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MV-SEVMoftheAMERJCAN INDIAN 
 
 FR.EDER.ICK W. HODGE COLLECTION 
 
 Huntington Free Library 
 
 Native American 
 Collection 
 
 CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 LIBRARY 
 
CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 924 097 761 203 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 924097761 203 
 
A GENERAL VIEW OF THE ARCHEOLOGY 
 OF THE PUERLO REGION. 
 
 EDGAR L. HEWETT. 
 
 FROM THE SMITHSONIAN REPORT FOR 1904, PAGES 583-605 
 (WITH PLATES I-XI). 
 
 (No. 1635.) 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1905. 
 
oi; 
 
 *i 
 
 
 #^ 
 
 On 
 
A GENERAL VIEW OF THE ARCHEOLOGY OF THE 
 PUEBLO REGION. 
 
 By Edgar L. Hewett. 
 
 I. Limits of the Reoiok. 
 
 The term " pueblo region " has not yet been acceptably defined. 
 As used in this paper it designates that portion of the United States 
 over which are distributed the archeological remains and the living 
 remnants of those aboriginal North American tribes which from 
 their chief common characteristic, that of permanent substantial 
 house building, received from the Spanish conquerors the name of 
 Pueblo or town Indians. It embraces almost the whole of New 
 Mexico and Arizona, with small portions of southwestern Colorado 
 and southeastern Utah. There is probably no reason why the term 
 should not be extended to embrace large portions of the states of 
 Sonora and Chihuahua, in Old Mexico. 
 
 To determine the exact limits of the pueblo region is one of the 
 tasks of American archeology that awaits completion. Special ex- 
 ploration with a view to the determination of these limits has not 
 yet been undertaken. However, the archeological remains are of so 
 conspicuous a character that the boundaries are approximately 
 revealed. I accept the Pecos valley, in eastern New Mexico, with its 
 tributary the Gallinas, as the eastern limit. Straggling ruins are 
 found farther east, in Scott County, Kans., and in the Canadian 
 valley, in Texas; but these are remains of temporary settlements. 
 There is no well-established evidence of serious attempts by the 
 aborigines to form permanent substantial settlements upon the 
 " great plains." Those easterly remains of pueblo culture in the 
 Gallinas valley near where the city of Las A^egas now stands and 
 in the Pecos valley in the vicinity of the present Anton Chico were 
 also comparatively transitory. The northern limit is less definite, 
 but is approximately the northern rim of the San Juan Basin, in 
 Colorado and Utah. Such pueblo settlements as were formed north of 
 the San Juan-Grand divide — for example, those of the Lost Canyon 
 
 583 
 
584 GENERAL VIEW OF ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 
 
 and others in the Dolores drainage — were of little importance. On 
 the west and northwest the limit is the northwestern outline of the 
 basin of the Rio Colorado. Pueblo settlements beyond this boundary 
 were few. On the east side of the river typical pueblo culture 
 nourished. Passing to the western side we find it gradually ceased 
 to be characteristically pueblo. On the south the boundary as 
 accepted in this paper is the southern rim of the Gila valley. This 
 limitation is purely arbitrary, however, as traces of identical or but 
 slightly differing culture extend much farther south. 
 
 An examination of the physiography of the frontiers of this cul- 
 ture is instructive. East of the Pecos and of the Rocky mountains 
 are the vast unbroken grassy plains, the great cattle range of recent 
 years, and the favorite buffalo range of earlier times. The buffalo 
 afforded the principal food supply for the plains Indians. It was 
 an unstable source of subsistence. This, in primitive life, induces 
 a correspondingly mobile, population, whereas a culture of the 
 Pueblo type is based on sedentary habits. Physiographic conditions 
 account for the arrest of Pueblo culture east of the Pecos. Its 
 failure to extend west of the Colorado is likewise a matter of physi- 
 ography, for along the lower course of this river absolute aridity 
 prevented settlement, while farther up the great chasm of the Grand 
 Canyon barred migration. The reason for the arrest of the Pueblo 
 frontier on the north with the San Juan-Grand watershed. is not 
 so apparent. To the northeast was an excellent game country, full 
 of warlike hunting tribes, forming an effective barrier in that direc- 
 tion, but to the northwest through Utah and Nevada the physi- 
 ographic conditions were altogether favorable to the Pueblo culture, 
 and an open gateway in that direction is found east of the Colorado. 
 On the south the Gila does not constitute either a physiographic or 
 ethnographic boundary, since similar conditions extend down into 
 Mexico. By common usage the name " Pueblo " is applied only to 
 tribes within the United States, disregarding the ethnic similarities 
 of north Mexican tribes. Here we find natural gateways for the 
 entrance of early immigrants into Pueblo territory from the Rio 
 Grande at the southeast and along the Gila and its tributaries from 
 the southwest. 
 
 There is thus inclosed within the boundaries above described a 
 physiographic area which is accurately characterized by the term 
 " semiarid," the limits of which are approximately coextensive with 
 the limits of the Pueblo culture. The climatic conditions are pecul- 
 iarly definite. Dryness is the prevailing condition. Precipitation 
 is very unequally distributed throughout the year. Heavy rainfalls 
 of from a few hours to some days' duration are followed by months 
 devoid of moisture. The character of the soil is such that the effects 
 of rainfall rapidly disappear. Absorption, evaporation, and drain- 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PXJEBLO REGION. 585 
 
 age proceed with great rapidity. Between the Pecos and the Colo- 
 rado are extensive plateaus of inferior grass lands, timbered moun- 
 tain ranges, narrow arable valleys, and vast stretches of sandy 
 desert. Much of the area exceeds a mile above sea level. The 
 country was probably always deficient in game, neither were wild 
 fruits plentiful, nor was any indigenous food supply abundant. 
 
 These physiographic conditions exercised a coercive influence over 
 the primitive culture of the Southwest, making fixed abodes and an 
 agricultural basis of food supply necessary. To the east and north 
 nomadic hunting tribes followed where the food quest led them. 
 They shunned the southwestern desert for the same reason that the 
 buffalo did. Navahoes, Comanches, and Apaches did not invade 
 this region until comparatively recent years, for obvious reasons. 
 In the economic systems of primitive men we find the germs of up- 
 to-date commercialism. "Wealth is obtained by producing it and by 
 dispossessing- others of it. The tribes mentioned belonged to the 
 predatory class. As game was scarce in the Southwest, there was no 
 reason for their going there until it became worth while for predatory 
 reasons. 
 
 The true indigines of the Southwest were necessarily agricultur- 
 ists. Coining into a region where game and wild fruits afforded 
 insufficient subsistence, they, probably partly from previous experi- 
 ence and partly from immediate necessity, were constrained to sup- 
 plement their food supply by the cultivation of food plants. The 
 preparation of ground for agriculture and the necessary devices for 
 the utilization of water for irrigation induced a comparatively per- 
 manent abode and substantial house building. Settlements, with rare 
 exceptions, were perforce clustered in narrow valleys along water- 
 ways, or in cliffs, or on mesa tops, within reach of streams or peren- 
 nial springs. 
 
