internally, humerus ; anteriorly, 
 
 flexor brachii. 
 Action. — Flexes the elbow-joint. 
 Blood-supply. — Deep humeral. 
 Nerve-supply. — Musculo-cutaneous. 
 
48 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 II. Posterior Brachial Group. 
 
 Contains five muscles. 
 
 1. Scapulo-ulnaris. 
 
 Synonyms. — Scapulo-olecranius longus, long 
 
 extensor of the fore-arm. 
 Situation. ^Closely applied to the inner face of 
 
 the caput magnum of the triceps. 
 Origin. — Posterior border of the scapula. 
 Insertion. — Inner face of the olecranon process 
 
 of the ulna and antibrachial aponeurosis. 
 Relations. — Externally, caput magnum ; inter- 
 nally, pectoralis magnus, teres internus and 
 latissimus dorsi. 
 Action. — Extends the fore-arm, flexes the arm, and 
 
 renders tense the antibrachial aponeurosis. 
 Blood-supply. — Subscapular and ulnar. 
 Nerve-supply. — Kadial. 
 The following three muscles are frequently de- 
 scribed as forming one, and for this reason are 
 known as the caput magnum, medium and parvum of 
 the triceps extensor brachii. The above names will be 
 here retained. 
 
 2. Caput Magnum. 
 
 Synonyms. — Scapulo-olecranius major, large 
 
 extensor of the fore-arm. 
 Situation, etc. — Triangular in shape, and fitted 
 
 into the angle formed by the scapula and 
 
 humerus. 
 Origin. — Posterior angle and border of the 
 
 scapula. 
 Insertion. — The summit of the olecranon, to the 
 
MUSCLES. 49 
 
 inner side, as it passes over the bone ; it is 
 provided with a synovial bursa. 
 
 Relations. — Externally, teres externus, panni- 
 culus and aponeurosis ; internally, latissimus 
 dorsi, teres internus and scapulo-ulnaris. 
 
 Action. — Flexes the arm and extends the fore- 
 arm. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Deep humeral and posterior cir- 
 cumflex. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Eadial. 
 , Caput Medium. 
 
 Synonyms. — Humero-olecranius externus, short 
 extensor of the fore-arm. 
 
 Situation. — Inferior to the magnum. 
 
 Origin. — A ridge running from the external 
 tuberosity to near the head of the humerus. 
 
 Insertion. — Posterior part of the summit of the 
 olecranon. Some of its fibres join the 
 magnum. 
 
 Relations. — Externally, teres externus; internally, 
 caput parvum, humeralis obliquus and ex- 
 tensor metacarpi magnus ; superiorly, caput 
 magnum. 
 
 Action. — Extends the fore-arm. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Deep humeral, posterior circum- 
 flex and ulnar. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Eadial. 
 . Caput Parvum. 
 
 iS2/«orat/ms.— Humero-olecranius internus, middle 
 extensor of the fore-arm. 
 
 Situation. — Small and triangular, along the 
 inferior border of the magnum. 
 
 4 
 
VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Origin. — Below and posterior to the internal 
 
 tuberosity of the humerus. 
 Insertion. — By two tendons to the summit of the 
 
 olecranon ; one is attached more posteriorly 
 
 than the other, and possesses a synovial 
 
 bursa. 
 Relations. — Externally, the humerus, humeralis 
 
 obliquus and caput medium ; internally, the 
 
 insertions of the coraco-humeralis, latissimus 
 
 dorsi and teres internus, and the scapulo- 
 
 ulnaris ; superiorly, caput magnum. 
 Action. — Extends the fore-arm. 
 Blood-supply. — Ulnar. 
 Nerve-supply. — Eadial. 
 . Anconeus. 
 Synonyms. — Humero-olecranius minor, small 
 
 extensor of the fore-arm. 
 Situation. — Behind and above the elbow-joint. 
 Origin. — From the epitrochlea and epicondyle, 
 
 particularly the former. 
 Insertion. — Anterior and external aspects of the 
 
 olecranon. It is also attached to the capsule 
 
 of the joint. 
 Relations. — Supero-posteriorly, caput magnum ; 
 
 antero-inferiorly, the capsular ligament of 
 
 the elbow-joint. 
 Action. — Makes tense the capsular ligament 
 
 during extension. 
 Blood-supply. — Deep humeral. 
 Nerve-supply. — Eadial. 
 
MUSCLES. SI 
 
 C. ANTIBRACHIUM OR FORE-ARM REGION. 
 
 The muscles are arranged in two groups : (1) 
 Anterior antibrachial or extensor group ; (2) posterior 
 antibrachial or flexor group. 
 
 I. Anterior Antibrachial Group. 
 
 Includes four extensor muscles : 
 
 1. Extensor Metacarpi Magnus. 
 
 Synonyms. — Bpicondylo-premetacarpeus, anterior 
 
 extensor of the metacarpus. 
 Situation, etc. — Pyramidal in shape, anterior to 
 
 the radius. 
 Origin. — Epitrochlea, and capsule of elbow-joint. 
 
 It receives a tendinous slip from the flexor 
 
 brachii. 
 Insertion. — To the tuberosity placed antero-inter- 
 
 nally at the proximal extremity of the large 
 
 metacarpal bone. 
 Relations. — Externally, extensor pedis; inter- 
 nally, humeralis obliquus and flexor brachii ; 
 
 anteriorly, antibrachial aponeurosis and 
 
 extensor metacarpi obliquus ; posteriorly, the 
 
 radius. 
 Action. — Extends the metacarpus. 
 Blood-supply. — Deep humeral and anterior radial. 
 Nerve-supply. — Eadial. 
 
 2. Extensor Metacarpi Obliquus. 
 
 Synonyms. — Cubito-premetacarpeus, radio-pre- 
 metacarpeus, oblique extensor of the meta- 
 carpus. 
 
52 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Situation, etc. — Euns obliquely across the anterior 
 face of the lower extremity of the radius. 
 
 Origin. — External border of the radius. 
 
 Insertion. — Head of inner small metacarpal bone. 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, antibrachial aponeurosis 
 and extensor pedis ; posteriorly, radius and 
 extensor metacarpi magnus. 
 
 Action. — Extends and rotates the metacarpus. 
 
 Blood-swpply. — Anterior radial. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Eadial. 
 3. Extensor Pedis. 
 
 Synonyms. — Epicondylo-prephalangeus, humero- 
 prephalangeus, anterior extensor of the 
 phalanges. 
 
 Situation. — External to the extensor metacarpi 
 magnus. 
 
 Ori^m.— Epitrochlea, anterior face of the distal 
 extremity of the humerus, external ligament 
 of the elbow-joint, and external part of the 
 head of the radius. 
 
 Insertion. — After passing through a groove at the 
 distal extremity of the radius, being attached 
 to the capsule of the fetlock- joint, and being 
 joined by the two slips from the superior 
 sesamoidean ligament, it is inserted to the 
 pyramidal process of the os pedis. 
 
 Belations. — Antero-externally, aponeurosis ; pos- 
 teriorly, extensor suffraginis, carpus, meta- 
 carpus, and digit ; internally, extensor meta- 
 carpi magnus. 
 
 Action. — Extends the phalanges and assists in 
 extending the metacarpus. 
 
MUSCLES. 53 
 
 Blood-supply, — Anterior radial. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Eadial. 
 As parts of the extensor pedis are usually described 
 two small muscles — Phillip's and Thiernesse's. 
 
 Phillip's muscle is very thin, and arises from the 
 external lateral ligament of the elbow- joint ; 
 it is closely applied to the fleshy portion 
 of the extensor pedis. Its tendon finally 
 joins that of the extensor suffraginis bel6w 
 the carpus. 
 
 Thiernesse's muscle is very small, and placed 
 along the inner face of the extensor pedis. 
 It arises from the external arciform liga- 
 ment, and its tendon joins that of the 
 extensor pedis just above the carpus. 
 4. Extensor Sufiaginis. 
 
 Synonyms. — Cubito- or radialis-prephalangeus, 
 lateral extensor of the phalanges. 
 
 Situation, etc. — Semipenniform, between the ex- 
 tensor pedis and flexor metacarpi externus. 
 
 Origin. — External lateral ligament of the elbow- 
 joint, external part of the head of the radius, 
 and external border of the radius and ulna. 
 
 Insertion. — The head of the os suffraginis. At a 
 little distance below the carpus, the tendon 
 is joined by two structures, one the tendon of 
 Phillip's muscle, the other a band of fibrous 
 tissue (check ligament) from the inferior 
 border of the trapezium. 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, the extensor pedis; pos- 
 teriorly, flexor metacarpi externus and flexor 
 pedis perforans and perforatus. 
 
54 VETERINARY ANATOMY 
 
 Action. — Extends the digit and assists in extend- 
 ing the metacarpus. 
 Blood-supply. — Interosseous. 
 Nerve-supply. — Eadial. 
 
 II. Posterior AntibraoMal Group. 
 
 Contains five flexors : 
 
 Ij. FLexor Metacarpi Externus. 
 
 Synonyms. — Epicondylo-supercarpeus, humero- 
 supercarpeus externus, external flexor of the 
 metacarpus. 
 
 Situation. — Between the extensor suffraginis and 
 flexor metacarpi medius. 
 
 Origin. — Epitrochlea of the humerus. 
 
 Insertion. — By two tendons, one to the upper 
 part of the trapezium, the other to the 
 head of the external small metacarpal 
 bone. 
 
 Relations. — Externally, the antibrachial aponeu- 
 rosis ; internally, flexor pedis perforans and 
 perforatus and flexor metacarpi medius ; 
 anteriorly, the extensor suffraginis. 
 
 Action. — Flexes the metacarpus. 
 
 Blood-supply.— '^osieriox radial and ulnar. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Eadial. 
 2. Flexor Metacarpi Medius. 
 
 Synonyms. — Epitrochlea supercarpeus, humero- 
 metacarpeus internus, oblique flexor of the 
 metacarpus. 
 
 Situation. — At the postero-internal part of the 
 fore-arm. 
 
MUSCLES. 55 
 
 Ongfm.— Epicondyle and posterior face of the 
 olecranon. 
 
 Insertion. — With a tendon of the externus to the 
 superior part of the trapezium. 
 
 Relations.— ^ziernBllj, the antibrachial aponeu- 
 rosis ; internally, the flexor pedis perforans 
 and perf oratus ; anteriorly, the internus ; 
 posteriorly, the externus. 
 
 Action. — Flexes the metacarpus. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Posterior radial and ulnar. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Ulnar. 
 
 3. Flexor Uetacarpi Internus. 
 
 Synonyms. — Epitrochlea metacarpeus, humero- 
 metacarpeus internus. 
 
 Situation. — In the internal and posterior part of 
 the fore-arm. 
 
 Origin. — Base of the epicondyle together with the 
 medius. 
 
 Insertion. — Head of the inner small metacarpal 
 bone. The tendon passes through a synovial 
 sheath behind the carpus. 
 
 Relations. — Superficially, the antibrachial apo- 
 neurosis ; internally, flexor pedis perforans 
 and perforatus, as well as the posterior 
 radial bloodvessels and median nerve; an- 
 teriorly, the radius. 
 
 Action. — Flexes the metacarpus. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Posterior radial. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Median. 
 
 4. Flexor Pedis Perforatus. 
 
 Synonyms. — Epitrochlo - phalangeus, humero- 
 coronarius or humero-phalangeus, flexor 
 sublimis. 
 
56 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Situation. — Beneath the metacarpal flexors. Its 
 muscular part is thin, its tendon is long, and 
 receives the swperior carpal or check ligament 
 before it enters the carpal sheath ; this liga- 
 ment is attached to the lower part of the 
 posterior surface of the radius. 
 
 Origin. — Epicondyle. 
 
 Insertion. — Its tendon bifurcates and forms a ring 
 for the passage of the perforans tendon, and 
 is attached to each side of the os coronse. 
 
 Relations. — 
 
 Muscular Portion. — Anteriorly, the perforans; 
 posteriorly, the flexor metacarpi externus 
 and medius. 
 Tendinous Portion. — Anteriorly, the perforans 
 tendon ; posteriorly, the carpal and meta- 
 carpo -phalangeal sheaths. 
 
 Action. — Flexes the pastern, fetlock, and carpal 
 joints. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Posterior radial. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Ulnar. 
 
 5. Flexor Pedis Perforans. 
 
 Synonyms. — Cubito - phalangeus, humero - radio - 
 phalangeus, flexor profundus, 
 
 Situation. — Beneath the perforatus, and against 
 the posterior face of the radius. Its 
 muscular portion is divided in three parts, 
 viz., humeral, ulnar, and radial. 
 
 Origin. — 
 
 1. Humeral — in common with the perforatus 
 
 from the epicondyle. 
 
 2. Ulnar (ulnaris accessorius) — from the 
 
MUSCLES. 57 
 
 posterior border of the olecranon. Its 
 tendon joins that of the chief portion 
 near the carpus. 
 3. Radial {radialis accessorius) — from the 
 back of the radius. Its tendon also 
 joins the main tendon at the carpus. 
 Insertion. — The common tendon, after passing 
 through the carpal sheath, is joined by the 
 inferior carpal or check ligament, which is a 
 continuation of the posterior ligament of the 
 carpus. Before becoming attached to the 
 semilunar ridge of the os pedis, the tendon 
 becomes expanded, forming the plantar 
 aponeurosis. 
 Relations. — 
 
 Muscular Portion. — Anteriorly, the radius; 
 
 posteriorly, the perforatus. 
 Tendinous Portion. — Anteriorly, the posterior 
 carpal ligament, the inferior check liga- 
 ment, the superior sesamoidean liga- 
 ment, the sesamoidean groove, the 
 inferior sesamoidean ligament, and the 
 navicular bone ; posteriorly, the per- 
 foratus tendon, and the plantar cushion. 
 Action. — Flexes the phalanges and metacarpus. 
 Blood-supply. — Posterior radial. 
 Nerve-supply. — Ulnar and median. 
 The check ligament allows of rest while in a stand- 
 ing position. 
 
58 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 D. METACARPAL REGION. 
 
 The region of the metacarpus includes two pairs of 
 rudimentary muscles : 
 
 1. The Lumbrici, which arise on each side of the 
 
 perforans tendon a little above the sesamoi- 
 dean ring of the perforatus, and become 
 lost in the fibrous tissue of the ' ergot.' 
 
 2. The Interossei Metacarpei (or anterior lumbrici), 
 
 are placed between the small metacarpal 
 bones and the superior sesamoidean ligament. 
 
 ARTERIES. 
 BRACHIAL ARTERY. (See Thoeax.) 
 
 I. Collateral Branches. 
 
 1. Prescapular, or Superscapular. — Arises near the 
 tendon of subscapularis, and passes upwards between 
 the antea-spinatus and subscapularis. 
 
 It supplies the antea- and postea-spinati muscles, the 
 tendon of origin of the flexor brachii and the shoulder- 
 joint. 
 
 2. Subscapular, or Inferior Scapular. — Arises 
 between the subscapularis and teres internus. 
 
 Course. — Passes upwards and backwards, and ter- 
 minates near the posterior angle of the scapula. 
 Branches. — 
 
 (a) To the latissimus dorsi. 
 
 (b) Posterior circumflex or scapulo-humeral, which 
 
 passes under the large head of the triceps 
 
ARTERIES. 59 
 
 and the postea-spinatus, and gains the 
 outer surface of the shoulder. 
 
 (c) Anterior muscular. 
 
 (d) Posterior muscular. 
 
 (e) Nutrient scapular. 
 
 II. Terminal Branch. 
 
 HTJMEEAL ARTERY. 
 
 Course. — From the point of origin of the sub- 
 scapular artery to the lower end of the humerus. 
 
 I. Collateral Branches. 
 
 1. Prehumeral, or Anterior Circumflex. 
 
 Course. — Passes forward between the two portions 
 of the coraco-humeralis, and gains the anterior surface 
 of the humerus. 
 
 It supplies the flexor brachii, coraco-humeralis, 
 shoulder-joint and levator humeri. 
 
 2. Beep Humeral. 
 
 Course. — Arises near the internal humeral tuber- 
 osity ; soon divides into two branches. 
 
 It supplies the large and medium heads of triceps, 
 humeralis obliquus, the anconeus and extensor meta- 
 carpi magnus. 
 
 3. Ulnar,- or Cubital. 
 
 Course. — Arises near the nutrient foramen of the 
 humerus, passes beneath the scapulo-ulnaris, and 
 between the middle and external flexors of the meta- 
 carpus. 
 
 It forms the superior carpal arch by anastomosing 
 with the recurrent radial. 
 
6o 
 
 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Art&ries of t^h-g Anterior I Iml 
 
 Brachial^ Prescapula/ Nutrhnt scap.ular 
 
 ^""■'^^ Suhscaji iilar 
 
 Anterior \ 
 
 Humeral \<:ircum/hx\ 
 
 I Coraco-radial 
 
 Paste rio 
 
 r circumflex 
 
 Anterior Radial / 
 
 Intercssevus^ 
 Poshn'cr Nulrient-radial 
 Radial I 
 
 —<.Deen humeral 
 
 ^ulital 
 \^Nutrient /lumeral 
 
 ' — Sulcutaneous 
 
 .^Recurrent radial 
 Sunerior carped ai^ch 
 
 Uiij itals 
 
 f-erosseeus 
 
 I^ecurreni 
 
 Fer/7e.ndi cular 
 Transverse. 
 
 ^treplantar ungual 
 PJa n ia r un c/ ual 
 
 Fig. 5. — Diagram of the Arteries of the Anterior Limb. 
 
ARTERIES. 6l 
 
 Branches. — 
 
 (a) Nutrient artery of the humerus. 
 
 (b) Articular branches. 
 
 (c) Muscular twigs. 
 
 (d) Subcutaneous branches. 
 
 It supplies the medium head of triceps, scapulo- 
 ulnaris, flexor metacarpi externus and medius. 
 
 4. Coraoo-radial. — Supplies the flexor brachii, 
 dividing into ascending and descending branches. 
 
 II. Terminal Branches. 
 
 1. Anterior Badial. 
 
 Course. — Arises above the humeral condyle, passes 
 beneath the flexors of the fore-arm, and afterwards 
 between the extensor pedis and the radius; it ter- 
 minates at the carpus, and anastomoses with the in- 
 terosseous branch of the posterior radial. 
 
 It supplies the extensor muscles situated in front of 
 the fore-arm and the capsule of the carpus. 
 
 2. POSTERIOE RADIAL. 
 
 Course. — Usually considered to be the continuation 
 of the humeral artery. Passes internal to the elbow- 
 joint and behind the tendon of insertion of the flexor 
 brachii, afterwards beneath the flexor metacarpi in- 
 ternus. It terminates at the distal end of the radius 
 by two branches. 
 
 I. Collateral Branches. 
 
 1. Articular, to elbow-joint. 
 
 2. Muscular, to posterior antibrachial region. 
 
 3. Interosseous. 
 
 Course. — Arises near radio-ulnar arch, which it 
 traverses, then passes along the radio-ulnar groove 
 
62 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 underneath the extensor suffraginis. At the carpus it 
 divides into numerous branches, and joins the anterior 
 radial. 
 
 Branches. — 
 
 (a) Articular, to elbow. 
 
 (b) Muscular, to the extensors of the metacarpus 
 
 and digit. 
 
 (c) Nutrient radial. 
 4. Becurrent Eadial. 
 
 Course. — Arises above the carpus, passes obliquely 
 outwards and downwards to anastomose with the 
 cubital, and so form the superior carpal arch. 
 
 II. Terminal Branches. 
 
 1. Radio-palmar, or Common Trunk of the Inter- 
 osseous Metacarpal Arteries. 
 
 Cowrse. —Arises just above the carpus, and passes 
 downwards and to the inside of its posterior surface, 
 being external to the posterior annular ligament. On 
 a level with the head of the inner metacarpal bone it 
 passes outwards and anastomoses with a branch from 
 the superior carpal arch, and so forms the inferior 
 carpal arch, which has the following branches : 
 
 (a) Two anterior interosseous, which pass down 
 the grooves formed by the large and small 
 metacarpal bones. 
 (6) Tivo posterior interosseous, which pass down 
 each side of the superior sesamoidean liga- 
 ment, and terminate by anastomosing with 
 the large metacarpal artery. 
 
 2. LARGE METACARPAL ARTERY, or Collateral 
 Artery of the Cannon. 
 
ARTERIES. 63 
 
 Course. — Arises just above the carpus, passes under 
 the posterior annular ligament, and descends internal 
 to the flexor tendons, terminating above the sesamoid 
 bones in the two digital arteries. 
 
 I. Collateral Branches. 
 
 1. Muscular. 
 
 2. Synovial, tendinous and cutaneous. 
 
 3. A recurrent artery, given off near its termination, 
 which passes upwards between the metacarpal bone and 
 the superior sesamoidean ligament, and divides into : 
 
 (a) Internal lateral, 
 
 (b) External lateral, 
 
 these passing up the inner and outer borders of the 
 ligament. 
 
 II. Terminal Branches. 
 
 THE TWO DIGITAL ARTERIES (Internal and 
 External), or Collateral Arteries of the Digits. 
 
 Cowrse. — They commence just above the sesamoid 
 bones between the flexor tendons and the superior 
 sesamoidean ligament, gain the lateral faces of the 
 fetlock- joint, and descend — on the outer and inner 
 aspects of the digits — to the alse of the os pedis, under 
 which they terminate in two branches. 
 
 I. Collateral Branches. 
 
 1. Perpendicular Artery. 
 
 Course. — Arises about the middle of the os suffra- 
 ginis, passes obliquely downwards and forwards, and 
 unites with its fellow, above the coronary band, to 
 form the superficial coronary arch. 
 
64 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 2. Transverse Artery. 
 
 Course. — Arises underneath the lateral cartilage, 
 passes forwards under the extensor tendon, and unites 
 with its fellow to form the deep coronary arch. 
 
 3. Artery of the Plantar Cushion, or Frog. 
 
 Course. — Arises about the upper margin of the 
 lateral cartilage, passes downwards and backwards, 
 and enters the plantar cushion, dividing into anterior 
 and posterior branches. 
 
 II. Terminal Branches. 
 
 1. Preplantar Ungual Artery. 
 
 Course. — Arises inside the ala of the os pedis, 
 traverses the preplantar foramen (or notch), runs 
 along the preplantar groove, and terminates near the 
 ' toe ' in numerous branches which pierce the os pedis. 
 
 Branches. — 
 
 (a) Deep retrograde, given off before the artery 
 
 passes through the foramen and supply- 
 ing the posterior part of the plantar 
 cushion. 
 
 (b) Second retrograde, given off immediately after 
 
 the passage of the artery through the 
 foramen, and supplying the lateral carti- 
 lage. 
 
 (c) Numerous ascending and descending luminal 
 
 branches, which anastomose with the 
 coronary arch and circumflex artery re- 
 spectively. 
 
 2. Plantar Ungual Artery. 
 
 Course. — Passes along the plantar groove, pierces 
 the plantar foramen, and so gains the semilunar 
 
ARTERIES. 6s 
 
 sinus in the interior of the os pedis ; here it inoscu- 
 lates with its fellow, forming the ciroulus arteriosus or 
 semilunar anastomosis. 
 Branches. — 
 
 (a) Ascending or laminals, which supply the 
 
 sensitive laminae. 
 
 (b) Descending or inferior communicating, which 
 
 leave the bone by the foramina above its 
 edge, and unite to form the circumflex 
 artery. 
 Branches of the circumflex artery. — 
 (a) Ascending, to sensitive laminae. 
 {0) Descending or solar, to the velvety tissue of 
 the sole ; these unite to form the inferior 
 circumflex artery. 
 
 VEINS. 
 
 THE VEINS OF THE FOOT. 
 
 These are arranged in two sets of plexuses : (1) In- 
 ternal, intra-osseous, or deep ; (2) external, extra- 
 osseous, or superficial. 
 
 I. The Intra-osseous Plexus. 
 
 Is satellite to the circulus arteriosus, and pours its 
 blood into the deep lateral coronary plexus. 
 
 II. The Extra-osseous Plexuses. 
 
 1. The Solar, situated in the plantar reticulum ; 
 pours its blood into the Circumflex Vein (a satellite of 
 the artery) ; this vein opens into the coronary plexus. 
 
 5 
 
66 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 2. The Podophyllous or Laminal, situated in the 
 podophyllous reticulum ; its blood passes into the 
 circumflex vein and coronary plexus. 
 
 3. The Coronary, situated on a level with the distal 
 interphalangeal articulation, and connected with the 
 lateral cartilages. It is divided into a central or 
 anterior and two lateral portions. 
 
 (a) The central is connected with the coronary 
 cushion, and receives branches from the 
 laminal veins. 
 
 (&) The laterals consist of two layers of vessels : 
 (a) a superficial plexus placed on the 
 external surface of the lateral cartilage ; 
 (/S) a deep plexus placed on the internal 
 surface of the lateral cartilage, and formed 
 by veins from the podophyllous, solar and 
 intra-osseous plexuses. 
 The veins from the coronary plexuses, together with 
 the Vein of the Frog, form — 
 
 THE DIGITAL VEINS. 
 
 These accompany the digital arteries, and unite 
 above the fetlock beneath the flexor tendons ; the 
 result of the union is an arch from which spring the 
 three metacarpal veins. 
 
 THE METACARPAL VEINS. 
 
 These are three in number, viz.: Internal and 
 external metacarpals, or collaterals of the cannon ; 
 and deep metacarpal, or interosseous collateral of the 
 cannon. 
 
VEINS. 67 
 
 1. Internal Metacarpal Vein. 
 
 Course, etc. — Passes upwards along with the large 
 metacarpal artery and external metacarpal 
 nerve. Above the knee it forms the root of 
 the Internal Subcutaneous Vein, and anasto- 
 moses with the other two metacarpal veins. 
 
 2. External Metacarpal Vein. 
 
 Course. — Euns up the outer border of the flexor 
 tendons ; at the knee it anastomoses with 
 the internal vein, and so forms the roots of the 
 Ulnar and Posterior Eadial Veins. 
 
 3. Deep Metacarpal Vein. 
 
 Course. — Placed between the large metacarpal 
 bone and the superior sesamoidean liga- 
 ment ; on a level with the head of the meta- 
 carpal bone it divides into several branches, 
 which unite with the internal and external 
 veins and help to form the posterior radial 
 vein. 
 
 VEINS OF THE FORE-ARM. 
 
 I. Superficial. 
 
 1. Internal Subcutaneous, a continuation of the in- 
 ternal metacarpal ; ascends the internal surface of the 
 fore-arm in an oblique direction (upwards and for- 
 wards). It terminates in two branches : 
 
 (a) The Basilic Vein, which crosses the pectoralis, 
 
 transversus and opens into the Humeral 
 
 Vein. 
 
 (6) The Cephalic Vein, which crosses the flexor 
 
 brachii, gains the space formed by the 
 
68 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 levator humeri and pectoralis anticus, and 
 
 opens into the jugular vein. 
 
 2. External Subcutaneous, passes up the anterior 
 
 face of the fore-arm, and opens either into the internal 
 
 subcutaneous or, more frequently, into the cephalic 
 
 vein. 
 
 II. Deep. 
 
 1. Anterior Radial Vein. 
 
 2. Posterior Radial Vein. 
 
 3. Ulnar Vein. 
 
 These are satellites of the arteries of the same name, 
 and unite to form — 
 
 THE HUMERAL VEIN, 
 
 which is a satellite of the humeral artery, and receives 
 corresponding branches. It receives, however, two 
 veins, which have no corresponding arteries, viz. : 
 
 1. The Basilic, already mentioned. 
 
 2. The Subcutaneous Thoracic, or Spur Vein, which, 
 though really belonging to the thorax, is usually 
 described here. It commences near the flank in the 
 panniculus carnosus, passes along the superior 
 border of the pectoralis magnus, then beneath the 
 muscles of the posterior brachial region, and finally 
 opens either into the humeral or, more rarely, into 
 the brachial vein. 
 
 The humeral vein about the shoulder -joint be- 
 comes — 
 
 THE BRACHIAL VEIN. 
 
 This vein accompanies the artery, enters the thorax, 
 and, with its fellow and the jugular confluent, forms 
 the Anterior Vena Cava. 
 
NERVES. 69 
 
 LYMPHATICS. 
 
 The Brachial Glands are arranged in two groups : 
 
 1. On the inner surface of the inferior extremity of 
 the humerus. This group receives the vessels from the 
 foot and fore-arm, and sends nine or ten branches to — 
 
 2. A group near the tendons of insertion of the teres 
 internus and latissimus dorsi. The efferent vessels 
 from the second group pass to the prepectoral glands, 
 following in their course the brachial bloodvessels. 
 
 NERVES. 
 
 The Brachial Plexus supplies the anterior limb with 
 nerves. 
 
 (For a full description of this plexus and the nerves 
 it supplies to the thorax, etc., see the Thorax, Part 11.) 
 
 Branches (to the Fore-limb) . 
 
 1. Circumflex Nerve. 
 
 Course, etc. — Formed by the 7th and 8th cervical, 
 passes downwards and backwards between the 
 subscapularis and teres internus ; winds round 
 the posterior aspect of the shoulder-joint. 
 
 It supplies the teres internus, teres externus, 
 postea-spinatus minor, and levator humeri. 
 
 2. Nerve of the Teres Internus. 
 
 Course, etc. — Formed by the 7th and 8th cervical, 
 passes downwards and backwards, being related 
 with the subscapularis, and terminates in the 
 teres internus. 
 
