Cotnell IDinivetslt^ OF THE IRcw l^orK State College of jforestr^ ,j?>i_:m;- i9/_fjpo_. 3766 RETURN TO ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY ITHACA. N. Y. Cornell University Library A manual of Indian timbers; an account of 3 1924 002 988 156 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002988156 MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS: AN ACCOUNT OF THE STRUCTURE, GROWTH, DISTRIBUTION, AND QUALITIES OF INDIAN WOODS. f-^ PKE PARED BY J. S/ GAMBLE, M.A., F.L.S., OFPICIATINa CONSEBVATOB OF FOBESTS, BBNaAL. f uWfeIt):Ii Jjg ©rlia of th« (Sfltbanmnit 0f Inbw. CALCUTTA : OFFICE OF THE SUPBEINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTINO. 1881. ' CALCUTTA ; OEFICB 01? THE SirPBEIKTENDBWT OF GOVEBlfirElfT PEI2TTINQ, 8, HASTINGS STEEET. mTRODUCTIOK. In publishiug the 'Manual of Indian Timbers/ the compilation of which haSj owing to the writer having been at the same time engaged in his ordinary official duties, lasted over three years, it is necessary to make a few remarks on the circumstances which have led to its preparation, the materials by the assistance of which it has been compiled, and the sources from which the information given in its pages has been drawn. It will be remembered that the forests and forest products of India were represented at the Paris Exhibition of 1878 by a collection which was undoubtedly the most complete that has ever been formed in India and sent to Europe for exhibition. This col- lection, prepared and arranged under the immediate supervision of Dr. Brandis, the Inspector General of Forests, was got together in the winter of 1877-78, by the simple process of inviting from the different Local Governments and their Forest Officers the contribution of rough wood specimens and other products, which were afterwards prepared and ar- ranged in a central workshop, first in Simla and afterwards in Calcutta. During the progress of this work, which lasted from August 1877 to May 1878, a very large and valuable series of wood specimens, of un- doubted botanical determination, was received. The pieces of wood (to which class of specimen alone we need now refer) which were then sent were so large and valuable that it was settled that at the same time as the principal object of the work, the collection for exhibition at Paris was got ready, a number of duplicate sets should be also prepared, suffi- cient to supply a good stock to the Royal Gardens at Kew, and to other museums both in Europe and America, as well as type collections to be deposited in the offices of the Forest Conservators in the different Provinces or Circles. It is obvious that such authentic collections are likely to serve as reference collections of great and undoubted value not only to Forest Officers, but to all persons interested in timber and ornamental woods and their applications to engineerino- works or industrial manufactures. Chief among these collections was that specially set apart for the Museum of the Forest School of Dehra Dun and next to it in completeness in India was the collection deposited in 11 INTRODUCTION. the office of the Conservator of Forests in Bengal at Darjeeling, and it is these two eollectionsj and especially the former, which have been chiefly used and consulted in the preparation of this work. But it is necessary here to point out, that the collections prepared in 1877-78 from the contributions to the Paris Exhibition works, would not alone have sufficed for the description of anything like the number of species which find a place herein, and it was owing to the fortunate circum- stance that the large private collection of Dr. Brandis was available that it was found possible to make sure of the identification o£ most of the more ordinary timbers and lay the foundation for the descriptions which are now published. When it is considered that Dr. Brandis' private collection gave no less than 320 specimens, and that the private collection personally formed by the writer in the Darjeeling forests, and that of Burmese and Andaman woods made by the late Mr. S. Kurz and presented by the Superintendent of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Calcutta, gave a further series of 194 specimens, it will be understood that considerable material was available to add to the nucleus formed by the Paris Exhibition sets. But this is not all, for, by the kindness of several Forest Officers, supplementary pieces were received, sometimes spontaneously, sometimes by special request, from time to time ; and there have been, even since the work itself was completely printed, several important additions. These were chiefly obtained by the writer's personal collection in various parts of Bengal, such as Darjeeling, the Western Duars, Chittagong, Chota Nagpore, and Orissa, and have been described, if not in the pages of the work, at any rate in the rather voluminous Adddenda-Corrigenda sheets. In order to explain more definitely the sources from which the original Paris Exhibition woods were obtained, the following extract from Dr. Brandis' Intro- duction to the Catalogue of specimens of forest produce sent to that Exhibition will be worth quoting : — " The orders for tlie preparation of the present collection were received in August 1877 ; and, as it was necessary to despatch it early in February 1878, so as to be in time for the Exhibition, barely six months were available to bring together specimens from all parts of India, and to prepare and name them. The work was entrusted to the undersigned and to Mr. J. S. G-amble, Assistant Conservator of Forests, who un- dertook the task of supervising the preparation of the specimens. A workshop was at once established in Simla, and a large number of pieces were collected from the hills in the vicinity of that place. These specimens are numbered from 1 to 115, and from 145 to 159. Early in November the work was transferred to Calcutta, where the specimens from all provinces were collected. " The bulk of the logs and pieces from which the specimens were prepared arrived in December and January; some, however, were not received until February, after the collection had been prepared, packed, and despatched. It thus happens that a larga INTEODtrCTION. HI proportion of the contributions from the southern forests in the Bomhay Presidency fEom Sind, Oudh, and Chittagong, and a portion of those from Madras and Assam could not be utilized for the Exhibition, because they arrived too late. "The difficulty was, in the short time available, to bring together seasoned pieces of the difierent species required. Fortunately, a number of pieces collected between 1866 and 1870, from the North-West and Central Provinces, the Punjab and British Burma, which had been kept at Calcutta until they should be required, were available. Some of these pieces had decayed or been eaten by insects, but the remainder yielded a number of excellent and thoroughly seasoned specimens : and it is remarkable how well many of the woods had kept in the damp climate of Calcutta. The specimens yielded by these collections were numbered from 160 to 353. " Prom the Punjab a large, varied, carefully named, and selected collection was sent by Mr. Baden-Powell, the Conservator, and the officers under his orders ; the main series is numbered from 881 to 947, while those sent from the forests of Kulu, Kangra and Chamba, by Lieutenant-Colonel Stenhouse and Mr. Pengelly, are numbered, re- spectively, 116 to 132, 603 to 617, and 770 to 782.i: " Besides these collections and those made by the undersigned in Simla, and already alluded to, the Rev. Mr. Heyde of the Moravian Mission, Lahoul, sent a number of most interesting specimens from the arid districts of the inner Himalaya (numbered 133 to 144 inclusive) : and Mr. P. Halsey of Madhopur sent a small collection of fine, well-seasoned pieces from the district of Gurdaspur (numbered 1190 to 1201). " The contributions of Ajmere were not large enough to give timber specimens of the size required for the Exhibition ; they were numbered from 437 to 472. " Mr. Greig, the Conservator of Forests in the North-Western Provinces, sent col- lections made by Messrs. O'Callaghan and Bagshawe and Captain Campbell in the forests of Dehra Dun, Jaunsar, and Kumaun ; they are numbered respectively 527 to 544, 420 to 432, and 873 to 875. Larger collections had been made, but, as the logs were unseasoned, they were not sent down to Calcutta. Prom Oudh a few well- seasoned pieces were early received (Nos. 387 to 394), but the remainder did not arrive till after the Exhibition specimens had left Calcutta. " The collections sent from Bengal under the orders of the Conservator, Dr. W. Schlioh, arrived, with the exception of those from Chittagong, in very good time, and furnished a large number of interesting specimens from parts of the country the forest resources of which are not yet generally known. Mr. Richardson's contributions from the Sundarbans (Nos. 395 to 419) illustrate well the forest growth of the delta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra ; and those sent by Mr. Chester from Chittagong (Nos. 708 to 722, and 1951 to 1965) would have been of great interest had not the main series arrived too late. Bat the chief collections received were sent by Messrs. Johnston and Manson and the late Mr. Bonham Carter from the Darjeeling Hills and Terai, numbering 170 pieces (Nos. 354 to 385, 433 to 436, 473 to 500, 573 to 601, 618 to 627, and 641 to 707), and including several very valuable and interesting kinds of timber. Besides these, a small collection of 14 specimens (Nos. 964 to 976) was ob- tained by Dr. Schlich from the valley of Chumbi, to the north of Sikkim ; which, though to the south of the main Himalayan range, is actually in Thibet territory ; and which had not hitherto been explored. " The collections from Assam sent by Mr. Gustav Mann, the Deputy Conservator, and by the Deputy Commissioners of Cachar and Sylhet, included many fine and well- seasoned pieces. These were numbered from 628 to 641, 783 to 799, 1228 to 1234, 1254 to 1277, 1285 to 1300— the last numbers arriving too late for the Exhibition. ' Besides the numbers here given as indicating the specimens received from the Pun- jab and other provinces, there are a few scattered numbers which it has not been thought necessary to quote. iV IKTRODUCTIONi " From the Central Provinces, the Conservator, Captain Doveton, sent a collection of well-seasoned pieces, numbering 1101 to 1186, procured by Mr. Eichard Thompson from the Chanda forests. " Prom Berar Mr. Drysdale, the Deputy Conservator, sent fine pieces of timber, numbered 820 to 844, and a valuable series of fibres, numbered 977 to 989. " The contributions from the Bombay Presidency comprised a few pieces fi'om Guzerat, Poona, and Ahmednagat, too small for cutting up, and a number of large pieces sent by Lieutenant-Colonel Peyton, the Conservator, and Mr. Barrett, the Deputy Conser- vator, from North Kanara, numbered 992, 993, 12l7 to 1227 : the latter, as well as the Sind specimens already referred to, and numbered 1379 to 1384, unfortunately arriving too late for the Exhibition. " The collections sent from Madras were very full and complete. Those from the eastern side of the Presidency were sent by Colonel Beddome, the Conservator, and ' numbered from 1051 to 1100. Besides this collection a few logs and specimens of minor produce came from Gumsur — the logs too late for cutting up. From the West Coast were received a large number of specimens, Nos. 723 to 769, 845 to 869, pre- pared by Mr. Cherry in South Kanara. From Malabar Mr. Ferguson, the officer in charge, sent a most interesting series of sections of young trees, illustrating the rapid growth of teak in the magnificent ConoUy plantations at Nilambur. "The pieces received from Burma Were not very numerous, though they comprised the most useful kinds of trees. Many of them were of very lai'ge size. The logs sent by Major Seaton, the Conservator at Moulmein, were numbered 545 to 554 and 1944 to 1950 ; while those from Mr. Eibbentrop, the Conservator at Rangoon, were from 555 to 572 and from 801 to 819. " A most important collection was sent from the Andaman Islands by Major General Barwell, the Chief Commissioner. It consisted of 26 large logs (Nos. 501 to 526;, besides numerous canes and bamboos. " It must not be supposed that because specimens were too late for the Exhibition that they were not utilized for the other distributed collec- tions and for the. descriptions given herein ; on the contrary^ they proved, several of themj most valuable for descriptioUj and especially those from Oudh, Sind, Gumsur and Chittagong. After the Exhibition collections had been despatched, by the kindness of the Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, a* series of 100 Andaman Islands woods made in 1866 by Lieutenant Colonel Ford, M.S.C., at that time Superintendent of Port Blair, and which were accom- panied by a carefully prepared bound catalogue, giving all the available information regarding quality and uses, was made available. This col- lection had been received in 1867, and, for better custody, had at that time been deposited in the Calcutta Gardens. Naturally, after ten years' storage in the moist climate of Calcutta, many of the specimens were found to be considerably damaged by decay or by the ravages of white- ants, but it was remarkable that so many species were found to be sound and to have sufficiently resisted those destructive agencies to be capable of furnishing good specimens for description and distribution. They are numbered B 2201 to B 3300, and an examination of the list INTKOBUCTION. T appended to this work will show what species in particular were fit for use. A small hand collection was also received from the Salem Dis- trict, Madras ; and a small collection of Ceylon woods was available from the Inspector General's Office. These were separately numbered and have been separately quoted. The chief contributors of further specimens for purposes of description were Colonel Beddome, Captain Bailey, R.E., Messrs. Ribbentrop, Thomp- son, Dodsworth, Smythies, Vincent, Johnston, Elliot, Oliver, Manson, Fuchs, Wilmot, all Forest Officers ; as well as Dr. G. King and Mr. J. F. Duthie, the Superintendents of the Botanic Gardens at Calcutta and Saharunpur. Taking all these sources together, the number of specimens named, numbered, and described reaches 2,530, belonging to 906 species and 432 genera. All the wood specimens described in this work bear a letter and a number, the numbers having been given in the order of receipt, and each number refers to the particular specimen or series of specimens cut out of one log or piece. In this way there can be no mistake, any number- ed specimen can be at once compared with its description in the book by means of its number, the index of numbers, and the list of specimens at the end of the description of each species. It will be noticed that some of the serial numbers from 1 to 3636 are not represented in this work. The reason is that when the Paris Exhibition collections were numbered the specimens of dyes, fibres, manufactured articles, etc., were also included; these, or most of them, have now been omitted, as well as such of the wood specimens as were in too bad a condition for description, or regarding the correct names of which any doubt was felt. The letter represents the region from which the specimen came. For this purpose eight regions have been established, on the principle that the forests comprised in one region should possess a similar climate and a similar flora. The regions so established and the letters by which they are desig- nated are — H. The North- West Himalaya, comprising the mountains of that range ahove an elevation of 3,000 feet, between the Indus and the Sardah river on the Nepal frontier. P. The dry and arid region of the plains and lower hills of the Punjab, Eajpu- tana, and Siud. ' 0. The plains and Sub-Himalayan tract of the North-West Provinces, Oudh and Gorakhpur, ascending to 3,000 feet. C. Central India, the hilly country lying south of the Jumna and north of the Godavei-y River, and including the Vindhia and Satpura Hills, as well as Orissa. VI INTRODUCTION. E. The North-East comprising the Himalaya from the Nepal frontier eastwards, the Khasia Hills, Assam, Caohar, Chittagong and the Sundarbans. D. The Dekkan, comprising the country to the south of the Godavery, and chiefly included in Madras and Mysore. W. The west coast of the peninsula, comprising the Western Ghats and the coun- try lying between them and the sea. B. British Burma, including the Andaman Islands. Exception might, perhaps, be taken to some points in this classifica- tion. The flora of Chittagong is, in reality, quite as closely allied to that of Burma as to that of Northern Bengal and Assam ; while that of Orissa and Ganjam (Northern Circars) might, perhaps, have more correctly been classed with the flora of the Carnatic than with that of Central India. But the classification adopted is a convenient one, and was established by Dr. Brandis after very careful consideration and discussion. And it will be seen by a reference to the accompanying map, kindly furnished by Mr. H. F. Blanford, F.R.S., Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India, that the regions which we have designated by the eight letters, whose meaning we have just described, are really the regions which re- present the different zones of comparative rainfall. The map, it will be seen, is coloured in four shades from white to dark blue, represent- ing :— 1. The Arid Zone with a rainfall less than 15 inches. 2. „ Dry Zone „ „ of between 15 and 30 inches. 3. „ Intermediate Zone „ „ 30 and 70 inches. 4. „ Moist Zone „ „ of over 70 inches. The first or Arid Zone covers only the north-western plains of the Punjab, Sind, and Rajputana ; this, with a portion of the Dry Zone, to the north and east of it, constitute the region marked by the letter ' P '. The Dry Zone has also two further areas in South India, that is in India south of the latitude of 21°; these areas, together with the portion of the Intermediate Zone on the east coast of the Peninsula south of the River Godavery and a narrow strip along the east of the range of the Western Ghats, form the region which we have designated by the letter ' D '. It may, however, be remarked that Berar, from the similarity of its flora to that of the Central Provinces, is classed, though strictly speaking \pithin the Dry Zone, under region ' C '. The rest of the Intermediate Zone, forming quite half of the whole country, occupies a band stretching right across the head of the Penin- sula, as well as a strip along the foot of the Great Himalayan Range. Though, comparatively speaking, this large area possesses a flora showing a general common likeness and similarity, yet we can easily divide it into two by considering the great sal belt between the foot of the Hima- INTRODTJCTIOK. Vll laya and the Ganges as one section ; and the great main belt of sal passing into teak between that river and a southern boundary approximately re- presented by the river Godavery, as a second. These two sections correspond to the regions represented respectively by the letters ' O. ' and ' C \ The Moist Zone, shown in the map in dark blue^ occupies two main areas : first, the great belt of the mountain ranges of northern and north- east India from Kashmir, through Nepal, Sikkim and Assam, to Chitta- gong and Burma j and, second, the narrow belt along the western coast. This latter corresponds to the region we have marked "W, while the former is divided into 3 sections, each having its characteristic flora : These are — 1. The Himalayan region, from Kashmir to the boundary of Nepal at the Sards river, iu longitude about 81°. 2. The Himalayan region, from the Nepal boundary at the Mechi river, in longi- tude nearly 88", the Assam Valley, Khasia Hills, Cachar, acd Chittagong, together with the Delta of the Ganges. 3. Burma, including the Andaman Islands. and are respectively represented by the letters ' H', ' E ' and ' B '. So that, with trifling exceptions, the zones of rainfall and the regions represented by the letters prefixed to the numbers of the specimens agree with each other. As far as it was published, Bentham and Hooker's "Genera Plantarum" furnished the order in which the families were arranged, as well as the general nomenclature of genera and species. At the time that most of the work was written (1878) the " Genera Plantarum" had only been published as far as the end of Gamo'petalm. Since then the Apetalx have been completed, while the Monocotyledons may be expected to be published before long. In almost all cases the names given in the " Flora Indica " have been taken, though there are a few exceptions in some of the genera in which it was considered best to use better known names, quoting always the names given in the " Flora Indica ■'■' as synonyms. The "Flora Indica" is quoted as far as the end of the second volume, that is, to the end of Gornacea. The third volume of the ' Genera Plantarum' and the third volume of the ' Flora Indica,' now in course of publication, have very considerably altered the genera and specific names of many of the plants whose woods are here described. To have inserted these alterations either during the course of the printing, or as ' Corrigenda'^ would have caused considerable delay ; and so the text remains as it was written. But when a new edition is published very great alterations will have to be made and VUl INTRODUCTION. especially in some of tbe large orders like ' Lauracese/ which will have to be entirely remodelled. Generally speaking, the only books regularly quoted, are — 1. Hooker's Flora Indica. 2. Eoxburgh's Flora Indica. 3. Brandis' Forest Flora of Nortli-West and Central India. 4. Beddome's Flora Sylvatica of the Madras Pi'esidency. 5. Kurz's Forest Flora of Britisli Burma. 6. Gamble's Trees, Shrubs and Large Climbers of the Darjeeling District. The last-mentioned work being referred to merely as indicating that the tree in question is found in the North-East Himalaya, in the same way as Brandis' Forest Flora shows that the tree is found in North-West and Central India ; Beddome's Flora that it occurs in Madras ; Kurz's Forest Flora that it is a native of Burma. A list of other works from which information has been drawn is appended to this introduction, and it must always be borne in mind that, excepting the actual descriptions of the woods, very little of what is here given is new, but has been compiled from all available sources of information. In this way the chief points of information here recorded under each species are — 1. The scientific name — with synonyms, so far as the six hooks referred to above are concerned. 2. The vernacular names — selected with as much care as possible and with the spelling given according to the most ordinary system and the pronunciation of the word. 3. The description of the wood. 4. The geographical distribution, as shortly as possible. 5. The record of all available information regarding rate of growth. 6. The results of aU experiments on weight and strength that it was possible to quote. 7. The uses to which the wood and other products of the tree are generally put. 8. The list of specimens used in identification and description. To have added also a botanical description of the plant, as is done in Mathieu's " Flore Forestiere " would have doubtless increased the value of the work, but it would have at least doubled its size ; and, in the present state of our knowledge of the Indian Flora, would have been almost impossible. Besides, as has been already explained, the number of species of which the woods have been described is only a small proportion in reality of the total number of species of woody plants inhabiting India. But some attempt has been made to notice even the species which have not been described. In some important genera, a list of known species and their geographical habitat has been given, in other genera other species of note have been mentioned, and, whenever possible, notes regard- INTRODUCTION. IX ing the uses and qualities of the wood and the other products of the trees so referred to have been added. One great object in having thus men- tioned other species has been kept in view; viz., to show Forest Officers and others who may have the opportunityj wkat we have not got, and so persuade them to help, by sending to the writer or to the Forest School Museum, specimens that can be described and help at some future time in the publication of a more correct and complete description of the Indian woods than can now be attempted. In a few cases where most of the species are well known, as, for instance, the Maples, an attempt at an analytical key by which the species may be roughly determined in the forests has been given. In the French Forest Flora this has been done for all species, and the different Indian Forest Floras have similar analyses, but they are all dependent on more or less difficult botanical characters, while what we chiefly require is a series of keys which shall enable a non-botanical Forest Officer to ascertain the species of the tree he meets with, by means of the more conspicuous differences in habit, bark, and leaf. It is now necessary to explain how the descriptions of the woods were made. During the progress of the work of preparation of specimens in Calcutta, and afterwards at more leisure in Simla, the examination of the different woods and their description was made by a committee which consisted of — 1. Dr. D. Brandis, F.E.S., C.I.B., Inspector General of Forests. 2. Mr. J. S. Gamble, M.A., Assistant to the Inspector General of Forests. 3. Mr. A. Smythies, B.A.^ Assistant Conservator of Forests, Central Provinces. The descriptions were usually dictated by Dr. Brandis, and written down by one of the others, generally Mr. Smythies, but the wood struc- ture was examined by all three officers and discussed before the descrip- tion was finally passed. The whole was gone over three or four times, and in the later examinations, when the Committee was more accus- tomed to the differences of structure, the generic and family characters were discussed and drawn up. Some of the later received specimens, as well as those given in 'Addenda,' were described by the writer, but on the same plan and principle as was originally adopted by the Committee. In the description o£ the woods the chief characters of which note has been given are : — 1. Size of tree. 2. Evergreen or deciduous. 3. Description of bark — a. Colour. S. Thickness. c. Appearance and fissures, exfoliation. X INTRODUCTION. 4. Description of wood (sapwood and heartwood) — a. Colour. b. Hardness. c. Grain. 5. Annual rings. 6. Pores. 7. Medullary rays. 8. Other characters, such as the presence or absence of concentric marljings. and these characters require a short explanation. 1. Size. — The plants are usually described as "shrubs","Iarge shrubs", " small trees", "trees", " large trees", and " very large trees", according to general size; or as "climbing" or "straggling plapts". 2. Evergreen or Deciduous. — These characters are given as far as our knowledge of the trees extends, and are easily understood. 3. Barh. — Is described according to its colour, which usually presents some shade of grey or brown, varying into white, or red, or black ; its thick- ness represented by the fractions of the inch ; its roughness or smoothness, and the fissures and clefts into which it is cut externally ; its texture whe- ther hard or soft, papery or corky ; and the way in which it exfoliates. 4. Wood. — The wood is described whenever possible according to both sapwood and heartwood. The colour is given as nearly as possible according to the shades, usually of white or brown, but varying into red, grey, yellow, purple p nd black. The hardness is given according to the different categories as ' extremely soft ", " very soft ", " soft", " moderately hard", " hard", "very hard", and " extremely hard", and in order to give an idea of thes» different categories we may instance the following among well-known trees : — Extremely soft . . Cochlospermum Gossi/pium. Very soft . . . Sterculia villosa ; Eomhax malaharicum. Soft . . . Cedrela Toona ; Albizzia stipulata. Moderately hard . . Ficus bengalensis ; Tectona grandis. Hard . . . Sliorea rohusta; Terminalia tomentosa. Very hard . . . Dalbergia Sissoo ; Querciis semecarpifolia. Extremely hard . . Pterocarpus santalinus ; Sardwickia hinata. The grain is usually recorded as being " close ", " even ", " open ", " rough ", " cross", &c., &c., and the relative roughness or smoothness is generally given. 5. Annual rings. — In the description of the wood these are only referred to as regards their presence or absence, their being more or less well marked, and the marks which so distinguish them. 6. Fores. — As in the case of the hardness, so, too, the pores are de- scribed according to a scale of size which varies in those trees which possess them, as " extremely small ", " very small ' INTRODUCTION. XI sized ", " large ", " very large ", and " extremely large ". As examples of these categories may be given — Extremely small . . . Buxus sempervirens. Very small . . . Acer pictum. Small . . . Adina cordifolia. Moderate-sized . . . JBassia latifolia. Large . . . Alhizzia Tiehheh, Very large . . . JErythrina suheroia. Extremely large . . Many climbers, 7. Medullary rays. — The classification of the medullary rays has been made upon a similar plan, and they have been divided into "extremely fine", " very fine", " fine", " moderately broad", " broad", " very broad", and " extremely broad ■", examples of which categories are — Extremely fine . . . Euonymus lacerus. 'Very fine . . . Diospyros Melanoxt/lon, Fine . . . Alhizzia Lehheh. Moderately broad . . Dillenia pentagyna. Broad . . . Flatanus orientalis. Very broad . . . Quercus incana. Extremely broad . . Samara robusfa. In addition, the distance between the medullary rays is usually given and is compared with the diameter of the pores. The medullary rays are said to be distant when they are further apart than twice the diameter of the pores, and in some species they are closer together than that diameter, often bending round the pores which come between them. 8. Other characters. — The most noticeable of these are the presence or absence of concentric bai's across the rays ; and of patches of white tissue and the way they are disposed. These other characters are often valuable accessaries in determining the genera, and even the family to which a wood belongs. The woods of different species of Anonace* are all characterised by regular ladder-like transverse bars, and so far as the experience gained in the preparation of this work goes, the character affords an unmistakeable sign for recognizing the trees of that order. In Sapotace^ again, the wavy concentric lines and the arrangement of the pores in short wavy lines affords a character which is almost cer- tain ; and if any doubt could arise it would be between that order and its neighbour the Ebenace^, which, however, almost always differs in having the wood of a white, grey or black colour, while that of Sapotacej} is generally some shade of red. Concentric lines of soft texture occur in many families and genera. They are very common in the LEGUMiNOSiE, as may be seen from the description of the seven groups which the woods of that family form, as described at pages 115, 116. They occur also in Garcinia and Mesua Xll INTRODUCTION. among GufTiFER^ j in Mceodendron, Celastrus, and Jjophopetalnm among Celastrinej) ; in Heynea, Amoora, and Walswra among Meliace* ; Cordia in BoRAGiNEiE, and in other genera. Tlie wood of the trees of the great and important order of CoNiFBRai is always recognizable, at any rate, by the constant character of the absence of pores ; that of the CuPULiFERiB by the arrangement of the pores in wavy, radial lines, and a particular texture ; somewhat broad medullary rays often indicate the orders DiLLBNiACEJE, Rhizophorej!, and MYRSiNBiE; a close and even-grained wood, most species of the great order of RuBiACEiR ; while the large genus Ficus has its woods extremely uniform in character and recognized by alternate layers of soft and firm tissue. In this way a little practice enables a very near guess to be made at the scientific name of the tree which gave any wood which it may be necessary to determine, and it may be hoped that, with a rather wider acquaintance with the woods of India, we may be in a position to draw up an analytical table for the woods which are most chiefly in use in India^ similar to that given at the end of the French Forest Flora. Mention has been made of some families and genera which have woods of similar character and structure, but it is also necessary to point out that there is no regular rule for determining orders and genera by means of the wood, for in some cases the structure of the diS'erent component genera or species presents characters of a very dissimilar type. In the genus Dalberg'ia, for instance, there is a very great dissimilarity, so that while three species (see p. 124) have hard dark-coloured heavy woods, others have white, often soft, woods without heartwood, and one species has the peculiarity of a wood divided into concentric rings, which are often separable, of alternate layers of wood and bark-like tissue. But, in general, it may be said that in the same genus the wood structure is usually constant, and in this way the character may often serve as a valuable aid in botanic investigation, as it has constantly done in paleontology. It is not always easy to give in words an explanation of the reasons which lead one who is tolerably conversant with the structure of woods to pronounce an opinion ; there are often characters of appearance, touch, colour, odour, &c., which afford clues, as well as the arrangement and relative size of the pores and medullary rays, and the presence or absence of annual rings ; so that it is really only experience and habit that can teach us to recognize, from a mere inspection of a wood, the place which it ought to occupy in the natural system. As an instance of how the structure of a wood may bear out an opinion INTRODUCTION. XIU on generic distinction the following may be given. When describing the woods of the different species of Olive, one kind was met with which presented a structure entirely dissimilar from the rest. This was our No. E 379 which was sent, accompanied by leaf specimens, from the higher forests of Sikkim. Wishing to ascertain the name. Dr. Brandis took the specimens to the Calcutta Herbarium, and after carefal examina- tion pronounced them to belong to a species of Osmanthus, a genus closely allied to Olea, and it is as Osmanthus, nov. sp., that the wood is described at p. 257. A few days ago, in the forest near Darjeeling, the writer found trees of the well known Osmanthus fragrans, and on examining the wood, found that it agreed in structure with No. E. 379, having the pretty network of anastomosing bands of pores, and not the more regular and uniform arrangement presented by Ol&a. So that the correctness of Dr. Brandis' determination is borne out by the structure of the wood at any rate. The examination of specimens to determine the rate of growth was chiefly made by Mr. Smythies, assisted at one time by Dr. W^arth; and, in writing the account of rate of growth, reference has been made to all the information published, or otherwise obtainable, on the subject. Eor the principal woods some data have been procured which will doubtless be very valuable ; while even the record of the countings made on our small specimens is, though not absolutely reliable, at any rate useful as a commencement. Whenever possible, countings were made on the log, on the whole diameter of the section, but time and leisure were not always available for this during the work in Calcutta, so that many of the results given are merely calculated from an inspection of such pieces as were available, and are necessarily, therefore, not completely reliable. This explanation is necessary, in order that it may be well understood, that our record is not always a record of the results of a series of care- fully conducted experiments and examinations, but in many cases is only given as a beginning and as being the best information available. The discussion of the rate of growth of teak was based on a memo- randum which was published by Dr. Brandis on the subject and circu- lated; that of sal was chiefly drawn up by Mr. Smythies, and ap- peared first in Vol. IV, page 324, of the Indian Forester; the rest were drawn up by the writer. Information regarding the rate of growth of our forest trees is one of the greatest of our desiderata, as such informa- tion is essential to the determination of the rotation of forests and the construction of working plans, so that no possible opportunity should be lust of collecting information on the subject. XIV INTRODUCTION. The rate of growtli is recorded as " slow ", " moderate ", or " fast ", according as the number of rings per inch is greater than 12, between 12 and 6, and less than 6. These correspond to ages at 6 feet in girth of 134 years, 67 to 134, and 67 years respectively. ' Weight. — As already stated in reference to the annual rings, the ex- periments made with our specimens iu ascertaining the specific gravity of different kinds of woods, are also merely given as being often the only information available. Most of the specimens weighed were of small size, and they were, perhaps, not always cut so as to be capable of very exact measurement, but, nevertheless, the information obtained is of value and can serve until it is supplemented or superseded by more accurate experi- ments made with a large choice of specimens. The weighings were done by Mr. Smythies and Dr. H. Warth, and the result is given in the form of the number of pounds per cubic foot, as being a more easily utilized form of information than the figures repre- senting the specific gravity, compared with that of water taken as 1. The weight here recorded is always, unless otherwise stated, that of sea- soned timber, and it is given as " light", " moderately heavy ", " heavy ", and " very heavy " according as the woods give : — ■ Light, less than 301bs. per cubic foot. Moderately heavy, from 301bs. to 501bs. per cubic foot. Seavy, from 501bs. to 701bs. per cubic foot. Yery heavy, over 701b3. per cubic foot. As in the Forest Flora of North- West and Central India, only the in- formation regarding the transverse strength of timber is recorded, though in a few cases the modulus of elasticity is also given. In regard to transverse strength, the value of P is the result obtained by the formula — W X L B X D" where — W=:The breaking weight, or the weight which when placed on the middle of the bar causes it to break. L=:the length of the bar between supports, in feet. B=the breadth of the bar, in inches. D:=its thickness, in inches. A, great number of i-ecorded experiments have been brought together, chiefly from those made by Baker, Skinner, Benson, Bennett, Dundas, and others, while in these pages are for the first time published the re- sults of the valuable and careful experiments made in Calcutta by Dr. Brandis in 1864. INTRODUCTION. XV In writing the remarks on the products of eaih tree, the \ii?es for which its wood is valuable, and the various economic purposes to which the bark, fibre, gum, fruit, leaves, &c., are put, information has been extracted from a very large series of books and papers, official documents and notes furnished by the officers who contributed to the Paris Exhibi- tion. In fact, almost all available sources of information have been con- sulted in order to make the remarks as complete as possible. But there is still much to be done, every day adds some new fact to the stores of our information regarding Indian trees : and the Departmental Reports, the Indian Forester, and the various publications of Government on the different subjects of economic interest, the dyes, fibres, gums, oils, &c., are constantly still increasing this information, so that before long even the more recently added items will become old in their turn. As our knowledge of Indian trees and their uses and capabilities extends, and as specimens are obtained and wood structures described, so it is hoped that facts may be collected which will enable some future Forest Officer to revise and republish this work, bringing it up to date and making more wide the area, of our knowledge of the wonderful productions of the very varied forest flora of India. It may be called ambitious to attempt a description, even in the shape of a ' Pro- dromus,' of the woods of such a wide field as that of British India ; but the difficulty would always be, in attempting to restrict the area, that the various floras of the different regions run so much into one another, and so often contain the same or similar species ; so that it may be hoped that the publication of this work, which, except as regards the wood struc- ture alone, is only after all a compilation, will be looked upon chiefly as an attempt to describe the principal woods of India, and in a less degree as a convenient book of reference for the native names and economic uses of Indian trees. The Addenda-Corrigenda sheets are rather lengthy, but the num- ber of corrected mistakes is not very great, the chief reason for length being the addition of descriptions of woods lately obtained and of native names not before published. The K61 names for instance, it is believed, are herein published for the first time: these, as well as a few Oraon, Bhumij and Kharwar names, were collected by the writer in the winter of 1880-81; and he has also added a number of Uriya names obtained in the forests of Khurda, and Magh and Bengali names obtained iu Chittao-ong. The Mechi and Garo names attached to Mr. Shakespear^s collections in the Bengal Forest Herbarium have also been added, as XVI INTRODUCTION. well as the Mysore names published recently by Major VanSomeren. Some further information regarding the rate of growth has also been J. S. GAMBLE. Daejeelikg: November, 1881, xvii LIST OF BOOKS AND PUBLISHED PAPEES RBPEEEED TO. Anderson. An Enumeration of the Palms of Sikkim. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 1868. An Enumeration of the Indian Species of Acanthacese. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 1866. Atkinson. Economic Products of the North-Western Provinces. ' Gums and Gum- resins,' Allahabad, 1876. Baden-Powell. Hand-hook of the Economic Products of the Punjab, Eoorkdc, 1868. Baker. Experiments on the Elasticity and Strength of Different Kinds of Timber. Gleanings in Science, 1829. Balfour. Timber Trees of India, Madras, 1870. Beddome. Flora Sylvatica of the Madras Presidency, Madras, 1869-73. , Eeport on the Nilamhur Teak Plantations, Madras, 1878. Bennett. Experiments on Andaman woods. Professional Papers on Indian En- gineering, Eoorkee. Bentham and Hooker. Genera Plantarum, Vols. I and II. Bidie. Eeport on Neilgherry Loranthaceous Plants, Madras, 1874. Brandis. Forest Flora of North-West and Central India, London, 1 874. . List of Specimens of the Woods of British Burma sent to England for the International Exhibition of 1862, Calcutta, 1878. Catalogue of Specimens sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1878, Calcutta, 1878. Brandis and others. Eeport on the Deodar Forests of Bussahir, 1865. Working Plan for the Bias Forests, 1871. Working Plan for the Deoban Working Circle, 1875. . Preliminary Working Plan of the Sutlej Working Circle, 1875. . Suggestions regarding the Demarcation and Management of the Forests of Kulu, 1877. Brandis. Suggestions regarding Forest Administration in the Central Provinces, 1876. Suggestions regarding Forest Administration in the Hyderabad Assigned Districts, 1877. . Suggestions regarding Forest Administration in Assam, 1879. Suggestions regarding Forest Administration in Ajmere and Merwara, 1879. Cathcart and Hooker. Illustrations of Himalayan Plants, London, 1855. Clarke. Compositas Indicse, Calcutta, 1876. . A Eevision of the Ferns of Northern India. Transactions of the Linneao Society, 1880. Cleghorn. The Forests and Gardens of South India, London, 1861. Clifford. Memorandum on the Timber of Bengal, Calcutta, 1862. Collins. Eeport on the Caoutchouc of Commerce, London, 1872. Cooke. Eeport on the Gums, ELsins, &c., in the India Museum, London, 1874. XVm LIST OP BOOKS AND PUBLISHED PAPERS REFERRED TO. Cooke. Report on the Oilseeds and Oils in the India Museum, London, 1874. Cunningham. On Stone and Timber of the Gwalior Territory, Eoorkee Professional Papers, 1854. De-Candolle. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Eegni Vegetabilis, Paris, 1824-1873. . Monographise Phanerogamarum, Vol. I, Meliacese, Paris, 1878. Don. Prodromus Florte Nepalensis, London, 1825. Drury. The Useful Plants of India, Madras, 1858. Dundas. Experiments made at Lucknow on the Strength of Sal and Teak Timber. Professional Papers on Indian Engineering, 1879. Ternandez and Smythies. Keport on the Bijeragogarh Reserved Forests, Nag- pore, 1875. Pirminger. A Manual of Gardening for India, Calcutta, 1869. Pliiekiger and Hanbury. Pharmacographia, London, 1874. Forsyth. Highlands of Central India, London, 1871. Gamble. List of the Trees, Shrubs, and Large Climbers of the Darjeeling District, Calcutta, 1878. Griffith. The Palms of British East India, Calcutta, 1850. Heifer. The Provinces of Ye, Tavoy, and Mergui on the Tenasserim Coast, Calcutta, 1839. Hiern. Monograph of the Ebenacese. Cambridge Phil. Soc. Transactions, 1873. Hill and Vincent. Plan of Operations for the Simla Municipal Forests, 1876. Holtzapffel. Descriptive Catalogue of the Woods commonly employed in the Me- chanical and Ornamental Arts, London, 1852. Home. Report on the Vegetation of the Andaman Islands, Calcutta, 1874. Hooker. Flora of British India, Vols. I & II. . Himalayan Journals, London, 1854. . The Rhododendrons of the Sikkim Himalaya, London, 1849. and Baker. Synopsis Pilioum, London, 1874. Hunter. Statistical Account of Bengal, London, 1877. Keay. Scantlings of Timber for Plat Roofs, Eoorkee, 1872. Eing and Dey. A Glossary of Indian Plants, Calcutta, 1879. Elurz. Report on the Vegetation of the Andaman Islands, Calcutta, 1870. , Preliminary Forest Report of Pegu, Calcutta, 1875. . Forest Flora of British Burma, Calcutta, 1877. Ijang. Indian Timber Trees. Professional Papers on Indian Engineering. Laslett. Timber and Timber Trees, London, 1875. Lewin. The Hill Tracts of Chittagong, Calcutta, 1869. Lindley and Moore. Treasury of Botany, London, 1873. Mathieu. Flore Forestiere, Paris, 1877. Molesworth. Graphic Diagrams for the Strength of Teak Beams. Professional Papers on Indian Engineering, Roorkee. Munro. A Monograph of the Bambusacese. Transactions of the Linnean Society, 1868. Mueller. Select Plants for Industrial Culture, Melbourne, 1876. Kewbery. Descriptive Catalogue of the Economic Woods of Victoria, Melbourne, 1877. Ribbentrop. Hints on Arboriculture in the Panjab, Calcutta, 1874. Working Plan of the Kalatop Forest, 1873. Soxburgh. Flora Indica, Calcutta, 1832, reprint 1874. LIST OP BOOKS AND PUBLISHED PAPERS EEPEREED TO. XIX Eoyle. Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalayan Mountains, London, 1839. . The Fibrous Plants o£ India, London, 1855. Schlich. Eeport on the Pyinkado Forests of Arakan, Kangoon, 1870. Sebert. Notice sur les Bois de la NouveUe Caledonie, Paris. Skinner. Description and Strength of some Indian Timhers, Madras, 1862. Stewart. Punjab Plants, Lahore, 1869. Strettell. Note on Caoutchouc obtained from Chavannesia esculenta, Rangoon, 1874 Thonapson. Report on Insects Destructive to Woods and Forests, Allahabad, 1868. Thwaites. Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae, London, 1864. Van Someren. List of the Forest Trees of Mysore and Coorg. "Wailich. Plantae Asiatics Rariores, London, 1830. ■ . List of Indian Woods collected by — . By A. Aikin. Transactions of the Society of Arts, 1839. Waring. PharmacopcEia of India, London, 1868. Watson. List of Indian Products, London, 1872, . Index to Names of Eastern Plants and Products, London, 1868. Wight. Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis, Madras, 1840-1853. . Illustrations of Indian Botany, Madras, 1838 — 53. Also numerous papers in the Indian Agriculturist, Statistical Beporter, Indian Forester and other periodicals. ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. Page 1, last line but 6. For " H 2850. " read " H 2820." „ 2, line 7. After " Audamans." aid "It has a red bark, peeling off in hard flakes ; light brown, moderately hard wood, with large round pores and broad medullary rays (E 3370. Kasalong Reserve, Chittagong.)" „ 2, Dillenia indica. To vernacular names add " Samphal, Nep. ; Panpui, Garo ; JBetta kanagala, had kanagala, Kan. ; CMlta, Monghyr ; Oao, Uriya ; " „ 2, line 6 from the bottom, after ' radius.' add " A round (E 2310) in the Bengal Forest Museum shews 62 rings for a mean radius of 65 inches, or nearly 9 rings per inch." ,, 3, line 4. Add "The leaves are said by Mr. Brownlow of Caohar to be used for feeding the silkworm AUacus Atlas." „ 3, D. pentagyna. To vernacular names add " PasAkouU, Eajhanshi ; Ajar, Monghyr; JJcKki, Qikxa ; KorTcot, Qx^ovl; Korkotta,'S.(A; Kaltega, had hanagala, Kan. ; " „ i, D. pentagyna. To numbers acit^ — "C3571. Khurdha Forests, Orissa ; . . . 49 lbs." „ 5, Talauma Sodgsoni. To vernacular names add " Laigongron, Mechi ; Fanhahro, Garo ;" „ 5 Magnolia Camphellii. Before vernacular names add " Red Magnolia." and to vernacular names add " Fatagari, Bhutia ; " „ 6, Michelia Cathcartii. To numbers add — ■ "E3321. Darjeeling, 6,500 ft." „ 6, M. excelsa. To vernacular names add " Pendre, Lepcha ;" „ 7, line 2. After " specimens." add " Young specimens cut in the Bark, Dar- jeeling, shew 4 to 7 rings per inch of radius ; while a large I'ound (E 3631) in the Bengal Forest Museum, having a girth of 91 inches, shows 7 rings per inch mean growth." „ 7, M. excelsa. To numbers add — " E 3586. Darjeeling, 7,000 ft." „ 7, line 18. After " growth moderate " add " 6 rings per inch of radius." „ 7, M. lanuginosa. To numbers add — "E3331. Darjeeling, 6,000 ft 36 lbs." „ 9, FolyaltAia cerasoides. To vernacular names add " San hessare, Kan; " „ 9. After PoLTALTHiA add " C 3483, from the Kolhan Forests, Singbhiim, Chota Nagpore, is probably F. suherosa, Roxb. Vern. Sandi ami, K61. Bark thick, brown. Wood olive grey, hard, close-grained, resembling that of F. cerasoides." „ 10, Saccopetalum iomentosum. To vernacular names add " OmS, hahe humu Kol ; Hessare, Kan. ; " Page 10, S. iomentosum. To numters add — " C 3471. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore." „ 10. After Saccopbtalum above the 12tli line from the bottom of the page, add — " C 3536, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa. Vern. Patmossu, Uriya, resembles the wood of Saccopetalum, iomentosum, but is whiter. Weight, 51 lbs. per cubic foot." "E 3368, from the Kasalong Reserve, Chittagong, is TJnona longiflora, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 668; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 61; Kurz i. 35, a small tree of Assam, the Khasia Hills, and Chittagong. Bark greenish-grey, thin, smooth. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, scattered, scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad, joined by numerous white transverse bars. " B 3380, from the hills to the east of Toungoo, British Burma, is Mitrephora vandceflora, Kurz i. 45, a tree of the forests of Chittagong and Pegu, but chiefly found in the Martaban Hills. The wood is grey, moderately hard. Pores small to moderate-sized, not numerous. Medullary rays moderately broad, joined by numerous, regular, white transverse bars. " E 3300, from Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2,000 ft., is Goniothalamus sesguipedalis. Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 73 ; Kurz i. 41 ; Gamble 3. Vem. Sane, Nep. ; SmgnoJc, Lepoha, a small shrub of the Eastern Himalaya down to Burma. Bark black. Wood dark grey, soft. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays fine to moder- ately broad, wavy. Transverse bars very numerous, very fine." „ 11, line 5. After"B'2,n."add':B'2,'!6." „ 13, „ 26. For"5'2,Vos." read"55Vo%:■ „ 13, „ 29. jFbr"Naghanda"reai "Nagkanda" „ 15. 4/5;er"2. C. aphyUa"a(^i— " 3. C. horrida, Linn. f. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 178 ; Brandis 15 ; Kurzi. 62. C zeylanica, Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 567. Vem. Sis; karvila. Ph.; Earralura, Oudh ; Adonda, Tel.; Katerni, Gondi; Giloran, Ajmere ; Bagnai, Monghyr ; Atanday, Tam. ; Oserwa, Uriya. " A climbing thorny shrub. Bark ^ inch thick, brown, rough. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard. Pores small to moderate- sized, scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad, not numerous, short. Paint, wavy, concentric lines of soft tissue. " Most parts of India and Burma. "P3244. Ajmere 47 lbs, "4. C. multiflora, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 178 ; Kurz i. 61 ; Gamble 5. Vern. Suntri, Nep. " A climbing thorny shrub. Bark smooth, dark. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays short, fine, Faint concentric lines of softer texture. " Eastern Himalaya, Upper Burma. " E 3349, Nagri, Darjeeling, 4,000 ft. " 5. C. Olaeifolia, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 178 ; Gam- ble 5. Vern, Naski, hais, Nep. ; Jhenok, Lepcha. "A thorny shrub. Bark i inch thick, brown, rough, corky. Wood white, hard. Pores small, often subdivided, or in radial lines. Medul- lary rays fine, very numerous. "Sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal to Assam, chiefly in the undergrowth of Sissu forests, along rivers. "E3297. Balasun, Darjeeling Terai . . , 44 lbs. "6. C. sepiaria, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 177 ; Brandis 15; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 568; Kurz i. 66. Vern. Hiun garna, Pb. ; Kanti hapali, Uriya. "A shrub. Bark brown, ^th incb thick. Wood white, hard. Pores moderate-sized, scanty. JMeduUary rays short, fine. Faint, white, concentric bands. " Dry places in India and Burma. "P3242. Ajmere. "C 3580, from Khurdha, Orissa, is thir species. The wood resembles that of the Ajmere specimen, but the medullary rays are moderately broad and longer." Page 15, Oratmva religiosa. To vernacular names add " Tailadu, bunboronda, Mechi ; Nirujani, Coorg ; " ,, 16, line 22. Jbr " moderately fine " read " moderately broad " „ 16, „ 32. After " Lathan," add " nathoma," „ 16, „ 33. After " Kuppa-manhala," add " rangamali," „ 16, „ 13 from the bottom. Add after " Nilgiris " " Sanaa, solti, Hassan ;" „ 16, „ 7 from the bottom. Before " Flacourtia" add " Bixa," „ 16, last line but one. For " Kuntto." read " Kunfch." „ 17, CocMospermum Oossypium. To vernacular names add " Hupu, K61 ; Betta tovare, Kan. ; Konto palas, Uriya ;" „ 17, line 17. After "'Btit^^xs," add" Doddajepalu,'K.an.." „ 1 8, Flacourtia Hamonfchi. To vernacular names add " Serali, merlo, K61 ; Katail, Palamow ; Bali baincho, Uriya ;" and to numbers add " C 3453. Saidope Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore," and " C 3488. Kolhan Forests, Singbhiim, Chota Nagpore." „ 18, at the end of Flacouetia after line 18 add "C 3519, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa, is Flacourtia sepiaria, Eoxb. Vern. Bainnha, bainch holi, Uriya. Bark yellowish -red, thin. Wood light red, hard, close and even-grained. Poi-es very small, in radial lines between the very fine, uniform, closely-packea, wavy meduEary rays." „ 18, line 31. J'or " H 2947." reat? " H 2949." „ 18, line 32. After " Assam " add " Ohota Nagpore " 18, at the bottom of the page, add " E 3401 from Julpigori, Bengal, is the wood oi Bixa Orellana, liinn. Bark brown, ^ inch thick. Wood pinkish white, soft, even-grained. Pores moderate-sized, in radial strings of 3 to 6, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, closely packed, bent round the pores or groups of pores, so that the distance between the rays is less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Annual rings marked by a line without pores. Growth moderate : 5 rings per inch of radius." „ 19, Order XI. PoLYGALEa;. At the end add " No. E 3393 is Polygala arillata. Ham., from Jalapahar, Darjeeling, 7,500 ft. It has a thin grey bark, and white, soft wood. Pores small, arranged in radial, or sometimes oblique, lines or patches. Medullary rays fine, scanty. Annual rings distinct." 20, heading. For " Tamariie " read " Tamarix " 21, line 11 from the bottom. After " Kirballi," add " ballagi," 23, „ 22. After " Mata'W,'B\i.T:m." add" I)ivarige,'Ks,-a..;" 24, Qarcinia Cambogia. To vernacular names add " Manthulli, Kan. " 24, G. Morella. To vernacular names add " Kanhutake, Kan. ; " 24. After " 4. G. Morella, " above line 8 from the bottom, add — "5. G. stipulata, T. And. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 267; Gamble 7. Vern. Sanakadan, Lepcha. IV "A tree with brown bark. Wood light oraBge-yellow, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized, sometimes subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad, numerous. Numerous wavy con- centric bands of soft texture, and of colour lighter than the rest of the wood, across the rays, and often anastomosing. " Sikkim and Bhutan in damp forests up to 4,000 ft. " The fruit is yellow and sometimes eaten by Lepchas. It gives a yellow gum, chiefly from the fruit, but it does not seem to be used. " E 3352. Kalimpung, Bhutan, 4,000 ft. " E 3365 is a specimen of the wood of a Qarcinia from Burkhal, Chittagong Hill Tracts. Bark thin, brown. Wood reddish white, moderately hard. Pores large, scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine to broad. Numerous, wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue across the rays." Page 25, line 16. For " are found " read " they are found " „ 25, Calophyllwm, inophyllum. To vernacular names aAd, " Pinelcai, Kan.; Poonangj Uriya ; " „ 25, line 10 from the bottom. Add " Sebert in ' Les Bois de la Nouvelle Caledonie ' says it is a magnificent wood for cabinet-maker's work, and that it gives a yellowish green, pleasantly scented resin. He gives the meaa specific gravity as 0"924, equivalent to nearly 59 lbs. per cubic foot. In Orissa it is much cultivated, and an oil extracted from the seeds is used for burning." „ 26, C. tomentosum. To vernacular names add " Kuve, bobbi, Kan. ; " „ 26, line 15. After " per cubic foot." add " Molesworth in ' Graphic Diagrams for Strength of Teak Beams' gives: Weight, 37 lbs., P ^ 640, E = 3,500," „ 27, Mesuaferrea. To vernacular names add " Nahsher, Mechi ; Kesara, Kan. ;" „ 27, line 9. After " evergreen tree." add " Bark \ inch thick, reddish brown, peeling off in flat thin flakes, leaving a slightly roughened surface." „ 27, line 26. After " cubic foot in weight. " add " Molesworth in ' Graphic Dia- grams for Strength of Teak Beams' gives : Weight, 711bs., P=l,040, E = 6,000." „ 27, at the end of Mesua, add " C 3513 and C 3524 (55 lbs.), from Kohori, Khnr- dha, Orissa, where the tree was planted on an area of about 12 acres by a former Raja of Khurdha, are Oehrocarpus longifolius, Bth. and Hook, f . "Vern. Chhuriana, Uriya. Bark reddish brown, ^ inch thick, exuding a red gum. Wood red, hard, close- and even-grained. Pores moderate-sized. Medullary rays moderately broad, very numerous, the distance between them equal to, or less than, the diameter of the pores. Annual rings marked by a darker line. Lines of soft texture numerous, but indistinct. Numerous resin-ducts in radial long cells, which appear as shining lines on a horizontal, and black points on a vertical transverse section. Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 55 lbs. per cubic foot." „ 28, line 25. For " Bhutan Himalaya." read " Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya." „ 28, line 10 from the bottom. Add " Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius." „ 29, line 15. After " Ouli gogen, Nep. ; " add " Laidonto, Mechi ; " „ 29, at the end of 1. S. napaulensis, add — " 2. S. Roxburghii, Wall. ; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 287 ; Kurz i. 103 ; Gamble 8. Ternstromia serrata, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 521. Vern. Dalup, Sylhet ; Ouli gogen, Nep. ; Dangsipha, Lepcha ; Laidonto, Mechi. " A small tree. Bark thin, reddish brown. Wood reddish brown, soft, with large central pith. Pores small, very numerous. Medullary rays fine, very numerous and closely set. " Eastern Sub-Himalayan tract, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Bui-ma. "E3271. Borojhar Eeserve, Western Duars . 42 lbs." Page 29, ScMma TVallichii. To vernacular names add " Singhrang, Lepcha ; Crugera, Garo ; Gogra, phulgogra, Mechi ; Sangraban, Magh ; Samhaio, Arracan ;" „ 30, S. Wallichii. To numbers add — "E3602. Sivoke Forests, Dai-jeeling Terai . . 411bs." „ 30, line 9. After "demand" add "Hooker in Himalayan Journals i. 157, says that it is much prized for ploughshares and other purposes need- ing a hard wood." 30, lines 16 and 17 from the bottom. For " Bark thin " read " Bark very thin " and for " Wood grey, soft, even-grained " read " Wood pink, moderately hard, close- and even-grained." „ 30, Camellia drupifera. To list of numbers add — " E 3358. Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling, 1,500 ft. . 60 lbs." „ 30, last line. For " 3142 " read " 3143" „ 32, line 28. After " Ghiga,'' add " walivara,'' „ 32, last line but one. After "'So. 6'i," add "(marked D. alatus, which how- ever is not the ' Eng ' tree, as this is)." „ 34, line 13. For " Medullary rays fine, broad " read " Medullary rays fine to broad." 34, Shorea robusta. To vernacular names add " Sarjam, K61 ; Sargi, Bhumij ; Sakwa, Kharwar ; Sekwa, Oraon ; Shal, Beng ; " 36, above line 12 from the bottom, insert " Recent countings made in the forests of Chota Nagpore shew that the rate of growth in Saranda may be taken at 7 to 9 rings per inch for trees growing in good soil in sheltered localities, and 12 to 15 rings for trees in more exposed conditions. (Indian Forester, Vol. VI., p. 318.) Small trees counted in Orissa gave the very good rate of 3 rings per inch. Countings of rings on rounds in the Bengal Forest Museum, cut in the Dulka Jhar Eeserve, shew as follows : — No. B3626 B3627 EB628 E3629 E3630 Rings. 47 42 53 70 57 Radias. 8'5 inches. 8-0 8-5 90 8-0 No. E 3617 from or an average of 6'2 rings per inch of radius, Sivoke and E 3616 from Bamunpokri, both rounds, give : the first 7, the second 5'7 rings per inch, so that the Sikkim Terai sal seems to have a similar rate of growth to that of Oudh." 36, last line but one. After " being 790 " add " Molesworth in ' Graphic Dia- grams for Strength of Teak Beams ' gives : Weight, 60 lbs., P =: 926, B = 4,800." 37, in schedule of experiments. After " Cunningham " last line but two, add — 661 E=2,60O 864 710" and Ondh. 38, lino 13. After " now available," add " (A tree, measured in the Valley of the Great Kangit, Darjeeling, gave : girth at 4 ft. from the ground 128 inches; height 161 feet; height to first branch, 86 feet.)" Dondas 1877 Oudll 12 12 10'x4,"x6" 2' XI" XI" Thomhill . '. 1816 Terai o£ N.-W.' P. and Oudh. 38 Variuus VI Page 38, in list of numbers. For "0 388" read " 386, 387, 388, 390." „ 38, After C1235 add- " C 3434. Kumandi Reserve, Palamow. " C 3440. Neturhat, Palamuw. "0 3441. Chanpi "C3444. Henar <( n Q472 ") " r 'Un I ^""S"' Saranda, Singbhiim. "C3478'. •) ( 2,700 feet. "C 3479. fAnkua Hill, Saranda 5 2,000 „ "C3480. ) (.1,800 „ "C3490. Kolhan Forests, Singbbiim. " C 3556. Khurdha Forests, Orissa ... 48 lbs. " C 3516. " E 3385. Berbampore Forest, Eungpore, Bengal 80 lbs. and after " E 2322 " add— " E 3616, 3618. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling, 1 ,000 ft. " E 3624 to E 3630. Dulka Jhar, Darjeeling Terai 57 lbs. (E3625) " B 3589. Sivoke Forests, Darjeeling Terai . . 47 lbs. "E3617. „ " E 3390. Dbupguri, W. Duars." „ 39, at the end of 6. S. siamensis, add — "7. S. assamica. Dyer; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 307. Vern. Makai, Ass. " A large tree. Wood brown, moderately hard. Pores large, sometimes surrounded by a ring of lighter tissue. Medullary ray s fine to moderately broad, short, the distance between them equal to the diameter of the pores. " Upper Assam. " The wood, according to Mr. Mann, is used for planking and for making canoes. " E 3369. Makum, Assam." „ 40, line 27. For " Bennett in 1872, No. 5, Andaman Wood, gave 58 lbs., P = 737" read " Bennett in 1872, No. 5, three experiments with Andaman wood 3' X 14" X If gave 58 lbs., P — 711." „ 42, „ 17 from the bottom. After " Beng. ;" add " MaoTi, Garo ; " „ 42, „ 10 from the bottom. After " Juwa, oru, Beng. ;" add "Dasw&la, Kan. ;" „ 43, „ 2. Add " Sebert in ' Les Bois de la Nouvelle Cal^donie' says it is used at Tahiti for planking and building light boats." „ 43. After line 4 add " E 3289, from the Einkheong Eeserve, Chittagong, is the wood of .2". macrophyllus, Eoxb. A small tree. Bark \ in. thick, light brown, fibrous, rather smooth. Sapwood white, heartwood light, purplish brown, soft, even-grained. Pores large, somewhat scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine but clearly marked, unequally distributed, short. Annual rings marked by fewer pores in the autumn wood. Growth fast, 3 rings per inch of radius.' 43, line 8. After " (Wallich) ; " add " Eeke, K61; " 43, Thespesia populnea. To vernacular names add " Asha, hurvashi, Kan. ; Bugari, Hassan j " 43, line 23. Add "Sebert in 'Les Bois de la Nouvelle Cal^donie' gives the weight at 42 lbs. per cubic ft." 43, Kydia ealycina. To vernacular names add " Moshungon, Mechi ; Sitha gonyer, Kdl ; Derhi, Kharwar; Kunji, Gondi ; Bende-naru, Kan.; " 44, Bombax malabaricwm. To vernacular names add — " Panchu, Garo ; Del, K61 ; Burga, Kan. ; " vu Page 44, B. malabaricum. To numbers add — "E 3606. Sivoke Forests, Darjeeling Terai." „ 44, line 16 from bottom. After " cutting?." add " C 978 is a fine specimen of the fibre sent from Berar and capable of being used for rough paper." „ 45, last line but one. After " Bodeli, Kan.; " add " Bara laiplanzeh, MeoM ; " „ 46, Sterculia urens. To vernacular names add " Keonge, Manbbiim ; Teley, K61 ; Mogul, haraunji, Monghyr; " and to numbers add — " C 3436. Kumandi Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore." ,, 46, 8. villosa. To vernacular names add "Sisi, walkom, K61 ; Pironja, Mun- dari ; Sisir, Oraon ; " 47, S. colorata. To vernacular names arftf " 5isi, K61 ; Jem»ia, Klarwar;'' „ 49, Selicteres Isora. To vernacular names add " AintMa dhamin, Monghyr ; Benta, sahomsing, K61 ; Aiteni, Kharwar ; Muri-muri, Uriya ; " „ 49, Pterospermum acerifolium. To vernacular names add " Laider, Mechi ;" and diange " Mus, Beng." to " Mus, Beng." „ 49, P. acerifolium. To numbers add — " E 3596. Sivoke Forests, DarjeeKng Terai . . 46 lbs." „ 50. P. suberifolium. To vernacular names add "Qiringa, Uriya ;" and to numbers add "C 3533, C 3534. Khurdha Forests, Orissa." „ 50. Eriolaena MooTceriana. To vernacular names add " Bundiin, oit bulung, Kdl ; Ponra, Oraon ; " „ 51, line 8. For " C 3791" read "C 3191," and after it add " C 3437. Kumandi Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore." „ 52, „ 7. After " Cliowra,'' add " Icadu-bende," „ 52, „ 31. After " markets." add •' It is also cut up into thin planking and exported to Assam to make tea-boxes. „ 52, Pentace hurmanica. To numbers add " B 2915. Burma." „ 53. In strength schedule, column ' Year,' last line but one, after " A. Mendis, No. 33" add " 1855" „ 53, first line after schedule. After " probably this." add " Molesworth gives : Weight 50 lbs., P = 844, E = 3,000." „ 53, Berrya Ammonilla. To list of numbers add — " No. 33. Ceylon collection 48 lbs." „ 54, first Kne. After " Tel. ;" add " Bolmengo, Garo ; Kokursida, Mechi ; " „ 54, Grewia tilicefolia. To vernacular names add " Tarada, Madura ; " „ 55, G. salvifolia. To vernacular names add " Bursu, sita pelu, K61 " and to numbers add " C 3457. Barasand Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore." „ 55, G. vestita. To vernacular names add " Perskuajelah, Mechi ; " „ 56, G. pilosa. To vernacular names atZc? 'Bhorkund,M.onghyr;' Gursihri Kharwar ; „ 56, at the end of G. pilosa. After line 14 add " E 3318 is the wood of a small tree from Pankabari, Darjeeling, 3,000 ft. In structure it resembles the wood of G. oppositifolia, but has not the unpleasant odour of the latter. It is probably G.polygama, Roxb." „ 56, „ 18. After " Banj,'Se^.-" add" Saim,uladdi,M.ec\\;" „ 57, „ 16. After " Rudrah, Hind.;'' add " Danala, Mysore ; " „ 58, Er-ytJiroxyion monogynum. To vernacular names add " Devaddrum, Kan." „ 58, line 22. After " boats." add " Dr. Bidie says that ' During the Madras famine the leaves were largely eaten by the starving poor, and as there is nothing in them structurally likely to satisfy the pangs of hunger, it seems probable that they contain some principle like that of E. Coca.' " VUI Page 58, line 21 from the bottom. After " Beng. ;" adA " Boromali, Uriya ; " „ '58, „ 9 from the bottom. After "Herig. ;" add" KiraneUi,'K.Bi\\. ;" „ 59, „ 5. For " BSnninghau senia " read " Bonninghausenia " „ 59, „ 7. Mir " XanthoxylecB " read " Zanthoxylece'' and for " Xanthoxy- lum" read " Zanthoxylum " „ 59, „ 19. After " Loajam," add " holholi " „ 59, „ 20. After " Bui-ma." add " Kyd gives : Weight 36 lbs., P= 267." „ 59, „ 22. After "Hind. ;" add "Chouldua, Uriya ; Laher-honta, Monghyr ; " „ 59, „ 38. After " Kawat, Mar. ; " add " Naibela, Kan. ; " „ 59, ,, 46. After " Suntala, Nep. ; " add " Shoungpang, Magh ; " „ 60, „ 28. Jb»•"pae^'^•ea(^"pale" Pages 60, 61. For the whole of 2. Xanthoxtium, Linn, substitute the following : — " 2. ZANTHoxTlitJM, Linn. "Contains 10 small, rarely large trees or climbing shrubs, usually armed with strong prickles. Besides the species here described Z. tomentellum, Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 493, is a small tree of the Eastern Himalaya. Z. Khasianum, Hook, f., of the Khasia Hills and Z. tetraspermum, W. & A. of the Western Grhats, are prickly climbing shrubs. Z. BTietsa, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 495 ; Bed- dome xli {Fagara Rhetsa, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 417) Vern. ShStsa, mdn, Tel. ; Tessal, Mar. ; Batfu kina, Cingh., is a large tree of Southern India. Z. Andamanicum, Kurz. i. 181, is a straggling shruh of the Andaman Islands. " 1. Z. alatum, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 768 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 493 ; Beddome xlii.; Brandis 47 ; Gamble 14. Vern. Timhur, timur, tezmal, dwrmur. Hind. ; Balay timur, Nep. ; Gaira, Monghyr ; Sungru, Lepcha. " A shrub or small tree. Bark corky, young stems with thick conical prickles from a corky base. Wood close-grained, yellow. Pores small, often in radial lines, not uniformly distributed ; belts with numerous pores often alternating with belts with scanty pores. Me- dullary i-ays fine, short, very numerous. " Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 7,000 ft.; Khasia Hills. " The wood is used for walking-sticks, the branches for making tooth-brushes. The fruit is a remedy for toothache and is also used to purify water and as a condiment. The whole plant has a strong unpleasant aromatic smell. " H 107. Bhajji, Simla, 4,000 f t. . . . 46 lbs. " B 2329. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 ft. . 34 „ " 2. Z. acanthopodium, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 493 ; Kurz i. 181 ; Gamble 14. Vern. Bog ay timur, Nep. "A small tree. Bark ^ inch thick, greyish brown, shining, studded with the large conical corky bases of the prickles which fall ofE as the tree grows. Wood yellowish white, soft. Pores small, often in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous. " Outer Himalaya from Kumaun to Sikkim, and the Khasia Hills, up to 7,000 ft. " A common small tree in second growth forest. Growth fast, our specimen (a round) shews 11 rings on a mean radius of 2g inches, or 4'4 rings per inch of radius. " E 3415. The Park, Darjeeling, 6,500 ft. " 3. Z. oxyphyllum, Edgew. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 494 ; Gamble 14, Vern. Timur, Nep. " A climbing shrub. Bark greyish brown, covered with large corky lenticels, and armed with recurved thorns on a conical corky base, often | inch high. Wood yellowish white, soft, porous. Pores large, usually many times subdivided radially. Medullary rays moder- ately broad, bent where they pass the pores. Annual rings marked by a white line. " Himalaya from Garhwal to Bhutan, from 6,000 to 8,000 ft. ; Khasia Hills, 4,000 to 6,000 ft. "E 3375. Darjeeling, 6,500 ft. " 4. Z. Hamiltonianum, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 494 ; Kurz i. 181 ; Gamble 14. Vern. Furpuray timur, Nep. " A climbing thorny shrub. Bark dark grey with white lenti- cels, armed with short recurved prickles on a thick, nearly cylindrical corky base, often J inch high. Wood yellowish white, soft. Pores fine, not numerous. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, nu- merous, nearly equidistant. " Sikkim and Assam. " E 3416. The Park, Darjeeling, 6,500 ft. " 5. Z. Budrunga, DC. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 495 ; Kurz i. 182 ; Vern. Srojonali, Ass. ; Mayaning, Burm. " A tree with greyish-brown bark ; young stems covered with thick conical prickles from a corky base. Wood moderately hard, close- grained, white. Pores small, uniformly distributed, often in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, short, numerous. " Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Burma. " E 3324. Pankabari, Darjeeling, 2,000 fl. "6. Z. ovalifolium, Wight ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 492 ; Beddome xlii.; Gamble 13. " A shrub. Bark thin, grey-brown, with white vertical streaks. Wood light yellowish-white, very hard, close-grained. Pores very small, rather scanty, evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Numerous sharp, white, concentric lines, as in Murraya exotica, which it much resembles in structure. "Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Assam and the Western Ghats. "E 3353. Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling, 1,500 ft. , 541ba.'" Page 61, Heading. For " X.anihoxyl'um " read " Zanthoxylum ; " „ 61, Toddalia aculeata. To vernacular names add " Tiindupara, Uriya ; " „ 61, Skimmia Laureola. To numbers add " E 3293. Mahalderam, DarieeUng' 7,000 ft." „ 61, line 14 from the bottom. For " 6 " read " 5 " ,, 61, lines 13 to 7 from the bottom. StriTee out and add at the end of M. exotica on page 62 the following : " 2. M. Konigii, Spr. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 503 ; Beddome xliv. ; Brandis 48 ; Kurz i. 190 ; Gamble 14. JBergera Konigii, Linn. J Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 375. Vern. Gandla, gandi, bowala, Pb. ; Sarrit hatnim, Hind. ; Barsanga, Beng. ; Chanangi, Hyderabad ; Gant> Banda ; JIumwah., Mechi ; Karsepah, kari-vepa, Tel. ; Kamwepila> Tarn. ; Kari-hevu, Kan. "A small tree. Bark grey with shallow netted fissures. Wood greyish white, hard. Pores small, sometimes subdivided or arranged in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Concentric white lines less strongly marked than in M. exotica. " Outer Himalaya from the Ravi to Assam, Bengal, South India and Burma. The wood is durable and is used for agricultural imple- ments. The leaves are used to flavour curries. " 3265. Saharanpur 43 lbs." Page 62j Murraya exotica. To numbers add " C 3495. Kolhan Forests, Singbhum, Chota Nagpore." 62, line 12. For " 5 " read " 6 " 62, Aialantia monophylla. To vernacular names add " Narguni, Uriya ; " and to numbers add "C 3515. Khurdha Forests, Orissa." 62, Feronia Elephantum. To vernacular names add " Vellam, Mac^ura ; " 63, ^gle Marmelos. To vernacular names add " Maika, Gondi ; Lohagad, Kdl ; Auretpang, Magh ; " 63. At the end of 8. Aegle. Afler " soft tissue." add — " E 3295 is Paramignya monophylla, Wight, from Babookhola, Darjeeling, 4,000 ft. Bark white, corky, vertically cleft. Wood white, hard, close-grained. Pores very small to moderate-sized. Medullary rays very fine, extremely numerous. Prominent, sharp, white, concentric lines at unequal distances and often joining each other. "E 3371 is the Orange, Citrus Aurantium,TArm. from Ra;ia- bhatkhawa, W. Duars. Bark thin, greenish grey. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard, close and even-grained. Pores small, scanty, joined by concentric patches of white colour, which occasionally join, forming concentric circles. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, equi- distant. " E 3348 is the Lime, Citrus medica, L., from Daijeeling. Bark yellowish white, thin. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores small, numerous, often subdivided or in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Concentric white lines distant. Pores often joined by white concentric patches. " E 3284 is Glycosmis pentapjiylla, Correa, from Chittagong. Bark light greyish-yellow. Wood white, hard, close-grained. Pores small, sometimes subdivided or arranged in radial lines. Medullary rays fine, wavy, very numerous. Sharp concentric white lines, often running into each other, very prominent. " E 3355 is Micromelum puhescens, Bl., from the Teesta Valley, Darjeeling. Bark thin, white. Wood yellowish white, hard, close- grained. Pores small, scanty, .often subdivided. Medullary rays fine, sharply marked. Sharp white concentric lines, often running into each other, prominent. "E 3354 is Clausena excavata, Burm., from Sivoke, Daijeeling Terai. Bark thin, smooth, dark brown. Wood white. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. White concentric lines often interrupted, but very closely packed radially. "C 3530 and C 3570 are Limonia acidissima, Linn. Vern. £Aenta, ITriya,from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa. It has a thin, light- brown bark, and very hard, yellowish-white wood. The pores are small, surrounded by white tissue, solitary or arranged in oblique strings. Medullary rays very fine, numerous, uniform and equidistant. Annual rings marked by a white line. Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 59 lbs. per cubic foot." 64, Ailanthus malabarica. To vernacular names add " MaHdad4pa,'S.3ss&n;" 64, A. excelsa. To vernacular names add " Mahanim, Uriya ; Qhorkaram, Palamow ;" and to numbers add " C 3449. Betlah Eeserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore." 64, line 24. After " tree." add " Bark light greyish-brown, fibrous, rough.'' 65, line 12 from the bottom. For " Komari " read " Koniari, " and at line 5 from the bottom add — " C 3541. Khurdha Porests,'Prissa . . 46 lbs." 67, line 3. For ' Knkar ' read ' Eanhar ' 67, Garuga pinnata. To vernacular names add " Nia jowa,^6\; Kekitr, Kharwar ; Karur, Bhumij ; Qharri, Gondi ; " Page 67, G. pinnata. To numbers add — "E 3604. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling Terai." „ 68, line 3. After " Burma." add "found by Mr. E. Thompson in Bustar and on the hills of Panabaras." „ 68, Canarium hengalense. To numbers add — "E 3592. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling.'' ,, 70. After \me 12 add "Molesworth gives in 'Graphic Diagrams for the Strength of Teak Beams' : Weight 50 lbs., P =^ 736, E = 2,900." ,, 71. After line 19, to numbers add — " E 3357. Kalimpung, Darjeeling, 4,000 ft. " E 3360. Eangirum, Darjeeling, 5,000 ft." „ 71, at the end of Mblia add " E 3499 is Cipadessa fruticosa, BL, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa, where it is a common shrub or small tree of the dry stony hills and laterite plateaux, and used for fuel. It has a thin reddish-brown bark and a red, moderately hard wood, ■which has a faint odour resembling that of the Toon wood. Pores very fine, numerous, usually in lines between the very numerous close and fine medullary rays. These latter are slightly wavy and short, and bend where they meet the pores. The pores are prominent as red lines on a vertical section. Annual rings marked by a white line. Growth of our specimen 5 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, about 50 lbs. per cubic foot." ,, 72, Dysoxylum procerum. To numbers a(^c? — " E 3595. Eungdung Forest, Darjeeling Terai." „ 72, line 4. Before " Assscm." add" Sikkim a.ni the Wesiera Dauvs," „ 73, Amoora Sohituka. To vernacular names add " SiJcru, Kdl ; " „ 73, at the end of "3. A. spectatoilis " add — " 4. A. deeandra, Hiem ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 562; Gamble 16. Vern. Tangaruh, Lepcha. " A tree, with thin grey bark. Wood pinkish white, hard. Pores small, scanty, joined by wavy, occasionally concentric, bands of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous." " Eastern Himalaya, from 2,000 to 6,000 ft. " E 3392. Lebong, Darjeeling, 5,500 ft." „ 74, attheend of "Walsuea." add " C 3459, from Bandgaon, Singbhiim, 2,000 ft., is Beynea trijuga, Eoxb. It has a thin, rough, reddish-brown bark and yellowish--white, moderately hard wood. Pores small, often subdivided, in groups or in short radial strings, surrounded with white tissue and arranged in wavy concentric lines. Medullary rays fine, short, numerous." „ 74, Carapa moluccensis. To vernacular names add " Pussur, Beng. ; " „ 74, line 22. After " the hair. " add " Capt Baker in May 1829 in ' Gleanings in Science ' spoke of Fussur or Pussooah as being a jungle wood of a deep pm-ple colour, extremely brittle and liable to warp. He said that native boats made of the best species last about 3 years, and that the wood, if of good quality, stands brackish water better than sal. " The following were Captain Baker's experiments ; — 6'X14"X2" 49, 52. Large tree 1825 47, 48. Small „ 1826 95, 101. Large „ 1826 104. Small „ 1826 134, 335. Large „ „ f eight. p= 51-5 472 44 484 46 562 47 586 ■ .. 502" 33"xl4"Xl" 75, line 31. After " wood 546." add " Molesworth gives for Honduras wood : Weight 35 lbs., P = 615, E = 3,100." xu Page 76, Soymida fehrifuga. To vernacular names add " Suam, Uriya;" „ 76. To numbers add — "C3566. Khuidha Forests, Orissa . . . 71 lbs." „ 77, Chloroxylon Swietenia. To vernacular names add " Seng el sali, K61 ' Bharhul, Kbarwar ; Bldra, Gondi ; Bhvil'wa, Baigas ;" „ 77. Below line 31 add " Molesworth in ' Graphic Diagrams for tbe Strength of Teak Beams ' gives : Weight 60 lbs., P = 950, E = 5,200." „ 77, C. Swietenia. To numbers add — lbs. " C 3443. Seemah Eeserve, Palamow C 3572. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . . .57 D2926. Madras " „ 78, Cedrela Toona. To vernacular names add " Kujya, Tippera ; Somso, Bhutia ; Katangai, K61 ; Madagiri vembu, Madura ; " „ 79, C. Toona. To numbers add — lbs. " C 3476. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore " C 3545. Khurdha Forests, Orissa ... 31 "B 3599. Sukna Forests, Darjeeling ... 39 " E 3619, Latpanohor, Darjeeling Hills, 4,000 ft " E 3623, Kalingpung, Darjeeling, 2,000 ft. . 35 (The last shews 11 rings on 7 inches radius or 1'6 rings per inch, while No. E 3619 has 31 rings on a radius of 7J, or about 4 per inch, and E 3599 shews 3| rings per inch.) " „ 79. After the end of C. serrata, above the 6th line from the bottom of the page, add — " In the Monograph of the Meliacese published in 1878 by Casimir de CandoUe, the species of Cedrela formerly grouped under the one head of Cedrela Toona, Roxb., have been separately described. They are thus distinguished : — " Ovary glabrous^ " Leailets petioled . . . C. serrata, Eoyle. " Leaflets subsessile . . . C. glabra, C. de Cand. " Ovary hairy — " Leaflets acute at the base . C. Toona, Eoxb. " Leaflets round at the base . C. microcarpa, C. de Cand. " In the ' Trees, Shrubs and Climbers of the Darjeeling District," three varieties were spoken of and separated as follows : — " 'No. 1. Deciduous ; flowering March ; fruiting June ; bark grey- brown, smooth, exfoliating ; found ia the plains on low land. " 'No. 2. Evergreen ; flowering October-November ; fruiting Feb- ruary and March ; bark dark brown, rough, not exfoliating ; found in the lower hills up to 4,000 ft. " ' No. 3, Evergreen ; flowering June ; fruiting November-Decem- ber ; bark light reddish-brown, exfoliating in long flakes ; found in the upper hills from 5,000 to 7,000 ft. and of great size." " No. 1 is C. Toona, Koxb. ; No. 2 probably C. microcarpa, C. de Cand. ; No. 3, probably C. glabra, C. de Cand. It would, how- ever, have probably been better to describe No. 1 as ' deciduous in the cojd season ' and Nos. 2 and 3 as ' deciduous in the rains.' There is perhaps a fifth species. " They may also be distinguished as follows by the capsule i-^ Capsule smooth i capsule round C. Toona. ^ t J. long, pomted . C. microcarpa. Capsule covered with corky tubercles . C. glabra. " Of the Northei-n Bengal specimens which we have examined, E 360 and E 2333 will be C. glabra, while E 655, E 2332, E 3599, Xlll E 3619, and E 3623 will be C. microcarpa. Some of the Assam, Chittagong and Burma specimens are probably C. microcarpa. "No. B 3378 from the Salween, 2,000 feet, is probably C. multijuga, Kurz i. 229. Vem. Toungdama. Burm. ; Nee, Karen. (Trade name, like the other Toon-woods, ThitkaAo.) It has a light, soft, pink wood, with the usual characteristic scent strongly perceptible, and structure resembling that of the other species of Toon, the pores being perhaps more scantily distributed. Weight, 35'5 lbs. per cubic foot." At the foot of the page add — ' E 3341, from the north-eastern part of Sibsagar, Assam, called is a soft, reddish wood, resembling that of Melia. It is evidently a useful wood for the same purposes as Toon is iised ; it splits well and is used for shingles. Pores moderate-sized to large, often subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad, short, tapering gradually at the ends. Annual rings distinct, about 7 per inch of radius. Weight, 27 lbs. per cubic foot." Page 80, line 19. Omit " DaphnipTivllopsis.'' „ 81, Olax scandens. To vernacular names add " Arthil, Monghyr ; Simmel, K61 ; Bodohodoria,J]y:ija,;" To numbers orfc^ "C 3467. Bandgaon, Singbhum, Chota Nagpore. and C 3494. Kolhan Forests, Siugbhum, Chota Nagpore. „ 81, 2. Daphniphyllopsis, Kurz, &c., should be transferred to p. 213 under CORNACE.ffil. Nyssa sessiliflora, Hook. f. ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 747. „ 81, DaplinipJiyllopsis capitata. To numbers add — " E 3608. Darjeeling, 6,000 ft." „ 83, Kne 8. After " Weight, 40 lbs. " insert " Growth : a small tree (E 3407) felled in the Park, Darjeeling, shewed 14 rings with a girth of 181 inches, or 4'7 rings per inch of radius." „ 85. After " 5. E. thesefolius" insert— " 6. E. frigidus, WaU. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 611 ; Gamble 18. A straggling shrub. Waod yellowish white, moderately hard, compaot, with extremely small pores, extremely fine medullary rays and annual rings marked by the darker colour of the autumn wood. "Himalaya, from Kumann toBhutan,from 8,000 to 12,000 feet. " E 3406. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet." ,, 86, Celastrus paniculata. To vernacular names add " Kiijiiri, K61 ; " „ 86. Afler\\n& 5 ivoxa the \ioiiom.'add "C 3448, from the Barns and Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore, is the same species as E 2334, but it differs in having no corky bark, but a brown thin bark. In the wood the diff'erence is slight and consists merely in smaller pores, and a closer- grained wood. The diff'erence may be only due to climate." ,j 87, Celastrus spinosus. To numbers add " H 2950, Sutlei VaUey, Punjab, 3,500 ft." „ 87. After "3. C. aene^aAensis" insert— " 4. C. aeuminatus, WaU. ; Kurz i. 252. Gymnosporia acu- minata, Hook. f. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 619. G. Thomsoni, Kurz ; Gamble 19, Vern. Fhugong, Lepoha. " A large thorny shrub. Bark thin, greyish white. Wood white, hard, close-grained, with numerous white concentric bands, in struc- ture resfembling that of C spinosus, " Sikkim Himalaya, and Khasia Hills, up to 5,000 feet. " E 3391, Lebong, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet. XIV " 5. C. emarginatus, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 620 ; Beddome, Ixvi. ; Qymnosporia emarginata, Eoth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 621. Vern. Bali bhains, Uriya. " A thorny shrub. Bark grey, thin ; wood white, hard, in structure resembling that of C spinosus. " Orissa, South India and Ceylon, common shrub on dry laterite soils. "C 3521. Khurdha, Orissa." Page 87, El-eodendron Roxhurghii. To vernacular names add " Miri, K61 ; " „ 88. Above the first line add " P 460. Ajmere." „ 88. After line 7, at the end of Celastkine^ add " No. E 3345, from Lebong,'Dar- jeeling, is the wood of Microtropis discolor, Wall. Bark very thin, greenish grey. Wood white, soft. Pores very small, rather unevenly distributed in long radial broken strings. Medullary rays very fine, eery numerous. Faint, concentric white lines across the rays. Weight, 35 lbs. per cubic foot." „ 88, Zizyphus Jujuha. To vernacular names add " Yellantha, Madura ; Janumjan, Kdl; Ringa, Gondi ; Bor, Baigas ; io^"*-?, Eajhanshi ; Jibang, Magh;" „ 89, Z. (Enoplia. To vernacular names ac^t? "Jfa/j^oa, Monghyr;" „ 90, Z. rugosa. To vernacular names add " Tshvj'ka, K61 ; Kataila, Kha-rwar » Bogri, Eajbanshi ;" „ 90, Z. xylopyra. To vernacular names fl!(?(i " iariate, K(51 ; (?oi<, Bhumij ; Kanhor, Kharwar ; Qot, gotoboro, hanta boJiul, Uriya; Ghattol, ghotia, Gondi ;" „ 90, Z. xylopyra. To numbers add — lbs. "C3508. Sonakalla, Khurdha, Orissa "0 3559. Khurdha Forests, Orissa ... 53 "C3433. Latihar, Palamow, Chota Nagpore . ... „ 91, line 6. After " Kumaun ;" add " Bonga sarjum, K61 ; Zyonti, Kharwar ; ' „ 91. After line 19 flK^fZ— " C 3484, from the Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore, is V. calycu- lata. It has a similar bark and structure of wood to the pre- ceding, but the wood is somewhat closer grained." „ 92, after " 4. R. proeumbens " insert — " 5. R. nepalensis, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 640 ; Gamble 19. Vern. Achat, Nep. " A large shrub. Bark dark brown, rough. Wood brownish grey, moderately hard. Pores very small to small, arranged in obliqu- anastomosing bauds, and sometimes in softer whitish tissue. Medul- lary rays fine and moderately broad, short. " Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 6,000 ft.; Sub-Himalayan tract ; Khasia Hills. "E 3346. Kalimpung, Darjeeling, 4,000 ft. " E 3364. Dhupguri, W. Duars." „ 93. After line 10, at the end of Sageeetia, add " E 3430 is Gouania lepto- stacJiya, DC. from Darjeeling, 6,500 ft. It has a rough brown bark, \ inch thick. Wood soft, with very numerous large pores and broad medullary rays." „ 93, Ampblideje, line 5. After " V. lanata, Eoxb. " add " (E 484. Darjeeling Terai.)" ,_ 93, , line 6. After " V. repanda, W. and A." add " (E 485. Darjeeling Terai)" Piiije 93, AMPELiDEii, Hue 9. Before " H 2913 " insert " H 44," „ 93, , line 10. After " flattened stems," add " E 486, from the Darjeeling Terai, is V. elongata." ,, 93, , line 16. After " L. samlucina, Willd." add "(E880. Darjeeling Terai)." „ 93, , line 20. After " W. Diiars " add " Vern. Aslirah, MecM." 95, line 12 from the bottom of the page. For " from the Sutlej eastwards," substitute " from the Sutlej eastwards to Nepal," ,, 96, Schleicher a trijuga. To vernacular names add " Baru, K61;" and to numbers add — " C 3533. Khurdha Forests, Orissa ... 65 lbs." „ 97, Sapindus attenuatus. To vernacular names add " Tigroht, Mechi." „ 97. After line 14 insert " E 3373, from Kaptai, Chittagong Hill Tracts, is 8. Danura, Voigt. The wood is white, moderately hard, with scanty moderate-sized pores, very fine, numerous medullary rays, and thin white concentric bands, of soft tissue, intervening between dark bands of firmer texture." „ 98, line 19. After " Eumaun." add " The common Em-opean Maple is A. campestre, Linn. ; the Sycamore is A. pseudoplatanus , Linn. ; the Norway Maple is A. platanoides, Linn. ; and the Sugar Maple of America is" A. saccharinum, Linn." „ 100, Acer caudatum. To vernacular names add " Chetokwa, Bhutia ;'' „ \0Q, A. Camphellii. To vernacular names ac^i^ " ^s'Zo^, Bhutia ;" „ 101, A. pictum. To vernacular names asrf(Z " -ZlfaWar-, Chenab ;" „ 102, line 9. After " iVap'yai, Nep. ;" add " Bundibru,^ec\n;'' 103, Meliosma simplicifolia. To vernacular names add " Laigongron, Mechi. " 103, line 30. After " inch of radius." add " It is, however, often fast grown, especially if from coppice shoots : a tree in the Park, Daijeeling, shewed a girth of 22 inches and a height of 32 feet at an age of 22 years, giving thus 6| rings per inch of radius. Specimens of still faster growth are not uncommon." 107, Mangifera indica. To vernacular names add " Boclio, Garo ; Uli, K61 ; Ama, Baigas ; Tsaratpang, Magh ;" 107, line 30. After " P = 471." add " Molesworth gives : Weight 42 lbs. P = 592, E = 3,400." 108, M. sylvatica. To vernacular names add " Bagnal, Mechi ;" 108, line 30. After " are eaten." add " The leaves are used in Assam to feed the silkworm Cricula trifenestrata." „ 109, line 20. Fcrr " D 1066 " read " D 1065" 109, Buchanania latifolia. To vel-nacular names add " Tarum, K61 : Pial, Bhumij ; Peea, Kharwar ;" „ 110, After line 5, add — " C 3532. Khurdha Forests, Orissa ... 3d lbs." „ 110, Odina Wodier. To vernacular names add " Jir, jial, Monghyr ; DowJca, K61 ; DowJca gia, Bhumij ; Moi, Uriya." 111. After line 7 add "If this is No. 11 (Nahhay) of Bennett's experi- ments with Andaman woods in 1872 the weight was found to be 59 lbs., and P = 483, in three experiments, with bars 3' X 1|" XlJ". 111. After line 24, lelow " C 1103." add — " C 3529. Khurdha Forests, Orissa ... 66 lbs." Ill, Semecarpus Anacardium. To vernacular names add " Soso, K61 ; Bhilwa, Baigas ;" Page 113, Spondias mangifera. To vernacular names add " Adai, Garo ;" „ 113, last line but three.. After "about Simla." add "The silkworm Actias Silene is fed upon its leaves." „ 114, Moringa pterygosperma. To vernacular names acZi^ "ifeZ^ja, K61; " ,. 117, line 1. i''o?' " Wood white." read "Wood white, with an irregular' grey heartwood." „ 117, line 2. For " edge " read " edges " „ 117, line 7. After "in Europe." add "Our Darjeeling specimen shews 13 rings per inch of radius." „ 117- After line 8 add— " E 3405. Sandukpho, Darjeeling, 11,000 ft." „ 117, line 10. After "and Buvma.'' add " It has a smooth yellowish bark' white wood and pores rather scanty, solitary or in radial lines between the fine medullary rays. (B 3311. Pankabari, Darjeeling, 3,000 ft.)" 117, at foot of page, add — • "3. Indigofera stachyodes, Ldl. ; Gamble 25. I. Bosua, Ham., var. tomeniosa, Baker ; Hook. M. Ind. ii, 102. Vern. Chiringi jJiar, Nep. " A small tree with thin brown bark. Wood hard, wbite, with an irregular dark-coloured heartwood. Pores small to moderate-sized, enclosed in patches of white tissue, forming irregular, sometimes con- centric, bands. Medullary rays fine, numerous, equidistant. " Inner Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Sylhet. " E 3359. Rhenokh, Sikkim, 3,000 ft. " C 3447 from Barasand Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore, is I. pulehella, Eoxb. Vern. Uterr, K61 ; Jirhul, Kharwar. The wood has a structure similar to that of I. heterantha." „ 118, line 17. 4/i'fi'' "Kumaun ;" insert " Hel, 'K6\ ; Ga^-ar, Kharwar ;" „ 118, line 18. For " No. 3479 " readi" No. E 479. " „ 118, line 19 from the bottom. After " Kumann ;" add " BalashoejMechi;" „ 118, line 8 from the bottom. After "iish." add " E 3636 from Baraunpokri, Darjeeling Terai, is this species. It has a thin brown bark and white wood with an irregular dark heartwood. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, enclosed in, and often joined by, round concentric rings of white tissue. Medullary rays short, fine to very fine, numerous." „ 119, Ougeinia dalhergioides. To vernacular names add " Tinsai, Gondi ; Buta, K61 ; " and (p. 120) to numbers add " C 3477. Saranda I'orests, Chota Nagpore." „ 121. After line 8 add " C 3432 is Besmodium pulchellum, Roxb., from Amjheria, Lohardugga, Chola Nagpore, with a yellowish- white, hard vrood, annual rings marked by a white line, small pores, and fine white medullary rays ;" 121, line 10, At the end add " Karzani, Monghyr; Kaincho, Uriya ; " 121, Erythrina suherosa. To vernacular names add " Farhud, Kharwar ; " „ 122, E. indica. To vernacular names add " Paldua, Uriya ; Pharad, Monghyr ;" „ 122, line 12 from the bottom. For " P 3106 " read " E 3106 ;" and to numbers add"'E, 3330. Darjeeling, 7,000 ft." „ 122, line 5 from the bottom, after " Nep. ;" insert " Moru, mtirrd, K61 ; Bandu, durang, Kharwar ; " „ 123, line 3. After "Gondi;" add " Baduri, Singrampur ; OUMnt, Mon- ghyr ; " XV 11 Page 123, Butea frondosa. To vernacular names add " Palashu, Mechi ; Murut, K61 ; Pharsa, Baigas ; Paras, faras, Behar ;" „ 123, line 26 from bottom. After "slow matches. " add " C 979 is a fine speci- men of the fibre sent from Berar." „ 123, last line but three. After " Lepcha," add " Dangshukop, Mechi." „ 123, last line. Add " F. CMppar, B.s.m. and F. strobilifera,, E. Br., are common shrubs of forest undergrowth. Vern. Ulu, K61." „ 124, line 40. For " 4. Dalbergia Sissoo, " read " 4. D. Sissoo," „ 126. After the schedule add "Molesworth gives: Weight, 52 lbs., P. = 760, E. = 3,800," and to numbers " E 3588 Darjeeling Terai." „ 127, Dalbergia latifolia. To vernacular names add " Rute, Kol ; Suzerap Mechi ;" and to numbers add — H)g_ " C 3456. Saidope Reserve, Palamow . . . ». "C3522. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . . . 61 " D 1476. Anamalai Hills, Madras " „ 128, line 4. For " W 720. " read " W 729." „ 128. D. lanceolaria. To vernacular names add " Piri, Kol; " „ 129, D. paniculata. To vernacular names add " Surteli, passi, Baigas ;" „ 130. At the end of Daibeegia add " C 3450 is Dalbergia volubilis, Eoxb., from Eamundag Eeserve, Palamow. Bark thin, brown, peeling ofi" in flakes. Wood light brown, hard. Pores small to very large, scanty. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Occasional faint concentric bands." „ 130. In Schedule, last Hue. For — " Bennett, No. 1 1872 „ 49-5 ... 827" read — " Bennett, No. 1 1872 „ 49-5 3 Xl| Xl| 830" „ 131, line 12. For " B 584 " read " B 548." „ 132, Pterocarpus Ifarsupium. To vernacular names add " Hitun, hid, Kol ; Beeya, persar, Kharwar ; Bijo, Gondi ; Piasdl, Urya ;" „ 133, P. Marsupium. To numbers add — " C 3542. Khurdha Forests, Orissa ... 54 lbs." „ 133, Pongamia glabra. To vernacular names add " Khaw&ri, karmuj, Sirguja ;" „ 133, line 10 from the bottom. After " Beng. ; " add " Nds-bel, C. P. ; " and /or " golari" read " Oolari" „ 134. After line 8 add "No. E 3356, from the Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling, 1,500 ft., is probably Ormosia glauca. Wall. ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 253. Vern. Chuklein, Lepcha, a large tree of the Central Himalaya. It has a grey bark, and greyish white, moderately hard wood. The pores are large, scanty, sometimes subdivided ; they are joined by irregular, wavy, somewhat anastomosing patches of white, soft tissue. The medullary rays are fine to moderately broad, wavy. The tree bears a woody pod, filled with bright scarlet seeds, which are used by the Lepchas as a bait to catch jungle fowl." „ 135. At the end of C^salpinia add " C 3460, from Saranda, Chota Nagpore, is Ccesalpinia sepiaria, Eoxb. Vern. Ucliay, Kol ; Gilo, TJriya. It has a yellowish- white corky bark, with large corky excres- cences, bearing strong thorns. The wood is light brown, moderately hard, with masses of reddish-brown harder wood near the centre. The pores are large, often subdivided or in groups, surrounded and connected by anastomosing bands of white tissue. The meduUai-y rays are fine, very numerous, the distance between them much less than the transverse diameter of the pores." Page 136, line 13, for " Manson '' read ' Mr. Manson ' and line 15, after " end." add "A large tree measured by the Inspector General at Dalingkote was found to have a girth of 121 inches, a height of 181 feet and 110 feet to the first branch." ,, 136, Cassia Fistula. To vernacular names add "Sari, K61 ; Dunras, Kharwar ; Jagarua, Gondi : Raella, Baigas." and omit "persar, Palamow.", and (p. 137) to numbers add — " C 3544. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . . .58 lbs." „ 139, line 8. For " Paur, bela, Gondi ; " read " Paur-hela, Gondi ;" aud then add " Lamma, rung, K61 ; Maulan, Kharwar ; " ,, 139, line 17. After " Terai." add "C 977 is a fine specimen of the fibre sent from Berar. It was examined in 1879 by Mr. Eoutledge, who reported it to be an excellent, strong fibre, hemp character, and tough, {Kew Gardens Report, 1879.)" „ 139, BauMnia malabarica. To vernacular names add " Laba, K61 ; " „ 139, B. raeemosa. To vernacular names add " Kaimu, K61 ; Ghatonli, Oraon ; Eatmauli, Kharwar ;" „ 140, B. purpurea. To vernacular names add " Buruju, K61 ;" „ 140, B. variegata. To vernacular names add " Furmang, Mechi ; Singya, K61 ; Kundol, Bhumij ; " and at the end of the list of numbers (p. 141) insert " H 105 from Bhajji, Punjab, 3,000 ft., is also probably this species." „ 141, i. retusa. To vernacular names add "Laba, K61; Tewar, Oraon; Fatman, Kharwar ; Thaur, Gondi." „ 142, Tamarindus indica. To vernacular names add " Jojo, K61; Chita, Gondi ;" ,, 143, line 15 from the bottom. After "line."' add "At the Dehri workshops on the Sone Eiver, it has been used instead of brass for bear- ings for machinery, and found to wear well. In the Sone river piles of anjan have been found after twenty years as sound as when first put in." „ 146, lines 12, 11, and 9 from the bottom. Omit the words " two of the species now being grown, viz.," and " F. pallida of" „ 146. Omit the last two Unes. „ 147. Omit lines 1,2, 17 to 21. „ 147, Prosopis spicigera. To vernacular names add " Somi, Monghyr ; Perambai, Madura ;" ,, 148, line 6. After " smsSH tree." add "Bark brown, fibrous, deeply fissured vertically.'' „ 148, Mimosa "rubicaulis. To vernacular names add " Dandu deta, K61 ; Arai, Kharwar ; " ,. 148, Xylia dolabriformis. To vernacular names add " Fongora, Uriya ; " and (p. 149) to numbers add — "0 3514,3546. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . . 54 lbs." „ 149, line 3. After " District,'' add " Orissa," 149, after the schedule add "Molesworth gives: Weight 58 lbs., P = 836,' E = 4,300." „ 151, line 34. After the words "Skinner gives 884." add " Molesworth gives Weight 64 lbs., P — 880, and E = 4,150." 152, Acacia leucophlcea. To vernacular names add " Feunja, rinja, Gondi; Goira, Uriya ; " and to numbers add " C 3506. Khurdha Forests, Orissa." 154. Above line 19 from the bottom insert — "C3526. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . . . 62 lbs." Page 154, line 19 from the bottom. For " E 663 " read " E 665." „ 154, „ 7 „ „ „ For " loooUy " read " locally." „ 154, „ 6 „ „ „ For " F 2355 " read " E 2355." „ 154. Below line 4 from the bottom add " No. 3420 is a piece of hard, dark-red wood, resembling this last form in appearance and structure. It was obtained from the excavations made at Prince's Dock, Bombay (see Indian Forester, Vol, VI, p 108.)" „ 155. A. Intsia. To vernacular names add " Kundarii, K61 ; '' „ 155, line 15. For " E 2379 " read "E 2359. " „ 155. After line 15 add " C 3468, from Bandgaon, Singbhum, Chota Nagpore, is this species, but the wood is harder and, though recognizable, the angular form of the stem is not so prominent as in the Darjeeling specimens." „ 155, A. pennata. To vernacular names add " Fundaru, K61 ; Arar, Kharwar ;" „ 156, Albizzia Lehbeh. To vernacular names add " Tinia, Uriya." and (p. 157 ) to numbers add — " C 3560, C 3567. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . 49, 59 lbs." „ 158, A. procera. To vernacular names add "Tinia, Uriya; Pandrai, K61 ; Garso, Kharwar ; Laohri, Mechi ; " „ 159, line 2. For " between A. Lehhek and the woods of A. procera " read " between the woods of A. Lehhek and A. procera." ,. 159, line 10. For " P = 884 " read " P = 695." „ 160, A. sfipulafa. To vernacular names add " Ckapmi, kera serum, K61 ; Bunsobri, Mechi ; " „ 160, A. amara. To vernacular names add " Wusel, Madura ; " „ 164, line 12. Add " Vern. Lali, Nep." „ 164, line 13. After " reddish brown " add "with a pretty wavy lustre on a radial section." „ 164, after line 17, add " E 3422. Eangirum, Darjeeling, 6,500 ft." „ 165, line 10 from the bottom. After " Himalaya. " add " It has a brovsm thick, soft bark and porous wood, with large pores and broad medul- lary rays. (E 3361, Darjeeling, 6,500 ft.)" „ 166, Bubus lineatus. To list of numbers add " E 3383. Senchul, Darjeeling, 8,000 feet." „ 166, line 17 from the bottom. After " Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 513," add " Vern. Kud, Beng." „ 168. After line 6 add " E 3335. Rangiriim, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet." „ 168, at the end of Eeioboteta. After line 6 add "E 3411, from Darjeeling, is Doci/nia indica. Dene. The wood closely resembles that of Pyrus. Bark f inch thick, greyish brown, shining, splitting off in irregular flakes and leaving a rough under-surface. Wood light brown with an irregular purple-brown heartwood, hard, close, and even-grained. Pores very small, more numerous in the spring wood. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Annual rings marked by a line. Our specimen is a round with a mean diameter of 12 inches, and shewing 36 well- marked rings ; the growth, therefore, is 6 rings per inch of radius." „ 169, last line but two. Add "E 3404. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet (has well-marked medullary patches)." „ 170. After line 7 at the end of Pteus add — "E 3403, from Tonglo, Darjeeling, 9,000 feet, is P. rhamnoides. Dene. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 377. Vern. Kumbul, Lepoha ; Fangedoc, Bhutia, a small, often epiphytic tree of the upper forests of the Sikkim Himalaya. It his a hard, yellowish- XX brown wood, with numerous small, evenly distributed pores' and very numerous fine medullary rays. The annual rings are marked by a darker line. " E 3633, from Goompahar, Darjeeling, 7,000 ft,, is P. WaUichii, Hook. f. It has a greyish-brown bark ; and brown, moderately hard wood. Poles numerous, small to moderate-sized, fewer in the autumn wood and thus marking the annual rings. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, indistinct. Medullary patches few." " B 3400, from Darjeeling, 7,000 feet, is Fhotinia integrifolia, Ldl. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 381 ; Gamble 37. Vern. Shumhul, Lepcha, a small tree of the Eastern Himalaya. Bark thin, greyish brown. Wood brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, the distance be- tween them about equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. Annual rings marked by a sharp line." Page 173, line 15 from the bottom. For " H 3038." read " H 3028." „ 174, line 8. Omit " H 2912. " „ 177, Carallia integerrima. To vernacular names aiid " Jur, K61 ; " and to numbers add " C 3482. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore." „ 179, line 6. After "Lepcha;" add " Palandw, koldungi, K61; Kundol, Bhumij ; Buria, raierr, Kharwar ; Atundi, Uriya;" „ 179, Terminalia belerica. To vernacular names add " Lupunq, lihung, Kdl ; " „ 180, T. Chehula. To vernacular names add " Sola, K61 ; Sadra, Oraon ; " and (p. 181) to numbers add — "C3531. Ehurdha Forests, Orissa .... 59 lbs." „ 182, T. tomentosa. To vernacular names add ' Hatana, K61 ; ' and to numbers "E3590. Darjeeling Terai." „ 184, T. Arjuna. To vernacular names add " G-ara hatana, K61 ; " and (p. 185) to numbers add — ■ "C3461. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore . . 69 lbs." „ 185, Anogeissus latifolia. To vernacular names add " Hesel, K61 ; '' and (p. 186) to numbers add — " C 3562. Khurdha Forests, Orissa .... 62 lbs." „ 186, A. acuminata. To vernacular names add " Gara hesel, pandri, pansi K61;"and (p. 187) to numbers add " C 3462. Sai-anda Forests, Chota Nagpore." „ 187, line 23. After "A deciduous tree." add "Bark thin, greyish white, smooth." „ 187, Qyrocarpus Jacquini, To numbers add " C 3517. Sonakalla, Khurdha, Orissa." „ 190, line 26._.Fo»-" 1095-7" »-ea(i " 1095-8" and/or "2, 3, 4" read "2, 3, 4, 5." „ 190, Fsiditim Guava. To vernacular names add " Gaya, Magh ;" „ 193, Eugenia formosa. To vernacular names add " Panchidung, Giro ;" „ 194, H. ojierculata. To vernacular names add " Topa, E61 ; '' „ 194, E, Jambolana. To vernacular names add " Kuda, K61 ; Jamhwn, Oraon ;" and to numbers ' E 3598, Darjeeling Terai.' „ 195. E. Heyneana. To' vernacular names add " Gara kuda, K61 ; Jamti, Kharwar ; " „ 195. At the bottom of the page, add " E 3439, from the Ramundag Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore, is this species. The white concentric bands are more prominent and enclose the pores." „ 196, after line 5, add "No. C 3582, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa, is pro- bably E. zeylanica, Wight. Vern. Sagarahatna, Uriya. It is a small myrtle-like shrub of the scrub forests. Bark brown. Wood hard, XXI close-grained, grey. Pores small and extremely small, joined by concentric bands of wbite tissue, wMoh are closely packed. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Page 196, Barringtonia acutangula. To vernacular names add " Ijar, Mongbyr ; Saprung, K61 ; Minjara, Uriya." To numbers add " C 3470, Saranda Forests, Cbota Nagpore." „ 197. Careya arhorea. To vernacular names add " Asunda, K61 ; Kum, Bhumij ; " „ 197, in schedule, line 8 from the bottom, column 5, omit tbe word " Various." „ 197, in sobedule, line 4 from tbe bottom, column 5, for " 2 X XI" read " 2 X 1 X 1." „ 198, line 9. After "astringent," add "C 980 is a fine specimen of tbe fibre sent from Berar." „ 199. At tbe end of Melastoma add — " E 3419, from Lebong, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet, is Oxyspora paniculata, DC. Bark reddish brown, tbiu. Wood light reddisb- grey, moderately hard, with dark-brown medullary patches. Pores small to moderate-sized, scanty, often in short radial lines. Medul- laiy rays fine, short, numerous, not straight. Concentric bands of soft tissue, often interrupted, prominent. " C 3561, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa, is Memecylon edule, Eoxb. Vern. Nirasa, Uriya. Wood light brown, very hard, consisting of alternate concentric layers of dark tissue without pores, and lighter tissue in which small but distinct pores are visible. These layers may represent annual rings. Medullary rays of two kinds, the larsjer fine and short, the smaller extremely fine. Weight, 60 lbs. per cubic foot." ,, 199, line 13 from tbe bottom. For " Atlacus " read " Attaeus ;" „ 200, Woodfordia florihunda. To vernacular names add " IcTia, K61; Dadhi, Bhumij ; Marwari, Uriya." „ 200, Lagerstromia parviflora. To vernacular names add " SaiJcre, K61 ; Sidha Behar ; " and (p . 201) to numbers add — "C3547. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . . . 58 lbs." „ 202. i SegincB. To vernacular names add " Oara saihre, K61 ; " „ 202, line 10 from tbe bottom. After " Eatnagii-i. " at^c^ " Saranda forests in Cbota Nagpore." „ 203, L. Begins. List of Numbers. For " E 620 " read " E 630 " and after " E 2188. Nowgong, Assam " add " E 1433. Assam." „ 204:, Duabatiga sonneratioides. To vernacular names add " Ac Aung, G&yo;" and to numbers "E 3622. Kalimpiing, Darjeeling, 2,000 ft." „ 204, line 20 from bottom. After "radius." add "Our specimen No. E 3622 shews only 2 rings per iach." „ 205. Sonneratia acida. To numbers add — " B 3379, from Kyoukphyoo, Arracan ... 42 lbs." „ 206, Casearia tomentosa. To vernacular names add " Sore, K61 ; Beri, Kharwar ; " and to numbers add — " C 3527. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . . , .43 lbs." „ 206, line 23. For " 1393 " read " 1363." „ 206, C. graveolens. To vernacular names add " Beri, K61 ; Beri, Kharwar ; " „ 208, line?. For "Bark grey-brown, wrinkled." reocJ "Bark greyish white, one inch thick, spongy, marked with horizontal wrinkles and small vertical lines of lenticels : peels off in thin papery layers." „ 209 line 2. After " Cachar ; " add " Arengi lanu, K61 ; " xxu Page 209, line 6. After " H. f and Th. ; " add " Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 740." „ 209, line 7. For " eastern slopes of the Arraoan Yoma." read " Khasia Hills and the Eastern, &o." „ 209, at the end of HEPTAPLBUEnM: add '• C 3443, from Neturhat, Palamow, 3,000 feet, is Heptapleurum venulosum, Seem. Vern. Sukriruin, K61. Bark grey, shining. Wood light brown, soft. Pores small. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad." "E 3635 from Goompahar Forest, Daqeeling, 7,500 ft., is H. impressum, C. B. Clarke. Bark brown, thick, exuding; a copious gum. Wood grey, soft. Pores very small, evenly distributed. Medullary rays prominent, moderately broad. Conspicuous concentric white lines which run into each other. Annual rings doubtful. „ 210. At the end of Beassaiopsis add " E 3409, from Darjeeling, 6,700 feet, is Brassaiopsis speciosa, Dene, and Plch. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 737 (B. Horibunda, Seem. ; Gamble 44), a moderate-sized tree, with thin grey bark, and soft white wood, in structure resembling that of B. mitis. Growth fast, 5 rings per inch of radius." „ 210, line 10. After "Miq. ;" add " Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 738." „ 210, line 11. For " Martaban Hills above 5,000 feet" add " Eastern Hima- laya, Khasia and Martaban, &c." „ 210, line 12. After "Seem. ;" add "Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 738." „ 210, line 24, After " Linn.;" add " Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 739." ,, 210, at the end of Hbdeea add — "E3402, from Tonglo, Darjeeling, 9,000 feet, is Gamblea ciliata, C. B. Clarke ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 740. Vern. Bama, Bhutia, a large tree of the forests of the Senchul and Singalila Ranges above 8,000 feet. Bark grey, smooth. Wood white, shining, moderately hard. Pores extremely small, except on the outer edges of the annual rings, which are very distinctly marked by lines of moderate- sized pores. Medullary, rays fine and moderately broad, white, shining, irregularly distributed. "E 3576, from Darjeeling, 6,000 feet, is Pentapanax raeemosum, Seem. A large climbing or straggling shrub. Bark silvery grey, thin, peeling ofi' in thin flakes. Wood greyish white, soft. Annual rings very prominently marked by a line of large pores : the pores in the rest of the wood small, scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad." 211, line 2. After " Torricellia tiliafolia, DC. ; " add " Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 748 ;" 211, line 4. After "Khdi&isi'H.Wis." add "(See f. SI, Daphniphyllopsis capi- tata)." 211, line 11. After " Thwaites ; " add " Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 741 ; " 211. Alangium Lamarckii. To vernacular names aicJ " .4«^oZ, K61 ; Anhula, dolanku, Uriya ;" and to numbers add — j|jg_ " C 3466. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore "C3564. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . . . .42" 211, line 33. After " Roxb. F!. Ind. ii. 261 ; " add " Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 743 ; " 212, line 5. After " Linn. ; " add " Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 744 ; "' 212, line 9. After "Wall. ; '' add " Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 744 ; " 212, line 24, After " Wall. ; " add " Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 744 ; " 212, line 36. After " Wall. ; " add " Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 745 ; " 213, line 11. After " Hook. f. and Th. ; " add " Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 747 ; " Page 215, Viburnum eruhescens. To vernacular names add " Asari, Nep. ; Nalcouli, Bhutia ;" „ 217, last line but 8. For " E 2866." read "E 2856." „ 219, AntTioceplialus Cadamla. To vernacular names add " Sanlco, K61 ;" „ 220. Adina cordifoUa. To vernacular names add " Kurumba, Komba, K61; " „ 220, last line but 2. For " Hnanbeng " read " Snaubeng '' „ 221, A. cordifoUa. To numbers, add — "C3543. Khurdba Forests, Orissa . . . 43 lbs." „ 222, in page number. For " 22d " read " 222 " „ 222. Ste'pliegyne parvifolia. To vernacular names add " Qui, komba, K61 ; Guri, guri karam, Kbarwar ; " and to list of numbers add — " C 824. Bairagarb Beserve, Berar." „ 224. Symenodictyon excelsum. To vernacular names add " Sali, K61 ; Surhunda, Bbumij ; Konso, Uriya ; " „ 225. After line 7, add— "C3565. Kburdha Forests, Orissa . . . 29 lbs." „ 2%Q,Webera asiatica. To numbers ai^a! " C 3579, C 3520. Kburdba Forests, Orissa. "Vem. Jhaujhauka." „ 226. JRandia uliginosa. To vernacular names add " Eumkum, K61 ; " „ 227, S, dumeiorum. To vernacular names add " Fortoho, K61; Mohna, Kbarwar ; " ,, 227. At the bottom of tbe page add " E 3363, from Dbupguri, W. Duars, is B. rigida, DC. Tbe wood resembles in structure tbat of B. uli- ginosa." „ 228, Gardenia turgida. To vernacular names add " Duduri, K61 ; KharJiar, Oraon ; " and to numbers add " C 3435. Kumandi Reserve, Pala- mow." „ 228. After G. LUOIDA, at the bottom of the page, add : " C 3465, from Bandgaon, Singbhiim, Chota Nagpore, is G. gnmmifera, Linn. Vem. Bururi, burui, K61 ; Sruru, Bbumij. Bark brown, nearly J inch thick. Wood yellowish white, hard, close-grained. Annual rings indistinct. Pores very small. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. This wood might serve as a substitute for boxwood." „ 229. G. latifolia. To vernacular names add " Papra, papadar, K61 ; Fopra, Kbarwar ;" „ 229, lines 17, 18. For " B " read " C " „ 229. At the end of Gaedenia add " B 3286, from the Einkheong Reserve, Chittagong, is JECyptiantAera striata, W. and A. Bark brown, somewhat corky, thin, cleft in long continuous furrows about 2 lines apart. Wood brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, evenly distributed. Medullaiy rays of two classes : small ones very fine, very numerous ; larger ones few, fine. Our specimen weighs 56 lbs. per cubic foot." „ 230, Pleetronia didyma. To vernacular names add " Jor, K61 ;" „ 230, line 11. For " grey " read " light brown ;" „ 230, P didyma. To numbers add " C 3481. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore." ,, 230, Ixora parviflora. To vernacular names add " Fete, K61 ;" and to numbers add — " C 3464. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore." „ 2B1, Favetta tomentosa. To vernacular names add " Sikriba, s ikerup, K61; Burhi, Kbarwar;" „ 231, line 22. After " Gamble 49." inseH "The Coffee plant." XXIV Page 232, Morinda exserta. To numbers add— "C3535. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . . . 40 lbs." „ 232. At the end of Moeinda add " C 3431 from Amjheria, Lobardugga, is Samiltonia suaveolens, Roxb. Vera. Kudia, Kharwar. It has a grey, shining barb, which peels o£F in short papery flakes. The wood is dark grey, soft, porous, with few small pores often subdivided, and moder- ately broad to broad medullary rays." „ 233, line 13. For " Weight, 31'5 lbs,'' read " Weight, our specimen gives 27 lbs." „ 233, last line but one. For " Thibandia " read " Thihaudia '' „ 235, line 25. For " E 3328 " read " E 3325" „ 237, line 9. After " Kigu," add " kalma,'' „ 238. At the end of Rhododendron add " No. E 3394, GauUheria Griffith- iana, Wight, from Jalapahar, Darjeeling, 7,500 feet, has a moderate- ly hard, greyish-white wood, with numerous brown medullary spots. Pores extremely small and numerous. Medullary rays fine, scanty. The bark is light brown, peeling off in papery layers." „ 240. After line 25, add " C 3438 from Ramundag Reserve, Palamow, and C 3528 from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa, are this species, but the bark is thinner, and the wood differs by having the medullary rays only ' broad ' instead of ' extremely broad.' " „ 241. At the end of Aedisia add " E 3350, from the Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling, 1,500 feet, is A. involucrata, Kurz ; Gamble 53. Vern. henyok, Lepcha. It has a yellow corky bark and pinkish- white wood; with small, scanty pores, and broad, white, wavy medullary rays. " E 3367, from the Kasalong Reserve, Chittagong, is A. pani- culata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 580 ; Seddome cxxxviii. ; Kurz ii. 107, a small tree of Chittagong with handsome pink flowers. The bark is thin, greyish brown ; and the wood pinkish white, with small pores radially disposed between the short, broad, wavy medullary rays. " C 3463, from Bandgaon Ghat, Singbhiim, Chota Nagpore, 2,000 feet, is a species of Ardisia, probably A. solanacea, Willd. Bark brown, smooth. Wood grey, moderately hard. Pores small and very small, often in short radial lines between the broad, wavy, porous medullary rays." „ 242. At the end of Saecospeema add " C 3504, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa, is Sideroxylon tomentosum, Roxb. Vern. Kanta bohul, Uriya. Bark light reddish-brown, thin. Wood light reddish-white, hard. Pores fine to moderate-sized, in short concentric or sometimes oblique lines. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, equidistant. Concentric bands of rather darker colour having the appearance of annual rings." „ 243, Bassia latifolia. To vernacular names add " Mandukum., K61 ; Mohul, Bhiimij ;" „ 246, Mimusops indica. To numbers add — " C 3551. Khurdha Forests, Orissa . . . 72 lbs." „ 249. Diospyros Melanoxylon. To vernacular names add " Tiril, K61 ; " „ 249, B. Melanoxylon. To numbers add " C 3493. Kolhan Forests, Singbhum, Chota Nagpore." 250, last line but 5. For " No. 62 " read " No. 61 " 2ol, D.Fbenum. To numbers oc?i^ " W 1207. South Kanara (saplings)." „ 252, line 18. For " white " read " grey " XXV Page 252, D. Emhryopteris. To numbers add " C 3474. Saranda Forests, Chota Nagpore." „ 253. After line 9, at the end of Ebenacb^!, add " C 3502, from the Khurdh. Forests, Orissa, is Maba buxifolia, Pers. Vern. Gnakoli, Uriya. Bark greyish black, thin. Wood greyish white, moderately hard. Pores small, scanty, in short radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, numerous and equidistant. Concentric lines of white tissue, thin, very numerous and regular. In Orissa it is a very common bush on poor soils." „ 253. After line 24 add " E 3372, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet, has a similar structure, but the white bands are much less marked. It is probably -S". serru- latum." „ 254, at the end of Stmplocos add — "E 3S47, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet, is Symplocos glomerata, Eing. It has a thin brown bark and white wood resembling in structure that of .S*. liicida," " C 3491, from the Kolhan Forests, Singbhiim, Chota Nagpore, is S. racemosa, Roxb. Vern. Lndum, K61 ; Lodh, Oraon. Bark yellow, rough, spongy, | inch thick. Wood white, soft. Pores small, often in radial lines. Medullary rays short, broad, numerous." 254, last line. After " Beng. ; " add " Samsihar, Kharwar ; Saparung, K61 ;" 255, Schrebera swietenioides. To vernacular names add " Jarjo, sandapsing, K61; 6rAaio, Oraon ; Ohanto, TS.harwsiV ; " 256, S. swietenioides. To numbers add " C 3454. Eamundag Eeserve, Pala- mow, Chota Nagpore." 256, line 35. Aftef " Shang, Afg. ; " add " Banafsh, Kandahar ; " 256, line 40. After " good fuel." add " Experiments, made at Kandahar by Captain Call, R.E., with pieces 1' X 1" X 1", gave for the average weight 32"2 lbs. and 641 for the value of P. (Indian Forester, Vol. V, p. 480.)" 259, after line 17, add— " G 3486 from the Kolhan Forests, Singbhiim, Chota Nagpore, is probably L. dicAotoma, DC. {Chionanthus diohotoma, RoA. VI. Ini- i. 108). Vern. Deorhuda, K61. Bark \ inch thick, light yellowish- brown. Wood moderately hard, close-grained, white. Pores moderate- sized, often in pairs or threes, scanty. Medullary rays fine, numerous, equidistant, the distance between them equal to, or less than, the diameter of the pores. Fine concentric lines of white tissue, which may be annual rings." 259, at the end of Linocieea add — "C 3412 from Hazaribagh, and C 3492 from Kolhan, Singbhiim, Chota Nagpore, are Nyctanthes Arbor-iristis, Linn. Bark t inch thick, light brown, rough. Wood yellowish-brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, grouped in short radial lines, but arranged more or less in concentric rings, the annual rings apparently marked by a dark line and a more complete ring of pores. Medullary rays very fine to fine, very numerous, the distance between them equal to the transverse diameter of the pores." 261, Carissa diffusa. To vernacular names add " Kanuwan, Oraon ; Anka Icoli, Uriya ;" and to numbers add " C 3518. Khurdha Forests, Orissa." 26] , at the bottom add " C 3511 and C 3569, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa are Carissa Carandas, Linn., Vern. Kenda keri, kerendo kuli, Uriya! Bark yellowish brown, peeling ofi in square flakes. Wood white, hard, smooth, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized or small, irregularly distributed. Medullary rays fine, short, numerous." XXVI Page 262, Alstonia scholaris. To vernacular names add " Chatin, homudu, K61 ; Chhatiana, Uriya ; ' ,> 263, Tahernmmontana coronaria. To vernacular names add " Chameli, Monghyr ; " „ 263, Solarrhena antidysenterica. To vernacular names add " KorJcoria, Oiaon ; Kurchi, Bhumij ; Towa, kufi, Kol ; Kuria, Kharwar ; Pita korwa, Uriya;" and to numbers add — "C8558. Khuidlia Forests, Orissa . . . 39 lbs." „ 264, Wrightia tomentosa. To vernacular names add " Sandikuya, K61 ; Dudh-Jcoraiya, Mongbyr ; " „ 265. After line 2 add " 3496, from Chaibassa, Chota Nagpore, is Thevetia neriifolia, Juss. Bark tbin, greyish brown, shining. Wood grey, moderately hard. Pores very small and small, numerous. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, the distance between them less than the transverse diameter of the pores." „ 265, line 29. After " Auh,'Eei." add " Akhwan, Khaxwax ; Palati, 'K.oi; Uruk, Uriya :" „ 265, at line 17 from the bottom. After " purposes." add " G 3446, from the Barasand Reserve, Palamow ; and C 3512, from Burkool, Khurdha, Orissa, are Calotropis gigantea. The bark is light yellowish-white, consisting chiefly of cork, and deeply cleffc vertically. Wood white, soft. Pores small to moderate-sized, often subdivided, scanty. Medullary rays extremely fine and numerous." „ 268, line 20. For " Burman " read " Burm., an " „ 268, line 35. i'br " Bark y^ inch thick scales" read "Bark i to f inch thick, black or brownish black, corky, very deeply and narrowly cleft vertically, so as to form thin ridges which easily break oflF." „ 269, Strychnos potatorum. To numbers add " C 3500. Khurdha Forests, Orissa." „ 269, S. Nux-vomica. To vernacular names add " Kuchila, Uriya ;" and to numbers, add "C 3537 (63 lbs.), C 3538 (54 lbs.). Khurdha Forests, Orissa." „ 269. At the end of line 11 from the bottom add " C3475, fiom the Koel River, Sai-anda, Chota Nagpore, is Bhahdia viminea, Dalzell. It has a soft white wood, with scanty pores, often subdivided or in short radial lines. Medullary rays extremely fine, very indistinct." „ 270, Cordia Myxa. To vernacular names add " JEmbrum, Kol ; ' „ 271, C. Jifacleodii. To vernacular names add " Renta, porponda, Kol ; Bharwar, belaunan, Kharwar ; and to numbers add " C 3455. Betlah Reserve, Palamow." „ 273. After line 13 add "G 3497, from Ghatsila, Dhalbhiim, is Erycibe pa- niculata, Roxb. Vern. Ui"umin, Kol, a climber, with the peculiar structure of climbers : soft porous wood, large pores and moderately broad medullary rays. The woody portions are arranged in wavy concentric masses, separated by lines of cellular tissue. The bark is brown with corky lenticels." „ 275, Oroxylum indicum. To vernacular names add " Sana, Hazaribagh ; Sanpatti, Monghyr; Arengi banu, Kolj Sonepatta, Kharwar; Fhunphuna, Uriya ;" ,, 275, line 31. For " B 2396." read " E 2395." „ 277, line 3. After " Ceylon Collection " add " (marked Spathodea longifolia. Vern. Daanga, Cingh.)" „ 278, Stereospermum chelonoides. To vernacular names add " Kandior, Kol ; " 278, 8, suaveolens. To vernacular names add " Kandior, K61 ; Pandri, Khar- war;" and (p. 279) to numbers add "O 1378. Gonda, Oudh." XXVll Page 279, line 16 from the bottom. For " B 2355 " read " B 2235. '" „ 280, line 6 from the bottom. For " JBan mama '' read " ban marua '' „ 280, foot-note. For ',' Linn. ; Soc.'' read " Linn. Soc." „ 281, Adhatoda Vasica. To vernacular names add " Basung, Uriya ;'' „ '2&'2i, Callicarpa arborea. To vernacular names add " Bundiin, liol; Bogodi, gogdi, Kharwar ; Boropairi, Uriya ;" and to numbers add " C 3445. Seemah Reserve, Palamow, Chota Nagpore." „ 292. Before line 5 from the bottom insert " C 1204. Khandwa, Central Pro- vinces." „ 295. At the end " of Pbemna add " C 3578, from the Khurdha Forests, Orissa. Vern. Agabathu, Uriya, is a species of Premna, near P. /a- " basket work." aii " (B 1322, Burma. P 1352, HosWr- pur, Punjab.)" „ 430, line 12 from the bottom. After " E 1341 " add " B 1466." „ 431, line 28. For " CRYPTOGAMI^." read " CRYPTOGAMiE." „ 432, line 21. For " Braineai nsignis" read " Brainea insignis" Under their proper places add E 3593, Beilschmiedia Soxburghiana ; E 3597, Fhreiia WalUchiana ; B 3600, Terminalia beleriea ; E 3603, Stereospermum chelonoides ; B 3607, Qtiercus pachyphylla ; E 3609, Q,uercus annulata ; E 3610, Echinocarpus duLsycarpus ; and E 3611, Lagersfromia parviflora, — all from Darjeeling. MANUAL OF INDIAN TIMBERS. I. DICOTYLEDONS. OudeeI. EANUNCULACEiE. A family wHch contains cliiefly herbaceous plants. Besides Clematis and Nara^ velia, which are genera of clinrbing shrubs, Pteonia JEmodi, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind i. 30. Vern. MameJch, Pb. is an erect undershrub of the Western Himalaya, whose root is said by Stewart to be used in native medicine, and young shoots as a vegetable in Kumaun. 