 Thus the indigines of the Southwest were and are Pueblos (town 
 builders) through the coercion of physiographic environment. As 
 an ethnic division they are a most indefinite one, embracing several 
 well-established linguistic stocks and numerous minor dialectic 
 groups, which become more numerous the farther back they are- 
 traced. Every existing Pueblo tribe that has been studied has been 
 found to be composite, formed by combination of sundry ethnic 
 groups more or less amalgamated. Incoming bands, regardless of 
 blood or previous condition, if they came seeking permanent abode, 
 became Pueblos, whether they amalgamated closely by blood with 
 previous settlers or not, by virtue of their enforced adoption of the 
 mode of life made necessary by the physiographic conditions of the 
 region. Similarity of house life, of food, of method of acquiring the 
 same, of inventions necessary to food production, of utensils for con- 
 serving and transporting the scant and precious water supply, of 
 
586 GENERAL VIEW OF AECHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 
 
 experience with the elements and soil, of suffering from famine and 
 foes, in time led to a degree of like-mindedness which found corre- 
 sponding expression in religious belief, in esthetic feeling, in social 
 organization. The Pueblo tribes, while remaining unlike as to lan- 
 guage and somatic characteristics, naturally became alike in general 
 and specific culture. Some of these elements of likeness may be 
 stated as follows: They were all producing rather than predatory 
 tribes; they preferred sedentary to nomadic life; they preferred 
 stable rather than transitory homes ; they developed a societary sys- 
 tem founded on " mother right ; " they evolved a highly complex 
 theogony, characterized by elaborate rain and growth ceremonials; 
 they developed highly the art of pottery with elaborate symbolic 
 ornamentation. 
 
 The name " Pueblo " is thus almost without ethnological signifi- 
 cance, having no reference to tribal or linguistic relationship, but 
 relating mainly to a type of culture that developed in response to the 
 influence of a definite physiographic environment, the limits of which 
 were fixed by nature as above set forth. 
 
 II. Classes or Archeological Remains. 
 
 A much greater variety of archeological remains exists in the 
 Southwest than in other parts of the United States, owing to the per- 
 manence of abodes, the adaptation of climate to the preservation of 
 artifacts usually perishable, and the comparatively uninhabited con- 
 dition. While in other parts of the country little save the contents 
 of graves, consisting of stone implements, pottery, and osseous re- 
 mains, now exist, and the majority of these lost or disturbed by the 
 progress of agriculture, here we find not only graves and all the usual 
 mortuary remains, but extensive remains of houses in every stage of 
 preservation, with all the appurtenances of domestic life preserved 
 therein, and numerous shrines, ceremonial deposits, and an extensive 
 paleography displaying the esthetic and religious life. 
 
 The ruins of domiciliary structures are capable of division, not on 
 structural differences, but by situation, into the two general classes — 
 pueblos and cliff dwellings. The first embraces all those multiple- 
 chambered structures, either single or in clusters, that are situated 
 on mesas or in valleys independent of support from natural rock walls. 
 The second includes those that are wholly or in part embraced within 
 cliffs, built against cliffs, or situated on ledges under overhanging 
 cliffs, either single or multiple chambered. The location of the vil- 
 lage of a pre-Columbian sedentary tribe was selected primarily with 
 reference to water and arable lands. This was modified in time by 
 the necessities of defense against incoming predatory enemies, which 
 multiplied as the Pueblos accumulated food supplies sufficient to 
 make them desirable prey. The kind of a house to be built was 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1904. — Hewett. 
 
 Plate !. 
 
 Fig. 1.— Ruins of Puye Pueblo, Pajarito Park, New Mexico. 
 
 Fig. 2.— Cliff Dwellings in Sandia Canyon, Pajarito Park, New Mexico 
 
 (Restored). 
 
 Restoration by Kenneth M. Chapman. 
 
GENERAL VIEW OP ARCHEOLOGY OP THE PUEBLO REGION. 587 
 
 determined by the geology of the location. If in the open, sandstone 
 or tufa blocks, bowlders, and adobe were used, as furnished by the 
 environment, and the structure timbered with what nature supplied. 
 If considerations of defense necessitated a cliff dwelling, its character 
 was a geological question. Great natural caves and recesses under 
 overhanging cliffs were selected, and houses not structurally differ- 
 ent from the pueblos in the open were built within them. Such for- 
 mations occur numerously throughout the Rio Colorado drainage 
 area. Accordingly we find this class of cliff dwellings distributed 
 over the valleys of the San Juan, Little Colorado, Gila, and their 
 tributaries. 
 
 In cliffs of volcanic tufa, or other material sufficiently friable to 
 permit of easy working with stone tools, dwellings were excavated. 
 Small natural caves in such regions were utilized as dwellings, with 
 or without further excavation, and both with and without masonry. 
 Large open caves were sometimes walled up. Interior walls were 
 sometimes built. Houses not structurally unlike pueblos in the open 
 were built in front of these excavated rooms against the cliffs. The 
 name " cavate dwelling" (originally proposed by Professor Mason) 
 has long been applied to excavated cliff dwellings. They are distrib- 
 uted over the four drainage basins of the pueblo region, being most 
 numerous on the western tributaries of the Eio Grande, the northern 
 tributaries of the San Juan, and the northern tributaries of the Gila, 
 particularly the Eio Verde. 
 
 III. Distribution. 
 
 The distribution of the Pueblo culture, as disclosed by archeolog- 
 ical remains, was determined primarily by drainage. The region lies 
 on both sides of the Continental divide. The eastern portion is 
 drained by the Rio Grande and its tributaries; the western by three 
 principal tributaries of the Rio Colorado, viz, the San Juan, the Lit- 
 tle Colorado, and the Gila. These four drainage basins constitute 
 the primary seats of Pueblo culture. 
 
 The primal needs of primitive man are water, food, and shelter. 
 In the Southwest, water was first in importance. Where water was, 
 food was possible. Such game as the country supported frequented 
 waterways and springs, and here only were to be found the conditions 
 necessary to the production of food plants. Accordingly, the exten- 
 sion of the indigenous culture was directed by the drainage, and so 
 thoroughly did it overspread the region under consideration that 
 there is not a valley of any consequence from the Pecos to the Colo- 
 rado, and from the San Juan to the Gila, that is without its charac- 
 teristic archeological remains. Following is a list of the principal 
 valleys, basins, canyons, and mesas containing ruins : 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 587 
 
 determined by the geology of the location. If in the open, sandstone 
 or tufa blocks, bowlders, and adobe were used, as furnished by the 
 environment, and the structure timbered with what nature supplied. 
 If considerations of defense necessitated a cliff dwelling, its character 
 was a geological question. Great natural caves and recesses under 
 overhanging cliffs were selected, and houses not structurally differ- 
 ent from the pueblos in the open were built within them. Such for- 
 mations occur numerously throughout the Rio Colorado drainage 
 area. Accordingly we find this class of cliff dwellings distributed 
 over the valleys of the San Juan, Little Colorado, Gila, and their 
 tributaries. 
 
 In cliffs of volcanic tufa, or other material sufficiently friable to 
 permit of easy working with stone tools, dwellings were excavated. 
 Small natural caves in such regions were utilized as dwellings, with 
 or without further excavation, and both with and without masonry. 
 Large open caves were sometimes walled up. Interior walls were 
 sometimes built. Houses not structurally unlike pueblos in the open 
 were built in front of these excavated rooms against the cliffs. The 
 name " cavate dwelling" (originally proposed by Professor Mason) 
 has long been applied to excavated cliff dwellings. They are distrib- 
 uted over the four drainage basins of the pueblo region, being most 
 numerous on the western tributaries of the Rio Grande, the northern 
 tributaries of the San Juan, and the northern tributaries of the Gila, 
 particularly the Rio Verde. 
 
 III. Distribution. 
 
 The distribution of the Pueblo culture, as disclosed by archeolog- 
 ical remains, was determined primarily by drainage. The region lies 
 on both sides of the Continental divide. The eastern portion is 
 drained by the Rio Grande and its tributaries; the western by three 
 principal tributaries of the Rio Colorado, viz, the San Juan, the Lit- 
 tle Colorado, and the Gila. These four drainage basins constitute 
 the primary seats of Pueblo culture. 
 