70 
 
 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 yes can ul 
 
 Sub scan ulcir 
 
 Musculo- 
 cutanc ous 
 
 [Nenr,;ofl-h€ 
 \T'eres internu 
 
 Me d i a n 
 
 Bad i a I. 
 II I. n HI- 
 
 Fig, 6. — Diagram showing the Oeigin of those Beanches of 
 THE Brachial Plexus which supply the Anterior Limb. 
 
MEkVES. 11 
 
 Subscapular Nerve. 
 
 Course, etc. — Formed by the 6th, 7th, and 8th 
 cervical, passes downwards to the subscapularis. 
 This nerve is usually double. 
 , Prescapular or Superscapular Nerve. 
 
 Course, etc. — Formed by the 6th, 7th, and 8th 
 cervical, gains the interval between the sub- 
 scapularis and antea-spinatus, passes to the 
 external surface of the scapula, and terminates 
 in the postea-spinatus. 
 
 It supplies the antea- and postea-spinati, etc. 
 . Musculo cutaneous or Anterior Brachial Nerve. 
 
 Course, efc— Formed by the 7th and 8th cervical, 
 gains the inner aspect of the shoulder-joint, 
 forms a loop round the brachial artery by means 
 of a branch which joins the median nerve, 
 passes between the two tendons of insertion 
 of the coraco-humeralis, and terminates in the 
 flexor brachii. 
 
 It supplies the coraco-humeralis, flexor brachii, 
 
 and the skin. 
 . Radial Nerve. 
 
 Course, etc. — The most voluminous of the 
 branches of the brachial plexus. Formed 
 chiefly by the 1st dorsal, passes obliquely 
 downwards and backwards, being related to 
 the subscapularis and teres internus muscles 
 and the humeral artery. It insinuates itself 
 between the humeralis obliquus and the large 
 head of the triceps, winds round to the front 
 of the elbow, and passes under the extensors 
 down the anterior surface of the radius, 
 
72 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 terminating in the extensor metacarpi ob- 
 liquus. 
 It supplies the triceps, scapulo-uhiaris, elbow- 
 joint, and the extensors of the metacarpus and 
 foot, as well as the skin of the region. 
 7. Ulnar or CubitalNerve. 
 
 Course, etc. — Formed by the 1st and 2nd dorsals, 
 passes downwards and backwards, gains the 
 humeral artery and accompanies it for a short 
 distance, i.e., to the origin of the deep humeral 
 artery, courses between the small head of the 
 triceps and scapulo-ulnaris, to the inner aspect 
 of the elbow-joint, then along the posterior 
 border of the flexor metacarpi medius, and 
 terminates at the carpus by two branches. 
 
 Branches. 
 
 (a) To the pectoralis transversus and the skin of 
 
 the fore-arm. 
 
 (b) To the flexor muscles of the fore-arm, except 
 
 the flexor metacarpi internus and externus. 
 
 (c) Cutaneous, which passes between the tendons 
 
 of insertion of the flexor metacarpi externus 
 and medius, and is distributed to the skin 
 of the fore-arm, carpus and external meta- 
 carpal region. 
 (cl) A branch which, when joined by a branch 
 from the median, forms the external meta- 
 carpal nerve. 
 8. Median Nerve. 
 
 Course, etc. — Formed by the 7th and 8th cervical 
 and 1st dorsal. Euns downwards to the humeral 
 
NERVES. 73 
 
 artery, where it forms a loop by uniting with 
 a branch from the musculo-cutaneous ; it 
 accompanies the humeral and posterior radial 
 arteries, and terminates above the carpus by 
 two branches. 
 
 Branches. 
 
 (a) A branch of the thoracic nerves. 
 
 (6) Musculo-civtaneous, given off about the middle 
 of the humerus, and distributed to the 
 muscles and skin in front of the fore-arm. 
 
 (c) Branches to the flexor metacarpi inter nus and 
 
 flexor pedis perforans and perforatus. 
 
 (d) An anastomotic branch to the external meta- 
 
 carpal nerve, which, above the carpus, 
 passes obliquely outwards and downwards. 
 
 (e) Internal metacarpal or plantar nerve. 
 
 METACARPAL OR PLANTAR NERVES (External and 
 Internal). 
 
 Course. — Origin as given above. They run down 
 the lateral surfaces of the flexor tendons along with 
 the veins. The internal is also related to the large 
 metacarpal artery, lying posterior to it. About the 
 middle of the metacarpus an oblique branch passes 
 from the internal to the external. Bach terminates 
 at the fetlock as the three digital nerves. 
 
 DIGITAL NERVES (Anterior, Middle, and Posterior). 
 
 1. Anterior.— Is distributed to the skin in front of 
 the digit, and to the coronary cushion. 
 
 2. Middle. — Supplies the coronary cushion and 
 
74 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 podophyllous tissue. This usually anastomoses with 
 the other two nerves, particularly with the anterior. 
 
 3. Posterior. — The most voluminous and important 
 of the three nerves. Accompanies the digital artery 
 to the wing of the os pedis, proceeds along with the 
 preplantar ungual artery to the podophyllous tissue 
 and the bone. 
 
 Branches. 
 
 (a) To the flexor tendons. 
 
 (b) To ihe plantar cushion (a satellite of the artery). 
 
 (c) To the lateral cartilage. 
 
 (d) Branches satellites of the plantar ungual artery. 
 
 THE EPIDERMAL APPENDAGES. 
 
 The Hair. 
 
 In the posterior region of the carpus, metacarpus 
 and digit the hair is of greater length than in the other 
 parts of the limb ; this is particularly the case with 
 some breeds of horses ; the greatest length is attained 
 behind the metacarpo-phalangeal articulation, where 
 a tuft of hair known as the fetlock is found. 
 
 The Chestnuts are horny productions, oval or rounded 
 in outline, found in the anterior limb on the inner 
 face of the lower extremity of the fore-arm, and in the 
 posterior limb on its inner face, just below the tarsus. 
 Sometimes they are merely plate -like growths, in 
 other cases short rods. The chestnuts are composed 
 of epithelial cells, arranged in a tube-like manner ; 
 
THE FOOT OF THE HORSE. 75 
 
 they are absent in the posterior limbs of the ass, 
 and are only very small in the mule. 
 
 The Ergots are fibrous and horny projections 
 situated behind the metacarpo-phalangeal articula- 
 tion, and in the midst of the fetlock. They consist of 
 a deep fibrous thickening and a superimposed exces- 
 sive development of epithelium. 
 
 THE FOOT OF THE HORSE. 
 
 The foot of the horse consists of the horny box (the 
 hoof) and its contents, situated at the distal extremity 
 of the limb. 
 
 It has a skeleton, or basis, composed of bones, 
 ligaments, tendons, lateral cartilages, and plantar 
 cushion. 
 
 I. The Skeleton, etc. 
 
 The Bones are the os pedis, os naviculare, and the 
 inferior portion of the os coronse ; these have received 
 detailed description elsewhere. 
 
 The Ligaments are those connected with the coffin- 
 joint. 
 
 The Tendons are the terminations of those of the 
 extensor pedis and flexor pedis perforans. 
 
 The Lateral Cartilages and the Plantar Cushion, from 
 their intimate connection with the os pedis, have 
 received the name of — 
 
 The Complementary Apparatus of the Os Pedis. 
 
 The Lateral Cartilages, two in number, are bent 
 plates of mixed cartilage (mostly hyaline) placed 
 
76 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 above the wings of the os pedis, and inclining back- 
 wards and inwards. They present tivo faces and four 
 borders : 
 
 The external face is smooth and convex, and 
 has a part of the keratogenous membrane 
 attached to its lower portion. It is pierced by 
 numerous foramina, which allow of the passage 
 of veins. 
 The internal face is concave, and postero-inferiorly 
 
 is connected with the plantar cushion. 
 The superior border is thin and usually convex, 
 and presents notches for the passage of blood- 
 vessels and nerves. 
 The inferior border is attached to the alsB of 
 the OS pedis, and posteriorly to the plantar 
 cushion. 
 The anterior border is oblique, sloping from above 
 downwards, and from before backwards. The 
 cartilage is connected by this border with the 
 antero-lateral ligaments of the cof&n-joint. 
 The posterior border is also oblique, being parallel 
 to the anterior. 
 The Plantar Cushion is a wedge-shaped mass of 
 fibrous tissue (containing some little adipose tissue), 
 placed between the horny frog and the perforans 
 tendon, and bounded laterally by the lateral carti- 
 lages. 
 
 It presents two faces, two borders, a base, and an 
 apex : 
 
 The superior face is connected with the sheath of 
 the perforans tendon, being covered by the 
 proper tissue of the plantar cushion, a fibrous 
 
THE FOOT OF THE HORSE. 77 
 
 expansion continued upwards to the fetlock- 
 joint. 
 
 The inferior face presents anteriorly a central 
 ridge, which divides posteriorly, bounding a 
 central depression, each portion terminating 
 posteriorly as a bulb of the plantar cushion. 
 This face is covered by that part of the kerato- 
 genous membrane which secretes the horny frog. 
 
 The borders, which are somewhat triangular, 
 being widest posteriorly, are connected with 
 the lateral cartilages. 
 
 The base looks backwards and upwards, and pre- 
 .sents the two bulbs of the plantar cushion ; it is 
 also covered by keratogenous membrane. 
 
 The summit, or anterior extremity, is connected 
 with the OS pedis in front of the semilunar ridge. 
 Clothing the above basis is — 
 
 II. The Keratogenous Membrane. 
 
 This is a very vascular and nervous fibrous ex- 
 pansion, a continuation and a modification of the 
 corium of the skin ; it is intimately connected on the 
 one hand with the horny hoof, and on the other with 
 the structures mentioned above. It may be divided 
 into four portions : 
 
 1. The Coronary Cushion. — A bulging projection sur- 
 rounding the coronet, and possessing two borders, 
 two extremities, and a swrface : 
 
 The superior border is limited by the perioplic 
 
 ring. 
 The inferior border is separated from the sensitive 
 laminae by a white line. 
 
78 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 The extremities are narrow, and inflected at the 
 region of the heels to become blended with the 
 velvety tissue. 
 
 The surface is convex, and studded with numerous 
 projections, or papillae, which are inserted into 
 the upper extremities of the horn tubes of the 
 wall. 
 
 2. The Perioplic Ring is placed above the coronary 
 cushion, from which it is divided by a slight groove. 
 Its papillae are smaller than those of the coronary 
 cushion. 
 
 3. The Podophyllous Tissue (or Sensitive Laminae) is 
 that part of the keratogenous membrane situated on 
 the anterior face of the os pedis and the lower parts of 
 the lateral cartilages. 
 
 Its surface is covered by the fleshy or sensitive 
 laminffi, each of which we may consider to be a modi- 
 fied papilla. There are some five or six hundred of 
 these structures running downwards from the coro- 
 nary cushion to the toe. Each lamina has its free 
 margin denticulated, and its surfaces covered by fifty 
 or sixty secondary laminae (or lamellae), which form an 
 acute angle with the primary ones. The inferior 
 extremity of a lamina is marked by the presence of 
 five or six rather large papillae. 
 
 The podophyllous tissue is inflected at the heels 
 along the lower surface of the foot, the laminae of this 
 part being connected with the bars of the hoof. 
 
 The podophyllous reticulum is the name applied to 
 the deeper layers of the tissue, which are opened up 
 by the numerous veins constituting the laminal 
 plexus. 
 
THE FOOT OF THE HORSE. 79 
 
 4. The Velvety Tissue (or Sensitive Sole). — This 
 portion covers the under surface of the os pedis and 
 plantar cushion. 
 
 Its surface is studded with numerous small papillss 
 (from which it derives its name), the shortest of 
 which are in the middle depression of the plantar 
 cushion. 
 
 The plantar reticulum is similar to the podophyllous 
 reticulum in its disposition, etc. 
 
 III. The Hoof. 
 
 This horny structure may be divided into three 
 parts : Wall, sole, and frog. 
 
 1. The Wall (or Crust). — This can be seen when the 
 foot is in its natural position upon the ground, and 
 consists of a thick, somewhat crescentic plate of horn 
 curved upon itself, and having the extremities of the 
 crescent inflected to form the bars. 
 
 The wall may be divided into the outside and inside 
 toe, on each side of the middle line ; the quarters ; the 
 heels, constituting the posterior part of the wall and 
 the bars, inflections between the sole and frog. 
 
 The wall presents for consideration tivo surfaces, two 
 'borders, and two extremities : 
 
 The external surface is smooth, convex from side 
 to side, straight from above to below, and 
 covered by a varnish-like horn, the periople. 
 The internal surface is concave, and covered 
 with the horny laminae (or keraphyllous tissue) ; 
 these fit into the spaces between the sensitive 
 laminsB. 
 The superior border is thin, this being due to the 
 
8o VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 presence of an excavation, the cutigeral groove, 
 
 which lodges the coronary cushion, and which 
 
 is marked throughout its entire surface by 
 
 minute openings, the mouths of the horn 
 
 tubes. 
 The inferior border comes in contact with the 
 
 ground in the natural state, or with the shoe 
 
 in a shod animal. It is related internally to 
 
 the circumference of the sole. 
 The extremities form the bars, the upper surfaces 
 
 of which blend with the frog and sole, the 
 
 lower forming a slight ridge between these 
 
 structures. 
 •2. The Sole is the roughly crescentic, thick, horny 
 plate placed internal to the inferior border of the wall. 
 It presents two surfaces and two borders : 
 
 The external surface looks downwards, and is 
 
 concave; normally it shows semi-detached 
 
 flakes of horn. 
 The internal surface is in contact with the velvety 
 
 tissue, and is convex. Its extent is covered 
 
 with small openings resembling those of the 
 
 cutigeral groove. 
 The anterior harder (the larger) is convex, and 
 
 united to the inferior border of the wall by a 
 
 layer of soft horn, the white line. 
 The posterior border is a deep V-shaped notch, 
 
 which receives the point of the frog and the 
 
 bars. 
 3. The Frog. — This is a somewhat pyramidal-shaped 
 
 mass of elastic horn, and presents /oMr/ace«, a 
 
 base, ai}d an apex : 
 
THE FOOT OF THE HORSE. ti 
 
 The inferior face presents a middle depression, or 
 median lacuna, which separates two lateral 
 ridges which are convergent anteriorly, and 
 terminate posteriorly at the heels of the frog. 
 
 The lateral faces are divided from the bars by the 
 lateral lacunae, or commissures of the frog. 
 
 The superior face is moulded on the lower face of 
 the plantar cushion, and presents a middle emi- 
 nence — the frog-stay — and two lateral depres- 
 sions. The whole surface shows fine openings 
 analogous to those of the sole and cutigeral 
 groove. 
 
 The base (posterior extremity) presents two 
 rounded eminences, known as the bulbs or 
 glomes of the frog. 
 
 The summit (anterior extremity) is in contact 
 with the sole. 
 
 Structure of the Hoof. 
 
 The horn of the hoof is composed of epithelial 
 cells arranged in a tubular manner, the tubes being 
 cemented together by other epithelial cells. 
 
 In microscopic section the horn is seen to be com- 
 posed of : 
 
 1. Tubular substance. 
 
 2. Intratubular substance. 
 
 3. Intertubular substance. 
 
 1. The Horn Tubes are all arranged in the same 
 direction, viz., with their long axes directed from 
 above to below ; those of the wall are straight, but 
 those of the frog are slightly wavy. The upper ex- 
 tremity receives a papilla from the keratogenous 
 
 6 
 
§2 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 membrane. A tube ia , found to consist of concentric 
 layers of elongated epithelial cells, the long axes 
 of the cells being parallel to the long axis of the 
 tube. 
 
 2. The Intratubular Substance may be considered to 
 be the debris of epithelial cells cast off from the tip of 
 the papilla. It is more or less opaque, and arranged 
 in an irregular moniliform manner. 
 
 3. The Intertubular Substance consists essentially of 
 epithelial cells, arranged with their long axes either at 
 right angles to, or forming a more or less acute angle 
 with, the long axis of the tube, the exact direction 
 depending upon the distance of the cell from the 
 tube. Pigment corpuscles are said to exist in this 
 substance. 
 
 Production of the Hoof. 
 
 The periople is formed by the periophc ring, the 
 wall by the coronary cushion, and the frog and sole 
 from the velvety tissue. The white line uniting the 
 sole and wall is formed by the terminal papillae of the 
 sensitive laminae. 
 
 The Vascular and the Nervous Supply of the foot 
 have been given in their proper places. 
 
ANTERIOR LIMB OF THE OX, SHEEP, ETC. 83 
 
 ANTERIOR LIMB OF THE OX, SHEEP, PIG 
 AND DOG. 
 
 (In every instance the horse is taken as a type, and usually 
 only va/riaiions from that type ivill he mentioned.) 
 
 BONES. 
 Scapula. 
 
 Kuminants. — The bone is more triangular ; the spine is 
 nearer the anterior border, and terminates inferiorly in an 
 acromion process ; the antea-spinatus fossa is to the postea- 
 spinatus fossa as 1 : 3 ; the coracoid process is small. 
 
 Pig. — The anterior and superior borders are convex ; the spine 
 is nearer the centre, and has a large tubercle, which is curved 
 backwards ; the acromion process is represented by a small 
 projection ; the coracoid process is small. 
 
 Dog. — The cartilage of prolongation is absent ; the spine is 
 near the centre, and terminates in a well- developed acromion 
 process ; the anterior angle is indistinct, the anterior and superior 
 borders being blended and convex ; the coracoid process is small, 
 and helps to form the glenoid cavity. (The dog possesses a 
 rudimentary clavicle embedded in muscles.) 
 
 Humerus. 
 
 Buminants. — The musculo-spiral groove is not so deep ; the 
 bicipital groove is single, and the external trochanter arches over 
 it ; the internal trochanter and the external and internal tuber- 
 osities are small ; the epitrochlea and epicondyle are more nearly 
 of the same size ; the olecranon and coronoid fossse are deep, and 
 the nutrient foramen is in the posterior surface. 
 
 Pig. — The musculo-spiral groove is shallower, but the bone is 
 twisted in an /-like manner ; the bicipital groove is single, and 
 the external trochanter arches over it ; the internal trochanter 
 and external tuberosity are small ; the internal tuberosity is 
 represented by a roughened surface ; the articular head possesses 
 a better marked neck. 
 
 Dog. — The bone is relatively long and curved in an /-shaped 
 
84 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 manner ; the head is provided with a distinct neck ; the bicipital 
 groove is single, and pushed internally by the external trochanter ; 
 the internal trochanter is very small ; the olecranon and coronoid 
 fosssB are in communication by means of a foramen. 
 
 (In the cat there is a supra-condyloid foramen above the 
 inner condyle, but the olecranon and coronoid fossse are not 
 joined.) 
 
 Radius. 
 
 Ruminants. — Shorter and smoother ; its distal end is cut off 
 obliquely from without to within. 
 
 Pig. — Short and thick. 
 
 Dog. — Belatively long ; its distal extremity is larger than its 
 proximal ; the coronoid process is large ; there is a convex facet 
 below the head posteriorly and inclined to the inner side, and a 
 concave facet on the outer side of the distal extremity ; these are 
 for articulation with the ulna. 
 
 Ulna. 
 
 Ruminants. — Extends the whole length of the radius, and 
 articulates with the cuneiform bone ; the olecranon process is 
 compressed laterally ; there are two radio-ulnar arches, joined 
 by a groove which runs between the two bones externally. 
 
 Pig. — Larger than the radius ; it articulates by its distal end 
 with the cuneiform and trapezium ; the olecranon process is 
 large and tuberous. 
 
 Dog. — Well developed and long ; below the sigmoid notch 
 there is a concave facet, looking outwards and for articulation 
 with the radius ; distally there is a convex facet for the radius 
 and facets for the cuneiform and trapezium. 
 
 Carpus. 
 
 Ruminants. — Formula : 4=6 bones. The trapezoid and pisi- 
 form are absent ; the trapezium is tuberous, and articulates 
 with the cuneiform only ; the cuneiform articulates with both 
 radius and ulna. 
 
 Pig. — Formula: 1 = 8 bones. The trapezium articulates with 
 the ulna and cuneiform ; the cuneiform articulates with the 
 radius and ulna ; the unciform articulates with the two outer 
 
ANTERIOR LIMB OF THE OX, SHEEP, ETC. 85 
 
 metacarpal bones, the magnum with the inner larger metacarpal, 
 and the trapezoid with the two inner metacarpals. 
 
 Dog. — Formula: 4 = 7 bones. The scaphoid and lunar are 
 united, and the single bone thus formed articulates with the 
 radius ; the cuneiform articulates with the radius and ulna, and 
 the trapezium with the ulna. In the lower row, the unciform 
 articulates with the fourth and fifth metacarpals, the magnum 
 with the third and fourth, the trapezoid with the second, and the 
 pisiform with the first and second metacarpals. 
 
 Metacarpus. 
 
 Ruminants. — This region contains two bones, a large and 
 an external small bone. 
 
 The Large Metacarpal has only two facets at its proximal 
 extremity for articulation with the bones of the lower row of the 
 carpus ; its distal end presents a double articulatory surface, each 
 portion resembling that of the horse, and separated from the 
 other by a deep groove ; the anterior and posterior surfaces of 
 the shaft show longitudinal furrows, which correspond to a 
 septum dividing the medullary canal. 
 
 The Small Metacarpal bone is very rudimentary, being little 
 more than a nodule of bone. 
 
 There are four Sesamoid bones, each articulating with the 
 large metacarpal and the os suffraginis. 
 
 Pig. — There are four bones, the two central ones being large 
 and of nearly equal size ; the outer and inner bones are smaller. 
 Each metacarpal has two Sesamoids. 
 
 Dog. — There are five metacarpal bones : the innermost is short 
 and rudimentary, and has a trochlea distally ; the two central 
 ones are longest and best developed. AH the metacarpals articu- 
 late with each other at their proximal ends. There are two 
 Sesamoids to each metacarpal bone. 
 
 Digits. 
 
 Ruminants. — In all there are four digits, but two are repre- 
 sented by nodules, of bone situated at the back of the fetlock. 
 The other two have three phalanges each. 
 
 First Phalanx resembles the os suffraginis of the horse, but is 
 laterally compressed. 
 
86 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Second Phalanx resembles that of the horse, but is more 
 cubical, and possesses a small medullary canal. 
 
 Third Phalanx almost exactly resembles half of the os pedis 
 of the horse. 
 
 Each digit has a Navicular bone, which is quadrilateral in 
 outline. 
 
 Pig. — There are four complete digits, each consisting of three 
 phalanges and a navicular bone. The two central digits are 
 larger than the two lateral ones. 
 
 Dog. — There are five digits. The innermost possesses only 
 two phalanges, and does not touch the ground in walking. The 
 third phalanx has a hollow to receive the root of the claw. The 
 navicular bone is absent, its place being taken by a projection of 
 bone from the inferior surface of the third phalanx. 
 
 ABTICULATIONS. 
 Shoulder-joint. 
 
 Pig and Dog. — The synovial membrane is prolonged into 
 the bicipital groove. The glenoid cavity is deepened by a rim of 
 cartilage. 
 
 Elbow-joint. 
 
 Ruminants. — The internal lateral ligament is shorter than the 
 external. 
 
 Pig. — Interosseous ligaments unite the radius and ulna firmly 
 together. 
 
 Dog. — The radius and ulna are movable on each other. An 
 orbicular ligament surrounds the head of the radius, and is 
 attached to the external lateral ligament. Botatory movements 
 take place between the two bones ; when the palmar surface of 
 the manus is placed downwards (as is usually the case), the 
 condition is known as pronation; when the palm is turned 
 inwards, supination is the result. 
 
 Carpus. 
 
 Differences occur due to the differences in the number of 
 bones. 
 
ANTERIOR LIMB OF THE OX, SHEEP, ETC. 87 
 
 Intermetacarpal Joint. 
 
 Buminants. — There is only one articulation. 
 
 Pig. — The four metacarpals articulate -with each other by 
 diarthrodial facets, and are joined together by interosseous fibres 
 and prolongations from the anterior and posterior carpal liga- 
 ments. 
 
 Dog. — There is an arrangement similar to that in the pig, but 
 movement between the bones is freer. 
 
 Fetlock-joint. 
 
 Buminants. — This is a double joint. There are three inter- 
 sesamoidean ligaments uniting the four bones. The inferior 
 sesamoidean hgament consists of four small bands for each digit. 
 The superior interdigital hgament is crucial, and joins the 
 first phalanges. Lateral sesamoidean Ugaments unite the outer 
 sesamoids to the first phalanges. The superior sesamoidean 
 ligament is distributed in a very noteworthy manner; com- 
 mencing as in the horse, it divides inferiorly into eight branches. 
 Two branches proceed to the perforatus tendon, and assist it in 
 forming a ring for the perforans tendon. Four branches are 
 attached to the sesamoids ; those belonging to the outer sesa- 
 moids are continued forwards to the front of the digits, and 
 join the extensor proprii tendons. The two last branches pass 
 through the interarticular notch of the metacarpal bone, become 
 united to each other, then pass obhquely downwards and for- 
 wards between the first phalanges, again separate, and unite 
 with the extensor proprius tendon of each digit. 
 
 Pig and Dog. — There are ligaments attached to each joint 
 which somewhat resemble those of the rumiuant. The superior 
 sesamoidean ligament is replaced by muscles. The inferior 
 sesamoidean hgament consists of two crucial bundles. There 
 is a small bony nodule found in the anterior capsular ligament, 
 which acts as a sesamoid for a tendon of the common extensor 
 of the digits. 
 
88 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Pastern Joint. 
 Buminants. — The glenoid cartilage is attached to the first 
 phalanx by two bands only, and is connected with the perforatus 
 tendon. 
 
 Coffin-joint. 
 
 Bumina^nts. — There is an inferior interdigital ligament 
 uniting the naviculars and inner faces of the third phalanges. 
 
 Dog. — An elastic ligament stretches from the lower end of the 
 second to the third phalanx, just above the root of the claw ; it 
 acts as a retractor of the claw (this is more powerful in the cat 
 than in the dog). 
 
 MUSCLES. 
 Shoulder. 
 
 Dog. — The Acromio-humeralis — considered to be part of the 
 teres externus, in front of which it is placed — passes from the 
 acromion to the humerus. 
 
 The Antea-spinatus is voluminous, and has only one tendon 
 of insertion, which is attached to the external trochanter. 
 
 The Postea-spinatus also has only one tendon of insertion. 
 
 The Coraco-humeralis is short and single, being inserted 
 above the teres internus. 
 
 Arm. 
 
 Pig and Dog. — The Flexor Brachii is attached both to the 
 bicipital tuberosity and the inner side of the ulna. 
 
 The Humeralis Obliciuus has also an insertion to the ulna 
 just below that of the preceding muscle. 
 
 The Scapulo-ulnaris arises from the latissimus dorsi. 
 
 The Caput Medium and Anconeus are both large. 
 
 Fore-arm. 
 
 Ruminants.— The Extensor Metacarpi Magnus is similar to 
 that of the horse. 
 
 The Extensor Metacarpi Obliquus is attached to the inner 
 side of the head of the large metacarpal bone. 
 
 The Extensor Pedis is represented by two muscles : (1) The 
 Extensor Communis Digitorum, the tendon of which bifurcates 
 
ANTERIOR LIMB OF THE OX, SHEEP, ETC. 89 
 
 at the fetlock, each portion being inserted to the pyramidal 
 process of the third phalanx of a digit; and (2) the Ex- 
 tensor Froprius Internus, which is placed internally to the 
 preceding; its tendon, after receiving sUps from the superior 
 sesamoidean Ugament, is attached to the anterior face of the 
 second and the external face of the third phalanx. 
 
 The Extensor Suffraginis, which is thicker than in the horse, 
 becomes the Extensor Froprius Externus, and is disposed in a 
 manner s imil ar to the internus. 
 
 The three muscles are all extensors, but in addition the 
 proprii are expansors, and the communis is an approximator of 
 the digits. 
 
 The Flexor Fedis Ferforatus is double, but the two tendons 
 unite about the middle of the metacarpus and again divide, 
 each portion going to its own digit and receiving a shp from the 
 suspensory ligament to assist in forming the ring for the passage 
 of the perforans tendon. The check ligament is attached to the 
 tendon of this muscle. 
 
 The Flexor Fedis Ferforans does not receive the check liga- 
 ment, and divides about the fetlock into two tendons, one for 
 each digit. Its insertion is blended with the plantar cushion and 
 inferior interdigital hgament. 
 
 Fig. — The Extensor Metacarpi Magnus is inserted to the 
 head of the inner large metacarpal bone, and the Extensor 
 Metacarpi Obliquus to the head of the inner small metacarpal 
 bone. 
 
 The Extensor Communis Digitorum terminates in four 
 tendons, one for each digit. 
 
 The Extensor Froprius Internus has a double tendon passing 
 to the two inner digits. 
 
 The Extensor Froprius Externus also has a double tendon, 
 which is attached to the two outer digits. 
 
 The Flexor Fedis Ferforatus is double throughout, and is 
 inserted to the mesian phalanges of the two. large digits. 
 
 The Flexor Fedis Ferforans terminates in four tendons, one 
 for each digit. 
 
 Dog. — The Extensor Metacarpi Magnus has two tendons, 
 attached to the second and third metacarpal bones. 
 
90 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 The Extensor Metacarpi Obliquus is inserted to the head of 
 the first metacarpal bone, and blends with the posterior carpal 
 ligament. 
 
