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 STATEMENT 
 
 THE BRAZIL COMPANIES 
 
 GENERAL OFFICE 
 
 BULLITT BUILDING 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 1912 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tliis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924005638782 
 
STATEMENT 
 
 S. E. ADAIR 
 
 The Brazil Companies 
 
 Officers 
 
 S. E. ADAIR, President 
 WHARTON BARKER, Vice-President 
 H. B. REEVES, Sec'y and Treas. , 
 
 GENERAL OFFICE 
 
 BULLITT BUILDING 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
STATEMENT OF SAMUEL E. ADAIR. 
 
 The Brazil Companies control the exclusive min- 
 ing rights over an immense extent of mineral-bearing 
 ground in Brazil. This area, in addition to having 
 deposits of silver, copper, iron, zinc, lead and many 
 other minerals, is known to contain a great number 
 of gold bearing veins that have never been worked, 
 and vast areas of gold bearing gravels and sands. 
 
 As the country rock carries gold also, these gold 
 bearing gravels and sands must, of necessity, be very 
 rich in many places because of the long period of time 
 in which the present streams, creeks and rivers have 
 been at work cutting down or eroding the general 
 surface. Not only must this be true by reason of the 
 action of these natural forces, but every explorer and 
 every traveler who has ever been in this section, as 
 well as scores of government officials, have reported 
 upon and pointed to this section specifically as having 
 been found enormously rich in gold in the places 
 worked by the old miners, a hundred and fifty, and 
 more, years ago. These miners had only a few crude 
 instruments and, with the poorest of all labor (slave 
 labor), extracted fabulous amounts of gold and dia- 
 monds.. 
 
 The writings of the explorers are to be found in 
 public libraries, some of them having been written 
 more than a hundred years ago ; others, forty and 
 thirty years ago, and several of quite recent date. 
 
 (See Baron Von Eschwege, Counts Castlenau and 
 St. Hilaire, Cunha Mattos, Guimaraes and others). 
 
 Every engineer, that we know of, who has ever been 
 in this section, has written not only of the large amount 
 of work done by the old miners and the immense riches 
 that the government records show to have been tak- 
 en out by them, but has also reported that he made 
 such examinations and tests as convinced him 
 that still vaster areas of virgin gold bearing gravels 
 and sands remain to be worked in the coming years, 
 and that these gravels and sands are so situated as to 
 require only the effort to take out the gold at great 
 profit. They have invariably recommended that their 
 principals acquire control of these virgin placers, and 
 most of them have pointed out that the modern man. 
 
by reason of his greater skill and experience and the 
 use of present modern appliances, can surely make 
 even greater fortunes out of small portions of the 
 ground than the old miners were able to do,— if only 
 the intelligent man can be given a chance and will 
 apply himself faithfully to the work. 
 
 Illustrating this particular point, we note that 
 Cunha Mattos, the great geographer and historian, 
 in his itinerary of Mining Works in Brazil, says that 
 twelve thousand slaves worked nine months building 
 the dam and making the rock cut at the Machadinho 
 Falls in this section, and that, although the dam and 
 cut were inadequate, yet, during the brief space of a 
 few hours in which the water was held back before the 
 dam gave way, enough gold was recovered to pay for 
 all the work of the twelve thousand men for nine 
 months. The noted engineer, Hiram Shipman, in his' 
 report says that inasmuch as the course of the river 
 was through a region wonderfully rich in gold bearing 
 soil and rock this account is not improbable, and that 
 these old operators knew nothing of rock excavation; 
 that fifty men with modern appliances can complete 
 this work in three months' time. 
 
 The government records show that many millions 
 of dollars of taxes were paid to Portugal in colonial 
 days on the gold and diamonds that were taken out by 
 ordinary hand labor, and the records are full of i:efer- 
 ences to this particular section as the richest in all 
 Brazil, and as the source of the many great fortunes 
 that citizens of Brazil were known to possess in the 
 eighteenth century. 
 
 Gold was discovered in this part of Brazil in 1723, 
 and so rich were the gold bearing gravels and sands 
 that, although nearly a thousand miles from the coast 
 from which all supplies had to be carried on mule 
 back, fabulous fortunes were drawn from them by the 
 adventurous miners of those days. Several quite large 
 towns grew up on the profits of this mining, all of 
 which was hand labor. Washing the gold-bearing 
 gravel was continuously carried on from 1723 until 
 1746 when diamonds were discovered in this and other 
 sections. 
 
 At that time Brazil was a colony of Portugal, and 
 Portugal had a law which gave all diamonds to the 
 King, and forbade any mining, especially mining in 
 
gravel and sand, in a section where diamonds were 
 found. 
 
 Immediately Upon its becoming known that these 
 gold bearing gravels and sands were also diamond 
 bearing this law was rigidly enforced by the Intendente 
 of diamond mining who forcibly stopped all mining. 
 When mining was thus stopped, those who could get 
 away did so in order to enjoy the fortunes they had 
 gained or to operate in other fields. Very few re- 
 mained except those who were the mixed descendants 
 of the Portuguese, natives and slaves. The old race 
 of Portuguese miners completely disappeared. 
 
 Nowhere in this region was gold mining again 
 possible until about 1840, and by that time the sec- 
 tion had been depopulated and forgotten. Discoveries 
 in California and Australia drew the attention of min- 
 ers away from this section, so that, even now, nowhere 
 is mining, as such, being carried on. 
 
 A few natives living in small hamlets along the 
 streams, completely isolated one hamlet from the oth- 
 er, do take out a limited amount of diamonds and gold 
 from these rich gravels and sands which are right at 
 their very doors; but, being totally without education 
 or ambition, they take out only enough for their im- 
 mediate wants. Having enough for their few wants, 
 and knowing that they can always get more in the 
 neighboring gravels, they remain in this condition of 
 idleness. 
 
 We have noted that the section was closed to 
 gravel mining for nearly one hundred years. Three 
 generations had passed before the restriction was re- 
 moved, and, because those who knew of the riches 
 of this vast area, once the scene of great gold extrac- 
 tion, had long since died, its history was forgotten 
 by all but a few. Engineers and explorers, however, 
 call it "The Eldorado," and it is now awaiting the 
 coming of the modern miner to become again a sec- 
 tion of even greater activity and gold production. 
 
 Speaking of this section, Mr. James W. Wells, 
 F. R. G. S., in his lecture before the Chamber of 
 Commerce in London, says: 
 
 "Let gold mining commence in this region 
 of yet rich virgin placers, and the roads from 
 Rio de Janiero and the rivers from Para will 
 soon be thronged with adventurers." 
 
Whenever any modern engineer happens to pass 
 into this section he at once recognizes that immense 
 values are here, and that great fortunes can be made 
 if only possession can be obtained. From several of 
 these engineers — John Seyler, Colonel Crawford, Mil- 
 ton Adams and others — we have learned how they 
 tried to get possession of parts of this territory. 
 
 They were unable to get possession because the 
 exclusive mining rights had already been given to 
 others, and these very jnining rights which prevented 
 the Germans under Seyler, and the English under 
 Crawford, from obtaining a foothold, are the self-same 
 rights that The Brazil Companies have secured. 
 
 It has remained, therefore, in this condition for 
 The Brazil Companies; and now the exclusive mining 
 rights over this vast area of gold bearing sands and 
 reefs have been acquired and are to be operated under 
 a plan which has not heretofore been adopted any- 
 where in the world. 
 
 This plan is one which will prevent litigation, 
 strife, claim-jumping, and the expense of guarding 
 the claims day and night; a plan which will secure to 
 the owner the gold which usually goes to lawyers, 
 gamblers and others; a plan which will maintain the 
 owner in as peaceful and quiet possession as one usual- 
 ly has of a farm or town lot, and which will fully 
 protect him in his right to mine the property from all 
 interference. So that, because it will secure to the 
 owner the full measure of profit that ought to have 
 been his all these years — but never has been — this 
 plan will enable him to make a comfortable fortune 
 out of a fairly good placer claim if he will apply him- 
 self strictly to the work. 
 
 This plan is one which governments having rich 
 placer ground should have adopted long ago, because it 
 will lay down so carefully and exactly what a man's 
 property right is, that it can in no way be confused 
 with that of others ; and, at the same time, it will show 
 actually that gold is in the ground, and can be mined 
 at a profit. 
 
 Before describing the plan, it is deemed best to ex- 
 plain what placer mining is, how it is conducted, and 
 the conditions that are necessary to success — and suc- 
 cess with profit. 
 
Gold mining, particularly washing gold from gravel 
 and sand, is the most ancient form of mining. Fully 
 ninety per cent, of all the gold recovered, up to this 
 time, has been obtained by washing the gravel and 
 sand in which the gold occurs. Much the greater 
 part of this was gotten by hand labor, and in no other 
 way. Hand mining, therefore, is no new thing, but, 
 in reality, the very oldest form of mining. 
 
 The origin of gold no one yet knows, but it is 
 found in some veins of quartz and calcite, and some- 
 times in the country rock. When the country rock 
 and the veins are ground down by the action of the 
 air and water, which act is called erosion, the rocks 
 are broken up and the gold freed, so that, when those 
 parts of the rocks that are broken and ground fine 
 €nough are carried away by the water, the gold, which 
 is far heavier, remains behind in the crevices of the 
 bedrock and mixed with the sand and gravel lying oh 
 top of the bedrock. The gold thus found in the gravel 
 is sometimes in nugget form, but, more usually, in fine 
 grains' or specks. When in nugget form it is called 
 coarse gold; in other cases, fine, or scale, or flour, or 
 flake gold — according to its condition. 
 
 Now in whatever form geld is found its recovery 
 from the gravel and sand is made possible by its great- 
 er weight and the sorting power of running water. 
 These two principles have ajways been used and are 
 in universal use today. 
 
 In the ancient days all of the gold was recovered by 
 washing the gravel and sand in a wooden bowl, and 
 this method is even now in use in Brazil and some 
 ■other places. 
 
 After a while a pan, made of iron or steel, and 
 shaped like a milk pan, was used for washing. This 
 pan is called a gold pan. Sometime before' the dis- 
 covery of gold in California an invention was made 
 which, by ineans of a metal screen, permitted the larg- 
 er gravels to be washed at once, and thrown away, 
 leaving behind only the fine sand mixed with the gold. 
 This was set upon two rockers like a cradle, and it is 
 called a Rocker or Cradle. It can easily be made by 
 ally man with a hammer, a saw and a few nails. 
 
 In course of time it was learned that if a long trough 
 -were made, and cross pieces of wood or metal, or even 
 if blocks of stone, metal or wood were set in the bot- 
 
torn of this trough, and water allowed to run 
 through with some force, and then the gold bearing 
 sand and gravel shovelled into the trough, the sand 
 and gravel would be rapidly carried away, leaving the 
 gold behind in the crevices. This box is called a sluice 
 box. 
 
 Only a limited amount of gravel can be washed 
 in a day with a pan or a bowl, as only one man 
 can use it at a time, A larger amount of gravel can 
 be washed in a day with a rocker, because two men can 
 work together with that instrument. With a sluice 
 box, however, a greater amount of gravel can be han- 
 dled than with either the pan or rocker, because eight, 
 ten or twelve men can shovel constantly into the 
 sluice box, and the water, if of sufficient quantity, will 
 carry away at once all the soil and sand and gravel, 
 leaving the gold behind, lodged in the crevices with a 
 heavy black sand. This black sand is magnetic and is 
 taken away from the gold by a magnet. 
 
 Therefore, while the pan is universally used by 
 prospectors and miners, it is simply for testing the 
 gravel to show if gold is present at all, and it is used 
 for that purpose because it is light and portable. 
 
 The main operation of modern days of separating 
 gold from gravel, soil and sand is, by means of the 
 sluice box. 
 
 The tools necessary to work with a gold pan are the 
 pick and shovel only. The tools necessary with either 
 the rocker or the sluice box are the same pick and 
 shovel, with the addition of a hammer, a saw, a few 
 nails and a bit of canvas, to. which should be added a 
 plane for smoothing the bottom of the trough, to make 
 cleaning up of the fine gold easier. These are all the 
 tools necessary, and, as no especial training or skill is 
 needed, it can be easily understood why placer mining 
 (that is, mining by hand) is called "poor man's min- 
 ing" — ^because no capital or skilled labor is required, 
 whereas, all other forms of mining do require skilled 
 labor and expensive machinery, — in other words, 
 "Money." 
 
