Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924055960987 SARCODE pno -r, -LS LOCATED DATE DUE MhR-^rin^"~ I #U4^-fmr- " Lg08£^ 1^ •M^iA-^ ""Wr'TU 2W-^ I sg f>- . > iygOM ifBP^ NC -Ih PRINTED IN U.S.A. •1 The Clock Tower Containing a chime of fourteen bells (View from the Quadrangle) GUIDE TO THE CAMPUS CORNELL UNIVERSITY PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY ITHACA NEW YORK Copyright, 1920 by Cornell University Printed by Tlie Morrill Press, Fulton, N. Y. Photographs by J. P. Troy, Ithaca, N. Y. Plates by Hurst Engraving Company, Rochester, N. Y. First printing: May, 1920 I 3 1924 055 960 987 PREFACE THIS book is designed to guide strangers to places of interest at Cornell University, to give pro- spective students an account of the University's buildings and other equipment, and to lead students in residence to a knowledge of the history and the signifi- cance of their Campus. The order in which the buildings and other objects are described in the Guide is not the order of an itinerary; no route could be chosen that would suit all visitors to the Campus. The visitor should use the Index and the Plan of the Campus which he will find at the end of the volume. If he wishes to see as much as possible in a short time, he may do well to follow the suggestions given on page 5 or pages 6-9. In a group of collegiate buildings one sees nothing but a group of buildings unless one can read in it an expression of the institution's developing character. The Historical Sketch in this volume is an attempt to find such an expression in our Campus — to discover in past events the mould of its distinctive form. Hence the chapter is merely a brief account of phy- sical growth, and not at all a history of the essential University. For accounts essentially historical the student is referred to Cornell University: A 'Historical Sketch of Its First Thirty Years, 1868—1898, by Ernest W. Huffcut, contained in Circular of Information No. 3 (1900) of the United States Bureau of Education, which circular is itself entitled "The University of the State of New York: History of Higher Education in the State of New York;" to Cornell University: A History, by Waterman T. Hewett (four volumes, 1905), and especially to the first volume of the Autobiography of Andrew T>. White, which contains, in fascinating narrative, the story of the University's foundation and of the administration of its first president. Concerning Cornell, by O. D. von Engeln, is an illustrated book of more than 450 pages dealing with the history, the campus, the environs, and the con- temporary life of the University (Geography Supply Bureau, Ithaca, 1918; $2.60). For the names of publications descriptive of the University's various courses of study, the reader is referred to a list printed at the end of this book. The Secretary of the University will welcome any suggestion intended to help in making a later edition of this Guide more useful. Ithaca, New York, March, 1920. View Down the Gorge of Fall Creek Taughannock CONTENTS Page Preface in Cornell's Environs: The Finger Lakes / General Directions to a Stranger 3 Historical Sketch // Buildings in the Quadrangle 20 The Library Building j6 The Chimes 43 Sage Chapel 46 Buildings East and South of the ^adrangle ■ . ■ 53 The New York State Veterinary College 58 The New York State College of Agriculture . . . 60 Residential Halls 65 The University Infirmary 70 Statues and Other Memorial Objects 7/ Class Memorials 7P Playgrounds and Athletic Fields 80 Biographies 83 Index 87 Plan of the Campus . . . . Inside back cover TO A HILL-TOWN THIS to you across the swift years that gather. This to give for ways that were filled with gladness, Ways hill-girt and under the Spring's first sunrise — Paths that were golden. Here they lie in memory's early keeping. Wind-swept hills dim-misted with purple vapor — One lone hill and three lonely pine-trees tossing Black on the sky-line. For these most — yet dusk on the lake's still edges. Dusk and moonlight sweeping a wash of silver. Chime of bells and softly an organ's throbbing — Music and moonlight. And for them, long gone from the hills of morning, Song and laughter, voices that faintly echo; All to you, who made as a dream of beauty Youth's little Springtime! Thomas S. Jones, Jr., A. B. Cornell, 1904 From The Voice in the Silence, by Thomas S. Jones, Jr.: Published by Thomas B. Mosher, Portland, Maine: Copyright by Thomas S. Jones, Jr. CORNELL'S ENVIRONS ^ The Finger Lakes /CORNELL UNIVERSITY is situated in a pic- ^^ turesque region — the lake country of the State of New York. The University's domain of fourteen hundred acres occupies the brow and crest of a hill overlooking the town of Ithaca, twenty miles of Cayuga Lake, and the surrounding country. The Campus is eight hundred feet above sea-level and four hundred feet above the level of the lake. The country about Ithaca is a plateau, moulded by glacial deposit and by erosion into rolling landscapes. Its unusual picturesqueness is due to the presence of I a few extraordinary valleys, long and narrow, and 1 deeply cut in the rock of the plateau, forming lake I basins. These are the Finger Lakes, so called because, \yon the map of the State of New York, the longer of Ythem resemble the outspread fingers of a hand. The group of lakes includes Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga, Owasco, Skaneateles, and Otisco. Around them is a country of orchards, vineyards, and dairy farms. The Cayuga Lake valley's southern or upper end, near Cornell University, is typical of the scenery of this region. From the high Campus the eye looks north, west, and south over the lake and the broad level valley of Ithaca to a horizon of hills blue in the distance. Streams flowing into the lake have cut deep 2 Cornell's Environs channels in the soft Portage sandstone of the hills and tumble through the chasms in many waterfalls. Two gorges, those of Fall Creek and Cascadilla Creek, are on the borders of the Campus. In the gorge of Fall Creek are many cascades and two great cataracts, the Triphammer Falls and the Ithaca Fall. Just above the Triphammer is a dam, built by the University, impounding a reservoir of about twenty acres which is called Beebe Lake, and diverting a part of the stream to the hydraulic labora- tory of the college of engineering. The stream's last abrupt descent is over the Ithaca Fall, one hundred and twenty feet to the level of the valley. Cascadilla Creek is smaller than Fall Creek and has carved its gorge less deeply. It descends its ravine in a series of rapids and cascades. All about the head of Cayuga Lake the streams fall into the valley over ledges of rock, in ravines that dis- sect the wooded or planted hillsides. Around the wide valley are the falls of Six-Mile Creek, Buttermilk Creek, Lick Brook, Enfield Glen, Coy's Glen, and Esty's Glen. The grandest of all these gorges is that of Taughannock, ten miles from the Campus across the lake, where the creek has a sheer fall of two hun- dred and fifteen feet down the wall of a vast rock chamber. The even more famous Watkins Glen, at the head of Seneca Lake, is about twenty miles away. (Tourists seeking information about the lake district are re- ferred to the office of the Board of Commerce of the City of Ithaca. That board, collaborating with the Ithaca Automobile Club, conducts a bureau of information. It has for distribution a leaflet, "Finger Lakes Trails," which is designed to guide the tourist to places of scenic or historical interest.) [3] GENERAL DIRECTIONS TO A STRANGER How to Reach Ithaca From New York City the journey by rail takes about ,ssveii_]a£air§. The traveler has the choice of two excellent routes, the Delaware, Lackawanna &? Western Railroad and the Lehigh Valley Railroad. On either road a Pullman sleeping car runs through to Ithaca every night, and a limited train with Pull- man chair cars and dining car runs every day. The traveler by a day train on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad has an easy change of cars to make at Owego; no change is necessary at night. From Washington a practicable route is by a night train on the Northern Central Railroad to Elmira, thence by the Elmira and Cortland branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad to East Ithaca, and thence by cab or electric car to Ithaca. Except in winter an automobile omnibus plies daily between Elmira and Ithaca, a distance of about thirty-five miles. One may travel from Washington to Ithaca without change of station by taking the Pennsylvania Railroad to New York and the Lehigh Valley Railroad thence to Ithaca. From Philadelphia the journey by rail takes about eight hours. Trains running from the Reading Terminal via the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad connect at Bethlehem with trains running to Ithaca on the Lehigh Valley Railroad. From Boston one may go to Ithaca by the Boston 6f Albany Railroad, changing cars at Syracuse and at 4 Directions to a Stranger Auburn. The journey from Boston to Ithaca via New York is much easier and but little longer. From the West the route to Ithaca runs through Buffalo, which is about three hours from Ithaca by the Lehigh Valley Railroad. How to Reach the Campus from Ithaca On leaving the railway station at Ithaca a visitor may either walk into the center of the town (a distance of about one-half mile) or take a cab or street car. The principal hotels are the Ithaca Hotel, the Clin- ton House, and the New Alhambra; all are near the street railway. To go to the Campus by the electric railway, take a car marked S (Stewart Avenue) or E (Eddy Street), The Campus is on a loop of the street railway line, and the cars cross it going in either direction (fare 7 cents). The visitor in search of a particular Univer- sity building can obtain his directions from the con- ductor on the car. These conductors are uniformly courteous. The general sightseer will do well to take a Stewart Avenue car because this route, although a little longer than the other, affords finer views of the gorges, the valley and the lake. The visitor entering the Campus from either direction may leave the car at either end of Goldwin Smith Hall. Thence a few steps down the hill will bring him into the Quadrangle; or a short walk up the hill at right angles to the rail- way line will bring him to the College of Agriculture. The stranger desiring help to find his way should cross the Quadrangle and make his inquiries at the Office of the Secretary, on the second floor of Morrill Hall, entering the building by the door that is nearest the statue of Ezra Cornell. Cascadilla Hall ^^^^ i The Ithaca Fall, 120 feet Morrill Hall: Administration The Main Dining-Room in Prudence Risley Hall • Directions to a Stranger 5 Suggestions for a Walk About the Campus We will suppose the visitor to start his walk on leaving the electric car at Goldwin Smith Hall. Walk down the slope past Goldwin Smith Hall, turn right or left, enter the main portico of Goldwin Smith Hall, and visit the Museum of Casts (right and left of the main lobby); walk around the Quad- rangle, visiting the Zoological Museum in McGraw Hall, and the Library Building. From the Library Building walk across Central Avenue to Sage Chapel. Go out at the south tran- sept of the chapel; walk south along Sage Avenue, past Barnes Hall {right) and across the bridge to Sage College {left). Mount the terrace steps in front of Sage College, turn right, and go around the south wing of the building and past the Conservatory {left). Cross the street railway track and East Avenue and walk up the broad pathway leading past the New York State Drill Hall (left) to the Athletic Field. From the Athletic Field walk along the edge of the open Playground, past the Veterinary College {left) to the College of Agriculture. On leaving the College of Agriculture walk down the hill, passing the courts of the Faculty Tennis Club and Rocke- feller Hall, and return to the street railway on East Avenue. The walk may be extended from this point by turn- ing right on East Avenue and following the railway tracks to the bridge (view of Fall Creek Gorge, Triphammer Falls, the Hydraulic Laboratory, and Beebe Lake); and thence across the bridge to Prudence Risley Hall {left), where an electric car going either way may be taken to return to the city. 6 Directions to a Stranger Suggestions for a Drive About the Campus We will suppose the visitor to start from the busi- ness center of Ithaca. Drive up the hill on East State Street, observing the University Infirmary on the left just after be- ginning the ascent. Follow the double-track line of the street railway where it turns left on Eddy Street. At the head of Eddy Street enter the Andrew D. White Gate {dangerous turn) and turn right, around Cascadilla Hall, a residence hall for men. Follow the turn left across the Sage Bridge over Cascadilla Gorge and up the hill {dangerous turn) on Central Avenue, passing fraternity houses {^ight and left) and the Old Armory {right). At the first intersection of roads turn sharply right on South Avenue. The large brick building on the left is Sage College, a residence hall for women. Pass the Totem Pole {right) and University Heat- ing Plant {chimneys right). Drive straight on past the double curve of the street railway tracks and across East Avenue. Just behond East Avenue follow the curve of the road left along the edge of Alumni Field. An enormous stone building comes into view ahead. This is the New York State Drill Hall. Turn right just before reaching the Drill Hall and drive up the hill past the Bacon Practice Hall or baseball cage and the ScHOELLKOPF MEMORIAL BuiLDiNG {right), and past the ticket booths and entrance of Schoellkopf Field, to the gates at the driveway {right) leading to Kite Hill. Note. — Kite Hill is a part of the University Athletic Field, which is always open except on the few days of the year when a football game or track meet is held. On those few days the gates are locked at 1 1 130 A. M. If the gates are closed, turn Directions to a Stranger 7 around and go back in front of the Schoellkopf Memorial. At this point identify the various buildings in sight by reading, in the next paragraph below, the list of buildings visible from Kite Hill. If the gates are open, take the following route: Drive through the gates and take the lower drive- way at the right. Drive the whole length of the field to the farther end of the Stadium. Turn left and re- turn along the Stadium by the upper road. From this upper road one looks down on the New York State Drill Hall {left). Next to that are the buildings of the New York State Veterinary College. Along the farther side of the wide, open Playground and Common are seen some of the buildings of the New York State College of Agriculture, in the fol- lowing order from left to right: Bailey Hall, a cir- cular auditorium; Roberts Hall, the main college building, the right wing of which is devoted to dairy industry; Greenhouses; Forestry Building; Poul- try Building; and, at the far right, the Animal Husbandry Building and Barns. Near the For- estry Building is the Carnegie Filtration Plant, a brick building with a red roof. Go out through the gates, then turn left and drive in front of Schoellkopf Memorial. Pass Schoellkopf Memorial {left) and the Drill Hall {right). Turn right past the front of the Drill Hall, then turn left, then right, alongside street railway tracks, on East Avenue. From the avenue turn left almost immediately, back of Stimson Hall. [Here is a parking space where the car may be left while the visitor goes on foot to see Sage Chapel (Gothic brick building with pointed windows), the Clock Tower and Library Building, and the build- ings and statues in the Quadrangle.] Continue down the gravel drive (Sage Chapel 8 Directions to a Stranger left) to Central Avenue, turn right past the Clock Tower and Library Building, at once turn right on President's Avenue (Quadrangle left; Boardman Hall and Stimson Hall right; the President's House straight ahead) and return to East Avenue {street railway tracks). Turn left on the avenue, pass- ing GoLDWiN Smith Hall {left) and Rockefeller Hall {right) and take next right turn up the hill (Reservoir Avenue) leading to the College of Agri- culture. In front of Bailey Hall (circular building with tall pillars) is a parking space where the car may be left while the visitor goes on foot to see the agri- cultural buildings. Make the circuit of Bailey Hall and return by Reservoir Avenue to East Avenue {street railway track). Turn right on East Avenue (Lincoln Hall left; site of proposed Laboratory of Chemis- try right) and follow the car track across the bridge. From the bridge one may see Fall Creek Gorge, the Triphammer Falls, the Hydraulic Laboratory alongside the falls, and Beebe Lake above the falls. After crossing the bridge, follow the curving car track (Thurston Avenue) past the front of Prudence Risley Hall (large brick building left) and just be- yond the front of the building turn left into the brick- paved carriage drive. Here one may leave the car and see the parlors and dining-room of Prudence Ris- ley Hall. Continue along the drive and return via Thurston Avenue to the bridge. From the bridge turn sharply right on University Avenue (Rand Hall and other buildings of Sibley College left; Foundry and Fall Creek Gorge right). Beyond the Foundry, where the stone wall runs along the brink of the gorge, one may pause, if the air Directions to a Stranger 9 is clear, for a fine prospect of Cayuga Lake, about twenty miles of which is visible from this point. Passing Franklin Hall (brownstone building lefi) shift into second speed, and sound horn in turning left around Morse Hall (old brick laboratory of chem- istry left). Follow the descending and curving avenue (Stone Quarry and new Residential Halls left) across Stewart Avenue {dangerous street railway cross- ing), bear left down the hill and return to the city. To See Cayuga Lake and the Gorges From East State Street, down town, drive out on North Tioga Street to Railroad Avenue, thence right, left, right, left, to bridge commanding a view of the Ithaca Fall {right). Drive on past Percy Field {left) and the corner of Cayuga Lake {left). Beyond the Remington salt plant {left), at McKinney's Point (summer cottages left), the road begins to mount the hill. One mile beyond, at Esty's Station, cross the railway tracks and keep to the left. This road affords a grand view of Cayuga Lake. Drive on about a mile to a T-fork in the road and turn about. At Esty's Station, returning, keep straight on along macadam road. This road commands fine views of the lake and valley and the distant towers of the University. It leads into Stewart Avenue, which crosses bridges over Ithaca Gorge and Cascadilla Gorge and ends at East State Street. Cab Fares in Ithaca Every cab plying for hire in Ithaca should display a card showing in detail the maximum fares legally chargeable within the city. The more important limitations are: A maximum of 50 cents a passenger lo Directions to a Stranger between any two points on the flat; a maximum of |i.oo between any point on the flat and any point on East Hill or the University Campus south of Fall Creek; and a maximum of $1.50 between any point on the flat and any point north of Fall Creek (Cornell Heights). By bargaining, visitors may be able to get lower rates than these. For cars ordered from garages the usual charge, for not more than four passengers, to or from the railway station, is: on the flat, ^i.oo; on East Hill, ^1.50; on Cornell Heights, ^2.00. Dining-Rooms on the Campus For the convenience of students, the University conducts several dining-rooms. These include four cafeterias, respectively situated in the basement of Sibley College (under the dome), on the ground floor of Cascadilla Hall, in the Home Economics Building (College of Agriculture), and in the mess hall south of the new Residential Halls. They are open at the usual meal hours throughout the term. The Weekly Calendar The University publishes throughout the term a Weekly Calendar containing announcements of public lectures, exercises in Sage Chapel, organ recitals and other musical events, exhibitions, and athletic games. Copies of the Calendar are posted on the bulletin boards in most of the buildings. [II] HISTORICAL SKETCH CORNELL UNIVERSITY, in common with many of the State universities of America, had its origin in the Federal Government's grant, for the endowment of education, of a large portion of the public lands, under the authority of the Morrill Act, an Act of Congress approved by President Lincoln on July 2, 1862. Although it owes its foundation primarily to that grant, this University is indebted in a far greater degree to Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, to the one for its material wealth and to the other for its educational dimensions.