 The primal needs of primitive man are water, food, and shelter. 
 In the Southwest, water was first in importance. Where water was, 
 food was possible. Such game as the country supported frequented 
 waterways and springs, and here only were to be found the conditions 
 necessary to the production of food plants. Accordingly, the exten- 
 sion of the indigenous culture was directed by the drainage, and so 
 thoroughly did it overspread the region under consideration that 
 there is not a valley of any consequence from the Pecos to the Colo- 
 rado, and from the San Juan to the Gila, that is without its charac- 
 teristic archeological remains. Following is a list of the principal 
 valleys, basins, canyons, and mesas containing ruins : 
 
588 GENERAL VIEW OF ARCHEOLOGY OP THE PUEBLO REGION. 
 
 1. Rio Grande Drainage. 
 Main valley from El Paso to Ernbudo Canyon. 
 Eastern tributaries : Western tributaries— Continued. 
 
 The upper Pecos. 
 
 The Gallinas. 
 
 The Tunque. 
 
 The Galisteo. 
 
 The Pojoaque. 
 
 The Narnbe. 
 
 The basin of the Manzano salt 
 
 lakes. 
 The Tajique. 
 The San Pedro. 
 The Santa Fe. 
 The Tesuque. 
 The Santa Cruz. 
 Western tributaries : 
 The Chama. 
 The Santa Clara. 
 
 The Alamo. 
 
 The Pajarito. 
 
 The Rito de los Frijoles. 
 
 Canada de Cochiti. 
 
 The Puerco. 
 
 The Cebollita. 
 
 Montezuma Mesa. 
 
 The Ojo Caliente. 
 
 The Chupadero. 
 
 The Sandia. 
 
 The Bravo. 
 
 Canada de la Cuesta Colorada. 
 
 The Jemez. 
 
 The San Jose. 
 
 The Alamosa. 
 
 The Mimbres (inland). 
 
 Numerous dry creeks of the Acoma Plateau and Magdalena district. 
 
 2. San Juan Drainage. 
 Main valley from source to junction with Pine Creek. 
 Southern tributaries : Northern tributaries — Continued. 
 
 In New Mexico — 
 
 Canyon Largo. 
 
 Companero Canyon. 
 
 Gobernador Canyon. 
 
 Chaco Canyon. 
 In Arizona — 
 
 The Chinlee. 
 
 The Hospitito. 
 
 Canyon del Muerto. 
 
 Gothic Wash. 
 
 Marsh Pass. 
 
 Canyon de Chelly. 
 
 The Carrizo. 
 
 Monument Canyon. 
 
 The Nashlini. 
 
 Paiute Canyon. 
 Northern tributaries : 
 In Colorado — 
 
 Las Animas. 
 
 In Colorado — Continued. 
 
 The Mancos. 
 
 Moccasin Canyon. 
 
 Ute Canyon. 
 
 Johnson Canyon. 
 
 The Yellowjacket. 
 
 La Plata. 
 
 The Mesa Verde. 
 
 Navaho Canyon. 
 
 Ruin Canyon. 
 
 The McElmo. 
 In Utah— 
 
 The Hovenweep. 
 
 The Recapture. 
 
 Butler Wash. 
 
 Grand Gulch. 
 
 The Montezuma. 
 
 The Cottonwood. 
 
 •Comb Wash. 
 
 Main valley, entire course. 
 Northern tributaries : 
 
 The Moencopie. 
 
 Corn Creek. 
 
 The Puerco. 
 
 The Carrizo. 
 
 The Hopi Plateau. 
 
 Le Roux Wash. 
 
 Cottonwood Wash. 
 
 3. Little Colorado Drainage. 
 
 Northern tributaries— Continued. 
 
 The Zuiii. 
 Southern tributaries : 
 
 Silver Creek. 
 
 Walnut Canyon. 
 
 The Chevlon. 
 
 Chavez Pass. 
 
GENERAL VIEW OP ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 589 
 
 k- Gila Drainage. 
 
 Main valley from source to below Pheuix. 
 
 Northern tributaries : Northern tributaries— Continued. 
 
 The Verde. Beaver Creek. 
 
 Oak Creek. Pine Creek. 
 
 Clear Creek. The Salt. 
 
 The East Verde. Cherry. Creek. ' 
 
 The Tonto. The Cibicu. 
 
 Canyon Creek. White Mountain Creek. 
 
 The Carrizo. The Pinal. 
 
 The Bonito. Eagle Creek. 
 
 The San Carlos. The Blue. 
 
 The San Francisco. Southern tributary : 
 
 The Tularosa. The San Pedro. 
 
 The Cottonwood. 
 
 IV. Preservation. 
 
 Present state. — The present state of preservation of the south- 
 western ruins depends upon several conditions. Cliff dwellings, 
 because of their sheltered situation, are much better preserved than 
 pueblos in the open. Of the former class those of the excavated type 
 are naturally the best preserved, since in many of them there are no 
 artificial walls at all and deterioration occurs only with the falling 
 away of the natural rock. This form of deterioration does occur to 
 a destructive extent in many places and manifestly is not preventable, 
 but even in the absence of all protective measures thousands of speci- 
 mens of this class of domiciles would remain in a state of perfect 
 preservation for ages. The pueblo-like cliff dwellings being situ- 
 ated under heavy overhanging ledges are well protected from the 
 elements and unmolested would endure for centuries. But their 
 destruction seems to have been made the peculiar pastime of a cer- 
 tain class of human beings. The early explorers of the Mancos 
 Canyon would now find, in many cases, unrecognizable heaps of stone 
 where thirty years ago were well-preserved structures. The excava- 
 tion of cliff dwellings without due regard to the preservation of walls 
 should be made a grave misdemeanor. The preservation of these 
 remains is now almost entirely a matter of protection from vandals, 
 since they are quite perfectly sheltered from the elements. 
 
 The ruins of pueblos are exposed not only to vandalism but also 
 to the constant destructive effects of the weather. In most cases the 
 buildings are almost totally destroyed, only small fragments of walls 
 remaining standing above the debris. Noted exceptions to this are 
 illustrated in accompanying plates. The height of walls bears little 
 relation to the age of ruins. The difference in the state of preser- 
 vation is due principally to the character of the material used in con- 
 struction and the degree of exposure to vandalism. In some cases 
 walls have been taken down by the settlers and the stones used in the 
 
590 GENERAL VIEW OF ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 
 
 construction of buildings, corrals, etc. Much destruction was 
 wrought in earlier times by the removal of the timbers for firewood by 
 settlers and passing campers, thus causing the collapse of all walls 
 above the first story. Ruins in the treeless desert have suffered 
 especially from this cause. The material used in building has much 
 to do with the state of preservation. Other things being equal, the 
 pueblos that were built of small bowlders and adobe were the first 
 to succumb to the elements and are most reduced, the convex surfaces 
 of the stones affording little stability to the walls as the plastering 
 and chinking material weathered out. The Rio Grande pueblos were 
 mostly of this class and are reduced to mounds. Somewhat more 
 durable were those built of tufa blocks as in the Pajarito Park pueb- 
 los. But here also the imperfectly flattened surfaces of the stones are 
 readily freed by the weather from the supporting mortar and chink- 
 ing stones, and collapse of the walls readily occurs. The best pre- 
 served of all are those built of laminated sandstone as in Chaco 
 Canyon. The flat slabs fit together perfectly with but little mortar 
 or chinking to weather out, so that the walls, even in the absence of 
 timbers, remain intact until thrown down by human agency. 
 