1. CLEMATIS, Linn. Of this and the neighbouring genus, Naravelia, 22 species occur in India. They are distributed almost all over India : 11 are found in the North- West Himalaya, 14 in the Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills, 2 in Central India, 4 in the Dekkan, 4 on the Western Coast and 10 in British Burma. The commonest kinds in the North-West Himalaya are C. gr-ata,^ aXl., C. nutans, Eoyle, and C. orientalis, Linn., with white or yellowish-white panicles of flowers ; C. moTitana, Ham., with large white star-shaped flowers, and C. barbellata, Edgw., with dull purple ones, common in the hill forests ; while O. Buchananiana, DC, is conspicuous for its Woolly leaves and large soft tomentose bell-shaped flowers. In the Eastern Himalaya this latter species is the most common, with O. grewimjlora, DC, covered all over with golden pubescence, and the beautiful pink-flowered C. smilaei- folia. Wall. C gouriana, Eoxb. and Naravelia zeylanica, DC, are common in Bengal, Central India, the Dekkan, and in Burma, where the second species of Nara- velia [N. laurifolia. Wall.) is also found. These climbers are all very ornamental, but they have little or no value, though Kurz says that the " stems of the species from Burma while fresh are often used for ropes and are very strong." Mathieu Fl. For. p. 9 gives the weight at 24 to 36 lbs. per cubic foot for C. Vitalha, Linn, the European Clematis, or Traveller's Joy. 1. C. montana, Ham. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 2 ; Gamble 1. Vern. GAantidli, Hind. H 2851. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 ft. 2. a barbellata, Edgw. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 3. H 2852. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 ft. H 3156. Theog, Simla, 7,000 ft 40 lbs. 3. C. grata, Wall. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 3. Vern. Ghantidli, Hind. H 2850. Simla, 6,000 ft. 4. C. Buchananiana, DC. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 6 ; Kurz i. 17 ; Gamble 1. H 2838. Simla, 6,000 ft. Woody climberSj with a fibrous bark and a porous yellowish-white wood, with broad or very broad medullary rays and pores which vaiy from small to very large. A dilleniace;e. [ Dillenia. Order II. DILLENIACE^ffi. An order of three Indian genera, belonging to two tribes, viz., — Tribe I. — Delimese Belima and Tetraeera. „ II. — Dilleniese Dillenia and Wormia. Delima sarmentosa, Linn. ; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 31 ; Kurz i. 22; Gamble 2 {Tetra- eera sarmentosa, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 645) Vera. Monkyourik, Lepcha, is an evergreen rough-leaved climber of Northern and Eastern Bengal, Burma and the Andamans. Tetraeera includes two species : T. Icevis, Vahl. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 31 (21 trigyna, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 645), a climber of the forests of Malabar; and T. Assa, DC; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 31 ; Kurz i. 22, a scandent shrub of Chittagong. Wormia is found in Ceylon. 1. DILLENIA, Linn. Eight species. D. Iracteata, Wight ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 37 (D. repanda, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 652. Wormia Iracteata, Beddome t. 115) is a handsome tree of South India. D. pulcherrima, Kurz i. 19; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 37. Vem. Byoo, Burm., is a handsome deciduous tree of Pegu and Martaban, chiefly in the Eng forests, which Kurz evidently identifies with No. 2 of Brandis' Bui-ma List of 1862 (Bjoohen) : weight 69 lbs., wood hard and strong, and used for rice-mills. D. scabrella, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 653; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 38; Kurz i. 21. Vern. AJcacM, Garo, is a deciduous tree of Assam, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong. D. parviflora,GriS.; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 38 ; Kurz i. 21. Vern. Lingyan, Burm., is a deciduous tree of the mixed forests of Burma up to 2,000 feet. Wood characterized by prominent medullary rays which appear as high, shining plates on a vertical section, giving the wood a remarkably mottled appearance. The rays are generally of two sizes and the pores are small, the distance between the rays being greater than the diameter of the pores. 1. D. indica, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 36 ; Brandis 1 ; Kurz i. 19 j Gamble 1. 2>. *jomoM, Thunb.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 650 ; Beddome t. 1 03. Vern. Chalta, Hind.; Chalta, hargesa, Beng. ; Phamaikol, Lepcha; Ofengah, Ass.; Eai, Uriya; Uva, Tam. ; Vva, pedda-kalinga, Tel.; Si/alita, Mai. ; Mota harmal, Mar. ; Hondapara, Cingh. ; T/iapru, chaiira- lesi, Magh ; Thabyoo, Burm. ; Carliow, Talcing. A large evergreen tree. Bark red, peeling off in small hard flakes. Wood red with white specks, close-grained, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, nuinerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays of two classes, broad and extremely fine, a large number of fine ones between two broad ones. Two or more lines of pores between each pair of broad rays. The medullary raj'S are visible on a radial section, giving the wood a mottled appearance, but not to the same extent as in B. pentagyna, Bengal, Central and South India, Burma; often planted for ornament. Growth moderate, our specimens shew seven rings per inch of radius. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments : — Weight. P Skinner, No. 58, in 1862, in South India . found 45 lbs., 721 Kyd in 1831 with A.ssam wood, bars 2' Xl"xl" „ 45 „ 243 (doubtful) Biandis, in 1862, Burma List, No. 3 . . „ 41 „ Smythies, in 1878, with our four specimens . „ 44"5 „ ,„ Billenia. ] dilleniace^. 3 The wood is used to make helves and gunstooks, and in construction ; and is said to be durable under water. It makes good firewood and charcoal. The large fruit is surrounded by the fleshy accrescent calyx Which is eaten either raw or cooked. The rough old leaves are used to polish ivory. lbs. E 596. KhooklooQg Forest, Darjeeling Terai 40 E 2310. Sivoke Forests, Daijeeling Terai 41 E 1395. Chittagong 48 B 2501. Burma 49 2. D. pentagyna, Roxb. M. Ind. ii. 602 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 38 ; Beddome t. lOi ; Brandis 3; Kurz i. 21 ; Gamble 2. J), augusta, Roxb. I.e. Vera. Aggai, Oudh j Kallai, C.P. ; Karkotta, Beng.; Suha-ruk, Bori, C.P. ; Tatri, Nep. ; Shukni, Lepcha; Akshi, Ass., Mechi ; Ahachi^ Garo; Rai, Uriya; Rai,pinnai, nai-tek, Tam. ; Ramadan, chinnahalinga, Tel.; Kanagalu, Mar.; Jfwc^i, Baigas ; Kallei, GonAi; Male geru, Kurg; Machil, Kan.; Zambrun, Magh.; Zimbyun, Burm. A deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, grey or pale-brown, smooth, inner substance red. Wood rough, moderately hard, reddish grey ; apt to split, warp and crack ; strong, heavy, durable, handsomely marked on a vertical section by the darker-coloured medullary rays which appear as broad plates. Pores small and moderate-sized, many of them filled with a white substance, which is visible both on the horizontal and vertical sections, and is one of the characteristics of the wood. Medul- lary rays numerous, moderately broad, with a few intermediate, very fine rays. Annual rings marked by a narrow belt in the outer edge (autumn wood) without pores ; this is particularly distinct in the wood from Oudh, less so in the specimens from Burma. Oudh, Bengal, Central and South India, Burma. Growth moderately fast, our specimens give five to six rings per inch of radius. Saplings grow up very fast, with straight, thick-barked stems, crowned by very large leaves. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the followinf experiments : — Weight. P = Skinner, in 1862, in South India, No. 57 . . found 70 lbs. 907 Benson, in Burma, with bars 3' Xl '4" X 1-4" . . „ 58 „ 960 Kyd, in 1831, witli Assam wood, in bars 2' X 1" X 1" . „ 45 „ 593 Brandis, in 1862, Burma List, No. 1 . _. . ,, 48 „ „ in 1864, with Burma wood (4 experiments) bars 3' X 1" X 1" . . . . . . . „ 45 „ 740 Smythies, in 1878, with our six specimens . . „ 47'5 „ The wood is used for construction, ship-building, rice-mills, and for oharooalwhich is of good quality. The leaves are very large, often 2 feet long ; they are used for plates. The fruit is eaten when green, as also are the flower-buds. The tree is often found with sal. ^ Iba. O 348. Gorakhpur (1868) 54 E 658. Eakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai 45 E 2311. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai 54 ^[soll Burma (1867) 47 B 557. Prome, Burma ......... 38 3. D. aurea, Smith; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 37; Brandis 2; Kurz i. 20. i). o;-w«i!a, Wall. Vern. Chamaggai,0-a.^;I)'heugr,l^Q^.; St/oo6en,Bmm. A large tree. Bark 4 inch thick, reddish grey. Wood grey, beauti- ufUy mottled and wainscoted, hard, close-grained. Pores small and 4 DiLT.ENiACEiE. [ DUlenia. very small, often in short radial lines. Medullaiy rays broad, with a few intermediate very fine rays. Annual rings very indistinct. Tlie wood differs from that of B. iiidica and D. pentagi/na by smaller pores and narrower medullary rays. Nepal, Bengnl, Burma and Andaman Islands. Weight : according to Benson, 44 lbs. ; Brandis, 45 lbs. ; our specimens give 48 to 49 lbs. Benson gives P ^ 834. Wood not used. lbs. B 2502. Burma (1862) ; 49 B 2263. Andaman Islands (1866) 48 4. D. retusa, Thunb. ; Thwaites Enum. 5 ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 37. Vern. Godapara, Cingh. A tree. Wood resembling that of the other species. Ceylon, up to 2,000 ft. Weight according to A. Mendis, 51 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for building. lbs. No. 29, Ceylon collection 51 Two specimens, B 2245 (52 lbs.) and B 2275 (44 lbs.), sent by Major Ford from the Andaman Islands in 1866 under name of Lingyaw, have a structure similar to that of D. aurea, but the ■wood is purplish grey and may possibly belong to D. pilosa, Boxb. (Kurz i. 20) which, according to Kurz, is a large tree of the Audamans. 2. WORMIA, Rottb. 1. W. triquetra, Rottb. ; Thwaites Enum. 4 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 35. Vern. Diyapara, Cingh. • Wood reddish, in structure resembling that oi Billenia. Ceylon, up to 2,000 ft. Weight 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for building ; the nut gives an oil. Xim. No. 22, Ceylon collection 44 Oeder III. MAGNOLIACE^. Contains 8 genera of Indian trees, shrubs or climbers, which are chiefly found in the Eastern Himalaya and the Eastern moist zone. The order is divided ino 4 tribes, ■siz., — Tribe I. — Trochodendrei© ..... Enpielea. „ II. — WinteresB lUicium. „ III. — Magnoliese . . . . . . Talauma, Magnolia, Man- glietia and Michelia. „ IV. — SchizandresB Schizandra and Kadsv/ra. Four of these genera contain only shrubs or woody climbers : JEuptelea pleiosperma, Hook, f . and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind, i. 39, is a shrub of the higher Mishmi HUls ; IlUaivm contains two shrubs ; I. Grrifflthii, Hook. f. and Th. of the Khasia Hills, and I. majus. Hook, f . and Th. ; Kurz i. 23, of the Thoungyeen Hills in Tenasserim ; Schizandra, 4 climbing species of the Eastern Himalaya, of which S. grandiflora. Hook, f . and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 44: Brandis 571; Gamble 3. Vern. Klandru, kaljendru, Simla; Sillangti,'K.\aa3xi.-a; Singhata, taTcsiclrih, Lepcha, with edible fruits, extends as far west as Simla (H. 3,029, Nagkanda, 9,000 ft., with a porous wood and strong resinous smell) ; and Kadsura, two climbers of Assam and Malabar respectively. Of the remain- ing genera, three are here described, the last, Manglietia, containing two large trees ; Talauma. ] MAGNOLIACEiE. 5 M. insignia, Bl. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 42 ; Kurz. i. 25, of the Eastern Himalaya, EHiasia Hills and Pegu, above 6,000 feet ; and M. Caveana, Hook, f . and Th. of the Khasia Hills. Nearly all the family are showy plants, with handsome foliage and sweet-scented, large flowers. Many species come from America and are grown in gardens in Europe ; among such are Liriodendron tuli-piferum, the well known TuKp Tree and several handsome Magnolias. Wood soft, generally roug'h. Pores generally small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays sbarply marked, fine. The annual rings are generally marked by a clearly defined line, or narrow belt of soft texture. The structure of the different species of this order is so uniform that no attempt has been made to give generic characters. 1. TALAUMA, Juss. T. jRahaniana, Hook, f . and Tb. ; Hook. EI. J-id. i. 40 ; Kurz i. 24. Vem. Sappa, Ass., is a large tree oi the Khasia Hills and Buvma, whoiie wood is sometimes used in Assam for furniture and planting; and T. mulabilis, Bl. ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 40 (T. Candollei, Bl. ; Kuvz. i. 24). a shrub of Tenasserim and Tavoy. Most of the species are remarkable for their large xragrant flowers. 1. T. Hodgsoni, Hook, f.and T. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 40; Gamble 3. Yern. Sifoo, Lepcha; liarre, Nep. An evergreen tree. Bark grey, ^ inch thick, smooth. Wood grey, very soft, even-grained. Annual rings distinct. Pores small. Medullary rays fine and very fine. Sikkim Himalaya from the Terai up to 6,000 ft. ; Khasia Hills. Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight 21 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. E 3100. Darjeeling 5,000 ft , . . 21 2. MAGNOLIA, Linn. Besides the species given below, M. glohosa, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 41; G-amble 2, is a smsll tree of the inner ranges of the Sikkim Himalaya; M. Griffithii, Hook, f . and Th. ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 41, an evergreen tree of the forests of Upper Assam ; and M. sphenocarpa, Roxb. ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 41 ; Kurz i. 24. (Liriodendron grand ifloru in, V\,(y^:). El. Ind. ii. 653.) Vern. Suryamturi, Ass. ; Duli champa, Sylhet. is a large evergreen tree of the tropical forests of the base of the Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Eastern Bengal down to Chittagong. 1. M. Campbellii, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 41 ; Gamble 2. Vern. Lai champ, Nep. ; Slgumgrip, Lepcha; Pendder, Bhutia. A large, tall, deciduous tree. Bark dark coloured, that of the branches black. Wood v^hite, very soft. Annual rings distinctly marked by prominent white lines. Pores small. Medullary rays moderate-sized, prominent. Sikkim and Bhutan from 7,000 to 10,000 feet. Growth moderate, 11| rings per inch of radius. Weight 25 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood occasionally used for planking, but now scarce. Chiefly remarkable for its magnificent large pink or white flowers, which appear in April. lbs. E 365. Eangyriim Eorest Darjeeling, 7,500 feet 25 3. MIGHELIA, Linn. Besides the 5 species described below, M. Kisopa, Ham. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 43. Vem. Banchampa, Kumaun ; Champ, chobsi, Nep., is a tall tree of Nepal. A. Aikin, in his Catalogue of Indian woods collected by Wallioh, says the wood is. yellowish, is used in Nepal for light works, and has 8 to 11 rings per inch of radius. M. punduana, Hook. 6 MAGNOiJACEiE. , [ Michelia. f. and Th. ; Hook. Tl. Ind. i. 43, is found in the Klasia Hills ; and M. nilagirica Zenk ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 44; Beddome t. 62. Vern. Pila champa, Hind., Mar. ; Shemhugha, Tarn. ; Walsapu, Oingh., with a strong, fine-grained wood, used for building, beams and rafters, in the higher forests of the Western Ghats and Ceylon. 1. M. Cathcartii, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 42 ; Gamble 2. "Vera. Kala champ, Nep. ; Atohdung, Lepcha. A large tree, with dark-coloured bark. Sapwood large, white, heartwood d;irk olive brown, moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a white line. Pores small. Medullary rays fine, not very prominent. Sikkim Himalaya, 5,000 to 7,000 feet. Weight 41 lbs. Wood used for planking, will do well for tea boxes. The flowers are terminal, white, but turn red in drying. lbs. E 2314. Rangbul Forest, Darjeeling, 6,500 feet 41 2. M. Champaca, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 42 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 656; Beddome vi; Brandis 3; Kurz i. 25; Gamble 3. Yevn. Champa, Hind. ; Oulia champ, Nep. ; Titasappa, Ass. ; Champa, champaha, Beng. ; Shimiu, sempangam, Tarn. ; Champalcamu, sampenga, hanchanamu, Tel. ; Sampighi, Kau.; Champakam, Mai.; Tsaga, Burm, A tall evergreen tree, with grey bark, \ inch thick. Wood soft, seasons and polishes well ; sapwood white ; heartwood light olive brown ; annual rings distinctly marked by a white line. Pores small and moderate-sized, equally distributed. Medullary rays short, fine to moderately broad, visible on a radial section. Cultivated throughout India from the Ravi southwards and Tip to 5,400 feet in the North- West Himalaya. Wild in Nepal, Bengal, Assam (ascending to 3,000 feet), Burma, and in the forests of the Western Ghats as far as Kanara. Growth moderate, our specimens shew seven rings per inch of radius. It often reaches 8 feet girth at an age of 100 to 120 years. Weight: the mean of -7 experiments made by Brandis in 1864 gave 37 lbs. per cubic foot ; Buckle's experiments in Mysore gave 42 lbs. ; while Smythies found 38 lbs. per cubic fool as the average of our specimens. In Brandis' experiments of 1864 on Nepal wood, 4 with bars 6' X 2" X 2" gave P = 564, while 3 with bars 6' X 2" X If" gave P = 561. Puokle's in Mysore with bars 2' X 1" X 1" gave P = 642. The wood is very durable : e. g., specimen No. 1437 was cut by Griffith in 1836 and has been since then in Calcutta, and is now as sound as if fresh cut. The wood is used for furniture, house-building, carriage work and native drunas. It is considered valuable in Northern Bengal for planking, door-panels and furniture ; and in Assam for building and canoes. The flowers are prized on account of their sweet scent, and the tree is planted at Hindu shrines. E 676. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai E 2313. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling Terai E 2195.' Nowgong, Assam .... E 1049. Eastern Duars, Assam . E 1437. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) lbs. 35 37 40 36 42 3. M. excelsa, Blume ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 43 ; Gamble 3. Vern. Bara champ, safed champ, Nep.; Sigugrip, Lepcha; GSk, Bhutia. A lofty deciduous tree. Bark greyish brown, J inch thick. Wood soft; sapwood small, white; heartwood olive brown, glossy; annual rings distinctly marked 'by firmer autumn wood with fewer pores. Pores small. Medullary rays short, fine and moderately broad, very numerous, prominent on a radial section. According to Gamble, the wood is yellow when fresh cut. Michelia. J MAGNOLIACEiE. 7 Eastern Himalaya, from 6,000 to 8,000 feet ; Khasia Hills. Growth rather slow; 13 to 16 rings per inch of radius are shewn by our specimens. Weight, 33 to 34 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is very durable : e.g., specimen No. 1443 was cut in 1836 and kept since then in Calcutta ; the wood is now as sound as if fresh cut. Used for building, but chiefly for planking, door and window frames, and for furni- ture. The principal building and furniture wood of the Darjeeling Hills. lbs. E 657. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet . . . .33 E 2313. Eangbul Forest, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 33 E 1442. Mishmi HUls (Griffith, 1836) 34 4. M. lanuginosa, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 43; Gamble 2. Vera. Gogay champ, Nep. A large deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thiek^ greyish browrij smooth. Wood grey, soft, shining. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays fine and very fine, closely packed. Narrow concentric (annual?) rings of soft texture, often confluent. Forests of Sikkim and the Khasia Hills from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. Growth moderate. Weight 27 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. E 3099. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 37 5. M. oblonga, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 43. Vern. 8appa, phul- sappa, Assam. A tree. Sapwood white ; heartwood dark grey, soft. Annual rings indistinct. Pores moderate-sized, often in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, uniform, closely packed, equidistant; the distance between two rays less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Khasia Hills and Assam. Weight, 40 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used in Assam for canoes and rough furniture. lbs. E 1268. Lakhimpur, Assam 40 Order IV. ANONACE^. This order contains 31 Indian genera, the majority of which are South Indian and Burmese. They belong to 5 tribes, viz.,— Tribe I. — Uvariese .... JJvaria and Ellipeia. „ IL — Unonese .... Cyatliocalyx, Artabotrys, Cananga, Cyathostemma, TJnona, Polyal- tliia, Anaccagorea and Popowia. „ III. — Mitrephorese .... Oxymitra, PlicBanthus, Gonio- thalamus and MitrepJiora. „ TV. — XylopiesB .... Anona and Melodorum. „ V. — MUiusese .... Miliusa, Saccopetalum, Alphonsea, Orophea and Bocagea. One genus, Anona, contains introduced fruit trees ; five, JJvaria, Bllipeia, Arta- botrys, Oxymitra and Melodorwm, chiefly climbing shrubs; fifteen, Cyathocalyx, Cyathostemma, Unona, Polyalthia, Anaxagorea, Popowia, Phwanthus, Oonioilia'- lamus, MitrepJiora, Miliusa, Saccopetalum, Orophea, Cananga, Alphonsea and Bocagea, are shrubs or trees. In Northern and Central India the family is represented 8 ANONACEJ!. [ Pul^althla. by 4 species of Polyalthia, 3 of Anona, 2 of Saccopetalum and Miliusa vehdina. The Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Eastern Bengal, contain trees, shrubs or climbers of the genera Uvaria, Artahotrys, Anona, Polyalthia, Mehdoncm and Miliusa, while the remaining genera, and the majority of the species of these, are found in South India or Burma. Of the genera not herein. described, the five climbing ones contain about 30 species, the principal of which are: Uvaria macrophylla, Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii. 663; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 49 ; Kurz i. 28. Vern, Bagh-rungd, Beng. ; Thahwot-nway, Burm., a large evergreen climber common in Eastern Bengal and Uurma ; JElUpeia femginea, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 52 [Uvaria femginea, Ham.; Kurz i. 29), a shrub of the Irrawaddy valley ; and Artahotrys odoratissimus, E. Br. ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 54 ; Kurz i. 31 ( Uvaria odoratissima, Roxb. El. Ind. ii. 666), a large Burmese shrub with fragrant flowers. Cyathocalyx niartah aniens, Hook, f. and Th. ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 53 ; Kurz i. 80, is an evergreen tiree of Maitaban and Tenasserim. Cananga odorata, Hook, f . and Th. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 56 ; Ktirz. i. 33 (Uvaria odorata, Roxb. El. Ind. ii.661) Vern. Eadapgnam, Burm., is a large evergreen tree of Tenasserim. Unona contains seven Burmese and three South Indian trees. Popowia two, viz. .- P. Beddomeana, Hook. f. andTh. ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 68 (P. ramosissima, Beddome viii.) of the Travanoore and Tinnevelly hills ; and P. Selferi, Hook, f . and Th. ; Hook. EL Ind. i. 69 ; Kurz i. 39 of the Andamans and Tenasserim. AlpJionsea four, viz., A. madraspatana, Bedd. t. 92; A. zeylanica, Hook. f. and Th., of South India; A. lutea. Hook. f. and Th., of Eastern Bengal, Soxith India and Burma; sioA A. ventricosa. Hook. f. andTh., of Assam, Chittagong and the Andamans, aU trees of considerable size. Mitrephora grandiflora, Eeddome t. 91. ; Hook. EL Ind. i. 78, is a large handsome tree of the South Kanara forests. There are altogether, excluding those of the Malay Peninsula and Ceylon, about 100 Indian species ; of these about 60 occur in Burma, 30 in South India and 30 in Eastern Bengal. Further specimens of the wood of the larger species are urgently req^uired for investigation and determination of doubtful woods, such as Bamau, &o. (see p. 10). Wood ligbt-colouredj generally yellowish and soft. Pores small. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, joined by numerous fine trans- verse bars. These transverse bars furnish an excellent character for distinguishing the wood of Anonacea; from that of most other families; they are also found in Bassia and Mimusops, but in these genera they have more the character of wavy concentric lines. The structure of the different species of this family is so uniform that no attempt has been made to give generic characters. 1. POLYALTHIA, Blume. Besides the two species here described, P. simiarum, Bth. and Hook, f . ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 63; Kurz i. 37, is a large tree of Eastern Bengal and Bui-ma; P. Jenkinsii, Bth. and Hook, f . ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 64 ; Kurz i. 37, is a common tree of the Andamans, found also in Assam and Sylhet ; P. coffeoides, Bth, and Hook, f . ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 62 ; Beddome t. 53, is a common tree of the Western G-hats, where its bark is made into ropes ; P. suherosa, Bth. and Hook. f. ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 65 ; Brandis 5. (Uvaria suherosa, Roxb. El. Ind. ii. 667.) Vern. Bara chali, Beng. ; Banderhola, Ass. ; Chillea dud4ga, Tel., is a small tree of Oudh, Bengal and South India, with a corky bark, and close, toufifh, hard, durable wood, weighing, according to Brandis 40, and Kyd 45 lbs. per cubic foot, and having P = 430. There are also about 8 other species de- scribed, from India and Burma. 1. P. longifolia, Benth. and Hook, f . ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 62 ; Bed- dome t. 38; Brandis 4<. Uvaria longifoUa, Lam.; Roxb. Fl- Ind. ii. 664. Vern. Asolc, debdari, Hind.; Assothi, Tam.; AsoM, devadaru, Tel. A large evergreen tree with smooth bark. Wood white. Pores small, often subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays short, fine to very broad. Numerous, equidistant, very fine transverse bars across the rays. folyalthia. J anonace^. 9 Wild in Ceylon. Planted as an avenue tree throughout Bengal and South India. Weight : according to Skinner, No. 76, 37 lbs. ; Brandis says between 30 and 40 ; our specimen gives 37 lbs. Skinner's experiments give P ^ 547. Iba. E 2479. Calcutta 37 2. P. cerasoides, Benth. and Hook. f. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 63 ; Bed- dome t. l.j Brandis 5; Kurz i. 38. Vvaria cerasoides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 666. Vern. Hoom, Mar.; Chilka dudugu, Tel.; Nakulsi, mulili, Tarn. A large evergreen tree. Wood olive grey, moderately hard, close- grained. Pores small. Medullary rays short, broad and moderately fine ; the distance between the rays twice or three times as great as the transverse diameter of the pores. Numerous, very distinct, fine, equidis- tant, tranverse bars between the rays. Behar, Eastern and Western Ghats, Dekkan, Burma. Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for carpentry and in boat-building. It is much prized in Bombay. lbs. C 997. Poona 52 2. ANONA, Linn. Besides the species given below, the ' Bullock's heart,' A. reticulata, Linn. ; Vern. Ramphal, and the ' Soursop,' A. muricata, L., are also cultivated in many parts of India. (Skinner, No. 14, gives for A. reticulata W = 40 lbs. P = 640). 1. A. squamosa, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 78 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 657 ; Brandis 6 ; Kurz i. 46 ; Gamble 3. The Custard Apple. Vern. Sliarifa, sitaphal, Hind. ; Ata, luna, Beng. j Sita, Tarn. ; Sitapundu, Tel. ; Atta, Mai., Cingh. ; Auza, Burm. A small tree, with an erect, short trunk. Bark thin, grey. Wood soft, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays moder- ate-sized, joined by numerous white transverse bars. Introduced from the West Indies, and domesticated throughout India and Burma. Cultivated for its fruit, which ripens from July to October. Weight, 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Iba. B 2317. Myanoung, Burma 46 3. MILIUSA, Lesch, Besides the two species herein described, M. indiea, Lesch., M. Wightiana, Hook. f. and Th., and M. nilagirica, Beddome, are shrubs or small trees of the Western Grhats ; M sclerocarpa, Kurz, is a small tree, with a rather heavy wood, from Martaban and Tennasserim ; and M. macrocarpa. Hook. f. and Tk,, a small tree from Sikktm and the Khasia Hills. 1. M. velutina, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 87 ; Beddome {,. 37; Brandis 6; Kurz i. 47. Vvaria mllosa, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 664. Vern. J/om-sdl, Hind. ; Kari, C. P. ; Kharrei, Oudh ; Peddachilka duduga, nalla duduga, Tel. ; Thabiigyee, Burm. A deciduous moderate-sized tree, with a short erect trunk ; in Burma a large tree. Bark \ inch thick, rough. Wood yellow when fresh cut, grey or greyish brown when dry, moderately hard. Annual rino-s indistinct. Pores small, uniformly distributed, often in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, the distance between two rays larger than the transverse diameter of the pores. Transverse bars distinct, numerous. 10 ANONAOEiE. [ MiUusa. Sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal to tKe Ganges, Central India, Godaveri districts and Burma. Brandis says, " The seasoned wood weighs from 40 to 50 Vos. per cubic foot ;'' Kurz gives the weight at 42 lbs. ; Benson's experiments give 60 ; and Skinner's (No. 93) 50 lbs. iieuson's experiments give P = 833, and Skinner's P = 839. Used for carts and agricultural implements, spear-shafts and oars. lbs. B 3062. Prome, Burma B 3122. Burma (1862) 48 O 3)13. DehraDun 53 2. M. Roxburghiana, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 87; Kurz. i. 47 ; Gamble 4. Vvaria dioica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 659. Vern. Sungden, Lepcha; Tusbi, Sylhet. A small tree. Bark thiu, grey. Wood greyish white, hard. Pores very small^ scanty. Medullary rayS short, white, of all sizes, from fine to broad, very numerous, prominent on a radial section. Numerous white parallel wavy transverse bands across the rays. Terai and valleys of the Bengal Himalaya, Khasia HiUs, Chittagong and Burma. Weight 51 lbs. . lbs. E 2316. Chunbati, Dai-jeeling, 2,000 feet 51 4. SACCOPETALUM, Bennett. Besides the species here described, S. longifiorum. Hook, f . and Th., is a tree of Eastern Bengal found near Pumeah. 1. S. tomentosum, Hook. f. and Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 88.; Bed- dome t. 39 ; Braudis, 7. Vvaria lomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 667. Vern. Kirna, karri, Hind.; Hoom, Bombay; CMlkadudu, Tel.; Thosha, Goudi; JELumba, Kurku. A large tree with straight stem. Bark \ inch thick, of various shades, sometimes black, deeply cracked. Wood olive brown, moderately hard, smooth, close-grained ; no heartwood; No annual rings. Pores small and moderate-sized, numerous. Medullary rays broad and fine, very numerous, distinctly visible on a radial section as long, narrow plates, giving the wood a mottled appearance. Numerous, regular, fine, white, transverse bars across the medullary rays, the distance between the rays being a little larger than the transverse diameter of the pores, Oudh, Nepal Terai, Gorakhpur, Behar, Central India, "Western Ghats. Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. IbB. O 342. Gorakhpur (1868) C 1109. Ahiri Eesorve, Central Provinces 45 The following woods cannot at present be identified, but they probably belong to this family : — B 1949. (58 lbs.) 5ofo»e< from Tavoy. A hard, close-grained, yellow wood ; when seasoned it is said to shew black and white stripes, and is then called Zebra Wood. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays fine and very fine, joined by numerous fine parallel transverse bars . Used for furniture. Scarce in the Mergui Archipelago but plentiful in the Andaman Islands. B 2281. (32 lbs.) Deceived from the Andaman Islands in 1866 under the name of Thanloong. Pores small, often subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad, the distance between them many times larger than the transverse diameter of the pores. Numerous faint transverse bars. It may possibly \i^ Pohjxlthia Jenlcinsii, Bth. and Hook, f. Saccopeialum,] jNONACEiE. 11 B 2251. (33 lbs.) Received from the Andamans in 1866 under the name of Thitpyoo ; has a white soft wood, with small, scanty pores often in short radial lines. The medullary rays are moderately broad, far apart, joined by innumerable parallel bars, and shew well on a radial section. B273. (38 lbs.) Eeceived from Burma in 1867 under the nxcue Bamau ; has an olive grey wood ; it is handsome, even-grained, moderately hard and possesses a certain lustre. Pores small, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine. Numerous faint white transverse bars across the medullary rays. According to Kurz, Bamau is Tetranthera grandis ; but on account of the transverse bars in the wood, we have placed it under AnonacesB. B 2236. (53 lbs.) Eeceived from the Andamans in 1 866 under the name of Pan-noo ; has a similar structure to Bamau. Wood yellowish grey, hard. Pores small, transverse diameter equal to or one-half the distance between the medullary rays, which are fine and are joined by numerous transverse bars. Oedee v. MENISPERMACE^. An order which, in India with the single exception of the species described below, contains only climbing plants. Of the 17 genera found in India, many contain only single species. These 17 genera belong to 4 tribes, viz., — Tribe I. — Tinosporese .... Aspidocarya, ParabcEna, Tinospora, Fihraurea, Anamirta. „ II. — Cocouleae .... Tiliacora, Limacia, Cocculus, Peri- campylus. „ III. — Cissampelidese . . . Stephatiia, Cissampelos, Cyclea, Lophopetalnm. „ IV. — Pachygoneaj .... Pachygone, Pycnarrhena, Hcsmato- carpus, Antitaais. Anamirta Cocculus, W. and A. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 99 ; Brandis 8 ; Kurz i. 53 (IKenisperpium Cocculus, Roxb. PL Ind. iii. 807) Vern. Kahmari, Hind., a climbing shrub of Southern and Eastern India and Burma, has bitter berries which in India are used to poison fish and crows (whence the native name), and in Europe under the name of ' Cocculus indicus ' in the adulteration of beer. Tinospora cordifolia, Miers ; Hook. Pi. Ind. i. 97 ; Brandis 8 ; Kurz i. 53 ; Gamble 4 (Meniipermum cordifolium, Willd. ; Roxb. PL Ind. iii. 811) Vern. Batindu, Pb. ; Golancha, Beng. ; Ourclia, Kuinaun ; Gurjo, Nep. ; Tippa tiga, Tel. ; Galwail, Bombay, is a well known climber which sends down long filiform runners from the branches of the trees over which it climbs ; the root is used in native medicine, and elephants are fond of the stem and runners. Cissampelos Pareira, Linn. Hook. PI. Ind. i. 103; Brandis 10; Gamble 4 (C. convolvulacea, Roxb. PL Ind. iii. 842) Vern. Zatori, parhih, patahi, tihri, Pb. ; DaTch nirbisi, pari, N. W. P. ; Sarjeuri, Oudh ; Batulpati, Nep. ; Pata, Tel., a climber common both to the old and new worlds, furnishes the Radix Pareira of druggists. Cocculus Beceba, DC. ; Hook., PL Ind. i. 102; Brandis 9. Vern. Vallur,illar,'S\!.\ and C mllosus,T)Q,.{ Hook. PL Ind. i. 101 ; Brandis 9 (Menispermum liirsidum, Linn. ; Roxb. PL Ind. iii. 814). Vern. Hier, dier, are large climbers of the dry and arid zones, while Tiliacora racemosa, Coleb. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 99 ; Brandis 10 ; Kurz i. 54 (Menispermum poly- carpon, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 816). Vern. Tiliakoru, Beng. ; Karwanth, rangoe. Hind. ; Tiga musJiadi, Tel., is a large climber of most parts of India, often covering tall trees with its dense dark green foliage. Other genera, such as Aspidocarya, Stephania and Parabmna, furnish climbing shrubs common in Eastern Bengal and Assam. " The structure of the wood of Menispermacese is remarkable^ and differs in seveial respects from the wood of other Dicotyledons. The vascular bundles of a young branch (which in most Dicotyledons unite and form concentric rings of wood and liber) generally remain distinct in MenispermacesBj and are separated by broad radial masses of cellular tissue, corresponding to the medullary rays of ordinary wood. After some time these original wood fascicles cease'growing, and in the cortical cellular tissue exterior to the liber originates a second circle of bundles similar to the first formed; excepting in the absence of spiral vessels. 12 MENISPERMACE^. [ CoCCului. After these bundles have attained full development, they in turn cease to grow, and a third circle forms in the cellular tissue of the bark, and so on. There is great variety in the wood structure of the genera of this family/' — Brandts' Forest Flora, p. 10. 1. COCCULUS, DC. 1. C. laurifolius, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 101; Brandis 9. Meni- spermum laurifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 815. Vern. Tilpara, kaJcra, Hind. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin^ grey. Wood greyish white, soft, divided by very broad medullary rays and CQncentric rings of the same substance as the rays, into numerous oblong radial masses, each mass consisting of wood cells and small uniformly distributed pores with a narrow belt of fibres (liber) at the outer edge. Outer Himalaya from tlie Eavi to Nepal ascending to 5,000 ft. Weight 41 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. H 2939. Near Suni, Sutlej Valley, 3,000 ft 42 E 2466. Calcutta Botanic Gardens 40 Oedee VI. BERBERIDEiE. An order containing four Indian genera of woody plants, belonging to two tribes, viz. : Tribe I. — Lardizabalese ; . Deeaisnea, Parvatia and MoUbbllia. „ II. — BerberesB Berberis. Two, eaob containing one species, are climbers, iiiz., Parvatia Brunoniana, Decaisne ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 108, from Assam and tbe Kbasia HUls; and HoUb'dllia latifolia Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 108 ; Brandis 13 ; Gamble 4. Vern. &ophla, Kumaun ; Chiriya- nangri, bagwl, Nep. ; Pronchadik, Lepcba ; DomTiyem, Bhutia. The latter is found in the Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards, above 4,000 feet elevation, and in the Khasia Hills. It has a large edible fruit, a soft corky bark and wood with large pores and broad medullary rays (E 2859. Tukdah, DarjeeUng, 5,000 feet). Deeaisnea insignis, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 107. Vem. Nomorchi, Lepoha ; Loo- dooma, Bhutia, is an erect shrub of the Inner Sikkim Himalaya, growing between 7,000 and 10,000 fept, also with edible fruit. 1. BERBERIS, Linn. Contains about twelve species, all Himalayan ; two only extending southwards to the Nilgiris and the hills of Burma. One species, B. asiatica, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 182 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 110. Vem. Kilmora, Kumaun ; Mate-kissi, cMtra, Nep., is also found on Parasnath in Behar. Besides those here described, B. umbellata, Wall., B. asiatica, Eoxb., B. Wallichiana, DC, B. insignis, Hook, f ., B. macrosepala. Hook, f., and B. concinna. Hook. f. occur in different parts of the Himalaya, chiefly at elevations above 8,000 ft. Wood yellow, hard or moderately hard, splits very much in seasoning. Pores small, larger and more numerous on the inner edge of each annual ring, the rest of the pores smaller and arranged in irregular tails or patches. Medullary rays bright yellow, moderately broad, or broad. The chief North-West Himalayan species may thus be recognized : — Leaves pinnate , B. nepalensis. Leaves simple — Leaves thin with many equal serratures . . . B. vulgaris. Leaves coriaceous, serratures few, unequal Branches grey Leaves large, green beneath , . , B. coriacea. Leaves small, glaucous beneath . . B. Lycium. Branches reddish B. aristata. Berber is.] bbrberide*. 13 1. B. nepalensis, Spreag. j Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 109; Beddome xi.'; Bi-andis 12; Kurz i. 58 ; Gamble 5. B.pinnata, Roxb. ¥\. Ind, ii. 184 (probably). Vera. Amudanda, chiror, Pb. ; Chatri, milkisse, Jamne- miinda, Nep. An evergreen shrub attaining in Bengal a height of 20 feet and occasionally 2 feet in girth. Bark soft, corky. Wood bright yellow, hard. Pores very small, arranged in radial lines or patclies. Medullary rays moderately broad, prominent, numerous, well marked on a radial section. Outer Himalaya from the Ravi to Bhutan, Khasia Hills, Tenasserim, Nilgiris and Western Ghats, above 5,000 feet elevation. Weight, 49 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood has a handsome colour and might be useful for inlaying ; it is used as a dye by Bhutias. lbs. E 2318. Darjeeling, 7,000 ft 49 2. B. vulgaris, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 109; Brandis 11. The Barberry. Vern. Zirishk, kashmal, chochar, Pb. A deciduous thorny shrub, with soft brown bark, ^ inch thick. Wood lemon yellow, moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by an irregular belt of small pores, which are larger than those in the rest o£ the wood. The pores in the main portion of the annual rings are grouped in short, whitish, irregularly bent lines or tails. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, well marked on a vertical section. Himalaya, from Nepal westwards, in shady forests above 8,000 ft. elevation, Afghanistan and Beloochistan, Europe. Weight, our specimen gives 52 lbs. per cubic foot ; Mathieu PL For. p. 12, gives 45 to 57 lbs. Eruit edible. The wood is a good firewood. lbs. H 3037. Matiyana, Simla, 9,000 ft H 3040. Naghanda, Simk, 9,000 ft 55 3. B. aristata, DC. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 110 ; Beddome xii. ; Brandis 12; Gambles. B.angusf,ifolia,^oyih.'F\.ln<}i.\\. 183. Vern. Simlw, simlu, Icasmal,chitra, Pb. ; Tsema, Bhutia; G/iUra, Nep.; Choira, Hind. An erect spinous shrub. Bark soft, light brown, corky. Wood yellow, hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a narrow belt of numerous pores. Pores small, in short, narrow, wavy tails of white tissue. Medullary rays moderately broad. Outer Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan : in the North- West Himalaya 6,000 ft. to 10,000 ft., in Darjeeling above 10,000 ft. ; Western Ghats at high elevations ; Ceylon. Wood used for fuel, the root in native medicine. Jbs. H 80, Simla, 7,000 ft 52 H 2888. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 ft H 3053. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 ft '. 4. B. Lycium, Royle; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 110; Brandis 12. Vern. %aimal, Simla; Kashmal, chotra, Hind. An erect rigid shrub. Bark rough, corky, white or light grey. Wood yellow, moderately hard. Annual rings marked by a narrow porous belt. Pores very small and extremely small, in narrow irregular lines of white tissue. Medullary rays moderately broad, numerous. 14 BEUBERiDEJD. [ Berheris. North-West Himalaya from 3,000 to 9,000 ft. lbs. H 45. Simla, 6,500ft H 3054. Mahasu, Simla, 7,500 ft 52 5. B. coriacea, nov. sp., Brandis. Vein. Kashmal, Simla. A large erect thorny shrub, with soft corky baik. Wood yellow, moderately hard. Annual rings marked by a belt of small or moderately sized pores ; in the rest of the wood the poves are very small or ex- tremely small, and arranged in numerous confluent, irregularly shaped tails and patches of whitish tissue. Medullary rays short, fine to broad. North-West Himalaya above 8,000 ft. ; often forming alone or with other shrubs large extents of scrub jungle, e. g., in the valley south of Nagkanda near Simla. lbs. H 48. Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 ft. . H 2894. „■ H 3039. H 3041 , H 3043. H 3038. Matiyana, Simla, 8,000 ft. H 3042. Hattu, Simla, 10,000 ft. 6. B. angulosa, Walh; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. Ill; Gamble 5. Vern. Chtitra, Nep. A large erect shrub. Bark soft, brown, corky. Wood dark grey or yellowish brown, hai-d. Annual rings marked by a belt of small pores ; in the rest of the wood the pores are very small, arranged in irregular radial tails of whitish tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Inner ranges of Nepal and Sikkim above 11,000 ft. E 2862. Suburkum, Darjeeling, 11,000 ft. 55 52 Order Vn. CAPPARIDE.ai. Six Indian genera are of trees, shrubs or climbers belonging all to one tribe, Cappareaj. The climbing genera are : Meerua, one species, M, arenaria. Hook, f . and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 171 (Capparis heteroclita, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 570). Vern. Patta tiga, Tel., a large woody climber of tbe Western Himalaya, Upper Gangetic plain and Central India ; and Boydsia, two species, R. suaveolens, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 643 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 180; Gamble 5. Vern. .Kasomfo', Nep. ; Tim^t/o?", Lepoha, in the tropical forests of Sikkim, Bhutan and the Khasia Hills, and i2. obtusifolia, Hook. f. and Th. ; Kurz i. 67. Vern. Ngaphyoo, Burm., in the swamp forests of Burma. Niehvhria linearis, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 171, is a small tree of the hilly parts of the Carnatic; and the species of Cadaba are small straggling shrubs chiefly of the arid zone, C. indica, Lanik. Vern. S^ali taha, occurring in Berar and the Dekkan, and C heterotricka. Stocks ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 173, being a small tree found m rocks near Cape Monze in Sind. Wood light-coloured. Pores small to moderate-sized, rarely large ; often arranged in radial lines; medullary rays moderately broad, wavy. 1. CAPPARIS, Linn. A genus of about thirty species of thorny shrubs or climbers. About fifteen occur in Burma, ten in the Dekkan and Carnatic, five on the western coast, eight in Bengal and Assam, two in the Gangetic valley and Central India, and three in the arid zone of the Punjab and Sind. Besides those here described, there are several common species. C. spi- nosa, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 173 ; Brandis 14. Vern. Kabawa, Af g. ; Kdbra, Tibet ; Kaur, Tceri, Jcander, Icalcri, taker, her, barari, bauri, bassar, Pb. ; Ulta-kanta, Kumaun ; Capparis. j cappauidej;. " 15 Kalvdri, Sind, is a small trailing shrub of the Punjab and Sind, whose flower buds give the capers of commerce; they are pickled and eaten in Sind and the Punjab Salt Eange. C. divaricata, liz.mk.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 17 {C. stylosa, DC; Beddome xiii) Vern. Toaratti, Tam. ; Budareni, Tel. ; Pachwnda, Mar., is a shrah or small tree of the Dekkan and Carnatic, with large scarlet fruit. C. olacifolia. Hook, f . and Th. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 178 ; G-amble 5. Vern. Naski, hats, Nep. ; Jlierwh, Lepcha, is a common thorny shrub of river banks and valleys in Northern Bengal and Assam. C. horrida, Linn. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 178 ; Brandis 15 (C. zeylanica, Koxb. PL Ind. ii. 567). Vern. His, Icarvila, Pb. ; Karralura, Oudh ; Adonda, Tel. ; Katerni, Gondi ; Gitoran, Ajmere ; Atanday, Tam. is a climbing shrub common in most parts of India. 1. C. grandis, Linn. f. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 176; Beddome xiii; C. bisperma, Eoxb. PL Ind. ii. 569. Vern. Guli, regguti, ragota, TeL A small tree. Bark thick, extremely irregular, rough, and corky, deeply and irregularly , cracked. Wood white, moderately hard. No heart wood, no annual rings. Pores scanty, moderate-sized to large. Medullary rays moderately broad, short. Chanda district and eastern part of the Dekkan, Eastern Ghats and Carnatic. Weight, 46 lbs. Wood durable, much used by the natives in the Madras Presidency. lbs. C 1134. Ahiri, Central Provinces 46 2. C. aphylla, Roth ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 174; Beddome xiii; Brandis 14). "Vern. i^ffln7, Pb.; Kiral,'&vaA; .ffar?', Behar. A small tree with scanty, small, caducous leaves, found only on the young shoots. Bark \ inch thick, grey, corky, with deep irregular cracks. Wood light yellow, turning brown on exposure, shining, very hard and close-grained. Annual rings doubtful. Pores small, generally in groups or patches between the prominent, very short, numerous, fine medullary rays. Punjab, Sind,'Eajputana and the Dekkan. Weight, 53 lbs per cubic foot. The wood is used for small beams and rafters in roofs, for the knees of boats, for oilmills and agricultural implements ; it is a good firewood, and is not eaten by white ants. The fruit is eaten both raw and preserved, and the young flower buds are preserved as pickle. Vas. P 444. Ajmere P 892. Multan 53 P 941. „ P 3056. „ 2. CRAT^VA, Linn. 1. C. religiosa, Forst.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 172; Beddome t. 116 and xiv (0. Nurvala, Ham.) ; Brandis 16; Gamble 5. C. Roxhirghii, Ham. ; Kurz i. 66. Capparis trifoliata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 571. Vern. Brarna, bildsi, hila, biliana, Hind.; Barun,tikto-shak, Beng. ; Purbong, Lepcha; Maralingam, marvilinga, Tam. ; Vskia, usiki, ulimidi, ■ummatti, tellavao- lemara, Tel. ; Nirvdla, Kan., Mai. ; Kumla, harwan, Mar. ; Kadet, hatat, Burm. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark grey, \ inch thick, with lono" horizontal wrinkles. Wood yellowish white, when old turnin" lio-ht brown, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores moderate-sized, numerous and uniformly distributed, often in short radial lines, each pore surrounded by a whitish ring. Medullary rays short, very wavy, fine and mo- derately broad, the distance between the rays slightly greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. 16 CAPPAUiDEa!. [ Crafeeva. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ravi eastwards, Bengal, Assam, Central and South India and Burma. Weight, 42 lbs. The wood is used for drums, models, writing-boards, combs and in turnery. lbs. P 3217. Nagpahar, Ajmere O 270. Garhwal (1868) 33 O 3112. Dehra Diin . 47 C 3115. Chanda, Central Provinces 45 B 565. Prome, Burma 43 No. 23. Salem Collection 44 Oeder VIII. VIOLACE^. This order contains three genera of Indian plants : * of these, two, viz., Viola and lonidiwm, are herbaceous ; while the third, Alsodeia, comprises six shrubs or small trees found in Northern and Eastern Bengal, Burma and Malabar. A. hengalensis. Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 186 ; Kurz i. 70 ; Gamble 6. Vern. Kalipat, Nep., occurs in Sikkim, Assam, Burma and the Andamans. A. Soxhurghii,yf3}i\..; Hook. .Fl. Ind. i. 186; Kurz i. 69 (Vareca heterocUta, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 648), in Sylhet and the Andamans; and A. racemosa, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 187 (A. longiraae- mosa, Kurz i. 70), in Assam and Tenasserim, said by Kurz to have a yellowish white close-grained wood. No. B 3198. (Home, 1874, No. 26, Eyadoo). A white scented wood from the Andamans, with scanty, moderately large pores ; moderately fine, wavy, medullary rays, and numerous concentric lines of soft tissue, was identified by Kurz from Home's specimens as coming nearest to Alsodeia (Brandis' Memorandum on the Forest Eesouroes of the Andamans, dated August 25th, 1874). Oedee IX. BIXINE.ffi. Seven genera belonging to three tribes : — Tribe I. — Bixese . . . . CocMospermum and Bixa. „ II. — Flaconrtiese . . . Scolopia, Flacourtia and Xylosma. „ III. — Pangiese .... Oynocardia and Sydnocarpus. Bixa Orellana, Linn. ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 581 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 190 ; Beddome t. 79 ; Brandis 17 ; Kurz i. 72 ; Gamble 6. The Arnotto Plant. Vern. Latkan, Hind., Beng. ; Jarat, Ass. ; Jafra, Tel. ; Kuragumangjal, Tam. ; Knppa-manhala, Kan. ; Kisri, Mar. ; Theedin, Burm., is an American shrub, introduced and cultivated in India for the red dye given by the pulp surrounding the seeds. jBjydnoearpxis contains four Indian species. S. heterophylla, Bl. ; Kurz i. 77. Vern. Kal-lau-tso, Burm., is described by Kurz as an evergreen tree with heavy, strong, yellowish white wood, found in the tropical forests of Burma. S. castanea, Hook, f. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 197 ; Kurz i. 79, is a tree of the Andaman Islands. H. alpina, Wight ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 197 ; Beddome t. 77. Vern. Maratatti, Nilgiris, is a tree of the Western Ghats, whose wood is said by Beddome to be used in the construction of native houses, for packing cases and firewood. M. Wightiana, Bl. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 196 (H. Wightiana and H. inebrians, Vahl.; Beddome xvi, xvii). Vern. Yetti, maravetti, Tam. ; Kowti, Mar. ; MakuM, Cingh., is a common tree of the Western Ghats and western coast. The wood of Flacourtia, Ji/losma, GynocarAia and Scolqpia is uniform and remarkably similar to the wood of Euphorbiacese; it is hard and close-grained and the pores are small, in short radial lines between fine or very fine, closely packed medullary rays. The wood of Cochlosjpermum has an entirely different structure. 1. COCHLOSPERMUM, Kuntto. 1. C. Gossypium, DC; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 190; Beddome xiv; Cocklospermum.'] BixiNEffl. 17 Brandis 17; Kurz i. 72. Bomlax Qossypmm, Eoxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 169. Vern. Kiimbi, gabcli, ganidr, galgal, gangal, Hind.; Gangam, Gondi; Gungu, kong, handu-gogu, Tel. ; Tanaku, kongillam, Tarn. ; Chima-pujiji, Mai. ; Ganeri, Bhil ; Ganeri, gunglay, Mar. A small deciduous tree, with shorty ttick, spreading branches. Bark one inch thick, deeply furrowed ; inner substance red. Wood extremely soft, grey ; no heartwood. Pores large, scanty, often subdivided into compartments. Medullary rays broad, on a radial section, visible as long rough plates. Forests at the base of the North-West Himalaya, from the Sutlej eastwards. Central India, Dekkan, Prome District in Burma. Weight, 17 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood useless. Gives a clear white gum {Katira), which, according to Baden-Powell, is used in the trade of shoemaking. lbs. C 1141. Ahiri Eeserve, C. P 17 2. SCOLOPIA, Schreber. Three species. S. crenata, Clos.; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 191 ; Beddome t. 78 {Phoberos crenatus, W. and A. Prodr. 29). Vern. Mitterlu, Burghers, is a tree of Malabar, Kanara and Mysore, said by Beddome to have a hard, dense, white wood, liable to warp. S. Roxburghii, Clos. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 190 ; Kurz i. 73 (Ludia spinosa, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 507), is an evergreen tree of Tenasserim, the stem and older branches of which are armed with long, straight or compound spines. 1. S. rhinanthera, Clos. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 190. B 1969, collected by Kurz in the Andamaus in 1866, bears this name. It has a hard red wood, with a structure similar to that of Flacourtia, the pores being small, in short radial lines, between the very fine and closely packed medullary rays. Weight 60 lbs. per cubic foot. 3. FLACOURTIA, Commerson. Seven Indian species. The following are the names given in the Flora Indica i., 191 to 194:— 1. F. sumatrana, Planch. ; Kurz i. 74 . . . Tenasserim. 2. F. inermis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 833 ; Beddome Sylhet, S. India, Martaban. xvi ; Kurz i. 74. Vern. Tomitomi, Mai. ; TJbholu, Kan. Perhaps introduced. Fruit edible. 3. F. Montana, Grab. ; Beddome xvi. Vern. Attak, Western Coast. Kan,, Mar. 4. F. mollis, Hook. f. and Th. ; Kurz i. 74 . . Tenasserim. 5. F. Cataphracia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 834 ; Bed- Bengal, Burma, Bombay, dome xvi ; Kurz i. 74. Vern. Paniala, Western Ghats. panizali, Beng. ; Talispatri, paniala. Hind. ; Talisapatri, Tam., Tel. ; Na-ywwai, Burm. 6. F. Samontchi, L'Herit India. 7. F. sepiaria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ui. 835 (also F. Kumaun, Bengal and South obcordata) ; Beddome xvi ; Brandis India. 18 ; Kurz i. 75 (also P. rotundifoUa). Vern. Sharawani, dajkar,jidkar. Hind. ; Kanru, Tel. 1. F. Ramontchi, L'Herit.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 193; Beddome xvi; Brandis 18. F. sapida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 835 ; Kurz i. 75. Vern. Kukai, hakoa, kangu, kandei, Pb. ; Bilaiigra, bhanber, kanju, kandi 18 pixiNEiE, \_Flacourtia, kattdr, Jcatti, Hind.; Z'««/J««», Mhairwarra j Kdnle,MnJci, bUdti,G.V.; Arma-suri, katien, Gondi; Gurgoti, Kurku; Bineha, hatai, Beng. ; Bonicha, Uriya ; PaJiar, hhehal, hahei, kaher. Mar. ; Bhutankas, Hyderabad ; Kanregu, pedda-kawu, kaka, nakka-naregu, Tel. ; 'Ggurasm, Cingh. j Na-1/uwai, Burm. A small thorny deciduous tree. Bark grey. Wood red, hard, close- and even-grained, splits, but does not warp and is durable. Pores small, in radial lines between the fine, uniform, closely-packed and some- what wavy medullary rays. Dry hills throughout India, Prome District in Burma. Weight : Brandis gives 50 lbs. per cubic foot, the average of our specimens is 53 lbs. The wood is used for turning and agricultural implements, and the fruit and leaves are eaten. lbs. P 460. Ajmere . _. 52 P 3221. Nagpahar, Ajmere O 260. Garhwal (1868) C 2739. MoharU Keserve, C. P. B 3125. Burma (1862) 50 52 59 4s. XYLOSMA, Forster. Three species. X. controversum,C\.oa.; Hook. PL Ind. i. 194, is a tree of Nepal and the Khasia Hills, nearly allied to 21. longifoUum. X. latifolium. Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 194, is a large thorny tree of the Bababuden HiUs in Mysore. 1. X. longifolium, Clos. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 194 ; Brandis 19. Vern, Chopra, chimndd, cMrndi, drendu, Pb. ; Kattdwa, Oudh ; Banddl, katdri, Jcandhdra, Hind. A small evergreen tree. Bark \ inch thick, grey. Wood pinkish, moderately hard, eveii-grained. Pores small, in short radial lines between the wavy, very fine and closely-packed medullary rays. North- West Himalaya ascending to 5,000 feet, Assam. Weight, 55 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for fuel and charcoal. lbs. H 2947. Jander, Sutlej Valley, 3,500 feet 55 5. GYNOCARDIA, R. Br. 1. G. odorata, R. Br.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 195 ; Kurz i. 76 ; Gamble 6. Chaulmoogra odorata, Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 835. Vern. CAaulmugri, pefarkura, Beng. ; Kadu, Nep. ; Tiik, Lepcha ; Toungpung, Magh. A moderate-sized evergreen tree, readily known by the hard, round fruits which grow on the stem and main branches. Bark ^ inch thick, grey, smooth. Wood hard, close-grained, yellow or light brown. Pores very small, in radial lines between the white, very numerous and promi- nent medullary rays. Northern and Eastern Bengal and Assam, Chittagong and Burma. Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used in Chittagong for planking and for posts, and the pulp of the fruit in Sikkim to poison fish. The seeds give by expression a thick oil, used in the treatment of cutaneous diseases, especially leprosy. lbs. E 708. Chittagong 47 Pittosporum. ] pittospore^. 19 Okdee X. PITTOSPORE^. An order containing one genus of Indian trees or shrubs, the remaining genera being chiefly Australian. The genus Pittosporum, Hook. PL Ind. i. 198, contains eight Indian species, two of which, P. glabratum, Ldl. and P. htimile, Hook, f . and Th., grow in the Khasia Hills ; three, P. tetraspermnm,, W. and A., P. nilghirense, W. and A., and P. dasycaulon, Miq., on the Western Ghats, and one, P. ferrugineum, Ait. ; Kurz i. 78, in Burma. Of the remaining two: one, P. eriocarpum, Eoyle; Brandis 19, is found in the outer Himalaya of Kumaun and Garhwal (Meda tumri, gar-silung, garsJiuna, Hind.) ; and the other, P.florihundum, W. and A. ; Beddome xvii ; Brandis 1 9 ; Gamble 6 {Celastrus verticillata, Eoxb. PI. Ind. i. 624). Vem. Yelcaddi, Mar. ; Prongzam, Lepcha, is a common small tree of the outer Himalaya from the Jumna to Bhutan ascending to 8,000 feet, the Khasia HiUs and Western Ghats. Order XI. POLYGALE^. Three Indian genera of woody plants of little forest interest. Polygala arillata,'R.3ja..i, Hook. PL Ind. i. 200; Gamble 6 {Chamcehuoeus arillata, Hassk. ; Kurz i. 79). Vern. ^arima, Nep. ; itfic/jeprao/", Lepcha, is a shrub of Northern Bengal and the Khasia Hills; and P. Zarensitmi, Kurz (C. JTareiisinm, Kurz i. 79), a shrub of Martaban. Securidaca tavoyana. Wall. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 208 {8. iiiap- pendiculata, Hassk. ; Kurz i. 80), is a large woody climber of Eastern Bengal, Arracan and Tenasserim. XanthopTiyllum contains four species: X.. flavescens, Eoxb. PL Ind. ii. 222 ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 209 ; Kurz i. 81 (including, according to Bennett in the "Plora Indica," X. ^»"?io<^iaMKOT, Wight, X.. angustifolium , Wight, and Z. virens, Roxb. ; Beddome xix). Vem. AJensal; gandi, Beng. ; Thitpyoo, Burm,, is a tree of Bengal, South India, and Burma, said by Kurz to have a heavy, close-grained wood. 21. glaucum. Wall. ; 21. QriffitJiii, Hook. f. ; and X. afflne, Korth., are evergreen trees of Burma. Order XII. TAMARISCINE^. A small order containing bushes or small trees with small sessile or scale-like sheathing leaves : two genera, Tamarix and Myjncaria. Wood white or reddish^ sometimes darker in the centre, but no heart- wood. Pores small to moderate-sized, often in groups, more numerous and large in the spring wood wherever the annual rings are distinct. Medullary rays generally moderately broad to broad, short, distant. 1. TAMARIX, Linn. Bushes or small trees, with scale-like leaves and white or pink flowers, chiefly found on the banks of streams and on the lowlands near rivers. There are six species, of which the most important are : T. articulata, Vahl., T. dioica, Roxb., and T. gallica, Linn. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 248 ; Beddome xx ; Brandis 20 ; Kurz i. 83 [T. indica, Roxb. PL Ind. ii. 100). Vern. IKoan, ruMi, leinya, ghazlei, pilcM, Pb- ; Lei, lai,jhau, Sind ; Yelta, Tibet ; Jhau, Beng., the last two species being found along rivers and the sea-coast almost throughout India. Of the remaining species, T. salina, Dyer, and T. stricta, Boiss, are found in the Punjab and Sind, and T. ericoides, Rottb., in Bengal and Central India. Mathieu, PI. Por. p. 23 gives 40 to 48 lbs. as the weight per cubic foot of T. gallica. 1. T. dioica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 101 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 249 ; Beddome xx ; Brandis 21 ; Kurz. i. 83 ; Gamble 6 ; Vern. Lei, pilchi, koan, kachlei, Pb, ; Gaz, ldo,jau, Sind; Lai jhau, Beng.; Jau, Hind. A gregarious shrub. Bark grey with reticulate cracks, shewing the red inner bark. Wood moderately hard, red, outer portion white. Pores small to moderate-sized, in groups or short radial lines, more abundant and larger in the spring wood. Medullary rays very promi- 25 inches 18 15 14 12 6 Average 13 inolies or 1*4 rings ''per inch, which is fast. 3 „ The wood is used mainly for fuel, but also for the 20 TAMAUisciNE^. [ Tamttria, nentj short, fine to very broad, very prominent on a radial section. The distance between the rays is generally three or four times the transverse diameter of the pores. Throughout India from Sind to Burma. Often planted for ornament. Of the rate of growth, little is known. Minnifcen, in his report of 1878 on the Delhi Bela plantation, gives the following measurements of seven trees in the 4th (Jaffar Khan) compartment, 3 years old, 8 to 15 feet high : — No. 1 « 2 „ 3 ,, 4 „ 5 ,, 6 Weight, 49 lbs. per cubic foot, supporting sticks of roofs. lbs. P 888. Multan 48 P 1388. Lahore 51 2. T. articulata, Vahl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 249; Beddome xx; Brandis 22. Vern. Fords, farwa, r&kh, uhlian, hharlei, narlei, Pb.; Asrelei, Sind. A moderate-sized tree, with grey rough bark, coppices well, and is easily reproduced either by seed or by cuttings ; wood white, moderately hard ; annual rings indistinct. Pores moderate-sized, often in groups, scanty. Medullary rays short, fine to very broad, the distance between the rays somewhat greater than the transverse diameter of the pores ; prominent on a radial section as irregularly shaped plates, giving the wood a mottled appearance. Punjab and Sind. " Growth rapid, trees 12 years old, on an average attain a girth of 2 to 3 feet, one 15 years old measured 4 ft. 10 in. in girth, and it is stated that at times it attains 5 ft. in 7 years." — Brandis. " It grows very rapidly and to a large size, and I have frequently seen trees of 10 to 12 feet girth and 60 or 70 feet high." — J". Z. Stewaa-t, Punjab Plants, p. 92. Weight: Brandis says, 40 to 60 lbs. when seasoned; Stewart says, 92 lbs. per cubic foot green and 60 lbs. dry; the specimen received weighed 61 lbs. Wood used for many kinds of ordinary work, for ploughs, Persian wheels and small ornaments, and for charcoal. The bark is used for tanning as well as the galls {Mdi, Punjab ; Sahun, Sind) which ar^ also used as a mordant in dyeing, lbs. P 886, Multan 61 2. MYRICARIA, Desvaux. The gemis contains, besides the species given below, M. elegans, Eoyle, a small bash of the inner Western Himalaya and Tibet, where it is very valuable as fuel. 1. M. germanica, Desv. j Hook. Fl. Ind, i. 250; Brandis 23, Vern, Bis, sh.alakdt, hatJii, humiu, Pb. ; Omhu, Lahoul. A shrub with rough brownish bark. Wood hard, white. Annual rings marked by porous spring wood. Pores small, medullary rays broad, short, very numerous and prominent. Inner Himalaya from Punjab to Sikkim. Wood used for fuel, and the branches as fodder for sheep and goats. lbs. H 133. Lahoul, 10,000 ft E 974. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, 10,000 ft Cratoxylon. J HYPERicmEiE. 21 Order XIII. HYPEEICINE-5). A small order with three Indian genera. One, Ascyrum, contains only one small plant from Sikkim. Hypericum, a number of herbs and small shrubs of the Himalaya, the most common of which are S. cernuum, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 400 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 253, a handsome small shrub with large bright yellow flowers, found in the Western Himalaya especially on rocks ; and S. Sooherianum, W. and A. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 254 ; Gamble 6. Vern. Tmnbomri, Lepcha. (E 2861, DarjeeUng, 7,000 ft. (43 lbs,) ) a very common, rather gregarious, handsome shrub of the Sikkim Himalaya, often used for hedges. This last has a close-grained, moderately hard wood, with annual rings marked by a ring of larger pores than those in the rest of the ring, which are small, scanty. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. 1. CRATOXYLON, Bl. A genus of five trees from Burma and the Andaman Islands containing besides the one described, Cformosum, Bth. and Hook, f ., from the Andamans, and C.pruniflorum, Kurz, G. polyantkum, Korth., and C. arborescens, BL, from Martaban and Teuasserim. I. C. neriifolium, Kurz i. 85.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 257. Vern. Baibya, Burm. A tree. Bark dark coloured, rough. Wood dark grey, Hard, close- grained. Pores large, in short narrow wavy irregular patches of softer tissue. Medullary rays not prominent, fine, numerous, on a radial section visible as dark narrow plates. Chittagong and Burma. Weight, 47 lbs. per cub. ft. According to Kurz, the wood is used for building purposes, for ploughs, handles of chisels, hammers and other implements. lbs. B 312. Burma (1867) 47 Oeder XIV. GUTTIFER.aE. An order of tropical trees, containing six genera, belonging to two tribes, viz. : — Tribe I. — Garciniese .... Garcinia and Ochrocarpus. „ II.— CalophyllesB .... Calophyllum, Kayea, Mesua and Pceciloneuron. Of OchrocarpwtS, there are three species. O. longifolius, Bth. and Hook. f. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 270 ; Beddome t. 89. Vern. Suringi, Mar. ; Sura-ponna, Tel. ; Seraya, Mai- ; Wundi, taringi ( 6 ), poone ( $ ), suringi, gardundi ( ^ ), Kan., is a large, usually dioecious tree of the Western Ghats, whose dried flowers are used for dyeing silk. Skinner, No. 35 {Calophyllum longifolium) gives weight 46 lbs. P = 546. O. sia- mensis, T. And. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 270 ; Kurz i. 94. Vern. TarapTiee, Burm., is an ever- green tree of the Eng forests of Prome and Martaban, and O. nervosus, Kurz i. 94, an evergreen tree of the tropical forests of the Arracan Yomah. Poeciloneuron includes two species, given by Beddome imder Ternstromiacese, but referred to this Family by Dyer in "Flora Indica, i. 278." P. indioum, Beddome t. 3. Vern. Kirhalli, Kan., is a large tree of the western slopes of the Ghats from South Kanara to Malabar, from 3,000 to 4,000 ft., said by Beddome to have a hard wood used for rice-pounders. P. pauciflorum, Beddome t. 93. Vern. Pudangalli, is a large tree of the Ghats of Tinnevelly and Travancore with a valuable, hard, reddish timber, used for building, and to make walking-sticks. Wood red (in Calophyllum, Mesua and some species of Garcinia), generally with a distinct heartwood. Pores variable in size. Medullary rays generally fine. Numerous concentric lines or bands of soft texture across the rays. 1. GARCINIA, Linn. A large genus of evergreen, opposite-leaved trees, usually with a yellow juice 22 GtTTIFEE^. [ Oarcinia, generally giving a more or less pure description of gamboge. They chiefly come from the tropical regions of India, none of them extending to Northern and Centra,l India, and only one or two as far as Northern Bengal. There are about 22 Indian species, the synonymy of which is somewhat confused. The following is Dr. T. Anderson's listj given at pages 259 to 270 of Hooker's Flora Indica, Kurz's species being added in brackets : — SECTION I.-GAECINIA. Q. Mangostana, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 618 ; Kurz i. 87. The Mangosteen. Vem. Menghop, youngzalai, Burm. In Heifer's " Report on the Provinces of Ye, Tavoy and Mergui" of 1839, he says that "a full-grown tree yields 1,000 fruits, which at the lowest can be reckoned at Rs. 3 per 100," and that "the integument of the fruit yields a very strong and valuable tan." G. cornea, Linn. ; Roxb. PL Ind. ii. 629 ; Kurz i. 88. " Wood brown, heavy ; gives an inferior kind of gamboge." — Kurz, Q. speciosa, Wall. ...... O. indica, Choisy {Q. purpurea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 624 ; Beddome xxi). Brindall, Gcoa. " The fruit has an agreeable, acid flavour, a syrup is made from it ; the seeds furnish a concrete oil called Kohum in Bom- bay." Gr. Cambogia, Desrouss. ..... G. Cowa, Roxb. 10. IL 12. 13. Cultivated in South Te- nasserim. Eastern Bengal and Burma. Tenasserim and Anda- mans. Ghats of Concan and Kanara. Western Ghats. Assam, Bengal, Burma and Andamans. Assam, Sylhet and Chit- G. lanceiBfolia, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 623 ; Kurz i. 91. {G.pv/rpurea Wall.) Vem. Kirindur, Sylhet. G. loniceroides, T. And. {G. succifolia, Kurz Swamp forests in Pegu, i. 91). •' Wood white, perishable ; yields little and inferior gamboge." — Kurz. G. pedwnculata, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 625 ; Gamble 7. Vem. Tilcil, tihur, Beng. ; Borthekra, Ass. ; cultivated for its fruit. " Wood used for planks, beams, and ordinary building." — Mann. G. Morella, Desrouss. ..... Rangpur, Goalpara and Sylhet. G. heterandra. Wall. (G. eUiptiea, Wall.; Kurz i. 49). Vern. Thanat-iaU; Burm. "Wood soft, white; yields a superior quality of gamboge." — Kurz, G. Wightii, T. And. _ " The gamboge of this species is very soluble and yields a good pigment." — T. And. G. pa/niculata, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 626; Kurzi. 92. Vern. '&ubi-lcowa, Sylhet. 14. G. atro-viridis, GriflT. 15. G, anomala, PI. and Trian. ; Kurz i, 89. Vern. Usaquengy Ass. Assam, Eastern Bengal, South India. Hills of Burma up to 3,000 feet. South India. Eastern Himalaya, Kha- sia Hills, Sylhet and Chittagong. Upper Assam. Khasia Hills, and hills of Martaban, 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Garfiinia, ] GUTTiFEEai. 23 SECTION I.—G&.'RCmiX—eontiKuea. 16. G. stipulata, T. And. ; Gamble 7. Vein. Sana- Sikkim and Bhutan, up hadan, Lepcha. to 4,000 feet. " Fruit yellow, sometimes eaten by Lepohas ; the tree and fruit give a yeUow gum, but it does not seem to be used." — Q amble. 17. Gr. merguensis, WigM ; Kurz i. 89 . . . Tenasserim. 18. G. travancorica, Beddome t. 173 (G-. sp. 2. Forests of Travancore . Beddome xxi). Vein. Malampongu, Tin- and Tinnevelly. nevelly. " Every portion of tie tree yields an abundance of bright yellow gamboge, not yet ex- amined." — Beddome. 19. (G. microstigma, Kurz i. 91) .... Andamans. SECTION II.— XANTHOCHYMUS. 20. G, X.anfhochymus, Hook, f . ; Kurz i. 93. X.an- Eastern Himalaya, Bast- thochymus pictorius, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. ern Bengal, Burma, 633 ; Beddome t. 88. Vern. Tepor, Ass. ; South India. Maolila, Phekial ; Dainpel, Hind. ; Iwara memadi, tamalamu, chitaJca- mrahv., Tel. ; Mataw, Burm. "Yields a large quantity of indiiferent gamboge." — Soxburgh. 21. G. ovalifolia, Hook, f . ; X. ovalifolius, Eoxb. Western Ghats. Fl. Ind. ii. 632; Beddome xxi. Vern. KoTcatie, Tam. ; Ellagohatu, Cingh. 22. G. dulcis, Kurz i. 92 {X. dulcis, Eoxb. Fl. Andamans. Ind. ii. 631). "Wood close-grained, hard. Pores small to large^ subdivided. Numerous concentric bands of softer texture. The structure of the wood of the species of Garcinia is not uniform. G. Coioa and G. Morella have similar wood, while G. speciosa differs by having fine medullary rays and G. Cambogia by the absence of distinct concentric rings. The structure of the Garcinias requires further investigation. 1. G. speciosa, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 260 ; Kurz i. 88. Vern. Valaioa, Burm. An evergreen tree. Bark thin, greyish-black. Heartwood red, very hard, cross-, and close-grained. Pores small, very numerous. Numerous short, wavy, transverse bands joining the pores. Medullary rays very fine, uniform, equidistant, not very distinct, the distance between two rays about equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands. Weight, according to Major Protheroe, 72 lbs. ; our specimens give only 52 lbs. and WaUich (Nos. 73, 74, Garcinia sp., Pullowa) 45"5 lbs. Used for house and bridge posts, and other purposes; said to be used by the Andamanese to make- bows. lbs. B 504. Andaman Islands 52 B 2492. Do. (Home, 1874, No. 18) . . . .52 Two specimens marked B 2493 Fantagah, No. 20. (51 lbs.), and B 2,500 Phwngnyet, No. 19 (62 lbs.), brought by Home from the Andamans in 1874 resemble G. speciosa, but the pores are in short radial lines and the medullary rays more distinct. B 2206 (47 lbs.), received from the Andamans in 1866 under the name of Thingan- nee is similar in structure to B 2493 and 2500, but the pores are larger. 24 GTTTTiFEii^. [ Garcinia. 2. G. Cambogia, Desr. ; Hoot. Fl. Ind. i. 261 ; Beddome t. 85 j Roxb. M. Ind. ii. 621. Vern. Aradal, Kan. ; Heela, Bui-ghers. A small evergreen tree. Wood grey, cross-grained, shining, bard. Pores small and very small, in short radial lines, between the closely packed, uniform, very fine medullary rays. Concentric bands present, but indistinct. Western Coast and Ceylon. Weight, 54 lbs. per cubic foot. Beddome says the wood would answer for common furniture. Thwaites states that this tree yields a yeUow insoluble gum, which is consequently valueless as a pigment. It is, however, said to be soluble in spirits of turpentine, and to form a beautiful yeEow varnish. Mr. Cherry says it gives an oil which is used in medicine. 11)8. W 845. South Kanara 54 3. G. Cowa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 622 ; Hook. Fl, Ind. i. 262 ; G. Cowa and G'. Z^^^a, Roxb. ; Kurz i. 90. Vern. Coeoa, Hind. ; ToungtJialay, Burm. A tall evergreen tree with round stem and dark grey bark. Wood greyish-white, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized to large, scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine to broad. Numerous, wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue across the rays. Eastern Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot (Brandis 1862, No. 19) ; our specimens give an average of 40 lbs. Kyd gives weight 47 lbs., P = 815. Wood not used. Is said to give a kind of gamboge of a rather difierent colour to that produced by 6r. Morella. lbs. B 549. Martaban 43 B 3148. Burma (1862) 37 4. G. Morella, Desrouss. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 264 ; Thwaites Enum. 49 J Beddome t. 86. G. pictoria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 627 ; Beddome t. 87. G. GuUa,'SMig\A,. The Gamboge Tree. \eni.Aradal,punarpuli,'S.iia.; Gokat4,kana-goraka, Cingh. (The gum resin, Gotagamba, Hind. ; Mahhi, Tam. ; Revachinni , Mar. ; Sanatosi, Burm. ; Gokatu, Cingh.) An evergreen tree. Wood yellow, bard, mottled. Pores large, sub- divided. Medullary rays moderately broad. Numerous, wavy, concentric bands of soft texture across the rays which are narrower than in G. Cowa. Forests of the Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Western Coast, and Ceylon. The tree which produces the true gamboge. The gum is, however, not collected in the forests of South India, and the chief trade supply is obtained from Siam. In Ceylon it is usually collected by cutting a thin slice ofi the bark of the tree here and there of the size of the palm of the hand. On the flat space thus exposed the gum collects and is scraped off when sufficiently dried. No. 14, Ceylon collection (marked Cambogia Gutta, Vern. Cocatiye) . 56 2. CALOPHYLLUM, Linn. A large genus of chiefly tropical trees, of which many species occur in the Malay Peninsula and Ceylon. Six species occur in India, of which four in Burma a,nd the Anda- mans, three in Southern India and one in Northern and Eastern Bengal. Five species are herein described, and the remaining species is C. retusum. Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 272 (G. amcenum, Wall.; Kurz i. 96), an evergreen tree of Tenasserim. The genus is remarkable for its handsome flowers and beautiful paraUel-veined, opposite, coriaceous leaves. Calophyllum . J GUTTIFERiE. 25 ^Vood soft and moderately hard, reddish, with a darker coloured heartwood, seasons well, weight moderate. Pores moderate-sized or large, prominent on a vertical section, often arranged in wavy strings or groups. Medullary rays fine or very fine, indistinct on a cross section but prominent as straight narrow lines on a radial section. Interrupted concentric lines of soft tissue. 1. C. spectabile, Willd.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 271 j Kurz i. 94; C. Moonii, Wight, Beddome xxii. ; C. ammnuni, Wall, in Exhibition Catalogue; C. tetrapetalum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 608. Vern. Panta-ka, hyandoo, Burm. ; Bakar taladd, And. ; LalcAuni, Hind, (from Andamans). A tall evergreen tree. Wood light red, shining, cross-grained, moder- ately hard. Pores large, in scattered groups, and wavy lines prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, promi- nent on a radial section as long, straight, dark-coloured narrow plates. Concentric lines of soft tissue divide the wood into what at first sight appear to be annual rings, but on closer examination are found to be interrupted, and cannot be held to be the lines which mark the annual increment; these lines are visible on a vertical section. Tenasserim and Andaman Islands. Weight, 38-39 lbs. per cubic foot. No. 13, from the Andaman Islands, of Brandis' experiments of 1866 is probably this : Weight, 39'5 lbs. P = 630 — mean of 8 experi- ments with bars 2' X 1" X 1." The wood is used for masts and spars ; also for planking, for which purpose it has lately been used in building barracks in the Andamans. lbs. B 625. Andaman Islands 39 B 1992. ,, „ (Kurz, 1866) 38 B 3197. „ „ (Home, 1874, No. 14, Teeni) . . . .39 2. C. inophyllum, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 273; Beddome xxii,; Kurz i. 95; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 606. The Alexandrian Laurel. Vern. Sultana cliampa. Hind., Beng. ; Pinnay, Tamil ; P'wna, punas, Tel. ; Wuma, Kan. ; Undi, Mar. ; Domba, Cingh. ; Pongnyet, Burm. ; Bintangor, Malay. An evergreen tree. Bark grey or blackish-brown, smooth. Wood reddish-brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small and moderate-sizedj arranged in groups. Medullary rays extremely fine and numerous. Numerous, not very prominent, interrupted concentric lines of soft tissue. South India, Burma and Andaman Islands, often cultivated for ornament in other parts of India. Weight : 63 lbs. per cubic foot according to Kurz ; the specimens received averaged 42 lbs. omitting the last which was rather decayed, "Used for masts, spars, railway sleepers, machinery, &c." — Kurz. lbs. W 733. South Kanara 38 B 2267. Andaman Islands (1866) 45 B 2258. „ „ „ 44 B.2263. „ „ „ 26 3. C. polyanthum, Wall.; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 274; Kurz i. 95; Gamble 7. Vern. Kandeb, Beng. ; Kironli, Nep. ; Sunglyer, Lepcha. An evergreen tree. Structure the same as that of C. spectabile. Northern and Eastern Bengal, Khasia HUls, Chittagong and Burma, ascending to 5,000 feet. D 26 GDTTiPERiE. [ Calopkyllum. Weight, 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Mr. Chester says it is used largely in Chittagong for masts, spars and rafters, and sometimes for small boat building and canoes. lbs. B 1400. Chittagong 44 E 2490. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling Terai 38 E 2953. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 3,000 feet 39 These last two have the same structure as C. polyanthum, but the wood has a dark red colour. 4. C. tomentosum, Wight ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 274 ; Beddome xxii. C. elatum, Beddome t. 1. The Poon Spar Tree. Vern. Poon,poone, Mai. ; Pongoo, Tamil ; Siri poone, Kan. A lareje, tall, evergreen tree. Bark with numerous longitudinal cracks. Structure the same as that of C. spectahile. Evergreen forests of the Western Coast from Kanara southwards. Weight : Couch's expei-iments at Plymouth Dockyard gave 36 to 43 lbs. per cubic foot ; our specimens give 35 lbs. per cubic foot. Yields the Poon spars of commerce, good spars often fetching large prices. It is also used for building and bridge work. The seeds give an oil. ^ lbs. W 762. South Kanara 32 D 1279. Anamalai Hills 38 5. C. Wightiamini, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 274; Beddome t. 90. G. decipiens, Wight Ic. 106. Vern. Kalpoon, kuU-ponne, Kan. ; Cheru pinnay, Tam. An evergreen tree. Wood hard, red. Pores large and moderate- sized, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, not very distinct. Numerous interrupted, wavy and anastomoziug concentric bauds of soft tissue. Western Grh4ts from the Konkan to Travanoore. Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. It is probably No. 36 of Skinner's List (C. spu- rium) W = 39 lbs. ; P = 567. Beddome says the timber is much esteemed and valuable for engineering purposes. Ib8. W 861. South Kanara 45 3. KAYEA, Wall. Two Indian and one Ceylon species. K.floribunda, Wall. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 276 ; Kurz i. 96. Vern. Zarram-jowa, Sylhet, is a tree of the tropical forests of the Eastern Himalaya and of the hills of Martaban, ascending to 3,000 feet. K. nervosa, T. And. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 277 ; Kurz i. 97 is an evergreen tree of Tenasserim. 1. K. Stylosa, Thwaites Enum. 50; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 276; Beddome t. 102. Vera. Siivmda, Cingh. A large tree. Bark dark grey. Wood soft, reddish. Pores moderate- sized, numerous. Medullary rays very fine, indistiuct, with concentric bands of soft texture across the rays. A. Mendis gives the weight at 56 lbs. and P = 814. lbs. Ceylon, south of the island. No. 82, Ceylon collection . . . .56 4. MESUA, Linn. Beddome gives six species of this genus, but all these are included in the Flora Indica by Dr. T. Anievson under one, Mesuaferrea. In the " Genera Plantarum " there are said to be three species. These include M. Thwaitesii, PI. and Trian., of Ceylon, and a species from Malacca. Me sua. J GUTTIFERiB. 27 1. M. ferrea, Linn. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 277 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 605 ; Kurz i. 97 ; Beddome xxiii (with also M. speciosa, Choisy ; M. RoxiiorgJiii, Wight; M. seleropliylla, Thw. ; M. pulchella, PL and Trian. ; and M. coromandeliana, Wight ; Beddome t. 64) ; Thwaites Enum. 50. YQvn. Nagesar, Bang.; Nahor, Ass.; Nageshvoro, Uriya; Nangal, mallay nangal, Tam. ; Naga-kesara, Tel.; Nang, Tinnevelly; Naga sampigi, Kan.; Nag-champa, Mar.; Behetta-champagam, Mai.; Nd, deya-nd, Cingh. ; Kaing-go, Magh ; Gangau, Burm. A large evergreen tree. Heartwood dark red, extremely hard. Pores moderate-sized, often in groups, scanty, often filled with yellow resin. Medullary rays extremely fine, uniform, equidistant, very numerous. Numerous fine, wavy, concentric lines of light-coloured tissue. Eastern Bengal from the Monas eastward (tliougli traces of its having formerly been found west of that river occur sometimes in the names of places, e. g., Nageshwarbari, or Naksarbari, a town in the Sikkim Terai on the Nepal frontier), Assam, South India, Ceylon, Burma and the Andamans, often cultivated. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experi- ments : — A. Mendis Ceylon No. 59, with bars 2' X 1" Brandis Burma No. 18, 1862 Bennett Andamans No. 4, 1872 . ( Assam (4 specimens), 1878 Smythies j Kanara (1 „ ), „ (. Burma (6 „ ), „ Several of our specimens, however, reached 74 to 76 lbs. per cubic foot in weight. It is very durable. It has been found to answer for sleepers equally well with PyiikaAo, but the cost of cutting the hard wood, its weight, and the freight from the Tenasserim forests to Calcutta prevent its being much used, as the total cost is scarcely covered by the price (Rs. 5) per broad-gauge sleeper. It is used for building, for bridges, gunslocks and tool handles ; but its more general use is prevented by its great hardness, weight and the difficulty of working it. In Ceylon an oil is obtained from the nut, and the tree is often planted for the sake of its handsome flowers. lbs. E. Duars, Assam ......... 64 Weight. Value of P. 1" X 1" found 72 lbs. 994 69 „ • .. 70 „ 1053 67-0 „ • •• 62 „ 70 „ ... E E E E W B B B B B B No. 2309. 793. 2190. 1273. 741. 2504. 554. 2700. 2238. 2491. 520. 59. Kamrup „ Nowgong „ Cachar South Kanara Burma (1862) Martaban Tavoy (Wallioh, 1828) Andamans (Major Ford, 1866) (Home, 1874, No. 10) „ .... Ceylon Collection {Mesiia Nagaha) 61 75 70 62 69 75 60 76 67 74 72 Oedek XV. TERNSTROMIACEiE. Twelve genera belonging to three tribes, vin. : — Tribe I. — Ternstromiese .... Anneslea, Ternstromia, Adinan- dra, Cleyera and Eurya. „ II. — SauraujesB .... Actinidia, Saurauja and Stachy- urus. „ III. — Gordoniese .... Pyrenaria, Schima, Gordonia and Camellia. 28 TEUNSTROMIACEa). [ EllTJ/a. ^MTiesZeas contains two small trees of Burma : A.fragrans,'WsiSL.; Hook. PL Ind.i. 280 ; Kurz i. 98, of the Eng forests, and A. monticola, Kurz i. 98, of the hill forests of Martaban at 5,000 to 7,000 feet. Ternstromia, two trees of South India and Burma: T.japonica, Thunb. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 280 ; Kurz i. 99 {T. gymnanthera, Beddome t. 91). Vern. Kaymone, Nilgiris, an evergreen tree of the Western Ghats and the Marta- ban Hills, said by Beddome to have a pinkish wood, used for house-building ; and T. penangiana, Choisy ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 281 ; Kurz i. 99, an evergreen tree of the Andamans and Tenasserim. Adinandra villosa, Choisy ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 383 ; Kurz i. 100, is an evergreen tree of Pegu. Cleyera ochnacea, DC, and C. grandiflora. Hook, f . and Th. ; Hook. PI. Ind. 28.3, 284, are small trees of the North-Eastem Himalaya and Khasia Hills. Actinidia contains two climbing shrubs : A. callosa, Ldl. (No. E. 2858, Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet, with corky bark and brown, very porous wood) at about 5,000 feet, from Garhwal to Bhutan and the Khasia Hills, and A. strigosa. Hook, f . and Th., of the Sikkim Himalaya, at 6,000 to 8,000 feet : both. Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 286 ; Gamble 8. Vem. Tikphal, Nep. ; Taksing, Lepcha. Fruit edible, of good flavour. Stachyurus himalaiciis, Hook, f . and Th. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 288, is a small glabrous tree of the Eastern Himalaya from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. In Pyrenaria are four evergreen trees : three of which, P. attenuata. Seem. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 290 (P. serrata, Bl. ; Kurz i. 105) of Tavoy ; P. diospyricarpa, . Kurz i. 104, and P. camellicejlora, Kurz i. 105, of the Martaban Hills, are Burmese : and one, P. harringtonicsfolia, Seem. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 290, of the Garo Hills in Assam. Gordonia obtusa, Wall. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 291 ; Beddome t. 83. Vern. Nagetta, Nilgiris, is a tall grey-barked tree of the Western Ghats, said by Beddome to have a yeUowish-white, even-grained wood, used for house-building, but liable to warp. Cr. excelsa, Bl. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 291, is a tree of the Bhutan Himalaya, Pores smallj uniformly distributed between tbe fine or very fine medullary rays. Tbe species of Eurya bave a few broader rays alternat- ing witb tbe fine rays. 1. EURYA, Tbunb. A genus of evergreen shrubs or small trees, of the Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Southern India, and Burma. E. japonita, Thunb. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 284 ; Beddome t. 92 ; Brandis 24 ; Kurz i. 101 ; Gamble 7. Vern. Baunra, gonia, deura, Hind. ; Jhingni, ISTep. ; Tungchoug, Lepcha ; Soolooni, Nilgiris ; Toungletpet, Burm., is found in the Himalaya from the Jumna eastwards, above 3,000 feet in altitude, in the Western Ghats and in Burma. It grows quickly and often gregariously in the Sikkim hills, and coppices well. B. trichocarpa, Korth. is a small tree of Bhutan and the Khasia HiUs. 1. E. symplocina, Bl. ; Hook. Fl.Ind. i. 284; Kurz i. 102 j Gamble 7. Vern. Bara jhingni, kisi, Nep.; Plofimgchong, Lepcba. A small evergreen tree. Bark brown, tbin. Wood reddisb-wbite, soft, close-grained. Annual riiigs marked by more numerous pores in tbe spring wood. Pores very small. Medullary rays very fine and moder- ately broad, tbe latter sbort, prominent. Hills of the North-Eastem Himalaya, from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, Burma. Weight, 88 lbs. per cubic foot. Used only for firewood. lbs. E 2319' ] l^a^n^^'il' Darjeeling, 7,000 feet [ ^2 2. E. acuminata, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 285 ; Kurz i. 101 ; Gamble 7. Vern. Sanu J Aingni, 'Nop. ; Floiungckong, JjeTpcha. A small evergreen tree. Bark brown, thin, smootb. Wood differs from that of K symplocina in having the larger medullary rays less broad and less prominent. Hills of the North-Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Martaban, from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. Saurmija. J teenstkomiace^. 29 Weight, aooordiDg to Kyd 32 lbs. ; our specimen, however, weighed 47 lbs. Kyd's experiments on a bar 2' X 1" X 1" gave P = 337, for wood from Goalpara. lbs. E 2320. Eangbiil, Darjeeling, 7,500 ft 47 3. SAURAUJA, Willd. A genus of trees or shrubs with handsome, parallel-veined, generally scaly and rusty-tomentose leaves, and pinlc or white flowers. Of the eight Indian species five are found in Burma, and six in the Eastern Himalaya. Besides the species here described, 8. Griffithii, Dyer; Hook. Pl.llnd. i. 286 ; Gamble 8. Vern. Gogen, Nep. ; Hlosipha, Lepcha, is an extremely handsome small tree with large leaves bright green above and densely yellow tomentose beneath, found in Sikkim and Assam. S. fasciculata. Wall. ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 287 ; Gamble 8. Vern. Gohul, 8are gogen, JSTep. ; Sijjha, Lepcha, from Sikkim ; and 8. punduana, Wall. ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 287 ; Kurz i. 103 ; Gamble 8. Vern. Sata gogen, Nep ; Sipha, Lepcha, from Sikkim, Assam and Burma, are small trees or shrubs; 8. Boxiurghii, Wall; Hook. El. Ind. i. 287 ; Kurz i. 103; Gamble 287 (Ternstromia serrata, Roxb. El. Ind. ii. 521). Vern. Dalup, Sylhet ; Ouli gogen, JSTep. ; Dangsipha, Lepcha, is a small tree of the valleys of Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, and Burma ; and jS. tristyla, DC. ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 287 ; Kurz i. 104 ; (Ternstromia hilocularis, Eoxb. El. Ind. ii. 522) occurs in Tenasserim. 1. S. napaulensis, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 286 j Brandis 25 ; Gamble 8. Yern. 6ogina,goganda, Hind.; Gogen, Nep. ; .fi'as'ur, Lepcha. A small tree. Bark reddish-brown, thin. Wood light pink, very soft, spongy ; shrinks much. Pores small. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, prominent on a radial section. Outer Himalaya from the Jumna to Bhutan above 3,000 feet, Khasia Hills. Weight, 25 lbs. per cubic foot. Leaves lopped for cattle fodder. E 2321. Tukdab, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet 25 3. SCHIMA, Reinw. Six species. iS. cremate, Korth. ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 289; Kurz i. 107. {Gordonia ohlata, Koxb. El. Ind. ii. 572. G.fioribunda, Wall.) is an evergreen tree of Burma. 8. hhasiana. Dyer ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 289, is a white-barked tree of the Khasia Hills. 8. monticola, Kurz i. 107, is a tree of the summits of the Nattoung Eange in Martaban, at 6,000 to 7,200 feet; and 8. hancana, Miq. ; Kurz i. 108, is a tree of the Eng forests of Martaban and Tenasserim. 1. S. WallicMi, Choisy; Hook. Pi. Ind. i. 289; Gamble 8. Oordonia integrifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 572. Vern. Chilauni, goechassi, Nep. ; Ma/cusal, Kind. ; Sumbrongjlje^yoha ; Qugera, Goalpara; Makriah chiLmmi, malmsal, Ass. ; Dingan, Khasia ; Boldak, Garo ; Jam, Cachar. A large evergreen tree. Bark black or dark grey with deep vertical cracks. Wood rough, red, moderately hard, shrinks much in seasoning, but is durable. Pores moderate-sized and small, round, extremely numerous and uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, uniform, equidistant, very numerous : on a radial section visible as narrow, darker coloured plates. Northern and Eastern Bengal, and Chittagong, ascending to 5,000 ft. Growth moderately fast, our specimens shew 4 to 8 rings per inch of radius. The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse strength : — Weight. P = Kyd with Goalpara wood in 1831, No. 48, bar 2 ' X 1 " x 1 " . found 43 lbs. 383 Brandis with Sikkim „ in 1864, _ bar 6 ' X 2 " X 2 " . „ 45 „ 760 Smythies with our four specimens in 1878 , 45 „ 80 TEKNSTROMiACE^. [ ScUma. The wood ia durable; E 1449, brought by Griffith from the Mishmi Hills in 1836, was perfectly sound when cut up in 1878. It is used in Northern Bengal and Assam for many purposes, but chiefly for building. Many of the tea factories in Darjeeling have been built of it, and the Public Works Department have sometimes used it for bridges. Mann states that in Assam it is used for planks and ordinary building purposes and for canoes. In 1875 several sleepers were made over to the Northern Bengal State Eailway for experiment, but the result is not yet known. As large quantities of the timber, well grown and straight, are available, it is to be hoped that it may be ere long in more extensive demand. It seeds profusely every year during the winter ; the fruit is a hard capsule which splits open to let full the flat, slightly winged seeds. lu thick forests, howevei-, seedlings are rarely found, but wherever light is admitted and the soil has been slightly stirred, they come up in profusion. lbs. E 491. Bamunpokri Forest, Darjeeling 43 B 646. Khooklong Forest, Darjeeling Terai 44 B 636. Eastern Duars, Assam 42 E 1449. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) 50 2. S. Noronhse, Rwdt. ; Kurz i. 107. Vern. Panma, ihitya, Burm. An evergreen tree. Bark brown, irregularly cracked. Wood reddish- brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, in short radial lines between the very fine and closely-packed medullary rays. There is some doubt about the identification of this number. Tenasserim and Martaban Hills. Weight 45 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. B 299. Burma (1867) 45 4. CAMELLIA, Linn. Four species. C. caudata, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 293 ; Kurz i. 108, is an evergreen shrub of the forests of the Martaban Hills at 3,000 to 4,000 feet. C. lutescens. Dyer ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 293, is a shrub of the Mishmi Hills, 1. C. drupifera, Lour.; Hock. Fl. Ind. i. 293; Kurz i. 109; Gamble 9. C. Rissi, Wall. Vern. Kissi, hingua, Nep. ; Chashing, Bhutia, Lepeha. A large evergreen shrub. Bark thin, greyish -white. Wood grey, soft, even-grained. Pores very small, uniformly distributed between the very fine, very numerous medullary rays. Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Khasia Hills, ascending to 8,000 feet, Tenasserim, and Andaman Islands. B 3111. Kalimpiing, Darjeeling, 4,500 feet. 2. e. Thea, Link.; Brandis 25; Kurz i. 109; Gamble 9, the China Tea Plant. C. theifera, Griff. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 292, the Assam Tea Plant. Vern. Cka. A shrub with thin grey bark. Wood grey, soft. Pores numerous, very small, uniformly distributed between the numerous fine medullary rays. Cultivated in many districts in India, especially in Kangra, Kulu, Dehra Dun, Kumaun, Darjeeling, the Western Diiars, Assam, Cachar, Chittagong and Hazciribagh in Northern India, as well as in the Nilgiri Hills and Ceylon. Weight, 56 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. 3142. Dehra Dun 56 Lipteroearpns.] dipteuocaepejj. §1 Okdeii XVI. DIPTEEOCARPE^. An order of great forest importance, containing large resinons trees and a few climbing shrubs, belonging to seven genera, viz., Dipterocarpus, Ancistrocladus, Anisoptera, Vatica, Shorea, Sopea and Vateria. Doona and Monoporandra are found in Ceylon. Oi Ancistrocladus, a, genus oi clunhing sbrubs, two species are found in India: A. Wallickii, Planch; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 300; Kurz i. Ill, in Chittagong, Burma and the Andamans ; and A. Oriffithii, Planch ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 300 ; Kurz i. 110. Vern. Panhen-nway, Burm., in swamp forests in Pegu, Martaban and Tenasserim. Anisoptera glabra, Kurz i. 112. Vern. Thingado, Burm., is a large evergreen Burmese tree. The camphor of commerce is obtained from Dryohalanops Camphora, a tree of Sumatra. The camphor is often found in the stem in a solid state, but is also procured liquid by incision. The Dipteroearpese here described have a uniform structure. The pores are round, often in groups, small to large, but generally moderate- sized, enclosed in a narrow white ring. The medullary rays are fine and moderately broad, generally equidistant. The heartwood is generally distinct, dark coloured, heavy (from 40 to 70 lbs.) and resinous, exuding wood oils or dammer, which are found, not in separate resinous duets, but iu the pores (vessels) of the wood. The wood of most species is hard, strong and durable, that of several species of Dipterocarjms is softer and perishable. 1. DIPTEROCARPUS, Gaertn. f. Twelve species, all lofty trees, of Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma. These species are : — 1. D. turbinatus, Gaertn. f. . . . . Eastern Bengal, Burma and Andamans. 2. D. ItBvis, Ham. ...... Burma. 3. D. vestitus, WaU. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 295. . Tavoy. 4. D. ohtv-sifolius, Teysm Hills of Prome and Martaban. 5. D. pilosus, Koxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 615 ; Hook. Fl. Arracan, hills of Martaban Ind. i. 296; Kurz i. 115. Yera. Sollong, and Tenasserim. Ass. " Earely used for canoes, does for planks. " — Mann. 6. (D. SasseUii, Bl. ; Kurz i. 114) . . . Tenasserim and Andamans. 7. D. tuherculatus, Eoxb. .... Chittagong and Burma. 8. B. scaler, Ham. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 297. . Eastern Bengal. 9. D. alatus, Eoxb Chittagong, Burma and Andamans. 10. D. incanus, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 614; Hook Chittagong. Fl. Ind. i. 298. 11. D. Griffithii, Miq. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 299; Tenasserim and Andamans. Kurz i. 116. 12. (D. costatus, Gaertn. ; Kurz i. 117. Under Hills of Chittagong, Marta- I>. alatus in Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 298.) ban and Tenasserim. This list is chiefly taken from Dyer's description in the " Flora Indica,'' and Kurz' " Burma Flora, " but there is considerable difference in the synomymy given in Kurz, the "Flora Indica" and Alphonse de Candolle's Monograph in the "Prodromus, " Vol. xvi. Kurz' species are given in brackets. The species of Bipterocarpus have a reddish, soft or moderately hard heartwoodj generally rough. Pores visible on a vertical section, moderate- sized to large. Medullary rays often of two sizes, fine and moderately broad. 1. D. turbinatus, Gaertn. f . ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 295 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 612; Kurz i. 114. The Gurjun-Oil Tree. yevn. Gurjun,tiliyagurjun, Beng. ; Kanyoung, Magh ; Kanyin-nee, kanyin-wettoung , Burm. 32 DiPTEEOCARPEiE. [ Bipterocarpus. A lofty evergreen tree. Wood rough, moderately hard ; heartwood reddish grey. Pores round, large and moderate-sized, joined by short concentric bands o£ soft tissue. Medullary rays prominent, broad and very fine, a large number of the latter intervening between a pair of the former; very prominent and shining on a radial section. Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Skinner, No. 6. indicus, Beddome t. 94. Vern. Guga, Kan., of the Western Ghats, is referred to this or to D. turbinatus by Dyer. 3. D. obtusifolius, Teysm.; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 295; Kurz i. 115. Vern. Kanyin-koh, Burm. A large deciduous tree. Bark f inch thick, ash-grey, longitudin- ally cracked, rough. Heartwood reddish brown, rough, moderately hard. Pores large and moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous. Eng forests of Prome and Martaban, ascending to 3,000 feet. Weight, 59 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. B 3128. Kya-eng, Attaran Valley, Burma 59 4. D. tuberculatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 614; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 297; Kurz i. 113. D. grandiflorus,Wa\\. The Eng Tree. Vern. ^//^, Burm.; Sooahn, Talcing. A large deciduous gregarious tree, with dark grey bark, forming the " Eng forests " of Burma. Wood red, hard. Pores circular, large and moderate-sized, often filled with resin. Medullary rays prominent, moderately broad, with a number of fine rays between each pair of broad ones ; distance between broader rays as much as twice transverse dia- meter of pores. Chittagong and Burma. Weight: Brandis in Burma List of 1863, No. 12, gives 56 lbs. ; Skinner, No. 63, gives 45 and Benson 46 lbs. ; while the average of our specimens gives 54 lbs. Benson Dipterocarpus, ] diptekocarpe^. 33 gives P = 758 ; Skinner 750. The timber is very largely used in Bui-ma for building, canoes, and house posts. It gives no wood-oil, but a clear yellow resin. lbs. B 2505. Burma (1862) 50 B 306. „ (1867) 52 B 2480. „ 59 5. D. alatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 614; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 298; Kurz i. 116, Vern. Gurjun, Beng. ; Kanpn, Icanyin-pyoo , Burm. A very lai-ge tree with grey bark. Sapwood white ; heartwood reddish grey, moderately hard, smooth, mottled. Pores scanty, lar<>'e, often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays undulating, short, fine and moderately broad, not prominent. Pores prominent on a longitudinal section. Chittagong, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Weight: Brandis in Burma List, 1862, No. 11, gives 38 lbs. ; our specimen ^ives 50 lbs. ; Bennett, No. 9, Andaman woods, (Kanyin), gives Weight 49 ttis., P =: 727. The wood is used for house-building and canoes, but is not durable. lbs. B 818. Burma 50 B 2243. Andamans (1866) (rather eaten) 38 6. D. zeylanicus, Thwaites Enum. 33; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 297; Beddome xxv, Vern. Hord, Cingh. Heartwood red, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized to very large. Medullary rays fine and. moderately broad, frequently bending. Ceylon, up to 3,000 feet. Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for buildings It gives a wood-oil and gum resin. ^ lbs. No. 37. Ceylon collection 45 E 720 is a wood sent from Chittagong under the name Michamma. In structure it resembles Dipterocarpus, and differs chiefly by the very numerous, very fine, equi- distant medullary rays. The pores are joined by white, wavy concentric lines. The wood is interrupted by concentric belts of fibrous substance resembling liber, about \ inch thick. E 1257. (43 lbs.) from Tezpur, Assam, has the structure of Dipterocarpus. E 1960. (37 lbs.) Vern. Lowa, Beng. ; Chahyai, Magh, from Chittagong, is probably a species of Dipterocarpus : it is distinguished by numerous broad and fine medullary rays, and moderate-sized, often subdivided pores. 2. VATICA, Linn. Six species. V. grandiflora. Dyer ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 301 (Anisoptera odorata, Kurz i. 112. Sopea grandiflora, Wall.) is a deciduous tree of Martaban and Tenasserim, where also are found Y. faginea. Dyer ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 301, and V. Relferi, Dyer ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 301 {Shorea Helferi, Kurz i. 119). V. seaphula, Dyer; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 301 {Sopea scaphula, Boxb. PL Ind. ii. 611; Kurz i. 121). Vern. Boilshura, Beng., is a tree of Chittagong, especially on Masoal island, whose trunk is used for making canoes. Y. Moxburghiana, Bl. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 302 ; Beddome t. 95. Vern. Mendora, Cingh., is a large tree of the Western Coast and Ceylon, yielding a gum resin. 1. V. lanceaefolia, BL; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 302; Kurz i. 122; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 601. Vern. Morhal, Ass.;' Moal, Sylhet; Panthitya, Burm. A large tree. Heartwood red, rough, hard. Pores small, numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, not distinct. Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma. If this is Skinner's No. 131 ( Yateria lancecefolia, Vern. Let-touk, Burm.) the weight is 38 lbs. and P = 931 ; Wallich gives 54 Ibs- ; our specimens 35 to 52 lbs. per cubic foot. 84 DIPTEEOCARPEJ!. [ ShoTBa. The wood is not very good. The tree gives a resin called ghund, used in temples. lbs. B 2508. Burma (1862) 35 B 2282. Andamans (1866) 52 We identify this last by the structure, though the tree is not given from the Andamans. 8. SHOREA, Roxb. Nine species. S.florihunda, Kurz. i. 119 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 304, is a deciduous tree of Tavoy. S. assamica, Dyer ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 307, is a tree of Upper Assam discovered by G. Mann on the banks of the DeHng river. S. gratissima, Dyer ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 307 {Hopea gratissima, Wall. ; Kurz i. 121), is found in Tenasserim. Wood generally cross-grained. Heart wood brown, hard or very- hard. Pores moderate-sized to large, generally filled with resin, in patches of lighter coloured tissue. Medullary rays fine, broad, equidistant. 1. S. stellata, Dyer J Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 304. ParasAorea stellata, Kurz i, 117, Vern. Koungmhoo, Burm. A very large evergreen tree. Bark ^ inch thick, dark brown, longitudinally fissured. "Wood white, hard, rough. Pores round, moderate-sized to large, uniformly distributed, often filled with a white substance; each pore enclosed in a narrow white ring. Medullary rays moderately broad ; the distance between two rays generally equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. Burma. Weight, 47 to 50 lbs. The wood is a used for canoes and in boat-building. lbs. B 1944. Tavoy, Burma 47 B 2481. Tenasserim 50 2. S. Talura, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 618; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 304. S. laccifera, Heyne ; Beddome t. 6. Vatica laccifera, W. and A. Vern. Talura, talari, Tam. ; Jaldri, Tel. ; Jalaranda, Kan. A large tree. Bark grey, with longitudinal fissures. Wood grey, very to extremely hard, smooth, with small dark-coloured irregularly- shaped heartwood. Pores small and moderate-sized, often in groups enclosed in patches of white tissue, which are frequently elongated and wavy, forming interrupted concentric bands. No distinct annual rings, but alternating belts, with numerous and with few pores. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, frequently white, bending. Mysore and the eastern districts of Madras. Weight : Puckle gives 43 lbs. per cubic foot ; our specimens give 65 to 70 lbs. Puckle finds P = 896. The wood is much used for house-Duilding, and is largely sent down to Madras for that purpose. lbs. D 1056. South Aroot ► . . 70 D 1092. Madura 65 D 1092 has a smooth, yellow, even-grained wood, while D 1056 is grey with a dark brownish-red heartwood, but the structure of the two is identical. 3. S. robusta, Gaertn.; Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 615; Beddome t. 4; Brandis26; Kurz i. 119; Gamble 9. The Sdl Tree. Vern. Sal, sdla, salwa, sdJchu, sakher, Hind. ; Sakwa, Nep. ; Teturl, Lepcha ; Bolsal, Garo ; Salwa, soringhi, Uriya ; Koroh, Oudh ; Sarei, rinjal, C. P. ; Gugal, Tel. A large gregarious tree, never quite leafless. Bark of young trees smooth with a few long, deep, vertical cracks ; of old trees 1 to 2 inches thick, dark coloured, rough, with deep longitudinal furrows, Sapwood Skorea, ] DIPTEEOCAEPE^. 35 small, whitish, not durahle. Heartwood brown, finely streaked with dark lines, coarse-grained, hard, with a remarkably fibrous and cross- grained structure ; the fibres of successive concentric strata in the wood do not run parallel but at oblique angles to each other, so that when the wood is dressed the fibres appear interlaced ; does not season well. Annual rings visible. Pores moderate-sized to large, often filled with resin ; each pore or group of pores in a patch of whitish tissue. Medullary rays uniform, moderately broad, straight, very prominent, joined by short white transverse lines, clearly visible on a radial section as numerous interrupted bands ; the distance between the medullary rays equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. North-east moist and intermediate zones : Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Bias to Assam, eastern part of Central India, from the Ganges to the Godaveri, extending westward to the longitude of Mandla, with an outlying patch on and around the sand- stone hiUs of the Pachmavhi Range. The wood of the sal tree has concentric rings, which we at present assume to correspond to one year's growth. There are a few oases on record in which the wood of young trees (up to 15 years) has heen found to have a number of rings corresponding to the age of the tree. But sufficient proof to support the assumption has not yet been collected. Assuming, however, that the concentric rings are annual, the following information is available regarding the rate of growth of sal. In 1873 Mr. Fisher examined 40 sal trees in the Pantan Reserve, Kamriip district, Assam : 5 trees of 6 feet in girth had, on an average, 10 rings per inch of radius ; 20 trees of 4 feet 6 inches girth had an average of 9'7 rings per inch ; and 15 trees of 3 feet girth had 11 rings per inch. The rings were counted on lengths of radius, from the centre, of 2'86, 5'73, 8'6 and 11'5 inches respectively, corresponding to a girth of wood only of 18, 36, 54 and 72 inches. In 1874 he examined 32 trees in the Balipara Reserve, Darrang district, Assam: 10 trees of 1 foot 6 inches girth gave an average of 38 rings, or 13 rings per inch of radius ; 10 trees of 3 feet girth gave 61 rings, or 10'6 rings per inch of radius ; 10 trees of 4 feet 6 inches girth gave 92 rings, or 10'7 rings per inch ; 1 tree of 5 feet 7 inches girth gave 110 rings, or 10"3 rings per inch ; and 1 tree of 6 feet girth gave 122 rings, or 10'6 rings per inch of radius. In 1875 he examined 20 trees in the Sidli forests, Goalpara district, Assam : 3 trees of 4 feet 6 inches girth gave an average of 89 rings, or 10'3 rings per inch radius ; and 17 trees of 3 feet girth gave 50 rings, or 8'8 rings per inch radius. The rings were counted in the same manner as in 1873. In 1876 he examined 11 trees in the same forests : 4 trees of 4 feet 6 inches girth gave 76 rings, or 8"8 riogs per inch of radius ; 7 trees of 3 feet girth gave 51 rings, or 8'8 rings per inch. In 1877 he examined 17 trees in the same forests : 1 tree 6 feet in gii-th gave 103 rings or 9 rings per inch of radius ; 1 tree 4 feet 6 inches in girth gave 96 rings, or 11 rings per inch of radius ; 13 trees of 3 feet in girth gave 51"5 rings, or 8'9 rings per inch of radius ; and 2 trees of 1 foot 6 inches girth gave 26 rings or 9"1 rings per inch. The rings were counted in the same manner in each case. The result of the detailed counting of the rings was as follows : — o Rings counted on a length of radius from centre, correspond- LOCAUTY. 11 a* ing to a girth (wood only) of ;3 •A 18" 36" 64" 72" Pantan (on the hill) ...... 22 30 66 82 115 „ (in the plains) ...... 18 32 65 96 lae Balipara ........ 32 88 61 92 118 Sidli, 1876 20 28 62 89 „ 1878 11 26 61 76 „ 1877 17 26 61 72 90 120 30 66 83 112 86 DiTEPOCAEPEiE. [ SkoTea. On an average the number of rings per inch of radius is 10, and it will be noticed that the annual increments are exceedingly uniform. A tree grows : — up to 18 inches girth (wood only) in 30 years, from 18 to 36 „ „ „ in 26 „ „ 86 to 54 „ „ „ in 27 „ „ 54 to 72 „ „ „ in 29 „ In the Ondh forests a different result has been obtained. When the first proposals were made in 1863 to regulate the working of the forests of the Kheri division, the following was assumed as the mean rate of growth : — Girth 18 inches, age 15 years. « 54 „ „ 50 „ n 72 „ „ 80 „ Subsequent data seeming to indicate a somewhat slower rate, it was estimated in 1868, in order to settle the number of trees to be cut over in 1868 and 1869, that a girth of 54 inches would be attained in 65 years, ajid a girth of 72 inches in 95 years. In September 1869, Mr. Forrest examined 50 logs cut in the Newal B!har sub- division of the Kheri forests ; these logs had a mean girth of 5 feet 3 inches and gave on an average 479 rings per inch of radius. Again in 1877 a sal tree about 16 or 17 years old was examined by Captain Wood, and at 1 fopt from the base, where the girth was 1 foot 10 inches, it was found that an inch of radius contained 4'80 rings. Thus, supposing we take 5 rings to the inch as indicating the average rate of growth, the trees examined in Oudh would have attained a girth of 6 feet in 57 years, which, it will be seen, is about one-half the time which the trees examined by Mr. Fisher in the Diiars required to attain the same size. In the Central Provinces the counting of rings has given a mean between Bengal and Oudh. In 1867, Captain Douglas examined 13 stumps in the Bijeragogarii forests ; their mean girth at 17 inches from the ground was 5 feet 8 inches, and the average number of rings per inch of radius was 6'5. In 1874 Mr. Temandez examined a single stump in the same forests, and 7'2 rings were counted per inch of radius. The mean of the results of these countings is 6'85 rings per inch, which would place the age of a tree 6 feet in girth at 78 years. Subsequent observations in the Banjar Valley forest, Mandla district, give a mean of 5 to 8 rings per inch and tend to confirm this rate of growth. The following cultivated trees of known age were measured by Mr. Brandis in 1863 ; Saiaranpur, and Eastern Jumna Canal 13 years, girth 27 inches (average of 33 trees). 30 JJ „ 541 85 )J „ 791 25 iJ „ 69 Calcutta 25 „ „ 69 „ (one tree). The weight of a cubic foot of seasoned wood is generally found to vary between 50 and 60 lbs. The average of the experiments recorded below is 59 lbs., but while Baker's experiments (85) give an average of 61'61bs., Brandis' experiments (114) give only 536 lbs. as the average. The average of the 13 specimens weighed in 1878, omitting the last, is 59 lbs., but this includes unseasoned or oiJy partially seasoned wood ; "the average weight of the Garhwal (0 204) and Mandla (C 173)speciniens, which were thoroughly seasoned, is 51 lbs. Clifford gives 55 lbs. as the weight of sal when perfectly dry; 54 to 55 lbs. may therefore be considered as the average weight of seasoned sal. The transverse strength has been tested by numerous experiments. The value of P as determined by Brandis, Baker and others,- ranges from 648 to 939, the mean value being 790. The following abstract shews the results of all the best experiments ou this timber. Shorea. J DIPTEKOCARPE^. 37 Experiment by whom conducted. Brandis , Baker Campbell Skinner, No. 132 Kyd Cunningham . Wallich . Smytbies Year. Wood wbenee procured. Bengal (Mornng) 1829 1862 1831 1834 1878 (Durbhunga) (Morung) Bengal Gorakhpur Pilibhit . Morung (seasoned) (unseasoned) Gorakhpur „ Northern India Morung . Gwalior . India and Nepal Many localities (See list) Size of bar. Ft. Ins. Ins. 6x2x2 8 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 H 1 1 1 6 2 7 2 6 2 8 2 8 2 2 1 1 2 11 806 847 745 916 802 708 791 884 778 792 803 829 717 8S8 823 818 692 870 862 884 880 820 1,097 The following is a summary of Mr. CHfford's remarks about s^ in Lis Memoran- dum on the Timber of Bengal : The inherent qualities of sal render it a very difficult wood to season : it warps and splits m drying, and even when thoroughly seasoned, it absorbs moisture with avidity m wet weather, increasing 1.24th in bulk, and correspondingly in weio-ht Dunng the process of seasoning it dries with great rapidity on the surface while beneath it remams as wet as when first cut, and evaporation goes on afterwards with extreme slowness. The effect of this peculiarity is to cover the surface all over with superficial flaws from unequal shrinkage. With proper precautions, however it can be made to dry slowly, and under these circumstances it has been found bv numerous experiments that the ratio of dicing is f of an inch annually all round the piece of wood. Sal, when once thoroughly seasoned, stands almost without a rival as a timber, for strength, elasticity and durability, which qualities it retains without bein- sensibly atteoted, tor an immense length of time. ° Numerous varieties of sal timber are supposed to exist. Mr Clifford in the pamphlet above quoted, says : " There are two descriptions of sal brought to Calcutta • they areknown as 'Morung' and 'Durbhunga;' one from the forests to the east of the Coosi, the other from the forests to the west. The Moruno- sal is the best • it is 88 DIPTBROCAEPEfi. [ Shorea. very straight-grained, clean and free from knots ; it seasons more kindly, and is stronger than the Durbhungah sal ; only a practised eye can distinguish one s&l from the other," Many of these supposed varieties, however, exist in imagination only, e.g., the two Buxa pieces E 3137 and E 3138, the Nepalese sawyers say that one is a softer and redder wood than the other, but we can distinguish no such difference between them. Sal is the timber which in Northern India is the most extensively used. It is in constant request for piles, beams, planking and railing of bridges ; for beams, door and window-posts of houses ; for gun-carriages ; the body of carts (not the wheels, for which it is nnsuited and for which sissd or even saj is better) ; and above all, for railway sleepers, the yearly consumption of which reaches some lakhs of cubic feet. It is used in the hills of Northern Bengal, where it is found, perhaps, of the largest size now available, for making canoes. Owing to its not being iioatable, difficulty is experienced in most sal forests in getting the timber out of the forests in log. The difficulty is, however, partially overcome by floating the logs either with the assistance of boats or with floats of bamboos or light woods, such as semul (Bombax malabarlcum). When tapped, the tree exudes large quantities of a whitish, aromatic, transparent resin {Idl dhuna), which is collected and sold. It is used to caulk boats and ships and as incense. " In some places in the Upper Tista forests, large pieces, often 30 to 40 cubic inches in size, are found in the ground at the foot of the trees." — Qamhle. Large extents of forest, chiefly in Central India, such as Chota Nagpore, the Central Provinces and the country between the Mahanadi and Grodavari, are often ruined by this practice of tapping the trees to obtain the resin. The seed is eaten by the Sonthals, especially in time of scarcity, it is roasted and is usually eaten mixed with the flowers of the Mohwa (Bassia latifolia). Scarcely any tree of the Indian forests has such a power of natural reproduction as sal. The seed ripens at the commencement of the rains ; and often germinating even while yet on the tree, the heavy seed is scattered around and at once produces a crop of seedlings. Without light, however, these seedlings soon die off, so that cuttings in sal forest where fire protection is assured, might be heavy. But, usually, scarcely have the seedlings reached one year in age when they are destroyed by jungle fires, but so great is the vitality of the plant, that the roots of the stems destroyed again at once put out fresh shoots, and this happens often year after year, so that at the root of the tree a large hard ball of wood and bark is formed. With fire-protection, however, the regeneration of sal forests is almost a certainty ; the seedlings in a few years kill down the grass and plants of slower growth which surround them, and form forests, often of very considerable extent, almost to the exclusion of other species of tree. The sal tree coppices, especially when young, but not under all circumstances. O 204. 2990. O 873. O 388. O 1315. O 2980. " I 1211. 1213. O 1214. C 173. C 1235. E 497. E 702. E 2322. E 3137. E 3138. E 635. E 1440. Garhwal (1868) .... „ (1874) .... Ramganga Valley, Kumaun, 1,800 ft. Oudh „ . ^. . . . . „ (section of fire-damaged tree) ■ „ (sapling sections) . , „ (sections of shoot) „ (butt ends) Mandla, C. P. (1871) . Gumsdr, Madras Sukna Hills, Darjeeling, 1,600 ft. Tista Valley „ „ , Darjeeling Terai . Buxa Reserve, Western Diiars )» »» )j »» Eastern Diiars, Assam Mishmi HiUs (Griffith, 1836) (The identification of this last specimen is doubtful resin, and the medullary rays are finer and more numerous than in sal.) lbs. 53 59 69 60 59 64 58 64 54 62 61 53 47 the pores are not filled with Shorea. ] dipterocarpe^, 39 4. S. obtusa, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 306; Kurz i. 118. Vern. Thitya, Burm. A large tree. Bark \ inch thick, grey, with deep longitudinal fissures. Heartwood the colour of sal, very hard and durable. Pores moderate to large, often filled with resin ; each pore surrounded by a narrow white ring. Medullary rays moderately broad to broad, numerous, joined by short irregular transverse bars or lines of lighter coloured tissue. The wood of this tree is more even-grained than that of either sal or engyin. Eng forests of Burma. Weight : according to Skinner, No. 115, 58 lbs. ; Brandis' Bmina List of 1862, No. 17, gives 57 lbs. ; our specimens vary from 52 to 671bs., averaging 60 lbs. Skinner gives P = 730. Tlie wood is mucb valued on account of its durability ; it is used for canoes and in building, and is valuable for tool-handles and planes. lbs. B 555. Prome, Burma 64 B 556. „ „ 67 B 2973. „ „ 52 B 283. Burma (1867) 56 5. S. Tumbuggaia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 617; Hook. PI. Ind, i. 306 ; Beddomesxvi, t. 5. Vatica Ttimbuggaia, W. and A. Vern. Cangu, congo, tamhugai, tambagum, Tarn. ; Thambd, googgilapu-Jcarra, Tel. ; Yanboga, Mal. A large tree. Wood smooth, harder than that of sSl, but similar in structure. Medullary rays shorter and somewhat unequal. Concentric lines more numerous and more distinctly marked. Intermediate and south dry zones. Cuddapah and North Arcot Districts. Weight: Baker gives 68 lbs. ; Skinner, No. 133, 58; while our specimens give 67 lbs. Baker gives P varying from 902 to 996 ; Skinner 980. This is also, probably, Skinner's No. 137 ' Congoe' ; weight 64 lbs., P = 892. The wood is used for house- building, particularly for door frames and posts and for rafters. It gives a dammer, which is used as a substitute for pitch and for burning in temples. Ibg. D 1062. Cuddapah 66 D 1078. North Arcot 68 6. S. siamensis, Miq. ; Hook. M. Ind. i. 304. Pentacme siam- ensis, Kurz i. 119. Vern. Engyin, Burm. A large deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark grey, with deep vertical fissures. Heartwood very hard, very heavy and cross-grained ; in this respect similar to sal, which it also resembles in colour. Pores moderate-sized, rarely large, sometimes in groups and filled with resin, enclosed in narrow white rings and joined by fine, wavy, concentric lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous, equidistant. Eng forests of Burma.. Weight : Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 16, gives 55 lbs. ; our specimens average 541bs. fke wood is much prized on account of its durability, it is used for house-building, bows and other purposes. It gives a red resin. lis. B 2507. Burma (1862) 48 B 3127. Kya-eng, Attaran VaUey, Burma 69 B 2972. Prome, Burma 46 4. HOPEA, Roxb, Large, glabrous or hoary tomentose, resinous trees. Eight species, of which 5 are South Indian and 3 Burmese. H. longifolia, Dyer ; Hook. PI. Ind, i. 309 (E.. parvi- 40 DiPTEROCAUPEJ!. [ Ropea, jffioj'a, Beddome xxvii., iw^ar^) is a large treeof Tinnevelly. JST. Wighfiana, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 309 ; Beddome t. 96. Vern. Kalbow, Mralboghi, Kan. ; Kong, Tinnevelly, is a large tree of the Western Ghats often forming coppice woods and yielding a good timber. M. glabra, W. and A. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 309 {H. Wightiana, Beddome t. 96, inpart), is a tree of South India ; and H. racophlcea. Dyer (Mopea sp., Beddome xxvii) is a tree of the Wynaad with hard, heavy, durable timber. H. oblongi- folia. Dyer; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 309; Kurz i. 121, and R. Grifithii, Kmz i. 122; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 310, are trees of Tenasserim. Heartwood yellowish brown, hard, smooth, even-grained ; seasons well. 1. H. odorata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 609; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 308; Kurz i. 120. H. eglandulosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 611. Vern. 'I'kingan, Burm.; Rimdd, Kndi. A large evergreen tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark, with deep longi- tudinal furrows. Wood yellow or yellowish brown, hard, close and even- grained. Pores moderate-sized and large, less numerous than in sal. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, with a few intermediate fine rays, very prominent, joined by numerous white transverse lines. The rays are visible on a radial section as long straight bands, giving the wood a beautifully mottled appearance. Eastern moist zone. Scattered in evergreen forests of British Burma and the Andaman Islands. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments : — Weight. Value of P. BakGr in 1839, 4 experiments with Tavoy' wood T x 2" x 2" gave . 61 lbs. 839 Skinner in 1862, No. 80, Burma , „ . 45 „ 706 Bennett in 1872, No. 5, „ „ Andaman , „ . 68 „ 737 ■Wallich „ „ Martaban „ Erandis in 1863, No. 14, „ Burma „ Smythiea in 1878, 8 „ „ „ and Andaman wood Very durable, e.g., the specimens brought by Wallich from Tavoy in 1828, which, though now 50 years old, are perfectly sound and good. Boats made of it are said to last 20 years. It is the chief timber tree of Southern Tenasserim. It is used for house-building and canoes ; also considered good for solid cart wheels. It gives a yellow resin, which, according to Major Protheroe, is used by the Andamanese, mixed with beeswax and red ochi-e, to malke a wax used to fasten their spear and arrow- heads. IbB. B 282. Bui-ma (1867) 44 B 285. ,, „ •••......•.■ B 546. Martaban 53 B 2509. Burma (1862) 43 B 2698. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 52 B 2714. „ „ , 49 B 2716 „ 56 B 511. Andaman Islands 51 B 2201. „ „ (Major Ford, 1866) 54 2. H. parviflora, Beddome t. 7. Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 308. Vern. Kiral hoghi, tirpu, Kan. ; Iruhogam, Malabar. A large tree. Wood brown, hard and close-grained. Pores small and moderate-sized, numerous. Medullary rays moderately broad, prominent, generally bent where they touch the pores, uniform and equidistant. Western moist zone. Malabar and South Kanara, up to 3,500 ft. Weight, 62 to 63 lbs. Valeria. J dipteuocarpe^. 41 The wood is of good quality, though scarcely known ; it is valued in South Kanara for building temples and may be found useful for sleepers. lbs. W745. South Kanara 63 W7o9. „ 63 5. VATERTA, Linn. Only one species is indigenous in India, though fourteen are described from Ceylon. ^ ■ 1. V. indica, Linn.; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 313; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 602. V. malabarica, Blume ; Beddome t. 84. The Piney Varnish or Indian Copal Tree. Vern. Piney maram, dJiup maram, vallay lamgillam, Icondricam, Tamil; Dupa maram, dhupa, paini, munda dhwp, Kan.; Dupada, Tel. ; Fai/ani, paini mara, veila kondrikam, Mai. ; Hal, Cingh. A large evergreen tree, bark whitish. Sapwood white with a tinge of red ; heartwood grey, rough, moderately hard, porous. Pores small and moderate-sized, often in groups. Medullary rays fine and broad, very prominent on all vertical sections, while ou a radial section they appear as rough plates with white shining fibres between them. The dis- tance between the broad rays is generally greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Western moist zone. Western Ghats from Kanara to Travancore, ascending to 4,000ft. Weight 41 lbs. per cubic feet. Wood not much in request, occasionally used for canoes, for coffins and the masts of native vessels. It gives an excellent varnish resembling copal. lbs. W 747. South Kanara 41 W 1187. „ „ 41 6. DOONA, Thwaites. A genus of Ceylon trees, 10 species. 