 Very few tools and very little skill is necessary in 
 any of the three ways of washing gravel for gold, and 
 as they contain all the principles of gold mining in 
 gravel, it is obvious that washing gravel for gold is a 
 
very simple operation indeed, and anyone can learn it 
 in a day. 
 
 With such small need of capital, it is plain that if 
 a man can, without great loss of time or great expense, 
 get possession of a placer claim that has good gold- 
 bearing gravel and sand, and if he be allowed to work 
 it without interference, he ought, with his own labor, 
 make a small fortune quickly, or soon make sufficient 
 profit to enable him to employ others, and thus in a 
 short time amass a comfortable fortune for himself. 
 
We have said that IF a man gets possession of a 
 plot of good gold bearing gravel, and IF he be permit- 
 ted to mine it without interference, he can, under cer- 
 tain conditions, make a comfortable fortune, either by 
 his own labor or by employing others to work it for 
 him. 
 
 But the trouble is with these "IFS." 
 
 How is he going to get possession of such ground, 
 and how is he going to be protected in his right to 
 work it? 
 
 It is easy to get a plot of gravel but not easy to find 
 one that is gold bearing. Even after the gravel is 
 known to be gold bearing, how much time, money and 
 work is it going to cost to find out whether the gravel 
 can be worked at a profit. A curious paradox is seen 
 at this point in describing placer mining. Under all 
 former methods and under present ones, the richer the 
 gravel is in gold the more trouble the owner has to 
 keep it for himlself. 
 
 It is natural to suppose that once having gotten pos- 
 session of gold bearing gravel, the government would 
 in some way secure for him the right to work it for 
 himself, and in one sense the government does try to 
 protect him in this right. But a review of the way in 
 which gold bearing claims have been obtained, the dif- 
 ficulties and dangers attending the search, how these 
 difficulties and dangers grew and multiplied with the 
 richness of the gravel, will make it seem that govern- 
 ments and legislatures, learning of the richness of the 
 gravels in gold, became envious and jealous and pur- 
 posely made laws that would keep the owner from 
 making more than a bare living. 
 
 As illustration, before the Klondike was discovered, 
 placer claims in Northwest Canada were lawfully 500 
 feet long and in width from rim rock to rim rock. But, 
 as soon as the Ottawa government heard of the great 
 richness of the gravel there, the size of the claims was 
 at once reduced to very small areas. Claims on the 
 streams were cut to 250 feet or less in length and the 
 width could be only a few feet, while claims not on 
 the stream were limited to 100 feet square. Yet the 
 ground was so rich, that in spite of this government 
 regulation, many of these 100 feet claims on French 
 
 10 
 
Hill, Gold Hill and the Old Channel, produced more 
 than $100,000 the first year, with the labor (by hand 
 only) of two men for the few months that work could 
 be carried on. 
 
 It should be noted that the ownership of a min- 
 ing claim does not mean that one owns it as he does a 
 farm or a town lot. He simply owns THE EXCLU- 
 SIVE RIGHT TO MINE IT. This right is subject 
 to many restrictive laws and in every case these laws 
 require money to be paid — miners' licenses, fees for 
 leasing, recording fees, transfer fees, taxes on the gold, 
 and even taxes for the use of water and fuel have to 
 be paid in nearly every country. In fact every imagin- 
 able thing has been considered a legitimate source of 
 taxation on a man who is taking money out of the 
 ground. Bear in mind gold is money everywhere. In 
 many countries only a year's lease can be gotten — work 
 must be carried on continuously — absence for longer 
 than a certain number of hours sometimes results in 
 forfeiture of the claim — the United States requires $100 
 worth of work each year, failing which the claim re- 
 verts to the government, and even if the owner does 
 perform $100 worth of work, often men are on hand 
 who will swear that the work is not done. A lawsuit or 
 a killing becomes the next step. 
 
 So many" and so heavy are the restrictions, that in 
 addition to all natural difficulties, and those due to 
 the greed of men, governments have found every pos- 
 sible way to hamper and confuse the owner of a good 
 gold bearing placer claim, so that he is prevented 
 from working freely, and especially prevented from 
 making too much. 
 
 A description of the methods by which placer 
 claims have heretofore been made could be truthfully 
 labeled "How not to do it" and a description of the 
 work of governments in protecting the operators in 
 their right could be called "The absence of all se- 
 curity." 
 
 Let us see how gold bearing gravel has heretofore 
 been obtained — at any rate so as to see how not to 
 do it, and at the same time let us see whether the opera- 
 tor was protected in his right to work it, or whether 
 it did not cost him all the gold he could take out and 
 more too, very often, to get any security of possession. 
 
 We have said a placer mine is known among min- 
 
 11 
 
ers as a "poor man's mine" because no capital and no 
 skilled labor are needed for working. While this is a 
 deserved name, nevertheless, by the methods hereto- 
 fore customary, it has been impossible to acquire such 
 a mine, without risking life and health. When it was 
 finally acquired the owner was able to operate it 
 only after endless trouble, litigation and expense. For 
 instance, the ownership of some of the most valuable 
 claims in the Nome District has not yet been settled, 
 though located more than 12 years ago. 
 
 In the western part of the United States and in 
 Western and Northern Canada and in Alaska and 
 Australia, a class of men, known as prospectors, live 
 a life of exposure and hardship, and with a horse, a 
 mule or a dog-team, far from civilized communities, 
 search among the foothills and along the banks of 
 streams and gullies for indications of mineral. 
 
 These men buoyed up by the certainty that, in the 
 foothills of the mountain ranges, vast riches are to be 
 had if they can only find them, subsist in a precarious 
 way and suffer all manner of deprivations and expo- 
 sure. 
 
 In general they do not even own the animal they 
 use and this, together with portable food supplies, bed- 
 ding, a piece of tent and a couple of tin cooking uten- 
 sils, a pick and shovel, are obtained as a grubstake 
 from some acquaintance or keeper of a retail store 
 usually found near the lines of travel. Even before 
 starting out with the grubstake so obtained, the pros- 
 pector must enter into an agreement by which the 
 ownership of half of all that he locates is lost to him 
 and belongs to the one who furnishes the grubstake. • 
 If no agreement is made, then the law steps in and 
 gives half ownership to the person furnishing th« 
 grubstake. 
 
 The prospector is usually at his wits' end for a 
 grubstake and he is so glad to get it and get started 
 that he never provides for the future working of the 
 property. His business is to find good mineral if he 
 can — and he forgets that after it is found it may be 
 necessary to do a great deal of work to prove that the 
 mineral can be extracted at a profit and so he starts 
 out handicapped from the beginning by the loss of half 
 his claim, and with no provision made by which, he, 
 without money or resources, can prospect the claim 
 
 12 
 
even if he should be lucky enough to find it. Therefore, 
 even if he does, after several years of loneliness, ex- 
 posure to sun and rain, bad food, worse water, innum- 
 erable hardships and constant danger to life and limb, 
 even if he should be fortunate, it is a ten to one 
 chance that he has retained only a small interest in the 
 claim, and his profit is practically nothing. 
 
 It is only one out of many hundreds of prospectors 
 who succeed in retaining for themselves any interest 
 and seldom is that interest a substantial one. The im- 
 mense fortunes of the late Senator Nixon, of George 
 Wingfield, of Governor Oddie of Nevada — of the Mac- 
 keys, Floods, Fairs, O'Briens, Sharons, Haggins, 
 Hearsts, Clarks, Noyes and many others, did come 
 through the discoveries made by prospectors, but in 
 no case through their own work of discovery or loca- 
 tion. After the discovery was made by somebody 
 else, those great fortunes grew from the operation of 
 mineral ground that was proved to be good. 
 
 There are many reasons why it always turns out 
 that way, but as our business is at present with gold 
 bearing gravel only, we will confine our remarks to that 
 particular mining industry, IN WHICH ALONE, A 
 MAN WITHOUT CAPITAL, CAN HOPE TO 
 MAKE A FORTUNE BY HIS OWN LABOR. 
 
 The prospector usually carries with him a gold 
 pan and when, in a gulch, he has reason to believe he 
 will find gold, he goes through the performance known 
 as panning, that is, washing the gravel in this gold 
 pan. As a rule he finds no gold — but if he should find 
 a few specks of gold — he knows that the gravel is at 
 least gold bearing — that is about all he does know, — he 
 knows nothing yet of the richness of the gravel nor 
 where the pay streak runs. He immediately drives a 
 stake or erects a monument of loose stones and posts 
 a notice there stating he has on a certain day at this 
 point found mineral and that he claims such and such 
 ground for mining purposes. 
 
 In the countries mentioned above, the law gives 
 him the right to keep and mine for himself for a cer- 
 tain time a certain area (in Canada a lease for one year, 
 while in the United States his claim is subject to the 
 conditions that he shall do $100 worth of work for 
 each of five consecutive years or $500 worth of work 
 can be done the first year, and then he has the right 
 
 13 
 
to buy the claim outright). In all cases he must de- 
 fine his claim by means of corner and side monuments 
 and place notices in each as to what the monuments 
 mean. 
 
 Having done all of this work he hurries to the near- 
 est recording office and there records the fact of his dis- 
 covery and what he thinks his claim actually is as 
 staked. The area must, of course, not exceed the 
 area allowed by law. 
 
 The requirement that he go to the record- 
 er's office and make a record there results in many 
 ways to his disadvantage. 
 
 First — He records before he has been able to 
 prospect his claim, or learn by using his pick and 
 shovel and gold pan, where the pay gravel is, its di- 
 rection or its width or its depth. Therefore, he nearly 
 always fails to stake ground that can be profitably 
 worked, and he is sure to stake a large amount of 
 worthless ground. 
 
 Second — The prospector could not carry surveying 
 instruments and would not know how to use them 
 anyway — therefore as the stakes and monuments are 
 not surveyed into place — this necessary absence to 
 record his claim leaves it open to claim jumpers. All 
 traces can be and are often removed, his stakes thrown 
 away or placed in positions he never intended. The 
 richer and more accessible the property the more cer- 
 tain it is his claim will be jumped or his stakes and 
 monuments changed. 
 
 Third — The moment he records his claim, the pub- 
 lic will know it and immediately a gold rush, called 
 a stampede, occurs and all the creeks and gulches on 
 all sides of him are speedily staked and located. 
 
 As none of this is surveyed and as generallly no 
 measuring instruments are at hand, and as haste in 
 every instance is necessary, there results a tremen- 
 dous jumbling and overlapping of claims. Constant 
 quarrelling and bickering takes place and the harvest 
 is reaped generally by lawyers, saloonkeepers and 
 gamblers. 
 
 Each of the stakers takes oath that he found gold 
 on his claim whether he did or nqt, and every claim 
 that has value or seems to have it must be guarded 
 day and night, for no other reason than that the 
 stakes and monuments have not yet been surveyed 
 
 14 
 
into place. The rough way in which they have been 
 laid out and the haste, because of the stampede, re- 
 sult in claims overlapping in all directions and in in- 
 convenient fractions. Many rich claims have been 
 tied up in litigation for years before ownership ' could 
 be determined. 
 
 What chance has the man of no means, when such 
 conditions are permitted? It is easy to see that he is 
 obliged to sell his right for the means to live, and so 
 although, he may have a splendid claim, he can profit 
 but little. Wherever he has made a few thousands 
 out of such a claim, lawyers, gamblers and specula- 
 tors have made scores of thousands by helping him 
 or by loaning him a few dollars from time to time. 
 
 As a rule before he can even defend his title, and at 
 any rate, in order to do it, he finds that he must have 
 his clainii surveyed by mineral land surveyors, whose 
 charges are always as high as the laws allow. In 
 Canada he must have it surveyed and a plot made and 
 furnished to the Gold Commissioner. And also, before 
 he ventures to locate a claim or even to search for one 
 he must purchase a miner's license from the govern- 
 ment, and each year this miner's license must be paid 
 for again, and fees for recording are not only demanded 
 everywhere, but renewals must be paid for regularly, 
 so that should there be no litigation the cost of survey- 
 ing, the legal fees, the restrictions, and the work nec- 
 essary to hold the claim would amjount to a sum far 
 greater than a thousand dollars. 
 
 In the course of time, after years of quarrelling and 
 destructive litigation, the gold bearing claims fall into 
 the hands of men of property, who alone could success- 
 fully fight the battle through, and so acquire the for- 
 tunes that should have been the fortunes of men with- 
 out property who originally staked these claims, if 
 only some means had been devised by which their 
 claims could have been legally surveyed into place at 
 the time, and if they had been properly protected in 
 their right to mine them. 
 