 Future -preservation. — The subject of preservation of American 
 antiquities is now receiving an amount of attention never heretofore 
 accorded it. For a quarter of a century certain thoughtful people 
 have been calling attention to the matter and the continuous publica- 
 tion of archeological and ethnological literature is bearing fruit. 
 Learned societies, scientific and educational institutions, legislative 
 bodies, and public-spirited individuals are beginning to devote to the 
 question consideration commensurate with its imjjortance. The prob- 
 lem is an intricate one. A more general diffusion of information con- 
 cerning it is urgently needed. 
 
 Of the archeological remains in the Southwest, probably nine- 
 tenths are on lands yet owned or controlled by the Government of 
 the United States, mainly upon forest reserves, Indian reservations, 
 lands withdrawn from entry for special purposes, military reserva- 
 tions, and unappropriated public lands. So the question may still 
 be dealt with through the National Congress and Executive Depart- 
 ments. In some cases it may become necessary to interest States and 
 Territories in preservative measures, and in others private owners, 
 railroad companies, and companies owning land grants will need to 
 be impressed with the importance of preserving these remains for 
 archeological research. 
 
 Preservation must be : 
 
 (1) Permanent in cases where the condition and historic or ethnic 
 significance of the ruins give them special educational value. 
 
 (2) Temporary in the case of all aboriginal buildings, graves, and 
 other archeological remains not included in the first class, the pro- 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1904. — Hewett. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 
 
 
 4f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * ^^g£*»* 
 
 
 
 
 
 iM"c-c 
 
 -- — T^T < 
 
 **&iJt^ 3, 
 
 
 
 
 ^L^ZC. 
 
 
 y, . J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . ' 
 
 
 
 ■*vH^-. "-***-- 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 $*?* 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ■■ . :'%£:.■"':. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Fig. 1.— Pueblo Ruins, Montezuma Mesa, New Mexico. 
 
 Fig. 2— Cliff Dwelling, Montezuma Mesa, New Mexk 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 591 
 
 tection to be afforded until all data of importance to science have been 
 investigated and all artifacts in connection therewith removed to 
 museums for permanent preservation. 
 Preservation is to be secured : 
 
 (1) Through Congress: Under special legislation creating national 
 archeological reservations or parks and general legislation establish- 
 ing a system of custodianship and administration over all archeo- 
 logical remains on the lands owned or controlled by the Government 
 of the United States. Up to date but one measure looking toward the 
 preservation of antiquities has ever been passed by the National Con- 
 gress, and this provided for the preservation of a single building — 
 Casa Grande, in Arizona. As early as 1896 a general bill was pre- 
 pared and presented to the National Congress and similar measures 
 have been introduced since from time to time down to the 58th 
 Congress, but none have passed. 
 
 (2) Through Executive Departments: By the exercise of powers 
 inherent in such departments under the Constitution and General 
 Statutes. With the single exception above noted, all that has been 
 accomplished by way of protection of antiquities has been by this 
 method. It is exceedingly fortunate that, as will be seen further on, 
 so much can be provided for incidentally in connection with the ad- 
 ministration of our great economic, Indian, and military interests, 
 thus involving but little additional expense. 
 
 By virtue of section 441, United States Eevised Statutes, the care 
 and custody of the public lands is vested in the Secretary of the 
 Interior, and section 453 declares that the Commissioner of the Gen- 
 eral Land Office shall perform, under the direction of the Secretary 
 of the Interior, all executive duties in any wise respecting such lands. 
 There can be no question that this statute places upon the Department 
 of the Interior and the General Land Office the obligation to protect 
 the archeological remains that are upon the public lands as definitely 
 as it does any other values thereon. 
 
 In the exercise of the power thus conferred a policy has developed 
 in the General Land Office and Office of Indian Affairs, under the 
 Department of the Interior, that is highly commendable as far as it 
 goes. This policy utilizes forest supervisors and rangers, special 
 agents, Indian school superintendents, Indian agents, additional 
 farmers, and police in the protection of ruins in connection with and 
 as one of their regular duties for the avowed purpose of preserving 
 them for scientific investigation. It establishes the liberal policy 
 that any competent scientist who desires to place the material se- 
 cured in a public museum will be authorized by the Department of 
 the Interior to examine ruins, but that no person will be permitted 
 to excavate them for the purpose of acquiring specimens for traffic 
 or private gain, and that willful destruction of historic and prehis- 
 
592 GENERAL VIEW OE ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 
 
 toric landmarks must cease. Especially noteworthy is the emphasis 
 laid by the Commissioner of the General Land Office on " the im- 
 portance of furthering in every way possible researches with a view 
 to increasing the knowledge of such objects and aiding the general 
 advancement of archeological science." Every thinking man will 
 uphold this policy most cordially. 
 
 As above stated, practically all that has been accomplished thus 
 far has been through the exercise of powers inherent in the executive 
 branches of the Department of the Interior. This authority is read- 
 ily invoked, and in the past has responded with great promptness to 
 every reasonable recommendation. By this means the following pro- 
 tective measures have been secured : 
 
 1. Through the General Land Office : 
 
 (a) All ruins on forest reserves a have been placed under the care 
 of the regular forest rangers. This includes the vast number of 
 ruins on the Gila Forest Reserve, the Black Mesa Forest Reserve, the 
 San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve, and a considerable num- 
 ber on the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve. 
 
 (b) The Pajarito Park, in New Mexico; the Mesa Verde Park, in 
 Colorado, districts containing vast numbers of prehistoric ruins, and 
 a tract on which stands El Morro or Inscription Rock, in New Mexico, 
 a most important historic landmark, have been withdrawn from dis- 
 posal under the public-land laws and recommended for permanent 
 preservation as national parks, as has also the petrified forest in Ari- 
 zona, withdrawn primarily for preservation as a natural wonder, but 
 also containing important ruins. 
 
 (c) The proposed Jemez and Taos forest reserves, in New Mexico, 
 and the proposed Rio Verde Forest Reserve, in Arizona, have been 
 withdrawn from entry or disposal. This will incidentally preserve 
 a vast number of important ruins. 
 
 (d) The ruins situated on unappropriated public lands have been 
 held to be subject to the authority of the Department of the Interior 
 and orders have been issued through special agents prohibiting injury 
 and unauthorized excavation. 
 
 2. Through the Office of Indian Affairs : 
 
 (a) Special custodians have been appointed for ruins in Canyons 
 del Muerto and de Chelly on the Navaho Reservation in Arizona; 
 for those on Mesa Verde on the southern Ute Reservation in Colo- 
 rado, and for those on the Zuni Reservation in New Mexico. 
 
 (i) The office prohibits all unauthorized persons from entering 
 Indian reservations and despoiling ruins or carrying away remains 
 of antiquity. 
 
 « Jurisdiction over forest reserves transferred to Bureau of Forestry, Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture, February 1, 1905. 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 593 
 
 (<■) Order of February 11, 1905, prohibits licensed Indian traders 
 from dealing in prehistoric wares, thus removing from the Indians 
 and other persons the temptation to despoil the ancient cemeteries for 
 the sake of the small profits to be derived therefrom. This corrects 
 an abuse that has been very prevalent and disastrous. 
 
 Up to the. present time there has been no coordination of the efforts 
 of the various departments of government along this line; no general 
 supervision is exercised ; no systematic reports on the condition of the 
 ruins are required; no system for regulating excavations and the 
 disposition of specimens exists. The matter should no longer be 
 dealt with sporadically. What is needed is a comprehensive system 
 of administration and regulation for the whole subject. 
 
 Measures for the preservation of antiquities can not be intelligently 
 framed without consideration of their situation with reference to 
 ownership or jurisdiction. In this respect all those of the Pueblo 
 region may be classified as in the following list. Below each class I 
 have indicated the executive officer having jurisdiction over the class 
 of lands named and necessarily of all antiquities thereon. 
 