* / The purpose of the Morrill Act was to endow in* each State at least one college whose leading object should be, "without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively pre- scribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pur- suits and professions in life." Cornell University's Charter, granted by the State of New York in 1865, copied the words quoted above and amended them by providing that "such other branches of science and knowledge may be embraced in the plan of instruction and investigation as the Trustees may deem useful and proper. " *See the biographical sketches, pages 72 and 73. 12 Historical Sketch The Charter directed that the University be located in the town of Ithaca. This had been Mr. Cornell's wish, and it was he who determined the site, with the approval of the Trustees, by giving the University more than two hundred acres of upland overlooking Cayuga Lake. On this spot, amid bold and beautiful scenery, Cornell University was built. In their initial plan the Trustees proposed to make the principal buildings of stone and to dispose them in a quadrangle near the northern border of the grounds. There was to be a southern quadrangle, or group, of brick. The number of the buildings erected under that plan was enough to fix the form in which the Campus has grown. The first group of three buildings (now called Morrill, White, and McGraw Halls) was planted on the brow of the hill to form the west side of the proposed northern quadrangle. When the University was opened to students in October, 1868, only one building had been erected for the new enterprise — South University Building, now called Morrill Hall. Another, a large stone building then just completed on the south bank of Cascadilla Gorge, was occupied at once and was soon acquired through the transfer to the University by citizens of Ithaca of stock in a corporation which had planned to conduct a water-cure. This building was called Cas- cadilla Place and is now named Cascadilla Hall. The first entrance examinations were given in the Cornell Library Building at Tioga and Seneca Streets, and that hall was used for lectures until more shelter could be provided on the hill. The North University Build- ing (White Hall), a twin of its neighbor on the south. Photograph by Woodford Petteraon McGraw Hall .1 Photograph hj L. D. Nell) The University Boat-House One of the Many Fraternity Houses i^M Mtir--^' :. Ma''*- *i^- ^:£&flSi! On Schoellkopf Field Historical Sketch 13 was built almost at once, and soon afterward a third hall, McGraw (the gift of John McGraw of Ithaca), designed to house the University's library and museum, and having a clock tower for the University's chime of bells, was placed between them. This group of three halls is the nucleus about which the Campus has grown. In the seventies they lifted their unlovely mansard roofs above the bleak hilltop, where traces of pasture and cornfield were yet visible. Now the buildings of "the old row" are adorned with ivy and shaded by tall elms; they are hallowed in the memories of Cornellians, especially of those men who as students lodged in the North or the South building. The uses of the halls have changed with the Univer- sity's needs. White Hall now is devoted to instruc- tion. Morrill is given up to offices of administration. The university library outgrew McGraw and acquired a much larger building all its own, with a new and loftier bell tower beside it, and now McGraw is occupied by the museum of zoology and by the de- partments of geology and zoology. Sibley College (founded by Hiram Sibley of Roch- ester), flanked by Franklin Hall and Rand Hall, forms the north side of the Quadrangle. Boardman Hall (law) and Stimson Hall, the Ithaca division of the Medical College — its main portion is in New York City — are on the south side of the Quadrangle. Lincoln Hall (civil engineering) and Goldwin Smith Hall (the College of Arts and Sciences) are on the east side, opposite "the old row." The College of Architecture occupies a part of White Hall and also a part of Franklin. 14 Historical Sketch All that part of the Campus just described is bounded on the east by East Avenue. Along that avenue was built a row of professors' houses. Beyond them was a vague region which included the univer- sity farm. Late in the last century the Campus in- vaded the farm. The New York State Veterinary College and the New York State College of Agriculture were created out of two original departments of the University, and the State has supplied them with ap- propriate buildings in this eastern section of the Campus. Two departments of the College of Arts and Sciences, chemistry and physics, needed laboratory buildings, and those departments now have allotments just east of the Quadrangle. The department of physics occupies Rockefeller Hall, completed in 1906, the gift of John D. Rockefeller. For the department of chemistry the Trustees in 1890 built Morse Hall, northwest of the Quadrangle. As the department grew, its hall was enlarged, in part by means of a gift of Andrew Carnegie, but the building was destroyed by fire in 1916. At the University's semi-centennial cele- bration, in June, 1919, announcement was made by President Schurman of a gift of $1,500,600 to build and equip a new laboratory of chemistry, the site of which is directly north of the physics laboratory; the name of the generous donor was not to be announced till the building should be completed. The Trustees in 1903 allotted more than fifty acres of the former University farm to a playground and athletic field. Cornell alumni contributed several hun- dred thousand dollars to equip the field. Historical Sketch 15 When the University was opened it was somewhat remote from the village of Ithaca. The village sprawl- ed along the main street, formerly a turnpike crossing the flat valley from east to west, and spread northward to the steamboat landing near the head of the lake and to a group of mills below the Ithaca Fall. The first professors and students found scant accommodation for their physical comfort at the top of their steep hill. Some of the professors lived, with their families, in the large stone Cascadilla building. From the be- ginning many of the students found lodgings in the village. Naturally they preferred the houses that were nearest the lecture halls — houses situated on the streets leading to the only bridge across Cascadilla Gorge. Keeping student lodgers became the industry of that neighborhood, and the building of houses on the hill near the University became profitable. So the village, now a city of more than sixteen thousand per- sons, has grown eastward up to the gates of the Cam- pus. Many fraternity houses have been built on lands adjacent to or near the University grounds, and some on the Campus itself. In the nineties electric street cars replaced horse-drawn buses which had crawled up the long hill. About the beginning of this century the gorge of Fall Creek was bridged, and the Ithaca street rail- way company extended its line across the Campus to the region beyond that gorge. All that section was thus brought close to the Campus and city and it has grown into a populous suburb — Cornell Heights, Cay- uga Heights, and Renwick Heights. Many members of the Faculty and a few fraternities have built houses 1 6 Historical Sketch there. The University itself has acquired some large tracts of land in that northern section and the Campus is absorbing them. Prudence Risley Hall, a residen- tial hall for women, the gift of Mrs. Russell Sage, is situated there, just beyond the upper bridge, near Beebe Lake' and Triphammer Falls. Nothing has yet been said herein about dormitories for the men of the University. From the beginning, as has been noted, most of the men have had to find lodgings outside the Campus. In the earliest years some students lived in the North and South Buildings, but their rooms became needed for lectures, and for a long time afterward the University made no effort to provide lodgings for its men. One effect of their com- pulsion to shift for themselves has been the establish- ment of a multitude of fraternities at Cornell. Chapters of Greek-letter societies were organized here in the early years. For their meetings they rented rooms on the upper floors of mercantile buildings down town, and soon they expanded these quarters into furnished apartments where their members lived. In the seventies many fraternity men were living in such apartments down town, and the "independents" for the most part lived in common lodging houses on the hill. In their own mode of life the fraternity men discovered certain advantages — economy of manage- ment, and privacy. In the course of time, with the help of their alumni, the chapters became able further to improve their situation by building houses of their own near the Campus or even upon it. At first these houses were only lodgings and the residents got their meals in boarding houses. In the nineties they found Historical Sketch 17 they could gain economy and comfort by running their own dining-rooms, and now every fraternity sets its own table. As soon as the ease of doing for them- selves was seen, the number of fraternities increased rapidly. Now there are about sixty of these organi- zations at Cornell. In more than a few instances the society has begun life as a co-operative boarding club, has established itself as a "local," and has afterward obtained a charter from a "national" Greek-letter fraternity. Few of the well established college fra- ternities now lack representation at Cornell. The chapter houses here provide lodging for twelve hun- dred to fifteen hundred members and board for an even larger number. Membership in them is obtained only by invitation. Such a growth as that of the Cornell Campus within fifty years shows how imperative must have been the demands upon the Board of Trustees, year after year, to provide the shelter and equipment needed by ex- panding departments of research and instruction. In comparison with those needs, the call for dormitories was not urgent. But it claimed attention, neverthe- less. President Schurman, in his first presidential report to the Board, for the year 1892-93, recognized and mentioned it, and in subsequent annual reports he referred to the matter again and again. In 1902, on his recommendation, the University bought a plot of about fifteen acres of land touching the western border of the Campus as a site for residential halls. In 1905 George Charles Boldt, proprietor of the Waldorf- Astoria Hotel in New York, whose son had just been graduated at Cornell and who had shown a keen inter- 1 8 Historical Sketch est in the University's welfare, was elected to the Board of Trustees. As a member of the board and chairman of a special committee on dormitories Mr. Boldt made it his pleasure to promote the building of a system of residential and dining halls for Cornell students. To his constant interest in the subject, until his death in 1916, the University will owe the beautiful group of halls which is taking form below West Avenue. In 191 1 Mr. Boldt's special committee was empowered to appoint architects, and Frank Miles Day and Charles Z. Klauder of Philadelphia were commissioned to design the group. George F. Baker, one of the great bankers of New York, gave the University $350,000 for the first three buildings. The Trustees voted ? 100,000 from the Alumni Fund to construct the fourth. Construction was begun in the fall of 1 914 and the four halls were all completed and occupied by two hundred and fifty students in the fall of 1916. They are Baker Court (comprising Baker Tower, North Baker Hall and South Baker Hall) and Founders' Hall. [19] GUIDE TO THE CAMPUS BUILDINGS IN THE QUADRANGLE MORRILL HALL, built in 1866-68, of blue- stone quarried near the site, was long known as South University, but was afterward named in honor of Justin S. Morrill, United States Senator from Ver- mont and author of the Land Grant Act of 1862, through which Cornell University was very largely endowed. This building is now mainly an adminis- tration building and contains various offices, including those of the President, the Comptroller, the Treasurer, the Registrar, the Secretary, the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds, the University Proctor, and the Cornellian Council. On the third floor are the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and the Hart Library of English Philology. This library was given to the University by the late Professor James Morgan Hart; it serves as a laboratory for students of English. In the basement is the book store and general supply store of the Cornell Co-operative Society (organized in 1895). Here there is also a branch post office. WHITE HALL, like Morrill in material and in design, was completed late in 1869. At first called North University, or the North Building, it was afterward named in honor of the first President of the University, who had contributed generously to- ward its erection. It is now occupied by the College of Architecture and the department of mathematics. The College of Architecture conducts an almost 20 McGraw Hall continuous exhibition of drawings, sketches, or paint- ings in rooms on the third floor, middle entrance. These rooms are open to visitors. McGRAW HALL, the gift of John McGraw of Ithaca, was completed in 1872. It is of the same native stone as Morrill and White, and is like them in architecture. The cornerstone of McGraw, designed to be the central building of the group, was laid with all ceremony by the Grand Lodge of Masons of the State of New York in June of 1870. The main or central portion of the hall was planned to house the university library and museums. The library out- grew its quarters and was moved; some collections are now kept in other buildings where they are more easily studied; but the Museum of Zoology remains here. In the north wing are the lecture rooms and laboratories of the department of zoology; the de- partments of geology and geography occupy the south wing. EXHIBITS IN McGRAW HALL The Museum of Zoology is reached by ascending one flight from the eastern middle entrance of McGraw Hall. The col- lections here contain valuable material both for exhibition and for purposes of study. Unhappily the room and the fittings are out of keeping with the material which they display; the visitor must put up with inadequate lighting, narrow quarters, and an- tiquated cases. The main hall and the galleries were, at one time, more spacious and better lighted than they are now. They were pared down little by little to expand the quarters of the department of geology. The collections have suffered from lack of care because nobody was immediately in charge of them, after Professor Burt G. Wilder's retirement in 191 1, until in 1917 an assistant was appointed whose sole duty is the care of the museum. On the landing of the second floor, before the eastern entrance to the main hall of the Museum, is mounted => plaster cast of a skull of Dinotherium, a long extinct ancestor of the Elephant. It is remarkable for the large, down-curved incisors of the lower • Lincoln Hall: Civil Engineering Main Drafting Room: Architecture The College of Law: Boardman Hall Cayuga Lake, from the Campus The Museum of Zoology 21 jaw; the tusks of the modern Elephant are the incisors of the upper jaw. An inspection of the main hall is best begun by turning to the right and walking to the end of the first alley, at the northeast corner of the room. In this corner is Case No. i, and the sequence of cases passes thence around the hall to the left. Along the entire north end of the hall are the synoptical cases of the various classes of Vertebrate, exhibiting the characters that separate one class from each of the others, and also typical representatives of each group. Cases i and i define and illustrate the Class Mam- malia. Of special interest are the curious, egg-laying Duck-Bill and Echidna of Australia, sole living representatives of the oldest and most primitive group of Mammals. Case 3 characterizes the Birds. The Resplendent Trogon and the Bird of Paradise are two tropical species formerly much sought after by the milliner. The wingless bird or Apteryx of New Zealand, fast nearing extinction, is worth noting. Case 4 includes the Reptiles, and Case 5 the Amphibia, or Salamanders and Frogs. Excellent series illustrate the transformations of these last-named creatures from the aquatic larva to the terres- trial adult. The Giant Frogs are from Brazil. On the bottom shelf is seen the largest living example of the class, the Giant Salamander of Japan. Cases 6 to 10 include the Fish groups, ending with the Lam- preys, the lowest class of Vertebrate. Case 11 contains jaws of many of the man-eating species of Shark; egg-cases, and dis- sections of this class, and a mounted specimen of the curious Chimsera. With Case 12 is begun the survey of the Class Mammalia, which continues around the room. Most of these specimens were procured from Ward's natural science establishment at Rochester with a single grant which the Museum owed to the interest of President White. Marsupials (Case 12) are a fast diminishing and ancient group whose centre of dispersal was Australia, one of the oldest of land masses. The Kangaroo and its tiny relative the Wallaby; the Wombat, and various Opossums are displayed. Of first interest, perhaps, is the Koala, or "Native Bear," which was the model of the "teddy bear." Case 13 contains Edentates, notably Armadillos and a Sloth; Insectivores, of which common examples are the Hedgehog, 22 The Museum of Zoology Mole, and Shrew; Bats and Rodents. Of the last order, inter- esting exhibits are the Prairie-Dog group, two perfect Albino Squirrels, and an Albino Woodchuck. The curious flying "Lemur" was associated with several groups of animals by early scientists and was finally discovered to belong to the Insectivores. Case 14 concludes the Rodents. Especially fine are the Por- cupines and the large Beaver group. Case 15 displays mounted specimens and skeletons of the Manatee and the Porpoise, a mounted Peccary, and many bones and teeth of Mammoths found in a deposit near Ithaca. Case 16 houses examples of large Birds, including