 The Extensor Communis Digitorum has four tendons of 
 insertion, one for each of the principal digits. 
 
 The Extensor Proprius has three tendons, which are in- 
 serted to the anterior surfaces of the three outer digits. 
 
 The Flexor Pedis Perforatus has four tendons of insertion, 
 which are attached to the mesian phalanges of the four chief 
 digits. 
 
 The Flexor Pedis Perforans terminates in five tendons, one 
 for each digit. Its ulnar and radial portions are large, and it 
 contributes a small tendon to the carpal sheath. 
 
 The following muscles are not represented in the other 
 domesticated animals : 
 
 1. Extensor PoUicis et Indicis. 
 
 Origin. — External surface of radius. 
 Insertion. — To the first and second digits. 
 
 2. Supinator LongUS (rudimentary). 
 
 Origin. — The ridge of tlie musculo-spiral groove of the 
 
 humerus. 
 Insertion. — Inner face of the distal end of the radius. 
 
 This muscle is a very slight supinator. 
 
 3. Supinator Brevis. 
 
 Origin. — External condyle of the humerus and external 
 
 ligament of the elbow-joint. 
 Insertion. — Anterior surface and internal border of the 
 
 radius. 
 
 4. Pronator Teres. 
 
 Origin. — Epicondyle of the humerus. 
 Insertion. — Inner border of the radius. 
 
 5. Pronator Quadratus. 
 
 Origin. — The radius, from near the elbow-joint to the 
 
 carpus. 
 Insertion. — The ulna, through nearly the same extent of 
 surface. 
 The pronators oppose the supinators by turning the palmar 
 surface of the manus downwards. 
 
ANTERIOR LIMB OF THE OX, SHEEP, ETC. 91 
 
 Metacarpus. 
 
 Ruminants. — There are no separate muscles in this region, 
 but the superior sesamoidean ligament contains numerous 
 muscular fibres. 
 
 Pig.^ — The superior sesamoidean hgament is replaced by four 
 Interosseous Metacarpal muscles, which arise from the pos- 
 terior faces of the heads of the metacarpal bones, and from the 
 posterior carpal and intermetacarpal ligaments ; their tendons 
 gain the front of the region and join the proprii tendons. A 
 single Lumbricus muscle passes from the internal tendon' of the 
 perforans to the proprius tendon of the internal digit. A 
 separate muscle arises from the carpo-metacarpal hgament, and 
 joins the extensor proprius tendon of the outermost digit. 
 
 Dog. — This region in the dog is plentifully supplied with 
 muscles, most of which have no representatives in the other 
 domesticated animals : 
 
 1. Adductor Brevis Pollicis. 
 
 Origin. — Posterior carpal hgament. 
 
 Insertion. — Metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx of the 
 
 poUex. 
 It adducts and flexes the pollex. 
 
 2. Opponens Pollicis. 
 
 Origin and Insertion. — Very Kke the preceding. 
 It merely adducts the pollex. 
 
 3. Flexor Brevis Pollicis. 
 
 Origin. — Posterior carpal ligament. 
 
 Insertion. — Inner side of proximal phalanx of the pollex. 
 
 It flexes the pollex. 
 
 4. Adductor Indicis. 
 
 Origin. — Posterior carpal ligament. 
 
 Insertion. — Upper and inner face of the proximal phalanx 
 of the index. 
 
 5. Abductor Minimi Digiti. 
 
 Origin. — The trapezium. 
 
 Insertion. — Upper part of the proximal phalanx of the 
 fifth digit. 
 
VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 6. Adductor Minimi Digiti (Opponens). 
 
 Origin. — Posterior carpal ligament. 
 Insertion. — Upper extremity of the proximal phalanx of 
 the fifth digit. 
 
 7. Flexor Minimi Digiti. 
 
 Origin. — Inferior trapezial ligament. 
 Insertion. — To the tendon of the abductor. 
 
 8. Palmaris Brevis. — A rounded, almost hemispherical, mass 
 placed below the carpus, and connected with the skin and the 
 aponeurosis of the preceding muscles. 
 
 9. Lumbrici. — Are placed between the four principal tendons 
 of the perforans, arising from them ; they join the extensor 
 tendons of the three external digits. 
 
 10. Interossei Metacarpei.— These are four in number, and 
 are situated in front of the flexor tendons. 
 
 Origin. — Posterior and lateral surfaces of the four princi- 
 pal metacarpal bones, and from the posterior carpal 
 and intermetacarpal ligaments. 
 
 Insertion.— The extensor tendons. 
 
 ARTEEIBS. 
 
 Buminants. — The Prescapular artery is absent. 
 
 The Scapulo-humeral branch of the subscapular supplies most 
 of the muscles in the posterior brachial region. 
 
 The Humeral artery is small. 
 
 The Badio-palmar branch of the posterior radial is given off 
 high up the fore-arm, and forms at the carpus three posterior 
 and one dorsal interosseous arteries. 
 
 The Posterior Interosseous arteries are variable. 
 
 The Dorsal artery gains the anterior aspect of the limb, and 
 anastomoses with the anterior radial and the large metacarpal 
 artery. It occupies the groove on the anterior face of the meta- 
 carpal bone. 
 
 The Great Metacarpal artery gives o£f a branch which passes 
 between the two portions of the distal extremity of the meta- 
 carpal bone, and ascends in the groove on the front of that bone. 
 It forms three digital arteries, a middle and two lateral. 
 
 The Middle Digital artery gains the posterior face of the 
 
ANTERIOR LIMB OF THE OX, SHEEP, ETC. 93 
 
 perforatus tendon ; at the lower extremity of the proximal 
 phalanges it bifurcates, forming the two Ungual arteries, which 
 enter the plantar foramina of the distal phalanges, being dis- 
 tributed in the same manner as the plantar ungual in the 
 horse. 
 
 The Lateral Digital arteries (internal and external) pass 
 down the outer face of the digits. The external artery is formed 
 by the great metacarpal and external interosseous arteries ; the 
 internal by the metacarpal alone. 
 
 Pig. — The Brachial artery in this animal is distributed in a 
 similar manner to that of the ruminant. 
 
 The Subscapular is distributed in much the same manner as 
 the deep humeral of the horse. 
 
 Dog. — The Humeral artery terminates as the posterior radial 
 and ulnar arteries. Its collateral branches resemble those of 
 the horse. The Anterior Badial artery is very small. 
 
 The Ulnar artery, after a short course, gives off an inter- 
 osseous branch which gains the deep face of the pronator 
 quadratus, and about the lower third of the fore-arm divides into 
 the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries. 
 
 The Anterior Interosseous artery gains the anterior face of 
 the carpus, where it forms a plexus, and supplies the anterior 
 face of the digits. 
 
 The Posterior Interosseous artery, at about the level of the 
 trapezium, divides into two branches, a superficial and a deep. 
 The superficial branch, along with the ulnar and radio-palmar 
 arteries, forms the superficial palmar arch ; the deep branch, 
 with the radio-pahnar, forms the deep palmar arch, from which 
 are formed eight interosseous metacarpal arteries, four 
 posterior or palmar, which unite with the collaterals of the 
 digits, and fou/r OMterior or dorsal, which, passing through the 
 iater-metacarpal spaces, anastomose with the anterior inter- 
 osseous artery, and terminate by joining the collaterals of the 
 digits. 
 
 The Badial artery, passing along the inner face of the 
 perforatus muscle, unites with a branch of the posterior inter- 
 osseous artery to form the superficial palmar arch, from which 
 fovir branches spring, the four palmar or collateral arteries of 
 
94 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 the digits, which have the following distribution : The internal 
 supphes the pollex ; the second, the iadex ; the third, the 
 medius and annulus ; and the external, or fourth, the minimus. 
 
 VEINS. 
 
 BuminantS. — There are fotur digital veins : an anterior, a 
 posterior, and two laterals. 
 
 1. The Anterior Digital vein is placed in front of the digits 
 and raetacarpus, terminating in the subcutaneous vein. 
 
 2. The Posterior Digital vein accompanies the collateral 
 artery of the metacarpus, and terminates in a posterior radial 
 vein. 
 
 3. The Internal Digital vein passes along the inner border of 
 the superior sesamoidean ligament, and bifurcates about the 
 carpus, one branch going to the internal subcutaneous vein, the 
 other to a posterior radial. 
 
 4. The External Digital vein is found along the outer border 
 of the ligament, and it joins the internal vein below the carpus. 
 
 NEEVES. 
 
 Ruminants. — The Radial nerve supplies branches to the 
 extensors of the fore-arm, and to the extensors in the anterior 
 antibrachial region. It also forms a cutaneous branch, which 
 divides, one portion terminating at the carpus, the other forming 
 the two dorsal collaterals of the digits. 
 
 The Ulnar nerve forms the external plantar nerve without 
 receiving a branch from the median. 
 
 The Median nerve forms the internal plantar nerve, which 
 divides into three branches. The ^rsi joins the external plantar 
 nerve about the distal end of the metacarpal bone ; the second 
 forms the internal collateral of the external digit and the 
 external collateral of the internal digit; while the third 
 forms the internal collateral of the internal digit. 
 
 Pig. — The Median nerve supplies the interosseous palmar 
 muscles, and then divides into four branches, which form the 
 collaterals of the digits. 
 
ANTERIOR LIMB OF THE OX, SHEEP, ETC. 95 
 
 The Ulnar nerve, near the trapezium, divides into two 
 branches, one of which suppUes the external digit ; the other 
 forms the dorsal collaterals of the two external digits. 
 
 Dog. — The Badial nerve, by means of a cutaneous branch, 
 supplies the collateral dorsal nerves of the digits. 
 
 The Median nerve is blended with the vlnsx to near the 
 elbow-joint. Below the carpus it supphes collateral nerves to all 
 the digits except the fourth and external part of the third ; in 
 addition it provides a branch which, along with a branch from 
 the ulnar, forms the superficial palmar arch. 
 
 The Ulnar nerve provides dorsal and palma/r branches. 
 The dorsal forms the external dorsal collateral of the fourth 
 digit. The palmar, dividing into eight branches, supplies all the 
 digits except the internal border of the index. 
 
 THE FOOT. 
 
 Buminants. — The Hoof is double, each part corresponding in 
 general arrangement to the hoof of the horse ; the horny frog is 
 rudimentary. Each part of the hoof is called a Claw. 
 
 The rudimentary digits are provided with small horny caps, 
 found behind the fetlock -joint. 
 
 Pig. — The Hoofs are four in number for each Umb, and 
 resemble in essential respects those of the ruminant. 
 
 Dog. — This animal is provided with Claws, or Nails, at the 
 ends of the digits ; each claw consists of a curved projection of 
 horn protecting the supero-anterior face of the phalanx only. 
 The claws of the cat are retractile. 
 
 The skin on the posterior faces of the digits is much thickened, 
 forming the Pads — five in number — four of which are small and 
 placed under the four principal digits, the fifth being large and 
 situated behind the preceding. 
 
THE POSTERIOR LIMB OF THE HORSE. 
 
 The Posterior limb of the horse is divided into the 
 following regions : 
 
 I. The Croup, or Hip— skeleton formed by the 
 
 Os Innmninatum. 
 II. The Thigh — skeleton formed by the Femur. 
 
 III. The Leg — skeleton formed by the Tibia and 
 
 Fibula. 
 
 IV. The Pes, or Foot — consisting of : 
 
 1. Tarsus, formed by six bones : 
 
 Astragalus, calcaneum, cuboid, cunei- 
 form magnum, cuneiform medium, 
 cuneiform parvum. 
 
 2. Metatarsus \^''^'^':' *° corresponding 
 _ _. .^ i regions m the anterior 
 ^- Digit { ^.^^_ 
 
 BONES. 
 
 The Os Innominatum is formed by three bones : 
 (1) The Ilium, the largest and most anterior ; (2) the 
 Ischium, the most posterior ; and (3) the Pubis, the 
 smallest. 
 
BONES. 97 
 
 1. THE ILIUM. 
 
 Class. — Plat bone, triangular in shape. 
 
 Situation. — It forms the anterior part of the 
 OS innominatum, and is directed downwards, back- 
 wards, and outwards. 
 
 It presents two surfaces, three borders, and three 
 angles. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 (a) External (Dorsal or Gluteal). — Superiorly it is 
 concave,, and inferiorly convex, and possesses ridges 
 for muscular attachment. 
 
 (b) Internal (Venter or Ihac).- — This is divided into 
 two portions : 
 
 a. External, smooth for muscular attachment. 
 /8. Internal, roughened and partially occupied 
 
 by the auricular facet for articulation with 
 
 the sacrum. 
 
 Borders. 
 
 (a) Anterior (Crest of the Ilium). — Convex above, 
 concave below, and roughened for muscular attach- 
 ment. 
 
 (b) External. — Thick and concave. 
 
 (c) Internal. — Thin and concave, and terminating 
 posteriorly in the superior ischiatic (or sciatic) spine. 
 
 Angles. 
 
 (a) Internal or Posterior Iliac Spine. — Eoughened 
 and curved upwards and ba .kwards. It is sometimes 
 called the angle of the croup. 
 
 (b) External or Anterior Iliac Spine. — Consists of 
 
 7 
 
98 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 four tuberosities arranged in two pairs — superior and 
 inferior — ^joined by a thick plate of bone. This is 
 known as the angle of the haunch. 
 
 (c) Posterior. — Thick and triangular, and presents : 
 (a) A concave articular facet. 
 (/8) Portion of superior ischiatie spine. 
 (7) Externally, two depressions for the attach- 
 ment of the rectus femoris muscle. 
 (S) Antero-internally, the ilio-pectineal eminence. 
 
 Nutrient Foramen. — On the internal surface, at 
 about the union of its middle and lower thirds. 
 It articulates with four bones : 
 
 Sacrum internally, and femur, ischium and pubis 
 posteriorly. 
 
 2. THE ISCHIUM. 
 
 Class. — Flat bone, irregularly quadrilateral in 
 shape. 
 
 Situation. — It is placed behind the ilium, forming 
 the posterior part of the os innominatum. 
 
 It presents tivo surfaces, fow borders, &nAfour angles. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 (a) Superior. — Smooth and slightly concave. 
 
 (b) Inferior. — Almost flat, and roughened for mus- 
 cular attachment. 
 
 Borders. 
 
 (a) Anterior. — Concave, and bounds the obturator 
 foramen posteriorly. 
 
 (b) Posterior. — Thick and roughened ; it ia inclined 
 
BONES. 99 
 
 inwards and forwards, forming, with the corresponding 
 border of the other ischium, the ischial arch. 
 
 (c) Internal. — Joins the opposite bone at the ischial 
 symphysis. 
 
 {d) External.— Thick and smooth ; forms a boundary 
 of the lesser sciatic notch ; anteriorly it helps to form 
 the superior ischiatic spine. 
 
 Angles. 
 
 (a) Antero-internal. — Sometimes called the ramus; 
 joins the pubis. 
 
 (6) Antero-external. — Assists in the formation of the 
 acetabulum. 
 
 (c) Postero-intemal. — Applied to the corresponding 
 angle of the other ischium. 
 
 (d) Postero-external. — Thickened and rough, form- 
 ing the tuber ischii, from the under part of which the 
 inferior ischiatic spine runs forwards. 
 
 It articulates with four bones : 
 
 The femur, ilium and pubis anteriorly, and its 
 fellow of the opposite side internally. 
 
 3. THE PUBIS. 
 
 Class. — Irregularly triangular. 
 Situation. — Anterior to the ischium. 
 It presents two surfaces, three borders, and three 
 angles. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 (a) Superior. — Smooth and concave, supporting the 
 urinary bladder. 
 
 (6) Inferior. — Very slightly convex. It is crossed 
 
VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 by the pubio-fenwral firoove, which lodges the pubio- 
 femoral ligament. 
 
 Borders, 
 
 (a) Anterior. — Forms, with the corresponding border 
 of the other pubis, the brim of the pelvis. 
 
 {b) Internal. — Joins the other pubis at the pubic 
 symphysis. 
 
 (c) External. — Concave, and bounds the obturator 
 foramen. 
 
 Angeles. 
 
 (a) Antero-internal. — Meets the other pubis. 
 
 (6) Antero-external. — Helps to form the acetabulum. 
 
 (c) Posterior. — United to the ischium. 
 
 It articulates with three bones : 
 The ilium and ischium externally and posteriorly, 
 and its fellow internally. 
 
 The Acetabulum, or cotyloid cavity, is formed by the 
 union of the three bones, and is a deep articular 
 cavity for the reception of the head of the femur. It 
 is surrounded by a rim, or brim, which is incomplete 
 internally. The incomplete portion is the cotyloid 
 notch. A triangular portion of the cavity is non- 
 articular, and roughened for ligamentous attachment ; 
 this is the fundus acetabuli, and is formed by the 
 pubis. 
 
 The Obturator Foramen, foramen ovale, or thyroid 
 foramen, is a large oval or rounded opening on the 
 floor of the pelvis, and circumscribed by the three 
 segments of the os innominatum. 
 
BONES. loi 
 
 Development of Os Innomiuatum. — Prom six centres : 
 
 1. For the ilium. 
 
 2. For the ischium. 
 
 3. For the pubis. 
 
 4. In the acetabulum. At the junction of the 
 
 three bones. ,. ^ 
 
 5. For the iliac crest. 
 
 6. For the tuber ischii. 
 
 Befereuce to Side. — Place the ilium anteriorly, the 
 acetabulum externally, and the posterior iliac spine 
 superiorly. 
 
 THE PELVIS. 
 
 Is formed by the two ossa innomiiiata, the sacrum, 
 one or tivo coccygeal vertebra, and the sacra-sciatic 
 ligaments. It is the most posterior of the three great 
 body cavities, and has an anterior opening — the inlet, 
 communicating with the abdomen — and a posterior 
 opening — or outlet of the pelvis. The inlet is circum- 
 scribed by the base of the sacrum, the ilio-pectineal 
 lines, and the anterior borders of the pubes. The outlet 
 is limited above by the anterior coccygeal vertebrae, 
 laterally by the sacro-sciatic ligaments (posterior 
 borders), and inferiorly by the posterior borders of the 
 ischia. 
 
 Characteristics of the Female Pelvis. 
 
 The transverse measurement between the aceta- 
 bula and the ischial tuberosities is greater than in the 
 male. 
 
 The obturator foramen is rounder and larger. 
 
 The ischial arch is more distinctly concave (in the 
 male it is somewhat triangular). 
 
VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 The floor (formed by the superior surfaces of the 
 ischia and pubes) is flatter than in the male. 
 
 THE FEMUR. 
 
 Class. — The largest long bone in the body. 
 Situation. — It extends downwards and forwards from 
 the acetabulum. 
 
 It possesses a shaft and two extremities. 
 
 I. The Shaft. 
 Surfaces. 
 
 {a) Anterior. — Smooth, and convex from side to 
 side, and shows a few imprints of muscular attach- 
 ments. 
 
 {b) Posterior. — Somewhat triangular, being widest 
 superiorly, and possessing supero-externally a roughen- 
 ing for the triceps abductor, supero-internally an 
 oblique ridge for the ischio-femoralis, and in its 
 middle third a roughening for the attachment of the 
 adductor brevis and adductor longus. 
 
 (c) External. — Presents superiorly the trochanter 
 minor, and interiorly the sitpra-condyloid fossa. 
 
 (d) Internal. — Presents, in its upper third, the 
 trochanter interiius, and inferiorly the supra-condyloid 
 crest. 
 
 II. Extremities. 
 Proximal. — 
 
 This presents the head internally, the trochanter 
 
 major externally. 
 The Head is smooth, convex and articular, with 
 the exception of a notch for the attachment of 
 the round and pubio-femoral ligaments. 
 The Cervix, or Neck, limits the head inferiorly. 
 
BONES. io~3 
 
 The Trochanter Major, placed externally to the 
 head, is divided into a sxmimit (the highest 
 part), a convexity (anterior to the summit), and 
 a crest (below the convexity). 
 
 The Trochanteric Ridge joins the trochanters, 
 major and minor. 
 
 The Trochanteric (or Digital) Fossa is placed in- 
 ternal to the trochanteric ridge. 
 Distal. — 
 
 Presents two condyles and a trochlea. 
 
 The Condyles articulate with the tibia, and are 
 smooth and convex. 
 
 The Intercondyloid Fossa or Groove divides the 
 condyles. 
 
 The Trochlea is a pulley-shaped surface for articu- 
 lation with the patella. It consists of two lips 
 (the inner being much the larger) and a middle 
 groove. 
 
 Internal to the inner condyle is a pit for the 
 internal lateral ligament of the stifle-joint. 
 
 External to the external condyle are two depres- 
 sions — the upper for the external lateral liga- 
 ment, and lower for the origin of the popliteus. 
 Nutrient Foramen. — About the middle of the internal 
 surface. 
 It articulates with four bones : 
 
 The ischium and ilium superiorly, the patella 
 antero-inferiorly, and the tibia inferiorly. 
 Development. — From four centres : 
 
 1. For the shaft. 
 
 2 and 3. For the extremities. 
 
 4. For the trochanter major. 
 
164 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Reference to Side. — Place the trochanter major 
 superiorly and externally, and the trochlea anteriorly. 
 
 THE PATELLA. 
 
 Class.^-It is irregularly pyramidal in shape, and is 
 sometimes described as a short bone. 
 
 Situation. — It is placed in front of the trochlea of the 
 femur. 
 
 It presents tltree surfaces. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 (a) Anterior. — Convex and rough. 
 
 (&) Posterior. — Smooth and articular, consisting of 
 a middle ridge and two depressions, the internal of 
 which is the larger. 
 
 (c) Superior. — Somewhat concave from before to 
 behind, and roughened for muscular attachment. 
 
 It articulates with the femur. 
 
 Development. — From one centre. 
 
 THE TIBIA. 
 
 Class. — A long bone. 
 
 Situation.— Pl&oeA below the femur, and directed 
 downwards and backwards. 
 
 It possesses a shaft and tivo extremities. 
 
 I. The Shaft. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 (a) External. — Smooth, concave above and convex 
 
 below. 
 
 (h) Internal.— Slightly convex from side to side ; 
 
BONES. 
 
 105 
 
 it shows a roughening for muscular attachment 
 superiorly ; otherwise it is smooth and subcutaneous, 
 being covered by very strong periosteum. 
 
 (c) Posterior.— Flattened from side to side. Su- 
 periorly there is a smooth triangular space covered 
 by the popliteus ; the middle of the surface is marked 
 by ridges running obliquely downwards and inwards, 
 for the origin of the flexor pedis perforans. . 
 
 Borders. 
 
 (a) Anterior. — Forms the tibial crest superiorly ; 
 inferiorly it is rounded and smooth. 
 
 (6) External. — Concave, and divided from the fibula 
 by the tibio-fihular arch. 
 
 (c) Internal. — Thick, and carries a tubercle supe- 
 riorly for the attachment of the popliteus. 
 
 II. Extremities. 
 Proximal. — ' 
 
 Much larger than the distal, and presents two 
 articular facets — for the condyles of the femur 
 — divided by the tibial spine, which is excavated 
 externally for the attachment of one of "the 
 crucial ligaments. 
 
 Anteriorly is the Anterior Tuberosity, which is 
 concave externally and convex internally, and 
 continuous with the tibial crest ; it is excavated 
 for the attachment of the middle straight 
 patellar ligament. 
 
 The External and Internal Tuberosities are placed 
 laterally, the external one carrying the articu- 
 lar facet for the fibula. 
 
io6 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Distal. — 
 
 Elongated from side to side; presents two articu- 
 lar grooves— which run backwards and inwards 
 — divided by an articular ridge. 
 
 Laterally are the two Malleoli, the internal being 
 the larger, and the external being grooved for 
 the passage of the peroneus tendon. 
 
 Nutrient Foramen. — In the upper third of the pos- 
 terior surface. 
 
 It articulates with three bones : 
 
 The femur and fibula superiorly, and the astra- 
 galus interiorly. 
 Development. — From five centres : 
 1. For the shaft. 
 2 and 3. For the extremities. 
 
 4. For the anterior tuberosity. 
 
 5. For the external malleolus. 
 
 Reference to Side. — Place the spine superiorly, the 
 crest anteriorly, and the articular surface for the fibula 
 externally. 
 
 THE FIBULA. 
 
 Class. — An interrupted long bone. 
 
 Situation. — Along the external border of the tibia. 
 
 It possesses a head and a loiver portion. 
 
 I. The Head, or superior extremity, is flattened 
 laterally, and shows two surfaces— the inner being 
 roughened for articulation with the tibia, the outer 
 also roughened for the attachment of the external 
 lateral ligament of the stifle-joint. 
 
 II. The Lower Portion gradually tapers away, termi- 
 nating about the lower third of the tibia ; it is con- 
 
BONES. 107 
 
 nected with the external malleolus by a ligamentous 
 cord. 
 
 It articulates with the tibia only. 
 
 Development. — From two centres : 
 
 1. For the head. 
 
 2. For the lower part. 
 
 The external malleolus of the tibia may be regarded 
 as the distal extremity of the fibula. 
 
 THE TARSUS. 
 
 Is composed of six bones. 
 
 A. Tipper Row. — Astragalus and calcaneum. 
 
 B. Lower Row. — Cuboid, cuneiform magnum, cunei- 
 form medium, and cuneiform parvum. 
 
 The number of bones may be indicated by the fol- 
 lowing formula : 
 
 = 6 bones. 
 4 
 
 A. THE UPPER OR TIBIAL ROW. 
 
 The Astragalus. 
 
 Class. — An irregular or short bone, 
 /^^toatiora.— Immediately below the tibia. 
 It presents six surfaces. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 Anterior and Superior. — Blended, and forming the 
 trochlea, which consists of two ridges and a dividing 
 groove, running upwards, backwards and inwards, and 
 for articulation with the tibia. 
 
 Inferior. — Convex from before to behind, and pre- 
 
wS 
 
 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 senting a large facet for the cuneiform magnum, and 
 a small bevelled one for the cuboid. 
 
 Di acjraw, .shov/ing nosition 
 cfthi- Ta i 
 
 I Paste ri or Vi enr. ,■ 
 
 Tii-i a. 
 
 \ Cede is 
 
 Asiragulus. 
 
 Cuhoid- 
 6 
 
 Cuneiform Ma-gntim. jj 
 4- S 
 
 Cuneiform. Cuneiform 
 m e diu m ■ Parvum . 
 4 4-1 
 
 \atarsai icnle\s. 
 
 Fig. 7— Diagram showing Position of the Tarsal Bones 
 
 (Posterior Yiew). 
 
 The figures denote the number of articulations of each bone. 
 
 Posterior.— Irregular, and possesses four facets for 
 articulation with the calcaneum. 
 
BONES. 109 
 
 Internal. — Roughened and tuberous. 
 External. — Roughened, and excavated for liga- 
 mentous attachment. 
 
 It articulates with four bones : 
 
 The tibia superiorly, the calcaneum posteriorly, 
 and the cuboid and cuneiform magnum in- 
 feriorly. 
 Development. — From one centre. 
 Reference to Side. — Place the pulley-shaped surface 
 supero-anteriorly, and the tuberosity internally. 
 
 The Calcaneum, oe Os Calcis. 
 
 Class. — Irregular. 
 
 Situation. — It forms the 'point of the hock.' 
 
 It possesses a body and a tuberosity. 
 
 I. The Body. 
 
 Anteriorly, carries three or four facets for articula- 
 tion with the astragalus. 
 
 Inferiorly, possesses a concave facet for articulation 
 with the cuboid. 
 
 II. The Tuberosity. 
 
 The Tuberosity, or tuber calcis, springs from the 
 superior part of the body, and presents two surfaces, 
 two borders, and a summit. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 (a) External. — Smooth, and almost fiat. 
 
 {b) Internal.— Concave, and helps to form the tarsal 
 groove for the passage of the tendon of the flexor 
 pedis perforans. 
 
VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Borders. 
 
 (a) Anterior. — Concave and rounded. 
 
 (fc) Posterior.— Thick, straight, and covered by the 
 calcaneo-cuboid ligament. 
 
 The Summit, or superior extremity, is expanded, and 
 presents an anterior smooth convexity, a middle de- 
 pression for the attachment of the gastrocnemius 
 tendon, and a posterior smooth convexity, over which 
 the perforatus tendon passes. 
 
 It articulates with two bones : 
 
 The astragalus antero-inferiorly, and the cuboid 
 inferiorly. 
 Development. — From two centres : 
 
 1. For the summit of the tuberosity. 
 
 2. For the rest of the bone. 
 
 Reference to Side. — Place the tuberosity posteriorly, 
 superiorly and externally. 
 
 B. THE LOWER OR CUBOIDAL ROW. 
 
 The Cuboid. 
 
 Class. — An irregular or short bone. 
 
 Situation. — It is the external bone of the lower row. 
 
 It presents six surfaces. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 Superior. — Smooth, and convex for articulation with 
 the calcaneum and astragalus. 
 
 Inferior. — Possesses two pairs of facets, anterior and 
 posterior ; the two most external facets are for articu- 
 lation with the external small metatarsal bone, the 
 two internal ones for the large metatarsal. 
 
BONES. 
 
 Internal. — Presents four facets, two for articulation 
 with the cuneiform magnum, and two for the medium. 
 
 Anterior, Posterior, and External. — Non-articiilar, 
 and roughened for ligamentous attachment. 
 