 Many hundreds of the claims, located in the man- 
 ner described, have been extremely valuable, some 
 worth thousands, some scores of thousands, some hun- 
 dreds of thousands, and many even a million or more. 
 Yet the discoverer or the locator seldom reaped the 
 harvest. 
 
 15 
 
Henry Bratnober, the Rothschild's mining expert 
 in 1897 offered $100,000 per claim for ten consecutive 
 daims in the Klondike, but could not get them. No 
 doubt he could have gotten ten claims at the price, but 
 not ten together. The N. A. T. & T. Co. paid $100,000 
 per claim for ten claims. There are no doubt hundreds 
 of claims in the Klondike that were worth a good deal 
 more than a hundred thousand dollars each, and many 
 that had from one to five millions in gold in them. 
 Because of the great richness of the gravel many poor 
 men did become rich and the same may be said of 
 Nome, and Fairbanks, California and of Australia, 
 British Columbia, and Montana. But the great fortunes 
 came to others who obtained the property after the 
 claims were surveyed and proved. 
 
 These conditions, as noted above, always have re- 
 sulted in frittering away the immense wealth in law- 
 suits over lines and stakes. 
 
 16 
 
We think we have shown that the methods here- 
 tofore used produced conditions which have resulted 
 very often in wrong, injustice, distress and crime, 
 even when the Government did allow men to ultimate- 
 ly secure possession and work the ground if they 
 could. If the Government had not hampered the 
 worker by restrictive legislation, and if it had ar- 
 ranged a simple system by which all doubt as to rights, 
 in the property had been eliminated — the losses men- 
 tioned above would not have occurred. 
 
 In course of time, the gold actually was taken out 
 of the ground and the owners worked long and hard 
 when they could, but so much time and money was 
 used up by contention, that the gold taken out by the 
 workers many times has been consumed in law suits, 
 or spent in gambling, drinking and in other ways, too' 
 often the direct result of the state of mind of men har- 
 assed as they were. 
 
 Nevertheless, one can see that, IF THE NAT- 
 URAL OBSTACLES ARE ALREADY OVER- 
 COME AND THE UNNATURAL ONES MADE 
 IMPOSSIBLE, AND IF THE BRUNT OF GOV- 
 ERNMENT I INTERFERENCE IS BORNE \BY 
 SOME ONE ELSE, then surely a man can make a 
 comfortable fortune by his own labor, if he can only 
 get good gold bearing gravel to work. 
 
 Because almost all the gold bearing gravel of civil- 
 ized communities has long ago been worked out, and 
 only the gravel occurring in distant regions remains, 
 it would seem, at first thought, that the difficulties 
 and privations incident to finding and locating good 
 gold bearing gravel could not be prevented. 
 
 It would seem also impossible under existing con- 
 ditions to prevent the loss of time and money due to 
 these lawless efforts to get the richest of the ground 
 bv foul play or by force. 
 
 But The Brazil Companies has adopted a plan by 
 which both of these things can easily be remedied. 
 
 The plan is so simple and, in a sense, so easy of 
 execution, that people hearing of it wonder why it has 
 not been done long ago. 
 
 While the plan is simple enough, it is, however, 
 expensive ; in fact, it costs a good deal of money and 
 
 17 
 
the work of a good many people. No one could afford 
 to do it unless he absolutely controlled the mining- 
 rights of a very large extent of mineral ground con- 
 taining great areas of gold bearing gravel, some of 
 which must be very rich indeed. 
 
 Usually, the Government itself is the single owner 
 of all these mining rights, but the Government will 
 never carry out this plan until private enterprise has 
 showii the way. When, at times, the Government has 
 given away the exclusive right to mine large areas, 
 the temptation to the private owner has been to mine 
 the rich ground out at once, or, to work the rich 
 ground and hold the entire area by working in one 
 place. 
 
 The plan of The Brazil Companies depends upon 
 the following fact: If the Government or the private 
 owner of all these mining rights had not thrown open 
 the locations of gold bearing gravel to a jumble of 
 men made wild by a sudden chance to get rich, but 
 had withheld it from location until the ground was 
 carefully prospected by engineers and cut up into 
 plots whose boundaries were surveyed, it is clear that 
 these troubles would not have occurred at all. 
 
 This is exactly what The Brazil Companies is go- 
 ing to do. 
 
 It is obvious that before any placer mining work 
 of any kind should be done the ground ought to be 
 thoroughly and systematically tested. It is also ob- 
 vious that if this testing and proving is accurately 
 recorded, the good gold bearing gravel can easily 
 be separated from that which is not so good. If, at 
 the same time that the accurate drilling records are 
 made, all the conditions pertaining to those areas are 
 also noted, it can readily be seen which parts of the 
 area are sufficiently valuable for either hand or ma- 
 chine labor. Thus those parts can be determined in 
 which it is possible for men to make a handsome profit 
 by hand labor. 
 
 This also The Brazil Companies will do. 
 
 During the time ground is being thoroughly test- 
 ed the direction of the pay streak, as well as its gen- 
 eral width and thickness, can be determined. If, after 
 this determination of values, areas of the gravel are 
 staked out across this pay streak and these plots with 
 their corner stakes and drill holes, each surveyed into 
 
 18 
 
place and referred to a base line, it is plain that no 
 moving of stakes or questions as to lines can there- 
 after arise. 
 
 The plan of The Brazil Companies is to have en- 
 gineers work continuously, month in and month out — ■ 
 year in and year out — testing the gold bearing gravels 
 by machine and hand labor, and locating and survey- 
 ing those parts of the ground which are found to be 
 good enough to make hand labor profitable. 
 
 To this end The Brazil Company has sent to Bra- 
 zil, and has now in operation there, five separate en- 
 gineering parties, fully equipped with surveying, test- 
 ing and proving instruments. 
 
 A contract has been made with the operators in 
 Brazil by which the exclusive right to select the plots 
 of this ground, so surveyed and proven, has been se- 
 cured for The Brazil Companies. These exclusive 
 rights are what The Brazil Companies are now offer- 
 ing through the local agent. 
 
 Arrangements have been made to keep these five 
 engineering parties, and additional engineering par- 
 ties, continuously testing, proving and laying out these 
 gold-bearing gravels and sands. 
 
 The operators in Brazil guarantee to The Brazil 
 Companies the accuracy and truthfulness of the en- 
 gineers' reports and records, and The Brazil Com- 
 panies in turn guarantees to the purchaser of its lease- 
 holds this accuracy and truthfulness. 
 
 The Brazil Companies will soon be in a position to 
 offer these plots through its agent, and in doing so 
 will guarantee to guide the purchaser to, and locate him 
 upon, one of those plots so tested, proven and staked 
 out. The Brazil Companies, however, does not make 
 the selection. 
 
 From among a great number of these plots tested, 
 proven, staked out and guaranteed, the selection is to 
 be made by the purchaser himself, or by his own 
 agent. This selection can be made at any time with- 
 in eighteen months from the time that the leasehold 
 is purchased. On file at the office of The Brazil 
 Company at the railroad station in Brazil will be found 
 the drill sheets which have been prepared by these 
 engineers, and on the ground in Brazil will be found 
 the stakes and plots corresponding to these drill sheets, 
 
 19 
 
so that no confusion will arise. The purchaser may- 
 make his selection from an inspection of the drill 
 sheets, or from an examination of the ground in Brazil, 
 or from both. He is not confined to one examination, 
 but can make it as often as he likes. 
 
 It occurred to us that some purchasers of lease- 
 holds might buy rights to mine and yet, on account of 
 sickness or other reasons, be unable to go at once and 
 make the selection. To cover such cases we adopt the 
 rule that each one should have ample time and should 
 not be hurried. We therefore decided to give all alike 
 the full eighteen months in which to make selection. 
 
 As the engineers are continually progressing with 
 the work, they are sending in their drill sheets often 
 and making their reports to the offices of the Com-, 
 pany in Brazil. It is not at all certain that the best 
 and richest gravel will be located and laid out in the 
 earliest stages of this work, and, therefore, because 
 no one knows just where the richest gravel is and 
 where the places best adapted to making a large for- 
 tune by hand labor are, it will be well for the pur- 
 chasers to proceed to Brazil as early as possible after 
 purchasing the. leasehold. 
 
 These drill sheets and reports will always be open 
 to the inspection of any person holding a certificate 
 of Right to Mine, or a Leasehold from The Brazil Com- 
 panies, but to no other person whatsoever except the 
 Companies' officers. 
 
 The Brazil Companies fully intends that each pur- 
 chaser of one of its leaseholds shall have every oppor- 
 tunity to make a fortune for himself. Each purchaser 
 can do this if he will only apply himself faithfully to- 
 the work. 
 
 At no time will even one more plot be sold than 
 the engineers in Brazil have reported as having been 
 staked out across a pay streak sufficiently good to be 
 worked by hand at a profit. 
 
 The chief engineers in charge of each of these five 
 separate parties have been carefully selected from 
 among those engineers recommended by dredging 
 and other gravel mining companies as not only the 
 most skillful, competent and accurate, but also as 
 thoroughly reliable. 
 
 The contracts with these engineers will carefully 
 guard the rights of our purchasers so that the inside 
 
 20 
 
information which, of necessity, will come first to the 
 engineers, will not be disclosed to anyone, but will 
 be sent direct to the office in Brazil for inspection by 
 our purchasers, and no one else. 
 
 The Brazil Companies gives to the purchaser of 
 each of its leaseholds the right to mine the plot select- 
 ed by himself or agent for a period of five years from 
 the day upon which he makes the selection and the 
 selected ground is given into his possession. 
 
 The Brazil Companies further agrees that if, at 
 any time before the expiration of these five years, he 
 desires to exchange the unworked part for an eqtial 
 area anywhere else within its control, all he has to 
 do is to ask for it. Provided it is not already held by 
 a purchaser having a similar certificate, the new plot 
 will be given him. Our intention is that we shall not 
 at any time withhold any information from the pur- 
 chasers of our leaseholds, nor withhold any portion 
 of the ground. The Brazil Companies fully intends 
 that it shall be in every case, "First come, first served." 
 
 No certificate of Right to Mine — no Leasehold, will 
 be sold to anyone until the gravel has been tested and 
 proven, and no greater number will ever be sold than 
 the number of plots proved to be good by the work of 
 the engineers on the ground. 
 
 What is guaranteed is this : 
 
 First, that the ground can be profitably worked by 
 hand, as shown by engineers' records on file. 
 
 Second, that the purchaser shall have the exclusive 
 right to mine it for five years from date of his location 
 thereon. 
 
 Third, that the purchaser may mine it by his own 
 labor, by hiring other labor, or by any kind of ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 Fourth, that we will pay all taxes and government 
 royalties. 
 
 Fifth, that the purchaser shall have the right of 
 renewal for an additional five years at the same price. 
 
 We further guarantee that all of the ground and 
 all of the information we have is free, as set forth 
 above, to our purchasers. 
 
 Regulations with regard to tailings and use of 
 water will be made for each locality according to the 
 conditions existing there. But in this case, as in every 
 other case, no favoritism will be permitted. 
 
 21 
 
We have now explained what placer mining is, and 
 how, in general, it has been conducted. We have also 
 pointed out that while the methods in use now and 
 in former times were very far from helping to suc- 
 cess with profit, even when rich gravel was to be had, 
 yet there did exist one right method and all the rest 
 were wrong. We have also pointed out that The Bra- 
 zil Companies intends to use this right method, to wit: 
 Prospect, survey and divide into plots those parts of 
 the vast area of gold bearing gravel that are rich 
 enough for hand labor; that, having done this, and 
 having the exclusive right to make selections of the 
 ground, it will lease them to individuals or associa- 
 tions of men at a fixed price of $1,000 each and a gross 
 royalty of 25%. And further, we have shown that the 
 purchasers of these leaseholds shall have the right to 
 make selections themselves in the order in which they 
 make known their selection from among the whole 
 number of such plots as the engineers certify fulfill 
 the necessary conditions. 
 
 Many other advantages The Brazil Companies will 
 give to the purchasers of the leaseholds, because it 
 fully intends that it will give every purchaser every 
 chance to make a fortune for himself, depending, of 
 course, upon the plot he chooses and the manner in 
 which he works it. But we have not yet shown the 
 conditions that are necessary to success with profit, 
 nor have we shown that in very many places in the 
 vast area under the exclusive control of The Brazil 
 Companies, all these conditions are amply fulfilled. 
 
 We will, however, first speak of the cost to the 
 lessee, in order to show that the price and royalty are 
 neither of them excessive. 
 