an adult and young of the Emperor Penguin, a Wild Turkey, an Emu, and a Bustard; the skeleton of a fossil Cassowary from New Zealand, a leg and an egg of Dinornis, one of the huge extinct moas, from those same ancient islands, and the skeleton of an Ostrich. Case 17 contains skulls of various mammals. Case 18 holds a. Tiger, a male Lion, and a tiny Lion Cub. From the opening of the University till 191 1 Dr. Burt Green Wilder was at the head of the department of zoology. He amassed the main collections of anatomical preparations and many specimens either mounted or preserved in alcohol. Chief among these is the Brain Collection, the most comprehensive in the world, displayed in Cases 19 to 26 along the south end of the hall. Case 19 contains brains of the Domestic Cat only, prepared for study and research; Cases 20 and 21 brains of various animals, of great value for comparison; Case 22, brains of Primates, the group of Apes and Monkeys, etc., for comparison with the brain of the most highly developed Primate, Man; Case 23 contains brains of highly educated and advanced ptersons; Case 24, preparations to illustrate the structure of the human brain; Case 25, brains of men classified by nationality and of drunkards and drug addicts. In Case 26 are brains of criminals and murderers, of the insane and idiots. Here is the brain of Ruloff,,who lived in central New York in the forties. He was convicted by the lower courts of a murder and of the disposal of the victim's body in Cayuga Lake, but was set free by the court of appeal because the body had not been produced. The final opinion in this case established in the common law the principle of corpus delicti, requiring the pro- duction of the body, or of an overwhelming preponderance of circumstantial evidence admitting of no other conclusion, before The Museum of Zoology 23 a verdict of murder in the first degree can be returned. Ruloff's brain is the largest and heaviest on record. Case 27 contains anatomical preparations for the study of the anatomy of the Cat, and Cases 28 and 29 hold miscellaneous study material. Case 30 resumes the groups of mounted mammals, and contains Carnivores, including a Himalayan Black Bear, Raccoons, and the American Otter, Badger, and Kikajou. The contents of Case 31 include the European Otter, the Coyote, Domestic Dogs, Foxes, Weasels and Ferrets. Case 32 displays a handsome Sea-Lion. Overhead, opposite the main entrance, is a plaster cast restor- ation of Plesiosaurus cramptoni, a gigantic fossil Lizard from the Jurassic rocks of England, which measures 22 feet 8 inches in length. Case 33 contains more large Birds, including a Marabou and two Peacocks, the one mounted with the tail folded, the other with the tail widespread. Case 34 contains the smaller Cats — the domestic Cat, the Wildcat, the Lynx, GeofFroy's Cat, the KafBr Cat, and the Cheetah. Case 35 contains the smaller Monkeys and Baboons of both South America and Africa. Case 36 holds the Anthropoid Apes, man's nearest relatives, including a young Gorilla, a young Chimpanzee, and two Orangs. Birds of North America. — Arriving at the starting point, the visitor can best follow the scheme of arrangement by retracing his steps, observing the long, narrow cases of Birds on his right hand. On the founding of the University, the Museum received a part of the Greene Smith Collection of Mounted Birds, to the number of three hundred sixty-two specimens, which is the nucleus of the present collection. Case 37 contains the Grebes, Loons, Gulls, Terns, a part of the Duck family, and the Pelican and Cormorant. Case 38 holds the rest of the Ducks, the Geese, the Wood Ibis (the only American Stork), the Great Blue Heron, the Egret, and the Sandhill Crane. In Case 39 are the beautiful Roseate Spoonbill, and the smaller Herons, Rails, and Shore Birds. In Case 40 are the Quail, Partridge, Grouse, Pheasant, Wild Turkey, and Pigeons and Doves. Two specimens of the now ex- tinct Passenger Pigeon are shown here. The last case in the row, number 41, contains the Hawks, Eagles and Owls. The three species of eastern Hawk that are injurious to agriculture are here placed together; others are not harmful and should be protected. Case 42, around the corner, interrupts the collection of Birds 24 The Museum of Zoology by displaying mounted Fish. Of special interest are the Flying Fish with the "wings" spread, and the huge Electric Eel. Case 43 contains half of the collection of the Birds of India; the other half is at present in the gallery. Case 44 resumes the display of Native Birds by exhibiting the commoner and smaller Song Birds — Sparrows, Tanagers, Swal- lows, Shrikes, Waxwings, Vireos, and Warblers. Case 45 includes the Cuckoos, Kingfishers, Swift, Hummingbird, Goatsuckers, Flycatchers, Crows, Jays, Blackbirds, Larks, and the rest of the Sparrows. Fastened to the end of this case is a giant Sawfish. Directly opposite, a small case, number 46, contains Native Birds that are extinct or nearly so. The Carolina Paroquet, the Passenger Pigeon, and the Eskimo Curlew make up the list; the two last named are quite extinct. Case 47 houses the Sutton Wood- pecker Collection, one of the best in the country outside the large national museums. Turning to the left, we pass, in the center. Cases 48 to 57, grouped about the office of the Museum. They contain models for the study of anatomy, physiology, and embryology, including the modeles plastiques of Dr. Auzoux of Paris, which were among the earliest acquisitions of the Museum. These ten cases are furnished in what is now the approved method of display in museums. In this respect they are years in advance of the rest of this exhibition. The purpose in thus arranging these ten cases is to anticipate so far as possible the day when the whole col- lection shall be displayed effectively, and to suggest, by contrast, the opportunity that is aflForded for the endowment of the Museum, or, as in some museums which the curator of this col- lection has studied, for the endowment of single cases. The row of long cases down the east side of the hall begins with No. 58, which holds specimens of Mammals in alcohol. Case 59, Reptiles, has several interesting exhibits, especially the mounted Python and Rattlesnake, the Monitor and Iguana, and many specimens in alcohol. Miniature casts of extinct Reptiles are included. The skeleton of a Boa shows the rudimentary hind legs, vestiges which the higher serpents have lost. Case 60 con- tains mounted Alligators and Crocodiles and a collection of dried and inflated stomachs of Mammals. Hearts of Mammals and other forms are shown in Case 61, including the heart of the famous circus Elephant "Jumbo." The last case, 62, contains The Museum of Zoology ^5 fetuses and monsters either human or lower in the animal scale. In the middle of the main hall is a collection of skeletons, including about two-thirds of all the skeletons in the Museum. Cases 63, 64, and 65 display the skeleton of Man mounted in the fashion considered normal for Vertebrates, with the limbs spread horizontally at right angles to the axis of the body. Near it, for comparison, is the skeleton of a full-grown Gorilla. A human skull mounted for purposes of study is shown here. Case 66 holds skeletons of the Dog; 67, of Rooster, Hawk, Tinamou, and Hummingbird (a bit of fairy architecture, skillfully mounted); 68, of Kangaroo, Opossum, Monkey, and Marmoset; 69, of Baboon and Orang; 70, of Panther and Lion; Case 71 contains many skulls, human or miscellaneous. In the center of the hall is a plaster cast of the skeleton of the gigantic extinct Megatherium, a Ground-Sloth, which inhabited South America. Case 72, on the wooden base of this fossil, is the present resting place of Penpi, an Egyptian mummy, divested of all his wrappings. Penpi was taken from the necropolis of Thebes in 1883, and was presented to President White for the University by Mr. C. P. Pomeroy, the American consul at Cairo. Penpi probably lived in the 23d Dynasty, about 800 b. c. Around the base of the Megatherium is the jawbone of a Whale. Other skeletal parts of these gigantic creatures are found elsewhere in the Museum. Adjacent are the skeletons of a Camel and a Horse, and just beyond is Case 73, with skeletons of the larger Mammals. Included are a Moose, a Camel, a baby Camel, a Deer, and a Cave Bear, a giant animal now extinct. The gallery of the Museum is not now well arranged, but it contains several interesting exhibits. The chief attraction is the Newcomb Collection of recent shells, especially rich in speci- mens from the American west coast and from Hawaii. This collection was purchased for the University by Ezra Cornell from Dr. Wesley Newcomb, the collector, who was, for several years afterward, its custodian here. His conchological library of several hundred volumes came with the shells, of which there are 40,000, representing 10,000 species, of world-wide distribution. Some of the shells are displayed in the small cases surrounding the gallery railing. Under them are tiers of cases containing the greater part of the collection. The Newcomb Collection was recently cata- logued by Dr. C. J. Maury and a copy of the catalogue is kept at hand, for those interested, in the office of Professor Harris, on the fourth floor. 26 Geology and Geography At the north end of the gallery is a large collection of birds' eggs and a case containing half of the group of the birds of India. A comprehensive collection of American archaeological material is displayed here. Many important specimens, notably of Reptiles and Amphib- ians, have been added to the Museum in recent years by Dr. Albert H. Wright. Some of these objects were obtained in the course of explorations of the Okefenokee Swamp and the desert regions of the Southwest. This material can be seen in the Systematic Laboratory, on the third floor of the north wing. Various objects used in the study of Geology and Geography are displayed in the hallways and rooms of the south wing of McGraw Hall. In the basement, at the end of the hall, is a seismograph. This instrument for recording earthquakes may be seen through a glass window. On the first floor, in the entrance hall, on the wall at the right, is a slab of sandstone with fossil tracks of Brontosaur, the extinct "Thunder-Lizard." In the lecture room at the left, on the first floor, are models and pictures of interest to students of geography. The arrangement of the lantern and the curtains may be of interest to teachers. In the room at the left of the hall on the second floor is the laboratory of physical geography, where there is a collection of relief models of various parts of the United States and other regions of the world. In the middle entrance of the building, on the first floor, the first door to the right leads to the geological library and ofiice of the department; the second door to the right leads to the general geological laboratory, where there are pictures and models of geologic phenomena. THE foundations of Sibley College of Mechan- ical Engineering and the Mechanic Arts were laid in the fall of 1870 and the building (a single section of the present long structure) was completed in the next summer. It was formally opened on June 21, 1871, by the Governor of the State. An address "On the growth of American colleges and the present tendency to the study of science" was delivered by Professor Daniel Coit Oilman of Yale College, afterward presi- Sibley College 27 dent of Johns Hopkins University. The college re- ceived its name from the late Hiram Sibley of Roch- ester, who between the years 1870 and 1887 gave $180,000 toward its endowment and equipment. His son, Hiram W. Sibley, has added more than 1150,000 for later constructions and equipment. The Sibley buildings stand upon ground leased from the Univer- sity for the purposes of the college, under an agree- ment made with Mr. Sibley. The main building, including a central tower sur- mounted by a sessile dome, now spans the north end of the Quadrangle. In material and architecture it is like the three earlier halls. It is flanked on the west by Franklin Hall (erected by the Trustees in 1883), once the home of chemistry and physics, but now housing the department of electrical engineering, and on the east by Rand Hall (erected in 191 2), contain- ing the machine shop, the pattern shop, and an elec- trical laboratory. North of the main building are two large structures occupied by the department of experimental engineering, and a foundry and forge shop. Rand Hall was the gift of Mrs. Henry Lang of Montclair, N. J., as a memorial of her father, Jasper Raymond Rand, and her uncle, Addison Crittenden Rand, founders of the Rand Drill Company, and her brother, Jasper Raymond Rand, Jr., who was a mem- ber of the class of 1897 i" Sibley College. Messrs. Gibb and Waltz of Ithaca designed Rand Hall and also the central dome, which was completed in 1902. On the first floor of the central section of Sibley College, directly under the dome, is a large room, reached by steps at either side, containing the library of the college. The front part of this room is a common hall used by the students of the college for study. Visitors are welcome to enter it. On the west wall, near 28 Lincoln Hall the southwest corner of the room, in a glass case, is the original Morse telegraph instrument. A placard over the case bears this legend: ORIGINAL MORSE TELEGRAPH INSTRUMENT Presented to Sibley College by Mr. Hiram W. Sibley. The first telegraphic message "What hath God wrought!" was received on this instrument by Alfred Vail at Baltimore on May 24, 1844. Mr. Ezra Cornell was associated with Professor Morse in the practical development of the electric telegraph and was one of those who formed the Western Union Telegraph Com- pany, which thus became one of the sources of the fortune that made the founding of Cornell University possible. Mr. O. S. Wood, a brother of Mrs. Ezra Cornell, was the first man whom Professor Morse instructed in operating the telegraphic instrument. Mr. Wood was at the Washington end of the line at the time of the sending of the first message. Mr. Hiram Sibley was associated with Mr. Cornell in the early development of the telegraph, and this association led to the generous gifts by Mr. Sibley to the college that bears his name. Opposite the telegraph instrument, on the east wall, is a large tablet, in bronze, erected by former students to the memory of Professor Robert Henry Thurston, who was Director of the College from 1885 till 1903. The tablet was modeled by Hermon Atkins MacNeil, who was formerly an instructor in the college. LINCOLN HALL, built in 1888, is occupied by the ^ College of Civil Engineering. In the Dean's office, at the right of the south entrance, is a portrait, by Miss Anna M. Upjohn, of the late Professor Estevan Antonio Fuertes, Director of the College from 1873 till 1902. In the same room are portraits of Charles Lee Crandall and Irving Porter Church, former professors in the college, both painted by J. Campbell Phillips. The Museum of the college, in the north end of the building, contains various collections of models, in- struments, prints, and other objects. Rand Hall: Engineering The Machine Shop in Rand Hall The Hydraulic Laboratory 29 (By action of the Board of Trustees on June 23, 191 9, the two colleges of engineering are combined in a single College of Engineering. The union will be- come effective in 1921.) 'TpHE Hydraulic Laboratory Building is erected against the •*■ southern clifF of Fall Creek Gorge and extends vertically seventy feet, from the pool below Triphammer Falls to the top of the gorge. The laboratory is used for instruction and research in hydraulic engineering and for testing of apparatus designed to measure the volume or the flow of water. Professor E. A. Fuertes in 1896 submitted to the Trustees a scheme for a hydraulic laboratory to be erected in Fall Creek Gorge. In 1897 the Trustees voted an appropriation to carry out an extensive plan for increasing the water supply of the Cam- pus. The plan was based upon an investigation and survey made by Frank S. Washburn, C. E., '83. It included the building of a new dam above Triphammer Falls to impound fifty-three million gallons of water, and the construction and equipment of the hydraulic laboratory. The laboratory includes a canal excavated through rock along the south edge of Fall Creek Gorge from Triphammer Falls reservoir to the face of the cliiF overlooking the falls. At the lower end a side channel branches to a vertical steel standpipe standing on a level with the foot of the falls. In order that the supply of water for the standpipe in ordinary circumstances may be independent of the conditions of flow in the canal, a thirty-inch pipe leads under the bed of the canal from an aux- iliary entrance chamber provided for the purpose to the feed-pipe and side-channel connecting the canal and standpipe. Under normal conditions of usage the supply to the standpipe will be drawn entirely from the thirty-inch pipe. The distinctive fea- tures of the canal are the double-entrance chamber and double system of gates, ample weir chambers, and side-waste weirs. The canal proper is four hundred feet long, sixteen feet wide, and twelve feet deep, lined with concrete, backed with asphaltic waterproofing to insure against leakage, and there is an under- channel for the thorough sub-drainage of the surrounding rock strata. A waste weir set at the foot of the canal allows the entire flow to be wasted over the cliff except when it is desired to turn the flow through sidegates into the standpipe feeder. The dis- 3° Boardman Hall charge into the standpipe through the thirty-inch pipe is measured by a weir set in the auxiliary entrance-chamber. The riveted steel standpipe, six feet in diameter and sixty feet high, is fitted with openings at intermediate heights which are suitably housed and connected by a staircase. The base of the standpipe is in a laboratory building twenty-four feet by fifty feet, set at the foot of the falls. 'TpHE Astronomical Observatory is situated north of Beebe ■*■ Lake, nine hundred feet above sea level. This building was completed in 1917. An earlier observatory had stood on the west side of East Avenue and had been moved in 1895 to make room for the Dairy Building, now the north wing of Goldwin Smith Hall. In 1901 it was removed to make room for Stimson Hall, and General Alfred C. Barnes of Brooklyn, a member of the Board of Trustees, gave the University ^5,000 to build a new observatory. That building, which was named for Professor E. A. Fuertes, the director of the College of Civil Engineering, stood until 1914 on the site of the New York State Drill Hall. BOARDMAN HALL, the home of the College of Law, was named in honor of Judge Douglas Boardman, who was the Trustee most active in its establishment and who was made the first dean of the college. The building was completed in 1892. It was designed by William H. Miller and corresponds in its architecture to its neighbor the Library Building. On the first floor are three large lecture rooms; on the second floor are the offices of the dean, the secretary and the several resident professors and The Cornell Law Quarterly; on the third floor are the law library rooms. 