1. D. zeylanica, Thwaites Euum. 34; Hook. Fl. Lid. i. 311; Bed- dome t. 97. Vern. Boon, Cingh. A laro-e tree. Bark rough and cracked. Heai-twood the colour of sal moderately hard. Pores large, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine uniform and equidistant, the distance between the rays less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Central Provinces of Ceylon, up to 4,000ft. Weight, according to A. Mendis, 29 lbs. Wood used for housebuilding. The tree gives a large quantity of colourless gum resin, which, dissolved in spirits of wine or turpentine, makes an excellent varnish. '- lbs. No. 25, Ceylon Collection 29 Order XVII. MALVACE.a:. An order of which in India about 23 genera are found, mostly herbs or small under- shrubs with ten genera of trees or large shrubs. Few of them are valuable for their timber' though the wood of Bomhax malabaricum is extensively used for temporary constructions and boxes. Many are valuable for their fibres, and particularly Adanso- nia and Sibiscus. The Cotton Plant, Gossypium, belongs to this family, only one snecies of the genus, G. Stocksii, Masters, a straggling shrub of the limestone rocks on the coast of Sind, being indigenous in India. 42 MALVACEJB. [HiMsCUS. The ten genera belong to two Tribes, viz. : — Tribe I. — Hibiscese . . . Uecaschistia, Dicellostyles, Sibiscus and Thespesia. „ II. — BombacesB . . . Zydia, Adansonia, Bombax, Erioden- dron, Cullenia and Durio. Decaschistia contains 2 shrubs of Southern India. Dicellostyles jnjiihifolia' Benth. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 333 ; Gamble 10. Tern. Kubindi, Nep. ; JDantaglar, Lepoha' is a small white-flowered tree of the hills of Sikkim and Bhutan. Adansonia digitata, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 348 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 164 ; Beddome xxix ; Brandis 30, the Baobab Tree. Vern. Gorah imli, Hind. ; Kalp hrihsh, Ajmere, Delhi ; Paparapulia, Tarn., was introduced from tropical Africa and is now cultivated here and there, chiefly in South India and Bengal, but occasionally as far north as Gurgaon (see ' Indian Forester,' Vol. iv. i. p. 102, for description of a tree at Tilpat, measuring 22 feet in girth and rising 50 feet to the first branch). Brandis mentions 3 trees at Deogarh in the Central Provinces, respectively measuring 16, 22 and 40 feet in girth, and there are one or two good-sized trees at Calcutta and Barrack- pore. It is being experimentally planted at Calcutta and in the Sundarbans ; as, were it capable of easy cultivation, its rapid growth, valuable fibre and fruit would make the extension of its growth desirable ; as yet, however, it has not succeeded. Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 350 ; Beddome xxx. {E. orientate, Steud. ; Kurz i. 131. Bombax pentandrum, Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 165) the White Cotton Trea. Vern. Safed simal, senibal, hatian, hatan, Hind. ; Shwet simul, Beng. ; Ilavam, Tam. ; Buruga, pur, kadami, Tel. ; Shamiewla, Mar. ; Pania, Mai. ; Imbiil, Cingh., is a tail deciduous soft- wooded tree of India and Burma, often planted. Skinner, No. 67, gives its weight as 30 lbs., and P = 400. Cullenia excelsi, Wight; Hook. PI. Ind. i, 350; Beddome xxx. Vern. Malai-honji, aini-piUao, Tam.; Kattu-hodde, Cingh., is a taU white-wooded tree of the Western Ghats and Ceylon, having a large globose, spiny fruit. Durio Zibethinus, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 351 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 399 ; Kurz i. 132. Vern. Duyin, Burm. ; Durian, Malay, is the well known and much prized fruit tree, .yielding the Durian or Civet-Cat fruit. It is wild in South Tenasserim, but is cultivated as far north as Moulmein. Wood generally soft, a few species with small dark coloured heart- wood. Pores moderate-sized to large. Medullary rays fine or mode- rately broad. Kyclia calycina and Hibiscus syriacus have transverse bars across the rays. 1. HIBISCUS, Medik. A genus of herbs, shrubs, climbers or small trees. The 9 Indian woody species consist of 2 small trees, 2 shrubs, 1 climber and 5 introduced garden shrubs. E. fragrans, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 195. Vern. Kinurlur, Beng., is a small tree of Assam and Cachar. H. macrophylliis, Roxb. ; Kurz i. 126 (S. setosus, Roxb, Fl, Ind. iii. 194) Vern. Kachia udal, kasyapdla Beng. ; Sho,dayban,'!A.a.gti.; Yetwoon, Burm. (Weight, 27 to 28 lbs. per cubic foot, according to Wallioh) a small handsome, large-leaved tree of Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma, said by Kurz to have a rather heavy wood, and to give a good rope-making fibre. H. scandens,'Sio'^- Fl. Ind. iii. 200; Kurz i. 137 ; Gamble 10, is a large climbing shrub of Eastern Bengal from Sikkim to Chittagong ; and E. collinus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 198. Vern, Kandagang, Tel,, a large shrub of the Eastern Madras coast, E. rosa-sinensis, Linn,, the Shoe Plant. Vern. Juwa, oru, Beng, ; Khoangyan, Burm, with brilliant, large, red flowers ; E. tricuspis, Banks; E. mutabilis, Linn.; and E. syriacus, Linn. Vern. Ov,rhul, are all shrubs which have been introduced and are now cultivated in gardens, 1. H. tiliaceus, Linn. ; Hook Fl. Ind. i. 343 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 19;i; Beddome xxix ; Kurz. i. 126, Vern, Bola, chelwa, Beng. ; Thenghen, t'llmhan, Burm, ; Beligobel, bullipaUa, Cinijh. Pores very numerous, small and moderate-sized, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad; not very prominent. Coasts of India, Burma and Ceylon. Weight, 35 to 38 lbs. per cubic foot. Thespesia. ] malvace^. 43 The wood is not used, except as fuel. If gives a fibre which is very extensively used in Bengal for rough ropes. lbs. E 405. Sundarbans ......... 35 No. 7. Cej-lon Collection (marked Paritium tiliaceam) . . 38 2. THESPESIA, Corr. Two species. T. Lampag, Dalz. and Gibs. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 345 ; Kurz i. 128 ; Gamble 10 ( Hibiscus Lampas and tetrahcularis, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 197, 198) Vem. Bonhapash, Ass. (Wallich) ; Kondapatti, Tel., is a shrub found in' most parts of India, whose wood, according to Kyd, weighs 29 lbs. and P := 407. 1. T. populnea, Corr. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. .345 ; Beddome t. 63 j Kurz i. 128. Hibiscus populneus, Willd. ; Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 190. The Portia Tree or Tulip Tree. Vern. Parsipu, Hind.; Poresh, par ash, Beng. ; Voris, purasa, portia, pursa, pursung, puvarasam, Tarn. ; Gan- garaya, Tel.; Bendi, Guz., Mar.; Bureya, Cingh. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Sapwood soft; wood pale reddish with small, dark coloured, hard heartwood. Pores moderate-sized, scanty subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, uniform, the distance between two rays generally equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. Coast forests of India, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Planted throughout India. Weight, 'Skinner, No. 130, and A. Mendis give 49 lbs. ; our specimens give 50 lbs Skinner gives P = 716, and A. Mendis 708_. Wood durable : it is used in South India for gun stocks, boats, cart and carriage making and for furniture ; in Burma for carts and furniture. It yields a good fibre from the bark, and a yellow dye from the capsules. lbs. C 1050. Guzerat 50 E 2488. Calcutta B 2470. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) No. 51. Salem Collection 53 No. 28. Salem Collection (marked jE'itg'e»ja(;ar3/qyA;y?^«/oZia!) . 48 No. 80. Ceylon Collection 49 3. KYDIA, Roxb. Besides the species described below, K. glabrescens, Mast. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i, 348, is a tree of Bhutan and Assam. 1. K. calycina, Roxb. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 348 ; Beddome xxviii ; Brandis 29; Kurz i. 124; Gamble 10. E. calycina and fraterna, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 188, 189. Vern. Pola, pila, puli patha, poidri, Hind.; Barranga, hhoti, C. P.; Kuhinde, Nep. ; Sedangtaglar, Lepeha ; Mahow, Mechi; Boldobak, Garo ; Kopdsia, Uriya; Potri, pandihi, peddapotri, pedda kunji, Tel. ; Buruk, bosha, Gondi ; Bendi, Kan. ; Warutig, Mar. ; Dwabote, Buvm. A small tree. Bark i inch thick, grey, peels off in irregular flakes. Wood white, soft ; no heartwood. Annual rings marked by white con- centric lines. Pores scanty, moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays short, fine to broad, numerous, joined by white trans- verse bars, and in this respect resembling Anonacese ; on a radial section distinctly visible as long straight bands. Common in the forests of all parts of India and Burma, except the aiid region. Growth fast, 4 to 8 rings per inch of radius. 44 MALVACE^, [ Bomb air. Weight, 40 to 45 lbs. per cubic foot according; to Brandis ; our specimens give 38 lbs. as an average. The wood is used for house-buildiag, ploughs and oars, and for carving. The inner bark gives a fibre. lbs. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 37 33 Saharanpur 45 C 1177. C 1163. 3154. 4. BOMBAX, Linn. 1. B. malabaricum, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. .'$49 ; Beddome t. 82 ; Brandis 31 ; Kurz i. 130 j Gamble 10. B. heptaphyllwm, Cav.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 167. The Cotton Tree. Vern. Simbal, Hazara ; ;S/«V^fl«, Sutlej j Setnul, shemhal, semw, pagnii, som,r^ Hind., Beng'. ; Bouro, Uriya; Bolchu, Garo ; Sunglu, Lepcha ; Burga, burgu, bwaga, Tel. ; Illavam, puld, Tam. ; Katti-imbul, C'm^. ; W'allaiki, Gondi; Katseori, Bhil ; Lapaing , Magh; Letpan, Burm. A very large deciduous tree, with branches in whorls, spreading hori- zontally, and stem with buttresses at base. Bark grey, when young with conical prickles with corky base, when old with long, irregular, vertical cracks. Wood white when fresh cut, turning dark on exposure, very soft, perisliable ; noheartwood; no annual rings.' Pores scanty, very large, often oval and divided into compartments. Medullary rays fine to broad, numerous, not prominent. Pores prominent on a vertical section. Throughout India and Burma. Growth fast. Our specimens shew 3 to 7 rings, averaging 4| per inch of radius. Weight : 23 to 24 lbs. according to Brandis, For. PL, 28 lbs. Burma List of 1862, No. 5 ; our specimens vary from 17 to 32 lbs. the average being nearly 23 lbs., the Bengal and Assam specimens being lighter than those from the Central Provinces. The value of P is between 642 and 697 (Cunningham). The wood is not durable, except under water, when it lasts tolerably well ; it is used for planking, packing cases and tea-boxes, toys, scabbards, fishing floats, coffins, and the lining of wells. In Bengal and Burma the trunk is often hollowed out to make canoes. It gives a brown gum used in native medicine, regarding which Captain Campbell says : " The collec- tion of Semul gum commences in March and is continued till June ; it sells in the Knmaun Bhabar at one anna per seer, and is used as a medicine ; it is not exported from Kumaun." The cotton which suri'ounds the seeds is employed to stuff pillows and quilts. The Semul tree seeds very freely every year, and seedlings come up abundantly and gi-ow very rapidly. It is easily reproduced by cuttings. P 466. Ajmere C 201. Mandla, Central Provinces (1871) 1117. Chanda "... E 679. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai E 2323. E 1232. Sibsdgar, Assam E 1432. Assam E 1961. Chittagong .... B 3117. Burma (1862) .... No. 14. Salem Collection .... 32 31 23 17 28 20 21 24 20 2. B. insigne, Wall. ; Hook. Fl Ind. i. 349 ; Kurz i. 130. Vern, Scmnl, IhuLa, Bfcng.; Saiiu, Magh. A large tree, trunk without prickles. Structure similar to that of B. malabaricum, but pores smaller and more scanty, Chittagong, Burma and the Andaman Islands. SfercuHii.] STEucui.iACE.^. 45 Weight, 31 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is more durable than that of B. mala- baricum ; the specimen from the Andamans had been ] 3 years in Calcutta in the rough, and was only slightly discoloured on being out up. lbs, B 2215. Andaman Islands (Major Ford, 1866) .... 31 Order XVIII. STERCtJLIACE^. An Order containing 15 Indian genera of herbs, shrubs, climbers or trees. Of these genera, three are herbs or (Melhania) undershrubs, and tlie rest shrubs, erect or climbing, and trees. The Order is divided into 6 Tribes, viz. : — Tribe I.— Sterculiese Sterculia and Heritiera. „ II. — Helicterese ..... Seevesia, Kleinhovia, ZTelicieres and Pterospermum. „ III. — Eriolfeneffi ..... Mriolmna. „ IV. — Dombeyese ..... Melhania. „ V. — Hermanniese .... Meluchia. „ VI. — Buettnerieje .... Ahroma, Guazuma, Buettnena and Leptonychia. Of the genera not here described, Seevesia contains two small trees : S. WalUchii, Br. and M. pabescens, Mast.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 364; Gamble 11, of Sikkim and the Khasia Hills. Kleinhovia Sospita, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 3b4; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 141 ; Beddome xxxiii, is a handsome tree commonly cultivated in the hotter regions of India. Fine specimens may be seen in avenues in Calcutta. MelocJiia velutina, Beddome XXXV., is a small tree of Burma and the Malay Archipelago, cultivated elsewhere in India. Abroma atigusta, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 375; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 156 ; Gamble 11. Vern. TJllat humal, Beng., is a large shrub or small tree of Sikkim and the Khasia Hills, cultivated in other parts and yielding a .strong, white fibre. Guazuma tomentosa, Kunth ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 375 ; Beddome t. 107 ; Kurz i. 149. Vern. Rtidrah- sha, Tel. ; Thainpuche, Tam., is an American tree often planted in avenues, having a light brown wood used in Southern India for furniture and packing cases. According to Skinner, No 77, its weight is 32 lbs. per cubic foot, andP^ 596. Buettneria contains 8 species of small trees and climbers ; and Leptonychia (under Tiliaceas in Beddome), two shrubs of Burma and the Western Ghats. The Cocoa Plant, Theobroma Cacao, Linn, belongs to this family, and has been grown in some parts of India and in Ceylon. The genera of this family have little in common as regards the struc- ture of their wood. The species of Sterculia have a very soft and light wood, that of Heritiera being very hard and heavy, while the wood of Eriolana and Pterospermum is intermediate between the two. 1. STERCULIA, Linn. In the Flora Indica 22 species of this genus are described. Among these, 13 out of the 14 species described by Kurz occur, and there are also 4 Burmese, chiefly Tavoy, species not occurring in Kurz : total 17 Bui-mese species. Nine species are described from the north-eastern moist zone, and eight from the western moist zone and Southern India. Three occur in North- West and Central India. S. fcetida, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 354 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 155 ; Beddome xxxi ; Kurz i. 135. Vern. Janyli-badim, Hind. ; Pinari, Tam. ; Q-urapu-badam, Tel. ; Elyanpyoo, letTcop, Burma, is a large evergreen tree of South India and Burma, with a light wood and edible seeds. According to Skinner, No. 118, the weight is 28 lbs. and P = 464. S. guttata, W. and A. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 148 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 355 Beddome t. 105 ; Vern. Ka^uili, Tam. ; is a common tree of Southern India whose bark yields a valuable cordage. S. Boxburghii, Wall. ( S. lancecefolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 15U), is a tree of the hiDs of Sikkim and Assam, ascending to 6,000 ft. 8. Balanghas, Linn. ; Beddome xxxii. (S. angustifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 148 ; Kurz i. 138) Vern. Cavalum, Mai. , is a moderate-sized tree of the western coast. 8. alata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 152; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 360; Beddome xxxii.; Kurz i. 134; Gamble 11. Vern. Tula, Beng. ; Muslim, Nep. ; Dodeli, Kan. ; Kanghyow, Magh ; LetTcop, Burm., is a taU tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma. 46 STERCULiACE^. [ StercuUa. The wood is generally ligbt, soft, often spongy, with large pores and moderately broad or broad medullary rays, which are very prominent on a radial section. 1. S. urens, Roxb. Fl. lud. iii. 145 ; Hook. *1. Ind. i. 355 ; Beddome xxxii ; Brandis 33; Kurz i. 135. Vern. GMu, IM'Cb, gular, tahsi, tanuku, harrai, Hind. ; OMa, hatchanda, Ass. ; Tabsu, Tel. ; Vellay putali, Tam. ; HiU'ihm, pinoh, Gondi ; Takli, Kurku ; Karai, kandol, gwira, Mar. ; Kalru, Ajmere ; Kalauri, Panch Mahals. A large deciduous tree. Bark ^ inch thick, very smooth, white or greenish grey, exfoliating in large thin irregular plates. Wood very soft, reddish brown with an unpleasant smell, with lishter coloured sap- wood. Prominent and regular concentric lines, which may possibly be annual rings. Pores large, often oval and subdivided, frequently filled with gum. Medullary rays moderately broad, on a radial section promimnt as long, dark, undulating bands, giving the wood a mottled and reticulate appearance ; the distance between the rays is larger than the transverse diameter of the pores. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Granges eastwards, Southern India and Burma. Weight, about 42 lbs. per cubic foot ; Kyd gives for Assam wood : Weight 18 lbs., P = 103, but it seems probable that Kyd's specimen was not this, but 8. villosa. Wood used to make native guitars and toys. It yields a gum called 'Katila' or 'Zatira.' The seeds are roasted and eaten by Gonds and Kurkus in the Central Pro- vinces. Its bark gives a good fibre, and fine specimens of it from Berar were sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1878 (C. 984 from Bairagarh Reserve, Melghat.) Ib9. P 471. Ajmere 35 P 3220 Nagpahar, Ajmere C 1102. Ahiri, Central Provinces 39 D 1088. Madura, Madras 51 2. S. villosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 153 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 355 j Beddome xxxii; Brandis 32; Kurz i. 136; Gamble 10. Vern. Poshwa, Sutlej ; Vdal, udar, Hind. ; Gul-bodla, gul-kandar, massn, Punjab ; Kanhlyem, Lepcha ; K4dar, baringa, Gondi ; Buti, Kurku ; Omak, odela, salua, Ass.; Udare, Garo; Vake nar, ami, ani-nar, Tam.; Sambeing, Magh. A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey or brown. Wood grey, very soft, spongy. Annual rings prominent. Pores large, often sub- divided. Medullary rays moderately broad, harder than the white spongy tissue between them, joined by numerous transverse bars. On a radial section the pores and medullary rays are distinctly visible, giving the wood a reticulate and mottled appearance. Sub- Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards ; common in forests throughout India and Burma. Growth fast, 3 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 15 to 22 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood not used. The tree is valuable on account of its fibre, which is coarse but strong. It is made into ropes and coarse bags, and in Bengal, Burma and South India into ropes and breastbands for dragging timber. Specimens were sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1878 from many provinces, but especially from Bengal and from Berar (C 986, for Bairagarh Reserve, Melghat). It gives a white pellucid gum which exudes copiously from cuts in the bark. It coppices freely, and is e."ctremely difficult to extirpate in clearings. lbs. E 2324. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai 22 E 620. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 15 W 847. South Kanara . 20 Sterciilia. J stehculiace,!). 47 3. S. COCcinea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 151; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 357; Kurz i. 137 ; Gamble 11. Vera. Sitto udal, Nep. ; Katior, Lepeha. A small evergreen tree, with smooth, light grey bark. Wood grey, spongy, extremely soft. Structure similar to that of S. urens. Trans- verse bars distinct. Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 6,000 feet, Assam, Khasia Hills, hills of Burma. Weight, 17 Ihs. per cuhio foot. Bark used for the same purposes as that of 8. villosa, but less commonly. lbs. E 573. Khooklong Forest, Darjeeling Terai 17 4. S. COlorata, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 146; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 359; Beddome xxxii; Brandis 34 ; Kurz i. 138; Gamble 11. Vera. Bodula, walena, samarri, Hind. ; Moola, Beng. ; Sitto udal, phirphiri, omra, Nep .; Kanhlyem, Lepeha; Bolazong, Garo; Khowsey, pinj, Berar ; BJidi-koi, Bombay; Karakd, Tel.; Wet-shaw, Burm. ; Berdd, And. A moderate-sized tree. Bark grey. Wood grey, very soft. Struc- ture similar to that of S. urens, but medullary rays broader and shorter, and transverse bars distinct. Suh-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards. Central and South India, Burma and the Andaman Islands, Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 24 Ihs. per cubic foot. Bark used in rope-making. Fine specimens of the fibre were sent from Berar to the Paris Exhibition of 1878 (C 985. Bairagarh Reserve, Melghat). lbs. E 1394. Chittagong 24 2. HERITIERA, Blume. Contains 3 Indian trees, of which 2 are here described. They have simple leaves, scaly beneath or silvery white. Besides the two here described, S. Fames, Buch. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 363. (H minor, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 142; Kurz. i. 141) is a tree of Sylhet, Chittagong, Arracau and the deltas of the Ganges and Irrawaddy. It has a red brown, strong wood, weighing 66 lbs. per cubic foot, and used far boats, bridges and house-building. Heart wood red, very hard. Numerous transverse bars between the medullary rays. 1. H. littoralis, Diyand. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 363 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 142; Beddome xxxiii.; Kurz i. 140. Vera. Sunder, sundri, Beng.; Penglai-kanazo, Burm. ; Mawtdd, And. A small gregarious evergreen tree. Bark dark grey, with longi- tudinal cracks. Sapwood white ; heartwood dark red, very hard, close- grained. Pores moderate-sized to large, often oval and subdivided into compartments. Medullary rays uniform, moderately broad, short, wavy, with numerous, very fine, white, transverse bars ; the distance between two rays being generally equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. Coasts and tidal forests of Bengal, the Peninsula, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Weight, as much as 104 lbs. when wet, according to Schlioh. The -weight of seasoned wood, as well as the value of P, have been determined by the followino- 48 STEUCUUACEiE. [ Heritiera. experiments whioli sliew that the weight may he tolerably correctly taken at 65 lbs. and the value of P at 850 :— »• u'i Experiment by whom made. Year. Wood whence procured. Size of bar. t 1 Value of P. Ft. in. in. lbs. Brandis .... 1864 Beu(;al 9 6x2x2 62 860 ))<••• „ t» • • ■ 2 6x2 X IJ 63 927 », .... 1866-6 „ . . . 1 6x2x2 65 783 >j . • jj )) 6 3x1x1 66 1,288 Skinner, No. 79 1862 Burma 64 SIR Kyd . . . . 1831 Assam 1 2X1 XI 67 710 Campbell jj Bengal (seasoned) 2 6x2 X 2 62-6 1,033 »»■■■• j^ „ (unseasoned) 2 6x2x2 68 744 Baker .... 1829 „ (5 year.s old) 4 7x2x2 61 984 " „ (4 years old) 1 9 6x2x2 3 X 14 X 1 62 859 848 »j .... j^ 10 2x1x1 808 „ 6 7x2x2 68 883 ■Wallich .... India 1 1 69 47 Smythies .... 1878 Diffovent places 6 65 Sundri wood is durable ; it is heavy and does not float, and is extremely tough. It is used for a great variety of purposes, such as beams, buggy shafts, planking, posts, furniture, firewood ; but chiefly in boat-building, for which purpose it is very exten- sively used in Calcutta, and particularly in the Government Dockyard at Kidderpore. It is the chief timber of the Sundarbans forests. Its reproduction is most favourable. On all lands flooded by ordinary flood-tides, a new growth of jungle springs up imme- diately ; but on land ordinarily above high-water mark, it only establishes itself by slow degrees. It soon spreads itself on newly formed islands on the sea edge of the forests. " The roots of the Sundri do not penetrate deep into the ground, but spread laterally 2 to 3 feet below the surface, sending out perpendicular tough shoots, which stand from 3 to 15 inches in height all round the parent stem ; and when there are many trees close together, walking through a Sundri forest is very much like finding one's way among a fine growth of inverted tent pegs." — Home, in " Bengal Forest Report, 1873-74, paragraph 13," which, as well as Dr. Schlich's article in the "Indian Forester," Vol. i, p. 6, may be referred to for further details about Sundri. The Sundri forests are generally very well stoclted. Valuations made by Home in 1873-74 gave, for the average amount of material per Seedlings and saplings under 3 feet girth Trees above 3 feet girth .... E 401. E 2916. B 3123. B 517. B 2285. B 2226. Sundai-bans Burma (1862) . Andaman Islands (1866) acre of Sundri forest, — No. 2,487 „ 182 lbs. 70 66 69 63 68 63 2. H. Papilio, Beddome t. 218.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 363. Vera. Soundalat/ unnu, Tinnevelly. A very lofty tree. Wood red, very hard, structure similar to that of H. liltoralis, but pores less numerous and smaller, and transverse bars more numerous and more prominent. Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats between Travancore and Tinnevelly. Weight, 63 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for building, cart poles and agricultural implements, lbs. D 1066. Tinnevelly . . . . • 63 Helicteres. ] STERCULiACEiE. 49 3. HELICTERES, Linn. The genus contains, besides the common S. Isora, Linn., six other species, chiefly small shrubs of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma, S. elongata, Wall. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 365, and M. spicata, Colebr. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 366, extending as far north as Sikkim. 1. H. Isora, Linn, j Hook. El. Ind. i. 365 ; Roxb. El. Ind. iii. 143 ; Beddome xxxiii ; Brandis 34 ; Kurz i. 142. Vern. Marur-phal, jonkaphal, kapasi, bhendu, Hind. ; Itah, Godavari ; Aita, Gondi ; Kori-buia, Kurku ; anieri, Banswara ; Gubadarra, havanchi, Tel. ; Kewan, maradsing, Bombay ; Tkoogiiaychay, Burm. A shrub with grey bark, wood white, soft. Pores numerous, small, often in radial lines. Medullary rays fine and very fine. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jhelum eastward, Bengal, South and Central India and Burma. Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 35 lbs. per cubic foot. The branches are used for fuel, fencing and thatching, and the bavk yields a strong white fibre made into coarse cordage and canvas for gunny bags (specimens from Berar sent to Paris Exhibition, 1878. C 987. Bairagarh Reserve, Melghat). The fruit is remark- able for its spirally twisted carpels ; it is used in native medicine. lbs. C 2804. Melghat, Berar 35 4. PTEROSPERMUM, Schreb. Twelve species of this genus occur in India. Of these, two are found in North- west India, three in North-East India, seven in Southern India and five in Burma. They are, most of them, trees with handsome flowers and generally oblique, leathery leaves. Three species are here described. Of the remainder, P. lancecefolium, Roxb. II. Ind. iii. 163 ; Hook. PL Ind. i 368 ; Brandis 35 ; Kurz i. 146. Vern. Ban Icalla, Beng., is a large tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards and of Eastern Bengal down to Chittagong. f. Seyneanum, Wall., P. diversifolium, Bl., P. reticulatum, W. and A., P. ohtusifolium, Wight, P. glabrescens, W. and A., and P. ruhiginosum, Heyne ; Beddome t. 106. Vern. Zara tov&ray, Tinnevelly, are trees of South India ; while P, cinnamomeum, Kurz i. 147, and P. javanicum, Jungh., are trees of Burma. Wood reddish, moderately hard. Pores small and moderate-sized, often in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, closely packed. 1. P. acerifolium, Willd.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 368; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 158 ; Beddome xxxv ; Brandis 36 ; Kurz i. 145 ; Gamble 11. Vern. Kanah- champa, Mus, 'Beng. ; Haitipaila, Nep. j Gaik, Magh; Toungpetwoou, Burm. A tall tree, with thin, grey, smooth bark. Sapwood white ; heartwood soft to moderately hard, red. Pores scanty, small, oval or elongated, generally subdivided, visible on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, undulating, not prominent, uniform and equi- distant. Innumerable very fine transverse lines. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Bengal, Chittagong and Burma . Often planted for ornament. Weight, our specimens average 47'5 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood somewhat resem- bling Thitka, is worthy of notice; it is sometimes used for planking in Bengal. Leaves used as plates and for packing tobacco in Northern Bengal. The down on the leaves is used for tinder and to stop bleeding in woimds. lbs. B 593. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai 44 E 3135. Sukna „ „ „ IS B 2510. Burma (1862) ,51 50 STERCULIACE^. [ 2. p. suberifolium, Lam.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 367; Beddome xxxiv; v. canescens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 162. Vern. Baelo, Uriya; Lolagu, Tel.; Taddo, Tarn. ; Velenqe, Ciugh. , A moderate-sized tree, wood light red, moderately hard ; structure the same as that of P. acerifolium. Medullary rays closely packed. Northern Circars and Carnatic. Weight, 36 to 401hs. Wood tough, used for building, carts and other purposes. lbs. C 1250. Gumsur 38 O 1311. „ 40 No. 91. Ceylon Collection 36 3. P. semi-sagittatum, Ham.; Hook. Fl. Ind.i. 368; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 160; Brandis 35; Kurz i. 146. Vera. Nagyee, Burm.; Nwakinbyeng, Magh. A moderate-sized tree with an irregularly shaped, fluted stem and grey bark 1 to 2 inches thick. Wood reddish grey, moderately hard ; structure the same as that of P. acerifolium,, but with more numerous pores and a few broader medullary rays. Chittagong and Burma ; sometimes planted in other parts of India. Growth moderately fast, 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 40 to SOlhs. per cubic foot. Wood durable. lbs. B 2511. Burma (1862) 40 B 2706. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 50 Similar in structure to this is B 1418, sent from Burma under the name of Hmait, the chief difference between its wood and that of P. semi-sagittatum being that it is scented, smoother and has much smaller pores. 5. ERIOLtENA, DC. Contains six Indian species, one of which comes from Central India, two from the Eastern and Central Himalaya, three from Southern India and one from Burma. Besides the species here described, there are E. Stocksii, Hook, f . and Th., ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 370, a shrub ; E. quinqueloculoms, Wight ; Beddome xxxv., a tree from- Southern India ; and^. spectabilis, Planch. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i, 371, from the Himalaya. Heartwood hard, reddish, close-grained, mottled. Pores moderate- sized, in rings of soft tissue often arranged in concentric bands. Medullary rays moderately broad, uniform. 1. E. Wallichii, DC. ; Hook, M. lad. i. 370. Eriolana sp., Gamble 11. Vern. Kubinde, Nep. A small tree, bark ^ inch thick, brown. Sapwood grey; heartwood reddish brown, hard, mottled. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, enclosed in irregular patches of soft tissue, and frequently arranged iff concentric lines. Medullary rays moderately broad and very fiae. Nepal and Sikkim Himalaya. Weight, 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood much esteemed by Nepalese. Ibr. E 2326. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling 40 2. E. Hookeriana, W. and A. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 370 ; Beddome XXXV ; Braadis 36. Vern. Nar-botku, Tel. ; Arang, Berar ; KUki, bhonder, Gondi. A small tree. Bark grey. Wood light red. Annual rings marked by an almost continuous line of pores. Pores small and moderate-sized, Eriolana. J sterculiaCEJ!. 51 often subdivided, enclosed in rings of soft texture. Medullary rays moderate-sizedj wavy. Structure similar to that of the wood of Kydia cali/cina, but transverse bars wanting. Central and Southern India. Growtli moderate ; our specimen shews 10 rings per inch of radius. The bark gives a good fibre, and fine specimens were sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1878 from Berar (C 989. Bairagarh Eeserve, Melghat). C 3791. Chanda, Central Provinces ~ 3. E. CandoUei, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 370; Kurz i. 148. Vern. Dwanee, Burm. A deciduous tree, with grey bark. Heartwood brick-red, with orange and brown streaks, old pieces, however, losing their bright colour; hard, close-grained, shining, takes a beautiful polish, seasons well. Pores round, moderate-sized, in narrow rings of white tissue, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays numerous, white, prominent, fine and moderately broad. Annual rings marked by sharp concentric lines. Pores frequently arranged in concentric lines, and sometimes joined by narrow, wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue. Burma. Weight, according to Kurz 47, according to Brandis' experiments 48 lbs. ; our specimens average 51 lbs. According to Brandis' four experiments, made in 1864, with bars 3' X 1" X 1" the value of P is = 1020, which shews great transverse strength. Wood used for gunstocks, paddles and rice pounders : it is very handsomely marked and is well worthy of attention. ba. B 286. Burma (1867) 41 B 326 53 B 1455. „ 54 B 2513. „ (1862) 55 E 1951 (45 lbs.) is a wood received from Chittagong under the name MossS. It is soft, reddish grey, with a small darker heartwood, splits and warps. Pores moderate- sized, subdivided often in short radial strings. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, joined by innumerable transverse bars. In structure the wood resembles that of E. CandoUei, but the specimens of leaves which accompanied the wood sent belonged to Brownlowia elata, Roxb., a liliaceous tree. The wood, however, has no resemblance to that of any of the latter family. Order XIX. TILIACEiE. Contains 11 Indian genera. Of these, 9 are trees, shrubs or climbers, and 2, Cor- chorus and Triwmfetta, herbs or undershrubs. The Order is divided into 4 Tribes, viz. : — Tribe I. — Brownlowiese Broionlowia, Fentace and £erri/a. „ II. — GrewiesB ....... Grewia, Columbia, Erino- carpus and Triumfetta. „ III. — TUiese Corchorus and Plagio- pteron. „ IV. — Heteropetalse Echinocarpus and EIcbo- carpus. 52 TiLiACK^. [ Peutace. BrownlowiecB contains 3 species : B. elata, Uoxb. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 381 ; Kurz i. 153 (Humea elata, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 640.) Vern. Masjot, a lofty tree of the tidal forests of Cliittagong and Tenasserim (see p. .51, under Eriolcena in Sterculiacese No. B 1951) ; B. lanceolata, Bth. ; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 381, of the tidal forests of the Sundarbans, Arracan and Tenasserim, and B. peltata, Bth. ; Kurz i. 153 of Tenasserim. Columbia includes two shrubs of Burma. Mrmoca/r'pus Nimmoanus, Grah. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 394 ; Beddome t. 110. Vern. CJiowra, jamgli bendi, Kan., is a fibrous- barked tree of the western coast, and Plagiopteron fragrans. Griff. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 399, a climbing shrub of Mergui. To the genus Corchorus belongs the Jute Plant, O. capsularis, Linn. ; Vern. Pat, Beng., now extensively grown in and exported from Bengal : and other species, all of which yield fibres. Several species of Triumfetta also yield fibres, e. 5^., r. angulata. Lam. {T. rhomboidea, l&cq.; Fl. Ind. i. 395) Vern. Chihti, Hind., of which fine specimens were sent from Berar to the Paris Exhibition (C. 988. Bairagarh Reserve, Melghat). Tilia eitropma, L., the Lime Tree or Linden of Europe, belongs to this Order. The wood of Tiliacese is marked by numerouSj uniformly distributed, small or moderate-sized pores, and fine, equidistant, medullary rays. 1. PENTACE, Hassk. 1. P. burmanica, Kurz ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 381 ; Kurz i. 154. Vern. ThitJca, hathitha, Burm. A very large, tall tree. Wood yellowish red, shining, soft, even- gvained, takes a good polish. Pores moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided into compartments, numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad, wavy, red, visible on a radial section, equidistant ; the distance between the rays generally equal to the trans- verse diameter of the pores. Annual rings visible. Burma. Growth rapid, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 42 lbs. on an average. Now very largely used in Burma for boats, boxes and other purposes for which a light wood is required. Large quantities are annually exported, and though a few years ago the wood was quite unknown, it is now well known, even in European markets. Ib9. B 281. Burma (1867) 42 B 802. Tharrawaddi, Burma ........ 41 B 815. Rangoon „ . . . 43 B 1386. Moulmein „ 41 B 3119. Burma (1862) 42 2. BERRYA, Roxb. 1. B. Ammonilla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 639 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 383 ; Beddome t. 58; Kurz i. 155. The Trincomali Wood. Vern. Fetwoon, Burm.; Halmillila, Cingh. (whence the specific name). A large tree with thin bark. Heartwood dark red, very hard, close- grained, but apt to split; it has, even when old, a smooth, rather damp feel. Pores small, oval, subdivided, enclosed in white patches, which are united by narrow undulating bands of soft tissue. Medullary rays prominent, numerous, uniform and equidistant; the distance between the rays equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. South India, Burma and Ceylon. Berrya, ] TILIACE2B. 53 The Weight and Transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments : — Experiment by whom conducted. Tear. Wood whence procured. Number of experi- ments. gjze of scantling Weight. Value of P. Brandia 1864 Burma. 7 Ft. in. in. f 3 X 1 X 1 -J I2 X 1 X 1 J 64 825 No. 8. . 1863 „ 66-62 Puckle .... Myt-ore. 3 3x1x1 971 Skinner No. 38 . 1863 Ceylon. Various. 60 784 „ No. 31 . „ >, 63 1,013 Cat. Exh., 1863 . „ » 3 X IJ X IJ 60 623-1028 Baker .... 1839 ,, 3 6X2X3 61 700 A. Mendia, No. 33 „ 2x1x1 48 844 Smythies 1878 Burma. 6 61 Benson's Syttneria, weighing 72 lbs., is probably this. The wood is very durable. No. B 2722 had been 50 years in Calcutta, and was perfectly sound and good on being cut into. It is used for carts, agricultural implements and spear-handles, and in Madras for masiila boats, and is much esteemed for toughness and flexibility. lbs. B 288. Burma (1867) 52 B 327. „ (1866) 61 B 1420. Tharrawaddi, Burma 65 B 1452. Prome, Burma 65 B 2722. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 63 B 3118. Burma (1862) 58 3. GREWIA, Linn, A large genus containing about 30 Indian trees and shrubs, distributed all over India, except in the inner arid Himalaya. &. opposififoUa is found as high up as 6,000 feet in the North-West Himalaya. There are 12 species in North-West and Central India, 8 in the North-Bast, 17 in South India and 10 in Burma. The genus contains 3 sections, of which the first, Grewia, contains the majority of species. The second, Omphacarpus, contains only one species G-. calophylla Kurz i. 157 Vern. Mayanbo, Burm., a small evergreen tree of the coast forests of the Andamans. The third Microcos contains two species : Q. sinuata. Wall. Hook. PL Ind. i. 392 ; Kurz i. 158, a large shrub of the swamp forests of Burma ; and G. Microcos, Linn.; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 392; Kurz i. 157 (G. ulmifolia, Eoxb. Pl.Ind. ii. 591). Vern. Aswar, Beng. ; Tarah, M.s,gh.; Myat-ya, Burm.; Tliayoh, Arracan — Weight 51 lbs. (Brandis, 1862, No. 10), a small tree of Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Burma and South India. In the section Grewia, besides those herein described, may be noticed : G. villosa, Willd. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 388 ; Brandis 39 Vern. Inzarra, pasiuwanne, Pb. ; DkoTian, Ajmere ; Jalidar, haslcusri, thamther. Salt Range, a small shrub of the arid zone in Rajputana, the Punjab and Sind ; G. sapida, Boxb. PL Ind. ii, 590 ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 387 ; Brandis 41 ; Gamble 12, a well known, small, yellow flowered undershrub of the Sub-Himalayan forests, sending up yearly numerous shoots from a perennial root-stock ; and G. sclerophylla, Roxb. ; Brandis 39 ; Kurz i. 162. ( G- scahrophylla, Roxb. PL Ind. ii. 584 ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 387 ; Gamble 12) Vern. Pharsia, Kuraaun, a small shrub with white flowers and large leaves, of Similar localities; G. Icevigata, Vahl. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 389; Beddome xxxvii ; Brandis 42; Kurz i. 150 ; Gamble 12 (6?. didyma, Roxb. PL Ind. ii. 591) Vern. Kat 54 TiLiACEiE. [ Grewia. bhewal, bhim&l, kahki, Hind. ; Allpeyotr, Tel. ; Dansagla, Lepcha, is a small tree of the outer Himalaya, from the Jumna eastwards, Assam, Central and Southern ludia and Burma, recognized by its long, tapering, glabresoent leaves; while &. ahutilifoUa, Juss. ; Hook. M. Ind. i. 330; Beddome xxxvii (G-. a«pera, Koxb. PI. Ind. ii". 591) Vem. Pedda, taraJci, Tel., is a small tree found in Southern India. Some species of Grewia have edible fruits, and the wood of some is strong, tough and elastic. The wood of Grewia has small or moderate-sized pores, uniformly distributed, and numerous fine, rarely moderately broad medullary rays. The annual rings are generally marked. 1. G. oppositifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. .bSS ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 384 ; Brandis 537. Vern. Dhamman, pharwa, Pb. ; Biul, hiung, hahil, bhimal, bhengal, Hind. ; Bieul, Simla ; Pastuwanne , Afg. A moderate-sized tree, with grey bark. Wood white, with a small mass of irreg(jlarly-shaped heartwood, hard, giving out an exceedingly unpleasant odour, especially when fresh cut. Annual rings marked by white lines. Pores moderate-sized, very numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, white, wavy, very numerous. North- West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, ascending to 6,000 feet. Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 45 to 30 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for oar-shafts, handles, bows, &c., and for most purposes for which elasticity and toughness are required. The bark gives a fibre which is much used in the Punjab for rope and paper-making, but is not durable. The tree is much lopped for feeding cattle during the winter. lbs. H 100. Bhajji, Simla, 4,000 feet ,45 H 154. Sainj, „ 3,000 50 2. G. populifolia, "Vahl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 385 j Brandis 38. Vern. Gang.er, Pb. ; Gango, Sind ; Gangerun, Rajputana. . A small shrub, with grey bark. Wood yellow, hard, close-grained. Annual rings marked by an almost continuous line of slightly larger pores. Pores small, numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, white, wavy, very numerous. Arid zone, in the Punjab, Sind and Rajputana. Growth very slow. The wood is used for walking sticks and the fruit is eaten. P 3228. Nagpahar, Ajmere 3. G. tilisBfolia, Vahl. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 386 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 587; Beddome t. 108; Brandis 41; Kurz i. 161. Vern. Pharsa, dhamin, Hind.; Khesln,, hasul, Gondi; Bhamni, Kurku; Charachi, tharrd, Tel. ; Dhamono, Uriya ; Thadsal, hatala, Kan. ; Damnak, Bhil; Baman,'iAa.v.; Sadaehu,M.a\.; Baminne,C\ug\L. A moderate-sized tree. Bark ^ inch thick, grey on young trees, dark browu on old trees. Sapwood white ; heartwood small, brown, close-grained, hard. Annual rings visible. Pores moderate-sized, numerous, uniformly distributed ; a continuous belt of pores in the spring wood ; autumn wood harder. Medullary rays fine, prominent on a radial section, giving a handsome silver grain ; the distance between the rays equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna to Nepal, ascending to 4,000 feet ; Central and South India. Growth moderate, about 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Skinner No. 75, 34 lbs. ; Brandis says 30 to 40 lbs.; the average of those examined gave 48 lbs. Skinner's experiments in South India gave P = 565. Used for shafts, shoulder poles masts, oars and all purposes for which elasticity, strength and toughness are required 46 53 49 44 Beddome xxxvii ; ; Sarai J Ajtnere ; Grema, ] TiMACEiB. 55 The fruit is eaten and the inner bark made into cordage. Fine specimens of this were sent from Berar for the Paris Exhibition of li!78. (C. 983. Bairagarh Eeserve, Melghat.) lbs. C 188. Mandla, Central Provinces (1871) 4,8 1169. Ahiri Eesei've, Central Provinces C 2757. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces C 2766. Melghat, Berar C 1253. Gumsur, Madras No. 17. Ceylon Collection 4. G. salvifolia, Heyne ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 386 ; Brandis 43. Vern. Bather, nikki-behkar, gargas, Pb. Jdra, Cirears. A small tree, wiih dark-coloured bark. Wood yellow, heartwood orange-brown, hard, close-grained, structure similar to that of G. tiliafolia, but medullary rays more numerous and pores smaller. Annual rings well marked by a line of larger pores. Punjab, Sind, Central Provinces and Southern India. Growth slow. Fruit small, edible. P 3227. Nagpahar, Ajmere P 3237. Goran Hills, Ajmere 5. G. vestita, Wall. ; Brandis 40 ; Gamble 12. G. elast'ica, Royle ; Kurz i. 160. G. asiahca, Linn. var. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 387. Vern. Farri, phalwa, dhamman, Pb. ; Pharsia, dhamun, himla, Hind.; Poto dhamun, Palamow; 5i?a^o«ra, Nep. ; Kunsung , 'L&paha ; Pi?ifajaii., 'Barm. A small tree, with grey or brown bark. Wood greyish white, hard and close-grained. Annual rings wavy. Pores moderate-sized. Medul- lary rays fine and moderately broadj numerous, prominently marked on a radial section, and giving the wood a beautiful silver grain. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, Bengal, Central India and Burma. Growth moderately slow, 5 to 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, our specimens give an average of 48 lbs. per cubic foot ; Brandis says 50 lbs. Wood tough and elastic, used for shoulder poles, bows, spear handles, &c. Splits well, and is sometimes used for shingles. The branches are lopped for fodder. Iba. E 651. Bamunpokri, DarjeeKng Terai 43 E 2325. „ ,, „ 51 B 3120. Burma (1862) 51 6. G. asiatica, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 386; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 586; Beddome xx:xvii. ; Bvandis 40; Kurz i. 161. Vern. Fhalsa, Hind. ; Dhamni, Ajmere. A small tree. Bark rough, grey. Wood yellowish white, structure similar to that of G. vesiiia. Wild in Central India and Rajputana. Cultivated throughout India for its fruit. Bark used in rope-making. P 470. Ajmere P 3218. Nagpahar, .Ajmere P 3235. Goran HiDs, Ajmere 7. G. multiflora, Juss., Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 388; Gamble 12. G. sepi- aria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 589. ; Brandis 42. Vern. Pansaura, Hind., iBeng. ; Nilay, Nep. A shrub or small tree. Bark brown. Wood white, soft, similar in structure to that of G. oppesilifolia, but with smaller pores. 56 TiiiACE^. [ Grewia. Outer Himalaya from Nepal eastward's, ascending to 4,0D0 feet, Khasia Hills. Used in Bengal for making hedges, for wMcli it is very useful. lbs. E 2327. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai 42 8. G. pilosa, Lam. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 388 ; Brandis 39. G. carpini- folia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 587. Vern. Posangni, Ajmere. A shrub with four-angled stem and brown bark. Wood yellowish white, hardj divided into triangular wedges proceeding from the centre towards the four corners and sides, the annual rings in the wedges towards the corners marked by large pores, those towards the sides by a white line and a few moderately large pores. Pores in the rest of the wood small. Medullary rays fine, white, numerous. Plains of the North- West, Central and South India. P 3230. Nagpahar, Ajmere P 3256, Goran Hills, Ajmere 4. ECHINOCARPUS, Blume. Contains 5 large trees of the forests of the north-east and east moist zone in Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, the Khasia Hills and Burma. E. sterculiaceus, Bth. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 400 ; Gamhle 12. Vern. Banj, Nep. ; Thabola, Magh, is a very large tree of the Sikkim Terai, Chittagong and Burma, with a deeply buttressed trunk and large fruit covered with long needle-like spines. E. tomentosus, Bth. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 400 ; Gamble 12. Vern. Kahtay, Nep. ; Taksor, Lepcha, is a large tree of the Sikkim Hills from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. E. Murex, Bth. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 399, is a large tree of the Khasia Hills and Burma {E. Sigun, B\. ; Kurz i. 162) ; and E. assamicus Bth. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 399. Vern. Jabha Mngori, Ass., a tree of Upper Assam, whose wood, according to Mr. Mann, is used for planking. 1. E. dasycarpus, Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 400 ; Gamble 12. Vern. Gohria, Nep. A large tree. Bark dark grey. Wood greyish brown, soft. Pores small. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, closely paekedy straight, prominent on a radial section. Eastern Himalaya, 5,000 to 7,000 feet. (Hooker, in PL Ind., says : " Sikkim at 2,000 feet," but I have never seen it below 5,000 feet. — J. 8. G.) Weight, 32 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for planking, for tea-boxes and to make chavcoaL It is in considerable demand in Darjeeling. The tree is very handsome, as it has showy clusters of yellow-white flowers, capsular fruit, with short close-set spines, black seeds with a red arillus, and drooping branches. It flowers and seeds freely each year, and seedlings come up well. ^ lbs. E. 694. Chuttockpur, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet 32 E. 1289 sent from Caohar under the name '(Site^^'ai' has a similar structure, but the pores are larger. This is probably E. tiliaceus of Mr. G. Mann's Assam Lists (Fhul hingori, Ass. ; Sitarsaaz, Cachar), Assam Porest Eeports, 1874-75 and 1875-76. Said by Mr. Mann to be used for planks and beams where not exposed to changes of weather. 5. EL^OCARPUS, Linn. A large genus of trees, chiefly found in the moister parts of India ; 25 species are found ill India, of which the distribution is : — North- Western India 1 North-Eastern India 14 Burma ............ 17 Central India 1 Southern India . 14 Eiaocarpns.] tiliace^. , 57 The genus is divided into three sections ; Section I. Ganitrus contains jK Ganitrus, Eoxb. VL Ind. ii. 592 ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 400 ; Beddome xxxvii. ; Brandis 43 ; Kurz i. 168. Vem. Mudrah. Hind., a large tree of North-Eastern and Central India, the hard tuheroled nuts of which are polished and made into rosaries and bracelets. Section II. Dicera contains, besides the two species described below : JH. serratus, Linn. Hook. PI. Ind. i. 401. Beddome xxxviii. Vem. Jalpai, Beng. ; Perinhdrd, Kan. ; Wiralu, Cingh., a tree, with edible fruit, of Bengal, the North-East Himalaya and the Western Coast (Weight, 331bs., Wallich); E. florihundus, Bl. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 401; Kurz i. 167 of Eastern Bengal and Burma; E. ohlongus, Gaertn. ; Beddome xxxviii. Vern. Bikki, jSIilgiris, of Southern India, with a strong, white, tough wood ; and several other less common species. Section III. Monocera contains E. tuberculatus, Eoxb. PL Ind. ii. 594; Beddome t. 113 ; Vern. Mudrah, Hind., a, lai'ge tree of Southern India, whose nuts are used in the same way as those of E. Ganitrus ; E. ruqosus, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 596 ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 405 ; Kurz i. 166 ; Gamble 13. Vern. Nandiki, Nep., of the Eastern Himalaya, Chittagong and Burma; E- ferrugineiis, Wight; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 406; Beddome t. 112, a common tree of the Nilgiris ; and E. Varunua, Ham. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 407 ; Kurz i. 165. Vem. Tuttcaly, saul huri. Ass., of the Himalaya from Kumaun to Sikkim, Assam, Sylhet ajid Chittagong ; besides other species. The species of Elceocarpus have usually handsome flowers with laciniate petals, and the fruits of most species resemble an olive and are eaten. 1. E. robustus, Bl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 402; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 597 ; Kurz i. 169 ; Gamble 13. Vern. Jalpai, Sylhet; Bepari, hatrachi, Nep. ; Chehio, Magh; Taumagyee, Burm. An evergreen tree. Wood white^ shining, soft, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a prominent line. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, generally oval or elongated, subdivided. Medullary rays fine and very fine, closely packed, visible as long narrow bands on a radial sectioui Eastern Himalaya ascending to 2,000 feet, Khaeia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Chitta- gong, Burma and Andaman Islands. Growth moderate. Weight, 38 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. E 581. Khookloong Porest, Darjeeling Terai 38 2. E. lancesefolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 598 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 402 ; Kurz i. 167; Gamble 13. \eicn. Bhadras, datracAi,'Nep.; Shephyew, Lepeha; Sahalang, Ass. A large tree. Wood soft, light brown. Pores small, in short strings of 2 to 5. Medullary rays extremely numerous, fine and very fine, appearing as narrow plates on a radial section. Eastern Himalaya from 6,000 to 8,000 feet, Khasia Hills, Sylhet and Tenasserim. Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight 41 lbs. Used for house- building, tea-boxes and charcoal, Pruit edible. Iba. E 358. Eangbul, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 41 Okdee XX. LINEiE. A small Order containing 4 genera of Indian trees or shrubs. The only one of any importance is Erythroxylon. Jieinwardtia contains 2 small yellow flowered under- shrubs of the Himalaya, Eastern Bengal and the Western Ghats ; Sugonia Mystax, H 58 LiNE^. [ Erythroxylon, Linn. ; Hoolt. Fl. Ind. i. 413. is a rambling leafy shrub of Southern India ; and Ixonanthes Ichasiana, Hook. f. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 416. a small tree of the Khasia Hills. Many species give a strong fibre. lAnum usitatissimum is the flax plant ; cultivated in India for its fibre and oil. 1. ERYTHROXYLON, Linn. Contains four Indian species. Besides the one described, JS. KuntManum, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 414 ; Kurz i. 171, is a shrub of Eastern Bengal, the Khasia Hills and Burma, above 3,000 feet elevation ; and E. hurmanicum, Griff. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 414 ; Kuvz i. 171, a tree of Burma and the Andaman Islands. The Coca or Spadic Plant of Peru, well known as a powerful stimulant of the nervous system, is the E. Coca. 1. E. monogynum, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 449; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 414; Kurz i. 171. JB. indicum, Beddome t, 81. Setkia indioa, DC. Prodr. i, 576. Bastard Sandal. Vern. Bevadar'O,, Tarn. ; Adivi gerenta, Tel. A small tree. Sapwood white ; heartwood dark brown, with a pleasant resinous smell, very hard, takes a beautiful polish. Pores very small, very numerous. Medullary rays short, very fine, uniformly distributed. South India and Ceylon. Weight, 55 to 67 lbs. per cubic foot. Used as a substitute for sandalwood. The wood gives an oil used as a preservative for native boats. lbs. D 1083. North Arcot 55 D 1091. Madura 66 D 2027. Mysore 67 Ordeu XXI. MALPIGHIACE^. An Order which is represented in India merely by two genera of climbing or straggling shrubs. Hiptage Madahlota, Gaertn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 418 ; Brandis 44; Kurz i. 173; Gamble 13. (Gaertnera racemosa, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 368) Vem. Kampti, madmalti, Hind. ; Endra, chopar, benhar, hhumb, Pb. ; Shempati, Nep. ; Saladwail, Mar. ; MaduBuluia, Beng'., is a common climlaing shrub of most parts of India and Burma ; H. candicans, Hook. f. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 419 ; Kurz i. 174. Vern. Toungsoohapan, Burm. ; and M. obtusifoUa, DC. ; Kurz i. 173 are respectively a large shrub and a climber of Burma; M. acuminata. Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 419, is a bushy shrub of the Khasia Hills ; and S. parvifolia, W. and A. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 419, a shrub of Southern India and Ceylon: making 5 species. Aspidopterys contains 7 climbprs, chiefly of the Himalaya, Southern India and Burma, but none of any special interest. Order XXII. GERANIACE-ffi. A large Order, chiefly containing herbaceous plants, such as GeranivM, OxaUs and Impatiens. Only one genus, Averrhoa, contains trees, and these introduced: A. Carambola, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 439 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 450 ; Beddome xxxix. ; Brandis 45 ; Kurz i. 177; Gamble 13. Yem. Kamaranga, Hi«d. ; Kamrang, 'Beng.; Soungyah, Burm., is a small tree which is commonly cultivated in India aJid Burma for its fruit, which is eaten stewed or made into preserves. Home says it is used in the Sundarbans for building purposes and furniture. Skinner, No. 18, gives its weight as 40 lbs. per cubic foot, and 712 for the value of P; WaUich gives its weight at 39 lbs. A. JBilimbi, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 439 ; Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 451 ; Beddome t. 117., Vern. Bilimbi, bhimbu, anvalla, Hind., is a small tree cultivated and often found run wild in India. It has an acid fruit, which is pickled or preserved in sugar, and the juice is used in removing iron stains from linen. Evodia. ]■ RUTACSiB. 59 Ordbe XXIII. RUTACEJE. A large Order, containing however few trees of any size, but generally shrubs or climbers, wHch are aromatic with gland-dotted leaves. The Order is divided into 4 Tribes, viz. : — Tribe I. — Euteae .... Only herbs such as the garden Rue, and the Bonninghausenia, so common in Himalayan forests. „ II. — Xanthoxylese . . . JSvodia, Melicope and JEare- thoxylum. „ III. — Toddalieae .... Toddalia, Acronyoliia and Slcimmia. „ IV. — Aurantiese .... Glycosmis, Micromelam, Murraya, Clausena, Triphasia, Limonia LuvuTiga, Paramignya, Atalan. tia. Citrus, Feronia and Aegle- Melicope contains two shrubs : M. itidica, Wight ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 493, Beddome xl., of the higher ranges of the Nilgiri Hills ; and M. Helferi, Hook, f ., of the Andaman Islands and Tenasserim. Acronycliia laurifolia, Bl. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 498 ; Kurz i. 184 ; Gamble 14 {A. pedunculata, DC. ; Beddome xlii.) Vern. Paowlay, Nep. ; JLoajam, Ass., is a small tree of the Sikkim Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Assam, Chittagong, South India and Burma. &ly cosmis pentaphylla, CoT\:e3.; Hook. PI. Ind, i. 499 ; Beddome xliii. ; Brandis 49 ; Kurz i. 186 ; Gamble 14. Vern. Ban-nimbu, potali, pilru potala, girgitti, Hind. ; JSrmira, Bombay ; Tauslwuh, Burm., is a common evergreen shrub, with very variable leaves and fruits, found in most part of India. Micromelum contains 2 species: M. puhesc.ens,'B\.; Hook. PL Ind. i. 501 ; Beddome xliii. ; Kurz i. 186 ; Gamble 14. Vern. Lasmani, Nep. ; Kambrong, Lepcha ; Tanyenglipo, Burm., is a small tree of the Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma, with a rather heavy, close-grained, yellowish white wood ; and M. hirsutwm, Oliv. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 502 ; Kurz. i. 187., a small Burmese shrub. Clausena contains 9 species, chiefly shrubs, the chief of which are C pentaphylla, DC. ; Brandis 49. Vern. Battanj ote, surjmuhha, teyrur. Hind., a deciduous shrub of the Sub-Himalaj-an tract from the Jumna to Nepal ; and C. Willdenovii, W. and A. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 506 ; Beddome xliv. ; Gamble 15. Vern. Mor hurangi, Kaders ; Madanay, Nep. ; Terhilnyolc, sidemnyoh, Lepcha, a small tree of the Sikkim Himalaya, Western Ghats and Ceylon. Triphasia trifoliata, DC. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 507 ; Kurz i. 192, is a small spinous garden shrub of South India and Burma. Limonia contains 4 shrubs of India and Burma, of which L. acidissima, Linn.; Hook. Fl Ind. i. 507 ; Beddome xlv ; Brandis 47 ; Kurz i. 192 (L. crenulata, Eoxb. PL Ind, ii. 381) Vern. Beli, Hind. ; Tor-elaga, Tel. ; Kawat, Mar. ; Theehaya-za, Burm. a spinous shrub of dry hills in various parts of India, with a hard' close- grained wood, is the most common. Luvunga has 2 climbing shrubs, one of Eastern Bengal and Burma, the other of Southern India. Paramignya, has 5 shrubs or climbers of Eastern Bengal and Burma, of which the most common is P. monopkylla, Wight; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 510; Kurz L 193; Gamble 15. Vern. Nathanta, Nep.; Jkwnoic, Lepcha, an erect or climbing shrub extending from Sikkim down to Tenas- serim. Citrus contains 3 well-known fruit trees — C. Aurantium, Linn. Vern. Narangi, naringi. Hind. ; Kumla nebu, Beng. ; Suntala, Nep. ; Kitchli, Tam. ; Kittali, Tel., the Orange, cultivated in most parts of India, but especially m Sikkim and Sylhet (Skinner. No. 48, gives W. = 49, P = 717) ; C. medica, Linn., the Citron, Lemon and Lime, cultivated all over India ; and C. decumana, Wild., the Shaddock or Pumelo. The Rutacess have a very uniform structure. The wood is close and even-grainedj generally white^ with a yellowish tinge. The pores are small, uniformly distributed, with a tendency to form radial lines. The medul- lary rays are fine, uniform and equidistant. The wood of Skimmia is anomalous, being distinguished by extremely small pores, arranged in oblique wavy tails, and by very fine, very numerous medullary rays. The wood of most species is marked by white concentric lines, which are generally at unequal distances and often run into each other. 60 HUTACE^. [ Evodia, 1. EVODIA, Forst. Contains 6 species of Indian small trees or shrubs. E. viticina, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 489 ; Kurz ; i. 179, is a small tree of Tenasserim ; E. ruteecarpa. Hook. f. and Th., a small tree of the inner valleys of Sikkim, between 7,000 and 10,000 feet ; and Jl. melicefolia, Bth., a small tree of Assam. 1. E. fraxinifolia, Hook. f. ; Hook. Fl. Ind, i. 490 ; Gamble 13. Vera. Kanukpa, Nep. ; Kaii'd, Lepcha. A small tree. Bark smooth, lig'ht grey, -^ inch thick. Wood white, soft. Pores small, often subdivided, numerous near the inner edge of each annual ring. Medullary rays short, moderately broad. Eastern Himalaya in Sikkim, between 4,000 and 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills from 3,0CO to 5,000 feet. Growth fast, 4 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 21 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used only for posts of huts. It comes up commonly in second growth forest, and the leaves, flowers and fruit when bruised, have a disagreeable aromatic smell. lbs. E 3101. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 21 2. E. Roxburghiana, Benth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 487; Kuiz i. 180. E. trij]7ii/Ila, Beddome xli. Fagara tnphylla, Roxb. Fi. Ind. i. 416. Xanthoxylum inphyllum, Thwaites Enum. 69. Vern. Neiede, lunu- ankenda, Cingh. A small tree. Wood greyish brown, moderately hard. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays short, distant, fine to moderately broad. Khasia Hills, South India and Ceylon, Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands. Weight, 511bs., according to A. Mendis. lbs. No. 60. Ceylon Collection 51 B 1979 collected by Kurz in the Andamans in 1866 and marked IE. triphylla, DC. (Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 488 ; Kurz i. 180), has a soft pale red wood, with moderate- sized, oval, elongated and subdivided pores, and very fine and closely packed medullary rays. 2. XANTHOXYLUM, Linn. A genus containing 10 small, rarely large trees or straggling or climbing shrubs, most of them of very little importance. Besides the one described : IK. acantho- podium, DO. ; Hook. FL Ind. i. 493 ; Kurz i. 181 ; Gamble 14. Vern. Bogay timur, Nep., is a small tree of the outer Himalaya from Kumaun to Sikkim and the Khasia Hills, ascending to 7,000 feet ; X. Bhetsa, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 495, Beddome xli. (Fagara Shetsa ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 417) Vern. Rhetsd mdn, Tel. ; Sessal, Mar. ; Rattu kina, Bingh. is a large tree of the Western and Eastern Ghats of South India; and X. Budrunga, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 495 ; Kurz i. 182. Vern. Borjonali, Ass. ; Mayaning, Burm., is a tree of Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma, with a rather heavy, soft, yellowish white, close-grained wood. The rust are shrubs or climbers. 1 X. alatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 768; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 493; Beddome xlii. ; Brandis 47 ; Gamble 14. Vern. Timbur, iimur, tezmal, dui-mur, Hind. ; Balay timur, Nep. ; Sungru, Lepcha. A shrub or small tree. Bark corky, young stems with thick conical prickles with a corky base. Wood close-grained, yellow. Pores small, often in radial lines, not uniformly distributed ; belts with numerous pores often alternating with belts with scanty pores. Medullary rays fine, short, very numerous. Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills. Xanthoxylum. ] rOtace^. 61 Wood used for walking sticks, the brandies for making tooth-brushes. Fruit used as a remedy for tooth-ache, as a condiment and to purify water. The whole plant has a strong aromatic unpleasant smell. lbs. H 107. Bhajji, Simla, 4,000 feet 46 E 2329. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet . . . . ■ .34 8. TODDALIA, Juss. Contains two species : one the rambling, sarmentose shrub here described ; the other T. bilocularis, W. and A. ; Hook. Fl. lud. i. 497 Beddome xliii., a handsome tree of the Western Ghats, always unarmed and reaching 3 feet in girth. 1. T. aculeata, I'ers. ; Hook. n. Ind. i. 497 ; Beddome xlii ; Brandis 46; Kurz i. 183; Gamble 14. Scoj^olia aculeata, Sm.; Roxb. PI. Ind. i. 616. Vern. Kanj , Hind. ; Bahan, lahan, llajputana ; Meinhara Nep. ; Sapkijirik, Lepcha; Milkaranai, Tam. ; Kondakashinda, Tel. A large scandent shrub, tbe branches covered with prickles. Wood porous, yellowish white, soft. Pores moderate-sized, very numerous, often subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, uniform and equidistant. Outer Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards, Khasia Hills and Western Ghats, ascend- ing to 7,000 feet. The root bark gives a yellow dye and a bitter and aromatic tonic, used by natives in some parts of the country as a remedy for fever. {Bidie.) E 2855. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet 4. SKIMMIA, Thunb. 1. S. Laureola, Hook, f . ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 499; Brandis 50; Gamble 14. Vern. Ner, barrw, Pb. ; Nehir, gurl pata, Kumaun; Chuin- iaiii, Nep. ; Tinihurnyoh, Lepcha. An extremely aromatic shrub. Bark thin, bluish grey. Wood white, soft, with distinct, white, concentric lines which may possibly be annual rings ; has an aromatic scent when fresh cut. Pores extremely small, in narrow, irregularly bent lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, from 5,000 to 11,000 feet, Afghanistan. Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot. The leaves are eaten in the Himalaya in curries. lbs. H 2846. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 feet E 2330. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet 42 6. MURRAY A, Linn. Besides the species described, M. Konigii, Spr. ; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 503 ; Beddome xliv; Brandis 48; Kurz i. 190 ; Gamble 14. [Bergera Koiiigii, Linn.; Itoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 375) Vern. Gandla, gandi, howala, Pb. ; jELarri, Icatnim, Hind. ; Sarsanga, Beng. ; CAa»a»^», Hyderabad; KarepaTc, hari-vepa, Tel.; Slamwepila, Tam., is a small tree of the outer Himalaya from the Ravi to Assam, Bengal, South India and Burma, whose leaves are used for flavouring curries. The wood is close, even-grained, hard and durable, and is used for agricultural implements. 1, M. exotica, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 502; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 374; Beddome xliv.; Brandis 48; Kurz i. 190; Gamble 14. Vern. Marchula,juti, Hind.; Kaminl, Beng.; Naga golunga, Tel.; Baket-berdr, Gondi; Simali, 'Ne^p. ; SAifzem, Lepcha; Malcay, Burm.; Machalla, And. A shrub or small tree, with thin grey bark. Wood light yellow, close-grained, very hard, apt to crack. Pores very small, sometimes 62 UOTACE^. [ Murray a. in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Sharp, white, concentric lines, which frequently run into each other. Outer Himalaya from the Junma to Assam ascending to 4,500 feet, Beliar, South India, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Weight, 62 Ihs. per cuMo foot is the average of our specimens ; Wallich gives 61 lbs. The wood resembles boxwood and has been tried for wood-engraving, for which it seems suitable if well seasoned ; it is also used for handles of implements. It is often planted for ornament, and is sometimes called " Satinwood " at Port Blair. Iba. B 3195. Andaman Islands (Home, 1874, No. 24) 63 B 519. Andaman Islands ......... 62 No. 26. Ceylon Collection 61 5. ATALANTIA, Correa. Contains 5 small trees of South India and Burma. A. racemosa,'W. oaA. k..; Hook. PL Ind. i. 512; Beddome xlvi, is a small tree of South India and Ceylon ; A. caudata. Hook. f. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 513, a shrub of the Khasia Hills ; and A. macrophylla, Kurz i. 195, an evergreen tree of the coast forests of the Andamans. 1. A. monophylla, Correa; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 511; Beddome xlvi.; Kurz i. 195, Vern. Arawi nim, Tel. ; Katyalu, Tarn. ; Malchur, Mar. Wood yellow, very hard and close-grained. Pores very small ; in groups or short radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, numerous ; the distance between the rays greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Numerous white concentric lines at varying distances. Eastern Bengal, Southern India and Ceylon. Weight, 65 lbs. per cubic foot. Recommended by Kurz as a substitute for box- wood. ibe. No. 10. Salem Collection 65 2. A. missionis, Oliv. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 513; Beddome xlvi. Limo- nia missionis, Wall. ; Thwaites Enum. 45. Vern. Pamburu, Cingh. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard, close-grained. Annual rings marked by a white line and a belt of more numerous pores. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, wavy, very numerous, uniform, not equidistant. South India and Ceylon. Weight, 48 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for furniture and cabinet work, it is sometimes variegated. lbs. No. 66. Ceylon Collection 48 7. FERONIA, Correa. 1. p. Elephantum, Conea ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 516 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 411; Beddome t. 121; Brandis 56; Kurz i. 198; Gamble 15. The Wood Apple. Vern. Bilin, kait, kat-lel, Hind.; Kath-bel, Beng.; Vallanga, veld, Icavit, Tam. ; Velaga, elaka, yellanga, Tel. ; Bilwar, Kan. ; Kawat, Mar. ; Eman, Burm. A large tree. Bark dark grey or nearly black. Wood yellowish white, hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a white line. Pores small, in short radial lines, joined by short, narrow, white, concentric bands. Medullary rajs short, white, prominent, fine and moderately broad, very numerous, not straight. Structure similar to that of jEgle Marmelos and Crateeva religiosa. Feronia. J iiUTACE*. 63 Sub-Himalayan forests from the Ravi eastwards, Bengal, South India, Chanda district in the Central Provinces. Weight, 50 lbs. per cubic foot, according to Skinner, No. 74 ; 49 according to Cun- ningham. Value of P. 623 (Cunningham) ; 645 (Skinner). The wood is used for house -building, naves of wheels, oil-crushers and agricultural implements. It gives a gum similar to gum arable. The pulp of the fruii; is acid and is made into jelly. E 2487. Calcutta 8. AEGLE, Correa. 1. A. Marmelos, Conea; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 516; Eosb. Fl. Ind. 579; Beddome t. 161 ; Brandis 57 ; Knrz i. 198; Gamble 15. The Bael Tree. Vern. ^eV, Hind. ; Bela, Bang.; Mahaka, GonAi; Bela,'K.\i-ck\]L; Vilva, Tarn. ; Maredu, patir, marat, Tel.; Bilajoairi, Kan. ; OksMt, Burm. A small tree^ bark | inch thick^ outer substance soft^ grey, exfoliatino- in irregular flakes. Wood yellowish white, hard, with a strong aromatic scent when fresh cut ; no heartwood, not durable, readily eaten by insects. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays wavy, fine, short, white, numerous, uniform and equidistant. Annual rings marked by distinct lines, and often by a continuous belt of pores. In some cases the pores are more numerous in the autumn wood. Sub-Himalayan forests from the Jhelam eastwards. Central and South India, Burma. Weight, 40 to 50 lbs. (Brandis) ; WaUich gives 49 ; our specimens average 57 lbs. The tree is not often cut, as it is chiefly valued for its fruit, the pulp of which is used medicinally in diarrhoea and dysentery, as a sherbet and as a conserve, keepino- well when dry. The wood is used in construction, for the pestles of oil and sugar- mills, naves and other parts of carts, and for agricultural implements. Ibe. P 441. Ajmere O 248. Garhwal (1868) . O 268. „ „ . . . C 1176. Ahiri Eeserve, Central Provinces C 2786. Melghat, Berar E 2486. Calcutta .... E 638. Goalpara, Assam . B 564. Prome, Burma The structure of Cratceva religiosa is very similar to this, but the wood is much softer, and the pores are enclosed in patches of soft tissue. 57 60 52 62 53 60 Order XXIV. SIMARUBE^. Contains eight genera of Indian trees or shrubs, almost always with bitter bark. They belong to 2 Tribes, viz., — Tribe I. — Simarubese Ailanthus, Samadera, Picrasma, JBrucea, lEurycoma and Suriana. „ II. — PicramniesB .... Harrisonia and Balanites. Harrisonia Bennettii, Hook. ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 519 ; Kurz i. 203. Vem. Tapooben, Burm., is a small spinous tree of Burma. Brucea contains two bitter shrubs : B. sumatrana, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 449 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 521, of Assam, Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands ; and B. mollis, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 521 ; Gamble 15, of Sikkim, Bhutan, Sylhet and Burma, ascending to 6,000 feet. Eurycoma Zon^'i/bKa, Jack ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 52 ; Kurz i._202, is a small tree -of Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands, with a bitter bark which, in the Malay Archipelago, is used as a febrifuge. Suriana maritima, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 522 ; W. and A. Prodr. 361 (Surianece), is a sea-side shrab with thick velvety branches and yellow flowers. Quassia wood is the produce of Quassia amara, a tree of the West Indies. 64 siMARUBE^. [ Ailanthm Wood white, soft (moderately hard in Balanites) ; no heartwood. Pores moderate-sized. Medullary rays moderately broad to very broad. 1. AILANTHUS, Desf. Besides the two species described, A. glandulosa, Desf., is a lofty trea, indigenous in Japan, but occasionally planted both in Europe and in Northern India. It grows rapidly, throwing up abundant root suckers, and has for that reason been employed in plantations made to clothe barren stony hills in the south of Prance. It is also often employed as an avenue tree, and is cultivated in gardens. 1. A. malabarica, DC; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 518 j Beddome t. 122; Braudis 58 ; Kuiz i. 20O. Vera. Feru, Tarn., Tel. ; DJi'dp, baga-dh'&p, gogul-dhup, Kan.; Mattipdl, Anamalais; Kambalu, walbiling, Cingh. A large deciduous tree, with thick, rough bark. Wood white, very soft and spongy. Pores large, scanty, subdivided. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, the distance between the rays being larger than the transverse diameter of the pores. Western Ghats, rare in Pegu. Often planted in South India for ornament. Weight, 23 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood not used. The tree gives a gum resin which is used medicinally, especially in dysentery. For Mr. Broughton's report on an analysis of it see Beddome t. 123. lbs. W 746. South Kanara 23 2. A. excelsa, DC; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 518 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 450; Beddome xlix ; Brandis 58. Vern. ^r^3, Mey war; Maharukk, RvaA.., Mar. ; Feru, pee, Tam. ; Fedu, pey, pedda, Tel. ; Gormi-hawat, Uriya. A large tree. Wood soft, white. Structure similar to that of A. Central and Southern India. Often planted. Weight, 28 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used to make floats for fishing, sword handles, spear sheaths and catamarans. The bark is aromatic and is used as a febrifuge and tonic. lbs. C 2784. Melghat, Berar No. 4. Salem Collection 28 2. SAMADERA, Gaertn. 2. S. indica, Gaertn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 519 ; Thwaites Enum. 70; Beddome xlix ; Kurz i. 300. Vern. Samadara, Cingh. ; Kathai, Burm. A small tree. Wood light yellow, soft, no heartwood. Pores small ; scanty. Medullary rays very fine, uniform, closely packed. South India and Ceylon. Weight, 26 lbs. per cubic foot. The bark is used as a febrifuge. lbs. No. 76. Ceylon Collection 26 3. PICRASMA, Bl. B 1977. collected by Kurz in the Andamans in 1866 and marked F.javanica, Bl. Vern. Thityoolen, Burm., has a soft, white wood. Pores small, uniformly distributed, joined by fine, concentric lines. Medullary rays short and fine. Weight, 27 lbs. per cubic foot. Besides this species, P. nepalensis, Benn. is a small tree of Nepal and the Khasia Hills, and P. quassioides, Benn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 520 ; Brandis 59, Vern. Tuthai, Picrasma. j simarube^. 65 tithu, hala, Pb. ; Cliarangi, Hind., is a tall shrub of the outer Himalaya from the Chenab to Nepal, occasionally ascending to 8,000 feet, with a bitter bark, which is used as a substitute for quassia. 4. BALANITES, Delile. 1. B. Roxburghii, Planch. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 522 ; Brandis 59 ; Kurz i. 204. B. cegyptica, Delile ; Beddome 1. Ximenia agyptiaca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 253. Vern. Hingw, ingua, hingol, hingoia. Hind.; Garrah, Gondi; Gari, ringri, Tel. ; Nanjunda, Tarn. ; Hingan, Mar. A sraall tresj with grey bark, 5 inch thick. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard, no heartwood, no annual rings. Pores small or moderate-sized, distributed in irregular bands and groups. Medullary rays short, very broad ; on a radial section visible as narrow plates, with a few fine ones intervening. Drier parts of India and Burma. Weight, 48 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for walking sticks and for fuel. From the seed a fixed oil is expressed. The seeds, bark and leaves are used in native medicine, and the kernel of the fruit, filled with gunpowder, in fireworks. lbs. P 450. Ajmere 48 C 1171. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces Order XXV. OCHNACE^. Contains two genera, Ochna and Gomphia, comprising glabrous trees and shrubs. OcJina is described below. Qomphia contains two small trees : ff. angustifolia, Vahl. : Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 525 ; Beddome li., a small tree of the Western Ghats ; and Q. suma- trana, Jack, of the sea-coast of Tenasserim. Wood red or brown ; grain close, but twisted. Pores small or very small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad. 1. OCHNA, Linn. Besides the three species described, O. pumila, Ham., is a small undershrub of the Sub-Himalayan tract, principally in sal forests, with a perennial underground stem throwing up annually, after the jungle fires, stems 2 to 3 feet high, bearing handsome yellow flowers. 1. 0. squarrosa, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 523 ,• Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 643; Beddome 1. ; Brandis '60. Yern. Sufiari, yerra-Juvi, Tel. ; Warole, mudah, Kan. ; Komari, Uriya. A shrub or small tree. Wood reddish brown, moderately hard, close- grained. ' Pores very small, very numerous, between the moderately broad, but not very prominent medullary rays, which are clearly visible on a radial section. Bengal, Burma and South India. Weight, 51 lbs. per cubic foot. Iba.. C 1305. Gumsur. 51 2. B. 1978 collected by Kurz in 1866 in the Andaman Islands and marked 0. andamanica, Kurz, has a red, hard wood, with the medullary rays prominent on a radial section, similar in structure to that of 0. squarrosa. Weight, 58 lbs. per cubic foot. 66 ocHNACE^. \_OcJina. 3. 0. Wallichii, Planch ; Hook. M. Ind. 524 ; Kuiz i. 205. Vern. Yodayak, Burm. A deciduous tree. Wood light brown, hard, close-grained. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, prominent on a radial section. Bunna. Weight, 54 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. B 3132. Burma (1862) 54 Order XXVI. BURSEIlACE.ffi. Contains seven genera of Indian trees, often resinous. They all belong to the Tribe Burserece, viz.: Protium, Soswellia, Garuga, Balsamodendron, Bursera, Canariwm and Filicium. Protium contains two South Indian trees : P. caudatum, W. and A.; Hook. PL Ind. i. 530; Beddome t. 125. Yern. Konda mamidi, Tel.; Kilevay, niluve, Tam. ; Konda mdvu, Kan., a deciduous tree -with green bark, often ' used for planting in avenues ; and P. pubescens, W. and A , a small tree, resembling the former species. Wood marked by fine distant medullary rays, and small or moderate- sized, uniformly distributed pores. 1. BOSWELLIA, Eoxb. 1. B. thurifera, Colebr. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 383 ; Beddome lii. ; Brandis 61. B. serrata, Roxb. ; Hook, Fl Ind. i. 528. B. glabra, Hoxb. ; Beddome t. 124. Vern. Salhe, salei, sdlgd, Hind.; Guggar, dumsal, Kumaoii ; Salla, hor-salei, ganga, Gondi; Luhan, salai, Beng. ; Kungli, gUigulu, Mtidrikam, morada, Tam. ; Anduku, anduga, parangi, Tel.; Chittii, Kan. A moderate-sized, often gregarious tree. Bark | inch thick, yellow, sometimes greenish yellow, exfoliating in small, hard, irregular flakes and thin plates of much larger size. Wood rough, white when fresh-cut, darkening on exposure, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine and moderate j on a radial section distinctly visible as long narrow plates. Intermediate, northern and southern dry zones, Sub-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej to Nepal, drier forests of Central and Southern India. Weight, 30 to 851bs. per cubic foot (Brandis) ; our specimens give 32Ibs. Wood not durable, but it has been reported that 5 sleepers made of it and soaked for some time in a tank filled with the leaves of Bahera (Terminalia bellerica) and water and put dowu in June 1876 on the Holkar and Neemuch State Railway are still perfectly sound and good. (Indore Forest Report, 1876-77, quoted in Indian Agriculturist of May 1878.) It is used for fuel and for making charcoal, which in Nimar is used for iron smelting. Prom wounds and cracks in the bark it gives a transparent, fragrant, green resin, having an agreeable scent when burnt. It is used medicinally as a diaphoretic and astringent, to make ointment for sores, and as incense (Labanu, hundur, kimdura, hundrilcam), but is not the true frankincense, which is the produce of a tree of the Somali country and Arabia. (Birdwood in Linn. Trans, xxvii, p. 146. Cooke's Eeporfc on the Gums, Besins, Oleo-resins and Resinous Products in the India Museum, p. 81, 1874.) lbs. P 3215. Nagpahar, Ajmere , . . , C 1112. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 36 C 2780. Melghat Porest, Eerar 28 2. GARUGA, Roxb. 1. G. pinnata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 400; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 528; Gariiga. J BTJiiSERACEJ!. 67 Beddome t. 118; Brandis 62; Kurz i. 207; Gamble 15. Vern. Kharpat, katula, kilmira, sarola, Pb. ; Ghogar,haikar, Hind. ; Gurja, Banda; Knkar, haikra, ghmja, mahdrut, C. P. ; Jum, k/iarpaf,, nil bhadi, Beng". ; Mold, Uriya; Gia, Mechi ; Dabdabbi, Nep. ; Maldif, Lepcba; Gendelipoma, Ass.; Chitompa,Gi\-o ; Mroung-shiisha,'M.ag}i; GaTuga,gdrgd,'\:ii\ ; Gupni, kekra, Gondi ; Kehkeda, Kurku ; Karre vembu, Tarn.; Kuruk, Mar.; Chhiyok, Burni. A large deciduous tree. Bark 1 inch thick, soft, red inside, grey or bfown outside, exfoliating in large irregularly shaped scales ; sapwood large, heartwood reddish, moderately hard. Pores large, not numerous. Medullary rays short, moderately broad ; on a radial section visible as narrow horizontal plates. Sub-Himalayan forests from the Jumna eastwards, Central and South India, Chittagong, Burma. Weight, according to Brandis, No. 45, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. The specimens here examined varied fi-om 39 to 46 lbs., giving an average of 40 lbs. This is, very likely, Wallich's Jeeah, 36 lbs. The wood is not durable, but it seiisons well. It is used occasionally for house-building and for fuel. The bark is used for tnnning and the leaves for fodder. It exudes copiously a clear gum of no value. The fruit is sometimes eaten. lbs. O 225. Garhwal (1868) 39 O 346. Gorakhpiir (1868) 39 C 1107. Chanda, Central Provinces 39 E 648. Darjeeling Terai 39 E 1389. Chittagong 46 B 812. Burma , . . 39 3. BALSAMODENDRON, Kunth. Contains four species of balsamiferous, often spiny shrubs or trees. Besides B. Mukul, Hook., described below, it contains S. puhescens. Stocks ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 529 ; Brandis 65. Vern. Bayi, bai, Beluch., a small tree of Beluohistan and the hills separating that country from Sind, as far south as Karachi. It yields a small quantity of tasteless, inodorous, brittle gum, almost entirely soluble in water. B. Berryi, Amott ; Hook. El. Ind. i. 529 ; Brandis 65 ; Beddome t. 126, is a tree of the forests on the east side of the Nilgiris, cultivated as a hedge plant. It is very fragrant and gives a gum-resin. B. Boxhurqhii, Arn. Vern. Gugala, Beng., is a small tree of Eastern Bengal and Assam. The drug called ' Myrrh ' is the gum- resinous exudation of Balsamodendron Myrrha, Ehrenb., a small tree of Arabia and the African coast of the Eed Sea. 1. B. Mukul, Hook. PI. Ind. i. 529 ; Brandis 64. Vern. Gugal, Sindi. A small tree, bark greenish yellow, peeling off in long thin, shining paper-like scrolls. Wood soft, white. Pores small. Medullary rays fine, short. Arid zone, Sind, Eattywar, Eajputana, Khandesh. Weight, 20 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood not used. The tree yields a gum called ' Gugal ' or Indian Bdellium, which is obtained from incisions made in the bark, and is used in native medicine and for preparing an ointment for bad ulcers. lbs. P 448. Ajmere P 2919. Rajputana 20 P 3238. Dewair, Ajmere ... , 4. BURSERA, Linn. 1. B. serrata, Colebr. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 530; Brandis 61; Kurz i. 208. Vern. Murtenga, Ass. ; Thadee-ben, Burm. A large evergreen tree. Wood hard, sapwood light brown, heart- wood red, close-grained. Pores small, uuiformly distributed. Medul- 68 BTJRSERACE*. [ Biirgero. lary rays fine, red j on a radial section distinctly visible as narrow dark bands. Eastern moist zone, Bengal, Assam, Chittagong and Burma. Weight, 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood good for furniture. lbs. B 313. Burma (1867) 4,6 B 2225. Andamans (similar in structure, but wood lighter and softer) 37 5. CANARIUM, Linn, Contains 4 large resinous trees of Southern India, Eastern Bengal and Burma. C. striotmn, Eoxb. ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 534; Beddome 1. 128, is the Black Dammer Tree, Vem. Karapu hongiliam, Tarn. ; Manda dhup, Kan. ; Thelli, Mai., a tall tree of Southern India, giving a brilliant black gum used medicinally and for other purposes (for Mr. Broughton's analysis of it, see Beddome under t. 128). C. euphyllum, Kurz, i. 208 and G. coccineo-braeteatum, Kurz, i. 209 are large trees of the Andaman Islands. 1. C. bengalense, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 136; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 534; Kurz i. 209; Gamble 15. Vern. Goffuldkup^'Nep.; NaTOcipa^lieTpdhn; Tehreng, Garo ; Bisjang, dMna, Ass. A tall tree with straight cylindrical stem. Bark light coloured, hard, thin, rough with horizontal wrinkles. Wood shining, white wheu fresh cut, turning grey on exposure, soft, even-grained, does not warp, but decays readily. Pores scanty, large, often oval and subdivided, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, white ; on a radial section distinctly visible, giving the wood a mottled appearance. Eastern moist zone, eastern Himalaya, Bengal and Burma. Weight, 28 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is much esteemed in Bengal for tea- boxes, and it is also used for shingles. The tree yields a resin which is used as incense ; it is clear, amber-coloured and brittle. iba. E 703. Great Eangit Valley, Darjeeling, 3,500 feet . . . .28 6. FILICIUM, Thwaites. 1. F. decipiens, Thwaites Enum. 59 ; Beddome t. 129; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 539. Vern. Katu puveras, Tam. ; PeMmbia, Cingh. A tree with elegant fern-like leaves. Heartwood red, moderately hard. Pores small, in groups or short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous, at unequal distances. Western Grhats up to 4,500 feet, Ceylon. Weight, 68 lbs. per cubic foot (A. Mendis). Wood strong, valuable for building. lbs. No. 70, Ceylon Collection 68 Order XXVII. MELIACEiE. An Order containing about 20 trees or shrubs, chiefly of the moist zones. The Order is divided into 4 Tribes, viz. : — Tribe I. — Meliese Turresa, Naregamia, Munronia, iMelia and Cipadessa. „ II. — TrichiliesB Dysoxylum, Chisocheton, Sando- riczem, Aglaia, Lansium, Amoora, Walsura, Seynea, Seddomea, and Carapa. III. — SwietenieaB tSoymida, ChicJcrassia, and IV. — CedrelesB , , , . . ^Chloroxylon ani^edrela. Melid. ] MELIACEiE. 69 Of these 20 genera, 10 are described here. The remaining 10 are of much less importance. I'urrcea virens, Linn., T. villosa, Benn., and Naregamia alata, W. and A., are shrubs of Southern India; Munronia Wallichii, Wight, is a shrub of the Eastern Himalaya and the Nilgiris ; Cipadessa fruticosa, Bl. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 545 {Mallea Rothii, Adr. Juss. ; Beddome liv. Ekehergia indica, Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 392). Vern. Nal bild, Hind.; Chendhera, pm~udona,Te\., is a small tree of the western coast, used for fuel. Chisocheton contains 3 evergreen trees : C. grandiflorus, Kurz i. 216. "Vern. Thithatong, Burm., with a pale brown, rather heavy, hard and close-grained wood, and C. dysoxylif alius, Kurz i. 215, are from Burma; while C. paniculatus, Hiern. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 552; Kurz i. 216. (Guarea paniculata, Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 242) Vern. Kalikoura, Sylhet, is a tree of the Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal. Aglaia contains about 10 species, chieily Burmese or East Himalayan trees, among which A. Soxburghiana, W. and A. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 555 ; Beddome t. 130, a large tree of the Western Ghats, with a strong useful timber; and A. edulis, A. Gray; Hook. PL Ind. i. 556; Gamble 16. (Milnea edulis, Roxb. PI. Ind. i. 637.) Vern. Lati mahiva, Nep. ; SinaJcadang , Lepcha ; Crumi, Sylhet, a tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal with edible fruit, are chiefly noticeable. Lansium anamallayanum,, Beddome t. 131, is a handsome tree of the Western Ghats. Heynea trijuga, Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 390 ; Hook. PL Ind. i. 565 ; Brandis 70 ; Gamble 16 (H. affinis, Juss. ; Beddome t. 134. Walsura trijuga, Kurz i. 225) Vern. YaJcusM, ahhaterioa, Nep. ; Limhara, Mar., is a tree of the Outer Himalaya and Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards, the Khasia HiUs, South India and Burma. Beddomea contains two species : B. indica. Hook, f ., a large shrub, and B. simplicifoUa, Beddome t. 135, a tree of the Western Ghats. Most of the Meliaceas give a good timber, and some of the species are among the most important of Indian forest trees. Wood red (yellow in Cliloroxylon , dark reddish brown in Soymidd). Heartwood generally hard and dark coloured, not distinct in Gedrela, in several species of Melia and Bysoxylon. Pores varying in size, often subdivided, always prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, numerous and sharply marked in Chloroxylon, Sandoricum and Melia; broader and often less prominent in the other genera. Con- centric bands of softer texture in Amoora Rohiiuka and Walsura robusta. I. MELIA, Linn. Besides the three species, the wood of which is here described, M^. excelsa. Jack ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 544 ; Kurz i. 212 ; and M. birmanica, Kurz i. 213. Vern. Tau-ta-ma- Tcha, Burm., are evergreen trees of Burma. The wood of M. dubia and M. Azedarach resembles that of Cedrela in structure, but differs in having fine and numerous medullary rays. M. indica has a distinct heartwood, which is hard and close-grained, but the pores and medullary rays are similar to those of the two species first named. 1. M. indica, Brandis For. Fl. 67. M. Azadirachta, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 544; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 394; Beddome t. 13 (14 by mistake); Kurz i, 212. The Neem or Margosa Tree. Vern. Azad-darakht, neb, Pers. ; Nim, Hind.; Betain, Kumaon; .4ya«, Palamow; Limbo, C.P. ; Kohumba, Guz. ; Nimurl, Sindi; Feypam, Tam.; Yapa, yepa, taruha, vempa, Tel. ; Limb, nimbay, Mar. ; Bevina, bevu, keb-bevu, Kan. ; Thimbau- ta-ma-kha, Burm. A large tree. Bark grey, with numerous scattered tubercles. Sapwood grey ; heartwood red, very hard. . Annual rings doubtful : the wood shews alternating bands with, numerous and with fewer pores ; also white concentric lines, whether these are annual rings is a matter for further enquiry. Pores moderate-sized and large, often oval and sub- divided; visible on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, numerous 70 MFXIACEJ!. [Melia. white, prominent, bent outwards where they touch the pores ; the distance between the rays less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Planted and self-sown throughout the greater part of India and Burma. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments : — Weight. Talue of P. Puckle in 1859, three experiments, with bars 2' X 1" X 1", found 49 lbs. 639 Skinnerinl862, No. 19 ... ■ • • „ 50 „ 720 Cunningham in 1854, two experiments, with bars 2' X 1" X 1", „ 52 „ 58^ Fowke in Catalogue, South Kensington Museum, 1859 . „ 45 „ 315 WaUioh „ 46 „ ... Smythies in 1878, the mean of our three specimens • . „ 53 „ The wood is used for the construction of carts, in ship-building and for making agricul- ■ tural implements, and in South India for furniture. It is held sacred by Hindus, and idols are made of it. The bark is bitter and is used as a febrifuge. The leaves are made into a poultice for ulcer.=s. The gum is clear, amber-coloured and used as a stimulant. The seeds are employed to kill insects and for washing the hair. The fruit gives a fixed acrid, bitter, yellow-coloured oil which is used to burn, but smokes badly in burnuig ; it is also used in medicine as an antiseptic and anthelmintic. Its. P 463. Ajmere (sapwood) 48 D 1053. Salem, Madras 53 No. 11. Salem Collection 59 2. M. Azedarach, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 544; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 395 (also M. sempervirens, Sw.) ; Beddome 1. 14 (13 by mistake) ; Brandis 68; Knrzi. 212; Gamble 16. The Persian Lilac, Bastard Cedar or Bead Tree. Vern. Chein, kachein, Sutlej; BreJc, bakaiu, hakayan, betain, deikna, bakarja, Hind.; Malm limbo, malla nim, mukli, CV. ; £akainu,'Nep.; Mallay vembu, Tam.; Taraka vepa, makdmm, Teh; Bevu, chik bhw, Kan. ; Ta-ma-kha, Burm. A tree with smooth grey bark. Sapwood yellowish white ; heartwood soft, red. Annual rings marked by a broad belt of large pores, the outer part of each annual ring containing a few smaller-sized pores which are joined by irregular, wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue. Medullary rays moderately broad ; visible on a radial section as long rough plates. Pores very prominent on a longitudinal section. Commonly cultivated throughout India, and believed to be indigenous in the outer Himalaya, Siwalik tract and the hills of Beluchistan. Grrowth rapid, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius; it coppices freely. Weight, 30 lbs. according to Skinner, No. 92 ; our specimens give an average of 38 lbs. Skinner gives the value of P at 596. Wood used for furniture. Beddome, Brandis and Kurz all say it warps and splits, but Mr. Halsey of Madhopiir writes to say that it is equally useful either green or seasoned. Our specimens split only very slightly, and we are inclined to think it is better than it has been supposed to be. The wood is very handsomely marked and polishes well. The bark is extremely bitter and is employed as an anthelmintic. The fruit yields an oil, and the nuts are frequently strung as beads. The leaves and pulp of the fruit are used in native medicine. lbs. P 146. Sainj, Giri Valley, Punjab 38 P 946. Lahore, Punjab 35 P 1201. Madhopiir, Punjab 40 3. M. dubia, Cav. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 545. M. com.posita,W\M.; Beddome t. 12; Brandis 69; Gamble 16. M. superha and M. robusta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 396-7. Vern. Eisur, limbarra, nimbarra, Bombay; Lapshi, Nep. ; Dingkurlong , Khasia Hills ; Mallay vembu, Tam. ; Bevu, betta bevu, kdd bevu, Kan. Melia.] MELIACE^. 71 A large deciduous tree, with smooth, dark-brown bark. Sapwood grey; heartwood reddish white, soft. Pores large, generally round, visible on a vertical section. Medullary rays white, fine, scanty, pro- minent on a radial section. The structure resembles that of Toon, but all the pores are of the same size and the wood is softer. The annual rings are marked by more numerous, but not larger pores. Eastern Himalaya, South India, Ceylon and Burma. Growth rapid ; 2 to 3 rings per inch of radius in the Madras specimen ; that from Bengal was moderate, 7 rings per inch. Eoxhurgh says that a tree of M. robusta grown in the Calcutta Botanic Gardens from Malabar seed produced in 7 years, trees 46 feet high, with a girth of 44 inches at 4 feet from the ground, which is equivalent to about 1 ring per inch of radius. Also that another, of M. superha, from seed sent by Dr. Berry from Sunda, reached in 6 years a height of 40 to 50 feet with a girth of 48 inches. Weight, 26 to 33 lbs. per cubic foot ; used for building in South ludia. The wood will probably be found useful for tea-boxes and similar purposes, and the tree should be cultivated on account of its rapid growth. lbs. E 705. Great Eangit Valley, Darjeeling 33 D 1093. Madura, Madras 26 No. 49. Ceylon Collection 26 B 507 (28 lbs.) sent from the Andamans under the name oi Barringtonia speciosa. Vern. Kyaigyee, Burm. ; Doddd, And., has a wood in every respect similar to that of m. dtibia, but that tree has not yet been reported from the Andaman Islands. 2. DYSOXYLUM, Blume. Besides the three species here described, the following occur in India : D. grande, Hiern ; Hook. Pi. Ind. i. 547, a tree of Sylhet; B. pollens, Hiern ; Hook. Fl. lud. i! S48, a tree of SCiikim and the Khasia Hills ; D. malabaricum, Bedd. ; Hook, FL Ind. i. 548. (Bysoxylum &^., Beddome liv.). Vern. Poraya, Kaders ; &-aAD.Bed- domei, Hiern ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 548, trees of Southern India. The leaves of several species give out a strong odour of garlic ; the leaves are compound, with oblique often large leaflets, and the capsules are generally large, containing large brightly coloured seeds. Wood reddish, rough, moderately hard. Pores prominent on a verti- cal section, moderate sized to large, often subdivided. 1. D. binectariferum, Hook. f. ; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 546; Kurz i. 215; Gamble 16. D. macrocaipum, Bl.; Beddoiae liv, t. 150. Guarea binectarifera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 11.240. 'STevn. Katongzujlie^cha; Bangi- rata, Cachar; Borogotodhara, Ass. A large evergreen tree. Wood reddish-grey, rough and close- grained, hard. Pores large and moderate-sized, often subdivided. Medul- lary rays mi)di'rately broad, red, wavy, irregularly distributed; the distance between the rays generally larger than the transverse diameter of the pores. Sikkim ascending to 2,000 feet, Assam, Khasia Hills, Chittagong and the Western Ghats. Weight, our specimens give 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood worthy of notice. Kyd [Guarea Gotodhara, Ham.) gives 40'5 and P = 290. lbs- E 644, Khyrbani Forest, Darjeeling Terai 44' 2. D. procerum, Hiern; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 547; Kurz i. 214. Vern. Diiigori, govorpong^ota (Wall.), Ass. An evergreen tree. Wood bright red, moderately hard. Pores large 72 MELiACEiE. [ Bysoxylnm. often oval and subdivided, prominent on a vertical section. MeduUarv rays fine, numerous, wavy, not prominent; the distance between the rays generally equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. Assam, Khasia Hills and Cachar to Pegu and Tenasserim. Kyd (Chiarea Oobara, Ham.) gives weight 47 lbs., P = 617; our specimens weigh from 37 to 40 lbs. It is a handsome wood, well deserving of more extensive notice. It is said by Hamilton to be used for canoes. lbs. B 631. Eastern Diiars 40 E 1434. Assam 37 B 2484 (44 lbs.), B 2250 (40 lbs.) and B 2255 (31 lbs.) from the Andaman Islands (1866) have been put under this species on account of their structure, although Dysoxy- lum has not been described from the Andamans. 3. D. Hamiltonii, Hiem; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 548; Gamble 16. Vern. Bauripkal, Nep. ; Gendelli poma, hosuniya poma (Wall.), Ass.; Bolashin, Garo. A large evergreen tree. Wood red, hard, close-grained. Pores moderate- sized, subdivided. Medullary rays fine, uniform and equidis- tant ; the distance between the rays greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Darjeeling Terai, Assam and Sylhet. Growth moderate, 6 rings per inch of radius. Kyd {Guarea Alliaria, Ham.) gives weight 4fl"5 lbs., P = 523 ; our specimens average 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used in Assam for boats and planks, said not to be durable. Hamilton says it is used for canoes. lbs. E 1259. Tezpur, Assam 47 E 2189. Nowgong, Assam 36 3. SANDORICUM, Cav. 1. S. indicum, Cav.; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 553; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 393; Beddome Iv. ; Kurz i. 217. Vern. Thitto, Burm. An evergreen tree with grey, not very rough, bark. Sapwood grey; beartwood red, moderately hard, close-grained, takes a beautiful polish. Pores small, oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine, undulating, not prominent ; marked on a radial section as long narrow bands, giving the wood a beautifully mottled appearance. Burma, introduced in Southern India. Weight, our specimen gives 36 lbs. per cubic foot; Wallich, No. 175, gave 28 lbs. Used for carts and boat-building. lbs. B 804. Burma 36 4. AMOORA, Roxb. Besides the three we have described below: A. Chittagonga, 'Hisvn; Hook. PI. Ind. i. 559 {Aglaia Chittagonga, Miq. ; Kurz i. 218) Vern. Thitpasaing, Magh; is a large tree of the North-East Himalaya and Eastern Bengal down to Chittagong and Arracan, whose wood is largely used in Chittagong; A. Lawii, Bth. and Hook. f. Beddome t. 133. Vern. Surumb, Bombay, is a tree of the Bombay and Kauara Ghats ; A. deeandra, Hiern ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 562 ; Gamble 16, is a tree of Sikkim and Nepal, from 2,000 to 6,000 ft. ; and A. canarana, Bth. and Hook, f., a tree of the Western Ghats. Wood hard, close-grained, red, with a darker coloured heartwood. Pores small to large, often subdivided, visible or prominent on a vertical section. In. A. RohUuka the pores are joined by wavj- concentric bands of soft texture. Amoora. ] meliacijs. 73 1. A. Rohituka, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. lud. i. 559; Beddome t. 132; Brandis 69; Kurz i. 220; Gamble 16. Andersonia Rohituka, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 213. Veni. BoUtuha, Sans.; Harm karra, harin hkana, Hind. ; SoJidga, Oudh ; Tikta-raj, pitraj, Beng. ; Bandriplial, Nep. ; Tangar'Cbh, Lepcha ; Loia amari, amora amari, Ass, ; OkMoungza, ohkyang, Magh. ; Chem-maram Mai. ; Thiinee, Burm. An evergreen tree with thin grey bark. Wood reddish, close and even-grained, hard. Pores small and moderate-sized. Medullary rays moderately broad, uniform and equidistant, distinctly visible on a radial section. Pores joined by reddish, soft, wavy, concentric lines. The concentric bands in this species are remarkable, as they are absent from the two other species here described. Oudli, Assam, Northeru and Eastern Bengal, Western Ghats and Burma. Average weight, 40'5 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood good, but little used, in Chittagong canoea are sometimes made of it. In Bengal an oil is expressed from the seeds. lbs. O 1362. Gonda, Oudh 42 E 2331. Mangwa, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet 36 E 1261. Tezpur, Assam 39 E 711. Chittagong 45 2. A. CUCuUata, Roxb. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 560; Beddome Iv. ; Kurz i. 221. Andersonia cncullata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 212. Vern. Amur, latmi, naimi, Beng. ; Thitnee, Burm. A moderate-sized evergreen tree, with thin grey bark. Wood red, hard, close-grained, but apt to split. Pores small and moderate-sized. Medullary rays very fine, uniform, very numerous. Coasts of Bengal and Burma. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for posts and other purposes in Lower Bengal, and for firewood in the Sundarbans, lbs. E 414 Sundarbans 44 3. A. spectabilis, Miq. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 561 ; Kurz i. 221. Vern. Amari, Ass. An evergreen tree. Wood red, hard, close-grained. Pores moderate- sized and large, often oval and subdivided, distinctly visible on a longi- tudinal section. Medullary rays fine, uniform, equidistant, prominent on a radial section, the distance between them less than the traverse diameter of the pores. Eastern moist zone. Assam and Burma. Average weight, 48'5 lbs. Wood durable ; takes a good polish. Used for boat-building and furniture in Assam. This is probably Kyd's Guarea (Amari), Weight, 47 lbs. P = 792. lbs. E 1255. Tezpur, Assam 49 E 2192. Nowgong, Assam 48 5. WALSURA, Roxb. B 1986 is a specimen collected by Kurz in the Andaman Islands in 1866, marked Walsura robusta, Roxb.; Hook. Fl. Ind.i. 565; Kurz. i. 223. Vern. Upphing, SyWyet ; Gi/op7io, tsottkmayba,'S>uvrQ.. Wood lio-ht red, very hard. ' Pores small, joined by numerous, prominent, wavy, concentric lines. Medullary rays very fine, numerous. Weight, 63 lbs. per cubic foot. K 74 MELiACE^. [ Wals-ura, Six other species of this genus occur in India : W. tuhulata, Hiem. ; Hook. FI. Ind. i. 563, is a tree of Sikkim and the Khasia Hills ; W. ternata, Eoxb., occurs in the Circavs and northern part of Madras ; W. piseidia, Eoxh. PI. Ind. ii. 389 ; Hook. V\. Ind. i. 563 ; Beddome Ivi. Vern. Walsura, Tarn. ; Wallv/rsi, Tel., is a small tree of South India with good wood and bark used to poison fish ; W. villosa. Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 564; Kurz. i. 223. Vern. Ch/olo, Bumi. and W. pvhescens, Kurz.are evergreen trees of Burma ; while W. hypoleuca, Kurz i. 224 and W. oxyca/rpa, Kurz i. 224 occur in the Andaman Islands. 6. CARAPA, Aubl. 1. C. moluccensis, Lam.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 567; Beddome t. 136. C. obovata, Bl. ; Kurz i. 226. Xi/locarpus Granatnm, Kiin. Vern. Poshur, dhundul, Beiig. ; Kandalanga, Tarn. ; Vinlayoung , Burm. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey, peeling off in regular flakes. Wood white, turning red on exposure, hard. Pores small, often in short radial lines. Medullary rays prominent, moderately broad, numerous, uniform and equidistant. Annual rings distinctly marked by a continuous line of pores. Coasts of Bengal, Malabar, Burma and Ceylon. Growth moderate, 6'6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, our specimens give 411bs. ; Brandis, No. 24, Burma List, 1862, gives 47 lbs. ; Wallich 47 lbs. Used in Burma for house posts, handles of tools and wheel spokes. Gives a clear, brown, brittle resin. The fruit yields an oil used for burning and for the hair. lbs. E 402. Snndarbans 41 B 2514. Burma (1862) 42 B 2239. Andamans (1866) 41 7. SWIETENIA, Linn. L S. Mahagoni, Linn. ; Brandis 70. The Mahogany Tree. A large evergreen tree. Heartwood reddish brown, seasons and works well, hard. Annual rings marked by a continuous line of pores. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, uniformly distributed, subdivided. Medullary rays very short, very numerous, moderately broad, uniform and equidistant. Jamaica and Central America. Cultivated in Bengal and as far north as Saharanpur. The tree was introduced into the Botanic Gardens at Calcutta in 1795 (plants from the West Indies), and although it was largely propagated by layers, no further new introductions were probably made until 1865, when about 8,000 seeds were sown in Calcutta by Dr. T. Anderson. A number of these seeds did not succeed, but in the end 460 plants were procured, three-fourths of which were planted in the Mohur- gong Forest in the Darjeeling Terai, and the remainder at Calcutta. The plant- ation at Mohurgong was a failure, but the growth of ma,hogany at the Calcutta Botanic Gardens, and at other places in Bengal to which it was distributed, has been very satisfactory. The experiment is now being continued, both in Bengal and in Burma, and in time it may be hoped that the tree will be cultivated successfully as an adjunct to teak. In a report submitted to Government by Dr. T. Anderson, of 27th December 1866, he states that 3 trees presumably 73 years of age gave, at 4 feet from the ground, girths of 14 feet 3 inches, 12 feet 3 inches and 13 feet respectively, equivalent to a growth of 3"11 rings per inch of radius. In the great cyclone of 1864 a number of the trees originally introduced in 1795 were blown down J they had then, most of them, attained 12 feet in girth at 4 feet from the ground, and logs cut from them sold at 4^ to 5 annas per superficial foot one inch thick, or at about Ks. 3-6 per cubic foot. Swietenia. ] meliacejs. 76 The following measurements of Saharanpur trees are taken from an article in the Indian Agriculturist, of the 1st June 1876: — Trees planted in 1827-28 measured in May 1873, at 3 feet from ground : — No. 1 . . 90 inches. s 2 . . .77 „ , 1 Height, 80 to 100 feet. 3 . . . 72 „ V Average girth, 88 4 . . 101 „ C inches. 5 . . . 101 „ ) Trees planted in 1839 measured in May 1873, at 3 feet from ground : — No. 1 . . .57 inches. "» Height, 55 feet. „ 2 . . . 40 „ j „ 50 „ Trees planted in 1842-43 measured in May 1873, at 3 feet from ground : — No. 1 . . .40 inches. ■) „ 2 . . . 33 „ [Height, 50 to 70 feet. „ 3 . . . 24 „ ) The first five vary from 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius, averaging 341 rings. „ second pair „ „ 4 to 6 „ „ „ „ 4'78 „ „ third three „ „ 5 to 8 „ „ „ ,, 6'09 „ from which it would seem that the growth gets faster as the trees get older. As the 1827-28 and 1839 trees were from plants sent up from Calcutta, the age has heen taken at 47 and 36 years respectively, the 1842-43 plants were from seedlings, and were consectuently 30 years'' old. Taking the Calcutta and Saharanpur trees together, we have a mean growth of 4'94 rings per inch of radius as the mean of 13 trees, or an age of 58 years corresponding to a girth of 6 feet. The growth in Calcutta is much faster than this, as the Calcutta average gave 86 years corresponding to a girth of 6 feet. The weight of Mahogany varies much. Tredgold gives for Honduras wood 35 lbs. and for Spanish Mahogany 53 lbs., and Fowke gives 52 lbs. as the weight of Jamaica mahogany. Our specimen cut from one of the trees destroyed iu the 1864 cyclone gave 45 lbs. Tredgold gives for the value of P. for Honduras wood 637, for Spanish Mahogany 425 ; Fowke gives for Jamaica wood 546. Laslett's experi- ments give the following results : — Weight. Value of P. Cuba Mahogany, 6 experiments, bars 7' X 2" X 2" (6 feet between supports) . . . . .48 lbs. 642 Honduras Mahogany, 6 experiments, bars 7' X 2" X 2'' (6 feet between supports) . . . . 41 „ 601 Mexican Mahogany, 6 experiments, bars 7'x2" X2'' (6 feet between supports) . . . . 42 „ 587 In Europe the wood is, perhaps, used more extensively than any other for furniture ; it is also used in ship-building. On account of its rapid growth and the great value of its wood, the tree should be grown whenever practicable in the tropical regions of India. In the Calcutta market it fetches from 65 to 8 annas per superficial foot of planking one inch thick ; and in London from 4rf. to Is. Qd. The difficulty in propagating Mahogany in India arises maialy from the want of seeds. In the Saharanpur gardens the trees, as stated above, have never seeded. As far as it is now known, one or two trees in private gardens near Barrackpore, and two or three trees belonging to Government on the Barrackpore road, have been seeding occasionally for many years past. One tree in the Barrackpore Park, and an old. damaged and gnarled tree in the Calcutta Botanic Gardens, which, however, was blown down iu the cyclone of 1864, have also seeded, but not freely. Whenever these trees did seed, the seeds have been regularly collected and sown. All attempts to propagate the Mahogany by cuttings have failed. It has, how- ever, been propagated to a considerable extent by means of layers, and trees raised from layers are believed to be much more likely to produce seed early than seedlino's ; but from their tendency to form low branching bushes, it is feared that they will not yield much valuable timber. It has, therefore, been found necessary to depend upon the West Indies for supplies of seed as yet, and for some years past suppKes have been received and the seedlings regularly distributed, chiefly in Bengal, . ^ n lbs. E 1361. Calcutta Botanic Gardens 45 76 MEUACEiE. [ 8. SOYMIDA, Adr. Juss. 1. S. febrifuga, Adr. Juss.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 567 j Beddome t. 8 ; Brandis 71 ; Kurz i. 228. Swietenia febrifuga, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 398. Indian Eed Wood. Vei-n.^o/T^ • ,• «/^^n£ i f 26 E 3105. j Darjeeling, 7,000 feet [27 o 106 ANACAUDIACE^. \_RhuSi 6. R. Wallichii, Hook. f. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 11. R. vernicifera, DC. ; Brandis 120. Vern. Kamhal, gadimbal, rikhali, arkhar, arkol, lohasa, harki, Punjab ; Akoria, kaunki, hhaliun, N.-W. P. ; Bhdlaio, chosi, Nep. A small or moderate-sized tree, exuding, from between the bark and the wood, a black acrid varnish, which draws blisters. Sapwood white, soft ; heartwood reddish brown, yellow when dry (Brandis) . Structure similar to that of R. semialata. N.-W. Himalaya, from 2,000 to 7,000 feet. The wood is used in the Sutlej Valley for saw frames and axe handles. The juice of the leaves is corrosive and blisters the skin. H 3078. Annandale, Simla, 6,000 feet. 7. Bi. succedanea, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 13 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 98 ; Brandis 131. R. acuminata, DC. ; Gamble 24. Vern. Tatri, arkol, titar,lakkar, rikhul, shash, hurku, Pb.; Raniwalai, Nep.; SerJinyok, Lepcha j Dingkain, Khasia. A small deciduous tree, with thin bark. Wood white, shining, soft, with a small darker-coloured heartwood. Structure similar to that of R. semialata. Himalaya, from the Jhelum to Assam, Khasia Hills, from 2,000 to 8,000 feet. The wood is not used. The juice is acrid and causes blisters, the seeds give a good wax, and the tree is planted in Japan along roads and regularly worked for this wax, which is of a snow-white colour and is made into candles, lbs. H 2907. Nagkanda, Simla, 7,000 feet 32 H 3167. Dungagalli, Hazara 3. PISTACIA, Linn. Contains only one Indian species. The pistachio nuts (pista), which are imported into India from Afghanistan, are the produce of Pistacia vera, Linn., a small tree of Western Asia, cultivated in South Europe. P. Lentiscus, Linn., a shrub of the Mediterranean region, is the true Mastic of Chios. P. Terebinthus, Linn., the Terebinth Tree, gives the Ohio or Cyprus turpentine, and the galls found on it are used in tanning. 1. P. integerrima, J. L. Stewart J Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 13; Brandis 123. Vern. Kaka, kakkar, hakrangche, kakring, kangar, tungu, Pb. ; Kakar singi, Kumaon ; Shue, sarawan, masua, Afg. A deciduous tree, with rough grey bark. Sapwood white ; heartwood yellowish brown, beautifully mottled with yellow and dark veins, very hard. Annual rings marked by a belt of closely packed pores. Pores of two classes : those in the spring wood moderate-sized, while those in the greater portion of the wood are very small, forming interrupted, wavy lines, and grouped in irregular, narrow patches, which are frequently arranged in zigzag lines. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Suliman and Salt Ranges, outer North-West Himalaya, ascending to 6,500 feet and extending east as far as Kumaon. Growth moderate, 8 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 54 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for furniture, carvings and all kinds of ornamental work. It is usually sold in the hill bazars and particularly at Simla, in the form of thick short planks. The leaves are lopped for fodder for buffaloes and camels, and the galls are used in native medicine. Vlslacia. ] ANACAiiDiACEa;. 107 H 6. H 11. H 160. H 926. H 898. H 227. H 2930. ANACAllDIACEfi. lbs Julung, Simla, 4,000 feet .... Komharsen, Simla, 6,000 feet . 50 Hazara, Punjab (1866) .... 52 Hazara, Punjab ..... 46 Murree, Punjab, 7,000 feet. 56 Garhwal (1868) 60 Simla, 6,000 feet 63 3. MANGIFERA, Linn. Besides tbe 3 species here described : M. longipes, GrifE. ; Kurz i. 303. Tern. TKayet-thee-nee, Burm., is an evergreen tree of the swamp forests of Burma ; and ilf./(B.'Sl. Ind. ii. 386; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 23 ; Beddome Ixxix. Vem. Sara, char a, pedda morali, Tel., is a small tree of South India. 1. B. latifolia, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 385; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 23; Bed- dome t. 165 ; Brandis 127 ; Kurz i. 307. Vern. Chirauli, Pb. ; Fidl, paydla, murid, &aib/iilawa, Gurhwal ; Tidr, peirah, Oudh; Achdr, char, ckirofiji, C. v. ; Saraia, herha, Gondi; Taro, Kurku ; Ckaru, Uriya; Kat mad, aima. Tarn. ; Chara, ohinna moral, morli, Tel. ; Charwari, Hyderabad; NusJcul, murkalu, Kan. ; Sir, Bhil; Pval, charoli, Bombay; Lamhoben, lonepho, Burm. A tree, leafless only for a very short time. Bark \ inch thick, dark grey, sometimes blacky rough, tesselated with deep irregular cracks. Wood greyish brown, moderately hard, with a small dark-coloured heartwood. Pores large, round or oval, frequently subdivided, uniform and equidistant, prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays very numerous, fine, reddish, uniform and equidistant, bent outwards where they touch the pores ; marked on a radial section as long, narrow, dark-coloured plates, the distance between the rays being less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej eastwards, ascending to 3,000 feet. Through- out India and Burma. Weight, 36 lbs. (Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 108) ; the average of our specimens gives 33 lbs. The wood seasons well and is fairly durable if kept dry; it is used for boxes, bedsteads, bullock-yokes, doors, window frames, tables and the like. The bark is used for tanning. The fruit is eaten by the hill tribes of Central India, its kernels resemble pistachio nuts ; the)' are largely used in native sweetmeats, and an oil is extracted from them. 110 ANACARDiACE^. [Buchanauia. IbB. O 245. Garhwal (1868) 35 C 1124. AUri Reserve, Central Provinces 29 C 2751. Moliarli „ „ 36 C 2763. Melgtat, Berar C 1249. Gumsur, Madras 32 8. MELANOKRHCEA, Wall. Contains 2 species : that here described and M. glabra, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 25 ; Kurz i. 317. Vern. Thitseeben, Burm., a tree of Tenasserim. 1. M. usitata, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. %b ; Kurz i. 318. The Varnish Tree of Burma. Vern. Kheu, Manipur; Thitseeben, Burm.; Soothan, Taleing j Kiahong, Karen. A deciduous tree^ with dark-grey bark. Wood dark red with yellow- ish streaks, turning very dark after long exposure; very hard. Pores moderate-sized, not numerous, often subdivided. Each pore or group of pores enclosed in a small patch of light tissue. Medullary rays very fine, wavy, numerous. Numerous white, undulating, concentric lines of softer tissue, unequally distributed in the wood. Munipur and Burma. The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse strength : Weight. Valne of P. Benson, in Burma, with bars 3' X 1-4" X 1-4". . found 61 lbs. 526 Skinner, in 1862, No. 91, 61 „ 514 Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 44 , 54 „ Smythies found the average of our two specimens . . 59 „ The wood is used for tool handles, anchor stocks, and has lately been recommended for building, railway sleepers, gun-stocks and other purposes. It gives a black varnish, used to cover buckets to make them watertight. This varnish is used by the Burmese in lacquer work, as size in gilding, for writing in palm-leaf books, and for many other purposes. It has been used in medicine as an anthelmintic with great success. lbs. B 551. Moulmein, Burma 56 B 2518. Burma (1862) 62 9. ODINA, Roxb. 1. 0. Wodier, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 293; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 29; Beddome t. 123 ; Brandis 123 ; Kurz i. 321 ; Gamble 24. Vern. Kiamil, kimul, kamldi, hashmala, jJiingaii, mowen, mohin, moyen, ginyan, Hind. ; Garja, Bijeragogarh ; Bara dabdabbi, halloray, Nep. ; Jiyal, lohar bhadi, Beng. ; Gob, Ajmere ; Wodier, wude, Tam. ; Oumpini, gumpna, dumpini, dumpri, dumper, Tel. ; Kaikra, gumpri, gharri, Gondi ; Kekeda, Kurku ; Shimii, punil, gojal, Kan. ; Moi, moja, moye. Mar. ; Hneingpyoing , Magh; Nabhay, Burm. A moderate-sized or large deciduous tree with few branches. Bark ^ inch thick, compact, grey, smooth, exfoliating in small irregular plates. Sapwood large ; heartwood light red when fresh cut, turning reddish brown on exposure, moderately hard, close-grained, seasons well and does not warp, not very durable. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine, numerous, short, bent where they touch the pores. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet. Forests of India and Burma. Odlna. J ANACARDIACE^. Ill The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse strength : — Weight. Value o£ P. Skinner, No. 101, 1862 found 50 821 Benson, Burma wood, bars 3' X 1'4," X 1-4" . . „ 60 281 Brandis, No. 46, Burma List, 1862 . . . . „ 65 Smythies, 1878, our specimens (omitting the very old pieces and sapwood) . . . . " . . „ 50'5 The wood is used for spear-shafts, scabbards, wheel-spokes, cattle-yokes, oil-presses and rice-pounders ; it might be good for cabinet work. It has been tried for sleepers both in Madras and in the Oudh and Rohillihand Line, but has not succeeded. The tree is pollarded for fodder, especially for elephants ; its bark is used for tanning ; it gives a brown, clear, brittle gum used by the Nepalese as paper-sizing, by weavers in cloth-printing, and in native medicine. With regard to this gum. Captain Campbell, writing from Kumaun, says : " It sells at Es. 2 per mauud, and is used in mixing with lime when white-washing ; it is also used for pasting, and is exported annually to the amount of about 100 maunds from Garibolohand forest in the Kumaon Bhabar." lbs. ■ H 3049. Kumharsen, Sutlej Valley, 2,500 feet (sapwood) . . . 35 P 447. Ajmere 43 P 3225. Nagpahar, Ajmere O 226. Garhwal (1868) 38 O 2992. „ (1874) 41 C 202. Mandla, C. P. (1870) 38 C 1103. AMri Reserve, C. P 48 E 661, Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 46 E 2342. „ „ „ 48 E 1399. Chittagong 44 E 1965. „ . 61 B 1414. Tharrawaddy, Burma 64 B 2517. Burma (1862) 35 B 516. Andaman Islands 60 10. SEMECARPUS, Lian. fil. Contains about 6 Indian species, mostly Burmese. Amongst them, besides the species described, the most important are : S. travancorica, Beddome t. 232 ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 31. Vern. Natu shengote, Tam. ; and S. auriculata, Bedd., large handsome trees of the Tinnevelly and Travancore hills. 1. S. Anacardium, Linn, f.; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 30; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 83.; Beddome t. 166; Brandis 124; Kurz i. 312; Gamble 25. Tiie Marking-nut Tree. Vern. Bhilawa, hlieyla. Hind. ; Bhalai, Nep. ; Bhela, Ikelatuki, Beng. ; Bhallia, Uriya; Kongki, Lepcha; Bawarce, Garo ; kohka, hiba, Gondi ; Shaing, SJiayrang, Tam. ; Jiri, jidi, nella-jedi, Tel. ; Ghent, Kari gheru, Kan. ; Bibwa, bibw, Mar. ; Chyai beng, Burm. A deciduous tree, bark ^ inch thick, dark brown, rough, exfoliating in very irregular inner patches ; inner bark fibrous. Wood greyish brown, often with yellow streaks, soft, no annual rings. Pores scanty, moderate-sized, frequently subdivided, well marked on a vertical sec- tion. Medullary rays numerous, moderately broad, reddish ; prominent on a radial section as loug, narrow, dark-coloured plates. Suh-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej eastwards, ascending to 3,500 feet ; forests of India, extending to Chittagong but not to Burma. Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot (Brandis) ; 37 lbs. (Wallich, Anacardium latifoUmn, No. 4); 271bs. (Kyd); the average of our specimens gave 37 lbs. Kyd's experiments with bars of Assam wood 2' X 1" X 1" gave P = 197. The wood contains an acrid juice which causes swelling and irritation, and timber-cutters object to felling 113 ANACAUDiACEiE. \_ Setiiecarpis . it ; it is not used. The ripe fruit is mucli used ; the fleshy cup is eaten, hut is hest either dry or roasted. The pericarp contains an acrid juice which is universally used in. India for marking ink and in medicine. The ink is improved by the addition of lime water. The green fruit is pounded and made into bird-lime. Iba. C 1157. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 44 C 2746. Moharli „ „ 40 E 678. Kookloong Forest,, Darjeeling Terai 39 E 627. Bamunpokri „ „ 30 E 2341. „ „ „ 33 The Ahiri specimen, C 1157, has pores joined by irregularly-shaped soft tissue across the medullary rays, and has a harder and closer-grained wood than the Darjeeling specimens ; the hark is, however, that of S. Anacardium, and there is no reason to doubt its identity. The specimens from Darjeeling are marked by the absence of the lines of softer tissue joining the pores, and it may be suggested for investigation whether they do not come from a different species of Semecarpus. 11. DRIMYCARPUS, Hook. f. 1. D. raceraosus, Hook. f. ; Hook. Fl. lud. ii. 36; Kurzi. 314; Gamble 26. Holigarna racemosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 83. Vern. Kagi, Nep. ; Brong, Lepcha ; Telsur, Beng-. ; Amdali, Ass. ; Chengane, sangaipru, sangryn, Magb ; Amjour, Sylhet. A large evergreen tree. Wood greyish yellow, hard, close-grained. Pores large and moderate-sized, sometimes subdivided, each pore in a narrow white ring. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, uniform and equidistant, joined by innumerable faint, transverse lines. Eastern Himalaya from 2,000 to 6,000 feet, Khasia hills and Sylhet to Chitta- gong, Pegu. Weight, 61 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used occasionally in Assam for canoes and planking ; in Chittagong for boats, for which it is one of the woods most employed. Major Lewin says that boats 50 feet long and 9 feet in girth are sometimes cut. lbs. E 722. Chittagong 61 12. HOLIGARNA, Ham.' Seven species. M. Arnottiana, Hook. f. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 36. (H. longifoUa, Wt. and Arn. ; Beddome 1. 167). Vern. Kagira, kutugeri, Kan. ; Sulgeri, Bombay, is a large tree of the Western Ghats, where also are found H. ferruginea, Marchand. M. Orahamii, Hook. f. {Semecarpus Orahami, Wight; Beddome Ixxix.) and S. Beddomei, Hook, f . ; 3. Selferi, Hook, f . ; Kurz i. 315 and M. albicans. Hook, f., are trees of Burma. 1. H. longifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 80; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 37.. Vern. Barola, Beng. ; K/ireiJc, Magh. Wood grey with yellowish streaks, soft. Pores moderately large, sometimes subdivided, uniform, scanty, prominent as dark lines on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, white, short, equidistant. Chittagong and Burma. Wood not used. It, lUce all the other species, gives a black acrid exudation which raises blisters and is much dreaded by the hill people. E 3287. Kinkheong Forest, Chittagong. 