 It articulates with six bones : 
 
 The astragalus and calcaneum superiorly, the 
 cuneiform magnum and medium internally, 
 and the large and external small metacarpals 
 interiorly. 
 Development. — From one centre. 
 Reference to Side. — Place the largest smooth facet 
 superiorly, the four facets for the cuneiforms internally. 
 The anterior face is wider and smoother than the 
 posterior. 
 
 The Cuneiform Magnum (also known as the. 
 Scaphoid). 
 Class. — Irregular. 
 
 Situation. — It is one of the internal bones of the 
 lower row. 
 
 It possesses tico surfaces ani four border-^. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 (a) Superior. — Concave, and articular for astragalus. 
 A roughened depression passes from about the centre 
 to the outer border. 
 
 (6) Inferior. — Slightly convex, and possesses two 
 facets for articulation with the cuneiform medium, 
 and a small convex facet postero-internally for the 
 cuneiform parvum. 
 
 Borders. 
 
 (a) and (b) Anterior and Internal. — Blended and 
 roughened. 
 
VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 __^ Refer 
 
 jdHMktwo 
 
 (c) Posterior.— Irregular. 
 
 {d) External. — Concave, and possesses two facets for 
 articulation with the cuboid. 
 
 It articulates with four bones : 
 
 The astragalus superiorly, the cuboid externally, 
 and the cuneiform medium and parvum in- 
 feriorly. 
 Development. — From one centre. 
 Reference to Side. — Place the concave facet superiorly, 
 two facets for the cuboid externally, and remember 
 e anterior and internal borders are blended and 
 \rticular. 
 
 The Cuneiform Medium. 
 
 Class. — It is an irregular, flattened bone. 
 Situation. — Immediately below the cuneiform mag- 
 num, and internal to the cuboid. 
 
 It possesses two surfaces and three borders. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 (a) Superior. — Slightly concave, and carries two 
 
 facets. 
 
 (fe) Inferior. — Almost flat ; it presents a non-articu- 
 lar depression, which passes towards the external 
 
 border. 
 
 Borders. 
 
 (a) Anterior. — Eough, convex and non-articular. 
 
 (b) External.— Carries two facets for articulation 
 with the cuboid. 
 
 (c) Internal.— Carries one facet for cuneiform par- 
 
 vuin. 
 
BONES. 113 
 
 It articulates witk four bones : 
 
 The cuneiform magnum superiorly, the cuboid 
 externally, the cuneiform parvum internally, 
 and the large metatarsal inferiorly. 
 Development. — From one centre. 
 Reference to Side. — Place the base of the triangle 
 anteriorly, the flatter surface inferiorly, and the border 
 with ttvo facets externally. 
 
 The Cuneiform Paevum. 
 
 Class. — An irregular bone. 
 Situation. — It is the most internal bone of the lower 
 row. It is also the smallest' tarsal bone. 
 
 It possesses four surfaces and two extremities. 
 
 Surfaces. 
 
 (a) Superior. — Concave for articulation with cunei- 
 form magnum. 
 
 (b) Inferior. — Possesses two facets— one for articu- 
 lation with inner small metatarsal bone, the other for 
 the inner small and large metatarsals. 
 
 (c) Internal. — Eough and convex. 
 
 (d) External. — Possesses one facet for the cuneiform 
 medium. 
 
 Extremities. 
 
 (a) Anterior (or apex). — Sharp. 
 
 (b) Posterior (or base). — Is represented by a pro- 
 jection. 
 
 It articulates with four bones : 
 . The cuneiform magnum superiorly, th&■cu^eiform 
 
 8 
 
 m 
 ^'^p 
 
114 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 medium externally, and the large and inner 
 small metatarsals inferiorly. 
 Development. — From two centres. 
 Reference to Side. — Place the cup-shaped facet for 
 the cuneiform magnum superiorly, the single facet for 
 the cuneiform medium externally, and the projecting 
 plate of bone posteriorly. 
 
 The Metatarsal Bones. 
 
 The Large Metatarsal Bone resembles the large 
 metacarpal in its essential features, only differing 
 from this bone in the following respects : 
 
 1. It is longer. 
 
 2. Its shaft is squarer on section. 
 
 3. It possesses three unequal facets superiorly— a 
 
 small inner one for the cuneiform parvum, 
 a middle large one for the cuneiform medium, 
 and an outer for the cuboid. 
 
 4. On the external surface an oblique groove 
 
 is to be seen, passing downwards and back- 
 wards. 
 
 5. The distal extremity is larger, both from side 
 
 to side and from before to behind. 
 The Small Metatarsal Bones differ from the small 
 metacarpals in the following respects : 
 
 1. They are longer and larger. 
 
 2. They have larger heads. 
 
 3. The external is the larger. 
 
 4. The external carries two facets for the cuboid, 
 
 and the internal two for the cuneiform 
 parvum and one for the cuneiform medium. 
 
ARTICULA TIONS. 1 1 5 
 
 THE DIGIT. 
 
 The following differences are found to exist between 
 the Posterior Digits and those of the anterior limb : 
 The Os Sufifraginis is longer, its proximal end is 
 
 wider, and its distal end narrower (the whole 
 
 bone is more triangular). 
 The Os Coronse is longer, but narrower from side 
 
 to side. 
 The Os Pedis is more pointed at the toe, and has 
 
 its solar suHace more concave. 
 The Navicular Bone is shorter and narrower. 
 
 ARTICULATIONS. 
 I. SACRO-ILIAC ARTICULATION. 
 
 Class. — Amphiarthrosis. 
 
 Formed by the pelvic bones, the sacrum and first 
 one or two coccygeal vertebrae (the articulatory sur- 
 faces are really only the auricular facet of the ilium 
 and the corresponding facet on the sacral transverse 
 processes). 
 
 Ligaments. — 
 
 1. Inferior sacra-iliac, surrounding the articulatory 
 
 surfaces, somewhat as a capsule. 
 
 2. Superior sacro-iliac, passes from the sacral 
 
 spines to the posterior iliac spine. 
 
 3. Lateral sacro-iliac, from the posterior spine and 
 
n6 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 border of the ilium to the transverse pro- 
 cesses of the sacrum. It is triangular in 
 shape. 
 
 4. Sacro-sciatic, passes from the extremities of 
 
 the sacral transverse processes to the first 
 two or three coccygeal vertebras to the 
 superior ishiatic spine and tuber ischii. It 
 forms two notches : (a) The greater sciatic 
 notch, above the iliac shaft, which affords 
 passage to the gluteal bloodvessels and 
 nerves ; and (fe) the lesser 'sciatic notch, above 
 the ischiatic shaft, giving passage to the 
 common tendon of the pyriformis and ob- 
 turator internus muscles. 
 
 5. Sacral, bands of tissue passing between the 
 
 sacral spines and transverse processes. 
 Synovial Membrane. — A small one is found lining 
 the inferior sacro-iliac ligament. 
 Movement. — Very shght. 
 
 II. ISCHIO-PUBIC SYMPHYSIS. 
 
 Class. — Synarthrosis. 
 
 ■Formed by the adjacent margins of the two ischia 
 and the two pubes. 
 
 Ligaments. — Strands of transverse fibres are found 
 in the young, but these ossify in adult life. 
 
 The obturator ligament ik a membranous structure 
 almost completely closuig the obturator foramen, a 
 small opening being left anteriorly for the passage 
 of the obturator bloodvessels and nerves. 
 
ARTICULATIONS. m; 
 
 III. COXO-FEMORAI (ob Hip- joint). 
 
 Class. — Enarthrosis. 
 
 Formed by the acetabulum and the head of the 
 femur. 
 Ligaments. — 
 
 1. Caps%dar, attached to the rim of the aceta- 
 
 bulum and the articular margin of the head 
 of the femur. 
 
 2. Cotyloid, a rim of fibro-cartilage surrounding 
 
 and deepening the acetabulum ; it is inter- 
 rupted at the cotyloid notch. 
 
 3. Transverse, completes the circumference of 
 
 the acetabulum by extending across the 
 cotyloid notch. It binds down the pubio- 
 femoral ligament. 
 
 4. Round (ligamentum teres), passing from the 
 
 fundus acetabuli to the notch on the head of 
 the femur. 
 
 5. Puhio-femoral, arises from the notch on the 
 
 head of the femur, passes through the coty- 
 loid notch, along the pubio-femoral groove, 
 crosses its fellow in the middle line, and 
 finally becomes lost in the abdominal aponeu- 
 rosis of the opposite side of the body. 
 
 Synovial Membrane. — This lines the capsular liga- 
 ment, and contacts the round and pubio-femoral 
 ligaments. 
 
 Movements. — Flexion, extension, adduction, ab- 
 duction, rotation, and circumduction. 
 
n8 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 IV. THE STIFLE-JOINT. 
 
 The stifle-joint consists of two distinct articulations. 
 
 A. The Femoro-patellar. 
 
 Class. — Arthrosis. " 
 
 Formed by the trochlea of the femur and the posterior 
 surface of the patella. 
 Ligaments. — 
 
 1. Capsular, attached to the articular margins, 
 
 and is loose, to allow of extensive flexion of 
 the stifle-joint. 
 
 ^ ^ , , , (These pass from the condyles 
 
 2. internal lateral I » , , » ^ ji , j i 
 „ „ , , , 1 01 the femur to the lateral 
 S. External lateral I • r . i j^ n 
 
 ^ margms of the patella. 
 
 Pass from the lower margin 
 of the patella (the internal 
 being attached to a piece 
 of fibro-cartilage) to the 
 anterior tibial tuberosity, 
 the middle occupying the 
 excavation on that tu- 
 berosity. 
 
 Synovial Membrane. — This lines the capsular liga- 
 ment, and communicates with the synovial membranes 
 of the tibio-femoral articulation, • 
 Movements. — Gliding. 
 
 B. The Tibio-femoral. 
 
 Class. — Ginglymoid. 
 
 Formed by the condyles of the femur and the 
 articular surfaces on the head of the tibia. 
 
 Ligaments. — Two semilunar cartilages or menisci are 
 
 4. External straight 
 
 5. Middle straight 
 
 6. Internal straight 
 
ARTICULATIONS. 119 
 
 interposed between the articular surfaces ; they possess 
 two surfaces and two borders. The superior surface 
 is concave, the inferior is flattened. The external 
 border is convex and thick ; the inner is concave and 
 thin, and embraces the tibial spine. These menisci 
 are held in position by means of five coronary liga- 
 ments; the internal meniscus has tioo ligaments, one 
 attached in front of, and the other behind, the tibial 
 spine ; the external meniscus has three ligaments, one 
 anterior, attached in front of the tibial spine, one 
 supero-posterior, inserted in the inter condyloid notch, 
 and the third infero-posterior, attached below the 
 articular head of the tibia. 
 
 1. Anterior crucial (or interosseous), passing from 
 
 the tibial spine to the internal surface of the 
 external condyle. 
 
 2. Posterior crucial, passing from the external 
 
 surface of the internal condyle (intercondyloid 
 notch) to a small tubercle below and behind 
 the internal articular surface of the tibia. 
 
 3. External lateral, arises from the external 
 
 condyle and passes to the head of the fibula. 
 A synovial bursa is placed where it passes 
 over the head of the tibia. 
 
 4. Internal lateral, passes from the internal con- 
 
 dyle to the internal tibial tuberosity. It is 
 longer than, but not so strong as the external. 
 
 5. Capsular (or posterior), is a membranous ex- 
 
 pansion placed behind the joint and attached 
 to the femur, menisci, lateral ligaments and 
 tibia. 
 Synovial Membranes.— These are two in number, one 
 
I20 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 for each condyle and corresponding part of the tibial 
 
 surface. They are separated by the crucial ligaments. 
 
 Movements. — Flexion, extension, and some rotation. 
 
 V. TIBIO-FIBULAR ARTICULATION. 
 
 Class. — Diar thr osis . 
 
 Formed by the heads of the fibula and tibia. 
 
 Ligaments. — 
 
 1. Capsular, binding tlie two bones together 
 
 superiorly. 
 
 2. Interosseous, usually divided into a superior 
 
 and an inferior portion. 
 
 3. A round ligamentous cord unites the distal 
 
 extremity of the fibula to the external 
 malleolus. 
 Movement -does not take place to any appreciable 
 extent. 
 
 VI. THE TARSUS (oe Hock- joint). 
 
 This is a complex ginglymoid and arthrodial joint, 
 formed by the tibia, all the bones of the tarsus, and 
 the three metatarsal bones. 
 
 The Ligaments are divided into special and. co??imo)i ; 
 . 1. The Special ligaments are divided into three 
 groups : 
 
 (a) Superior tarsal, uniting the astragalus and 
 calcaneum. One superior, two lateral, and 
 one interosseous : 
 
 The superior passes from just above the 
 trochlea of the astragalus to the adjacent 
 part of the calcaneum. 
 
ARTICULATIONS.. 
 
 121 
 
 The laterals are covered by the common 
 
 lateral ligaments. 
 The interosseous occupies the excavations 
 
 between the facets of the two bones. 
 
 Fig. 8. — The Anteriok Tarsal Ligaments. 
 1. Anterior ligaments of the inferior tarsal group. 2. Oblique 
 or astragalo-metatarsal ligament. 
 
 (b) Inferior tarsal, uniting the bones of the lower 
 row. Two anterior and three interosseous : 
 The anterior xmite the cuboid to the cunei- 
 form magnum and medium. 
 The interosseous are placed between the 
 bones, two corresponding to the anterior, 
 
122 
 
 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 and the third joining the three cunei- 
 form bones together. 
 (c) Intertarsal, uniting all the bones to each other 
 and the metatarsals : 
 
 Calcaneo-cuhoid, passes down the posterior 
 
 Fig. 9. — The Posteeiok Tarsal Ligaments. 
 
 1. Superior ligament of the superior tarsal group. 2. Lateral 
 
 ligaments of the superior tarsal group. 3. Calcaneo-cuboid. 
 
 4. Tarso-metatarsal (this is really attached to the posterior faces 
 
 of all the tarsal bones, and the heads of the three metatarsals). 
 
 border of the calcaneum, to become at- 
 tached to the cuboid and the head of the 
 external small metatarsal bone. 
 Astragaln-metatarsal (or oblique), springs 
 
ARTICULATIONS. 
 
 123 
 
 from the inner surface of thie astragalus, 
 its fibres diverging and becoming at- 
 tached to the cuneiform magnum and 
 medium and the large metatarsal bone. 
 Great interosseous, unites the calcaneum, 
 
 nJ^n re s s eeus JLic/arn6nts 
 Ti h i a 
 
 I'MiBi 
 
 A.S t r a a alu s 
 
 \Cu be id 
 
 ZjSlIS' Cuneiform magnum 
 
 2 ;B I lii C: medi u 7n 
 
 C.'nartjum 
 
 Pig. 10; — The Interosseous Tarsal Ligaments. 
 
 1. Interosseous ligament of the superior tarsal group. 2. In- 
 terosseous ligaments of the inferior tarsal group. 3. Great 
 interosseous ligament. 
 
 astragalus, cuneiform magnum, and 
 cuboid. 
 Tarso-metatarsal, situated in the tarsal 
 groove, and attached to the posterior 
 faces of all the bones and the three 
 metatarsal bones. 
 
^ 
 
 124 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 \ 
 
 2. The Common ligaments are four in number : two 
 laterals, an anterior, and a posterior. 
 
 (a) Internal lateral, is attached to the internal 
 malleolus of the tibia, and consists of three 
 bundles of fibres — a superficial, passing on 
 to the astragalus, the three cuneiforms, and 
 '\ the large and inner small metatarsals; a 
 
 middle, connected with the astragalus and 
 calcaneum ; and a deep, passing to the astra- 
 galus. 
 
 (h) External Lateral. — This is attached to the 
 external malleolus of the tibia, and consists 
 of two bundles of fibres — a superficial, at- 
 tached to the astragalus, calcaneum, cuboid, 
 and the large and external small metatarsals ; 
 and a deep, passing on to the astragalus and 
 calcaneum. 
 
 (c) Anterior. — This is membranous, and attached 
 to the tibia, astragalus, cuneiform magnum 
 and medium, the astragalo-metatarsal liga- 
 ment, the lateral ligaments, and the heads of 
 the metatarsal bones. 
 
 {d) Posterior. — This encloses the tibio-astragalus 
 joint (' true hock-joint ') posteriorly. 
 Synovial Membranes. — These are three in number .• 
 
 (1) For the tibia and astragalus (the ' true hock-joint ') ; 
 
 (2) between the rows of bones (intertarsal) ; (3) be- 
 tween the lower row and the metatarsal bones (tarso- 
 metatarsal). 
 
 Movements. — Flexion and extension take place 
 between the tibia and astragalus, and gliding move- 
 ments between the individual tarsal bones. 
 
MUSCLES. 125 
 
 The articulations below the tarsus are the same as 
 those below the carpus. 
 
 MUSCLES. 
 
 The muscles are divided into the following primary 
 groups : 
 
 A. Croup, hip or gluteal region. 
 
 B. Thigh or femoral region. 
 
 C. leg or tibial region. 
 
 D. Pes, foot or metatarsal region. 
 
 A. CROUP OR GLUTEAL REGION. 
 
 Contains three muscles : 
 1. Gluteus Ezteruns. 
 Synonyms. — Ilio-trochanterius medius, superficial 
 
 gluteus. 
 Situation. — Immediately beneath the gluteal apo- 
 neurosis, composed of fleshy and aponeurotic 
 portions ; triangular in shape. 
 Origin. — 
 
 1. Anterior iliac spine and second and third 
 
 sacral spines. 
 
 2. Gluteal aponeurosis. 
 
 3. Ischial tuberosity. 
 
 4. Sacro-seiatic ligament. 
 
 Insertion. — Trochanter minor of the femur. 
 
 Relations. — Externally, gluteal aponeurosis ; in- 
 ternally, gluteus maximus ; anteriorly, tensor 
 vaginae femoris ; posteriorly, triceps abductor 
 f em oris. 
 
126 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Action. — Abducts the thigh. 
 Blood-supply. — Gluteal. 
 Nerve-supply. — Gluteal. 
 2. Gluteus Maximus. 
 Synonyms. — Ilio ■ trochanterius magnus, middle 
 
 gluteus. 
 Situation, eic.^Immediately beneath the externus, 
 and upon the external face of the ilium 
 and sacro - sciatic ligament. It is a very 
 voluminous muscle. 
 Origin. — Gluteal aponeurosis, dorsum, shaft and 
 spines of the ilium, the sacro-sciatic ligament, 
 lateral borders of the sacrum, and the apo- 
 neurosis of the longissimus dorsi. 
 Insertion. — (1) The summit of the trochanter 
 major of the femur, and (2) a ridge below its 
 convexity. There is a synovial membrane 
 between the second tendon and the bone. 
 Relations. — Externally, gluteal aponeurosis and 
 gluteus externus ; internally, the ilium, sacro- 
 sciatic ligament, and gluteus internus ; an- 
 teriorly, longissimus dorsi and tensor vaginas 
 f emoris ; posteriorly, triceps abductor f emoris. 
 Action. — Extends and abducts the thigh or moves 
 the pelvis on the femur, as in rearing. The 
 action depends upon whether the pelvis or 
 femur is fixed. 
 Blood-supply. — Gluteal and ilio-lumbar. 
 Nerve-supply. — Gluteal. 
 3. Gluteus Internus. 
 Synonyms. — Ilio - trochanterius parvus, deep 
 gluteus. 
 
MUSCLES. 127 
 
 Situation, etc. — Under the medius and imme- 
 diately above the hip-joint ; is small, thick, 
 and quadrilateral. 
 
 Origin. — Shaft of the ilium and superior iliac 
 spine. It is also attached to the capsule of 
 the hip-joint. 
 
 Insertion. — Internal to the convexity of the tro- 
 chanter major of the femur. 
 
 Relations. — Externally, gluteus maximus ; in- 
 ternally, the hip-joint ; anteriorly, rectus 
 f emoris ; posteriorly, gemellus anticus. 
 
 Actions. — Abducts the thigh, and tenses the cap- 
 sular ligament of the hip-joint during flexion. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Gluteal. 
 
 Nerve-supply . — Gluteal. 
 
 B. THIGH OR FEMORAL REGION. 
 
 Divided into three groups : (1) Anterior femoral or 
 crural ; (2) posterior femoral or crural ; (3) internal 
 femoral or crural. 
 
 I. Anterior Femoral Group. 
 1. Tensor Vaginae Femoris. 
 
 Synonyms. — Tensor fascisB latae, ilio-aponeuro- 
 
 ticus. 
 Situation, etc. — Immediately underneath the skin 
 
 and in front of the glutei. It is thin and 
 
 triangular. 
 Origin. — Anterior iliac spine. 
 Insertion. — By aponeurosis to the patella, etc. 
 Relations. — Externally, the skin ; internally, 
 
 vastus externus, rectus femoris and iliacus ; 
 
128 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 anteriorly; lymphatic glands (precrural) ; 
 
 posteriorly, gluteus externus and maximus. 
 Actions. — Flexes the femur and tenses the fascia. 
 Blood-supply.— Iliaco-femoral, ilio-lumbar and 
 
 circumflex ilii. 
 Nerve-supply. — Gluteal and anterior crural. 
 2. Crural ftuadriceps (consisting of four parts). 
 (a) Rectus Fetnoris. 
 Synonyms. — Ilio-rotuleus, anterior straight ihuscle 
 
 of the thigh. 
 Situation, eic— Immediately anterior to the femur. 
 
 It is thick and fusiform. 
 Origin.— By two tendons, from depressions above 
 
 the cotyloid cavity, 
 /wsertton.— Superior face of the patella. 
 Relations.— kuierioTclj, the tensor vaginae femoris ; 
 
 posteriorly, externally and internally, the 
 
 other parts of the quadriceps. 
 Actions. — Flexes the thigh and extends the leg. 
 Blood -supply. — Iliaco-femoral and superficial 
 
 femoral. 
 Nerve-supply. — Anterior crural. 
 (h) Vastus Externus. 
 
 Synonym. — Femoro-rotuleus externus. 
 Situation, etc. — External to the rectus femoris. 
 
 It is thick and flattened from side to side. 
 Origin. — External and (partially) anterior sur- 
 faces of the femur. 
 Insertion. — Superior face of the patella. It rarely 
 
 joins the rectus femoris. 
 Relations. — Externally, tensor vaginse femoris and 
 
 gluteus externus ; internally, rectus femoris, 
 
MUSCLES. 129 
 
 vastus internus and crureus ; posteriorly, 
 femur and triceps abductor femoris. 
 
 Action. — Extends the leg. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Iliaco-femoral. 
 
 Ner-ve-sivpply. — Anterior crural, 
 (c) Vastus Internus. 
 
 Synonym. — Femoro-rotuleus internus. 
 
 Situation. — Internal to the rectus femoris. 
 
 Origin. — Internal and (partially) anterior surface 
 of the femur. 
 
 Insertion. — Superior surface of the patella. 
 
 Relations. — Externally, vastus externus and rectus 
 femoris ; internally, adductor longus, pec- 
 tineus, iliacus, and sartorius. 
 
 Action. — Extends the leg. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Superficial femoral. 
 * Nerve-supply. — Anterior crural. 
 {d) Crureus. 
 
 Synonym. — Femoro-rotuleus medius. 
 
 Situation. — Beneath other parts of quadriceps. 
 
 Origin. — Lower part of the anterior face of the 
 femur. 
 
 JjiseriioK.— Superior face of the patella. It is also 
 attached to the patellar capsular ligament. 
 
 Relations.— EiTA&rn&Wj, vastus externus; intern- 
 ally, vastus internus ; anteriorly, rectus 
 femoris ; posteriorly, the femur. 
 
 Actions.— EiXienAB the leg, and probably renders 
 tense the capsular ligament. 
 
 Bhod- supply, -^lli&QO-iemox&l and superficial 
 
 femoral. 
 Nerve-supply. ^^knieviox crural. 
 
 9 
 
l3o VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 3. Rectus Parvus. 
 
 Synonyms. — Ilio - f emoralis gracilis, anterior 
 
 gracilis. 
 Situation, etc. — Anterior to the hip-joint. It is 
 
 small, thin, and cylindrical. 
 Origin. — Ilium just above the cotyloid cavity. 
 Insertion. — Supero-anterior part of the femur by 
 
 aponeurosis. 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, rectus femoris ; posteriorly, 
 
 capsular ligament of the hip-joint. 
 
 II. Posterior Femoral Group. 
 
 Comprises three muscles : 
 1. Triceps Abductor Femoris. 
 
 Synonyms. — Ischio-tibialis externus, long vastus. 
 Situation, etc. — Behind the thigh. This is a very 
 large muscle, consisting of two portions, an 
 anterior and a posterior, of which the former 
 is much the longer. 
 Origin : 
 
 Anterior poj-tion. — Spines of the sacrum, 
 sacro-sciatic ligament, coccygeal aponeu- 
 rosis and the ischial tuberosity. 
 Posterior portion. — Inferior ischiatic spine 
 and ischial tuberosity. 
 Insertion. — The tibial crest and fascia, and the 
 
 antero-external part of the patella. 
 Relations. — Externally, the gluteal fascia; in- 
 ternally, gluteus externus, sciatic nerves, the 
 adductors and biceps rotator tibialis. 
 
MUSCLES. 131 
 
 Actions : 
 
 Anterior portion. — Abducts and extends the 
 
 thigh. 
 Posterior portion. — Flexes the leg and tenses 
 the tibial aponeurosis. 
 Bhod- supply. — Obturator, deep femoral and 
 
 femoro-popliteal. 
 Nerve-supply. — Gluteal and great sciatic. 
 
 2. Biceps Rotator Tibialis. 
 
 Synonyms. — Ischio-tibialis, medius or posticus, 
 
 semitendinosus. 
 Situation. — Posterior and internal to the triceps. 
 
 It is long and thick, and bifid at its origin. 
 Origin. — (1) Spines of the sacrum and the sacro- 
 
 sciatic ligament ; (2) ischial tuberosity. 
 Insertion. — Crest of the tibia and tibial fascia. 
 Relations. — Externally, gluteal aponeurosis and 
 
 triceps ; anteriorly, sciatic nerves ; internally, 
 
 adductor magnus. 
 Action. — Extends the thigh, flexes and rotates the 
 
 leg, tenses the tibial aponeurosis, and assists 
 
 in rearing. 
 Blood-supply. — Obturator, deep femoral, and 
 
 femoro-popliteal. 
 Nerve-supply. — Gluteal and sciatic. 
 
 3. Adductor Magnus. 
 
 Si/wont/ms. —Ischio-tibialis internus, semimem- 
 branosus. 
 
 Situation, etc. — Internal to the biceps. It has a 
 thick anterior and a thin posterior border. 
 
 OH^in.— Coccygeal aponeurosis, ischial tuberosity, 
 and inferior surface of the ischium. 
 
132 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Insertion. — A small roughened eminence internal 
 to the internal condyle of the femur. 
 
 Relations. — Externally, the biceps, the triceps, 
 and sciatic nerves ; internally, skin and 
 penis ; anteriorly, adductor longus. 
 
 Action. — Adducts and extends the thigh, and 
 assists in rearing. 
 
 Blood-swpply. — Obturator, ischiatic and femoro- 
 popliteal, and deep femoral. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Obturator. 
 
 III. Internal Femoral Group. 
 
 The muscles of this group are nine in number, and 
 are disposed in three layers. 
 
 1. Sartorius. 
 
 Synonym. — Sublumbo-tibialis. 
 
 Situation, etc. — In the abdominal cavity and inner 
 
 part of the thigh. It is thin and elongated. 
 Origin. — Iliac aponeurosis (near the tendon of the 
 
 psoas parvus) and pelvic brim. 
 Insertion. — Internal straight patellar ligament, 
 
 in common with the gracilis. 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, crural aponeurosis and 
 
 Poupart's ligament ; posteriorly, gracilis, 
 
 pectineus, vastus internus, and femoral 
 
 artery and vein ; internally, psoas magnus 
 
 and iliacus. 
 Action. — Adducts the leg and flexes the thigh. 
 Blood-supply. — Saphena and femoral. 
 Nerve-supply. — Internal saphenic. 
 
 2. Gracilis. 
 
 Synonyms. — Subpubio-tibialis, short adductor of 
 the leg. 
 
MUSCLES. 133 
 
 Situation, etc. — On the internal surface of the 
 thigh, immediately under the skin. It is 
 quadrilateral in shape. 
 
 Origin. — The ischio-pubic symphysis. 
 
 Insertion. — Internal straight patellar ligament 
 (along with the sartorius) and inner face of 
 the head of the tibia. It helps to form the 
 tibial aponeurosis. 
 
 Relations. — ^Externally, the crural aponeurosis 
 and saphenic vessels and nerves ; internally, 
 the pectineus and adductors ; anteriorly, the 
 sartorius ; posteriorly, the biceps rotator 
 tibialis. 
 
 Action. — Adducts the limb and tenses the tibial 
 aponeurosis. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Saphena and femoral. 
 
 Nerve-supply.— Ohtnratoi. 
 . Pectineus. 
 
 Synonym. — Superpubio-femoralis. 
 
 Situation. — Beneath the gracilis. 
 
 Origin. — The inferior surface of the pubis and the 
 pubio-femoral ligament. 
 
 Insertion. — Below the internal trochanter of the 
 femur. 
 
 Relations. — Antero-externally, the iliacus and 
 psoas magnus, vastus internus, femoral 
 vessels, and sartorius ; internally, the 
 gracilis ; superiorly, the obturator ex- 
 ternus. 
 