'T^HE Law Library ranks among the greatest collections of its ■*■ kind in America. It comprises more than fifty-two thousand volumes and includes all the reports of every American State and federal jurisdiction; practically complete reports of the English, Scotch, Irish, Canadian, and Australian decisions, and substan- tially all the reports of the other British dominions. The nucleus of this collection was the library of Merritt King of Ithaca, pur- Stimson Hall 31 chased in 1886. In 1893 the choice library of more than twelve thousand volumes which Nathaniel C. Moak of Albany had gathered during many patient years was purchased and presented to the school, as a memorial of Judge Boardman, by his widow and his daughter, Mrs. George R. Williams. The law library owes its present breadth and completeness in a great measure to the rare skill and devotion of Alexander Hugh Ross Fraser, the librarian for eighteen years, to whose memory the Trustees in 191 2 placed a tablet in the corridor connecting the two library rooms. STIMSON HALL, the gift of Dean Sage of Albany, was designed by William H. Miller and completed in 1902. It contains lecture rooms, recitation rooms, laboratories, and offices, and is occupied by the Ithaca Division of the Cornell University Medical College. The main part of the college is at First Avenue and Twenty-eighth Street, New York City. Stimson Hall was so named, by the donor's desire, in recognition of the services rendered toward the establishment of the Medical College by Lewis A. Stimson, M. D., LL. D. In the main corridor on the first floor is a painting by Hamann depicting a critical moment in the life of Andreas Vesalius, a distinguished anatomist of the sixteenth century, "who first, against much opposition, revealed through dissection the true structure of the human body. " This painting was given to the University by President White in 189 J. GOLDWIN SMITH HALL, designed by Messrs. Carrere and Hastings, was built by the Trustees in 1904-06 to house the College of Arts and Sciences. It was named in honor of Goldwin Smith, then Emeritus Professor of English History in Cornell. In this hall are the President White School of History and Political Science, the Sage School of Philosophy, and the de- partments of education, public speaking and languages and literatures. An inscription on a tablet at the north end of the lobby reads : 32 Goldzvin Smith Hall IN HONOREM GOLDWINI SMITH VIRI ARTIVM OMNIVM QVAE AD HVMANITATEM PERTINENT PERI- TISSIMI . CVIVS SCRIPTA DE REBVS HVMANIS AC DIVINIS DE PRAE- TERITIS ET PRAESENTIBVS DE AMOENITATIBVS LITTERARVM AC SPE RELIGIONIS SVNT VBIQVE IN MAGNA ADMIRATIONE . QVI BELLO CIVILI AMERICANO SAEVIENTE FVIT IN PATRIA SVA LIBERTATIS HOMINVM VINDEX ACERRIMVS ATQVE INTEGRITATIS HVIVS REIPVB- LICAE CONSTANTISSIMVS PROPVONATOR . QVI HANC VNIVER- SITATEM SVIS CONSILIIS OPERAQVE CONDITAM SVMMA DILIGEN- TIA SEMPER FOVIT . > ^ ^ , "of bo oks nt re ^erence"and general litera-.. turejthe Stimson Hall Medical Library, and the *See page 83. GoLDwiN Smith Hall College of Arts and Sciences The Clock Tower and the Library Building General Reading Room: The University Library • The Library Building 37 Library of the New York State College of Agriculture. One enters the Library Building in the angle of the north and east arms. At the right of the lobby are coat rooms and lavatories. At the left are two flights of steps. The one going up leads to the reference library, the general reading room, the card catalogue and delivery desk, and the office of the Librarian. The steps going down lead to the periodical room, where the current numbers of many periodicals can be found. From the upper lobby a short flight of steps leads to the President White Library. In its plan the Library Building is somewhat like a cathedral. Just as the medieval builders laid out nave and transept within sight and hearing of the high altar, so the architect here has grouped his system in four parts all radiating from the central delivery desk. The eastern part contains the general reading rooms. In the southern and western parts books are kept on shelves in compact stacks or presses of steel. In the northern arm are the rooms where the cataloguing and other administrative work is done; several rooms set apart for the use of persons engaged in research, and a large room containing the President White Histor- ical Library. But the cathedral plan was a plane, and here the architect has taken advantage of the hillside and added the third dimension, making his plan spherical. The book stacks, radiating from the delivery desk, are in seven stories, three of which are above and three are beneath the level of the desk. And the plan is such that the distance from the central desk to the extremity of the building, in any direction, up, down, or horizontal, is one hundred and twenty feet. A fireproof vault, the gift of Andrew Carnegie, was 38 The Library Building added to the north wing of the building in 191 5 to guard the Library's rarest books and manuscripts. THINGS DISPLAYED IN THE BUILDING In THE LOBBY are cases in which some of the Library's rare printed books are displayed. A portrait of Mr. Miller, the archi- tect of the building, hangs on the north wall of the lobby. On the south wall is a portrait of a former Trustee, Samuel Dumont Halliday. On the west wall is a tablet to Clifton Brown, a student who lost his life in the Spanish war. Over the entrance of the White Library hangs an Egyptian papyrus manuscript of The Book of the Dead. On the walls of the general reading room are hung portraits of several persons whose memory the University desires to per- petuate. These portraits are arranged as follows: West end, above the delivery desk: Andrew D. White, Gold- win Smith, and Charles Kendall Adams, second president of the University. South side, from west to east: Henry W. Sage, Ezra Cornell, Alonzo B. Cornell, eldest son of the Founder; John McGraw, donor of McGraw Hall; Hiram Sibley, founder of Sibley College {painted, l88s, by Daniel Huntington, N. A.); Goldwin Smith; James Russell Lowell, who was a non-resident member of the first faculty, and Stewart L. Woodford, a generous benefactor and for many years a member of the Board of Trustees. The portrait of Mr. Woodford was painted by Franz von Lenbach. East end: Lucien A. Wait and Albert N. Prentiss, former professors. North side, from east to west: the late professors James Edward Oliver, Louis Agassiz, George William Curtis, William Dexter Wilson, and Charles Chauncy Shackford, and Justin S. Morrill, author of the Land Grant Act which provided the nucleus of the University's endowment. The portrait of Senator Morrill was painted by Eastman Johnson, N. A. In the alcove off this room are portraits of Evan W. Evans, the University's first professor of mathematics; Alexander von Humboldt, Peter Cooper, Gerrit Smith, the anti-slavery leader, and the Rev. Samuel J. May, donor of the Library's anti-slavery collection. A marble bust of Mrs. Jennie McGraw Fiske is above the fireplace near the southwest corner of the reading room. The Library Building 39 The President White Historical Library occupies a room in the north wing that was designed especially to receive Mr. White's own collection. He liked books to be where they could be seen. So here the books are kept, not in stacks or presses, as in the west and south wings, but on open shelves, in alcoves. The use of gas-pipe in the structure of these shelves, a device of Mr. Miller, the architect of the building, combines lightness and grace with strength, durability, and safety from fire. Making the shelves in alcoves multiplied their capacity and at the same time provided recesses where readers may work withdrawn among the books. Mr. White made this room a museum of lovely things gathered in his travels — pictures, wood carvings, and other works of art. Beautifully illuminated manuscripts antedating the invention of the printing press are displayed in glass cases. A marble bust of Mr. White, and one of Mrs. White, the latter modeled by Sir Moses Ezekiel, are kept in this room. A horseshoe which the late Rev. Dr. Robert CoUyer made is kept in the White Library. Dr. Collyer made this horseshoe with his own hands and sent it to Cornell in return for the students' contribution to the fund raised for the relief of victims of the Chicago fire of 1871. HISTORY OF THE BUILDING By the death of Mrs. Jennie McGraw Fiske, in September, 1 88 1, the University became the recipient of a fund which, it was estimated, would prove to be not less than a million dollars; the income of this, by the terms of Mrs. Fiske's will, was to be devoted to the support, increase, and maintenance of the uni- versity library. A suit contesting the will was begun, however, in 1883, and in 1890 a final decision in the contest was given by the Supreme Court of the United States, by which the Univer- sity was barred from receiving the endowment bequeathed to it by Mrs. Fiske. Pending the issue of this contest, although the library had far outgrown its quarters in McGraw Hall, the erec- tion of a new building was delayed in the hope that the contest would be decided in favor of the University. In 1888 Henry W. Sage generously offered to provide the funds for the construction of the building (^219,882) and it was agreed that if the final decision in the will suit should be adverse to the University, the building should become the gift of Mr. Sage, who also declared 40 The Library Building his intention, in that event, to endow the library with a fund of j30o,ooo for its increase. Designs submitted to the Trustees by William H. Miller of Ithaca were selected and in the summer of 1888 work was begun upon the foundations. The corner stone was laid on October 30, 1889. In August, 1891, the books were removed from McGraw Hall to the new building. On October 7, 1891, the formal gift of the library building and of the endowment fund of ^300,000 was publicly made by Mr. Sage and accepted on behalf of the University by President Adams. At the same time was received from ex-President White, who had in 1887 presented it to the University, his historical library of more than twenty thousand volumes. By the death of Willard Fiske, in 1904, the library came into the possession of another large endowment fund. Mr. Fiske was the first librarian of Cornell University (i 868-1 883). He married Miss Jennie McGraw in 1881, and when her estate was divided among the heirs after the determination of the contest over her will, he inherited a large share of it. Meanwhile he had taken up his residence in Florence, and eventually he purchased the Villa Landor (formerly owned by Walter Savage Landor), between Florence and Fiesole, and made it his home. He was an ardent bibliophile, and he collected a library of books relating to Iceland and Old Norse literature, another relating to Petrarch, and a third relating to Dante; the last he presented to Cornell Uni- versity during his lifetime. The Icelandic and Petrarch libraries were bequeathed to the University in his will, as well as the residue of his estate. Under that bequest the library enjoys the income of an endowment fund of Jj03,ooo. Its endowments aggregate more than ^800,000. (The foregoing account of the Sage, McGraw and Fiske gifts is condensed from Chapter XXI of Volume I and Chapter I of Volume II of Cornell University: A History, by Waterman Thomas Hewett, A. B., Ph. D.) THE LIBRARY'S SPECIAL COLLECTIONS The Cornell University Library has a great wealth of special collections — distinct libraries formerly owned by scholars who had devoted a life to their accumulation. In this respect it ranks first or second in America; in general extent only three American university libraries surpass it and they are all older by more than a century. The Library Building 4' Among the special collections in the general library are the former working library of the famous classicist Charles Anthon, relating to the ancient classical languages and literatures; the personal collection of Franz Bopp, the founder of the science of comparative philology; the books which Goldwin Smith had used as a working library when he was Regius professor of history at Oxford, which he sent for and gave to Cornell soon after he came here to teach, and which he increased by other gifts in later years; a rich library relating to architecture, collected by Andrew D. White throughout his life; the library of Jared Sparks, the pioneer collector of documents relating to the history of America; the May Collection, relating to the history of slavery and of the anti-slavery movement, the nucleus of which was formed by the gift of the library of the late Rev. Samuel J. May, of Syracuse, the Abolitionist leader, and which was swelled by the gifts of the Garrison family and other Abolitionists; the Schuyler Collection of folk-lore, Russian history and literature, assembled by Eugene Schuyler, the American diplomat and historian; the Dante Collection of the late Willard Fiske, which is the world's largest single library of books relating to Dante and his times; the Petrarch collection of Mr. Fiske, which has no rival outside Italy; Mr. Fiske's Icelandic library, which was the fruit of a lifetime of enthusiastic study of the Old Norse literature and which is unrivaled except in Scandinavia; the Rhaeto-Romanic Collection of the same zealous book-hunter; the library of Friedrich Zarncke, eminent for his contributions to the study of comparative literature; a collection of books relating to South America, gathered by Herbert Huntington Smith, the naturalist, one of those early Cornell students who accompanied the geolo- gist Hartt on his scientific explorations in Brazil; a collection of books on French and Italian society in the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries, gathered and presented by Professor T. F. Crane; the library of August Eisenlohr, the Egyptologist; Bayard Taylor's correspondence and journals and his collection of Goethe liter- ature, presented to this Library by his widow on account of his former place in the Cornell University Faculty; the Anglo-Saxon Collection and the Cowper Collection of Professor Hiram Corson, the learned interpreter of the English poets; Goldwin Smith's correspondence and literary manuscripts; the great collection of Professor James Morgan Hart in the field of English and Celtic philology; the Theodore Stanton Collection, given to the Uni- versity by an alumnus whose work has brought him into fellow- 4^ The Library Building ship with men of letters on both sides of the ocean; the Library of Japanese Literatures collected by the Rev. William Elliot GrifEs, the first American teacher to penetrate Japan; the re- markable collection of books on China and the Chinese built up by Charles W. Wason of the class of 1876 of Cornell; the James Verner Scaife Collection of books relating to the American Civil War, gathered by a Cornellian of the class of 1889; the publi- cations of the Patent Office of Great Britain, of which, this Library is one of the repositories; the collection relating to the history of Prussia gathered by Herbert Tuttle, the author of the first im- portant monograph on Prussian history written in the English language; the library relating to witchcraft and kindred super- stitions, of its kind the largest collection in the world; and, finally, the President White Historical Library, which can be seen as a unit in the north wing of the building. Here is a rare example of the scholar's own book collection — rare because in this instance the scholar was incidentally a man of wealth. Mr. White gathered books about him during a long life of study and travel. He sought especially books related to the history of civilization. His library is one of the great collections of histor- ical sources, being rich in books that have themselves made epochs in the history of mankind. [43] THE CHIMES THE bells composing the Chimes* are hung in the clock tower adjoining the Library Building. The door of the tower is locked, but visitors can obtain the key at the Treasurer" s office in the nearest entrance of the next building, Morrill Hall. A climb of one hundred and thirty-one steps brings one to a stage behind the clock faces, where the clock mechanism and the ringer's key- board can be seen. Thence one may mount by a spiral stairway of thirty steps to the bell loft, from which there is a fine view of the Campus, the city, the lake, and the surrounding country. When the University is in session the chimes are rung daily for fifteen minutes before 8 o'clock a. m., after i o'clock p. m., and before 6 o'clock p. m. On Sundays they are rung before the services in Sage Chapel. The office of chimemaster has always been held by a student. The Chimes were given to the University by Miss Jennie McGraw in i868. They were nine bells originally, cast by the Meneely foundry at West Troy, and hung in a wooden tower on the site of the present Library Building, where they were first rung on the afternoon of October 7, 1868, the day of the Uni- versity's formal opening. In 1869 President White, in behalf of Mrs. White, added a tenth bell, the present great tenor bell of the chime, on which the hours are struck. The chimes were moved to the tower of McGraw Hall in 1872, where the clock, a gift of John McGraw, was installed in 1875. When the present 173-foot tower was completed in 1891, the bells and clock were placed there. An appropriation for the purchase of four addi- *For an interesting account of the history and mechanics of chiming, with particular reference to the bells of Cornel] University, see Belli and Chimes^ a booklet of twenty pages, by Harold Eaton Riegger, who was the University Chimemaster in 1909-1913. The book is sold by the Cornell Co-operative Society for ? .25. 