13. SPONDIAS, Linn. Contains 3 species, including, besides the one described, S. acuminata, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 453, of South India ; and S. axillaris, Roxb. Fl, Ind. ii. 453, of Nepal. Spondias. ] anacaudiacej;. 113 1. S. mangifera, Pers. ; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 42; Eoxb. FI. Ind. ii. 451 ; Beddome t. 169 ; Brandis 128 ; Kuvz i. 322; Gamble 25. The Hog Plum. Vern. Amra, amara, ambodha, Hind. ; Amara, Nep., Ass. ; Amna, Bang. ; Honchiling , Lepcba ; Tongronq, Garo ; Kat mda, Tarn. ; Aravi mamddi, amaium, Tel.; Kat ambolam, Mai. ; Ami, Mar. ; Amte, Kan. ; Jlamdra, Gondi; Amhera, Kurku; Pull ille, Kaders; Gway, Burm. A deciduous tree, with smooth, grey bark. Wood soft, light grey. Pores large, numerous, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, at unequal distances, white, prominent, distinctly marked on a radial section as long narrow plates. Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 3,000 feet in Sikkim ; dry forests of South India and Burma ; rare in Central India. Weight, 43 lbs. (Skinner, No. 116) ; our specimens gave an average of 26 lbs.; Skinner gives P = 614. Wood soft, of no value. It gives a gum somewhat lil^e gum arahic. The fruit is eaten, and is pickled and is preserved or made into curries; the leaves are" acid. lbs. C 2800. Melghat, Berar . E 499. Kookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai E 1296. Cachar (Vern. Tundm-} . E 1497. Sylhet (Vern. Sutrung) . B 560. Burma .... 30 21 25 29 Order XXXVII. CORIAEIE^. An Order containing one Indian genus of a single species. 1. CORIARIA, Linn. C myrfifoUa, Linn., a shrub of South Europe {Corroyere, French), has leaves which are used for tanning and dyeing leather ; its fruit is poisonous. C. sarmentosa is a New Zealand shrub the fruit of which is made into wine by the settlers. . 1. C. nepalensis, Wall. ; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 44; Brandis 128. Vern. Masuri,rnaJcola, Hind.; Raselwa,archarru,pajerra, Simla; .^/^oyk^JNep. A deciduous shrub or small tree. Bark reddish brown, rough. Wood grey, hard, beautifully mottled; no heartwood. Annual rings distinct, marked by a belt of numerous moderate-sized pores ; the pores of the outer portion of the annual rings are small and often joined by interrupted concentric bands of whitish tissue. Medullary rays very broad, short. Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 8,000 feet in the Nortli- West, and to 11,000 feet in Sikkim. Growth moderate, 5 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot The wood takes a good polish, and is very handsomely marked, so it might be used for boxes and small articles. At present it is only used for firewood, and is often used as such about Simla, lbs. H 68. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet 48 H 2853. Mahasu, „ 7,500 " „ 5? H 2885. Nagkanda, „ 8,000 „ 41 114 MORiNGE^. [ Moiinga. Oeder XXXVIII. MORINGEiE. 1. MOEINGA, Juss. Wood softj white. Pores large, scanty, usually in groups of two or three. Medullary rays short, moderately broad. 1, M. pterygosperma, Gaertn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 45 j Beddome t. 80; Brandis 129; Kurz i. 68. liyperanthera Moringa, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 36b. The Horse Radish Tree. Vern. Soanjna, sanjna, senjna, sejna, sohajtia, sainjan, Hind. ; Sujuna, Bang. ; Swanjera, Sind. ; Munigha, Uriya; Morunga,Tsira. ; Saihan, sejan, munga, mulaka, Tel.; Nuggee, Kan. ; Baintha, dan-tha-lone, Burm. A tree. Bark one inch thick, grey, corky, with longitudinal cracks. "Wood soft, white, spongy, perishable. Wood cells large, prominent. Pores large, scanty, often in groups or short radial lines of two or three. Medullary rays short, fine to moderately broad ; the distance between them less than the trajisverse diameter of the pores. Wild in the Sub-Himalayan tract from tlie Clienab to Oudh ; commonlj culti- vated in India and Burma. The tree is pretty ; it is generally grown on account of its fruit, which is eaten as a vegetable and is pickled. The root has a strong flavour of horse radish, and is u-sed in medicine as a vesicant. It yields an oil similar to the Hen oil of watch-makers, which is not the produce of this bat of another species, M. altera, Gaertn., of Africa. It also gives a reddish gum used in native medicine. The leaves and ilowers are eaten as well as the fruit, and the branches are lopped for cattle fodder. E 3214. Calcutta. 2. M, COncanensis, Nimmo ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 45; Brandis 130. Vern. Sainjna, Rajputana. A tree, bark thick, soft, corky. Wood white, soft, in structure resem- bling that of M. pterygosperma, except that the pores are more variable in size and the medullary rays rather finer. Bajputana, Sind, Konkan. Wood apparently not used. The unripe fruit is eaten. E 3226. Nagpahar, Ajmere. Oedee XXXIX. CONNARACEiE. An Order of little importance, containing 4 genera of Indian trees and shrubs, found in Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma. Sourea contains 5 species, four being scandent shrubs from Eastern Bengal, Tenasserim, and the Andamans ; and one, It. santaloides, Vahl. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 47 ; Beddome Ixxxi. from South India, Connarus contains 6 Burmese and two South Indian species : one, C. paniculatus, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 139; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 52, extending to Chittagong, Sylhet and the Khasia Hills. Cnestis ramiflora, GxiW. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 54. (O. platantha, Griff. ; Kurz i. 828.) Vern. Tankyet louk, Burm,, is a large climbing shrub of Burma ; and EUipanthus contains three Burmese shrubs or small trees. Order XL. LEGUMINOS^. The largest Order of Indian trees, shrubs or climbers. It contains about 70 genera containing species distributed over the whole of India, equally in the arid regions of LESUIIINOS^. 115 tlie Inner Himalaya and in the tropical forests of Malabar and Tenasserim. Many of the largest and most important of our forest trees belong to this Order, and with few exceptions they produce valuable timbers. It is divided into three Sub-Orders, eiz. — I. PapilionacesB. II. Csesalpiniese. III. Mimosese. With the exception of the following' genera, Sesiania, Buiea, Hry- thrina, Pongamia, and a few species of Valbergia [D. lanceolaria and 'pani- culata), the wood of the Leguminosse is characterised by a distinct, hard, dark-coloured hearfcwood. The pores vary in size, but are generally moderate-sized, large or very large, and enclosed in rings or patches of soft texture, which frequently are confluent, so as to form concentric bands. The medullary rays are generally shai-ply defined, moderately broad and equidistant (exceptions are Uri/i/mna and Albizzia). As regards the structure of their wood, leguminous trees may be most conveniently divided into the following groups, which it will be seen do not correspond with the established division of the Order into genera ; — A. OuGEiNiA Geoup. Pores enclosed in elongated patches of soft tissue, which are arranged in more or less concentric lines. Exceedingly prominent and straight medullary rays. To this group belong Ougeinia dalbergioides, Afzelia, hijuga, Tamarindus indica, Cassia Fistula, marginata and the new Cassia from the Andaman Islands. B. Pkosopis Gkoop. Pores enclosed in irregularly shaped patches of soft tissue, which are more or less united in concentric bands. To this group belong' Pros- opis spicigera, and the following species of Acacia, viz. : Farnesiana, Catechu, leucophlcea, eiurnea and pennata. Indigofera, Piptantkus and Desmodium are nearly allied to this group, but difiFer by having the patches of soft tissue more oblique and less concentric. To this group also belongs Hamatoxylon eampeac&ianum, or " Log- wood." C. DALBBRaiA Group. Numerous, narrow, wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue, sometimes interrupted. To this belong all species of Dalbergia, except D. nigres- cens, the identification of which is doubtful, all species of Pterocarpus, Derris robusta, Casalpinia crista or "Redwood," and Bapkia nitida, the " Camwood " or " Barwood" of the West African Coast. D. Bauhinia Geoup. Numerous, regularly distributed, concentric bands of soft tissue, which are broader than those in the Dalbergia group. To this belong Ponga- mia glabra, all species of Bauhinia, Cynometra, Cassia Siamea and Millettia pendula. IIG LEGUMINOS^. E. Haedwickia Group. Pores isolated, not enclosed in patches of soft tissue, though they are generally surrounded by narrow rings. Concentric bands of soft tissue are either wanting entirely, or very scanty. The medullary rays are generally undulating. To this group belong Xylia dolahriformis , Hard- wickia, Adenanthera, Piptadenia, Mimosa, Acacia arabica, modesta and/emiffinea, Coesalpinia Sappan and ecMnata (Brazil or Pernambuco wood) . F. Albizzia Group. Pores isolated, generally large, not enclosed in patches of soft tissue. None or very few concentric lines of soft tissue. To this group belong all species of Aliizzia, Acacia dealbata and Melanoxylon, Acrocarpm, Sesbania, and Balbergia niffrescens. G. Erythrina Group. Pores large. Distinguished by broad medullary rays and broad bauds of soft tissue which do not always enclose the large pores. To this group belong all species of Erythrina, and Butea frondosa. Sub-order I. PAPILIONACEJES. Contains 35 genera, divided into 8 tribes, me : — Tribe I. — Podalyriese .... Piptanthus. „ II. — Genistese .... Friotropis and Crotalaria. „ III. — Galegese Indigofera, Colutea, Millettia, Mundulea, Tephrosia, Sesbania and Caragana. „ IV. — Hedj'saresB Lespedeza, Alhagi, JEsehyno- mene, Ormocarpum, Ougeinia and Desmadium. „ V. — Vioese Abrus. „ VI. — Phaseolese .... Mucuna, lErythrina, Spatholo- bus, Butea, Dioclea, Pueraria, Cajanus, CylistasmA. Flemingia. „ VII. — Dalbergiese .... Dalbergia, Pterocarpus, Ponga- mia and Derris. „ VIII. — Sophorese .... Dalhousiea, Calpumia, Sophora, Huchresta and Ormosia. Many of these, however, contain only small shrubs ; such are Priotropis, Cro- talaria, Colutea, Mundulea, Tephrosia, Caragana, Lespedeza, Alhagi, ^schyno- mene, Ormocarpum, Cajanus, Flemingia, Dalhousiea, and CaVpurnia : others only climbing shrubs ; such are Abrus, Mucuna, Spatholohus, Dioclea, Pueraria and Cylista. Of the genera not here described, Sopkora contains about six species of which 8. mollis, WsXX.; Brandis 132. Yevn. Arghawdn, Afg. ; Oojdr, hun, m&lan, tilun, kathi, brisari, Punjab; Pahar gungri, Kumaun, is a yellow-flowered handsome shrub of the Punjab and North-West Himalaya; and Ormosia travancoriea,'BeidiOmet. 45, is a tree of the Tinnevelly and Travancore Hills. 1. PIPTANTHUS, D. Don. 1. P. nepalensis, D. Don ; Hook. El. Ind. ii. 63 ; Brandis 132 ; Gamble 35. Vern. Batikarti, Sutlej; Shalgari, Kumaun. Tiplanilms. ] leguminos^e. 117 A shrub with greenish-grey bark. Wood white. Pores small, in wavy, oblique and concentric bands, except at the inner edge of the annual rings, which are marked by a continuous line of pores. Medul- lary rays fine, equidistant. Hirrialaya from tlie Sutlej to Bhutan, above 7,000 feet. Has handsome, large, yellow flowers, and is sometimes planted for ornament in the hills and in Europe. lbs. H 3024. Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet 40 Friotropis cytisoides, W. and A. ; Kurz i. 363 ; Gamble 25, is a yellow-flowered branching shrub of the Eastern Himalaya and Burma. Crotalaria contains numer- ous shrubs, of which the most important is C.jimcea, Linn., the " Sunn Hemp Plant," commonly cultivated in India. 2. INDIGOFERA, Linn. Contains a number of Indian species, about 16 of which are shrubs. Pew of them are of any importance except the Indigo Plant, I. tinctoria, Linn. ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 379 ; Brandis 185. Vern. Nil, Hind, which is extensively cultivated in Bengal, the North-Western Provinces, the Punjab, Sind and South India. I. pulcJiella, Eoxb. PL Ind. iii. 382 ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 101 ;Beddume Ixxxv. ; Brandis 136 ; Kurz i. 361 ; Gamble 25. Vern. Sahena, sakna hahna, Hiud. ; Baroli, Mar. ; Togrl, Bhil ; JBalori, Kurku; SV^^j, Lepcha ; Tau maiyain, 'Bnrm., is a large, handsome, pink- flowered shrub of the forests of the Sub-Himalayan tract, South India and Burma ; its flowers are sometimes eaten as a vegetable in Central India. 1. I. heterantha, Wall. ; Brandis 135. I. Gerardiana, Wall.; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 100 {var.). Vern. Rati, khenti, mattu, hats, slidgali,^\>.; Kathi, tJieot, Simla. A small shrub. Bark \ inch thick, brown, with longitudinal anas- tomosing lines. Wood hard, white, with an irregular heartwood of dark colour. Annual rings distinctly marked by a white line and by a con- tinuous belt of pores. Pores small, enclosed in patches of softer tex- ture, which frequently join, forming short, interrupted, concentric bands. Medullary rays fine, numerous, almost equidistant. North-West Himalaya and eastern skirts of the Sniiman Eange, ascending to 8,000 feet. Growth slow, 20 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 56 lbs. per cubic foot. The twigs are used for basket work and often form part of the twig bridges of the North- West Himalaya. lbs. H 2825. Pagu, Simla, 8,000 feet H 2870. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet H 2935. Mahasu, Simla, 7,000 feet 56 2. I. atropurpurea, Ham. ; Brandis 136 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 101; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 381. Vern. Bankaii, kala sahena, sahna, Hind. ; Khentijjand, Kaghan ; KatJii, gorhatri, Kashmir. A shrub of smaller size, but with wood of structure similar to that of /. heleraniha. Salt Eange from 2,500 to 5,000 feet. Outer Himalaya from the Jhelum to Nepal, ascending to 9,000 feet, but found as low as 1,200 feet on the Siwalik Hills. The twigs are used for basket work and twig bridges. H 2824^ Cheog Forest, Simla, 7,000 feet 118 LEGuiiiNOSiE. \_Indigofera, Colutea nepalensis, Sims.; Brandis 136. {C.arhoresceng,Jjmsi.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 103). The Bladder Senna. Vern. Brda, Ladak, is a shrub of tliearid valleys of the Inner Himalaya. 8. MILLETTIA, Wight and Arn. Contains ahout 22 species of trees, shrubs or climbers chiefly from Eastern Bengal and Burma, The genus may be divided into 2 sections; — 1. Trees, containing 7 Burmese and 1 Eastern Bengal species. 2. Climbers, containing 8 species from Burma, 7 from Northern and Eastern Bengal, 3 from Southern India, and 1 from North-West and Central India. M. pulchra, Bth. ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 104 ; Kurz i. 355. Vern. Thitpagan, Burm., is an erect tree of the forests of the Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal ascending to 4,000 feet. M. pendula, Bth. ; M. tetraptera, Kurz ; M. pubinerois, Kurz ; M. ovalifalia, Kurz; M. Srandisiana, Kurz; and M. atropurpurea, Bth.; Kurz i. 358. Vern. Kway tanyeng, tanyengnee, Burm., are all trees of Burma. Among the climbers, M. auriculata. Baker ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 108 ; Brandis 138 ; Gamble 26. (i?oJma macrophylla, Eoxb. PL Ind. iii. 329, Otosemma macrophylla, Bth.) Vern. Maudh, Oudh ; Gonjha, gavj, Kumaun ; Gurur, Gondi ; Murari, Kurku ; Gonjo, Nep. ; Brurih, Lepcha. (No. 3479, Sukna Porest, Darjeeling Terai) is a very common large climber of the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Sutlej to Bhutan, ascending to 3,500 feet. M. cinerea, Bth. and M. pachycarpa, Bth., with 3 other species, are common in the forests of Sikkim and the Khasia Hills ; while M. monticola, Kurz, is only found in the forests of Sikkim above 6,000 feet and at Nattoung in Martaban, between 6,500 and 7,200 feet. 1. M. pendula, Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 105. M. leucantha, Kurz i. 856. Vern. Thinwin, Burm. A deciduous tree, with small purplish black heart wood, beautifully streaked, very hard. Pores few, moderate-sized, joined by narrow con- centric bands of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, uniform and equally distributed. Savannah forests and dry lower hill forests of Burma, up to 2,000 feet. Weight, Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 41, gives 60 lbs. ; our specimens 66 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for cross pieces of harrows, and is worthy of attention for its beautiful grain and dark colour. lbs. B 2520. Myodwin, Burma (1862) 66 B 2249 (73 lbs. ) from the Andamans andB 3141 (67 lbs.) from Myodwin, Burma (1862). Vern. Chloani, Burm. ; have a dark, reddish brown, very hard heartwood, in structure resembling that of M. pendula. It is doubtless a species of Millettia. Mundulea suherosa, Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 110 ; Beddome Ixxxv. is an orna- mental small tree of South India, and TepJirosia contains several shrubs, among which may be noticed T. Candida, DC. ; Hoot. Fl. Ind. ii. Ill ; Brandis 138 ; Gamble 26. 'Vevu' Lehtia, Kumaun ; Bodle, Nep., a handsome white-flowered shrub of the Sub- Himalyan tract, Eastern Bengal and Burma. Its leaves are used to poison fish. 4. SESBANIA, Pers. Soft-wooded shrubs or trees. "Wood white, soft. Medullary rays fine and closely packed. 1. S. segpytiaca, Pers. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 114; Beddome Ixxxvi. ; Brandis 137 ; Kurz i. 363 ; Gamble 26. JSschynomene Sesban, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 333, Vern. Jait, jhijan, janjhan, dhandidin, Hind. ; Jayanti, Bang.; Saori,sewri, Berar ; Shewari, Dekkan; Suiminta, Tel. ; Yaythagyee, Burm. Sesiania.'] LEGUMiNOSiE. 119 A soft-wooded tree, 10 to 12 feet high. Wood white, extremely soft. Pores small, in short, linear, radial groups, between the very fine and very numerous medullary rays ; the distance between rays being less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Cultivated in many parts of India and Burma, wild in tropical Africa. Weiglit, 27 lbs. per cubic foot. Not durable. Grown in Berar and the Dekkan to furnisb poles as a substitute for bamboo ; the bark is made into rope, the wood is used to boil jaggery, and the leaves and branches are cut for cattle fodder. It is commonly planted in Bengal as a hedge-plant, for which pur- pose its very quick growth renders it suitable. It is also sometimes grown to support the plantations of the betel pepper. Eoxburgh says the wood is said to make the best gun- powder charcoal, and Kurz that it is good for children's toys. lbs.* C 870. Amraoti, Berar 27 2. S. grandiflora, Pers. ; Hook. M. Ind. ii. 115 ; Beddome Ixxxvi. ; Braudis 137 ; Kurz i. 362. Mschynomene grandi flora, Eoxb. Fl. lud.iii. 830. Agati grandiflora, Desv. ; W. and A. Prodr. 215. Vern. Basna, Hind. ; Buha, hah, agasta, Beng. ; Bagfal, Sundarbans ; Hadga, heta, Berar; Agati, Tam. ; Avesi, Tel. ; Agase, Kan. ; Pouhpan,pouJcpyoo, Burm. A short-lived, soft-wooded tree, with large handsome flowers, at- taining 20 to 30 feet in height. Wood white, soft. Pores small and moderate-sized, often in radial groups of 3 to 5 between the numerous, fine, white medullary rays. Cultivated in Southern India, Burma, and in the Ganges Doab. Weight, 32 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is not durable ; in Lower Bengal it is used for posts for native houses and for firewood (Home) ; in Berar and the Dekkan it is grown as a substitute for bamboo. The tender leaves, pods and flowers are eaten as a vegetable, and the tree is grown as a suppoi't for the betel pepper vine ; it is easily known by its very large, handsome, pink flowers and long narrow pods. lbs. C871. Amraoti, Berar 32 Caragana, Brandis, 133 contains several low spinescent shrubs of the arid region of the Punjab, Sind and Beluchistau, and the inner valleys of the Punjab Himalaya. Lespedeza contains a number of undershrubs of Northern India and Burma. Among these, L. eriocarpa, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 144, is a shrub of the Himalaya between 3,000 and 9,000 feet, with handsome purple flowers and a hard red wood. Pores mode- rate-sized, scattered or in short concentric lines. Medullary rays fine. Pew concentric lines of soft tissue. (H. 3192. Nowti Valley, Simla, 4,000 feet). AlJiagi Maurorum, Desv. ; Brandis 144. (Hedysarum Alhagi, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 344.) The Camel Thorn. Vern. Jawasa, Hind., is a widely-spread shrub of the Ganges Valley and the arid and northern dry zones, whose leaves are used as fodder for camels, ^scliynomene aspera, Linn.; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 152; Brandis 147; (Hedysarum lagenarium, Hoxh. Fl. Ind. iii. 365.) Vern. Sola, phul-sola, Hind., Beng. ; NirjUuza, Tel., is the Solak plant of tanks and marshes in Bengal, from whose stems the well-known white pith is obtained which is used for making hats, toys, and for other purposes. Ormocarpum sennoides, Kurz i. 390, is an evergreen shrub of the plains of Central and South India. 5. OUGEINIA, Bth. 1. 0. dalbergioides, Beuth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 161 ; Beddome t. 36 ; Brandis 146. Ballergia Oojeinensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 220. Vern. Sandan, asainda, tinnas, timsa. Hind. ; Shdnjan, pdnan, Oudh ; Sandan pipli, Nep. ; Bandhona, Uriya ; Kola palas, tewas, Mar. ; Ser, shermana, Gondi ; Dargu, tella moihu, Tel. ; Kari niufal, Kan. ; Tewsa, Bhil; Rutok, Kurku ; Tunnia, Banswaraj Telus, Khandeisb. 120 LEGUMINOS^. \_Ougeinia. A modevate-sized deciduous tree, under certain circumstances gre- garious. Bark \ inch thick, light brown, sometimes with bluish patches, with regular longitudinal and horizontal cracks. Sapwood small; heartwood mottled, light brown, sometimes reddish brown, hard, close- grained ; annual rings indistinct. Pores moderate-sized, enclosed in irregularly-shaped, more or less concentric but interrupted patches and bands of white soft tissue. These patches, which are tapering and point- ed at the ends, are separated by irregularly-shaped belts of firm and darker-coloured shining tissue, in which the fine and numei'ous, white, uniform and equidistant medullary rays are distinctly visible. Pores marked on a longitudinal section. Chiefly in the intermediate zone. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej to the Tista, ascending to 5,000 feet ; Central India and the Western Coast. Weight, 51 to GOVos. (Brandts) ; R. Thompson gives 58 ; our specimens give an average of 55 lbs. The wood is tough and durable, and takes a beautiful polish. It is used for agricultural implements, carriage poles, wheels and furniture ; also for building. The tree gives an astringent red gum ; the bark is pounded and used to intoxicate fish ; and the branches are lopped for cattle fodder. A crystalline substance, probably magnesia, is sometimes found in the wood (see specimen E 601). lis. P 102. Sutlej Valley, Punjab . O 212. Garhwal (1868) C 185. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) C 1152, Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces C 2767. Melghat, Berar C 1242. Gumsur, Madras . E 601. Lohagarhi, Darjeeling Terai . W1226. North Kanara 52 53 54 55 52 67 53 6. DESMODIUM, Desv. Contains a number of shrubs found 'in the forests in almost all parts of India. D. pulchellum, Bth.; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 162; Brandis 145; Kurz i. 383; Gamble 26 {Bedysarum pulchellum, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii 361) Vern, Juia-salpani, Beng. ; Set hrishfiapani, Cuttack ; Toungtamin, Burm., is a common erect shrub with the flowers in the axils of bifoliolate bracts. _ D. gyroides, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 175 ; Kurz i. 388 ; Gamble 37. Vern. Bolu, Ne'p., is an erect, blue-flowered shrub of the Himalayas, Eastern Bengal and Burma ; w^A D.gyrans,T)Qi.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 174; Brandi^ 146 ; Gamble 37 [Medysarum gyrans, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 351) Vern. Gora- chand, Beng., is common in India and Burma, and generally known as the " Telegraph Plant " from its small, sensitive, rotating, lateral leaflets. 1. D. tilisefolium, G. Don. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. ICS-;. Brandis 145. Vern. Sambar, shamru, chamra, chamydr, chamkat, chamMl, martan, motha, gurshagal,pn, mardra, muss, mwrt, laher, Hind. A large deciduous shrub, with thin, grey bark. Wood yellowish brown, with a darker centre. Pores small. Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of small pores ; in the outer part of each annual ring the pores are very small, and generally arranged in short, linear, wavy, concentric lines. Medullary rays white, fine to very fine. Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, between 3,000 and 9,000 feet. Growth slow, 14 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 53 lbs. per cubic foot. The bark is extensively used for rope-making and paper. lbs. H 3184. Dungagalli, Hazara, 8,000 feet H 51. Nagkanda, Simla, 7,000 feet H 3934. Mahasu, Simla 7,000 feet 53 H 3019. Kotgarh, Simla, 7,000 feet (var. ar^e»^c«OT, Wall.) Desmodium.] leguminos^, 121 2. D. Cephalotes, Wall.; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 161; Beddome Ixxxvii. ; Kurz i. 386; Gamble 26. Hedysarum Cephalotes and umbellatum, Roxb. M. Ind. iii. 360. Vern. BodleMru, Nep. ; ManipJityol, Lepcha ; Cheten- ta, Tel. A shrub with grey bark and yellowish woodj which in structure resembles that of B. tiUcefolium. Eastern Himalaya, South India and Burma. E 3281. Dainali Reserve, Western Duars. Abi'iis contains 3 species, of wlaich A. precatorius, Linn. ; Hook. FL Ind. ii. 175'; Eoxl). PI. Ind. iii. 258; Brandis 139. Vern. 6-uncki, rakti, Hind. ; Maspati, Nep., is a wiry climber, whose seeds [rakti) are used as weiglits by jewellers ; they weigh I5 to 2 grains each. Mucuna contains several large climbers of Bengal and Burma, among which the chief are ilf. imbricafa, DC. Vern. Easi, Bang., with large plaited pod, covered with stinging hairs (No E 483 Darjeeling Terai), and soft, very porous wood ; M. maerocarpa, Wall. ; Gamble 28. Vern. Balenqra, Nep., an enormous climber of the hills of Sikkim, Khasia, Sylhet and Burma up to 7,000 feet ; and ISI, pruriens, DC. The Cowhage Plant. Vern. ^Zfcs(£, Beng. ; ZiwacJi, goncha, Hindi. ; EouatcJi,'Se'g., which is an annual climber, well known in the forests from its golden brown, velvety pod, covered with irritating hairs, which are used as a vermifuge. 7. ERYTHRINA, Linn. Contains 7 species of Indian soft-wooded, handsome-flowered, deciduous trees. S. ovalifolia, Koxb. PL lud. iii. 254 ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 189 ; Beddome Ixxxviii. ; Kurz i. 367. Vern. Mari-hekra, Beng. ; Kone kathit, Burai., is a tree of the coast forests of Chittagong, Arracan and Pegu, extending northwards to Sylhet and Assam. E. Uthosperma, Miq. Vern. Yea-kathit, Burm. and -B. holosericea, Kurz i. 367, are trees of Burma, while E. resupinata, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 257 ; Brandis 141, is a herb- aceous plant from a perennial root-stock found in the grass lands of the Himalayan Terai. Wood soft; no heartwood. Pores large, medullary rays broad. Numerous concentric bands of soft texture, which, as a rule, have no connection with the pores. I.E. suberosa, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 253; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 189^; Beddome Ixxxvii. ; Brandis 140 ; Kurz i. 369 ; Gamble 27. Vern. Pangra, daiddliak, rungra, rowanra, nasut, maddra, Hind.; Gulnashtar, paridra, thai, Pb. ; Fullidha, Nep. ; Mandal, Gai'o ; Katiang, Lepcha ; Muni, maduga, Tarn.; Mulu modugu, Tel.; Phangera, Gondi; Gada pkassa, Kurku. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Outer bark corky, light grey, with deep, irregular, vertical cracks, varying in thickness up to 1 inch ; inner bark fibrous, ^ inch thick. Wood very soft, spongy, white, fibrous but tough ; that near the centre of darker colour, but no regular heart- wood. Annual rings visible. Pores very large, scanty, often subdivided. Medullary rays short, broad ; the tissue between the rays consisting of narrow, hard, wavy and often interrupted, concentric bands of a darker colour, separated by alternate bands of white, spongy tissue. The tan- gential section presents the appearance of anastomosing fibres. On the radial section the medullary rays appear as long, wavy, shining bands, giving the wood a handsome mottled appearance. Pores prominent on. a vertical section. 122 LEGUMiNOsJ;, \_Eri/thrina. Himalaya from the Ravi to Bhutan, ascending to 3,000 feet. Oudh, Central and South India, Burma. Growth fast, 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 13 to 20 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for scabbards, sieve frames, and occasionally for planking. The tree is readily grown from cuttings. lbs. O 530. DehraDun 20 C 1145. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces E 668. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 13 E. indica, Lam.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 188 ; Beddomelxxxvii. ; Bian- dis 139 ; Kurz i, 368 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 249. The Indian Coral Tree. Vern. Pangra, panjira, pangara, farad, Hind.; Palita mandar, Beng, ; MuruM, Tarn. ; Modugu, Tel. ; Pangara, phandra, Mar. ; Hdliwdra, pdliwdra, Kan, ; Chaldua, Uriya ; Madar, Cachar ; Kaiheik, Magh ; Pen- layhathii, Burm. ; Dudap, Malay ; Errabadu, Ciugh. [J^ocJii wood of Madras). A deciduous tree. Bark yellowish, smooth and shining, peeling oflf in thin papery flakes, young stems and branchlets armed with prickles. Structure the same as that of E. suberosa. Cultivated throughout India and Burma ; wild in Oudh, Bengal, South India and Burma. Weight, 17 to 26 lbs. per cubic foot according to our specimens, but 18 lbs. is nearest the true weight. Wood rather durable, though it is so light and open-grained it does not warp or split, and it varnishes well. It is used for light boxes, toys, scabbards, trays, and is often grown as a support for and to give shade to the betel pepper vine. It grows readily from cuttings and is used for hedges. It gives a dark-brown gum of no value. lbs. C 820. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar 17 B 2343. Myanoung, Burma 18 B 2223. Andaman Islands (1866) ^ . .26 3. E. arborescens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 256; Brandisl40 ; Gamble 27. Vern. Rungara, Kuinaun; Bodinga, fuUidha, Nep. ; Qyeaa, Lepehaj Dingsong, Khasia. The wood has a similar structure to that of B. suberosa and Indica, but it is more compaci;, less spongy, and has more numerous concentric bands of soft texture. Outer Himalaya from the Ganges to Bhutan, up to 7,000 feet ; Khasia Hills. It is very handsome when covered with its bright scarlet flowers ; it grows easily from cuttings, and is often planted for ornament, as in the avenues at Daijeeling. P 3106. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet. B 2344 (16 lbs. per cubic foot) from Bamunpokri, Parjeeling Terai, has been identified as JE. striata, Roxb. ; Beddome 1. 175 ; Kurz i. 369 ; Gamble 27. Vern. Mouri- cou, kichige, Kan. ; Toung hathit, Burm., described from Western India and Burma. The structure is the same as that of E. suberosa. Spatholohus JRoochurghii, Bth. ; Brandis 143; Gamble 27. {Butea parvijlora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 248 ; Kurz i. 365) Vern. Mala, mula, maula, Hindi. ; Debrelara, Nep. ; Terolrih, Lepcha ; Pouknway, Burm., is a very common gigantic creeper of the forests of the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Bengal and Burma, with trifoliolate leaves, white flowers and a soft porous wood in concentric layers separated by a ring of soft tissue exuding a red gum resembling " kino " (E 480, Darjeeling ; 2927, Garhwal, 1874). Jivfea.] LEGCMINOS^. 123 8. BUTEA, Roxb. Besides the species described below, S. superha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 247 ; Brandis 143 ; Kurz i. 365. Vera. YSl paras. Mar. ; Tige moth%, Tel. ; Samur, Gondi ; Tunang, Kurku ; PouJcnway, Burm., is a large scarlet-flowered climber of India and Burma, giving a gum like that of B.frondosa ; and B. minor. Ham. ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 195 ; Gamble 27, is a shrub or climber of the Eastern Himalaya. 1. R frondosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. S44; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 194 ; Bed- dome t. 176; Brandis 142 j Kurz i. 364; Gamble 27. Vern. I)hdJc,palds, kalcria, kankrei, Chiekra, Hind. ; chalcha, Bandelkhand ; Chiula, puroka, C. P. ; Falds, Beag. ; Paldsi, hulyetira, Nep, ; LahoMng, Lepcha ; Fordm, Uriya J Murr, Gondi ; Pharsa, Kurku ; Forasan, Tam. ; Modugu, tnoklu, Tel. ; Mtit(uga,t/wrdSj Kan. i Fams, Mar,; Gasskeala, caluJceale, Cingb. ; Poulc, Burm. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark i incb thickj fibrous, grey, exfoliating in small irregular pieces; exuding from cuts and fissures a red juice wbich hardens into a ruby-coloured gum similar to kiuo. Wood dirty white, soft, not durable ; no annual rings. Pores large, scanty. Medullary rays broad and moderately broad, white ; the darker tissue between the rays is broken up into oblong patches by broad concentric bands of white tissue similar in appearance to the medullary rays ; the latter distinctly visible on a radial section as long, iri-egular band«. Throughout India and Burma, extending ia the North-West Himalaya as far as the Jhelum, The weight is given by Kyd as 32 lbs. per cubic foot ; by Adrian Mendis, Ceylon Collection, No. 11, 38 lbs. ; the average of our specimens is 36 lbs. Kyd gives P =1 335. The wood is not durable, but is said to be better under water, and so is used ia North- West India for well curbs and piles. The bark of the root yields a good fibre which is used for coarse cordage, for caulking boats and to make slow matches. The gum is sold as " Bengal Kino " and has the same properties as that obtained from the Pterocarpus Marsupium ; it is said to be used to purify iudigo. The seeds are used as a purgative and vermifuge. In Oudh and Central India lac is collected on its branches. The leaves are used as plates and as fodder for buffaloes. The tree is well known from its handsome scarlet flowers, appearing in the hot season before the leaves ; they give a yellow dye, which treated with alum is used at the Holi festival. lbs. O 237. Garhwal (1868) . - _ C 1119. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces C 2759. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces .... 36 E 674. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai 31 E2345. Sivoke „ „ „ 40 Dioclea reflexa. Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 1S6, is a climbing shrub of the Andamans. Pueraria tuberosa, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. iL 197 ; Brandis 141 ; Gamble 28. {Sedy. saruni tuberosum, Roxb. FL Ind. iii. 363) Vern. Sidli, baddr, bilei kand, billi, pona. Hind ; Dari, gumodi, Tel., is a large tuberous-rooted, deciduous climber with bright blue flowers and soft, spongy wood. Cajanus indicus, Spreng., is a shrub cultivated in most parts of India for its seed {Arkar, Beng. ; Paisigong, Burm.) and for its leaves which are given as fodder to cattle. Cylista scariosa, Ait., is a climbing shrub of South India and Burma. Flentingia contains a number of shrubs found ia the forests of India, and Burma, among which one of the most common is F. semialata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 341 ; Kurz i. 374 ; i&amble 28 {F. congesta, Roxb. var. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 228.) Vern. Bhalia, Hind. ; Batwdsi, Nep. ; Mipitmuh, Lepcha, a tall handsome-flowered shrub of Northern India with a white wood having rather broad medullary rays, scanty pores and concentric lines of white tissue like that of Erythrina (E 3279, Dainah Forest, W, Duars). 124 LEGCMiNOsiE. [Daliergia. 9. DALBERGIA, Linn. fil. Contains about 28 Indian species, of which one-half are trees and the other half climbing shrubs. About 8 species are found in North-West and Central India, 13 in the Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Eastern Bengal, 8 in South India, and 18 in Burma. The Genus is divided into sections as follows : — Pod flattened, winged at the edges — Stamina! bundle split on one side only . Sissoa. „ „ „ two sides . . DaVbergavia. Pod thickened, not winged, falcate ■. . . Selenolohium (Drepanocarpus Kurz). To the section Sissoa belong the trees D. Sissoo, latifoUa, rimosa and oultrata and nine climbing shrubs. To the section Dalbergaria belong the trees D. lanceolaria, pur- purea,paniculaia, glomeriflora and Mrcina and five climbing shrubs. To the section Selenolohium belong D, spinosa and reniformis, trees or erect shrubs and two climbers. D. rimosa, Eoxb. PI. Ind. iii. 233 ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 232; Brandis 148, Vem. Kaogrum, Sylhet and D. hircina. Ham. ; Brandis 151. Vem. Saras, handvr, tantia, gogera. Hind., are trees found in the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards. D. reniformis Koxb. PL Ind. iii. 226 ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 238. (Drepanocarpus re- niformis, Kurz i. 336). Vem. Kures, Sylhet; Htouhma,~Bntm..; and D. spinosa, Eoxb. PI. Ind. iii. 233. Vem. Yayehinya, Burm., are small trees of the tidal forests of Burma, the latter species, according to Knrz i. 837, having : " Wood soft, beautifully silvery white, close and straight grained. The roots powdered absorb alcohol, and a spoonful of the powder in a tumblerful of water is said to be sufficient to destroy in less than half an hour the eifects of alcohol, even in cases bordering on delirium tremens." D. glomeriflora, Kurz, is a tree of the upper forests of the Pegu Yomas. Among the climbers, which have mostly a hard wood, the chief are D. volu- bilis, Koxb. ; Brandis 152. Vern. Bhatia, banhhara, Hind., found in the Sub- Himalayan tract; and D. tamarindifoUa, Eoxb.; Gamble 29. Vern. Hamar, Nep. ; Keti, Sylhet, of the outer Eastern Himalaya, Eastern Bengal, Burma and the Andamans. D. monosperma, Dalz. (Drepanocarpus monospermus, Kurz i. 337), is a scandent shrub of tidal forests in Upper Tenasserim. D. Cumingii, Bth., is a scandent shrub said by Kurz to give a dyewood, the Kayu-lahha of commerce. D. congesta, Grab. ; and i>. sympathetica, Nimmo, are climbing shrubs of the hills of South India. I). Sissoo, latifoUa and cuUrata have a hard, dark-coloured, heavy heartwoodj while D. stipwlacea, lanceolaria andpaniculaia have white wood without heartwood. All Dalbergias, with the exception of nigrescens (the identification of which is doubtful), have scanty, moderate-sized pores, joined by narrow bands or lines of soft texture. Medullary rays fine, uniform and equidistant. 1. Dalbergia Sissoo, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 223; Hook. FI. lad. ii. 231 ; Beddome t, 25 ; Brandis 149 ; Gamble 28. The Sissoo. Vern, Shisham, sissu, sissai, Hind.; Shewa, Pushtu; Tali, safedar, shin, nelhar, Pb.; Sissdi, Oudh ; Tetie, Tam. A large deciduous tree. Bark between ^ and ^ inch thick, grey, ex- foliating in narrow longitudinal strips. Sapwood small, white; heart- wood brown with darker longitudinal veins, close and even grained, seasons well, very hard. Annual rings not distinctly marked, alternating dark and light-coloured bands, which run into each other. Pores large and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, joined by irregular, narrow, wavy, white, concentric bands. Medullary rays white, very fine, uniform and equidistant, numerous. Pores well defined on a longitudinal section. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus to Assam, ascending to 3,000 feet. Van Someren, in his " List of Forest Trees of Mysore and Coorg," gives it as occurring under the Kanarese name biridi, but it is probably not indigenous in those provinces. The amount of data available regarding the rate of growth of Sissii is as yet Baliergia. ] LEGUMINOSa. 1:25 very small._ In the " Forest Flora of the North-West and Central India," Brandis says that it attains under favourable circumstances, on an average, 2\ feet girth in 12, and 45 feet in 30 years. Since then a few data have been collected, principally from the specimen saplings sent from the Punjab for the Paris Exhibition of 1878. The annual rings in the sapwood are, aS a rule, fairly distinct ; those in the heartwood are generally ill-defined: in either case a lens is required to make them out. The following statement exhibits the rings counted on sections from the Changa- Manga plantation, which were cut in 1877 :— Known age. I^umber of rings ■risible. Ayerage diameter of section. Average diameter of lieartwood. Eings per inch. 5 years .... 6 „ . . - . 7 „ . 8 „ . . . . 9 „ . . . . 10 „ . / . 4 6 6 6 9 6 Inches. 6-75 3 9 12 10-75 11 Inches. 0-75 2 3 4-5 3-2 5 1-2 1-5 1-3 1 1-7 11 Average rinj ;s per inch of s iverage radius 13 The calculation has, however, been based on the number of rings counted ; if we take the known age, the number of rings will be respectively 1'5, 1'5, I'o, 1".3, 1-7, 1-8, giving an average of I'SS year per inch of average radius. But these data refer to trees up to 10 years of age only, and grown in favourable conditions on irrigated land, so that no further calculation can be derived from them, the measurements of older trees being much wanted. But, assuming this rate of increase of ] '55 ring per inch, we should have at 12 years of age about 4 feet girth, which is a much faster growth than Brandis' estimate. The specimens from the Jhelum Sailaba plantations on non-irrigated land gave 4 rings per inch of radius average. This would make 30 years to a girth of 4 feet, which is nearly Brandis' estimate. The Punjab plantations also give the following information : — Changa-Manga plantation {Punjab Forest Report^ l87G-7*T.p. 22). «-p Average Average ^^^- height. girth. Tears. Ft. Inches. Vhankara Circle Compartments 6, 5, 8, Block I . . .6 35 28 Manjoki „ „ 77, to 87 & 99 to 111, Block I . 4 20 9 Delhi Sela plantation {Mr. Minnikin'e Beport, 1878). Chandrawal, Compartment I 3 trees . . , . 7J 25 to 30 15 Kudsia, „ III 6 20 15 " 2 12 6 JaffarKhan, „ IV 6 trees . . . .6 ,,. ig-S This gives for the Changa-Manga plantation 1'35 to 2-8 rings per inch of radius and for Delhi Bela 2 to 314, or an average of 2-6 rings per inch. This gives a girth of 30 inches at 12 years of age, which is Brandis' estimate. A specimen from the Daqeeling Terai, in the Bengal Forest Museum gives 35 rings on a mean diameter of 11 inches, 27 rings being heartwood, ' 126 LEGUMINOSJE, [ I)albergia\ The weight and transverse strength have heen calculated by the following experi- ments : — Experiment by whom conducted. Year. Wood whence procured. Weight. °l Size of bar used. Value of P. Ft. In. In. Cunningham 1854 Gwalior 48 4 2X1X1 697 Campbell . ... Bengal 56 1 6X2X2 923 SHnner, No. 56 . 1862 ,* • • > 50 ... ( 3 X li X li .2X1 XI }870 Bussell j> J, ... 55-5 - X 1 XI 967 Baker . 1829 Northern Bengal (Cos- sipore, 1819). 49 9 7X2X2 762 » • " Northern Bengal (Cos- sipore factory). 45 6 6X2X2 734 )» • . . 9> Northern Bengal ,. 8 3 X li X 1 709 I> • • • »> >» ti • la 2X1X1 606 Brandis 1864 Bengal 49 15 6X2X2 738 »> 3> i» •' . 47 18 6X2 XH 740 » 1865-66 .. ... 46 9 6X2X2 787 i. S» .. ■ . ■ 47 17 3X1X1 869 >» • >» 7. * • . 44 11 2X1X1 854 S> ' » >» ... 45 14 2X1 X0| 919 Smythies 1878 Northern India, vari- ous places. 48 8 The wood is very durable, seasons well and does not warp or split. It is highly esteemed for all purposes where strength and elasticity are required. Clifford says that " in strength it is only inferior to sal, while in many other useful qualities it surpasses it, and has the advantage of being lighter. For felloes and naves of wheels and carved work of every description, for framings of carriages and similar work, it is unsurpassed by any other wood, owing to its fine seasoning and standing qualities." It is extensively used for boat-building, carts and carriages, agricultural implements, in construction and especially for furniture. Formerly, it was more extensively used for gun-carriages than it can be at present, owing to the comparatively small supply. With regard to its durability and strength as a wood for wheels, Clifford says, " The wheels of our ordnance carriages have never failed, however arduous or lengthened the service has been on which they have been employed, of which no more striking example can be furnished than the campaign in Afghanistan, about the most trying country in the world for wheels. Some of our batteries served throughout the campaign, went to Baneean and even to the Hindoo Koosh and came back again to India without a break-down, while Royal Artillery wheels built of the very best materials Woolwich could produce, specially for Indian service, almost fell to pieces after few months' exposure and service on the plains of India." It has been tried and found to be goad for sleepers, and Mr. McMaster in the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. xxiii. 1863, says it will be really good for that purpose. It is much planted as an avenue tree all over India and in forest plantations in ihe Punjab and Bengal. p 145. p 884. p 1205. P 1347. O 205. O 537. 1460. O 1486. Giri Valley, Punjab, 3,000 feet .... Multan, „ Changa-Manga plantation (9 specimens) Peraghaib and SaUa plantations, Jhelum (8 specimens) Garhwal (1868) Dehra Dun Bahraich, Oudh ..,.,., Kheri, „ lbs. ' 44 52 52 49 62 Daliergia. J LEGTJ MINOS*. 127 IbB. E 675. Eakti Forest, Darieeling Terai ...... 47 E 2347. Sukna „^ „ , 46 E 634, Eastern Diiars, Assam 42 2. D. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 321 ; Hook. Fl. Ind, ii. 231 ; Beddome t. 24 ; Brandis 148 ; Gamble 29. The Blackwood or Rose- wood of Southern India. Vern. Sitsal, Beng., Nep., Oudh ; SMsham, sisu, kalarukh, Ihoibeula, sisswi, Mar. ; Sissu, Guz. ; Sirds, sissu, sirsa, sissa, Mandlaj/Sma^ Uriya; I6l, eruvadi, Tarn.; Jitegi,yerugudu, jitangi, Tel. ; Biti, thodagatti, Kan. ; Bhotuk, Bhil ; Sens, Gondi ; Serisso, Kurku. A deciduous tree attaining a large size in South India, Bark ^ inch thiekj grey, with irregular short cracks, exfoliating in thin fibrous longi- tudinal flakes. Sapwood yellow, small; heartwood extremely hard, dark purple, with black longitudinal streaks ; no distinct annual rings, but alternating concentric belts of dark and light colour, which, however, run irregularly into each other. Pores moderate- sized, uniformly distributed, generally joined by narrow, white, wavy interrupted, concentric lines. Medullary rays light-coloured, fine, numerous, uniform and equidistant. Oudh, Eastern Bengal, Central and Soutli India. Growth moderate when young, 5 to 9 rings per inch of radius (Brandis) ; some of our specimens shew 8 rings. It coppices well, is easily raised from seed, and reproduces well naturally. The weight and transverse strength have heen determined by the following experiments : — Experiment by whom conducted. Tear. Wood whence procured. Weight. Number of experi- ments. size of bar. Value of P. Ft. In. In. WaUich, No. 62 . ... India 66'5 Puckle 1859 Mysore , 61 i 2x1x1 1,062 f 746 Maitland . . . 1862 Anamalais , 61 3 X 14 X IJ I to 998 Skinner, No. 64 1882 » • 60 Various . 912 Baker 1829 Malabar . 65 3 6x2x2 822 B. Thompson 1873 Central Pro- vinces. 66 Smjthies 1878 Various pro- vinces. 66 16 Brandis says the value of P may be taken at 950. It is a valuable furniture wood, and is exported to Europe from the forests of Kanara and Malabar. Wood sent to London for sale in 1878 fetched £13 10s. per ton. It is also used for cart wheels, agricultural implements and for gun-carriages. It is good for carving and fancy work, and is used for the handles of knives, kukris and other arms. It has been used for sleepers. Nine sleepers which had been down 7 to 8 years on the Mysore State Railway were found to have, when taken up, 5 good, 3 still serviceable, and 1 bad. It has been grown in plantations in Malabar and Kanara. lbs. „f 464. •» .. ^1467. j'^J'^*'^ C 187. Mandla, Central Provinces (1869) C 2984. Jahalpur (1863) . . . _ . C 1146. Ahiri Beserve, Central Provinces Moharli Eeserve, Central Provinces Bangs Forests, Guzerat, Bombay Gumsiir, Madras C 2732. C 955. C 1236. C 1303. E 492. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai 53 58 62 53 64 64 128 LEGUMiNOS^. \_I)albergi(h lbs. E 672. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 50 E 2348. „ „ „ 60 W 1227. NortkKaiiara 54 W 720. South „ 55 W 855. „ „ 49 D 2044. Mysore 54 D 1072. North Arcot 57 No. 24. Salem Collection 62 3. D. cultrata, Grab. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 233 ; Kurz i. 342. Vern. Yendike, Burm. A moderate-sized tree. Bark 4 inch thick, smooth, with short transverse clefts. Wood purplish black, with darker streaks, with harder wood than, but structure similar to, that of B. latifolia. Burma. Weight, aceorduig to Benson, 83 lbs. ; according to Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 36, 64 lbs. ; our specimens give 69 and 70 lbs. Benson gives, from experiments made with bars 3' X 1-4" X 1-4", P = 1003. It is used for wheels, agricultural implements, handles of dahs and spears, and especially for carvings. The sap-wood is very perishable, but the heartwood extremely durable. Ib9. B 2521. Burma (1862) 70 B 2728. Nawing Forests, Prome (1858) 69 B 2697. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 4. Specimens marked Thitpoke (B2523), collected in Burma in 1862 (Brandis' Burma List, 862, No. 133), have light yellow wood with numerous concentric bands, scanty, large and moderate- sized pores, and very fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant medullary rays. Thitpoke is identified by Kurz as Balhergia purpurea, Wall., Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 235 ; Kurz i. 344 ; which has a small heartwood. To this also belongs B 2230 from the Andaman Islands. 5. D. lanceolaria, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 235; Brandis 151 ; Gamble 29. J), frondom, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 226 ; Beddome Ixxxviii. Vern. Takoli, biiMa, Hind. ; Bander siris, Nep. ; Barbat, parhati, Bans- warra ; Gengri, Panch Mehals ; Marrdni, Dharwar ; Nal valanga, Tarn. ; Pedda sopara, yerra patsaru, pasarganni, Tel. ; Bandous, kaurchi, Mar. A deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, compact, grey, smooth, exfoliat- ing in thin rounded patches. Wood white, moderately hard, not dur- able, no heartwood. Annual rings (?) marked by thin, concentric lines. Pores scanty, large and moderate-sized, larger and somewhat more numerous in the spring wood ; often oval and subdivided, very prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numer- ous, very regularly distributed, joined by very fine, short, white bars. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, ascending to 2,500 feet. Central and South India. Skinner, No. 58, gives for the weight 62 lbs. per cubic foot ; Wallich 46 lbs. ; our specimens give only 33 to 44 lbs. Skinner also gives P = 1003, but it is probable that he has not described the right wood, for, although he gives the correct Telugu name, yet he calls his specimens (No. 53, p. 75) Moukshow, Burm., and " Moulmein lance-wood;" while Kurz, the latest authority, does not give D. lanceolaria as occuiTing in Bui-ma. Skinner says that one log was brought from the western coast, and another by Con- ductor Bowman from Burma. Beddome says the timber is useful for building pur- Balbergia. j leguminos^. 129 lbs. C 1144. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces ........ E 618. Chiimpasari Forest, Darjeeling Terai ZZ E 2346. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 44 6. D. panicnlata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 227; Hook, Fl. Ind. ii. 236; Beddome Ixxxviii.; Brandis 150; Kurz i. 345. Vein. Katsirsa, Oudh; Dhobein, dkohein, pdssi, saPpuria, Hind.; Patchalai,valange, Tarn. ; Poirum, porilla, paUuru, toper, Tel. ; Sondarra, gheodtir, topia, Mar. ; Hasur guniri, pachdri, Kan. ; Piangani, Mai. ; Tapoukben, Burm. ; Padri, Gondi, Bhil; Phassi, Karku. A large deciduous tree. Bark ^ inch thick, compact, grey, smooth, with occasional horizontal cracks. Wood yellowish or greyish white, soft, perishable; no heartwood. Structure most remarkable, entirely different from that of other species of the genus : broad concentric masses of wood alternate with narrow, dark coloured belts of a fibrous substance, resembling the inner bark. Planks cut out of old trees fall to pieces. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays very fine, numerous. Wavy, narrow, concentric bands of white tissue alternate with broader bands of harder and darker substance. North- West Himalaya from tte Jumna to Oudh, Central and South India. (Quoted by Kurz from Burma, hut identification doubtful.) Weight, according to Skinner, No. 55, and E. Thompson 48 lbs. per cubic foot ; our specimens give an average of 37 lbs. Skinner gives P = 872. Wood not durable and very subject to the attacks of insects. Beddome says it is used for building and other purposes. lbs. C 1115. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 32 C 2928. Seoni, Central Provinces 46 7. D. nigrescens, Kurz i. 346. Vern. Thitsanweng, Burm. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood light grey, soft. Pores scanty, large, subdivided. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Dry mixed forests of Upper Burma. lbs. B 291. Burma (1867) 38 B 2522. „ (1862) 39 There is some doubt about the identification of this species, owing to the absence of concentric bands. 8. D. stipnlacea, Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 233; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 237 j Kurz i. 346; Gamble 29, Vern. Tatebiri, Nep. ; Garodosal, Meehi; Ton-nyoh, Lepcha. A large climbing shrub. Wood soft, greenish grey, with a purplish brown heartwood, porous. Pores numerous, of different sizes, small to extremely large, in white, undulating, concentric bands running into each other. Medullary rays white, fine, very numerous. Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 4,000 feet, Assam, Khasia Hills, Chittagong and Burma. Weight, 48 lbs. per cubic foot. Growth, about 9 rings per inch of radius. lbs. E 574. Khookloong Forest, Daqeeling Terai E 2349. Sivoke „ „ „ 48 9. D. foliacea, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 232; Kurzi. 347; Gamble 29. Vern. Tatebiri, Nep. 130 LEGTJMINOSiE. [ Dallergia, A large straggling shrub, with white porous wood with a small dark heartwoodj in structure ressmbling that oiD. stipulacea, except that the medullary rays are broader. Eastern Himalaya and Burma. E 3274. Muraghat Reserve, W. Diiars. 10. PTEROCARPUS, Linn. Contains 4 Indian species. P. macrocarpus, Kurz i. 349 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 239, is a deciduous tree of the Bng and upper mixed forests of Martaban and Tenasserim, rare in Pi'ome. The "Eosewood" or "Lancewood" of West Africa is produced by P. erinaceus, Poir. The wood of the three species examined is very uniform in structure, though the colours differ. They all have extremely fiiiej uniform and equidistant medullary rays, large and small pores, and fine, wavy, con- centric bands. 1. P. indicus, Willd. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 238 ; Beddome t. 23 ; Kurz i. 349. P. dalbergioides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 236. Andaman Redwood. Vern. Padouk, Burm, ; Chalanga-dd, And. A lofty tree, sometimes evergreen, with grey bark. Sapwood small ; heartwood dark red, close-grained, moderately hard to hard, with a slight aromatic scent. Pores scanty, small to large, sometimes oval and subdivided. Very fine, white, wavy, interrupted, concentric lines, irregularly distributed. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistaiat. The transverse diameter of the pores much larger than the distance between the rays. Burma and the Andaman Islands. The weights of our specimens from Burma differ considerably from those from the Andamans, the latter being much lighter, the wood softer and the colour rather lighter. The weight and transverse strength have been determined from the following experi- ments : — EXPEEIMENT BT WHOM Tear. Wood whence Weight. Number ot experi- Size ot bar. Value of P. procured. ments. Ft. in. in. Simpson Tenasserim 62 . • 11 8 X 14 X 1\ 781 „ .... „ 81 3 X 14 X 14 1,676 Benson ,, 71 3 X 1-4 X 1-4 1,033 Skinner, No. 110 18t)3 Burma 66 Various 864 Maitland „ ,, 67 3 X 14 X 14 620 to 1,122 Brandie, No. S9 ,, „ 60 Smythies 1878 Andamans 60 48 3 4 Bennett, No. 1 1872 M 49-6 827 Used for furniture, carts, gun-carriages and other purposes. It is said to be the most useful wood in the Andamans, where it grows to an enormous size. Major Protheroe describes a tree felled in 1876 with a clear stem of 65 feet and a girth of 17 feet, and says that the wood of the root is closer-grained, darker-coloured and more beauti- fully marked than that of the stem. The plank sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1878 measured nearly 4 feet across. In London, a portion of the same log from which the plank was cut fetched a price of £17-10,s. per ton, or nearly Ks. 4 per cubic foot, while three logs lately sold in Calcutta fetched Es. 60 per ton. Furniture made from Padouk wood and exhibited at Paris in 1878 by Messrs. Jackson and Graham was much admired. They reported on it as follows : — " This is a straight-grown wood, with rather a coarse open grain, but without any strong figure or markings. When first out it is of a reddish brown colour, but it fades Plerocarpws.] LKGuiiiNOSffi. 131 to much the same colour as teak — a wood it resemhles very much, and it is about as hard, but much heavier. From the six specimen trees sent us, we imagine that it does not grow to any great size. The largest sent to us measured 1 6 feet long X 1 f oot 7 inches X 1 foot 6 inches. We consider it suitable for all kinds of furniture. We manufactured it into a suite of morning-room furniture, which was exhibited at the Paris Exhibition, and which stood the test of a very hot summer in a most satisfactory manner." It seasons well, works well and takes a very fine polish. It gives a kind of gum "kino." Home's valuation surveys in the Andamans gave an average of 7 mature trees per acre, which shews what a large quantity of the wood might be made available for expoi-t. lbs. B 584. Martaban 60 B 2524. Pegu (1862) 60 B 2708. Tavoy (Wallioh, 1828) 62 B 2716. „ ( „ „ ) 59 B 526. Andaman Islands 46 B 2207. „ „ (1866) 43 B 2494. „ „ (Home, 1874, No. 1) . . . . 55 2, P. santalinus, Linn. f. ; Hook. Fl. Tad. ii. 239 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 234; Beddome t. 22 j Brandis 153. The Red Sanders Tree. Vern. Zal cAaudan, ralda chandan, seyapu ehandanum, Tarn., Tel. ; Honne, Kan. A small tree. Sapwood white ; heartwood purplish black, dark- orange red when fresh cut, extremely hard, the shavings giving a blood- red orange colour. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, scattered. Medullary rays fine, numerous, equidistant, wavy. The pores are joined by many fine, white, undulating, concentric lines at unequal distances. South India, chiefly in Cuddapah, North Aroot and the southern portion of the Karniil district. Growth, Beddome mentions a tree 5 years old having 18 feet 5 inches in height and 9 inches in girth ; this would give 3 rings per inch of radius, which is fast, but the tree was young and the annual growth of old trees is much slower. In Captain Campbell- Walker's Report on the Cuddapah forests of March 1875, he mentions a tree having grown in 14 months to a height of 4| feet and girth of S inches. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 112, 70 lbs. ; our specimens give 76 to 77 lbs. Skinner gives P = 975. Beddome says it is used for building purposes and for turning. It is exported from Madras in billets and root pieces as a dyewood, as it contains a red colouring principle, " santalin," which is soluble in alcohol and ether, but not in water. Dissolved in alcohol, it dyes cloth a beautiful salmon-pink colour. It is used in medicine by the natives as an astringent, but does not seem to have much value. Regarding the method of planting the " Red Sanders " Tree, the following memo- randum by Mr. Yarde was published at page 98 of the Report of the Forest Conference Meeting in 1875 :— " The seeds are gathered in May and sown in July, in small beds about eight feet square, prepared adjacent to where water is to he had. They are thrust into the light soil perpendicularly, or at an inclination, and about an inch deep (just sufficient to cover the winged seed). From 700 to 800 may be put into the nursery beds of the above-mentioned dimensions, and watered every second evening by a watering-can. Seeds soaked for a night in cold water germinate in 20 to 25 days, while those unsoaked take from 80 to 35. After germination has taken place, the beds must be moderately watered by a picotta or other means, with small communicating or distribution chaimels made between the beds. During the first six months particular care in watering is very necessary. Too much water proves equally destructive as none at all. The condition of the soil where planted must be the best guide, as they seem only to inhabit the country where the rainfall is small. " The leading shoot at six months has a tendency to drop from the top weight of leaves, and should be supported with a forked stick, which is suificient to straighten the stem. The nursery must be kept free from weeds, and when the plants in the 132 LEGTJMINOS^. [ Pterocarpus. nursery are atout six montlis old, they may te safely transferred to wicker or bamboo baskets, which must be done during the rains. They must be carefully removed with pointed instruments, so that their tap-roots are not injured or broken. The wicker baskets with the plants should be placed in a shady spot and watered every second or third day, and when it is perceived that the roots have taken firm hold, and the plants quite revived, the baskets should be buried in pits 1' X 1' X 2" at about five or six feet apart, and watered till the rains set in. During the time the plants are in the nursery, as a protection from the sun, I always found Peruvian cotton, planted neat or around, very beneficial. Of course any shade will suit the purpose required." lbs. D 2066. Mysore i . 76 D 2917. Madras (Brandis) D 1075. North Arcot (with sapwood) 66 D 3151. Cuddapah, Madras 77 3. P. Marsupium, Roxb. ; Fl. Ind. iii. 234 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 239 ; Beddome t. 21 ; Brandis 152. Vern. Bija, bijasdr, bijasdl, piasal, Hind. ; Byasa, Uriya ; Bhorheula, dsan, Mar. ; Peddei, Gondi ; Peddagi, yeanga,yeggi,yegisa, pedega, pedei,Hel.; Vengai, Tdiva.. ; Benga, honne, Kan.; Bijaira, Bijeragogarh ; Uadat her a, Bhil. A large deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thickj grey, with long vertical cracks, exfoliating in small pieces of irregular shape and size. Sap- wood small ; heartwood brown, with darker streaks, very hard, durable, yielding a red resin. Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided, uniformly distributed. Numerous fine, white, wavy, concentric lines at regular intervals. Medullary rays extremely fine and numerous; not- visible except under a lens, uniform and equidistant, prominent on a radial section. Pores marked on a vertical section ; the transverse diameter of the pores many times larger than the distance between the rays. Central and South India, extending northwards to the Banda District of the North- western Provinces. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following ex- periments : — Experiment by whom conducted. Tear. Wood whence procured. Weight. No.of experi- ments. Size of bar used. Value of P. Ft. in. in. WaUich, No. 224 . . Puckle .... Skiimer. No. Ill rrenob .... 1869 1862 1861 Travancore . . Mysore . . . • South India . . Madras (Erode workshops). Baggri Forest, Midnapore . . 47 66 61 66 3" 2 x"" i X 1 'i X 1 X i 821 S68 611 Baker (Noa, 601 to 604) . 1829 63 4 7 X 2x2 687 Smythles .... 1878 Different places . 62 10 The wood is durable, seasons well and takes a fine polish ; the heartwood is full of gum resin and stains yellow when damp. It is much used for doors and window frames, posts and beams, furniture, agricultural implements, cart and boat buUding. It has also been used for sleepers. Out of 25 sleepers which had been down 7 to 8 years on the Mysore State Kailway, there were found, when taken up, 9 good, 11 still serviceable and 5 bad. It has also been used to a certain 'extent on the Holkar and Neemuch and other lines. It yields, from wounds in the bark, a red gum-resin caUed "kino," a valuable astijngent, much used in medicine. Pterocarpus . ] LEGUMIN0S2F C 175. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) C 1105. AMri Reserve, Central Provinces C 2741. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces C 2918. Seoni, Central Provinces C 1238. Gumsur, Madras W 742. South Kanara W 752. J, ), .... W 850. J, „ .... D 1061. South Arcot .... D 1086. Madura No. 39. Salem Collection 133 lbs. 47 58 49 56 56 48 45 53 59 52 11. PONGAMIA, Vent. 1. P. glabra, Vent. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 240; Beddome t. 177; Brandis 153 ; Kurz i. 335. Galedupa indica, Lam. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 239. Yexn. Karanj,papar,'H.m^.; Dalharamcha, haranja, Beng-. ; Koranju, Uriya j Tonga, Tarn. ; Eanga, pimgu, Tcaniga, ganuga, Tel. ; Oaranji, Gondi ; Charr, Ajmere; Hung ay, pong, Kan. ; Tkinwin, Burm. A moderate-sized tree, almost evergreen. Bark soft, ^ inch thick, greyish brown, covered with small tubercles. Wood moderately hard, white, turning yellow on exposure. Annual rings indistinct. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, included in and joined by white, wavy, concen- tric anastomosing bands of soft tissue, which alternate with bands of darker colour and firmer texture. In the darker-coloured bands the fine, white, numerous and uniformly distributed medullary rays are distinctly visible. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ravi eastwards, ascending to 2,000 feet ; Bengal, Burma, Central and South India. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 107, 40 lbs. per cubic foot ; our specimens give an average of 42 lbs. Skinner gives P := 686. The wood is not durable, and is readily eaten by insects, but is improved by seasoning in water. In Lower Bengal it is used for oil-mills and firewood ; in South India for solid cart-wheels. The seeds are used in native medicine ; they also give a thick, red-brown oil used for burning, and medicinally as an application for skin diseases, for which it is said to be very efficacious. The leaves are used for manure for rice-fields in Mysore. The tree is easily grown from cuttings, lbs. P 457. Ajmere 45 C 1133. Ahu-i Reserve, Central Provinces ..... 38 E 411. Sundarbans .... ^ .... 43 12. DEERIS, Loureiro. Contains several climbing shrubs or trees, cbiefiy Burmese. D. scandens, Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 240 ; Brandis 154 ; Kurz i. 339 (Dalbergia scandens, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 232) Vern. Gram/, Pb. ; iVoaZato, Beng. ; golari,potra,na,lavail, Gon^i; Cheratali badu, nala-tige, Tel. ; Tupail, Mar. ; Meekyoung-nway, Burm., is a large climbin" shrub, common all over India and Burma ; it has a white, hard wood, with regular structure. D. uliginosa, Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 241 ; Kurz i. 339. Vern. Kelia lota, Beng., is a large evergreen scandent shrub of the tidal forests of Bengal and Burma, whose stems are used in the Sundarbans for tying logs to boats. Several other species, all climbing, occur in Burma, chiefly in tidal forests. 1. D. robusta, Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 241 ; Brandis 154; Kurz i. 338. JDalbergia Krowee, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 229. Vern. Mowhitta, Ass.; BoiJcaiaru, Garo ; Krowee, Sylhet ; Gumlong, Magh. 134 LEGUMiNOSiE. [ Derris, A deciduous tree. Wood light browiij hard. Pores large and moderate- sized. Medullary rays prominent, fine, wavy, equidistant. Numerous narrow, wavy, concentric bands of soft texture frequently joining the pores. Outer Himalaya from the Ganges eastwards, Assam, Eastern Bengal, down to Pegu. Weight, 53 lbs. per cubic foot. Roxburgh says it grows quickly to a large size. lbs. E 786. Kamrup, Assam 53 Balhousiea Iracteata, Wall.; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 248; Wight Ic. t. 265, is a shrub of the Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal. Calpurnia aurea. Lam. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 251 ; Beddome Ixxxix., is a handsome shrub of the hills of South India. Euehrista Horsfieldii, Bennett ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 248, is an erect shrub of the Khasia Hills. Sttb-Oedeb II. C^SALPINIE^. Contains 17 genera, divided into 5 tribes, vie.,— Tribe I. — EuosBsalpiniese Peltophorum, Mezoneurwm, Ccesalpinia, Pterolohium, Acrocarpus, Wagatea, Poiticiana and Parkin- sonia. „ II. — Cassiese Cassia. „ III.— Bauhiniese Bauhinia. „ IV. — AmherstieiB Amherstia, Humboldtia, Af- zelia, Tamarindus and Suraca. „ V. — CynometresB Hardwichia and Cynometra. Mezoneurum and Pterolohium contain only climbing shrubs. The former has three species : M. cucullatum, W. and A. ; Brandis 155 ; Kurz i. 409 ; Gamble 30. {Ctesal- pinia cucullata, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 358) Vern. Bishoprah, Oudh ; Sungray, Nep. ; Runggong, yanghup, Lepcha ; Ragi, Bombay ; Kyoungchet, Burm., a large climber ■whose stems and branches are armed with strong hooked prickles with a corky base, with porous wood, and found in the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Sarda east- wards. Western Ghats and Burma (E. 488, Darjeeling Terai) ; M. enneaphyllum, W. and A. ; Hook. El. Ind. ii. 258, a climber of Cachar, Chittagong and Burma ; and M. glabrum, Desf ., a large climber of Pegu. The latter has one species, Pterolobitm indicum, A. Rich. ; Hook. El. Ind. ii. 259 (P. macropterum, Kurz i. 410. CcBsalpinia laoerans, Roxb. El' I"d. ii. 367)' Vern. Walekaduda, Tel. ; Kyoungyet-nway, Burm., a prickly climber of Burma. The remaining genera contain chiefly trees. PeltopJiorumferrugineum, Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 257 ; Kurz i. 408, is an ever- green tree of the coast forests of the Andamans, said by Kurz to have a blackish heart- wood. Poinciana contains one indigenous tree, P. elata, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 260 ; Roxb. El. Ind. ii. 355 ; Beddome t. 178 ; Brandis 157 ; Vern. Padenarayan, Tam. ; Stmkeswar, Tel.; Nirangi, Ka,n., found in the forests of South India, but more often seen planted. Skinner, No. 106, says it has wood of a yellow colour, tolerably close and even grained, easily worked, and giving a smooth surface, warping slightly, but not subject to crack, well suited for cabinet work ; and that its weight is 45 lbs. per cubic foot, and P = 516. It also contains P. regia, Bojer, the well-known ornamental tree with crimson and orange flowers appearing in the hot season. It was introduced from Madagascar, and is newfound planted almost all over India. Kurz says the wood is white, soft, light and loose- grained, and that the tree gives a plentiful gum. ParJcinsonia aculeata, Linn. Hook. Fl. Ind.ii. 260 ; Beddome xci. ; Brandis 158 ; Kurz i. 403, is an introduced shrub or small tree, now almost naturalised in India, especially in the arid zone, where it is grown as a hedge plant. The wood is whitish, light and soft, but close-grained an^l Cmsalpinia. j LEGUMiNOSiE. 135 polishes fairly. Skinner, No. 102, gives W = 40, P = 565. Wagatea spieata, Dalz. ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 261, is a climbing shrub of the Western Ghats. Amhersiia nobilis. Wall.; Hook. PI. Ind.ii. 272;'Kurzi. 411. Vern. Tliawha, soAa, Burm., perhaps the most beautiful flowering tree in the world, was discovered by Mr. Crawford and Dr. Wallioh at Kogun in the Salween Valley ; it is now cultivated in gardens round Calcutta and elsewhere, and is usually propagated by layers. Humboldtia contains three or four small trees of South India : H. unijuga, Beddome t. 183, is a handsome tree of the Travancore Ghats, said to yield a hard durable timber ; H. Brunonis, Wall., is found in the forests of Coorg and South Kanara, and S. Vahliana, Wight, on the Nilgiris. Altogether, there is scarcely any class of trees with such a variety of species with handsome flowers and generally, at the same time, valuable wood as the sub-order Cssalpinieee. Besides the Indian genera there are numerous others of value such as the Logwood Soematoxylon Campechianmn, Linn., (No. 2966,) of Central America and the West Indies ; the Copaiba Balsam Tree, Copaifera officinalis, and the Carob Tree, Ceratonia siliqua, Linn., now almost naturalised in the Salt Kange and other parts of the Punjab. 13. CiESALPINIA, Liun. Contains 10 shrubs, chiefly climbing and prickly, C. Bonduoella, Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 357 ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 254. Brandis 156 ; Gamble 30. The Pever Nut. Vern. Katharanj, Hind. ; Nata, Beng. ; Gajlcai, Kan., is a common very prickly climbing shrub of India, often used for hedges. Its seeds are used in medicine, and contain an oil ; they are tonic and antiperiodio. C. sepiaria, Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 360 ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 256 ; Brandis 156 ; Kurz i. 406. The Mysore Thorn. Vern. Urn, uri, arlti, relu, kando, aila. Hind. ; Chillar, Mar.; SotsigS, Kan., is a large prickly climber used for hedges. C. pulcherrima, Sw. Vern. KrisJina-chura, Beng., is a hand- some shrub cultivated in gardens in most parts of India. C. crista, " Redwood " or " BresOlet," (No. 2963) comes from the West Indies ; C. eehinata, " Brazil Wood " or " Pemambuco Wood," (No. 2964) from South America, and C. hraziliensis, " BrazU- etto," from the West Indies and Brazil. C. Coriaria, WiUd., is the American Sumach or Divi-divi. Weight, 56 lbs. ; P = 724 (Skinner No. 32). 1. C. Sappan, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 255 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 357 ; Beddome xc. ; Brandis 156; Kurz i. 405. Vern. Bakam, Hind., Guz., Beng.; Patunga, Tarn.; Bakamu, bakapu, Tel.; Bokmo, Uriya; Pattang, Mar. ; Patanga, Kan. ; Teing nyet, Burm. A small thorny tree. Sapwood white^ heartwood red. Pores isolated, enclosed in narrow rings. Medullary rays fine ; the distance between the rays equal to, or somewhat larger than, the transverse diameter of the pores. South India, Bengal and Bui-ma. Weight, according to Skinner No. 33, 60 lbs. per cubic foot ; Wallioh gives 61 lbs. Skinner gives P = 1540 ! The wood takes a fine polish and does not warp or crack ; it yields a valuable dye, which is largely exported. It has been grown in plantations at NUambfir and in the Central Provinces. lbs. C 3136. Moharli, Central Provinces (cultivated) (sapwood) . . .52 14. ACROCAEPUS, Wight. A genus placed by Baker in Plora Indica, Vol. ii., under Mimosece ; but by Bentham and Hooker in the Genera Plantarum as here described. 1. A. fraxinifolius, Wight; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 292; Beddome t. 41; Brandis 158 ; Kurz i. 410 ; Gamble 30. Vern. Mandania, Nep. ; Madling, Lepeha ; Mallay hone, Tinnevelly ; Kilingi, Burghers ; Hantige, belanji, havuUge, Kan. 136 LEGUMiNOSiB. \_ Acrocarjous . A lofty deciduous tree, with thin, light-grey bark. Sapwood white ; heartwood light red, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized to very large, often oval and divided into two to five compartments, either isolated or enclosed in narrow interrupted bands of softer tissue promi- nent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fiae and moderately broad. Hills of the Eastern Himalaya down to Chittagong, ascending to 4,000 feet; South India, and Burma. Weight, 39 lbs. per cuhio foot. The wood is used by planters in Darjeeling for tea-boxes and planking, in the Wynaad for building and furniture, and in Coorg for shingles. It is an extremely handsome tree, growing with a fine taU cylindrical • stem, handsome flowers and large bipiunate leaves, which are red when young; it reproduces easily and is fast growing. Beddome mentions a tree 27 feet in girth above the buttresses, and Manson states that a windfall tree in the Lower Darjeeling Hills had a bole 70 feet without a branch and measured 11 feet in girth at the small end. lbs. E 667. Lama Grumba Forest, Darjeeling 39 D 1085. Madura, Madras 39 15. CASSIA, Linn. A large genus containing 18 species of herbs, shrubs and large trees. It is of con- siderable importance, as the trees produce fine timber and some of the shrubs and herbs the " Senna " leaves used in medicine. C. auriculata, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 268 ; Brandis 165, Vern. Tarwar, awal, Hind. ; Tarota, Berar ; Tangedu, tangar, Tel. ; AvariJce, Kan., is a shrub of Central and South India ; its bark is used for tanning and dyeing leather, and its seeds as an application for ophthalmia, as are those of C. Absus, Linn. C. obovata, Colladon, is a shrub common all over India, and is one of the plants furnishing the medicinal senna leaves. C. alata, Linn., is an introduced shrub, now run wild, whose leaves are an excellent application for ring-worm. C. glauca, Lam. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 265 ; Beddome xci. ; Kurz i. 394, (Senna arhorescens, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 345) is a large shrub or small tree of the eastern part of South India and of Burma. C. nodosa, Ham. ; Kurz i. 392. Vern. Crnoothein, Burm., and C. renigera, Wall. Vern. Chooshay, Burm., are large trees of Burma, the former extending to the Eastern Himalaya. Heartwood hard, heavy, dark-coloured. Pores moderate-sized and large, in patches of soft texture, which in some species are confluent and form continuous concentric bands. 1. C. Fistula, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 2^1 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 333 ; Beddome xci. ; Brandis 194 ; Kurz i. 391 ; Gamble 30. Cathartocarpns Fistula, Pers. The Indian Laburnum. Vern. Amalids, Hind. ; Alash, ali, karangal, Mar, kanidr, Pb. ; Raj briJcsh, hitola, Kumaun ; Chimhani, Sind. ; Gtirmala, Guz. ; Sundali, bandarlati, Beng. ; Sandari, Uriya ; Kitwdli, kitoli, itola, shimarra, sim, North-Western Provinces ; Warga, Gudh ; Jag- garwalt, raila, Mrojah, karJcacha, C. P.; Jaggra, kambar, rera, Gondi; Banag,bangru,'K.\i.xk\i; Bahawah, baya, bawa, Mar.; Raj birij, Nep.; Sonalu, Gdro ; Bonurlati, bonurlauri, persar, Palamow ; Sunaru, Assam ; Bandolat, Cachar; Kone, sirikone, Tam.; Reylu, rela, suvarnam, konay, Tel.; KaU, Tam. ; Kakke, Kan. Ahalla, Cingh. ; Gnooshway, gnoogyee, Burm. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, compact, greenish grey and smooth when young, dark-reddish brown and rough when old, exfoliating in many-sided patches. Sapwood large, heart- wood varying in colour from grey or yellowish red to brick-red, very hard to extremely hard. Sharp, thin, white, concentric lines which may possibly be annual rings, Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, Cassia. ] LEGUMINOSS. 137 enclosed in^ and joined by, white, wavy, irregular and often interrupted concentric bands of soft tissue. Medullary rays very fine, very numer- ous, uniform and equidistant, slightly bent, prominent in the dark, firm tissue which separates the wavy bands. Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 4,000 feet, and throughout India and Burma Growth moderate, 9 rings per inch of radius. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments : — Experiment by whom made. Tears. "Wood whence produced. Weight. Number of experiments. Size of bar. Value of P. Ft. In. In. Kyd .... Assam . , 66 2x1x1 583 Skinner, No. 43 . 1862 South India . 61 846 E. Tliompaon Brandis, Nos. 33 and 34 1868 1862 Central Provin- ces, Burma 63 (• 57 i 66 Central Provluces List . SmytMes 1873 1878 Central Provin- ces. Different Pro- vinces. 66 60 11 ... The wood is very durable, but rarely of sufficiently large size for timber. It makes excellent posts, and is good for carts, agricultural implements and rice-pounders. The pulp of the pods is a strong purgative, the bark is used in dyeing and tanning, and the gum as an astringent. It is a very handsome tree, having long pendulous racemes of bright yellow flowers, and a long, straight, cylindrical, indehisoent pod, often one and two feet long. It is often cultivated for ornament. lbs. P 101. Sutlej Valley, Punjab, 3,000 feet P 437. Ajmere .... P 439. „ 61 244. Garhwal (1868) 52 O 3.33. Gorakhpur (1868) . . _ 52 G 1154. Ahiri Eeserve, Central Provinces .56 E 579. Lohagarhi Forest, Darjeeling Terai 62 E 2352. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai ...... 62 E 783. Kamnip, Assam 60 W 864. South Kanara 62 D2052. Mysore 58 D 1076. North Arcot,'Madras 73 B 2525. Burma (1862) 66 The difi'erenee between the wood of this tree and that of Ougeinia dalhergioides consists in this, that in the former the patches of white soft tissue are continuous, forming belts ; whereas in Ougeinia they are rhom- boidal, pointed at the ends, and form interrupted belts. 2. C. marginata, Roxb. PI. Ind ii. 338; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 262. C. Roxiurghii, UC. ; Beddome t. 180. Vern. Urimidi, uskiamen, Tel. ; Ngoomee, Burm. ; Ratoo-waa, Cingh. A small deciduous tree, with deeply cracked, brown bark. Heartwood light brown, very hard. Pores moderate-sized and large, joined by narrow, undulating, irregular, white bands of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine and very numerous, uniform and equidistant, prominent in the s 138 LEGUMiNOSiR. [ Cassia. dark firm tissue which separates the bands of white soft tissue. Structure similar to that of C. Fistula. Madras, Ceylon and Burma (Thoungyeen forests). Weight, Skinner, No. 44, gives 63 lbs. ; our specimen gives 59 lbs. per cubic foot. Skinner gives P= 880. The wood is well adapted for turning, naves of wheels and handles of tools. Iba. B 301. Burma (1862) . . . ; 59 3. C. siamea, Lamk. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 264. ; Kurz i. 392. Cflorida, Vahl; Beddome t. 179. Senna sumatrana,'Ko'sh.'^.lndL.ii.Z^T. Vern. Beati, manje konne, Tam. ; Sime tangadi, Kan. ; Waa, Cingh. ; Maizalee, Burm. A moderate-sized tree with smooth bark. Sapwood whitish, rather large. Heartwood dark brown, nearly black, very hard. Pores large and moderate-sized, joined by concentric, light-coloured, wavy bands of soft tissue which alternate with black belts of firm texture, in which the fine, light-coloured, uniform and equidistant medullary rays are prominent. Frequently beautifully mottled on a vertical section. South India, Burma and Ceylon. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 39, 58 lbs. ; our specimens give 54"5. P = 840. Very durable. Used in Bui-ma for mallets, helves and walking-sticks ; in South India it is little known, but it is considered one of the best kinds of fuel for locomotives in Ceylon (Beddome). lbs. D 1080. North Aroot 58 B 2526. Burma (1862) .54 B 2712. Tavoy (WaUich, 1828) 52 4. C. timoriensis, DC; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 265; Beddome xeii.; Kurz i. 393. Vern. Arremene, Cingh. ; Toung maizalee, Burm. A handsome, small, evergreen tree. Wood dark brown, nearly black. Structure resembling that of C. siamea. Buritna and Ceylon. Weight, 57 lbs., P = 594, according to Adrian Mendis. Used in Ceylon for building and furniture. lbs. No. 4. Ceylon Collection 57 B 2260, 45 lbs., and B 2295, 46 lbs., sent by Major Ford from the Andamans in 1866 under the name of Onoogyee, belong to a species of Cassia. Wood hard, durable, olive brown, with a structure similar to that of Ougeinia dalbergioides. It is evidently a common wood in the Andamans. 16. BAUHINIA, Linn. Contains about 20 to 80 species, almost equally divided into trees and climbers. Pew of the species reach a vei'y large size, but their commonness renders them im- portant. They are easily recognised by their two leaflets being generally joined together for a portion of their length, forming apparently a bilobed, palmately veined leaf. 2Vee section. B- acuminata, Linn. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 276 ; Roxb. PL Ind. ii. 324 ; Brandis 159 ; Kurz i. 396. Vern. KancJian, Beng. ; Kachnar, Hind. ; Mahah- layka phyoo, Burm., is an erect, white-flowered, handsome shrub of South India and Burma. B. tomentosa, Linn.; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 275; Boxb. PI. Ind. ii. 823; Beddome xeii.; Brandis 159. Vern. Kachnar, Hirxdi..; KancMni, Tarn., Tel., is a shrub or small tree of South India with showy, yellow flowers, having a purple eye, and Sunkiuia.] LEGUMiNOS^. 139 a tougli wood, with nearly black heartwood. £. triandra, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 320, is a small tree grown in avenues in Bengal. B. monandra, Kurz. Vem. Swaitan, Burm., B. polycar-poi,, Wall., and B. elongata, Korth., are trees of Burnia._ The creepers contain sOme of the most important plants found in our forests. B. Vahlii, W. and A. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 279 ; Beddome xciii. ; Brandis 161 ; Kurz i. 401 ; Gamble 31. (B. racemosa, Vahl. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 325) Vem. Taur, Punjab ; Malglian, maljan, malu, maurain,jallaur, Hind.; Sihdr, ma'halan,maul, 0. P.; ^orZai, Nep. ; Chehur, Beng. ; Sungang rik, Lepcha ; Shioli, Uriya ; Paur, bela, Gondi ; Adda, Tarn. ; Chamholi, Dekkan, is perhaps the most gigantic of the numerous large climbers of the Indian forests. It is found in the Sub-Himalayan ti-act from the Ohenab eastwards, in Northern and Central India, and in Tenasserim. Its uses are almost more numerous than those of any other forest plant except the bamboo. Its large, flat leaves are sewn together and used as plates, cups, rough table clotis, umbrellas and rain-caps ; its pod is roasted and the seeds eaten ; its bark is made into rough ropes, and it gives a copious gum, which, however, seems to be of little value. The wood is porous, in broad, irregulai-ly broken concentric layers, alternating with red, juicy, bark-like tissue ; the pith is cross- sbaped. (P 108, Sutlej ; 544, Dehra Dun ; E 474, E 2954, Darjeeling Terai). The foliage is very dense and the stems do great damage to the trees they climb over ; it is very prevalent in sal forest, and in many provinces is being systematically cut out. B. anguina, Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 328 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 284 ; Beddome xciii. ; Kurz i. 403 ; Gamble 31. Vern. Nagput, Sylhet; Nakuilli, Nep., is the Snake Climber of the moist forests of Northern and Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Martaban and South India ; its bark is also used in rope-making, and its wood is very soft and porous. The stems are usually very curiously twisted, generally in alternate bends and often with a straight thick margin. (E 482, Darjeeling Terai.) Wood red or brown, hard ; no heartwood ; concentric bands o£ soft tissue alternating with bands of finer texture, in which the numerous fine, uniform and equidistant medullary rays are distinctly visible. The pores are uniform in size. 1. B. malabarica, Roxb. M. Ind. ii. 321 j Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 277; Beddome xcii. ; Brandis 159; Kurz i. 399; Gamble 31. Yern. Amli, amlosa, Hind. ; Karmai, Beng. ; Amli tahi, Nep. ; Kattra, Ass. ; Chep- ptira, £asavana pdda, Kan. j Amli, Mar.; Kundapula, dhondel, kangali, Gondi; Ambotha, cliapa, Kurku ; PuUa dondur, pulis/iinta, pul^ari,T!el. j Apia, Berar; Bwaygyin, Burm. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, rough, brown, exfoliating in linear flakes. Wood light-reddish brown, with irregular masses of black or purplish wood near the centre ; moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, generally oval and subdivided. Numerous narrow, wavy, white, concentric bands of softer tissue alternate with bands of harder and red-eoloured wood of equal width, in which the numerous, fine, uniform and equidistant medullary rays are distinctly visible. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges to Assam, Bengal, Burma, South India. Weight, the average of our specimens gives 48 lbs. ; Brandis, 1862, Burma List, No. 31, 42 lbs. The wood is rarely used. The tree is recognised by its acid leaves which are eaten. C 1137. Ahiri Eeserve, Central Provinces C 2817. Melghat, Berar (sapwood) C 821. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar E .590. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai E 2350. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai B 3203. Bui-ma (1862) .... lbs. 44 47 51 48 2. B. racemosa, Lam.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 276; Beddome t. 182; Brandis 159; Kurz i. 397. 5. joa^TO^wa, Vahl. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 323'. Vern. Kosundra, taur, Pb. ; Kachndl, giridl, thaur, askta, mahhuna, maula, dhordra, Hind. ; Dhondri, dhimdera, astra, bosha, Gondi ; Jhinja, ]-iG LEGUMiNOS^. [Bauhinia. Ajmeie; Ari J arro, Tel. ; Ati, archi, areka, Tarn.; Apia, seyara, Mar.; Banraj, Beng. ; Amhhota, JJriya; Awpia, Kan.; Hpalan, Burra, ; Amba bJidsa, Bhil ; Bossai, Kurku. A small deciduous tree. Bark j ineli thick, dark brown, very rough, with numerous, deep, vertical cracks. Wood light brown, hard, with irregularly-shaped masses of darker-coloured and harder wood near the centre. Pores moderate-sized, often in radial lines. Narrow, white, irre- gular bands of softer tissue alternate with darker bands of somewhat greater width, in which the very numerous, fine, uniform and equidistant medullary rays are distinctly visible. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ravi eastwards, ascending to 5,000 feet ; Oudi, Bengal, Burma, Central and South India. Weight, Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 32, gives 44 lbs. ; E. Thompson, 56 lbs. ; our specimens give 50 lbs. on an average. The wood is good, but not used. The fibres of the bark are used to make ropes and slow matches. lbs. P 453. Ajmere P 3216. Nagpahar, Ajmere 247. Garhwal (1868) 53 O 335. Gorakhpur (1868) 47 C 200. Mandla, Central Provinces (1869) 56 C 1170. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces ...... 44 C 2770. Melghat, Berar (sapwood) 41 3. B. purpurea, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. lud. ii. 284 ; Roxb. M. Ind. ii. 320 ; Beddome xcii.; Brandis 160 ; Kurz i. 398; Gamble 31. Ye^m. Koiral, kardr,karalli,gray, Pb. ; Kolidr, kanidr, Jcandan, hhairwal, hwillar, koilari, sona, Hind. ; Khwairalo, Nep. ; Eachik, Lepcha ; Beva kanchan, rakia kanaka, koiral, Beng. ; Kodwari, Gondi ; Kolidri, Kurku ; Atmatti, Mar.; Eanchan, Tel.; Pedda are, mandareh, Tarn.; Sarul, kanchivdla, Kan. ; Mahalay kani, Burm. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark J to J inch thick, ash- coloured to dark brown. Wood pinkish white, turning dark brown on exposure, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, mostly oval, sub- divided. Wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue alternating with darker- coloured bands of firmer tissue, in which the white, fine, uniform and equidistant medullary rays are distinctly visible. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastward. Central and South India and Burma. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 24, 39 lbs. ; our specimens give an average of 49 lbs. Wood used for agricultural implements and in construction. The bark is used for tanning, the leaves for cattle fodder, and the ilower buds are pickled and eaten. lbs. P 153. Sainj, Giri Valley, 3,000 feet 42 O 229. Garhwal (1868) 55 O 230 46 C 822. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar 50 C 2792. Melghat, Berar (sapwood) 36 E 585. Kbooklong Forest, Dai'ieeling Terai 60 4. B. variegata, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. 284 ; Roxb. FI. Ind. ii» 819; Beddome xcii.; Brandis 160; Kurz i. 397; Gamble 31. Vern- KacJmar, kolidr, kurdl, padridn, khwairal, guridl, gwiar, haridl, Hind. ; Taki, Nep.; Uha, Lepcha; Bakta hanclian, Beng.; Borara, Uriya; Segctpu-munthari, Tam. i Kanchivala-do, Kan^; Bwayclieng, Burm, Sankima.] LEGUMiNOS^. Ut A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark grey, with vertical cracks. Wood g'rey^ moderately hard^ with irregular masses of darker aud harder wood in the centre. Pores moderate-sized, enclosed in round or elongated and pointed concentric patches of white soft tissue, which often run into each other. The intervening tissue is firm and dark coloured, with very numerous, fine, uniform and equidistant white medullary rays. Distinct, white, concentric lines, which probably are annual rings. Medullary rays distinctly visible on a radial section, giving the wood a handsome mottled appearance. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, and throughout the forests of India and Bunua. Often planted for ornament. Weight, according to E. Thompson, 54 lbs. ; our specimen gives 42 lbs . Used for agricultural implements. The bark is used for dyeing and tanning, and the leaves and flower buds eaten. The flowers are very handsome, somewhat like those of some of the Azaleas, but having four white and one crimson petal. lbs. P 1200. Madhopur, Punjab 33 C 823. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar ....... 48 E 591. Khooklong Forest, Darjeeling Terai 47 E 2851. Bamunpokri „ „ „ 39 5. B. retusa, Ham. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 379 ; Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 333; Beddome xciii. ; Brandis 161. Vern. Kurdl, Pb. ; Kmidla, Tcanalla, huayral, gwayral, kanlao, semla, Hind. ; Nirpa, Gondi, Tel. ; Tewar, Palamow. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark brown, with a few vertical cracks. Wood reddish white, with irregularly shaped, darker masses near the centre, hard. Pores moderate-sized and large, scanty, occasionally grouped. Numerous narrow, white, concentric bands of softer tissue, alternating with harder and darker bands of equal width, in which the white, fine, uniform equidistant and very numerous medullary rays are prominent. North-West Himalaya from the Beas eastwards, ascending to 4,500 feet ; Central India. Weight, 58 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood not used. It gives a clear gum called Semla Gum, almost exactly resembling gum arabic ; it is largely collected and ex- ported from the Dehra Dun. Of this gum Capt. Campbell says : — " The collection of the Semla gum commences in January and is continued through- out February and March. It sells in Dehra at Ee. 1-8, Rs. 2 or Es. 2-8 per maund. according to quality, and is utilised as a medicine and in compound with other medi- cines. Occasionally too it is eaten in its crude state by the very poorest natives down country. It is also used to waterproof terraced roofs. The annual export from the Dehra Diin is about 2,500 maunds." lbs. O 532. Dehra Dun 58 C 1160. Ahu'i Reserve, Central Provinces 17. AFZELIA, Sm. Contains 2 trees : A, retusa, Kurz, is a small evergreen tree of the coast forests of the Andamans. The Marabow wood of Malacca is probably A. palembanica, Baker. 1. A.bijuga, A. Gray; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 274; Kurz i. 413. Vern. SJioondul, liinga, Beng. ; Fynkado, Burm. in the Andamans > Firijdd^ dsagundd, And. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey, peeling off in fine, papery scrolls. Sapwood white, moderately hard, large in young trees, small in old trees; heartwood reddish brown, hard, close-grained. 142 LEGUMINOSJ!. [ Afzel'ta , Pores moderate-sizedj frequently oval and subdivided, enclosed in oval patches of soft tissue, prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, numerous, uniform and equidistant, wavy, visible on a radial section as long narrow bands. Sundarbans of Bengal, Andaman Islands and the Malay Archipelago. It will probably be found on the coasts of Arracan, Pegu and Tenasserim. Weight, young wood 36 to 42 lbs. ; old wood 45 to 49 lbs. Brandxs' Memorandum on Andaman woods, 1874, Nos. 12, 13, gives 50 lbs. A valuable wood, used in the Anda- mans for bridge and house building. IbB. E 403. Sundarbans 36 E 415. „ 42 B 315. Burma (1867) (Zohbeng) 49 B 524. Andaman Islands 45 B 2209. „ „ (1866) 48 18. TAMARINDUS, Linn. 1. T. indica, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 273 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 215 ; Beddome 1. 184; Brandis 163 ; Kurz i. 414; Gamble 32, The Tamarind. Vem. Nep.; Sitta, Hi A Amli, ambli, imii, Hind. ; Tintiri, Until, tintul, Beng. ; Titri, Teteli Ass.; Tentuli, Aoyam,'Unja,; FuH, Ta,m. ; Ghinia, Tel.; MUa, Gondi ; Chicha, Kurku ; Karangi, hamal, asam, Mysore ; Kan. ; Amli, chitz, Mar. ; Sii/embela, Cingh. ; Magyee, Burm. large evergreen tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark grey, with longi- tudinal fissures and horizontal cracks. Wood yellowish white, some- times with red streaks, hard and close-grained. Heartwood small, near the centre of old trees only, dark purplish brown, with an irregular out- line and radiating ramifications, very durable. Annual rings indistinct. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, each pore or group of pores surrounded by round patches of soft tissue, which are often confluent, forming irregular and oblique bands. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant. Cultivated throughout India and Burma as far north as the Jhelum. The weight and transverse strength have been ascertained by the following ex- periments : — Experiment by whom conducted. Tear. Wood whence procured. Weight. No. of ex- periments. Size of bar. Value of P. Ft. In. In. Puokle Mysore . 83 4 2x1x1 792 Skinner, No. 121 . 1862 South India . 79 864 Cunningham Gwalior . 60 2 2x1x1 614i sapwood. » . 1 . »i 79 2 2x1x1 816, heart- wood. Adrian Mendis, No, 79 . 1866 Ceylon . SO 2x1x1 780 ( Mysore . 82 1 ■•■•>■ heartwood. Smythies 1878 -j Other PrOTin- cea . ; 62 2 sapwood. Wood highly prized, though extremely difficult to work. It is used for wheels, mallets, planes, furniture, rice-pounders, oil and sugar mills, and is an excellent wood for turning. The fruit is used in medicine as a laxative ; it is made into preserves and exported to Europe. The leaves are also used in curries, and the seed, ground to powder and mixed with gum, gives a strong cement. 61 63 63 82 80 Tamarindus.] legominos^. 1-1-j It is very largely planted in avenues and topes, and is one of the most beautiful of Indian trees. lbs. C 2811. MelgMt, Berar . '\ f P 451. Ajmere . . fsapwood . 5 E 2353. SiHguri, Bengal . J C No^°79: Sr Collection j^eartwood . [ 19. HARDWICKIA, Roxb. Contains 2 species, both from Central and South India. Heartwood dark coloured, hard, heavy. Pores moderate-sizedj filled with resin. Medullary rays fine, very numerous ; the distance between the rays being less than the transverse diameter of the pores. 1. H. binata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 423 ; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 270 ; Bed- dome t. 26; Brandis 163. Vern. Anjan, Hind., Mar.; Acha, alii, Tarn.; Nar yepi, yapa, Tel. ; Kamrd, Jcarachi, Kan. ; Chhota dund/iera, Gondi ; Bone, Kurku; Farsid, Singrowli. A deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark grey, rough with irre- gular vertical cracks, exfoliates in narrow fiakes. Sapwood small, white ; heartwood extremely hard, dark red, often with a purplish tinge, cross and very close grained. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, filled with resin, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous, undu- lating, and frequently bent where they touch the pores, visible on a radial section as straight, narrow, white bands. Scanty, fine, concentric lines. In dry forests of South and Central India, but not everywhere ; generally gre- garious in isolated belts or patches of greater or less extent. Most commonly found on sandstone, but also to be met with on trap and granite. Wanting in the western moist-zone, and not found in Northern India, though it occurs as far north as the Banda District of the Noi-th-Western Provinces. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 78, 85 lbs. ; E. Thompson gives 67 ; and the Central Provinces List of 1873, 65 lbs. ; our specimens give an average of 82 lbs. Skinner gives P = 942. Perhaps the hardest and heaviest wood in India ; it is extremely durable, liable to split, but does not warp. It is used for bridge and house posts and for ornamental work. It has been recommended for sleepers, but is probably too hard, heavy and difficult to work to be much in favour. Out of 9 sleepers laid down on the Mysore State Railway and taken up after 7 to 8 years, 6 were found good, 2 still ser- viceable, and only 1 bad. About 2,000 have been used on the Holkar and Neemuch line. The bark yields a strong and valuable fibre. The leaves are given as fodder to cattle. It yields a gum. « lbs. C 800. Punassa Reserve, Central Provinces 84 C 1147. Ahiri „ ,. „ 84 C 2986. Nimar, Central Provinces 83 C 2929. Palamow, Bengal 82 D 1055. Salem, Madras 83 D 2025. Mysore 77 No. 31. Salem Collection 82 2. H. pinnata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 425 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 270 ; Beddome t, 255. Vern. Koldvu, Tinnevelly; Matdyen samprdni, Travau- core ; lenne, Manjarabad ( YanSomeren) . A very large tree. Sapwood large ; heartwood brown, moderately hard, exuding a red, sticky substance similar to copaiba balsam, which consists of different resius dissolved in an essential oil. Pores moderate- 144 LEGCMii^os^. [Ilardwiciia. sized and large, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine, nearly equi- distant, bending where tbey touch the pores. Scanty, not very pro- minent, concentric lines of soft texture. Western Ghats from South Kanara to Travancore. Weight, 47 Ihs. per cubic foot. Wood used for building by coffee planters and others. Tor analysis of the gum resin see Mr. Broughton's Keport in Beddome PI. Sylv. Madr. t. 255. lbs. D. 1064. Tinnevelly 47 20. CYNOMETRA, Linn. Contains 4 Indian species. O. cauliflora, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 268 ; Beddome t. 315, is an evergreen tree cultivated in Burma and South India ; C. travancorica, Beddome t. 316; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 267, is a lofty tree of the hills of Travancore and Tinnevelly, between 2,000 and 4,000 feet. Wood red, hard, heavy ; no heartwood. Numerous, narrow, concentric bands similar to those of Bauhinia. 1. C. ramiflora, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 267; Beddome t. 315; Kurz i. 415. C. bijuga, Spanoghe. Vern. Sliingr, Beng. ; Ira^u, Tam. ; Myeng haleng, Burm. ; Gal mendora, Cingh. A large evergreen tree. Wood red, hard, close-grained. Pores small, uniformly distributed, often oval and subdivided. Numerous wavy bands of soft, light-coloured tissue, alternating with narrower bands of hard and firmer tissue, in which the fine and very numerous medullary rays are distinctly visible. Sundarbans, South India and Burma in tidal forests. Weight, 56 lbs. ; P = 836, Skinner, No. 52 ; our specimens give 58 lbs. per cubic foot ; Nos. 27, 32, of Adrian Mendis' Ceylon Collection bear the names Gal mendora and Hal mendora, weight, 56 to 58 lbs. ; P = 740. Skinner says that it is used for house- building and carts, and that chips of the wood give in water a purple dye. It is used in the Sundarbans for posts for native huts and for fuel. lbs. E 397. Sundarbans 58 2. C. polyandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 372 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 268. Vern. Fing, Caehar, Sylhet. A large evergreen tree. Wood light red, hard, close-grained. Pores moderate-sized, joined by narrow concentric bands of soft tissue. Medul- lary rays moderately broad. Khasia Hills, Sylhet and Caehar. Weight, 53 lbs. according to Wallich ; our specimens give 60 lbs. Mann saj's the wood is very useful for scantlings and makes good charcoal. lbs. E 1276. Caehar 60 21. SARACA, Linn. Three Indian species are given in the Flora Indioa. S. Lohbiana, Baker; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 272, is a tree of Martaban ; and S. triandra. Baker ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 272 (Jonesia triandra, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 220) of Tenasserim. 1. S. indica, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 371; Beddome t. 57; Brandis 166; Kurz ii. 415. e7b»e««« .4«oca, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 218. yevn. Asok, Wmi.. ', AsoJea, Beng.; Aseka, ati, Cuttack; Biyera tembela, Cingh.; Jshim/car, Kan. ; Jasmndi, Bombay ; Thaw-ka-h^io, Burm. Sufaca. j LEdUMiNOSiE. 145 Wood light, reddish-browDj soft. Pores moderate-sized in radial and frequently oblique lines. Medullary rays indistinct, crossed by numerous, fine, wavy, concentric lines. Eastern Bengal, South India, Arracan and Tenasserim. Weight, 50 lbs. per cubic foot. Often cultivated for its handsome flowers. lbs. No. 23. Ceylon Collection 58 The Carob tree, Ceraionia siliqiia, has a hard wood, with a pink heartwood. Pores moderately small, often in groups or radial lines. Medullary rays narrow, unequal, irregularly distributed (No. 3266. Saharanpur). Sub-Order III. MIMOSE.ffi!. Contains 13 Genera divided into 5 Tribes, viz., — Tribe I. — Parkiese .... Parhia. „ II. — AdenanthereEe . . . Entada, Piptadenia, Adenantliei'a, Prosopis and Dichrostachys. „ III. — Eumimosese . . . Mimosa, Leucmnu and Xylia. „ TV. — AcaoieEe .... Acacia. „ "V. — Ingeas .... Oalliandra, Alhizzia and Pitkeco- lobium. Parkia contains 3 species from Eastern Bengal and Burma : P. Roxburqhii, G.Don; Hook. El. Ind. ii. 289 (Mimosa biglobosa, Hosh. El. Ind. ii. 551). Vern! Sapota, Sylhet, is a tree of Assam, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma, with a grey wood with fine medullary rays and large pores joined by concentric bands of white tissue (0 3264, Saharanpur). P. insignis, Kurz ; and P. leiophylla, Kurz i. 418, are large trees, the first of Martaban, the second of Pegu. Entada scandens, Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 287 ; Brandis 167; Kurz i. 416; Gamble 32 {E. Purscstha, DC, Mimosa scandens, Eoxb. El. Ind. ii. 554) Vern. Gilla, Beng. ; Geredi, TJriya ; Pangra, Nep. ; Tahtohhyem, Lepcha ; Oardal, Bombay ; Kongnyin-nway , Burm., is a laro-e climber of the forests of Eastern Bengal, South India, Burma and the Andaman Islands with spirally twisted stems, soft, fibrous, spongy wood (E 477, Darjeeling Terai), and broad, flat pods, often 2 to 4 feet long, and 4 to 5 inches broad, containinc large, flat, ovate seeds, which are eaten after roasting and steeping in water. Children play with them, and they may be made into snutf-boxes and other articles. The kernels are used also by the Nepalese for washing their hair, and in Bengal by washermen for crimping linen. LeuccBua glauca, Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 290 ; Brandis 172, is a small tree found in the outer valleys of Kumaun and Garhwal. Calliandra Gi'iffithii, Bth., and C umbrosa, Bth. ; Hook. El. Ind. ii. 302, are small trees of the Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong. Pithecolobium contains about 9 Indian species. P. dulce, Bth. ; Hook. El. Ind. ii. 302 ; Beddome t. 188 ; Brandis 173. (Inga dulcis, Willd. ; Kurz i. 431 ; Mimosa dulcis, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 556). Vern. Dakhani babul. Hind. ; Karhapilly, Tarn. ; Sime liunase, Kan. ; Kwaytanyeng, Burm., is a tree introduced from Mexico, and commonly cultivated in India and Bui-ma. It has a reddish brown heartwood, weighing 40 lbs. per cubic foot (Skinner, No. 82; P^517); it coppices well, and is grown as a hedge plant and for fuel. P. bigeminum, Martius ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 303; Beddome xcvi.; Brandis 173; Gamble 34. Vern, -ffacAZoj-a, Hind., is a large tree of the forests of the outer Himalaya from the Ganges eastwards, and of South India, giving a dark-coloured heartwood. P. anamallayanum, Beddome t. 189, is a large handsome tree of the higher ranges of the Anamalai Hills, above 5,000 feet. P. angvlatum, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 306; Kurz i. 430; Gamble 34, {Mimosa hetero- ^AyZ^a, Eoxb. El, Ind. ii. 545-) Vern. Tahpyit, Lepcha; Kawahuruni, Sjlhet, is a large tree of the forests of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma ; while P. Saman has been introduced and is likely to be largely cultivated in India on account of its extremely rapid growth. Inga cynometr aides, Beddome; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 306. (Cah liandra cynometroides, Beddome t. 317), is a tree of the Tinnevelly and Travancore Hills, 146 LEGUMiNOSJ!. \_ Piptadeniu . 22. PIPTADENIA, Benth. 1. P. oudhensis, Brandis 168; Hook. M. Ind. ii. 289. Adenanthera oudhensis, J. L. Stewart. Vern. Gainti, Oudh. A moderate-sized tree. Bark ^ inch thick, grey-brown to dusky red, rough with flattish, exfoliating woody scales ; inner bark red, fibrous. Wood yellowish or reddish, close-grained, no heartwood, hard, durable. Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided in patches of soft tissue, which are sometimes confluent. Medullary rays short, numerous, moderately broad. Forests at the foot of the Nepal Hills, Gonda diFision, Oudh, discovered by Mr. E. Thompson. 3084. Gouda, Oudh. 23. ADENANTHERA, Linn. 1. A. pavonina, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii.2S7; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 370 ; Beddome t. 96 ; Brandis 168 ; Kurz i. 41 7. Vern. Rahta-cJiandan, ranjana, Beng. ; Ani hmdamani, Tam. ; Bandi gurivenda, Tel. ; Manjati, Mai. ; Thorlaganj, Mar.; Manjddi, Kan. Madateya, Cingh.; Gung, Magh; Ywaygyee, Burm. ; Bechedd, And. A deciduous tree, with grey bark. Heartwood red, hard, close-grained. Pores small, scanty, in short radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, extremely numerous. Bengal, South India, Burma and Andaman Islands. Weight, Skinner, No. 12, gives 56 lbs., which is the same as our specimen ; Bennett giTss 55 lbs. Skinner gives P == 863 ; and Bennett 942. The wood is used in South India for house-building and cabinet-making purposes, and gives a red dye. The seeds are worn as ornaments, and are used as weights by goldsmiths and jewellers as they are said to be very constant in weight, viz., 4 grains ; they give an oil. lbs. B 523. Andaman Islands 56 24. PROSOPIS, Linn. Contains about 18 species, dispersed over the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America. Of the five sections which compose the genus, sections whose characters are based to some extent upon the shape and structure of the fruit, three may be noticed, as they contain species which have lately been introduced into India : — 1. With the pod smooth or L|jgno jg slightly thickened at the seeds T '^ J 2. With the pod smooth, thickened at the seeds so as to ! a i-arobia be almost jointed, and gener- j ° ' Contains the two Indian species j P. spioigera, the well-known " Jhand " and P. Stephaniana of the Northern Punjab plains and Western Asia. ■" Contains two of the species now being grown, viz., P. glan- dulosa of the mountains of West- ern Texas ; and P. pallida of ally falcate . . . .j i.South America. o -nT-ii. i.1, J • 11 ") C Contains the true " JMesquit" 3 With the pod spirally (gtrombocarpa . \ Bean, or P. pubescens of Texas t^'^ts^ ) ( and New Mexico. P. spicigera, Linn., is here described ; P. Stephaniana, Kunth ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 288 ; Braiidis 171. Vern. Jemhut, Arab., is a small thorny shrub of no economic use. P. pallida, Kunth, is a native of South America, and has been successfully grown in Ceylon. Its pods are considered of high value as a tanning material, con- PrOSOJpis.] LEGUMINOSiE. l-t7 taining, it is said, as much as 90 per cent, of tannic acid. They are known hy the name of " Balsamooarpon." P. glandulosa, ToiT., the " Mesquit or Algaroha of Texas," is a native of the mountain regions of Western Texas, where it grows into a small tree from 20 to 40 feet high, and with a diameter of 18 inches. It has straight or curved, rather flattened, almost jointed pods, the interior of which is filled with a sweet pulp. The pods, .it is believed, are useful for fodder, and are not injurious. It yields an excessively hard_ and durable timber, with a beautiful grain, and is used for furniture picket poles and in the manufacture of charcoal. It also affords a large quantity of gum resem- bling gum arabic, which exudes from the stem and brancbes, and has been used as mucilage in the making of jujubes, and for other purposes. P. puhescens, Bth., the " Screw Bean " or " Screw Mesquit, " is a small tree of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Remarkable for its screw-shaped pods. These pods grow in abundant clusters of 8 or 10 upon the same stem, ripen at all times of the year, and contain much nutritious saccharine matter ; but great caution is re- quired in their use as fodder for horses. Another species, a native of Jamaica, and possibly not distinct from P. glandu- losa, is the P. julijlora, DC, of the section Algarobia. Its fruits have poisonous propei'tios, though, for other purposes, the tree appears to be useful for planting in some localities, as the plants when once established go on sending up shoot after shoot, and are diflScult to eradicate. 1. P. spicigera, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 288; Beddome t. 56; Erandis 169. Adenanthera aculeate, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 371. Vern. Jhand, Jchdr, Pb. ; Kandi, iundi, Sind. ; Cliaunhra, Agra ; Khejra, Rajputana; Sangri, Pertabgarh; Semru, hamra, Gaz. ; Sherni, saunder, Mar.; Shami, Beng., Uriya; Perumbe, vunne, jambu, Tam.; Chani, Tel. A moderate-sized, deeiduousj thorny tree. Bark f to 1 inch thick, grey, rough, with deep longitudinal fissures and horizontal cracks. Sapwood large, perishable ; heartwood purplish brown, extremely hard. Pores very small to moderate-sized, generally imbedded in narrow irre- gular concentric bands of soft tissue, filled with resin. Medullary rays short, extremely numerous, fine, wavy. Arid, northern and southern dry zones. Punjab, Sindh, Rajputana, Guzerat, Bandelkhand and Dekkan. Brandis says the growth is probably slow, it having 3 feet girth in 30 years (Saharanpur) ; this would give about 5 years per inch of radius, which is moderately fast. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 108, 72 lbs., but the identification of his specimens is doubtful ; Dalzell gives 58 lbs. ; and J. L. Stewart 51 lbs. ; our specimens give 58 lbs. Skinner gives P := 981. The wood is tough, but not durable, liable to dry rot, and readily eaten by insects. It is easily raised from seed and coppices well. It is used for building, carts, well curbs, furniture, and agricultural implements ; but is chiefly valuable for fuel, as its heating power is very great. Brandis gives the results of experiment made at Karachi in May 1869, that 1,374 lbs. of its wood were consumed in evaporating 11"8 cubic feet of water per hour during 7 hours, the pressure of steam being kept at 27 lbs. per square inch, while of Acacia arabica wood 1,388 lbs., and of Tamarix gallica wood 1,627 lbs., were required for the same test. It is largely used for fuel for locomotives and steamers in the Punjab and Sind, and has been planted in the Punjab plantations. The pods are used as fodder for camels, cattle and goats ; and the mealy sweetish substance is eaten, raw or cooked, in parts of the Punjab, Guzerat and the Dekkan, and has the flavour of that of the Carob tree. It has an enormously long tap root : one specimen of which pieces were sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1878 had a root 86 feet long, penetrating vertically to a depth of 64 feet. It gives a gum somewhat similar to gum arabic, but which is not used. lbs. P 882. Multan 67 P 939. „ (rootwood) .... P 1380. Karokpo Forest, Hyderabad, Sind 59 P 459. Ajmere (young tree) 37 148 LEGUMiNOSiE. '^Dichrostachi/!, 25. DICHROSTACHYS, DC. 1. D. cinerea, W. and A. ; Hook. n. Ind. ii. 288; Beddome t. 185 ; Brandis 171. Mimosa cinerea, Roxb. H. Ind. ii. 561. Vern. Furtuli, Hind.; Kmilai, kunrat, i&eri, M^iaivwarra. ; Vadatalla, vadatara, Tarn. ; Veltitru, yeltu, Tel.; Segum kati, Mar.^ Gondi; Andara, Cingh. A thorny shrub or small tree. Heartwood red, extremely hard. Pores moderate-sizedj enclosed in rings of soft texture. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, equidistant, the distance between the lays equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. Dry, stony hills in South and Central India, Rajputana. Weight, 75 lbs. per cnbic foot. Wood used for walking-sticks. lbs. No. 25. Salem Collection 79 No. 3. Ceylon Collection (marked Vachellia farnesiana) , . 71 P 3239. Ajmere P 3229. Nagpahar, Ajmere 26. MIMOSA, Linn. M. pudiea, Linn. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 291. The Sensitive Plant. Vern. Lajwdnii Kumaun ; Lajuh, Beng., is now naturalised over the greater part of tropical and suh- tropioal India, where it grows to be a small shrub, and is with difficulty eradicated. M. Jiamata, Willd. ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 291, is a prickly shrub of South India. 1. M. rubicaulis, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 291; Brandis 172; Gamble 32. M. mutabilis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 564. Vern. Rdl, hhair, didridr, Pb. ; Hajeru, Sind ; Agla, agl, kingli, kacheyta, Hind. ; Aradi, Nep. ; Sibriu, Lepcha ; Chilatti, Bhll. A large, straggling, prickly shrub with grey bark. Sapwood yel- lowish white ; heartwood red, hard. Pores small and moderate-sized, frequently oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine and veiy numerous. Throughout the greater part of India, ascending to 4,000 feet in Kumaun and Sikkim. Weight, 41 to 52 lbs. Used for gunpowder charcoal. lbs. E 680. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 41 E 2354. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2,000 feet 52 27. XYLIA, Bth. 1. X. dolabriformis, Benth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 286; Beddome, t. 186 ; Brandis 171 ; Kurz i. 419. Mimosa ccj/locarpa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 543. Inga xylocarpa, DC. The Ironwood Tree of Pegu and Arracan . Vern. Jambu, Hind.; Jamba, siiria, Mar.; Boja, \Jnja ; Irul, Tam. ; Konda tangedu, tangedu, eruvalu, hojeh, Tel. ; Jambi, tirawa, Kan, ; Shilve, Coorg ; Fynkado, Burm. A large deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, grey or reddish brown, with short cracks irregularly distributed. Sapwood small ; heartwood dark brown or reddish brown, extremely hard, beautifully mottled, cross- grained, the fibres on a longitudinal section being wavy. Annual rings indistinct, but alternate concentric bands of darker and lighter colour. Pores small and moderate-sized, often subdivided into numerous com- partments, and then oval or oblong. Pores or groups of pores in irregu- lar patches of whitish tissue, which are often arranged in zig-zag lines. These patches are separated by bard, dark-coloured tissue ia which the- X^lia.] LEGUMFNOSJ), 149 very fine and very numerous medullary rays are distinctly visible. Some of the specimens of this wood have an oily touch. Chanda District, South India, Avraoan and Burma. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experi- ments : — Esperiment by whom conducted. Year. Wood whence procured. 1 Si ft Size of bar. CM O > Ft. in. in. Puckle 1859 Mysore 58 2x1x1 693 List of woods 1863 >t 68 Brandis, No. 37 . 1862 Burma 60-66 Commissariat Department . Moulmein 83 115S Skinner, No. 83 . . . 1862 South India 68 836 Benson .... Burma 83 3 X 1-4 X 1'4 1191 Laslett . . . . 1876 1878 Chanda . 73-5 69 6 1 7X2X2 965 Smjtiiies. . . . < " Kanara Burma 61 65 4, 3 ... The wood is very durable — a property it doubtless owes in great measure to the resinous sutstanoe contained in it. This resin is more abundant in Burmese wood than in wood grown in South India. No. B 1451, which was brought by Dr. Wallich from Tavoy in 1828, is still so full of resin that it is quite sticky on the outside, and the resin may be scraped oS with a knife. This substance is partially soluble in hot water, to which it imparts a reddish colour. The wood is used for boat-building and for agricultural implements in Burma ; also for carts and tool handles. In South India it is used for railway sleepers, posts, boat-building and carts. In Burma and Bengal it has been largely used for telegraph posts, for which it has answered well. The large forests in Arracan, of which Dr. Schlich in his report on the ironwood forests of Arracan, dated 1st September 1869, says that " a third of the forest vegetation consists of Pynkado," produce large numbers of telegraph poles and railway sleepers. Major Seaton in his report for 1876-77 said that 10,000 such sleepers from Arracan had then lately been sold at Calcutta at Ks. 5 each, and Mr. Eibbentrop's Report states that Pynkado pieces and sleepers are brought out from the forests in Pegu. It is likely, however, to be found too hard, heavy and difficult to cut. It is useful wood for piles and beams of bridges. It exudes a red resin, and the seeds give an oil. lbs. C 1151. Ahiri Eeserve, Central Provinces . 59 W 754. South Kanara . 59 W 761. - 61 W 857. . 61 W 1222. North Kanara . 62 B 805. Tharrawaddi, Burma . 67 B 3066. Burma (1862) . 66 B 1451. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) . . 62 28. ACACIA, WiUd. Contains about 18 Indian species, of which four are climbing or straggling thorny shrubs, and the rest trees or erect shrubs. A. Latronum, ^ViUd. ; Hook. Pi. Ind. ii. 296 ; Beddome xov. ; Brandis 180. (Mimosa Latronum, Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 559) Vern. Blies, Hind. ; Faki-tuma, Tel., is a gregarious, very thorny shrub of the 150 LEGUMiNOSiE. [Acacia. southern dry zone. A. Jacquemonti, Bth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 293; Brandis 183. Vern. Sauza, Afg. ; Kikar, babul, bamul, Pb. ; Murmutti, Berar ; Satabauli, Guz., is a small, bushy, thoiny shrub of the arid and northern dry zones, ascending in the Suli- man Range and Hazara to 3,200 feet ; it is used for fodder, and the bark of the root in the distillation of spirits. A. Senegal, Willd. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 295 {A. rupestris, Stocks ; Brandis 184) Vern. Khor, Sind ; Kumta, Eajputana, is a small thorny tree of the arid and northern dry zones, chiefly found in Sind and Ajmere. Brandis says, " Bark smooth, yellowish grey ; wood light yellow, heavy and hard, with small irregular masses of black beavtwood in the centre ; it takes a beautiful polish, and is used for weavers' shuttles." It gives a gum which is collected and sold in Sind with that of A. arabica. A. lenticularis. Ham.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 296 ; Brandis 186. Vern. Khin, Kumaun, is a small tree of the Siwaliks, of • Kumaun and the Rajmehal hills in Bengal. A. Suma, Kurz; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 294; Brandis 187 ; Kurz i. 421 {A. Catechu, Bth. ; Beddome t. 49, Mimosa Suma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 563.) Vern. SaiTcanta, Beng. ; Mugli, Kan. ; Kumtia, Pertabgarh ; DTiaula Jchejra, Banswara ; Son kairi, Bangs, is a tree of Bengal, South India, parts of the Central Provinces and Guzerat. It is recognised from A. Catechu by its having white bark, while that species has a black-coloured bark. It gives cutch, and the bark is used for tanning. A. planifrons, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 293; Beddome xcv. ; Brandis 575. The Umbrella Thorn. Vern. jSo/e, «a^, Tel., is a small gregarious tree of South India with a strong wood used for agricultural implements and fuel. A. concinna, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 296 ; Beddome xcv. ; Brandis 188 ; Kurz i. 423; Gamble 33. (Mimosa concinna, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 565). Vern. Aila, rassaul, Oudh ; Banritha, Beng.; Sikekai, Dekkan; Gogu, chikai, Tel.; Sige, Kan.; Soopwotnway, Burm., is an extremely thorny scandent shrub of most parts of India and Burma, except the arid zone. Its thick fleshy pods are used for washing the hair, and the acid leaves are eaten. A. pruinescens,TS.m:z\.A24i, is a climber of the forests of Pegu. The true gum arable is the produce of A. vera, Willd., a tree of Egypt, Arabia and Northern Africa. " Sabicu " is the wood of ^. /oj-mosa, a tree of the West Indies (W = 57 ; P = 994, Laslett). The character of the Indian species of Acacia is to have sharp, promi- nent, medullary raySj which are short in A. Catechu, ferruginea and modesta, but long in the others ; as a rule^ they are not well marked on a radial sec- tion, but A. leucopklosa and arahica form an exception. The pores are, as a rule, uniform in size, but in A. eburnea they vary from small to large. With regard to their distribution, two series may be distinguished. In the first series the pores are isolated and enclosed in very narrow rings of softer tissue, and do not form concentric bands ; to this section belong A. arahica, modesta &nA. ferruginea. In the species of the second series, the pores are enclosed in elongated patches of softer tissue, which are frequently confluent and form distinct, though often irregular, concen- tric bands. This section includes A. leucopJilma, eburnea, penvata and Catechu. The Australian species have a different structure, and are all marked by short medullary rays, 1. A. Farnesiana, Willd. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 293 ; Beddome t. 52 ; Brandis 180; Kurz i. 430. Mimosa Farnesiana, Linn.,- Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 557. Vern. Filayati kikar, vilayati babul, pissi babul, gu-kikar. Hind. ; Guya babula, Beng. ; Vedda vala, Tam. ; Kusturi, pikiimi, oda sale, murki tumma, Tel. ; Jdli, Kan. A thorny shrub. Wood white, hard, close-grained. Pores moderate- sized, in oblique and concentric interrupted bands of soft texture. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Indigenous to America, now cultivated all over India. The gnm is collected in Sind. It has yellow, extremely fragrant flowers, from which a perfume is made. It makes a good fence. Acacia.] leguminosj;, 151 Weight, 49 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. P 3076. Sabathu, Punjab 49 2. A. arabica, Willd. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 293 ; Beddome t. 47 ; Brandis 180. Mimosa arabica, Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 557. Vern. Ki&ar, Pb. ; Babbar, Sind ; Babul, babir. Hind. ; Karuvelum, Tarn. ; Tuma, nella tuma, Tel. ; Gobli, karrydli, Kan. A moderate-sized or large tree, seldom leafless, with dark brown rough bark. Sapwood large, whitish ; heartwood pinkish white, turning reddish brown on exposure, hard, mottled with dark streaks. Pores moderate-sized, sometimes large, oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, short, numerous, unequally distributed, con- spicuous on a radial section. The wood consists of darker and lighter coloured bands of an equal width. Cultivated or self-sown througbout tbe greater part of India, except in the most humid tracts near the coast. Wild probably in Sind, Eajputana, Guzerat, and the Northern Dekkan. Brandis says : " In the Punjab it attains a girth of 2^ feet in about 12 and 5 feet in about 30 years. In the forests of Lower and Middle Sind, the average growth has been ascertained to be : — At 35 j'ears 4 feet girth, at 4 feet from the ground. At Jacobabad it has reached 50 to 60 feet high with a girth of 6 to 8 feet in less than 30 years." These measurements would give from 2 to 5 rings per inch of radius, which would indicate a quick rate of growth. In Minniken's Report on the Delhi Bela plantation in 1878, the following data are recorded regarding hihar : — A,e. No. of tree, ^-^gy''' "felf"' Compartjaent 1. Chandrawal . . 7^ 4 23-5 25'30 3. Kudsia ... 6 4 13-5 25 4. JafEar Khan . . 6 7 17 18 to 25 Chandrawal is probably on better soil than the others, as the rate of growth is 2 rings per inch as against 2'2 and 2'8 in Nos. 3 and 4 respectively. Weight : Cunningham gives 54 lbs. ; Skinner, No. 3, 54 lbs. ; J. L. Stewart, 48 lbs. ; our specimens give an average of 54 lbs. Cunningham's five Gwalior experiments with bars 2' X 1" X 1" gave P = 875 ; Skinner gives 884. The wood is very durable if well seasoned. It is used extensively for wheels, well curbs, sugar and oil presses, rice-pounders, agricultural implements and tool handles. In Sind it is largely used for boat-building, rafters.and for fuel ; also occasionally for railway sleepers. The gum, which is similar to gum arable, is largely collected and used in native medicine, and in dyeing and cloth printing. In Sind and Guzerat large quantities of lac are collected on it. The bark is used for dyeing andtanuing, and is a powerful astringent ; a decoction of it may be used as a substitute for soap. The pods also, when unripe, are astringent, and are used to make ink, and in Africa for tanning ; they are given as fodder to cattle, sheep and goats. It is largely cultivated in the Punjab and Sind, but it suffers much from frost. It comes up well self-sown, coppices well, and may be grown from cuttings. It sends down a very long taproot. lbs. P 1198. Madhopiir, Punjab 58 P 890. Multan P 1379. Miani Forest, Sind , P 440. Ajmere . C 843. Amraoti, Berar D 1051. Salem, Madras No. 1. Salem Collection 49 66 56 56 50 3. A. eburnea, Willd. j Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 293 ; Beddome xcv.; Brandis 183. Mimosa eburnea, Koxb. Fl. Ind.ii. 558. Vern. Marmaii, Dekkau. 152 LEGUMiNOS^. ' [Acacia. A sliort or small deciduous tree, with rough, dark-grey bark. "Wood hard, yellowish white, extremely hard, splits in drying. Pores moderate- sized and large, often oval and subdivided into compartments enclosed in wavy and irregular concentric bands of softer tissue, which are frequently interrupted. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, wavy, prominent in the bands of darker and finer tissue, which alternate with those of soft texture. Sind, Suliman range, Berar, Dekkan and Soutli India. Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. C 844. Amraoti Keserve, Berar 52 4, A. leucophloea, Willd. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 294 j Beddome t. 48 ; Brandis 184; Kurz i. 421. Mimosa leuoofklcea, Roxh. ¥1. Ind. ii. 558. Vern. Berw, raunj, karir, nimbar, ringa, rinj, rohani,jMnd, safed kikar, Hind. ; ArinJ, Rajputana ; Baundra, runjra, Banswara ; Renuja, Bijera- gogarh ; Tumma, Gondi ; Hewar, Mar. ; Velvaylam, vel-vaghe, Tarn, j Tella-tuma, harwar, Tel. ; Bilijdli, topal, naibela, Kan. ; Katu andara, Cingh. ; Tanoung, Burm. A moderate-sized or large deciduous tree. Bark ^ inch thick ; colour varying with age, grey and smooth when young, dark brown, almost black, and rough when old, exfoliating irregularly in patches and strips. Sapwood large ; heartwood reddish brown with lighter and darker streaks, extremely hard. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed in patches or short irregular concentric belts of white tissue which are prominent in, and alternate with, the dark-coloured firm tissue which separates the medullary rays. The latter are white, fine and moderate, and often slightly bent. Plains of the Punjab from Lahore to Delhi, and in all forest tracts of Central and South India and Burma. Weight, Skinner, No. 5, gives 55 lbs. ; R, Thompson, 58 lbs. ; and Central Pro- vinces List of 1873, 45 lbs. ; our specimens give 50 and 59 lbs. Skinner gives P =861. It seasons well and takes a good polish ; is strong and tough, but often eaten by insects. It gives an excellent fuel. The bark is eaten in times of scarcity ; it is used in preparing spirits from sugar and palm juice, to precipitate by the tannin it contains the albuminous substances in the juice. It gives a fibre used for nets and coarse cordage. The young pods and seeds are eaten, and the gum is used in native medicine. lbs. P 947. Lahore . . 50 C 1118. Abiri Eeserve, Central Provinces 59 6. A. modesta, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 296 ; Brandis 185. Mimosa dumosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 559, and probably M. obovata, Roxb. I.e. 561. Vern. Palosa, Afg. ; Phulahi, Pb. A thorny, moderate-sized, deciduous tree. Bark rough, with a multi- tude of narrow irregular cracks. Sapwood large, white, perishable; heartwood dark brown, with black streaks, extremely hard, harder than that of A. Catechu. Pores moderate-sized, sometimes joined by narrow bands of white tissue. Medullary rays fine, white, short. Suliman and Salt Ranges, Sub-Himalayan tract between the Indus and the Sutlej, and the northern part of the Punjab plains. Growth slow. Weight, according to J. L. Stewart, 55 lbs. ; our specimens vary from 67 to 72 ; average 69 lbs. A most beautiful wood, strong and durable ; valuable for cart-wheels, sugarcane crushers, Persian water-wheels and agricultural implements. Acacia.] leguminosJ!. 153 It gives a gum, us3d in native medicine. The leaves and fallen blossoms are collected for cattle fodder. lbs. P 164. Hoshiarpur (J. L. Stewart, 1866) T2 P 944. Gujerat 68 P 945. Miiltan 67 6. A. ferraginea, DC. j Hook. Fl. Intl. ii. 295; Beddome t. 51 ; Brandis 185; Kui-z i. 423 ; Gamble 32. Mimosa ferrugi7iea,'R.o-sh.Y\. Ind. ii. 561. Vern. Khour, Nep. ; Kaiger, PanchMehals; Son khair, Berav ; Kar khair, Goudi ; Phandra khair, Mar, ; Te6ri khair, Bhil ; Banni, Kan. ; Velvelam, Tam. ; Ansandra, tella tuma, wuni, Tel. A large deciduous tree. Bark ^ inch thickj rough. Sapwood large ; b«artwood olive brown, extremely hard, harder than A. Catechu. Pores moderate-si'zed, generally single, in small rounded patches of softer tissue, which are often confluent and joined into short interrupted concen- tric bands. Medullary rays short, white, fine, numerous. NoTthem Bengal, Central and South India, Guzerat. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 4, 60 lbs. ; our specimens give 70 lbs. Skinner ■gives P = 798. A fine timber, but little used. Beddome says it is used for building, ■carts and agricultural implements. It gives a good gum, similar to gum' arable. lbs. C 873. Bairagarh Eeserve, Berar 70 E 2357. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 67 D 1081. North Arcot 73 A piece of red wood, B 2529 (57 lbs.), collected in Burma in 1862 and marked Sha, has large and moderate-sized pores filled -with resin ; they are often subdivided and their transverse diameter is greater than the distance between the fine, closely packed and prominent medullary rays. It evidently belongs to a species of Acacia, and in structure resembles A.ferruginea, which has not yet been described from Burma. 7. A. Catechu, Willd. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 295; Brandis 186; Kurz i. 422 ; Gamble 32. A. Sundra, Beddome t. 50. Mimosa Sundra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 562. Vern. Khair, Hind. ; Khoira, koir, Ass. ; Khoiru, Uriya ; Karangalli, bdgd, Tam. ; Sandra, nalla sandra, Tel. ; Kagli, Kan.; Bat kihiri, Ciugh.; Sha, Burm. A moderate-sized, gregarious, thorny, deciduous tree. Bark dark grey or greyish brown, rough, exfoliating in long narrow strips. Sap- wood yellowish white ; heartwood either dark or light red, extremely hard. The wood grown in the Himalayan valleys shews the annual rings marked by a whitish line and by a larger number of pores in the spring wood. Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided occasion- ally in radial groups of 2 or 3, and surrounded by narrow rings of softer tissue which are often joined and form interrupted concentric bands. Pores frequently filled with a white substance, uniformly distributed except that they are more numerous in the innermost part of each annual ring, distinctly marked on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, numerous, bent where they touch the pores, which are often larger than the space between two medullary rays. Common in most parts of India and Burma, extending in the Sub-Himalayan tract westwards to the Indus. The growth of the Himalayan trees, whose rings it is possible to count, is moderate, being 5 rings per inch of radius. The tree grows quickly when young, and its U 154 LEGUMiNOs*. [Acacia. reproduction on newly formed sandbanks is sometimes very remarkable. A specimen in the Bengal Forest Museum, from the Mahanadi Forest, shews 24 well-marked rings on a mean radius of 6i inches, or 3'8 rings per inch, which is fast. Weight: the confusion between this tree and A. Suma and the fact of this tree having two varieties has caused some uncertainty in the weight. Skinner describes two woods, viz. — Weight. Value of P. No. 10, P. 32. A. Suma {Telia Sandra, Td.) . . . 77 lbs. 801 No. 11, P. 33. A. Sundra (Nulla sandra, Tel.) . . . 81 „ 91,5 The latter is probably our A. CafecAw; the former ^4. Suma. Cunningham's experi- ments with bars of wood 2' X 1" X 1" from Gwalior gave weight 70 lbs. P^ 779. Erandis, in his Burma List of 1862, gives two varieties — lbs. No. 29, Var. A 56 No. 30, Var. B 70 both of which are probably A. Catechu, and both here described, the ordinary red- wooded A. Catechu being Var, B. R. Thompson gives 75 lbs., while the Central Provinces List of 1873 gives 79 lbs. ; ou rspecimens of Var. B. vary from 48 lbs. to 64 lbs., while our specimens of Var. A. give an average of 67 lbs. The wood seasons well, takes a fine polish and is extremely durable. It is not attacked, by white ants or by teredo.- It is used for rice pestles, oil and sugarcane crushers, agricultural implements, bows, spear and sword handles and wheelwrights' work. In Burma it is used for house posts, and very largely used as firewood for the steamers of the Irrawaddy Flotilla. In Northern India it is used for charcoal, and is one of the best woods for that purpose. It has been found good for railway sleepers, and it is probably only the smallness of the tree and the consequent waste in cutting up that has prevented its more general use. A number of sleepers were cut for the Northern Bengal State Railway in 1876, but no report has yet been made of their quality. The chief product of the tree is Catechu (cntch or Katha), which is obtained by boiling down the wood cut into chips. It is extensively manufactured in Kumaun, Oudh and in Burma, but not in Northern Bengal or Assam. Cutch is used by natives in India to chew with the betel-leaf, and is largely exported to Europe for dyeing and tanning. Medicinally it is used as an astringent for fevers and in other maladies. lbs. Hazara, Punjab . H 938. P 604. P 1196. P 98. P 455. 255. C 2758. E 663. E 2356. Kangra, Madhopur, Punjab Sutlej Valley, Punjab Ajmere Garhwal (1868) . Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai Mahanadi Forest, Darjeeling Terai 54 63 63 53 64 59 48 The variety of A. Catechu with darker coloured wood, which probably corre- sponds to the variety A. of Brandis' Burma List of 1862, is found in the Central Provinces, Darjeeling Terai and Burma. There is some uncertainty regarding its identification, but apparently it is only a variety of A. Catechu, with darker coloured, less heavy and less hard heartwood, and a slightly different structure as above. The wood is not quite so hard as that of the ordinary form, and in structure it differs by having larger pores, and finer and more pronounced medullary rays. To this form belong— lbs. C 189. Mandla, Central Provinces (1866) 59 C 203. „ „ » 63 E 625. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai (locolly, hankar) , . . 59 1 ^o55. „ , ,j it a • . . /U B 1454. Prome, Burma 75 No. 2. Salem Collection 76 C. 1308 (75 lbs.) and C. 1310 (76 lbs.), called Khoiru and Seme, from Gumsur, differ from A. Catechu by smaller and more numerous poi-es, and finer and more numerous medullary rays. They may very probably belong to A. Suma, Buoh. ■dcacia. J LEGUMiNOSiE. 155 8. A. Intsia, Willd. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 297 ; Kurz i. *23. A. ccesia, W. and A. ; Beddome xcv. ; Brandis 189 ; Kurz i. 425 ; Gamble 33. Mimosa ccesia, Roxb.. Fl. lud.- ii. 565. Vern. Arhai-ka-bel, Sutlej j Katrar, ^\xma,\m\. Harrari, Nep. ; P^ai/ir rik, ngi'aem n/J, Lepcha; Ko- rinta, Tel. ; Jarri, chilor, Mar. A large climbing shrub with reddish grey bark, with usually five fluted, spirally-twisted grooves ; wood white, soft, porou&. Pores small and large, enclosed in irregular concentric bands which run into each other, and which separate the narrow belts of firmer and darker-coloured tissue in which the white, fine, medullary rays are prominent. Sub-Himalayan' tract from the Chenab- eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet, through- out India and Burma. The bark is used by Lepohas in Sikkim as a substitute for soap in washing the hair. B 478. Eakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai. E 2379. Chunbati, Darjeelmg, 2,000 ft. 9. A. pennata, WiHd.; Hook. Fl. Tnd. ii. 297; Beddome xcv.; Brandis 189 ; Kurz i. 421; Gamble 33. Mimosa pennata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 565. Vern. ^y^«, awa^, Kumaun ; Bisivul, Hind.; ^-r/ii, Nep. ; Tol rik, Lepcha ;. Sooyit, Burni-. A large climbing shrub. Bark reddish brown, \ inch thick, with horizontal cracks. Wood porous, moderately hard. Pores oval or oblong, occasionally subdivided into 2 or 3 compartments, from' small to extremely large and very numerous, surrounded or enclosed in an irregular net-work of white tissue, which separates the patches of darker-coloured and firmer tissue, in which the white, moderately broad medullary rays are distinctly visible. Oudh, Kumaun, Nepal, Eastern Bengal, Burma/ and South India. Weight, 50 lbs. pei cubic foot. Growth fast, 3 to 4 riugs per inch of radius. Iba. E 476. Balasun Forest, Darjeeling Terai E 2358. Sivoke „ „ „ 50 10. A. dealbata, Link. ; Benth. Fl. Austr. ii. 415; Brandis 180. The Silver Wattle. A tree spreading rapidly by numerous root-suckers. The wood is- moderately bard, light brown, but warps considerably. Pores small, often in short linear groups. Medullary ray& short, fine and moderately broad, well marked on a radial section. Indigenous in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. Introduced on the- Nilgiris, and now naturalised since 1840. The wood is extensively used in Australia for timber, and the bark for tanning. It is being tried in plantations in the hiUs of the Punjab, North- Western Provinces and Sikkim. Our specimen was cut from a tree 11 years old and 46 feet high, and was about 12 inches in diameter. Colonel Beddome, in his Report on the Kilgiri plantations of April 1878, says that this Wattle grows very readily from the stool, but comes up in a dense mass of small twig-like stems, so that it can only be depended on foB very small firewood. W 1099. Nilgiri Hills. 11. A. melanoxylon, R.Br.; Benth. Fl. Austr. ii. 415.; Brandis 180. Australian Blackwood. A large tree with hard and durable wood ; heartwood dark brown and beautifully mottled, soft, shining, even-grained ; pores mostly oval, lEGDMiNOS^'. [ Aeaeia. moderate-sized and divided into compartments conspicuously marked on a vertical section. Medullary rays short and fine. New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Introduced on the Nilgiris since 1840 and now completely naturalised. Also being grown in the hills of the Punjab, Kumaun and Sikkim. With regard to its rate of growth, Colonel Beddome, in his Report of April 1878 on the Nilgiri plantations, says that in the Bleakhouse plantation, Wellington, the average girth of the trees in the portion which is 21 to 22 years old, taken from the measurement of 30 trees as they came, was 35 inches at 6 feet from the ground (about 4 rings per inch of radius), the girth of some of the largest trees being 56, 55, 50, 46 and 44 inches. Our specimen was cut from a tree 20 years old and 90 feet high ; it gave a plank 2 feet broad. The wood seems to be regarded on the Nilgiris as very inferior to that of Eucalyptus Globulus, either for timber or firewood ; its growth is much slower and it is attacked by species of Loranthus, which parasites in time kill the tree. It does not coppice well, unless cut very young. Weight, according to Mr. Newbery (Timbers of Victoria, 1877), 41 to 48 lbs. per cubic foot ; our specimen gives 36 lbs. It is used in Australia for cabinet work, coach-building, railway carriages and agricultural implements ; on the Nilgiris chiefly for firewood. Its bark is used for tanning. lbs. W 1100. Nilgiri Hills . 36 Besides A. melanoxylon ani A. rfeaBoste, there are several other species of Wattle, some of which are cultivated in India. A. decurrens, Willd., the " Common " or " Black " Wattle, is a small or medium-sized tree ; larger in moist localities. According to Mr. Newbery, the wood weighs 45 to 48 lbs. per cubic foot. It is being grown in several places in India. A. pi/cnantka, 'Bth..,tlae "GolAea" or "Broad-leaf" Wattle, is the most valuable species for tanner's bark and gum. Its wood weighs 51'51bs. per cubic foot. A, homalophylla, A. Cunn., is the Myallwood, a small tree with a hard, dark wood with the scent of violets. Wattles grow in almost any soil, but their growth is best in loose, sandy places or where the surface has been broken for agricultural or other purposes. It is well, before sowing the seed, to soak it for a short time in warm water ; this moistens the outer shell and induces more speedy germination. The seeds generally germinate in from 7 to 10 days, and are apt to damp off if too carelessly watered. 29. ALBIZZIA, Durazzini. Contains 10 Indian species, most of which are common large trees found over the greater part of India, and are here described. A. myriophylla, Bl. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 300 ; Kurz i. 426, (Mimosa microphylla, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 549) Vern. Tetuliya, Sylhet, is a small evergreen tree of Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Teuasserim. A. elegans, Kurz i. 427, is a large evergreen tree of the tropical forests of the Pegu Yomas ; while A. lophantha, Bth. PI. Austr. ii. 421 ; Brandis 174, is an Australian tree of rapid growth, which has now been completely naturalised on the Nilgiri Hills. Baron von Miiller says that it seeds profusely and germinates most easily, and is very valuable for re-clothing desert tracts, where it is important quickly to create shade, shelter and copious vegetation. The bark maybe used for tanning. A new species has lately been discovered in the Chanda district, Central Provinces, by Mr. R. Thompson, called Silari. It is a large tree with short trunk, spreading branches and large fruit. The structure of Albizzia is characterised by large or moderate-sized not very numerous pores, which are exceedingly prominent on a verti- cal section, the pores of successive concentric strata being not parallel, but running obliquely into each other. The medullary rays are not generally prominent, and the wood is softer than that of most species of Acacia. 1. A. Lebbek, Benth.; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 298 j Beddome. t. 53; Brandis 176; Kurz i. 427. Mimosa Sirissa, Roxb. PL Ind. ii. 544. The Siris Tree. Vern. Siris, sinn, sirdi, kalsis, taniia, garso, Hind. ; Sirisha^ Beng. ; Harreri, Panch Mehals ; Vaghe, hat vaghe, Tam. ; Albizzia. ] LEGUMINOSiE. 157 Birasan, darshana, kat vaffe, pedda duc/iirram, Tei. ; Kal haghi, henglia, Kan. ; Chichola, Mar. ; Kokoh, Burm. ; Beymadd, gachodd, And. A large deciduous tree. Bark grey or brownish grey, rough, with numerous, short, irregular cracks. Sapwood large, white ; heartwood dark brown, hard, shining, mottled, with deeper coloured, longitudinal streaks. The annual rings in trees grown in the Punjab are marked by a distinct line. Pores large, not numerous, often subdivided and enclosed in patches of softer whitish tissue, which are frequently arranged in short bands. Pores prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 5,000 feet ; Bengal, Burma, Central and South India. Growth exceedingly rapid during the first year. Brandis says that trees in the Punjab have 2i feet girth in 12 years 4^ feet in 30 years, and that trees at Sakhar in Sind 17 years old have reached 5 to 6 feet in girth. This would give from 1 to 3 rings per inch of radius, which is very fast. The weight and transverse strength have been determined from the following experiments : — Experiment by whom conducted. Puckle Cuuniugham Baker . Skianer. No. 7 (List) . Brandis, No. 4^ A, Mendis Smytliiea 1864 1839 1862 1862 1855 1878- Wood whence procured. Mysore . Gwalior Junagarh South India Burma . Mysore Burma . Ceylon , Punjab . South India Burma be t 67 2 61 4 66 4 60 2 55 4 60 46 50 4,8 42 48-6 4 46 3 45-5 2 Size of bar. Ft. In. In. 2x1x1 7x2x2 Value of P. 1062 959 1063. 486 6^6 793 865 It seasons, works and polishes well, and is fairly durable. It is used for sugarcane crushers, oil-mills, furniture, well curbs and wheel-work ; in South India for boats. In the Andamans where trees of large size are procurable, it is used for building, but more usually for house-posts. It is often grown as an avenue tree, but its roots do not pene- trate very deep. It grows easily from cuttings. It gives a gum which is not soluble in water, but merely forms a jelly. The leaves and twigs are given as fodder to camels. lbs. Madhopur, Punjab 47 Bhajji, Sutlej Valley, 3,000 feet Multan Ajmere P P P P W W w B B No. 1193. 96. 881. 468. 728. 748. 751. 1453. 2208. 81. South Kanara Prome, Burma Andaman Islands Ceylon Collection (marked Acacia qjeciosa] 43 49 55 41 51 44 48 43 42 158 LEGUMiNOS^-. [Alliizzia. 2. A. odoratissima, Benth.; Hoot. FT. Ind. u. S'DQ; Beddome t. 54; Brandis 175; Kurz i. 427; Gainbl'e 33-. Mimosa odoratissima; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 546. yexn. Lasrm, haramhru, polach, Pb, ; 8iris, siran, bhandir, bersa, bds, bassein, bansa. Hind. ; Chichwa, ckieholar, yerjoohetta, Gondi ; Chicliora, Kurku ; Kali harrevi, Panch Mehals; Tedony, Lepcha ; Jati-koroi, Ass. ; Moroi, Cachar ; Kal-thnringi, Tear vaghe, bilwara, solomanim, sela vanjai, Tam. ; Shinduga, chindu, telsu, yerjuehinta, karu vage, Tel.; PuUibaghi, billawar, Kan.; Borhi, cMchua, cAichanda, Mar.; Iloore mara, Cingh. ; Thitmagyi, Buvm, A large deciduous tree. Bark 5 incb thick^ gi'ey, with irregular cracks and patches of darker colour. Sapwood large, white ; heartwood dark brown with darker streaks, very bard. Dark, narrow, concentric bands (annual rings?), alternating with bands of lighter cok)ur. Pores large^ often double, uniformly distributed, enclosed in very narrow rings of soft tissue and sometimes arranged in interrupted lines, very prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, wavy, short, indistinct. This species is characterised among common Albizzias by its greater hardness and short and less prominent medullary rays. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 3,000 feet ; Bengal^ Burma, Central and South India. Growth rapid, 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, Wallich gives 45 lbs. ; Kyd, 40 lbs. ; Skinner, No. 6, 46 lbs. ; Brandis, 52 lbs. ; our specimens give an average of 54 lbs. Kyd's experiments with Assam wood with bars 2' X 1" X 1" gave P = 547;- Brandis found P = 984 ; and Skinner 800. The wood seasons, works and polishes well, and is fairly durable. It is used for wheels, oil-mills and furniture. It gives a dark-brown gum. The leaves and twigs are lopped for cattle fodder. lbs. P 3223. Nagpahar Forest, Ajmere O 205. Garhwal (1868) 43 O 219. „ C 184. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) C 1122. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . . . .- . .60" C 2748. Moharli Eeserve, Central Provinces . , E 2360. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 59" W 725. South Kanara 59 W 1189. „ „ 4a D 1084. North Arcot 52 B 290. Burma (1867) 53 B 3121. „ (1862) 57 B 1427. „ 57 B 2231. Andamans (1866) 56 No. 8. Salem Collection 52 3. A. procera, Benth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 299; Beddome xcvi. ; Brandis 175 ; Kurz i. 428 ; Gamble 33. Mimosa data, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 546. Vern. Safed siris, gurar, karra, haro, karanji, gurbdri, gurhur, laro, karolu, garso, Hind. ; Karallu, Jcini, kilai, kiii, tikiri, Bombay ; Takmur, Lepcha; Koroi, Beng., Ass.; Kili, Garo; Sarapatri, Uriya; Passerginni, Gondi ; Kintd, Bhil; Gurar jMa,r.; Konda vagAe,Tam.; Pedda patseru, tella sopara, tella chindagu, Tel. ; C/iikul, Kan. ; Choi, Magh ;. Seet, Burm. ; Birdd, And. A large, deciduous, fast-growing tree. Bark \ inch thick, yellowish or greenish white or grey, smooth, with horizontal lines. Sapwood large, yellowish white, not durable ; heartwood hard, brown, shining, with alternate belts of darker and lighter colour. Pores moderate-sized and large, enclosed in narrow rings of softer tissue, uniformly distributed, Allizziu. LEGUMINOSJ). 159 very prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine- Tlie difference in structure between A. Lebbek and the woods of A. procera is very slight. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Bengal, Satpura Range in the Central Provinces, Guzerat, South India and Burma. Growth very rapid. Brandis says that it attains in 12 years 3 to 4 feet, and in 30 years 4 to 6 feet girth. This would give about 2 rings per inch of radius, which is very rapid. Our specimens are of somewhat slower growth, 6 rings per inch. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 3, 39 lbs. ; Brandis, No. 28, 48 lbs. ; oar specimens give an average of 46 lbs. Skinner gives P = 884 ; Brandis 750. The wood is straight and even-grained, seasons well, and the heartwood is durable. It is used for sugarcane crushers, rice-pounders, wheels, agricultural implements, bridges and house posts. It is used by tea planters for stakes for laying out tea gardens, as it is found to split well, and occasionally for tea boxes and for charcoal, for which it is found to be very good. It gives a copious gum. lbs. Garhwal (1868) 41 O 220. O 3004. C 2740. E 2361. E 949. E 1263. E 2194. E 1955. B 329. B 811. B 2527. B 506. B 518, B 2247. (1873) Jamui Forest, Berar (sapwood) Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai Eastern Diiars, Assam Tezpur, Assam Nowgong, Assam Chittagong . Burma (1867) „ (1862) Andaman Islands 4. Kurz Vern. Ass. ; A (1866) 44 26 37 51 58 43 43 39 60 41 53 46 41 A. lucida, Benth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 299; Brandis 174; i. 429 ; Gamble 33. Mimosa lucida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 544. Sil koroi, Beng. ; Tapria-siris, Nep. ; Ngraem, Lepcha ; Mess-gucli, Gunhi, Magh; Thanthat, Burm. large deciduous tree. Heartwood hard^ brown, with dark streaks and alternating dark and light coloured, concentric bands. Pores moder- ate-sized, numerous, enclosed in round patches of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine and very numerous. Eastern Bengal, Borma. Weight, average of our specimens, 501bs. per cubic foot. Wood hard and good, but not used. Lac is obtained on it in Assam. lbs. E 660. Bamunpokri, Daqeelmg Terai 55 E 677. „ „ „ 61 5. A. Julibrissin, Boivin ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 300; Brandis 177. Mimosa KalJcora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 547 (?). Pink Siris. Vern. Sinn, kurmru,surangru,shirsh, skishi,b4na,tanddi, mathirshi, brind, Pb. ; Lai siris, baraulia, barau, bhokra. Hind.; Kalkora (?), Beng. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark grey, with lono- hori- zontal wrinkles. Sapwood large ; heartwood dark brown, almost black in old trees, beautifully mottled, shining. Annual rings distinctly marked by a sharp line. Pores lai-ge, often double, very prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, short, red, appearing as nar- row, dark, straight bands on a radial section. Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, ascending to 5,000 feet. Growth rapid, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius {Brandis); our specimens give 5 rin<'s. 160 LEGUMiNOS^. \_AlUzzia. Weiglit, 43 to 52 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used to make furniture. The tree' is extremely handsome "when in flower, with its innumerable pink tassels of delicate silky blossoms, from which it derives its name gul&b-resham, rose silk. lbs. H 97. Sutlej Valley, Simla, 4,000 feet 52 H 152. Sainj, Simla, 4,000 feet 43 6. A. stipulata, Boivioj Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. §00j Beddome t. Fl. ; Brandis 178 ; Kurz i. 426 ; Gamble 34. Mimosa stipulacea, Roxb. 55, Ind. ii. 649. Vern. Oi, oe, sinn, shirsha, kasw, Pb. ; JSiran, kanujer a. pattia, samsundra, Hiad. ; Kala siris, Nep. ; Singriang, Lepcha ; Sow, Ass. ; Selcho, Garo ; Cliahua, amluki, Beng. ; Kat turanji, Tain. ; Konda cJiirigu, chindaga, Tel. ; Kal baghi, hote iaghi, Kan, ; Kabal, Cingh, ; Pohoh, Magh ; Boomaiza, Burm. A large, deciduouSj fast-growing tree. Bark grey, with numerous short, vertical wrinkles and a few larger horizontal furrows, with promi- nent edges, darker when old. Sapwood large, white ; heartwood brown, generally not durable, soft, shining. Annual rings distinctly marked. Pores large, often oval and subdivided, very prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, short, reddish, not very distinct. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet ; Oudh, Bengal, Burma, South India. Growth very rapid. Roxburgh says that a tree he planted in the Botanic Garden at Calcutta measured 48'5 inches in girth at 4 feet above the ground when 7 years old ; this would give a rate of growth of slightly less than 1 ring per inch of radius. Stewart, in " Punjab Plants, p. 56," says that a tree in the Saharanpur Gardens was 7 feet in girth at about 17 years of age, which gives rather over 1 ring per inch of radius. Our specimens give 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. A round in the Bengal Forest Museum from a young tree, shews 11 rings on a mean radius of 6 inches or 1'8 rings per inch of radius. The growth may be taken therefore at 1 to 4 rings per inch •of radius, which is very rapid. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 9, 55 lbs. ; according to Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 27, 66 lbs. ; our specimens give only 33 lbs. ; and "KyA. (Acacia marginata. Ham.) 28 lbs. Kyd gives P := 222 ; and Skinner gives P = 823 ; but it is doubtful if his experiments were really from wood of A. stipidata. The wood is said by Beddome, probably quoting Skinner, to be used for building and for naves of wheels. Kurz says it is good for cabinet work, furniture and similar pur- poses. Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 27, says it is prized for cartwheels and for the bells of cattle. In Bengal it has been tried for tea-boxes, for which purpose it will probably suit well ; also for charcoal. It gives a gum which exudes copiously from the stem, and is used by Nepalese for sizing their " Daphne " paper. The branches are lopped for cattle fodder. Ib9. H 603. Ka,ngra, Punjab 29 O 217. Garhwal (1868) 38 € 2989. Jubbulpore, Central Provinces (1863) 39 B 647. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 26 B 2362. „ „ 29 E 788. Kamriip, Assam 40 E 1956. Chittagong . . . . w 25 B 809. Burma 36 B 2528. „ (1866) 33 B 2221. Andaman Islands (1866) 45 7. A. amara, Boivin ; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 301 ; Brandis 178. A. amara and A. Wigktii, Grab.; Beddome t. 61, xcvi. Mimosa amara and M. pulchella, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 548. Vern. Lallei, Dekkan; Thuringi, wunja, suranji, sheJcram, Tarn. ; Nallarenga, shekrani, sikkai, narlingi, Tel. ; Bel-khambi, Kan. ; Kadsige, Coorg ; Oosulay, Mai. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Sapwood large ; heartwood pur- Albizzia.] LEGUMINOSiE. 161 plish-brown, beautifully mottled, extremely hard, with alternate, con- centric, light and dark bauds. Pores small, in patches of white tissue, which are frequently joined, forming concentric bands. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. South India and Dekkan. Skinner, No. 1, gives the weight at 70 lbs. ; our specimens weigh 61 to 62 lbs. Skinner also gives P = 1284, and says, " The wood is strong, fibrous and stiff, close-grained, hard and durable, superior to sal and teak in transverse strength and direct cohesive power ; " also that it is used for the beams of native houses and carts, the wood of the crooked branches for ploughs, and the leaves for washing the hair. Beddome says it is a good fuel, and is extensively used for the locomotives at Salem and Bangalore. lbs. D 1062. Salem, Madras 61 No. 6. Salem Collection 63 B 2705 (59 lbs.) from Tavoy (Wallioh, 1828) is a dark-red specimen of a heavy brown wood of Albizzia structure, which cannot be identified. Order XII. ROSACEA. Contains 20 genera of Indian trees, shrubs or climbers, chiefly found in the colder regions of the Himalaya and other mountain ranges. It is divided into 7 Tribes, viz. — Tribe I. — Chrysobalanese . . . Parinarium and Parastemon. „ II. — Prunese ..... Prunus, Maddejiia, Pygeum and Prinsepia. „ III. — Spireete Spiraea and Neillia. „ IV. — Rubese Ruhus. „ V. — Potentillese .... Potentilla. VI. — Rosese Mosa. „ VII. — Pomeas Cydonia, Docynia, Eriohoirya, Pyrus, Photinia, Pourthicea, StranvcEsia, Cratagus and Cotoneaster. Parinarium contains 3 species : P. OriffUhiamim, Bth. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 310, is a tree of Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands ; P. indicum, Beddome t. 191, is a tree of the forests of the Wynaad, between 2,000 and 3,000 feet; and P. travancorieum, Beddome, is a tree of the hiUs about CourtaUum. Parastemon urophyllum, A. DO. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 312, is a shrub or small tree of Tenasserim and the Andamans. Maddenia contains two species : ]if. himalaica, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 318, a small tree of the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya from 8,000 to 10,000 feet ; and M.pedicellata, Hook, f ., of the Mishmi HiHs. IVeillia thyrsiflora, Don ; Gamble 35, is a common shrub of the Sikkim Hills. Potentilla can scarcely be said to contain woody species, though P. fruticosa, Linn. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 347 ; Gamble 36 (misspelt />"wfe«ce»«), is a small shrub common on rooks at high elevations from Kashmir to Bhutan, with a hard wood and annual rings marked by a line of very small pores ; and P. Salessovii, Steph. ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 348, occurs as a small shrub above 11,000 feet in Lahoul and Northern Kashmir. Cydonia vulgaris, Pers. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 369 (Pyrus Cydonia, Linn. ; Brandis 205). The Quince. Vern. Pihi, Hind. ; Bamtsunt, bamsutu, Kashmir, is cultivated in Afghanistan and the North-West Himalayas up to 5,500 feet. Docynia contains 2 species : -D. indica. Dene ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 369 {Pyrus indica, Wall. ; Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 511; Kurz i. 441 ; Gamble 37). Vern. Mehiil, passy, Nep. ; Lih&ng, Lepcha; Sopho, Khasia, i^ a tree of the hills of Sikkim, Bhutan and Assam, with a yellow, edible, though harsh-tasting fruit ; and, according to Aikin's description of Wallich's specimens, a compact, moderately hard, fine-grained wood ; and D. Sooheriana, Dene ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 369, of the Khasia Hills. Photinia contains 5 species as re-arrangcd in the Flora Indica ; P. Lindleyana, Wight and Ai'n. ; Hook. Jl. Ind. ii. 380 j Beddome W 163 uosACEiE. \Frunus, xcviii., is a small tree of the Nilglris ; P. Notoniana, Wight and Am. ; Beddome t. 192 (JSriohotrya integrifolia, Kurz i. 442) Vern. Kaddi hilcki, Burghers, is a small tree of Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma; P.integrifoUa,TAni\.; P. Griffithii, Dene ; and P. mollis, Hook, f., are trees of the North-East Himalaya. Pourthioea a/rguta, Done ; Hook. M. Ind, ii. 382, is a small tree of the Khasia Hills and Sikkim Terai. Wood close and even grained ; that of most species apt to warp. Pores small to extremely small. Medullary rays generally fine to ex- tremely fine. 1. PEUNUS, Linn. Contains 18 species including the Almond, Peach, Apricot, Plum and Cherry. P. ^rostrata, LahUl. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 313 ; Brandis 193. Vern. Tdra, ter, talle. Ph., is a small shruh of rooky places in Afghanistan and the arid parts of the Jf orth- West Himalaya, generally ahove 7,000 feet. P. Mahaleb, Linn. ; Brandis 195, is cultivated at Khelat. P. nfa. Wall. ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 314 (P. sp.. Gamble 35) Vern. Kamhi, Bhutia, is a tree of the inner Sikkim Himalaya above 10,000 feet. P. punctata, Hook, f . and Th., is a small tree of the Khasia Hills ; and P. Jenkinsii, Hook. f. and Th., a small tree of Upper Assam, P. tomentosa, Thunh. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 314, is a shmb of Kashmir ; and P. Jacquemontii, Hook, f., a shrub of the inner North-West Himalaya in Kunawar and Garhwal. P. Amygdalus, Baillon ; Brandis 190. (Amygdalus communis, Willd. ; Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 500.) The Almond. Vern. Badam, is cultivated in Afghanistan, Persia, Kash- mir and the Punjab. P. Cerasus, Linn. ; Brandis 193. The Cherry. Vern. Alu balu, Pers. ; Kerasya, Arab. ; Gilds, olchi, hrusbal. Ph., is generally cultivated iu the North-West Himalaya between 5,000 and 8,000 feet. P. Persica, Bth. and Hk. f . ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 313 ; Brandis 191 ; Kurz i. 433 ; Gamble 34. (Amygdalus persica, Willd.; Eoxb. PL Ind. ii. 500). The Peach. Vern. Ghwareshtdi, Afg.; SMft alu, Pars.; Aru, aor, chinannu, heinni, beimu, rek, Pb.; Aru, Hind.; Takpo, Lepcha, is commonly cultivated everywhere throughout the Himalaya and in Upper Burma. The species here described have a distinct heartwood ; the pores are small or very small. The medullary rays are generally of two classes, fine and moderately broad. The annual rings are marked either by a con- tinuous line of pores or by more numerous pores in the spring wood. 1. P. armeniaca, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 313; Brandis 191; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 501. The Apricot. Vern. lidri, gardalu, jaldaru, shiran, cheroli, cher hush, serkuji, shari, Pb. ; Iser, Kashmir ; Ch'&ari, zardalu, khoobani, Hind. ; Mishmish, Pers. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark brown, rough, with narrow longitudinal clefts. _ Sap wood white; heartwood greyish brown, mottled with dark-brown streaks, moderately hard. Annual rings marked by a narrow continuous belt of pores, which are larger than the very small scattered pores in the outer portion of the ring. Medul- lary rays of two classes, numerous ; very fine rays between fewer mode- rately broad ones. Cultivated in the North-West Himalaya. Growth moderate, 4 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 49 lbs. per cubic foot ; Mathieu, PI. For. p, 131, gives 58 lbs. Wood hand- some, used for various purposes in the Punjab HUls. In Lahoul and Upper Kanawar it is the chief firewood. The fruit, fresh or dried, is extensively used for food, and an oil is extracted from the kernels which is used to burn, in cooking and for the hair. lbs. H 781. Bathri, Chamba, 3,000 feet 49 H 20. Madhan, Simla, 6,000 feet ,49 H 2876. Matiydna, Simla, 7,000 feet 8. P. communis, Huds. ;Hook, Fl. Ind. ii. 315; Brandis 193. The Ph^m. Yem, Almha, olchi, er, aor, gardalu, '?'h. PfUnUS.] ItOSACEiE. ' 103 A moderate-sized tree. Wood reddisli brown, hard, very close- grained, warps and splits. Annual rings marked by a belt of small, closely packed pores. Pores in the main portion of the annual ring extremely small, in groups. Medullary rays of two classes, moderately broad, numerous, with very fine rays between them. Cultivated (or indigenous, Hook. Tl. Ind.) from Garhwal to Kashmir in the Western Himalaya, from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. Growth fast, 2' to 3 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is smooth to work, and is used in Kashmir for the skeleton of the so-called papier-mach^ boxes. lbs. H 151. Girl Valley, Simla, 4,000 feet 53 3. P. Puddum, Roxb.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 314; Brandis 194; Kurz i. 484. ; Gamble 34. Vern. C/mmidri, amalguch,p&ja,pajia, Pb. ; Paddam, pdya, Hind. ; Konglci, Lepcba. A moderate-sized (in Sikkim, a large) deciduous tree. Bark peeling off in thin, horizontal, shining layers. Sapwood large, greenish white. Heartwood reddish, beautifully mottled on a radial section by narrow, wavy, shining, medullary rays, moderately hard. Annual rings dis- tinctly marked by an irregular and not continuous belt of numerous pores. Pores small; those of the spring wood very small, fre- quently arranged in oblique lines intersecting the medullary rays at an angle. Medullary rays of two classes ; numerous, very fine rays alter- nating with fewer, short, moderately broad raj's, which are broader than those of P. Padus. Scent pleasant, resembling that of P. Mahaleh. Wild in the Himalaya, fi'om the Indus to Assam, between 2,500 and 7,000 feet ; Khasia HiUs. Growth variable, from 4 to 22 rings per inch of radius, the average being 12. Weight, the average of our specimens give 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Gamble says 40 to 45 lbs. The wood is used in the Punjab Himalaya for walking-sticks ; in Darjeeling occasionally for furniture. It deserves to be better known, and to be more extensively used, as, at any rate in Sikkim, it is common and reaches a large size. It gives an abundant gum, not used. lbs. H 46. Nagkanda, Simla, 7,000 feet 52 H 234. Garhwal HiUs (1868) .... E 683. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet . E 2363. Kurseong, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet E 2364. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet E 1447. Mishmi Hills (GriflBth, 1836) . 46 42 41 48 37 4. P. Padus, Linn.; Hook. TI. Ind. ii, 315; Brandis 194; Gamble 35. The Bird Cherry, Vern. Paras, halahat, gidar-ddh, hart,zum, zam, zambujjamu, cTiule, dudla, krunyVh. ', Jamana, Hind.; Lihh-aru, arupatti, Nep. ; ILlo sa lilot-hung, Lepcha. A moderate-sized deciduous tree, with dark, rough bark. Sapwood large, whitish, Heartwood reddish brown, with an unpleasant smell, beautifully mottled on a radial section by the shining medullary rays, moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a narrow belt of continuous, closely arranged pores. Pores small, in irregularly shaped groups, which are uniformly distributed. Medullary rays short, moder- ately broad, Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, between 4,000 and 10,000 feet. Growth, varying from 4 to 30 rings per inch of radius ; the average of our speci- 164 KOSACE*. [Prunus. mens gave 13 rings. Average weight 41 lbs. per cubic foot, Mathieu M. For. p. 128, gives an average of 41'5 lbs. The wood has often a very handsome grain and deserves to be better known ; it is scarcely ever used. lbs. 38 42 43 41 42 The two Darjeeling specimens are perhaps P. nepalensis, Ser. ; Hook. PI. Ind 316. H 916. H 22. H 58, E 696. E 2369. Hazara, 7,000 feet . . : . Matiyana, Simla, 7,000 feet Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet Bangbiil Forest, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 5. P. acuminata, .Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 817; Gamble 35 [^wrongly Roxb.) . A tree with thin dark bark. Wood reddish brown. Pores small, sometimes in groups or radial lines ; medullary rays of two classes ■ numerous, very fine rays, alternating with fewer, short, broad ones. Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills from 4,000 to 7,000 ft. E 3309. Sureil, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet. 6. P. martabanica, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 316; Kurz i. 434. Vern. Thiimanku ,~2t\ixvcL. No. B 1975, collected by Kurz in the Andamans in 1866, bears this name. It is a heavy, cross-grained, redwood, with moderate-sized pores, often subdivided, and fine, closely packed, uniform medullary rays. 2. PYGEUM, Gafirtn. No. 28, Adrian Mendis' Ceylon Collection, marked Cryptocarya florihimda, and Oalmorre, Cingh., is a close-grained yellow wood with a structure resembling that of Eriohotryix. It is probably Pygenm zeylcmieum, Gaertn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 321 ; Thwaites Enum. Fl. Zeyl. 102. Vern. Galmora, Cingh. ("Weight 65 lbs. per cubic foot,) A large tree of South India and Ceylon, which gives a good firewood for burning bricks or lime. There are 8 other species of this genus. P. acuminatum, Colebr. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 318 ; Kurz i. 485 ; Gamble 35, is a tree of the North-East Himalaya, Khasia HUls, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong, in which regions are also found P. glaherrimum. Hook. f. ; and P. montanum, Hook. f. P. Andersoni, Hook, f., has been found on the summit of Parasnath in Behar at 4,000 ft. ; P. Wightianum, Bl. (P. ceylanicum, Beddome t. 59) and P. Ga/rdneri, Hook, f ., are large trees of South India ; while P. arboreum, Endl., and two other species are found in the forests of Burma, chiefly in Tenasserim. 3. PRINSEPIA, Royle. 1. P. Utilis, Koyle; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 823; Brandis 196. Vern. Bhehal, bekkra, haranga, cherara, Matela, Jhatela, Hind.; Gurinda, Hazara; Tatua,phulwara, Rajaori; J'inti, Chenab; BekUng, Kanawar. A deciduous, thorny shrub, with thin brown bark, peeling off in small vertical flakes. Sapwood white ; heartwood red, very hard and compact, close and even grained, but much liable to split. Annual rings marked by a narrow continuous belt or line of larger pores ; the pores outside this belt are small. The pores are sometimes filled with a white sub- stance. Medullary rays very fine and numerous. Outer Himalaya, from Hazara to Bhutan between 2,000 and 9,000 feet. Khasia Hills. Growth slow, 12 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 69 lbs. per cubic foot.,- The Prinsejna.] BOSACE^. 165 wood is only used for fuel and occasionally for walking-sticks. An oil is expressed from the seeds wMcli is used for food and for burning. lbs. H 49. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet 69 H 2868. „ „ „ 4. SPIR^A, Linn. Contains 11 species found in the Himalaya, chiefly at elevations above 6,000 feet. They contain both herbs, such as the "Meadow Sweet" found in Kashmir; and shrubs, few of which attain any size. The two described are the most important. 1. S. sorbifolia, Linn. ; Hook. Pi. Ind. ii. 324. S. Lindleyana, DC, Vern. Sarbashtai, kiJcri, batu, Pb. A shrub, with reddish grey bark. "Wood hard, compact, even-grained. Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of more numerous pores. Pores small, scanty in the outer part of each annual ring. Medullary rays moderately broad. North-West Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Kumaun, above 7,000 feet. Growth moderate, 12 rings per inch of radius. The largest growing species. Eecognised by its pinnate leaves from the other shrubby species. It is chiefly found in shady damp woods. Ibe. H 82. Simla, 7,000 feet 49 H 3014. Hattu Forest, Simla, 8,000 feet .• . ... 2. S. canescens, Don. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 325. Vern. Chaku, tahu, Simla. Structure similar to that of 8. sorbifolia. North- West Himalaya, from Murree to Kumaun. Growth moderate, 12 rings per inch of radius. Found chiefly on open hill-sides as a stiff bush. Very handsome in flower in the spring. Ibo. H 159. Simla, 7,000 feet 47 H 2827. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 feet 5. RUBUS, Linn. Contains 40 species of erect, trailing or climbing, generally thorny shrubs. Many species are known on account of their edible fruits, the best of which is perhaps M. ellipticus. R. fmtieosus, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 337 ; Brandis 197. The Blackberry or Bramble. Vern. Anhri, alish, kanachi, chench, pakhdna, Ph., is found in Afghanistan, the Salt Eange and the Punjab Himalaya as far east as the Eavi. ii!. rosmf alius, Sm.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 34 1. ; Kurz i. 439 (B. SiJcJcimensis, O. Kze ; Gamble 36), is a small shrub found in the Himalaya from Kumaun to Sikkim, in the Khasia Hills and in the hills of Burma. It has a large, red, edible fruit, which is sold in the bazar in Darjeeling. jB. panieulatus, Sm, ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 329 ; Brandis 196 ; Gamble 36. Vern. Kala ahhi, Kangra; Anchu, pattarola, Jcala hisalu, Hind. ; Numing rih, Lepcha, is a simple leaved species with leaves covered beneath with dense white tomentum, common throughout the Himalaya. S. hiflorus, Buch. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 338 ; Brandis 198. Vern. Chdnch, hantauch, khanidra, Kashmir ; Karer, akhreri, ahhe, Eavi ; Dher, Simla, is a white-stemmed shrub of the Himalaya from Hazara to Bhutan. B. niveus, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 335 ; Brandis 199; Gamble 35. Vern. Kalga, Sutlej, has the same distribution. B. moluccanus, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 330 ; Kurz i. 439 ; Gamble [39. Vern. Bipemkanta, Nep. ; Sufok-ji, Lepcha, is a large shrub, with simple, rugose leaves, and red edible fruit, found in the North-East Himalaya and down to Burma. B. racemosus, Eoxb., and two other species occur on the NUgiris. There are many other interesting species, but too small and too numerous for mention here. 166 ROSACEiR. [Stilms. 1. R, ellipticus, Smith ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 336. R. fiavus, Ham., Brandis 197; Kurz i. 438; Gamble 35. iJ. Gowreephul, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 517. Vern. Ahhi, anhri, kundchi, guracha, pukana, Pb. ; Esar, Mshalu, hisalu, Kumauu; Tolu aselu, escalu, cesi, Nep. ; Kashyem, Lepcba. A large thorny shrub with brown bark and moderately hard, light- brown wood. Pores small ; medullary rays shortj very broad and moderately broad. Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, between 1,500 and 8,000 feet ; Khasia Hills and Assam. The fruit is yellow and with the flavour of the raspberry ; it is commonly eaten and made into preserves in the Himalaya, and is certainly one of the best of the wild fruits of India. E 2367. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 foet. 2. R. lasiocarpus, Smith; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 339; Brandis 198; Kurz i. 439 ; Gamble 36. Vern. Gunacha, pukana, Hazara; Kandidri, kJtarmuch, surganch, Kashmir; Twlanak, Chenah ; Niii, kalliae/ii, Beas ; Klenc/iu, galka, Simla; Kalga, Sat\ey, Kalawar, kala hisalu, Kumauii ; Kala aselu, m^^.; Kajutalam, Lepcha. Bark smooth. Structure similar to that of B. ellipticus. Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Burma, South India and Ceylon. The fruit has a glaucous blue-black colour ; it is small, but of good flavour. E 2368. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet. 3. R. lineatus, Reinw. ; Hook. Fl. Ind.ii, 333 ; Gamble 36. Vern. Gempe aselu, Nep. A large thornless shrub with red bark peeling off in papery flakes. Wood yellowish brown, in structure resembling that of R. ellipticus. Sikldm Himalaya, 6,000 to 9,000 feet. Stems used to make fences. Fruit red, edible. E 3307. Darjeeling 7,000 feet. 6. ROSA, Linn. Contains 9 species without including those cultivated in India, full account of which is given in Brandis' Forest Flora, and referred to in the Flora Indica ii. 363. IRosa involucrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 513, is a sub-scandent shrub of the banks of streams in the Gangetic plain, westward to Mount Aboo and eastward to Burma, jffi. Sglanteria, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 366 {B. lutea, Mill. ; Brandis 201), is a shrub of the arid parts of the inner Himalaya, with yellow flowers. H. Wehhiana, Wall ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 366 ; Brandis 202. Vem. Kantidn, shingdri, Hazara ; Shihand, shawali, manaywr, brazen, Chenab; Chua, Lahoul ; Sia, Ladak, Piti; Itinayal, Kanawar, is a pink-flowered erect shrub of the same region. R. anserintsfolia, Boiss.; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 365, is a common, wild and cultivated, white-flowered rose of Afghanistan. B. longicuspis, Bertol. ; Hook. FL Ind. ii. 367, is a climber of the Khasia Hills from 2,000 to 5,000 feet ; and jB. Zeschenaultiana, W. and A. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 368, a climber of the NUgiri and Pulney Hills. 1. R. moschata, Mill. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 367 ; Brandis 201. Vern, Kuji, kajei, karer, kwia, kwiala, Hind. ; Fhulwara, dial, Kashmir. A large, thorny, climbing shrub. Bark greyish brown. Wood moder- ately hard, porous. Annual rings marked by a continuous line of large pores in the spring wood, the pores in the autumn wood being scanty and small. Medullary rays broad to very broad. Jiosa.] ROSACEiE. 167 North- West Himalaya, from Afghanistan to Nepal, ascending to 11,000 feet. A tall climber, very sweet scented, and very ornamental when in flower in May and June. Plowers white. Growth slow, 15 rings per inch of radius. H 115. Bhajji, Simla, 5,000 feet. 2. R. sericea, Lindl. ; Hook. Fl. Iiid. ii. 367; Brandis 202 ; Gamble 36. A thorny shrub with greyish brown bark, peeling off in papery flakes. Wood very hard, darkening on exposure. Annual rings marked by a continuous line of very small pores in the spring wood, the pores in the autumn wood being extremely small. Medullary rays short, moderately broad to broad, prominent. Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Bhutan, from 9,000 to 14,000 feet. Growth slow, 18 rings per inch of radius. Flowers white or pink. E 2366. Suburkum, Darjeeling, 11,000 feet. 3. R. macrophylla, Lindl. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 366 j Brandis 203. Vern. Guldb,ban-guldb, Hind.; Tikji/c, Chenah ; A Miari, Bjuwi; Breri, lankoi, Simla. A thorny shrub. Bark blackish brown, peeling off in thin flakes. Wood hard and compact'; annual rings marked by a belt of numerous small pores in the spring wood; pores in the rest of the wood extremely small. Medullary rays moderately broad to broad, prominent. Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, between 3,500 and 10,000 feet. Growth slow, 13 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 57 lbs. per cubic foot. Flowers pink. It makes good hedges. lbs. H 50. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet H 2872. „ „ „ 55 H 2847. Mahasu, Simla „ 59 7. ERIOBOTRYA, Lindl, Contains 9 species. E. japonica, Lindl. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 372 ; Brandis 575 (Mespilus japonica. Banks ; Koxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 510). The Loquat, is cultivated in most pai-ts of India (Weight 46 lbs., Wallich). E. petiolata. Hook, f . ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 370, is a tree of Sikkim and Bhutan at 5,000 to 9,000 feet. E. lengalensis, Hook. f. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 371 [E. dtihia, Kurz i. 443. Mespilus hengalensis, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 510) is an evergreen tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma. The remainder are shrubs or small trees. 1. E. dubia, Dene; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 371. Photinia duiia, Lindl. Gamble 37. Vern. BerMng, Lepcha. A small tree. Bark light brown, ^ inch thick. Wood white, soft, even grained. Pores very small. Medullary rays of two classes, numerous very fine rays closely packed between fewer moderately broad rays. North-East Himalaya, from 5,000 to 6,000 feet. Weight, 46 lbs. per cubic foot. E 2365. Eangbul, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet. 2. E, elliptica, Lindl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 372. Photinia sp. Gamble 37. Vern. Mihul, mya, Nep. ; Yelnyo, Lepcha. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark greyish brown, \ inch thick. Wood reddish brown, compact, hard, apt to warp slightly. -Pores small and very small. Medullary rays fine and very fine, very numerous, prominent on a radial section. 168 uosACEiE. \_Eiiobotri/a, Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya, from 6,500 to 8,000 feet. Growth moderate. Aikin, describing Wallioh's specimens gives 8'4 rings ; our speci- mens shew 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 57'5 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood good, but not used. lbs. E 366. Kangbul, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 58 E 3109. Daijeeling, 7,000 feet 57 8. PYRUS, Liun. Contains 22" species, all found in the Himalaya and Klasia Hills, one only extending southward to Burma. The genus is divided into 5 sections : Malus, 3 species ; Pyrus, 4 species ; Aria, 2 species ; Sorbus, 5 species ; and Mieromelus, 8 species. In the section Malus, besides P. baccata, Linn., P. Malus, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 373 ; Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 511 ; Brandis 205. The Apple. Vern. Shewa, Afg. ; Shu, sun, chwnt, Tchajvr, hisvr, palu, Pb. ; S.ushu, Ladak; Seo, seb, Hind., is apparently wild and commonly cultivated in the North- West Himalaya. It is also cultivated in gardens in Berar, Central India, the Punjab and Sind. P. siTcJcimensis, Hook. f. ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 373, is found in the Sikkim Himalaya. In the section P^rws, besides P. PasMa, Ham., P. communis, Linn. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 374 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 510 ; Brandis 203. The Pear. Vern. Tang, batang, nah, bo, sunkeint, charkeint, Ii, Pb. HiUs ; Nasltp&ti, n&k, Pb. Plains ; Am/md, Arab, is apparently wild in Kashmir and cultivated in the Himalaya. The fruit is generally hard, but good for baking and preserves. P. Kvm,aoni, Dene ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 374 ; Brandis 204, and P. Jacquemontiana, Done ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 374 ; Brandis 205, are found in the North- West Himalaya ; they much resemble P. PasMa. In the section Aria, two species only occur ; they are here described. In the section Sorbiis, besides P. foUolosa, P. Aueuparia, Gaertn. ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 375, the Mountain Ash, is found in the North- West Himalaya from 11,500 feet to 13,000 feet fr^m Kashmir to Kumaun; and P. micropkylla, WalL, P. Wallichii, Hook, f., and P. insignis. Hook, f., in the Sikkim Himalaya. In the section Mieromelus, P. Qriffithii, Dene. ; P. rhammoides. Dene ; and P, Thomsoni, King, are described from high elevations in the Sikkim Himalaya ; P. fer- ruginea. Hook, f., from Bhutan ; and 4 species : P. khasiana. Done, P. granulosa, Bertol. (Vern. Dingsopka, Khasia), P. polyearpa, Hook, f ., and P. cuspidata, BertoL, from the Khasia Hills. Wood compact and close-grained, marked by very small pores and fine medullary rays. The wood of the Pears (sections Fyrus and Malus) warps and cracks, whereas that of the sections Sorhus and Aria seasons better. 1. P. baccata, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 373 ; Brandis 205. The Siberian Crab. Vern. Ban mehal, gwalam, Hind. ; Baror, liu, Ihijo, liwar, Pb. A small tree with grey bark. Wood white, with pale-brown heart- wood, warps considerably. Structure similar to that of P. Pashia, but medullary rays slightly broader. Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, between 6,000 and 11,000 feet ; Khasia Hills. Growth slow, 12 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 53 lbs. per cubic foot. Fruit edible. Iba. E 967. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 feet 53 2. P. Pashia, Ham. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 374; Kurz i.441. P. vario- losa, Wall.; Brandis 304, 575; Gamble 36. Vern. Tang, latangi, heint, shindar, katdri, MtAu, leu, shegul, Pb. ; Mehal, mol, Hind. ; Passi, Nep. ; Li, Lepcha. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark brown, exfoliating in P^rus.] EOSACE^. 169 small rectangular scales. Heartwood light reddish brown, hard, close and even-grained, cracks and warps. Annual rings marked by a dark line. Pores very small. Medullary rays very fine and very numerous, uniform and equidistant. Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, between 2,500 and 8,000 feet. Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, d7 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for walking-sticks, combs, tobacco pipes and various other purposes. The fruit is only eaten when half rotten, like the Medlar, but even then is not sweet. Iba. H 3185. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet H 23. Madhan, Simla, 6,000 feet 47 H 236. Garhwal Hills (1868) 3. p. lanata, Don ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 375. P. Aria, Ebrh. ; Brandis 206. Vern. Gun palos, Mg. ; Docla, chola, chilana, maila, pallu, ban pdla, hanghi, thdnki, morphal, rmrpol, Pb. ; Gallon, mdtili, paltw, ban patti, Hind. A moderate-sized deciduous tree with dark-brown bark. Wood white, moderately hard, close and even-grained, seasons well. Annual rings marked by a narrow belt without pores, on the outside of each ring. Pores very small, most numerous in the spring wood. Medullary rays fine. Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, between 5,000 and 10,000 feet. Growth slow, 22 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 40 to 47 lbs. per cubic foot ; Mathieu gives 46 to 58 lbs. It might be useful for boxes and other purposes for which a close and even-grained wood is required. Fruit large, eaten when half rotten, like that of the Medlar (JP. germanica, Ldl.). lbs. H 64. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet 47 H 2887. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet 40 H 3186. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet 4. P. vestita, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 375. P. lanata, Don ; Gamble 37. Vern. Mayhell, guhor, Nep. ; SingJca, Bhutia. A deciduous tree. Wood reddish with brown streaks, moderately hard. Annual rings distinct. Pores very small. Medullary rays fine, numerous, not distinct. Eastern Himalaya, between 8,000 and 10,000 feet. Growth slow, 20 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Fruit edible. lbs. E 380. Tonglo, Darjeehng, 10,000 feet 44 5. P. foliolosa, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind, ii. 376; Brandis 207; Gamble 37. Vern. Kharsani, Nep. A shrub or small tree. Wood white, with small, darker coloured heart- wood. Annual rings distinct. Pores very small, more numerous in the spring wood. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Eastern Himalaya, between 7,000 and 10,000 feet. Growth slow, 23 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. E 878. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet 45 6. P. ursina, Wall.; Brandis 206. P. foliolosa, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 376 (in part). Vern. Sulia, Mlia, Pb, ; Wampu litsi, Lahoul. 170 KOSACEJ). [Py?'KJ. A small tree with smooth, reddish grey bark, peeling off in horizontal papery strips. Wood white, with a small, brown heartwood. Structure similar to that of P.foliolosa. Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, between 6,000 and 12,000 feet. Growth slow, 32 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 54 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. H 134. Lahoul, 10,000 feet H 3020. Hattu, Simla, 10,000 feet 54 9. STRANViESIA, Lindl. 1. S. glaucescens, Lindl.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 382 ; Brandis 210. Vern. Garmehal, sund, Kumaun. A small evergreen tree. Bark \ inch thick, rough, dark coloured. Wood light coloured when fresh cut, turning reddish brown on exposure, fine and even grained ; annual rings marked by a thin line. Pores very small, numerous. Medullary rays numerous, uniform, very fine, equi- distant. Central Himalaya, Kumaun and Garhwal from 3,000 to 8,000 feet, Nepal, Khasia Hills. Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 48 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. H 2970. Naini Tal, 6,000 feet 48 10. CRATAEGUS, Linn. Contains 3 species. C. Oxyacantha, Linn. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 383 ; Brandis 207 ; Gamble 37. The Hawthorn. Vern. Ring, ramnia, pingyat, phinddk, patahhan, Pb. ; Ban-sanjli, sur sinjli, Jhelam, is a small tree of Afghanistan and the Western Himalaya, from the Indus to the Ravi ; elsewhere cultivated. C. Clarkei, Hook. f. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 383, is a small tree of Kashmir. 1. C. crenulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 509; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 384. C. Tyracantha, Persoon; Brandis 208. Vern. Gingarw, gianru, Hind. A large sjiinescent shrub. Wood white, hard, very close and even grained. Annual rings marked by a belt of harder and darker-coloured wood on the outer edge of each ring. Pores very small, numerous. Medullary rays very fine, numerous. Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Bhutan, from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, descending in Kumaun to 2,500 feet. lbs. H 2967. Naini Tal 48 11. COTONEASTER, Linn. Contains 10 or 11 species, many of which are merely small prostrate shrubs. They are all Himalayan, one only extending to the Nilgiris and one (doubtfully) to the Khasia Hills. O. frigida, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 385 ; Brandis 209, is a small tree of the Central and Eastern Himalaya. C. buxifoUa, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 387 ; Beddome xcvii. ; Brandis 210. Vern. Hurunay, Nilgiris, is a rigid shrub or small tree of the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, with a dense elastic wood used by the Todas to make clubs. The remaining species not here described are all small. Wood harder and more compact than that of Tyrus ; also marked by extremely small pores. Coloneaster. ] eosacej:. 171 1. C. bacillaris, Wall. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 384 j Brandis 208. Vern. Ri, riu, lin, lun, rdu, reush, risk, Pb. Hills ; BuinsJi, Jaunsar Bawur. A small deciduous tree with bluish grey, nearly smooth bark. Wood white, turniug light red towards the centre, smooth, very hard, close and even grained, but splits and warps much. Annual rings marked by the darker colour of the outer portion of each ring. Pores extremely small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Salt Eange above 1,500 feet, North-West Himalaya, from the Indui? to the Sarda, between 5,000 and 10,000 feet, Sikkim and Bhutan. Growth moderate, 11 rings per inch of radius. Weight, on an average, 57 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for making walking-sticks : the " alpenstocks " sold at Simla are usually made of it. H 55. H 2890. H 26. H 124. H 925. H 3177. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet Madhan, Simla, 6,000 feet Kulu, about 7,000 feet . Hazara „ „ Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet lbs. 61 58 52 56 2. C. acuminata, Lindl. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 385 ; Brandis 209. Vern. Riu, rduns, rius, ruinsh, Hind. A deciduous shrub. Wood hard, structure like that of C. bacillaris. Himalaya, from the Beas to Sikkim, between 4,500 and 10,000 feet. Growth slow, 15 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 54 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used to make walking-sticks, like that of C. bacillaris. H 120. Jalaori Pass, Kulu, 9,000 feet H soil" JNagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet 54 3. C. microphylla, Wall.; H:ook. Fl. Ind. ii. 387; Brandis 209; Gamble 37. Vern. Ehdriz, luni, Kashmir; Garri, Kumaun. A small procumbent shrub. Wood hard, similar to that of C. bacillaris, but with slightly larger pores. Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan, from 4,000 to 8,000 feet in the North-West and above 10,000 feet in Sikkim. Often planted for ornament in England. Growth slow, 24 rings per inch of radius. H 2823. Simla, 7,000 feet. Order XLII. SAXIFRAGE-E. An Order of about 8 Indian arboraceous genera, chieily Himalayan. It is divided into 3 tribes of woody plants, viz., — Tribe I. — Hydrangese Hydrangea, Pileostegia, Dicliroa, Deutzia and Pliiladelphus. „ II. — Escalloniese . . . . Ilea and Polyosma. „ III.— Eibesiese JRihes. Eive of these genera are here described. Pileostegia viburnoides, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 405, is a shrub of the Khasia Hills. Ilea contains three species of shrubs or small trees of the Himalaya and Khasia Hills, of which I. nutans, Royle ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 408 ; Brandis 213. Vern. Lelar, Kaghan ; Qarkath, Kumaun, is a small tree of the North- Western Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, 172 SAXiFRiGE^, \_ Hydrangea, between 3,000 and 6,000 feet. I. macrophylla, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 408 ; Gamble 38. Vern. Teturldumm, Lepoba ia a small tree o£ the valleys round Darjeeling and in the Khasia Hills. I. Chinensis, Hook, and Arn. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 408, is a small tree of the Khasia Hills between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. Tolyo^ma integrifolia, Bl. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 409. {P. Wallichii, Benneit ; Kurz 444) is a small tree of the Khasia Hills, found also in the Andaman Islands. Pores small to extremely small. Medullary rays often of two classes, moderately broad and very fine. 1. HYDRANGEA, Linn. Contains 5 Indian species. Besides those described, the chief is S. altissima, Wall. ; Brandis 211 ; Gamble 38. fcVern. Sema, Lepcha, a large climbing or erect shrub of the Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan above 5,000 feet ; its bark is used as a substitute for paper. M. aspera, Don, and S. stylosa. Hook. f. and Th., are small trees of the Sikkim Himalaya. The Garden Hydrangea, or Chinese Guelder Eose, so commonly cultivated as an ornamental shrub in the HUls, is S. Sortensia, DC. 1. H. vestita, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 405 ; Braudis 211 ; Gamble 88. Vern. Kulain, Bhutia ; Pohuttia, Nep. A small deciduous tree with light brown, rather corky bark. Wood pinkish white, moderately hard ; annual rings indistinct. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays very fine. Himalaya, from Kumaun to Sikkim between 5,000 and 11,000 feet. Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. E 373. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet 45 2. H. robusta, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 404 ; Gamble 38. Vern. Bogoti, Nep. A small, handsome, deciduous tree, with thin, brown, papery bark, peel- ing ofi' in large flakes. Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores very small. ■ Medullary rays of two sizes, moderately broad, short and very fine, prominent. Eastern Himalaya, Sikkim, from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, generally as undergrowth in the oak forests. Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. E 2370. Eangbul, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 42 2. DICHROA, Lour. 1. D. febrifuga, Lour. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 406 ; Gamble 38. Adamia cyanea, Wall. t. 213. Vern. Basai, lan&uk, Nep.; Gehohanah, Lepcha; Singnamuk, Bhutia. An evergreen shrub, with yellow bark peeling ofi" in flakes. Wood white, moderately hard, with small pores and moderately broad to very fine medullary rays. Common in the forests of the Eastern Himalaya, from Nepal to Bhutan and in the Khasia Hills, above 4,000 feet. The shoots and bark of the roots are made into a decoction and used as a febri- fuge by the Nepalese. It is a very handsome shrub, with blue flowers and bright blue berries, coming up on clearings in the oak forests. lbs. E 2371. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 41 Dehizia.] saxifraqejE. 173 3. DEUTZIA, Thunb, Contains 3 species. D. macrantha, Hook, f . and Th. is a shrub of the Kumaun Hills above 5,500 feet. 1. D. corymbosa, Brown ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 406; Brandis 212. Vern. Daloutchi, deutsch, ihujru, Simla. A shrub. Outer bark yellowish grey^ peeling off in long thin papery rolls, leaving the smooth, thin, greenish brown inner bark exposed. Wood, white, soft, even-grained. Pores small, very numerous. Medul- lary rays moderately broad, alternating with numerous very fine rays. HioGialaya, from the Sutlej to Bhutan, from 6,000 to 10,000 feet. lbs. H 2850. Mahasu, Simla, 7,000 feet 46 H 2898. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet 2. D. staminea, Brown ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 407 ; Brandis 213. Vern. Muneti, Kumaun ; BeutscJi, Simla. A shrub. Bark grey, soft, peeling off in small strips, but to a less degree than in 1). corymbosa. Wood white, soft ; structure similar to that of JD. corymbosa. Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan, from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. Iba. H Isig ] ^™''^' ^'°°° *®®* ^^ 4. PHILADELPHUS, Linn. 1. P. coronarius, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 407 ; Brandis 212. Vern. Daluuchi, Ohoj, Simla. A shrub with soft, light grey bark. Wood soft, white, with large pith. Pores small and very small, more numerous near the inner edge of each annual ring. Medullary rays of two classes, very fine and moderately broad. The structure of the wood of the Indian shrub is. the same as that of the European shrub, the " Syringa " of gar- dens. Himalaya, from Kishtwar to Sikkim, from 6,000 to 10,000 feet. Often planted for ornament. lbs. H 3038. Nagkanda, Simla, 7,000 feet 44 5. RIBES, Linn. Contains about 8 species of Himalayan'shrubs. B. Grossularia, Linn.; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 410 ; Brandis 213. The Gooseberry. Vern. Pilsa, piWccha, Jcansi, teila, amlanch. Upper Chenab and Lahoul, is indigenous to the arid parts of the North-West Himalaya above 8,000 feet, and is cultivated in the hills. jB. nigrum, Linn. The Black Currant. Vern. Fapar, Kumaun, is found in Kashmir, Kunawar, Garhwal and Kumaun above 6,000 feet. B. ruhrum, Linn. The Red Currant. Vern. Niangha, Lahoul, occurs in the Himalaya between 5,000 and 12,000 feet. B. orieniale, Poiret ; Brandis 214. Vern. Gwaldakh, haghah, Kaghan ; Nanghe, nyai, phulanch, Chenab ; Askuta, Ladak ; Yange, Piti, is a shrub of the Safedkoh and arid tracts of the Inner Himalaya. B. desmocarpum, Hook. f. and Th., B. luridum, Hook. f. and Th., and B. Griffiihii, Hook. f. andTh. are aU shrubs of the Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya. 1. R. glaciale, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 410; Brandis 214 ; Gamble 38. Vern. Bobhay, Bhutia. 174 SAXiFRAGEiE. [ Riies. A small shrub with shining bark, peeling off in papery flakes. Wood white, compact, moderately hard. Pores extremely small, in narrow inter- rupted wavy, concentric lines. Medullary rays scanty, short, broad and very broad. Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhutan, hetween 7,000 and 11,000 feet. Weight, 58 to 631bs. lbs. H 3021. H 3022. Hattu, Simla, 10,000 feet 63 H 2908. H2912. Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet H 3C25. Matiyana, Simla, 9,000 feet E 973. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 feet 58 Order XLIII. HAMAMELIDE^. Contains 7 geneva of Indian trees or shrubs. Distylium indicum, Bth., Sycopsii G-rifithiana, Oliv., and Loropetalum chinense, Oliv., are all shrubs of the Khasia Hills ; while Corylopsis himalayana, Griff. ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 427, is found in the Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills, between 5,000 and 6,000 feet. Liquidamhar orientale, Miller, a tree of Asia Minoi', yields the fragrant resin " Storax " used in medicine. Wood close-grained. Pores small and very small, numerous and uniformly distributed. Medullary rays numerous, fiue and very fine. 1. PARROTIA, C. A. Meyer. Besides the species described, P. persica, C. A. Meyer, is a shrub of the low forests on the south coast of the Caspian Sea. 1. P. Jacquemontiana, Deeaisne; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 426; Brandis 316. Vern. Pdser, peshora, po, hilar, hirnl, Punjab. A large deciduous shrub or small tree, with thin, grey bark. Wood light pinkish red, hard, heavy, very close-grained. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays fine, numerous. North-West Himalaya from the Indus to the Ravi, between 2,800 and 8,500 feet. Growth slow 12 to 16 rings per inch {Brandis). Weight, 56 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood highly esteemed for walking-sticks, tent pegs, charpoys and rice pestles, also for native bows for throwing pellets. But its chief use is in basket-work and in the making of bridges over the Himalayan rivers. The twigs are very tough and flexible, and are twisted together into thick ropes, often 300 feet long. The bridges consist of one large rope to walk on and two smaller side ropes, one for each hand, with smaller ropes connecting the baud ropes with the foot rope, (P 1000 was a fine specimen sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1878 from the Ravi.) lbs. H 3178. Dungagalli, Hazara, 6,000 feet H 933. Hazara, Punjab, 6,000 feet "56 H 905. Upper Chenab, Punjab 2. BUCKLANDIA, R. Brown. 1. B, populnea, R. Br. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 429 ; Kurz i. 445 ; Gamble 38. Vern. TipU, Nop. ; Singliang, Lepcha ; Bingdah, Khasia. Buchlandia.l hamamelidej). 175 A large evergreen tree with rough, brown bavk. Wood greyish brown^ rough, moderately hard, close-grained^ durable. Pores small. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant. Eastern Himalaya, ^hasia Hills and hills of Mavtaban, from 3,000 to 8,000 feet. Growth moderately fast, 6 to 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, on an average, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Is very much used in Darjeeling for planking and door and window frames, and is in great demand. It is a very ornamental tree with tough poplar-like leaves, and thick, fleshy stipules. It is easily grown from seed, but the young plants are rather delicate. lbs. E 699. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, .5,300 feet . . . .41 E 2372. Eaugbul „ „ 7,000 „ . . .49 E 2373. „ „ „ „„.... 46 3. ALTINGIA, Noronha. 1. A. excelsa, Noronha; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 429; Kurz i. 446. Vern. Jutili, Ass,; Nantayop, Burm. A lofty deciduous tree. Bark smooth, light grey, exfoliating in large thin flakes. Wood soft, reddish grey with ligliter streaks. Annual rings marked by a narrow belt of firm wood without j)ores. Pores small, uniform and uniformly distributed in lines between the medullary rays. Medullary rays fine, equidistant, prominent on a radial section. Assam and Tenasserim. Growth moderate, 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used in Assam for building and ordinary domestic purposes. lbs. E 1269. Lakhimpur, Assam 46 B 2704. Brought from Tavoy by Dr. Wallich in 1828. Resembles this in structure ......... 48 Oedbe XLIV. RHIZOPHOREiE. Contains seven Indian genera of trees, chiefly coast plants and known by the general name of " Mangroves." They form forests, binding together the mud, in the estuaries of the Indus, Ganges and Irrawaddi, as well as along the coasts of Malabar, Arracan, Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands. The Order is divided into 2 Tribes, viz., — Tribe I.— Rhizophoreae .... Wihophora, Ceriops, Kandelia and Bruguiera. „ II. — Legnotideas GaralUa, GynotrocJies, Weihea and Blepharistemma. Blepharistemma corymbosum, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 441 ; Bcddome ci. is a email tree of the hills of Tellicherry and Coorg ; G-ynotroches axillaris, Bl. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 440 ; Kurz. i. 451, is a small tree of Upper Tenasserim ; a,ni\Weihea ceylanica, Baill. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 441 ; Beddome t. 194, a small tree of Mysore and the Camatic. The remaining genera are here described. BJiizophora, Ceriops and Bruguiera have small pores and equidistant, fine or moderately broad rays. The pores are sometimes joined by in- terrupted concentric bands. The structure of Kandelia is different. Carallia and Anisophyllea diflfer by having two classes of medullary rays : numerous very fine rays between fewer moderately broad rays. 176 RHizoPHOUE^. [BMzophora, 1. RHIZOPHORA, Linn. The Mangroves. Two species. i2. conjugata, Linn. ; Hook, Fl. Ind. ii. 436 ; Bed- dome xcix. ; Brandis 218 ; Kurz i, 447 is a small tree nsually associated with that here described. 1. R. mucronata, Lamk. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 435; Beddome xcix.; Brandis 217 ; Kurz i. 447. B. Mangle, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 459. Vern. Bhara, Beug. ; Kamo, Siud ; Upoo-poma, Tel. ; Byoo, lyooma, Burm. ; Bairada,juimida, And.; Kadol, Cingh. A small evergreen tree. Sapwood light red ; heartwood dark red, extremely hard, splits and warps a little in seasoning. Pores small, numerous, uniformly distributed ; each pore surrounded by a narrow ring of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, wavy, numerous, uniform, equidis- tant ; the distance between the rays equal to about twice the transverse diameter of the pores. Muddy shores and tidal creeks of India, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Weight, 70'5 per cubic foot. The wood is good.hut is rarely used. It is durable, e.g. B 2721 has been kept 50 years in Calcutta and is still quite sound. The bark is used for tanning, and the fruit is said to be edible. Of the quick germination of the Mangroves, Eoxburgh says, "The great length of the seed gives in a very short time a young tree ; for if the apex from which the root issues is only stuck a little way into a wet soil or mud, the leaves quickly unfold at the opposite eud." The seeds often germinate while yet on the tree and drop as young plants iuto the mud. The roots also progress and form constantly fresh stems supported by the buttressed roots standing out of the mud. lbs. B 2721. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 69 B 502. Andaman Islands 67 B 2240. „ „ (1866) 73 B 2273. „ „ „ 73 No. 9. Ceylon Collection (BMzophora sp., Caddol) . . . .65 No. 36. „ „ {Bhiwphora s^., Hiri Kaddol) . . 49 2. CERIOPS, Arn. Contains two species. C. Roxhurghiana, Arnott ; Hook. FI. Ind. ii. 436 ; Kurz i. 448. Vern. Kapyaing, Burm. is a large shrub of the coast forests from Chitta- gong to Tenasserim. Weight 46 Ihs. (Wallich, No. 173, Rhizophora decandra). 1. C. CandoUeana, Arnott ;^Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 436 ; Beddome xcix. ; Brandis 218; Kurz i. 448. Vern. Kirrari, cAauri, Siud; Goran, Beng. j Madd, And. A small evergreen tree, with dark red bark ; wood red, hard. Pores very small. Medullary rays fine, slightly wavy, uniform and equidistant. Pores joined by fine, wavy, interrupted concentric bands. Muddy shores and tidal creeks of India and the Andaman Islands. Wood used in Sind for the knees of boats and other purposes ; in Lower Bengal for house-posts and for firewood. The bark is used for tanning. Weight, 63 lbs, per cubic foot. IbB. B 1985. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) 63 3. KANDELIA, Wight and Arn. 1. K. Rheedii, W. and A.; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 437; Beddome c. ; Brandis 218 ; Kurz i. 449. Vern. Guria, Beng. Katidelia.] EHizoPHOREiE. 177 An evergreen shrub or small tree. Wood soft, close-grained. Pores very small, very numerous. IVJeduUary rays very short, moderately broad, prominently marked on a radial section ; the distance between the medullary vaya being many times broader than the transverse diameter of the pores. Muddy shores and tidal creeks of Bengal, Burma, and the Western Coast. Weight, 38 Ihs. per cubic foot. Wood used only for firewood. Bark used in Tavoy in dyeing red, probably as a mordant. lbs. E 407. Sundarbans 38 4. BRUGUIERA, Lam. Contains five species. E. eriopetala, W. and A., B. malabarica, Arn., B. iari/ophylloides, and B. parviflora, W. and A., are all trees of the shores of Malabar, Bengal, Arracan, Tenasserim and the Andamans, the last species being also found at Masulipatam on the Coromandel Coast, and in the Sundarbans. 1. B. gymnorhiza, Lam. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 437; Brandis 219 ; Kurz i. 450. B. Rheedii, Bl. ; Beddome c. B hizophora gymnorhiza, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 460. Vern. Kakra, kanhra, Beng. ; Byoo-bo, Burm. An evergreen tree, heartwood small, red, extremely hard. Pores small, oval, and subdivided; medullary rays moderately broad, fine, very numerous. Muddy shores and tidal creeks of India, Burma, and the Andaman Islands. Weight, 54 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for firewood, house-posts, planks and articles of native furniture. lbs. E 412. Sundarbans 54 B 2217 (62 lbs.) and B 2222 (60 lbs.) are specimens which were received in 1866 from the Andamans under the respective names of Garcinia and ilfa^fo^Mi, but they are probably the wood of another species of Bruguiera. The pores are moderate-sized, oval and subdivided and the medullary rays are moderately broad and fine, nearly equidistant and prominent on a radial section. The pores are joined by narrow, interrupted, concentric lines. 5. CARALLIA, Roxb. Contains two Indian trees. C. lanceafoUa, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 481 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 439, is an evergreen tree of the forests of Upper Tenasserim. 1. C. integerrima, DC; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 439; Beddome t. 193 ; Brandis219; Gamble 39. C ^Mci(^a, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 431 ; Kurz i. 451. Vern. Kierpa, Beng. ; Palamkat, Nep. ; Kvjitekra, Ass. ; Earalli, Tel.; Andipunar, Kan.; Pun,sahi,'Bomhay ; Bawata, Cingh, ; Bi/a, Arra- can ; Maneioga, Burm. An evergreen tree with thin, dark-grey bark. Sapwood perishable ; heartwood red, very hard, durable, works and polishes well. Pores moder- ate-sized to large, often subdivided. Medullary rays long, of two classes, extremely broad and fine, numerous fine rays between each pair of broad ones, marked on a radial section as broad, irregular, shining plates. Fine bars of soft tissue across the rays. 178 RHizopHOUE^. [ Camllia. Eastern and Western moist zones, Eastern Himalaya, Bengal, Burma, South India and the Andamans. Weight, according to Benson and Skinner, No. 3?, 44 lbs. ; A. Mendis, 42 lbs. ; Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 106, 60 lbs.; our specimens give an average of 471bs. Benson's experiments with bars 3 feet X 1"4 inch X 1'4 inch, gave P ^ 797 ; Skinner gives P = 656. Wood used in South Kanara for furniture and cabinet-making and in Burma for jjlanking, furniture and rice-pounders. lbs. W 743. South Kanara 42 B 308. Burma (1867) B 816. Burma B 2530. Burma (1862) B 2210. Andaman Islands (1866) B 1500. Burma No. 19. Ceylon Collection (marked C. zeylanica) 47 51 47 47 42 2. No. 90. Adrian Mendis, Ceylon Collection, weight 51 lbs. P = 464.. Vern. Vkbeiriye, Cingh., is probably C. calycina, Bth. j Thwaites Enum. 121; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 439. The wood is brick- red ; in structure it resembles that of C. integerrima, but the pores are fewer, and the broad rays are narrower and at regular distances. 6. ANISOPHYLLEA, Br. 1. A, zeylanica, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 442; Thw. Enum. 119; Beddome t. 195. Tetracrypta cinnamomoides, Gard. and Ch. Vern. Wellipiyanne, Cingh. A tree. Wood greyish brown, moderately hard. Pores moderate- sized and large, filled with a white substance, prominent on a vertical section as white streaks. Medullary rays of two classes, numerous but indistinct, fine, between fewer moderately broad rays. Bars of soft texture and the same width as the rays crossing these and dividing the wood into numerous rectangular unequal figures. lbs. No. 96. Ceylon Collection 35 Oeder XLV. COMBRETACEiE. An Order containing 8 Indian Genera of trees, shrubs or climbers, containing some of the most important of the timber trees of the Indian forests. It is divided into 2 Tribes :— Tribe I. — Combreteee Terminalia, Calycopteris, Ano- geissus, Lwmnitzera, Com- bretum and Quisqualis. „ II. — Gyrocarpese . ... Illigera and Gyrocarpus. Pour of these genera are here described, most of the remainder contain climbing shrubs. Zumnifzera contains two small evergreen trees, i. racemosa, Willd. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 452 ; Beddome ciii. ; Brandis 221 ; Kurz i. 468 (Petaloma alternifoUa, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 372) Vern. Kripa, Kirpa, Beng. ; Baireya, Cingh. ; YengyS, Burm., is atree of the muddy creeks and tidal forests of the Suudarbans, Malabar, Arracan, Tenasserim and the Andamans, also found by Beddome at Balasore. ■ It has a strong and durable wood used for house-posts, and in Calcutta for fuel (Roxburgh). L. coecinea, 2'c'rminalia.] cojibretacea 179 W. and A. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 452. (Z. littorea, Voigt ; Kurz i. 469), is a small tree of the mangrove swamps of Tenasserim. Combretum comprises 16 large shrubs, generally climbing, found in the moist zones of India and Burma, of which the most common is C. decandrum, Koxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 232 ; Hook. PL lud. ii. 452 ; Brandis 221 ; Kurz i. 460; Gamble 40. yem. Punk, pharsia, c?/io6eZa, Hind. ; Kalilara,'Se'^.; Pindik, Lepcha ; Arikota, Tel. ; Thama-ka-nway, Burm., an evergreen scandent shrub, with whitish-yellow floral leaves, climbing to the summits of the highest trees, and found iu the intermediate and moist zones of India and Burma. It has a whitish grey bark, and soft light-brown wood, having large pores and moderate-sized, evenly distributed medullary rays (B 3301, Darjeeling Terai). Quisqualis indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 427, is the " Bangoon Creeper," Vern. Sawaihmine, Burm., a climbing shrub with red flowers, indigenous in Tenasserim and cultivated in gardens in other parts of India. Illigera contains 3 species : /. Coryzadenia, Meissn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 460 (I. appendiculata, Bl.; Kurz i. 469) of Tenasserim and the Andamans ; I. Kurzii,Q. B. Clarke, of Burma and the Khasia Hills ; and I. khasiana, C. B. Clarke, of the Khasia Hills : all scandent shrubs. Wood moderately hard to very hard, with a distinct daik-coloured heartwood in some, but not in all species. Pores varying in size. Medullary rays uniform, equidistant, fine or very fine, very numerous, the distance between the rays less than the diameter of the pores. The wood of Qyrocarpus is anomalous. 1. TERMINALIA, Linn. Contains about 12 Indian trees, mostly of very large size, and furnishing valuable timber as well as other products. T. procera, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 429 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 444; Kurz i. 454 is a lofty tree of the Andaman Islands. T. fcetidissima. Griff. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 445, is a tree of Mergui. T. pyrifolia, Kurz i. 457 ; Hook. Fl. Ind, ii. 448. Vern. Leinben, Burm., is a Burmese deciduous tree, with wood weighing 39 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood moderately hard to very hard. A distinct, dark-coloured, very hard heartwood in T. tomentosa, Arjuna, myrioearpa, and paniculata ; dark-coloured, but not well-defined wood near the centre in T. Chebula and citrina ; no heartwood in the remaining species. Pores moderate- sized to large, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, numerous, uniform and equidistant, the distance between two rays being less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Concentric bands of soft texture continuous in T. belerica, bi-alata, alata and Catappa ; in- terrupted and sometimes wanting in the other species. 1. T. belerica, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 431 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 445 ; Beddome t. 19; Brandis 11%; Kurz i. 455; Gamble 39. Vern. Babela, beleyleh, Pers. ; Bahera, bhaira, behara, Hind. ; Bohera, Beng. ; Baheri, Rajbanshi; Kanom, Lepcha; Ckiror(S, Giro ; Hulluch, bauri, Ass. ; Thara, Uriya ; Tani, Jcattu eJupay, Tam. ; Tani, tandi, toandi, thandra, Tel. ; Ahera, jhera, Hyderabad ; Santi, Kan. ; Bherda, bahera. Mar. ; Balra, balda, Dekkan ; Behedo, Mandevi ; Takaka, taka, banjir, Grondi ; Yehera, Bhil ; Bulit, Cingh. ; Sacheng, Magh ; Thitsein, Burm. A large deciduous tree ; bark J inch thick, bluish grey, with numer- ous fine vertical cracks. Wood yellowish grey, hard, no heartwood, not. durable ; readily attacked by insects ; annual rings indistinct. Pores of two sizes, large and small ; the large ones frequently subdivided, joined by irrec^ular, wavy, concentric bands of softer tissue, which contain the small pores. Fine, uniform and equidistant medullary rays are distinctly visible ISO COMBUETACEvE. [ Terminalict. in the harder and darker portions between the bands, and on the radial section. This wood distantly resembles in structure that of Ougeinia dalbergi- oides, but the bands of soft tissue are more continuous, and the medul- lary rays are less prominent. Sub-Himalayan tract from near the Indus eastwards, forests of India and Burma. Growtli moderate to rapid, 3 to 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Kyd's Assam experiments, 43 lbs. per cubic foot ; Central Provinces List, 39 lbs. ; Biandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 47, 40 lbs . ; the average of our specimens gives 48 lbs. Eyd gives P = 378. The wood is used for planking, packing cases, canoes, and in the North- Western Provinces for house-building after steeping in water which has the effect of making it more durable. In the Central Provinces it is used for plough shafts and carts when bijasdl is not available. In South India it is used for packing-oases, coffee- boxes, catamarans, and grain measures. The fruit is one of the myrabolans. and is exported to Europe to be used in dyeing cloth and leather and in tanning. Native ink is made of it, and it is used in medicine as a purgative and for other purposes. The kernels of tie fruit are eaten, but are said to produce intoxication if eaten in excess (Hunter's Statistical Account of Bengal, xvi. p. 51), and an oil is obtained from them which is used for the hair. The fruit is eaten by monkeys, deer, goats, sheep, and cattle. The tree gives a copious gum, which does not seem to be of much use. The leaves according to the Indore Forest Report of 1876-77 have been used as an antiseptic to impregnate sleepers of Salei (see under Boswellia thurifera, p. 66), which are said, after soaking for five months in a tank filled with Bahera leaves and water, to have been rendered durable. P 1190. Madhopnr, Punjab 534. Dehra Dun O 2995. Garhwal (1874) O 349. Gorakhpur (1868) . C 176. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) C 1125. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces C 2737. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces C 2773. Melghat, Berar E 663. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai W 1188. South Kanara B 2532. Burma (1862) No. 53. Salem Collection (marked Wrightia antiiysenterica) lbs. 35 58 59 52 42 44 46 44 52 2. T. Chebula, Retzius ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 446 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 433 ; Beddome t. 27 ; Brandis 223 ; Kurz i. 456 ; Gamble 39. Vern. Harruy har, harara, Hind. ; Hilikha, Ass. ; SaritdM, Beng. ; Silim, Lepcha; Karedka, Uriya; Halra, harla, Dekkan; Karha, kir, harro, mahoka, Gondi; ^adakai, Tam. ; Karaka, kadukar, Tel. ; Heerda, Kan., Mar. ; AlaU, Mysore; ^ajo„ Magh ; Pangah, Burm.; Aalu, Cingh. A large deoiduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark brown, with numerous generally shallow vertical cracks. W^ood veiy hard, brownish grey, with a greenish or yellowish tinge, fairly smooth and olosergrained, fairly dur- abje, seasons well. No regular heartvyood, but frequently irregular masses of dark purple wood near the centre. Annual rings indistinct. Pores small and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, often subdivided ; each pore or. group of pores surrounded by a narrow ring of soft tissue. Medullary rays very fine, uniform, equidistant, very numerous, distinctly visible on a radial section. The structure of the wood differs from that of T. tomeiitosa, chiefly by smaller pores. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej eastwards, ascending to 5,000 feet ; Bengali Assam, Chittagong, Central and South India. Terminalia. J COMBHETACE.S). 181 Growth moderate, 6 to 10 rings per inch of radius. The weight and trausverse strength have been determined by the following experiments : — Name of person con- ducting experiment. Year. Wood whence procured. Number of ex- peri- ments. Size of bar. Weight. Value of V. Ft. In. In. Benson Burma . 3 X 1-4 X 1-4 e8 1033 E. Thompson 1868 Satpuras. 63 Brandia 1864 India 3 3x1x1 66 1090 „ No. 48 1862 Burma . 63 Skinner, No. 129 . 1862 .. Various 60 1032 „ No. 126 1872 South India . 54 825 Wallich India 42 Smjthies 1878 See Ust below . 10 63 Kyd . . 1831 Coalpara 1 2x1x1 66 850 [T. Silkha. The wood takes a good polish and is fairly durable ; it is used for furniture, carts, agricultural implements and house-building. Beddorae says it is cross-grained and difficult to work. It is being tried for sleepers in Bengal. The bark is used for tan- ning and dyeing. The fruit gives the black myrabolans, which are of a rather better quality than those of T. helerica. They are largely exported from Bombay to Europe. So valuable is this trade in the Southern Circle of Bombay that the Forest Department of that Circle clear annually at least Rs. 50,000 clear profit from it alone. In 1877-78 the net profit was Rs. 77,000, in future years it is expected to average a lakh. The unripe fruit is used for tanning, dyeing, and in medicine {Balhar zengi, zangihar, kalchar, Hind; KoTci, Nep.). The fruits give with alum a yellow dye, and with iron-clay give a good sort of ink. Astringent galls form on the young twigs, which are also used for ink and in dyeing and tanning. The kernel gives a transparent oil. lbs. Garhwal (1868) 56 Dehra Diin . . . . . .66 Gorakhpur (1868) ... Mandla, Central Provinces Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces (1870) Bairagarh Reserve, Berar Gumsiir, Madras .... Bamunpokri, Davjeeling Terai 213. 528. 336. 181. 1159. 842. 1247. 671. E 2374. D 1074. No. 50. North Arcot, Madras Salem Collection 60 57 66 68 60 67 63 62 3. T. citrina, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 435 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 446 ; Kurz i. 466. Nevn. RaritaJci, Beng. ; Hilika,silikka, Ass.; Hortucki, Caehar ; Ki/oo, Burm. A large deciduous tree. Bark light grey, exfoliating with few large irreo^ular flakes Wood grey, darker towards the centre, hard. Struct- ure Similar to that of T. Chebula. Assam, Eastern Bengal, Burma and Andamans. Weio-ht, Wallich gives 60 ; our specimens 49 lbs. per cubic foot, and general purposes of building in Assam ; also as a dye-plant. B 2198. Nowgong, Assam B 1982. Andaman Islands (Kurz 1866) .... Used for planks lbs. 183 coMBRETACEiE. [ Terminalia. . 4. T. Catappa, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 444 ; Roxb. FI. Iiid. ii. 430 ; Beddome t. 20 ; Rurz i. 454. The Indian Almond. Vern. Badam, Beng. ; Taree, Kan. ; Nat vadom, Tam. ; Vedam, Tel. ; Adamarram, Mai. ; Catappa, Malay. A large deciduous tree, with whorled branches, leaves turning red in the cold season. Wood red, with lighter-coloured sapwood, hard. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, joined by wavy, short and concentric bands of soft texture. Medullary rays fine. Beach forests of the Andaman Islands ; cultivated in most parts of India and Burma. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 125, 32 lbs. per cubic foot. P = 470. Wallich also gives 32, while our specimen gives 41 lbs. Beddome says the wood is used for various purposes in Madras. The kernels of the nuts are eaten at dessert ; they are remarkable for the spiral folds of the cotyledons; the bark and leaves give a black dye. It is one of the trees on the leaves of which the " Tasar" or " Katkura" silkworm {Antheraa Paphia) is fed. E 3005. Calcutta .!' B 1983. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) 41 5. T. paniculata, W. and A. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 448 ; Beddome t. 20 ; Brandis 2;J6. Pentaptera paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 442. Yem. Fe-karakai,'V&m.; Neemeeri, Tel. ; Kinjal, kindal. Mar.; Honal, hiiluvd, hulve, Kan. ; Poo mardd, pillai mardd, Anamalais, A large deciduous tree. Wood grey, with dark heartwood, very hard. Pores large and moderate-sized, oval, numerous. Medullary rays very fine, uniform and equidistant, wavy, very numerous; the transverse diameter of the pores many times larger than the distance between two medullary rays. Pores surrounded by faintly marked patches of soft tissue, often arranged in oblique and wavy lines. Western moist zone ; forests of the western coast from Bombay southwards. Weight, 61 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood valuable, though not quite as good as that of T. tomentosa. It is improved by being kept under water. It is fairly durable. It makes good planking and is used for the handles of ploughs in Ratnaghiri. lbs. W 1221. North Kanava 57 D 1280. Anamalai Hills 65 6. T. Malata, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 449; Kurz i. 456. Pen- taptera bialata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 441. Vern. Leinben, Burm. A large deciduous tree. Wood grey, beautifully mottled, moderately hard. Structure the same as that of T. belerica. Burma and the. Andaman Islands. Weight, Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 49, gives 39 ; our specimens give 48 lbs. per cubic foot. Skinner No. 124 gives weight 64 lbs., and P =^ 1012, but there may have been some mistake. lbs. B 1417. Tharrawaddi, Burma 48 7. T. tomentosa, W. and A.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 447; Beddome t. 17; Brandis 225; Kurz i. 458; Gamble 39. Pentaptera crenulaia, coriacea and tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 438-440. Vern. Saj, sein, asan, assain, assaina, asna, sadri. Hind. ; Piasal, usan, Beng. ; Jhau, Rajbanshi ; Amari, Ass. ; Taksor, Lepcha ; Sahdju, kala sahdju, Uriya ; Barsaj, Bijeragogarh ; Karra marda, karu manithu, anemui, Tam. ; Maddi, halla naddi, neUa-madu, Tel, ; Matti, kari maiti, banapn, Kan. Terminalia. ] COMBEETACB^. 183 Murada, kali maruthai, Arcot; Karhaya, sadora, holda, diidi maddi, Hyderabad ; Ain, madat, yen, Mar. ; Saja, Baigas ; Maru, Gondi ; Madge, Bhfl ; Toukkj/an, Burm. ; Chouchong, Taking; Kumhuk, Cingh. A large deciduous tree. Bark one inch thick, grey to black, with long, broad, deep, longitudinal fissures, and short, shallow, transverse cracks ; inner substance red when fresh. Sapwood reddish white, heartwood dark brown, hard, beautifully variegated with streaks of darker colour, shewing on a radial section as dark streaks which are generally wavy or undulating, durable, seasons well and takes a good polish. Numerous concentric wavy lines unequally distributed. Pores moderate-sized and large, uniformly distributed, each pore enclosed in an irregularly shaped and generally elongated patch of soft tissue; these patches are often arranged in concentric lines and frequently joined by thin, white, wavy, concentric bands. Medullary rays not distinct, very fine, numerous, uniform, equidistant, often wavy, the transverse diameter of the pores many times larger than the distance between the ra3's. In the sapwood the patches of soft tissue enclosing the pores are more distinct, and the medullary rays more prominent. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Eavi eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet in places : Bengal, Central and South India and Burma. The weight and jtransverse' strength have been determined by the following experi- ments : — Experiment by whom conducted. Year. Wood whence procured. Number of experiments. Size of scantling. Weight, Value of P. Ft. In. In. Packle 1869 Mysore 3 2x1 X 1 56 1,010 (List) 1863 „ 67 (List) Paris Exhibition 1862 Central P r o - vinces. 60 ... B. Thompson . . , . 1869 » „ ■ 56 Skinner, » No. 127 . 1862 South India . Various 60 860 tNo. 128 1862 » „ 56 840 Baker ... 1829 Jynaghur i 7 X 2 X 2 62 677 French ... 1861 South India at Erode. 16 X 1 X I 59 882 Balfour ... ... 3 7 X 2 X 2 66 675 Benson ... Burma 3 xl-4xl-4 71 1,001 Brandis, No. 50 . . . 1863 ,. ... 68 1864 I. 3 3x1x1 56 903 Smythiea 1878 See list below . 16 61 * T. coriacea. Skinner, p. 148. t T. glabra, Skiuuer, p. 150. Its durability is uncertain ; in Burma the heartwood decays rapidly, in North India beams are sometimes found to last well, at other times to perish from dry rot or be eaten by insects. The wood is largely used for house-building, carts, rice-pounders, ship and boat building. It has been tried for railway sleepers. Five sleepers laid down on the Oudh and Rohilkhand Kailway in 1870 were reported in 1875 to be in capital preserva- tion, but having been cut from small trees the sapwood has been eaten and the experi- 184 COM BRETACE^ . [ Terminalia. axnt cannot be considered as good as if the sleeper had been from large trees and with- out sapwood. In 1876, 720 sleepers were out in the Sukna forests, Darjeeling, and laid down on the Northern Bengal State Railway, the result of the experiment will be very useful. The wood splits, however, veiy much, unless thoroughly seasoned. The wood is an excellent fuel and makes good charcoal. The bark is used for tanning and for dyeing black, and the ashes of the bark give a kind of lime which is eaten by the natives with betel leaf. The " tasar " silkworm (Antheroea Paphia) feeds on its leaves and lao is occasionally gathered from its branches. It gives a brown gum. * O 207. Garhwal (1868) !=2' O 2996. „ (1874) '.'■'. qI O 874. Kumaun Bhabar ' m O 389. Oudh • • . uo O 391. Oudh ' ' ' 54 O 393. Oudh ' ' ' 66 C 382. Gorakhpur (1868) ] ! 53 C 174. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) .....'." 61 C 2924. Seoni, Central Provinces 70 C 1104. Ahiri ileserve. Central Provinces 67 C 2743- Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces (sapwood) . . .48 C 1241. Gumsiir, Madras 64 E 663. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 49 E 2375. Sukna, Darjeeling Terai .56 W 755. South Kanara 60 D 1059. South Arcot D 1077. North Arcot '.64 D 1281. Anamalai Hills ....... 69 B 2531. Burma (1862) ! ". 69 Terminalia alata, Roth., is synonymous with T. tomentosa, W. and A. ; but the wood sent under this name from the Andamans (B 522, 46 lbs.) is evidently, judging from its structure, a different species. Wood brown, with dark purple streaks, very hard, smooth. Annual rings doubtful. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medul- lary rays short, prominent, moderately broad and fine, joined by numerous, very fine, white, transverse lines. Medullary rays distinctly visible on a radial section as long shining plates. The wood of this specimen differs from that of T. tomentosa, chiefly by the transverse bars and the small pores. 8. T. Arjuna, Beddome t. 28; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 447; Brandis 234. T. crenulata, Roth. ; Kurz i. 458. Pentaptera Arjuna and glabra, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 438, 440. Vern. Anjan, arjun, arj'&na, anjani, arjan, jamla,koha,Jcowa,}cahu'i 'B.iudi.; ArJun,'Beno;.; Hanjal, Cuttack; Vella marda, vella matti, vella maruthu, Tarn. ; Arjun, anjan, sadura. Mar. ; Maddi, billi matti, Mysore ; Termaddi, erra maddi, tella madw^ Tel. ; Kahu, Baigas; Mangi, hoka, Gondi; Touhhyan, Burm. A large deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, smooth, pinkish grey, the old layers peeling off in thin flakes. Sapwood reddish white; heartwood brown, variegated with darker coloured streaks, very hard. Annual rings doubtful. Pores moderate-sized and large, sometimes very large, uniformly distributed, more numerous and larger than in T. tomentosa, often subdivided into 2 to 4 compartments, each pore sur- rounded by a ring of soft tissue. Numerous thin, wavy, concentric lines, which frequently anastomose. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Pores prominent on a longitudinal section. Sub-Himalayan tract (not common), Oudh, Bengal, Burma, Central and South India. Weight, Skinner's experiments, Nos. 123, 103, give 48 and 54 lbs. ; the Central Provinces List 47 lbs. ; while the average of our specimens is 57 lbs. Skinner gives P = 806 and 820. The wood is apt to split in seasoning and is not easy to work. It TerminaUa.'\ combretace^. 185 is used for carts, agricultural implements, boats and for building. It gives a brown transparent gum. The bark is used as a tonic and to heal wounds. lbs. C 179. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) 54 C 1111. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 60 C 2760. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces 9. T. myHocarpa, Heurck and Muell. Arg. ; Hook, f 1. Ind. ii. 447 ; Kurz i. 455. T. myriopteron, Kurz; Gamble 39. Vern. Panisaj, Nep. ; Sunffloch, Lepcha ; Holloch, Ass. A very large evergreen tree. Bark greyish brown, rough, peeling off in vertical flakes. Sapwood white, not broad ; heartwood brown, beauti- fully mottled with dark streaks. Structure that of T. tumentosa. Eastern Himalaya and Assam, in Sikkim up to 5,000 feet. Growth moderate, 6 to 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 51 to 54 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for building and tea-boxes, also for charcoal. lbs. E 500. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai 54 E 2376. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Teral 51 E 2315 cut from a log of wood which had been lying for many yeai-s in the bed of the Chauwa Jhora, near Sivoke, in the Darjeeling Terai, and is now perfectly black, may be this specie?. 2. CALICOPTERIS, Lamck. Contains two climbing shrubs. C. nutans, Kurz i. 468 (Q-etonia nutans, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 428). Vern. Kywotnay nway, Burm., is a large scandent shrub of Burma. 1. C. floribunda, Lam.; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 449; Brandis 220. Getonia floribunda, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 428. Vern, Kolcoranj, C. P. ; Bandi murududu, Tel. ; Marsada holi, Mysore. A large climbing shrub. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard. Pores small to large, numerous. Medullary rays very fine, very numer- ous, uniform and equidistant ; the distance between the rays being less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Numerous broad medullary patches of soft> pith-like texture. Central and Southern India. Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. C 2755. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces 45 3. ANOGEISSUS, Wall. Contains 4 Indian trees. A. phillyrecefolia, Heurck and MiiU. Arg. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 451, is a small tree of Burma. Pores small. Medullary rays fine, uniform, sharply defined, equidis- tant, the transverse diameter of the pores equal to, or slightly larger than, the distance between the rays. 1. A. latifolia, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 450; Beddome t. 15; Brandis 227. Conocarpus lati/olia,BjO-s.h.¥l. Ind. ii. 442. Yein. DAaura, dhauri, dhau, dJiawa, dhauta, dohu, hahla, hahli. Hind. ; Golra, goldia, dhauhra, dhoJtri, dau, Rajputana ; Khardhdwa, Banda ; Vellay naga, namme, vecHali, Tam. ; Chirimdn, sieriman, yettama, tirman, yellamaddi,Te[, ; Bohu/dhobu, Uriya; Dhdori, dhamora, dhaunda, dandua, dhavada, Mar. ; 186 coMBiiETA-CE^. [Anoffetssus. Dinduffa, dindlu, lejalu, dindal, Kan. ; Arma, yerma, Gondi ; Bhawa, Baigao ; Dkaiindak, Bhil; Dkaura, Knvku ; Baawoo, Cingh. A large tree with smooth, whitish grey bark, ^ inch thick, with shallow, irregular depressions, caused by exfoliation. Wood grey, hard, shining, smooth, with a small purplish brown, irregularly shaped, extremely hard heart wood. Sapwood in young trees and branches yellow. Annual rings marked by darker lines. Pores small, very numerous, uniformly distributed, often subdivided. Medullary rays very fine, extremely numerous, uniform, equidistant, distinctly visible on a radial section, often giving the wood a mottled appearance. The transverse diameter of the pores equal to the distance between the medullary rays. Sub-Himalayan tract from tlie Eavi eastwards ascending to 3,000 feet, Central and South India. Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 65 lbs. (Puckle and Skinner, No. 51) ; 61 (R. Thompson) ; 64 (Central Provinces List) ; 75 to 80 lbs. ■when green ; our specimens give an average of 62 lbs. Skinner gives P = 1220, while French of the Madras Railway gives 752 and Puckle from 3 experiments with bars 2' X 1" X 1", 870. The wood is highly valued on account of its great strength and toughness, but it splits in seasoning and unless kept di-y is not very durable. It is used for axe handles, poles for carrying loads, axles in the construction of furniture, agricultural implements |and in ship-building. It has. been recommended for sleepers. Out of 18 sleepers which had lain 7 to 8 years on the Mysore State Railway there were found, when taken up, 4 good, 10 still serviceable and 4 bad. It gives a good fuel and an excellent charcoal. It gives a gum which is extensively sold for use in cloth-printing. The leaves are used for tanning. lbs. P 446. Ajmere O 233. Garhwal (1868) 68 O 2997. „ (1874) 64 O 531. DehraDiin 62 O 394. Oudh 63 C 2776. Melghat, Berar 59 C 190. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) 58 C 1121. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 65 C 2744. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces 55 C 1244. Gumsiir, Madras 66 D 1282. Anamalai Hills, Madras ....... 56 No. 21. Salem Collection 69 2. A. acuminata, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 450; Beddome t. 16; Brandis 228 ; Kurz i. 466. Conocarpus acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 443. Vern. Chalcwa, Beng. ; Panchi, pasi, Uriya; Numma, Tam. ; PdcM mdnu, panchman, pauncAinan, bucha karum, pashi, pansi, Tel. ; Phds, Mar. ; Saikamehhia, thekri napay, Magh ; Yung, sehoong, Arracan; Tunghen, Burm. ; Phassi, Mar. A large deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark grey, rough, granulated when old. Wood grey, sometimes yellowish grey with a greenish tinge, shining, in structure moderately hard, resembling that of Anogeissus latifolia, but the pores considerably larger and the trans- verse diameter of the pores greater than the distance between two rays. Chanda District, South India, Chittagong- and Burma. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 50, 59 lbs., 63 lbs. (Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 51). Our specimen gave 57 lbs. Skinner gives P ^ 880. The wood warps and cracks in seasoning, and is not very durable especially where exposed to water. Used in Burma and in Madras for building. Roxburgh says it is durable if, kept dry, but »oon decays if exposed to wet. The leaves are used for tanning in Gumsiir. Aiiogeissus.] ■ coMBBETACEa;. 187 lbs. C 1143. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces ..... 57 B 3204 Burma (1862) B 3095. Prome, Burma The Central Provinces and Burma woods correspond exactly in structure. 3. A. pendula, Edgw.j Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 451; Brandis 229. Conocarpus myrtifolia, Wall. Vern. Dhau, dhauhra, kala dhauhra, Mey- war; Kardahi, Hind. A small gregarious tree with pendulous branches, leaves turning copper-coloured in the cold season. Wood hard, yellowish white, with a small, irregular, blackish-purple heartwood. Annual rings indistinct. Pores very small and extremely small, often in groups between the very fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant medullary rays. Arid and northern dry zones, Rajputana, Malwa Plateau as far as the Kerbudda in Nimai', Mandla District on the Nerbudda (?) Cunningham's 5 experiments made at Gwalior with bars 2' X 1" X 1", give the weight at 59 lbs. per cubic foot and P = 837 , the average of the 5 experiments which ranged from 697 to 1,034. It coppices well, but the wood is not in general use. P 454. Ajmere. 4. GYROCARPUS, Jacq. 1. G. Jacquini, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 445; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 461; Beddome t. 196 ; Kurz i. 470. Vern. Zaitun, Hind.; TanaJcu, kumar jiulki, Tel. ; Finlay thitkouh, Burm. A deciduous tree. Wood grey, soft. Pores large and moderate-sized, often subdivided, uniformly distributed, well marked on a longitudinal, section. Medullary rays very short, moderately broad, the distance between them greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. South India, Tenasserim and Andaman Islands. Weight, 23 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used in South India to make boxes and toys. It is preferred to all others for catamarans. The seeds are made into rosaries and necklaces. Iba. D 1079. North Arcot, Madras 23 Order XLVI. MYRTACE.®. An Order containing 11 Indian Genera, including Eucalyptus, some species of which are now almost naturalised. The Indian Genera belong to 3 Tribes: — Tribe I. — Leptospermese .... Melaleuca, Eucalyptus and Tristania. „ II. — MyrtesB Psidium, Shodomyrtus, Bho- damnia, Decaspermum and Eugenia. „ III.— Lecythidese Barringtonia, Careya and Planchonia. Of these genera, 7 are here described. Tristania contains 3 trees of Tenasserim ; one only, T. burmanica. Griff. ; Hook. Fl.Ind. ii. 466 ; Kurz i. 474. Vern. Toungy. ohpyeezeng, Bunn., extending northwards to Martaban and the Bng forests of the Pegu Yomas. Uhodomyrtus fomentosa, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 469 ; Beddome cvi. Vern. Thaontay, Burghers, is a large shrub, abundant in the higher ranges of the 188 MYRTACEj;. [Melaleuca. Nilgiris, said by Beddome to have a white soft wood, with a pink heartwood and to be used for turning. Its fruit is edible, and is made into preserves. Shodamnia trinervia, Bl., Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 468 ; Kurz i. 475, is a shrub of Tenasserim ; while Decaspermum paniculatum, Kurz i. 475 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 470, is an evergreen tree which is said ly Kurz to spring up on deserted hill toungyas at 3,000 to 4,000 feet elevation in Martaban and Tenasserim. The Myrtle {Myrtus communis, Linn.) is cultivated in India. The flower-buds of Caryophyllus a/romaticus, Linn., of the Moluccas give the Cloves of commerce, and Pimenta officinalis, Ldl., of the West Indies, Pimento or Allspice. Pores small and moderate-sized. Medullary rays numerous, fine, rarely broad. Concentric bands of soft tissue not common. 1. MELALEUCA, Linn. 1. M. Leucadendron, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 465; Kurz i. 472. M Cajuputi, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 394. An evergreen tree. Bark white, thick, spongy, peeling off in papery flakes. Wood reddish brown, hard. Pores moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays very fine, extremely numerous. Tenasserim. The leaves give the Cajuput -oil of commerce, which is largely exported from the Malay Archipelago and is used in medicine as a stimulant and diaphoretic. O 3270. Saharanpur Gardens. 2. EUCALYPTUS, L'Her. Numerous species of this genus of trees have been introduced into India from Australia, where they have the general name of " Gum trees ;" but their success has been very variable. JE. Globulus, Lab., here described, and JE. ohliqua, L'Her., have been almost completely naturalised on the Nilgiris. The latter species is known by the name of " Stringy Bark," and in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania is an im- mense tree, reaching occasionally to 300 feet in height, with a girth of 100 feet (Brandis, 281). It has also been tried at Changa Manga, but has failed at Lucknow. At Lucknow, however, the cultivation of E. saligna. Smith, " The White or Grey Gum" of New South Wales, has succeeded well in the Wingfield Park, and that of E. rostrata, Schlect, in the Horticultural Gardens. At Changa Manga Plantation several species have been found to grow well, and at Abbottabad E. Globulus, Lab., E. Stuartiana, P. Miill., E. tereticornis, Sm., E. viminalis, Lab., and E. leucoxylon, P. Mull,, have succeeded admirably. The seeds of numerous other species have been sown at different places in the plains and valleys of the Punjab, as well as at the Botanic Gardens at Saharanpur, the Horticultural Gardens at Lahore and Lucknow, and many places in the Central Provinces, Berar and Central India ; and there is no doubt' that when it has been [determined which species are most suited to the very different climates and soils of the various parts of India, the cultivation of the species of Eucalyptus which possess so many valuable properties, such as their quick growth, useful timber, and the numerous products to be obtained from their leaves and bark, their cultivation should be encouraged and their growth fostered. 1. E. Globulus, Labillardiere ; Brandis 231. The Blue Gum. Vern. Ktirpoora maram, Madras. A lofty tree with fibrous deciduous outer bark. In Australia the wood is brown, hard, tough, durable. The wood of a tree grown on the Nilgiris, 18 years old and 95 feet high, is grey, with darker streaks and moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, round, frequently arranged in groups or in radial or oblique lines. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, the intervals between the rays smaller than the diameter of 38 acres 80 „ planted 1863-65 „ 1870-72 'xylori). 26 „ 14 „ 11 „ 33 „ it 1872-73 1870 1873 1874 35 „ 200 „ tt if 1870-71 1872-73 Eucali/ptus.'\ myrtacbj:. -189 the pores. Pores marked on a longitudinal section, and medullary rays visible as narrow bands on a radial section. Gregarious in Victoria and the south of Tasmania. Introduced on the NUgiris, and now completely naturalised. Of the Eucalyptus Globulus several successful plantations have been established on the Nilgiri Hills. There are 22 plan-tations in all, but some of them are exclusively of " Wattles" or Australian Acacia ; others contain only a small proportion of Eucalyp- tus, while others have not been successful owing to bad locality or other reasons. The chief good plantations are — Near Ootacamund — 1. Aramhy . ..... 2. Governor's Shola .... (part, however, is Acacia Melanoxylon) 3. Norwood 4. Cally 5. Arnikal ...... 6. Baikie ...... Near Wellington — 7. Newman 8. Old Forest or, including smaller ones, about 500 acres altogether. Colonel Beddome in his Keport of 12th June 1876, from which the above is taken, says that in Aramhy the growth is very unequal, some being 30 to 40 inches in circumference, others only 3 to 4 inches ; that about 504 were then found per acre. Measurements of 15 of the largest trees, made by Mr. Gass, gave an average girth of 34 inches, height 85 feet, and average contents 23 cubic feet, but these cannot be taken for an average. Mr. Gass found in the Newman plantation, then 5 to 6 years old, an amount of material of 152 tons per acre, and Colonel Beddome is of opinion (Report of 20th July 1878) that the best treatment of Eucalyptus plantations, so as to get the greatest profit, will be to cut for coppice every 5 or 6 years, obtaining at the cuttings at least 100 tons per acre. The growth of Eucalyptus is sometimes very fast. Captain Campbell Walker in his paper on the " Plantations and Firewood Reserves in the Madras Presidency," read at the Forest Conference of 1875, says that the growth is often 1 foot per month during the first few years ; and Colonel Beddome in his Report of July 1878 says that a Eucalyptus tree 12 years old, recently felled at Ootacamund, gave 144 cubic feet, which amounts to 1 foot pen month, which is the same as was stated 'by Captain Campbell Walker. It would be extremely useful, however, before definitely basing the working plans of the Nilgiri Eucalyptus plantations on simple coppice with a 5 or 6 years' rotation to make further and careful measurements of the amount of material per acre at different ages. The Eucalyptus Globulus has been tried at numerous places all over India, chiefly on account of the reports that it would prevent malaria, and that it was valuable in reclaiming marshy land. Whatever may be the truth about these questions, the tree has almost universally failed in the plains, and in the Himalaya it has only succeeded in a few localities. At Simla, whether from frost or for what reason, it seems to die down yearly, sending up vigorous shoots to replace the dead stem ; at Darjeeling its growth has been slow, and the trees formed merely thin poles, prob- ably the effect of too much damp ; while its chief success has been at Ranikhet and Abbottabad. At Shilloug, in the Khasia Hills, it had been said to be a failure, but in his review of the Assam Forest Report for 1876-77, Colonel Keatinge called atten- tion to the fact that the E. Globulus, though a failure at the Shillong plantation, had yet grown well in other situations in that station, and that several self-sown seedlings were thriving under the old trees. The seeds of Eucalyptus are usually very small, those of E. Globulus being perhaps the largest of the species usually tried in India ; the seed, if good, germinates well usually, and the plants at once begin to grow fast, but they are very tender of transplanting, so that that operation has to be very carefully done. On the subject of 190 mtrtace;e. \_ Eucalyptus. the transplanting of Eucalyptus, the following memorandum was drawn up by Colonel H. K. Morgan, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Madras : — " The seed, which should be procured in January or February, should be placed in beds in rows 6 inches apart. When the plants are 6 inches high, they should be taken up and placed 6 inches apart in beds ; the roots should be shortened to 4 inches. When 3 feet in height, the plants are taken up with a ball of earth round their roots, moss is bound tightly round the ball, and the plants are left in beds well earthed up about the roots, and watered till the young rootlets show through. They may then be put out. April is the best month for planting, as the plants are then able to make strong roots before the monsoon. When moss is not available, bamboo pots may be used, taking care to keep the large end of the joint for the top of the pot ; the hole at the bottom to be pluga;ed with grass. The plants should be placed in the pots when 8 inches in height, and left till they are 2 feet high and the roots show through ; then thrust the roots through, and the plant comes out with a ball of earth attached to the roots. Pits should be 18 inches cube." Weight, Mr. Newbery's " Descriptive Catalogue of the Specimens in the Museum at Melbourne, illustrating the economic woods of Victoria," gives 44 lbs. on an average ; our specimen gave 43 lbs. The weight and value of P., calculated from the average of the six experiments given at page 203 of Laslett's " Timber and Timber Trees," were W = 64 and P = 534. Wood strong and tenacious, durable, extensively used in Australia for beams, railway sleepers, piers and bridges ; also for ship-building. The wood from the Nilgiri plantations has - scarcely been used, except for firewood or charcoal. The leaves give an .essential oil used in medicine, and paper has been made of the bark. lbs. W 1094. Nilgiri Hills, 7,400 feet age 18 years, height 95 feet . ; 43 W 1095-7. „ „ 6,000 „ „ 2, 3, 4 „ „ 42, 43, and 60 feet ... 3. PSIDIUM, Linn. 1. P. Guava, Raddi; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 468 j Brandis 232; Kurz i. 476; Gamble 40. P. pomiferwm and P. pyriferum, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 480. The Guava Tree. Vern. Amr'dbt, amr'ibd, safri-dm, Hind. ; Peyara, Beng. ; Amiik, Nep. ; Modhuriam, Ass. ; Piyara, Bang. ; Segapu, hoaya, Tarn. ; Jama, coy a, Tel. ; Pela, Mai. ; Sele, Kan. ; Malaka beng, Bui-m. A small evergreen tree, with smooth and thin greenish grey bark, peeling off in thin flakes. Wood whitish, moderately hard, even- grained. Pores small, numerous. Medullary rays moderately broad, short, the distance between them many times greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Introduced from America and now cultivated and occasionally semi-wild allover India. Weight, Wallich gives 44 lbs. ; our specimen 42 lbs. ; Skinner 47 lbs. and P = 618. Cultivated for its fruit. The bark is used in medicine as an astringent, and (or the leaves) for dyeing in Assam. Skinner says that the wood works well and smoothly, that it is used for wood-engraving and for spear handles and instruments. lbs. 1371. Gonda, Oudh 42 4. EUGENIA, Linn. One of the largest of the Indian genera of trees. It contains about 77 trees, chiefly found in the moist zones of North-Bast and South India and Burma ; 33 occur in South India, and SO to 40 in Burma, 4 in the North-West and Central India, and a large number in Eastern Bengal. Few of them are, however, of very great importance ; and besides those here described, it will suffice to mention only one or two of the most Eugenia. ] myrtaceji;. 191 common. A list taken from Mr. DutLie's description in Volume II. of the Flora Indioa, pages 471 to 506, is, however, given for the sake of the references : — SECTION t.— JAMBOSA. 1. E.formosa, Wall North-Easfc Himalaya down to Burma. 2. JE'. amplexicaulis, Koxb. Tl. Ind. ii. 483 ; Kurz Chittagong. i. 493. 3. JS. malaccensis, Linn. (Cultivated). 4. E. polypeiala, Wight ; Kurz i. 493 [E. angus- Khasia Hills, Eastern tifolia, Roxb. K. Ind. ii. 490). Bengal, Chittagong. 5. E. diospyrifolia. Wall. ..... Khasia Hills, Sylhet. 6. E. Mu7ironii,y^ig'hi; Beddome cix. . . Khasia Hills, Western Ghats. 7. E. aquea, Burm. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 492 ; Chittagong, Burma, Cey- Beddome cix ; Kurz i. 494. Ion. 8. E. Jambos, Linn.; Roxb. M. Ind. ii. 494; (Cultivated). Beddome cix. ; Brandis 233 ; Kurz i. 495 ; Gamble 40. 9. E. macrocarjpa, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 497 ; Kurz i. Eastern Bengal, Burma. 492. 10. E. javanica, Lamk. ; Kurz i. 494 {E. alba, Andaman Islands. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 493). 11. E. Wallichii, Wight North-East Himalaya down to Burma. Var. E. lancecefolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 494; Gamble 40 North and East Bengal. 12. E. grandis, Wight ...... Eastern Bengal, Burma. 13. E. lepidocarpa. Wall. ; Kurz i. 490 (under Burma. E. grandis). 14. E. Beddomei, Duthie ..... Tinnevelly. 15. E. pachypJiylla, Kurz i. 490 .... Teuasserim. 16. E. tristis, Kurz i. 490 Ditto. 17. E. heniisphcBrica, Wight ; Beddome t. 203 . Western Ghats, Ceylon. 18. E. lanceolaria, ijoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 494 . . Sylhet. 19. E. bifaria, Wall. (E. laurifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ditto. ii. 489). 20. E. Kurzii, Duthie North-East Himalaya to Burma. 21. E. albiflora, Duthie ; Kurz i. 491 . . . Burma. 22. E. Iceta, Ham. (if. Wighlii, Beddome cix.) . . Western Ghats. 23. E. ramosissima, Wall. ; Gamble 40 . . . North-East Himalaya to Sylhet. 24. E. Relferi, Duthie Mergui. 25. E. mangifolia, Wall. ...... Assam, Eastern Bengal. 26. E. inophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 496 . . . Eastern Bengal, Burma. SECTION II.-STZYGIUM. 27. E. Thumra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 495 ; Kurz i. 488 . Burma. 28. E. rubens, Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 496 ; Kurz i. 488 . Chittagong, Burma. 29. E. cymosa, Lam. ; Kurz i. 486 .... Eastern Bengal, Burma. 30. E. toddalioides, Wight \_E. toddalicefolia, Sikkim, Mergui. Wight ; Gamble 41 {Misprinfji. 31. E. myrtifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 490 ; Kurz i. 486 Eastern Bengal, Burma. 32. E. acuminatissima, Kurz i. 487 .... Mergui. 33. E. Arnottiana, Wight ; Beddome ovii. Vern. Western Ghats. Nawal. 34. E. claviflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 488 ; Kurz i. North-East Himalaya 480 ; Gamble 41. down to Burma, Anda- mans. 35. E. leptantha, Wight ; Kurz i. 480 . . . Sikkim, Burma, Auda- mans. 192 MYRTACE^. [ 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. Var. Var. 62. 