 Stated briefly, this is what The Brazil Companies 
 will do : 
 
 The Brazil Companies sells a five years' exclusive 
 right to mine a gold mine that has been proved and so 
 guaranteed; that is, it gives the exclusive right to 
 work a guaranteed gold mine of your own selection, 
 either by one man or a dozen, or any number, or by 
 machinery of any kind, at a rental equivalent to 56 
 cents per day payable in advance. 
 
 22 
 
When one realizes that all the searching- and test- 
 ing and all the surveying has been paid for, and that 
 . the lessee will not have to pay for it at all, and when 
 one realizes that The Brazil Companies also protects 
 the lessee in his right to work the propery in a miner- 
 like manner without interference from claim jumpers 
 and law suits, one cannot help seeing that a very much 
 larger sum could have been justly asked. 
 
 As for the royalty, it need only be pointed out 
 that Cecil Rhodes and associates charged 50% royalty 
 and guaranteed nothing, and that leasing in the Klon- 
 dike, in Nome, Fairbanks, Goldfield, Tonopah, and 
 every mining camp known to us, has always been at a 
 much higher rate. In all these cases, not only was no 
 guarantee made, but all taxes, royalties and fees of 
 every kind had to be paid besides. It is therefore 
 clear that The Brazil Companies takes a very moder- 
 ate royalty, particularly when one considers that the 
 whole mineralized territory of sixty thousand square 
 miles is open to selection by the owner of one of its 
 leaseholds. 
 
 The Brazil Companies realizes that its own profit 
 is bound up in the success of the lessees, and it has 
 determined to give even greater advantages than those 
 already set forth. 
 
 Rememb'er that we do not hurry you in the least, 
 but give you many months in which to make the 
 selection. On the last day as well as on the first, and 
 each one of the intermediate days, you have the bene- 
 fit of all the knowledge we gain by the continuous 
 work of at least five engineering parties, headed by 
 men of exceeding skill and probity. Nothing shall 
 be kept from you. Not only do we do all these things 
 in our efforts to give you every chance to make a for- 
 tune for yourself, but, remember, that the entire great 
 area is at your disposal with only one reservation — 
 that is, "First come, first served." 
 
 Do not forget that you have the right to exchange 
 the unworked part at any time during the five years, 
 because this is of immense importance. Having made 
 your selection and being at work there does not con- 
 fine you to that one spot. Nor do we anywhere say 
 that the owner of a leasehold is compelled to select 
 gold bearing gravel in making the exchange. 
 
 2B 
 
It is g-old bearing gravel that we guarantee to have 
 been tested. That is all. 
 
 We know from the many reports available that 
 there are large deposits of other minerals. That virgin 
 gold bearing veins, silver bearing veins, deposits of 
 copper, zinc, lead and iron exist within the limits. 
 Reports also show that diamonds are found in many- 
 places in the gold bearing gravels and sands. 
 We make no special point of these at this time ; never- 
 theless, the Right to Mine is intended to be so broad as 
 to take in any kind of mineral or precious stones, and 
 you can during the five years exchange the unworked 
 part of the gold bearing gravel selected by yourself 
 for a similar or equal area of any other part (also 
 selected by yourself), no matter what mineral or pre- 
 cious stones it may contain. 
 
 We have said practically nothing about diamonds, 
 but it is obvious that inasmuch as they are found with 
 the gold bearing gravel, some of our purchasers will 
 make fortunes out of them. They add to the richness 
 of the gravel wherever found. But we do not guar- 
 antee anything except gold bearing gravel. 
 
 Probably the richest piece of ground in the world 
 was that small area worked by a Brazilian citizen in 
 the eighteenth century, which produced in one season 
 160,000 carats of diamonds of fair size and quality. 
 This area was not within the territory under the con- 
 trol of The Brazil Companies ; nor do we say that 
 anything approaching it in richness exists therein. 
 Nevertheless, the contrary cannot be said either. No 
 one can say that areas equally or nearly as rich do 
 NOT exist within those limits. This thing is certain, 
 however : If one or more of such areas do exist therein, 
 the purchasers of our leaseholds will know of it and 
 have the benefit, in the order as they make selection. 
 
 The same thing may be said of the gold bearing 
 gravel and sands, and the gold and silver bearing rock 
 in place. While we do not yet know that any of the 
 ground will be as rich as Tom Ljppey's claim in the 
 Klondike, from which several millions were taken in 
 1898-99-1900, or No. 2 claim on Anvil Creek, "Linde- 
 burg's Claim," but, considering that Mr. Shipman, Mr. 
 Clinton and other engineers report, and all explorers 
 write, that the area is covered with a sheet of gravel 
 which is gold bearing, and that these engineers, as 
 
 24 
 
well as Cunha Mattos, Father Luiz Antonio da 
 Sousa e' Silva, and also many government officials, 
 report the country rock and soil as gold bearing, and 
 considering that there are more than three thousand 
 miles of running streams traversing this gold bearing - 
 soil and rock, gravel and sand, we say — considering 
 all these things — it is clearly impossible that there 
 should not exist innumerable gulches in which the 
 gold has been concentrated by the sorting power of 
 these swift streams. 
 
 Read for yourself the reports of Hiram Shipman, 
 B. de Witt Clinton, James W. Wells, F. R. G. S., 
 Guimaraes and what is said by Baron Von Eschwege, 
 Count Castelnau, St. Hilaire and the host of reports 
 in the government records set forth in the Official 
 Geographical Dictionary of the Mines of Brazil (pub- 
 lished in 1885 at the National Press in Rio de Janeiro 
 by the Chief of Bureau of Agriculture, Commerce and 
 Public Works), and you cannot doubt thereafter that 
 placers fully as rich as those of Nome, Fairbanks or 
 Alder Gulch in Montana, or the Klondike, will be 
 found by the prospecting work of the engineers. The 
 fact that rich placers do exist in this region of Brazil 
 is conclusive. And rest assured of this : The purchas- 
 ers of the leaseholds of The Brazil Companies will 
 surely have the right to mine them. 
 
 The Brazil Companies will do no mining whatso- 
 ever, and therefore every bit of ground, however rich 
 in diamonds, gold or other mineral, will be and is 
 open to selection by the owners of the leaseholds, and 
 IN THE ORDER IN WHICH IT IS ASKED FOR. 
 
 25 
 
Reference to the reports of the eminent travelers 
 and explorers, the skilled engineers and the Com- 
 manders of Captaincies in Brazil, will show what the 
 conditions there were, and are now. Tl;ese reports 
 and writings cover the period from ,1724 to 1908, and 
 there has been no change in nearly 300 years.. If, 
 then, the conditions found by these great travelers 
 and explorers, and these engineers of international 
 reputation, are such as to fulfill the conditions" neces- 
 sary for successful placer mining with profit, and if 
 they all say the conditions are ideal for the work, we 
 ought certainly to be able to satisfy you that, not 
 only does". The Brazil Companies intend to give its 
 purchasers every chance to tnake a fortune by their 
 own .labor and ingenuity, or by employing others, but 
 that, if the owner of a RIGHT TO MINE has been ' 
 . wise in making his selection — ^and does really apply 
 himself to the woffc — ^he cannot help making a very 
 satisfactory return. And moreover, many will surely 
 make a larger fortune or a greater competence than 
 can be hoped for iri ainy profession. 
 
 In general, what we have written refers to work- 
 ing gold bearing gravel and sand by hand labor-^no 
 skilled labor — no costly rtiachinery, and, therefore, no 
 capital is required. We have said that a man without 
 friends, without pr.operty and without money, can 
 make a comfortable living, a small fortune, and in 
 rriany cases a large fortune, by his own labor, in gold 
 bearing gravel and sands, depending upon several 
 things. 
 
 First — He must have the right to work it. This 
 The Brazil Companies gives him. 
 
 Second — He must be allowed to work it for some 
 considerable time without interference. This, too, 
 The Brazil Companies insures. 
 
 Third — The natural conditions must be favorable. 
 
 The natural conditions necessary for successful 
 placer mining in gold bearing gravel are three: 
 
 First and Foremost — The gravel and sand must 
 contain gold in paying quantities. 
 
 Second — Water must be at hand, or near enough 
 to be brought to the gravel with little labor. 
 
Third — The climate should be such that a man can 
 work in the open air as many days as possible during 
 the entire year. 
 
 All these conditions may vary more or less and still 
 profitable work be carried on, but the ideal conditions 
 are these: 
 
 The gravel and sand very rich. 
 
 Water in quantities near at hand. 
 
 Climate salubrious and healthy and such that work 
 may be carried on the entire year without cessation. 
 
 No matter what the conditions are with regard to 
 water and climate, there is no chance to make a profit 
 unless the gravel contains gold, but if it should con- 
 tain gold, then the size of the profits are more or 
 less dependent upon the nearness and quantity of 
 water and the number of days in the year in which it 
 can be used. If it should happen that water was diffi- 
 cult to obtain, or that the climate is either so hot or 
 so cold as to make several months unsuitable for 
 work in the open (as in the heated desert on one hand 
 and the north with frozen water that cannot be used 
 for gold washing on the other) , even then, if the gravel 
 be rich in gold, it is possible for a man to make a for- 
 tune out of it. Longer time will be needed to get 
 started, and less work can be performed during the 
 year, and, therefore, reduced profits — that is all. 
 
 Examination of the reports of the many engineers, 
 explorers and travelers, and of the'government reports 
 and records in Brazil, makes one absolutely certain 
 that there are vast areas of gravel in this region that 
 do contain gold. While entirely satisfied with these 
 reports, yet, for the purpose of being sure that the 
 purchasers of the leaseholds shall have good gold 
 bearing gravel immediately, and suitable for hand 
 mining at a profit. The Brazil Companies determined 
 to take this further step that has never heretofore been 
 taken in the history of the world. It is going to test 
 the gravel by means of those engineers who have 
 been testing gravel for years and who have been found 
 to be the most skillful and accurate ones in this iden- 
 tical work. In .doing this, The Brazil Companies 
 makes it absolutely certain that the first natural con- 
 dition, namely, "The gravel and sand must contain 
 gold in paying quantities," is fulfilled on those areas 
 which it offers through its local agent. 
 
 27 
 
This will more plainly appear when you realize 
 that no leasehold or RIGHT TO MINE will be sold 
 until after the ground has been tested and proven by 
 the engineers. 
 
 With reference to the water and the climate, a 
 reading of the reports of Hiram Shipman, of James 
 W. Wells, of B. de Witt Clinton, will show that the 
 area in which the exclusive mining rights are con- 
 trolled by The Brazil Companies is a well-watered, 
 elevated plateau, ranging in elevation above the ocean 
 from 2500 to 5000 feet, a rolling campos country 
 with the most healthy and salubrious climate in the 
 known world. 
 
 There is water everywhere, so that only the moun- 
 tain tops and sheer elevations are any distance from 
 water. Therefore, the moment the Local Agent of 
 the Brazil Companies offers the LEASEHOLD for 
 sale, the ideal conditions noted have been and are ful- 
 filled for a limited number of these plots. That is : 
 
 They do contain gold in paying quantities, some 
 probably very rich. 
 
 Water is abundant and near at hand. 
 
 And this all in a country accessible by steamboat 
 and xailroad, whose climate is the most delightful, 
 healthy and salubrious, and such that work can be car- 
 ried on every day in the year. 
 
 as 
 
EIGHTEEN MONTHS TIME. 
 
 We have said that eighteen months time will be 
 allowed a purchaser in which to make his selection, 
 but from that statement, it must not be understood 
 that The Brazil Companies thinks it wise to take so 
 much time, unless illness requires it. Above all things 
 — The Brazil Companies advises that the purchaser 
 proceed at once to the ground in Brazil examined by 
 the engineers. The reasons for this advice are these : 
 
 The five engineering parties are testing and sur- 
 veying day in and day out, they are continually send- 
 ing in their reports on one piece of ground and passing 
 on to the examination of another; as fast as these 
 reports come in they are filed in the office in Brazil 
 for inspection by the owners of Leasholds issued by 
 The Brazil Companies. This office is the only place 
 these reports can be seen and therefore the only place 
 in which information as to the results of the testing 
 can be had. These reports, which are known as drill 
 sheets, will accurately set forth the facts as found by 
 the engineers and the value in gold, foot by foot, of 
 each drill hole made. There is no way of finding out 
 anything about the result for each area plot by plot, 
 nor what the probable value (and therefore profit) is 
 of each plot except by examining the drill sheet rec- 
 ords. Examination of the ground itself will show only 
 the physical condition ; what labor, if any, is necessary 
 before gravel can be shoveled into the gold saving 
 sluice box. 
 