44 The Chimes tional bells and the recasting of others was made by the Trustees in 1908 and all the old bells except the clock bell were taken down and sent to the Meneely foundry, where eight of them were recast. The present chime consists of fourteen bells and is approximately in the key of C, concert pitch. Airs may be played in the keys of C, G, D, and F, major, and their relative minors, and rarely in B-flat. Verses from Chant CVI of Tennyson's In Memoriam are inscribed on the original nine bells, as follows: First Bell Ring out the old, ring in the new; Ring out the false, ring in the true; Second Bell Ring out the grief that saps the mind; Ring in redress to all mankind. Third Bell Ring out a slowly dying cause. And ancient forms of party strife: Fourth Bell Ring in the nobler modes of life. With, sweeter manners, purer laws. Fifth Bell Ring out false pride in place and blood; Ring in the common love of good. Sixth Bell Ring out the slander and the spite; Ring in the love of truth and right. Seventh Bell Ring out the narrowing lust of gold; Ring out the thousand wars of old; Eighth Bell Ring out old shapes of foul disease; Ring in the thousand years of Peace. Ninth Bell Ring in the valiant man and free. The larger heart, the kindlier hand; Ring out the darkness of the land; Ring in the Christ that is to be. The great bell given by Mrs. White was cast with this verse from the Psalter version of the gad Psalm inscribed in relief upon it: Stimson Hall: Medicine Yale-Princeton-Cornell Regatta on Cayuga lAsgill Commercial Photograph Company, New York Main Building of the Medical College First Avenue, ayth to 28th Streets, New York Opposite Bellevue Hospital Greenhouse Range, College of Agriculture The Chimes 45 To tell oj thy lomng-kindness early in the morning: and of thy truth in the night season, and with these verses, written for it by James Russell Lowell: I call as fly the irrevocable hours. Futile as air or strong as fate to make Your lives of sand or granite; awful powers. Even as men choose, they either give or take. On the four new bells are these inscriptions: The Human Mind On earth there is nothing great but Man; In Man there is nothing great but Mind. Knowledge Happy is the man that findeth Wisdom And the man that getteth Understanding. Beauty A thing of beauty is a joy forever. Virtue Whatsoever things are True, Honest, Just, Pure, Lovely, of Good Report; If there be any Virtue, and Praise, think on these things. [46] SAGE CHAPEL SAGE CHAPEL* was built by Henry W. Sage in 1874. The architect of the Chapel and of several subsequent additions was the Rev. Charles Babcock, professor of architecture in this University from 1871 till his death in 19 13. (See page 84.) The Chapel is open on week days from g a. m. till 5 p. m.; on Sundays during service. The Memorial Antechapel at the northwest corner was added by the Trustees and the estate of Jennie McGraw Fiske in 1883 in memory of Ezra Cornell, John McGraw, and Jennie McGraw Fiske. The Chapel was greatly enlarged by the Trustees in 1898 and the Sage Memorial Apse was built at the east end of the nave to receive the bodies of Henry W. Sage and his wife Susan Linn Sage; again, in 1904, the Chapel was enlarged, this time by an extension of the north transept for the organ and choir. The pres- ent interior decoration of the Chapel was the gift of William H. Sage of Albany, a son of Henry W. Sage. It was designed and executed in 1904 by Messrs. Cottier and Company of London, England, who de- signed also the stained glass windows in the apse. r The Chapel was dedicated on June 13, 1875. The / Rev. Phillips Brooks, then rector of Trinity Church, Boston, preached from the text "What I tell you ^ in darkness that speak ye in light" (Matthew x, 27). *For much of the information given under this head the writer is indebted to two booklets; _ Tr-uth in Mosaic: An Interpretation of the Sage Chapel Mosaic Processional in Cornell University, by William Elliot Griffis, D. D., LL. D.; Taylor & Car- penter, Ithaca, 1910; p. 8. Sage Chapel: A Description, by Clark S. Northup, Ph. D.; published bv Cornell University, 1904; p. 19. ' Sage Chapel 47 Soon after Sage Chapel was completed an organ was given to the University by William H. Sage and was installed there. It was of two manuals and con- tained nineteen speaking stops; in 1898 it was re- built with three manuals and thirty-five stops. The present organ was built in 1909 by the Ernest M. Skinner Company of Boston. It contains four man- uals and forty-six stops. An organ recital is given every week of the session by the University Organist. The endowment of Sage Chapel is the Dean Sage Sermon Fund of ^75,000, established by Dean Sage in 1872 and including gifts afterward made by his widow, the late Mrs. Sarah Manning Sage. Clergy- men of various denominations conduct services here on Sundays throughout the university year. A morn- ing service is held at eleven o'clock, and a vesper service at half-past three o'clock. In the lists of the Sage Preachers have recurred such names as Edward Everett Hale, Edward Judson, Robert Collyer, Joseph H. Twichell, Lyman Abbott, Washington Gladden, Frederick D. Huntington, Brooke Herford, Charles H. Parkhurst, Arthur Cleveland Coxe, Francis L. Patton, Howard Crosby, Theodore T. Munger, David H. Greer, William S. Rainsford, Philip S. Moxom, Richard S. Storrs, John H. Vincent, William Croswell Doane, Theodore L. Cuyler, Henry Codman Potter, John Hall, William R. Huntington, Minot J. Savage, Thomas K. Beecher, Russell H. Conwell, Jenkin Lloyd Jones, James M. Buckley, and Josiah Strong. A TABLET inscribed in memory of Dean Sage is on the wall back of the pulpit. At the right of it are Memorial Tab- lets to Professors Moses Coit Tyler, William Dexter Wilson, William Charles Cleveland, and John Stanton Gould. Other memorial tablets have been placed on the walls of the Chapel, as follows: South end of south transept. Professor Evan W. Evans; 48 Sage Chapel west side of south transept. Professors Robert Henry Thurston, Estevan Antonio Fuertes, Charles Frederick Hartt, and Bayard Taylor (given by the class of 1879; a bas-relief portrait of Bay- ard Taylor modeled by William Rudolph 0' Donovan, A. N. A.); in the west end of the nave, Ezra Cornell, John McGraw, Pro- fessors Charles Babcock, James Morgan Hart, and Henry Shaler Williams, and Ross Gilmore Marvin, A. B., 190J, a member of Admiral Peary's successful North Polar expedition, who was drowned in the Arctic Ocean in April, 1909, while returning from 86° 38' north latitude; north transept, Professors James Edward Oliver, Albert Nelson Prentiss, and Ernest Wilson HufFcut. Near the lectern is a tablet erected in memory of Professor Hiram Corson, bearing a curious device — five Greek letters arranged in cruciform order so as to spell the words phos (light) and zoe (life) and encircled by a serpent, an ancient symbol of immortal- ity. The quotation on this tablet is from Browning's "By the Fireside." WINDOWS have been placed in the Chapel to the memory of Jane Curtin Sage and DeWitt Lino, Sage, wife and son of William H. Sage; Andrew Danforth White, infant son of Presi- dent White; Abigail Disbrow Adams, wife of President Adams; Professors Moses Coit Tyler and Ralph Stockman Tarr; Mar- garet Hicks Volkmann of the Class of 1878; Mary Bartlett Hill of the Class of 1890; Edward Scribner Nevius of the Class of 1890, and seven men who lost their lives wlien the Chi Psi fraternity house was burned in 1906. TN the crypt under the Memorial Antechapel lie the bodies ■*■ of Ezra Cornell and his wife, Mrs. Mary Ann Wood Cornell; John McGraw; Mrs. Jennie McGraw Fiske and her husband, Willard Fiske; Andrew Dickson White and his first wife, Mrs. Mary Outwater White; Alonzo B. Cornell, eldest son of the Founder, and sometime Governor of the State of New York, and his first wife, Mrs. Elen Augusta Cornell; and two infant children of Andrew D. White and his wife Helen Magill White. A memorial tablet in the north wall outside was unveiled on Commencement day of 1883 by Grover Cleveland, then Gover- nor of the State of New York. The recumbent figure of Ezra Cornell under the north window was executed by William W. Story. The base on which this statue rests was executed by Robert Richardson (p. 84). The recumbent figures of Mrs. White, on the west side of the room The Henry Williams Sage Memorial Apse East End of Sage Chapel John Wallace Gilllea, Photographer Baker Tower: Residential Halls Sage Chapel: From the Northwest Sage Chapel 49 and of Mrs. Fiske, on the east side, were executed by Sir Moses Ezekiel. The bronze bust of Hiram Sibley on the east wall was modeled by Hermon Atkins MacNeil, who was formerly an instructor in Sibley College. The wrought-iron doors of this chapel were made in 1903 by J. and R. Lamb, the designers of ecclesiastical decorations. The Memorial Antechapel has five triple windows, as follows: Window in the north wall, erected in 1883 to the memory of Ezra Cornell by his fellow citizens of Ithaca, contains the figures of John Harvard, founder of Harvard College; Bp. William of Wykeham, founder of St. Mary's College, Winchester, and New College, Oxford; and Ezra Cornell. North window in the west wall, erected by the Trustees in 1883 to the memory of John McGraw, contains the figures of Elihu Yale, who gave his books for the founding of Yale College; Sir Thomas Bodley, founder of the Bodleian Library of Oxford Uni- versity, and John McGraw, who built McGraw Hall, the former home of the Cornell University Library. " North window in the east wall, erected by the Trustees in 1883 to the memory of Jennie McGraw Fiske, contains the figures of Queen Jeanne of Navarre, founder of the College of Navarre; Jennie McGraw Fiske, who bequeathed a large sum for the Cornell University Library, and the Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby (mother of King Henry vii), founder of St. John's College, Cambridge. South window in the east wall, erected in 1903 by Mr. White, contains the figures of Archbishop Fenelon, " praeceptor Galliae," Philip Melanchthon, "praeceptor Germaniae," and Thomas Arnold, "praeceptor Angliae. " South window in the west wall, erected by Mr. White, contains the figures of St. Mary, St. Clara, and St. Lucia. THE decorations in mosaic of the Henry Williams Sage Memorial Apse were designed by the artists associated under the firm name of J. and R. Lamb of New York, and all the elaborate mosaic is the work of that firm. ^ On the interior surface of the apse, the architect had left three distinct spaces, one above another, that '^o Sage Chapel lent themselves to decoration. So the artists' design became a scheme of three parts. The design as a whole, consisting of a grouping of symbolic figures in mosaic or glass, may be said to represent education leading to the worship of God — God immanent in nature and revealed in the Word made flesh. The design of the lower wall surface, a polygonal space forty-two feet long and seven feet high, underneath the windows, is symbolic of Education; that of the windows, of Revelation or the perception of truth; and that of the lofty groined ceiling, of Adoration or L worship. • Education is portrayed by a processional, in which there are thirteen figures of life size. At the western ends of the apse are Young Manhood and Young Womanhood. Next to either of them is a group of three female figures, the one representing the sciences and the other the arts. In the one group the central figure is Astronomy, holding in her hand a planisphere. On her right stands Biology, personifying the study of life, and on her left Physics, symbolic of the study of inanimate matter. In the other group are Art, bearing a model of the Parthenon, and, on either side of her, Letters and Music. The arts are led by the figure of Truth, holding a globe and a pair of compasses, and the sciences by Beauty, who holds aloft in one hand a model of the Venus of Milo and in the other hand a rose: this paradoxical grouping declares the unity of truth and beauty. In the midst of all these figures is throned the figure of Philosophy, or "Man Thinking." From the open scroll of learning, held on either side by an infant acolyte, the man lifts his eyes as if pondering the Mystery to which man's learning leads but which it can not penetrate. Sage Chapel 51 The windows glow with pictures illustrating our Lord Jesus Christ's revelation of the Divine Nature. In the central quadruple arch are depicted, in the topmost row of panels, the parables of the Lost Piece of Silver, The Good Samaritan, The Prodigal Son, and The Lost Sheep; and in the lowest row, the parables of The Sower, The Pearl of Great Price, The Pharisee and the Publican, and The Hidden Treasure. In the middle row of panels are represented the Christian graces Purity, Truth, Love, and Meekness. The southern double window contains the figures of Jesus the Light of the World and Saint John Evangel- ist; its northern counterpart presents Jesus the Good Shepherd and Saint John Baptist. In single windows, south and north, are figures of angels with scrolls, the one bearing the legend "In him was life; and the life was the light of men. And the light shineth in dark- ness; and the darkness comprehended it not" (St. John I. 4, 5) ; and the other the legend "But he that entereth in by the door is the shepherd of the sheep. To him the porter openeth; and the sheep hear his voice; and he calleth his own sheep by name, and leadeth them out" (St. John x. 2, 3). ^ The eastern perpendicular window and pointed arch lift the eye to the groined ceiling, where leaders of the heavenly host declare the majesty and glory of God. At the right are Michael, of celestial armies prince. And thou, in military prowess next, Gabtiel, the one bearing a sword, emblem of the Church Militant, and the other the lilies of the Church Triumphant. Opposite these two and, like them, with halo and shining wings, are Uriel, the angel of 52 Sage Chapel light, and Raphael, who bears the pilgrim's staff. Be- yond and above these archangelic guards, in the top- most central space, are the distant figures of four angels kneeling in adoration about The Cross, symbol of God's Infinite Love. If only in envious thought, we fly to the ends of the earth, and look upon the fortunate, in this country or that, who amidst romantic towers and historic chapels, beneath ivy walls, beside old gardens, make as we think their exquisite pur- suit of truth. But we forget that the loveliness of such places, what seems their sympathetic immortality, comes only from the fact that there men have lived immortally If the stranger is ever to feel here the uplift of heart which we have felt in foreign halls, if the pilgrim in his hunger is ever to find here the bread of the angels, we know it must be because here, in the crash and vortex of time, men have laid hold on eternal things. John Erskine. [53] BUILDINGS EAST AND SOUTH OF THE QUADRANGLE ROCKEFELLER HALL, the gift of John D.> Rockefeller, was designed by Messrs. Carrere and Hastings of New York and was completed in 1906. It contains large laboratories and lecture rooms, recita- tion rooms and offices, all devoted to the uses of the department of physics. The Cornell Campus was the first locality in America, if not in the world, to have a permanent installation of electric arc lamps. This incident was a by-product of the zealous investi- gations and experiments of William Arnold Anthony, professor of physics from 1872 to 1887, and of his assistant, George S. Moler, then a student and afterward a professor. In 1 874, when Gramme, the inventor of the first successful type of machine for generating the direct currect, exhibited his apparatus in Paris, Professor Anthony and Mr. Moler built a similar machine. This dynamo was in successful operation before any Gramme dynamo had been imported into this country. In 1875 two arc lights were erected on the Campus. One of them, in the tower of the Chapel, was visible for miles around, and it excited the wonder of the inhabitants. This Gramme machine was shown at the Centen- nial Exhibition in Philadelphia. It is still in working order and is a valued item in the equipment of the department of physics.* A GIFT of ? 1, 500,000 for building and equipping a new Laboratory of Chemistry was received by the University in 19 19 from a benefactor whose name is known to President Schurman but is not to be an- nounced till the building is completed. For the new building the Trustees set apart the large area east of East Avenue extending from Reservoir Avenue on the south to the Forest Home Road on the north and to The Circle on the east. Morse Hall (west of Franklin Hall) was built for the department of chem- *Cornell University: A History, Vol. II, pp. 150-153. 54 The President's House istry by the Trustees in 1 890 and was afterward much enlarged, partly by means of a generous gift from An- drew Carnegie, but the building was destroyed by fire in February, 1916. A small part of the ruin was patch- ed up for the department to use till a new building could be provided. THE PRESIDENT'S HOUSE, on East Avenue at the head of President's Avenue, was built by President White in 1871-73. William H. Miller, one of the earliest students of the University interested in architecture, made the plans for the building, includ- ing the wing at the south, which was added in 1911 to contain Mr. White's library. In 1876 the Trustees leased the house and grounds to Mr. White for a term of twenty years. Upon the termination of that lease, in 1896, when Mr. White was no longer president, the question of the tenancy came to the attention of the Trustees. On the motion of President Schurman, authority was given the Treasurer to execute a lease to Mr. White for the term of his natural life. So the house continued to be his home until 1918. President Adams and President. Schurman had occupied another house, at No. 41 East Avenue. In 1919 the Trustees determined to pull down the house at No. 41 to make room for the new laboratory of chemistry. THE NEW YORK STATE DRILL HALL was erected by the State of New York for the use of the University's department of military science and tactics. An appropriation of J3 50,000 was voted for the building in the spring of 1914. The plans were drawn by the State Architect, Lewis F. Pilcher, and the foundations were laid in the same year. The building was completed in 1917. It was then occupied. The Drill Hall SS and was used until November, 1918, by one of five or six government schools for the preliminary training of military aviators. The Drill Hall is framed of steel, after the fashion devised for railway terminal train sheds, and its walls and two massive towers are of native bluestone. It covers an area of more than two acres, of which the greater part is occupied by the drill hall proper, a single room three hundred and sixty-two feet long and two hundred and twenty-five feet wide. In the rest of the building are lecture rooms, offices, lockers and shower baths, and an indoor rifle and pistol range. A stable for the horses of the field artillery section of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps was erected in 1919 between Dryden Road and Cascadilla Creek, south of Alumni Field. East of the Campus, on the north bank of Fall Creek, is a rifle range, constructed according to army specifications, having sixteen targets and correspond- ing firing points at the 200-, 300-, and 500-yard ranges, and electrical connections at every firing point. Cornell University has given instruction in military science and tactics ever since 1868. A course of military training is required of all able-bodied male citizen students in their freshman and sophomore years, and an advanced course, carrying credit toward degrees, is provided for election by students in the junior and senior years. Instruction now is given in infantry, field artillery, and signal corps tactics. For years Cornell has been ranked by the General Staff, after each annual inspection, in a select list of ten or fifteen collegiate institutions "of distinguished excellence in military training." Cornell's attention to military training during the half-cen- tury before the great war was vindicated by the record of her sons in that conflict. There were seven thousand students and former students of Cornell in uniform; fifteen hundred of these were still in ofEcers' training organizations when the war ended; of the others, sixty per cent, or about thirty-three hundred men, had received ofiicers' commissions. 