 1. Those on national reservations or parks: 
 
 The Secretary of the Interior. 
 •J. Those on forest reserves : 
 
 The head of the Bureau of Forestry, under the Secretary of Agriculture. 
 0. Those on Indian reservations : 
 
 The Commissioner of Indian Affairs, under the Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 4. Those on military reservations : 
 
 The Secretary of War. 
 
 5. Those on unappropriated public lands: 
 
 The Commissioner of the General Land Office, under the Secretary of the 
 Interior. 
 
 6. Those on lands withdrawn from entry for special purposes : 
 
 The Commissioner of the General Land Office, under the Secretary of the 
 Interior. 
 
 7. Those on State lands. 
 
 8. Those on private lands (railroad lands, grants, homesteads, etc.). 
 
 In the appended list of important districts and sites the jurisdiction 
 . if known is indicated. 
 
 The first class includes at present only Casa Grande in Arizona, 
 but important additions to this class are contemplated by certain 
 bills that have been before Congress for some years. The protection 
 of ruins in such reservations or parks is always adequately provided 
 for by special service. 
 
 The second class, those on forest reserves, includes, as will be seen 
 by reference to the list, a large proportion of the most important 
 ruins. By act of Congress of February 1, 1905, the administration 
 of forest reserves was transferred from the Commissioner of the 
 General Land Office, Department of the Interior, to the forester and 
 SM 1901 38 
 
594 GENERAL VIEW OF ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 
 
 chief of the Bureau of Forestry, Department of Agriculture. Forest 
 reserves are constantly patrolled by a force of forest rangers, and the 
 policy developed in the General Land Office of making it the duty of 
 these officials to protect ruins from despoliation is continued under 
 the Bureau of Forestry. This is all that could be desired. It may 
 be said that ruins of this class are the most fortunately situated of 
 all, for they are no longer liable to alienation by sale or entry of the 
 lands, and are adequately policed, with little or no expense for special 
 service. Large additions will be made to this class when the pro- 
 posed Jemez, Taos, and Rio Verde forest reserves are established. 
 
 The third class, those on Indian reservations, includes a large pro- 
 portion of the most important sites. The Office of Indian Affairs 
 fully recognizes the obligation to protect the ruins and prevent unau- 
 thorized excavation, and is, moreover, furnished with appropria- 
 tions and clothed with authority to utilize the same for the em- 
 ployment of such additional service as is necessary. Special cus- 
 todians are employed in districts of unusual importance, and this 
 service will doubtless be extended as need therefor is shown. It may 
 be said that all ruins that come under this class are in a position to be 
 adequately protected. 
 
 The fourth class, those on military reservations, are not numerous, 
 and the attention of the War Department has not of late been called 
 to the necessity of protecting them. Undoubtedly this Department 
 would take the necessary steps if advised of the desirability of the 
 same, and it doubtless has facilities for effective custodianship with- 
 out providing special service therefor. 
 
 The fifth class, those on public lands, are quite numerous, but not 
 nearly so numerous as has been supposed. The inadequacy of all 
 general archeological measures that have been proposed heretofore, 
 so far as I have been able to determine, lies fundamentally in the 
 fact that they have not taken cognizance of the legal definition of the 
 term " public lands." The courts have held the term " public lands " 
 to signify the Federal lands lying open on the market for preemp- 
 tion or homestead, and that when the Government has reserved cer- 
 tain holdings from preemption they ceased to be " public lands." " 
 Thus limited, class five will probably not include over 15 per cent of 
 all the ruins on lands owned or controlled by the Government of the 
 United States, and on the list of important districts and sites it will 
 be seen that very few fall within this category. These lands, with 
 everything situated thereon, are constantly being alienated by pre- 
 emption, railroad selections, and lieu selections. Furthermore, with 
 
 a Oral opinion rendered by Judge Wellborn in civil suits in southern district 
 of California against A. IT. and L. A. Rlassingame. See also United States r, 
 Tygh Valley Land and. Live Stock Company (7G Fed. Rep,, (593), 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1904. — Hewett, 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 Fig. 1.— Ruins of Hungopavi, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. 
 
 Fig. 2.— Ruins of Kinklizhin, near Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. 
 
Smithsonian Report, 1 904.— Hewett. 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 Fig. 1.— Ruins of Kinkletsoi, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. 
 
 Fig. 2-Cliff Dwelling, Mesa Verde Park, Colorado. 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 595 
 
 the admission of New Mexico and Arizona as States, about 23,000,000 
 acres of public lands within their borders will pass to those Common- 
 wealths, and their legislatures will have to be invoked for the pro- 
 tection of ruins thereon. There are few, if any, remaining cases 
 where it is desirable that agricultural or otherwise useful lands 
 should be withheld from preemption or other disposal because of 
 the- ruins situated upon them. "Where such cases do exist, it would be 
 possible for the General Land Office, if informed by recognized 
 authority, to withhold by temporary withdrawal the smallest acre- 
 age adequate to the protection of the buildings, cemeteries, etc., until 
 excavated and reported on, after which the tracts should be released. 
 There are several important isolated sites and some important dis- 
 tricts situated on lands completely worthless for agricultural or other 
 economic purposes which should be withdrawn by the General Land 
 Office, since any preemption of them would be' solely for the purpose 
 of securing possession of the antiquities thereon in violation of the 
 spirit of the land laws. Cases in point are the Chaco Canyon ruins, 
 in northwestern New Mexico, and those of Montezuma Mesa, south- 
 west of Acoma. The status of ruins on public lands, as that term 
 is here used, in not at all satisfactory. The General Land Office has 
 done what was possible by way of withdrawal and recommendation 
 for Congressional action in cases of exceptional importance in which 
 no economic interests were involved, and has prohibited unauthorized 
 excavation, but it has been ruled that under no existing provision of 
 law can funds be used to pay for custodianship. Accordingly the 
 protection afforded must of necessity be inadequate. A slight amend- 
 ment to the sundry civil bill would remedy this. 
 
 Those of the sixth class, situated on lands withdrawn from entry or 
 other disposal for special purposes, are very numerous, as may be seen 
 from the list of important districts and sites. It is to be hoped that 
 all in this class may be speedily transferred to classes 1 and 2, as 
 contemplated by their, withdrawal. With the establishment of 
 Pajarito National Park and the Jemez and Taos forest reserves the 
 afficient and permanent protection of a large proportion of the most 
 important of the ruins of the Kio Grande drainage will be assured. 
 The creation of the Mesa Verde National Park and saving, by with- 
 drawal, of as many of the Chaco Canyon pueblos as are on lands still 
 open to preemption, would insure the preservation of a fair propor- 
 tion of the important sites of the San Juan drainage. With the 
 establishment of the Rio Verde forest reserve all the great groups of 
 the Gila drainage will have been brought incidentally under ade- 
 quate permanent custodianship. The status of ruins of the sixth 
 class is more satisfactory than those of the fifth. They are preserved 
 from alienation by preemption or other disposal and warning notices 
 
596 GENERAL VIEW OF ABCHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 
 
 are kept posted thereon, prohibiting injury and unauthorized exca- 
 vations, but these lands are not policed for the same reason that 
 those of class 5 are not. However, the orders of the Department 
 of the Interior have been effective to a great extent and ruins on 
 withdrawn lands are suffering but little from vandalism. 
 