63. 64. 65. Var. Var. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. E. WigMiana, "Wight ; Beddome (E. lamceolata, Western Ghats, Ceylon. Wight ; Beddome ex). E. pellucida, Duthie (E. contracta, Kurz i. 481) Burma. E. zeylanica, Wight ; Eurz i. 481 (E. spicata. Eastern Bengal, Burma, Lam. ; Beddome t. 202. E. glandulifera, Andamans, Western Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 496). Ghats. E. grata, Wall. ; Kurz i. 480 .... Assam, Khasia Hills, Burma. Tenasserim. Nilgiris. Tenasserim. Western Ghats, Ceylon. Tipperah, Burma. Western Ghats, Ceylon. Ditto, ditto. Nepal. Ditto. Ehasia Hills. Nilgiris. Assam down to Burma. Nilgiris. Tinnevelly. Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal. Burma. E. rubricaulis, Miq E. montana, Wight ; Beddome cvii. . E. bracteolata, Wight ; Kurz i. 482 . E. Ussophylla, Thwaites ; Beddome cviii. . E. venusta, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 491 ; Kurz i. 487 E. Gardneri, Thw. ; Beddome oviii. . E. caryophyllma, Wight ; Beddome cviii. . E. frondosa. Wall E. areolata, DC. ..... E. khasiana, Duthie ..... E. revoluta, Wight ; Beddome cvii. . E. oblata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 493 ; Kurz i, 488 E. calophyllifolia, Wight ; Beddome cvii. . E. rahicunda, Wight ; Beddome cviii. E. cuneata, Wall E. hroicMata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 488 {,E. cinerea, Kurz i. 483). E. polyantha, Wight E. malabarica, Beddome t. 199 . E. alternifoUa, Wight ; Beddome t. 198 E. tetragona, Wight E. OBclusa, Miq. E. operculata, Eoxb. E. Paniala, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 489 E.obovata, Wall. E. Stochsii, Duthie E. balsamea, Wight ; Kurz i. 485 ; Gamble 41 E.fridicosa, Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 487 ; Kurz i. 485 E. Jambolana, Lam E. caryophi/lleefolia, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 486 . E. obtusifolia, Eoxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 485 . E. Meyneana, Wall . SECTION III.— EUGENIA. E. Jossima, Duthie (E. cuneata, Beddome) E.floecosa, Beddome t. 200 .... E. codyensis, Munro E. macrosepala, Duthie E. calcadensis, Beddome ex E, bracteata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 490 ; Beddome ex. E. Bottleriana, W. and A. ; Beddome ox. . E. argentea, Beddome ex E. Mooniana, Wight ; Beddome ex. . E. microphyUa, Beddome ex. ... . E. dngampattiana, Beddome t. 273 . E. vjynadensis, Beddome ex Ditto. Wynaad. Assam, Carnatie. Sikkim, Khasia HiUs, Sylhet. Nicobar Islands. Sub-Himalaya, Eastern Bengal, South India, Burma. Eastern Bengal, Burma. Northern Bengal, Burma. Concan, Wynaad. Sikkim, Eastern Bengal, Burma. Sylhet to Burma. Throughout India. Central India, Western Ghats. Western Ghats. Tinnevelly. Nilgiris, Coorg. Northern Kanara. Tinnevelly. Eastern Bengal, South India, Western Ghats. Southern India. Wynaad. Southern India, Western Ghats. Travancore. Tinnevelly, Wynaad. Uugenia. J myrtacej!. 193 JS. Janibos, Linn. Vera. Oulahjaman, Hind.; Malle nerale, Coorg; is the "Rose Apple" cultivated for ornament and for its fruit. E. Arnottiana, Wight. Vern. Nawal, Tarn., is a large tree on the hills of South India at above 4,000 feet elevation. E. altemifoUa, Wight ; Vern. Manchi moyadi, Tel., is a large tree of the forests of the hills in the Ouddapah and North Arcot Districts of Madras. E. aquea, Rumph., is an evergreen tree of Soath India and Burma. E.fruticosa,'Rox\i. Vern. Moung- zebri, Magh ; Thabyaynee, Burin., is an evergreen tree of the forests of Chittagong and Burma; while E. ramositsima. Wall, and J?. Za»ce£E/o&, Roxb., are handsome trees of the Eastern Himalaya and Sub-Himalayan tract. Wood rough, hard and moderately hard, seasons well. Some species have eoueeutric bands of softer tissue and others have not. Tiie pores are from small to moderate-sized. 1. E; formosa, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 471 ; Kurz i. 493; Gamble 40. E. ternifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 489. Vern. Barajaman, Nep. ; BunJconkri, Mechi ; Bolsohak, Garo ; Famsikol, Lepcha. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark greyish white, smooth, thin. Wood grey, hard. Pores moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine, and very fine, numerous, prominent. Eastern Himalaya and Sub-Himalayan tract, near streams ; Chittagong and Tenas- Berim. Weight, 61 lbs. per cubic foot. Has large, very handsome flowers and large fruit. Ibg. E 2956. Tista Valley, Darjeeling 61 2. E. malaccensis, Linn. : Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 471 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 483 ; Kurz i. 493. Vern. Thabyoo-tliahyay , Burm. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood reddish grey, rough, soft. Pores moderate-sized and large. Medullary rays broad or moderately broad, visible on a radial section. Cultivated in Bengal and Burma for its fruit. Weight, Wallich gives 30, our specimen 38 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. B 309. Burma (1867) 38 3. E. grandis, Wight; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 475; Beddome evii. ; Kurz i. 489. E. c^mo5», Roxb. Fh Ind, ii. 493. Vern. /«»«, Beag. ; Batti jamh, Sylhet ; Zebri, Magh ; Toung thabyay, Burm. An evergreen tree. Wood red, rough, hard. Pores small, joined by fiae, wavy, concentric Hues. Medullary rays fine, wavy, numerous, uni- form and equidistant. Eastern Bengal, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Weight, 51 to 52 lbs. Ibg. B 314. Burma (1867) 51 B 2256. Andaman Islands (1866) 52 B 2713, 48 lbs., brought from Tavoy by Dr. Wallich in 1828, has a structure simi- lar to that of E. grandis. 4. E. Kurzii, Duthie; Hook. Fl. Ind, ii. 478; Kurz i. 491, E. cerasiflora, Kurz; Gamble 41. Vern. J&mnn, Nep. ; Sunom, Lepcha. A large evergreen tree. Bark \ inch thick, whitish grey. Wood reddish grey, moderately hard, rough. Pores moderate-sized, numerous, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad. 194 MYETACEffl. [Uuffenia, Hills of Bengal and Burma, from 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Weight, 37 to 56 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. E 701. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet 56 E 2955. Tukdah Eorest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet (young tree) . . 37 5. E. tetragona, Wight; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 497 : Kurz i. 484. H. prtBcox, Roxb. J Gamble 41. Yevn. Kemma, chamlani, Nep. ; Sun6m Lepeha. A large evergreen tree. Wood brownish or olive grey, shining, hard. Pores moderate-sized, numerous, uniformly distributed, oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine, visible on a radial section. Hills of Nortbem Bengal up to 6,000 feet, Ohittagong. "Weigbt, 47 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used occasionally for building and for the handles of tools and for charcoal. lbs. E 682. Sepoydura Forest, 5,500 feet, Darjeeling . . , .46 E 1446. MisWi Hills (Griffith, 1836) 48 6. E. operculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 486 ; Brandis 234 ; Kurz i. 482. E. nervosa, DC. ; Beddome cvi. Vern. Bai jdman, paiman, jamawa, d'wgdugia, Hind. ; Teihalyay, Burm. A moderate-sized evergreen tree, leaves turning red in the cold season. Bark grey or dark brown, rough, with irregular hard scales, leaving cavities when they exfoliate. Wood reddish grey, hard. Pores small, often in radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, closely packed, extremely numerous. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna to Assam, Chittagong, Burma, Western Ghats and Ceylon. Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for building and agricultural implements. The fruit is eaten. lbs. O 334. Gorakhpur (1868) 51 B 305. Burma (1867) 43 7. E. obovata, Wall. ; Gamble 40. B. operculata, Roxb. var. oboMa ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 498; Kurz i. 482. Vern. Kiamoni, Nep. ; Jung song, Lepeha ; Boda-jam, Mechi. An evergreen tree, leaves turning red in the cold season. Bark white, smooth. Wood grey, rough, moderately hard. Pores moderate- sized, very numerous, joined by faint, concentric bands. Medullary rays fine. Savannah forests of Bengal and Burma. Weight, 51 lbs. per cubic foot. Fruit eaten. lbs. E 584. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai 51 8. E. Jambolana, Lam. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 499 Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 484; Beddome t. 197; Brandis 233; Kurz i. 485 ; Gamble 40. Vern. Jdman, jam, phalinda, jamni, p}ialani,pharenda, phaunda, paiman. Hind. ; Jam, Beng. ; Jamo, Uriya ; Phoberkung, Lepeha ; Chambw, Garo ; Kor-jam, Mechi ; Jamu, Ass.; Naval, navvel, nawar, naga, Tam. ; Nerale, Mysore ; Narala, Kan. ; Nasedu, nairuri, nareyrs Tel. ; Naindi, Gondi ; JambU, Mar. ; Mahadan, Cingh. ; Zebri, chalm, hau, Magh ; Thabyai-pyoo, Burm. An evergreen tree. Bark \ inch thick, light grey, with large patches of darker colour, smooth; with shallow depressions caused by exfoliation. Eugenia. ] myrtaceJ!). 195 Wood reddish grey, rough, moderately hard, darker near the centre, no distinct heartwood. Pores moderate-sized and small, numerous, fre- quently oval, elongated and subdivided. Medullary rays fine, numerous ; the interval between the rays less than the diameter of the pores. Faint, fine, concentric bands of softer tissue. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, asoending to 5,000 feet in Kumaun ; throughout India and Burma. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 120, 48 lbs. per cubic foot ; according to Kyd. {Saljam p) 45 lbs. ; the average of our 23 specimens gives 49 lbs. Skinner gives P = 600 and Kyd 677. Wood fairly durable. Five sleepers of it were laid down in 1870 on the Oudh and Eohilkhand Railway, and taken up in 1875, when they were reported to be fairly sound and not touched by white ants. Used for building, agricultural implements and carts, also for well- work, as it resists the action of water well. The bark is used for dyeing and tanning, and is astringent and used in medicine for cases of dysentery. The fruit is eaten. It is one of the trees on which the " tasar " silkworm is fed. lbs. P 1192. Madhopur, Punjab 40 P 452. Ajmere 44 O 209. Garhwal (1868) 51 O 210. „ „ 47 O 211. „ , 49 O 224. „ „ 44 O 239. „ „ 40 O 2993. „ (1874) 47 O 527. Dehra Dun 59 O 535. „ „ 64 O 875. Mohun Forest, Kumaun Bhabar 58 O 337. Gorakhpur (1868) 51 O 338. ......... 42 C 195. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) . . . _■ .62 C 1135. Ahiri Eeserve, Central Provinces (with a slightly different structure) .56 C 2761. Moharli Eeserve, Central Provinces 43 C 1251. Gumsiir, Madras 57 E 664. Eakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai 54 E 2377. Sivoke Forest „ „ 44 E 1396. Chittagong 48 E 1968. „ 48 E 413. Sundarbans B 3065. Burma (1862) 52 No. 51. Ceylon Collection 36 E 2199 (43 lbs.) received from Assam under the name of E. mangifolia. Wall. Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 480, resembles in structure E. Jamholana. B 2292 (56 lbs.) received from the Andamans in 1866 under the name of Eugenia sp. has a moderately hard, compact, grey wood, with the structure similar to that of E. Jamholana, which is not yet known to grow in the Andamans. No. 1 of Adrian Mendis' Ceylon Collection (49 lbs.) is E. sylvestris, Wight ; Hook. PL Ind. ii. 493 ; Beddome evii. {8yzygiwm sylvestre, Thwaites Enum. 116. Vern. Alubo, Cingh.) In structure it resembles E. Jamholana. 9. E. Heyneana, Wall.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 500, K salicifoUa, Wicht ; Beddome cix. ; Brandis 234. Vern. Panjam-bM Mar, ; Rendi, Gondi ; Qambu, Kurku, A large shrub or small tree with grey bark. Wood similar to that of E. Jamholana, but pores smaller. Bombay Ghats, Berar and Central Provinces. lbs. C 2786. Melghat, Berar 38 196 MYRTACKJ!. [ Eugenia. 10, E. sp. Vern. Tlialyay, Burm. A tree with hard^ close-grained, red wood. Pores small, in irregular patches of soft tissue, joined by wavy, concentric lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Iba. B 316. Burma (1867) 55 5. BARRINGTONIA, Forst. Contains about 8 Indian species chiefly from Burma. B. speciosa, Forst. ; Hook, PI. Ind. ii. 507 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. li. 636 ; Beddome cxii. ; Kurz i. 496. Vern. Kyaigyee, Burm. ; DoidA, Andamaas, is an evergreen tree of the sea-shore of the Andamans. S. pterocarpa, Kurz i. 498; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 509. Vera. ij'aiiS^a!, Burm., is an evergreen tree of the tropical forests of Pegu and Martahan. Pour other species are described as found in Tenasserim, viz., B. conoidea, Griff., B. augusta, Kurz, B. Bel- feri, C. B. Clarke, and B. macrostachya, Kurz (including B. pendula, Kurz). Wood soft or moderately hard. Pores small, in short radial lines between the numerous broad, or moderately broad, medullary rays. Numerous transverse bars between the rays. 1. B. acntaugula, Gaertn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 508 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 635; Beddome t. 204; Brandis 235; Kurz i. 497. Vern. Ijdl, samun- dar phul, pannidri, ingar, Hind. ; 3ijdl, samundar, Beng. ; Kinjolo, Uriya ; Hendol, Ass. ; Kanapa, batta, Jcurpd, Jcadamic, Tel. ; Piwar, Mar. ; Kyaitha, kyainee, Burm. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark brown, rough. Wood white, shining, warps in seasoning, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small, in radial groups between the broad and very broad, rarely fine and moderately broad, long medullary rays, which form the greater part of the wood. The space between the medullary rays, where not occupied by the pores, consists of narrow bands of firm tissue with fine transverse bars of lighter colour. The radial section is beau- tifully mottled with the medullary rays, which appear as irregular plates. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Oudh, Bengal, Central and South India, Burma. Weight, Skinner, No. 20, gives 56 lbs. ; while Kyd's experiments (Slravadium acutangulum) give only 39'8 lbs. Our specimen weighed 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Benson's experiments with bars of Burma wood 3 feet X 1 "4 inch X 1 "4 inch gave P = 648 ; Skinner P = 863, while Kyd's experiments on Assam wood in bars 3 feet X 1 inch X 1 inch gave P = 315. Said to be durable. The wood is used for boat-building, well-work, carts, rice-pounders and by cabinet- makers. The bark is used to intoxicate fish, also for tanning ; and, as well as the leaves and fruit, in native medicine. Beddome says the wood turns black when buried in mud. . lbs. C 1132. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces B 814. Burma 46 2, B. racemosa^ Blume; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 507; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 634 ; Beddome cxii. ; Kurz i. 496. Vern. Samudra, cuddapah, Tarn., Mai.; Kyai-heng, Burm. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood white, very soft, porous. Pores small and moderate-sized, numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad, long, equidistant. Western Coast, Andaman Islands and Ceylon. It is mentioned from Assam by p. Mann in Assam Forest Keport, 1874-76. "Vern. Kumringak, Ass,, but B, acutan- gula may be meant. BarHngtonia. J MYRTACE^. 197 _ Skinner, No. 21, gives weight 53 lbs. (P) per cubic foot and P = 819 ; he also says it is used for house and cart building, and that it has been tried for railway sleepers. lbs. B 1993. Andaman Islands (Eurz, 1866) 27 6. CAREYA, Roxb. Besides the species described ; C. sphcerica, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 636 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 511 ; Kurz i. 500, is a large deciduous tree of the Cbittagong Hills ; and C. Tierbacea, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 638; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 510; Brandis 237; Gamble 41. Vem. Shooi dalim, Beng. ; Chuwa, Nep., is a small undershrub of grass lands in Bengal, Oudh and the Central Provinces, generally bringing out its beautiful pink flowers in April and best after the grass has been burnt by jungle fires. 1. C. arborea, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 638 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 511; Bed- dome t. 205; Brandis 236; Kurz i. 499; Gamble 41. \evn. Kumbi, Kumhh, khumbi, Hind. ; Pilu, Banda ; Gumar, Mandla^ Balagbat ; Kumri, Chhindwara ; Gummar, Gondi ; Boldok, Lepcha ; Bambel, Garo ; Ayma, pailae, poota-tammi, Tarn. ; Budd-durmi, buda darini, dudippi, Tel. ; Gavuldu, Mysore ; Bambway, Burm. ; Kabooay, Taleing ; Tagooyi, Karen ; Kahatte, Cingb. A large deciduous tree, leaves turning red in the cold season. Bark \ inch thick, dark grey, with vertical and diagonal cracks, exfoliating in narrow flakes ; inner substance reddish, fibrous. Sapwood whitish, large ; heartwood dull red, sometimes claret-coloured, very dark in old trees, even- grained, beautifully mottled, seasons well, very durable, moderately hard. Pores oval, small and moderate-sized, subdivided. Medullary rays numerous, fine, equidistant and uniform ; the space between two consecutive rays equal to the diameter of the pores. The medullary rays are visible on a radial section as narrow bands. Sub- Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Bengal, Burma, Central and South India. Growth fast, a round in the Bengal Fruit Museum gave 4 rings per inch of radius. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experi- ments : — Experiment by whom coadacted. Tear. Wood whence procured. Number of experi- ments. Size of scantling. Weight. Value of P. Wallioli . . . . Adrian Mendis E. Thompson . Skinner, No. 38 Benson . . . . Brandis, Nos. 62, 63 Kjd Commt. Dept. . Bmythies .... 1855 1869 1862 1862 1864 1831 1878 Goalpara . Ceylon Central Provinces Sonth India Burma ,1 . Assam Monlmein. See list below i 6 1 12 Ft. In. In. Various. 3 X 1-4 xl-4 3x1x1 2 X XI 2x1 XI ...... lbs. 43 38 60 50 47 56 60 61 61 60 B4-6 870 S29 880 665 670 950 198 MYRTACE^. [ Careya. Wood durable ; the specimens brought by Dr. Wallich from Tavoy in 1828, and that brought from the Mishmi Hills by Dr. Griffith in 1836, were quite sound on being out up, though they had been stored for 50 years in Calcutta. The wood is little used except for agricultural implements. It is being tried for railway sleepers on the Eastern Bengal and Northern Bengal State Railways, but the result of the experi- ment is not yet known. Kurz says it is used in Burma for gun-stocks, house-posts, planking, carts, furniture and cabinet-work. It stands well under water. Fuzes made from its bark are used to make slow matches. Its bark gives a good fibre for coarse, strong cordage, and is used in native medicine as an a»tringent. lbs. O 208. Garhwal (1868) 53 O 228. „ , 53 O 1479. Kheri, Oudh 59 C 1131. Ahiri Reserve, Central ProTinces 58 C 2747. Moharli Reserve „ „ (sapwood) . . . .37 E 624. Eakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai 48 E 2378. Sivoke „ „ 51 E 1441. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) 56 B 2703. Tavoy (Wallich, 1822) 59 B 2685. „ „ „ 56 B 2710 51 B 2228. Andaman Islands (1866) 55 B 3147. „ „ (Home, 1874) 56 No. 41. Ceylon Collection 38 7. PLANCHONIA, Bl. 1. P. littoralis, Van Houtte ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 511. P. valida, Blume; Kurz i. 500. Vera. Bamlway nee, Burm. ; Baila da, And. An evergreen tree. Wood reddish brown, with, yellow specks, very hard, elose-grained. Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided, in rounded and elongated patches, which are sometimes joined by narrow, undulating bands of softer tissue. Medullary rays very fine, numerous, bending. The pores are frequently filled by a yellow substance, and are prominent on a vertical section. Evergreen coast forests of the Andaman Islands. Weight, our specimens give 61 to 64 lbs. per cubic foot ; Bennett gives 56 lbs. and P = 600. A valuable wood, which should be better known ; it seasons well and takes a line polish. i lbs. B 614. Andaman Islands 64 B 2495. „ „ (Home, 1874, No. 7, Youaygyee) . . 61 Oeder XLVII. MELASTOMACEiE. An Order containing 13 Indian Genera of shrubs or small trees. They are chiefly found in South India or Tenasserim. They belong to 5 Tribes, viz., — Tribe I.— Osbeokiese OshecJcia, Otanthera and Mela- stoma. II, Oxysporese Oxyspora, Kendrickia, AUomor- phia, Blastus, Ochthocharis and Anerincleistus. III. Medinillese ..... Anplectrum, Medinilla. " IV.— Astroniese Pternandra. „ v.— MemeeylesB Memecylon. Oxyspora paniculata, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 525 ; Gamble 41 is a large hand- some shrub oi the Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills. Memecylon contains about Osdec&ia.] MELASTOMACBiE. 199 20 species of shrubs or small trees. M. umbellatum, Burm. ; Beddome t. 206 ; Kurz i. 516. Vera. Udatalli, Kan., is a small tree of tte hills of South India, Arracan and the Andamans, whose wood is said by Beddome to be like boxwood and by VanSomeren to be durable. M. edule, Eoxb. ; Beddome oxiii. ; Kurz i. 512. Vern. Alii, Tel. ; Anjan, Tcurpa, Bombay, is a small tree of the Eastern Ghats of South India, Tenasserim and the Andamans, with a strong, hard wood and edible fruit, while M. amabile, Bedd. and M. gracile, Bedd. are small trees of the Western Ghats. The remaining genera contain shrubs or climbers of little forest interest. 1. OSBECKIA, Linn. Contains a number of handsome-flowering herbs and shrubs of little importance. 1. 0. crinita, Benth. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 517. 0. stellaia, Don; Gamble 41. Vern. Number, Lepcha. A shrub. Bark greyish brown, smooth. Wood light brown, moder- ately hard. Annual rings marked by a white line and more numerous pores. Pores moderate-sized, scaaty. Medullary rays crooked, fine, the distance between the rays equal to the diameter of the pores. Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills from 4,000 to 8,000 feet. A very pretty shrub, common about Darjeeling. E 3310. Darjeeling, 6,500 feet. 2. MELASTOMA, Linn. ■Pour Indian species. 1. M, Malabathricum, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 523; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 405 ; Kurz i. 503 ; Gamble 41. The Indian Rhododendron. Vern. Choulisy, Nep. ; Tunglram, Lepcha ; Shapti, tunha, Mechi ; Myetjiyai, Burm. A large shrub. Back reddish brown, thin, smooth. Wood moder- ately hard, light brown, with medullary patches. Pores moderate-sized, often in concentric groups, and surrounded with white tissue. Medul- lary rays short, fine to moderately broad, numerous, unequally distri- buted. Concentric bands of soft tissue often joining the pores. Throughout India up to 6,000 feet, chiefly near watercourses. This is probably the Luthi bush on which, according to Mr. Brownlow of Cachar (Journal of the Agri-Horticultural Society of Calcutta), the silkworm Atlacus Atlas is often found, and fed on which it gives a very white sUk. E 3275. Borojhar Keserve, W. Diiars. Order XLVIII. LTTHRARIE^. Contains 8 Indian Genera of trees or shrubs all belonging to the tribe Lythrese. Of these, 6 Genera are here described. Pemphis acidula, ITorst. ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 573 ; Beddome cxvii. ; Kurz i. 518, is an evergreen shrub of the sea-coast of Malabar, Tenasserim and the Andanians, while Crypteronia paniculata, Bl. ; Kurz i. 519. ( C pK6e«cera* Bl. and C glabra, Ul. in Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 574.) Vern. Ananpho, Burm., is an evergreen tree of the upper tropical and moist forests ot Chittagong and Burma. Biandis in his Burma List, 1862, No. 113, says it has a reddish, close but not straight-grained wood, used occasionally for cart-wheels, but more usually for burning. Medullary rays fine or very fine and very numerous. 200 LYTHRARiEj!. [ Woodforclia. 1. WOODFORDIA, Salisbury. 1. W. floribunda, Salisb.; Hook. PI. Ind. ii. 572; Brandis 238; Gamble 42. W. tomentom, Beddome cxvii. W. fruticosa, Kurz i. 518. Grislea tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 233. Vern. Bdwi, thawi, s'autha, dkaula, Hind.; Gul daur, Kangra; Bhai, Kumaun ; B/iewti, Oudh ; Dliuvi, surtdri, C.P. ; Pitta, petisurali, surteyli, Gondi; Khinni, dhi, Kui-ku; Bahiri, laldairo, Nep.; Chunglcyeh dum, Lepcha; Jatiko, Uriva ■ Jargi, Tel. ; FimlsaUi, Mar. ; Batti, Bhil. ' A large shrub with smooth bark, marked by longitudinal raised lines or protuberances, peeling off in thin scales. Wood reddish white, hard, close-grained. Pores small, uniformly distributed, sometimes in radiai lines, medullary rays fine and very fine, closely packed. Common throughout India, ascending to 5,000 feet in the Himalayas. Cunningham gives weight 58 lbs., P = 730 ; our specimen weighs 46 lbs. The flowers give a red dye, which is used to dye silks. C 2794 Melghat, Berar 46 E 876. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling Terai ...'.'. 2. LAWSONIA, Linn; 1. L. alba; Lam. ; Hook.Fl. Ind. ii. 573; Beddome cxviii.; Brandis 238; Gamble 42. B. inermis, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 258; Kurz i. 519. The Henna Plant of Egypt. Vern. Mehndi, Hind. ; Ban, Burm. ; Mangkati, Uriya; Marithondi, Tam.; Gorantln, Kan. A shrub with thin, greyish-brown bark. Wood grey, hard, close- grained; alternate bands of tissue, with fewer and more numerous pores, which may possibly be annual rings. Pores small and joined by faint, short, interrupted concentric bands. Medullary rays fine. Wild in Beluchistan, on the Coromandel coast and perhaps in Central India. Cultivated throughout India as a hedge plant and for its leaves, which, powdered and made into a paste, give the " henna " dye which is used to dye the nails, skin and beard. C 2000. Nimar, Central Provinces. 3. LAGERSTROMIA, Linn. Contains 11 Indian species, dispersed principally over South India and Burma, while a few extend to North-Bast India and Assam, and one to North- West and Central India. L. indica, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 575 ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 505 ; Kurz i. 521 Vern. Telinga-china, Hind., is a handsome shrub, with pink flowers, cultivated in gardens in most parts of India. L. calyculata, Kurz i. 522. Vern. Pymmahpyoo, Burm., is an evergreen tree of the Martaban Hills. L; floribunda, Jack., a small tree of Tenasserim and L. villosa, Wall. ; Kai'z i. 524. Vern. Young kalay, a deciduous tree of the forests of the Pegu Yoma and Martaban. The pores are of different sizes, the small pores being arranged in narrow, concentric bands, which join the lines of large pores. Medullary rays uniform, equidistant, fine and numerous. 1. L. parviflora, Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 575; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 505; Beddome t. 31 ; Brandis 239; Kurz i. 521 ; Gamble 42. Vern. Bdkli, kat dhaura, dkaura, lendya, seina, sida, asid, Hind. ; 8ida, Beng., Mechi, Ass. ; Borderi, bordengri, Nep. ; Kanhil, Lepcha ; Shida, GSro ; Shej, Lagentr'omia. J LYTHRARIE*. 201 Banda; 5e/i, Bijeragogarh ; Kakria, Guz.; Sahine, Chanda ; V/iinangi, Tel. ; Gkungi, pilugu, Hyderabad ; Nana, bondara, tiandi, hellinandi, sina, lendi, Mar. ; VentaJcu, cheninge, Kan. ; Lendya, Baigas ; Sitia, nelli, leria, Gondi; Ckekerey, Kurku ; Tsambelay, Burm. A large deciduous tree with light browiij thia bark^ exfoliating in long, thin, woody scales. Wood very hard, grey or greyish brown, often with a reddish tinge, darker coloured near the centre, hard. No annual rings. Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided, uniformly distributed and frequently joined by narrow, irregular, wavy bands and lines of softer texture, distinctly visible on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Sub-Himalayan Tract from the Jumna eastwards, Oudh, Bengal, Assam, Central and South India. The weight and transverse strength have been given by the following experi- ments : — Kyd in 1831 specimens from Assam in bars Skinner, No. 86 from South India Brandis, No. 63 „ Burma, 1862 . Smythies in 1878, average of 9 specimens . Ft. In. In. Weight. Value of P. 2X1X1 found 52 757 various „ 40 467 40 52 • ... Wood tough, elastic, seasons well, works freely and is fairly durable. It coppices well. Ten sleepers laid down on the Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway in 1870 were reported, on being examined in 1875, to be quite sound. A number of sleepers are being tried on the Northern Bengal State Railway, but the result is not yet known. It is used for ploughs and other agricultural implements, for construction, for buggy shafts and axe handles. It gives a very good charcoal. It gives a sweet gum from wounds in the bark. The bark is used for tanning. It is one of the trees on which the " tasar " silkworm is fed. O 232. Garhwal (1868) .... 2999. „ (1874) .... O 339. Gorakhpur (1868) C 196. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) C 2735 ) C 274q \ ^o^^^^'^i Reserve, Central Provinces C 1140. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces C 2768. Melghat, Berar E 666. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai . E 2379. Sukna Forest „ E 785. Kamrup, Assam .... lbs. 45 51 54 49 50 60 54 52 54 2. L. lanceolata, Beddome t. 32; Brandis 240. L. parviflora, Roxb. var. majuscula, C. B. Clarke; Hook. FJ. Tnd. i. 575. Vern. Banddra, nandi, Kan.; Ndna,sokutia, Mar.; Boda, bondaga, Dekkan. A large tree, with leaves bluish white beneath. Inner wood red, moderately hard. Pores large and moderate-sized, joined by wavy con- centric bands of soft texture, which are often interrupted. Medullary rays fine, numerous, uniform, equidistant. Forests of the "Western Ghats as far north as Khandeish, Mysore and Court- allum. Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 57 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. C 956. Guzerat, Bombay W 1220. North Kanara 57 3. L. microcarpa, Wight ; Beddome t. 30 ; L. lanceolata, Wall. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 676 ; Brandis 240. "Vern, Benteah, venieah, Tam. ; 2oa I.YTHllAlilE^, [ Lagerstromia. Ventalcu, Tel.; Bolundur, hilli nandi, Kan.; Nandi, Coorg; Nanah, Mar. A large tree with smooth white bark, peeling off in thin flakes. Wood red, moderately hard. Pores large and small, often subdivided and frequently joined by narrow, irregular, wavy bands and lines of softer texture. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numerous. Distinct white concentric lines, which probably iudicate the annual rings. Pores marked on a longitudinal section and medullary rays visible on a radial section as numerous narrow plates. Western forests of the Madras Presidency. Growtli moderately fast, 6 to 8 riugs per inch of radius, verse strength have been determined as follows : The weight and trans- Experiment by whom conducted. Year. Whence pro- cured. Number of experi- ments. Size of bar. Weight. Value of P. Skinner No. 85 . Puckle List .... Balfour Smythies . 1863 1359 1863 1878 Mysore Malabar South Kanara 5 3 2 Ft. In. In. Various 2x1x1 7x2x2 41 41 39 4S 43 619 039 642 Much used in construction and for ship-building, furniture. W 765. W 862. South Kanara also for coffee-oases, and for lbs. 48 48 4. L. Reginse, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 505 ; Beddome t. 29 ; Brandis 240. L. Flos-Beginm, Retz ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 577 ; Kurz i. 524. Vern. Jarul, Beng. ; Ajhar, Ass.; BolashaH, Garo ; Kadali, Tam. ; Challd, Kan. ; Adamhoe, Mai. ; Taman, mota bondara, Mar. ; Kamauug, Magh ; Pi/mma, Burm. ; Murute, Cingh. A large deciduous tree. Bark smooth, grey to cream-coloured. Wood shinintr, light red, hard ; annual rings marked by a belt of large pores. Pores of all sizes from extremely small to large, the latter often sub- divided, joined by narrow, wavy and often anastomosing concentric bands of soft tissue, which contain the smaller pores. Medullary rays very or extremely fine, often indistinct. The wood iu Burma is frequently very porous with an abundance of large pores. Eastern Bengal, Assam, Burma and Western Coast, extending north to Ratnagiri. Growth moderate ; our specimens show 7 rings per inch of radius. In 1876 Mr. Fisher measured 5 trees in the Sidli Forest, Goalpara district, Assam. The results were, on an average — In. In, In. In. In. On a length of radius equivalent to a girth of 18 36 54 72 90 No. of rings 15 25 39 51 66 On an average, therefore, the number of rings per inch of radius is 4"6; and the tree appears to add a cubit to its girth every 13 years on an average. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments. Lagersti-omia.] LYTHRARIEJ!. 203 Experiment by whom conducted. Year. Wood whence procured. Number of experiments Size of bar. Weight. Value of P. Wallieh Adrian Mendis 1855 India Ceylon Ft. In. In. lbs. 46-5 42 Baker Sliinner, No. 87 . . . 1829 1862 Bengal . South India . 11 2x1x1 40 860 637 Kyd . . . 1831 Assam 2 X 1 X 1 37 38 407 ? 633 Benson . Forbes Watson Brandis, Noa. 61, 62 1862 Burma . ... 3 X 1-4 X 1-4 3 X 1-0 X 1-6 38 • 38 36 40-6» 383 ? 849 651 Commissariat Department 1864 Moulraein 4 7x2x2 47 38 680 822 Smythies 1878 As below 10 43 * Average of 37 and 44. The most valuable timber of Sylhet, Caohar and Chittagong, and in Burma the most valuable after teak. It is used in ship-building and for boats and canoes, all kinds of construction, timber and carts. The Ordnance Department use it for many parts of their gun-carriages. In South India it is used for building and in Ceylon for casks. It gives a resin. It is cultivated for ornament all over the hotter parts of India and even as far north as Lahore. lbs. E 620. Eastern Diiars, Assam 48 B 1228. Sibsagar, Assam 40 E 2188. Nowgong, Assam 40 E 1272. Cachar 38-5 E 410. Suudarbans 47 E 710, Chittagong 47 W 726. South Kanara 46 B 808. Pegu .39 B 3067. Burma (1862) 40 B 2717. Tavoy (Wallieh, 1828) 42 5. L. macrocarpa, Wall.; Kurz i. 534. L. Flos-Uegina, Retz; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 577. Vern. Jarul, Beng'. ; Koonpymmah, Burm. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood red, moderately hard, in structure resembling' that of L. Reginm, but the bauds of white tissue more prominent and large pores fewer. Burma in Pegu and Mavtaban. Weight, 45 to 48 lbs. per cubic foot. ° ^ lbs B 296. Burma (1867) 48 B 3068. „ (1862) 45 6. L. hypoleuca, Kurz i. 523; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 577. Vern. Fymmah, Burm. ; Pdbdd, And. A laro'e deciduous tree with thin whitish bark. Wood red, hard. Pores very small to very large, in fine, wavy, concentric, anastomosing, but sometimes interrupted lines of softer tissue, alternating with darker wood of firmer texture, in which the very fine medullary rays are dis- tinctly visible. Andaman Islands. Growth slow, 10-18 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 41 to 50 lbs. according to 204 LYTHKAKIEjK. [ Lagerstromia. Major Protheroe ; our specimens give an average of 39 to 40 lbs. ; Bennett gives 41 lbs. and P = 570. The wood is used largely in the Andamans for building, shingles and other purposes. B 510. Andaman Islands B 2202. B 2274. B 2283. (1866) B 2496. (Home, 1874, No. 2) lbs. 45 38 34 44 7. L. tomentosa, Preslj Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 578; Kurz i. 522. Vern. Laiza, Burtn. A large deciduous tree. Bark ^ inch thick, grey. Wood grey or greyish brown, close-grained, moderately hard. Pores from very small to very large, the latter often subdivided, joined by numerous concentric lines, alternating with broad bands of firmer tissue, in which the fine medullary rays are prominent. Burma. Frequent in Pegu and Martaban. Weight, according to Brandis' Catalogue, 1862, No. 59 (i. puhescens, Wall.), 63 lbs. ; Brandis' 3 experiments in 1864 with bars 3 ft. X 1 inch X 1 inch gave : Weight 38 lbs. and P = 588. Our specimens give 46 and 53 lbs. The timber is valued for bows and spear handles, and is also used for canoes and cart-wheels. Ib9. B 572. Prome . . . : 46 B 2583. Burma (1862) 53 4. DUABANGA, Ham. 1. D. sonneratioides, Buch. ; Kurz i. 525 ; Gamble 42. Lager- gtromia grandiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 503. Vern. Bandorhulla, Beug. j Lampatia, Nep. ; Bur, Lepcha ; Kochan, hohan, Ass. ; Jarul-jhalna, Cachar ; Bondorkella, bolchim, Garo; Baiehtia, Magh ; Myoukgnau, Burm. A lofty deciduous tree, with light-brown bark, peeling off in thin flakes. Wood grey, often streaked with yellow, soft, seasons well, neither warps nor splits. . Pores large and moderate-sized, often oval and sub- divided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, wavy. Pores well marked on a longitudinal section. Eastern Bengal ascending to 3,000 foot, Assam and Burma. Growth fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 64, 30 lbs. per cubic foot ; our specimens give an average of 32 lbs. The wood does not warp or split, and canoes cut out of it green are at once used, even when liable alternately to wet and the heat of the sun. Is used in Northern Bengal and Assam very extensively for tea-boxes, for which purpose it is admirably fitted. It is also made into canoes and cattle troughs. The seeds are extremely smaU and the seedlings very minute at first, but the growth is very fast. Seedlings at the Bamun- pokri Plantation in Bengal, which had come up on the sites of old charcoal kilns (see "Indian Forester," Vol. iv. page 345), attained a height of 10 feet in two years, with proportionate girth and fine spreading branches. B 652. Eakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai E 2380. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling Terai E 950. Eastern Duars, Assam E 1230. Sibs&gar, Assam E 1436. Assam .... E 1285. Cachar .... E 1499. Sylhet B 713. Chittagong B 807. Pegu .... B 1995. Andamans (Kurz, 1866) (young tree) lbs. 32 32 32 36 29 32 31 30 21 Sonneratia.'] lythuauiej5. 205 5. SONNERATIA, Linn. f. Contains 4 Indian trees found in the coast forests of Sind, Bengal, Malabar, Arracan, Pegu, Tenasserim and the Andamans. Besides the two described : S. alba. Sm. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. iiv 580 ; Kurz i. 526, is found in the shore forests of the Anda- mans and S. Griffithii, Kurz i. 527. Vern. Tapyoo, in those of Burma. 1. S. acida, Linn, f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 579; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 506 ; Beddome cxviii. ; Brandis 242; Kurz i. 5ii6. Vern. Orcha, archaM, Beng. ; Tapoo, tamoo, Burtn. A small evergreen tree. Wood grey, soft, even-grained. Pores small, oval and subdivided, very numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Tidal creeks and littoral forests of India, Burma, and the Andamans. Weight, 31 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is said by Beddome to be used for models, and in Ceylon to be a good substitute for coal in steamers. The fruit is eaten in the Sundarbans. - lbs. B 395. Suudarbans 31 2. S. apetala, Buch.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 579; Roxb.Fl. Ind. ii. 506; Beddome cxviii. ; Kurz i. 527. Vern. Keowra, Beng. ; Kanpala, Burm. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Sapwood grey ; heartwood reddish brown, moderately hard. Pores small, numerous, oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Tidal creeks and littoral forests of Beng&l and Burma. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is said by Kurz to be good for house-build- ing, packing-boxes, etc. lbs. E 399. Sundarbans 44 6. PUNICA, Linn. 1. P. Granatum, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 581; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 499 ; Beddome cxix. ; Brandis 241 ; Kurz i. 528 ; Gamble 42. The Pomegranate. Vern. Andi-j ddrim, damu, Hindi; Bdlim, Kumaun; Dalimbe, Kan.; Thale, Burm. A shrub or small tree. Wood light yellow, with a small, darker coloured, irregularly shaped heartwood, compact and close-grained. Pores very small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Medullary patches common. Wild in the Suliman Eange, between 3,500 and 6,000 feet. Salt Range and Nortb- West Himalaya. Cultivated in many parts of India and Burma. Growth slow, 18 rings per inch of radius (Brandis). Weight, Mathieu PI. Vox., p. 169, gives 52 to 63 lbs. ; one specimen weighs 57 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood not used, but might be tried as a substitute for boxwood. The fruit is generally eaten, but the best kinds come from Afghanistan. The flowers are very handsome, bright scarlet, and give a light-red dye ; the bark and the rind of the fruit are used for tanning and for dyeing morocco leather, and the root-bark is an effectual anthelmintic. Ib3. P 106. Sutlej Valley, Punjab 57 Order XLIX. SAMYDACE.ffi. Contains two genera, Casearia and Homalium, 206 ' SAMYDACE*. [ Casearia. 1. CASEARIA, Jacq. Nine Indian species. C. Vareca, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 418 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 593 ; Kurz i. 530 ; Gamble 43, is an evergreen shrub of tbe banks of streams in NortLern and Eastern Bengal. O. esculenta, Roxb., C. ruhescens, Dalz. ; Beddome t. 41, and C. wynaadensis, Beddome cxx., are small trees of the forests of the Western Ghats.. C. Kurzii, C. B. Clarke ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 594, is a tree of Chittagong. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard, rough. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Pores small or very small, often in radial groups or lines. 1. C. tomentosa, Roxb. ri. Ind. ii. 421 ; Hook. FL Ind. ii. 593 ; Beddome cxix. ; Brandis 243. Vern. CMlla, ckilara, bain,bhari, Hind, j Mann, Manbhum ; Men, wasa, gamgudu, Tel. ; Lainja, massei, Jcarei, Mar.; Girari, J] viya; T/iundri, Gond'i ; K^,esa, Kurku. A small tree. Bark i inch thick, brittle, exfoliating in more or less square flakes. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard, rough, close- grained. Pores small and very small, sometimes in radiallines. Medul- lary rays fine and very fine, wavy, equidistant, very numerous. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, Oudh, Eastern Bengal, Central and South India. Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used to make combs. The bark is bitter ; it is used for adulterating the " Kamela" powder and the pounded fruit for poisoning fish. lbs. 1393. Gonda, Oudh 41 3085. O 3089. Kheri, Oudh C 1183. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 41 C 2802. Melghat, Berar (young) 38 2. C. graveolens, Dalzell; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 592; Biandis 243. Vern. C/iilla,ndro, hatliero,pimpri. Hind. ; Girchi, Gondi; Rtwat, Kurku. A small deciduous tree. Bark dark grey, with a few longitudinal wrinkles. Wood light yellow, moderately hard, rough, even-grained. Pores small, often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine, equidistant, very numerous, visible as shining plates on a radial section, Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards, Oudh, Central India. Weight, 40 to 50 lbs. Wood not used ; the fruit is used to poison fish. lbs. 240. Garhwal (1868) 42 O 27l. „ 40 O 1456. Bahraich, Oudh 49 3090. Kheri, Oudh 3. C. glomerata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 419; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 591; Kurz i. 530; Gamble 42. Vern. Lurjir, Sylhet; Burgonli, Nep.; Sugvat, Lepcha. A large evergreen tree. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard, rough. Pores small, in radial lines. Medullary rays of two sizes ; numerous very fine rays between fewer m(>derately broad, giving on a radial section a beautifully mottled appearance. Eastern Bengal ascending to 6,000 feet, Chittagong. Weight, 45 to 48 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for building, charcoal and occa- sionally for tea-boxes. Ca^earia. J Samydacejt,. 207 lbs. E 691. Chuttookpur Forest, Daijeeling, 6,000 feet . . 48 E 2381, „ „ „ „ . . . . 45 3. HOMALIUM, Jacq. Contains eight trees, chiefly Barmese. S. zeylanicum, Bth., Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 596; Beddome t. 210, and S. travancoricam, Beddome t. 211, are large trees of the Western Ghats. S. minutlfiorum, Kurz i. 532, S. propinquum, C. B. Clarke ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 597, and -H". OriffitUanum, Kurz i. 531, are small trees of Burma. S. Sohlickii, Kurz i. 532, is an evergreen tree of the tropical forests of Chittagong ; and H. nepalense, Bth., is found in Nepal. 1. H. tomentosum, Bth.; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 596; Brandis 243; Kurz i. 531. Blackwellia iomentosa, Vent, ; Brandis^ Burma Catalogue, 1862j No. 58. Vern. Myoulshm, Burm. A large deciduous tree with thin, very smooth, white or greyish white bark. Wood brown, with dark-coloured heartwood, very hard, heavy and close-grained, splits in seasoning. Pores small, in radial lines between the closely-packed and fine medullary rays, which are bent out- wards where they touch the pores. Tiie distance between the rays is less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Chittagong and Burma. Weight, Brandis in Burma List, 1862, No. 58, gives 56 lbs. His experiments made in 1864i were as follows : Jo. Size of bar. Weight. Valne of P 2 3' X 1" X 1" 53 880 3 2' X 1" X 1" 54 8G8 Our specimens give an average of 58 lbs. This may be the wood experimented on by Skianer, No. 53 (see also under Dalbergia lanceolaria, p. 128) Weight 62 lbs., P= 1003. He calls it " Moulmein lancewood" and Moukshoto. The wood is durable and is used for the teeth of harrows and for furniture. fts. . 63 . 50 . 61 . 64 . 55 B 331. Burma (1866) B 2534. „ (1862) B 2692. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) B 2699. B 2702. Oedbe l. PASSIFLORE^. Only one species. Carica Papaya, Linn. ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 824 ; Brandis 244 ; Kurz i. 533 ; Gamble 43. The Papaw Tree. Vern. Papaya, Hind, ; Perinji Kan.; Thimbawtkee, Burm., is a small, soft-wooded, fast-growing tree which was introduced from South America, and is now cultivated all over India for its fniit. The tree has the property of rendering meat tender by its being soaked it in its juice or by suspend- ing the joint under it. The Passion Flowers, Passijlora, herbaceous or perennial climbers, belong to this family. Oeder LI. DATISCE^. Two Genera. Datisca cannahina, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 656. Vern. Ahalbir, bhang jala. Hind., is a tall, erect herb resembling hemp and found in the Punjab Himalaya. It gives a red or yellow dj'e. ^08 DATiscEiE. [ Telrameles, 1. TETRAMELES, R. Br. 1. T. nudiflora, R. Br. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 657 ; Beddome t. 212 Brandis 245 ; Kurz i. 535 ; Gamble 43. Vern. Mainakat, Nep. Pat/omko, Lepcha ; Bolong, Garo ; Sandugaza, Beng. ; Tseihpohan, Magh Thiipouh, Burm. j Bohr, Kan. A very large deciduous tree, witli cylindrical, often much-buttressed stem. Bark grey-brown, brinkled. Wood white, very light, soft. Annual rings marked by a belt of closer pores. Wood cells large. Pores large, often in short, zigzag, transverse lines. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, clearly marked, the distance between the rays equal to the diame- ter of the pores. Sikkim, Garo Hills, Chittagong, Western Ghats, Burma and the Andamans. Growth very fast. The wood may be found useful for tea-boxes. E 3288. Rinkbeong Reserve, Chittagong. Order LII; CACTE.ffi. Contains only the Prickly Pear, Opuntia Dillenii, Haw. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 657 ; Brandis 245 (Cactus indicus, Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 475.) Vern. Nagphana, ndgphansi, Hind. ; Papash halli, Kan. ; Chaffal send, Dekkan. An erect, fleshy, thorny shrub common all over the arid and dry zones of India and often planted as a hedge. The stems have been used in time of scarcity as fodder. It was originally brought from America. Order LIII. ARALIACE.ffi. Contains 16 Genera of usually small, soft- wooded trees or shrubs, erect or climbing. They are divided into four Tribes, viz., — Tribe I. — -Araliese Aralia and Pentapanasc. „ II. — Panacese' ..... Acanthopanax, Selwingia, Poly- scias, Heptapleurum, Trevesia, Brassaia and Dendropanax. „ III. — HederesB .... Arthrophylhrni, Seteropanax, Brassaiopsis, Macropanax, Medera and Qamhlea. „ IV.— Plerandreae .... Tupidanthus. Aralia contains 6 shrubs or small trees, the chief of which are A.foliolosa, Seem., and A. armata, Seem. Vern. Somri, Nep. ; Kajyang, Lepcha, small trees of the hills of the N.B. Himalaya with large 2-3 pinnate leaves, prickly stems and the general aspect of tree ferns. A. cachemirica. Dene. ; Brandis 248, is a shrub of the higher elevations of the Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim. Pmtapanax contains 4 species of usually climbing epiphytic shrubs: P. LeschenauUii, Seem., _ P. sub- cordatum, Seem., and P. racemosum. Seem., are large climbers of the Sikkim HUls. Acanthopanax aculeatwm. Seem., is a shrub of the Khasia Hills. Polyscias acuminata, Wight ; Beddome t. 213, is a tree of the hills of South India above 4,000 feet elevation. Trevesia palmata, Vis. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 732 ; Kurz. i. 539 ; Gamble 44. {Gastonia palmata, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 407.) Vern. Zajpati, Nep.; Suntong, Lepcha ; Baw, Burm., is an evergreen palm-like tree with large palmate leaves and big fruit, found in the Eastern Himalaya, Eastern Bengal and Burma. Brassaia capitata, C. B. Clarke ; Hook. PI. Ind. ii, 732, is a tree of the Nilgiri Hills. Arthropkyllum divers^folium,'B\. •,'H.ook.'S\. Ind. ii. 733. {A. Javanicum, BL; Kurz i; 540), is an evergreen palm-like tree of the Andamans. Seteropanax fragrans, Hdwingia. ] akaliacej:. 209 Seem. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 734 ; Brandis 249 ; Kurz 541 ; Gamble 44. Vern. Lai totilla, Nep. ; Siriokhtem, Lepcha ; Eesseru, Assam ; Hona, Cactar ; '■Tachansa, Burm., is a small tree of the sub-Himalayan tract from Kumaun to Assam, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma. It is important as being a tree upon whose leaves, as well as on those of the Castor Oil plant, the " Eri " silkworm of Assam (Attacus Ricini) is fed. Tapidanthus caly-ptratus, H. f. and Th., is an evergreen' scandent tree of the eastern slopes of the Arracan Yoma. The Chinese rice-paper is the pith of Aralia papyrifera, Hk., a tree of Formosa. Wood white, generally soft. Pores small, often arranged in concentric bands. Medullary rays distant, broad or moderately broad, generally several lines of pores between two rays. 1. HELWINGIA, WiUd. 1. H. himalaica, Hook. f. and Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 726 ; Gamble 44. Vern. Lubbor, Lepcha. A large shrub. Wood white, moderately hard, pith large. Pores very small, arranged in groups or short concentric lines. Medullary rays short, fine to moderately broad. Eastern Himalaya, above 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills. A curious shrub with simple leaves and flowers in umbels from the centre of the leaves, like those of Suscus. E 3342. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet. 2. HEPTAPLEURUM, Gaertn. Contains about 10 trees or climbers, among which 6 species occur in South India, 2 in Burma and 4 in the Sikkim Himalaya. S. impressum, C. B. Clarke ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 728. {IT. tomentosum, Ham. ; Gamble 44). Vern. Baloo chinia, Nep. ; Suntong, Lepcha, is a handsome tree of the North-East Himalaya, from Kumaun to Bhutan, common in the forests from 6,000 to 10,000 feet, and recognised by its woolly leaves. It has a white, soft wood. M. glaucum, C. B. Clarke ; Hook. El. Ind. ii. 728 ; Gamble 44. Vern. Chinia, Nep. ; Hloprongzam, Lepcha, is a tree of North- East Himalaya and the Khasia HUls, in which latter locality, as well as in Burma, is also found S. hypoleucum, Kurz i. 539, a small branched tree, and S. Khasianum, C. B. Clarke. H. racemosum, Beddome t. 214, is a large tree of the Western Ghats and Ceylon. S. rostratum, Beddome cxxii., and S. Wallichianum, C. B. Clarke, are trees of the Western Ghats. S. venulosum, Seem. ; Brandis 249 ; Kurz i. 538 ; Gamble 44 (Aralia digitata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 107) Vern. Dain, Hind. ; Sinqhata, Nep., is a climbing shrub or small tree of most parts of India. 1. H. elatum, C. B. Clarke; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 728; Gamble 44. Vern. Chinia, Nep. ; Prongzam, Lepcha. A tree. Bark \ in thick, greyish brown. Wood white, soft. Struct- ure similar to that oi Macrojianax undulatum. Himalaya, from Kumaun to Bhutan, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet. E 3326. Kangiriim, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet. 3. BRASSAIOPSIS, Dene, and Planch. Contains several small palm-like trees of the Eastern Himalaya, Eastern Bengal and Burma. JB. palmata, Kurz i. 537, is found in the forests of Chittagong and the Andamans, and B. Hainla, Seem. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 735; Gamble 44. Vern. Tilhetter, Nep. ; Suntong, Lepcha, is a common small tree in the forests of the outer Sikkim Himalaya. 210 ARALiACE^. \_Brassaiop8is 1. B. mitis, C. B. Clarke; Hook. Fl. lud. ii, 736. B. sp,; Gamble 44. Vei-n. Moqchini, Nep. ; Suntong, Lepcha. A small tree with thin grey bark, and soft, white, spongy wood. Pores small, in groups and undulating lines. Medullary rays short, broad and very fine, marked on a radial section as shining plates. Sikkim Himalaya, above 5,000 feet, common at Darjeeling. [ Growth moderately fast, 5 rings per inoli of radius. Weight, 24 lbs. per cubic feet. Iba. E 2382. Eangbiil Forest, Daijeeling, 7,000 feet .... 24 4. MACROPANAX, Miq. Besides the species described, M. oreophilum, Miq. ; Kura i. 541, is an evergreen tree of the forests of the Martaban Hills above 5,000 feet. 1. M. undulatum, Seem. ; Gamble 45. Vern. Chinia, Nep. ; Prongzam, Lepcha. A moderate-sized evergreen tree; wood soft, yellowish white, even- grained. Pores small, numerous. Medullary rays broad, often with a few fine rays intervening, prominent on a radial section as shining plates giving the wood an elegant reticulate appearance. The distance between the rays is many times larger than the diameter of the pores, there being many lines of pores between each pair of rays. Eastern Himalaya, up to 5,000 feet. Weight, 30 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs, E 688. Chuttookpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet .... 30 5. HEDERA, Linn. 1. H. Helix, Linn.; Brandis 248; Gamble 45. The Ivy. Vern. Halbambar, arbambal, Jhelum ; Karmora, mandia, Kashmir; Kurol, Che- nab- Kuri, karur, Ravi; Br'Cbmbrum , dakdri, Beas ; Karbaru, kaniuri, kadeoli, Sutlej ; Bdnda, Kumaun ; Bndela, Nep. A large woody climber. Wood white, soft, porous. Annual rings marked by a broad belt of pores and by less numerous pores in the autumn wood. Pores small, very numerous. Medullary rays short, moderately broad. Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, between 3,000 and 9,000 feet ; Khasia HUls. Growth slow, 22 rings per inch of radius. Weight, our specimen gives 34 lbs. ; Mathieu Fl. For. p. 174, gives 27 to 44 lbs. lbs. H 69. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet H 3010. Kotgarh, Simla, 7,500 feet 34 OcDEE LIV. CORNACE.ffi:. Contains 7 Genera of Indian trees or shrubs. They are generally dispersed over India, but are chiefly found in the Himalayas. They may be dividedinto two sections — Section I. — With hermaphrodite flowers . Alangium, Marlea, Corms and Mastixia. „ II.— With dioecious flowers . . Aucwba, Nyssa and Torrieellia. Jlangium.] COEifACE*. 211 Mastixia arborea, Wight; Beddome t. 216, is a tree of the forests of the Westera Ghats, hetween 2,000 and 7,000 feet. Torricellia tilimfolia, DO. ; Gamble 45, is a small tree of the Eastern Himalaya hetween 6,000 and 10,000 feet. Nyssa sessiliflora. Hook. f. and Th., is found in the Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills. Wood close-grainedj apt to warp. Pores generally small or very- small. Medullary rays fine and numerous. 1. ALANGIUM, Lam. Contains two species, one of which is here described. A. Sundanum, Miq. Vern, Agnara, And., is an evergreen climbing shrub of the tropical forests of the Andamans. 1. A. Lamarckii, Thwaites; Beddome t. 215; Brandis 250. A. hexapetalum, lloxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 502. A. decapetalum, Lam. ; Kurz i. 543. Vern. Ahola, thaila, Hind. ; Akar-kanta, lagh, ankurd, Beng. ; Alangi, Tam. ; TJrgu, tcdagu, Tel. ; Ankola, Kan. ; Uru, Gondi. A deciduous shrub or small tree. Bark J inch thick^ grey. Sapwood light yellow ; heartwood brown^ hardj close and even-grained. Pores small^ scanty, in radial lines between the fine, closely packed medullary raySj which often bend outwards ; the transverse diameter of the pores being slightly larger than the distance between the rays. Sub- Himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards, Oudh, Bengal, Central and South India. Growth moderately slow, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 13, 49 lbs. per cubic foot ; our specimens give ■^9-56 lbs. Skinner gives P^ 875. Tlie wood is used for pestles, for oil-mills, wooden cattle-bells, and other purposes, and is valuable for fuel. It coppices well. The fruit is eaten, and the bark used in native medicine. Iba. C 3116. Chanda, Central Provinces 56 D 1082. North Arcot, Madras 49 2. MABLEA, Roxb. Besides the species here described, M. tomentosa, Endl. ; Kurz i. 545. Vern. Gorapongse, Burm., is a large evergreen tree of the tropical forests of Martaban, said by Kurz to have a pale brown, close-grained wood with a silvery lustre. 1. M. begoniaefolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 261; Brandis 251; Kurz i. 544; Gamble 45. Vern. Qarkum, ludJial, iumbri, North-Western Provinces ; Bodara, Beas ; Sidlu, Chenab ; Prot, Kashmir ; Tilpattra, chitpattra, JcurJcui, Jhelura ; Tumri, Kumaun ; limil, Nep. ; Palet, Lepeha ; Tapuya, Burm. ; Marlea, marliza, Sylhet. A small tree, with smooth, thin, grey bark. Wood white, soft, even- grained. Annual rings marked by a belt of numerous pores. Pores moderate-sized and large, small in the outer portion of each ring. Medullary rays short, wavy, fine and moderately broad, prominent on a radial section. Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending in the North-West to 6,000 feet, and in Sikkim to 9,000 feet ; Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Martaban. Growth moderately fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot. ai2 C0RNACEJ5. [Marlea, The wood is used for native houses in Sylhet. The leaves are sometimes given as fodder to cattle. H 2831. The Glen, Simla, 6,000 feet 42 3. CORNUS, Linn. Besides the three species here described, O. sanguinea, Linn. ; Brandis 253, the Dogwood, was found by Dr. Stewart in the Punjab Himalaya at 7,000 feet. Numerous small pores and numerous fine medullary rays, often of different width. 1. C. macrophylla, Wall. ; Brandis 252 ; Gamble 45. Vern. Kasir, hacMr, haleo, allian, haddu, harm, nang, kandara, hahsh, hacMr, hochan Mgsha, ruchia, Hind. ; Fatmoro, Nep. A small tree, with rough, brown bark, splitting into small squares. Wood pinkish white, hard, close-grained, warps badly and has an unpleasant scent. Annual rings marked by a narrow line without pores on the outer edge of each ring. Pores small, numerous. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, with fewer fine rays, giving the wood on a radial section a beautifully mottled appearance. Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, between 3,000 and 8,000 feet. Growth moderate, 8 to 9 rings per inch of radius (Brandis) ; our specimens had 15 rings._ Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood gives good gunpowder charcoal. The fruit is eaten and the leaves given as fodder to goats. lbs H 84. TheGlen, Simla, 6,000 feet 45 H 924. Hazara, 6,000 feet 43 2. C. oblonga, Wall. ; Brandis 253 ; Kurz i. 545. Vern. KagsU, Sutlej ; Bab, Kunawar; Kasmol, bakdr, ban-baMr, Mid, Hind. A small tree, with reddish brown, rough bark. Wood pinkish white, hard, even-grained, warps and has an unpleasant scent. Annual rings marked by a belt without pores at the outer edge of each ring. Pores small, numerous. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, with a few slightly broader ones. Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, between 8,000 and 6,000 feet ; Martaban Hills in Burma, between 4,000 and 7,000 feet (Kurz). Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 48 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. H 150. Sainj, Girl Valley, 4,000 feet 46 H 3094. Tarwa Forest, Julung, Simla, 4,000 feet • ... 50 3. 0. capitata, Wall. ; Brandis 253 ; Gamble 45. Benthamia fragifera, Lindley. Vern. Thammal, tharbal, tharwar, thesi, bamaur, bamora, Hind. ; Tnmbuk, Lepcha. A small deciduous tree, with thin, greyish brown bark. Wood whitish, with reddish brown heartwood, warps in seasoninrr, very hard, close- grained. Pores very small. Medullary rays numerous, moderate-sized and fine. Himalaya from the Beas to Bhutan, between 3,500 and 8,000 feet ; Khasia Hills. Growth slow, 16 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. The ■wood is used only for firewood. This is probably the Cornus, sp., of whose wood 5 Cornus. ] counace^. 313 maunds were sent to the Ishapore Gunpowder Agency in 1865 (Bengal Forest Eeport, 1865-66, page 2), of the result of which experiment we have no record. The fruit is red, strawberry-like, and is eaten and made into preserves. The tree is very hand- some when in flower with its large cream-coloured involucre. lbs. H 78. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet H 94. Simla, 6,000 feet 45 4. AUCUBA, Thunb. Contains one large shrub or small tree of the Eastern Himalaya. A.japonica, Thunb. is a well-known shrub of English gardens, recognised by its shining leaves, blotched with yellow. 1. A. himalaica, Hook. f. and Th. ; Brandls 254 ; Gamble 45. Vern. Phul am.plii, Nep. ; Singna, tapathyer, Lepeba. A small evergreen tree, witb thin, smooth, dark-grey bark. "Wood black when fresh cut, becoming lighter-coloured on exposure, hard and close-grained. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays of two classes, numerous fine rays between fewer broad or very broad ones, visible on a radial section as irregular plates and bands. Sikkim Himalaya between 5,000 and 9,000 feet. Growth slow, 20 rings per inch of radius (Gamble) ; one specimen, E 3327, shews 10 rings. Weight, 55 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. E 2383. KangbulForest,Darjeeling, 7,000 feet .... 55 E 3327. Eangirum „ „ 6,000 „ Order LV. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Contains 6 genera belonging to the two following tribes : — Tribe I. — Sambuoeae Samhiicus sxiA Viburnum. „ II. — Lonicereae ...... Abelia,Lonicera,Leycesteria and Pentapyxis. "Wood close-grained. Pores very small or extremely small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine to extremely fine, numerous. 1. SAMBUCUS, Linn. Contains 3 Indian species. S. JEbulus, Linn. ; Brandis 260. The Dwarf Elder. Vern. Itichh has, mushMara, ^a»AM?a, Jhelum; Gandal, gwandish, sishe iasar, Cheuab, is a herbaceous plant from a perennial root stock, found in the valleys of the Jhelum and Upper Chenab. 8. adnata, Wall. ; Brandis 576 ; Gamble 46. Vern. Chiriya- baug, Nep., is an undershrub of Nepal and Sikkim found from 6,000 to 10,000 feet. Kurz gives S. Thunhergiana, Bl., as an undershrub of Ava and the Kakhyen HUls. 1. S. javanica, Reinw. ; Gamble 46. Vern. Galeni, Nep. A small tree. Bark light brown, rather corky. Wood white, soft. Pores small, in groups. Medullary rays distant, fine to broad. Pith large, about \ inch in diameter. Eastern Himalaya from 4,000 to 8,000 feet, Khasia Hills. Chiefly found iu second-growth forest. E 3133. Mangwa Forest, Davjeeling, 5,000 feet. 214 CAPRIFOLIACEJE. [ Fibunium. 2. VIBURNUM, Linn. Coniiains about 15 species, mostly Himalayan. Three species occur in the Nilgiris, seven in the North-West Himalaya, and about twelve in the Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Hills. V. corylifolium. Hook. f. and Th. ; Gamble 46, is a small tree of Sikkim and the Khasia Hills. V. nervosum, Don ; Brandis 259. Vern. Ambre, amrola, ari, Ravi ; Sis, dab, Beas ; Thilkain, tkalein, Sutlej, is a shrub of the Himalaya above 7,000 feet, from Kumaun to Sikkim. V. cordifoUum, Wall, and Y. punctatum, Ham. ; Beddome t. 217 ; Brandis 260 ; Gamble 46, are shrubs of the Outer Himalaya from Kumaun to Bhutan, the latter occurring also in the Western Ghats. V. involucratum, W all. ; Gamble 46, Vern. GoraJcuri, Nep., is a shrub of the Himalaya, chiefly eastern. V. fcetidum. Wall., V. odoratissimum,'Kev, and K (SJmojmJ, Hook. f. and Th., are all from the Khasia Hills. V. hehantJium, W. and A. ; Beddome cxxiv., is a small tree of the Western Ghats and Ceylon. The Guelder Rose, cultivated in gardens in Europe, is V. Opulus, Linn., and the Laurustinus is V. Tinus, Linn., indigenous in the Mediterranean region. Bark thin. Wood hard and close-grained, characterised by very numerous, very fine medullary rays and very small pores. Annual rings indistinctly marked, generally by a narrow line of firmer wood. The wood of V. luteseens is softer, the pores larger, and the annual rings not visible. All species here described, with the exception of V. eruhescens and v. luteseens, are marked by distinct and numerous medullary patches, visible on the horizontal and vertical sections. The European species-, both those with deciduous leaves, V. Opulus and F. Lantana, and the evergreen V. Tinus have no medullary patches. 1. V. COtinifolium, Don; Brandis 258. Vern. Ifar ^^Ma^a«<>«, Trans- Indus ; Biah 4klu, hanhinch, Jhelum ; Eichabi, hilmioh, guch, Kashmir ; Bathor, pdpat halam, kMmor, rdjal, tumma, Chenabj Kdtonda, Ravi; Jawa, khatip, tustus, suss^, Sutlej ; Gwia, guya, Kumaun. A large deciduous shrub, with greyish brown bark, \ inch thick. Wood white, hard to very hard, close-grained. Pores very small,' uni- formly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, extremely numerous. On a horizontal section are seen linear, concentric, but short and interrupted patches of soft tissue, which shew on a vertical section as undulating lines of darker colour and of varying length. Suliman Range, Nortb-West Himalaya, between 4,000 and 11,000 feet. The ripe fruit is eaten. H 2869 JNagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet. H 76! Mashobra, „ 7,000 „ 2. V. MuUaha, Ham.; Brandis 258, 576. Y. stellulatum, Wall. Vern. Jal bdgw, Jhelum ; Amliacha,phukel, Kashmir ; Lai titmalii/a, Kumaun ; Eri, ira, Simla. A shrub. Bark dark grey, reticulate. Wood white, moderately hard ; structure the same as that of F. cotinifoUum. North- West Himalaya from 6,000 to 10,000 feet. Fruit eaten. H 2834. The Glen, Simla, 6,000 feet. H 2866. Nagkanda, „ 8,000 „ 3. V. coriaceum, Bl. ; Brandis 259 ; Gamble 46. Vern. Kda tit- maliya, Kumaun; Bara gorahuri, Nep. Viburnum,. ] caprifoliacejB. 215 A large shrub or small tree. Bark grey brown, rather corky. Wood similar to that of V. cotiiii/olium, but the pores larger and the medullary rays slightly broader. Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan at 4,000 to 8,000 feet, Khasia Hills, Nil- giris and Ceylon. "Weight, 50 lbs. per cubic foot. The Nepalese are said to extract from the seeds an oil which they use for food and for burning. lbs. H 2835. The Glen, Simla, 6,000 feet 50 4. V. erubescens, Wall.; Beddome exxiv. ,• Brandis 358 ; Gamble 46. Vern. Ganne, Nep. ; Eancha, Lepcha ; Damshing, Bhutia. A small tree, with thin grey bark. Wood very hard, reddish^ close and even-grained. Pores very small. Medullary rays undulating, fine and very fine, very numerous. No medullary patches. Himalaya from Kumaun to Bhutan, between 5,000 and 11,000 feet ; Nilgiris and Ceylon. Weight, 59 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood might do as a substitute for boxwood and for carving. Used for house-posts in Sikkim. It grows well and quickly from cuttings. lbs. E 2384. Rangbul, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 59 5. V. lutescens, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 2 ; Gamble 46. A large shrub. Bark greyish brown, thin. Wood reddish, soft. Pores moderate-sized, very numerous. Medullary rays fine, very numer- ous. Annual rings not visible. . Terai and Lower Hills of Sikkim, Assam, Khasia Hills, in damp evergreen forests. E 3273. Muraghat Eeserve, W. Diiars. 6. V. fcetens, Decaisne ; Brandis 259. Vern. G4ch, uklu, lunch, Jhelum; Kilmich, guoh, Jcwillim, kuldra, jamdra, Kashmir; Tilhanj, pulmu, tildts, iuin, Chenab ; Talhang, tandei, tundhe, tundni zendni, Ravi; Talhang, thelain, tselain, thilkain, Sutlej; Guya, Kumaun. A large shrub with grey bark. Wood white, hard to very hard, close-grained. Wood similar in appearance and structure to that of V. cotini folium. North-West Himalaya, from 5,000 to 11,000 feet. Weight, 53 lbs. per cubic foot. Fruit eaten. lbs. H 53. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet 53 H 2886. „ „ „ ........,, H 3015. Matiyana „ „ E 975. Chumbi Yalley, Tibet, 10,000 feet 3. ABELIA, Brown, 1. A. triflora, R. Brown; Brandis 257. Vern. Adei, paktawar, Trans- Indus ; Cheta buta, Jhelum ; Ban bakharu, salanker, Chenab ; Baling, hut mi, Ravi ; Zbang, matzbang, peni, Sutlej ; Munri, gogatii, kiimki, Kumaun. ai6 CAPRiFOLiACEiE. [ Abeliu. A large shrub. Bark grey, with longitudinal fissures. Wood grey- ish or bluish white, hard, close and even-grained. Pores extremely small, except those at the edge of each annual ring, which are small and con- tinuous. Medullary rays very numerous, moderately broad and very fine, the former short. Safedkoh and Suliman Eange, North- West Himalaya, between 4,000 and 10,000 feet. Has very pretty flowers, but the wood is not used. Weight, 65 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. H 2937. Naldehra, Simla, 7,500 feet 65 4. LONICERA, Linn. Contains 26 species, 21 of which are erect and 5 climbing. They are mostly small shrubs of the Himalaya, 2 only being found in the Nilgiris and Western Ghats. The Himalayan species are mostly from high altitudes, some occurring only in Tibet. i. spinosa, Jacqaemont ; Brandis 255, is a small rigid shrub of the inner arid Hima- laya. L. hypoleuca, Decaisne, Brandis 256. Vern. Kharmo, kodi, Chenab ; Zhiko, rapesho, Sutlej, is a small shrub of the Inner Himalaya. X. Myrtillus, Hook. f. and Th., is a shrub of the Inner Himalaya from the Indus to Sikkim, from 9,000 to 12,000 feet. L. ligustrina, Wall. ; Beddome cxxiv., is a shrub, common on the Nilgiris, where it is used as a hedge-plant : it is also found in the Himalaya. Of the climbing species, L.japonica, Thunb. ; Gamble 46. Vern. Duari lara, Nep. ; and X. glahrata. Wall. ; Gamble 45. Vern. Betlara, Nep. (No. B 2863, Tukdah, Darjeeling, with a soft brown wood, large pores and the structure of a climber) come from the Eastern Himalaya ; •whWe L. Leschenaultii, Wall, grows in the Malabar hills from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. The European Honeysuckle is L. Periclymenum, Linn. 1. L. quinquelocularis, Hardwicke,- Koxb. FI. Ind. i. 537 j Brandis 255. Vern. Jarlangei, adei, Trans-Indus j P^m^, Jhelam; TUa bateri, pdkhur, Kashmir j Bakhru, Chenab ; Kh4m, sdi, Ravi ; Dendra, Beas ; Kliunti, leraunti, tahla,zbang, razbam, bhajra, bhijaul, bijgai, Sutlej; Bet hihri, hhat Imkra, cheraya, kurmali, Kumaun. A large deciduous shrub. Bark thin, grey, with longitudinal fissures, peeling off in long shreds. Wood white, with a brown centre, very hard and close-grained. Annual rings marked by a narrow continuous belt of pores ; in the remainder of the annual ring the pores are extremely small. Medullary rays shorty fine, numerous. Suliman Range, North-West Himalaya, between 2,500 and 9,000 feet. Used only for firewood. Cattle are fed on the leaves. Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. „ lbs. H 81. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet H 2874. Nagkanda, „ 8,000 feet 52 H 3180. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet 2. L. orientalis, Lamarck; Brandis 256. A shrub. Bark peeling off in thin flakes. Wood white, with a darker centre, moderately hard. Structure the same as that of L, quin- quelocularis. North-West Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaun, 8,000 to 10,000 feet. H 2909. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet. H 3017. Hattu, Simla, 10,000 feet. Zoiiicera.] caprifoliacb*. 217 3. L. angustifolia, Wall.; Brandis 255. Vern. Geanff, J mnsm- ; Tilru, philhu, Sutlej. A small shrub, with smooth, grey bark, exfoliating in broad flakes. Wood white, very close-grained. Structure similar to that of L. quin- quelocularis , but pores much smaller. Himalaya from the Indus to Sikkim, 6,000 to 10,000 feet. Fruits eaten. Weight, 60 lbs. per cubic foot. Ibe. H 2843. Mahasu, Simla, 8,500 feet . . . . . . .60 H 2875. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet 4. L. alpigena, Linn. ; Brandis 256. A shrub. Bark grey brown, peeling off in irregular papery flakes. Wood moderately hard, structure similar to that of L. quinquelocularis. North-West Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaun, 8,000 to 10,000 feet. H 2912. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet. H 3016. Hattu, Simla, 10,000 feet. 5. LEYCESTERIA, Wall. 1. L. formosa, Wall. ; Brandis 256 ; Gamble 46. Vern. Malkarr, saunjla, nalharu, harnaliya, Kumaun ; Tunguk, Lepclia. An erect shrub with hollow, generally herbaceous, stems. Bark grey, shining. Wood resembling in structure that olLonicera, but with slightly broader medullary rays. Throughout the Himalaya from the Sutlej to Bhutan, from 5,000 to 10,000 feet. H 2849. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 feet. 6. PENTAPYXIS, Hook. f. Contains 2 species. P. glawcophylla, Hook, f ., is a shrub of the Sikkim Himalaya from 5,000 to 9,000 feet. 1. P. stipulata, Hook, f ; Gamble 45. Lonicera stipulata, Hook. f. and Th. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 165. Vern. Berikuru, Nep. A large shrub, with greyish brown bark. Wood white, soft. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays fine and very fine. No annual rings. Sikkim Himalaya, from 6,000 to 10,000 feet, very common on hill-sides cleared of forest, around Darjeeling. E 2866. Eangbul, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet. ' Order LVI. RTJBIACE.ffi. A large and very important forest Order containing many trees which are valuable for their timber, besides plants which have valuable properties, chiefly as medicines and dyes. It contains 44 Genera, divided into 13 Tribes, viz., — Tribe I. — Naucleese Sarcoeephalus, Anthocephalus Cephalanthns, Adina, Ste- phegyne, Nauclea and Uncaria. 2 D £18 BCBTACEX. TIL— Brtin^yllese Vin.— Gnettardcse IX. — Yangqeneae X. — Jioiem XL — ^Horindeae XIL — Fsychotries Tribe n. — Cinehoaeae .... Cituioua, Mi/mau>pogo», Mg- meaodic^o» anA JMeaUa. IIL — Kondektieae .... Wendtandia. „ IV. — Hedyotideas .... JTedyotu. n ▼■ — ^Mnssasndeae .... Miaitemda,Ademo»acme,Myrio- nemron and UrophgUmm. TL— Gardenieas .... ByrtophgUum, Webera, Bam- lUa, Gardeuia, HypobaiJk- rum, Petmga, ■ Morn- de^m, Hyptiamthertt and ID^lotpora. SeypMphora. Guettarda and Ttmomu*. JPleetrmia and Vangueria. Ixora, Pavetta and Caffea. Morinda and GymoeUkadeg. Psgehatria, C»aga!ia, Zasi- anHug, Saprogma and Bjfdnoptgtwm. „ XIIL — Paederieae Paderia, HawdUmua and Iieptodermi*. Sareoeepialia eordatus,Min.; Beddome t. 318 ; Kmz ii 63 {2l^audea cordata, Boxb. EL Ind. L 30S). Yem. MaooUt-taa-shiiy, Bonn. ; Bahmi, (Sngh., is a decidnons tree of Banna and Ceylon, with a light, soft, perishable wood, w^^nng 2S to 34 Ihs. per eobie foot Beddtnoe ^ys it is nsed isn sanl^a^, eominon liimitnie, Anns and other poiposes. CepkedaTtthits floae^eoi&s, DC.; Eniz.iL 6S, is a small tree of U^er Bnrma. Unearia eontaiiB seTeial seandeni shmbs, U.pSoga, Bosb. FL Ind. L 530 ; Emz. iL 70 ; GamUe 47. Yem. SaUi kara, Nep.; KaHudaik, Lepdia^isa sfaragg^ii^ shrab of Sikkim, Eastern Bengal and Borma, with lai^ hookedsienle pednndes oC the shape of a bo&Io's horn, and handsome g^kimlar flower heads. 27. tesgilifrmettu, Boxb. FL Ind. L 520; Enrz ii. 71 ; Ganble 4S. Yem. Pimri, I^ieha, is a dimber of ^kkim. Eastern Boigal, Chittagcng and Burma. Knra gires ako tf.ferrmgimea, DC., XT. aegxU^idia, Boxb., and U. hedgata, WalL, as dimbing shmbs rf Bnrma ; while TJ. Crawdner, Hunter; Boxb. FL liid. L 517 ; Beddome exxixi, is a seandent sbnb of Ceykm and the Malaj Axehipelago, whose leaves prodnee the astiingrait extract called " ChmUer," or " Terra japonica," which k nsed for efaewii^ witii pan lear^ and areea nnt in the same way as entdi in India, and of whidi large qoantities are prepared and nsed thronghoot the Malay Arehqielago. MymeHop^on paraxitieus, WaEL ; Kniz iL 73 ; Gamble 4S. Yem. Kursimla, Nep., is an ^phytic sfamb of the Borth-East Himalaya and Burma. Imoilia ffratisama. Sweet. Kniz iL 71 ; Gamble 43. Yem. Domari, Nep. ; Siai^nn^rijp, Lepcha,iBaIa^e shmb with hands4nne long.^tnlied pink flowers, found in the hills of Sikkim and in Upper Burma. Its learee are nsed in dyeing. W^liit23 lbs. (Wallidi, No. 43). Medyotis contains only small climbing ahmbs. They are Teiy nomerona, and many of tJie species are naei in dyeing. MMtueada eontdns about 7 lai^ Bfarabs remarkaUe for having one of the lobes of the calyx enlarged into a membranmis, nsnally white leaf. M.fromdota, linn. ; Boxb. FL Ind. L 557 ; Beddome cxxL ; Gamble 48. Yem. Asari, Nqp. ; Tumberh, Itsf^^i Maateuda, Cingh., is a handsome shmb of the If ortbr-East Himalaya, Bengal, Sooth India and Banna, with yeDow flowers and la^e white edyrine lea^ often coUiTated in gardens. M. maerophgUa, WalL; Kmz ia. SI ; Gamble 48, is a small tree of second growth forost in the Sikkim Himalaya; ako foond in the AnJamaiia. Ems mentions 5 filler species as oeeairii^ in Banna. Ademosacme hmg^oUa, WalL ; Enrz iL 54 ; Gamble 48. Yem. Pitamari, Nep., is a shmb of the North-East Himalaya and Borma, remarkable for its pretfy snow-white berries. Mfriomemrou nates*, B. Br. ; Knrz iL 55, is a shmb of Chittagong. Uropkyllnm contmns 3 shmbs or smaD trees of Martaban and Tenasserim and 2 small trees of Ceylon. Bynapkyllum tetrandrum, Beddome t. 326, is a smaD tree of the hiDs of Trsnm- oore. Hgpidiathrmm raxmogam, Korz iL 51 {Bttmdia raeemota, Boxb. ¥L HA. L 525) Yem. Peetmnga, Beng., is a shmb of Eastern Bei^;al and of tiie swunp f oreaiB of Pega and Airaean. Petumga BoxburykU, DC. Yen. Jkijir, Beng., is a smaD tree of Anlhoeephalnt. ] at'BiACES. 219 tibe Siiiidarl»Bs with Lard whiie wood ; and Mariadopsu tapillarU, Knrz, a tee ©f Pegu, Martabaa and Tenasseiim. Spfiiiiutkera gtrieta, W. and A. ; Brandis 274 (Mypohathrmm ttridum, Knrz iL 50, Saadia Hrieta, Eoxb. FL Ind. L 526), is an eTergreen Ehrob of Oodfa, Ifortieni Bengal, Chittagong ajid TBorma- Diplo^yra ti*ffulari$, Eorth. ; Knrz iL 50 C?3fo. B 1998, Andamans. Vern. Tkittoo, with white wood, rongh, with mmijeioiis prominent mednHazy ray? ; weight 36 lbs.), is a tree of Burma and the Andaman lelan^if. SeypMpTwra hydrophyllaeea, Gaertn. ; 'BeAAatae csxrir. 3; Korz ii. 4, is a Email ample-stemmed sbrab of the coast ioiests id the Andaman^ and C«rlon. 2¥ii(OMt» fiaveseejus {Polyphragm/nn jlavenxna£), Knrz iL 38 (r iv o. B. 1987, Anda- Tna ns . Venu TMwonbeag, Bnim., with a hard, light-brown wood ; weight, 48 lbs.), is a Email tree of the tinpieal fiREEts of the AnJamaTig Tan^ueria contains 3 speraes. T. eduUs, TahL ; Kurz iL 33. Tern. Yoa ranga, is a ihomj sbmb of 3Iada^isear, coltiTated in Bengal for ite edible fruit. Kjd calls it Mojfe», and gives weight 43 Ibs^ P =430, V. spinoga, Boxh. FL Inhegpie. 3. STEPHEGYNE, Korth. Contains about 4 species of Indian trees. 8. divetsifolia, Hook. f. and Bth. (Nauolea diversifoUa, Wall., placed by Kurz under N. parvifoUa). Vern. Bingah, Burm., is a tree of Burma (weigbt, 45 lbs., Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 66), and 8. tubulosa, Hook, f . and Bth. ; Beddome cxxviii., is a tree of Ceylon. 1. S. parvifolia, Hook. f. and Bth. ; Brandis 262. Naiiclea parvi- foUa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 513; Beddome t. 34; Kurz ii. 66. Vern, Kaddam, hallam, keim, hangei, Hind.; Fhaldu, Kumaun; Mundi, Gondi, Baigas ; Kutebi, Kurku ; Buta-kadambe, Tarn. ; Nir-kadambe, karmi, bata- ganapu, Tel. ; Congu, hedu,yetega, kadwar, kadani, Kan. ; Kadamb, haramb, kalam, Mar.; Tamdk, Bhll ; Helembe, Cingh.; Kumra, Banswara ; Hteinthat/, Burm. A large deciduous tree. Bark ^ inch thick, light grey, smooth, with shallow depressions left by exfoliating scales. Wood light pinkish brown, moderately hard, generally harder than that of Adina cordifolia. No heartwood. Annual rings visible. Pores small, numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, numerous, not quite uniform in width. Throughout India and Burma. Growth moderate, 5 to 15, averaging 9 rings per inch of radius. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments : — Number Experiment by whom made. Year, Wood whence procured. Weight. of experi- ments. Size of bar. Value of P. lbs. Ft. In. In. Cunningham 1854 Gwalior 35 . 2 2x1x1 586 Sliinner, No. 100 1862 South India 39 033 Brandis, No. 69 1862 Burma « E. Thompson 1868 Central Provinces . 4,7 Smythies .... 18T8 As below . 427 11 A. Mendis, No. 35 . 1855 Ceylon 42 ... The wood is easily worked and polishes well ; it is durable, if not exposed to wet. It is used for building, furniture, agricultural implements, combs, cups, spoons and platters, and for turned and carved articles. lbs. P 458. Ajmere 269. Gai-hwal (1868) 45 O 529. DehraDiin 41 O 344. Gorakhpur 42 O 1481. Kheri, Oudh . , ; 44 C 178. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) 42 C 186. „ „ „ „ 46 C 1120. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 44 C 2783. Melgh&t, Berar 44 B 561. Prome 40 B 2539. Burma (1862) 38 • No. 36. Salem Collection 44 No. 35. Ceylon CoUeotion 42 Siephegyne. ] rubiace^. 223 AV 1225 (42 lbs. ; growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius), recei red from North Kanara under the name of Anthocephalus Cadamha, is in structure similar to S. parvifolia, but lias red heartwood, with darker streaks. It is probably Nauclea elliptica, Dalzell, Bomb. PI. 118 ; Beddome cxxix. Vern. Ahnau, Kan. 2. S. Sp. Gamble 46. Vern. Kale, halihat, Nep. A large tree. Bark brownish white. Heartwood orange yellow, sapwood reddish. Wood moderately hard. Pores large and moderate- sizedj very numerous, filled with a gummy substance. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, undulating. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for building. lbs. E 2385. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling . . . . .44 4. NAUCLEA, Linn. Contains 3 or 4 Indian trees. N. elliptica, Dalz., a large tree of the Western Coast, has been referred to above. iV. purpurea, Roxb. ; Beddome cxxix., is a tree of the Eastern Ghats of South India. Kurz gives N. excelsa, Bl., as a large evergreen tree of Pegu. 1. N. rotundifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 516 ; Kurz ii. 67. Vern. Bingah, Burm. Wood yellowish brown, moderately hard, close and even-grained. Pores small and moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine, uniform, very closely packed, the transverse diameter of the pores being greater than the interval between two successive rays. Burma and the Andaman Islands. Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood not used, but likely to be of value. lbs. B 2536. Burma (1862) 51 B 2288. Andamans (1866) 44 B 2233 (47 lbs.), sent from the Andamans in 1866 under the name Stainbyoo resembles in structure N. rotundifolia, except that it has slightly larger pores. 5. CINCHONA, Linn. A genus of about 36 species of trees or shrubs found in a narrow belt along the Andes of South America, between 2,300 and 8,000 feet elevation. Several species give the Peruvian bark or Cinchona of commerce, the value of which depends upon the presence of certain alkaloids which are known as " quinine," " cinohoniue," " ciuchoni- dine," &c., and which are so valuable as febrifuges. The Cinchona trees were first brought to India in 1860, chiefly through the labours of Mr. C. R. Markham, C.B., who was sent by the Secretary of State in 1859 to Peru to collect plants and seeds of the different kinds. The plants he brought did not live, but the seeds were sown and the trees planted in the Nilgiri Hills. In 1862 Dr. T. Anderson instituted the plantations at Rangbi in Sikkim with plants and seeds brought by him from Java. There are 4 principal species cultivated in the Indian plantations : mz., C. succirubra, Calisaya, officinalis and micrantha. 1. C. succirubra, Pavon; Brandis 265 ; Gamble 47. Red Bark. Wood yellow, moderately hard. Pores small, in radial lines. Medullary rays closely packed, fine and very fine. 224 RUBiACEiE. [ Cinchona. Cultivated on the Nilgirie and other hills of South India, at the plantations of Eangbi and Poouiong in Sikkim, on the hills east of Toungoo in Burma and in parts of the Satpura Range in Central India. This species thrives at a lower elevation than the others, but is comparatively poor in quinine, though rich in cinohonine and cinchonidine. From this species is chiefly derived the "Cinchona Alkaloid," which is now largely manufactured at the Government Plantation ofRangbi. E 3167' ] Ka"g^'' Darjeeliug, 3,700 feet. 2. C. Calisaya, "Weddell ; Brandis 266 ; Gamble 47. Yellow Bark. Wood reddish-grey, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small, in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, closely packed. Cultivated in Sikkim at moderate elevations. It yields perhaps the most valuable of the Cinchona barks, rich in alkaloids, among which quinine forms \ to |^ths. •p „i -n' \ Rangbi, Daq'eeling, 3,700 feet. 3. C. officinalis, Linn. ; Brandis 266; Gamble 47. Loxa or Crown Bark. Wood yellowish grey, similar in structure to that of C. Calisaya. Cultivated at high elevations on the Nilgiris, in Ceylon and in Sikkim, but not extensively. Its bark is rich in alkaloids, of which more than one-half is quinine. E 1356. E 3159 ] ^'^^g^i' Darjeeling, 3,700 feet. 6. HYMENODICTYON, Wall. Contains about 4 species. H.flaccidum, Wall. ; Brandis 268 ; Gamble 47, is a tree of the hills of Eastern Bengal and the outer Himalaya as far west as the Jumna. H. obovatum, Wall. ; Beddome t. 319 ; Brandis 368. Vern. Telia malla kai, Tam. ; Mallay tan&k, Madura ; Karwai, Bombay, is a large tree of the Western Ghats. 1. H. excelsum, Wall.; Beddome exxx. ; Brandis 267. Cinchona excelsa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 529. Vern. Bartu, barthoa, Pb. ; Bhaulan, bhalena, bhamma, dhauli, kukurJcat, bhurJcm, phaldu, bkohdr, potur, Hind. ; Dondru, dandelo, Panch Mehals ; Bhonrsdl, Mar. ; Sagapu, Tam. ; Dudiyetta, dudippa, chetippa, burja, bandara, TeL ; Bodoka, Uriya ; Manabina, Karnul. A large deciduous tree. Bark soft, ^ to f inch thick, grey, exfoliating in irregularly shaped, softish scales. Wood brownish grey, soft. Annual rings indistinctly marked. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, often in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, visible on a radial section. Numerous faint, white, transverse bars joining the medullary rays. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Punjab to Oudh, ascending to 6,500 feet ; Central and South India. Growth moderate, 6 to 7 rings per inch of radius. Average weight of our specimens 31"5 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for agricultural implements, scabbards, grain measures, palanquins, toys and similar articles. The inner bark is bitter and Hymenodlcfijon. ] EUBIACEJ). astringent, and is used as a feLrifiige, and for tanning fodder. thele used as rattle O 216. Garhwal (1868) 28 O 350. Gorakhpur (1868) O 1462. Bharaich, Oudh 32 1482. Kheri, Oudb 34, C 1127. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . . . 32 Kui'z ii. 11; Gamble 47. 530. Vern. Purgur, Hind. Cinchona Khoozan, 2. H. thyrsiflorum, Wall, tJiyrsifiora, Roxb. M. lud. i Burm. A deciduous tree. Bark 1 inch thick, grey, with corky flakes. Wood white or grey, soft. Annual rings indistinctly marked. Structure the same as that of B. Braiidis' i. Used lbs. 26 34 31 38 33 34 Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma. Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Burma List of 1862, No. 104, 28 lbs. ; our specimens give an average of 33 Ibi for black-boards and packing-cases. E 1231. Sibsagar, Assam E 1286. Cachar . . . , B 279. Burma (1867) . B 3070. „ (1862) . . B 559. Prome, Burma . B 2287. Andaman Islands 7. WENDLANDIA, Bartling. Contains about 12 Indian species. W. tinotoria, DC. ; Beddouie oxxx. ; Brandis 269 ; Kurz ii. 74 {Rondeletia tinctoria, Eo-xb. PI. Ind. i. -122; Wendhtiidia sp. Gamble 48.) Vern. Tula-lodh, Bengal. ; Kangi, Nep. ; Singnok, Lepcha ; Telli, Uriya ; Tamayoke, Burm., is a small tree of the forests of Kumaun, Oudh, Behar, Bengal and Burma, whose bark is used in Bengal as a mordant in dyeing. Several other species are found in the North-Bast Himalaya and several in Burma, chiefly Tenasserim, but they are unimportant. One or two are climbers. 1. W. exserta, DC; Beddome cxxx. ; Brandis 268; Gamble 48. W. cinerea, DC. ; Gamble 47. Rondeletia exserta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 533. Vern. Chaulai, chila, chilkiya, tila, birsa, tilki, tilai, Hind.; Kangi, tilki, mimri, Nep. ; Kursi, Seoni ; Marria, Gondi ; Tilliah, Baigas in Mandla. A small deciduous tree with brown bark. Wood reddish brown, hard, close-grained. Pores small, medullary rays moderately broad and fine, the former short. Annual rings marked by firmer wood on the outer and more porous wood on the inner edge of each ring. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards, Oudh, Bengal Central and South- ern India. Growth fast, 4-5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 lbs. Wood used for build- ing and agricultural implements and used for house-posts in the Sikkim Terai. 1370. Gonda, Oudh . . . . . E 589. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai . 47 2. W. Notoniana, Wall. ; Beddome t. 2M; Thwaites Enum. 159- Vern. Bameneidelle, Cingli. ^^^ EXJBiACEiE. [ Wendlandia. A small tree of South ladia and Ceylon, with a red wood, having a similar structure to that of" W. exserta. lbs. No, 74. Ceylon Collection (marked W. bicuspidata) ... 48 8. WEBERA, Schreb. Contains about 10 species of small trees, shrubs or climbers from Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma. W. oppositifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 698 ; Kurz ii. 47 is a small tree of Chittagong and Burma, said by Kurz to have a yellowish white, heavy, close-grained wood. yV. glomenflora, Kurz ii. 47, is a small tree of the Pegu Yomas. W. myrtifolia, Kurz ii. 49, is a small tree of the swamp forests of Burma and W. monosperma, W. and A. ; Beddome cxxxiv., is a shrub of the Nilgiri Hills and Wynaad. Kurz also describes 4 soandent shrubs from Chittagong and Burma. Roxburgh gives W. scandens, Roxb. PL Ind. i. 698. Vern. Gajer hota, Beng., as a climber f and W, odorata, Roxb. El. Ind. i. 699, Vern. Patagruja, Beng., as a small tree, of the forests of Sylhet. 1. W. asiatica, Linn. ; Beddome cxxxiii, W. corymbosa, Willd. ; Roxb, Fl, Ind, i. 697. Stylocoryne Webera, A. Rich. ; Thwaites Enum. 158. Vern, Kankra, Beng,; KacAuria clidll, Cuttaek; Komi, Tel,; Tar- ana, Cingh. A large shrub or small tree. Wood yellowish white, hard, close- grained. Pores small, very numerous, uniformly dietributed. Medullary rays short, fine and extremely fine, Bengal, South India and Ceylon. Weight, 57 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is said by A. Mendis to be used in Ceylon for fishing-boats. lbs. No. 84. Ceylon Collection 57 9, RANDIA, Linn. Contains 10 to 12 species of shrubs or small trees, generally armed with strong axillary thorns. IB. rigida, DC. ; Brandis 273 ; Gamble 48, is a shrub found in the forests of the Eastern Himalaya, Nepal and probably Kumaun. R. fragrans, Beddome cxxxii. (Posoqueria fragrans, Kon. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 717). Vera. Pedalli, Tel., is a shrab of South India, used to make hedges. P. Oardneri, Thw. ; Beddome cxxxii., is a small tree of the South Tinuevelly hills and Ceylon ; P. dehha- nensis, Beddome cxxxiii., is a small tree of the Anamalais ; and jR. speciosa, Beddome cxxxii,, a climbing shrub of the Western Grhats, with sweet-scented flowers. B. nutans, DC. ; Kurz ii., 45 is a shrub of the forests of Pegu. Wood smooth, close-grained, hard. Pores small or very small. Medullary rays fine and very fine, 1. R. uliginosa, DC, ; Beddome cxxxii. ; Brandis 273 ; Kurz ii, 44; Gamble 48. Posoqueria uliginosa, Roxb, Fl, Ind, i, 712, Vern. Pinddlu, pindar, pandr, paniali, bharani, katul. Hind.; Firalo,'Beng.; Maidalj'Ne^.; Kaurio, Panch Mehals; Pendra, Uriya; Katil, pender, Goudi; Gangru, gangdru, Kurku ; Nallaika, nalla hahisha, Tel.; Wagatta, Tam. ; KarS,pendri, Kan. ; Telphetru, panelra, phetra, pindra, Mar. ; Tapkel, Bhfl ; Mhaniben, mJianpyoo, Burm. A small deciduous tree. Bark J inch thick, reddish brown, exfoliat- ing in thin flakes. Wood whitish grey, close-grained, hard, no heart- wood. Annual rings marked by a narrow belt without pores. Pores Bandia. j rubiacEjE. 227 small and very smallj numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, very numerous, distinctly visible on a radial section. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, OudB, Bengal, Burma, Central and South India. Growth moderate, 6 to 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, the average of our specimens gives 48 lbs. per cubic foot; Brandis says 41 lbs. The fruit is eaten. lbs. 542. DehvaDiin 48 1458. Babraich, Oudh 47 O 1487. Kheri, Oudh 51 C 2782. Melghat, Berar ... C 1186. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces C 2756. Moharli Eeserve, Central Provinces .... 48 W 992. North Kanara . 46 2. R. dumetorum, Lam. ; Beddome exxxii. ; Brandis 273 ; Gamble 48. Posoqueria dumetorum, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 713. Vern. Mindla, maniholla, arara, Pb, ; Mahqjhal, manyid, harhar, main, mainhuri, manneul, arar, Hind. ; Maidal, amuki, Nep. ; Giindroiv, Mecbi ; Gurdl, Rajbausbi; Panji, Lepcba ; Pativa, Uriya; Madu harray, Tam. ; Manda, Tel.; Gera, galay, Mar.; Kuay, Jcatul, Gondi ; _B/^Ji!«, Kurku ; Kare, Kan. A deciduous thorny shrub or small tree, with grey bark. Wood white or light brown, compact, hard. Structure the same as that of a. uUginosa, Throughout India, extending in the North-West Outer Himalaya as far as the Beas. Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius, according to our specimens; Brandis says slow : that " a section of a tree known to be 65 years old, 4-inch radius, hollow inside, shewed 54 annual rings on 2 inches of the radius near the circumference." Weight, 55 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for agricultural implements, fences and fuel. The bark of the root and stem and the fruit are used in native medicine, the latter as an emetic. The fruit is also used to poison fish, and when ripe is rpasted and eaten. Iba. 262. Garhwal (1868) . 54 O 1366. Gonda, Oudh 50 O 1461. Bahraich, Oudh 62 1488. Kheri, Oudh 54 C 2750. Moharli Reservej Central Provinces (young) ... 45 C 2799. Melghat, Berar (young) 48 -p .„„■> Khookloong forest, Darjeeling Terai E 2386. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 3. R. tetrasperma, Bth. and Hook. f. ; Brandis 272. Gardenia tetrasperma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 709. ^'ern. Bara garri, hattja gingaru, Kumaun. A small procumbent shrub with grey bark. Wood white, very hard. Pores very small. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Medullary patches numerous and prominent, of a slightly bluish colour, Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 6,000 feet. Weight, 56 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs H 157. Simla, 6,000 feet ....... . gg' H 2821. „ 5,000 „ 2:i.S KUBiACEJS. [Gardenia. 10. GARDENIA, Linn. Contains 12 to 15 Indian species of shrubs or trees. &. gummifera, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 708 ; Beddome cxxxiv. 1 ; Brandis 270. Vern. DeMmdli, kamarri, Hind. ; Chitta matta, cKitnityal, gaqgaru, Tel. ; Chitta, hiklce, kambi, Kan., is a large shrub of Central and South India, with a white hard wood, and giving a yellow gum resin. G. montana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 709. Vern. Teliga, tella kahisha, Tel., is a small tree of South India. O-. coronaria, Ham. ; Kurz ii. 43, is a tree of Chittagong and Burma, with a heavy, close-grained wood. G. sessiliflora. Wall. ; Kurz ii. 40. Vern. Majeebouh, Burm., is a tree of the hills of Burma. Kurz describes several other Chittagong and Burma species of less importance. G.florida, Linn., of Indian gardens, is an introduction from China. Wood smooth, close-grained, hard^ Pores small to extremely small, numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine to moder- ately broad. 1. Or. turgida, Roxb. PI. Ind. i. 711; Beddome exxxiv. 1.; Brandis 270; Kurz ii. 41. Vern. Thanella, kMfr4r, khuriari, gkurga, mhaner, Hind.; Karhdr, Banda; Panjra,pendTa, Gondi; P/mrpal.a, Kurku; Khur- phenclra, pendri, phanda , phetra , Mar. ; Phetrak, Bhll ; Bamemia, Uriya ; Manjunda, telel, Tel. ; Bongeri, Kan. ; Thamengsanee, Burm. A small deciduous tree. Bark smooth, bluish grey, \ inch thick, compact. Wood close-grained, hard, white with a purplish tinge, uo heartwood. Annual rings indistinct. Pores very small. Medullary rays fine and very fine, very numerous. Sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal to the Jumna, ascending to 4,000 feet ; Rajputana, Burma, Central and South India. Growth slow, 13 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to B. Thompson 56'5 lbs. per cubic foot; our specimens give 54 lbs. Wood good, but splits and cracks in seasoning. ° lbs. 541. DehraDun O 1377. Gonda, Oudh 60 1463. Bahraich, Oudh 1489. Kheri, Oudh 50 C 826. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar 54 C 2779. Melg;hat, Berar 58 C 1142. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 54 W 993. North Kanara 48 Nos. C 1248 and C 1309 (61 and 63 lbs.) sent from Gumsur under the name Gorahadu, have the same structure as, and probably are, this species. 2. G. lucida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 707 ; Beddome exxxiv. ; Brandis 271. G. resinifera, Roth. ; Kurz ii. 42. Vern. Dikamali, Hind., Guz. ; K.onda manga, kohldta, tetta manga, C.P. ; Papar, Bijeragogarh ; Karinga, karaingi, tella-manga, Tel. ; Kumbi, Tam: A small deciduous tree. Bark ^ inch thick, greenish grey, exfoliat- ing in irregular flakes. Wood yellowish white, close-grained, hard, no heartwood; no annual rings. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays very fine. Central and South India, Chittagong. Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood useful for turning ; it is made into combs. It gives a gum resin from wounds in the bark. This gum is hard, opaque, yellow, greenish or brown, with a strong smell, and is used in the treatment of cutaneous diseases and to keep off flies and worms. lbs. C 1185. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 39 Garilenia. J EUBiACEji. 229 3. G. latifolia, Alton ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 706 (? c/. Brandis 272) ; Beddome cxxxiv. 1.; Brandis 271. Vern. Pdpra, pdphar, pepero, han pinddlu, Hind. ; Pannia bkil, gingat, bhandara, geggar, Gondi j Phip- har, mali, Baigas ; Kumbay, Tam. ; Pedda karinga, pureea, biJcki, gaiger, Tel. ; Kota-ranga, Urlya ; Gkogar, gogarli, Mar. ; Qogar, Bhil. A small deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thickj greenish grey, exfoliating and leaving smooth, conctoidal, rounded depressions. Wood light- yellowish brown, close and even-grained, hard, handsomely mottled, neither warps nor splits. No heartwood. Marked concentric annual rings. Pores extremely small, numerous. Medullary rays fine, short. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Bengal, Central and South India. Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, SO to 53 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is easy to work, durable, and is recommended to be tried as a substitute for boxwood ; it is likely to be veiy good for engraving and turning. Combs are made of it. lbs. B 1173. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 53 B 2733. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces 50 4. G. obtusifolia, Roxb. ; Kurz ii. 43. Vern. Yenghhat, Burm. A small deciduous tree with thin, grey bark. Wood white, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small. Medullary rays moderately broad, and a large number of very fine rays, which are not very distinct. Burma. Weight, 55 lbs. per cubic foot. It yields a yellow pellucid resin. lbs. B 817. Rangoon Division, Burma 55 5. G. COStata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 704. G. coronaria, Ham. ; Kurz ii. 43. Vern. Yenghhat, tsaythambyah. A small deciduous tree, with smooth, grey bark ; wood light brown, hard, close-grained. Annual rings indistinct. Pores small. Medullary rays fine, scanty, distinctly visible on a radial section as long horizontal plates. Chittagong and Burma. Growth slow, 14 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 51 lbs. per cubic foot (Kurz identifies G. lucida. No. 72 of Brandis' Burma List of 1862 with this. Weight, 49 lbs.) Used for making combs and for turning, but liable to crack. Iba. B 284. Burma (1867) 50 B 2540. „ (1862) .... .... 52 11. GUETTARDA, Linn. 1. G. speciosa, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 686 ; Beddome cxxxiv. 4 ; Kurz ii. 37. Vern. Bomdomah, And.; Nil pitelia, Cingh. A moderate-sized evergreen tree, with thin grey bark. Wood yellow, with a tinge o£ red. Pores small, often in radial lines. Medullary rays, moderately broad and very fine. Tidal forests along the shores of the Andaman Islands and Ceylon. lbs B 1971. Andaman Islands (Kurz, 1866) 49' 230 RTJBiACBiE. [Flecfronia. 12. PLECTRONIA, Linn. Contains 10 to 12 shrubs, part of wtioh are found in South India and Ceylon, aud part in Burma and the Andamans. P. parviAora, Eoxb. ; Beddome cxxxiv. 5; (Canthium parviflorum, Eoxb. PI. Ind. i. 534) Vern. JBalsu, Tel., is a thornj' shrub of South India, whose wood is hard and used for turning, and whose leaves are eaten in curries. 1. P. didyma, Bth. and Hook. f. ; Kurz ii. 35. Canthium didymnm, Gaertn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 5.35 ; Beddome t. 221; Brandis 276. Vern. Tolan,\Jviya,; Neehanie, nalla balsu, Tarn., Tel, ; Abalu, Kan.; Arsiil, Bombay; Formoa, Cingh. A large shrub, Wood grey, hard. Pores very small, numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous. South India, Ceylon and Tenasserim. Weight, 57 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for agricultural purposes. lbs. No. 16. Salem Collection 57 13. IXORA, Linn. A large genus containing some 30 or more Indian and Burmese shrubs or small trees. Beddome describes 7 species from South India, and Kurz 24 (excluding Favetta) from Burma, while many species come from Eastern Bengal and Assam. I. coccinea, Linn. ; Roxb. PL Ind. i. 375 ; Beddome cxxxiv. 7 ; Kurz ii. 26 (J. Bandhuca, Eoxb. PL Ind. ii, 376). Vern. Rangun, rajana, Beng. ; Bandhuha, Sans., is a well- known scarlet-flowered shrub called the "Plame o£ the Woods," indigenous in South India, Chittagong and Burma and cultivated in gardens all over India. I. striata, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 379 ; Kurz ii. 26, is another scarlet-flowered species from Tenasserim. I- acuminata, Eoxb. M. Ind. i. 383 ; Gamble 48. Vern. Churipat, Nep., is a hand- some shrub of Sikldm, Assam and Eastern Bengal with large, crowded corymbs of scented white flowers. J. MwcZaZato, Eoxb. PI. Ind. i. 385; Gamble 48. Vern. Paluka- jui, Beng.; Pari, Nep. ; TakcMrnyoJc, Lepcha, is a small tree of Bengal, andi". villosa, Eoxb. n. Ind. i. 383. Vern. Chunari, Beng., of Sylhet. I. barbata, Roxb., and I.polyanfha, Wight; Beddome cxxxiv. 7, are small trees of the Western Ghats. 1. I. parviflora, Vahl. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 383; Beddome t. 222; Brandis 276 ; Kurz ii. 21. The Torch Tree. Veru. Kota gandhal, Hind.; Rangan, Beng. ; Disti, Gondi ; Kurai, lokandi, Mar. ; Shulundu kora, Tam. ; Karipal, hachipadel, tadda pallu, Tel. ; Kori, Gondi; Korgi, Kan.; Tellu kurwan, Uriya ; Mala ratamlala, Cingh. An evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark brown, exfoliating in irregular rounded scales. Wood light brown, smooth, very hard, close-grained. No heartwood. Annual rings indistinct. Pores very small. Medullary rays very fine and very numerous. Bengal, Burma, Central and South India. Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight according to Skinner, No. 84 66 lbs. ; our specimen gives 57 lbs. Skinner gives P = 717. The wood is well suited for turning and might do for engraving. Beddome says it is used for furniture and building purposes. The green branches are used for torches. lbs. C 1156. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 57 14. PAVETTA, Linn. Contains 6 to 8 species of Indian shrubs or small trees. P. iniica, Linn. ; Bed- dome cxxxiv. 7 ; Brandis 275 {Ixora Favetta, Eoxb. PI. Ind, i. 385 ; Kurz ii. 18.) Vern. Paveiia.] rubiace^. 231 Kuhkra chura, Beng. ; Pavetti, Tarn. ; Nuni-paputa, tapra, Tel. ; Pawetta, Cingh., Jtfee»aJa;;), Barm., is a common shrub of Bengal, South and parts of Central India and the Andaman Islands. P. breviflora, DC.; Beddome cxxxiv. 7, is a shrub of the higher ranges of the Nilgiris. Kurz, under Ixora, describes 4 other species, viz. : I. compactiflora, and I. naiicleiflora, from Upper Tenasserim ; /. webercBfolia, from the Andamans ; aadil.recurva (P(Bderiarecurva,'RoA>. Fl. Ind. i. 684), from Chittagong. 1. P. tomentosa, Smith; Beddome exxxiv. 7. ; Brandis 275. Ixora tomentosa,'Roi^.'¥\. Ind. i. 3SG; Kurz ii. 19; Gamble 48. Vern. Padera, Kumaun ; Jui, Beng. ; Sundok, Lepclia; Papiri, papatta, nam-paputa, Tel. A large shrub with thin, smooth, brownish grey bark. Wood^^light brown, hard, close- grained. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays short, numerous, fine and very fine. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet, Bengal, South India and Burma. lbs. 3086, Gonda, Oudh 59 15. COFFEA, Linn. O. hengalensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 540 ; Beddome cxxxiv. 8 ; Brandis 277 ; Kurz ii. 28 ; Gamble 49. Vern. Katli-jahi, Hind. ; Kundrudi, Mechi, is a small shrub found in most parts of the moister regions of India. The berries are used as coffee by ilechis and Kajbanshis in Northern Bengal, but the cofEee is of inferior quality. 1. C. araMca, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 539 ; Beddome cxxxiv. 8 ; Brandis 276; Kurz ii. 27 ; Gamble 49. Vern. Pun (the berry), Kahwa (the same roasted and ground). A shrub with thin grey bark. Wood white, moderately hard, close- grained. Pores very fine and extremely fine. Medullary rays very fine, numerous. Indigenous in Abyssinia and Soudan, cultivated since the fifteenth century in Arabia and introduced thence to India. It has been cultivated in many pasts of India, but on a large scale only in Mysore, Coorg, the Western Ghats and Ceylon. It is occasionally found running wild in the forests. Growth moderate. P 3150. Coorg (20-25 years old). Prismatomeris tetrandra, Hooi. f. and Bth. Genera PL ii. 119 [Coffea tetrandra, Koxb. ; Kurz ii. 28) is an evergreen tree of the forests of Chittagong, the Martaban HUls and Andaman Islands up to 3,000 feet elevation. 16. MORINDA, Linn. A genus of Indian and Burmese trees and shrubs, mostly giving a red or yellow dye from the root bark. Eoxburgh PI. Ind. i. 541 to 548, describes 7 species ; and Brandis p. 278, says that 5 out of these species " cannot well be specifically distinguished " and that "it will be more convenient to consider them as one under the nameJf. citrifolia Eoxb." The names of Roxburgh's 5 species are (1.) M. citrifolia, Roxb., from Pegu'; (2.) M. tinctoria, Roxb., cultivated ; (3.) M. Iracteata, Roxb., from Ganjam ; (4.) M. exserta, Roxb., of Bengal ; and (5.) M. muUiflora, Roxb., from Nagpore and Berar. We will, however, retain the name M. exserta for our specimens at present. M. angtistifolia, Roxb. PI. Ind. i. 547 ; Brandis 278 ; Kurz ii. 61. Vern. Asuqach Ass. ; Kcliai tun, Phekial ; Chenung, chengrung, Garo ; Yaiyo, Burm., is an evergreeii tree of Bengal and Burma, whose bark and wood give a yellow dye- M. umbellata Linn. ; Beddome cxxxiv. 9 ; Kurz ii. 62. M. scandens, Roxb. PL Ind. i. 548 is an evergreen scandent shrub of the Western Ghats, Tenasserim and Ceylon. Kurz de- scribes 5 other species from Burma. 232 EiTBrACf;.E. [ Morinda. 1. M. exserta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 545 ; Beddome exxxiv. ; Braudis 277 J Kurz ii. 59. Yevn. Ai, ac^, Hini. ; AUeri, aUddi,'Pa,noh'M.eha,\s; Hai-di, Nep. ; Noona, Tarn. ; Toghur, togara mogali, mogali, manja pavatti, Tel.; Achu, Uriya ; Nyau, Burm. ; Ali, Gondi. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. , Bark corky, brittle, brown or grey, with numerous deep, longitudinal cracks. Wood red, often yellow, with red streaks, or brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Annual rings faintly marked. Pores small, scanty, generally in radial lines between the numerous, fine and moderately broad medullary rays. Bengal, Burma, Guzerat, South India. Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 97 {M. citrifoUa) 30 lbs. per cubic foot ; Wallich 29 lbs. ; our specimens give 41 lbs. Skinner gives P = 410. The wood is durable: Wallich's specimen (No. B 2690), cut in Burma in 1828, was quite sound when cut up after 50 years in Calcutta. It is used for plates and dishes. The bark of the root is largely used for dyeing red and yellow. lbs. C 1130. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . . . . 86 C lb07. Gumsur, Madras . 42 C 1246. „ „ 47 B 2690. Tavoy (Wallich 1828) . .... 41 No. 34. Salem Collection . .... 40 17. LEPTODERMIS, Wall. 1. L. lanceolata, Wall. ; Brandis 279. Vern. Jogiapadera, Kumaun. A small shrub of the North-Western Himalaya, generally on rocks between 5,000 and 10,000 feet. Bark thin, grey. Wood hard, white. Pores very small, scanty. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad. Iba. H 2822. Simla, 6,000 feet 48 Okder LVII. composite. The largest Order of plants not only in India, but in the world. With very few exceptions, all the species are herbaceous. There are, however, genera containing shrubs or small trees. They belong to the following Tribes :— Tribe I.— VernoniesB .... Vernonia. ,, II. — Asteroidese . . Microglossa. „ III. — luuloidese . . Blumea, Pluchea and Inula. „ IV. — Anthemidese . . . Artemisia. „ v.— Mutisiacese . ■ • Leucomeris. Microglossa volubilis, DO. ; Kurz ii. 82, is a large climber of the hills of Martaban and Tenasserim, found in second-growth forests. Blumea balsamifera, DC. ; Kurz ii. 82 (Cunyza balsamifera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 427; Gamble 60) Vern. Poungma-theing, Burm., is a shrub which comes up freely on old cultivated lands in Northern and East- ern Bengal and Burma. Pluchea indica, Less. ; Kurz ii. 83. Vern. Kayu, Burm., is a large evergreen shrub of tidal forests on the coasts of Chittagong, Burma and the Andamans. Inula eupatorioides, DC, and Inula Cappa, DC, are small shrubs of the Himalaya. Leucomeris contains two sJDecies : L. spectabilis, Don. Vern. Panwa, Kumaun ; Bhoea, phusrae, Nep., a small tree of Nepal, also found in Garh- wal ; and L. decora, Kurz ii. 78, a deciduous tree of the Eng forests of Prome. Femonia. ] coMPOSlTiE. 233 1. VERNONIA, Schreb. About 7 species of small trees or climbers. V. Wightiana, Blth. and Hook, f . {Monosis Wightiana, 'Bei^diOme t. 226), is a tree of the.Nilgiri Hills. F. Kurzii, C. B. Clarke ; Kurz ii. 80, is a small tree of the toungyas in the Martaban Hills ; and V. arhorea. Ham., is found in Tenasserim. The other three species are Burmese climbers. 1. V. volkamerisefolia, DC; Beddome t. 325 j Gamble 50. V. acu- minata, DC. ; Kurz ii. 79. A small tree. Bark brown. Wood whitish^ turning pale- brown j moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, often in short radial lines. Medullary rays numerous, fine and moderately broad. Pith large. Eastern Himalaya, South India and Burma. Weight, 31'5 lbs. This is probably Kyd's Vernonia (major) — Weight 31'5 lbs. P = 383. E. 3312. Pankabari, Darjeeling, 3,000 feet. 3. ARTEMISIA, Linn. Contains the " Wormwoods," only one of which reaches the size of a small shrub. The leaves of many species are used as a febrifuge and in the preparation of " absinthe.'' 1. A. vulgaris, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 420 ; Gamble 50. Vera. Naga, naga dona, dona, Hind., Beng. ; Titapat, Nep. Bark thin, with longitudinal fissures. Wood graj, bard. Pores very small ; in short radial lines between the distant, fine and moderately broad medullary rays. A gregarious shrub, coming up on old cultivations between 3,000 and 6,000 feet in the Sikkim Hills, and often covering large tracts of land until killed down by the tree growth which succeeds it. This is probably the Nagdana of Cachar, said by Mr. Brownlow to be one of the plants on which the Attacus Atlas silkworm is fed. Its ashes when burnt are considered to give a good manure for cultivation. E 2857. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feot. Ordbk lviii. GOODENOVIE^. Sccevola R6nigii,ydih\.;K\x\zii.%4i (S. Taccada,'&oyih. PI. Ind. i. 527.) Vern. Fenglai Man, Burm., placed by Kurz under Campanulacece, but in this Order by Bentham and Hooker in the Genera Plantarum II. 538, is an evergreen large shrub, common in the tidal forests of Tenasserim and the Andamans. It has a soft, spongy pith, and coarse, milky, fibrous wood. Order LIX. VACCINIACE^. An Order of small trees or shrubs, erect or epiphytic, of the mountains of Eastern and Southern India. It contains 4 genera : Agapetes, Pentapterygium, Vaccinium and Corallohotrys. Agapetes contains about 16 species, mostly epiphytical. A. variegata, Gr. Don (Thibandia variegata, Wall. ; Eoyle t. 79, C'ratostema variegata, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 413, Vaccinium variegatum, Kurz ii. 88) Vern. Jalamut, Garo, 2 F 234 VACCiNiACEJE. [ Vaccinium. is a shrub, often epiphytic, of the Khaaia and Garo Hills, Sylhet, Chittagong and Tenasserim. A. obovata, Don (Vaccinium, obovatum, Wight; Gamble 50) Vern. Itatay, Nep., is a common shrab of the hill forests of Sikkim and Bhutan. A. saligna, Bth. and Hook. f. ; Gamble 50, is a large epiphytic shrub of the Sikkim Hills from 1,000 to 5,000 feet, whose leaves are said by Hooker to be used as a sub- stitute for tea. A. WalUchiana, Wight, and A. hirsuta, Wight, are shrubs of Sylhet ; A. verticillata, Wight, and A. odontocera, Wight, of the Khasia Hills and Burma ; and A. auriculata. Griff., is an epiphytic shrub of Burma. Fentapterygium contains 3 species, among which P. serpens, Bth. ; Gamble 50. Vern. Kali hurchu, Nep. ; Kumbuten, Lepcha, is a handsome epiphytic shrub common on trees and banks about Darjeeling. Corallobotrys acuminata, Hook. f. and Bth. (Vaccinium acuminatum, Kurz ii. 90), is an evergreen shrub of Eastern Bpngal and Burma. 1. VACCINIUM, Linn. About 12 species, of which 4 occur on the Nilgiris and the rest in Eastern Bengal and Burma. V. iescAeBawZ^ij, Wight; Beddome t. 227. Yem. And'man,'S\{p.ni, is a pretty tree with an edible fruit, said by Beddome to have a fine-grained rose- coloured wood. V. rotundifolium, Wight, and F. neilgJierrense, Wight; Beddome cxxxvi., are also small trees of the hills of South India. V. Donianum, Wight; Kurz ii. 91, is a large shrub of Burma and the Khasia Hills. V. Dunalianum, Wight, is an epiphytic shrub of Sikkim, Bhutan and the Khasia Hills. 1. V. serratum, Wight ; Gamble 50. Vern. C^arw, Nep. A shrub, often epiphytic. Bark brown with white lenticels. Wood white. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays broad, wavy. Sikkim, Bhutan and the Khasia Hills, from 4,000 to 8,000 feet. E 3296. Babookhola, Darjeeling, 4,000 feet. Order LX. ERICACE.a3. ' Contains about 6 Genera of usually handsome-flowered Indian trees or shrubs ; some of these, however, especially the genera Cassiope and Diplarche, contain merely small prostrate heath-like plants, found in the Inner Himalaya. The Genera belong to 2 Tribes, viz. : — Tribe I.— Andromedese .... Gaultheria, Caesiope, Fieris and EnJcianthus. „ II. — KhodoresB ..... Diplarche and Rhododendron. Gaultheria contains about 5 species, G.fragrantissima, Wall. ; Beddome exxxvi. Vern. Kappuru, Cingh., is a common shrub of the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills and Ceylon, ff. punctata, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 92 {in this he includes G. fragrantiasima) is an evergreen shrub of the hill forests of Martaban at 6,000 to 7,000 feet ; and G. Griffithiana, Wight ; Gamble 51, is a small shrub of the hills of Sikkim and Bhutan from 7,000 to 9,000 feet. Cassiope fastigiata, Don, Vern. Chhota lewar, Bea8 ; Seeru, Chor ; Kamha, Kumaun, is the "Himalayan Heather" of travellers in the North- West Himalaya ; it often covers large areas like the European heather. It was also found by Hooker in Sikkim at Mon Lepcha. The common " Heather" or " Ling " of Europe is Calluna vulgaris, Linn. Bark generally thin. Wood compact, even-grained. Pores uniform and uniformly distributed, small or very small, numerous. Annual rings generally marked by belt of porous wood. Medullary rays short, generally fine or very fine. Pieris. ] ERicACE^. 235 1. PIERIS, Don. P. lanceolata, Don, is a small tree of the Khasia Hills, and P. formosa, Don (Andromeda formosa, Wall. ; Brandis 280. Vern. Sheahoge, Nep.), an evergreen tree of the Himalaya from Kumaun to Bhutan. 1. P. ovalifolia, Don. Andromeda ovalifoUa, Wall. ; Brandis 280 ; Kurz ii. 92 ; Gamble 50. Vern. Ayatta, eilan, dial, arur, arwdn, aira, rattanhat, erana, yarta, Pb. ; Aydr, Hind. ; Anjir, angiar, aigiri, jag- guchal, Nep. ; Piazay, Bbutia ; Kangshior, Lepcba. A small deciduous tree. Bark bj-own, peeling off in long narrow strips^ deeply cleft, the clefts often extending spirally round the stem. Wood light reddish brown, moderately hard. Annual rings marked by numerous larger pores in the spring wood. Pores small in the spring wood, very small in the autumn wood. Medullary rays fine, short, marked on a radial section as long narrow bands. Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Assam, usually between 4,000 and 8,000 feet, Khasia Hills, and hills of Martaban from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. Growth slow. Brandis says 34 rings per inch ; our specimens gave 18 rings per inch for the Simla and 6 rings for the Darjeeling specimen. "Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic foot. "Wood not durable, warps and shrinks very badly in seasoning, is only used for fuel and charcoal. The young leaves and buds are poisonous to goats ; they are used to kill insects, and an infusion of them is applied in cutaneous diseases. The bark of the Darjeeling tree is not so characteristically thick ast hat of the North- "West tree. lbs. H 17. Simla, 7,000 feet 41 E 3328. Darjeeling, 6,500 feet 2. ENKIANTHUS, Lour. 1. E. himalaicus, Hook. f. and Th. ; Gamble .50. "Vern. Cholhn, Nep. A small tree with thin fgrey bark. Wood white, moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a belt of more numerous pores. Pores very small and extremely small. Medullary rays moderately broad and fine. Numerous, wavy, fine, concentric bands of soft tissue. Sikkim Himalaya, 10,000 to 12,000 feet. Growth slow, 40 rings per inch of radius. E 976. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 feet. 3. RHODODENDRON, Linn. Contains about 50 species, found chieily and in great abundance and of great beauty in the inner- Sikkim Himalaya. Pour species extend to the North-'West Himalaya, three to the hills ot Burma, and one to the Nilgiris. Some species are epiphytic, and among these are found two which are perhaps the finest and largest flowering, mz. : S . JDalhousiis, Hook. f. ; Gamble 52. Vern. 6fMras,Nep. and S.^dge- worthii, Hook. f. ; Gamble 52, both of Sikkim, the first with very large cream coloured scented flowers, the second with woolly leaves and pure white flowers, having the odour of cinnamon. Some species are only small heath-like bushes found on the rocks at high elevations ; among these are M. Anthopogon, Don ; Brandis 282. Vern. Nichni ra/ttanhat, nera, 3\ie\urii \ l^azalc-tsum, ^&Aasnx •, £^dizaban, morua, talisa, Ravi • . Talisri, Beas ; Talsir, Sutlej _; Talisfar, Kumaun ; Palu, Bhutia, found in the Hima- laya from Kashmir to Sikkim above 11,000 feet, and on the Chor and Kedarkanta, 236 ERICACEJ5. [ Rhododendron. witla white or pale yellow flowers ; Tt. setosum, Don. Vern. Tsalu, Bhutia, a red- flowered shrub of Sikkim which, with the last, gives a very strong and somewhat unpleasant aromatic scent ; and B. lepidotum, Wall. ; Brandis 282 ; Gamble 52. Vern. Tsaluma, tsuma, Bhutia, with reddish flowers. It.form.osum, Wall.; Kurz ii. 94, is a small shrub of the Khasia and Nattoung Hills, above 7,000 feet. R. mouU meineiise. Hook. ; Kurz ii. 94, an evergreen tree of the hills of Martaban and Tenasserim above 4,000 feet. B. Modgsoni, Hook. f. ; Gamble 5, is a small tree of Sikkim from the wood of which the Tibetan yak saddles are frequently made, and whose leaves are used for plates and lining baskets. B. nivale, Hook, f., found at 17,500 to 18,000 feet altitude in the Sikkim Himalaya, is a small shrub which probably attains the highest elevation of any known woody plant. The Indian rhododendrous are all oharaeterised by even-grained woodj soft or moderately hard ; by very fine and extremely fine pores, more numerous in the spring wood ; and by fine, generally short medullary rays. The wood is apt to warp, with the exception of that of B. argeri' teum and 22. Falconeri, 1. R. arboreum, Sm. ; Beddome t. 238 ; Brandis 281 ; Kurz ii. 93 ; Gamble 51. R. puniceum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 409. Vern. Ghhdn, Hazara ; Arddwal, Jhelum ; Mandal, Chenab ; Chin, am, Ravi ; Bras, hroa, b4rans, burunsh, Beas to the Sarda River ; Brus, Kumaun ; Bhordns, gurds, ghonds, taggu, lal gurds, Nep.; Etoh, Bhutia, Lepeha; Billi, poomaram, Nilgiris ; Ma-ratmal, Cingh. A small evergreen tree. Bark 1 inch thick, reddish brown, peeling off in small flakes. Wood soft, reddish white or reddish brown, close and even-grained, apt to warp and shrink. Annual rings marked by a belt of slightly larger pores in the spring wood. Pores very small and extremely small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, short, visible on a radial section. Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan between 3,000 and 11,000 feet, hills of Southern India and Ceylon, Karennee Hills in Burma. Growth slow : according to Brandis 14 rings per inch of radius ; our specimens give 12 rings for the North-West specimens, and 22 to 36 rings for those from Sikkim. Weight, 41'41bs. per cubic foot on an average of 5 specimens, the Sikkim ones • weighing 39, while the Simla specimens give 45 lbs. The wood seasons very badly, and is chiefly used for fuel and charcoal, but is also sometimes employed for building and for making dishes, in Sikkim for "kukri "handles, boxes and other small articles, and on the Nilgiris for gun-stocks and posts. The flowers are eaten and are made into preserves ; they are commonly oflfered in temples. iba. H 3171. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet . H 14. Simla, 7,000 feet H 73. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet . E 371. Senchul forest, Dai-jeeling, 7,600 feet . E 2388! } ''^°"Slo. Daijeeling, 10,000 feet . 45 45 39 39 The two last are the species B. CamphellicB, Hook. f. ; Gamble 51, distinguished from B. arboreum, Sm., by the ferruginous tomentum and cordate base of the leaf, but probably only a variety. 2. R. argenteum, Hook. f. ; Gamble 51. Vern. Kali gurds, putlinga, Nep. ; Etok-amat, Lepeha. An evergreen tree. Bark reddish brown, peeling off in small scales. Wood yellowish, with darker heartwood, shining, soft, close and even- grained. Pores very small, somewhat more numerous in the spring wood. 'Rhododendron, j ericace^. 23 7 Medullary rays of two sizes, very fine and very numerous between fewer short and moderately broad rays. Hills of Sikkim, common on the outer ranges round Darjeeling and Damsong, from 6,000 to 10,000 feet. Growth slow, 27 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood warps less than that of B,. arhoreum. Flowers pure white, with a purple throat. iba. E 372. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 9,000 feet 89 3. R. Falconeri, Hook. f. ; Gamble 51. Vern. Kurlinga, Nep. ; Kegu, Bhutia. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark reddish brown, peeling off in flakes; inner bark purple red. Wood reddish white, shining with a beautiful satiny lustre, takes a beautiful polish, hard. Annual rings marked by more numerous pores in the spring wood. Pores very small and extremely small. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, short. Hills of Sikkim, especially the summit of Tonglo, at 10,000 feet. Growth slow, 17 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot. Does not warp. Flowers cream-coloured. lbs. E 369. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet 39 4. E,. barbatum, Wall. ; Gamble 51. Vern Gurds, chimal, Nep.; K4mu, Bhutia. A small evergreen tree. Wood light pinkish red, shining. Annual rings marked by a belt of more numerous and larger pores. Pores very small and extremely small. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous. Eastern Himalaya, from 8,000 to 11,000 feet. Growth slow, 35 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot. Flowers deep crimson. lbs. E 375. Tonglo, Daqeeling, 10,000 feet 39 5. R. campanulatimi, Don ; Brandis 281 ; Gamble 52. Vern. Gaggar, yurmi, Kashmir ; Sarngar, shinwala, Ravi ; Shargar, Beas ; Simru7ig, Sutlej ; Chimul, Kumaun; Cheriala, teotosa, Nep. An evergreen shrub with thin grey bark. Wood light pinkish red, moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by more numerous pores in the spring wood. Pores very small and extremely small. Medullary rays fine, very short. Inner Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, between 9,600 and 14,000 feet. Outer ranges on Chor and Kedarkanta. Sikkim at 11,000 feet (C. B. Clarke). Growth moderate to slow. Our specimens shew 28 rings per inch of radius ; while Aikin with Wallich's specimens found 8'4 rings per inch, very distinctly marked. Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot. Flowers light pink, lilac or mauve. lbs. H 121. Jalari Pass, Seoraj, Kulu, 10,000 feet 39 H 128. Kotang Pass, Kulu, 13,000 feet 6. R. falgens, Hook. f. j Gamble 51. Vern. Chimal, Nep. A small tree or large shrub. Wood grey, darker in the centre, moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by more porous 238 EEiCACEj). [ Rhododendron. wood at the intjer edge. Pores very small. Medullary rays short, fine, very numerous. Sikkltn Himalaya, from 12,000 to 14,000 feet. Growth slow, 25 rings per inch of radius; Weight, 36 lbs. per cubic foot, yiowers deep crimson. IbH. E 2957. Sandiikpho, Darjeeling, 12,000 feet 36 7. R. cinnabarinum, Hook. f. ; Gamble 51. Vern. 5tti?«, Nep. ; Kema hechootig, Lepcha. A large shrub with thin grey bark. Wood grey, moderately hard, even-grained, warps. Annual rings not visible. Pores very small. Medullary rays short, fine. Sikkim Himalaya above 12,000 feet. Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot. The leaves are poisonous and the smoke of the wood causes inflammation of the face and eyes, according to Hooker. Flowers scarlet. lbs. E 2958. Sandukpho, Daijeeling, 12,000 feet 43 Okder LXI. EPACRIDE^. An Australian Order, of which one species only extends north to Tenasserim, viz. Leucopogon malayanus, Jack ; Kurz ii. 95, an evergreen, small, rigid shrub. Oedee LXII. PLTTMBAGINEiE. An Order containing only one Indian species, ^gialitis annulata, E. Br. ; Kurz ii. 96 ( -^ - rotundifolia, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. Ill), is a small evergreen treelet with a conioally thickened trunk, found in the tidal forests of the Sundarbans, Chittagong, Arracan, Burma and the Andaman Islands. OedeeLXIII. MYRSINE.ffi. Contains 6 Genera of Indian trees, shrubs, or climbers, belonging to the following Tribes : — Tribe I.— Msesea3 Mcesa. „ II. — EumyrsinesB Myrsine, Samara, Ardisia and ^giceras. „ III. — TheophrastesB Beptonia. Wood compact, close-grained. Pores very small or extremely small, often in groups and radial or oblique lines. Medullary rays distant, broad. 1. MiESA, Forskal. Contains 10 to 12 species of shrubs or trees. M. indica A. DC. ; Beddome cxxxvii. ; Brandis 283 ; Kurz ii. 99 ; Gamble 52 (Bmolotr^s indica, Roxb. Fl. lud. i. 557) Vern. Kalsis, Kumaun ; .4 . pilosula, Wall. 13. B 1997 collected on the Andamans by Kurz in 1866 and marked D. undulata (Hingado) is a large cree with small black wood in the centre of large trees. Wood purplish grey. Pores, small, sometimes in short radial lines between the closely-packed, very fine, undulating, medullary rajs. Weight, 49 lbs. Numerous wary edncentric lines. B 2473 from Andamans (Kurz, 1866) marked Maba andamanica, with bluish-grey wood, is similar in structure to the preceding number. Weight, 49 lbs. per cubic foot. Okdek LXVI. STYRACE^. Contains two Genera of Indian trees or shrubs, Symplocos and Styrax. Styrax contains about 3 or 4 Indian species. 8. serrulatum, Eoxb. PL Ind. ii. 415 ; Kurz ii. 142 ; Gamble 54. Vern. Kwn-jameva, Beng. ; Chamo, Lepcha, is a small evergreen tree of Sikkim, Eastern Bengal and Chittagong. S. virgatum, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 142 is a small evergreen tree of Eastern Bengal. Both these species yield a kind of gum benjamin or benzoin of inferior quality. 8. rugosum, Kurz ii. 141, is an evergreen tree of the Mai'taban Hills. iS. Benzoin of the Malay Archipelago yields the true " Gum Benzoin," which is used in medicine, in perfumery, and to make incense. 8. officinale of the Levant yields the gum known as " Storax," used in medicine and perfumery. E 3320, Darjeeling, 6,500 feet, prohably 8. virgatum, Wall., has a thin hark ; white, close-grained moderately hard wood with faint white, regulai', concentric bands. The pores are scanty, usually subdivided ; and the medullary rays short,^ fine, very numerous. 