56 Barnes Hall BARNES HALL, the gift of Alfred Smith Barnes of Brooklyn, was built in 1887-88, after designs by- William H. Miller, for the use of the Cornell Univer- sity Christian Association. The corner stone bears the inscription "For the Promotion of God's Truth among Men," words chosen by Andrew D. White. The building contains the Barnes Reference Library, given by Alfred C. Barnes and endowed by A. Victor Barnes and Mrs. Harriet Barnes Newberry. Besides this library and the offices of the C. U. C. A. and the Young Women's Christian Association, Barnes Hall has a large auditorium, a reading room, and rooms which are used for the meetings of various associa- tions of students. The Cornell University Christian Association was organized in 1 869. For many years it held its meetings in White Hall. Its membership grew and its work expanded to such an extent that it needed much larger quarters. In 1886, having a vigorous organization under energetic leadership, the Association undertook to raise funds for the erection of a building. In 1886 and 1887, while John R. Mott of the class of '88 was president of the Association, subscriptions amounting to about ^10,000 were obtained from students, mem- bers of the Faculty, and other persons. At that point in the campaign Alfred S. Barnes crowned the enter- prise with a gift of $45,000. THE OLD ARMORY was built in 1883 from plans drawn by Professor Babcock. It was used jointly by the department of military science and the depart- ment of physical training until 1892, when a large addition was built for the gymnasium. The military department removed to the New York State Drill Hall The Filter Plant 57 in 1 919. The Old Armory and the annex are now occupied by the department of physical training and by the University's staflF of medical advisers. THE CARNEGIE FILTER PLANT, situated on high ground near the greenhouses of the College of Agriculture, was given to the University by Andrew Carnegie. Filtering is one of the precautions taken by the University to insure the purity of its water supply. [58] THE VETERINARY COLLEGE THE New York State Veterinary College occupies a group of buildings situated east of East Avenue and south of the President's House. The main building, James Law Hall (named for the first director of the college, who was the first per- son to give instruction in veterinary medicine in an American university) faces East Avenue. It is three stories high, of pressed buff brick and stone with terra cotta ornamentation. In it are housed the depart- ments of pathology and bacteriology, and physiology, the museum, the Roswell P. Flower Library, the administrative offices, and the offices of several pro- fessors. Connected with the main building and form- ing part of it is a wing or extension to the north, two stories high and of similar construction. It contains a large lecture room and anatomical laboratories. The south wing, for which the State has made an appropriation, will be similar in size and appearance to the north wing. It will be occupied by the admin- istrative offices, the library, and an amphitheatre. When this wing is completed, the entire first floor of James Law Hall will probably be used for a museum. The Medical Building, Small Animal Building, and Farriery form a group on Garden Avenue, overlooking the Playground. They are constructed of tapestry brick and stone, and are three stories high. The Medical Building, the central one of this group, contains a classroom, laboratories, a clinic hall, and offices for the department of medicine and for an ambulatory clinic. The Small Animal Building, The Veterinary College 59 the northernmost of this group of three, contains an operating room for small animals, kennels, a lecture room, a museum, laboratories, and the offices of the department of materia medica and of the small animal clinic. Most of the Farriery, the southern building of the group, is occupied by the department of horse- shoeing. The department of surgery occupies two buildings, the Surgical Ward, which contains box stalls and other stalls, and the Surgical Amphitheatre, which is joined to the other building of the department and which contains an operating room, a drug and in- strument room, and a recovery room into which ani- mals may be moved from the operating table by means of an inclined plane. The college has several minor buildings on the Campus, and an experimental farm of one hundred acres about two miles from the Campus. [6o] THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE (This college has published a pamphlet describing its build- ings, lands and operations. Copies of the pamphlet may be ob- tained in Roberts Hall, either at the dean's ofBce or at the editorial office. AT Cornell University instruction in agriculture and in the sciences allied thereto began when the University was opened in 1868; by the terms of the Morrill act and of the Charter the University is re- quired to give instruction in agriculture and in the mechanic arts. In 1904 an act of the Legislature established the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University and made an appropriation of ^250,000 for the erection of the present main build- ings, which are now called Roberts Hall, Stone Hall, and the Dairy Building. In 1906 the State assumed the task of maintaining the college. Five classes of funds contribute to the college's support: (i) direct state appropriation, (2) certain parts of the federal funds for the maintenance of resident and extension teaching, (3) annual appropriation from Cornell Uni- versity, (4) income from sales of products of the farms, and (5) federal experiment station funds. In recent years the annual income of the college has been about one million dollars. The first three of the present college buildings were first occupied in 1907. Roberts Hall, the central one of the three, was named for Isaac Phillips Roberts, director of the college from 1874 till 1903. The offices of the dean of the college and the secretary of the college are on the first floor. On this floor also are the business office. Bailey Hall: Auditorium Photograph by The White Studio A Wartime Commencement in Bailey Hall The College of Agriculture 6i the editorial office and the extension department of the college. The departments of floriculture and po- mology occupy the second floor. On the third and fourth floors is the department of entomology, lim- nology, and ornithology. On the fourth floor also is the department of meteorology, maintained in co- operation with the United States Weather Bureau. The Observatory of the bureau is situated on the roof, which may be reached from the fourth floor of the building. The view from this point is the widest obtainable anywhere on the campus, and will repay visitors for the climb. Hills in six counties — Tomp- kins, Tioga, Cortland, Cayuga, Seneca, and Schuyler — can be seen from this roof on a clear day. Systematic meteorological observations were begun at Cornell University in 1873. Soon afterward an effort was made at local weather prediction. Where the Library Building now stands, a tall mast was erected with yards from which large signal balls were hung. From 1889 till 1899 the New York State Bureau of Meteorology operated the local station, with an observatory at the top of Lincoln Hall. In 1899 the State Bureau ceased to exist and the United States Weather Bureau assumed the work in co-operation with the University. Daily reports are received by telegraph from about seventy-five weather stations in the United States; from these reports a daily weather map is made and forecasts are prepared. This weather station is the Central Station of New York State. It is under the charge of an ob- server appointed by the federal bureau. West of Roberts Hall, and connected with it by passageways on three floors, is Stone Hall, which was named for John Lemuel Stone, of the Class of 1874, a professor in the college. The main library of the college is housed in the basement and on .the first floor of Stone Hall. The department of farm practice is on the first floor; the department of botany is on the third floor. East of Roberts Hall, and connected with it by 62 The College of Agriculture passageways on three floors, is the Dairy Building, occupied by the department of dairy industry. Bailey Hall, the auditorium of the college, is the largest auditorium on the Campus, having seats for about two thousand persons. The building was named for Liberty Hyde Bailey, who was formerly dean of the college. It was designed by Messrs. Green and Wickes of Buffalo. The proscenium arch is sixty-seven feet wide and thirty feet high. On the stage is an organ, obtained by the Univer- sity through the generosity of Andrew Carnegie and others. This organ was built by the J. W. Steere and Sons Organ Company of Springfield, Mass., in 1914. It contains four manuals and seventy-nine speaking stops; six distinct departments, as follows: the great, solo, and pedal organs, the swell organ, the choir organ, and an echo organ which is situated in the dome of the roof; attachments which give the tones of the Italian harp, the oboe, the clarinet, and the vox humana, and a full set of cathedral chimes. The console is movable about the stage. A tablet affixed to the console reads: This organ, built by the J. W. Steere & Sons Organ Co., of Springfield, Mass., was given to Cornell Univer- sity, on the eightieth birthday of Andrew Dickson White, by Andrew Carnegie, of New York; Frank H. Hiscock, Cornell, Class of 1875; Henry R. Ickelheimer, Cornell, Class of 1888; George E. MoUeson, of New York; Ira A. Place, Cornell, Class of 1881; Charles S. Shepard, Yale, Class of 1878; Frederick C. Stevens, Cornell, Class of 1875; James G. White, Cornell, Class of 1885. It was first publicly used on Baccalaureate Sunday, June 14, 1914. The department of plant pathology occupies the basement of Bailey Hall. The School of Home Economics occupies the The College of Agriculture 63 entire Home Economics Building, which is directly east of Bailey Hall. Caldwell Hall was named for George Chapnjan Caldwell, professor of agricultural chemistry for many years after the University was opened. It houses the departments of soil technology, agricultural chem- istry, rural education, and rural engineering. At the eastern end of the quadrangle of buildings already described is the Farm Management Build- ing, which is devoted to the work of the department of farm management. East of the aforementioned quadrangle are the Greenhouses. These comprise twenty-one glass units connected with necessary headhouses and laboratories. They are used in laboratory and experimental work by the departments of floriculture, farm crops, plant breeding, soil technology, plant physiology, landscape art, and plant pathology. The Landscape Art Building is situated in the grove northeast of the college quadrangle. The de- partment of landscape art has headquarters in this building and one drawing room in the Dairy Building. The building next east of the greenhouses contains the university filtration plant. The Forestry Building is east of the filtration plant. It houses the departments of forestry, plant breeding, and rural economy. Facing the highway some distance east of the greenhouses stands the Poultry Building, which is occupied by the department of poultry husbandry and the department of farm crops. North and east of the building is the instruction plant of the department of poultry husbandry, consisting of a service building, a breed observation house, a fattening house, pigeon 64 The College of Agriculture lofts, laying pens, and a pipe system brooder house, all providing space for about one thousand head of poultry. The poultry farm is northeast of the teach- ing plant and about one mile distant. Here are the plant for experimentation, with room for about twelve hundred fowls; the rearing range, where about three thousand chickens are reared annually, and two large commercial-unit laying houses. About one and one- half miles southeast from the Poultry Building is the Cornell Game Farm, where one thousand or more pheasants and other game birds are kept for the use of teaching and research. The last buildings to be reached as the visitor travels eastward toward the farms are the Animal Husbandry Building and the Stock-judging Pavil- ion, used by the department of animal husbandry. The department of rural organization also has quar- ters in the former building. The Farm Barns are grouped together, east of the Animal Husbandry Building, across the Judd's Falls Road. The Farms under the management of the college aggregate thirteen hundred and four acres. These farms are run for educational purposes and not as a commercial venture. Department of Physics: Rockefeller Hall Dynamo Laboratory in Rockefeller Hall Barnes Hall: The Christian Association On Beebe Lake [65] RESIDENTIAL HALLS CASCADILLA HALL, a four-story stone building one hundred and ninety-five by one hundred feet, originally erected for a water-cure by a corporation called The Cascadilla Company, was acquired by the University, mainly through gifts of stock of that cor- poration, in 1868 and 1869. It was remodeled in 1913 and is now used as a dormitory, accommodating about one hundred and sixty students. For several years after the University was opened, this building, then called Cascadilla Place, contained various offices, including those of the President, the Registrar, and the military commandant, and the general business office. The upper stories contained apartments for professors and their families and many rooms for students. The building was "connected with the village and the railroad and steamboat stations by expresses and stages making several trips a day. " * Some members of the Faculty occupied apart- ments in Cascadilla until 1913. THE SAGE COLLEGE of Cornell University was opened for the admission of women in the fall of 1874. The Trustees had determined in 1872 to pro- vide for the education of women at the University by constructing a large college building, complete in all respects, with special recitation rooms, infirmary, gymnasium, dining room, and lodging rooms for one hundred and fifty students. They planned to connect the department of botany with the college. Henry W. *The Cornell University Register, 1871-72. 66 Residential Halls Sage gave the building and with it an endowment of about ? 1 00,000. The hall was designed by Professor Charles Babcock. Co-education has proved not to be so perplexing a problem as was anticipated, and not all the plans made in 1872 have been carried out. The special recitation rooms and the infirmary have been converted into parlors. The department of botany re- tains quarters in the building and a conservatory connected with it. The corner stone of the building was laid on March 15, 1873. Among the articles placed under the stone is a sealed letter addressed by Ezra Cornell " to the coming men and women. " This letter, Mr. Cornell said, "will relate to future gener- ations the cause of the failure of this experiment [of co-education] if it ever does fail, as I trust in God it never will. " PRUDENCE RISLEY HALL was erected in 1913 to supply the quarters demanded by an increasing enrollment of women in the University. Mrs. Russell Sage gave $300,000 for the building, which was named in memory of Russell Sage's mother. The building was designed by William H. Miller and Phillips H. Mallory of Ithaca. Visitors are admitted to the main corridor and the parlors on the ground floor; the general dining room can be seen from a balcony at the west end of the main corridor. These rooms contain beautiful pictures, statuary, and furniture which Andrew D. White placed there. THE RESIDENTIAL HALLS FOR MEN are situated in the angle of West and University Avenues. Sixteen acres have been set apart by the Trustees for a group of dormitory and dining halls designed by Frank Miles Day and Charles Z. Klauder Baker Court: Residential Halls On the Southern Border of the Campus p..,...,. The Schoellkopf Memorial: Athletic Headquarters The Toboggan Slide: Beebe Lake Residential Halls 67 of Philadelphia to accommodate about sixteen hun- dred men. Four of the halls are completed. They are Baker Tower, North Baker Hall, and South Baker Hall, all forming Baker Court, and Founders' Hall. George F. Baker of New York gave the University $350,000 for the construction of Baker Court. For Founders' Hall the Trustees appropriated about 1 1 00,000 of the Alumni Fund. These four halls con- tain lodgings for two hundred and fifty men. In their designs for these halls Messrs. Day and Klauder adopted a version of the style known as English Collegiate Gothic. Another architect, Mr. Ralph Adams Cram, has characterized this as one of the few very perfect and supremely beautiful archi- tectural styles. "Not only,' ' Mr. Cram says, "does it adapt itself with singular delicacy to modern require- ments, but it is, as well, the one style which best ex- presses that ethnic and educational identity which exists between the civilization and the education of England, and the same elements on this side the ocean." The material preferred by Messrs. Day and Klauder was the local bluestone, and a quarry was opened on the hillside within a hundred yards of the site. The rock is a shale, broken by frequent transverse faults. The lateral surfaces formed by these fissures are stained in soft tints by the infiltration of water through the crevices of the rock. So here the mason finds at hand a building block having a plane face already weathered. The local bluestone had been used in the University's first buildings, but not so skillfully as in these newer halls. Messrs. Day and Klauder have accepted the natural finish of the stone and used it craftily. By laying the stone in narrow courses and 68 Residential Halls with random joints they have produced walls of fine texture and soft tone. Shields carved with the arms of various universities and colleges embellish these halls. The arms of Cornell University are carved over either gateway of Baker Tower, on the south end of Founders' Hall, and over the two doors on the west side of Founders' Hall. Between the muUions of windows on the west side of Founders' Hall are two shields, the northern one bearing the arms of the University of Bologna and the southern the arms of the University of Paris. On South Baker Hall the charges are those of Oxford Uni- versity and its several colleges, as follows: North side: Over the east door, arms of Oxford University (escutcheon with the ox); on the two smaller shields, arras of Corpus Christi College and Christ Church College; on the five smallest shields, arms of Merton College, Queen's College, New College, All Souls' CoUege, and St. John Baptist's College; over the west door, arms of Oxford University (escutcheon with the book); over the west upper window, arms of Magdalen College, University College, and Oriel College; over the west lower window, arms of Jesus College, Wadham College, Pembroke College, Worcester College and Hertford College: south side: Over the west window, arms of Balliol College and Brasenose College; over the east window, arms of Exeter College and Lincoln College. On North Baker Hall the bearings are those of Cambridge University and its several colleges, as follows: North side: Over the east door: upper shields, arms of Queens' College and St. John's College: smaller shields, at the upper corners of the door, arms of Corpus Christi College and Magdalene College; smallest shields, over the door, arms of St. Peter's College, Clare College, Trinity Hall College, Gonville and Caius College, and King's College; over the west door, arms of Cambridge University; under the west window, arms of St. Katharine's College, Jesus College, Sidney Sussex College, Downing College, and Selwyn College: south side: Over the west door, arms of Cambridge University; over the east door: upper shields, arms of Trinity College and Pembroke College; lower shields, arms of Christ's College and Emmanuel College. THE house at number Three Central Avenue is the home of The University Club, a social organ- ization of faculty people and others, which occupies the first floor. Lodgings on the upper floors are rented by the University to bachelor members of the staflF. Residential Halls 69 SHELDON COURT, a four-story brick building situated on College Avenue near the main entrance of the Campus, is a private dormitory. It was built by the late Charles Lacy Sheldon of Auburn in the nineties. It has lodgings for about one hundred stu- dents. By the will of Mr. Sheldon, who died in 19 14, it became the property of Cornell University, subject to a life interest of Mrs. Sheldon. [yo] THE INFIRMARY THE UNIVERSITY INFIRMARY is situated on East State Street between Sage Place and Spring Street. It occupies three buildings. The first of these, a brownstone structure, was formerly the home of Henry W. Sage and was given to the University by his sons, Dean Sage and William H. Sage, after his death in 1 897, for the purpose of an infirmary. They endowed the building with a gift of $100,000. The second building, the Schuyler House, at the corner of Seneca and Spring Streets, was purchased in 191 1 for a nurses' home. In 191a the Trustees erected a third building, much larger than either of the others, and this is the present main hospital building. The Sage House contains reception rooms, offices, and rooms for convalescent cases. The normal capacity of the Infirmary is seventy-five beds. The number can be doubled in an emergency. Ezra Cornell 1 807-1 874 Statue of President White Karl Bitter, Sculptor The President's House [71] STATUES AND OTHER MEMORIAL OBJECTS THE Statue of Ezra Cornell, Founder of Cor- nell University, is situated between Morrill and McGraw Halls, facing the statue of Andrew D. White across the Quadrangle. It is a bronze, of heroic size, modeled by Hermon Atkins MacNeil. It stands on a low pedestal of reddish granite, which is surrounded by a lower bench of the same stone. This bench is extended on either side of the statue so that the width of the whole monument is fifty feet. On the pedestal is the inscription EZRA CORNELL MDCCCVII — MDCCCLXXIV The figure of the Founder, frock-coated, stands with the right hand advanced and resting on a sturdy walking-stick. In this hand is held a wide-brimmed hat. The left hand, withdrawn, rests on a likeness of the Charter of Cornell University, which lies on a stand at the back of the figure. A leafy sprig of oak, symbolic of rugged strength, springs from the ground at the base of this stand. Behind the figure, on the stand, is reproduced in the bronze the original Morse telegraph instrument.