 The seventh class, those situated on State lands, is inconsiderable 
 at present, but with the admission of the Territories and subsequent 
 segregation of their lands this class will require consideration. As 
 segregation will not, as a rule, be in large areas, but by single sec- 
 tions, large districts of ruins will not be affected, but important 
 isolated sites will be, and the State governments should then be 
 invoked to exercise protective authority over them. 
 
 The eighth class, those on private lands, includes many important 
 sites. The number of private land grants, in New Mexico espe- 
 cially, is very large, and some of them are covered with important 
 ruins. Many are on railroad selections and some on small holdings 
 or homesteads. Some owners of homesteads and grants realize the 
 importance of preserving these ruins for scientific research and 
 exercise due custodianship over them. Others use the stones for 
 building material, and timbers, if any, for firewood. 
 
 The above is as comprehensive a presentation of the status of 
 archeology in the pueblo region as I am capable of making within 
 the limits set for this paper. It is based on many years of personal 
 residence and field work in the Southwest, in connection with the 
 researches of all other investigators of the pueblo field, the results 
 of which I hare freely availed myself of. During the past six 
 months I have had the opportunity to give considerable attention to 
 the phases of the subject dealt with in this paper, for which the 
 resources of the General Land Office, the Office of Indian Affairs, 
 the Bureau of Forestry, and the Bureau of Amercian Ethnology 
 have been most cordially placed at my disposal. I feel that my con- 
 clusions are at least not hastily drawn. 
 
 V. Synopsis of Important Districts and Sites. 
 
 In this arrangement I have endeavored to point out only those 
 archeological districts and special sites which, by reason of their 
 character, situation, state of preservation, or ethnic significance, are 
 particularly worthy of investigation. The list is by no means a 
 complete one. Doubtless many are omitted that are as important 
 as those named, and it is to be remembered that every aboriginal site 
 or object is of sufficient importance to warrant investigation. 
 
 In order to indicate, when known, how the various sites are located 
 with reference to jurisdiction, I have used the following abbrevia- 
 tions : 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF ABCHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 597 
 
 Nat. Res., situated ou national reservation or park. 
 
 For. Res., situated on forest reserve. 
 
 Ind. Res., situated on Indian reservation. 
 
 Mil. Res., situated on military reservation. 
 
 Pub. L., situated on public lands. 
 
 Witb. L., situated ou withdrawn lands. 
 
 Pri. L., situated on private lands. 
 
 The asterisk is used to indicate sites of sufficient importance to 
 demand permanent preservation. 
 
 I- — THE RIO GRANDE DRAINAGE. 
 
 1. In Upper Pecos Valley : 
 
 * Pecos, Ind. Res. 
 Seyupa. 
 Tonclmn. 
 San Antonio. 
 
 2. About tbe Salt Lakes of tbe Manzano : 
 
 *Tabira (Gran Quivira) Pri. L. 
 Quarra. 
 Abo. 
 Tajique. 
 S. In the Galisteo Basin : 
 
 Yamphamba (San Cristobal). 
 Ipera (San Lazaro). 
 Tagewinge (Galisteo). 
 Hishi (Pueblo Largo). 
 
 4. In the San Pedro Basin : 
 
 Tunque. 
 
 Paako or Kukua, Pri. L. 
 
 5. In the Santa Fe Basin : 
 
 Tsinatay (La Bajada). 
 
 Tsiguma (La Cienega). 
 
 Kuaka. 
 
 Kuapoge (Ft. Marcy) Mil. Res." 
 
 6. In the San Ildefonso Basin : 
 
 Sacona, Ind. Res. 
 Kyamunge, Ind. Res. 
 
 7. In the main valley of the Rio Grande : 
 
 Katishtya (Old San Felipe) Ind. Res. 
 Perage (Old San Ildefonso) Ind. Res. 
 Puaray. 
 Kuaua. 
 
 8. In the Chama Basin : 
 
 Tsawari. 
 Houiri, Pri. L. 
 Sepawi. 
 
 Hornayo, Pri. L. 
 0. The Taos region & With. L. : 
 
 Numerous sites in the vicinity of Taos and Picurls. 
 
 " Ceded to the city of Santa Fe. 
 
 &This is partly included in the lands withdrawn for the proposed Taos Forest 
 Reserve. 
 
598 GENERAL VIEW 01? ARCHEOLOGY OE THE PUEBLO REGION. 
 
 The majority of the above (1 to 9) are sites occupied within the last 
 four centuries and abandoned at intervals from the time immediately 
 preceding the Spanish occupation down to 1838. The years imme- 
 diately following 1680 were particularly disastrous to the Rio Grande 
 Pueblos. Archeological research at these sites should be fruitful in 
 throwing light upon the first influences of the exotic civilization upon 
 the indigenous tribes. They are all ruins of considerable magnitude, 
 but in many cases reduced to mounds. 
 
 10. * Pajarito Park," With. L. : 
 Shuflnne. 
 Otowi. 
 
 Pnye. (Plate I, fig. 1.) 
 
 Tsankawi. j 
 
 Cliff dwellings of Shuflnne Mesa. 
 Cliff dwellings of Puye Mesa. 
 Cliff dwellings of Chupadero Canyon. 
 Cliff dwellings of Sandia Canyon. (Plate i, fig. 2.) - 
 
 This is strictly a prehistoric district and archeologically one of the 
 richest in the Pueblo region. The cliff dwellings are of the excavated 
 type and exist in vast numbers, almost every southern escarpment 
 being honeycombed with them. Besides the identified pueblo ruins 
 named, several others of almost equal importance and hundreds of 
 minor ones are scattered over the district. The permanent reserva- 
 tion of this tract will preserve intact a fairly complete exhibit of 
 the prehistoric civilization of the Eio Grande Valley. This is now 
 assured, for it falls within the limits of the proposed Rio Jemez 
 Forest Reserve, and will in due time come under the custodianship 
 of the Bureau of Forestry if it does not become a national park. The 
 only collections that have been made from this district are in the 
 museum of the New Mexico Normal University at Las Vegas. 
 
 11. On Ramon Vigil Grant,* Pri. L. : 
 
 (Tewa; Tchire, bird; ge, house = house of the bird people: Spanish, 
 
 Pajarito, a little bird.) 
 *Tchirege. (Platen.) 
 
 Cliff dwellings of Pajarito Canyon. „ 
 
 Navakwi. 
 Numerous large and small pueblos of Mesa del Pajarito. 
 
 a I here restrict the name Pajarito Park to the district 10 miles long by 4 
 wide that is under withdrawal' and consideration for a national park. (H. R. 
 7269, 58th Cong.) As originally proposed and withdrawn, it was much more 
 extensive, and received its name from what was the central geographical feature 
 of the entire district, viz, Pajarito Canyon. This has since been found to be 
 largely on Ramon Vigil Grant, which was almost surrounded by the proposed 
 park. As the lines are now drawn, it creates Pajarito Park with the " Pajarito" 
 left put. 
 
 »This is the original Pajarito Park. The value of the ruins is appreciated 
 by the owners and they are under proper custodianship. 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 599 
 
 12. Coehiti district,* With. L. : 
 
 * Tyuonyi. 
 Pueblo Viejo. 
 
 * La Cueva Pintada. 
 Haatse. 
 
 Kuapa. 
 
 * Stone lions of Potrero de las Vacas. 
 
 * Cliff dwellings of Rito de los Frijoles. 
 
 Cliff dwellings of Canada de In Cuestn Coloradn. 
 
 13. In upper Jemez Valley.'' With. L. : 
 
 * Giusewa and Mission Church of San Diego. (Plate in.) 
 
 Large number of important pueblo ruins in valley and s»n adjoining mesas. 
 
 14. In the San Jose Valley : 
 
 San Mateo, Pri. L. 
 