 Action. — Adducts, flexes, and rotates the femur. 
 
 Bhod-supply. — Femoral and deep femoral. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Obturator. 
 
134 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 4. Adductor Brevis. 
 
 Synonyms. — Subpubio-femoralis, small adductor 
 of the thigh. 
 
 Situation. — Beneath the gracilis and behind the 
 pectineus. 
 
 Origin. — Inferior surface of the pubis. 
 
 Insertion. — About the middle of the posterior 
 surface of the femur, along with one of the 
 tendons of the adductor longus. 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, the pectineus ; posteriorly, 
 the adductor longus ; internally, the ob- 
 turator externus ; externally, the gracilis. 
 
 Action. — Adducts, flexes and rotates the femur. 
 
 Blood-swpply. — Deep femoral. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Obturator. 
 
 5. Adductor Longus. 
 
 Synonyms. — Posterior pubio-femoralis, great ad- 
 ductor of the thigh. 
 
 (Sititaitoji.— Underneath the gracilis, and in front 
 of the adductor magnus (semi-membranosus). 
 
 Origin. — Inferior surface of the ischium. 
 
 Insertion. — By two tendons : (a) Along with the 
 brevis ; Q)) to the internal femoral condyle 
 with the magnus. 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, the adductor brevis, ob- 
 turator externus ; posteriorly, the adductor 
 magnus ; internally, the ischio-femoralis and 
 sciatic nerve ; externally, the gracilis. 
 
 Action. — Adducts, extends and rotates the femur. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Deep femoral and superficial 
 femoral. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Obturator. 
 
MUSCLES. 135 
 
 3. Ischio-femoralis. 
 
 Synonyms. — QuadratuB femoris, square crural. 
 
 Situation. — Between the adductors and the ab- 
 ductors of the thigh. 
 
 Origin. — Inferior surface of the ischium. 
 
 Insertion. — Posterior surface of the femur, below 
 the trochanter internus. 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, the femur and obturator 
 externus ; posteriorly, the adductor longus ; 
 internally, the posterior gemellus and sciatic 
 nerve ; externally, the adductor longus. 
 
 Action. — Adducts and extends the femur. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Deep femoral and obturator. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Sciatic . 
 
 7. Obturator Externus. 
 
 Synonym. — Subpubio-trochanterius externus. 
 
 Situation. — Immediately below the obturator liga- 
 ment. 
 
 Origin. — Inferior faces of the ischium and pubis 
 and the obturator ligament. 
 
 Insertion. — The trochanteric fossa. 
 
 Relations. — Superiorly, the obturator ligament and 
 capsular ligament of the hip-joint; inferiorly, 
 the pectineus, adductor brevis and longus, 
 and ischio-femoralis. 
 
 Action. — Adducts and rotates the femur. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Obturator and deep femoral. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Obturator. 
 
 8. Obturator Internus. 
 
 Synonym. — Subpubic trochanterius internus. 
 Situation.— On the floor of the pelvis. 
 
136 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Origin. — The superior face of the ischium and 
 
 pubis. 
 Insertion. — The trochanteric fossa. Its tendon 
 
 joins that of the pyriforis in the lesser 
 
 sciatic notch. 
 Relations. — Superiorly, the pelvic aponeurosis and 
 
 sciatic nerve ; inferiorly, the ischium, pubis, 
 
 obturator ligament; and obturator externus. 
 Action. — Eotates (and possibly abducts) the femur. 
 Blood-supply. — Obturator. 
 Nerve-supply. — Sciatic. 
 
 9. Pyriformis (sometimes considered as a portion of 
 the preceding muscle). 
 
 Synonym. — Sacro-trochanterius. 
 
 Situations. — Internal to the pelvic walls. It is 
 
 semi-penniform in shape. 
 Origin. — Anterior part of the sacrum and internal 
 
 surface of the shaft of the ilium. 
 Insertion. — Its tendon is joined to that of the 
 
 obturator internus. 
 Relations. — Internally, the peritoneum and pelvic 
 
 aponeurosis ; externally, the ilium and sacro- 
 
 sciatic ligament. 
 Action. — Eotates the femur. 
 Blood-supply. — Internal pudic. 
 Nerve-supply. — Sciatic. 
 
 10. Gemelli (Anterior and Posterior). 
 Synonyms. — Ischio-trochanterius, gemini. 
 Situation. — On each side of the common tendon 
 
 of the pyriformis and obturator internus. 
 Origin. — The shaft of the ischium, one in front of 
 and the other behind the common tendon. 
 
MUSCLES. 137 
 
 Insertion. — The trochanteric fossa. 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, the capsule of the hip- 
 joint and the obturator externus ; posteriorly, 
 the sciatic nerve. 
 
 Action. — Eotates the femur. 
 
 Bhod-supply. — Obturator. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Sciatic. 
 
 C. LEG OR TIBIAL REGION. 
 
 The muscles of this region are divided into two 
 groups : (1) Anterior tibial ; (2) Posterior tibial. 
 
 I, Anterior Tibial Group. 
 1. Extensor Pedis. 
 
 Synonyms. — Femoro-prephalangeus, anterior ex- 
 tensor of the phalanges. 
 
 Situation. — On the antero-external face of the 
 tibia. 
 
 Origin. — In common with the tendon of origin of 
 the flexor metatarsi, from a small depression 
 between the trochlea and external condyle of 
 the femur. 
 
 Insertion. — The pyramidal process of the os pedis ; 
 it is also attached to the capsule of the 
 fetlock- joint, and the anterior faces of the 
 proximal and median phalanges. 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, the .tibial aponeurosis ; 
 posteriorly, the peroneus ; internally, the 
 flexor metatarsi. Its tendon is related to the 
 anterior face of the tibia, metatarsus, and 
 two first phalanges and the capsules of the 
 tarsal and fetlock joints. 
 
138 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Action. — Extends the digit and flexes the meta- 
 tarsus. 
 Blood-supply. — Anterior tibial. 
 Nerve- supply. — Anterior tibial. 
 
 2. Peroneus. 
 
 Synonyms. — Peroneo-prephalangeus, lateral ex- 
 tensor of the phalanges. 
 
 Situation. — Internal to the extensor pedis. 
 
 Origin. — External lateral ligament of the stifle- 
 joint, the entire external surface of the fibula, 
 and the intermuscular septum dividing it 
 from the perforans. 
 
 Insertion. —Its tendon joins that of the extensor 
 pedis about the upper third of the meta- 
 tarsus. 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, the extensor pedis ; pos- 
 teriorly, the flexor pedis perforans; ex- 
 ternally, the tibial aponeurosis. Its tendon 
 contracts the tibia, external lateral ligament 
 of the tarsal- joint, and the metatarsal bone. 
 
 Action. — Assists the extensor pedis. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Peroneal. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Museulo-cutaneous. 
 
 3. Flexor Metatarsi. 
 
 Synonym. — Tibio-premetatarseus. 
 Situation. — Beneath the extensor pedis. It con- 
 sists of tw.o portions — a tendinous and a 
 fleshy : 
 (a) The tendinous portion : 
 
 Attachments. — It spriags from a depression 
 between the trochlea and external 
 femoral condyle, and terminates by two 
 
MUSCLES. 139 
 
 tendons — one being attached to the 
 large metatarsal bone, the other (a 
 smaller one) to the cuboid. Its two 
 portions form a ring, through which 
 the tendon of the fleshy part passes. 
 Action. — It mechanically flexes the hock 
 when the stifle-joint is flexed. 
 (h) The fleshy portion : 
 
 Origin. — Head of the tibia and the ten- 
 dinous portion. 
 Insertion. — Its tendon bifurcates, one part 
 being attached to the large metatarsal 
 bone, the other to the small cuneiform 
 bone. 
 Action. — Flexes the tarsus. 
 Relations. — 
 
 (fl) The Tendinous Portion. — Anteriorly, the 
 extensor pedis ; posteriorly, the fleshy 
 portion and anterior ligament of the tarsus, 
 (b) The Fleshy Portion. — Anteriorly, the ex- 
 tensor pedis and the tendinous portion; 
 posteriorly, the tibia and anterior tibial 
 artery. 
 Blood-supply. — Anterior tibial. 
 Nerve-supply. — Anterior tibial. 
 
 II. Posterior Tibial Group. 
 
 1. Gastroonemius. 
 
 Synonyms. — Bifemoro-calcaneus, gemelli of the 
 tibia. 
 
 Situation.— Behind the tibia, being in part sub- 
 cutaneous. 
 
I40 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 OQ-igin. — (a) The roughened margin of the supra- 
 condyloid fossa ; (b) the supra-condyloid crest. 
 
 Insertion. — Behind the summit of the tuber calcis. 
 A synovial bursa is placed between the tendon 
 and the anterior part of the summit of the 
 tuber. 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, the flexor pedis perforatus, 
 popliteus, vastus externus, and the popliteal 
 vessels and nerves ; posteriorly, the triceps, 
 abductor femoris, and tibial aponeurosis ; 
 internally, the biceps rotator tibialis. Its 
 tendon is covered by that of the perforatus, 
 the two being together known as the Tendo- 
 Achillis. 
 
 Action. — Extends the tarsus. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Popliteal and fem or o -popliteal. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Internal popliteal. 
 
 2. Flautaris. 
 
 Synonyms. — Soleus, peroneo-calcaneus. 
 Situation. — Along the outer face of the gastroc- 
 nemius. 
 Origin. — Head of the fibula. 
 Insertion. — Summit of the calcaneum. 
 Action. — May possibly assist the preceding (?). 
 
 3. Flexor Pedis Perforatus. 
 
 Synonyms. — Gastrocnemius internus, femoro- 
 
 phalangeus. 
 Situation. — Almost completely surrounded by the 
 
 gastrocnemius. It is a tendinous cord with 
 
 some few muscular bundles. 
 Origin. — Supra-condyloid fossa. 
 Insertion. — Its tendon passes to the inner face 
 
MUSCLES. 141 
 
 and afterwards to the posterior face of the 
 gastrocnemius tendon, gains the summit of 
 the tuber calcis, to which it is attached by 
 lateral slips, passes over the tuber (there is 
 a synovial bursa here) and descends the pos- 
 terior metatarsal region to terminate, as did 
 the corresponding tendon in the anterior limb. 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, the popliteus, tibia, per- 
 forans and flexor accessorius ; posteriorly, 
 the gastrocnemius. 
 
 Action. — Flexes the pastern and fetlock joiats, 
 and assists in extending the tarsus. Its 
 chief function is to act mechanically and pre- 
 vent flexion of the tarsus when the animal is 
 standing. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Femoro-popliteal. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Internal popliteal. 
 4. Popliteus. 
 
 Synonym. — Femoro-tibialis obliquus. 
 
 Situation. — Immediately below and behind the 
 stifle-joint. 
 
 Origin. — From the inferior depression outside the 
 external femoral condyle. 
 
 Insertion. — The supero-posterior triangular sur- 
 face of the tibia. 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, the posterior capsule of 
 the stifle-joint, the popliteal vessels and the 
 tibia ; posteriorly, the flexor pedis perforatus 
 and gastrocnemius ; internally, the biceps 
 rotator tibialis and tibial aponeurosis; ex- 
 ternally, the flexor pedis perforans and 
 accessorius. 
 
142 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Action. — Flexes and rotates the tibia. 
 Blood-supply. — Popliteal. 
 Nerve-supply. — Internal popliteal. 
 
 5. Flexor Pedis Perforans. 
 Synonyms. — Tibio-phalangeus. 
 
 Situation. — Its muscular portion is applied to the 
 posterior face of the tibia. Its tendon is 
 very similar to the corresponding structure 
 in the anterior limb. 
 
 Origin. — (a) The posterior face of the tibia ; (6) the 
 external tibial tuberosity ; (c) the fibula ; 
 {d) the interosseous tibio-fibular ligament. 
 
 Insertion. — Its tendon passes through the tarsal 
 sheath, receives a check ligament (similar to 
 that of the anterior limb) and is finally 
 attached to the semilunar ridge of the os 
 pedis. 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, the tibia ; posteriorly, the 
 perforatus and gastrocnemius ; internally, 
 the flexor accessorius ; externally, the pe- 
 roneus. 
 
 Action. — Flexes the phalanges and assists in ex- 
 tension of the metatarsus. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Posterior tibial. 
 
 Nerve -supply. — Internal popliteal. 
 
 6. Flexor Pedis Accessorius. 
 
 Synonyms. — Peroneo-phalangeus, oblique flexor 
 
 of the phalanges. 
 Situation. — Between the perforans and popliteus. 
 Origin. — External tibial tuberosity. 
 Insertion. — Its tendon joins that of the perforans 
 
 about the upper third of the metatarsus. 
 
MUSCLES. 143 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, the perforans and popli- 
 teus; posteriorly, the gastrocnemius and 
 perforatus. Its tendon is covered by the tibial 
 aponeurosis, and passes through a sheath on 
 the inner face of the tarsus. 
 
 Action. — Assists the perforans. 
 
 Blood-supply. — Posterior tibial. 
 
 Nerve-supply. — Internal popliteal. 
 
 D. METATARSAL REGION. 
 
 1. Extensor Pedis Brevis. 
 
 Synonyms. — Tarso-prephalangeus, exterior pedis 
 accessorius. 
 
 Situation. — Below and in front of the tarsus. 
 
 Origin. — Anterior and inferior part of astragalus. 
 
 Insertion. — It joins the tendon of the extensor 
 pedis. 
 
 Relations. — Anteriorly, the extensor tendon ; pos- 
 teriorly, the anterior tibial artery. 
 
 Action. — It may possibly assist the extensors. 
 
 There are two lumhrisi and two interosseous 
 muscles in this region, which correspond to 
 those in the anterior limb. 
 
 ARTERIES. 
 
 The posterior limb is supplied with blood by the 
 internal and external iliac arteries, which result from 
 the quadrifurcation of the posterior aorta at about the 
 level of the last lumbar vertebra. 
 
144 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY. ; 
 
 Course. — It passes from the level of the last lumbar 
 vertebra downwards and backwards to near the in- 
 sertion of the psoas parvus muscle. 
 
 I. Collateral Branches. 
 
 1. Umbilical. — This is usually, but not always, a 
 fibrous cord in the adult, and it extends to the fundus 
 of the bladder. 
 
 2. Internal Pudic, or Artery of the Bulb. 
 
 Course. — Commences near the origin of the internal 
 iliac, passes backwards and downwards along the side 
 of the bladder, curves over the ischial arch, and 
 terminates in the bulb of the penis. 
 Branches. — 
 
 (a) Small twigs to the pyriformis muscle. 
 (&) Vesico-prostatic : this supplies the prostate 
 gland, vesiculse seminales, termination of 
 the vas deferens, and the bladder, 
 (c) Small twigs to the pelvic portion of the 
 urethra, Cowper's glands, anus, and peri- 
 neum. 
 The above description applies to the male. In the 
 female it terminates as rectal, vulval, vaginal and 
 bulbous arteries. 
 
 The Vaginal Artery represents the vesico-prostatic, 
 and supplies the vagina, posterior part of the uterus, 
 and the bladder. 
 
 3. Lateral Sacral, or Sub-sacral. 
 
 Course. — Arises just behind the sacro-iliac articu- 
 lation, passes backwards under the inferior sacral 
 
A RTERIES. 
 
 145 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 =0 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■si 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 "v 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 
 Ns^ 
 
 •N* 
 
 'a 
 
 
 k 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ?*N 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 Q 
 
 '1^ 
 
 
 ^5 
 
 
 ^l 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 v3 
 
 
 < 
 
 ■>? 
 
 
 !^ 
 
 
 J^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 §s 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Vi 
 
 L to 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 4S 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 « 
 
 N 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ''Si 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■^ 
 ■^ 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 . ! 
 
 »- / 
 ^ / 
 
 1-4 
 
 
 5} 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 ,^ 
 
 ^<5 
 
 1 1 
 
 <a 
 
 
 Si 
 
 
 
 ^:; 
 
 / 
 
 
 >^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 ^; 
 
 1 , 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 
 > 
 
 * 
 
 J* 
 
 
 
 fi- 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 INN 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 /. 
 
 - 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 co^ 
 
 >Co 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 X"? 
 
 
 /< 
 
 -< 
 
 
 
 
 <:i 1 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 s^ 
 y 
 
 
 Ab 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 ■< 
 
 u 
 
 R 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 / /^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 / / ^ 
 
 i< 
 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 R 
 
 
 / ^ 
 
 vS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Qq 
 
 i:* 
 
 
 / !iS 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 \ / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5S, 
 
 ^/ 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 
 
 -V 
 
 
 
 
 
 "\/ 
 
 
 ^4 
 
 1 
 
 'v* 
 
 « 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 "S* 
 
 1 
 
 R 
 
 !. 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 Fig. 11. DiAGEAM of the Beanchbs of the Internal Iliac 
 
 Aktbey. 
 
 10 
 
146 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 foramina, and terminates in two branches at the 
 posterior extremity of the sacrum. 
 
 I. Collateral Branches. — 
 
 Sacrospinal, four in number ; these enter the 
 spinal canal through the inferior sacral 
 foramina : they supply the spinal cord. 
 
 II. Terminal Branches. — 
 
 (a) Ischiatic, passes round the sacro-sciatic liga- 
 
 ment, and terminates in the posterior 
 femoral region, anastomosing with the ob- 
 turator, deep femoral, and femoro-popliteal 
 arteries. 
 
 (b) Lateral coccygeal, passes between the coccygeal 
 
 vertebrae and the depressor coccygis ; it 
 supplies the muscles and skin of the tail. 
 
 (c) Middle coccygeal, variable, but most commonly 
 
 formed by the left lateral sacral artery. 
 
 4. Ilio-lumbar, or Ilio-muscular. 
 
 Course. — Arises at a right angle, passes between 
 the iliacus and the ilium just behind the sacro-iliac 
 articulation. It supplies the joint, the sublumbar 
 muscles, the gluteus maximus, and the tensor vaginse 
 femoris. 
 
 5. Gluteal. — Very voluminous ; it passes through 
 the greater sciatic notch, and supplies the gluteal 
 muscles. 
 
 II. Terminal Branches. 
 
 1. Obturator. — May arise in common with the iliaco- 
 femoral. 
 
 Course. — Passes backwards and downwards betweer 
 the peritoneum and ilium, underneath the obturator in- 
 
ARTERIES. 147 
 
 ternus, through the obturator foramen, and terminates 
 in cavernous and ci-ural arteries. 
 
 Cavernous Artery. — This supplies the crura of the 
 penis, and contributes the posterior dorsal artery of the 
 penis, which passes forward to anastomose with the 
 anterior dorsal artery. 
 
 2. Iliaoo-femoral. — Very large in the horse. 
 
 Course. — Passes external to the tendon of the psoas 
 parvus, between the ilium and iliacus, and enters the 
 crural muscles between the rectus femoris and vastus 
 externus. It supplies the crural muscles (from the 
 outside), the gluteals, and the tensor vaginae femoris. 
 
 EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY. 
 
 Course. — Arising at the level of the last lumbar 
 vertebra, it passes in an oblique or curved manner 
 downwards and outwards, and, near its termination, 
 sUghtly forwards. At the ilio-pectineal line it ter- 
 minates as the femoral. 
 
 I. Collateral Branch. 
 
 Circumflex Ilii. — This sometimes arises from the 
 aorta. 
 
 Course. — It passes outwards towards the anterior 
 iliac spine, crossing the iliacus and psoas magnus ; it 
 terminates in two branches : 
 
 (a) Anterior, supplies the internal oblique and 
 
 transverse abdominal muscles. 
 Q)) Posterior, passes between the iliacus and in- 
 ternal oblique abdominal muscles, along the 
 tensor vaginae femoris, and terminates in 
 the skin, etc., in front of the thigh. 
 
 II. Terminal Eranch. 
 
148 
 
 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 ■■<hrna/ 
 
 hes of Exti^mal Iliac ar/rerij 
 
 ^ranc/tes (i 
 
 Iliac. 1 lUi ^ ■' 
 
 ^ire.nulian 
 
 Superficial ^D&enfemoral 
 
 „ femoral ^ r 7 
 
 remcral J —^ •i' afih&nic 
 
 Pojilitcal } Articular _ 
 
 • -temoro- 
 nonliteal 
 
 Y^Dstirior tibial 
 
 nhrior ^^^"'^^/^^ A Saf^hentc 
 
 \ Femoro — 
 
 '^,^'"^ S ;iopJiteal 
 
 V. Jl Supe rio r 
 \ tarsal arch 
 Perforating \ Flanlar 
 
 molcil J ^^-- \ Inferior 
 I ] tarsal arcti 
 
 Interosseous 
 \\ plantar 
 
 Great me t atars al 
 
 erforatin 
 
 Digi t als 
 
 Ij 
 
 Fig. 12.— Diagram of the Branches of the External Iliac 
 Artery. 
 
ARTERIES. 149 
 
 FEMORAL ARTERY. 
 
 Course. — It commences at the pelvic brim, passes 
 into the femoral space formed by the iliacus, pectineus 
 and sartorius, traverses the ring formed by the 
 adductor longus and the femur, and terminates, as 
 the popliteal, between the two heads of the gastroc- 
 nemius. 
 
 I. Collateral Brandies. 
 
 1. Prepubian Artery. 
 
 Course. — Arises at the commencement of the femoral 
 (in common with the deep femoral), traverses the 
 crural ring, and terminates in the posterior abdominal 
 and external pudic arteries. 
 
 (a) Posterior abdominal (or epigastric), passes 
 forwards between the transverse and in- 
 ternal abdominal muscles. It supplies the 
 abdominal walls, and anastomoses with the 
 anterior abdominal and circumflex ilii 
 arteries. 
 (6) External pudic, descends the inguinal canal 
 and terminates as the subcutaneous abdominal 
 and anterior dorsal artery of the penis. 
 (a) Subcutaneous abdominal, runs subcutaneously 
 forwards, supplies numerous cutaneous 
 branches and anastomoses with its fellow 
 in front of the umbilicus. 
 (/8) Anterior dorsal, divides into anterior— -which. 
 passes forward — and posterior portions ; the 
 latter anastomoses with the posterior dorsal 
 artery. 
 In the female, the external pudic artery divides into 
 
ISO VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 subcutaneous abdominal and mammary branches, the 
 latter supplying the mammary gland, replacing the 
 dorsal artery, and terminating in the skin of the inner 
 face of the thigh and the perineum. 
 
 2. Deep Femoral, or Arteria Profunda Femoris. — 
 Arises in common with the prepubian, passes between 
 the iliacus and pectineus, then between the pectineus 
 and obturator externus, gains the posterior face of the 
 femur, and terminates in the muscles in the posterior 
 and internal femoral regions ; it supplies the hip-joint, 
 and anastomoses with the ischiatic and obturator 
 arteries. 
 
 3. Superficial Femoral, or Arteria Superficialis 
 Femoris. — Arises a little below and opposite the pre- 
 ceding, passes between the adductor longus and the 
 iliacus and psoas magnus, gains the space between 
 the vastus internus and rectus femoris, and terminates 
 in the anterior crural muscles. 
 
 4. Innominate, or Small Muscular. — These are small 
 and numerous. One supplies the stifle-joint, and 
 another forms the nutrient artery of the femur. 
 
 5. Saphena. 
 
 CoMTse.— Arises at an acute angle from near the 
 middle of the course of the femoral, passes between 
 the adductor longus and brevis, and becomes sub- 
 cutaneous ; it terminates above the calcaneum by 
 anastomosing with the femoro-popliteal and posterior 
 tibial arteries. 
 
ARTERIES. 151 
 
 POPLITEAL ARTERY. 
 
 Course. — Continues the femoral from the heads of 
 the gastrocnemius, passes behind the stifle-joint and 
 underneath the popliteus muscle, terminating as the 
 anterior and posterior tibial arteries. 
 
 I. Collateral Branches. 
 
 1. Femoro-popliteal. — This arises between the two 
 heads of the gastrocnemius, passes between the 
 biceps rotator tibialis and adductor magnus ; it 
 terminates in cutaneous branches at the back of the 
 thigh. It contributes ascending and descending 
 branches, which anastomose with the ischiatic, ob- 
 turator, and deep femoral arteries. 
 
 2. Articular, to the stifle-joint. 
 
 3. Muscular, to the gastrocnemius and flexor per- 
 foratus. One of these branches descends along the 
 perforatus, and terminates by anastomosing with a 
 recurrent branch of the posterior tibial artery above 
 the tarsus. 
 
 II. Terminal Branches. 
 
 1. Posterior Tibial. 
 
 Course. — Superiorly it is deep-seated behind the 
 tibia, and beneath the popliteus and flexor perforans, 
 but lower down it gradually becomes more superficial ; 
 about the summit of the tuber calcis it describes an 
 S-shaped curve, and terminates as the two plantar 
 arteries. 
 
 I. Collateral Branches. — 
 
 1. Muscular, to the posterior tibial muscles. 
 
 2. Nutrient tibial. 
 
t52 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 3. Articular to the tarsus. 
 
 4. Recurrent — two in number — which anastomose 
 
 with the saphena and popHteal arteries. 
 II. Terminal Branches. — 
 
 Plantar, Internal and External. — These pass down 
 each side of the flexor perforans tendon, and 
 anastomose with the perforating pedal artery 
 on a level with the head of the metatarsal 
 bones ; from the arch resulting from this 
 anastomosis four arteries arise : (a) Two 
 superficial and small, which pass down to 
 the fetlock ; and (6) two deep or interosseous 
 plantar arteries, internal and external — the 
 external being very small. These arteries 
 pass down the outer and inner borders of the 
 superior sesamoidean ligament, and anasto- 
 mose with the great metatarsal artery, thus 
 forming the sesamoidean arch. The internal 
 interosseous artery is sometimes considered to 
 be the continuation of the perforating pedal. 
 2. ANTERIOR TIBIAL.— Much larger than the 
 posterior tibial, and may be considered as the con- 
 tinuation of the popliteal. 
 
 Course. — It pierces the tibio-fibular arch, gains the 
 anterior face of the tibia and the deep face of the 
 flexor metatarsi ; on reaching the tarsus it changes its 
 name, and becomes the pedal artery. 
 
 I. Collateral Branch. 
 
 It contributes a peroneal branch, which supplies the 
 peroneus. 
 
ARTERIES. 153 
 
 II. Terminal Branch. 
 
 Pedal Artery. — This crosses the anterior face of 
 the tarsus somewhat obliquely, and divides into two 
 branches : 
 
 1. Perforating Pedal (or Arteria Pedis Perforans). 
 
 — This passes through the canal formed by 
 the cuboid and the cuneiform magnum and 
 medium, and terminates behind the tarsus 
 by anastomosing with the plantar arteries. 
 
 2. Great Metatarsal (or Collateral Artery of the 
 
 Cannon). — This runs down the groove 
 formed by the large and outer small meta- 
 tarsal bone, passes under the lower ex- 
 tremity of the small metatarsal, gains the 
 posterior face of the large metatarsal, and 
 terminates by anastomosing with the inter- 
 osseous plantar arteries to form the sesa- 
 moidean arch, from which arise the digital 
 arteries, which have a distribution similar to 
 those of the anterior limb. 
 
 VEINS. 
 
 T^B Veins of the Foot and the Digital Veins are 
 aisposed in the same manner as those of the anterior 
 limb. 
 
 Prom the sesamoidean arch three Metatarsal Veins 
 spring, viz., internal, external, and deep. 
 
154 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 1. Internal Metatarsal Vein. 
 
 Course. — Accompanies the plantar nerve along 
 the margin of the flexor tendons. Below the 
 tarsus it passes slightly forward, and joins the 
 tibial vein by means of a transverse branch. 
 It finally forms the anterior root of the Internal 
 Saphenic Vein. 
 
 2. External Metatarsal Vein. 
 
 Course. — Similar to the internal, but along the 
 outer border of the flexor tendons. It com- 
 municates with the deep vein just below the 
 tarsus, and terminates above the joint as the 
 posterior root of the Internal Saphenic Vein. 
 
 3. Deep Metatarsal Vein. 
 
 Course. — Between the superior sesamoidean liga- 
 ment and the bone. It receives the before- 
 mentioned branch from the external, passes 
 between the cuboid and cuneiforms accom- 
 panyiag the perforating pedal artery, and 
 forms the chief origin of the Anterior Tibial 
 Vein. 
 
 VEINS OF THE LEG. 
 I. Superficial. 
 
 1. Internal Saphenic Vein.— Arises by two roots: 
 (a) Anterior, from the internal metatarsal vein ; 
 (h) posterior, from the external. These pass up the 
 inner face of the leg, and unite before reaching the 
 region of the thigh. The vein so formed passes 
 between the sartorius and the gracilis, and joins the 
 
VEINS. 155 
 
 femoral. This vein is variable, and may open into the 
 external pudic. 
 
 2. External Saphenic Vein. — Commences near the 
 calcaneum, and communicates with the internal 
 saphenic and posterior tibial veins. It accompanies 
 the external saphenic nerve along the gastrocnemius 
 tendon and posterior to the muscle, finally opening 
 into the popliteal vein. 
 
 II. Deep. 
 
 1. Anterior Tibial Vein. — May be considered a direct 
 continuation of the deep metatarsal vein. 
 
 2. Posterior Tibial Vein. — Commences near the cal- 
 caneum in branches from the internal and external 
 saphenic veins. 
 