* This monument was erected by the Trustees on the occasion of the University's semi-centennial cele- bration. It was unveiled by Miss Mary Cornell, only *The instrument itself is in Sibley College. See page 28. 72 Statue of Ezra Cornell survivor of the sons and daughters of the Founder, on June 11, 1 91 9, in the course of that celebration. Ezra Cornell was born in Westchester County, N. Y., on January 11, 1807. He removed with his father, a potter, to De Ruyter, N. Y., in 18 19. After learning the carpenter's trade, he removed in 1828 to Ithaca, where, for a dozen years, he managed a flouring mill and other factories at Fall Creek. The water power of these mills was greatly improved by Mr. Cornell's ingenuity in cutting a tunnel three hundred feet through the rock above the Ithaca Fall. This tunnel, which he finished when he was only twenty-four years old, has been in constant use for about ninety years. Mr. Cornell became associated with Samuel F. B. Morse in the construction of the experimental telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore in 1843-44, ^"d h^ w^s superintendent of the construction of the pioneer commercial line between New York and Baltimore in 1845. Thereafter he devoted his attention almost wholly to the organization of telegraph companies and the extension of telegraph lines, and he was instrumental in forming the Western Union Telegraph Company in 1855. With increasing wealth and leisure he was able to indulge an interest in public affairs. He was a member of the first Republican national convention at Philadelphia in 1856. In 1858 Mr. Cornell retired with a large and growing fortune. The great work of his life, the founding of Cornell University, was begun and brought to fulfilment within the next ten years. The events upon which he built that work did not take place till the latter half of the decade, but two earlier acts were prophetic of it. In 1862 he was president of the State Agricultural Society and its delegate to the Royal Agricultural ExhibitioninLondon;in 1863 he founded The Cornell Library in Ithaca. Public libraries are numerous nowadays, but the philanthropist who in 1863 gave his village an endowed library had an original idea. Mr. Cornell was a member of the Assembly in 1862-63 and of the State Senate in 1864-68. He was Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Cornell University from its organization in 1865 until his death, at Ithaca, on December 9, 1874. Mr. Cornell's services to Cornell University were threefold: He was a leader in the movement that resulted in the devotion of New York State's share of the educational land grant to a single institution; he gave the University ^500,000 in cash, more than Statue of President White 73 two hundred acres of land, and several smaller gifts for special purposes; and he bought, in trust, from the State, the unsold land scrip, located lands with great care, and by his skillful manage- ment of this property enormously increased the endowment accru- ing therefrom to the University. New York's share of the acreage in the land grant was about ten per cent; thanks to Mr. Cornell's sagacity and unselfish labor Cornell University realized in money about forty per cent of the gross sum that the grant made avail- able for public education in the United States. THE Statue of President White, in front of Goldwin Smith Hall, is one of the last works of the late Karl Bitter. It was given to the University by Henry Rubens Ickelheimer '88, of New York, a member of the University Board of Trustees, and was unveiled by Helen Ferry, Mr. White's granddaughter, at the Commencement of 1915. Mr. White himself made a brief address at the ceremony of unveiling. The statue is a seated figure, in bronze, of heroic size, wearing the gown of a doctor of civil law of the University of Oxford. The granite pedestal bears this inscription in letters of bronze: ANDREW DICKSON WHITE 1832 I9I8 FRIEND AND COUNSELLOR OF EZRA CORNELL AND WITH HIM ASSOCIATED IN THE FOUNDING OF THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY ITS FIRST PRESIDENT I 867 1 885 AND FOR FIFTY YEARS A MEMBER OF ITS GOVERNING BOARD Andrew Dickson White, educator and diplomatist, was born at Homer, Cortland County, N. Y., on November 7, 1832, and died at the President's House, Cornell University, on No- vember 4, 1918. He studied at Yale College (A. B., 1853) and in Paris and Berlin. He was professor of history and English literature at the University of Michigan for six years (1857-63). In 1863-67, as a member of the New York State Senate, he took an energetic part, with Ezra Cornell, in the legislation that re- 74 Statue of President White suited in the appropriation of this State's share of the educational land grant of 1862 to the founding of Cornell University. He was president of this University from 1867 till 1885. He gave several hundred thousand dollars to the University in his life- time; founded the President White School of History and Politi- cal Science and gave it his great library of history; and in his will bequeathed the University a large sum. Mr. White was United States Commissioner to Santo Domingo, 1871; Minister to Germany, 1879-81; Minister to Russia, 1892-94; a member of the Venezuela Commission, 1896-97; Ambassador to Germany, 1897- 1902; and president of the American delegation to the first Peace Conference at The Hague in 1899. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and an officer of the French Legion of Honor. He published many books, including a History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. An intimate account of his labors for Cornell University is given in his two-volume Autobiography. Mr. White's creative mind had conceived of such a university as Cornell long before he met the opportunity of realizing it. This fact was eloquently told, at the Inauguration of this Univer- sity in 1868, in an address of George William Curtis, from which the following is transcribed: " 1 1 is now just about ten years [Mr. Curtis said] since I was in the city of Ann Arbor, the seat of the University of Michigan. I sat at night talking with my friend, a New York scholar, professor of history in that institution. There, in the warmth and confidence of his friendship, he unfolded to me his idea of the great work that should be done in the great State of New York. Surely, he said, in the greatest State there should be the greatest of Uni- versities; in Central New York there should arise a university which, by the amplitude of its endowment, by the character of its studies, by the whole scope of its curriculum, should satisfy the wants of the hour. More than that, said he, it should begin at the beginning. It should take hold of the chief interest of the country, which is agriculture; then it should rise, step by step, grade by grade, until it fulfilled the highest ideal of what a uni- versity could be. It was also his intention that there should be no man, wherever he might be — on the other side of the ocean or on this side — who might be a fitting teacher of men, that should not be drawn within the sphere of that university. "Until the hour was late this young scholar dreamed aloud to me these dreams; and at the close, at our parting, our consolation Franklin Hall: Electrical Engineering Southwest Corner of the Quadrangle At the right is Morrill Hall, the Administration Building f'-^v-Jj*' ■ -flit---' ' *^^'''-.'' i ' .•''" V^- .^ . ■• '" ^-^-v*--' --■■■.-■■-"■'"■'■ -.-■•■'VJa ■,■■■■■ '!-■•. ^ >-«,■,■■."' * »■ .^, ;, V.-. ■■!^, '-. ■ .-, ■ . S ^1 /-::&«l fi* «». ". ■.'%;'^ '■■:■■■ -■■r., ^Vfe^ ■W^^^^P ■"-"-I --''. ■•' ^ '' ml Sage College In Fall Creek Memorial Objects 75 was that we lived in a country that was open to every generous idea, and that his dream might one day be realized. "Ten years ago, and why are we here? Why am I speaking to you? What is this building that we see? What are these bells that we hear? What are these chimes, whose musical echo lingers and will always linger in your heart? " Why, on this autumn day, when every crop is in its perfection, when all the sweet blossoms of your orchards are now glowing in gorgeous piles of fruit, all the grain dropped by you in the furrows is now piled and to be piled in the granaries of the world — why, in this spot, on this autumn day, the vision of that New York scholar has come true. Here, in noble stone; here, scat- tered through this village of yours; here, upon these everlasting hills, founded now, and with these hills to endure, more wonderful than the palace of Aladdin, you behold, you realize the dream of the scholar of the Michigan University, your honored president, Andrew D. White." THE Andrew D. White Gate, spanning the en- trance of the Campus at the head of Eddy Street, was erected by Mr. White in 1896, after designs by William H. Miller of Ithaca. It bears this paraphrase of a Latin inscription noted by Mr. White, many years before, over the main portal of the University of Padua: So enter that daily thou mayest become more learned and thoughtful; So depart that daily thou mayest become more useful to thy country and to mankind. And this: IN REMEMBRANCE of all who with him had part in the founding of this university: of all who with him here gave instruction: of all who here pursued their studies under his presidency: and with a God speed to all who have gone or shall go hence to their life work with noble purpose and firm resolves: this gateway is erected by ANDREW DICKSON WHITE 1896 76 Memorial Objects A Granite Boulder near the southwest corner of McGraw Hall bears a bronze tablet commemo- rative of the work done here by Ralph S. Tarr, pro- fessor of geology, 1892-1912. The tablet was modeled by Professor H. S. Outsell. It has a bas-relief por- trait of Professor Tarr and this inscription: RALPH STOCKMAN TARR 1864-1912 SCIENTIST — WRITER — TEACHER THIS BOULDER, A RELIC OF THE ICE AGE, SYMBOLIC OF HIS RESEARCH IN GLACIAL GEOLOGY AND OF THE ENDURING VALUE OF HIS WORK, IS PLACED HERE AS A MEMORIAL OF THEIR FRIEND And adviser by his STUDENTS A Stone Bench west of the Library Building commands a wide view over the valley and the lake. It was placed there by Mr. and Mrs. White. It is inscribed: TO those who shall sit here REJOICING, TO those who shall sit here mourning; sympathy and greeting; SO HAVE we done IN OUR TIME. 1892 A. D. W. H. M. W. A Stone Bench which stands in front of Goldwin Smith Hall and which bears the legend ABOVE ALL NATIONS IS HUMANITY is one of Goldwin Smith's gifts, and he was the author of the legend. For many years the bench stood in the shade of a large white pine near the site of Stimson Hall, where a fine view of the lake could then be enjoyed. The simple truth expressed in the inscription on this bench was denounced as irreligious by some narrow critics of the Uni- versity in the seventies, but it has outlived their attacks. It was chosen to be the motto of the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club, Memorial Objects 77 organized in 1904 to promote fellowship among students of all nationalities at Cornell; the national association of Cosmo- politan Clubs, formed in 1908, adopted the same motto, and soon afterward the International Congress of Students appropriated it. And the World War has bitten into the consciousness of man- kind the lesson which an English scholar at Cornell University first chiseled in prophetic stone — that true patriotism recognizes the common humanity and the community of interest of the whole race of man. THE Stone Arch Bridge over Cascadilla Gorge was built for the University in 1896 by William H. Sage, who generously made and carried out plans for improving and beautifying the southern entrance of the Campus. The bridge was designed by Pro- fessor Henry N. Ogden '89. THE OsTRANDER Elms, along the southern half of East Avenue, were given to the University, in 1880, by John B. Ostrander, of the neighboring town of Dryden. This gift, which was made at a time when the University was struggling with ad- versity, seems to have touched deeply both Presi- dent White and Mr. Henry W. Sage, who was then Chairman of the Board. Mr. White records it in his Autobiography (vol. i, p. 412). Mr. Sage spoke of it, with much feeling, in his address at the inauguration of President Adams, in 1885. (See Proceedings and Addresses at the Inauguration of Charles Kendall Adams.) THE Sheldon Memorial Exedra, a semi-circular seat of marble, situated near the south door of Goldwin Smith Hall, was given to the University by the late Charles Lacy Sheldon, of Auburn, in memory of his sons Franklin Lacy Sheldon of the Class of 1892 (d. 1895) and Charles Lacy Sheldon, Jr. of the Class of 1901 (d. 1908). The monument includes a sundial mounted on a stone table. 78 Memorial Objects THE stone seat inscribed with the name of Gordon Fernow, standing on the brow of the hill below Morrill Hall, was placed there by Professor B. E. Fernow in memory of his daughter, who was a member of the Class of 1902 and who died a few months before she should have graduated. THE Totem Pole standing near the Old Armory was brought to the University from Alaska by Professor B. E. Fernow, who was a member of the Harriman Expedition, in 1902. It was taken from a deserted village of the Tlinkit Indians. NEAR the north door of Sage Chapel is an old Venetian well head which Andrew D. White placed there in 1903. It bears on its eastern face the Venetian motto: "Pax tibi, Marce, evangelista meus. " The Old Armory and Gymnasium On the Track: Schoellkopf Field ScHOELLKOPr Field During a Football Game Showing, at the right, the baseball cage The New York State Drill Hall [79] CLASS MEMORIALS GRADUATING classes have placed various ob- jects of utility or art upon the Campus or near it to stand as memorials. These are: Class of 1872: Seventy-two elm trees along Presi- dent's Avenue and the northern half of East Avenue. (A stone marker near the street railway stopping place, at the south end of Goldwin Smith Hall, bears the inscription: " '72: primi inter pares.") Class of 1873: Drinking fountain east of McGraw Hall. Class of 1879: Bronze bas-relief portrait of Bayard Taylor in Sage Chapel (executed by William Rudolph O'Donovan, A. N. A.). Class of 1883: Portrait of Professor William Dex- ter Wilson, D. D., LL. D., in the University Library. Class of 1884: Portrait of Professor Charles Chauncy Shackford, A. M., in the University Library. Class of 1885' Statue of Augustus Caesar in the lobby of Goldwin Smith Hall. Class of 1890: The University Boat-house. Class of 1892: The George Pease Witherbee Memorial Clubhouse at Percy Field (destroyed by fire in 1912). (The memorial gifts of graduating classes in recent years have been sums of money or pledges of money for the general support of the University.) [8o] PLAYGROUNDS AND ATHLETIC FIELDS STUDENTS have the use of about sixty acres of the Campus for athletic sports. The Trustees in 1903 set apart fifty-seven acres of the University's farm for a playground and athletic field. This land lies south of the College of Agriculture and east of Garden Avenue. Alumni have contributed several hundred thousand dollars to pay for grading, building, and fur- nishing, and the area has been named Alumni Field. Messrs. Gibb and Waltz of Ithaca are the architects of this field. Thegreater part of Alumni Field, about thirty-five acres, is not enclosed and is open to the use of students generally, under the regulation of the department of physical training. This area is in two levels. The lower level, eight acres just east of the Drill Hall, is called The Playground. The upper level, twenty- seven acres further eastward, is called The Common. A part of the Common is occupied by the University tennis courts- The southern part of Alumni Field, about twenty- two acres of land, is devoted to the uses of the Cornell University Athletic Association. It is divided into several broad terraces. The uppermost of these ter- races, known as Kite Hill, is now used only as a parking space for automobiles, but is reserved for the site of a future clubhouse where visiting players may be entertained. On the slope and the level next below Kite Hill are the Schoellkopf Field and Stadium, used chiefly for Athletic Fields 8i football games and that group of sports which is called track athletics. Around the football field is a quarter-mile oval cinder path. In front of the stand and tangent to the oval, is a straight-away course of two hundred and twenty yards. On the further side of the field is a similar tangent course. By using both these tracks in combination with the oval, foot races of four hundred and forty and of eight hundred and eighty yards can be started and finished on a straight course. The stadium is of reinforced concrete, under- drained, and has seats for nine thousand spectators. A novel adjunct of this field is a space for one hundred and nineteen automobiles, in two ranks all along the top of the stand. From this summit there is a good view, over the heads of spectators in the stand, of the whole field. Stalls in this section are rented for the season or for single games. They are approached by means of ramps near the north entrance of the stadium, and driveways lead from them to an opposite gate on South Avenue. Tourists visiting the Campus in automobiles are advised to drive to the top of the Stadium and obtain the view from that point. Drive past the south side of the Drill Hall and beyond the entrance of the Stadium and take the first turn to the right up the grade. At the farther end of the stand turn back on the upper level — or leave the field by the South Avenue gate. It is always possible to drive along the top of the Stadium except on afternoons when a game is played on the field. A generous gift from children and grandchildren of the late Jacob F. Schoellkopf of Niagara Falls, re- ceived in 1914, paid for the completion of this partic- ular field and for the construction of the Stadium. 