1. SYMPLOCOS, Linn. Contains 25 to 30 species of Indian trees, generally small. 8. spicata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 541 ; Beddome cxlix. ; Brandis 300 ; Kurz ii. 146 ; Gamble 54. Vern. Lodh, Hind. ; Lodh bholia, buri, Beng. ; Falyoh, Lepcha ; Soothgani, Burghers, is a tree of the North-Bast Himalaya, Western Ghats and Tenasserim, whose leaves are used in dyeing and whose seeds are strung as beads and hung round children's necks to prevent evil. 8. racemosa, Eoxb. El. Ind. ii. 539 ; Brandis 300 ; Kurz ii. 144 ; Gamble 53. Vern. Lodh, Beng. ; Chamlani, Nep. ; Falyoh, Lepcha ; Kniday, Mechi ; 8ingyan, Bhutia, is a common small tree of the plains and lower hills of Bengal and Burma, chiefly in dry forests. The leaves and bark are used in dyeing. 8. Gardneriana, Wight ; Beddome t. 237, is a handsome tree of the Western Ghats. Mr. Mann says that 8. grandiflora , Vern. Snmroti, Ass. ; Moai soom, Phekial, is used to feed silk- worms (the Muga worm, Antherasa Assama) and as a dye in Assam. Wood white, close-grained^ apt to warp and split. Pores very small. Medullary rays very fine. 1. S. cratSBgoides, Hamilton ; Brandis 298 ; Kurz ii. 147. Vern. Zu, landar, loj, losh, Pb. ; Lodh, Kumaun ; Loja, Sutlej. A large shrub or small tree. Bark light grey, corky, with long vertical cracks. Wood white, hard, close-grained, splits and twists in seasoning. Pores small and very small, uniformly distributed. Medul- lary rays numerous, fine and very fine. Annual rings visible. Himalaya from the Indus to Assam, between 3,000 and 8,000 feet ; Khasia Hills • Hills of Martaban. ' 254 STYRACEJ!. [S^mplocos. Growth slow, 15 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 45 to 54 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood durable, has been recommended for tufting and would do for carvings, if properly seasoned. The leaves and bark give a yellow dye. This may be the Zood tree on which, according to Mr. Brownlow of Cachar, the silkworms Attacus Atlas and A. Canningi are fed. lbs. H 54. Nagkanda, Simla, 7,000 feet 54 H 2880. „ „ „ „ H 3018. Kotgarh, „ „ „ H 429. Kuruwa Forest, Jaunsar, 6,000 feet 45 2. S. lucida, Wall.; Km-z ii. 143; Gamble 54. Vern. Kharani, Nep.; Chashing, Bhutia. A small evergreen tree. Bark thin, brown. Wood white, soft. Annual rings distinctly marked by a continuous line of pores. Pores very smallj numerous. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous. Sikkim Himalaya and hills of Martaban. Growth moderate, 6 to 11 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fuel and rough house-posts. lbs. E 2390. Kangbul Forest, Darjeeling 36 3. S. ramosissima, Wall.; Brandis 299; Gamble 54. Yem. Lodh, Hind. ; Kala kharani, silingi, Nep ; Tungchong, Lepcha. A small evergreen tree with dark red bark. Wood white, soft, even- grained. Pores numerous, very small. Medullary rays fine and very fine, unequally distributed. Annual rings visible. Himalaya from the Jumna to Bhutan ascending to 7,500 feet, Khasia Hills. Growth moderate, 6 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 37 lbs. per cubic foot. Brandis says that in Sikkim the yellow silkworm is fed on its leaves. lbs. E 367. Eangbul, Darjeeling, 7,000 feetj 37 E 3336. Eangiriim, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet 4. S. sp. ; Gamble 54. Vern. Lai chandan, Nep. Wood white, soft, close-grained, Annual rings marked by a white line. Pores extremely small. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Wood with vertical streaks of bright red colour ; the red wood, which is most abundant in the root, is pounded and used for caste marks by Nepalese. lbs. E 370. Kalapokri, Dai-jeeling, 9,000 feet 45 E 2391. Thosum La, Dumsong, 8,000 feet (It is possible that this may prove to be Daphniphyllum himalayemse, Miill. Arg.) Order LXVII. OLEACE^. Contains 10 Indian Genera, belonging to 4 Tribes, viz. : — Tribe I. — Jasminese Jasminum and Nyctanthes, ,, II. — Syringefe Schrebera and Syringa. „ III. — Fraxinese Fraxinus. ^j IV. — Oleinese Osmanthus, Linociera, Olea, Ligustrum and Myxopyrum. Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind, i. 86 ; Beddome t. 240 ; Brandis 314- Kurz ii, 155. Vern. Ear, sihd/ru, harsinghar, saherwa, seoli, nibari, Hind.; Harsinghar, sepMlikd, Beng. ; Pakura, laduri, kuri, Pb. ; Shdli, Meywar ; Jasminum.] OLEACEai. 255 Kirsahdr, Baigas ; Kherswri, Gondi ; Qcmgo seoli, Uriya ; Khurasli, Mar. ; Karassi, BMl ; Manja-pu, paghala, Tarn. ; Poghada, harcUd, Tel. ; Hursing, Kan. ; Tsay- beeloo, Burm., is a large shrub of the Sub-Himalayan forests from the Chenab to the Sarda, Oudh, Bengal, Central India and Burma, with a brown, close- grained wood, used only for fuel. The leaves are used for polishing wood, and the flowers give an orange dye. It is often cultivated for ornament. Myxopyrum smilacifolium, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 160, is a climbing shrub of the Darjeeling Terai, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Martaban. Wood with few exceptions light-coloured, moderately hard or hard, most species without heartwood. In the genera Fraxinus, Jasminum, Syringa and Ligustrum, the annual rings are marked by continuous lines or belts of pores. In the other genera the pores are small and uniformly distributed, except in Osmanthus, where they are in reticulate tails. Medullary rays sharply defined. 1. JASMINUM, Linn. Contains a large number of Indian shrubs, erect or climbing, of little importance. J. /SamJac, Alton ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 88; Brandis 311. Vem. Chamba, mugra, lei, Hind..; Mallikaphal, Beng. ; Sapai, raafo', Burm., is a fragrant climbing shrub culti- vated throughout India. J. hirsutum, Willd. ; Brandis 312 ; Kuvz ii. 154. {J. pubescens, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 91 ; Gamble 55). Vera. Kunda, Hind. ; Parirajhar, Nep., is a common shrub of the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards, Bengal and the Central Provinces. 1. J, revolutum, Sims; Brandis 313. Vern. Chamha, jtiari, tsonu, tsuman, summun, kuja, Pb. ; SonajdJii, Kumaun. A small shrub with soft, thin, grey bark. Wood white, moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a narrow continuous belt of pores, which are small, while the pores in the outer part of the ring are extremely small. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numerous. Afghanistan, Salt Range, Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, Nilgiris and Ceylon. Growth slow, 25 to 40 rings per inch of radius. lbs. H 2891, H 3027. Nagkanda, Simla, 7,000 feet 45 2. 3. J. grandifloiiim, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 100; Brandis 313; Kurz ii. 150. Vem. Cha»ibel,jati, Hind. ; Wyablay, Burm. found in the Himalaya and often culti- vated (No. H 3026, Nagkanda, 8,000 feet) and J. officinale, Linn. ; Brandis 313. Vern. Chamba, cMrichog, hiri, Kashmir ; Bansu, kwer, dumni, Chenab ; JDassi, samsem, Ravi; Suni, somun, Sutlej ; Chamheli, Kumaun, a climber of the Salt Range and Himalaya from the Indus to the Sarda (No. H 2879, Nagkanda, 8,000 feet) have white woods with a structure resembling that of J. revolutum, 2. SCHREBERA, Roxb. 1. S. swietenioides, Hoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 109 ; Beddomet. 248; Brandis 305; Kurz ii. 156. Vern. Moha, goki, ghant, gantha, Hind.; Patali, gJianta patali, Bandelkhand; Jantia, Uriya; Makkam^mokob, Tel. ; Moga. linga, Tam. ; Ghattdr, Baigas ; Karindi, mokha, dhakka, Gondi ; Jhdn, Kurkuj Mokkak, Bhil; Kalgante, Coorg; Thitswaylway , Burm. A deciduous tree with grey bark, \ inch thick, exfoliating in thin irregular scales. Wood brownish grey, hard, close-grained, polishes well. No heartwood, but irregular masses of purple or claret-coloured wood in the centre, and scattered throughout the tree. Annual rings indistinct. Pores small, uniformly distributed, often in radial groups. 256 OLEACEjE. [ Schrebera. Medullary rays fine, numerous, uniform aud at equal distances, con- spicuous on a radial section as narrow plates. Kumaun, Burma, Central and South India. Weight, 56 lbs. per cubic foot; Brandis says 501bs. The wood is durable, works freely and does not warp or split. It is used for combs, weavers' beams and turning. lbs. C 829. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar 59 C 2772. Melghat, Berar C 193. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) C 1108. Abiri Reserve, Central Provinces C 1410. Moharli „ B 1413. Burma B 3149. „ (1862) 51 59 54 3. SYRINGA, Linn. Contains 2 species. S. persica, Linn. ; Brandis 306. Vern. Midsmin, Kashmir, is a glabrous shrub found wild by Dr. Stewart at 8,000 feet on the Suliman Range and cultivated in the Punjab and Kashmir. S. vulgaris, Linn., is the " Lilac" so much prized in European gardens and occasionally cultivated in the Himalaya. 1. S. Emodi, Wall. ; Brandis 306. Vern. Ban phwnt, ban daJchur, bancMr, razli,juari, rangkrun,kehiimi, luUi, leila, skafri, shapri, duden, chilaiiffhati, Pb. ; GMa, Kumaun. , A large shrub with grey bark, -^ inch thick. Wood smooth, hard, with a small, dark-coloured heartwood. Annual rings well marked by a narrow porous belt. Pores small in the spring wood, extremely small and arranged in irregular groups in the autumn wood. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Safed-koh, North- West Himalaya from the Indus to the Sarda, ascending to 11,000 feet. Growth slow, 20 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 59 lbs. per cubic foot. H 2911. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet H 3023. „ „ 9,000 „ lbs. 59 4. FRAXINUS, Tournef. Contains 3 Indian species found in the North-West Himalaya. F. excelsior, Linn. ; Brandis 303. Vern. Sum, hum, Pb. The Ash, is found in the valleys of the Jhelum, Chenab and Ravi between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. F. Moorcroftiana, Wall. ; Brandis 301. Vern. Shang, Afg. ; Hanuz, nuch, skilli, chuj, siju, chum, thum, sandal, shangal, butru, Pb. ; Auga, gaha, North-Western Provinces, is a large shrub or small tree of Afghanistan, the Trans-Indus and the North- West Himalaya from the Jhelum to Kumaun. It is often gregarious, has a slow growth (20 rings per inch of radius) and a light-brown, heavy, bard, close-grained wood which is used for tool handles and makes good fuel. ' ■ Wood moderately hard, white in some species ; with a brown heart- wood. Pores large and numerous in the spring wood; small, scanty and often arranged in groups in the autumn wood. Medullary rays fine, uniform, equidistant. Im F.floribunda, excelsior, and other species the wood consists of alternate layers of soft porous spring wood, and hard, compact, autumn wood. 1. r. floribunda, Wall. J Brandis 302. Vern. ^fl«am/^, Afg. ; Sum, s4nnu, shun, h4m, hamu, t4nn4, Ph.; Angan, angu, daJckuri, North- Western Provinces ; Kangu, tahdsi, Nep. Jfraxinus.] oleace^. 257 A large deciduous tree. Bark grey, corky, with longitudinal fur- rows. "Wood white, with a light red tinge, no heartwood, soft to moder- ately hard. Annual rings marked by an almost continuous line of large pores, the layers cutting differently under the knife. Pores in the outer part of tlie annual ring smaller. The large pores of the annual rings are well defined on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, numerous, giving the wood a mottled appearance on a radial section. Kimalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim, between 5,000 and 8,500 feet. Growth slow to moderately fast, averaging 13 rings per inch of radius for our speci- mens; Wallich says 8 rings (Srarec^j*). Weight, 48 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is tough and hard, and is used for oars, jampan poles, ploughs and other purposes. „ lbs. H 612. Parbatti Valley, Kulu, 7,000 feet 47 H 904. Upper Chenab, 8,000 feet H 2971. Naini Tal 49 H 3190. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet The structure is exceedingly similar to that of F. excelsior, the European Ash . (No. 2974), butthat species has a distinct brown heartwood. 5. OSMANTHUS, Lour. Contains 2 or 3 species. O. fragrans, Lour.; Gamble 54. (Olea fragrans, Thunb. ; Eoxb. PI. Ind. i. 105 ; Brandis 309.) Vem. Shilling, silang, Kumaun ; Tungrung, Lepcha, is a small tree of the Himalaya from Kumaun to Bhutan, some- times gregarious, but more often planted for the sake of its very sweet-scented flowers. The wood is whitish, mottled with brown ; the flowers are used to keep insects away fi'om clothes in Kumaun, and in China to flavour tea. 1. 0. nov. sp. Vern. Silingi, Nep. ; ChasMng, Bhutia. A small tree, with grey bark, white twigs, and opposite coriaceous leaves. Wood white, hard, close-grained, seasons well, mottled on ver- tical sections. Pores very small and extremely small, arranged in wavy, irregular, anastomosing oblique bands, which form a most elegant net- work on a horizontal section. ISteduUary rays fine, uniform, equidistant, numerous, traversed by parallel concentric lines of soft texture. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet. The structure of the flowers shews it to be a species of Osmanthus. The leaves are opposite, small, about 1 inch long, serrated ; the flowers white, the berries purple, resembling small plums, and the bark of the twigs yellowish white, with raised specks. lbs E 379. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet 53 6. OLEA, Linn. Contains 6 to 8 species of Indian trees. O. dioica, Eoxb. PI. Ind. i. 106 ; Beddome cliii ; Kurz ii, 157 ; Gamble 54. Vern. Atta-jomi, Beng. ; Kala Jciamoni, Nep. ; Timber nyoTc, Lepcha ; Koli, Tarn. ; Parjamh, hurra-nuge, mudla, Kan. ; Karamhu, Mar., is a tree of the forests of Northern and Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and South Kanara • giving, according to Beddome, a valuable strong timber. O. dentata. Wall ; Kurz ii! 157, is an evergreen tree of the Burma forests. O. europma, Linn., the Olive, hae been introduced on the Himalaya and the Nilgiris. Wood hard, with a distinct heartwood in a few species. Pores small numerous, subdivided or in short radial groups. Medullary rays uniform' equidistant, fine or very fine. ' 258 OLEACEJs. [Olea. 1. 0. ferruginea, Royle; Brandis 576. 0. cuspidata,Wall.; Brandis 307. Vern. Khwan, shwan, Trans.-Indus ; Zait4n, Afg. ; Ko, TcoM, Mo, iau, Pb. ; Kau, Hind. ; Khau, Sind. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark grey, thin, smooth when young, when old exfoliating in large narrow strips; Sapwood whitish ; heartwood large, regularly shaped, from light brown or olive brown to nearly black, smooth, extremely hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of closely-packed pores. Pores in the rest of the annual ring ex- tremely small, in irregular patches of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, uniform, very numerous, equidistant. Sind, Suliman Range, Salt Eange, North-West Himalaya, extending as far as the Jumna eastwards, and ascending to 6,000 feet. Weight, 65 to 82 lbs. per cubic foot, averaging 73 lbs. Brandis says that Sind wood weighs 65 lbs., but his specimen froin the Sind hills reaches 82 lbs. The wood polishes well and is highly prized for turning, for combs, agricultural implements and fuel. The fruit is eaten, but is rarely found on the trees owing to the fondness of • crows for it. Oil has been extracted from it, but only in small quantity though of good quality. ' The wood is worth trying as a substitute for boxwood or for the wood of the European olive and for inlaying work, as it is often prettily marbled. lbs H 162. Shahpur (Stewart, 1866) 65' H 118. Vaziri-Rupi, 4,000 feet 73 H 779. Chamba, 3,500 feet 71 H 425. Koti Forest, Jaunsar, 6,000 feet 75 P 2729. Hills of Sind 82 2^ 0. glandlilifera, Wall. : Beddome t. 238 ; Brandis 309. 0. pani- culata, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 105, not panieulata, E,. Brown (an Australian species). 'V&m. GuUlifraban, S'ka,phalsh, Pb.; Gair, galdu, garurtKxaaa.wa., A moderate-sized tree. Bark ^ inch thick, grey, uneven, exfoliating in brittle scales. Wood reddish grey, hard. Annual rings marked by a distinct line. Pores moderate-sized, oval, subdivided, uniformly distri- buted. -Medullary rays fine, numerous, prominent on a radial section. Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, between 2,500 and 6,000 feet. Nilgiris and Anamalai Hills in South India. A section of a tree 43 years old, in the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, shewed 43 rings on a radius of 10 inches (Brandis) ; this would give 43 rings per inch or fast growth : our specimens give 12 to 83 rings per inch of radius. Weight, on an average, 54'5 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is durable, takes a good polish and is not liable to be eaten by insects. lbs. H 928. Hazara, 3,000 feet 59 H 2940. Suni, Simla, 3,000 feet 55 H 222. Garhwal Hills (1868) 50 7. LIGUSTRUM, Linn. Contains about 6 species of shrubs or small trees. Z, rolustum. Hook, f . and Th. ; Beddome cliii. ; Brandis 310 ; Gamble 54 {Phillyrea robasta, Roxb. M. Ind_. i. 101. Olea robusta, Kurz ii. 158) Vern. iTeH, banpatara, Hind. ; Jamu, Ne^., is a small tree of the outer Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards, Bengal, Southern India and Burma, with a hard durable wood. i. nepalerise. Wall. ; Roxb. M. Ind. i. 149 ; Brandis 310. Vern. G^mgocha, Nep. ; and L. bracteolatuni, Don ; Brandis 310, are small trees of Kumaun and Nepal. Z. microphyllum, Beddome oliv., is a shrub of Coorg. The Europe.an Privet is i. vulgare, Linn. Ligustrum.] oleaceje, 259 1. L. compactum, Hook. f. and Th. ; Brandis 31.0. A large shrub. Bark grey, -^ inch thick. Wood white, moderately hard. Annual rings marked by a narrow porous belt. Pores small in the spring wood, extremely small in the autumn wood. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous. North-West Himalaya from the Beas to the Sarda, at 3,500 to 6,000 feet. Growth slow, 17 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 641hs. per cubic foot. Iba. H 3059. Koti, Simla, 6,000 feet 64 8. LINOCIERA, Swartz. Contains ahout 6 species. L. intermedia, Wight. (Chionanthus intermedia, Beddome t. 239) and i. malaharica. Wall. (C. malabarica, Beddome cliv.) are large trees of the Western Ghats, while Kurz under Chionanthus describes 4 species from Burma and the Andamans. No. 3211 is L. macrophylla (Chionanthus macrophyllzis, "Kurz ii. 159) iiom. a cultivated tree in the Saharanpur Gardens ; it has a brown bark, J inch thick ; pinkish white wood ; pores small, arranged in radial lines or groups ; and medullary rays iiue, bent where they touch the pores. Okder LXVIII. SALVADORACE^. Contains 2 genera, Salvadora and Azima. Azima tetracantha, Lamk. ; Kurz ii. 161, is a straggling, dioecious, thorny shrub of South India and Burma. It is very common, and the leaves and bark are used in native medicine as an expectorant. (Wight 111. t. 152, p. 156.) 1, SALVADORA, Linn. 1. S. persica, Linn. ; Roxb. M. Ind. i. 389 ; Brandis 315. S. Wighti- ana, Beddome t. 247. The Tooth-brush Tree. Vern. Ardh, irak, Arab. ; Kabbar, kharidjar, pilw, Sind; t7^«^, Rajputana; Kauri van, kauri-jal, Jkdr, /hit, Pb. ; Opa, ughai, Tam. ; Waragu-wenki, ghunia, Tel. j Filu, Mar. A small evergreen tree, with thin grey bark. Wood white, soft. Pores small, in short radial lines, but enclosed in oval patches of soft tissue. Numerous fine concentric bands of soft tissue, separating broader bands of firm texture, in which the fine and numerous medullary rays are dis- tinctly visible. Wild in Sind, Eajputana, Guzerat, Konkan and the Circars. The tree is generally small, but in favourable circumstances attains 30 to 40 feet, with a short trunk, often crooked and fluted, 8-10 feet long and 4-5 feet in girth. Specimens have been seen as much as 14 feet 9 inches in girth. Weight, 40'5 lbs. (Dalzell) ; 46 lbs. (Penner) ; our specimen gives 38 lbs. It is very little used and is not even a good fuel. The twigs are used as tooth-cleaners; the root bark is very acrid and acts on the skin like a blister ; the shoots and leaves are pungent, but are considered as an antidote to poison, they are eaten as salad and given as fodder to camels ; the fruit also is pungent, bitter and aromatic, and is used medicinally. bs. P 1381. Sind .38 260 SALVADORACEJi!. . \_Salvadora. 2. S. oleoides, Linn. ; Brandis 316. Vern. Rabhar,3har, diar, mitU- didr, Sind ; Jdl, van, vdni, mithi van, Pb. ; Jhal, Hind, j Ifghai, koku, Tarn. ; P/fe, Mar. A large evergreen shrub or tree. Bark J inch thick, whitish grey, tesselated. Wood light red, moderately hard, with small, irregular, purple heartwood. Pores large and small, oval, often subdivided into irregular, patches of soft tissue, which are joined by wavy, irregular zigzag bands. Medullary rays fine, numerous, distinct, at unequal dis- tances. Arid zone. Sind and Punjab, often forming the greater part of the vegetation of the desert ; ascends to 3,000 feet in the Trans-Indus hills and to 2,400 feet in the Salt Eange. "We)ght,_491bs. (Brandis) ; onr specimens give 54 lbs. (Punjab) and 38 lbs. (Sind). Wood sometimes used for building and agricultural implements, Persian wheels and the_ knee timbers of boats. Is a bad fuel and leaves a great deal of ash. The fruit is sweet and is eaten. lbs. P 942, Mult4n (with heartwood) • 54 P 1382, Sind (no heartwood) 38 Ordek LXIX. APOCYNEiE. A large Order containing 33 genera, only a few of which are of any importance- They belong to 3 Tribes, visi.— Tribe I. — Carissese .... Allamanda, Willoughleia, CMlocar- pus, Melodimis, Winchia and Carissa. „ II.~ Plumeriese .... Baitwolfla, Alyxia, Sunteria, The- vetia, Cerhera, Ochrosia, Kopsia, Shazya, Tinea, Plumeria, Eller- tonia, Alstonia, Taberneemuntana and Holarrhena. „ III.— EchitidesB .... Vallaris,Parsonsia,Pottsia,Wrigh- tia, Nerium, Strophanthus, Para- meria, Urceola, Ichnooarpus, JEpigynum, Anodendron, Chone- morpha and Beaumontia. Among these genera, however, four contain only introduced plants. Allamanda cathar- tica, Linn. ; Kurz ii. 164, is a large yellow-flowered shrub from America, much culti- vated in India and run wild in tidal backwaters of the Western Coast {Beddome). Thevetia neriifolia, Juss. ; Kurz ii. 168. Vern. Zard hunSl, Hind. ; Hpayoungban, Burm., is a handsome yellow-flowered small tree, much cultivated in Bengal and Burma. It has long narrow leaves and a hemispherical drupe, from the seeds of which a bright yellow oil can be obtained. Vinca rosea, Linn„ the Madagascar Periwinkle, is a small pink-flowered shrub commonly planted in India and Burma. Plumeria acutifolia, Poiret; Brandis 323; Kurz ii. 179; Gamble 55. Vern. Qui achin, golainchi, cAaOTeZJ, Hind. ; Khair champa, Bombay; Champa pungar, Gondi; Kanagala, Kan.; Tayopsagah, Burm., is a gouty-branched tree with large, yellowish white, fragrant flowers, commonly found in gardens in India and Burma. Van Someren calls it the " Pagoda tree." Seventeen other genera contain only climbing shrubs. Willoughleia containf 2 species. W. edulis, Koxb. PI. Ind. ii. 57 ; Kurz ii. 165. Vern. Luti-am, Beng., is a large climber of Chittagong with edible fruit. It yields a kind of caoutchouc, as does also W. martahanica, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 165. Vern. Thit hyouhnway, Burm., of Tenasserim. Carissa.] apocyne^. 261 Beaumontia grandiflora, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 179 ; Gamble 66. (Eehites ffrandifloraiBo-xh. PI. Ind. ii. 14). Tern. Barhari, Nep., is a large climber of Nortbern and Eastern Bengal, witb a la»ge trumpet-shaped flower. Chonemorpha maerofhylla, Gr. Don ; Brandis 328 ; Kurz ii. 187 ; Gamble 56 (Schites macrovhylla, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 13). Vern. Gar iarfej-o. Hind. ; I^o/ccAoMWj'ii, Lepoha ; Baj-^i, Sylhet, is a large milky climbing shrub of Northern and Eastern Bengal and the Andaman Islands, with broad leaves, beauti- ful large white flowers, and long fruit, yielding a kind of caoutchouc. Yallaris Aicho- toma, Wall. ; Brandis 327 ; Kurz ii. 181 (JEchifes dichotoma, Eoxb. M. Ind. 19). Vern. Dudhi, Kumauu ; Sappur-mali, Beng., is a large twining shrub of the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges eastwards, Central and South India and Burma (C 2921 Central Previnoes). JJrceola esculenta, Bth. ; Kurz. ii. 184 (Chavannesia esciilenta, DC), is a climber of Tenasserim, said by Mr. G. W. Strettell to be common all over Pegu and to yield a superior kind of caoutchouc (to this genus also belongs TI. elastica, Eoxb., giving the Borneo rubber). The remaining genera of climbers, Chilocarpus, Melodinus, Wtnchia, Alyxia, lEUertonia (South India), Parsonsia, Pottsia, StropTianthns, Parameria, Ichnoearpus (Northern and Eastern India), JSpigyrmm, and Anodendron, are chiefly Burmese, but contain few species of any forest importance. Sauwolfia serpentina, Bth.. ; Kurz ii. 171 (Ophioxylon serpentinumiWiWdi. ; Eoxb. PI. Ind. i. 694 ; Beddome clvi. ; Gamble 55.) Vern. Chandra, Beng. ; Patalgani, Tel. is a small undershrub of Bengal, Burma and South India ; and B,. densiflora, Bth. ; Beddome clvi., an erect shrub of the Western Ghats and Ceylon. Sunteria Roxburgkiana, Wight ; Beddome olviii., is a shrub of the Tinnevelly Ghats. Ochrosia contains 2 small trees : O. saluhris, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 172, of the tidal forests of the Andamans, and O. Bor- honica, Grael. ; Beddome clviii., of similar localities in Ceylon and probably Travancore. Kopsiafruticosa, DC. (Calpicarpum Boxburghii, G. Don ; Kurz ii. 178.) Vern. Salap Burm., is an evergreen large shrub of Burma, often planted. Bhazya stricta, De- caisne ; Brandis 322. Vern. Vena, Salt Eange ; Gander a, Trans-Indus ; Sewar, sihar, ishwarg, Sind, is a shrub of the arid zone of the Punjab, Sind and Afghanistan; its wood is used for fuel, and the fruit and leaves in native medicine. Wood white, soft (hard in Carissa), without heartwood. Pores small or very small. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Alstotiia is anomalous in having moderate-sized pores, distant rays and concentric lines of soft texture. 1. CARISSA, Linn. Contains 4 species. C. Carandas, Linn. ; Beddome clvi. ; Brandis 320 ; Kurz ii. 169 ■ Roxb PI. Ind. i. 687. Vern. Karaunda, harunda, garinga, harrond, timukJiia, gotho. Hind. ; Kurumia, hainchi, Beng. ; Karehai, heggarjige, Kan., is a small tree cultivated, for its fruit in many parts of India, and wild in Oudh, Bengal and South India. C. Dalzellii, Beddome clvii., is a small tree of Coorg, S. Kanara and the Bombay Ghats. 1. C. diffusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 689; Beddome clvii.; Brandis 321; Kurz ii. 169. Vern. Karaunda, Hind. ; Gdn, garna, garinda, Ph.; San karunda, Uriya; Wakoilu, Tel. A small, thorny, evergreen shrub, with light grey bark. Wood hard, smooth, close-grained, said when very old (in KangraJ to be black and fragrant (Brandis). Annual rings marked by an interrupted line of pores. Pores very small and extremely small. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Wild in most parts of India, especially in the drier zones as in the plains of the Punjab, the Sub-Himalayan tract up to 4,000 feet, and in Trans-Indus temtory; also on the coast of South Andaman (Kurz). It is generally gregarious, often forming undergrowth in forests of Pinns longifolia, bamboo, and occasionally teak. It spreads rapidly in clearings, coppices freely, and gives an excellent fuel. _ It is used for turning and combs, and to make dry fences. Growth slow, 15 rings per inch of radius. P 112. Bhajji, Simla, 4,000 feet. 262 APOCYNEj;. l^Cerhera. 2. CERBERA, Linn. 1. C. OdoUam, Gaertn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 692 ; Beddomfl clvii. ; Brandis 322; Kurz ii. 171. Vern. BaMr, dhahur, Beng. ; KaAa ma, kat- arali, Tam. ; Gon-kadura, Cingh. ; Ka-lwah, Burm. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood grey, very soft, spongy. Annual rings marked by a sharp line. Pores small, in short radial lines. Medullary rays indistinct. Coast foi-ests of India and Burma. Growth fast, 5 to 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 21 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is only occasionally used for firewood. The seeds give an oil which is used for burning. lbs. E 400. Sundarbans 21 ' 3. ALSTONIA, R. Brown. Contains about 3 species. A. venenata, R. Br. ; Beddome clx. ; Gamble 55. Vern. Chatwa, Nep. ; Parho, Lepcha, is a shrub of Sikkim and the Nilgii-is. A. spectdbilis, R. Br. ; Kurz ii. 183, is a large evergreen tree of the Andamans. 1. A. scholaris, R. Brown; Beddome t. 242; Brandis 325 ; Kurz ii. 183 ; Gamble 55. Vern. Chatwan, chatinn, Beng. ; Satiun, chatiun, satwin, satni, Hmdi. ; CAaiiwan, Nep. ; Furbo, liepoha ; Satiana, Ass.; Satwin, Mar. ; Sattni, Cachar ; Falct, wodrase, Tam. ; Eda-kwla, pala garuda, Tel. ; MziJcampala, Mai. ; Janthalla, Kan ; Rookattana, Cingh. ; Cfiaile, chalain, Magh ; Let-top, toimgmayoheng, Burm. A tall evergreen tree with dark grey bark and whorled branches. Wood white, soft, even-grained, seasons badly, and soon gets mouldy and discoloured. Pores moderate-sized, oval, subdivided. Medullary rays fine, wavy, irregularly distributed, with numerous intermediate extremely fine rays. Numerous, fine, wavy concentric lines at unequal distances. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards ascending to 3,000 feet, Bengal, Burma, South India. Weight, 28 lbs. per cubic foot, according to our specimens ; Brandis gives 40 lbs., and Kyd (Echites scholaris) 40"5 lbs. and P = 710. It is not durable, but is easily worked. The wood is used for boxes, furniture, scabbards, coffins and other pur- poses, and is made into blackboards in Burma. It is used occasionally in Darjeeling, Assam and Cachar for tea-boxes. The wood and bark are bitter ; the latter is used as a tonic, anthelmintic and antiperiodio. The tree is readily recognised by its branches and leaves in whorls, the leaves are smooth, shining, parallel veined, milky. lbs. B 577. Khookloong Porest, Darjeeling Terai 28 E 718. Chittagong 28 E 1270. Lakhimpur, Assam 31 W 863. South Kanara 28 No. 75. Ceylon Collection 26 4. TABERN^MONTANA, Plum. Contains about 12 species of shrubs or rarely small trees found in Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma. Several species are cultivated for ornament. T. recurva, Eoxb. ; Kurz ii. 174. Vern. Tau-sa-lap, Burm., is a shrub of Chittagong and Burma, with handsome white flowers. T. dichotoma, Boxb., i'. crispa, Roxb., and T. verticellata, Beddome clix., are shrubs of the Western Ghats and Ceylon. Taberncemontana.'\ afocyneji. 263 1. T. coronaria, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 23; Beddome clix. ; Brandis 322 ; Gamble 55. Vern. Chandni, taggai, taggar, Hind. ; Asuru, Nep. ; Krim, Lepcba. An evergreen shrub with silvery grey bark. Wood wbite, moderate- ly hardj close-grained. Pores very small. Medullary rays fine, numer- ous. Kumaun, Eastern Bengal, Konian. Cultivated ttronghout India. Growth fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot. The fruit has a red pulp, which may give a dye. lbs. E 2392. Sivoke Forest, Daqeeling Terai 47 5. HOLARRHENA, R. Brown. 1. H. antidysenterica, Wall. ; Beddome clx. ; Brandis 326 ; Kurz ii. 182 ; Gamble 55. Vern. Karra, kaura, kora, kura, kuar, kari, karchi, dhudi, Hind.; Kogar, kiam, Pb.; Kachri, Oudh ; Samoka, girchi, Gondi; Kurakat, Kurku ; Ankliria, Bhil ; JDhowda, Guz. ; Kirra, karingi, Nep. ; Budhali, dudhkuri, Mechi ; Dudcory, Ass. ; Madmandi, Garo ; Patru- kurwan, Uriya ; Fejjali, Tarn. ; Pala, kodaga, Tel. ; Kurra, Mar. ; Let- toukgyee, Burm. A small deciduous tree. Bark lincb thick, brown, rough, exfoliating in small irregular flakes. Wood white, soft, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a faint line. Pores very small, very numerous, often in radial lines. Medullary rays fine and very fine, very numerous. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards ascending to 3,500 feet, Oudh, Bengal, Burma, Central and South India. Growth moderate, 7 to 8 rings per inch of radius. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments : — Weight. p= Kyd (1831) in Assam with bars I {B.. antidysenterica) 47 417 2 feet X 1 in. X 1 in. found . . | ( J. pubescens) 34 523 Skinner (1862) in South India, No. 134, found ... 38 562 Smythies in 1878 with our six specimens „ ... 38 The wood is largely used for carvings, especially at Saharanpur and Dehra Dun ; in Assam for furniture ; in South India for turning. The bark, leaves, fruit and seeds are used medicinally, the bark as a tonic and febrifuge and in dysentery. Hamilton in Aikin's List of Wallich's specimens says beads are made of the wood in Assam to be worn round the neck as a medicine. 258. Garhwal (1868) . lbs. . 33 263. „ „ • ..... . 34 3083. Gonda, Oudh ... ... C 2801. Melghat, Berar . 36 G 1158. Ahiri Eeserve, Central Provinces .... C 2734. Moharli „ „ „ .... . 44 C 957. Guzerat . 41 No. 52. Salem Collection (marked Wrightia tinctoria) . 39 2. H. mitis, R. Br.; Beddome clxi. ; Thwaites Enum. 194. Vern. Kiriwalla, Cingh. A tree. Wood white, close-grained, soft, in structure resembling that of H. antidysenterica. Ceylon. lbs No. 46. Ceylon Collection {Ecldtes lanceolaia) 35' 264i APocYNE^. [ Wrightia. 6. WRIGHTIA, R. Brown. Contains 4 to 6 species. W. WalUcJiii, DC. ; Beddome clx., is a small tree of the Western Ghats. W. coccinea, Sims ; Kurz ii. 193. {^erium coccmeum, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 2.) Vern. Fallam, Beng., is a small tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Chittagong. 1. W. tomentosa, Rom. and Sch. ; Beddome clix ; Brandis 323 ; Gamble 55. W. mollissima, 'W aW. ; Kurz ii. 192. Nerium tomentoswm, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 6. Vera. Keor, kildwa, Pb. ; Budhi, Maranli, daira, Hind. ; Karingi, kirra, Nep. ; Selemnyoh, Lepcha ; Pal Jeurwdn, Uriya ; Harido,CxAiack-, Telia pal, koila-mukri, Tel.; Kala inderjan, Mar.; Atkuri, Ass. ; LettouJc thein, Burm. A small deciduous tree. Bark \ incli thick, grey, corky. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard, close-grained. Annual rings marked by an interrupted line of pores. Pores very small, in short radial lines. Medullary rays veiy fine and extremely fine, very numerous, closely packed. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Beas eastwards, Oudh, Bengal, Burma, Central and South India. Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to Kyd 34 Ihs. per cubic foot; our specimens give 44'5 lbs. Kyd gives P :^ 523. The wood is used for turning and carved work. The bark of the stem and roots are given as an antidote to snake-bite, Mr. Manson says the milky juice is used to stop bleeding by the Nepalese. C 830. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar 41 W 998. Poena . ^ 48 W 994. Sahyadri Ghats, Ahmednagar 49 E 623, Eakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai 40 2. W. tinctoria, R. Br. ; Beddome t. 241 ; Brandis 324 ; Kurz ii. 193. Nerium iinctorium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 4. Vern. Dudhi, Banda; Khirni, Meywar ; Paid, veypale, Tam. ; Tedlapdl, Tel. ; Kala Mdu, Mar. A small deciduous tree. Wood moderately hard, close-grained. Pores scanty, very small, in short radial lines. Medullary rays extremely fine and numerous. Eajputana, Central and South India. Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, WaUich gives 40, our specimen 49 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for carving and turning. The leaves are used for dyeing. Iba. P 456. Ajmere 49 P 3223. Nagpahar, Ajmere 7. NERIUM, Linn. JV. Oleander, Linn. ; Brandis 329, is the Oleander Tree of the Mediterranean, often cultivated in India. 1. N. odorum, Solander; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 2; Brandis 328. Vern. Kanira, leaner, ganUra, Pb. ; Kanyir, Kumaun. A large shrub. Wood greyish white, soft. Pores very small, in radial lines. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. South-West and Central India, Sind, Afghanistan, Outer Himalaya to 5,500 feet. Often cultivated. Nerinm.'] apocyne.ts. 20 T The bark and root are poisonous, and tlie leaves used in native medicine. '■ lbs. H 3057, Muvree Hills, 6,000 feet . 37 Oedeji LXX. ASCLEPIADE^. A large Order of shrubs or undershruhs, generally scandent. It contains about 11 genera with woody stems, divided into 5 tribes, viz., — Tribe I, — Periplocese Ci-yptolepis, Finlaysonia, Streptocaulon and Peri- ploca. „ II. — Secamonese Toxocarpus. „ III. — Cynanchese ..... Calotropis and RapTiistemma. „ IV. — Marsdeniese Gymnema, Marsdenia and Pergularia. „ v.— Ceropegieae Leptadenia Cryptolepis Buchanani, Roem. and Sch. ; Brandis 330; Kurz ii. 199 (Nerium reticulatum, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 8). Vern. Karanta, Hind., is a twining shrub of most parts of India, rare in Burma. 'Finlaysonia obovata, WaU. ; Kurz ii. 197, is a climber of the tidal forests of Burma. Streptocaulon tomentosum, Wight, and 8. extensum, Wight ; Kurz ii. 198, are climbers : the first of the Eng forests, the second of the lower mixed forests of Burma. Periploca contains 2 species. P. aphylla, Decaisne ; Brandis 330. Vern. Barrarra, bane, Trans-Indus ; Bata, Jhelnm and Chenab, is a shrub of the arid and northern dry zones in the Punjab and Sind ; and P. calophylla, Falc. ; Brandis 330 ; Gamble 56. Vern. Maslara, Nep. ; Pargin, Lepcha, a small shrub of the Outer Himalaya from the Jumna to Bhutan ascending to 6,000 feet, and of the Khasia Hills. Toxocarpus laurifoUus, Wight, Kurz ii. 199, is a large climber of the forests of the Pegu Yomah. Calotropis contains 2 species. C gigantea, E. Br. ; Brandis 331 ; Kurz ii. 200 Gamble 56. {Asclepias giganteajHoxh. PI, Ind. ii. 30) Vern, Maddr, safed-ak, Hind, £7)fc, Sind; Akand, swetakand, Beng. ; Auh, Nep.; Yercum, Tam ; YeJcJca, Kan. JTadrdti, Gondi ; Mayo-beng, Burm., is a large shrub found almost all over India chiefly in waste land. Its inner bark gives a valuable fibre of fine silky texture, which is very strong, and is used for bow strings, fishing nets and lines, and is found to be durable in water. The seeds are surrounded by silky hair, which is said to be made into thread in Borneo. It is difficult to spin, but mixed with one-fifth of cotton it gave, in experiments made by Mr. Monckton in Madras, a good wearing cloth, capable of being washed and dyed. It is well suited for stuffing pillows. The fibre of the stems was found to bear 552 lbs., against 407 borne by Sunn hemp, {Crotalaria juncea) and 224 lbs, borne by " coir" (Royle, Fibrous Plants of India, pp. 306 to 310) The wood is made into gunpowder charcoal in Kattiawar and the Dekkan, and the powdered root is used in medicine as an alterative, tonic and emetic. The acrid m ilky juice is also used for various medicinal purposes. C. procera, R, Br. ; Brandis 331 ; Kurz ii. 200. Vern. Spalwakka, Afg. ; Ak, muddr, Hind., is a shrub smaller than the preceding, but found in drier parts of India than it. It is chiefly found in the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus to the Jhelnm, Oudh, Central India and the Dekkan. The fibre, wood, silk from the seeds, and root, are used in the same way as those of C. gigar.tea. BapMstemma pulchellum. Wall.; Gamble 56. Vern. Chonfi- brik, Lepcha, is a handsome climber of the North-East Himalaya. Gymnema tingens, W. and A. ; Gamble 56, occurs in Sikkim Hills ; and G. acu- minatum, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 202, in Chittagong and Tenasseiim. Marsdenia contains 4 species, most of which give a strong fibre. M. tinctoria, R. Br. ; Brandis 332 ; Kurz ii, 201 ; Gamble 56 (Asclepias tinctoria, Eoxb., PL Ind. ii. 43) Vern. Zali lara, N6p. ; Ryom, Lepcha, of the North-East Himalaya and Burma, is a climbing shrub from whose leaves a black or blue dye resembling indigo is obtained. M. tena- cissima, W. and A. ; Brandis 333 ; Kurz ii, 201 (Asclepias tenacissima, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 51), a climber of Kumaun, Oudh and Behar extending to Chittagong and Ava, gives a beautiful, sti'ong, silky fibre called ^'Rajmalial fibre" used for bow- strings. Roxburgh states that a line of it broke with a weight of 248 lbs. when 2 K 26C ASCLEPiADE^. [Marsdenia. dry and 343 lbs. when wet, while common hemp only withstood 158 and 190 lbs. Koyle says that a rope (I5 inch) broke with 903 lbs., strong European rope breaking with 1,203 lbs. M. Roylei, Wight ; Brandis 333. Vern. Pathor, Chenab ; Tar, veri, Salt Range ; Kurang, Simla (H 3194. Naldehra, Simla, 6,000 feet, yrith a white porous wood and annual rings marked by large pores), and ilf. lueida, Edgew. ; Brandis 333. Vern. Dudhi, Kumaun, are small climbers of the North-West Himalaya. Pergularia contains 2 species : P. pallida, W. nnd A. ; Brandis 334 ; Knrz ii. 202. Vern. Surkila, Kumaun, of Northern India ; and P. odoratissima, Linn. ; Brandis 334 ; Kurz ii. 203 ; Gamble 56. Vern. Kanja luta, kunjalt, Beng. ; Sim- pletbuJc, Lepcha, of Bengal, Burma and the North- West Himalaya as far as the Jumna, often cultivated. Leptadenia viminea ; Bth. and Hook. f. (OrthantAera viminea, Wight; Brandis 335) Vern. Mowa, lanehdr, Trans-Indus ; Matti, Beas ; Khip, Delhi ; Kip,^nA; CAop^Ja, Kumaun ; .'KoMr, Hind., is a glabrous shrub of the arid and northern dry region from Sind to Oudh. The flower-buds are eaten as a vegetable, and a rope is made of the fibre. Semidesmus indicus, R. Br. {Asclepias Psendosarsa, Roxb. n. Ind. ii. 39,) Vern. Anantamul, Beng,, is a climber whose roots are used as a substitute for sarsaparilla. There are also numerous small climbers of other genera found in the Indian forests, but none sufficiently large to be worth mention. Order LXXI. LOGANIACE^. Contains 4 Indian genera, Buddleia, Fagrcea, Strychnos and Gardneria. Gaertnera, Beddome clxiv, contains only Ceylon plants. Gardneria ovata, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 227 ; Gamble 57. Vern. Banjahi, Kumaun; Tahpadih, Lepcha, is a climber of the North-East Himalaya and Eastern Bengal. Kurz has divided this Order among several neighbouring ones, placing Strychnos in Apocynese ; Fagrcea in Gentianeas ; Buddleia in PedalineEe ; and Ga/rdneria in Solanese ; we have, however, considered it better to follow Bentham and Hooker, and retain the Order, although the diverse structure of the wood of the different genera would seem to accord with Kurz's views. The structure of Strychnos and Fagrcea is similar in having scattered, large, ramified pores (intercellular ducts ?) and small pores in concentric bands or irregular patches ; and very sharply marked medullary rays in the firmer tissue intervening between the irregular patches. The struct- ure of Buddleia is altogether difierent. 1. BUDDLEIA, Linn. Contains 4 or 5 species. B. macrostachya, Bth., is a shrub of the Himalaya from Simla eastwards, the Khasia Hills and Sylhet. Wood soft or moderately hard, no heartwood. Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of numerous pores, the pores in the outer wood being smaller and often arranged in groups or concentric lines. 1. B. asiatica, Lour, j Beddome clxiii; Brandis 318 ; Kurz ii. 350; Gamble 56. B. Neemda, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 3&6. Vern. Bhati, dhanla, shiuntra,'EMTQsm'a; Bana, Simla; Newarpati, Nep. ; Ponddm, Lepcha; Nimda, hidhbola, Chittagong; Kyoungmee koo, Burm. A large evergreen shrub. Bark thin, grey. Wood grey, moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of closely-packed pores in the spring wood. Pores small, not all of equal size, scanty except along the annual rings. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards, ascending to 4,000 ft., Bengal, Burma. South India ; chiefly found in second growth forests, deserted village sites and savannahs. Buddleia.] loganiace^e. 267 Growth fast, 4| rings per inch of radius. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. It has white, long, tomentose leaves and long spikes of fragrant white flowers. It is very ornamental and is often grown in gardens. lbs. H 110. Sutlej Valley, Simla, 4,000 feet 44 2. B. paniculata, Wall. ; Brandis 318 ; Kurz ii. 251 j Gamble 56. B, crispa, Bth. Vern. Spera wuna, Afg. ; Jlholtu, gkuttia, sodkera, sudlmri, North -Western Himalaya ; Sinna, Nep. A large evergreen shrub. Bark tbin^ light grey, peeling off in long strips. Wood white, moderately hardj close-grained. Annual rings marked by a belt of small pores. Pores in the autumn wood very small, in groups and in oblique lines. Medullary rays fiue. Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 7,000 ft. Growth moderate, 11 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. H 158. Simla, 7,000 ft 41 H 2882. Nagkanda, Simla, 7,000 feet 3. B. Colvillei, Hook. f. and Th. ; Gamble 56. Vern. Puri singbatll, Nep. ; Pya-shing, Bhutia. A small tree. Wood reddish brown, soft. Pores of two sizes : large near the annual rings, smaller in the autumn wood, these latter grouped, the groups being enclosed in patches of soft tissue, which are arranged in interrupted concentric bauds. Medullary rays fine. Eastern Himalaya, 9,000 to 12,000 feet. Growth slow, 13 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 35 lbs. per cubic foot. An extremely handsome tree with masses of dark crimson flowers, which appear in August and make the tree very conspicuous in its habitat on the summit of Mount Tonglo. Iba. E 2393. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet 35 2. FAGR^A, Thuub. Contains about 6 species. F. coromandelina, Wight ; Beddome t. 244. Vern. Ginnuna, Kan., io a small handsome flowered tree of the Eastern Ghats of South India. F. auricularia. Jack, and F. carnosa. Jack ; Kurz ii. 204, are large shrubs of Tenasserim. 1. F. fragrans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 461 ; Kurz ii. 205. Vern. dnan, Burm. An evergreen tree. Wood hard, brown, close-grained, beautifully mottled. Pores of two classes, large ones scanty, often subdivided, small ones in narrow, wavy, concentric bands, which alternate with broader bands of firm and dark-coloured tissue in which the numerous fiue medul- lary rays are distinctly visible. The large pores (vessels or intercellular ducts) are prominent on a vertical section. Burma. Weight, according to Baker, 70 lbs. ; Wallich, 52'5 lbs. ; Simpson, 57 lbs. ; Major Seaton 60 lbs. ; our speciments vary from 53 to 65 lbs. Baker's four experiments with Tavoy wood, with bars 7' X 2" x 2" gave P = 553 ; Simpson's gave 387, but the wood was a bad specimen. The wood is very durable, and is not liable to the attacks of " Teredo. " It is one of the most important of the reserved trees of Burma, a68 LOGANiACUiB. [Faffraa. especially in Tavoy ; and is used for house-building, bridge and wharf piles, boat- anchors and other purposes. lbs. B 289. Burma (1867) 53 B 550. Martaban 65 B 3073. Burma (1862) .... .... 57 2. F. racemosa, Jack; Kurz ii. -205. Vern. Thit-hpaloo, Burm. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood moderately hard, greasy to the touch and with a scent like that of India-rubber. Pores of two sizes : moderate -si zed pores scattered, often oval and subdivided, and extremely small pores in narrow, wavy, concentric bands, alternating with broader bands of firmer tissue, in which the fine, numerous medullary rays are distinctly visible. Andaman Islands. Weight, 50 lbs. per cubic foot. Major Ford says it is strong and durable, that the wood is used for house-posts, and the root bark as a cure for fever. lbs B 1990. Andamans (Kurz, 1866) 52' B 2294. „ (Ford, 1866) 48 3. B 1450. (56 lbs) brought by Dr. Griffith from the Mishmi Hills in 1836, has the structure of FagrcBa. It is probably F. ohovata, Wall. ; Beddome clxiv ; Kurz ii. 205 ; Gamble 56. Vern. Sunahhari, Nep. ; Longsoma, Magh ; NyoungJcyap, Burman evergreen tree, often scandent or stem clasping, found in the forests of Noiihem and Eastern Bengal, Chittagong and Burma. 3. STRYCHNOS, Linn. Contains 6 to 8 species of Indian trees or climbing shrubs. S. Walliehiana, Stend. ; Kurz ii. 167, is an evergreen tree of the forests of the Pegu Yomah. S. cinna- momifolia. Thw. and 8. coluhrina, Linn. ; Beddome clxiii are gigantic climbers of the Western Ghats, while S. laurina, Wall, and S. acuminata, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 166, are large evergreen climbers of Tenasserim, the latter also occurring on the coasts of South Andaman. 1. S. potatorum, Linn. fil. ; Roxb. Fl. Lid. i. 576 ; Beddome clxiii j Biandis 317 ; Kurz ii. 167. The Clearing Nut Tree. Vern. Nirmali, net mal, Hind. ; Kotaku, Uriya ; Ustumri, Goudi ; Teltancottai, tettian, Tam. ; Chilla, indupajinduga, katakamu,judapa,'Ve[.; Nirmali, chilhinj, Mar.; Ustumri, Gondi ; Tetlam-parel, Mal. ; Chillu, Kan. ; Ingini, Cingh. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark -J^th inch thick, greyish brown and sometimes almost black, with numerous small angular, exfoliating scales. Wood white when fresh cut, turning yellowish grey on exposure, hard, close-grained, seasons well. ' No heartwood, no annual rings. Pores of two classes : large pores scanty, very small pores numerous, arranged in irregularly ramified patches, which are extremely variable in shape, giving the wood a remarkably fantastic pattern on a cross section. These patches are joined by white concentric lines which may possibly be annual rings. Medullary rays white, fine and moderately broad, numerous, sharply defined in the darker tissue. The large pores, which are promi- nent on a radial section, are filled witii a white shining substance and are often ramified. They are probably not vessels, but large iutercellular ducts. Slrj/c/tnOS.] LOGANIACEiE. 2Q9 Bengal, Central and South India. Weight, 57 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood durable, used for building, carts and agricultural implements. The pulp of the fruit is eaten, and the ripe seeds are used to clear muddy water by merely rubbing the inside of the jar with the seed. lbs. C 1101. Ahiri Eeserve, Central Provinces 55 C 2979. Bijeragogarh, Central Provinces D1060. South Aroot 61 No. 44. Salem Collection 56 2. S. Nux-vomica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i._575; Beddome t. 243 ; Brandis 317 ; Kurz ii. 166. The Snake Wood, Nux-vomiea or Strychniae Tree. Vern. Kuchla, Icajra, Hind. ; Kuchila, Beng. ; Kerra, Jcorra, Uriya Yetti, Tam. ; Mushti, musadi, Tel. ; Kasaraka, kujarra, khasca, kasara- gadde, Kan. ; Kara, jhar katchura, Mar. ; Kaujaram, Travancore ; Goda kaduru, Cingh.; Khabotmg, Burm. A moderate-sized evergreen tree, with dark grey bark. Wood brown- ish grey, hard, close-grained, splits and warps. Pores of two classes: very large pores (intercellular duets) scanty, filled with a white substance, very prominent on a vertical section, where they are often branching ; and small pores in irregularly shaped, ramified patches, which are joined by concentric and oblique white lines. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, prominent in the firm, shining, hard tissue intervening between the patches above described. Bengal, Burma and South India. Weight, according to Skinner, No. 119, 56 lbs. (P = 1160) ; Brandis' experiments (3) made in 1864 with Burma wood in bars 3 ft. X 1 inch X 1 inch gave weight 49 lbs. ; P = 623 ; his list of Burma woods of 1862, No. 75, gave 52 lbs. ; our specimens give an average of 57 lbs. The wood is used in Burma for carts, agricultural implements, and fancy cabinet-work. The seeds contain 0'28 to 0'53 per cent, of strychnia mixed with brucia, poisonous alkaloids. The pulp of the fruit is eaten by bii'ds. lbs. W 1224. North Kanara 65 W 727. South „ 59 B 3072, Burma (1862) 49 Order LXXII. BORAGINE^ffi. Contains 4 genera belonging to 3 tribes, viz., — Tribe I. — Cordieae Cordia. „ II. — Bhretieje Ehretia and Bhabdia, „ III. — Heiioti-opiese Tournefortia. Bhabdia viminea, Dalzell ; Brandis 341, 577 ; Kurz ii. 211, is a small shrub of sandy and shingly river beds in Kumaun, Bengal, South India and Burma. Tournefortia mridiflora, Wall. ; Gamble 57. Vera. Amyati, Nep. ; Tunqrong, Lepcha, is a climbing shrub of the North-East Himalaya, with soft brown wood having the anual rings marked by darker lines, and large pores (E 3299, Chunbati, Darjeeling 3,000 feet). The Heliotrope, Heliotropium peruvianum, Linn., in some places in the hills and especially on the Nilgiris, reaches to the size of a shrub, and may be used for hedges. Pores small or moderate-sized, the transverse diameter generally less than the distance between the rays, which are uniform and equidistant generally short, either fine or moderately broad. Cordia has concentric bands of soft texture which are wanting in U/tretia, 270 BOKAGiNEiE. l_Corilia. 1. CORDIA, Linn. Contains 13 Indian species. C. WalUchii, G. Don; Beddome t. 245. Vern. Chandle, Kan ., is a tree of the Western Ghats, Mysore and Bombay, with woolly leaves. C. grandis, Eoxb. ; Kurz ii. 208 ; Gamble 57 ; Roxb. PI. Ind. i. 593. Vern. Asari, Nep. ; Thanat, Burm. ; is an evergreen tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Chittagong. C. octandra, DC. ; Beddome clxvi. (C. serrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 591.) Vern. Gadgondori, Hind., is a small tree of Travancore. C. monoica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 592 ; Beddome clxvi. Vern. Pida, Hind. ; Panttgeri, Tel., is a small poor-looking tree of the barren parts of the Circar forests. C polygotma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 594 ; Beddome clxvi. ; Kurz ii 207. Vern. Bottvlcwi'u, patcha, Tel., is a small tree of the mountains on the Coromandel Coast and the Eng forests of Martaban. C. Perottetii, DC. ; and C. fulvosa, Wight, are small trees of the Western Ghats. The above are white-flowered species. C, subcordata, Lamk. ; Kurz ii. 209 (C campanulata, Epxb. Fl. Ind. i. 593) is a handsome large shrub of the Andamans and Tenasserim, with red flowers, often cultivated. C. speciosa, Willd., and C. tectonifolia, Wall., are small trees with handsome scarlet flowers, cultivated in gardens, but introduced from the West Indies. Numerous concentric lines of soft tissue, which sometimes are inter- rupted, but generally with the medullary rays divide the wood into oblongs or squares. Medullary rays prominent on a radial section. 1. C. Myxa, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 590 j Beddome clxv.; Brandis 336; Kurz ii. 208; Gamble 57. Vern. Lasora, bhokar, gondi, Hind.; Laswara, Pb. ; Lesuri, gidiiri, Sind; Borla, daurala, KnmsMn; Bo Aari, luhal, Beng. ; Boeri, Nep. ; Nimat, Lepcha ; Dobahari, Mechi ; Gondi, Uriya ; Yidi, verasu, Tarn. ; Pedda hohu, virgi, nahkera, ir/ci, iriki, Tel. ; Semar, goden,gondan,M.a.r.; CAotte, Ka. a. ; Selte, Gondi; Silu, Kurku; Lasseri, Baigasj Loliii, Cingh. ; Chaine, Magh; Thanat, toung thanat, Burm. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark i to | inch thick, grey or brown, rough with shallow longitudinal wrinkles and furrows. Wood grey, moderately hard. Pores of two sizes, a few moderate-sized or large, uniformly scattered and frequently double, the rest very small in narrow continuous concentric belts of soft tissue. Medullary rays alternately fine and broad, the rays with the white concentric lines dividing the. wood into marked squares or oblong compartments. Medullary rays prominent on a radial section as rough horizontal plates, having a mottled appearance. Salt Range, Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab to Assam ascending to 5,000 feet, Khasia Hills, Bengal, Burma, Central and South India. Growth moderately fast, 3 to 9 rings per inch of radius [Brandis) ; our specimens do not shew the rings well, with the exception of two, which give 1 to 2 rings per inch, which must be called very fast. The weight is very variable. Brandis in Burma List of 1862,No. 82, gives331bs. per cubic foot; our specimens vary from 23 to 42 lbs., but the average is 33 lbs. Brandis in For. PI,, p. 337, says 33 to 49 lbs. The wood, in spite of its softness, is fairly strong, and seasons well, but is readily attacked by insects. It is used for boat-building, well-curbs, gun-stocks and agricultural implements, in Bengal for canoes. It might be tried for tea-boxes. It is an excellent fuel. The bark is made into ropes and the fibre is used for caulking boats. The leaves are used as plates and in Pegu to cover Burmese cheroots. The fruit (Sebestan) is eaten, it is very mucilaginous and is used in native medicine. The viscid pulp is used as birdlime. The kernel is eaten and is used for marking linen, but the mark is fugacious. lbs. O 250. Garhwal (1868) 42 O 1376. Gonda, Oudh . . , 38 C 1149. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 37 E 642. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai 28 Conlia.] bohaginej). 271 lbs. E 2394. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 28 E 714. Chlttagong 23 B 2543. Burma (1862) . . .36 No. 42. Salem Collection (marked Spondias mangifera) . . .32 2. C. Macleodii, Hook. f. and Th. ; Brandis 337. Vera. Bhengan, dhdman, dhdian, dewan, dahi, dahipalds, dihgan. Hind.; Dhaiwan, Sattara ; Baiwas, dhaim, bhoti, Mar. ; Bot, Gondi ; Latiri kassamdr, Kurkuj Gadru, Ajmere. A middling-sized deciduous tree, with thick, grey, soft, corky bark. Heartwood light brown, beautifully mottled with darker veins, even- grained, very hard, strong, tough and elastic, seasons well and works easily. Pores small, in irregular concentric belts of white tissue, often joined by white lines without pores. Medullary rays white, fine and moderately broad, prominent. Central and South India, Dekkan. "Weight, 40 to 50 lbs. {Brandis); our specimens give 49 to 53, average 511bs. The wood is used for furniture, picture frames and other ornamental work ; also for fishing-rods, which are said to be excellent. It deserves to be better known and more in use. IbB. P 3219. Nagpahar, Ajmere C 180. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) 53 C 2985. Jubhulpore (1863) 50 C 831. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar ....... 49 3. C. vestita, Hook. f. and Th. ; Br?ndis 338. Gynaion vestitum, A. DC. Vern. Kumii, karuh, Pb, ; Kum paimdii, pin, indak, cJiinta, ajdnta, hairula , herula, Hind. A small deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark grey, exfoliating' when old i?i large woody scales. The wood has the same structure and appearance as that of C. Macleodii, except that the concentric lines are occasionally interrupted. Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Jhelum to, the Sarda Eiver, Oudh. Weight, 52 to 53 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood strong, used for wheel and well work. The fruit is eaten, it is preferred to that of C. Myxa. lbs. O 231. Garhwal (1868) 52 O 2998. „ (1874) 53 3232. DehraDun 4. C. fragrantissima, Kurz ii. 207. Vera. Toungkalamei , Burm. A deciduous tree. Wood moderately hard, reddish brown with darker streaks, beautifully mottled, has a fragrant scent. Pores small, in roundish patches, which are joined by fine, concentric lines. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, distinctly marked on a vertical section. Burma, chiefly in the hills of Martaban and Tenasserim. Weight, 48 to 51 lbs. per cubic foot. It is a beautiful wood and should be better known. It has a handsome grain, and its fresh, fragrant odour makes it very pleasant to use. Pieces sent to London for sale in 1878 realized £4-10 per ton. Ihs B 285. Burma (1867) 48 B 1428. Tharrawaddy, Burma gj^ 5. C. Rothii, Rom. and Sehultes ; Brandis 338. C. angustifoUa, iloxb. Fl. Ind. i. 595. Vern. Gondi, gondni, gundi, Hind. ; Liar, Mi, Sind ; Narvilli, Tam. 272 BOiiAGiNE^. [Cort/ia. A small tree. Bark grey or brownish grey, with deep longitudinal furrows. Wood grey, compact, hard. Pores small, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine and moderate-sized. Numerous fine bands of softer tissue which on a transverse section divide the wood between the medullary rays into small squares. Dry zones of Nortt-West and South India, Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, . 42 to 52 Ihs. per cuhic foot (Brandis) ; our specimen gives 46 lbs. Used for fuel, in Sind for building, and in Cutoh for agricultural implements. The bark when wounded gives a gum, and the liber is made into ropes. The pulp of the fruit is eaten. Iba. P 449. Ajmere 46 2. EHRETIA, Linn. Species about 8. JS. serrata, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 596 ; Brandis 339 ; Kurz ii, 210 ; Gamble 57. Vern. Pmrsan, kalthaun, Pb. ; Puny an, punjlawdi, panden, Tcoda, hwrhdna, arjun. Hind. ; Narra, Garhwal ; Shaurn, Kumaun ; Rend, Kurku ; Ridi, Baigas ; Nalshuna, cMllay, Nep. ; Siial, Ass. ; Kala-aja, Beng., is a tree of the Sub- Himalayan tract from the Indus to Bhutan ascending to 5,000 feet. Eastern Bengal, and Ghittagong. , Brandis says " the wood is light brown, with white specks, fairly even and compact, soft, not heavy, easily worked, made into scabbards, sword-hilts, gun-stocks, and employed for building and agricultural implements." Aikin in Wallich's List of 1831 gives 3'3 rings per inch of radius for the rate of growth. Kyd gives for the weight, 37 lbs. per cubic foot, and P = 530. The fruit is eaten. E. aspera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 598 ; Beddome clxvi. Vern. Telia juvi, Tel., is a small bushy tree of dry barren places in South India ;1 as is also E. buxifolia, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 598 ; Beddome clxvi. Vern. Bapana-buri, Tel. E. ovalifolia, Wight; Beddome clxvi., is a small tree of Coimbatore, Madura and Tinnevelly up to 2,000 feet, and E. Wightiana, Wall. ; Beddome clxvi., a small tree of the Tinnevelly Ghats. 1. E. Iffivis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 597; Beddome t. 246 ; Brandis 340 ; Kurz ii. 210. Vern. Chamr'wr, koda, darar, datranga, Hind. ; Tamboli, Banda ; Mosonea, Uriya; Dotti, disti, gilchi, Gondi ; Datranga, M.a,\\; Paldatam, redda pul-mera, seregad, Tel.; Kappura, Kan. A moderate-sized tree. Bark f inch thick, grey. Wood greyish white, hard. Annual rings indistinctly marked. Pores small, grouped in small clusters or radial lines. Medullary rays fine, short, numerous, distinctly visible on a radial section. Suliman Range, Punjab, Sub-Himalayan tract, Oudh, Bengal, Burma and the Andaman Islands, Central and South India. Growth moderate, 5 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 33 to 38 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood tough, durable, used for agricultural implements and building. The fruit is eaten, as is also the inner bark in times of famine. lbs. O 257. Garhwal (1868) 33 G 1155. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 38 2. E. obtusifolia, Hochstetter; Brandis 340. A small shrub. Bark grey, thin. Wood resembling in structure that of E. loevis. Salt Range in the Punjab, Sind and Rajputana. P 3245. Ajmere. 3. E. Wallichiana, Hook. f. and Th.; Gamble 57. Vern. Boeri, dowari, Nep. ; Kalet, Lepcha. A large tree, sometimes gregarious. Wood grey, moderately hard. Annual rings marked by light-coloured belts. Pores small and moderate- Ehretia.] BOKAGiNEiE. 273 sized, in scattered groups and short radial lines. Medullary rays short, fine, uniform, distinctly marked on a radial section. Darjeeling Forests, from 2,000 to 7,000 feet. Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 33 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for building, for charcoal, and occasionally for making tea-boxes. lbs. E 690. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet .... 33 Order LXXIII. CONVOLVULACE^, Contains 7 genera of Indian shrubs or climbers, viz., JErycibe, Rivea, Argy- reia, Lettsomia, Ipomcea, Parana and Neuropeltis. With few exceptions such as the erect-growing Erycihe glomerata, Wall. ; Kuvz ii. 213, of Tenasserim, they are all large climbers, often with showy flowers, but of very little forest interest. Argyreia speciosa. Sweet. ; Brandis 343, is the well-known " Elephant Creeper." Order LXXIV. SOLANEiE. An Order of no special forest interest, though of considerable economic importance producing the potato, capsicum, tomato, tobacco, datura and Cape gooseberry. It contains 2 genera of Indian shrubs or small trees, Lycium and Solarium. Lycium europceum, Linn. ; Brandis 345. Vern. Ganger, hangu, cJiirchiita, niral, Pb., is a thorny shrub of the Punjab, Sind and Guzerat, whose fruit is eaten. It is used as fuel, and the branches are made into wattled frames for the walls of huts. Solarium contains several shrubs, many of them occurring in waste places- The largest is perhaps, S. verbascifolium, Linn. ; Kurz ii. 225 ; Gamble 58. Vern. Dursul, Nep. ; Sivor, Lepcha, a small tree or large shrub of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma. It has a grey bark and light yellow soft wood with scanty, moderate-sized, often subdivided pores and numerous short, medullary rays. The annual rings are marked by a line of larger pores. (E 3344. Kalimpung, Darjeeling, 4,000 feet.) Order LXXV. SCROPHULARINE.a]. Contains only very few genera of woody plants, such as Brandisia and Wightia. Brandisia contains two species, one from Bhutan, the other, B. discolor. Hook. f. and Th. ; Kurz ii. 250, from the hill forests of Martaban at 2,000 to 3,000 feet elevation. i'he Paulownia, P. imperiaUs, Bth., a handsome-flowered tree often cultivated for ornament, belongs to this Order. 1. WIGHTIA, Wall. 1. W. gigantea, Wall. ; Gamble 681, Vern. Lakori, Nep.; Bop, Lepcha. Bark grey, smooth, of unequal thickness, on the outside I inch thick much thinner where it touches the stem of the supporting tree. Wood, white, moderately soft, porous. Pores large, often subdivided, equally distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad, uniform, not equidistant. Hill forests of Sikkim and Bhutan, from 3,000 to 7,000 feet. A huge epiphytic tree which climbs by sending out horizontal, stem-elaspino- aerial roots round the stem of the tree on which it grows, often shewing its masses of pink flowers above the summit of the latter. The wood is used to make Buddhist idols ; it is light and very soft, but does not warp. The stem is often 3 to 4 feet in girth. E 3323. Kangirtim, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet. i I, 274 GESNEBACB^. [ Lejptolm. Order LXXVI. GESNERACEiE. An Order scarcely worth mentioning, as it contains but one shrubby plant, the rest being mostly handsome-flowered, herbaceous plants of the damp zones. 1, LEPTOBCEA, Bth. 1. L. multiflora, Bth. ; Gamble 58. Cliampionia muUiflora, C. B. Clarke. Vern. TungrangmooJe, Lepcha. A small shrub. Bark grey, peeling oflF in papery lakes. Wood yellowish white, hard, close and even-grained. Pores very small but distinct, in short radial lines. Annual rings marked by closer pores. Medullary rays extremely fine. Hills of N. E. Himalaya up to 3,000 feet. E 3314- Pankabari, DarjeeHng, 2,000 feet. Order LXXVII. BIGNONIACE.ffi. Contains 8 genera of Indian trees, belonging to 2 tribes, viz., — Tribe I. — Bignoniese Millingtonia and Oroxylum. „ II. — Tecomese ..... Tecoma, Dolichandrone, Me- terophragma, Stereospermum, and Pajanelia. Mayodendron igneum, Kurz Prel. Report of Pegu, Appendix D ; Burma For. Fl. ii. 233, is a handsome tree with scarlet flowers found in the Martaban Hills up to 2,000 feet. To this family belong Amphicome arguta, Royle, a herb with large perennial root- stock, found on rocks in the North-West Himalaya ; the Catalpa, C. bignonioides, an American tree with a greyish, handsomely-marked, very durable wood, often planted in Europe and now largely cultivated in America, and said to be good for sleepers ; and numerous other large American trees with fine timber. With few exceptions, this Order is characterised by irregular concen- tric bands of soft texture. The pores are modeiate-sized and frequently filled with resin, and the medullary rays fine, the distance between the rays being generally equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. 1. MILLINGTONIA, Linn. fil. 1. M. hortensis, Linn. ; Beddome t. 249 ; Brandis 347 ; Kurz ii. 238. Bignonia suberosa, Koxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 111. The Indian Cork Tree. Vern. Nimi ehamheli, alas-nim, Hind. ; Ai/kayet, Burm. j Kat malli. Tarn. A large tree. Wood soft, yellowish white. Pores small, numerous. Medullary rays fine, the distance between the rays somewhat larger than the transverse diameter of the pores. The specimen from the Saharanpur gardens shews distinct annual rings marked by more numerous and larger pores in the spring wood. Cultivated in avenues and gardens in most parts of India, believed to be indigenous in Burma and the Malay Archipelago. Kurz says it is rather rare in the tropical forests from Martaban down to Tenasserim. Milltttfftonia,'] bignoniaceji. 2.75 Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot (Skinner, No. 27) ; P = 610. Our specimen gives 40 lbs. Growth fast, 4 to 5 rings per inch of radius, as far as we can judge from our young specimen. O 3160. Saharanpur Gardens 40 2. OROXYLUM, Vent. 1. 0. indicum, Bth. ; Kurz ii, 237. Calosanthes indica, Bl. ; Brandis 347 ; Gamble 59. Bignonia indica, B.oxb. Fi. lad. iii. 110 ; Beddome clxviii. Vern. Mulin, mirianga, sori, tdtpalang, tdtmorayig, Pb. ; Ullu, arlu, kharkath, pharkatli, sauna, assar sauna, sfii/ona, Hind. ; Taltun&a, C.P. j Totilla, karamkanda, Nep. ; Kering, Garo; Cherpong, Mechi; SoZong, Rajbanshi ; Pomponia, Uriya ; Pana, vanga, acki, Tana. ; Pamania, pampana, Aundillam, dondlup, Tel. ; Dhatie, Goudi ; Teki, Mar. ; Totilla, Cingh. ; Kyoungyabeng, Barm. ; Baladak, And. A small tree. Bark \ incb thick, light-brownisb grey, soft, yields a green juice when cut. 'Wood yellowish white, soft; no heartwood. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Annual rings marked by more numerous pores. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, prominent on a radial section. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastwards ascending to 3,500 feet, Bengal Burma, Central and South India, Andamans. Growth fast, 2\ to 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight 30 lbs. per cubic foot. The bark and fruit are used in tanning and dyeing ; the seeds are used to line hats and, between two layers of wickerwork, to make umbrellas ; they may be seen in Buddhist temples in Sikkim, hung up in strings or made into ornaments to suspend from the roof. The tree is remarkable for its long, flat, sword-like capsule and large dull- coloured flowers. Mr. Manson says that the ground-up bark mixed with " hardi " is used to cure sore backs in horses. lbs. P 111. Sutlej Valley : C 1179. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 27 E 582. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai 32 E 2396. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Forest 31 3. TECOMA, Juss. 1. T. undulata, Q. Don ; Brandis 353. Bignonia nndulata, Roxb, Fl. Ind. iii. 101. Vern. Reoddna, rebddn, Trans-Indus; Lahura, luar,. row, rahira, Pb. ; Lohuri, lohero, Sind ; Roira, Mhairwarra ; Rakht reora. Mar. An evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark \ inch thick, corky, reddish brown. Heartwood greyish or yellowish brown, close-grained, mottled with lighter streaks, takes a fine polish. Pores small and moderate- sized, often subdivided, enclosed in small rounded patches, which are frequently arranged in concentric lines. Medullary rays short, fine and moderately broad, very prominent on a radial section as long, smooth plates. Suliman and Salt Ranges, Punjab plains, Rajputana, Guzerat. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot (Brandis) ; our specimen gives 64 lbs. The wood is tough, strong and durable, works and polishes well. It is highly prized for furniture, carving work and agricultural implements. The flowers are bright orange and very handsome. lbs. P 943. Salt Range, Punjab 64 27 C BiGNONiACE^, {DoHchaiidrone. 4. DOLICHANDRONE, Fenzl. Containg 5 Indian trees. D. arcuata, HooTc.f. andBth. Gen. Plant, ii. 1046 (Spat- hodea arcuata, Wight; Beddome clxix.) Vern. Han-palai, Tarn. ; Mersinghi, Mar., is a tree of the Palgh&t andCoimhatoro forests. JD. crispa, Seem. (Spathodea crispa. Wall. ; Beddome clxviii. ; Brandis 350. Bignonia crispa, Buch. ; Koxb. Fl. Ind.iii. 103) Vern. Pumbadri, Tam., is a handsome, white-flowered tree of South India, especially Cud- dapah and North Arcot, and probably the Central Provinces. B. falcata and B. Rheedii have white, soft wood, without heartwood. Medullary rays very fine. Concentric bands of soft tissue very numerous. ]). stipulata has hard, orange-coloured heartwood, and no concentric bands. 1. D. stipulata, Seem.; Bth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant, ii. 1046. Spathodea niipulata, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 234. Bignonia stipulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 108. Vern. Pelthan, malwa, Burm. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Heartwood orange-red, beautifully mottled, hard, close-grained. Pores numerous, small, enclosed in round patches of soft tissue which are often arranged in wavy, concentric lines. Medullary rays prominent, very fine, very numerous, generally filled with a yellow substance. Burma and Andaman Islands. . Weight, Brandis' Bunna List, 1862, No. 77, gives 48 lbs. ; Skinner, No. 26, gives weight 64 lbs., P = 1386; our specimens give 56 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for bows, spear handles, oars and paddles. Major Ford says it is a durable wood for house-posts and makes good furniture. Flowers orange-yellow. lbs. B 2544. Burma (1862) 68 B 2261. Andaman Islands (1866) 54 2. D. falcata, Seem, j Benth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant, ii. 1046. Spathodea falcata, Wall. ; Beddome t. 71 ; Brandis 350. Bignotiia spa/hacea,^ Rokh. Tl. Ind. iii. 103. Vern. Udwar, OnAh ; Kan seri, Mey war ; Mendal, manehingi, Banswara ; Mersingi, Mar. ; Vdda, wodi, Tel.; Mersingk, Bhil ; Raranjelo, Kurku; Nir pongilam, Mai. A small deciduous tree. Bark J inch thick, bluish grey, exfoliating in irregular woody scales. Wood whitish, hard, close and even-grained, seasons well, shining and glossy ; no heartwood. Annual rings indistinct. Pores small, oval and subdivided, arranged in wavy, narrow, concentric bands. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Oudh, Rajputana, Central and South India. Growth moderate, 7 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 42 to 43 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for building and agricultural purposes. Flowers white, leaves small. lbs. C 1139. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 42 W 995. Sahyadri Ghats, Ahmednagar ...... 43 3. D. Rheedii, Seem.; Bth. and Hook. f. Gen. PI. ii. 1046. Spathodea Rheedii, Wall.; Beddome clxviii.; Kurz ii. 234. Vern. Beya- danga, Cingh.; Thakootma, Burm. Wood white, soft. Structure similar to that of B. falcata, but medullary rays very prominent on a vertical section. Burma, Malabar, Ceylon and the Andamans. Growth moderate, 7 to 13 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 23 lbs. (Adrian Mendis) ; our specimens give 32 to 39 lbs. ; Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 79, gives 35 lbs. Flowers white. Dolic/iandroHe.] bignoniaceje. 277 Iba. B 2545. Burma (1862) 32 B 2252. Andaman Islands (1866) 39 No. 18, Ceylon Collection 23 5. HETEROPHRAGMA, DC. Wood soft, no heartwood. Pores moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine, the distance between the rays being equal to the transverse dia- meter of the pores. No distinct concentric bands. 1. H. BiOxburghii, DC; Beddome clxix. Spatliodea Roxburghii, Sprengel ; Brandis 350. Bignonia quaclrilocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 107. Vern. Baro-kala-goru, Tam. ; Bondgu, Tel. ; Pullung, warras, Mar. A large tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark brown, exfoliating in small angular scales. Wood grey, rough, moderately hard. No heartwood, no annual rings. Pores moderate -sized, uniformly distributed. Medul- lary rays fine, visible on a radial section as long narrow plates. Chanda District, Grodavari Forests and Western Coast, Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Flowers rose-coloured. lbs. C. 1106. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 40 2. H. adenophylla, Seem.; Bth. and Hook. f. Gen. PI. ii, 1047; Kurz ii. 236. Vern. Petthan, Burm. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood yellowish white, moderately hard. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Burma and Andaman Islands. Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic foot. Flowers large, dull brown, lbs. B 1421. Tharrawaddy, Barma ,42 3. H. sulfurea, Kurz ii. 235. Vern. Thitlinda, Burm. A deciduous tree. Wood dark grey, soft, even-grained, in structure resembling that of H, Roxburghii, Burma, chieiy in Prome District. Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 78, gives weight, 63 lbs. ; the specimen now weighs 42 lbs. Flowers yellow. lbs. B 2547. Burma (1862) 42 6, STEREOSPERMUM, Chamisso. Contains 5 to 6 species. S. amanum, Benth. and Hook. i. (Spathodea amana, A. DC ; Brandis 349. Radermachera amcena. Seem. ; Kurz ii. 232) is a tree introduced from the Mauritius, but wild in Ava ; it is cultivated in gardens. 8. newranthnm, Kurz ii. 230. Vern. Thanday, with pale lilac flowers, is found in the forests of the PeguYoma; the wood weighs 33 to 36 lbs. and is reddish brown, close-grained, but little used. Wood rough. Heartwood small, brown, sometimes wanting. Pores moderate-sized, often joined' by concentric bands or lines of soft texture which are sometimes interrupted. Medullary rays fine ; the distance between the rays equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. a?8 BIGNONIACKJE. [Stereospermum. 1. S. chelonoides, DC; Beddome t. 72; Brandis 352; Kurz ii. 230 ; Gamble 58. Bignonia chelonoides, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. hi. 106. Vern. Fader, padri, parral, Hind.; Parari, 'Nep.; Sinff^en, Lepcha; Sirpang, Mechi ; Bohel, Garo ; Parolli, Ass. ; Pareya-auwal, Cachar ; Bharmara, atcapali, Beng. ; Tsaingtsa, Magh ; Padri, pon-padira, pathiri, vela-padri, Tam. ; Tagada, thdgu, hala goru, moka-yapa, pisul, Tel. ; Taitu, Berar; Pamphunia, Uriya; Kirsel, tuatuka,padul. Mar. ; Padurni, Bhil ; Nai-udi, mallali, Coorg ; Kall-udi, Kan. ; LUnu-madala, Cingh. ; Thakooppo, Burm. A large deciduous tree. Bark brown, varying in thickness up to ^ inch, outer bark corky. Wood hard, grey, no heartwood. Pores moder- ate-sized and large, joined by narrow, irregular, wavy, interrupted belts and lines of soft tissue. Pores frequently filled with a white substance of a resinous nature, which is prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays short, wavy, moderately broad, numerous, prominent on a radial section as long, narrow, horizontal bands. Bengal, Burma, Central and South India. Growth moderate, about 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 45 lbs. (Kyd) ; 42'5 lbs. (Wallicb) ; 48 lbs. (Skinner, No. 25) ; our specimens give 47 lbs. Kyd gives P = 710 ; Skinner 642. The wood is moderately durable, elastic, easy to work ; it is used for building and is good for furniture. It is used for canoes and building in Assam, and for tea-boxes in Cachar. The roots, leaves and flowers are used medicinally. C 1164. C 1172. 1411. 833. 659. 673. 632. E 1398. D 1070. B 2546. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces )j _ j» it » Moharli „ „ „ Bairagarh Reserve, Berar . Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai Bamunpokri Forest „ „ Eastern Diiars, Assam Chittagong .... North Arcot .... Burma (1862) .... lbs. 40 38 46 51 4S 40 59 50 52 2. S. suaveolens, DC. ; Beddome clxix. ; Brandis 351 ; Kurz ii. 231 ; Gamble 59. Bignonia suaveolens, tioxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 104. Vern. Paral padal, padidla, padaria, parur, Hind.; Fandri, C.P. ; Phalgataitw, Melo'hdt; Parari, Nep. ; Singyen, Lepcha; Parul, Beng.; Patuli, Uriya; Padri, Tam.; Kala-goru, kuberakasM, padari, patali, Tel.; liooday, billa, Kan. ; unt katar,padar, Gondi; Padar, Kurku; Pandan, Bhil ; Par4l, kalagori, Mar. A large deciduous tree. Bark ^ inch thick, grey, exfoliating in large, irregularly shaped, flat scales. Sapwood large, ^rey, hard. Heart- wood small, yellowish brown, beautifully mottled with darker streaks, very hard, seasons and polishes well. Pores moderate-sized, enclosed in long, wavy, concentric, interrupted bands of softer tissue. The pores are frequently filled with a white shining substance, which becomes yellow in the heartwood. Medullary rays fine, sharply defined, numerous, wavy, equidistant, prominent on a radial section. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jhelum eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet, Bengal, Burma, Central and South India. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot {Brandis) ; our specimens give 46 lbs. The wood is fairly durable, and easy to work ; it is much valued for building and makes excellent charcoal. The root and bark are used in native medicine. BIGNONIACE*, 279 lbs. 243. Gaihwal (1868) 41 341. Gorakhpur (1868) C 197. Mandla, Central Provinces (1869) C 1114. Ahiri Eeserve, Central Provinces C 2745. Moharli „ C 832. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar . E 1959. Chittagong .... B 307. Burma (1867) 40 46 50 51 44 3. S. xylocarpum, Bth. and Hook. f. Geu. PI. ii. 1047. Spathodea xylocarpa, T. And. ; Brandis 349. Bignonia xylocarpa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 108 ; Beddome t. 70. Vern. Kharsing, bersinge, Mar. ; Jai-mangal, sondar-padal, Mandla; DJiota mara, dhotte, Gondi; Teto, Kurku ; Vadencartii, Tam. ; Ghansing, Kan. A deciduous tree. Bark J inch thickj light grey. Sapwood large, grey j heartwood very hard, brown. Annual rings marked by an irregular belt of numerous pores. Pores small and moderate-sized, often subdivided, each pore or group of pores in a small patch of soft tissue ; these patches are frequently grouped in zig-zag and more or less concen- tric lines. In the heartwood the pores are generally filled with a yellow substance. Medullary rays short, fine. Satpura Range, Khandeish and South India. Growth moderate, 7 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 Ihs. per cubic foot. Wood tough and elastic, close-grained ; Used for cabinet work. lbs. C 2810. Melghat, Berar (sapwood) 36 C 958. Guzerat . ^ 47 W 996. Sahyadri Ghats, Ahmednagar 47 4. S. fimbriatum, DC. ; Kurz ii. 231. Vern. Thanthat, Burm. A deciduous tree. Heartwood small, dark brown. Sapwood light brown. Wood very hard in structure similar to that of S. suaveolens. Martahan and Tenasserim in Burma. Weight, 54 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. B 2696. Tavoy (WaUich, 1828) 54 Nos. E 719 (52 lbs.) from Chittagong; D. 1284 (54 lbs.) from the Anamalai Hills ; B. 2355 (52 lbs.) and B. 2234 (56 lbs.), from the Andamans, probably belong to this genus. Wood rough, yellowish grey, moderately hard, with a small heart- wood ; in structure resembling 8. suaveolens. 7. PAJANELIA, DC, 1. P. multijuga, DC; Kurz ii. 237. Vern. Kyoungdouh, Mngalun, Burm. ; Kauhonda, And. A large evergreen tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark grey, rough. Wood orange-brown, very hard, close-grained. Pores large, occasionally filled with yellow resin ; each pore surrounded by a narrow ring of soft tissue, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, very numerous 380 BiGNONiACEiE, \_PajaneUa, uniform and nearly equidistant, prominent. Wood very similar to that of Planckortia valida, but diflPers by more prominent medullary rays, and larger pores, whicb are not arranged in bands, but isolated. Burma and Andaman Islands. Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for canoes by the Andamanese. A fine wood. lbs. B 503. Andaman Islands 52 Order LXXVIII. PEDALmE.a;. Contains no woody plants ; the genera placed by Kurz under this Order have already been described under Loganiaceae and ScrophulariacesB Sesamum indicum, Linn- Vern. Til, is the plant which yields the Sesamum or Gingelly oil, and is commonly cultivated in India. Order LXXIX. ACANTHACE^. Contains a large number of Indian genera, most of which are herbaceous. About . 10, however, produce shrubs or climbers, and these are divided into four tribes, viz., — Tribe I. — Thunbergiese Thunhergia. II. — Kuelliese Dadalacanthus, Strohilanthea and ^chmanthera. „ III. — Acantheae Acanthus. „ IV. — Justiciese JBarleria, Asystasia, Phlo- gacanthus, Justicia and Adhatoda. Thunhergia contains several large climbers. T. grandiflora, Roxb. iii. 34. ; Kurz ii. 240 ; Gamble 59. Vern. MuUuta, Hind., Beng., is a large handsome climber of the forests of Northern and Eastern Bengal down to Chittagong, with pale blue flowers. T. coccinea, Wall. ; Gamble 59, is a large climber of the North-Bast Himalaya, with long clusters of pendulous scarlet flowers. T. laurifolia, Ldl. ; Kurz ii. 240, Vern. Nwaycho, Burm., is a lofty climber of Burma and the Andamans. Dmda- lacanthus contains about 14 species, the commonest of which are D. splendens, T. And. ; Gamble 59. Vern. Shechin, Nep,, a handsome shrub, with long spikes of pink flowers, common in the undergrowth of the sal forests of the North-East Himalaya and Terai ; and 2). nervosus, T, And. ; Gamble 59. Vern. Shechin, Nep. ; Topatnyoh, Lepcha, abeautiful shrub with brilliant blue flowers, found in the damp forests of the sub- Himalayan tract from Dehi-a Diin to Assam. Strohilanthes contains over 100 Indian species of handsome-flowered herbs or shrubs. Kurz says that S. flaccidifoUus, Nees, is cultivated by the Karens for its blue dye ; Anderson* says that it is also, cultivated in Assam and the Mishmi Hills, and is called " Boom" and Fortune that it is similarly cultivated in China. Mann, in the Assam Forest Administration Report for 1876-77, paragraph 135, gives ;S'. flaccidus (probably this species). Vern. Sampat, Ass. ; Som, Phekial, as a dye-producing plant. S. flava, Kurz. Vern. Mya naban,, Burm. ; S. Simonsii, T. And. ; S. lamioidos, T. And. ; jS. fimbriata, Nees ; and S. Neesii, Kurz, are all large shrubs described by Kurz ii. 243-245 from Burma. ^chmanthera Wallichii, Nees ; Gamble 60. Vern. Patrang, Ban marua. Ph., is a small shrub of the Himalaya from Simla to Bhutan. Acanthus contains 5 species. A. ilicifolius, Linn.; Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 32; Kurz ii. 241. Vern. Kentki, Beng.; Khaya, Burm., is a common shrub of the Sundarbans and the coast forests of Chittagong, Burma and the Andamans ; A. ebracteatus,Ya,hl ; Kurz ii. 242, is a shrub of those of the Andamans and Tenasserim; while A. voluhilis, Wall., is a climbing * Ad Enumeration of the Indian species of Acunthaccse, Jovu'nal Linn, ; Soc. Vol. IX, No. 40, 1867, by Dr. T. Anderson, Supdt, Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Calcmta, PIdega,canthus.\ acanthacejs, ^8L shrub in similar places and A. cardwaeeus, Griff., a climber of Bhutan. Barleria and ^«y*to«ja both contain handsome-flowered shrubs. Justicia Gendarussa,'L\'an. ; Kuvz 'ii. 247 ; Gamble 60 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 128. Vern. Jagat-madan, Beng. ; Jatrasigi, Mechi; Sawaneh, Burm., is a shrub of the beds of streams in Bengal and Burma, 1. PHLOGACANTHUS, Nees. Contains 11 species. P. insignia, Kurz ii. 246, is an evergreen shrub of tlie Pegu Tomas. P. pubinervis, T. And. ; Gamble 60, is a shrub of the Sifekim Hills. The remaining species are found, 5 in the Nortti-East Himalaya and Khasia Hills, 2 in Burma and 1 in Coorg. 1. P. thyrsiflorus, Nees ; Kurz ii. 246 ; Gamble 60. Vern. Sua, shechin, Nep. ; Sumcker, Lepeha ; Bashiai, Mechi. A large evergveeu shrub. Bark grey. Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, scanty, often in short radial lines. Medullary rays numerous, moderately broad and fine. Sub-Himalayan tract from Kumaun to Assam, Khasia Hills and Burma. Weight, 37 lbs. per cubic foot. Often cultivated, as it is a very handsome shrub with long spikes of flame-coloured flowers. lbs. E 2410. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 37 2. ADHATODA, Nees. LA. Vasica, Nees; Gamble 60. Justicia Adhatoda, L\x\-!i.; 'Ko-s.h, Fl. Ind. i. 126 ; Kurz ii. 248. Vern. Bakas, vasuka, Beng. ; Bhekkar, Jhelum ; Basuti, Beas ; Bekkar, Salt Range ; Tora bujja, Trans-Indus ; Bashang arm, Kumaun ; Katk, alesi, Nep. A small shrub with white, moderately hard wood. Pores very small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numer- ous. Common in the Sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal westwards, up to 4,000 feet, elsewhere cultivated ; sometimes gregarious. The wood is used for gunpowder charcoal and for brick-burning. The leaves are used as a cattle medicine, and the flowers for ophthalmia. The shrub is not eaten down, even by goats. H 2943. Sutlej Valley, Simla, 3,000 feet. Order LXXX. VBRBENACE^. A large and important Order containing 15 genera belonging to 5 Tribes : viz., Tribe I. — Verbeneae containing . . . Lantana. „ II.— Viticese „ ... Callicarpa, Teciona, Prem- na, Omelina, Vitex, Cleradendron and ITolms- Jcioldia. „ III. — Caryopteridese „ ... Caryopieris, Qlossocarya and Hymenopyramis. „ IV. — Symphoremeffi „ ... Sympliorema, Sphenodesma and Congea. „ V, — AvioennieiB „ ... Avkennia. 2 Ji 283 vEiiBENACEii?. \_CalUcarpa. Lantana alba. Miller ; Brandis 369 ; Kurz ii. 253 (L. dubia, Eoxt. PL Ind. ii 89) is a shrub of the Punjab, Sind, the North -West Sub-Himalayan tract up to 3,000 feet, the Dekkan and South India. Solmskioldia sanquinea, Retz ; Brandis 370 ; Kurz ii. 256 ; Gamble 62. (SasUngia coccinea, Konig ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 65.) Vern. Kuh-tolia, Kumaun ; Sarputtia, Nep. ; Sivettachim, Lepcha, is a large straggling shrub with showy scarlet flowers in a scarlet membranous calyx, common in the outer Himalaya from the Sutlej to Assam up to 3,000 feet, and in the Prome district of Burma. Glossocarya mollis. Wall. ; Kurz ii. 257, is a shrub of Tenasserim. Syme- nopyramis brachiatn, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 258, is an evergreen climber of the Prome forests. Sj/mphorema contains 2 climbers of South India ; 8. polyandrum, Wight, from near Madras, and S. involucratum, Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 262 ;' Kurz ii. 254. Vern. Sur&du, Tel. ; Nwaysat, Burm., of the forests of the Coromandel Coast and Burma. Sphenodesma contains 5 species, among which S. WallicMana, Sehauer (Symphorema pentandrwm, Kurz ii. 255) is a climber of Eastern Bengal and Tenas- serim; and S. unguiculata, Sehauer (Symphorema unguiculatum, Kurz ii. 255.) Vern. Ka-nway, Burm., is a climber of Burma and the Andaman Islands. Congea tomentosa, Eoxb. ; Kurz ii. 256. Vern. Tha-ma-ha-nway, Burm., is a large climbing shrub of South India, Chittagong and Burma, with beautiful pink, lilac or white bracted flowers. With the exception of teak, the trees of this Order have no dark- coloured heartwood. The annual rings are generally well marked. The pores are small or moderate- sized, rarely large. Medullary rays generally fine' and equidistant. The wood of Avicennia is anomalous. 1. CALLICARPA, Linn. Contains about 7 species. C. macrophylla, Vahl. ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 393 (also C. incana, Eoxb.) Brandis 368 ; Kurz ii. 274. Vern. Pattkarman, ba-pattra, baunu, Jhelum ; Siimdli, Chenab ; Denfhar, druss, Eavi ; Daya, shiwali, Kumaun ; Mathara, mattranja, Beng,, is a tall shrub of Northern India, found as far north as Hazara, and up to 6,000 feet. G. lanata, Linn. ; Beddome clxxiii ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 391, is a tree of the hills of Western and South India. C. rubella, Ldl. ; Kurz ii. 274 ; Gamble 60. Vern. /S^M^iroomooA, Lepcha^is a small tree of the North- East Himalaya and the hills of Martaban, C, longifolia, Lamk. ; Kurz ii. 275, is a shrub of Eastern Bengal and Burma. 1. C. arborea, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 390; Brandis 368; Kurz ii. 274; Gamble 60. Vern. Ghiwala, dera, sMmali, Kumaun; Bormala, Bang.; -Goehlo, Nep.; Kodo, hozo, Mechi; Sung-a, Lepcha; Doika, Rajban- shi; Khoja, Ass.; Makanchi, Gdro; Turmong, Magh ; Doung-sap-pya, Burm. A moderate-sized tree with brownish, rough grey bark. Wood grey, moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings visible. Pores small to large, oval and often elongated, subdivided into numerous compartments, often in radial lines. Medullary rays broad, short, with numerous fine rays between them, well marked on a radial section ; the distance between the rays greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Kumaun, Oudh, Eastern Bengal and Burma; chiefly in second-growth forest. Growth fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, o ur specimens give 32 to 35 lbs. per cubic foot; Kyd gives only 22 to 25, but there was probably some mistake. The wood is not used except for charcoal. lbs. E 597. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai .... 32 w 9qqs I Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 35 CaUicarpa.] verbenaces. 283 2. C. cana, Lian. ; Gamble 60. A shrub. Bark thin, gvej'-brown. Wood white, soft. Annual rings marked by a line of closer pores. Pores moderate-sized, sometimes subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad, the distance between them greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Bengal. Common in forests and along roadsides in the Terai and Diiars, extending probably southwards to the Ganges. It has pretty pink flowers. E 3276. Dainah Reserve, W. Duars. 2. TECTONA, Linn. fil. 1. T. grandis, Linn, fil.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 600; Beddome t. 250; Brandis 354, ; Kurz ii. 259; Gamble 60. The Teak Tree. Vern. %, Arab.; Sdj, sal, Pers. ; Sdgun, Hind.; Singurii, Uriya; Sap, sdgwan, Mar. ; Teka, Gondi ; Sag, Bhil ; TeMu, tek. Tarn. ; Telu, Tel. j Jddi, sagwani, tega, Kan. ; Tekka, Cingh.; Kyun, Burm. ; Jati, Malay. A large deciduous tree. Bark J inch thick, grey, fibrous, with shallow longitudinal wrinkles, peeling off in long thiu flakes. The sap- wood is white and small ; the heartwood when cut green has a pleasant and strong aromatic fragrance and a beautiful dark golden yellow colour, which on seasoning soon darkens into brown mottled with darker streaks. The timber retains its fragrance to a great age, the characteris- tic odour being apparent whenever a fresh cut is made. It is moderately hard, exceedingly durable and strong, does not split, crack, warp, shrink, or alter its shape when once seasoned, works easily and takes a good polish. The annual rings are distinctly marked by larger and more numerous pores in the spring wood. The pores are mostly single, but sometimes subdivided, those of the inner layer of each annual ring are large, while those of the outer portion are moderate-sized and small. The medullary rays are short, moderately broad, equidistant ; the distance between the rays about equal to the transverse diameter of the larger pores. The pores are well marked on a longitudinal section, and the medullary rays give the wood a beautifully mottled appearance. The pores are sometimes filled with a white substance. The pith is large and quad- rangular. ' The Teak tree is found in Central and South India and Burma. Its northern limit may be defined by a line passing from the mouth of the Nerbudda up that river, and across to and down the Mahanadi ; but in some places it extends farther north, and it is found as far as Jhansi and Banda. It is caltivated in Assam, Bengal, and the Sub-Himalaya as far north as Saharanpur. It seems to require an annual rainfall of 30 inches, but to thrive best with from 50 inches to 120 inches mean annual rainfall. Annual rings. — It is now established beyond doubt that the concentric rings which are so marked in the wood of Teak correspond each to one year's growth. The following statement exhibits the rings counted on sections of trees grown in the Nilambur plantations. These sections were cut in 1877, and were taken from the base of the stem ; and, with a few exceptions, the number of rings agrees with the age of the tree. The average diameter is the mean of three diameters. The statement shews the gradual increase of the heartwood as the tree grows older, and it also exhibits the number of rings on one inch of average radius in the wood of trees of different ages. But it must be borne in mind that these sections do not represent the average of each j'ear's plantation, but were selected from among the dominant trees. 284 VEEBENACEiE. [^I'ectona. They therefore exhibit a more rapid rate of growth than average specimens would do. Year of plantation. Knmber o£ rings counted. Average diameter of section (wood only). Average diameter of heartwood. Einge per inch of average radius. Inches. Inches. 1844 33 20-8 19 3 317 1845 . 31 21-1 18-7 2-95 1846 . 31 20- 17-7 310 184V . 30 23-8 21-5 2-52 1848 . 28 16-7 15-4 3-34 1849 . 28 18-1 162 3-09 1850 . 27 14- 12-5 3-85 1851 . 25 15-2 13-4 3-28 1852 . 32* 15-2 13'5 Omitted. 1853 . 24 15-1 12- 3-17 1854 . 24 17-3 15-2 2-77 1855 . 23 12-4 10-5 3-71 1856 . 21 15-2 12-6 2-76 1857 . 20 12'2 10-6 3-27 1858 . 19 14- 113 2-71 1859 . 18 14- 10-6 2-57 1860 . 17 12-9 10-4 2-63 1861 . 16 13-1 10-5 2-44 1862 . 15 11-7 9- 2-56 1863 . 14 13-6, 10-4 206 1864 . 13 12-5 9-4 2-08 1865 . 12 9-4 6-9 2-55 1866 . 11 10-4 7-3 2-11 1867 . 10 11-8 8'3 1-69 1868 . 9 10-5 7-6 1-71 1869 . 8 7-4 4-8 216 1870 . 7 7-4 4-5 1-89 1871 . 7 7-7 4-3 1-81 1872 . 5 65 2-6 1-53 Average 2-62 rings per inch of average radius. » There is evidently a mistake here. The tree which yielded this section must have been an older tree standing in the plantation of 1862, The sections ranged in age from 5 to 33 years. Dividing them into three groups, two of 10 years each, and the third of 9 years, we ohtain the following as the mean diameter in inches of these three groups : — Mean diameter of trees 5 — 14 years old 15—24 25—33 Inches. 9-72 13-79 1871 Tecloiia.l VERBENACE^. 285 The following statement shews the measurements made by Mr. Popeit in some o£ the plantations of the Tharrawaddy Division in Burma; the results have been obtained by taking the average of some 5 to 10 trees in each : — Name of plantation. Age. Tear of planta- No.of rings counted. Average diameter of section (wood only). Average diameter of heart- wood. Height of tree in feet. Girth at Rings breast height inch of inches. average radius. 20 4-7 17-6 4-8 14 6-8 16-6 4-1 14 4-0 13-71 3-3 18-76 3-7 13-6 4-1 23 2-6 Remarkt}. Thongzai . Myodwin . Kangyee . Choungwah Ditto Ditto Quaymakeing Ditto Ditto (private Years. 15 16 13 12 10 8 11 9 10 1663 1866 1866 1868 1870 1867 1S09 1860 16 16 14 12 10 8 11 9 10 Inches. Inches. 0-4 4-6 6-2 4-S 4-8 3-0 6-8 4-0 6-0 2-1 4-8 2-4 6-9 3-5 4-4 2-6 7-5 6-2 fil 65 44 46 42 Burnt yearly. Protected. Burnt yearly. Protected. Do. Do. Do. Do. Burnt yearly. A section sent from the ThingauneeDOung plantation in Burma, cut from a tree 21 years old, planted in 1856, gave 21 rings on a mean diameter of 16'3", the heart- ■wood of which occupied 14-5". This section shewed 2'57 rings per inch of average radius. Prom other plantations, also, sections of Teak trees of known age were sent for the Paris Exhihition, but apparently they were not in all cases cut from the base of the stem ; they are, however, instructive as shewing the rate of growth and the number of rings on one inch of mean radius^ Year of plantation. Number of rings counted. Average diameteh op section ik IHCHES. Eings per inch of Wood. Heartwood. South Kanaka (Paeappa plantation). Not known ... 10 9- 4-9 Ditto ... 5 5-5 25 2-22 1-81 North Kanaea (Kalanadi valley). Sulageri, 18 years old \ Murdi, 12 years old \ Kadra, 10 years old \ 18 17 17 8 11 11 8 8 7 8- 8-8 9- 5-7 j 6-5 7-5 7- 6- 7-5 7' Heartwood not distinct. 5- 4- 4-5 3-9 3-7 21 3-7 3-8 2-5 2-1 2- 1868 .... 1871 . 1872 .... Beng 8 6 4 AL (EAMUNPO 6-5 6- 5- EEl). 2-5 1- 1- 2-5 measured 1877. i"6 1873 Audamans (Poet Blaie). 6* ( 10-1 I Btjbma (Tbnassebim). 1856 Shoaygoon, Koloon „ Thinganneenoung „ 22 22 21 5-3 4-6 7-6 3-5 3- 4-5 I 1-2 8-3 9-6 5-5 1878. 1877. ' The tree was probably older. 286 VERBENACEiE. [Tedona. It will be noticed that as far as the data go, which are furnished by the sections received, South Kanara, North Kanava and Bamunpokri exhibit an increase of diameter similar to that of Nilambur ; while in the samples from Burma the annual rings are much narrower and the specimen from Port Blair shewed an extremely rapid rate of growth. &irth and height at different ages. — The following measurements illustrate the rate of growth of Teak in plantations in diflferent provinces as nearly as possible from 5 to 5 years. The Nilambur plantation again furnishes the largest amount of information : — Age. Mean girth at breast high. Total height of tree. Nilambur plantation, — Alluvial soil. 3- -7 years 8- -12 „ 13- -17 18- -22 23- -27 2» 30 »> 31 f, 32 „ 33 » 12 inches 17 28 » 25 jj 27 i> 34 1* 35 32 fi 34 » 37 29 feet. 63 „ 68 „ 71 „ 77 „ 87 „ 85 „ 75 „ 92 ,, 95 „ Nilambur 'plantation. — Gneiss and laterite. 1 years 13 inches .... 30 feet. 16 ... 14 50 „ 20 „ ... 21 „ . . • . 50 „ 24—26 22 52 „ 30 „ ... 24 50 „ These figures are taken from that portion of Colonel Beddome's report (paragraphs 11 — 44) which contains his notes on each year's plantation, and the data recorded are stated to be average figures. In another part of his report (paragraph 81), however, he gives data which would seem to shew that the average size of the trees in the older plantations (all on alluvial soil) is considerably greater. He there states the dimensions of the largest, smallest and medium sized trees in four plantations, the results being as follows: — Aqe. MEiir GIETH (PEOBABIT BBEABT high). LeHOIH or BOIE. Largest. Medium. Smallest. Largest. Medium. Smallest. 30 years 31 „ 32 , 33 InohoB. 67 69 63 68 Inches. 47 49 46 56 Inches. 29 30 30 43 Feet. 79 80 83 86 Feet. 65 65 67 68 Feet. 50 50 50 50 Th* first three lines shew the average of 6 trees in each case, and the last line the average of 8 trees each. It is distinctly stated that the length is that of the bole, and not of the entire tree. The plantations made on gneiss and laterite shew a much slower rate of growth than those on alluvial soil ; the difference being considerable in height, and much less in girth. Teeiona.] TERBENACEiE. 287 In 1878 Col. Beddome measured 10 trees in the plantation of 1844, the first five outside, the remainder inside, trees of the plantation, in order to obtain information regarding the ratio of decrease in passing from breast height to half height. The results were that the outside trees shewed a decrease of 24 per cent., while the inside trees shewed 18"5 per cent, only, a difference such as might have been expected. The measurements of the trees cut for the Paris exhibition shew an average decrease of 20 per cent., which may be approximately taken. Up to 10 years of age, the growth in length of teak on alluvial soil at NUambur is at the rate of about 6 feet a year, and later on it is at the rate of only about 1 foot a year. On page 358 of the Forest Flora of North-West and Central India, it is stated that "it is probable that, as a rule, teak attains half its length with a girth of 2 — 3 feet." This assumption is home out by the present figures. The trees grown upon alluvial soil in girth between 25 and 34 inches are from 77 to 87 feet high ; and from all that is known regarding the growth of Teak in similar localities, it is probable that, unless damaged by storms, disease, insects, or other causes, they will attain a height of 150 feet in soil of this description, and in the climate of Nilambur. From Burma, we have the following data. The figures from Pegu represent aver- ages of plantations in the Eangoon, Toungoo and Tharrawaddi districts, brought together on page 358 of the Forest Flora of North- West and Central India. Pegu } Thinganeenoung Garden — Moulmein Age, in yeara. 4 10 15 21 22 Mean girth, breast high, in inches. 5—9 15 23 27 40 Total height of tree, in feet. 15—27 40-45 50—60 The fourth line is the average of 150 trees in the Thinganneenoung plantation in the Attaran district of Tenasserim, given in paragraph 146 of the report for 1876-77 of the Tenasserim forests. Major Seaton gives the average height at 30^40 feet, but this probably means the height to the first branch. The maximum girth was 55g- inches. The average rate of growth of the present plantations in Burma is somewhat less rapid than that of the alluvial portion of Nilambur. The last line gives the average of 15 trees measured in 1856 in a private garden at Moulmein. An instance of extremely rapid growth was the tree already mentioned, a section of which was sent from Port Blair for the Paris Exhibition, probably 6 years old (said to have been planted in 1873, but 6 rings were counted), with a girth of 36 inches and a height of 44 feet. For the Lakvalli plantation in Mysore, the following data are given in Captain VanSomeren's report for 1875-76. Age 13—15 years, mean gii-th 14 inches, height 32 feet. This is a remarkably slow rate of growth, considering that the soil is good, and the climate moist, though of course not so forcing as the climate of Nilambur. The plantations in the Central Provinces and Berar have given the following : — Plantation. . Age, in jeara. Mean girth, breast high, in inchea. Total height of tree, in feet. Machna, Central Provinces Pili, Berar Sakata, Central Provinces Pili, Berar Sonawani, Central Provinces Machna, Central Provinces 6 6 7 8 9 8—10 7 4 11 8 12 9 15-22 10 20—25 20 30—40 17-30 Compared with Malabar and Burma, the rate of growth is slow, as may be expected in a dry climate and near the northern limit of the tree. 2S8 VJSIIBENACEJ!. ITec/oiia. Outside the range of tlie natural growth of teak, the following data, regarding its rate of growth, are available : — Plantation. Bamunpokri (Sikkim) . Hoolingaraara (Chittagong) . Kampahar (Chittagong) 3 specimens Kulsi (Assam) .... Makuiu „ .... Age, in years. Mean girth, breast hiirh, in inches. 5-5 11 6 17 11 9 11 16 Total height of tree, in feet. 12—15 20-25 10—15 20—30 29 18 27 31 The growth at that early age is fairly good ; but it does not follow from these figures that teak in Bengal and Assam will attain a great age, and produce good timber. The following instances of older trees of known age in Assam and Bengal are on record : — Locality. Number of trees measured. Age, in years. Mean girth, in inches. Gauhati, banks of the Brahmaputra .... Royal Botanical Gardens, Calcutta .... Ditto ditto .... Garden at Mohesh, Serampore .... 15 19 8 27 37 6 70 50 85 16 79 52 The trees at Gauhati were on an average 30 — 50 feet high. The trees in the Botanical Garden, Cilcutta, were measured in January 1856. The older trees have since been hlown down by the cyclones of 1864 and 1867. On the banks of the Hooghly at Mohesh, below Serampore, stands a grove of teak trees planted in 1828. Their mean girth, breast high, taken by measuring 27 average- sized trees, was 52 inches. The trees were measured in January 1878, and were there- fore 50 years old. They are from 40 — 50 feet high. In paragraphs 177 and 183 of Dr. Sohlich's report for 1872-73, the dimensions of a large number of Teak trees at different stations of Lower Bengal are given ; but uufbi tunately no trustworthy information regarding their age is available. Cubic contents of trees at different ages. — In paragraph 4 of Colonel Beddome's report a statement is given exhibiting the dimensions of the trees, sections of which were sent to the Paris Exhibition. As already stated, these trees were selected as samples of the dominant trees, viz., of those which will eventually he selected to remain on the ground as the ultimate crop; but, with few exceptions, they were not selected from among the largest individuals which had much outrun their neighbours. Arranging them in groups from 10 to 10 years, the following results are obtained :— Age. Height of tree, in feet. Girth at base, in inches. Length of bole, in feet. Mean cubic contents, in cubic feet. 4 — 13 years 14—23 „ 24—33 48—75 65—110 70-110 21—60 51-69 60—105 32-56 40—70 41—72 10-6 23-8 51-3 Tectona.'] verbenackje, This gives us the cubic contents at different ages as follows : — 289 Mean age. Cubic contents, in cubi^ feet. Periodical annual increment, in cubic feet. 9 19 29 10-6 23-8 51-3 1-1 to 9 years. 1-3 from 9 to 19 years. 2-8 from 19 to 29 years. The annual increment increases steadily to the age of 30 years, and probably continues increasing for a considerable time beyond it. Number of trees and euhio contents of growing sioclc per acre. — Regarding the number of trees and the growing stock per acre at different ages, we depend almost entirely upon Nilambur for our data. Sample areas of half an acre each were selected in each of seven plantations ; each tree was measured, the cubic contents determined, and the following is the result. It is not expressly stated, but it is probable, that these sample areas were all selected on alluvial soil* : — ■ AVEHAGB AN- Age of Number Average Mean quarter CUEICAI. COW- TBJsrs Ilf GDUIO FEET. MTJAL INCEB- MEHX, IK CUBIO EEBI. Name andjearotp antatioD. planta- tion, in years. of trees, per acre. length of bole, in feet. girtb of trees, in iuclies. Per tree. Per acre. Per tree. Per acre. Iravelly Kava . 18M 33 120 59 9-7 41 4,879 1-2 148 Elanjerry . 184.5 32 158 61 7-9 30 4,742 ■9 148 „ . 1846 31 156 60 7-4 27 4,204 •9 136 Moolathamanoo . 1847 30 140 62 7-5 27 3,713 •9 124 „ . 1848 29 156 60 6-8 21 3,243 •7 113 Elanjerry . 1858 19 270 45 5-0 8 2,203 ■4 116 Wallashary . 1868 9 750 40 3-4 3 2,491 •4 277 Colonel Beddome estimates that on alluvial soil, the Teak at Nilambur will reach maturity at from 60 to 80 years ; that fellings will be spread in each plantation over 50 years ; and that at the time of cutting (say at 85 years of age) the mean quarter girth will be 2 feet, the length of bole will be 70 feet, and the mean cubic contents of each tree 280 cubic feet. He also estimates that at that age, there will only be 60 trees to the acre, making the cubic contents per acre 16,800 cubic feet. No safe speculations can be formed regarding the future of a pure Teak forest like that of Nilambnr. In its natural state Teak does not grow alone, but is associated "with bamboos and a variety of other trees ; and it is impossible to foresee the risk of damage by storms, insects, disease, or other causes to which pure Teak forests may be exposed. It may be doubted whether, even on the best alluvial soil, the average mean girth of trees 85 years of age will be as much as 8 feet. On the other hand, it is not impossible that the bole will be longer than 70 feet, and it is probable that it will be advantageous to allow more than 60 trees per acre. On page 155 of the Attaran Keport of 1860, a plot in the Tsintsway forests (Yoonzaleen) is described measuring 3,833 square feet, and stocked with 8 Teak trees with clear stems to the * The length of stem to the top of sale measurement, where the head begins, of every tree in the plantations of 1814 to 1S48, both inclusive, was measured by sending up a climber with a tape. In the plantations of 1868 and 1868 a large number of felled saplings were available, of which the average was taken. The mean quarter girth was determined in the following manner. Ten saplings were measured breast high, and in the middle of the stem at half its length, and this gave ^ as the reducing factor Those trees 30 inches in girth breast high were found to have a girth of 23 inches in the middle of the bole. X 290 VERBBNACEiB. [^Tectona. first tranch of 50 feet, the girth between 4' 6'' and 6' 5" ; this would give 91 trees to the acre. Full stocked forests of Oak and Beech in Europe 130 — 180 years old nnder favourable conditions contain 120 — 140 trees per acre, with a cubic contents (including tops and branches) of about 11,000 cubic feet. A forest of silver fir in the Jura, 180 years old, was found to contain 94 trees per acre, with a cubic contents of 16,000 feet. The total area now stocked at Nilambur is 3,436 acres, of which 1,787 are stocked with a full crop on alluvial soil, the rest not being expected to yield a full crop. In his estimate of the future value of the plantations, Colonel Beddome only assumes 6,000 cubic feet as the full crop expected on alluvial soil. Mr. Carter reports from Burma that at Magayee and Kyekpyoogan in each plan- tation the trees upon J acre were measured. A breadth of 24 feet and a length of 454 feet was given to this area, so as by extending over a greater portion of the plan- tation, to avoid the experiment being confined to a small spot on which the growth was particularly good. But this strip was not taken in a part of the plantation which contained many blanks, but rather in a part which was well stocked without choosing the very finest parts of the plantation. These measurements then do not profess to shew the exact state of the plantations, but to give data which are nearly normal. In the 1873 and 1872 plantations — after the deduction of the mean girth, 3 sample trees in each were felled and the contents calculated by sections, the length of which were taken at 2 feet. In the 1875, 1874, 1869 and 1870 plantations only one sample tree in each was cut ; and in those of 1876 and 1871 no trees were cut, enough data being to hand as to the reducing factor to enable the contents of an average tree to be calculated without its being felled. In the 1871 plantation only were the heights and girths so divergent as to render the separation of the trees into two classes with a sample tree for each necessary. The plantation of 1868 at Kyekpyoogau is so poorly- stocked and so badly grown that no measurements were taken as they would have been valueless for comparison. The results, as might be expected from plantations with only an interval of one year, diverge very widely. The plantations of 3 and 4 years shew an abnormally high annual increment; those of a 8, 9 and 10 years an abnormally low one, attributable to their increase for the last 3 years being almost nil, due most probably to fire and in part also to cater- pillars consuming the first growth of leaves. Name and year of plantation. Age. Number of trees per acre. Average height. Average jirth at breast height. Years. Feet. Inches. Magayee, 1876 . 3 1,059 10 6 (3—9) 1875 . 4 1,048 22 8 (3—12) 1874 5 952 10 6 (2—10) 1873 . 6 1,084 18 8 (4—14) 1872 . 7 1,100 26-6 10 (4-17) Kyekpyoogan, 1871 . 8 876 20 8J (2-16) 1870 . 9 800 30 91 (6-17) 1869 . 10 848 30 10 (6—18) In natural forests, where Teak is associated with bamboos and other trees, the number of first and second class Teak trees (above 4' 6'' in girth) rarely attains 10 Tedona.^ VERBENACE.*;. 291 trees per acre over large areas. The following are instances of forests exceptionally- well stocked with Teak : — Forest. Area. NUMBER PER ACRE. Date of survey. Class. Total. Girth above 6 feet. Girth 45 to 6 feet. 1876 . Bimaram (Central Provinces) Pegu (Prome District) . 50 acres . 4 4-3 8-3 1870-71 17 square miles 3-6 30 6-6 The weight and transverse strength have been determined \>y the following experi- ments : — Experiment by whom conducted. Wallieh A. Mendis, No. 85 „ No. 86 No. 87 Bennett, No. 12 French (Erode) Cunningham Puekle Couch (Plymouth) Simpson Skinner, No. 122 Fowke Kyd . Campbell lUaitiand Baker Year. 1855 1872 1861 1854 1859 EuBsell 1862 1859 1831 1831 1862 1829 Wood whence obtained. Ceylon . Travancore Malabar Moulmein Ceylon . Cochin . Moulmein South India . Vindhyaa hills Mysore . India lb62 Thoungyeen and Zimmee Malabar Moulmein Pegu. Nagpore Burma . „ (unBcasoned) Java Bombay Malabar Burma . Rangoon Bombay Pegu Malabar Good timber girdled Young timber girdled Large timber girdled Dead timber not gi rdled ) Received at > Coseipore, J April 1823. Burma f I^eceived at Cos- Malabar | f^^p -^P"! Malabar r Received at Cob- < sipore, April Bengal C 1827. Bengal . . . . „ very old, taken from a Dutch house at CosbI- pore Weight, Value of P. 292 VERBENACE^. [^Teotona. ^*5 Experiment by whom conducted. Year. Wood whence obtained. Weight. il is « Size of bar. Value of P. Ft. in. in. Brnndis 1862 Burma (No. 86) , «toBl 4x1x1 570 to 887 J, 1864 40-6 i2 6x2x2 563 >i j^ JJ 40 6 6 X 2 X 14 677 )» ,, " ■) ( 45 10 6x2x2 634 jj ,, „ y Half seasoned < 43 H 6 X 2 X 14 684 3) J, » i I 48 20 6 X 2 x 2 698 >l 1865-66 38 4 j» 617 ,, ,, » ■ . • 38 9 6 X 2 X li 670 *) „ « i • ■ 40-5 5 3x1x1 812 „ „ ,1 , , , 38 11 2x1x1 649 ,, ,j j» . ■ ■ 37 17 2 X 1 X i 612 Laslett, p. 125 1875 Moulmein, No. 1 . 48-6 6 J7 X 2 X 2-j 634 >t '» JJ No. 2. 50 6 637 „ p. 126 ,, » - 48-5 6 Dundas 1877 Moulmein 34 34 13 12 10 X 4 X 6 2x1x1 467 791 Warth 1878 Central India Malabar Burma . 43-5 42 40 6 3 4 The weight may, therefore, for practical pui'poses, he taken approximately at 40 lbs. per cubic foot, and the value of P. at 600, on an average] Molesworth, however, in 'Graphic Diagrams for strength of teak beams ' gives: "Weight 45 lbs., P:=800, E = 5,000. Captain J. C. Dmidas, V. C., R. E., in his report on experiments (see above) made at Luckiiow in 1877 and 1878 (Roorkee Professional Papers April 1879, Vol. VIII, No. 32), in which he gives the weight at 34 lbs., P = 470 and E. = 2,200 as an average, says that logs as received at Lucknow shew a weight of nearly 50 lbs. per cubic foot, but that after being well dried and fawn into scantlings, the weight falls to 34 or 35 lbs. His value for P. is a reliable one, for it is based on experiments made with beams of the large size of 10 feet X 4 in. X 6 in. Teak wood does not split, crack, warp or alter its shape when once seasoned, it does not suifer in contact with iron, and is rarely, if ever, attacked by white ants. Its durability is probably due to the aromatic" oil contained in the wood. It is the chief timber of India and ,BiW'Dia ; it is exported largely for ship-building and the construction of railway carriages. In India it is used for all purposes of house and ship -building, for bridges, sleepers, furniture, and most other pm-poses. The leaves give a red dye ; they are very large and are used as plates, for packing and for thatching. The oil is extracted from the wood in Burma and is used medi- cinally, as a substitute for linseed oil and as a varnish. C 1408. C 1409. C 2933. C 2983. C 2982. C 2987. Jagmandal Reserve, Central Provinces Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces ...... Sonawani, Satpura Reserve, Central Provinces (Tree planted in 1867, cut down in 1876, 10-inch girth.) {myiteTeBk,I>udhiaSaffun) Jubbulpore, Central ( Provinces, 1863. i lbs. (Black (stone Telia Sagun or oil teak) Pattharee Sagun.) 38 41 48 44 (Black Teak is rather darker coloured, but otherwise there is no difference in structure, and very little in appearance between these three specimens.) C 834. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar .... C 2809. Melghat, Berar (sapwood) . _ . ._ . E 1202. Bamunpokri Plantation, Darjeeling Terai, Bengal Specimens from compartment I. 1 planted 1868 . 11. 1 „ 1871 . . JJ 3j )) ^' ^ ii J) • • I. 3 b „ 1872 . Ib9. 46 38 Teclona.'] veubenackj;. '^^^3 E 3290-291. Hoolingamara Block, Sitapahar Plantations, Cliitfcagong, 1873 and 1875. E 3386-88. Eampaliav Block, Sltapakar Plantation, Chittagong, 1873. W 1216. Nortk Kanara Plantation, Bombay. r Snlngeri, 18 years old. Specimen from . l Murdi 12 „ „ C Kadra 10 „ „ lbs. W 1217. North Kanara, Bombay 39 W 730. Soutb Kanara, Madras 46 W 753. „ „ „ 42 W 1206. Parappa Teak Plantation, South Kanara, Madras. Saplings of 5 and 10 years' growth . . . . . .... W 2959. Nilambur Plantation, Malabar. Specimens cut by Mr. Brandis in 1864, Nos. 1, 2 and 4 aged 5, 10 and 20 years, and measuring 16, 19 and 25 inches in girth respectively . ... W 1203. Nilambur Plantation, Malabar. Series, Nos. 1 to 33, aged 33 years to 1 year respectively B 2551. Burma (1862) .44 B 801. Pegu 40 B 1385. Thinganneenoiing Plantation, Martaban . . . .34 Tree 54 feet high, 30 feet to first branch, planted in 1856. B 2709. Tavoy (Wallicb, 1828) 42 B 1346. Andaman Islands . . . . . . . .... Tree planted at Dhunee Valley, Leaf Creek, Port Blair, in 1873. Height 44 feet : girth at 5 feet, 36 inches ; at 21| feet, 17 inches ; at 28| feet, 10 inches. lbs. No. 85. Ceylon Collection (Ceylon wood) 44 „ 86. „ „ (Cochin wood) 40 „ 87. „ „ (Monlmein wood) .... 44 „ 47. Salem Collection 40 2. T. Hamiltoniana, Wall.; Kurz ii. 259. Vern. Tanap, Burm. A deciduous tree. Wood light browiij hard, close-grained. Pores small. Medullary rays fine^ the distance between them equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. Annual rings marked by a continuous line of somewhat larger pores. Prome district and Upper Burma. Growth moderate, 9 to 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 64 lbs. per cubic foot. A good wood, and likely to be useful. lbs. B 3126. Prome, Burma 64 3. PREMNA, Linn. Contains about 20 to 25 species of Indian trees, shrubs or climbers. Besides those here described, most of the species are small shrubs, climbers, or at most small trees, chiefly of South India and Burma. P. harbata, Wall. ; Brandis 367 ; Gamble 61, Vern. Ganhila, Pb. ; Lammar, Hind. ; MichapnoTc, Lepcha, is a small tree of the North-East Himalaya and Sub-Himalayan tract. P. viburnoides is a small deci- duous tree of the forests of Prome; and P. samhucina. Wall., an evergreen small tree of Arraoan and Tenasserim. P. scandens, Eoxb. M. Ind. iii. 82 ; Brandis 367 ; Kurz ii. 263 ; Gamble 61. Vern. Sindri, Nep. ; Monhakrih, Lepcha, is a climbing shrub of Eastern Bengal and Burma; and P. interrupta, Wall.; Gamble 61, a common climber of the forests of the Sikkim Hills. The latter has a soft, white wood with the structure of a climber ; large pores and uniform moderately broad medullary rays, the distance between which is usually equal to the diameter of the pores (E 3395, Daijeeling, 7,000 feet). 294 VERBENAGEJE. [^Premua. The strucl.ure of the wood is similar to that of Fi(ex (p. 296), but rather lighter and softer. 1. P. tomentosa, Willd. ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 76; Beddome t. 251; Brandis 367; Kurz 260. Vern. N'affal, naoru, nattra, Tel. ; Chamhara, Mar. ; Ije, Kan. ; Boosairu, Cingh, ; Kyunnalin, Burm. A moderate-sized deciduous tree with grey bark similar to that of teak. Wood smooth, light brown, the colour of teak but lighter (hence the Burmese name), moderately hard, smooth, close and even grained, seasons well. Pores -moderate-sized, sometimes small, sometimes sub- divided, very numerous, uniformly distributed, except that they are a little more numerous near the inner edge of the annual rings, which are fairly well marked. Medullary rays numerous, short, moderately broad, very prominent on a radial section. South India and Burma. Growth rather fast, 4 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight : Brandis' Burma List, 1862, No. 85, gives 52 lbs. ; our specimens vary from 40 to 54 lbs. per cubic foot. Brandis' four experiments in 1864 gave, with bars 3' X 1" X 1", Weight = 43 lbs., P. = 670. The wood polishes well, and is used for weaving shuttles in Burma. It would do for turning and fancy work. lbs. B 317. Burma (1867) . ' 54 B 2718. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 53 B 2548. Burma (1862) 51 B 1424. Burma 40 (Wood rough, grey, and lighter than the other specimens of P. tomentosa^ 2. P. longifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 79. P. tomentosa, Willd. ; Gamble 61. Vern. Owyheli, Nep. ; Sungna, Lepcha ; Bhaoli, Mechi ; Gohora, Ass. An evergreen tree with thin white bark and indented stem. Wood greyish brown, hard, close-grained. Annual rings well marked by a belt of darker and firmer wood on the outer edge of each ring. Pores small, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, wavy. Eastern Sub-Himalayan tract of Bengal and Assam. Growth fast, 3 to 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 to 50 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for house-posts in Assam. lbs. E 2400. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai 47 E 1267. Lakhimpur, Assam 50 3. P. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 76 ; Beddome clxxii. ; Brandis 366; Gamble 61. Vern. Gineri, Nep.; Mic/iapgong, Lepcha; Bauli, Rajbanshi ; Pedda-nella-hura, Tel. ; Gondhona, Uriya ; Middi, Cingh. A small deciduous tree with greyish white bark. Wood grey with yellow, green, and purple streaks. Annual rings marked by a faint line. Pores between small and moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays numerous, uniform, equidistant, moderately broad, marked on a radial section. Distinguished from P. tomentosa by softer wood, by the medullary rays being closer together, and by smaller pores. Sub-Himalayan tract from Kumaun eastwards, South India. Growth moderate, 4 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight 38 to 43 lbs. per cubic foot. Used to obtain fire by the hill tribes of Sikkim. The leaves are said by Beddome to be eaten in curries : they are sometimes given as fodder to cattle. lbs. E 621. Rakti Forest, Darjeeling Terai 38 E 2399. Bamunpokri, „ „ . . . . ' . .43 Fremna.] verbenace^. 295 4. P. integrifolia, Linn.; Brandis 366; Gamble 60. P. serrati. folia, Liun.; Eoxb. FL Ind. iii. 77; Beddome clxxii.; Kurz ii. 262: Vera. Bakarcha, Garhwal; Ganniari, Oudh; Bhut-bhiravi, Beng. ; Gineri, Nep. ; Munnay, Tarn, ; Ghehu-nelli, pinna-nelli, Tel. ; C/iamari, Mar. ; Appel, Mai. A small deciduous tree, the stem and branches often armed with stout woody spines. Wood white with purple streaks, moderately hard, close- grained; structure similar to that of P. latifolia, from which it is probably not specifically distinct. Oudli, Northern Bengal, South India, Ceylon, Tenasserim, and the Andaman Islands. Weight 35 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for firewood, the leaves for feed- ing cattle. The fresh felled wood exudes a green coloured sap. lbs. O 3082. Gonda, Oudh 35 O 3092. Kheri, „ 5. P. mucronata, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 80; Brandis 366 ; Gamble 61, Vern. Bankhar, gidn, Pb. ; Bakar, hakarcha, basota, agniun, tumari, jhaiela, Hind. ; AffniA, Kumaun. A small tree with grey bark. Wood moderately hard, light purple, structure the same as that of P. integrifolia. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards. Wood a good fuel, used to obtain fire by frictiou. 3091. Kheri, Oudh. 4. GMELINA, Linn. Contains 3 species. Gr. asiatica, Linn. ; Eoxb. PI. Ind. iii. 87 ; Beddome clxxii. ; Brandis 365 ; Kurz ii. 265. Vern. Gumudu, Tel., is a large branching shrub or small tree of swamp forests in South India, Burma and Ceylon. G. Systrix, Schult ; Kurz ii. 265, is a large scandent shrub oi Tenasserim. L G. arborea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 84; Beddome t. 253; Brandis 364; Kurz ii. 264; Gamble 61. Vern. Gumfidr, khammara, kambhar, kumdr, gambari, sewan, shewan, Hind. ; Gumdr, gumbar, Beng. ; Gambari, Nep., Uriya; Gomari, Ass. ; Numbor, Jje\>cha. ; Gumai, CaohaY ; Bolko- hak, Garo ; Gumadi, cummi, Tam. ; Gumar-tek, peddagomru, tagumuda, gumudu, Tel. ; Shewney, kuli, Kan. ; Shewan, Mar. ; Chimman, sag, Bhil ; Kumbulu, Mai. ; Kurse, Gondi ; Kdssamar, Kurku ; At-demmata, Cingh. ; Ramani, Magh ; Yamaney, Burm. A moderate-sized or large deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, smooth, white or whitish grey. Wood yellowish, greyish or reddish white, with a glossy lustre, close and even-grained, soft, light and strong, durable, does not warp or crack. Annual rings marked either by a white line or by more numerous pores in the spring wood. Pores large and moderate-sized, often subdivided, rather prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays short, moderately broad, prominent, visible on a radial section as irregular horizontal bands, giving the wood a mottled appearance. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards and throughout India, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Growth fast, our specimens shew about 4 rings per inch of radius ; a small round in the Bengal Forest iVluseum shews 10 rings for a mean diameter of lOj inches or rather less than 2 rings per inch of radius ; another shewed 27 rings with a diameter 296 VEKBENACEJD. [Gmeliua. of 14 inches or nearly 4 rings per inch. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experiments : — Experiment by whom made. Tear. Wood whence procured. Weight. Number of experi- ments. Size of bar. Value of P. Ft. In. In. Wallich .... India 32 Kyd 1831 As Ham 38 2x1x1 675 Baker .... 1829 Bengal . 29 S 7x2 X 2 375 91 .... „ „ 28 4, 6x2x2 398 )» .... „ Juoagarh . 60? wet 4 7x2x2 321 Biandis, No. 67 . 1862 Burma 35 Waith .... 1878 as below 36 18 The wood is easily worked and readily takes paint or varnish ; it is very durable under water. It is highly esteemed for planking, furniture, door panels, carriages and palanquins, well-work, boats, toys, packing cases and all ornamental work ; it is used in Burma for carving images, clogs and canoes. It would probably be a valuable wood for tea-boxes. It is the chief furniture wood of Chittagong and is in some demand in Calcutta. Writing in May 1829, in ' Gleanings in Science,' Captain Baker, the Superintendent of Suspension Chain Bridges, spoke of Gumbhar wood as " well calculated for light planking, panelling, blinds and Venetians, and of much esti- mation for picture frames, organ pipes, sounding boards and other such work where shrinkage is to be avoided," so that it has evidently been long known in the Calcutta market. The fruit is eaten by Gonds, and, as well as the bark and root, is used in native medicine. It is now being planted at Sitapahar and Jamguri in Bengal, and, if not eaten down by deer who are very fond of it, it grows very fast. Seedlings in the Jamguri Nursery, Buxa Reserve, in 1879 reached a height of nearly 4 feet in 6 months. Iba. O 325. Garhwal (1868) 33 O 343. Gorakhpur (1868) . 32 O 1372. Gonda, Oudh 40 O 1457. Bahraich, Oudh ... . . 38 O 1483. Kheri, Oudh 39 C 182, Mandla, Central Province.^ (1870) 35 C.1129. Ahiri Keserve, Central Provinces . C 83.5. Bairagarh Eeserve, Berar 45 C 2775. Melghat, Berar ". ! 38 C 959. Guzerat, Bombay ......... 34 B 676. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 41 E 2396. Sivoke Forest, „ „ | 35 E 948. Eastern Diiars, Assam 36 E 2193. Nowgong, Assam 39 E 2303. Kamrup, „ .'37 E 1435. Assam 31 E 1390. Chittagong '33 B 295. Burma (1867) 28 B 1425. Tharrawaddy, Burma .... ... 