 The two tibial veins unite to form — 
 
 THE POPLITEAL VEIN, 
 
 which is a satellite of the artery. Its Femoro -popliteal 
 branch joins the external saphenic vein. 
 The popliteal forms the root of — 
 
 THE FEMOEAL VEIN, 
 
 a satellite of the artery, receiving branches similar to 
 those given off by the artery with the addition of the 
 internal saphenic. 
 
 The femoral becomes — 
 
 THE EXTERNAL ILIAC VEIN 
 
 at the brim of the pelvis. This vein accompanies the 
 artery, and receives a branch, the Circumflex Ilii. 
 
156 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 THE INTERNAL ILIAC VEIN, 
 
 a satellite of the artery, and receiving branches corre- 
 sponding to those of the artery, joins the External to 
 form — 
 
 THE COMMON ILIAC VEIN, 
 
 which with the corresponding vein from the other 
 limb forms the root of the Posterior Vena Cava. 
 
 LYMPHATICS. 
 
 1. Precrural Glands, situated along the inner face of 
 the anterior border of the tensor vaginae femoris and 
 the course of the circumflex ilii artery. 
 
 Afferent vessels come from the inner and anterior 
 
 parts of the thigh. 
 Efferent vessels — four in number — pass to the 
 
 2. Iliac Glands, which form a group of five or six, 
 in the triangle formed by the circumflex ilii artery. 
 
 Afferents proceed from the precrural glands, and 
 from the deep lymphatics of the abdominal 
 parietes. 
 
 Efferents — from four to six in number — pass to 
 the sub-lumbar glands. 
 
 3. Popliteal Glands — of which there are from three 
 to five— are placed near to the femoro-popliteal artery. 
 
 Afferents come from the region of the tarsus, and 
 
 from the postero-inferior gluteal region. 
 Efferents join the deep inguinal glands. 
 
LYMPHATICS. 157 
 
 4. Superficial Inguinal Glands, situated anterior to 
 the inguinal ring, and to the side of the sheath ; they 
 are about twelve in number. 
 
 Afferent vessels come from the internal part of the 
 thigh, the sheath and scrotum, and from the 
 inferior wall of the abdomen. 
 
 Efferent vessels — five or six in number — proceed 
 to the 
 
 5. Deep Inguinal Glands, which are placed beneath 
 the crural aponeurosis in the femoral space, and are 
 related to the femoral bloodvessels. 
 
 Afferents may be traced as far as the fetlock ; 
 
 they are superficial, and accompany the internal 
 
 saphenic vein. 
 Efferents pass to the 
 
 6. Sublumbar Glands, which consist of three groups, 
 near the aortic quadrifurcation. 
 
 Afferents — the lymphatics of the pelvis, the 
 efferents from the deep inguinal and iliac 
 glands, and lymphatics from the spermatic 
 cord, rectum and great colon. 
 
 Efferents pass to the receptaculum chyli. 
 
 NERVES. 
 
 The lumbo-sacral Plexus supplies the posterior limb. 
 It is formed by the last two lumbar and the first three 
 sacral nerves, ajid consists of two -portions : (1) An 
 anterior or lumMr, and (2) a posterior or sacral, the 
 internal iliac artery being^between them. 
 
158 
 
 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 /^ '51- 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 lliaCO-rn--uscular ^^^/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jlntarior crural- _,^^ ~^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 Ohtura I'O r — -^"^^ ^-^\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ■^^ 
 
 s 
 <>- 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 s 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 >" 
 u. 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 .^ 
 
 
 lit -m uscu Icft ^^^i./^ 
 
 
 C/3 
 
 
 1 
 
 Ischic-musculor ^/"^X^^XV 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 "J 
 
 Great Siatic — -^^ "nA 
 
 " "ft. 
 
 1 
 
 
 ?! 
 
 * w 
 
 SCO 
 
 
 
 
 Pig. 13. — Diagram of the Constitution of thb Lumbo-saceal 
 Plexus. 
 
NERVES. 159 
 
 I. The Anterior Portion 
 
 is placed beneath the psoas parvus, and supplies the 
 following branches : 
 
 1. Iliaco-muscular Nerves.— Small and unimportant; 
 pass, with the artery, across the.iliacus. 
 
 2. Anterior Crural or Femoral Nerve. 
 
 Course, etc. — This is the largest branch of the 
 anterior portion of the plexus. Passes down- 
 wards hetween the psoas magnus and parvus, 
 underneath the sartorius, and terminates in 
 the quadriceps cruralis. 
 
 Branches. 
 (a) Internal Saphenic Nerve. 
 
 Course, etc. — Passes between the sartorius and 
 gracilis, becomes subcutaneous, and follows 
 the internal saphenic vein to the hock. 
 (6) Accessory Branch of the Internal Saphenic Nerve. 
 
 Cowse, etc. - — This accompanies the internal 
 saphenic artery and vein. 
 
 3. Obturator Nerve. 
 
 Course, etc. — Placed at its commencement under- 
 neath the peritoneum to the inside of the iliac 
 arteries, it follows the obturator artery, passing 
 through the obturator foramen, and terminating 
 in the obturator externus, pectineus, adductors, 
 and gracilis. 
 
 II. The Posterior Portion 
 
 breaks up into the following branches : 
 
 1. Anterior Gluteal or Ilio-muscular Nerves. — Pour 
 
i6o VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 or five in number, and formed principally from the 
 
 first two sacral nerves. 
 
 Course, etc. — They leave the pelvis through the 
 greater sciatic notch, one branch going to the 
 gluteus maximus ; a second passes over the 
 shaft of the ilium, and becomes lost in the tensor 
 vaginae femoris ; and a third is terminated in 
 the gluteus internus. 
 
 2. Posterior Gluteal or IscMo-muscular Nerves. — 
 Usually two in number, superior and inferior. 
 
 (a) Superior. 
 
 Cowrse.— ^Leaves the pelvis by the greater sciatic 
 notch, passes downwards and backwards be- 
 tween the sacro-sciatic ligament and the gluteus 
 maximus, and terminates in the triceps ab- 
 ductor femoris ; en route, it supplies branches 
 to the gluteus maximus and externus. 
 (h) Inferior. 
 
 Course. — Placed beneath the superior nerve, it 
 terminates in the biceps rotator tibialis and the 
 skin of the posterior femoral region. 
 
 3. Great Sciatic or Great Femoro-popliteal Nerve. 
 Course, etc. — Emerges from the pelvis by the 
 
 greater sciatic notch in company with the 
 gluteal bloodvessels and nerves. It runs down- 
 wards between the sacro-sciatic ligament and 
 the gluteus maximus, passes behind the hip- 
 joint, descends in the sheath formed by the 
 adductor magnus and biceps rotator tibialis ; 
 insinuates itself between the two heads of the 
 gastrocnemius, and then proceeds along the 
 posterior surface of the tendon of the flexor 
 
NERVES. i6i 
 
 pedis perforatus ; near the calcaneum it ter- 
 minates as the external and internal plantar or 
 metatarsal nerves. 
 
 A. Collateral Branches. 
 
 (a) External Sciatic, Popliteal, or Small Femoro- 
 popliteal Nerve. 
 
 Course, etc. — Is given off on a level with the 
 gemelli muscles; passes forwards and down- 
 wards between the gastrocnemius and adductor 
 magnus. Behind the lateral ligament of the 
 stifle-joint it terminates in two branches. 
 
 (a) Musculo-cutaneous nerve, passes down the 
 antero-external part of the leg, becomes sub- 
 cutaneous, and supplies the skin of the anterior 
 metatarsal region. It may be traced to the 
 fetlock, and sometimes beyond. 
 
 (S) Anterior tibial nerve, gains the deep face of 
 the anterior tibial muscles, supplies the ex- 
 tensor pedis and. flexor metatarsi, and finally 
 terminates near the fetlock. 
 
 (7) Peroneal cutaneous nerve. This is principally 
 cutaneous, 
 (i) Deep Pelvi-crural Nerves. 
 
 Course, etc. — These pass with the parent trunk 
 behind the hip-joint, and are distributed to 
 the obturator internus, gemelli, and ischio- 
 femoralis. 
 (c) Posterior Crural Nerve. 
 
 Cmrse, etc. — Arises near the gemelli muscles and 
 supplies the posterior femoral muscles. 
 
 11 
 
i62 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 (d) External Saphenic Nerve. 
 
 Course, etc. — Leaves the sciatic at from four to 
 six inclies before that nerve passes between the 
 two heads of the gastrocnemius. It proceeds 
 downwards on the outer face of the gastroc- 
 nemius, and is finally distributed to the outer 
 side of the metatarsus, and even to the digit. 
 
 (e) Brancli to the Posterior Tibial Muscles. 
 Course, etc. — A short thick trunk given off as the 
 
 sciatic passes between the two heads of the 
 gastrocnemius. 
 
 B. Terminal Sranches. 
 External and Internal Plantar or Metatarsal Nerves. 
 Course, etc. — Commence above the tarsus, and 
 pass through the tarsal groove. At the head 
 of the large metatarsal bone the external is 
 placed between the perforans tendon and the 
 small metatarsal bone. They terminate as the 
 digital nerves, which are arranged in the same 
 manner as those of the anterior limb. 
 
POSTERIOR LIMB OF THE OX, SHEEP, ETC. 163 
 
 POSTEBIOB LIMB OF THE OX, SHEEP, PIG 
 AND DOG. 
 
 BONES. 
 Os Innominatum. 
 
 Ruminants. — The ilium has a ridge on its gluteal surface 
 extending from the anterior iliac spine to the superior ischiatic 
 spine. The anterior iliac spine is composed of three tuberosities. 
 The ilio-pectineal emiaence is large. The ischium is large. The 
 superior ischiatic spine is large. The tuber ischii is formed by 
 three eminences, the lower one corresponding to the inferior 
 ischiatic spine. The pubis is large, and incompletely ossified to 
 its fellow. The pubio-femoral groove is indistinct. The obturator 
 foramen is large. The acetabulum is deep, and the cotyloid notch 
 constricted. The floor of the pelvis is very concave, and the 
 union of the two ossa innominata is marked by a well-developed 
 tuberosity placed below. 
 
 In the small ruminants the long axes of the Uium and ischium 
 are nearly in the same straight line. 
 
 Pig. — The long axes of the ilium and ischium are nearly in the 
 same straight line. The iUum has a ridge on its gluteal surface 
 joining the superior ischiatic spine and iHao crest. The iliac crest 
 is convex. The superior ischiatic spine is prominent, and carries 
 transverse muscular ridges on its outer surface. The two ossa 
 innominata generally remain separate. 
 
 Dog. — The ilium has a concave gluteal surface, a convex 
 crest, and no marked posterior angle. The superior ischiatic 
 spine has a blunt border. The tuber ischii is single. The ischial 
 arch is not extensive. The two ossa innominata unite late 
 in life. 
 
 Femur. 
 
 Buminants. — The bone is not so massive. The trochanter 
 minor is absent. The trochanter major is imdivided. The 
 
i64 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 trochanteric ridge passes obliquely across the back of the bone, 
 ioining the trochanters major and internias, the latter being 
 higher than in the horse. The head is smaller, and provided 
 with a better marked neck. The supracondyloid fossa is shallow. 
 The condyles and trochlea are rather smaller than in the horse. 
 
 Pig. — The trochanter minor is absent, and the trochanter 
 major undivided; the summit of the latter is on a level vsdth, or 
 lower than, the articular head. The neck is much contracted. 
 The supracondyloid fossa can scarcely be said to exist. The 
 lips of the trochlea are nearly of the same size. 
 
 Dog. — The bone is very long. The head is provided with a 
 well-marked neck, and is higher than the summit of the un- 
 divided trochanter major. The trochanter minor is absent. 
 The posterior surface of the shaft carries a double ridge (linea 
 aspera), which is connected above with the two trochanters, and 
 below with the supracondyloid crest and a roughened tuberosity 
 representing the supracondyloid fossa. A facet is seen above 
 and behind each condyle, this being for articulation with the 
 fabella (a sesamoid bone connected with the head of the 
 gastrocnemius). 
 
 Patella. 
 
 Buminants. — Much narrower than in the horse. 
 Pig. — StiU narrower, and more elongated. 
 Dog. — StiU more elongated from above to below. 
 
 Tibia. 
 
 Ruminants.— Shorter, and with fewer muscular ridges on its 
 posterior surface. The anterior tuberosity has no excavation for 
 the patellar Ugament. The external tuberosity carries no articular 
 facet for the fibula. There are three antero-posterior grooves 
 distaUy. The external malleolus is detached, and forms the 
 Malleolar Bone which articulates with the tibia, astragalus, and 
 calcaneum, and is connected, by means of a long hgamentous 
 cord, with the fibula. 
 
 Pig._The posterior face is almost free from ridges. The 
 external malleolus is detached, and forms the distal extremity of 
 the fibula. 
 
POSTERIOR LIMB OF THE OX, SHEEP, ETC. 165 
 
 Dog. — A very long bone, with an unexoavated anterior tuber- 
 osity, a well-marked crest, a small spine, a detached external 
 malleolus, and two antero-posterior distal grooves. 
 
 Fibula. 
 
 RuminailtS. — ^Very rudimentary, and anchylosed to the head 
 of the tibia. 
 
 Pig. — Extends the whole length of the tibia, its shaft being 
 compressed laterally. 
 
 Dog. — ^As long as the tibia, and very slender ; it articulates 
 distally with the tibia and astragalus. 
 
 Tarsus. 
 
 Ruminants. — Formula : 2 = g bones, the cuboid and cunei- 
 form being represented by a single cabo-cuneiform bone. The 
 astragalus possesses three pulley-shaped surfaces — a superior for 
 the tibia, an inferior for the cubo-cuneiform bone, and a posterior 
 for the calcaneum. The tuberosity of the calcaneum is elongated, 
 and grooved at the summit for the flexor pedis perforatus . 
 tendon. The cuneiform parvum is smaller than in the horse. 
 
 Pig. — Formula : 4=7 bones. The astragalus and calcaneum 
 are very similar to those of the ruminants. The cuneiform 
 parvum is represented by two bones, so that there are three 
 cuneiforms (ecto-, meso-, and endo-) artioiilating with the 
 metatarsus. 
 
 Dog. — Formula : 2.= 7 bones. The astragalus carries a head 
 inferiorly, which articulates with a cup-shaped depression on the 
 cuneiform magnum. The summit of the tuber calcis possesses 
 a groove. As in the pig, there are three cuneiform bones next to 
 the metatarsus. 
 
 Metatarsus. 
 
 Ruminants. — There are two bones — a large and an inner 
 small — resembling the metacarpals. The large metatarsal dififers 
 from the large metacarpal in being longer, having a squarer 
 shaft, and possessing three articular surfaces superiorly. 
 
 Pig. — The bones of this region resemble in all essential 
 respects those of the metacarpus. 
 
i66 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Dog. — There are five metatarsal bones, four well-developed 
 and resembling the metacarpals, and one (the innermost) rudi- 
 mentary. 
 
 Digits. 
 
 These in all animals resemble those of the anterior limb ; the 
 dog, however, possesses a rudimentary fifth digit, which may 
 be represented by a single nodule of bone, or (at its maximum 
 development) by three small phalanges. 
 
 . ARTICULATIONS. 
 Hip-joint. 
 
 The pubio-femoral hgament is absent in aU the domestic 
 animals not belonging to the eq^uine species ; as a consequence, 
 lateral movement is freer. 
 
 Stifle-joint. 
 
 Small Ruminants and Pig. — There is only one straight 
 patellar ligament, and one synovial membrane. 
 
 Dog. — There is only one straight patellar ligament; the 
 menisci are connected in front of the tibial spine, and there is 
 only one synovial membrane, which is continued to the fabellse. 
 
 Tibio-fibular Articulation. 
 
 Ruminants.— ^This can scarcely be said to exist, as anchylosis 
 takes place. 
 
 Pig. — There is an amphiarthrosis at the proximal extremity, 
 and a diarthrosis distally, with an interosseous ligament 
 between. 
 
 Dog. — Similar to the pig, but with a diarthrosis at both 
 extremities. 
 
 Tarsus. 
 
 There are a variety of minor differences ; the arrangement of 
 the articular surfaces gives freer movement in the ruminants, 
 pig and dog than in the horse. 
 
POSTERIOR LIMB OF THE OX, SHEEP, ETC. 167 
 
 MUSCLES. 
 Croup. 
 
 Suminants.— The Gluteus Ezternus and Triceps Abductor 
 Femoris are blended. The Gluteus Mazimus is smaller, and 
 the Gluteus Internus larger, than in the horse. 
 
 Pig. — Much the same as in the ruminants. 
 
 Dog. — The Gluteus Exteruus is very voluminous, but the 
 Gluteus Maximus is very smaUi 
 
 Thigh. 
 
 Ruminants. — The Tensor Vaginae Femoris is more ex- 
 tensive, and blended inferiorly with the triceps abductor femoris. 
 
 The Rectus Parvus is absent. 
 
 The Triceps Abductor Femoris is connected with the gluteus 
 externus and tensor vaginae femoris. 
 
 The Biceps Rotator Tibialis has no attachment to the 
 sacrum. 
 
 The Adductor Magnus is divided inferiorly, one portion 
 being attached to the femur, the other to the head of the tibia. 
 
 The Pyriformis is absent. 
 
 The Obturator Internus tendon traverses the obturator 
 foramen, and joins that of the obturator externus. 
 
 Pig. — ^Very similar to the ruminants. 
 
 Dog.— The Rectus Femoris has only one tendon of origin. 
 
 The Triceps Abductor Femoris is undivided. 
 
 The Sartorius has its origin from the inner face of the 
 anterior Uiac spine, and its muscular portion extends down to 
 the tibia. 
 
 The Gracilis is thin, and limited in extent. 
 
 The Adductor Longus is large and undivided. 
 
 Leg. 
 
 Ruminants.— The Extensor Pedis and the tendinous portion 
 of the flexor metatarsi are represented by three muscles : 
 
 1. A flexor of the Metatarsus, which is inserted to the head 
 of the metatarsal bone and the cuneiforms. 
 
i68 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 2. Extensor Communis Digitorum. 
 
 3. Extensor Proprius Internus. 
 
 The two latter are disposed as in the anterior limb. 
 
 The Tibialis Anticus represents the fleshy portion of the 
 flexor metatarsi of the horse, its tendon passing through the ring 
 formed by the flexor of the metatarsus above mentioned, and 
 becoming attached to the cuneiforms and the metatarsal bone. 
 
 The Peroneus is replaced by the Extensor Proprius Ex- 
 ternus, which is disposed as in the anterior limb. 
 
 The Peroneus Longus Lateralis (unrepresented in the horse) 
 arises from the external face of the head of the tibia, and, after a 
 devious course, is attached to the metatarsal bone and cuneiform 
 parvum. 
 
 The Flexor Pedis Perforatus has a much better marked 
 fleshy portion than in the horse ; its tendon, and also that of the 
 perforans, are disposed as in the anterior limb. 
 
 Pig.— The Extensor Communis Digitorum has four tendons 
 of insertion, one being destined for each digit. 
 
 The Extensor Proprii— internus and externus — have each two 
 tendons, one for the large and one for the small digit. 
 
 The Tibialis Anticus is inserted to the cuneiform parvum. 
 
 The Peroneus Longus Lateralis is attached to the head of 
 the internal metatarsal bone. 
 
 The Flexor Pedis Perforatus terminates in two tendons, one 
 for each principal digit. 
 
 The Flexor Perforans has four tendons, one for each digit. 
 
 Dog. — In the anterior tibial region there are four muscles : 
 
 1. Tibialis Anticus. 
 
 Origin. — The anterior tuberosity and crest of the tibia. 
 
 It receives a slip from the fibula. 
 Insertion. — The internal metatarsal bone. 
 
 2. Extensor Communis Digitorum. 
 
 Origin. — Between the trochlea and external condyle of the 
 
 femur. 
 Insertion. — It has four tendons arranged as in the anterior 
 
 limb. 
 
 3. Peroneus Longus.— Placed between the preceding and the 
 peroneus brevis. 
 
POSTERIOR LIMB OF THE OX, SHEEP, ETC. 169 
 
 Origin. — Head of the tibia. 
 
 Insertion. — (a.) First metatarsal ; (5) metatarsal bone of 
 
 the hallux. 
 Action. — Abducts, and perhaps flexes, the hmb. 
 4. Peroneus Brevis. — Divided into two portions, superior and 
 inferior. 
 
 (a) Superior. 
 Origin. — Upper third of the anterior border of the 
 
 fibula. 
 Insertion. — Its tendon joins the common extensor tendon 
 
 of the external digit. 
 Action.— It is the extensor proprius of the external digit. 
 (6) Inferior. 
 Origin. — External face and anterior border of the fibula. 
 Insertion. — The external metatarsal bone. 
 Action. — Abducts the foot. 
 In the posterior tibial region - 
 The Plantaris is absent. 
 
 The fleshy portion of the Flexor Pedis Perforatus is thick, 
 and blended superiorly with the gastrocnemius; its tendon is 
 divided into four strands. 
 The Flexor Perforans has also four tendons. 
 The Tibialis Posticus is a thin muscle placed between the 
 flexor perforans and accessorius ; its origin is from the tibia and 
 fibula, its tendon being lost in the posterior ligament of the 
 tarsus. 
 
 Metatarsus. 
 Ruminants.— The Extensor Pedis Brevis is attached to the 
 common extensor and proprius internus tendons. 
 
 Pig.— The Extensor Pedis Brevis is attached to the common 
 extensor tendons. 
 There are four Interossei muscles, as in the anterior limb. 
 Dog. — The muscles of this region are : 
 
 1. Extensor Pedis Brevis, which consists of three bundles of 
 fibres, terminating in the three outer tendons of the common 
 extensor. 
 
 2. An accessory to the perforans, arising from the outer face 
 of the tarsus. 
 
170 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 3. Eudimentary muscles of the hallux. 
 
 4. Abductor Minimi Digiti, which passes from the posterior 
 tarsal ligament to the first phalans of the small digit. 
 
 5. Pour Interossei Muscles, as in the anterior limb. 
 
 6. Lumbrici, as in the anterior limb. 
 
 AETEEIES. 
 I. Internal Iliac Artery. 
 
 Buminants. — The Middle Sacral artery is large, and forms 
 the true termination of the aorta ; it supplies the coccygeal 
 arteries. 
 
 A common trunk supplies the Umbilical and Uterine 
 arteries. 
 
 The Iliaco-femoral and Obturator are both absent in the 
 small ruminants ; the latter is, however, represented in the large 
 ruminants by a very small twig. The deep femoral takes the 
 place of these arteries. 
 
 The Lateral Sacral is either absent or very small; the 
 Ischiatic is given off directly from the internal Uiac. 
 
 Pig. — The Internal Iliac, after supplying umbilical and 
 gluteal branches, is continued by the Internal Pudic, which 
 contributes (1) a haemorrhoidal artery (to the rectum and the 
 adjoiaing organs), (2) some gluteal twigs, and (3) a branch repre- 
 senting the ischiatic ; and terminates as the cavernous and 
 dorsal arteries of the perns. 
 
 Dog. — The Internal Iliacs arise from a common trunk some 
 little distance behind the external iliacs; this common trunk 
 supphes the umbilical arteries. 
 
 Each Uiac forms two branches : 
 
 1. Internal Pudic, which terminates as the cavernous and 
 dorsal arteries of the penis, after giving off vesical, lisemor- 
 rhoidal and uterine branches. 
 
 2. A representative of the Gluteal, leaving the pelvis by the 
 greater sciatic notch, and forming spinal and gluteal branches. 
 
POSTERIOR LIMB OF THE OX, SHEEP, ETC. 171 
 
 II. External Iliac Artery. 
 Buminants. — The only noteworthy deviations from the type 
 are found in the tibial arteries. 
 
 1. Posterior Tibial. — This is much larger than in the horse. 
 The Internal Plantar is very much larger than the external. 
 Both Flantars anastomose with the perforating pedal, and 
 
 form two or three superficial and two deep metatarsal 
 arteries. 
 
 2. Anterior Tibial.— This termiaates as the perforating 
 pedal and great metatarsal. 
 
 The Great Metatarsal passes down the groove on the anterior 
 face of the metatarsal bone, and gives off a perforating branch, 
 which pierces the foramen at the distal extremity of the meta- 
 tarsal bone, gains the back of the bone, and anastomoses with the 
 metatarsal branches of the posterior tibial artery, and forms the 
 external lateral digital artery. The great metatarsal termi- 
 nates as the common digital, which, near the distal extremities 
 of the proximal phalanges, divides into the two unguals, one for 
 each digit. 
 
 The Internal Lateral Digital if formed by the great meta- 
 tarsal. 
 
 Pig. — The general arrangement resembles that ia the rumi- 
 nants. 
 
 Dog. — The Circumflex Ilii is given off from the aorta directly. 
 
 In the female the External Pudic supphes a mammary 
 branch, which anastomoses with a mammary branch of the 
 internal thoracic artery. 
 
 The Posterior Tibial is very small, but the Saphena is large, 
 and terminates ia small plantar arteries. 
 
 The Anterior Tibial contributes a tarsal branch, and, enter- 
 ing the third intermetatarsal space, forms an arch beneath the 
 flexor tendons ; three digital arteries spriag from this arch, and 
 are distributed as are those of the anterior limb. 
 
 VEINS. 
 
 Ruminants. — There are three Digital veins, an anterior and 
 two laterals; from these three veias five metatarsals are 
 
172 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 formed : {a) two deep anterior, which pass up in company with 
 the great metatarsal artery ; (6) a superficial anterior, which 
 forms the anterior root of the external saphenic vein, and also 
 joins the anterior tibial vein ; (c) two posterior — internal and 
 external — the internal terminating in the internal saphenic 
 and posterior tibial veins, the external forming a root of the 
 external saphenic. 
 
 NEEVES. 
 
 Ruminants. —The Musculo-cutaneous branch of the popliteal 
 nerve is large, and forma the dorsal collaterals of the digits. 
 
 The Anterior Tibial nerve sends a branch along the anterior 
 face of the metatarsal bone, which, passing between the condyles 
 at the lower extremity, terminates as the deep collaterals of 
 the digits. 
 
 The Metatarsal nerves do not possess an anastomotic branch. 
 
 Pig — The Musculo-cutaneous at the tarsus forms three 
 branches, the dorsal collaterals of the digits. 
 
 The Anterior Tibial anastomoses with the plantar nerves. 
 
 The External Plantar is large, and supplies the external and 
 part of the internal digits. 
 
 The Internal Plantar is small, and supplies the inner digits. 
 
 Dog. — The Lumbo-sacral plexus is formed by four lumbar and 
 two sacral nerves. 
 
 The Musculo-cutaneous terminates in three branches, which 
 form the dorsal collaterals of the digits. 
 
 The External Plantar supplies all the digits except part of the 
 fourth. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES. 
 
 The Bones are usually divided iato four classes : 
 
 1. Long Bones. — These are found ia the limbs, of which they 
 form the chief constituents. They possess a shaft, or diaphysis, 
 and two extremdties, or epiphyses. The shaft is hollow, forming 
 the medullary canal. 
 
 Examvples. — The femur, humerus, etc. 
 
 (a) Interrupted Bones are those which have not attained 
 their full development. 
 
 Examples. — The ulna and splint bones. 
 (6) Elongated Bones resemble long bones, but have no 
 medullary canal. The ribs may be said to belong to 
 this class. 
 
 2. Short Bones are cubical or oblong, and are represented by 
 the OS coronas and the carpal and tarsal bones. 
 
 3. Flat Bones are developed in two directions (width and 
 length) at the expense of the third (depth). 
 
 Examples. — The scapula and parietal bone. 
 
 4. Irregular Bones are often of very complex outline ; the 
 best examples are foimd in the median plane of the body, such as 
 the vertebrae. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACE-MABKINGS OF BONES. 
 
 The surface-markings of bones are either eminences or de- 
 •pressions : 
 
174 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 I. Eminences. — These are either articular or non-articular. 
 
 1. Articular Eminences. 
 
 (a) Head (Caput, Capitulum, or Capitellum). — This is a 
 
 rounded enaiuence, almost always limited by a 
 constriction or neck (cervix). 
 
 (b) Condyle. — This resembles a head to some extent, 
 ^ but its outline is usually more or less oval, and it 
 
 has no neck. 
 
 2. Non-articular Eminences. 
 
 (a) Apophysis. — This is a generic "term applied to all 
 
 non-articular processes. 
 
 (b) Trochanter, Tuberosity, cmd Tubercle. — These 
 
 terms are appUed to roughened eminences, and 
 are used to indicate their relative sizes, the 
 trochanter being the largest. 
 
 (c) Spine. — A spine is usually a thin, sharp, and some- 
 
 times pointed eminence. 
 {d) Bidge, Line, Crest, etc. — These terms are suffi- 
 ciently self-explanatory. 
 
 II. Depressions. — We may also divide these into articular 
 and non-articular. 
 
 1. Articular Depressions. 
 
 (a) Glenoid Cavity. — Usually a shallow articular 
 
 surface. 
 (6) Cotyloid Cavity. — This is a deeper depression than 
 the preceding. 
 
 2. Non-articular Depressions. 
 
 {a) Fossa. — A fossa is a more or less extensive excava- 
 tion formed by one or more bones. 
 
 (b) Sinus and Antrum. — These terms are applied to 
 
 cavities found in the interior of bones. 
 
 (c) Foramen. — A short opening formed by one or more 
 
 bones is usually known as a foramen. 
 
 (d) Carnal and Meatus.— "We may consider these to be 
 
 foramina which are continued for some distance 
 into the bone or bones. 
 