82 Athletic Fields ScHOELLKOPF MEMORIAL Hall, bounding the north end of Schoellkopf Field, was given to the Uni- versity by the late Willard Straight of the class of 1 901, in memory of Henry Schoellkopf of the class of 1902. In the basement of this building are dressing irooms and baths for the use of the Cornell athletic teams and visiting teams. On the main floor are the offices of the athletic association. The attic floor is occupied by a gymnasium. Trophies won by Cornell teams are displayed in the lobby. Here, too, is a bas-relief portrait of Henry Schoellkopf, in bronze, by J. E. Fraser. On the terrace next below Schoellkopf Field is the Bacon Practice Hall. This is a steel structure one hundred and forty feet square, roofed with glass and having a floor of sand. The hall is used for base- ball practice. South of this hall is an elliptical track of planks where members of the track team take their exercise in winter. The lowest level, west of the practice hall, is de- signed for baseball, but is not yet completed. Base- ball games are played on Percy Field (gift of Percy Hagerman of the Class of 1890), which is in the valley north of Fall Creek. The University Boat-House is situated on the east bank of the Cayuga Inlet. The present structure was built in 1 890 by the graduating class of that year. To go to the boat-house, walk north from the Lacka- wanna railroad station alongside the tracks for a quar- ter of a mile. In the seventies and eighties the Cornell crews used a boat-house that stood on the north bank of Cascadilla Creek near the Inlet. The Women's Playground occupies about two acres of level ground at the bottom of the Cascadilla ravine, south of Alumni Field. [83] BIOGRAPHIES HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE The name of Henry Williams Sage occurs so often in this volume that some account of his life should be given here. He was born at Middletown, Connecticut, on January 31, 1814. His ancestry was Welsh and English. When he was thirteen years old he moved with his father to Ithaca. At the age of eighteen he entered the employment of his uncles, the Williams brothers, who were merchants and large shipping agents. They owned lines of transportation which traversed the lakes of central New York and which were connected, by means of the Erie Canal and the Hud- son River, with the trade of New York City. In five years Mr. Sage became proprietor of the business. Early in his life he foresaw the commercial opportunities which the West offered. He bought timber tracts in Michigan and in Canada and became engaged in lumbering on a large scale. John McGraw of Ithaca, afterward a generous benefactor of Cornell University, was his partner in this enterprise. The two men made great fortunes. From 1857 till 1880 Mr. Sage made his home in Brooklyn. During that period he was a parishioner and warm friend of the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. Mr. Sage attended the inauguration of Cornell University on October 7, 1868, and this incident of that occasion is related by President White {Autobiography, vol. I. P- 39^)- "At the close of the exercises Mr. John McGraw, who was afterward so munificent toward us, came to me and said: 'My old business partner, Henry Sage, who sat next to me during the exercises this morning, turned to me during your allusion to Mr. Cornell with tears in his eyes, and said: "John, we are scoundrels to stand doing nothing while those men are killing themselves to establish this university. " '" In 1 870 Mr. Sage was elected to the Board of Trustees of Cornell University, and he was elected chairman of the board to succeed Ezra Cornell in 1874; he held the chairmanship until his death in 1897. In 1880 he moved to Ithaca and made his home there thereafter. Not only did Mr. Sage make generous gifts from his own wealth to the University, but he also gave it service of the highest value by his wise and courageous management of its landed endowment through the darkest years of its history. He shares with Ezra Cornell the 84 Biographies credit of converting New York's share of the land grant into a free endowment of more than five million dollars. His sons, Dean and William H. Sage, have made generous gifts to the University. CHARLES BABCOCK, the architect of Sage Chapel, was a pupil of Richard Upjohn, the architect of Trinity Church in New York and of other famous buildings, and he married Mr. Upjohn's daughter. Through these associations he became one of a small school which, led by Upjohn, wrote a bright chapter in American architecture in the middle of the last century by going back for inspiration to worthy examples of the "Gothic" style. The three buildings that Professor Babcock designed for the Campus show the influence of this study of Gothic models. They are Sage Chapel, Sage College, and the Old Armory. The Gothic revival of Upjohn and his school gave place to the Romanesque revival of Henry H. Richardson, whose influence may be detected in Mr. Miller's design of the Library Building, Boardman Hall, Stimson Hall, and Barnes Hall. ROBERT RICHARDSON, a stone-carver who came to Ithaca from England, enriched the Campus with many beautiful carvings. His work can be seen in the ornamented stone of Sage Chapel, Sage College, and Barnes Hall. President White, in his Autobiography (vol. i, pp. 408, 409), speaks of Richardson's art in these high terms: "The erection of these new buildings — Sage College, Sage Chapel, Barnes Hall, . . . — afforded an opportunity for some effort to promote beauty of detail in construction, and, fortu- nately, the forethought of Goldwin Smith helped us greatly in this. On his arrival in Ithaca, just after the opening of the university, he had seen that we especially needed thoroughly trained ar- tisans; and he had written to his friend Auberon Herbert, asking him to select and send from England a number of the best that he could find. Nearly all proved of value, and one of them gave himself to the work in a way which won my heart. This was Robert Richardson, a stone-carver. I at first employed' him to carve sundry capitals, corbels, and spandrels for the president's house, which I was then building on the university grounds; and this work was so beautifully done that, in the erection of Sage Biographies 85 College, another opportunity was given him. Any one who, to-day, studies the capitals of the various columns, especially those in the porch, in the loggia of the northern tower, and in some of the front windows, will feel that he put his heart into the work. He wrought the flora of the region into these creations of his, and most beautifully. But best of all was his work in the chapel. The tracery of the windows, the capitals of the columns, and the corbels supporting the beams of the roof were masterpieces; and, in my opinion, no investment of equal amount has proved to be of more value to us, even for the moral and intellectual instruction of our students, than these examples of a conscien- tious devotion of genius and talent which he thus gave us. "The death of Mr. Cornell afforded an opportunity for a further development in the same direction. It was felt that his remains ought to rest on that beautiful site, in the midst of the institution that he loved so well. And I proposed that a memorial chapel be erected, beneath which his remains and those of other benefactors of the university might rest, and that it should be made beautiful. This was done. The stone vaulting, the tracery, and other decorative work, planned by our professor of architec- ture [Babcock], and carried out as a labor of love by Richardson, were all I could desire." [86] KEY TO AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH This is a view northeastward. At the top of the picture is Beebe Lake. Next to the lake are the buildings of the New York State College of Agriculture, extending from Bailey Hall, the large semi-circular building, eastward to the Animal Husbandry Building and stock-judging pavilion, in the upper right-hand corner of the picture. Alongside the College of Agriculture, across the long, straight road, are the Playground and Common; the long patch of white on the Common shows the location of the university tennis courts. Next to the Playground is Schoellkopf Field (quarter-mile track enclosing the football field and bordered by the stadium). Below the track is the baseball cage, and below that is the base- ball field (unfinished). Just above the middle of the picture is the New York State Drill Hall, the largest covered structure on the Campus. To the left of it are the buildings of the New York State Veterinary College. A little further to the left, among the trees, is the President's House, and still further is Rockefeller Hall. In the upper left-hand corner of the picture, the roof and tower of Prudence Risley Hall show above the woods of the Fall Creek Gorge. On the near side of the gorge is Rand Hall. Just below that building, in the picture, are Lincoln Hall and other buildings in the main Quadrangle. Only a part of the Quadrangle was included in this aerial photograph. The buildings visible, reading clockwise around the Quadrangle, are Lincoln Hall, Goldwin Smith Hall, Stimson Hall, Boardman Hall, the Clock Tower and Library Building, and Morrill Hall. Buildings in the Quadrangle which are omitted from this photograph are McGraw, White and Franklin Halls and almost all of Sibley College. To the right of the Clock Tower are Sage Chapel, Barnes Hall, and Sage College. In the lower right-hand corner of the picture is a section of Ithaca that contains many lodging houses inhabited by students. Separating this section from the Campus is the thickly wooded Cascadilla Gorge. Near the bridge are rectangular buildings occupied by stores and shops, and here is Sheldon Court, an L-shaped dormitory. The large building near it, on the bank of the gorge, is Cascadilla Hall. Just across the bridge, to the right, is the Old Armory and Gymnasium. In the lower left-hand corner of the picture are fraternity houses and homes of professors. The new Residential Halls, on the slope below the Library Building, are not shown in this photograph. View Over the Brink, of the Ithaca Fall Photograph of the Campus from A key to this photo mas-Morse Airplane at 3000 feet printed on page 86 photograph by Ernest WiUiam Scboder The Triphammer Falls and the Hydraulic Laboratory Above the dam is Beebe Lake [87] INDEX Adams, Abigail D., memorial window, 4?. Adams, Charles Kendall, por- trait, 38. Agassiz, Louis, portrait, 38. Agriculture, College of, 60. Alumni Field, 80. Animal Husbandry, 64. Anthony, William Arnold, 53. Apse in Sage Chapel, 49. Architecture, College of, 19. Armory, the old, 56. Arms of colleges, 68. Art, classical, museum of, 34. Artillery stables, 55. Arts and Sciences, College of, 31. Astronomical observatory, 30. Athletic fields, 80. Babcock, Charles, 46, 56, 66; biography, 84; memorial tab- let, 48. Bacon practice hall, 82. Bailey Hall, 62. Baker Court, 67. Barnes Hall, 56. Barns, 64. Baseball cage, 82. Bells, 43. Benches, Goldwin Smith. 76; west of the Library Building, 76. Birds of North America, 23. Birds' eggs, collection of, 26. Bitter, Karl, sculpture by, 73. Boardman Hall, 30. Boat-house, 82. Boldt, George Charles, 17. Botany, 61, 65, 66. Brain collection, 22. Bridge, Sage, 77. Brown, Clifton, memorial, 38. Cab fares, 9. Cabanel, Alexander, painting by, Caldwell Hall, 63. Carnegie filter plant, 57. Cascadilla Hall, 65. Casts, museum of, 34. Cayuga Lake, 9. Chapel, Sage, 46. Chemistry, laboratory of, 53; agricultural, 63. Chimes, the, 43. Chi Psi memorial window, 48. Christian Association, 56. Church, 1. P., portrait, 28. Class memorials, 79. Cleveland, Grover, 48. Cleveland, W. C, memorial tab- let, 47. Clock tower, key of, 43. Coeducation, 66. CoUyer, Robert, 39. Common, the, 80. Comptroller's office, 19. Conservatory, 66. Cooper, Peter, portrait, 38. Co-operative Society, 19. Cornell, Alonzo B., portrait, 38; tomb, 48. Cornell, Ezra, portrait, 38; me- morial tablet, 48; tomb, 48; sealed letter in corner stone, 66; statue, 71; biography 72. Cornellian Council, office of, 19. Corson, Hiram, memorial tab- let, 48. Crandall, C. L., portrait, 28. Curtis, George William, por- trait, 38. _ Dairy building, 62. Dining-rooms, 10. 88 Index Dormitories: See Residential halls. Drill Hall, 54. Education, department of, 31; rural, 63. Electric lights, first, 53. Electrical laboratory, 27. Elms, Ostrander, the, 77. Engineering, civil, 28; electrical, 27; experimental, 27; mechan- ical, 26; rural, 63. English philology, library of, 19. Entomology, 61. Etchings, 34. Evans, Evan W., portrait, 38; memorial tablet, 47. Ezekiel, Moses, sculpture by, 34, 39, 49- Farm crops, department of, 63. Farm management, department of, 63. Farm practice, department of, 6 1 . Farms, 59, 64. Farriery, 59. Fernow, Gordon, memorial, 78. Filter plant, 57. Finger Lakes, i. Fiske, Jennie McGraw, 39, 43; portrait bust, 38, tomb, 48. Fiske, Willard, portrait, 34; gifts, 40; tomb, 48. Floriculture, 61. Flower, Roswell P., library, 58. Forestry, 63. Forge shop, 27. Founders' Hall, 67. Foundry, 27. Franklin Hall, 27. Fraternities, 16. Fuertes, E. A., portrait, 28; memorial tablet, 48. Game farm, 64. Geography and geology, 20, 26. Goldwin Smith Hall, 31. Gorges, 2, 9. Gould, John Stanton, memorial tablet, 47. Greenhouses, 63. Halliday, Samuel D., portrait, 38. Hart, James Morgan, memorial tablet, 48. Hart library, 19. Hartt, Charles Frederick, me- morial tablet, 48. Hill, Mary Bartlett, memorial tablet, 48. History and political science, 31. Home economics, 63. Horseshoe made by Robert Collyer, 39. Horseshoeing, department of, 59. Hotels in Ithaca, 4. HufFcut, E. W., memorial tablet, 48. "Humanity, Above All Nations Is," 76. Humboldt, Alexander von, por- trait, 38. Huntington, Daniel, painting by, 38. Hydraulic laboratory, 29. Infirmary, 70. Johnson, Eastman, painting by, 38. Kite Hill, 80. Landscape art, 63. Languages, departments of, 31. Law, College of, 30; library, 30. Law (James) Hall, 58. Lenbach, Franz von, painting .by, 38. Library, University, 36; endow- ments, 40. Limnology, 61. Lincoln Hall, 28. Lowell, James Russell, portrait, 38; verses written for the great bell, 45. Machine shop, 27. MacNeil, Hermon Atkins, sculp- ture by, 28, 49, 71. Marvin, Ross G., memorial tab- let, 48. Mathematics, 19. Index 89 May, Samuel J., portrait, 38. McGraw, John, gifts, 20, 43; por- trait, 38; memorial tablet, 48; tomb, 48. McGraw Hall, 20. Medical advisers, 57. Medical College, 31. Melchers, Gari, painting by, 34. Memorial antechapel, 48, 49. Memorial objects, 75-79. Meteorology, observatory of, 61. Military science, department of) 54- Miller, William H., 30, 31, 36, 54, 66. 75; portrait, 38. Moler, George S., 53. Morrill Act, the, 11. Morrill Hall, 19. Morrill, Justin S., 19; portrait, 38. Morse Hall, 53. Morse telegraph instrument, the original, 28. Mosaic in Sage Chapel, 49, Mummy, Egyptian, 25. Museum of casts, 34; of zoology, 20-25. Nevius, Edward Scribner, me- morial window, 48. Newcomb collection of shells, 25. Observatory, astronomical, 30; meteorological, 61. O'Donovan, William R., sculp- ture by, 48. Oliver, James Edward, portrait, 38; memorial tablet, 48. Organs, 47, 62. Ornithology, 61. Ostrander elms, the, 77. Paintings, 28, 31, 34, 38. Pattern shop, 27. Percy jField, 82. Periodical room, 37. Philosophy, Sage School of, 31. Physical training, department of, 56. Physics, department of, 53. Plant breeding, 6y, pathology, 62. Playground, the, 80. Pomology, 61. Post office, 19. Poultry, 63. Prentiss, A. N., portrait, 38; memorial tablet, 48. President's house, 54. President's office, 19. Psychology, experimental, lab- oratory of, 19. Public speaking, department of, 31- Quadrangle, the, 12, 13. Quarry, 67. Rand Hall, 27. Registrar's office, 19. Reich, Jacques, etchings by, 34. Residential halls, 17, 65-69. Richardson, Robert, 48; biog- raphy, 84. Rifle range, 55. Risley (Prudence) Hall, 66. Roberts Hall, 60. Rockefeller Hall, 53. Rural economy, 63; education, 63; engineering, 63. Sage Chapel, 46-52. Sage College, 65. Sage, Dean, 31, 47. 7°. 84- Sage, Henry W., gifts, 35, 36, 46, 65; portrait, 38; biography, 83. Sage memorial apse, 49. Sage, William H., 46, 70, 77, 84. Schoellkopf Field, 80. Schoellkopf Memorial Hall, 82. Schuyler House, 70. Secretary's office, 19. Seismograph, 26. Shackford, C. C, portrait, 38. Sheldon Court, 69. Sheldon memorial exedra, 77. Shells, Newcomb collection of, 25. Sibley College, 26. Sibley, Hiram, portrait, 38; bust, 49. 9° Index Smith, Gerrit, portrait, 38. Smith, Goldwin, 31-34; por- trait, 38. Smith (Goldwin) Hall, 31. Smith, Greene, collection of mounted birds, 23. Soil technology, 63. Stadium, 81. Stimson Hall, 31. Stock-judging pavilion, 64. Stone Hall, 61. Story, W. W., sculpture by, 48. Street cars, 4. Superintendent of buildings and grounds, office of, 19. Sutton woodpecker collection, ^4- . , . Tarr, R. S., memorial window, 48; memorial boulder, 76. Taylor, Bayard, memorial tab- let, 48. Telegrafih instrument, Morse, the original, 28. Thurston, R. H., memorial tab- lets, 28, 48. Totem pole, 78. Treasurer's ofBce, 19. Tyler, Moses Coit, memorial tablet, 47; memorial window, 48. University Club, 68. Veterinary College, 58. Volkmann, Margaret Hicks, memorial window, 48. Wait, L. A., portrait, 38. Weather bureau station, 61. Well head, Venetian, 78. White, Andrew D., historical library, 39, 42; portrait, 38; tomb, 48; statue, 73; biog- raphy, 73; memorial gate, White Hall, 19. Williams, Henry Shaler, me- morial tablet, 48. Wilson, W. D., portrait, 38; memorial tablet, 47. Women's playground, 82. Woodford, Stewart L., portrait, 38. Woodpecker collection, Sutton, 24. Zoology, museum of, 20-25; systematic laboratory of, 26. PUBLICATIONS OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY Information about Cornell University is given in a series of pamphlets issued periodically. No charge is made for the pamph- let unless a price is indicated after its name in the list below. Requests for pamphlets should be addressed to the Secretary of the University at Ithaca. Money orders should be made payable to Cornell University. The prospective student should have a copy of the General Circular of Information and a copy of one or more of the following Announcements: Announcement of the Graduate School. Announcement of the College of Arts and Sciences. Announcement of Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering and the Mechanic Arts. Announcement of the College of Civil Engineering. Announcement of the College of Law. Announcement of the College of Architecture. Announcement of the New York State College of Agriculture. Announcement of the Winter Courses in the College of Agriculture. Announcement of the Summer Term in Agriculture. Announcement of the New York State Veterinary College. Announcement of the Summer Session. Announcement of the Medical College. Other periodicals are these: The Register, published annually, and containing, not an- nouncements of courses, but a comprehensive record of the Uni- versity's organization and work during the last year. Price, 50 cents. Guide to the Campus. Price, 50 cents. Directory of Faculty and Students. Price, 10 cents.