 Also note this — the drill sheets and nothing else 
 will disclose when the Engineers are in Bonanza 
 Gravel, as very rich gravel is called. Of course, those 
 who see these drill sheets will have the first chance 
 to make selections and one cannot see them without 
 being on hand to look. No one can possibly tell in 
 advance when these richer parts will be found and 
 tested and surveyed — it might occur in any month 
 or on any day ; therefore it is plain that one should not 
 delay, but should proceed at once to the only locality 
 where this information can be had. 
 
 Remember that even if one has made a selection, 
 he is not estopped from changing to other ground and 
 
 29 
 
that this privilege is part of what we sell and for five 
 years. There is always one richest and best claim, 
 and there will be, no doubt, in this case, many others, 
 very much richer than ordinary. But because neither 
 The Brazil Companies, nor its engineers, nor anybody 
 else, can possibly know beforehand how one claim wifl 
 compare with another, until after the testing has been 
 made and the record completed for each section, no 
 one can know the day or particular area in which 
 these richer gravels will be found. Some purchasers 
 will get them, and of course those who do will be 
 among those that are on the ground at the time, or 
 represented there by an agent. Therefore, since the 
 rule will be always "first come — first served," there 
 can be no question as to the soundness of advice, 
 which is — "Go to the place where you can be first and 
 where alone the best chance for a rich claim can be ob- 
 tained." 
 
 The reports and writings of engineers and ex- 
 plorers demonstrate that even though the gold bear- 
 ing gravels and sands were a thousand miles by trail 
 from the Coast, and even though the only method of 
 getting supplies was by mule back or bullock cart,, 
 and even though the fierce Cayapo Indians dominated 
 the country, and even though there was no law or 
 order, nevertheless in the face of all these obstacles, 
 dangers and privations, fabulous fortunes WERE made 
 by the hardy adventurous Portuguese miners of those 
 days. How much more certain now, must be the ex- 
 pectation of making a comf6rtable fortune in these 
 same districts from similar gold and diamond bearing 
 gravels, where all these difficulties, obstacles, priva- 
 tions and dangers are removed. 
 
 Two railroads now run from the Coast directly to- 
 ward and partly through these regions. Of the two 
 navigable rivers, one has a regular line of steam- 
 boats carrying passengers and mail. Thus we see 
 that transportation of supplies is no longer difficult, ex- 
 pensive or precarious. Moreover, the country in the 
 old days had no source of , supplies nearer than the 
 Coast, nearly a thousand miles distant. Nowj great 
 cities are several hundred miles nearer, agriculture 
 and cultivation have reached to the border, and count- 
 less herds of cattle roam the rolling prairies immedi- 
 ately south and west, and some are right at hand; 
 
 80 
 
game, fish and birds are abundant — so that the ques- 
 tion of food supply need never arise. 
 
 The Cayapo Indians once so fierce and unconquer- 
 able have been tamed and brought into peaceable vill- 
 ages by the wonderful work of Catholic missionaries, 
 and as for outlaws and desperate criminals, the State 
 is and has been for many years far more peaceable 
 and orderly than any of our own western mining 
 States, and life far more secure. The Brazilian people 
 themselves are peaceful and lawabiding in the ex- 
 treme, and the percentage of criminals in Brazil is far 
 lower than in our own country. Each of the States 
 of Brazil maintains troops, whose duties are similar 
 to those of State Constabularies and rangers in the 
 United States and Canada. As the State DOES make 
 life secure and The Brazil Companies guarantees 
 property rights to purchasers of its Leasholds — there 
 can be no country in which there is greater security of 
 life and property to our people. 
 
 It is stated that neither now nor at any future time 
 will Leaseholds or rights to mine be sold by The 
 Brazil Companies until after ground has been tested 
 and surveyed into plots, and only those will be offer- 
 ed that are certified by the Engineers to contain grav- 
 el good enough to be mined by hand labor profitably. 
 The chiefs of ithese parties are by name as follows: 
 John T.' Gibson, John Holm, Henderson Scott, John 
 F. Gurney, Walter J. Radford. 
 
 These Engineers are men of great skill and ability, 
 and have a long and honorable record behind them. 
 The purchaser can therefore absolutely depend upon 
 the accuracy and honesty of the reports they will 
 make, and The Brazil Companies as well as the opera- 
 tors in Brazil guarantee the truthfulness of the records 
 that will be open to the inspection of the purchasers of 
 the Leasholds. 
 
 81 
 
We have quoted the eminent mining engineer, Mr. 
 Hiram Shipman, as pointing out that the course of the 
 river was through a region wonderfully rich in gold- 
 bearing soil and rock, and as Mr. Shipman spent about 
 a year on the property making examinations, and as 
 we will make extracts from his report, it is well to 
 know who Mr. Shipman was, and so we will quote the 
 late Professor George A. Treadwell. 
 
 Prof. Treadwell, an American, at one time Direc- 
 tor of the School of Mines of London, England, was 
 associated with the great operators of the Comstock 
 Lode, Mr. D. O. Mills, Mr. Ralston, Mr. George Hearst, 
 Mr. Haggin and other men high up in the mining 
 world. He was a creator of both the United Verde 
 Mine, now belonging to Senator Clark, and the Greene 
 Consolidated, now a part of the Cananea. 
 
 Prof. Treadwell in a letter written to Wharton 
 Barker says: 
 
 "Mr. Shipman was a mining engineer of the high- 
 est reputation as to honesty and the carefulness and 
 exactness of his examinations. The banking interests 
 of the Southwest have the utmost confidence in his re- 
 ports on mining properties, and the banks did not hesi- 
 tate to make loans on the strength of his certificate 
 as to the value and condition of a property. In fact, 
 Mr. Shipman was known as a man of wide experience 
 in all classes of mining work and was looked upon as 
 a high authority. 
 
 "After Mr. Shipman's return from Brazil I had 
 many conversations with him concerning the value of 
 the gravel, both in gold and in diamonds, and I have 
 read his original report and have seen the results of 
 his tests in his own books. I have always been con- 
 vinced that there were enormous areas of gold-bearing 
 gravel on this Concession, much of it very rich." 
 
 Prof. Treadwell also says in this letter that since 
 that time he has met many engineers who have been 
 in this district, and from them he learned that the 
 property remains just as it was at the time Mr. Ship- 
 man came back from it, having rested idle except for 
 the scattering work of the few natives. 
 
 The engineers' statements concerning the gravel 
 fully confirm Mr. Shipman's report. 
 
 82 
 
Mr. Shipman built the first 80 stamp mill ever 
 erected and was known in all mining circles as one 
 of the most conservative men in his great profession. 
 
 With complete confidence, therefore, we quote from 
 Mr. Shipman's report as follows : 
 
 "Through the whole southeastern part of Goyaz, 
 from the borders of the Province of Minas Geraes, 
 the country traversed, coming and going by the two 
 •different routes, is not only the most beautiful and 
 fertile country the sun ever shone on, but everywhere 
 I saw evidence of immense mineral wealth. Wherever 
 I sampled the gravel I found astonishing results. I 
 verified this by numerous pannings, using also the 
 •native wooden bowl, called "botea." 
 
 The results of my work with pan and bowl, made 
 at a great many places, are absolutely convincing. I 
 have never seen anything to compare with this region, 
 although I have worked in the richest diggings in 
 California, Utah and Montana. 
 
 You know that until I built the Vulture Mill I 
 had been making my living by examining mines for 
 other people, and that I try to say less than I can 
 prove. 
 
 Well, I say to any mining man that this Maranhao 
 region contains enormous beds of rich gold bearing 
 gravel, and that while fabulous amounts have been 
 taken out in former times, there yet remains untold 
 millions, so situated that the extraction of the gold 
 at immense profit requires only the effort. 
 
 The gravel is everywhere present and gold is 
 •everywhere present in the gravel. 
 
 What would a California miner think of panning, 
 without a blank, covering a distance of one hundred 
 and fifty miles, taken of course as a miner would take 
 them? 
 
 The prevailing geological formations are mica 
 schists and talcose slates, and, singular to say, these 
 formations appear to be, and are, gold bearing. The 
 surface soil seems to be decomposed gneiss, quartz, 
 mica schists, talcose slate, with frequent ferruginous 
 admixture. 
 
 The old gold workings which are to be seen along 
 the banks of almost every stream disclose the fact 
 that a sheet of gravel, or "cascalho," as it is termed by 
 the natives, is spread over the whole country. It is 
 
 33 
 
found on the elevations as well as in the valleys. An- 
 other curious feature of the formation of mica schists 
 and talcose slates is the fact that they are rarely tilted 
 and are almost always horizontal." 
 
 Referring to the quartz veins, Mr. Shipman also 
 says: "I noticed well defined quartz veins cutting- 
 through the mica schists and talcose slates. I made 
 no examination of these veins, or dykes, having no 
 time for prospecting rock in place; which was, more- 
 over, unnecessary, as the evidence of gold in placers 
 was everywhere present. 
 
 In my examination from Meia Ponte, the first in- 
 dications of extensive gold placers were found very- 
 near that place. A vast amount of work was evidently 
 done, at an early date, on the principal streams in the 
 neighborhood. The adjacent ground along the 
 streams had many years ago been turned over. At 
 the Abaddie Mine, a league and one-half from Meiai 
 Ponte, I was struck by the singular fact, here dis- 
 closed, that the mica schist and talcose slates, in a 
 decomposed state, had been worked, recently, in a. 
 desultory way, by hydraulics to the depth of one hun- 
 dred feet or more. A hydraulic outfit had been work- 
 ing for a little while on the side of a ridgfe with ai 
 maximum elevation of probably between six and sev- 
 en hundred feet. Curiously enough, the ignorant min- 
 ers did not know how to utilize their labor saving ma- 
 chinery, because they had carefully refrained from- 
 washing into sluices, but had contented themselves 
 with driving the debris only into the sluice ditch and' 
 were laboriously cleaning up by "panning" with 
 "boteas" — wooden bowls. Crossing over the ridge I 
 was shown, some three or four miles distant from the 
 workings, quite rich earth which I tested, showing' 
 that the pay dirt, or the "lead" ran right through the 
 mountain, or rather the rounded ridge, for miles. This 
 demonstrated to my satisfaction that the gold placers- 
 of this section are hardly touched. 
 
 There are also, in the immediate vicinity of this- 
 locality indications which go to show, that in the 
 early period of the history of Goyaz a vast amount of 
 work had been done along streams and gulches by 
 the ancient miners. But with all this work the fact 
 
 34 
 
remains that even here the surface was merely- 
 scratched. 
 
 From the Abaddie locality I proceeded over a beau- 
 tiful country with indications of placer gold on every 
 hand. There were plenty of evidences of former work- 
 ings, such as old ditches for conveying water, the soil 
 turned over along the streams, large mounts of gravel 
 excavated from the hill sides, with plenty of the same 
 character of ground remaining to be exploited. For at 
 least one hundred and fifty miles I traveled through the 
 same character of country, seeing all the way evidences 
 satisfying me that the surfaces of its vast "placers" had 
 only been skimmed in a few places, and that there re- 
 mained untold millions to be extracted during the 
 coming years. The gold quartz veins show no indi- 
 cations of ever having been touched by the early min- 
 ers, but are in the same condition that nature left 
 them. The gold "placers" everywhere seen are the 
 result of the disintegrating forces which have been 
 at work for ages upon ages. 
 
 The sources of the vast amount of gold extracted 
 from the soil of this country during the early part 
 of the last century, and the still vaster quantities to be 
 taken out in the future, are the virgin veins which, 
 when worked, will doubtless be found wonderfully 
 rich. It cannot be otherwise." 
 
 Mr. Shipman also says that at the terminus of his 
 journey he found the remains of an old mining town, 
 with perhaps only a dozen poor specimens of humanity 
 too lazy to enjoy good health. During the early min- 
 ing period, in the last century, this town must have had 
 a population of some thousands of inhabitants. The 
 extent of the streets and the number of houses, tumbled 
 down, in ruins and overgrown with vegetation, are 
 sad reminders of the decay of a once populous and 
 flourishing place. This decay was caused by the strict 
 enforcement of the law prohibiting gold mining after 
 diamonds were discovered. 
 