 (e) Notch, Fissure, Groove, Furrow, etc. — These terms 
 
 are self-explanatory. 
 
APPENDIX. 175 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICULATIONS. 
 
 Joints are divided into Diarthroses, Synarthroses, and Amphi- 
 arthroses. 
 
 I. Diarthrosis, or Discontitiuous Aiticulation. — Movement in 
 this class is usually free. 
 
 1. Enarthrosis (ball-and-sooket joint).— A head fit^nto a 
 
 glenoid- or a cotyloid cavity. 
 
 Exa/nvple. — Shoulder and hip joints. 
 
 2. Ginglymus (hinge joint). — Movement is confined to one 
 
 plane. 
 
 Example. — Elbow-joint. 
 
 3. Diarthrosis Botatorius. — One bone forms a pivot, around 
 
 which the other rotates. 
 
 Excmiple. — Atlo-axoid joint. 
 
 4. Arthrosis. — The articular surfaces are plane or undu- 
 
 lating, and the movement is of a gliding character. 
 Example. — Between the individual bones of the 
 carpus and tarsus. 
 
 5. Condylartlirosis. — This is sometimes described as differ- 
 
 ing from enarthrosis in the movement not being quite 
 so free. 
 
 II. Synarthrosis, or Continuous Articulation. — In this class 
 the bones in the adult are united by osseous matter, and move- 
 ment is consequently nU. 
 
 1. Sutura. — Sutures have been divided into true and false. 
 
 (a) Vera (True). — Here projections from one bone fit 
 into depressions in the other. According to the 
 character of these projections, suturae verse are 
 divided into : Sutura dentata (with tooth-like pro- 
 jections), serrata (saw-Kke), and Umbosa (den- 
 tation and bevelling combined). 
 
 (6) Notha (False).— In this class the projections are 
 either absent or small. The sub-classes of sutura 
 notha are: Sutu/ra harmonia (the two bones 
 have almost smooth edges) and squamiosa (the 
 bones overlap). 
 
176 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 2. Schindylesis.— This should be considered as a variety of 
 
 suture. A projection from one bone fits into a notch in 
 another. An example is seen where the sphenoid pro- 
 jects into the incisura sphenoidaHs of the frontal. 
 
 3. Synchondrosis. — A cartilaginous layer unites the two 
 
 bones ; this cartilage ossifies in the adult (synostosis). 
 Example. — Between the basi- occiput and basi- 
 sphenoid. 
 
 4. Gomphosis. — One bone fits into a depression formed by 
 
 another. 
 
 Good examples are not forthcoming. 
 
 5. Symphysis.— The union in tliis case is through fibro- 
 
 cartUage and fibrous tissue. 
 Example. — The pubic and ischial symphyses. 
 III. Amphiarthrosis, or Mixed.— In this class fibrous tissue 
 and fibro-cartilage are the connecting structures. This class is 
 not always mentioned, its members being sometimes placed 
 under synarthroses. 
 Example. — The joint between the ilimn and sacrum. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF MOVEMENTS IN JOINTS. 
 
 Flexion.— This term is used to indicate a lessening of the 
 angle formed by two bones. 
 
 Extension is the opposite of flexion, the angle being in- 
 creased. 
 
 Abduction indicates the movement from the median plane of 
 the body. 
 
 Adduction is the opposite of abduction, the movement being 
 towards the median plane. 
 
 The term angular movement is frequently applied to the 
 above movements. 
 
 Circumduction. — In this movement one extremity of a bone 
 describes a circle or ellipse, the other extremity being fixed. 
 
 Rotation. — A bone moves about its own axis. 
 
 Gliding. — This movement is best seen in the carpus and 
 tarsus, where the surfaces of adjacent bones ghde over each 
 other. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 177 
 
 TABLE OF BONES, MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS, ETC., 
 OF THE HOESB. 
 
 
 
 ANTERIOR LIMB. 
 
 
 
 Centres 
 of 
 
 Articulates 
 
 Muscles. 
 
 
 Ossification. 
 
 with 
 
 Arising from 
 
 Inserted to 
 
 Scapula. 
 
 3. 
 
 Humerus, j 
 
 \ntea-spinatus. 
 Postea-spinatus. 
 Postea-spinatus 
 
 minor. 
 Teres externus. 
 Subscapularis. 
 Scapulo-ulnaris. 
 Oaput magnum. 
 Scapulo-humer- 
 
 alis posticus 
 Teres internus. 
 Plexor brachii. 
 Coraco - humer- 
 
 alis. 
 
 rrapezius. 
 
 Levator hu- 
 meri. 
 
 Rhomboidei. 
 
 Serratus mag- 
 nus (from 
 the trunk 
 and neck). 
 
 Peotoralis par- 
 vus (from 
 the trunk). 
 
 HurneniR. 
 
 6. 
 
 Scapula. 
 
 Humeralis obli- 
 
 Pannioulus. 
 
 
 
 Eac ius. 
 
 quus. 
 
 Antea-spinatus. 
 
 
 
 Uhia. 
 
 Caput medium. 
 „ parvum. . 
 Anconeus. 
 Extensor meta- 
 
 oarpi iHagnus. 
 Extensor pedis. 
 Plexor metacar- 
 
 pi internus. 
 Plexor metacar- 
 
 pi medius. 
 Plexor metacar- 
 
 pi externus. 
 Flexor pedis per- 
 
 foratus. 
 Flexor pedis per- 
 
 forans. 
 
 Postea - spina- 
 tus. 
 
 Postea - spina- 
 tus minor. 
 
 Subscapularis. 
 
 Scapulo -hu- 
 meralis p&s- 
 ticus. 
 
 Peotoralis mag- 
 nus. 
 
 Peotoralis anti- 
 cus. 
 
 Teres externus. 
 ,, internus. 
 
 Coraco -humer- 
 alis. [dorsi. 
 
 Latissimus 
 
 Levator hu- 
 
 
 
 
 meri. 
 
 12 
 
178 
 
 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 Bone. 
 
 Eadius. 
 
 Ulna. 
 
 Scaphoid. 
 
 Lunar. 
 
 Cuneiform. 
 
 Trape- 
 zium. 
 
 Pisiform. 
 Trapezoid. 
 
 Centres 
 
 of 
 
 Ossification 
 
 4. 
 
 2. 
 
 Articulates 
 ■with 
 
 Humerus. 
 Ulna. 
 Scaphoid. 
 Lunar. 
 Cuneiform. 
 Trape- 
 zium. 
 
 Radius. 
 Humerus. 
 
 Muscles. 
 
 Arising from 
 
 Extensor meta- Plexor brachii. 
 carpi obli-Humeralis ob- 
 
 Inserted to 
 
 Eadius. 
 Lunar. 
 [Magnum. 
 Trapezoid. 
 Badius 
 Cuneiform. 
 Unciform. 
 Magnum. 
 Scaphoid, 
 Eadius. 
 Trape- 
 zium. 
 Unciform. 
 Lunar. 
 Eadius. 
 Cuneiform, 
 
 Trapezoid. 
 Pisiform. 
 Scaphoid. 
 Magnum. 
 Two meta- 
 carpals. 
 
 quus. liquus. 
 
 Extensor pedis, 
 suffra- 
 
 ginis. 
 Radialis acces- 
 
 sorius. 
 Flexor metacar- Seapulo 
 
 pi medius. 
 Ulnaris acces 
 
 sorius. 
 Extensor sufira- 
 
 giois. 
 Humeralis obli- 
 
 quus 
 
 mag- 
 
 ris. 
 Caput 
 
 num. 
 Caput medium. 
 ^ „ parvum. 
 Anconeus. 
 
 Plexor meta- 
 
 carpi exter- 
 nus. 
 
 Plexor meta- 
 
 oarpi me- 
 dius. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 179 
 
 
 
 
 Muscles. 
 
 
 Centres 
 of 
 
 Articulates 
 witli 
 
 
 Bone. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Ossification. 
 
 
 Arising from 
 
 Inserted to 
 
 Magnum. 
 
 1. 
 
 Scaphoid. 
 Lunar 
 Unciform. 
 Two meta- 
 carpals. 
 Trapezoid. 
 
 
 
 Unciform. 
 
 1. 
 
 Lunar. 
 Cuneiform. 
 Two meta- 
 carpals. 
 Magnum. 
 
 
 
 Large me- 
 
 2. 
 
 Trapezoid. 
 
 
 Extensor meta- 
 
 tacarpal. 
 
 
 Magnum. 
 
 Unciform. 
 
 Two small 
 metacar- 
 pals. 
 
 Two sesa- 
 moids. 
 
 Os sufifra- 
 ginis. 
 
 
 carpi magnus. 
 
 External 
 
 1. 
 
 Unciform. 
 
 
 Plexor meta- 
 
 small me- 
 
 
 Large me- 
 
 
 carpiexternus. 
 
 tacarpal 
 
 
 tacarpal. 
 
 
 
 Internal 
 
 1. 
 
 Trapezoid. 
 
 
 Extensor meta- 
 
 small me- 
 
 
 Magnum. 
 
 
 carpiobUquus. 
 
 tacarpal 
 
 
 Large me- 
 tacarpal. 
 
 
 Flexor meta- 
 carpi intemus. 
 
 Sesamoids. 
 
 1. 
 
 Large me- 
 tacarpal. 
 Large me- 
 
 
 
 Os suffra- 
 
 3. 
 
 
 Extensor pedis. 
 
 ginis. 
 
 
 tacarpal. 
 Os coronsB. 
 
 
 Extensor suf- 
 fraginis. 
 
 Os coronse. 
 
 3. 
 
 Os sufiEra- 
 
 ginis. 
 Os pedis. 
 Os naviou- 
 
 lare. 
 
 
 Plexor pedis 
 perforatus. 
 Extensor pedis. 
 
 Os pedis. 
 
 2. 
 
 Os coronsB. 
 Os navicu- 
 lare. 
 
 
 Extensor peclis. 
 Plexor pedis 
 perforans. 
 
 Navicular 
 
 1. 
 
 Os pedis. 
 
 
 
 bone. 
 
 
 
 
 
i8o 
 
 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 POSTERIOR LIMB. 
 
 
 
 
 Muscles. 
 
 
 Centres 
 of 
 
 Articulates 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ossification. 
 
 
 Ai-ising from 
 
 Inserted to 
 
 Ilium. 
 
 2. 
 
 Sacrum. 
 Ischium. 
 Pubis. 
 Femur. 
 
 Longissimus 
 
 dorsi. 
 Ihacus. 
 Quadratus lum- 
 
 borum. 
 Compressor coc- 
 
 cygis. 
 Abdominales(3). 
 Glutei (3). 
 Tensor vaginae 
 
 femoris. 
 Bectus femoris. 
 
 „ parvus. 
 Pyriformis. 
 
 Psoas parvus. 
 
 Ischium. 
 
 2. 
 
 Ilium. 
 Pubis. 
 Femur. 
 Its fellow. 
 
 Gluteus inter- 
 nus. 
 
 Triceps abduc- 
 tor. 
 
 Biceps rotator. 
 
 Triceps adduc- 
 tor. 
 
 Gracilis. 
 
 Obturators (2). 
 
 Gemelli (2). 
 
 Isohio - f emora- 
 lis. 
 
 
 Pubis. 
 
 2. 
 
 Tlinm. 
 
 Adductor brevis 
 
 Abdominales 
 
 
 
 Ischium. 
 
 Pectineus. 
 
 w- 
 
 
 
 Its fellow. 
 
 Sartorius. 
 Obturators (2). 
 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 i8i 
 
 
 
 
 Muscles. 
 
 
 Centres 
 
 0{ 
 
 Ossification. 
 
 Articulates 
 witli 
 
 
 
 Aribing from 
 
 Inserted to 
 
 Femur. 
 
 4. 
 
 Ilium. 
 
 Vasti (2). 
 
 Psoas magnus. 
 
 
 
 Ischium. 
 
 Crureus. 
 
 [liacus. 
 
 
 
 PateUa. 
 
 G-astrocnemius. 
 
 Glutei (3). 
 
 
 
 Tibia. 
 
 Flexor pedis per- 
 foratus. 
 
 Bxtensor pedis. 
 
 Plexor meta- 
 tarsi. 
 
 Popliteus. 
 
 Obturators (2). 
 
 Pyriformis. 
 
 Gemelli (2). 
 
 Tensor vaginae 
 femoris. 
 
 Rectus parvus. 
 
 Pectineus. 
 
 Triceps adduc- 
 tor. 
 
 Triceps abduc- 
 tor. 
 
 Ischio - f emora- 
 lis. 
 
 PateUa. 
 
 1. 
 
 Femur. 
 
 
 Bectus femoris. 
 
 Vasti (2). 
 
 Crureus. 
 
 Tensor vaginae 
 femoris. 
 
 Triceps abduc- 
 tor. 
 
 Tibia. 
 
 5. 
 
 Femur. 
 
 Flexor meta- 
 
 Sartorius. 
 
 
 
 Fibula. 
 
 tarsi. 
 
 Gracilis. 
 
 
 
 Astragalus. 
 
 Plantaris. 
 Flexor per- 
 
 forans. 
 Flexor acces- 
 
 sorius. 
 
 Triceps abduc- 
 tor. 
 Biceps rotator.. 
 Popliteus. 
 
 Fibula. 
 
 2. 
 
 Tibia. 
 
 Peroneus. 
 Flexor per- 
 forans. 
 
 
 Astragalus. 
 
 1. 
 
 Tibia. 
 Calca- 
 
 neum. 
 Cuboid. 
 Cuneiform. 
 
 magnum. 
 
 Plantaris. 
 
 
 Calca- 
 
 1. 
 
 Astragalus. 
 
 
 Gastrocnemius 
 
 neum. 
 
 
 Cuboid. 
 
 
 
l82 
 
 VETERINARY ANATOMY. 
 
 
 
 
 Muscles. 
 
 
 Centres 
 
 of 
 
 Ossification. 
 
 Articulates 
 with 
 
 
 
 Arising from 
 
 Inserted to 
 
 Cuboid. 
 
 1. 
 
 Calca- 
 neum. 
 
 Astragalus 
 
 Cuneiform 
 magnum 
 
 Cuneiform 
 medium. 
 
 Two meta- 
 tarsals. 
 
 
 Flexor meta- 
 tarsi. 
 
 Cuneiform 
 
 1. 
 
 Astragalus. 
 
 
 
 magnum 
 
 
 Cuneiform 
 medium. 
 
 Cuneiform 
 parvum. 
 
 Cuboid. 
 
 
 
 Cuneiform 
 
 1. 
 
 Cuneiform 
 
 
 
 medium. 
 
 
 magnum. 
 
 Cuneiform 
 parvum. 
 
 Cuboid. 
 
 Large me- 
 tatarsal. 
 
 
 
 Cuneiform 
 
 2. 
 
 Cuneiform 
 
 
 Flexor meta- 
 
 parvum. 
 
 
 magnum. 
 
 Cuneiform 
 medium. 
 
 Two meta- 
 tarsals. 
 
 
 tarsi. 
 
 Large me- 
 
 2. 
 
 Cuboid. 
 
 
 Flexor meta- 
 
 tatarsal. 
 
 
 Cuneiform 
 medium. 
 
 Cuneiform 
 parvum. 
 
 Two small 
 metacar- 
 pals. 
 
 Os suffra- 
 ginis. 
 
 Two sesa- 
 moids. 
 
 — 
 
 tarsi. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 183 
 
 
 
 
 MnscLEs. 
 
 Bone. 
 
 Centres 
 
 of 
 
 Ossification. 
 
 Articulates 
 with 
 
 
 Arising from 
 
 Inserted to 
 
 External 
 
 1. 
 
 Cuboid. 
 
 
 
 small me- 
 
 
 Large me- 
 
 
 
 tatarsal. 
 
 
 tatarsal. 
 
 
 
 Internal 
 
 1. 
 
 Cimeiform 
 
 
 
 small me- 
 
 
 parvum. 
 
 
 
 tatarsal. 
 
 
 Large me- 
 tatarsal. 
 
 
 
 The rest of the bones have articulations and muscular attach- 
 ments similar to those of the anterior ]imh, except that there 
 is no extensor suffraginis. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Antebeachium, 9 
 
 Appendix, 173 
 
 Arteries : 
 
 artery of the plantar 
 
 cushion, 64 
 anterior radial, 61, 93 
 anterior tibial, 152, 171 
 brachial, 58, 93 
 cavernous, 147, 170 
 circumflex, anterior, 59 
 posterior, 58 
 ilii, 147, 171 
 circulus arteriosus, 65 
 coraco-radial, 61 
 cubital, 59 
 deep humeral, 59 
 deep femoral, 150 
 digital, 63, 92, 93, 171 
 dorsal interosseous, 92 
 dorsal of the penis, 149, 
 
 170 
 external iUac, 147, 171 
 external pudio, 149, 171 
 femoral, 149 
 femoro-popliteal, 151 
 gluteal, 146, 170 
 great metatarsal, 153, 171 
 haemorrhoidal, 170 
 humeral, 59, 92, 93 
 iliaco -femoral, 147, 170 
 Uio-lumbar, 146 
 internal Uiac, 144, 170 
 internal pudic, 144, 170 
 
 Arteries : 
 
 interosseous radial, 61, 93 
 isohiatic, 146, 170 
 large metacarpal, 62, 92 
 lateral coccygeal, 146 
 lateral sacral, 144, 170 
 mammary, 150, 171 
 middle coccygeal, 146 
 middle sacral, 170 
 obturator, 146, 170 
 pedal, 153 
 
 perforating pedal, 153, 171 
 peroneal, 152 
 perpendicular, 63 
 plantar, 162, 171 
 plantar ungual, 64 
 popliteal, 151 
 posterior abdominal, 149 
 posterior tibial, 151, 171 
 posterior radial, 61, 93 
 prehumeral, 59 
 preplantar ungual, 64 
 prepubian, 149 
 prescapular, 58, 92 
 radio-pahnar, 62, 92 
 recurrent radial, 62 
 sacro-spinal, 146 
 saphena, 150, 171 
 subcutaneous abdominal, 
 
 149 
 subscapular, 58, 93 
 superficial femoral, 150 
 transverse, 64 
 
1 86 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Arteries : 
 
 ulnar, 59, 93 
 umbilical, 144, 170 
 uterine, 170 
 vaginal, 144 
 vesical, 170 
 vesico-prostatic, 144 
 
 Articulations : 
 carpus, 33, 86 
 coffin-joint, 40, 88 
 elbow-joint, 31, 86 
 fetlock-joint, 88, 87 
 hip-joint, 116, 166 
 inter- metacarpal, 38, 87 
 iscbio-pubic symphysis, 
 
 115 
 pastern-joint, 39, 88 
 radio-ulnar, 32, 86 
 sacro-iliac, 114 
 shoulder-joiut, 31, 86 
 stifle-joint, 117, 166 
 tarsus, 119, 166 
 tibio-fibular, 119, 166 
 
 Bones : 
 
 astragalus, 107 
 caloaneum, 108 
 carpus, 17, 84 
 coronffi, 28, 114 
 cubo- cuneiform, 165 
 cuboid, 109 
 cuneiform, 19 
 cuneiform magnum, 110 
 cuneiform medium, 111 
 cuneiform parvum, 112 
 femur, 102, 163 
 fibula, 106, 165 
 humerus, 11, 83 
 ihum, 97, 163 
 ischium, 98, 163 
 lunar, 18 
 magnum, 22 
 malleolar, 164 
 metacarpals, 24, 85 
 metatarsals, 113, 165 
 navicular, 30, 114 
 OS innominatum, 96, 163 
 
 Bones : 
 
 OS pedis, 28, 114 
 
 patella, 104, 164 
 
 pelvis, 101, 163 
 
 pisiform, 21 
 
 pubis, 99, 163 
 
 radius, 13, 84 
 
 sesamoids, 26 
 
 scaphoid, 18 
 
 scapula, 10, 83 
 
 suifraginis, 27, 114 
 
 tarsus, 107. 165 
 
 tibia, 104, i64 
 
 trapezium, 20 
 
 trapezoid, 21 
 
 ulna, 15, 84 
 
 unciform, 23 
 Brachium, 9 
 
 Chestnuts, 74 
 Classification of bones, 173 
 of surface - markings of 
 
 bones, 173 
 of articulations, 175 
 of movements in jomts, 
 176 
 Coronary cushion, 77 
 
 Digit, 27, 85, 114, 166 
 
 Epidermal appendages, 74 
 Ergots, 75 
 
 Foot of the horse, 75 
 
 Foot of the ox, sheep, pig, and 
 
 dog, 95 
 Frog, 80 
 
 Hab:, 74 
 Hoof, 79 
 Horn-tubes, 81 
 Horny laminae, 79 
 
 Keraphyllous tissue, 79 
 Keratogenous membrane, 77 
 
 Lateral cartilages, 75 
 
INDEX. 
 
 187 
 
 Lymphatics : 
 
 brachial glands, 69 
 deep inguinal glands, 157 
 iliac glands, 156 
 popliteal glands, 156 
 precrural glands, 156 
 sublumbar glands, 157 
 superficial inguinal glands, 
 157 
 
 Manus, 9 
 Metacarpus, 24 
 Muscles : 
 
 acromio-humeralis, 88 
 abductor minimi digiti, 91, 
 
 170 
 adductor brevis pollicis, 91 
 adductor brevis, 134 
 adductor indicis, 91 
 adductor longus, 134, 167 
 adductor magnus, 131, 167 
 adductor minimi digiti, 92, 
 
 170 
 anconeus, 50, 88 
 antea-spinatus, 42, 88 
 biceps rotator tibiahs, 131, 
 
 167 
 caput magnum, 48 
 caput medium, 49, 88 
 caput parvum, 49 
 coraco-humeraUs, 47, 88 
 crural quadriceps, 127 
 crureus, 129 
 extensor communis digi- 
 
 torum, 88, 89, 90, 168 
 extensor metacarpi mag- 
 nus, 51, 88, 89 
 extensor metacarpi obli- 
 
 quus, 51, 88, 89, 90 
 extensor pedis, 52, 88, 187, 
 
 167 
 extensor pedis brevis, 143, 
 
 169 
 extensor poUicis et indicis, 
 
 90 
 extensorpropritis extemus, 
 
 89, 168 
 
 Muscles : 
 
 extensor proprius internus, 
 
 89, 90, 168 
 extensor suffragiuis, 53, 89 
 flexor brachii, 46, 88 
 flexor brevis poUicis, 91 
 flexor metacarpi externus, 
 
 54 
 flexor metacarpi internus, 
 
 55 
 flexor metacarpi medius, 
 
 54 
 flexor metatarsi, 138, 167 
 flexor minimi digiti, 92 
 flexor pedis accessorius, 
 
 142 
 flexor pedis perforans, 56, 
 
 89, 90, 142, 168, 169 
 flexor pedis perforatus, 56, 
 
 89, 90, 140, 168, 169 
 gastrocnemius, 139 
 gemeUi, 136 
 gluteus externus, maxi- 
 
 mus, and internus, 124, 
 
 167 
 gracilis, 132, 167 
 humeraiis obliquus, 47, 88 
 interossei metacarpei, 58, 
 
 91, 92 
 interossei metatarsei, 143, 
 
 169, 170 
 ischio-femoralis, 135 
 lumbrici, 58, 91, 92, 148, 
 
 170 
 obturator internus and ex- 
 ternus, 135, 167 
 opponens pollicis, 91 
 palmaris brevis, 92 
 pectineus, 133 
 peroneus, 188, 168 
 peroneus brevis, 169 
 peroneus longus, 168 
 peroneus longus lateralis, 
 
 168 
 plantaris, 140, 169 
 popliteus, 141 
 postea-spinatus, 43, 88 
 
1 88 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Muscles : 
 
 postea-spinatus minor, 43 
 pronator teres and quad- 
 
 ratus, 90 
 pyrilormis, 136, 167 
 rectus femoris, 127, 167 
 rectus parvus, 130, 167 
 sartorius, 132, 167 
 scapulo-liumeralis gracilis, 
 
 45 
 scapulo-ulnaris, 48, 88 
 subscapularis, 44 
 supinator longus and 
 
 brevis, 90 
 tensor vaginae femoris, 
 
 126, 167 
 teres externus, 42 
 teres intermis, 44 
 tibialis anticus, 168 
 tibialis posticus, 169 
 triceps abductor femoris, 
 
 130, 167 
 vastus externus, 127 
 vastus internus, 129 
 
 Nerves : 
 
 anterior brachial, 71 
 anterior crural, 159 
 anterior tibial, 161, 172 
 brachial plexus, 69 
 circumflex, 69 
 cubital, 72 
 
 digital, 78, 94, 95, 172 
 external saphenic, 162 
 gluteal, 159, 160 
 great sciatic, 169 
 Uiaco-muscular, 159 
 ilio-muscular, 159 
 internal saphenic, 159 
 ischio-muscular, 160 
 lumbo-sacral plexus, 157, 
 
 172 
 median, 72, 94, 95 
 metacarpal, 73 
 metatarsal, 162, 172 
 musculo - cutaneous, 71, 
 
 161, 172 
 
 Nerves : 
 
 obturator, 159 
 pelvi-crural, 161 
 peroneal cutaneous, 161 
 plantar, 73, 94, 162, 172 
 popliteal, 161 
 posterior crural, 161 
 prescapular, 71 
 radial, 71, 94, 95 
 subscapular, 71 
 superscapular, 71 
 teres internus, nerve of, 
 
 69 
 ulnar, 72, 94, 95 
 
 Periople, 79 
 Perioplic ring, 78 
 Plantar cushion, 76 
 Podophyllous tissue, 78 
 Production of the hoof, 82 
 
 Sensitive laminee, 78 
 
 Shoulder, 9 
 
 Sole, 80 
 
 Structure of the hoof, 81 
 
 Table of muscular attach- 
 ments,. etc., 177 
 
 Veins : 
 
 anterior radial, 68 
 anterior tibial, 155 
 basilic, 67 
 brachial, 68 
 oephaUo, 67 
 circumflex ilii, 155 
 common iliac, 156 
 coronary plexus, 66 
 digital, 66, 94, 153, 171 
 external iliac, 155 
 external saphenic, 155 
 external subcutaneous, 68 
 femoral, 155 
 humeral, 68 
 internal iliac, 156 
 
INDEX. 
 
 189 
 
 Veins : 
 
 internal saphenic, 154 
 internal subcutaneous, 67 
 laminal plexus, 66 
 metacarpal, 66 
 metatarsal, 153, 171 
 popliteal, 155 
 posterior radial, 68 
 posterior tibial, 155 
 solar plexus, 65 
 
 Veins : 
 
 subcutaneous thoracic, or 
 spur, 68 
 ulnar, 68 
 veins of the foot, 65, 153 
 
 Velvety tissue, 79 
 
 Wall of the hoof, 79 
 
 END OP PART I. 
 
WILLIAM R. JENKINS' 
 
 1896 
 
 Any of tUese Books will be sent, Post Paid, on receiiit 
 of Price, 
 
 (*) Single asterisk designates New Books. 
 (**) Double asterisk designates Recent Publications. 
 
 J yOERSOy. " Vice in tlie Horse " and other papers 
 on Hoises and Riding. By 13. h. Anderson. Demy, 
 8vo, clotli 2 00 
 
 ANDEBSOA'. " How to Ride and Scliool a Horse." 
 
 Witli a System of Horse Gymnastics. By Edward 
 L. Anderson. Cr. 8vo 1 00 
 
 (")BACIT. "How to Judg'e aHorse." A concise treatise 
 as to its Qualities and Soundness ; Including Bits and 
 Bitting— Saddles and Saddling, Stable Drainage, Driv- 
 ing One Horse, a Pair, Four-in-hand, or Tandem, etc. 
 By Captain F. W. Bach. 12mo, cloth, fully Illustrated 
 $1 00; paper 50 
 
 BANHAM. "Tables of Veterinary Posology and 
 Therapeutics," with weights, measures, etc. By 
 George A. Banham, F.K.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth 75 
 
 BATJCHEB,. " Method of Horsemanship." Including 
 the Breaking and Training of Horses 1 00 
 
8 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 BELL. "The Veterinarians Call Book (Perpetual)." 
 
 By Eoscoe E. Bell, D V.S., Profsssor of Materia 
 Medlca, Therapeutics and Hygiene In the American 
 Veterinary College, New York ; President of the Long 
 Island Veterinary Society; late IJ. S. Goverment 
 Veterinary Inspector, etc. 
 
 A visiting list, that can be commenced at any time 
 and used unlil fall, oc.ntaining much useful informa- 
 tion for the student and the busy practitioner. 
 Among contents are items concerning: Veterinary 
 Drugs; Poisons; Solubility of Drugs; Composition of 
 Milk, Bile, Blood, Gastric Juice, Urine, Saliva; Respi- 
 ration; Dentition; Temperature, etc., etc. Bound in 
 leather 1 25 
 
 (*) BJRA DLEY. " Outlines of Veterinary Anatomy." 
 