 Cubero, Ind. Res. 
 l.~>. * In Cehollito Valley and Montezuma Mesa. Tub. L. : 
 
 A large number of important pueblo sites unnamed. (Plate iv.) 
 li>. In the Magrtalena region. Pub. L. : 
 
 A number of important pueblo sites unnamed. 
 
 II. — THE SAN JUAN DRAINAGE. 
 
 1. * In Chaco Canyon : 
 
 Pueblo Pintado, Pub. L. 
 
 Wejiji (Kindoklis). Pub. L. 
 
 Hungopavi.c Pri. L. (Plate v, fig. 1.) 
 
 Una Vida/ Pri. L. 
 
 Chettrokettle,* Pri. L. 
 
 Pueblo Bonito,* Pri. L. 
 
 Casa Rinconada,* Pri. L. 
 
 Pueblo del Arroyo* (Tabakin), Pri. L. 
 
 Kinkletsoi, Pub. L. (Plate vi. fig. 2.) 
 
 Casa Chiquita, Pub. L. 
 
 Pueblo Alto, Pub. L. 
 
 Penasco Blanco (Talakin), Pri. L. 
 
 Sinkletzin.c Pri. L. 
 
 This is unquestionabh' the finest and best preserved group of 
 pueblo ruins on American soil. It is a matter of great regret that 
 the General Land Office was not invoked in time to preserve intact 
 
 " I apply this name to the district north of Coehiti, which embraces the ruins 
 of the former habitations of the Coehiti Indians. It was included in the 
 original withdrawal for the proposed Pajarito National Park, but is omitted 
 from the bill (H. R. 7209, 58th Cong.) creating the same. It includes the 
 lovely Rito de los Frijoles of P.andelier nnd Lummis. It is fortunately included 
 within the limits of the proposed Rio Jemez Forest Reserve. 
 
 "These ruins are upon the lands withdrawn for the proposed Rio Jemez 
 Forest Reserve. 
 
 e These pueblos are on railroad lands to which title has passed irrevocably. 
 
 * These nre on the homestead of Mr. Richard Wetherill. This homestead has 
 been suspended by the General Land Office and entry may be canceled. 
 
600 GENERAL VIEW OP ARCHEOLOGY OP THE PUEBLO REGION. 
 
 this remarkable group of prehistoric buildings with all their auxil- 
 iary remains when it could have been done by the withdrawal of the 
 entire tract. This is no longer possible, since every alternate section 
 is now patented railroad land. The central group of ruins, i. e., 
 Pueblo Bonito and its environs, have passed to private ownership 
 unless annulled by the General Land Office. This tract of country 
 is absolutely worthless for any economic purpose. The fate of the 
 great body of ruins situated here is a striking illustration of the 
 need for comprehensive legislation on this subject. This loss to 
 science and history is solely the result of there being no one whose 
 business it is to look after such matters. Through the generosity of 
 the Messrs. Hyde, of New York City, a splendid collection obtained by 
 the partial excavation of Pueblo Bonito is preserved in the American 
 Museum of Natural History in New York City. 
 
 2. On tributaries of Chaco Canyon, Pub. L. : 
 
 * Kinklizhin. (Plate v, fig. 2.) 
 
 * Kinyaah. 
 
 * Kinbinioia. 
 Kinahzin. 
 
 These buildings are of the same class and state of preservation as 
 those of Chaco Canyon and probably belong with them ethnically. 
 
 3. In Canyon de Cheily and its tributaries, Ind. Res. . 
 
 Cliff dwellings and pueblos of Canyon de Cheily. (Plate vn. ) 
 Cliff dwellings and pueblos of Canyon del Muerto. (Plate viii. ) 
 Cliff dwellings and pueblos of Monument Canyon. 
 
 This is a remarkable group, consisting of a large number of pueb- 
 los and pueblo-like cliff dwellings in an excellent state of preserva- 
 tion, and being on an Indian reservation, under a custodian, their 
 protection is assured. A large collection from this region is in the 
 museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. 
 
 4. * In the Mesa Verde region," Ind. Res. and With. L. : 
 
 Cliff Palace. (Plate ix.) 
 
 Balcony House. 
 
 Cliff dwellings of Maneos Canyon. 
 
 Cliff dwellings of Navaho Canyon. 
 
 Spruce Tree House. 
 
 Long House. 
 
 Cliff dwellings of Ruin Canyon. 
 
 A large number of ruined towers. 
 
 This is the most remarkable group of pueblo-like cliff dwellings in 
 existence. They are in a good state of preservation. The protection 
 of these ruins is assured. They present the best picture we have of 
 
 "I include in this title not only the cliff dwellings that are situated on the 
 tract withdrawn for the proposed Mesa Verde National Park, but also those 
 on the southern Ute Indian Reservation south to and including Maneos Canyon, 
 all of which should be included within the park limits. 
 
GENERAL VIEW OP ARCHEOLOGY OE THE PUEBLO REGION. 601 
 
 that phase of Pueblo culture which took advantage to the greatest 
 possible extent of the protection afforded by a cliff environment, 
 regardless of the hardships incident to such an existence. Many of 
 these dwellings are almost inaccessible. This will be one of the most 
 instructive and attractive of all our national parks. Unfortunately, 
 the collections that have been made from these ruins are badly scat- 
 tered and not well authenticated. 
 
 5. In Las Animas Valley : 
 
 * The Aztec ruin," Pri. L. 
 
 6. In Aztec Springs Valley: 
 
 Aztec Springs. ruin. 
 
 7. In La Plata Valley : 
 
 La Plata ruin. 
 
 8. In the main valley of the San Juan: 
 
 Solomon's Ruin, Pri. L. 
 !). In the vicinity of Bluff, Utah: 
 Ruins of MeBhiK) Canyon. 
 Ruins of Hovenweep Canyon. 
 Ruins of Montezuma Canyon. 
 Ruins of Yellowjaeket Canyon. 
 Ruins of Cottonwood Canyon. 
 
 These are very numerous pueblo and cliff-dwelling ruins, mostly 
 unnamed sites in an indifferent state of preservation, but archeolog- 
 ically very important. Some interesting collections from these ruins 
 are in the American Museum of Natural History in New York. 
 
 III. — THE LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE. 
 
 1. On the Tusayan plateau, Ind. Res. : 
 (o) In Oraibi wash — 
 
 Kwaituki. 
 
 Seven-Mile Ruin. 
 (6) Middle Mesa group — 
 
 Old Mashongnavi. 
 
 Old Shumopavi. 
 
 Payupki. 
 
 Chukubi. 
 
 (c) East Mesa group — 
 Sikyatki. 
 Kukuchomo. 
 Kisakobi. 
 Tukinobi. 
 
 (d) In Jetty to Valley— 
 Awatobi. 
 Kokopnyaina. 
 Kawaika. 
 Chakpahu. 
 
 (c) In Cottonwood wash — 
 
 Bidahuci group, 
 (f) Miscellaneous — 
 
 Tebugkibu (Fire House), northeast of Keams Canyon. 
 
 a Properly cared for by the owner, Mr. Kountz. 
 
602 GENERAL VIEW OP ARCHEOLOGY OP THE PUEBLO REGION. 
 
 2. In the main valley of the Little Colorado : 
 
 Honiolobi. 
 Chevlon. 
 
 3. In the Puerco Valley : 
 
 Adamana. 
 
 Navaho Springs. 
 
 Kintiel (30 miles north of river), Pri. L. 
 
 4. In the petrified forest, With. L. : 
 
 Stone Ax. 
 
 Canyon Butte Ruin. 
 
 Milky Wash Ruin. 
 