 Speaking of the work done at Machadinho, Mr. 
 Shipman said : "In the near neighborhood are the rap- 
 ids of Machadinho, where an attempt was made, early 
 in the 18th century, to turn the stream from its natural 
 channel, in order to work the gold-bearing gravel in the 
 bed of the rapids. The remains of this work yet to be 
 
 8B 
 
•seen attest how great an undertaking this must have 
 been to the poorly equipped and unscientific miners of 
 that day. The Maranhao makes a bend where the rap- 
 ids occur, and just above where they begin, in the mid- 
 dle of the stream, is an island. On the right hand side 
 of the river, coming down, the bare rocks on the bank 
 are exposed. A dam was, at low water in the dry sea- 
 son, thrown across from the mainland on each side to 
 the island, and a rock cut made on the southeast side to 
 ■draw off the water of the river. This cut was about 
 50 yards long and probably 30 feet wide. It is related 
 by Cunha Mattos and other old writers who left ac- 
 ■counts of Goyaz mining operations in their itineraries, 
 that twelve thousand slaves were worked for some 
 nine months in the construction of the dam and mak- 
 ing the rock cut. This probably was no exaggeration. 
 The appliances of the ancient miners were of the rud- 
 est description. Goyaz was in the far interior and 
 ■everything — even provisions — the actual necessities of 
 life, had to be transported on mules or by bullock carts 
 from the coast. The slaves were half starved, wholly 
 Ignorant of the character of work they had to do, and 
 their overseers, of course, knew but little more about 
 engineering and rock excavation. They did not make 
 even an approximate estimate of the volume of water 
 they had to deal with in the rainy season. When the 
 water was the lowest, the ditch they cut was altogeth- 
 er inadequate to carry the water of the Maranhao, 
 which was as broad as the Hudson River at Pough- 
 keepsie and twelve and more feet deep in the main 
 •channels. The result was the inevitable one. The cut 
 was completed just as the rainy season set in, and the 
 ■dam was finished, and for a few hours enough water 
 was carried off and held back to lay bare the upper 
 part of the rapids, where the rocks, even when the 
 river is running full, show at the surface. During this 
 short period, and in a very limited space, the miners 
 were able to take out enough rich pay gravel to yield 
 MORE THAN SUFFICIENT GOLD TO PAY THE 
 EXPENSES OF THE NINE MONTHS' WORK. 
 
 When it is borne in mind that the entire course of 
 the Maranhao is through a region wonderfully rich 
 in gold bearing soil and rock, this account will not 
 seem improbable. The gold being of the greatest spe- 
 ■cific gravity would be piled up in the crevices of the 
 
 36 
 
rocks in the bed of the rapids, and, in all probability, 
 every "Botea" full of sand and gravel would yield 
 enormously — even as high as one hundred dollars to- 
 the bowl. Of course, the water of the river, being 
 greater than the capacity of the ditch, backed up above 
 the dam, until the accumulating pressure carried away 
 the barrier and the pent up flood swept all before it; 
 it is said that all the tools and several slaves were lost 
 and that the destruction of life would have been much 
 greater had not most of the people left oil work to eat 
 breakfast, which, in that country, is a midday meal. 
 
 This work was done more than one hundred years- 
 ago and no attempt has since been made to repeat 
 the experiment. And just about this period diamonds 
 were discovered in great quantities in the Rivers Piloes, 
 Cayapo and Claro, tributaries of the Araguaya, and the 
 government absolutely prohibited washing or mining 
 for gold. This restriction was enforced and was not 
 removed until about 1840. At the same time the gov- 
 ernment in prohibiting searching for gold only per- 
 mitted diamond mining to be carried on under certain 
 conditions. A large area of territory was leased to 
 individuals, or companies who were bound to return all 
 diamonds found to officers of the Royal Treasury, who 
 estimated their value and paid therefor accordingly. 
 
 The result was almost the depopulation of Goyaz. 
 Those who could get away went as soon as gold mining 
 was interdicted to enjoy what they had gained, or to 
 find new fields of enterprise. Those who remained 
 were the poor and shiftless, escaped slaves, outlaws, 
 or the worthless progeny of intermarriages between 
 whites, negroes and Indians. A few took to agricul- 
 ture and stock raising, and while almost all mining has 
 been neglected for a century, farming and pastoral 
 pursuits have grown to considerable proportions in 
 parts of the Province. 
 
 Further along in his report Mr. Shipman says: 
 "That it is very rich in diamonds of the first water and 
 an abundance of gold cannot be doubted. I saw in 
 Rio de Janeiro quantities of diamonds brought from 
 the Cayapo. One man with two slaves had just come 
 down from that region before I arrived in Rio de 
 Janeiro with more than $100,000 worth of rough dia- 
 monds. 
 
 87 
 
I saw some of these and they were of large size, 
 and lapidaries told me, very fine. 
 
 Mr. Shipman says that the extent on this river and 
 its tributaries cannot be less than 10,000 square miles 
 and is probably 20,000. It has in no place been worked 
 to any extent for the following reasons: The adven- 
 turous miners of the last century were never able, with 
 the assistance of the government, to subdue the brave 
 and hostile Indians who held the Cayapo region. It 
 is only within recent years that these savages have been 
 brought into peaceable relations, chiefly through Cath- 
 olic missionaries. The white and mongrels of Goyaz 
 are and have been for generations too lazy, thriftless 
 and unenterprising to seek new fields. They are con- 
 tented to gain a few dollars by "panning" gold along 
 the streams in their neighborhood. If they have some- 
 thing to eat today they do not think of what tomorrow 
 may demand. Mr. Shipman was informed that the 
 finest diamonds in Brazil had been found there and 
 Mr. Moraes says there has never been any work of im- 
 portance done there. The only people who have mined, 
 even in a crude way, are a few refugees from justice 
 who have managed to make fortunes there and after- 
 wards bought exemption from prosecution for their 
 crimes. Mr. Moraes is a gentleman of high standing 
 in Brazil, a native of Goyaz, and one in whom I placed 
 great confidence. 
 
 The diamonds of the Cayapo district are undoubt- 
 edly of a superior quality and for them alone the in- 
 dustry of mining can be carried on profitably for many 
 years. Its gold fields are practically inexhaustible. 
 
 Either one of these tracts are mines of vast wealth 
 and combined their value can scarcely be estimated. 
 In all there will be 2000 miles of river navigation drain- 
 ing a country which I unhesitatingly say is the MOST 
 BEAUTIFUL, THE MOST FERTILE IN SOIL, 
 THE RICHEST IN MINERALS AND WITH THE 
 MOST DELIGHTFUL AND SALUBRIOUS CLI- 
 MATE OF ANY PAR.T OF THE KNOWN 
 WORLD. In all my experience I have never seen any 
 country comparable to that of the Province of Goyaz. 
 It is an elevated plateau whose height above the sea 
 level ranges from 3000 to 5000 feet, with Serras Py- 
 renees and Cayapos running up in peaks from 9000 
 to 10,000 feet. The country is rolling and about 
 
 88 
 
equally divided between prairie and forests. Every- 
 where the soil is rich red loam and exceedingly fer- 
 tile. My visit was during the hot season and I ex- 
 perienced less discomfort from heat than I frequently 
 have in New York State. I fully agree with Mr. J. 
 W. Wells, who, in his book entitled "Three Thousand 
 Miles Through Brazil," speaks so enthusiastically of 
 the delightful and exhilarating climate of the "campos" 
 country of the Goyaz. 
 
 You know me well enough to know that I am not 
 an enthusiast, and yet I assure you I cannot command 
 language to adequately express my opinion of Goyaz 
 as an agricultural, grazing and MINERAL country. 
 All that nature can do for a country, Goyaz has been 
 blessed with, and all that it requires is to be opened 
 up to the world and the truth in regard to its capabili- 
 ties disseminated. 
 
 ****** 
 
 Water is everywhere abundant and can be led at 
 trifling expense where it is wanted. 
 
 There is an abundance of labor in the country, such 
 as it is, to be had at the rate of 40 cents per day. While 
 it is not the kind of labor we command in the States, 
 still, properly directed, wonders can, with our modern 
 methods, be accomplished by it. 
 
 The products of Goyaz in an agricultural line are 
 varied and her forests and other natural resources, 
 aside from MINERAL wealth, will yield an enormous 
 traffic to a navigation company." 
 
 39 
 
While the examination of Mr. Hiram Shipman, the 
 eminent engineer, consumed about twelve months of 
 time, it is evident that even in that long period only 
 a small part of the area controlled by The Brazil 
 Companies could have been looked over. The favor- 
 able character of this report is fully borne out by ad- 
 ditional evidence relating to the great areas of gold 
 bearing gravel by the published writings of: 
 
 Baron Von Eschwege, German Engineer; 
 
 Count Castelnau, and 
 
 St. Hilaire, French Engineers; 
 
 Guimaraes, Portuguese Engineer; 
 
 Luiz Antonio da Sousa e Silva, Portuguese Explorer j 
 
 B. DeWitt Clinton, 
 
 Milton F. Adams, 
 
 G. C. Walker Crawford, 
 
 John Seyler, and other Amercian Engineers; and 
 
 James W. Wells, F. R. G. S., the English Engineer, 
 
 and the writings and official reports of 
 
 Alford de Tauney, 
 John de Sousa, 
 
 Thome and Milliet de St. Adolphe, 
 Jose Martins de Alencastre, 
 Manoael Ayres de Cascal, 
 Alexandre de Sousa Menezes, 
 Joachin Manoael de Macedo, and 
 Cunha Mattos, 
 
 all of whom speak of the great richness and the vast 
 area of gold bearing gravel within the limits con- 
 trolled by The Brazil Companies. Some of these whose 
 names are Brazilian were for a time the commanders 
 of the captaincies, and copies of their reports can be 
 found in the Geographical Dictionary of the Mines of 
 Brazil, published by the National Press, Rio de Janeiro, 
 1885, by Ferreira, Chief of Bureau for the Departments 
 of Agriculture, Commerce and Public Works. 
 
 The authentic character of this evidence is such as 
 to satisfy any one, that because these reports have 
 been entirely disinterested and have covered such a 
 long period of time, they make conclusive evidence 
 that the vast areas of gravel do exist there and that 
 
 40 
 
the miners working there have found it in many 
 places to be very rich. Mr. Adams built the telegraph 
 line for the Government of Brazil into the city of 
 Goyaz. In his report to the Brazilian Government 
 he stated that the soldiers who were then his escort 
 deserted and the men under his employ left him and 
 went to washing the gravel on the banks of the stream 
 and he asked for and was supplied with other escort 
 and men. 
 
 Mr. Seyler wrote that he had personally tested 
 the gravel on the Rio Verde and that he found it very 
 rich, often running as high as three or four dollars 
 per cubic yard. 
 
 Colonel Crawford cabled to his principals in Lon- 
 don suggesting that his clients should obtain control 
 of these vast areas of gold bearing gravel, and stated 
 that he found the gravel to average in some places 
 two and a half and three dollars per cubic yard. 
 
 The following are extracts from a letter written by 
 . B. DeWitt Clinton, manager of the Conceciao do Ferro 
 of Minas Geraes, Brazil: 
 
 "Perhaps I had better state that I have been in 
 Brazil about seventeen years; in fact, the greater part 
 of twenty-four years, but the seventeen have been 
 spent within the limits of that country. I have work- 
 ed properties in the State of Goyaz and I have been 
 back and forth in that territory on many occasions 
 and have had many friends and known many people 
 who have worked in that State and in that particular 
 district. It is needless to say that Goyaz is far and 
 away the richest State in Brazil. It is known to 
 -everybody that has had anything to do with mining 
 that this is a fact; and it is also known to any one 
 that has had anything to do with the State of Goyaz 
 or has mined therein, or has had friends interested in 
 that territory. There are at present several hundred 
 natives of my knowledge who are working in the ter- 
 ritory comprised within the .limits under your control, 
 and in general the conditions will be found like this: 
 The land around the district is what is known in our 
 country as more or less rolling, with large expanses 
 that are treeless, but invariably with considerable 
 heavy timber near the streams. If you go up any of 
 the tributaries or any of the small streams pertaining 
 to it, you would think the country uninhabited, but 
 
 41 
 
once in a while you will come to a little path, and 
 following that path back a distance from the water 
 you will find a little clearing or habitation containing 
 twenty or more people. These people live upon the 
 small crop of vegetables that they plant in their spring, 
 which does not take them two weeks to put in, but 
 their principal living is derived from diamonds and 
 gold which they obtain at their very doors. As soon 
 as the crop of vegetables is put in they go down to- 
 the river or creek and work an hour or two a day in 
 the water, digging out gravel, which they carry to the 
 banks and pile up, and having gotten in the course of 
 weeks a pile of gravel containing one or two cubic 
 yards, they go away and wait until the water rises, 
 and then when the water does come,' they go down 
 and wash out the gravel by throwing water on it, or 
 in a bowl, and when they obtain a small amount of 
 gold or a diamond, as they invariably do, they take it 
 to the nearest place where rum can be obtained, get 
 druiik and stay drunk until it is all used up, then they 
 go back and work again. 
 