 Paet I. : The. Anterior and Posterior Limbs. By O. 
 Charnook Bradley, Member of the Koyal College of 
 Veterinary Surgeons ; Professor of Anatomy in the 
 New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. (Beady in June.) 
 12mo, cloth, 189 pages 
 
 CLEMENT. " Vetei'iiiary Post Mortem Examina- 
 tions." By A. W. Clement, V.S. Records of 
 autopsies, to be of any value, should accurately 
 represent the appearances of the tissues and organs 
 so that a diagnosis might be made by the reader were 
 not the examiners conclusions stated. To make the 
 pathological conditions clear to the reader, some 
 definite system of dissection Is necessary. The 
 absence in the English language, of any guide in 
 making autopsies upon the lower animals, induced 
 Dr. Clement to write this book, trusting that It 
 would prove of practical value to the profession. 
 12mo, cloth, illustrated 75 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. iSth St.), New York. 3 
 
 C*)CADIOr. "Koaring in Horses." Its Pathology 
 and Treatment. This work represents the latest 
 development in operative methods for the alleviation 
 of roaring. Each step is most clearly defined by 
 excellent full-page illustrations. By P. J. Oadlot, 
 Professor at the Veterinary School, Alfort. Trans. 
 Thos. J. "Watt Dollar, M.K.C.V.S., etc. Cloth 75 
 
 CHAUVEAU. "The Comparative Anatomy of tlie 
 Domesticated Animals." By A. Chauveau. New 
 edition, translated, enlarged and entirely revised by 
 George Fleming, T.K.C.V.S. 8vo.' cloth with 585 
 Illustrations 5 75 
 
 CLARKE. "Horses' Teeth." A Treatise on their 
 Anatomy, Pathology, Dentistry, etc, Revised and 
 enlarged. By W. H. Clarke. 12mo, cloth 2 60 
 
 CLARKE. "Chart of the Feet and Teeth of 
 Fossil Horses." 25 
 
 CLEAVELAND. "Pronouncing Medical Lexicon." 
 
 Pocket edition. Cloth 75 
 
 COURTNEY. "Jffianuai of Teterinary Medicine and 
 Surgery." By Edward Courtney, V. S. Crown, 8vo, 
 cloth 2 75 
 
 (**) COX. " Horses : In Accident and Disease." The 
 
 sketches introduced embrace various attitudes which 
 have been observed, such as in choking; the disorders 
 and accidents occurring to the stomach and intestines ; 
 affection of the brain ; and some special forms of lame- 
 ness, etc. By J. Boalfe Cox, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, 
 lully iUustrated , •••-•• 1 50 
 
4 Veterinary Catalogue of William B. Jenkins 
 
 CURTIS. "Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine." The 
 
 origin, history improvement, description, characteris- 
 tics, merits, objections, etc. By Geo. W. Curtis, 
 M.S.A. Superbly Illustrated. Cloth, $2 00; half 
 sheep, $2.75; half morocco 3 50 
 
 DALZIEL. " British Dogs." Describing the History 
 Characteristics, Points, and Club Standards, etc., etc. 
 With numerous colored plates and wood engravings. 
 By Hugh Dalziel. Vol. I., $4 00. Vol. II., 8vo.4 00 
 
 DALZIEL. "The Fox Terrier." Illustrated. (Mono- 
 graphs on British Dogs) 1 00 
 
 DALZIEL. "Fox Terrier Stud Book." Edited by 
 Hugh Dalziel. 
 
 Vol. I. Containing Pedigrees of over 1,400 of the best- 
 known Dogs, traced to their most remote known an- 
 cestors ; 1 00 
 
 Vol. II. Pedigrees of 1,544 Dogs, Show Kecord, &c.l 00 
 
 Vol. III. Pedigrees of 1,214 Dogs,Show Eecord,&e.l 00 
 
 Vol. IV. Pedigrees of 1,168 Dogs.Show Eecord,&c.l 00 
 
 Vol. V. Pedigrees of 1,662 Dogs, Show Record, &c.l 00 
 
 DALZlEL. " The St. Bernard." Illustrated. . . .1 00 
 
 DALZIEL. "St. Bernard Stud Book." Edited by 
 Hugh Dalziel. 
 
 Vol. I. Pedigrees of 1,278 of the best-known Dogs, 
 traced to their most remote known ancestors, Show 
 Eeoord, &o 1 00 
 
 Tol. II. Pedigrees of 561 Doge, ijhow Beoord, &o, .1 00 
 
851-853 Smth Avenue {cor. 4Sth St.), New York. 5 
 
 DALZIEL. "The Diseases of Dogs." Their Pathology, 
 Diagnosis and Treatment, with a dictionary of Canine 
 Materia-Medica. By Hugh Dalziel 12mo, paper, 
 60c. ; cloth 80 
 
 DALZIEL. " Diseases of Horses." 12mo, cloth. . 1 00 
 
 DALZIEL. " Breaking and Training Dogs." Being 
 concise directions for the proper education of dogs, 
 both tor the field and for companions. Second edi- 
 tion, revised and enlarged. Part I, by Pathfinder: 
 Part II, by Hugh Dalziel. 12mo, cloth, illus 2.60 
 
 DALZIEL. "TJie Collie." Its History, Points, and 
 Bfeeding. By Hugh Dalziel. Illustrated, 8vo, paper, 
 50c., cloth 1 00 
 
 DALZIEL. "The Greyhound." 8vo, cloth, illus.. 1 00 
 
 DANCE. " Veterinary Tablet." Folded in cloth case. 
 The tablet of A'. A. Dance is a synopsis of the diseases 
 of horses, cattle and dogs with the causes, symptoms 
 and cures 75 
 
 DANA. "Tables in ComparatiTC Physiology." By 
 
 Prof. C. L.Dana, M.D 25 
 
 DAT. " The Kace-horse in Training." ByWm. Day, 
 8vo .3 50 
 
 {'*)DIIN. "Veterinary Medicines, Their Actions and 
 
 Uses." By Pinlay Dun, V.S. Kevised edition (almost 
 entirely re- written) Svo, cloth 3 50 
 
 DWYEB,. ''Seats and Saddles." Bits and Bitting, 
 Draught and Harness and the Prevention and Cure of 
 Kestlveness in Horses. By Francis Dwyer. Illus- 
 trated. 1 vol., 12010, oloth, gilt. .... ,'. ... .>,... .1 BO 
 
6 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenhins 
 
 FLEMING. ' 'A Treatise on Practical Horseshoeing." 
 
 By George Fleming, M.K.O.V.S. Cloth 75 
 
 {•)PLEMING. "Veterinary Obstetrics." Including the 
 Accidents and Diseases ineidentto Pregnancy, Parturi- 
 tion, and the early Age in Domesticated Animals. 
 By Geo Fleming, P.R.C.V.S. With 212 illustrations. 
 New edition revised, 226 illustrations, 758 pages. .6 25 
 773 pages.Svo, cloth (old editiou) 3 50 
 
 FLEMING. "Rabies and Hydrophobia." History. 
 Natural Causes, Symptoms and Prevention. By Geo. 
 Fleming, M. K.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth 3 75 
 
 FLEMING. "Propagation of Tuberculosis." Stating 
 Injurious Effects from the consumption of the Flesh 
 and Milk of Tuberculous Animals. By Geo. Fleming, 
 M.D., M.E.C.V.S., and others. Svo, cloth 1 £0 
 
 FLEMING. "Tuberculosis." From a Sanitary and 
 Pathological Point ot View 25 
 
 FLEMING. " The Contagions Diseases of Animals." 
 
 Their influence on the wealth and health of nations, 
 12mo, paper 25 
 
 FLEMING. "OperatiTe Veterinary Surgery." Part 
 I, by Dr. Geo. Fleming, M.E.O.V.S. This valuable 
 work, the most practical treatise yet issued on the 
 subject in the English language, is devoted to the 
 common operations ot Veterinary Surgery; and the 
 concise descriptions and directions of the text are illus- 
 trated with numerous wood engravings. 8vo,cloth.2 75 
 
 t)rder« are now rccelveil for llic scconrt voliiinci which 
 U expected by Deoembov. 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. iSth St.), New York. 7 
 
 FLEMING. "Human and Animal Variolse." A 
 
 Study in Comparative Pathology. Paper 25 
 
 FLEMING. "Animal Plag-iies." Their History, 
 Nature, and Prevention. By George Fleming, F.E.O. 
 V.S., etc. First Series. 8vo, cloth, $6.00; Second 
 Series. Svo, cloth 3 00 
 
 FLEMING. "Roaring: in Horses." By Dr. George 
 Fleming, F.K C.V.S. A treatise on this peculiar dis- 
 order of the Horse, indicating its method of treat- 
 ment and curability. Svo, cloth, with col. plates. 1 50 
 
 {**, FLEMING-NEUMANN. "Parasites and Para- 
 sitic Diseases of tlie Domesticated Animals." A 
 
 work which the students of human or veterinary medi- 
 cine, the sanitarian, agriculturist or breeder or rearer 
 of animals, may refer for full information regarding 
 the external and internal Parasites — ^vegetable and 
 animal— which attack various species of Domestic 
 Animals. A Treatise by L, G. Neumann, Professor 
 at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse. 
 Translated and edited by George Fleming, C. B., L.L. 
 D.,P.E.C.V.S. 873 pages, 365 illustrations, clotb.7 50 
 
 {*')FRLEDBEItGEIt ■ FKOHNEB. " Patliology 
 and Tlierapentics of tlie Domesticated Animals." 
 
 ' By Dr. Friedberger. Translated by Prof. W. L. Zuill, 
 M.D., D.V.S. 2 vol 12 00 
 
 GItESS WEL L. ' ' Tlie Diseases and Disorders of the 
 Ox." By George Gresswell, B.A. With Notes by 
 James B. Gresswell. Crown, Svo, cloth, illus....3 50 
 
 GRESSWELL. "Diseases and Disorders of the 
 Horse." By Albert, James B., and George Gresswell. 
 Crown, Svo, illustrated, cloth 1 75 
 
8 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 GBESS WELL. Manual of "The Theory and Pnictice 
 of Equine Medicine." By J. B. Gresswell, F.R.C.V.S., 
 and Albert Gresswell, M.E.C.V.S., second edition, 
 enlarged, 8vo, cloth 2 75 
 
 GRESSWELL. "Teterinary Pharmacology and 
 Therapeutics." By James B. Gresswell, F.E.C.V.S. 
 16mo, cloth 1 50 
 
 GRESSWELL. "The Bovine Prescribe!-." For the 
 
 use of Veterinarians and Veterinary Students. By 
 James B. and Albert Gresswell, M.E.O.V.S Cloth. 75 
 
 GRESSWELL. "The Equine Hospital Prescriber." 
 
 drawn up for the use of Veterinary Practitioners and 
 Students. By Drs. James B. and Albert Gresswell, 
 M.E.C.V.S. Cloth 75 
 
 GRESSWELL. "Veterinary Pharmacopasia, Materia 
 Medica and Therapeutics." By George and Charles 
 Gresswell, with descriptions and physiological actions 
 of medicines. By Albert Gresswell. Crown,8vo,el. 2 75 
 
 (•*) GOTTHEIL. "A Manual of General Histology. " 
 
 By Wm. S. Gottheil, M.D., Professor of Pathology in 
 the American Veterinary College, New York ; etc., etc. 
 Histology is the basis of the physician's art, as 
 Anatomy is the foundation of the surgeon's science. 
 Only by knowing the processes of life can we under- 
 stand the changes of disease and the action of remedies ; 
 as the architect must know his building materials, so 
 must the practitioner of medicine know the intimate 
 structure of the body. To present this knowledge in 
 an accessible and simple form has been the author's 
 task. 8vo., cloth, U8 pages, fully illustrated. . . 1 00 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue (eor. 48th St.), New York. 9 
 
 {*)JBLASSLOCH. " A Compend of Teterinary Materia 
 Medica and Therapeutics." By Dr. A. C. Hassloch, 
 ,V.S., Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 
 and Professor of Veterinary Dentistry at the NewYorli 
 College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Compa- 
 rative Medicine, N. Y, 12mo, cloth, pages. . 
 
 HATES. " Veterinary Notes for Horse-Owners." An 
 
 every day Horse Book. Illustrated. By M. H. Hayee. 
 12mo, cloth 5 00 
 
 HAYES. "Riding'." On the Flat and Across Country. 
 A Guide to Practical Horsemanship. By Captain M. 
 H. Hayes. Second edition, 16mo, cloth 4 25 
 
 HATES. "Illustrated Horse Breaking." By Captain 
 M. H. Hayes . 12mo, cloth, illustrated 8 40 
 
 HATES. "Tlie Horsewoman." By Captain M. H. 
 Hayes and Mrs. Hayes. 12mo, cloth, illustrated.4 25 
 
 HEATLET. "Tlie Horse Owner's Safeguard." A 
 
 handy Medical Guide for every Horse Owner. 12mo, 
 cloth 1 50 
 
 HEATLET. "Practical Veterinary Remedies." 
 12mo, cloth 1 00 
 
 {'*)HEATLET. "Tlie Stock Owner's Guide." A 
 
 handy Medical Treatise for every man who owns an 
 ox or cow. By George S. Heatley, M.B.C.V. 12mo, 
 cloth 1 25 
 
 HILL. " The Principles and Practice of BoTine Med- 
 icine andSurgery." By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.K.O.V.8. 
 Cloth. (Temporarily out of print). 
 
10 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 HIZiIj. " The Management and Diseases of the Dog." 
 
 Containing full instructions for Breeding, Bearing and 
 Kenneling Dogs. Their Different Diseases. How to 
 detect and how to cure them. Their Medicines, and 
 the doses in which they can be safely administered. 
 By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth, extra 
 fully illustrated 2 00 
 
 HINEBAUCH. "Veterinary Dental Surgery," For 
 
 the use of Students, Practitioners and Stockmen. 
 
 12mo, cloth, illustrated 2 00 
 
 Sheep • 2 75 
 
 C*)IIOAItE. "A Manual of Veterinary Therapeutics 
 and Pharmacology." By E. WallisHoare, F.E.O.V.S. 
 12mo, cloth, seepages 2 75 
 
 "Deserves a good place in the libraries of all veterina- 
 rians. * * * Cannot help bxit be of the greatest assist- 
 ance to the young veterinarian and the every day busy 
 practitioner."— .American Veterinary Eeview. 
 
 OKOBERT. "Practical Toxicology for Physicians 
 and Students." By Prof. Dr. Eudolph Kobert, 
 Director at the Pharmacological lustitute, Dorpat, 
 Kussia. Translated and edited by L. H. Priedburg, 
 Ph.D., of Dept. of Chemistry, College of City of New 
 York, Prof, of Chemistry and Toxicology at the Ame- 
 rican Veterinary College, New York, and New York 
 HomcBpathic Medical College and Hospital. Author- 
 ized edition. {In Press.) 
 
 KOCH. "JEtiology of Tuberculosis." By Dr. K. 
 Koch, Translated by T, Saure, 8vo, cloth 1 00 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue [cor. i8th St.), New Yark. 11 
 
 KEATING. "A New Unabridged Pronounoinff 
 Dictionary of Medicine." By Jolm M. Keating, M.D., 
 LL.D., Hem y Hamilton and others. A voluminous 
 and exhaustive hand-book of Medical and scientific 
 terminology with Phonetic Pronunciation, Accentu- 
 ation, Etymology, etc. With an appendix containing 
 Important tables of Bacilli, Microcci Leucomaines, 
 Ptomaines ; Drugs and Materials used in Antiseptic 
 Surgery ; Poisons and their antidotes ; Weights and 
 Measures ; Themometer Scales ; New OflScinal and 
 UnofBcinal Drugs, etc., etc. 8 vo, 818 pages 5 00 
 
 LAMBERT. "Tlie Germ Theory of Disease." 
 
 Bearing upon the health and welfare of man and the 
 domesticated animals. By James Lambert, F.R.C.V.S. 
 8 vo. paper 25 
 
 LAW. "Farmers' Veterinary Adviser." A Guide to 
 the Prevention and Treatment of Disease in Domestic 
 Animals. By Professor James Law.Illustrated. 8vo, 
 cloth 3 00 
 
 LIAUTAJRD. " Animal Casti'alion." A concise and 
 practical Treatise on the Castration of the Domestic 
 Animals. The only work on the subject In the English 
 language. Illustrated with forty-four cuts. 12mo, 
 cloth 2 00 
 
 {*)L1AUTARD. " JMetlian Neurotomy." 8vo, 
 cloth 1 00 
 
 LIAUTAHD. "Vade Mecum of Equine Anatomy." 
 
 By A. Liautard, M.D.V.S. Dean of the American Vet- 
 erinary College, 12mo, cloth 2 00 
 
13 Veterinary Catalogue of William B. Jenkins 
 
 LIAUTABD. "Translation of Zundel on the 
 Horse's Foot." Cloth 2 00 
 
 LIA UTAUD. <■ 'How to TeU the Age of the Domestic 
 Animal." By Dr. A. Liautard, M.D., V.S. Profusely 
 illustrated. 12mo, cloth 50 
 
 LIAUTAMD. "On the Lameness of Horses." By 
 
 A. Liautard, M.D.,V.S 2 60 
 
 {**)LIA UTARD. ' 'Mannal of Operative Yeterinary 
 Surgery-" By A. Liautard, M.D., V.M., Principal 
 and Professor of Anatomy, Surgery, Sanitary Medicine 
 and Jurisprudence in the American Veterinary College; 
 Chevalier du Merite Agricole de France, Honorary 
 Fellow of the Eoyal College of Veterinary Surgeons 
 (London), etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 786 pages and nearly 
 600 illustrations 6 00 
 
 LONG. "Book of the Pig." Its selection. Breeding, 
 Feeding and Management. Svo, cloth 4 25 
 
 {**)LUPTON'. "Horses: Sound and Unsound," with 
 
 Law relating to Sales and Warranty. By J. Irvine 
 Lupton, F.K.O.V.S. Svo, cloth, illustrated 1 26 
 
 L UPTON. " The Horse." As he Was, as he Is, and 
 as he Ought to Be. By J. I. Lupton, F.E.C.V.S. Illus- 
 trated. Crown, Svo 1 40 
 
 MAGNJSB. "Facts for Horse Owners." By D. 
 
 Magner. Upwards of 1,000 pages, illustrated with 900 
 
 onwrn.vinofH fivo. ninth. illR 00 1 shnfin. Sfi (10 • full 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. iSih St.), New York. 13 
 
 MAGNEIt. "Veterinary Diagrams." (1) The Struc- 
 ture of Horses Feet (in colors). The Structure of 
 Horses Feet (Effects of Bad Treatment of the Feet). 
 
 Mounted and Tarnished 2 00 
 
 (2) The Shoeing of the Horse. The Education of the 
 Horse. Mounted and Varnished 2 00 
 
 MATBEW. "The niustrated Horse Doctor." An 
 
 accurate and detailed account of the Various Diseases 
 to which the Equine Eace is subject ; together with the 
 latest mode of Treatment, and all the Bequisite Pre- 
 scriptions written in plain English. »By E. Edward 
 Mayhew, M.E.C.V.S. Illustrated. Entirely new 
 edition, 8vo, cloth 2 75 
 
 McBRIDE. "Anatomical Outlines of the Horse." 
 
 12mo, cloth 2 60 
 
 McCOMBIE. "Cattle and Cattle Breeders." Cloth.l 00 
 
 M'FADYEAN. "Anatomy of the Horse." A Dis- 
 section Guide. By J. M. M'Fadyean, M.E.C.V.S. 
 This book is intended for Veterinary students, an(J 
 offers to them in its 48 full-page colored plates numer- 
 ous other engravings and excellent text, the most 
 valuable and practical aid in the study of Veterinary 
 Anatomy, especially in the dissecting room. 8vo, 
 cloth 5 50 
 
 M'FADYEAN. " Comparaliye- Anatomy of the 
 Domesticated Animals." By J. M'Fadyean. Pro- 
 fusely illustrated, and to be issued in two parts. Part 
 I— Osteology, ready. Paper, $2 50; cloth 2 75 
 
 (Fart II. in preparation.) 
 
14 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 MILLS. "How to Keep a Dog in the City." By 
 
 Wesley Mills, M.D., V.S. It tells how to choose 
 manage, house, feed, educate the pup, how to keep him 
 clean and teach him cleanliness. Paper 25 
 
 {*)MOLL,ER. "Operative Veterinary Surgery." By 
 
 Professor Dr. H. Moller, Berlin. Translated and 
 edited from the 2d edition, enlarged and improved, 
 by John A. W. Dollar. M.R.O.S. 
 
 Prof. Moller's work presents the most recent and 
 complete exposition of the Principles and Practice of 
 Veterinary Surgery, and is the standard text-hook on the 
 subject throughout Germany. 
 
 Many subjects ignored in previous treatises on 
 Veterinary Surgery here receive full consideration, 
 while the better known are presented under new and 
 suggestive aspects. 
 
 As Prof. Moller's work represents not only his 
 own opinions and practice, but those of the best 
 Veterinary Surgeons of various countries, the trans- 
 lation cannot fail to be of signal service to American 
 and British Veterinarians and to Students of Veter- 
 inary and Comparative Surgery. 
 
 1 vol., 8vo. 722 pages, 142 illustrations 5 25 
 
 MORETON. " On Horse-breaking." 12mo, cl...50 
 
 MOSSELMAM-LIEJSTA UX. "Veterinary Microbio- 
 logy." By Professors Mosselman and Lienaux, Nat- 
 ional Veterinary College, Cureghem, Belgium. Trans- 
 lated and edited by K. K. Dinwiddie, Professor of 
 Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Arkansas 
 State University, 12nio, cloth, 342 pages. , , 2 50 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 48th St.), New York. 15 
 
 n^OCAnD. "The Animal Tuberculoses, and their 
 Relation to Human Tuberculosis." By Ed. Nocard, 
 Professor of the Alfort Veterinary College. Trans- 
 lated by H. ScurHeld, M.D. Ed., Ph. Camb. 
 
 Perhaps the chief interest to doctors of human 
 medicine in Professor Nocard's book lies in the 
 demonstration of the small part played by heredity, 
 and the great part played by contagion in the propa- 
 gation of bovine tuberculosis. It seems not unreason- 
 able to suppose that the same is the case for human 
 tuberculosis, and that, if the children of tuberculosis 
 parents were protected from infection by cohabitation 
 or ingestion, the importance of heredity as a cause of 
 the disease, or even of the predisposition to it, would 
 dwindle away into insignificance. 12mo, cloth 143 
 pages .1 00 
 
 PEGLEB. "The Book of the Goat." 12mo, cloth.l 75 
 
 PELLERIW. "Median Neurotomy in the Treatment 
 of Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of tlic Fetlock." 
 
 By C. Pellerin, late repetitor of Clinic and Surgery to 
 the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated, with Addi- 
 tional Facts Eelaf ing to It, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., 
 V.M, Svo, boards, illustruted 1 00 
 
 FHOCTOM. " The Management and Treatment of 
 the Horse " in the Stable, Field and out the Eoad. 
 By William Proctor. Svo 2 40 
 
 PETERS. "A. Tnberculous Herd-Test with Tuber- 
 culin." By Austin Peters, M. B. C. V. S., Chief 
 Inspector of Cattle for the New York State Board of 
 Health during the winter of 1892«03, Pamphlet. , . .26 
 
16 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 REYNOLD. "Breeding and Management of Draught 
 Horses." 8vo, cloth 140 
 
 BOBEBTSOJSr. "The Practice of Equine Medicine." 
 
 A text-book especially adapted for the use of Veter- 
 inary students and Veterinarians. By W. Robertson, 
 Principal and Professor of Hippopathology in the 
 Koyal Veterinary College, London. 8vo. cloth, 806 
 pages, revised edition 6 25 
 
 DBOBEJRGE. "The Foot of the Horse," or Lame- 
 ness and all Diseases of the Feet traced to an Unbal- 
 anced Foot Bone, prevented or cured by balancing the 
 foot. By David Koberge. 8vo, cloth 5 00 
 
 (*)SMITH. "A Manual of Veterinary Physiology." 
 
 By Veterinary Captain F. Smith, M.R.C.V.S. Author 
 of "A Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." 
 
 Throughout this manual the object has been to con- 
 dense the information as much as possible. The 
 broad facts of the sciences are stated so as to render 
 them of use to the student and practitioner. In this 
 second edition — rewritten — the whole of the Nervous 
 System has been revised, a new chapter dealing with 
 the Development of the Ovum has been added together 
 with many additional facts and illustrations. About 
 one hundred additional pages are given. Second 
 edition, revised and enlarged, with additional illus- 
 trations 3 75 
 
 {")aMITH. " Manual of Teterinary Hygiene," 2nd 
 edition, revised . Crown, 8ro, cloth 3 25 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 'tSth St.), New York. 17 
 
 STORNMOUTS. "Manual of Scientific Terms." 
 
 Especially referring to those in Botany, Natural 
 History, Medical and Veterinary Science. By Eev. 
 James Stommouth ...3 00 
 
 {**)STB,ANGEWJ.T. "Veterinary Anatomy." New 
 
 edition, revised and edited by I. Vaughn, F.L.S., 
 M.K.C.V.S., with several hundred illustrations. 8vo. 
 cloth 5 00 
 
 (*) S TTSSJO ORF. Colored Plates specially for lectures. 
 
 Size 40x27. By Professor Sussdorf, M.D. Translated 
 by Prof. W. Owen WiUiams, of the New Veterinary 
 College, Edinburgh. Plate 1. — Diagram of the Horse 
 (left or near side view). Plate 2. — Diagram of the 
 Mare (right side view). Showing the position of the 
 viscera in the large cavities of the body. 
 
 Price, unmounted , 1 75 each 
 
 " mounted on linen, with roller.. .1 75 extra " 
 
 "Anatomy of the Cow" (in preparation). 
 
 VETEMlNAItY DIAGRAMS in Tabular Form. 
 Size, 28J in. x 22 inches. Price per set of five 4 75 
 
 No. 1. "The External Form and Elementary Ana- 
 tomy of the Horse." Eight coloured illustrations — 
 1. External regions ; 2. Skeleton ; 3. Muscles (Superior 
 Layer) ; 4. Muscles (Deep Layer) ; 5. Kespiratory Ap- 
 paratus ; 6. Digestive Apparatus ; 7. Circulatory Ap- 
 paratus ; 8. Nerve Apparatus ; with letter-press descrip- 
 tion 1 25 
 
 No. 2. "The Age of Domestic Animals." Forty-two 
 figures illustrating the structure of the teeth, indicat- 
 ing the Age of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, and Dog, with 
 
18 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 No. 3. " The Unsoundness and Defects of the Horse." 
 
 Fifty figures illustrating— 1. Tlie Defects of Confor- 
 mation ; 2. Defects of Position ; 3. Infirmities or Signs 
 of Disease ; 4. Unsoundnesses ; 5. Defects of the Foot ; 
 witti full description 75 
 
 No. 4. "The Shoeing of the Horse, Mu!e and Ox." 
 
 Fifty figures descriptive nf the Anatomy and Physio- 
 logy of the Foot and of Horse-shoeing 75 
 
 No. 5. "The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and But- 
 cher's Joints of the Ox." Ten coloured illustrations 
 — 1. Skeleton ; 2. Nervous System : 3. Digestive 
 System (Eight Side) ; 4. Bespiratory System ; 6. Points 
 of a Fat Ox ; 6. Muscular System ; 7. Vascular System ; 
 8. Digestive System (Left Side) ; 9. Butcher's Sections 
 of a Calf ; 10. Butcher's Sections of an Ox ; with full 
 description 1 25 
 
 WALLET. "Hints on Ihe Breeding and Rearing of 
 Farm Animals." 12mo, cloth 8U 
 
 WALLET. " Four BoTine Scourges." (Pleuro-Eneu- 
 monia, Foot and Mouth Disease, Cattle Plague and 
 Tubercle.) With an Appendix on the Inspection of 
 Live Animals and Meat. Illustrated, 4to, cloth. .6 40 
 
 WALLET. "Tlie Horse, Cow and Dog." By Dr. 
 
 Thomas Walley. A poetical account of the "Troubl- 
 ous Lite of the Horse " ; " The Life of a Dairy Cow," 
 and " The Life of a Dog " ; with an article on Animal 
 Obaraoterietlos. IStno, olotb, ...,,, 80 
 
851-8D3 Sixth Avenue (cor. iSth St.), New York. 19 
 
 x*)WALLEY. "APractical Guide to Meat Inspection." 
 
 By Thomas Walley, M.K.C.V.S., formerly principal 
 of the Edinburgh Royal (Dick) Veterinary College; 
 Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, etc. 
 Third Edition, thoroughly revised, with forty-flve 
 coloured illustrations, l'2mo, cloth 3 00 
 
 An experience of over 30 years in his profession 
 and a long ofBcial connection (some sixteen years) 
 with Edinb(irgh Abattoirs have enabled the author to 
 gather a large store of information on the subject, 
 which he has embodied in his book. Dr. Walley's opi- 
 nions are regarded as the highest authority on Meat 
 Inspection. 
 
 {") WILLIAMS. "Principles and Practice of Veter- 
 inary Medicine." New author's edition, entirely 
 revised and illustrated with numerous plain and color- 
 ed plates. By W. Williams, M.E.C.V.S.Svo., cl. .6 00 
 
 {")WILL1AMS. "Principles and Practice of Veter- 
 inary Surgery." New author's edition, entirely 
 revised and iliu=itrated with numerous plain and 
 colored plates. By W. Williams, M.K.C.V.S. 8vo, 
 cloth 6 00 
 
 ZUNDEL. "Tlie Horse's Foot and Its Diseases." By 
 A. Zundei, Principal Veterinarian of Alsace Lorraine. 
 Translated by Dr. A. Llautard, V.S. 12mo, cloth 
 illustrated 2 00 
 
 ZUILL. "Typhoid Fever; or Contagious Influenza 
 in the Horse." By Prof. W. L. Zulll, M.D.,D.V.S. 
 Pamphlet 25