 5. In Chavez Pass: 
 
 Tchubkwitcala. 
 C. In the Silver Creek Valley: 
 Four-mile ruin. 
 Pinedale. 
 Showlow. 
 Linden. 
 
 The above groups of ruins of the Little Colorado Drainage (1 to 6) 
 are all pueblo sites that have proven to be of great archeological 
 interest. Some of them are known to have been inhabitated during 
 the historic period. They have suffered much from indiscriminate, 
 unscientific excavation and collections therefrom are badly scattered 
 and not well authenticated. On the other hand, a great amount of 
 scientific work of the highest order has been done in these ruins and 
 excellent collections from them are in the United States National 
 Museum, the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, and Peabody 
 Museum, Cambridge. 
 7. On the Zuni Region, Ind. Res. : 
 
 * Hawikuh." 
 
 * Kiakime." 
 
 * Halona.a 
 
 * Matsaki." 
 Pinaua. 
 Ketchipauan. 
 
 * Chyanaue." 
 
 * Archeotekopa, Pub. L. 
 
 El Morro or Inscription Rock, With. L. 
 
 These are historically the most important ruins in the United 
 States, embracing the remains of the famous " seven cities of Cibola " 
 and many other pueblo sites of equal magnitude. Many are in a fair 
 state of preservation, some reduced to mounds; but it will be generally 
 agreed, I believe, that all remains of this historic group, whatever 
 may be their condition, merit preservation. Being under custodian- 
 ship, they should suffer but little from vandalism. Large collections 
 from these ruins are in the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, the results 
 of excavations by the Hemenway expedition. 
 
 « Identified by Bandelier and Cushing as belonging to the "seven cities of 
 Cibola." 
 
Smithsonian Report, I 904.— Hewett. 
 
 Plate X. 
 
 Fig. 1.— Montezuma Castle, Beaver Creek, Arizona. 
 
 Fig. 2.— Casa Grande, Gila Valley, Arizona. 
 
GENERAL VTEW OP ARCHEOLOGY OP THE PUEBLO REGION. 603 
 
 8. * In Walnut Canyon, For. Res. 
 
 A fine group of cliff dwellings. 
 
 9. On Cave Dwellers Mountain, For. Res. : 
 
 An extensive and interesting group of cave dwellings. 
 10. The Black Falls Region, For. Res. 
 
 Several important groups of pueblo ruins in a good state of preservation ; 
 not named. 
 
 IV. — THE GILA DRAINAGE. 
 
 1. In the Verde Valley: 
 
 (a) In the main valley, With. L.— 
 
 Great number of excavated cliff dwellings, 
 (ft) *Tue Red Rocks district— 
 
 Honanki. 
 
 Palatki. 
 
 Many other unnamed pueblo and cliff-dwelling sites, 
 (c) * Beaver Creek — 
 
 Montezuma Castle, With. L. (Plate x, fig. ].) 
 
 Montezuma Well, For. Res. 
 
 2. In the Salt River Valley: 
 
 (a) In the Tonto Basin, With. L. — 
 Numerous pueblos and cliff-dwelling sites. 
 
 (b) On White Mountain Creek, Ind. Res. — 
 Numerous pueblo and cliff-dwelling sites. 
 
 3. Iu the main valley of the (Mia: 
 
 *Casa Grande, Nat. Res. (Plate x, fig. 2.) 
 Pueblo Viejo. 
 Numerous unnamed sites. 
 
 These pueblos have been rapidly destroyed by the advance of 
 agriculture, most of them without scientific investigation. Impor- 
 tant explorations were made by the Hemenway expedition among 
 the lower Gila ruins, the collections from which are in the Peabody 
 Museum, Cambridge. 
 
 4. * On the upper tributaries of the Gila, For. Res.: 
 
 (a) On the Blue — 
 
 Numerous cliff-dwelling and pueblo sites. 
 
 (b) On the San Francisco — 
 
 Numerous cliff-dwelling and pueblo sites. 
 
 (c) On the Tularosa — 
 
 Numerous cliff-dwelling and pueblo sites. 
 
 (d) On the west fork of the Gila — 
 
 Gila Hot Springs cliff dwellings. (Plate xi.) 
 
 The ruins of the upper Gila and its tributaries are among the 
 most important and least known in all the pueblo region. Many are 
 in an excellent state of preservation. But little in the way of scien- 
 tific study has been done among them and no extensive collections 
 have yet been made. Fortunately, efficient custodianship has been 
 extended over them in time to secure them while still in a good state 
 of preservation. 
 
 (e) On the San Pedro- 
 Numerous pueblo ruins. 
 
604 GENERAL VIEW OP ARCHEOLOGY OE THE PUEBLO REGION. 
 
 V. — MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 1. In the Mimbres Valley. 
 
 This is, strictly speaking, an inland drainage, tributary to neither 
 the Eio Grande nor the Gila, between which it lies, and extending 
 down into the State of Chihuahua, Mexico. In this valley is a large 
 number of interesting pueblo sites. 
 U. In Lost Canyon, Colorado. 
 
 In this and other tributaries of the Dolores drainage are numerous 
 cliff dwellings and towers, remarkable as being the one point where 
 pueblo culture of any importance extends north of the San Juan- 
 Grand watershed. 
 
 3. In the Virgin Valley, Utah. 
 
 A locality of numerous pueblo ruins, remarkable as being the only 
 ones of much note west of the Colorado River. 
 
 4. On the military reservations of Fort Bayard, Fort Wingate, Fort Lowell, 
 
 Fort Apache, Camp Verde, and Fort Defiance are ruins of considerable 
 importance, including cliff dwellings, pueblos, towers, and cemeteries not 
 specifically pointed out in the drainage areas in which they occur. 
 
 VI. Conclusion. 
 
 It is manifestly time for decisive action on the question of Ameri- 
 can antiquities. Congress should at once enact comprehensive leg- 
 islation on this subject. It is the duty of those interested in Ameri- 
 can archeology to prepare the necessary information and present it 
 to the proper authorities in such manner that the scope of legislation 
 needed will be self-evident. I offer the following suggestions, which 
 I believe, in the light of our present information, to be in accord with 
 the views of a large majority of the archeologists dealing with 
 American subjects and acquainted with the American field : 
 
 1. That the preservation of antiquities on all lands owned or con- 
 trolled by the Government of the United States should be provided 
 for by law. 
 
 2. That custodianship of antiquities should be left where it is, viz, 
 in the departments having jurisdiction over the lands on which an- 
 tiquities are situated, and that the protection of said antiquities by 
 said departments should be made obligatory. 
 
 3. Expert authority should exist for the periodical inspection of 
 ruins, report on the same, and recommendation of preservative meas- 
 ures to the departments having custodianship. 
 
 4. The privilege of excavation should be restricted to institutions, 
 domestic or foreign, that can conduct the same in a scientific manner 
 and make report of results, and that will place all collections secured 
 in permanent public museums. 
 
 5. There should be expert inspection of excavations, to see. that the 
 
GENERAL VIEW OF ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 605 
 
 same are conducted according to the regulations prescribed, and to 
 see that collections are disposed of as provided for by law and not 
 for commercial purposes. 
 
 6. Adequate penalties for violation of the law should be prescribed 
 In the meantime it is unnecessary to await the movement of the 
 great machinery of Congress when so much power already exists in 
 Executive Departments and so much loss goes on that future Con- 
 gressional action can never repair. Results can be steadily accom- 
 plished. Departments invite authentic information and recommen- 
 dations. When furnished with evidence they act promptly and 
 effectively. All who are interested in the preservation of American 
 antiquities — and this is a rapidly growing number — should encour- 
 age and uphold these efforts in every possible way. 
 
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