 "It is needless to say that nobody is hungry in 
 that country and nobody is without clothes, and gold 
 can be bought from the natives at from forty per cent, 
 and diamonds can be bought at ten per cent, of their 
 selling value. 
 
 "There is hardly a native to be found, lazy, worth- 
 less and thriftless as they are, that has not one or 
 more diamonds in his or her possession. 
 
 "If you should attempt to lay off along the banks 
 of the main river or any of its tributaries plots of 
 ground, five acres in extent, one adjoining the other, 
 and you should go blindfolded and make a selection 
 of them as t® which would contain gold-bearing gravel, 
 nine out of ten would fulfill that condition. Of course, 
 it would be richer nearer the smaller streams than 
 along the larger rivers. The country is very, very 
 rich in both diamonds and gold and it needs only that 
 men should apply themselves to make fortunes out of 
 small portions of it. 
 
 "My friends, Mr. Mullen and Mr. Yampert, both 
 worked as telegraph men in that country. Mr. Mul- 
 len came out within a short time with three hundred 
 and twenty carats of diamonds and fifteen pounds of 
 gold. Mr. Yampert in the course of two or three 
 
 42 
 
years made a very large fortune, up to hundreds of 
 thousands of dollars. 
 
 "The country is enormously rich and produces 
 diamonds of the first quality. 
 
 "You have in your Company's possessfon two ex- 
 ceedingly rich concessions on which it is very hard to 
 make a mistake in attemptiag to mine them. They 
 are rich enough to stand hand labor and there are 
 many places there where you can afford to pay ten 
 dollars per day for labor, but, of course, that is not 
 necessary, as we ordinarily pay from fifty to seventy- 
 five cents per day for native labor. We had no diffi- 
 culty in obtaining native labor, nor do they seem to 
 have any trouble in obtaining that class of labor in 
 Brazil, the people living from hand to mouth to be 
 sure, but if you have the good will of the Priest they 
 will work for you. 
 
 "The country is covered with a sheet of gravel 
 known as "Cascalho." This Cascalho is gold and dia- 
 mond bearing; it is over the hill top as well as in the 
 valleys, but in varying thicknesses. In very many 
 places it will average from ten to twenty dollars per 
 square yard of bed rock surface. If that section of the 
 country should ever be handled by machinery in a 
 careful, methodical manner, it will produce, in my 
 opinion, more diamonds than are now being pro- 
 duced in South Africa and there is no comparison 
 in their value, the Brazilian and Indian diamonds be- 
 ing very superior to those of South Africa. They can 
 be told apart at once. In addition to the fact that the 
 gravel is so exceedingly rich in diamonds and gold, 
 the country has sapphires, tourmalines and various 
 other precious stones. There is no mining for any oth- 
 er minerals, but there are large deposits of iron and 
 copper and in years gone by there has been mining for 
 silver. 
 
 "I do not think there is anything richer under 
 the sun than the State of Goyaz, and your Company 
 owns what is known to be the richest part of the 
 State. So far, in all my travels through it, I have 
 not seen a well-defined vein of quartz. Native rock. 
 is commonly schistos in character and is full of quartz 
 kidneys. These quartz kidneys invariably carry gold 
 and the schist itself is gold-bearing. When this schist 
 and quartz is disintegrated in place, it can be washed 
 
 43 
 
as readily as gravel and the gold that is found in the 
 streams, in the gravel, in the quartz and in the schists 
 is rough and not rounded as placer gold ordinarily is, 
 plainly showing that it has not traveled any distance. 
 These quartz kidneys and schists seem to be the 
 original matrix of the gold, which in a measure ac- 
 counts for its being so uniformly distributed over all 
 the country. If you desire to lay out this gold-bear- 
 ing gravel in plots, the actual expense in laying it out 
 will be very small if boring machines are used. The 
 gravel averages so uniformly after you get down to 
 it from the debris that you have only to strike gravel 
 to know you have gold-bearing gravel, and usually 
 pay gold-bearing gravel at that. 
 
 "The country, as I have said before, is covered 
 with this gravel, but over the top of this gravel is 
 more or less soil formed by the decaying vegetation. 
 
 "There is room for mining for several hundred 
 thousand individuals and you will never be able to 
 get enough men to thoroughly mine the gravel by 
 hand labor." 
 
 In confirmation of Mr. Clinton's statement, refer- 
 ence is made to the report of Guimaraes, the Portu- 
 guese Governn^ent Engineer, who was sent by his 
 Government to investigate the conditions in Brazil and 
 to recommend as to which district would be the most 
 desirable for the settlement of Portuguese emigrants. 
 Guimaraes reported and recommended (1899), as the 
 best place for these emigrants, the land around and 
 included in this district in the State of Goyaz. 
 
 In addition to the favorable soil and healthy salu- 
 brious climatic conditions, he stated that the gravel 
 and streams were both diamond and gold bearing, 
 and that, in his opinion, if these gravel beds were 
 ever worked by machinery in a methodical manner, 
 the production of diamonds from this district would 
 equal the production from South Africa. 
 
 Further recent testimony bearing upon the great 
 extent and richness of the gold bearing gravel in this 
 district in Brazil was set forth in a lecture delivered 
 before the Chamber of Commerce in London, April 5, 
 1889, by James W. Wells, an eminent English mining 
 engineer and Fellow of the Royal Geographical So- 
 ciety, who had spent some nineteen years in Brazil. 
 
 Besides describing the various commercial oppor- 
 
 44 
 
tunities, Mr. Wells, in his lecture, dwelt strongly upon 
 the great discoveries of gold, silver and diamonds that 
 will ensue from the construction of the inland lines of 
 communication. 
 
 Among many other interesting things, Mr. Wells 
 said: 
 
 "I believe the time will come for a gold rush to 
 Brazil that will lead eventually to its being peopled as 
 California, Australia and South Africa have been. 
 
 :(: :j: ^ ^ ^ :t: 
 
 "I could show any one certain districts where 
 many thousands of miles are literally peppered with 
 gold, where the river sands abound with it, where I 
 panned it from the dust of the high roads. 
 
 •I- *•)■** * 
 
 "Amongst the gold districts of Brazil that really 
 are found in the North and in the South, in the West 
 and in the East, and in the central regions, I could 
 point out many fields where I could demonstrate the 
 existence of very profitable places and reefs, but I 
 will only point out one locality. Here it is in South 
 Goyaz, in the heart of Brazil, what I believe will be 
 the long sought El Dorado. 
 
 "It is a grandly beautiful and well watered coun- 
 try, with a good soil and healthy climate. In this dis- 
 trict of Goyaz, thousands of square miles in area, here 
 and there, far and wide apart, the land was superficially 
 scratched by the old miners, one hundred to one hun- 
 dred and fifty years ago, who, ignorant of scientific 
 principles, even of a pump, and with thousands of 
 slaves, and the crudest of appliances, certainly ex- 
 tracted a fabulous amount of wealth in diamonds,, gold 
 and silver. But great as were the riches thus ob- 
 tained, they were probably a mere fraction as to what 
 yet remain. Old contemporary writers have stated 
 that as a fact, a modern explorer has stated it as a 
 fact, and I now repeat it, yet it is only wasting breath 
 to utter it, for no ones gives credence to it, but I re- 
 peat, let gold mining commence in this region of yet 
 virgin placers and the roads from Rio de Janeiro and 
 the rivers from Para will soon be thronged with ad- 
 venturers, as are the waters of the Amazon by the In- 
 dian rubber gatherers. It may naturally be asked if 
 so much profitable mining has been done in these te- 
 gions that are more or less populated, why have min- 
 
 45 
 
ing operations ceased? In the old days these regions 
 were dominated by the numerous tribes of the fierce 
 and unconquered Cayapo Indians, and it can easily 
 be realized with what tremendous difficulties and pri- 
 vations those hardy old pioneer miners had to con- 
 tend in a region so far inland, where, often devoid of 
 the various necessities of life, they continually had to 
 fight the savage aborigines for their very existence. 
 Great fortunes were made, but eventually in conse- 
 quence of the dangers and privations of the life, the 
 region was abandoned. Now, all those Indians are 
 widely scattered and civilized and the untouched vir- 
 gin placers and gold reefs of these once Indian terri- 
 tories now await the advent of a new mining era." 
 
 The foregoing references and reports in respect to 
 the extent and richness of the gold bearing gravel in 
 this area are all of recent date. 
 
 The old records of Brazil, however, are also full 
 of reference to the rich placers and lode mines of this 
 district. Most of these old writings are available in 
 public libraries. Reference to these writings will show 
 that whatever part of the district the writers visited, 
 they invariably pointed out that they found large 
 areas of rich gold bearing gravel, and in many places 
 indications of large deposits of other minerals. 
 
 Baron Von Eschwege, in "Pluto Braziliensis," says : 
 
 "Of the whole of Brazil the Province of Goyaz is 
 the most rich ' in gold. At most there has been 
 scratched off only gold that was on the surface." 
 
 Count Castelnau says, in 1847 : 
 
 "Diamonds are found in the Rivers Claro, Piloes 
 and Cayapo; also in all the small tributaries of these 
 three rivers. It is finally the Rio Cayapo that fur- 
 nishes the most gold." 
 
 He stated that he met a friend returning with his 
 slaves and that this friend was bringing out a very 
 great quantity of gold dust and a few diamonds. 
 
 Marquez de Palma, in his "Relatorio, 1809," states : 
 
 "In all Brazil there is nothing like this captaincy. 
 It is the only one in Brazil that comprehends within 
 its limits many fertile plains, two great navigable 
 rivers and a great many mines of gold of surpassing 
 richness." 
 
 Father Luiz Antonio de Silva e Sousa says: 
 
 "Gold is found in almost the whole earth of this 
 
 46 
 
province in more or less abundance, and there yet 
 exists the richest workings. Neither is it to be 
 thought that all the wealth of this country, so vast 
 and so unknown, was stored in the places that were 
 first worked. The mountains are almost entirely in- 
 tact and even now the deposit of great riches." 
 
 Cunha Mattos, in his "Revista TrimenseV," of 1874, 
 says: 
 
 "The greater richness of the ground there will en- 
 able the diligent to heap up the greater quantity of 
 gold." 
 
 A review of the various statements made by Bra- 
 zilian officials, German, French, English, Portuguese 
 and American explorers and engineers, shows that each 
 and every one, in the words of Mr. Hiram Shipman, 
 saw conclusive evidences of immense wealth in the 
 regions over which The Brazil Companies control 
 the exclusive "Rights to Mine." While this would be 
 ample evidence under ordinary circumstances that 
 the person going to Brazil and visiting these districts 
 would be fairly sure in time to find gold bearing 
 gravel sufficiently rich to be worked by hand labor 
 at a profit, and in all probability many places so rich 
 that a comfortable fortune could be taken out by one 
 man in a few years, if allowed to work there continu- 
 ously without interference — nevertheless, it happens 
 that the entire area is so under exclusive control that 
 the right to work in these gravels can only be ob- 
 tained by purchasing the same from The Brazil Com- 
 panies. 
 
 In order that every purchaser of a Leasehold or 
 Right to Mine in this region shall have the fullest 
 and fairest opportunity, The Brazil Companies has 
 made it a rule that no Leasehold or Right to Mine 
 can be purchased by any one in Brazil or out of it 
 except through its local agents and at the head office 
 in Philadelphia. 
 
 The five engineering parties and such additional 
 engineering parties The Brazil Companies will em- 
 ploy there in the future will, in all cases, make their 
 reports to the office in Brazil and in this region. As- 
 said before, this information will be solely for the 
 purchaser of the Leaseholds, and no one else will be 
 permitted to learn either in Brazil or anywhere else 
 what these reports disclose. These reports will be 
 
open daily to the inspection of every man who holds 
 a certificate of Leasehold from The Brazil Companies, 
 as often as he chooses to look at them and as long as 
 his Lease endures. Even on the last day of his Lease, 
 he will have the right to the inspection of the drill 
 sheets showing what the engineers have reported in 
 each and. every locality under the control of The 
 Brazil Companies. 
 
 48 
 
FROM "BRAZIL" By Pierre Denis 
 Charles Scribner's Sons, 1911. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER. 
 
 Mineral Resources, Trade and Commerce 
 
 By Dawson A. Vindon. 
 
 It is somewhat difficult for the European mind to 
 comprehend the vastness of the territory of the 
 twenty States comprised in the United States of Bra- 
 zil, within the boundaries of which nearly the whole 
 of the countries of Europe could be comfortably stow- 
 ed away. And yet this huge area has a population es- 
 timated at but 23,000,000, inclusive of Indians and ne- 
 groes. It is only since the establishment of the Repub- 
 lic in 1889 that the progress of Brazil has been at all 
 commensurate with the enormous natural resources it 
 possesses. It will be seen by the following statistics 
 that the trade of the country is rapidly expanding, the 
 wealth of its people becomiing greater. 
 
 The motto of the Republic is "Order and Progress," 
 and unquestionably this is the guiding spirit of the 
 present generation of Brazilians. Small revolutions 
 may occur from time to time, but these should not be 
 regarded seriously. The habits of centuries are not 
 changed in a decade or two; but the mass of the peo- 
 ple and particularly the governing classes, are all for 
 peace and the development of the resources of the 
 country. In this connection it is interesting to note 
 that the Constitution of the Republic expressly stipu- 
 lates that Brazil shall not enter upon any war of 
 conquest nor join with any other country in a war of 
 aggression. Brazil is fortunate inasmuch that her 
 wealth is almost wholly derived from products of the 
 soil for which there is a world-wide demand; hence 
 the measure of her prosperity will be relative to the in- 
 crease of her population and the industry of her peo- 
 ple. 
 
 Mineral Resources. 
 
 Although Brazil is known to have produced gold to 
 the value of over ilOO, 000,000 — these figures being 
 from official records — diamonds to the value of many 
 millions, and is also the home of silver, platinum, lead, 
 
 49 
 
copper, iron, manganese, mercury, coal, monazite, 
 graphite, and almost all varieties of precious stones 
 and rare marbles, yet it may truly be said that mining 
 as an industry plays a very small part in the prosper- 
 ity of the country. I have no doubt, after having 
 made a visit of inquiry and looked up all available in- 
 formation, but that Brazil will within a few years de- 
 mand considerable attention from mining men, as there 
 are few countries in which there are greater oppor- 
 tunities for profitable investment. Hitherto very little 
 attention has been given to mining by either the Feder- 
 al or the States Governments, with the exception of 
 the State of Minas Geraes. 
 
 I understand that there is a likelihood of the States 
 interested waking up to the importance of encouraging 
 the development of their latent mineral wealth, and 
 it would be well for them to consider that the great 
 prosperity of California, Australia, and South Africa 
 is largely due to the endeavors of the men who were 
 f.rst attracted to these countries in the searcli after 
 precious metal. It seems evident that many of the 
 first settlers in Brazil were drawn there by the tales of 
 gold discoveries in the early days, but it would ap- 
 pear that most, if not the whole, of the gold won came 
 from the banks of rivers or from near the surface of 
 the soil. The amount of development of reefs at any 
 depth has been very slight, and it is this work in the 
 future that promises to find profitable employment for 
 tens of thousands of workers, and besides adding to 
 the general prosperity of the States yield good results 
 to those who provide the capital. It is this need of cap- 
 ital and necessity of waiting for returns that disinclines 
 the Brazilians to undertake mining operations; it is 
 consequently to European and American investors that 
 the work will fall and by whom the rewards will be 
 reaped. The fact that most of the mining lands 
 throughout the country are the property of private 
 owners, and that under the Federal and State Constitu- 
 tions all minerals are the property of the freeholder, 
 and not liable to any Government tax, renders any 
 systematic searching or prospecting for minerals al- 
 most of no avail. 
 
 The bulk of the gold produced in Brazil is obtained 
 by the natives by washing the sands from the banks 
 of the rivers in primitive wooden pans. At this they 
 
 50 
 
are extremely skillful and lose very little of the metal. 
 Judging from the amount of gold recovered in this 
 way throughout the country, and the fact that these 
 washings must have been carried from gold bearing 
 reefs outcropping on the surface, it is clear that when 
 laws permitting prospecting on private lands are pass- 
 ed there will be many rich plums awaiting the experi- 
 enced gold-seeker. 
 
 Next in importance to gold come the iron deposits. 
 During the last two years a number of eminent min- 
 ing engineers from the United States, Canada and Eu- 
 rope have visited Brazil in order to examine and re- 
 port upon the iron deposits of the country, which are 
 now considered to be the richest and greatest in the 
 world. The ores are mostly oxides; the carbonates 
 are rare and usually associated with carbonate of cal- 
 cium. The ores are found in plenitude at Minas 
 Geraes, San Paolo, Matto Grosso, Goyaz, Santa Catha- 
 rina, Espirito Santo, and Rio Grande do Sul. 
 
 The production of diamonds has been the means 
 of adding greatly to the wealth of Brazil in the past; 
 but since the advent of the Kimberley mines in South 
 Africa the industry has been under a cloud, although 
 finds of valuable stones are still of frequent occurrence. 
 
 From 1844 to 1845 the Customs of Bahia registered 
 as being received 876,350 carats, and it must be borne 
 in mind that Brazilian diamonds are considered to be 
 of much finer grade than those produced from South 
 Africa. 
 
 Beyond the metals mentioned and the precious 
 stones enumerated, Brazil is also the possessor of de- 
 posits of tin, mercury, wolfram, copper, salt, sulphur, 
 nickel, mica, ochre, marbles of great beauty and qual- 
 ity, "and what not." Only time, investigation and de- 
 velopment will discover and reveal the commercial 
 possibilities and values of these multitudinous min- 
 eral indications, but it is fully evident that the study 
 of mineralogy in Brazil furnishes a most fascinating 
 occupation. 
 
 51 
 
Series No 
 
 CERTIFICATE OF LEASEHOLD 
 
 issued by 
 
 THE BRAZIL COMPANIES 
 
 To whose address is 
 
 The Brazil Companies agrees to place the holder of 
 this Certificate or his duly authorized agent in posses- 
 sion of a plot of gold-bearing gravel in Brazil four hun- 
 dred by five hundred feet in area, within the territory 
 which The Brazil Companies has the exclusive right 
 to select for mining purposes, giving and guaranteeing 
 the right to work or mine the same either personally, 
 by employes, agents, or using machinery, for five years 
 from the date of selection and assignment as hereinafter 
 provided. The holder of this Certificate or his assigns 
 to have the exclusive right to such plot, as may be se- 
 lected either in person or by agent, from among the 
 plots surveyed not already selected or assigned to other 
 holders of like certificates, and which shall have been 
 previously tested and proven to contain gold-bearing 
 gravel or sand. 
 
 Skilled engineers will survey the territory and lay 
 out plots four hundred by five hundred feet and test the 
 same; only those plots located across pay gravel or 
 sands sufficiently rich for hand work at a profit as 
 shown by the examination and report of the engineers 
 will be offered for sale. 
 
 The Brazil Companies will pay all government roy- 
 alties and taxes and will protect the holder of this Cer- 
 tificate, his agents or assigns from interference by other 
 claimants, in working in a miner-like manner such plot 
 as may be selected and assigned. 
 
 At any time within five years after the selection of 
 a plot the holder of this certificate may exchange the 
 
 52 
 
unworked part of such plot for an equal area of any 
 other portion of the ground of which The Brazil Com- 
 panies controls the exclusive mining rights, and not at 
 that time selected by or assigned to other holders of 
 certificates. 
 
 Twenty-five per cent. (35 % ) of all gold, diamonds, 
 other minerals or precious stones extracted by any 
 method from the ground selected by the holder of this 
 certifiate, his agents or assigns, shall belong to and be 
 the property of The Brazil Companies and shall be ac- 
 counted for and paid over to the agent or representative 
 thereof on the first of each and every month. Failure 
 to so account and pay over, shall forfeit all rights under 
 this certificate, and all ground selected shall immedi- 
 ately revert to The Brazil Companies, all persons in 
 possession to immediately vacate and remove there- 
 from. 
 
 ■ Possession of this certificate and written notice to 
 The Brazil Companies will be sufficient authority to 
 secure the recognition of an agent in Brazil as the rep- 
 resentative of the owner of this certificate, all and 
 ■every act of which agent shall be binding on the prin- 
 cipal. 
 
 Representatives of THE BRAZIL COMPANIES 
 shall have the right to inspect and examine at any 
 time all work or mining operations carried on or con- 
 •ducted on any ground selected and held under this 
 certificate. Refusal to allow such inspection and ex- 
 amination or interference therewith shall render void 
 this certificate, cancel and forfeit all rights thereunder. 
 
 TO SECURE FULL FIVE YEARS' WORK, SE- 
 LECTION MUST BE MADE AT THE OFFICE 
 OF THE COMPANY IN BRAZIL BY OR BEFORE 
 EIGHTEEN MONTHS FROM THE DATE HERE- 
 OF. IF SELECTION BE NOT MADE IN BRAZIL 
 BY THAT DATE, THE FIVE-YEAR PERIOD OF 
 LEASE WILL COMMENCE ON THE DAY FOL- 
 LOWING AND TERMINATE FIVE YEARS 
 THEREAFTER. 
 
 The trustees and shareholders shall be in no way 
 personally liable to holders of this certificate. 
 
 53 
 
All the terms and conditions of this certificate are 
 binding on assigns. 
 Dated 
 
 (L. S.) THE BRAZIL COMPANIES 
 
 By 
 
 Vice-President. 
 Attest : 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 RECEIVED from THE BRAZIL COMPANIES 
 
 Certificate No , leasehold, right to mine 
 
 issued to me, all the covenants and conditions therein 
 contained are hereby agreed to. 
 
 Dated 
 
 Witness : 
 
 54 
 
ESCHWEGE, WILHELM LUDWIG VON (GRAF) 
 
 Born 1777— died 1855. 
 Called to Brazil in 1809 by Dom Pedro. 
 Made Director General of Brazilian goldfields in 
 1821 and head of Department of Minerals in Rio 
 de Janeiro. 
 
 Returned to Portugal in 1824. 
 Recalled to Brazil in 1834 by Dom Petro and by 
 him appointed Lieutenant General. 
 Issued many publications and his writings are of 
 interest as pertaining to the Mountains and Vil- 
 lages of Brazil with especial reference to the dia- 
 mond and gold fields. 
 
 CASTELNAU, FRANCOIS DE, COUNT 
 
 Naturalist and French traveller. 
 
 Born in London 1812 and died in Melbourne, 1880. 
 
 ST. HILAIRE, DE, AUGUSTE 
 
 A French naturalist born in Orleans in 1779, spent 
 six years in botanical exploration of Brazil, to 
 which he went in 1816. 
 
 Among his published writings are "Travels in the 
 Provinces of Rio Janeiro and Minas Geraes 
 (1830) ; and "Journey of the Diamond Districts 
 of Brazil (1833)." 
 
 "WELLS, JAMES, W., M., INST. C. E., F. R. G. S. 
 
 Author of "Exploring and TTavelling Three 
 Thousand Miles Through Brazil from Rio de 
 Janeiro to Maranhao." 
 
 HARTT, PROF. FREDERICK C. 
 
 In 1865 accompanied Prof. Agassiz as geologist 
 upon his expedition to Brazil. Made careful 
 study of geology of coast which forms o.n inter- 
 esting portion of his report. 
 
 In 1875, at request of Brazilian Government, or- 
 ganized a Geological Commission and was Direc- 
 tor of National Museums of Rio Janeiro, 1866 to 
 1878. 
 
 Prof. Hartt was assistant to Prof. Agassiz at 
 Cambridge, 1861-64; and was Professor of Geol- 
 ogy at Vassar and Cornell Colleges. 
 Born in 1840. Died 1878. 
 
 55 
 
In the preparation of this booklet, reference has 
 been made to the writings of the following authori- 
 ties: 
 
 Extracts from their works can be found in 
 
 Diccionario Geographico 
 das 
 Minas do Brazil 
 
 by 
 
 Francisco Ignacio Ferreira 
 
 Rio de Janeiro 
 
 Imprensa Nacional 
 
 1885 
 
 Raymundo Jose da Cunha Mattos 
 
 Padre Luiz Antonia da Silva e Souza 
 
 Alfredo de Escragnolle Taunay 
 
 Joao de Souza 
 
 Alexandre Metello de Souza Menezes 
 
 Thome Gomes Moreira 
 
 Milliet de Saint Adolphe 
 
 Jose Martins Pereira de Alencastre 
 
 Manoel Ayres de Casal 
 
 Joaquin Manoel de Macedo 
 
 Marquez de Palma 
 
 56 
 
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