35 5. VITEX, Lhiii. Contains 10 to 12 species of Indian trees. V. trifolia, Linn. ; Koxb. PI. Ind. iii. 69; Beddome clxxii. ; Brandis 370; Gamble 61 (V. Agnus-castus, Linn.; Kurz ii. 269) Vem. Nishinda, Hind. ; Fajpati, Nep. ; Nir-nochi, Tam. ; Vavili, Tel. ; Kara- nuchi, Kan., is a small tree orjihrub of Bengal, South India and Burma. V. hetero- phylla, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 75 ; Kurz ii. 270 ; Gamble 61. Vern. Neri, Nep. ; Mwkut, Lepcha, is a large tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma. V. canescens, and F. limonifoUa, Kurz ii. 270, 271, are deciduous trees of the forests of Prome. V. Wimhcrleyi, Kurz ii, 271, is a small evergreen tree of the Andaman Islands. nteX.I VERBENACB^. 297 Wood between 40 and 55 lbs. in weigbt, hard, close-graiBed. Annual rings distinct. Pores small or moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine, uniform, numerouSj equidistant. 1. V. Negundo, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 70 ; Beddome clxxi. Brandis 369. Vern. Marwan, mordun, mdura, mora, wana, banna, torian, hiuna, Pb. ; BJiiwari, shawdli, nengar, mewrl, nisinda, Hind. ; Beyguna, Uriyaj Nirgunda, nirgur, Mar.; Nirgiri, Gondi; Nirgudi, Kurkuj Vella-nucU, Tam. ; Veyala, Tel. ; Lahki, Kan. ; 8Mu niha, Cingh. A deciduous shrub, with thin grey bark. Wood greyish white, hard. Annual rings marked by a narrow belt of more numerous and larger pores at the inner edge. Pores small and moderate-sized. Medullary rays numerous fine, uniform, equidistant. Common in the drier parts of India, and ascending to 5,000 feet in the North-West Himalaya. Growth moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight 41 to 42 lbs. per cubic foot. The hranches are used for wattle-work ; the root is employed as a febrifuge and the leaves to cure headache. lbs. H 3044. Kumharsen, Sutlej Valley 42 C 2789. Melghat, Berar 41 2. V. altissima, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 71 ; Beddome t. 252, Brandis 370 j Gamble 61. Vern. Aliay,ksB.; Maila, Tam.j Mi/role, halgay, nauladi, sampaga-pala, Kan. ; Banalgay, Mar. ; Mililla, Cingh. A large tree. Bark -l inch thick, grey, fibrous. Wood grey with a tinge of olive brown, hard, close-grained, polishes well. Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of firmer wood on the outer edge. Pores small, scanty. Medullary rays fine, numerous, wavy. Bengal, South India and Ceylon. ., Growth moderate, 8 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight 50 to 53 lbs. per cubic foot (South Kanara specimens) ; 49 and 56 lbs. (Adrian Mendis' Ceylon specimens) ; Skinner, No. 145, gives 63 lbs. for Kanara specimens. A. Mendis gives P = 788, Skinner P = 557. Molesworth in ' Graphic diagrams for strength of teak beams' gives : Weight 56 lbs. P = 722, E = 4700. The wood is used for building and for carts, and deserves attention. Iba. W 724. South Kanara 53 W 757. „ „ 50 Nos. 54(561bs.)and78(491bs.), CeylonCoUection 3. V. pubescens, Vahl. ; Beddome clxxi. ; Kurz ii. 271. F. arborea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 73. Vern. Nowli eragu, busi, Tel. ; Myladi, Tam. j Kyet-yoh, Burm. A large tree. Wood smooth, grey with an olive-brown tinge, very hard, close-grained. Annual rings marked by a more or less sharp line and by a broad belt of firmer wood on the outer edge. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous, equidistant ; the distance between the rays equal to the transverse dia- meter of the pores. South India, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Growth moderate, 8 to 10 rings per cubic foot. Weight, according to Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 83, 45 lbs., but his specimen now weighs 51 lbs. ; A. Mendis gives 2 298 VEKBBNACEiE. [Fitex. 56 lbs. ; our specimens give 55 lbs. Mendis gives P = 770. The wood is durable and is used for various purposes in Soutb India. lbs. D 1058. South Arcot, Madras 51 D 1063. Cuddapah 59 B 1429. Tharrawaddi, Burma 56 B 2550. Burma (1862) 51 No. 10. Ceylon Collection [marked V. altissima (Oaha milille)'] . 56 4. V. alata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 72; Kurz ii. 272. V. pedancularis, Wall, in DC. Prod. xi. 687. Vern. Osai, Ass. j Boruna, goda, Beng. ; Krawru, Magh ; Hila auwal, Cachar; S/ielangri, Garo; Kyetyo, Burm. A tree. Bark thick. Wood purplish or reddish grey, heavy, hard, close-grained. Annual rings distinctly marked by a white line. Pores small, moderate-sized, sometimes filled with a yellowish substance. Medullary rays fine, very numerous. Assam, Chittagong and Burma. Growth moderate, 6 to 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 60 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in Cachar for posts and beams, in the Garo Hills for sugarcane crushers. lbs. E 784. -Kamriip, Assam E 1393. Chittagong 60 B 1423, Tharrawaddi, Burma 60 5. V. leucoxylon, Linn. f. ; Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 74; Beddome clxxi. ; Brandis 370; Kurz ii. 273. V. saligna, Roxb. I.e. 75. Vern. Goda, horina, ashwal, Beng. ; LuM, neva-ledi, Tel. ; Sengeni, karril, Kan. ; Tohra, Magh ; Longarbi thiras, Mar. ; Btouhsha, Burm. A very large deciduous tree. Wood grey with a satiny lustre, hard, close-grained, durable. Annual rings marked by a prominent line. Pores small, often oval and subdivided, numerous. Medullary rays short, moderately broad and broad, marked as long shining bands on a radial section. Chittagong, Burma, Andaman Islands and South India. Growth moderate to fast, 3 to 12 rings per inch of radius, averaging 6 rings. The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse strength : — 1881, Kyd, with Assam wood, bars 2' x 1" X 1" 1864, Brandis, „ Burma „ „ 3' X 1" X 1" )> ,*j f »> jj » „ ^ X i X 1 1878, Warth, with Chittagong and Burma wood (below) . 1862, Brandis, with Burma wood, No. 84 The wood is used for cart-wheels, and deserves attention for furniture and other purposes. The fruit is eaten by Burmese in the Andamans, and the bark and root used as an astringent (Major Ford). lbs. E 1392. Chittagong 45 B 330. Burma (1867) 40 B 2549. „ (1862) 40 B 2711. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) . . . ... . , .36 B 2218. Andaman Islands (1866) 44 6. CLERODENDRON, Linn. Contains about 12 to 18 species of Indian shrubs or small trees. C. phlomoides, Linn. ; Roxb. PI, Ind. iii. 57 ; Beddome clxxxiv. ; Brandis 363. Vern. Umi, Hind. ; Irun, ami, Guz. ; Telahi, Tel., is a tall white-flowered shrub of the arid and northern Weight. P. . 40 337 . 39 763 . 39 508 . 41 . 42 • •1 C/erodenclroii.] vekbenace*. '^99 and southern dry zones. C. infortunatum, Linn. ; Beddome clxxiii. ; Brandis 363 ; Kurz ii. 267; Gamble 62 (Volkameria infortunata, Eoxb. PI. Ind. iii. 59) Vern. Bhdnt, bhat, Hind. ; Chiiu, Nep. ; Kadung, Lepoha ; Luhunah, Mechi ; Khaoung-gyee, Burm., is a pinkish- white-flowered shrub common in undergrowth of forests, especially of sal, and in waste places in the greater part of India and Burma. C. inerme, Gaertn. ; Koxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 58 ; Beddome clxxiv. ; Brandis 368 ; Kurz ii. 266. Vern. ^an-jamat, batraj, Beng., is an evergreen shrub with white flowers, common in tidal forests in Bengal, Burma and the Andamans. C. serratum, Spreng. ; Brandis 364 ; Kurz ii. 267 ; Gamble 61 ( Volkameria serrata, Eoxb. PL Ind. iii. 62) Vern. Barangi, Hind. ; Chua, Nep. ; Yi, Lepcha ; Bebya, haihyo, Burm., is a blue-flowered shrub common in the Sub-Himalayan tract and outer Himalaya from the Sutlej eastwards, the Khasia Hills, South India and Burma. C. Siphonanthus, R. Br. ; Brandis 364 ; Gamble 62 {Siphonanthus indica, Linn. ; Eoxb. PL Ind. iii. 67) Vern. Barangi, Hind. ; Bamauhatti, Beng., is a large shrub with red calyx, white flowers and blue berries, found in Kumaun, Bengal and South India. Home says the wood is tied round the neck by Bengalis and used as a charm against various ailments, in the Sundarbans. C. nutans. Wall. ; Kurz ii. 268. ; Gamble 62. Vern. Baichua, Nep. ; Tongsor, Lepcha, is a white-flowered shrub of evergreen forests in Northern and Eastern Bengal. C bracteatum. Wall. ; Gamble 62. Vern. Chitu, Nep. ; Kadung, Lepcha, is a small tree of the Sikkim Hills. C mllosum, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 268, is an evergreen shrub of the Martaban HUls, chiefly found in deserted toungyas. 1. C. Colebrookianum, Walp. ; Gamble 63. Vern. Kadungii, Lepcha. A small evergreen tree with silvery grey bark. Wood grey, soft. Pores large and moderate-sized, often siibdivided, the large pores arranged in interrupted concentric lines', aud all pores, especially the smaller ones, joined by irregular concentric bands of softer tissue. Medullary rays moderately broad and fine, irregularly distributed. Sikkim and Khasia Hills, 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Weight, 29 lbs. per cubic foot. The whole 'plant has a strong disagreeable smell ; the young leaves are eaten by Lepchas. lbs. E 2401. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet 29 7. CARYOPTERIS, Bunge. 1. C. Wallichiana, Schauer; Brandis 370; Gamble 63. Vern. Moni, mohdni, Kumaun ; Shechin, Nep. ; Malet, Lepcha. A large shrub with thin grey papery bark, peeling off in vertical strips. Wood dark grey, moderately hard, with the scent of cherry wood. Pores very small, often in groups, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad, the distance between them much greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 3,000 feet. Growth rapid, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Has handsome lilac flowers. lbs. E 2402. Chunbati, Darjeeliag, 2,000 feet 44 8. AVICENNIA, Linn. 1. A. officinalis, Linn. ; Beddome clxxiv. ; Brandis 371 ; Eurz ii. 275. Vern. Bani, Beng. ; Mada, nalla mada, Tel. ; Thame, Burm. A shrub or small tree. Wood grey, with a darker heartwood, hard, heavy, consisting of numerous, narrow, well-marked, concentric layers j the inner portion of each layer is firm, with moderate-sized pores which 300 . vERBENACE^. [dvicemiia. are often in short radial or oblique Hues ; the outer irregular narrower portion of each layer consists of soft tissue, with a few larger pores. Medullary rays &ne, numerous, prominent in the inner layer of each ring. Salt marshes, coast and tidal forests of India, Burma, and tie Andaman Islands. Weight, 58 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood very brittle, used only for firewood. Major Ford says it is used for mills for husking paddy, rice-pounders, and oil-mills in the Andamans. Iba. E 398. Sundarbans 58 B 2284. Andaman Islands 58 Order LXXXI. LABIAT.®, Contains a large number of herbaceous genera, a few only reaching the size of small shrubs or trees. There are about 7 Indian genera with woody species belonging to 5 tribes : — Tribe I.— Ocimoidese JPlectranthus. „ II. — Satureinese ...... Colebrookia a.u& HhJioltxia. „ III. — Monardese Meriandra. „ IV. — StachydesB Colquhounia and Moylea. „ V. — Ajugoidese Teucrium. Colquhownia elegans. Wall. ; Kurz ii. 278, is a scandent shrub of the hill forests of Martaban at 4,0C0 to 5,000 feet. C. coccinea, Wall., and C. vestita, Wall., are scandent shrubs of Nepal and the Eastern Himalaya. Wood light-ooloured, hard. Pores small or very small, generally in groups. Medullary rays moderately broad, distant. 1. PLECTRANTHUS, L'Her. 1. P. rugosus. Wall. Vem. KJiwangere, Trans-Indus; Itsit, Salt Range ; Bui, Jhelam ; Solei, Kashmir ; Piumar, cMgu, Chenab ; Kot, siringri, Ravi; Feh, rosbang, chichri, Sutlej. A small shrub with brown bark. Wood grey, hard. Pores small and very small. Medullary rays moderately broad. Annual rings marked by a narrow belt of more numerous pores. Common on dry hill-sides and rocks in the North- West Himalaya and Salt Bange above 3,000 feet. H 2840. Simla, 7,000 feet. 2. COLEBROOKIA, Sm. C. ternifolia, Koxb., is a shrub of the hills of the Carnatic. 1. C. oppositifolia, Sm.; Kurzii. 277 ; Ganible 63. Vem. Shakardana, Trans-Indus ; Phis bekkar, Salt Range ; Dusa, sampni, Jhelam ; Sudli, Chenab ; Duss, Ravi ; Briali, basuti, Beas ; Barmera, Sutlej ; BulsAat, Kumaun ; Bosul, Nep. A shrub with grey bark. Wood greyish white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores very small, in groups. Medullary rays moderately broad ; the distance between the rays several times larger than the transverse diameter of the pores. ColebrooMa.] labiatj!. 301 Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 4,000 feet. Weight, 46 lbs. per cuhio foot. The wood is used for gunpowder charcoal, and the leaves applied to wounds and sores {Stewart). lbs. H 3046. BelowKomharsen.Sutlej Valley, 2,500 feet ... 46 3. ELSCHOLTZIA, Willd. 1. E, polystachya, Benth. Vern. RangeJiari, mehndi, Jbelam ; Garudar, tappaddar, Chenab ; Duss, Ravi ; Pothi, Sutlej ; Bhangria, Kumaun. A shrub with grey, fibrous bark, peeling off in thin, longitudinal strips. Wood grey, moderately hard, splits and cracks, and in seasoning separates into concentric masses. Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of numerous and larger pores in the spring wood. Pores small and very small, often subdivided, those in the outer belt of the annual ring arranged in groups. Medullary rays moderately broad; the distance between the rays larger than the transverse diameter of the pores. North-Western Himalaya, from the Jhelam eastwards, and the Khasia Hills, from 6,000 to 10,000 feet. Growth slow, 15 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot. Common in forest undergrowth, growing often to 10 or 12 feet high. lbs. 2 |93g]Mahasu, Simla, 7,000 feet 42 4. MERIANDRA, Benth. M. hengalensis, Bth., is often cultivated in Indian gardens as a substitute for sage. 1. M. strobilifera, Benth. A small shrub with grey bark. Wood white, hard. Pores small and very small. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Annual rings marked by an interrupted line of larger pores on the inner edge, and a narrow belt of firmer wood on the outer edge of each ring. North- West Himalaya, about 6,000 feet. The leaves are very aromatic, having the scent of sage ; they are distinguished from those of ElsTioltzia polystachya by being sagittate. The shrub is chiefly found on dry rocks, especially limestone. H 2839. Simla, 6,500 feet. 5. ROYLEA, Wall. 1. R. elegans, Wall. Vem. Kaur, kauri, Pb. ; Titpdti, Kumaun ; PatJcami, Hind. A shrub with grey bark. Wood white, hard. Pores small and very small, in groups and short tails. Medullary rays moderately broad, unequally distributed. North- West Himalaya, from the Eavi to Nepal, ujvto 3,000 feet. A handsome shrub. Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. H 3045. Komharsen, Sutlej VaUey, 4,000 feet 52 302 LABIATE. \Teucrium. 6. TEUCRIUM, Linn, 1. T. macrostachyum, Wall. ; Gamble 63. Vern. Matsola, gurupis, Nep. J Chung, Lepcta. A small evergreen tree. Bark thin, corky. Wood yellowisli white, moderately hard, close and even-grained. Pores small, in groups. Medullary rays moderately broad, numerous. Annual rings indistinctly marked. Eastern Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, Khasia Hills and Sylhet, from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. Growth rapid, 3 to 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 38 to 41 lbs. per cubic foott A common tree in second growth forests in the Sikkim Hills, and easily recog- nised by its greyish foliage and long erect spikes of dirty white flowers with long- exserted stamens. Its wood is a fair fuel. It coppices well and strikes easily from cuttings. lbs, E 2411. Eangbul, Darjpeling, 7,000 feet 41 E 3376. Darjeeling, 6,500 feet 38 Oeder LXXXIII. NTCTAGINEiE. Contains one genus of Indian trees — Pisonia aculeata, Linn. ; Beddome okxv. ; Kurz ii. 279, is a large straggling climber of Southern India and of the coast forests of Burma and the Andaman Islands. P. alba. Span, and P. umhellifera, Seem. ; Kurz ii, 279, 2S0, are evergreen trees of the coast forests of the Andamans- To this family belong the beautiful JBougainvilleas, common in gardens, and the Marvel of Peru, Mirahilis Jalapa, cultivated or run wild over the greater part of India. Oedek LXXXIV. AMARANTACE.a;. A large genus of herbaceous plants containing only 2 or 3 genera of Indian shrubs. Deeringia baccata, Moq. ; Gamble 63 {D. celosioides, R. Br. ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 682) Vern. O-ola moham, Beng. ; Kala lodri, Kumaun ; Latman, Hind., is a common climber of Northern India, climbing over bushes and covering them in the cold season with its long branches covered with bright crimson berries. 1 . EO DETI A, Moquin-Tandon. 1. B.. amherstiana, Moq. Deeringia Amherstiana, Wall. Vern. Bilga, Koti. A large straggling shrub, with thin, brown, rough bark. Wood grey, soft, divided by concentric and anastomosing bands of cellular tissue into irregular, narrow, concentric belts, which are subdivided into oblong porous areas by short medullary rays varying in breadth, which often gradually widen where they join the concentric bands of cellular tissue. Pores moderate-sized, numerous. North-west Himalaya and Burma. Weight, our specimen gives 41 lbs. per cubic foot. It seems to be often grown as a hedge ; the young shoots are eaten fried in ghee, and a black dye is obtained from the leaves. The berries, which are bright crimson, resembling those of Deeringia, are also eaten. lbs. H 3097. Koti, near Simla, 6,000 feet 41 CalUgonum.\ poi.yGONBiE. 303 Oedeb lxxxv. polygone^. A large Order of herbaceous plants, containing only 3 genera whieli have woody plants indigenous in India, viz., CalUgonum, Folygonum and Rumex. 1. CALLIGONUM, Linn, 1. C. polygonoides, Linn.; Brandis 372. Vern. Balanja, lerwaja, tatuke, Trans-Indus ; Phok, pMg, Pb. A slow-growing skrub. Bark reddish grey, rough, peeling off in long thin flakes; inner substance red. Most old stems are hollow. Heartwood reddish brown, very hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a continuous belt of moderate-sized and large pores ; in the outer portion of each annual ring the pores are small, in groups, scanty, often joined by wavy lines of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Arid zone of Sind, the Punjab and Eajputana, Afghanistan and Western Asia. It is chiefly used for fuel, but twigs and branches are sometimes employed for the walls and roofs of huts. The abortive flowers are swept up and eaten, either made into bread or cooked with ghee. P 889. Multan. 2. POLYGONUM, Linn. Contains several shrubs of the Himalaya, some with very handsome flowers, but none of any importance, except the one described. Besides the shrubs there are a large number of herbaceous plants belonging to this genus, many of them very common. 1. P. molle, Don ; Gamble 63. Vern. Totnye, tuknu, patu-swa, Nep. A large trailing shrub, with thin, dark grey bark and hollow stems. Wood reddish white. Annual rings marked by a belt of moderate-sized pores ; in the outer portion of each ring the pores are small, scanty, often in groups. Medullary rajs moderately broad, often in pairs, irregularly distributed. Hills of Sikkim and Bhutan, from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. An extremely common, often almost gregarious, and scandent or straggling shrub. The young shoots are pleasantly acid and are eaten like rhubarb. There is some doubt about the name of this very common plant, but it is probably Coccoloba Totnea, Ham., in Don. Prodr. Fl. Nep. 74. It has the enlarged succulent calyx of Coccoloba round the fruit. E 2412. Eangbi, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet. 3. RUMEX, Liun. 1. R. hastatus, Don. Vern. Katamial, khatlimal, Jhelam ; Ami, Chenab, Ravi; Malorigha, amla, Beas; Amlora, Sutlej; Almora, Kumaun. Generally an undershrub, sometimes a shrub. Woodl ight red, moder- ately hard. Pores small, more numerous at the inner edge of the annual rings. Medullary rays broad and very broad. North-West Himalaya from 2,500 to 9,000 feet, chiefly on rocks and dry hill-sides. The leaves are acid and are eaten as sorrel. H 3048. Kot, Sutlej Valley. 2,500 feet. Atrapliaxis spinosa, Linn. ; Brandis 373, is a thorny shrub of the hills of Afghan- istan and Beluchistan belonging, to this family. 304 LAUEACE2B. OiiDEE LXXXV. LAURACEJE. A large Order containing 17 genera of Indian trees, many of which are important. These genera belong to 4 tribes, viz. — Tribe I. — Perseaoese .... Cinnamomum, Alseodaphne, Phcebe, Machilus, Maasia, Beilschmiedia and Apollonias. „ II. — Cryptooaryere . . . Cryptocarya. „ III. — LitsseacesB .... Tetrcmthera, CylicoAaphrw, Dode- cadenia, Adinodaphne, Litsaa, Daphnidium, Aperula and Lindera. „ IV.— HernaudiesB . . . Hemandia, Nectandra and Sassafras belong to the Sub-Order Oreodaphnese, Persea to Perseacese and Laurus to Litsseace®. The identification of many of the species of the Order is very difficult, and few Orders more require further and careful investigation. Haasia Wlghtii, Nees ; Eeddome t. 298, is a tree of the Anamalai Hills and the Ghats of Tinnevelly and Travancore. Apollonias Arnottii, Nees ; Beddome t. 291 ; Brandis 377, is a tree of the Tinnevelly and Travancore Ghats and Malabar. Cryptoearya contains about 6 species. C. Wightiana, Thw. ; Beddome t. 299, is a large tree of the Western Ghats and Ceylon. C. Stoclcsii, Meissn., is a tree of Kanara; and C. NeilgJierrensis, Meissn., of the Nilgiri Hills. C.florihwnda, Nees, and C. amyg- dalina, Nees ; Gamble 64. Vern. Patmaro, Nep. ; Kaledeo, Lepcha, are trees of the outer Sikkim Himalaya and Eastern Bengal. G. ferrea, Bl. ; and C. GHfflthiana, Wight ; Kurz ii. 295, are trees of Tenasserim. Cylicodaphne contains about 8 species placed by Beddome and Kurz under Tetran- thera, but separated by Meissner in DC. trodromus, Vol. XV. O. nitida, Meissn. {Tetranthera nitida, Boxb. ; Kurz ii. 302. Vern. Kotoloah Ass.) is a large tree of Eastern Bengal and Burma upon whose leaves the "Muga" silkworm (AnthercBa Assama) is sometimes fed. C. Wightiana, Nees, is a tree of Assam, South India and Ceylon. Dodecadenia grandiflora, Nees ; Brandis 381 ; Kurz ii. 304, is an evergreen tree of the Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards. Actinodaphne contains about 9 species. A. angustifolia, Nees; Beddome olxxxvi. ; Brandis 381 (Litseea angustifolia) ; Kurz ii. 305. Vern. SamJeoh, Ass., Boltanaro, Garo ; Tabongdeing, Magh, is a large evergreen tree of Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma. A. salicina, DC. ; Beddome t. 295, Kurz ii. 305, is a tree of the Western Ghats and Ceylon. A, Sookeri, Meissn. ; Beddome t. 296 ; Brandis 381, is a small tree of Sikkim and the Eastern and Western Ghats of South India. A, ohovata. Hook. f. and Th. ; Gamble 65. Vern. MusUndi, Nep. ; Pohor, Lepcha ; Laiphanzeh,, Mechi ; Cherritinga, Ass., is a large evergreen tree of the outer Sikkim Himalaya, Assam, Khasia Hills and Sylbet, with large 3-nerved leaves, generally in whorls. Aperula contains 2 trees : A. assamiea, Meissn. {Lindera assamica, Kurz ii. 308), of Sikkim, Assam and the Martaban HiUs; and A. Neesiana, Bl.; Brandis 383. (Lindera Neesiana, Kurz ii. 309) Vern. Karaway, Burm., of Nepal, Sikkim and Burjna, yield- ing, according to Kurz, excellent sassafras. Lindera contains about 5 species, chiefly of Sikkim and Bhutan, the chief among which is L. heterophylla, Meissn., of the hills of Sikkim at 8,900 to 9,000 feet. Hemandia peliata, Meissn. ; Beddome t. 300 ; Kurz ii. 309. Vern. Upa/ranthi Mysore ; Palaii, Cingh., is an evergreen tree with peltate leaves found in the coast forests of the Andamans and Ceylon. Beddome says that the wood is very light and takes fire readily, that the juice is a powerful depilatory, removing the hair without pain, and that the seed and young leaves are cathartic. Persea gratissima is the fruit tree, the Avocado Pear, cultivated in India. The bay laurel is Laurus nobilis. The wood of the Indian laurels is generally light-coloured, soft or moderately bard, without heartwood, even-grained, seasoning well without splitting. They have, with few exceptions, an exceedingly uniform structure. Pores small or moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, uniform and equidistant. Annual rings distinctly Cituiamomum.] LAURACEJ3. 305 marked in most species either by a sharp line, or by a firmer belt of wood in the outer portion of the ring. 1. CINNAMOMUM; Burman. According to Meissner this genus contains 16 Indian species, 5 of which from South India Beddome considers should only be varieties of one species. It contains 2 sections : Malabathrum with 3 to 5-nerved leaves, and Camphora usually with penni- veined leaves. The first section contains 10 species. O. Wightii, Meissn. ; Beddome t. 262, is a tree oE the Nilgiri Hills and Ceylon. C. sulpJiwratum, Nees ; Kurz ii. 288, is a species with yellow pubescent leaves, from the Western Ghats and Tenasserim. C. iners, Ewdt. ; Brandis 375 ; Kurz ii. 287. Vern. Looleng-hyau, Burm., is a tree of Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma. C. Perrottetii, Meissn., is a Nilgiri tree. C im- pressinervium, Meissn. ; Gamble 64, is a large tree of Sikkim. C caudatum, Nees ; ITurz ii. 289 ; Gamble 63. Vern. Kharsoni, Nep. ; Sanging, Lepcha, is a round-leaved large tree of Nepal, Sikkim and Upper Burma. C. Zeylanicum, Breyn. ; Beddome clxxxiv. ; Brandis 375 ; Kurz ii. 287. Vern. Dalohini, Hind. ; Karrmoa, Tam. ; Sanalinga, Tel. ; Rassu hurundu, Cingh. ; Loolengkyau, Burm., is the true Cinnamon. The cinnamon is the bark of the tree, the leaves also ai'e aromatic, giving oil of clove. The root yields camphor and the liber oil of cinnamon. The tree is indigenous in the Ceylon forests up to 8,000 feet, and is largely grown in that island in coppice woods. To the second section belong C. inu-nctum, Meissn., and 0. Parthenoxylon, Meissn. ; Kurz ii. 289, of South Tenasserim, the latter being said by Kurz to be the Martaban Camphor Wood. C. pseudo-Sassafras,Me\ssn.,\s a.tvss ofMergui. C. Ceci- dodaphne, Meissn. Vern. Buddai Soom, Ass., is a tree of Sylhet. C. CampAora, Nees and Eberm. ; Brandis 376, is the Japan Camphor Tree, from whose wood camphor is obtained. Wood softj seasons wellj and does not warp or crack. Pores well marked on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays uniform and equi- distant. The leaves and bark^ as well as the wood of many species, are aromatic. 1. C. obtusifolimn, Nees ; Brandis 375; Kurz ii. 287; Gamble 63. Laurus obtusifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 303. Vern. Tezpat, ramlezpat, liinton, Bang. ; Bara singoli, Nep. ; Nu^sor, Lepcha ; Patichanda, Ass. ; Dupatti, Mechi ; Krowai, Magh ; Loolenghyau, Burm. An evergreen tree, with grey aromatic bark \ inch thick. Wood reddish grey, moderately hard, shining, mottled on a vertical section by the medullary rays, the pores containing a gummy substance which ex- udes copiously on the wood being wetted. Annual rings very indis- tinctly marked. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, uniformly distributed in frequently grouped oblique lines. Medullary rays moder- ately broad, slightly undulating, prominent on a radial section as long narrow plates. The wood has a kind of lustre, and the bark of the roots is highly aromatic. Outer North-East Himalaya to 7,000 feet, Eastern Bengal, Burma, and Andaman Islands. Growth moderate, our specimens shew 10 to 12 rings per inch of radius ; a tree examined by Mr. McDonell near Darjeeling gave ISJ rings per inch of radius. Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic foot. The leaves are aromatic, and the bark, especially that of the roots, resembles cinnamon. The "Muga" silkworm (Antheraa Assama) sometimes feeds on its leaves. lbs. E 498. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling Terai 44 E 693. Sepoydura Forest, Darjeeling,' 5,500 feet .... 38 2. C. pauciflorum, Nees. Vern. Binglaiterdop, Khasia. 2 p 306 LAURACEj;. \_Cinnamomum, Wood light redj very aromatic, beautifully mottled on a radial section by the medullary rays, rough, hard. Pores moderate-sized, often in radial lines. Medullary rays moderately broad, numerous. Assam Valley, Khasia Hills and Sylhet. Growth fast, 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. E 798. Khasia Hills, 5,000 feet 39 3. C. Tamala, Nees; Brandis 874i; Gamble 63. C. albiflorum, Neesj Wight Ic. t. 140. C. Cassia, Bl, ; Kurzii. 288. Laurus Cassia, Roxb. Fl.Ind. ii. 297. Cassia Cinnamon. Vern. Ddlehini, kirkiria; kikra, sinJcami, silkanti, Hind. ; Chota sinkoli, Nep. ; Nnpsor, Lepcha ; Dqpald, Ass. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark thin, compact, brown, wrin- kled, with an aromatic taste. Wood reddish grey, splits and warps, moderately hard, close-grained, slightly scented. Annual rings distinctly marked by a narrow belt of firmer wood on the outer edge with fewer pores. Pores small to moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine, numerous, equidistant. Himalaya, sparingly from the Indus to the Sutlej, common thence eastwards between 3,000 and 7,800 feet. Eastern Bengal, Khasia Hills and Burma. Growth moderate, the l)arjeeling specimen shewing 6 rings, that from Jaunsar 7, and the Hazara one 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is not [used. The bark is largely collected and sold under the name of Taf. The leaves are also much sold under the names Tezpat, tajpat. lbs. H 937. Hazara, 4,000 feet 40 H 3162. Dungagalli, Hazara, 4,000 feet H 427. Bagiyar Forest, Jaunsar, 4,000 feet 35 E 575. Sukna Forest, Darjeeling Terai 42 4. C. glanduliferum, Meissn. ; Brandis 376 ; Gamble 64. The Nepal Camphor Wood. Vern. Malligiri, marisgirii Nep. ; Bohu, Lepcha ; Gunserai, Mechi, Ass. ; Gundroi, Cachar. A large tree. Bark 1 to 2 inches thick, dark grey, uneven, outside corky, highly scented. Wood rough, pale brown, highly scented with a strong smell of camphor when fresh cut, has a certain lustre. The wood distantly resembles that of an Albizzia on a vertical section, but is rougher ; it is soft to moderately hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a distinct line. Pores between moderate-sized and large, uniformly distributed, often oval and subdivided and filled with a glittering resinous substance. Medullary rays short, numerous, uni- formly distributed, fine or moderately broad, the distance between the rays generally less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Pores distinctly marked on a vertical section. South Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards, Assam, Khasia Hills and Sylhet. Growth fast, 2 to 3 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 38'5 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood durable, easily worked, is not touched by insects. It is used in Assam for canoes and boat-buUding ; in Sikkim for boxes, almirahs and other articles, also for planking. It is being tried for sleepers. lbs. E 670. Dulka Jhar, Darjeeling Terai 38 E 2413. Tista Valley, Darjeeling 37 E 628. Eastern Diiars, Assam 39 E 639. K&mriip, Assam 34 E 2304 40 E 2187. Nowgong, „ 44 Ginnamomum.] lauuace^. ""' 5. C. sp. (perhaps C. Tarilenoxylon, Meissn. ; Kurz ii. 289, or Jperula Neesiam, Bl. ; see Brandis 383). Vera. Karaway, Burm.- Wood orange-brown, scented, moderately hard, oily to the touch. Pores moderate-sized and large, often subdivided, filled with resin, the transverse diameter often equal to, or slightly larger than, the distance between the fine, prominent, medullary rays. It resembles the wood of C glandulifemm in structure. South Tenasserim, Weight, 43 to 46 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood durable, used for house-building and shingles. lbs. B 1945. Tavoy 43 B 2483. „ 46 6. C. sp. Vern. Hmanthin, Burm. Wood white with a pink tinge, shining, moderately hard, highly scented. Pores moderate-sized, often subdivided, frequently filled with resin, their transverse diameter generally equal to the distance between the short, fine, prominent medullary rays. In structure the wood most resembles that of C, ohtusifolium. South Tenasserim. Weight, 36 to 43 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is plentiful at Tavoy and Mergui, where it is used for building. lbs. B 1946. Tavoy 43 B 2482 36 7. C. sp. Vern. Binlcozi, Burm. Wood red, soft, strongly scented. Pores moderate-sized, often sub- divided, their transverse diameter generally equal to, or less than, the distance between the short and fine medullary rays. Somewhat resembles in structure the wood of C. parmfiorum. South Tenassserim. Weight, 411bs. Found by the late Mr. Lee in Mergui, but rather scarce. lbs. B 1387. Tavoy s 41 Nos. B 298, Burma (1867), 24 lbs.; B 2691 (40 lbs.) ; B 2695 (39 lbs.) ; B 2719 (36 lbs.), Tavoy (Wallich, 1828), are all evidently Lauracese and probably Clnnamomwm. They have a light, soft, aromatic wood. Pores moderate-sized, generally subdivided. Medullary rays fine, equidistant, numerous. 2. ALSEODAPHNE, Nees. A. semecarpifolia, Nees ; Beddome t. 297. Vern. Wiwarana, Cingh., is a large tree of the Western Ghats and Ceylon, where it is known as a valuable timber of a yellow colour, which resists the attacks of " teredo " and is used for building and boats. A. grandis, Nees ; Kurz ii. 293, is an evergreen tree of Burma with a yellowish wood. 1. A. sp. Vern. BowM poma, Assam. ' Wood soft, red, even-grained. Pores small, in radial lines. Medul- lary rays fine, red, equidistant, visible on a radial section. Assam. Weight, 32 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for boats, furniture and building. lbs, E 633. Eastern Duars, Assam 32 308 LAUBACBJ!. ^Fhcebe. 3. PHCEBE, Nees. Contains about 7 species. P. pallida, Nees ; Brandis 377. Vern. Kanwal, Kumaun, is a small tree of the Himalaya frotti Kumaun eastwards and Burma. P. paniculata, Nees ; Brandis 377 [P. viUoaa,' Wight, and P. puhescens, Nees, Kurz ii. 290. P. Wightii, Me\ssn. ; Beddpme It. 292 (probably). Laurus villosa Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 310. (probably)] Vern. Kumara, Burghers; Kapv^a,, Tcar^ipal Kumkun ; Boltigavhu, Garo ; Chekib, Magh, is a tree of the Eastern Himalaya, Eastern Bengal, Burma and South India, with, according to Beddome, a good wood of a light red colour. P. angustifolia, Nees, is a tree of the Khasia Hills. P. glauceseens, Neesj'Gamble 64. Vern. Surul, Nep., is a tree of the Eastern Himalaya and Eastern Bengal. 1. P. Janceolata, Nees; Brandis 377; Kurz ii. 290 ; Gamble 64. Laums lanceolaria, Roxb. PI. Ind. ii. 309. Vern. Chan, chandra, badror, shalanghi, Pb. ; HauUa, dandorla, kdwal, s'Am hawal, bilphari, Jlind*; Dupatti, Mechi j Nuni ajhar, Garo; Sun kanwal, Kumaun. A small evergreen tree. Wood white^ hard, close-grained. Annual rings marked by a distinct line. Pores moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided, or in short radial lines, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, equidistant. The wood turns brown on exposure, and varies in colour in different localities. Outer Himalaya from the Jumna to Bhutan, ascending to 6,000 feet, Khasia Hills, Sylhet, Burma and; the mountains of South India. Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 46 to 55 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. H 91. Bhajji, Simla, 4,000 feet 46 B 2415. Chunbati, Darjeeling, 2,500 feet 55 2. P. attenuata, Nees ; Gamble 64. Vern. Sudri, Nep. ; Lepcha- phal, Darjeeling ; Phani, Lepcha. A large evergreen tree. Wood grey, turning darker on exposure, hard, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a distinct line. Pores large and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, frequently oval and sub- divided. Medullary rays fine, equidistant. Sikkim and Bhutan, from 4,000 to 8,000 feet, hills of Eastern Bengal. Growth moderate, 5 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 39 to 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Much used at Daijeeling for building, for tea-boxes and other purposes. The fruit is large, when ripe the size of a green walnut; it is eaten by Lepchas. (The identity of this species requires further investigation ; it is a very handsome tree with long, narrow leaves.) lbs. E 363. Eangbul, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 44 E 2416. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet ... 39 4. MACHILUS, Rumphius. Contains about 9 species. M, macrantha, Nees ; Beddome t. 264. Vern. Kroma, Burghers ; Iruli, Kaders ; Kurma, Kan. ; Ullalu, Cingh., is a large tree of the Western Ghats and Ceylon, with a soft, light, even-grained wood, used for building. M. rimosa, Bl, M.fruticosa, Kurz, and M. tavoyana, Meissn.; Kurz ii. 292, are trees of Tenas- serim. M. khasyana, Meissn., is a tree of the Khasia Hills. 1. M. odoratissima, Nees ; Brandis 378 ; Gamble 64. M. indica, Lour. ; Kurz ii. 291. Neva. Balchini, milh-paUa, prora, badror, leddil, Vh.; Kawala,W\nA.; Kawala, lali, jagrikat, Nep.; Phamlet, Lepcha; Soom, Ass. ; Dingpingwait, Khasia. Machilus.] LAURACE^. 30.S A large tree. Wood grey, darkening and turning red on exposure, soft to moderately hard, even-graiaed. Pores moderate-sized, often oval and subdivided, their transverse diameter equal to the distance between the uniformly distributed fine medullary rays. Annual rings yery indistinct. Outer Himalaya ascending to 8,000 feet, Khasia Hills'; Burma". Growtli moderate to fast, 2 to 11, averaging 7 rings per inch of radius ; a tree examined by Mr. McDonell in the Park, Daqeeling, shewed 6 rings per inch. Weight 40 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in Darjeeling, where it is very common, for building, chiefly for native houses. In Assam it grows gregariously in large forests, which are used for feeding the silkworms (AtitAertea Assama) which give the " Muga" or "Moonga" silk. This silk, which is chiefly produced on the Soom tree, is also pro- duced on Cinnamomum, ohtusifolium, Tetranthera polyantha, glauca and monopetala, Cylicodaphne nitida and Symplocos grandiflora. For an account of its pro- duction see " Indian Forester," Vol. V, p. 35, an article entitled " The Muga Silk Industry in the Sibsagar District, Assam," by Dr. Brandis. lbs. 37 39 43 36 43 43 H 92. The Glen, Simla, 6,000 feet H 929. Hazava, Puniab .... E 435. Eangbiil Forest, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet E 2414. „ „ „ _ B 592. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai E 1271. Lakhimptir, Assam .... 5. BEILSCHMIEDIA, Nees. Contains about 4 species. B.fagifolia, Nees ; Beddome t. 263 ; Brandis 379, is a large tree of the Western Ghats with a good timber used for building. B. macro- phylla, Meissn., is a tree'of Mergui. B. assamica, Meissn., is a tree of Assam, and B. glohularia, Kurz, a tree of the hill forests of Martaban. 1. B. Roxburghiana, Nees; Brandis 378 j Kurz ii. 293; Gamble 64. Laurus hilocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 311. Vern. Konlidiah, Oudh ; Tarsing, Nep. ; Ranyu, Lepeha ; Tapchi, Garo ; Serai-guti, Ass. j Shatoo- heng, Burm. An evergreen tree. Wood white, moderately hard, even-grained ; heartwood with red and green streaks. Annual rings marked by sharp lines. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous. Eastern Himalaya up to 8,0C0 feet. Eastern Bengal, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Growth moderate, 6 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36'5 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used in Assam for boats ; in Daijeeling for building, tea-boxes and other purposes. lbs. E 1258; Tezpur, Assam 36 E 1264. „ „ 39 E 700. Chuttockpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet ... 35 E 2419. Eangbul „ „ 7,000 „ ... 36 These two last have less numerous pores. 6. TETRANTHERA, Jacq. About 26 species are described in the " Prodromus '' as occui'ring in India and Bur- ma. T. amara, Nees ; Kurz ii. 299 ; Gamble 65. Vern. Likh paieli, Nep. ; Safed- nyok, Lepeha, is an evergreen tree of the Eastern Himalaya, Burma and the Andamans with a pale brown wood. T. polyantJia, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 301 ; Gamble 45, Vern' Siltimber, Nep. ; Terhilsoh, Lepeha; Adahuri, edenkuri, mezenhuri. Ass., is a small tree of the Eastern Himalaya, Assam and the Khasia Hills, generally of old cultivated 310 LATJRACE^, \Tetranthera, land. In Assam the leaves are used to feed the silkworms which produce the " muga" silk (Antherrea Assama). T. grandis, Wall. ; Kurzii. 299, is an evergreen tree of the forests of Burma, having, according to Kurz, a handsome yellow wood with a fine lustre. T. Wightiana, Wall. ; Beddome t. 293. Vern. Keyngee, Burghers'; Sam- madi, Kan. is a tree of the forests of the Western Gh4ts from 2,000 to 8,000 feet, having a handsome yellow wood, which is used for building. T. glauca. Wall. ; Kurz ii. 300 ; Gamble 65. Vern. Sempat, Nep. ; Diglilafi, Mechi ; Biglotti, Ass., is an evergreen tree of the outer Eastern Himalaya and Eastern Bengal on the leaves of which in Assam the Muga silkworms are sometimes fed. 1. T. laarifolia, Jacq. ; Brandis 379 ; Kurz ii. 297 ; Gamble 65. T. apetala, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 819. Vern. Maida, meda, gwA, ridn, chandra, Pb. ; Garbijaiir, singrauf, medh, menda, Hind. ; Suppatnyoh, Lepcha ; KuMr cMta, Beng. ; Narra alagi, Tel. ; Vngdung, Burm. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark 1 inch thick. Wood greyish brown or olive grey, moderately hard, shiningj close and even-grained, seasons well, durable, is not attacked by insects. Annual rings indis- tinctly marked by a white line. Pores small and moderate-sized, often subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad. Kumaun, Garhwal, Bengal, Burma, Central and South India. Growth moderate, 6-7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot A fine wood worth notice. The bark is used medicinally for external application bruised and mixed with goat's milk, for sprains and braises. lbs. O 253. Garhwal (1868) 48 O 1378. Gonda, Oudh 45 O 1484. Kheri „ 48 D 1087. Madura, Madras 46 B 2286. Andaman Islands (1866) 47 2. T. monopetala, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 821; Brandis 380; Kurzii. 299 ; Gamble 65. Vern. Meda, gwa, singraf, sangran, marda, hat marra, kaMri, kerauli, paioia, katmoria, papria, hatmedh, hari, rand- kari, Hind. ; Mendah, Jcari, kjem, tosha, leja, Gondi ; Leinja, Kurku ; Itatmanti, kadmero, Nep. ; Suphut, Lepcha ; But, mogasong, Mechi ; Sualu, Ass. ; Huara, Cachar; Bolbek, Garo; Ranamba, Mar. ; Vngdung, Burm. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark dark grey, smooth, when old exfoliating in corky scales. Wood olive grey, soft, not durable, is readily attacked by insects. Annual rings indistinct. Pores moderate- sized, uniformly distributed, often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays short, fine. The wood is very similar to that of T. laurifolia, but is softer, not durable, and the annual rings are not well marked. Sub- Himalayan tract from the Kavi eastwards, Kumaun, Garhwal, Bengal, Burma, Central and South India. Growth moderate to fast, 2 to 6 rings ^er inch of radius. Weight, 38 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for agricultural implements. The leaves are used in Assam to feed the " muga" silkworms Antheraa Assama ; they have a cinnamon-like smell when bruised. lbs. O 246. Garhwal (1868) 38 O 1367. Gonda, Oudh 38 3. T. tomeutosa, Roxb., Kurz ii. 297; Gamble 65. "Vern. PAusri, Nep. ; PAane, Lepcha. A tree. Bark light brown, thin. Wood soft greyish-yellow with TeiranUera.] laduace*. 311 an unpleasant odour when fresh cut. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Annual rings marked by a faint line. Himalaya, from Sirmur (Wallich) eastwards, common in the Sikhim Hills from 6,000 to 8,000 feet, South India and Burma. E 3374. Darjeeling, 6,000 ft. 4. T. angustifolia, Wall. T. mligna, Nees. Vern. Eisapaing, Bang.; ShealbuJc, Magh. A large sbrub. Bark brown, thin. Wood soft, light brown or nearly white. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays short, fine to moderately broad. Elver hanks in Chittagong, where it forms the most characteristic vegetation. It has long, narrow, willow-like leaves. In Dr. Sohlioh's list of 1874 it is marked Momonoya, and indeed in leaves and in habit it resembles H. riparia. E 3283. Einkheong Valley, Chittagong Hill Tracts. E 717 (34 lbs.) from Chittagong, a light olive-coloured wood sent under the name of " llooria, " is not an Excceearia (see Eoxb., Fl. Ind. iii. 692), but rather resembles Tetranthera. Wood soft. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays short, broad. 7. LITS^A, Juss. Contains, according to Meissner, about 8 species, but most of these have been latterly joined under one species, viz., L. zeylanica. Wood soft or moderately hard. Pores smallj often in groups. Medullary rays fine, equidistant. 1. L, zeylanica, Nees ; Beddome t. 294 ; Brandis 382. L. foliosa, Nees. L. umhrosa, Nees. L. scrohioulata, Nees in DC. Prodr. xv. Vern. Chimdi, shalanglu, rauli, chilotu, cliarhha, haderu, narhi, thirmal, zopru, Pb. ; Kanwal, tilboraj sara, jhatela, chirara, chirchira, Hiud. j Belori, Burghers; Bawal kurundu, Cingh. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood reddish white, with darker heartwood, moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a stra- tum of firmer wood on the outside of each ring, where the pores are often arranged in oblique lines. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous. North- West Himalaya, between 2,000 and 8,000 feet, Eastern Bengal, Burma and South India. Growth slow, 13 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36 to 38 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for house-building in South India. An oil is extracted from the fruit which is used for burning. lbs. H 63. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet 36 H 3055. Mahasu, Simla, 7,000 feet 38 No. 20 of Adrian Mendis' Ceylon Collection (51 lbs.) marked Z. zeylanica, of Cey- Ion, has a shining wood with the same structure, but more close-grained than that of the tree of the North- West Himalaya. 2. L. consimilis, Nees ; Gamble 65. L. zeylanica, Nees ; Braudis 382 (part). Vern. Chirira, chir chira, Kumauu ; Pooteli, Nep. 312 LAUEACEiE. [Zi/stsa. A small evergi'een tree with thin grey bark. Wood yellow, moder- ately hardj close-grained. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medul- lary rays short, fine and moderately broad, the distance between the rays greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Himalaya from Simla eastwards. Weight, 43 lbs. per cubic foot. A good wood. An oil is extracted from the fruit, and used for burning. Ibe. E 2420. Hoom Linding, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet 43 3. L. lanuginosa, Nees ; Brandis 382. Vern. Kdlban, Pb. ; Kokra, Hind. A moderate-sized tree. Bark brown. Wood yellow, when fresh cut. Pores small, arranged in radial groups and oblique lines. Medullary rays short, fine, numerous. Outer Himalaya, from the Indus eastwards up to 6,000 feet. H 2948. Sutlej Valley, 3,000 feet. 8. DAPH^fIDIUM, Nees. Contains about 6 species. D. hifarium, Nees ; Brandis 383, is an evergreen shrub or tree of the Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards. D. venosum, Meissn., is from Bhutan. D. argenteum, Kurz ii. 307, is a deciduous tree of the low and Eng forests of Pegu and Martaban, said by Kurz to have a yellowish close-grained wood. These three, with D. elongatum, form the section with penniveined leaves. The section, with tri-nerved leaves contains, besides D. pulcherrimum, D. melastomaceum, Nees, of Assam, the Khasia Hills and Sylhet, and D. caudatum, Nees, Kurz ii. 307, an evergreen tree of the Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and the hills of Martaban and Tenasserim above 4,000 feet. 1, D. elongatum, Nees J Gamble 65. Veru. Paieli, pooalay , pMsri, Nep. ; Thamlet, Lepcha. A large evergreen tree. Wood yellow, turning olive grey on ex- posure, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores small, occasionally in groups, uniformly distributed. Annual rings marked by firmer wood on the outside of each ring. Medullary rays fine, uniform and equidistant ; the distance between them slightly greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Sikkim and Bhutan Himalaya, from 6,000 to 8,000 feet, Khasia Hills, (irowth moderate to slow, 10 to 22 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 34 to 41 lbs. per cubic foot. A very pretty wood, worthy of attention. Wood used for building, chiefly planking. lbs. E 362. Eangbtil, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 34 E 2418. '„ „ 41 2. D, pulcherrimum, Nees ; Brandis 383 ; Kurz ii. 306 ; Gamble 65. Vern. Dadia, Hind. ; Sisi, Nep. ; Nttpsor, Lepcha ; Dingpingwai, Khasia. A large evergreen tree with thin bark. Wood reddish white, moder- ately hard, even-grained. Structure similar to that of A elongatum. Kumaun, Nepal and Sikkim Himalaya between 4,000 and 9,000 feet, Khasia Hills, Burma. Dap/inidium.] tA.VRi.CEM. 313 Growth moderate, 4 to 12 rings per inch of radius. A round in the Bengal Forest Museum shews 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 33 to 40 Ihs. per cubic foot. Wood used for buildicg, cattle yokes and occasionally tea-boxes. The leaves are aromatic. lbs. E 368. Eangbul, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 33 E 2417. „ „ „ , 40 3. D. nov. sp. Vem. SiUimber, Nep. A small evergreen tree. Wood grey, moderately hard. Annual rings marked by firmer tissue on the outside of each ring. Pores small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, uniform. Higher Darjeeling Hills, above 9,000 feet. Growth slow, 18 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 42 lbs. lbs. E 384. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet 42 Sassaffas offidnale, Nees, No. 2962, from North America, is the " Sassafras " wood, which is there largely used in medicine and as a dye. The wood is soft, porous, highly scented, preserving its odour a long time. Pores large to small. Medullary rays moderately broad, undulating; the transverse diameter of the pores being greater tban the distance between the rays. Nectandra Soditsi, Rob. Schomb., No. 2961, from Demerara, weighing, our speci- men, 68 lbs., according to Laslett 72 lbs. (specific gravity = 1'15) per cubic foot, is the " Gieenheart, " largely used in shipbuilding. The wood is dark brown, very hard and heavy, with the centre almost black. Peres moderate-sized, often filled with yellow resin. Medullary rays fine, uniform, equidistant, the distance between the rays beino' equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. According to Laslett P = 1,000. Persea Nan-muA, Oliv., No. 3259, received from Japan by the kindness of Mr. G. Takeda, is the " Nan-muh " tree of which the expensive coffins used in China by persons of wealth and quality are made. The wood is soft to moderately hard, with a pleasant aromatic scent when fresh cut, even-grained, of a dark olive-brown colour, shining with a beautiful lustre. Pores small to moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, often subdivided, distinctly visible on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, uniform and equidistant. Annual rings marked by a band of darker coloured autumn wood. Weight, 34 to 35 lbs. per cubic foot. Nos. E 1290. Vern. Dumhail, 31 lbs., and E 1292. Vem. Saun dolu, 32 lbs., from Cachar, have the structure of Lauracece. The pores are larger than in Beilschmiedia, which they otherwise most resemble. Order LXXXVI. MYEISTICACE^. 1. MYRISTICA, Linn. Contains about 12 to 14 species of Indian trees. Five species are found in Northern and Easteru Bengal, foui- in Burma, six in Bombay and South India, and four 2q 314 jiYitiSTiCACEiE. \_Mfnst,ica. in the Andamaiis. M. moschnia, Wilfd. ; Boxb. PI. Ind. ili. 843. Vem. Jaiphal (nutmeg), jati, jawntari (mace), is the tree whose fruit gives the spices known as "nutmeg "and "mace," the former is the hard albumen and the latter the aril of the seed. The tree is cultivated in many parts of India, in Ceylon and in the Malay Archipelago. M. e.lli/ptica, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 282, is an evergreen tree of the Andamans^ M. laurifolia, Pook f. and Th., is a common large tree of the Western Ghats an4 Ceylon. M. Farquhariawa, Wall. ; Beddome t. 270. Vem. Pindi, Kan., is a common, tree of the evergreen forests of Kanara. M glabra, BL.is-atreeof Sylhet. M. amyg- dalinai, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 283. Vern. Toungsaga,^\irm., is a,n evergreen tree of Burma and the Andaman Islands. M. longifoUa, Wall.; Kurz ii. 283'; Gamble 67. (M. lini- ybZio'^EosEb. Pf. In-d.iii. 847) Vera. Gurmunghcm, Magh ; Zadevp-hpo<, Burm., is an ever- green tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma. M. ervafiea. Hook, f . and Th.,andliK. gibhosa, Hook. f. and Th., are trees of the Khasia Hills> M. attenuaia. Wall. ; Beddome clxxvi., is a tall tree of the Cancan Ghats of BoBubay. M. corticosa Hook. f. and Th.; Beddome t. 271 ; Kurz ii. 284; Gamble 68 {M. angustifolia, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 847), is an evergreen tree of th& forests of Northern and Eastern Bengal^ Burma, South' India and the Andaman Islands. M. magnifica, Beddome t. 268', Vern. Bamanadike, Kan., is a very large tree erf Travancore. 1. M. malabarica, Lamk. ; Beddome t. 269. Vern. Kdnapi, Kan., Findi-kai (seeds), A small evergreen tree. Wood reddish grey, moderately hard. Annual rings (?) marked by concentric lines. Pores moderate-sized, oval, not numerous,, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, not prominent. South Kanara and Malabar, Weight, 32 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for building. The seeds give an oil which is used for burning and as an ointment for sores. lbs. W 736. South Kanara 39 2. M. Irya, Gaertn. ; Beddome clxxvi. ; Kurz ii. 283:. Vern. Maloh, Burra. ; Mutwindd, chooglum, And. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood dark olive grey, bard, close- grained. Annual riniis marked h^ distinct lines. Pores moderate- sized and large, oval and subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays numerous, very fine, wavy, bent outwards where they touch the pores, prominent on a radial section j the distance between the rays smaller than the transverse diameter of the pores. Burma, Andaman Islands and Ceylon. Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. A handsome wood and worthy of attention; it seasons well and takes a good polish. lbs. B 509. Andaman Islands 52 Oedeu LXXXVII. THYMELACE^. Contains 6 Indian genera belonging to 2 tribes, mz., — Tribe I. — Thymelese Daphne, Edgeworihia, Wit:- stromia, Laaiosiphon and Linostoma. „ II. — Aquilarinesc ..... Aquilaria. Hdgeworthia Qardneri, Meissn. ; Braildis 386 ; Gamble 67. Vern. KagTiuti, aryili, Nep., is a large shrub of Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan^ from 4,000 to 7,000 feet, with a white, thick, fibrous bark. Wood grey, light, soft with little lustre. It is the chief species used in the manufacture of the Nepal paper,andit gives the whitest Daphne.] thymelace^b. 31:3 kind. The paper is very tough, and large qnantities are made in Nep'al and Sik kim Wikstromia virgata, lieissn. ; Beddome clxxviii ; Brandis 386. Vera. Bhatniggi, thilak. Ph. ; Chamlia, Kumaun, is a small shrub of the Himalaya from the Indus eastwards, the Khasia Hills and Ceylon, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet. An inferior sort of paper and rope is made of its bark in Kumaun. Lasiosipkon erlacephalus, Dene ; Beddome clxxix. Vern. Naka, Cingh., is a large shrub of Bengal aid South India. A fibre is obtained from its bark, which is, besides, used for poisoning fish in Ceylon. Linostoma contains 4 species : X. pauciflorum. Griff. ; Kurz ii. 334, is an evergreen shrub of the Martaban Hills at 8,000 to 4,000 feet ; X. decandrum. Wall., Kurz ii. 334, a shrub of Chittagong; X. seandens, Kurz ii. 334, a shrub of Tenasserira; and L. siamense, Kurz ii. 335, a shrub of the Eiig forests of Prome. Gyrinops Walla, Gaertn. ; Beddome t. 303. Vern. Walla, Cingh., is a, handsome small tree found in Ceylon. Lagetta liutearia, Lamk. is the Lacebark tree of Jamaica, whose liber ia made into cloth, papei', lace, ropes, whips amd other articles. L DAPHNE, Linn. Contains about 7 species. D. cackemiriana, Meissn., from the Pirpanjal, and D, oleoides, Schreber, are described by Brandis, p. 385, under D. mucronata. D. pen- dula, Sm. ; Kurz ii. 333, is an evergreen shrub of the Martaban Hills at 5,000 to 6,000 feet elevation. D. Walliehii, Meissn. Vern. Ckhota aryili, Nep., and D. longifulia, Meissn. Vern. Shedbarwa, Nep., are shrubs of the Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal, whose bark is used in the manufacture of paper, the latter species yielding the commoner coarse kind. D. Mezereum, Linn., the " Mezereum " with deciduous leaves, and D. Laureola, Linn., the " Spurge Laurel," ■with evergreen leaves, are well-known European shrubs. Pores very small, arranged in oblique tails or irregular patches {D. Mezereum). Medullary rays fine or very fine. 1. D. mucronata, Royle; Brandis 384. Vern. Laghuiie, Afg. | Peek, Sind ; Kwtildl, kantlian, gandalun, shalangri, sosAo, shing, maskar, swdna, jikri, dona, c/ianni niggi, Jedgsari, sind, kaiman, sondi, Pb. A small evergreen shrub. Wood white, soft. Pores very small and extremely small, arranged in oblique tails. Medullary rays numerous, very fine. Numerous faint concentric lines acrdss the rays. Suliman Range from 3,000 to 7,000 feet, Himalaya from 2,300 to 9,000 feet. The wood is used in Chamba to make gunpowder charcoal. The bark and leaves are used in native medicine. The berries are eaten, but are said to cause nausea and vomiting ; on the Sntlej a spirit is distilled from them (Brandis). H 2826. Cheog Forest, Simla, 7,000 feet. H 2828, Simla, 7,000 feet. 2. D. papyracea, Wall. ,• Brandis 386 ; Gamble 67. Vern. Ntggi, Pb. ; Set barma, satpura, Hind. ; Balvoa, Kumaun ; Gande, kaghuti, Nep. ; Bayshing, Bhutia. A large shrub. Bark grey, smooth, liber vcell developed and yielding a very strong fibre which is used for the manufacture of ropes and paper. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores extremely small in long narrow oblique and bending tails of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous. Himalaya from near the Indus to Bhutan, between 3,000 and 9,000 feet, Khasia Hills. Growth moderate, 9 rings per inch of radius. "Weight, .34 lbs per cubic foot. Flowei-s very sweet scented. Bark used to make Nepal and Bhutia paper, the com- moner thin kind ; also to make ropes for various purposes such as carrying leads. E 2408. Darjecling, 7,000 feet 34 816 iHYHKLACEiE. [.-Iquilariu. 2. AQUILARIA, Lam. Two species only of this genus are Icnown from India, viz., A. AgallocTia, here described, and A. malaccensis, Lamk. ; Kurz ii. 336, from Tenasserim, which, accord- ing to Meissner, is the " Garo de Malacca " or Malacca Baglewood. There is still some doubt about the identification of the species of Aquilaria which yields the Eagle- wood of commerce. Roxburgh says the A. Agallocht is an immense tree, a native of the mountains east and south-east of Sylhet between 24° and 25° north latitude. " There can be little doubt that this is the tree which furnishes the real Calambac or Agalloohum of the ancients, and there seems more reason to think that it was carried to China from our eastern frontier than to suppose it was carried from Cochin China or any other countiy in the vicinity of China, where it has always been in great demand. Small quantities are sometimes imported into Calcutta by sea from the enstward; but such is always deemed inferior to that of Sylhet." Kurz seems to con- sider the Sylhet and the Tenasserim tree as the same species, and as the structure of the wood of both is identical, there is a strong probability^ of his view being correct. Further investigation, however, is necessary to ascertain if the species described by Roxburgh as growing in Assam and Sylhet (A. Agallocha) is identical with the tree furnishing the Akyau wood of Burma. As far as our account is concerned, we shall only speak of one species. 1. A. Agallocha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 422 ; Brandis 387 ; Kurz ii. 335. Lign Aloes or Eaglewood. Vern. Ug4r, Hind., Beng. j Sas\, Ass.; Akyau, Burra. ; Kayv, garu, Malay ; Nwakmi, Siam ; Nyaw-chah, Chinese; Kihay, sinnak, Cingh. A large evergreen tree. Wood white, soft, even-grained, scented when fresh cut. In the interior of old trees are found irregular masses of harder and darker coloured wood, which constitute the famous Eagle- wood of commerce, called Kaya garu by the Malays, and Akyau by the Burmese. Pores small and moderate-sized, in short radial lines. Me- dullary rays fine, numerous ; the distance between two consecutive rajs less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Numerous short transverse bands of pores and intercellular ducts filled with a brownisK substance. Eastern Bengal, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, Kyd gives 20 lbs. ; our specimen 25 lbs. per cubic foot. Kyd gives P = 2C3. A description of Bagle- wood and its method of collection is given in extracts from Mr. Lee's reports given at p. 80 of the Burma Forest Report for 1 875-76, and at p. 19 of the Burma Forest Report for 1876-77. From these it appears that the Akyau is the most important forest produce of the forests of South Tenasserim and the Mergui Archipelago. It is found in fragments of various shapes and sizes in the centre of the tree, and usually, if not always, where some former injury has been received. To collect it the trees are felled and allowed to rot for about three years in the forest, when they are again visited, the tree cut into fragments, and the odoriferous wood cut out. Mr. Lee says that most usually the Akyau is found in the sapwood. IbB. E 951. Golaghat, Assam 24 B 1948. Tavoy 23 B 2485. „ . . . . 29 Oeder LXXXVIII. ELJEAGNE.iE. Contains 2 genera only, Elcsagmts and Hippophae. Pores small and moderate-sized. Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of larger pores. HippopAae has numerous uniform and fine medullary rays, while Elceagnus has short rays of different width, which in some species are broad. HI.2)p>'>pJiae.\ el^agne^. 317 1. HIPPOPHAE, LJnn. Contains 2 species, distinguished by the scales or hairs on the under surface of the leaf. S. salicifolia, Don ; Brandis 387. Vern. Ashuh, Nep. ; Bur cTiuTc, Kumaun ; SurcJi, Bassahir, is a large shrub, the under surface of the leaves having a dense tomentum of rust-coloured hairs. It Ls found in the Upper Sutlej Valley and from thence eastwards to Bhutan. 1. H. rhamnoides, Linn. ; Brandis 388. Vern. Tsarap, tsarma, sirma, tsuh, tarru, niechah, tserhar, tsennang, Ladak, Piti and Lahoul. A large thorny shrub, sometimes a small tree. Bark grey, rough, with vertical furrows. Heartwood yellowish brown, mottled, moderately hard, close-grained. Annual rings distinctly marked by the inner or spring wood being porous and mainly composed of numerous moderate- sized pores, the outer or autumn wood being more compact, with fewer and smaller pores. Medullary rays numerous, very fine, equidistant. The wood of the shrub from Lahoul has the same structure as the European one. Inner tract of the North-West Himalaya, chiefly in moist, gravelly stream beds, from 5,000 to 10,000 feet. Growth fast, 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot, according to Mathieu, Fl. For., p. 245, 38 lbs. to 64 lbs. It is used for fuel and charcoal, and the dry branches for hedges. It is very valuable in the dry, almost treeless tracts of the Inner Himalaya. The fruit is eaten, but is very acid ; it is made into a preserve. The leaves are covered with silvery scales. lbs. H 135. Lahoul, 10,000 feet 44 H 3063. Kunawar, 8,000 , 2. EL^AGNUS, Linn. Contains about 4 species of Indian trees or shrubs. '£. hortensis, M. Bieb. ; Brandis 389 [JE. Moorcroftii, Wall., E. angustifolia, Linn.) Vern. Sanjit, Afg. ; Sirshing, Tibet ; Shiulik, N.-W. P., is a middling-sized tree of Ladak and Baltistan, Afghanistan and westwards to the Mediterranean region. Brandis says : " The tree is deciduous, but the withered leaves remain attached to the tree instead of falling off at the end of autumn. Attains 25 feet with an erect, straight trunk, 5 to 6 feet girth, and a rounded, close, handsome crown. Bark thick, fibrous, smooth, light grey, between deep, longitudinal, rugged, dark brown furrows. Sapwood narrow ; heartwood dark brown, porous and soft. Medullary rays numerous. Wood used for fuel." It gives a transparent gum. The fruit is eaten, and in Yarkand a spirit is distilled from it. It weighs, according to Mathieu PI. For., p. 245, 36 lbs. to 41 lbs. per cubic foot. It is often planted. JS. arhorea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 441 ; Brandis 390 ; Kurz ii. 331. Vern. Sheashong, Garo ; Mingu, Bui-m., is an evergreen tree of Nepal, the Eastern Himalaya, Garo Hills and Burma. 1. E. latifolia, Linn.; Beddome clxxx. ; Brandis 390; Gamble 67. E. conferta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 440; Kurz ii. 331. Vern. Ghiivdin, mijhaula, Kumaun; Jarila, Nep.; Guara, Beng. ; Kamhnong, Magh. A straggling evergreen shrub or small tree. Wood white, soft. Pores moderate-sized and small, in irregular, concentric belts, which, how- ever, do not appear to be annual rings ; between the belts the pores are smaller and scanty. Medullary rays fine and broad. Himalaya, from Kumaun to Bhutan, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and South India. Weight, 45 lbs. per cubic foot. Fruit eaten; it is acid and somewhat astringent. Beddome says it makes good tarts. lbs. E 2407., Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet 45 318 ELJEAGNEiE. \Jilaiaguns. 2. E. umbellata, Thunberg; Bi-andis 390. Vern. Ghiwii.n, ghain, kankoli, bammewa, Pb. A thorny^ deciduous slirub, with silvery gvey leaves. Bark grey. Wood whitOj hard, even-grainedj warps in seasoning. Annual rings dis- tinctly marked by a narrow continuous belt of moderate-sized pores; in the rest of the wood the pores are very small and uniformly distri- buted, but occasionally intermediate bauds of larger pores are found. Medullary rays short, fine and broad. Himalaya, from near the Indus to Bhutan, between -3,000 and 10,000 feet. Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 4-5 lbs. per cubic foot. The fruit is eaten. lbs. H 71. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet 45 Okdek LXXXIX. PE,OTEACE.ffi. A large Order of plants, chiefly Australian and South African, containing only one Indian genus, Helicia. Many of the species are cultivated on account of the beauty of their flowers or foli.ige ; such are the species of Sakea, Sanksia and Grevillea, the best known of which is Grevillea rohusta, the ' Silk Oak,' a larjje tree of New South Wales, which has become quite established in gardens in Bengal and South India. It grows well in Calcutta, where a fine avenue of it may be seen at the Botanic Gardens. Pores in concentric bands. Medullary rays very broad and pro- minent. 1. HELICIA, Lour. Contains about 7 Indian species. S. Cochin- Chinensis, Lour.; Kurz ii. 311; Gamble 66, is an evergreen tree of the hills of Slkkim, Assam, and JVIartiiban in Burma. S. excelsa, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 312 [Shopala exc.elsa ; Roxb. PL Ind. i. 362), is a large tree of Chittagong and Tenasserim. H. nilagirica, Beddome clxxviii., is a shrub of the western slopes of the Nilgiris at an elevation of 3,000 to 4,000 feet. S. pyrro- hotrya, Kurz ii. 312, is a tree of the Martaban Hills. S. salicifolia, Presl. ; Kurz ii. 312, is a tree of Tenasserim ; and H. atteniiata, Bl. (Rhopala moluccana, Roxb. Fi. Ind. i. 364), a tree of the Khasia Hills. 1. H. robusta, Wall. ; Beddome t. 301; Kurz ii. 311; Gamble 66. Vern. Joweea, Sylhet; Tegala mugu, Kan.; Donhyabeng, Burm. A small evergreen tree. Bark grey, \ inch thick. Wood pinkish grey, moderately hard. Pores small, iu numerous, narrow concentric bands of softer tissue, interrupted by the broad and very broad medullary rays, which are prominent on a radial section. Hills of Bengal, Burma, and Southern India. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Has very pretty flowers. lbs. E 2409. Sumbong, Darjeeling, 2,000 feet 44 Grevillea rohusta has a rough bark, 8-16ths inch thick. Wood hard, light reddish brown, sapwood greyish white. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, in concentric patches of white tissue. These concentric patches are interrupted by the medullary rays and bend outward where they meet the rays, so that the concentric bands have a wavy outline. Medullary rays broad and very broad, very prominent on a radial section, shewing a beautiful silver grain. The heartwood seems durable, but the sapwood decays quickly. It would be a handsome furniture wood. (0 3263, Saharanpur.) Loranfhus.] lokantiiacejs. 519 Ordeu XC. LORANTHACE^. Contains 4 Indian genera of evergreen parasitic shrubs, living on the stems, branches or roots of other shrubs or trees. These genera are Yiscum, Arceuthobium, Loranthus and 6-inalloa. Viscum contains about 6 species, which may be divided into 2 sections, those with and those without leaves. To the first section belongs the Mistletoe, V. album, Linn. ; Brandis 392 ; Kurz ii. 323 ; Gamble 66. Vem. Tiirapdni, Afg. ;' Bhangra, bdnda, bambal, Icalihang, ahalii, wahal, rini, reori, reng,jer-ra, Pb. ; £dn, bdnda. Hind. ; Surchu, Nep., a parasitic shrub found in the Suliman Eange, Himalaya and hills of Martahan above 3,500 feet, chiefly on Eosacese, the Walnut, Elm, Willow, Alder, Maple, Poplar, Olive and Mulberry. In Lahoul it is used medicinally, and in Europe it is used for birdlime. T". monoicnm, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 763 ; Brandis 393 ; Kurz ii. 324, is a shrub, parasitic on JElceodendron and other trees ia the Sub-Himalayan tract, Bengal and Burma. V. ovalifolium, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 325, is a shrub of Tenasserim ; and V. erieittale, Willd. ; Brandis 393 ; Kurz ii. 324 {V. verticillatum, Koxb. PI. Ind. iii. 764), a shrub of Bengal and South India. To the second section belong V. articulafum, Brown ; Brandis 393 ; Kurz ii. 325 (also V. moniliforme, W. and A. ; Kurz ii. 325) Vern. Pand, Hind., a parasitic shrub of the Himalaya, Khasia Hills, South India and Burma, found chiefly on Oaks, Ehododendron and Apricot. V. attenuatum, DC. ; Brandis 394 ; Gamble 66. Vem. P4du, pand, Pb. ; Patha, Banda ; Bdnda, C. P. ; Hurchu, Nep., is a parasitic shrub of the Outer Himalaya and Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus to Assam, ascending to 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills, South India and Ceylon. In Sikkim it is found on Maple and Chestnut especially, in Simla on Oaks, and Cm'nus (No. H 3081 on C capitata)- Arceuthobium Oxycedri, M. Bieb. ; Brandis 394, Vem. 8huk,sdi, Lahoul, is a small parasite found on Juniperus excelsa in Lahoul at elevations from 9,000 to 11,000 feet. It grows by spreading its roots between the bark and the wood of the Juniper, often killing the branch on which it grows. It occurs also westward to the south of Prance. Qinalloa contains two parasitic shrubs : (?. Selferi, Kurz ii. 326, of Tenasserim, and Gr. andamanica, Kurz ii. 326, found on " Artocarpus Chaplasha," in the Andamans. 1. LORANTHUS, Linn. Contains 20 to 30 or more species of parasitical shrubs, some of them with very handsome flowers. L. ligustrinus. Wall. ; Brandis 396, is found in the outer Himalaya from the Jumna to Sikkim, ascending to 4,000 feet, chiefly on Albizzia, Olea and Litscea. L. pulverulentus. Wall.; Brandis 396; Kurz ii. 318. Vern. Parand, Kumaun ; Bdnda, C. P., is a woody parasite found in the Sub-Himalayan tract from Kumaun eastwards. Central and Western India, often on Butea. L. cordi- folius. Wall, and L. umbellifer, Schultes, are Himalayan parasitic shrubs, the first often found on Platanus, the second on Bhododendron, Andromeda and Salix. L.farinosus, Desr., i. wH(?y?orMS, Wall., and L. globosus, Eosb. ; Gamble 66, are common on Sal in Northern Bengal. Kurz describes 17 species from Burma. Numer- ous species also occur in South India ; and on the Nilgiris they are reported to have done such damage to the plantations of Australian Acacia as to have necessitated those plantations being given up. In his " Eeport on Neilgherry Loranthaceous Parasitical Plants," Madras, 1874, Dr. G. Bidie describes 8 species as attacking peaches, pears, Australian acacias and other trees about Ootacamund. The species described are L. obtusaius. Wall., i. Neilgherrensis, W. and A., L. loniceroides, Linn., i. amplexifolius, DC, L. tomentosus, Heyn., X. cuneatus, Heyn., L. Candol- leanus, W. and A., and L. capitellatus, W. and A. Of the trees attacked, Acacia Melanoxylon has most suffered, owing to its rough bark, while the smooth-barked j4. rfeaZJaia has been but little injured. Eucalyptus Globulus does not appear to have been attacked. .Most species are called Pand in Hindi, Ajeru in Nepalese and Khyee-poung in Burmese. 320 LORANTHACHJE. [Zorani/ius. 1. L. vestitus, Wall. ; Brandis 396. Vern. Pand, Hind. A parasitic shrub. Wood reddish white, compact, close-grained, moderately hard. Pores very small, arranged in rounded groups or patches, which are uniformly distributed. Medullary rays short, fine to broad ; the distance between the rays several times larger than the trans- verse diameter of the pores. North-West Himalaya from the Eavi to Sikkim up to 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills. Growth slow, about 14 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 51 lbs. per cubic foot. It grows often to a large size, and is extremely common in some parts of the Himalaya, especially on the Oaks, Q. incana and Q. dilatata. It is also found on Odina, ScMeichera, Sandia, Machilus and other trees. lbs. H 30,33. Theog, Simla, 7,000 feet (on Q. (ijZaifaifa) H 2938. Below Naldehra, Simla, 5,000 feet (on Q. incana) . . 51 2. L. longiflorus, Desr.; Brandis 397; Rurz ii. 321; Gamble 66. L. hicolor, Uoxb. PI. Ind. i. 548. Vern. Fand, amut, Pb. ; Banda, C. P. ; Pat/ia, Banda; Bara manda, Beng. ; Proosti, Lepcha; Ajeru, Nep. ; Yelinga wadiniJca, '1 el. ; Kaurak, Bhil. A parasitical shrub. Wood reddish, moderately hard. Pores very small, very numerous. Medullary rays short, fine to very broad. Outer Himalaya from the Jhelam eastwards, ascending to 7,500 feet, Bengal, Central and South ludia, Burma, Andaman Islands and Ceylon. The commonest species. It has large, handsome, scarlet flowers. It grows on most trees ; in North India on Melia, Bauhinia, Albizzia, Mallotus, the Mango, Peach and Pear ; in Oudh on Bassia, Buckanania, Diospyros ; in Sikkim on Sal and Albizzia; in the North- West Himalaya on Oak. H 3061. Koti, Simla, 6,000 feet (on Q. dilatata). Order XCI. SANTALACE-E. Contains 4 genera of Indian trees or shrubs : viz. — Tyrularia, Henslowia, Osyrii and Santalum. Senslowia heterantha,Ko6k.i.; Kurzii. 328; Gamble 67. Vern. Ajeru, Nep., is a large mistletoe-like shrub, sometimes parasitic, sometimes terrestrial, of the North- Eiist Himalaya and the hills of Martaban. Osyris arborea, Wall.; Beddome cixxxi. ; Brandis 399 (O. Wightiana, Wall,) Vern. BaJcardharra, haharja, Kumaun; Popli, Belgaum ; Jhuri, Nep., is a shrub of the Himalaya from Simla to Bhutan ascending to 7,000 feet. Western Ghats and Ceylon, said by Aikin in Wallich's List to have a red- brown, hard, compact and fine-grained wood. 1. PYRULARIA, Mich. Contains 2 species. P. Wallichiana, Meissn. ; Beddome t. 304. Vern. Bendtiga, Kan., is a small tree of Coorg, the Wynaad and Ceylon, with a light-coloured, curiously- grained wood. 1. P. edulis, A. DC; Gamble 66. Vern. Amphi, Nep.; Bafhyi, Lepcha. A small or moderate- si zed thorny tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small and very small, in oblique bands of softer tissue. Medullary rays fine and broad, numerous, prominently reticulated on a radial section. Pp-ularia.] santalace^s;. 331 Nepal, Sikkim and the Khaeia Hills, from 4,000 to 5,000 feet. Growth moderate, about 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 to 50 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used by Bhutias for butter-making implements. Fruit eaten. Ibl. B 2406. Tukdah, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet 47 E 698. Rangbiil, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 50 2. SANTALUM, Linn. 1. S. album, Linn.; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 442; Beddome t. 256; Braudis 3^98; Kurz ii. 329. Sandalwood. Vern. Chandan, cliandal, sandal, Hind. ; Gandha, Kan. ; San-la-ku, Burm. A small evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 4 feet in girth and 80 feet in height. Bark dark grey, nearly black, rough, with short vertical cracks, inner substance dark red. Sapwood white, scentless ; heartwood yellowish brown, strongly scented, very hard, very close-grained and oily. Annual rings distinctly marked by more numerous and slightly larger pores in the spring wood. Pores small, circular, numerous. Medullary rays short, fine, numerous, uniform and equidistant. Dry region of South India. It grows naturally in the drier parts of Mysore, Coimbatore and Salem districts, extending south to Madura and north to Kolhapiir, generally at an elevation of from 2,000 to 3,000 feet, in poor soils and seeking the protection of hedgerows and scrub jungles. Regarding the rate of growth, not much information is available. The specimens in our collection shew a growth of 5 to 7 rings per inch of radius. A tree in the Saharanpur Botanic Gardens, said to be 36 years old, measured 3 feet 4 inches in girth, giving 56 rings per inch of radius, In Colonel Beddome's report on the forests of Northern Coimbatore, July 1876, the following data are given : — Age. Height. Girth. /- Trees in unfavourable 14 5 to 6 feet 3 to 4 inches, Talle Mally Plantation) locality. commenced 1863-64. 1 Trees in favourable 14 30 15 ,, V. locality. Bylur Plantation com- (" Planted 1870 . . 6 10 to 15 „ 8 to 11 „ menced 1870. 1 „ 1872 . . 4 7 to- 8 „ 5 to 9 „ The first of these gives 25, the rest 6, 4 and 3"5 rings per inch of radius respec- tively. In his report of the 3rd March 1877 on the Salem forests. Colonel Beddome states that the largest of 3 sandal trees which were growing under shade in favourable condi- tions in the Denkincottah plantation on the Mailgherry hiUs had a height of 16 feet and a girth of 8 inches. As the trees were planted in 1874' and were consequently only 3 years old at the time of measurement, their growfh has been very fast. Again, in his 1-eport on plantations and fuel reserves of 28th May 1878, Colonel Beddome gives the following average measurements of trees in different plantations — Age, 1. North Coimbatore, Talle Mally 14 years 30 feet 15 in. f But only Plantation, 3,000 feet altitude. T^s shade"' 2. North Coimbatore, Bylur Planta- ") 7 , " " tion, 3,200 feet altitude. 3 4 , 3. Nilgiris, Segur Plantation, 3,000 6 ,, feet altitude, or 6, 4*5 and 4"5 rings per inch of radius respectively. In this plantation Colonel Beddome expects a yield per acre, when the plantation is mature, in 25 years, of at least 150 maunds of heartwood. There are 23 acres with about 21,000 trees. The growth in the Coimbatore plantations varies from 2 to 6 rings per inch, averaging 4| rings ; but the locality in each case was favourable. 2 R Height. 30 feet Girth. 15 i 8 to 15 „ 8 to 8 „ la to 15 8 to 11 5 to 6 322 SANTALACBa:. [Santahm. In an article in the "Indian Forester" for April 1878, Vol. iii.. No. 4, entitled " Notes on Sandal," 8 trees or groups of trees in Mysore are mentioned, of whose approximate age there is some evidence. In some oases the girth was taken at the base ; in others the mean girth is given. The following are the measurements given in that paper : — No. of tree8. Place. Age (prob- able). Girth. No. of rings of radius. Height of bole. Total height. Years. Inches. Peet. Feet. Mudaganl 66 20 17 9 ... Mean girth. „ 44 27 10 12 BO Girth at base. »» 43 36 8 17 Ditto. .> 64 48 g ... 30 Ditto. Ijap6r 46 40 7 ... 80 Mean girth. » 80 40 6 6 ... Ditto. BobagalU 96 27 11 20 Girth at base. " 76 33 7 27i Girth at 6 feet. These measurements give an average of 9'2 rings per inch of radius. It will be seen that no approximately correct generalisation as to the usual rate of growth can be obtained. In good conditions it seems probable that 5 to 6 rings per inch is about the average rate, while in unfavourable places the average growth cannot be taken at much less than 10 rings per inch. The weight of sandalwood is given by Fowke at 55 lbs. ; by Skinner, No. 113, at 68 lbs. ; our specimens average 61'5 lbs. per cubic foot. Fowke gives P = 878 ; Skinner 874. The heartwood is used for carving, for incense and perfume. It is an important article of trade in India, and is largely exported to China and Arabia. It has been found to be well suited for engraving. Sandalwood oil is distilled from the wood. It is chiefly spread through the agency of birds, and comes up in hedges and under the shade of shrubs. It is very impatient of mutilation, is diflBcult to transplant, and suffers greatly from wounds in the bark. Plantations of sandal have been established in Mysore and Madras. lbs. E 2489. Botanic Gardens, Calcutta (from a tree which was blown down in the Cyclone of 1864) 66 D 1209. Mysore 71 D 2307. , 60 D 3140. , 60 D 1360. Salem, Madras 61 No. 41. Salem Collection 61 B 1950, 62 lbs., was sent from Tavoy under the name of Kalamet. The specimen is evidently very old, of a brown colour, like that of the heartwood of sandal, and in struc- ture it differs only in having more prominent medullary rays, which are broader than in sandal, uniform and equidistant. The wood is scented, resembling that of sandal- wood, and it may possibly be another species of Santalum, Oedek XCII. URTICACEiE. A large Order remarkable for many useful products, chiefly fibres, given by species belonging to it. The chief fibrous plants are the nettles, the ' Rhea," the ' Puya,' the Paper Mulberry, Antiaris and Sponia. Fruits are given by the mulberries, figs a^d TJETICACEJ!. 323 species of Ariocarpus. India-rubber is produced by several species of Ficus, especially F. elastioa ; while valuable timber is obtained from the Elms, Mulberries, Artocarpus, and other genera. The Order is disrided into 4 Sub-Orders, and these into 13 tribes containing 25 genera — SubObdbb 1. UBTICACE^— Tribe I. — Urerese .... „ II. — Bohmeriese .... Laportea and Girardinia. Bohmeria, Pouzolzia, Sarco- chlamys, Villebrunea, Debre- geasia and Maoutia. Phyllochlamys, Strehlus and Pseudostrehlus. Malaisia, Broussonetia and Plecospermum. Morus. Dorstenia. Conocephalus. Artocarpus and Cudrania. Antiaris. Ficus. Ulmus. Celtis, Sponia and Qironniera, Stjb-Obdee 2. MORACE^— Tribe III.— Streblese .... „ IV. — Broussonetieae . „ v. — Morese .... „ VI. — DorsteniesB Sub-Oedbe 3. ARTOCAHPEJE— Tribe VII. — Conooephalese „ VIII. — Artocarpese „ IX, — OcmediesB .... „ X. — Ficeae .... Sub-Obdbb 4. ULME^— Tribe XI.— UlmeiB .... „ XII.— Celtidese .... Laportea crenulata, Gaudich. ; Beddome t. 306 ; Brandis 4^4 ; Kurz ii. 421 ; Gamble 77. (Urtiea crenulata, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 591). Vern. Chorpatta, surat, Beng. ; Moringi, Nep. ; Mealwm-ma, sunhrong, Lepcha ; Phetya-hyee, Burm. ; Mansa, Cingh., is a small tree of Sikkim, Assam, Eastern Bengal, the Western Coast, Ceylon and Burma, with glossy, broad leaves and minute, stinging hairs, the effects of which are extremely painful and often very lasting. The fibre is good and can be made into ropes and coarse cloth, but the preparation has a poisonous effect. Girardinia heterophylla. Dene. ; Brandis 404 ( Urtica heterophylla, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 586 ; Gamble 77) Vern. Keri,hingi, ein, sanoli, ati,jdn, leal, kdrla, bhabar, Ph.; Awa, alia, chichru, bichua, Hind.; ZTZfo, Nep. ; Kazu, Lepcha; Horu surat, Ass.; Serpa, herpa, Bhutia, is an extremely common, large, annual forest weed, with long stinging bristles. It affords a fine silky fibre, which is used in Sikkim for ropes, twine, and coarse cloth like gunny. It is common throughout most of the hilly districts of India and Burma, but especially in the Himalaya. Sarcochlamys pulcherrima, Gaudich. ; Brandis 405; Kurz ii. 426 {Urtica pulcherrima, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 588). Vern. Tsatya, sapsha, Burm., is a large hand- some shrub with tri-nerved leaves, grey beneath, common in Eastern Bengal and Burma, especially in deserted cultivation. The liber gives a good fibre for ropes. Maoutia Puya, "Wedd. ; Brandis 406 ; Kurz ii. 429 ; Gamble 77. Vern, P6i,pua, Hind. ; Puya, Nep. ; Kyinki, Lepcha ; Yenki, Limbu ( Urtica frutescens, Thunb. ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 588), is a shrub with leaves very white beneath, found in the Himalaya from Garhwal eastwards, the Khasia Hills and Burma, chiefly in old cultivations and up to 4,000 feet. The fibre is very good and strong, and is used to make fishing nets, net bags, twine and cloth. Phylloehlamys spinosa, Bureau ; Brandis 411 (Trophis spinosa, Eoxb. PI. Ind. iii. 762. Taxotrophis Roxburghii, Beddome ccxxi.) Vern. Sukali, Tel. ; Sheora, Beng, ; Sahadra, Uriya; Kurrera, Mar., is a small tree of the hills of the Coromandel Coast, Madras and Ceylon. Pseudostrehlus indica, Bureau, is a small tree of the Khasia HiUs. Malaisia tortuosa, Blanco; Kurz ii. 466, is a large deciduous scandent shrub of Burma, Broussonetia pa/pyrifera. Vent. ; Brandis 410 ; Kurz ii. 467, is the " Paper Mulberry," a small tree wild in the Martaban Hills. The inner bark gives the Tapa cloth of the South Sea Islands. In Japan it is made into paper ; and in Siam and Burma into the thick blackened cardboards called " palabeiks," which are used like slates in Europe for writing on. 324 URTicACEiE. [BoAmeria. Dorstenia Griffithiana, Kurz ii. 462, is an evergreen low shrub of Tenasserim. Conocephalus suaveolens, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 430 j Gamble 77, is a large climber of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma. Cudrania javanensis, Trecul ; Brandis 425 ; Gamble 73 (Cudranus Sumphii, Thw. ; Beddome coxx., O. aj»6ojVeM«i«, Rumph. ; Kurz ii. 434) Vern. Mania, mandei, Icangu, Hind., is a straggling shrub of the Sub-Himalayan tract, Eastern Bengal and Ceylon. The bark is yellowish brown, smooth, and the wood used for fuel. C. fruticosa, Wight, and C. frutescens, Trecul; Kurz ii. 434, 435, are scandent Burmese shrubs. driroMresVa contains 4 to 5 trees. O. reticulata, Thw.; Beddome t. 313 (Gr. cus- pidata. Planch. ; Kurz ii. 470), is a large tree of the Western Ghats and Burma, said to have a valuable timber. G. nervosa, Planch.j Kurz ii. 469, is a large tree of Chittagong and Burma. G. lucida, Kurz ii. 470, is a tree of the Andaman Islands; and G. Thomsoni, King ; Gamble 73, a large tree of the Sikkim hills. As regards strueturCj the following three types may be distinguished : — 1st. — Artocarpus type. Distinct dark-coloured heartwood (excepting Antiaris, Sponia, Delregeasia and Pouzolzia) . Pores isolated^ sometimes in groups, but not in concentric or oblique lines ; sometimes enclosed in a ring. The species of a temperate climate have annual rings, which are generally marked by a belt of larger pores. To this belong the arborescent Urticese, Bohmeria, Pouzolzia, and Bebregeasia ; of Moreae, Moms and Broussonetia ; oi Avtocuvi^eie, Antiaris and Artocarpus ; and of Ulmese, Sponia. 2nd. — Uhnus type. Pores united by concentric narrow bands of softer texture; in the temperate species the annual rings are marked by a porous belt of large pores. To this belong : of UlmacesB, Celtis and TJlmus. 3rd.—Ficv,s type. Wood soft, no heartwood, consisting of alternate bands of soft and firm textuie, the small or moderate-sized pores being generally included in the former. To this be- long : of yi.Qx^2i,-Streblus; and of Artocarpese, Ficus. The only character which the species of the Order TJrticacem may be said to have in common is that the medullary rays are prominent, fine, rarely moderately broad. 1. BOHMERIA, Jacq. Contains about 10 to 12 species. B. ■maerophylla, Don ; Brandis 403 ; Kurz ii. 424 ; Gamble 76. Vern. Saochala, gollca, Kumaun ; Kamli, Nep., is a handsome long-leaved shrub of the outer Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards up to 4,000 feet, and the Khasia Hills. It gives a good fibre, used to make ropes and fishing lines. S. travancorica, Beddome ccxxv., is a small tree of the Wynaad, South Kanara Ghats and Travanoore hills up to 4,500 feet. B. malabarica, Wedd. ; Kurz ii. 422 ; Gamble 76. Vern. Takbret, Lepcha ; and B. Samiltoniana, Wedd. ; Kurz ii. 424 ; Gamble 76. Vern. Taksur, Lepcha ; Kanaitseik, Magh ; Sapsha, Burm., are common undershrubs which give a strong fibre. The first is found in the moister zones of India and Burma, the second in Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma. B. nivea. Hook, and Am. ; Brandis 402 {Urtica tenacissima, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 590), is the "China Grass" or " Rhea" plant, cultivated in Assam, Bengal and parts of North- West India for its fibre, which is one of the finest produced in the world. It is a finer fibre than jute, and the plant would be etill more largely grown and exported were it not for its requiring a richer soil, and being more difficult of preparation. 1. B. rugulosa, Wedd.,- Brandis 403; Gamble 76. Vern. Geti, gainti, Hind, j Bar, Nep. ; Sedeng, Lepcha. Bohmeria.'] tjrticacej!. 325 A small tree. Wood red, moderately hard, even-grained, seasons well. Pores scanty, moderate-sized, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine to broad, short, the distance between the rays as large as or larger than the transverse diameter of the pores. The medullary rays shew on a radial section, giving the wood a mottled appearance. Garhwal, Kumaun, Nepal, Sikkim and BHutan. Growth fast, 2 to 5 rings per inch of radius. "Weight, 41 lbs. per cubic foot. It is a nice wood, easy to cut and work, and is used in Kumaun and Nepal for making bowls ; in Sikkim for milk pails, churns and other dairy utensils. The Lepchas make cups, bowls and tobacco-boxes of it. lbs. 324. Garhwal (1868) 35 300^. „ (1874) 44 E 600. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai 46 E 2443. Mangwa, Tista Valley, Darjeeling, 3,000 feet ... 39 2. B. platyphylla, Don; Brandis 403 ; Gamble 76. Yevn. Gargela, Hind. ; Kamli, Nep. This is var. rotiindifolia, Wedd. A large shrub or small tree. Bark thin, greyish brown, longitudin- ally striated. Wood moderately bard, reddish-brown with occasional concentric bands of darker and lighter colour. Pores moderate-sized, scanty. Medullary rays moderately broad, the distance between them greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Outer Himalaya up to 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills, E. Bengal, S. India and Ceylon, E 3377. Darjeeling, 6,500 feet. a. POUZOLZIA, Gaudichaud. Includes several Indian herbs or undershrubs. 1. P. viminea, Wedd.; Brandis 405; Kurz ii. 425; Gamble 77. Vern, C/ihota Mail, Nep. ; Kyinghi, Lepcha. A shrub or small tree with thin, grey bark. Wood light reddish brown, hard, apt to warp. Pores small and moderate-sized, often sub- divided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad, numerous, uniform and equidistant. Kumaun, Nepal, Sikkim, Eastern Bengal, Assam, and Chittagong, ascending to 5,000 feet. Weight, 37 lbs. per cubic foot. Growth very fast. The leaves are eaten by Lepchas. The bark is used to make ropes. lbs. E 2447. Latpanchor, Darjeeling, 4,500 feet 37 3. VILLEBRUNEA, Gaudichaud. Three species. Y. appendiculata, Wedd. ; Gamble 77 (Oreocnide acuminata, Kurz ii. 427. Urtica acuminata, Boxb. PI. Ind. iii. 592) Vern. Lipic, lipiah, Nep. ; Ea'phitki, Lepcha ; Bun rliea. Ass., is a small tree of the North-East Himalaya, Khasia Hills and Chittagong, whose fibre, which is brown in colour, strong and flexible, is made, in Sikkim and Assam, into ropes, nets and coarse cloth. The tree is of quick growth and coppices easily, and the fibre is likely to prove valuable. Y. sylvatica, BI. (Oreocnide sylvatica, Miq. ; Beddome ccxxv. ; Kurz ii. 427), is a small' tree of the Western Ghats, Ceylon and the Martaban Hills, chiefly in deserted clearings. 1. V. frutescens, Bl. ; Brandis 406 ; Gamble 77. Urtica frutescens, Thumb. ; Roxb. i?l. Ind. iii. 589. Vern. Gar iashidra, poid/iaula, hagshi, Kumaun ; Kirma, Nep. ; Takbret, Lepcha. 826 URTiCACE^. [Villebrunea. A shrub or small tree with a rough, dark grey bark. Wood browu moderately hard. Pores small. Medullary rays fine and broad, equi- distant, the distance between the rays equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. Himalaya, from Simla eastwards, Sikkim, Bhutan and Assam, ascending to 6,000 feet. The fibre is used for ropes. H 3130. Simla, 5,000 feet. 4. DEBREGEASIA, Gaudichaud. 1. D. bicolor, Wedd. ; Brandis 405. Urtica bicolor, Roxb. Fl. Ind., iii. 589. Vern. Kharwala, shakai, Afg. ; Chainchar, chainjli, amrer, sanddri, Jhelum ; Sansaru, suss, Chenab ; Siaru, talsiari, Ravi ; Fincho, jarin, Sutlej ; Tashidri, Kumaun. A large shrub. Bark thin, grey. Wood soft, grey. Pores small and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad, uniform and equidistant. Salt Eange, North-West Himalaya, ascending to 5,000 feet. Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 27 lbs. per cubic foot. The fibre is made into twine and ropes. lbs. H 88. Bhajji, Simla, 4,000 feet 27 2. D. longifolia, Wedd.; Brandis 405; Gamble 77. Morocarpus longifolius, Bl.; Beddome cexxvi.; Kurz ii. 428. Vern. Tashiari, Nep. ; Kamhyem, Lepcha; Capsee, Kan.; Fwot-ehau-beng , Burm. A small tree. Bark thin, greyish -brown, rough. Heartwood reddish brown, hard ; sapwood white. Pores moderate-sized, scanty ; annual rings marked by a line of closer pores. Medullary rays moder- ately broad, uniform, the distance between them equal to, or greater than, the transverse diameter of the pores. North-Bast Himalaya up to 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills, South India and Burma. Common on old cultivations. Growth fast, 4 rings per inch, of radius. The fibre of the bark is occasionally used for ropes and to make fishing nets. E 3328. Darjeeling, 6,500 feet. 3. D. leucophylla, Wedd. Morocarpus Wallichianus, Miq. ; Kurz ii. 428. Vern. Pwruni, Nep. ; Senen, Lepcha. A small tree, erect or epiphytic. Bark brown fibrous, peeling off in small vertical papery flakes. Annual rings distinctly marked by a white line. Pores large, scanty, medullary rays fine to moderately broad, often bent where they touch the pores. North- East Himalaya up to 7,000 feet, Khasia Hills and down to the upper forests of the Pegu Toma. Growth moderate, 5 rings per inch of radius. A very pretty plant with round leaves of the purest white beneath. Fibre used sometimes for cordage. E 3829. Daqeeling, 6,000 feet. 5. STREBLUS, Loureiro. 1. S. asper, Lour. ; Beddome ccxxi. ; Brandis 410; Kurz 464; Gamble 73. Irophis aspera, Retz; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 761. Vern. Sireblus.] tjrticace^. 327 Jindi, Pb. ; Siora, harchanua,. rusa, Hind. ; Sheora, Beng. ; Sahada, Uriya ; BaranU, barinka, paJcki, Tel. ; Karera, kkaraoli, Mar. ; Karasni, Gondi ; Mitli, Kan. ; Ungnai, Magh ; Opnai, Burm. ; Gattao nitiiiil, Cingh. A small evergreen tree. Bark ^ inch thick, soft, light grey, irregu- larly ribbed. Wood white, moderately hard, no heartwood, no annual rings. Pores small, in irregular concentric belts of soft tissue which contain the greater number of the pores and alternate with broader belts of firm tissue, in which a few pores are scattered. Medullary rays fine, numerous, equidistant. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Beas eastwards, Bengal, Central and South India, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Weight, Skinner, No. 66 (Epiearpuriis orientalis), 45 Ihs. ; Kyd 42 to 75 lbs. ; our specimens give 39 to 40 lbs. Kyd gives P = 570; Skinner P^ 604. The wood is tough and elastic. In South India it is sometimes used for cart-wheels. It is good for hedges, coppices well, and has been recommended for fuel. The twigs are used as tooth-brushes, and the rough leaves to polish wood and ivory. The milky juice is used medicinally. lbs. O 1478. Gonda, Oudh 40 C 1165. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 39 6. PLECOSPERMUM, Trecul. 1. P. spinosum, Trecul ; Beddome ecxx. ; Brandis 401. Batia spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 762. Vern. Mainakat-lara, maidal-lara, Nep. ; Gumbengfong , Mechi (?) ; Koriti, Tel. A large thorny shrub. Bark thin, orange-coloured, peeling off in thin brittle flakes. Wood greyish white, with a small bright oi-ano-e- yellow heartwood, which is very hard. Pores from small to large, joined by wavy, more or less concentric, bands or hues of soft and often inter- rupted tissue, which alternate with shining bands of firmer texture of about the same width. In the heartwood the pores are filled with a yellow resinous substance. Medullary rays fine and very fine, wavy. Salt Range (rare on mountains at 3,000 feet), Rohilkhand, Nepal, Sikkim, South India and Ceylon. Growth slow, 12 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 50 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used in the Darjeeling Terai to give a yellow dye. Iba. O 3134. Dehra Dun 56 E 487. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai 45 E 2308. Darjeeling Terai 52 E 2448. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet 47 7. MORUS, Linn. Contains 6 species which are all referred to one, M. alba, by Bureau in DC. Prodr. Vol. xvii. M. alba, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 594 ; Brandis 407. Vern. Tut, tul, tulMu cTiinni, chun, Hind., is the Mulberry, cultivated in Afghanistan and the plains and hills of the Punjab. The wood is good and is used for building, boats, furniture and agricultural implements. It weighs 38 to 56 lbs. Its chief use is, however, for feed- ing the silkworm, especially in Kashmir, with its leaves ; and for its fruit for which it is largely grown and which is eaten either fresh or dried. M. Icevigata, Wall • Brandis '409. Kurz ii. 467. Vern. 2%^, Hind. ; M:alaing,B\iT[a., is a tree, wild and cultivated in the Himalaya from the Indus to Assam up to 4,000 feet, in Bengal and 828 1TETICA.CE2E. [Morus. Burma, Ita fruit is long, cylindrical, sweet, but insipid. M. atropui-pttrea, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 595, is a kind whioli was introduced from China and is now cultivated in many parts of India. Wood hard, even-grainedj seasons well, with yellow or brown heart- wood. Annual rings distinctly marked generally by a belt of larger pores. Medullary rays fine; uniform. 1. M. iudica, Linn, j Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 596 ; Brandis 408 ; Kurz ii. 468 ; Gamble 77. Vern. Tul, Pb. ; I'utri, Hind. ; Shahm, Kumaun ; Tuty Beng. ; Chkota kimhu, Nap. ; Mekrap, Lepcha ; Nuni, Ass. ; Posa, Burm. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood yellow with darker streaks of various colours, hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of closely packedj moderate-sized and large pores which are generally sub- divided. The pores in the outer portion of the annual ring are very small, in small, irregular patches, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad, short. The structure of this wood is very similar to that of Morus alba of Europe and Japan, but the medullary rays are broader and further apart. Sub-HEmalayan tract ascending to 5,000 feet, Sikkim valleys up to 4,000 feet. Cultivated throughout North India. Growth, the specimen received from Multan had very little more than one ring per inch of radius ; that from Madhopur shewed 5 rings ; its growth must therefore be con- sidered very fast. Weight, our specimens gave, the Multan one, 42 ; the Madhopur one 47 lbs. per cubic foot. It is largely cultivated for its leaves, which are used to feed silkworms. In Assam, the silk of the ' Pat ' worm (Bombyx Textor and B. Crcesi) is produced on this mulberry. IbH. P 891. Multan 42 P 1195. Madhopur 47 2. M. serrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 596 ; Brandis 409. Vern. Karun, tut, kdura, tulukul, sod, dn, shta, chimu, kimu, Pb. .; Kimit, himu, Hind. A large deciduous tree. Bark greyish brown. Sapwood small, white ; heartwood yellow or brown, with a. slight lustre, moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a line or irregular belt of moderate- sized and large pores. Pores frequently subdivided, filled with gum. In the outer portion of each annual ring the pores are small and moderate-sized, scanty, often arranged in groups. Medullary rays moderately broad. North-West Himalaya between 4,000 and 9,000 feet. Growth moderate, our specimens averaging 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 35 to 36 lbs. per culjic foot. It is o (ten of very large size. Dr. Stewart n oted several trees of 20 feet girth, and one at the Hindu temple at Barmaor, Chamba 7,000 feet, of 28 feet girth. It works well, does not warp, and takes a beautiful polish, shewing a golden lustre. It is used for troughs, agricultural implements and for cabinet-work. It is much esteemed by the Simla wood-oarvers. lbs. H 3174. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet H 10. Julung, Simla, 4,000 feet 36 H 28. Madhan, Simla, 5,000 „ 35 H 95. Simla, 6,000 feet 36 3. M. cuspidata, Wall. M. serrata, Roxb. ; Gamble 77. Vern. Kimbu, Nep. ; Nambyong, Lepcha ; Singtok, Bhutia ; Bola, Ass. A tall tree, Wood yellow, with yellowish brown heartwood, hard, close-grained, with a beautiful lustre. Annual rings marked by a white Morus.] tIRTICACE2R. 329 line and sometimes by a continuous string of pores. Pores uniformly distributed^ moderate-sized to large, often oval and subdivided, each pore in a narrow ring of soft tissue, prominent on a vertical section. Medul- lary rays fine and moderately broad j tbe distance between the rays generally equal to, or larger than, the transverse diameter of the pores. Medullary rays prominent on a radial section, giving the wood a markedly mottled appearance. Valleys of the Outer Eastern Himalaya, from Sikkim to Assam. Growth moderate, averaging 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, our specimens average 45'6 lbs. per cubic foot. It often reaches a very large size ; trees of over 100 feet in height are not unoommon in the valleys of the Teesta and Great Eangit. The wood is used in Assam for boat oars and furniture ; it does not seem to have been much used for tea-boxes, but would be extremely suitable. It resembles that of M. serrata, and would be good for planking, furniture and cabinet-work. lbs. E 706. Great Eangit Valley, Darjeeling, 3,500 feet . . . .42 E 3376. „ „ „ „ 1,000 „ . . . . M E 656. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling ....... 48 E 2306. Eastern Diiars, Assam 47 E 2196. Nowgong, Assam 42 E 2305. Kamriip, „ 49 No. 2965 is the "Fustic" ]l£aclura tinctoria, D. Don, from the West Indies, Central and South America, whose wood is used for dyeing different shades of yellow, brown and green. The wood is orange-yellow, hard. Pores moderate-sized to large, often subdivided and filled with resin. The medullary rays are fine, prominent, uniform, wavy, the distance between the rays being less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Weight of our specimen, 53 lbs. per cubic foot. M. aurantiaoa, Nuttall, is the " Osage Orange " of North America. 8. ARTOCARPUS, Linn. About 8 Indian species. A. calophylla, Kurz, A. rufescens, Miq., A. Gomez- ja»a, Wall., and A. riffida, Bl. (A. echinafa, Roxb, PI. Ind. iii. 527), are all trees described in Kurz ii. 431 to 433 from Tenasserim. The last species has a light white wood and gives a kind of Caoutchouc. A. incisa, Linn. ; Beddome ccxx. ; Brandis 426, is the " Bread Pruit " Tree of the South Sea Islands ; it is cultivated in Southern India, Ceylon and Burma, and there bears fruit; but does not stand the cold season in Bengal. The wood of the species of Artoearpus here described is very uniform in character. Heartwood moderately hard to hard, sometimes yellow, seasons well, weighs between 30 and 50 lbs. Pores moderate-sized to large, often in circular light-coloured rings of softer tissue, prominent on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, very distinct, the distance between the rays generally about equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. 1. A. integrifolia, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 522; Beddome ccxix. ; Brandis 425 ; Kurz ii. 432 ; Gamble 73. Ihe Jack Tree. Vern. Kan- thal, kathal, Hind., Beng. ; Panasa, Uriya, Tel. ; Phands, Mar. ; Pilla, Tam. ; Halsu, heb-helsu, halsina, Kan. ; Teprong, Garo ; Peingnai, Burm. ; Cos, Cingh. A large tree. Bark thick, blackish, deeply cracked. Heartwood yellow or rich yellowish brown, darkening on exposure, compact, even- grained, moderately hard, seasons well and takes a fine polish. Pores often oval and subdivided, moderate-sized to large, in irregular patches of soft tissue, which are often arranged in short oblique lines or 2 s 330 TiRTicACEiE. [Arlocarpus. groups, sometimes filled with a white substance which is visi1)le on a vertical section. Pores prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rajs nuinerouSj fine and moderately broad. Cultivated throughout India, except in the northernmost part. Wild in the mountain forests of the Western Ghats, ascending to 4,000 feet (Beddome). The growth appears to be very fast, but the rings are indistinct and diflScult to count. The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse strength : — Weight. P= Puolde in 1859 in Mysore (4 experiments), with bars 2' X 1" X 1" found 42 lbs. 562 Sldiiner, No. 17, in 1862 in South India . . . . . „ 44 „ 788 Adrian Mendis, No. 16, in 18fi5, in Ceylon, with bai-s 2' X 1" X 1" „ 42 „ 712 Wallich „ 42 „ ... „ in 1862 in Travancore „ 35 „ ... Warth in 1878 with specimens below given . . . . „ 40 „ ... The wood is largely used for carpentry, boxes and furniture, and is exported to Europe for cabinet work, turning and brush-backs. The wood yields a yellow dye used in Burma to dye the yellow clothes worn by "phoongies." The tenacious milky juice is used as birdlime. The fruit is very, largely used all over India for food, but, except the seeds, rarely by Europeans. It has an unpleasant smell when ripe. The fruit in young trees is borne on the branches, in older trees on the trunk, and in very old trees near the root. 'K 598. Darjeeling Terai (young tree) B 2444. Siliguri, Bengal . W 756. South Eanara B 806. Tharrawaddi, Burma . No. 9. Salem CoUeotion No. 16. Ceylon „ lbs. 38 41 43 30 42 44 2. A. Lakoocha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 524 ; Beddorae ccxix. ; Brandis 426 ; Kurz ii. 433 ; Gamble 73. Vern. Tiun^ dheu, daheo, Pb. ; Dahn, dliau, barhal, lakuch, Hind. ; Dhdo, Kumaun ; BephM, dehua, Beng. ; Dowa, chama, chamba, Ass. ; Vawa, Cachar ; Kamma regu, laku-ckamma, nakka-renu, Tel.; Myouhlouk, Burm. j Cauna-gona, Cingh, A large tree. Bark J inch thick, dark grey, rough. Sap wood large,- white, soft, perishable. Heartwood yellow, hard. Pores large, enclosed in rings of light colbured, soft tissue, uniformly distributedi Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, very distinct, prominent on a radial section. Outer Hills of Kumaun, Sikkim, Eastern Bengal, Burma, evergreen forests of Western Ghats and Ceylon. Growth fast, 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, our specimens give on an average, 395 lbs. per cubic foit ; Brandis in his Burma List of 1862, No. 92, gave 40 lbs. The wood seasons well, takes a good polish and is used for furniture and canoes. Mann says the bark is chewed in Assam. The male flower-heads are pickled and the fruit is eaten. lbs. E 2445. Siliguri, Bengal 48 E 794. Kamiiip, Assam 36 E 1402. Chittagong 43 W 740. South Kanara 47 B 810. Rangoon Division, Burma 30 B 2553. Burma (1862) 39 No. 67. Ceylon Collection (marked Artocarpus sp. Vern. Patta-deT) 34 3. A. Chaplasha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 525 ; Brandis 436 ; Kurz ii. 432 ; Gamble 73. Vern. Chaplash, chaplis, Beng. j Lut-ter, Nep. ; Chram, Gi.ro ; Sam, Ass,; C/iam, Cachar; Patii, ioponi, Mstgh ; Toungpeingnai, Burm. ; Ka'Ua-dd, And. Artoearpus.] TJRTICACBJ!. 331 A lofty deciduous tree. Bark of young trees smooth, light grey with dark blotches ; of old trees dark brown, tuberculate, i inch thick. "Wood yellow to brown, moderately bard, even-grained, rough, durable, seasons well. Pores large and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays short, fine and moderately broad. Pores frequently filled with a white substance. Eastern Bengal, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Growth rather fast, 5 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36'8 for the average of our 14 specimens; Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 91 gives 39 lbs. ; No. 92 gives 30 lbs. No. 15, Skinner (1862) (Artoearpus echinatus, Vern. Toungpeingnai), gives : Weight = 63 lbs., P = 672. Bennett (1872) gives : Weight = 32 lbs. ; P — 459 for Andaman wood. The wood seems to get harder and heavier as it gets older ; two of our specimens from the Andaman Islands cut in 1866 and stored since then in Calcutta give respectively 46 and 52 lbs., and Skinner gives 63 lbs., but this is probably a mistake. It is much used for canoes ; in Sikkim and Assam for planking, tea-boxes and furniture. Kurz says it gives a tenacious milky caoutchouc. The leaves of young plants are pinnatifid, resembling a gigantic hairy leaf of Quercus Hobur ; those of old trees are oblong, entire. E 587. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai (young) . 30 E 629. Eastern Diiars, Assam . . 32 E 2301. Kamrup, Assam .... . 33 E 2186. Nowgong, „ . .... 35 E 721. Chittagong . 33 B 2554. Burma (1862) . 39 B 2693. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) . 37 B 2683. „ ( „ „ ) . . . . 32 B 2204. Andaman Islands, (1866) . 52 B 2211. 3) ,J J» ... . 33 B 2289. »» », 11 .... . 46 B 512. tt J* »> .... . 34 B 2499. „ „ (Home, 1874, Nos. 4 and 5) f 31 • -148 4. A. hirsuta, Lamk. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 5iJI ; Beddome t. 308 j Brandis 426. Vern. A^ni, oMJalli, aiyanepela. Tarn. ; Aiiii, ansjeni, Mai. ; Hebalsu, keb halasu, hesswa, kessain, Kan. ; Hebalsu, pat-phanas, ran-phanas, Mar. A lofty evergreen tree. Heartwood hard to very hard, yellowish brown, durable, seasons well. Pores moderate-sized to large, enclosed in narrow rings of soft tissue, often filled with a white substance. Medul- lary rays fine to moderately broad, wavy, very distinct. Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, ascending to 4,000 feet. Growth appears fast, but the rings are too indistinct for proper counting. Weight, Skinner, No. 16, gives 40 lbs. ; Wallich, 37 lbs. ; our three specimens average 34 lbs. Skinner gives P = 744. The wood is much used on the western coast for house and ship building, furniture and other purposes. lbs. D 1090. Madura, Madras 32 W 1219. North Kauara 31 W 744. South „ 39 W 755. „ „ . . 41 (This last specimen difEers by having very short, moderately broad, medullary rays and pores in irregular patches of soft texture ; it may possibly be A. Lahoocha.) 5. A. nobilis, Thw. Enum. 262; Beddome t. 309. Vern. Bel, aludel, Cingh. A large tree. Heartwood shining, moderately hard. Pores large filled with a white substance, prominent on a vertical section and 332 TJRTiCACE^. [Aifocarpus. thereby giving the wood an elegant mottled appearance. Medullary rays short, moderately broad ; the distance between the rays being equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. Ceylon. Weight, Adrian Mendis' two experiments made in 1855 with bars 2 feet X 1 inch X 1 inch gave : No. 2, weight 51 lbs., P = 712; No. 21, weight 40 lbs., P = 628. The specimens, now again weighed, give 40 and 49 lbs. respectively. Wood used for canoes and furniture. The seeds are roasted and eaten by the Cinghalese. lbs. No. 2. Ceylon Collection marked v4.^«ie«fe?is . . . .51 No. 21. „ „ „ „ , .... 40 9. ANTIARIS, Lesch. 1. A. toxicaria, Lesch. ; Kurz ii. 462. A. innoxia, Bl. ; Beddome t. 307; Brandis 427. A. saecidora, Y)d\z. The Upas Tree. Vern. AUi, netavil, Tam. ; Jazugri, karwat, jaguri, Kan. ; Jasund, Bombay ; Araya- angely, Mai. ; ^iti, Cingh. ; Myak-seik, Burm. A gigantic evergreen tree attaining a height of 250 feet, with thick grey bark. Wood white, soft, even-grained. Annual rings faintly marked. Pores large and moderate-sized, often subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad, undulating, uniform and equidistant ; the distance between two rays generally equal to the transverse diameter of the pores, which are prominent on a vertical section. Evergi-een forests of Burma, the Western Gh&ts and Ceylon. Growth fast, 4 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 25 lbs. per cubic foot. Beddome says it is the largest tree in the forests of the western coast, and that it reaches 250 feet in height, with an enormous girth. It exudes a white poisonous resin used for poisoning arrows. The inner bark gives a good fibre which makes strong cordage ; it is also stripped off whole from a branch or young tree to form sacks which are used to carry rice. lbs. B 813. Kangoon Division, Burma 25 Nos. E 408 from the Sundarbans, E 1294 from Cachar, and W 729 from South Kanara resemble this in structure. 10. FICUS, Linn. A large genus containing more than 80 Indian species. They are trees or shrubs often climbing, but more often epiphytic, and some species are of enormous size. F. \h. Fl. Ind, ii. 67), is a small tree of the Himalaya from Kumaunto Bhutan between 4,000 and 5,000 feet. Z7. Hooheriana, Planch., is found in Sikkim at 4,500 feet. The European Elms are U. campestris, Sm. ; the Common Elm ; U. montana, Sm. ; the Wych Elm (No. 2075 from Germany) ; and IT. effusa, Willd., which are all described in Brandis, pp. 431 to 433. Heartwood grey. Annual rings consisting of an inner porous belt with numerous large pores^ and an outer belt of firm texture with small pores arranged in wavy concentric or oblique lines. Medullary rays mo- derately broad. Pores marked on a longitudinal section. The wood of U. lancifolia and U. integnfolia differs from that of the European and North-West Indian elms. 1. U. Wallichiana, Planch. ; Brandis 432. Vern. Kdin, hren, brera, brdnkul, amrdi, mardri, marrun, marazh, makshdri, manderwng , maldung, shJco, hummar, hembra, Pb. ; Mored, pabuna, ckambar mdya, Hind. A large deciduous tree. Bark grey, rough, with diagonal cracks, exfoliating in diamond-shaped scales. Heartwood greyish brown, mo- derately hard. Annual rings marked by a soft porous belt in the spring wood, the outer part of the annual ring consisting of firm and very hard tissue. Pores in spring wood moderate-sized and large, closely packed, in the autumn wood small and very small, arranged in oblique, undulating, concentric lines. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, marked on a radial section as long narrow bands. North-West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, between 3,500 and 10,000 feet. Growth slow ; countings on our three specimens gave : H 59, 15 rings ; H 122, lOJ rings ; and H 917, 255 rings per inch of radius ; the average of the three is therefore about 17 rings per inch of radius. The tree often reaches a large size, 80 to 90 feet in height, with a girth of 16 to 24 feet. The average weight of our three specimens is 36 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used locally in places where deodar is not available and £'inus excelsa not very abundant, such as in Hazara, where it finds a ready sale at from Es. 3 to Ks. 5 per tree. It certainly seems worthy of more attention. The bark contains a strong fibre which is made into cordage, sandals and slow matches. The leaves are lopped for cattle fodder. lbs. H 59. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet 40 H 122. Manali, Kulu, 7,000 feet .35 H 917. Hazara, 7,000 feet 32 H 3175. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet 2. U. sp. ; Brandis 433 (note under V. campestris) Vern. I'ilmbok, Ladak; Bran, brahmi, kdi, morun, tnardl, mauru, mannu, mandu, mamji, mam, meru, merinu, bhamji, ihamni, chiiidl, Pb. (On specimens of this tree sent to Kew lately, Prof. Oliver reported: "This Elm is the TJ. pedunculata, Pouq., of the Herbarium Hooker fil. and Thomson. I think it is not the U. pedunculata, Fouq., of Central Europe and Asia, but probably a distinct species near to U. campestris.") 342 UUTICACEiE. [ A shrub or small tree. Bark brown, surface whitish, between deep, dark-coloured, longitudinal, regular furrows, running diagonally into each other. Wood grey with darker streaks, hard, otherwise the structure is the same as that of U. Wallichiana, Kulu and Hazara. Growth, our specimens shewed a slightly faster rate than those of U. Wallichiana. No. H 123 gave 16 and H 918, 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 34 to 37 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood not used, but considered better than that of U. Wallichiana ; our specimens, however, do not shew this superiority. lbs. H 123. Manali, Kulu, 7,000 feet • 37 H 918. Hazara, 7,000 feet 34 H 3164. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet 3. U. lancifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 66 ; Kurz ii. 473; Gamble 72. Vern. iajoj, Nep, ; Tkalai, Burm. A large tree. Bark brown, thick. Wood light red, hard. Pores small, usually surrounded by white tissue and joined by white concentric lines which are sometimes broken. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, the distance between them about equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. North-East Himalaya from Sikkim to Assam, Chittagong and Burma. E 3343. Singtam, Darjeeling, 1,500 feet. 4. U. integrifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 68 j Beddome t. 310; Brandis 431; Kurz ii. 473. Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch.; DC. Prodr. xvii. 164 ; Wight Ic, t. 1968. Vern. Fapri, kkulen, arjdn, rajdin, kachdm, Pb. ; Papar, kanjii, Kumaun ; Papri, dhamna, Mirij, Jcaranji, chilbil, cliilmil, kumba, kunjandli, handru, begana, Hind. ; Chilla Banda ; Zfflr jm;V, Gondi ; Karanjel, TLurku ; A^a, Tarn. ^ Namli, navili, nali, pedda-nowli-eragu, Tel. ; Wawali, Mar. ; Ras bija, Kan. ; Thapsi, Mysore, Coorg; Kalddri, Hassan; Dadahkilla, Cingh.; Myouhseit, Burm. A large deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, whitish grey, exfoliat- ing in long, irregular flakes, soft, with an ofEensive smell when fresh, like the leaves and branchlets. Wood light yellowish grey, moderately hard, no heartwood. Annual rings indistinct. Pores small, uniformly distributed, joined by very fine and often faint lines of soft texture, frequently filled with a gnow-white substance, marked on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine, undulating, uniform, equidistant, visible on a radial section; the distance between the rays equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Beas eastwards. Central and South India, Burma. Growth moderately fast, averaging 6 rings per inch of radius, some specimens shewing as little as 2 rings. Weight, 39 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for building, carts, and carving. The leaves are lopped for cattle fodder. An oil is ex- tracted from the seed in the Melghat. lbs. P 445. Ajmere 42 O 264. Garhwal (1868) '46 O 3002. „ (1874) 41 O 392. Oudh 34 C 1148. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 37 C 1181. „ , 37 B 14] 6. Tharrawaddi, Burma 42 B 1419. „ „ 41 ' C'eUh.] tiETiCACE*. -S-l'^ 12. CELTIS, Tournefort, Contains about 8 species, which are very difficult to distinguish, cf. Brandis, p. 429. A rough key to the general characters of the leaves is, however, given ; it may be useful in ascertaining the species. Leaves evergreen, entire ....... C. Wightii. Leaves gemi-deciduous, serrate C. cinnamomea. Leaves deciduous, serrate — Leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate . . . . C. eriocarpa. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, cuspidate .... C. Samiltonii. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong — Leaves peuniveined — Leaves of perigonium obtuse . . C. australls. Leaves of perigonium acute . . C.tetrandra. Leaves with 3 nerves — Leaves sub-cordate at base . . C. EoxbiirgMi. Leaves rhomboid . . . . C. caucasica. C. cinnamomea, Ldl. ; Kurz ii. 472 is a tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal, Cbittagong and Burma, the leaves semi-deciduous at the time of flowering. C. eriocar- pa. Dene. ; Brandis 429. Vern. Tagha, Afg. ; Bathar, bat-taman, Pb. ; Ahata, hataia. Hind., is a tree of the Punjab Hills,Kumaun,Oudh and Nepal. C.Mamiltonii, Planch. ; Kurz ii. 472, is a tree of the Khasia HiUs and Tenasserim. C. Roxhurghii, Beddome ccxviii. t. 312 ; Brandis 429 (0. trinervia, Eoxb. PI. Ind. ii. 65 ; Gamble 72). Vern. Eharah, hatJear, hrumaj, hrundu. Ph.; Oheri chara, kathnniar, C.P. ; Sedongtagla, Lepcha, is a tree of Eastern Bengal, Central and South India. Wood ligbt-coloured, moderately hard, no heartwood, seasons well. Annual rings in the species of Europe, Northern India and Bengal, distinct- ly marked by belts of large pores. The pores in the outer portion of the annual ring smallj and generally arranged in groups or oblique tails. 1. C. Wightii, Planchon; Beddome ccxviii; Wight Ic. t. 1969. Solenostigma Wightii, 'Q\.;'Kxivzi\. 471. Vern. Fella-thorasa^, Tarn.; Tella-MM-mushti, Tel. A small evergreen tree. Wood greyish white, very hard, close- grained. Annual rings indistinctly marked by a narrow belt without {)ores. Pores small, enclosed in narrow, undulating, concentric, interrupted ines of soft tissue. Medullary rays fine, numerous, uniform and equidis- tant. Mountains of South India, Andaman Islands. Weight, 53 lbs. per cubic foot. Iba. D 1089. Madura, Madras 53 2. C. australiS, Linn.; Brandis 438. Vern. Kharah, Simla, Kumaun ; Taglio, takhum, Afg. ; A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark bluish grey. Wood grey or yellowish grey, with irregular streaks of darker colour. Annual rings marked by an irregular belt of moderate-sized and large pores. Pores moderate-sized and large, gradually getting smaller towards the outer limit of each annual ring, where they are very small and arranged in wavy, interrupted, concentric lines. Medullary rays moderately broad and fine. Suliman and Salt Ranges, Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan ascending to 8,500 feet, Khasia Hills. Growth moderate, 8 to 9 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 47 lbs. per cubic foot ■ Mathieu Fl. For., p. 257, gives 87 to 50 lbs. The wood is tough and strong, and is 3'H. URTicACEiE. l^CeUi«. used for oars, whip handles and for other purposes requiring toughness and elasticity. The tree is largely planted about villages in the North- West Himalaya for shade and fodder. lbs. H 36. Julung, Simla, 5,000 feet 47 3. C. tetrandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 63 ; Brandis 429 ; Kurz ii. 472 ; Gamble 72. G. seroiina, Vlaneh. ; Beddome ccxviii. Vera. Rumsum, sungswm, Lepcba; Ilakiapatia, Ass. A tall tree. Wood greyish white, moderately hard. Pores numer- ous, frequently subdivided, those of the inner edge of each annual ring large, forming a narrow, porous belt ; those of the outer portion moderate- sized and arranged in oblique wavy lines. Medullary rays moderately broad and fine, prominent on a radial section as long, narl:ow plates. Outer Himalaya, from Kumaun eastwards. Western Ghats. Growth moderate, 5 to 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36 to 37 lbs. per cubic foot. Used in Assam for planking and canoes. lbs. E 669. Bamunpokri Forest, Darjeeling Terai 36 E 707. Great Eangft Valley, Darjeeling 37 4. C. caucasica, Willd. ; Brandis 429. Vern. Batlcer, Pb. A moderate-sized tree, with grey bark \ inch thick. Wood light yellow, hard to very hard. Structure resembling that of C. australis, but the pores on the inner edge of each annual ring are very large, and consequently very prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays broader and further apart than in C. australis. Afghanistan, Beluchistan, Salt Range, Hazara, Kashmir. Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 44 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. H 932, Hazara 44 H 3169. Dungagalli, Hazara 13. SPONIA, Comm. Wood light-coloured, no heartwood, soft or moderately hard. Pores small or moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad. 1. S. orientalis, Planchon ; Beddome ccxix. ; Brandis 1.30 ; Gamble 72. Celtis orientalis, Linn.; Roxb. PL Ind. ii. 65. I'rema orientalis, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 468. 8. Wightii, Planch.; Beddome t. 311, and S. amboi- nensis. Dene [S. velutina. Planch.), are probably not specifically distinct. Indian Nettle Tree. Vern. Badu manu, C.P. ; Kooail, Nep. ; Tugla, Lepcba ; Param, Mechi ; Jupong,phakram,jigini, sapong, sempah, amphak, opang (see Agri-Horticultural Society of India Proceedings for Novem- ber 1877), Ass.; Mini, Tam. ; Gada-nelli, Tel. ; Gorklu, K.an. ; Gol, Mar. ; Rukni, Baigas. A small fast-growing and short-lived tree. Bark thin, greyish brown, with numerous lenticels. Wood light reddish grey, soft. Pores moder- ate-sized, often subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous, uniform, very prominent on a radial section, the distance be- tween the rays generally equal to or greater than the transverse dia- meter of the pores. Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, Bengal, Burma, Central and Southern India. Sponia.] unTiCACEa:. 3-I-5 Growth extremely fast. The tree from which our specimen was cut, and which was growing in front of the Sivoke Forest House, had attained in five years a height of 25 feet and ahout 40 inches in girth, equivalent to less than one ring per inch of radius. Weight, 28 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for charcoal, which is good for guii- Eowder manufacture. The bark gives a fibre which is used to tie the rafters of native ouses and for carrying loads ; and in Assam for making the coarse Amjphah cloth. VanSomeren says it is often allowed to grow for shade in the Mysore and Coorg coffee plantations, and is there called the ' Charcoal Tree.' Brandis says the same has been done in Wynaad. It comes up self-sown in forest clearings and waste places, often in great profusion, and may be much utilized in plantations to help to keep down the grass jungle. lbs. E 2446. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai 28 2. S. politoria, Planch.; Brandis 430 ; Gamble 72. Vera. Bantam. man, kanglu, khuri, Pb. ; Jaiin, khasaroa, mdrni, hdtu, banharria. Hind.; KMoi, hhdksi, hooail, Nep. ; Tuksat, Lepcha. A small evergreen tree. Bark smooth, or with longitudinal wrinkles, inner bark red. Wood white, moderately hard, splits and cracks in seasoning. Annual rings marked by a belt of firmer tissue ou the outer edge of each ring. Pores small, often subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad. Salt Eange, Outer Himalaya, Oudh, Sikkim. Growth very fast, 2 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood and bark used in a similar way to those of S. orientalis. The leaves are used to polish wood and hora. lb«. O 1369. Gonda, Oudh 36 Okder XCIII. PLATANEiE. 1. PLATANUS, Tourn. P. occidentalis, Linn., is the American Plane, which differs according to ATathieu and Brandis by less deeply lobed leaves, which are pubescent when full grown and by slightly smaller fruit-heads. Mathieu Fl. For., p. 377, gives its weight at 41 lbs. per cubic foot. 1. P. orientalis, Linn. ; Brandis 434. Vern. Chindr, Pers., Afgh. ; Bilin, buna, boin, Kashmir. A large deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, smooth, light or dark grey, peeling off in large thin scales. Wood white, hard, with a faint tinge of yellow or red. Annual rings marked by a band of firm tex- ture with few pores on the outer edge of each ring. Pores very small, uniform, and uniformly distributed except in the outer band of the autumn wood. Medullary rays broad, equidistant, shewing ou a radial section as glossy, irregular, wavy, shining plates. Cultivated in the North-West Himalaya east to the Sutlej, ascending to 8,300 feet in Ladak. Indigenous in Greece, Macedonia, Armenia and Northern Persia. Growth rather fast, our specimen shewed 6 rings per inch of radius. Mathieu, PI. For., p. 374, gives measurement of a tree in the garden of the Forest School at Nancy, which had 881 feet in height with a girth of 12'3 feet at the age of 1'30 years ; this would be equivalent to 5 J rings per inch of radius. Measurements of several large trees in Persia, Kashmir and Chamba are given by Brandis, p. 435. Weight, our specimen gives 41 lbs. per cubic foot; experiments made in 1879 at Kandahar by Captain Call, E.E. (Indian Forester, vol, v., p. 478), with bars 1 ft. x 1 in. X 1 in. gave an average weight of SSS lbs., P = 587. Mathieu gives ^1 to 2 u 34.6 PLATANEiB. [Plaianm. 49 lbs. It is used in Kashmir for boxes, trays, pen-eases and other ai'ticles, which are lacquered and painted. It has a pretty grain and may be recommended for cabinet-work. lbs. H 922. Hazara 41 Oedeu XCIV. CASUARINACE.ffi. One genus, containing chiefly Australian ti'ees, one species only extending north- wards to India. Several other species, however, have been introduced and grown in ludia. 1. CASUARINA, Linn. 1. C. equisetifolia, Forsterj Beddome ccxxvi. ; Brandis435; Kurzii. 494. C. murioata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 519. The Beefwood of Australia. Vern. Chouk, Tarn.; Serva, Tel.; Kdsrike, Mysore; Tinyu, Burm. ; Aru, Malay. A large evergreen tree, with leafless drooping branches, and branch- lets which are deciduous and perform the functions of leaves. Wood white, brown near the centre, very hard, cracks and splits. Pores ■ moderate-sized, in radial and oblique lines. Medullary rays very fine, uniform, equidistant. Numerous wavy, concentric lines, composed of soft tissue and minute pores. Coasts of Chittagong, Burma, the Malay Archipelago, North Australia and Queens- land. Cultivated all over India, except in the North-Western portion of the Punjab. The growth is fast, our specimen shews 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius. From Colonel Beddome's Report on the plantations in the North Arcot District, dated December 30th, 1876, the measurements of trees in two plantations were — Age. Heig-ht. Girth. Veeringapuram plantation . . 4 years 32 feet 24 inches at 3 feet. Trivellam „ . . 6 „ 70-80 „ 36-48 „ which would shew an average growth of 1 ring per inch of radius, or a girth of 6 feet at 22 years of age. The wood is hard and heavy, and difSoult to cut, and according to Skinner, No. 42 weighs 55 lbs. per cubic foot ; our specimen gives 62 lbs. M. Sebert in ' Notice sur les Bois de la Nouvelle Caledonie ' gives 63 lbs. Skinner gives P ^= 920. It has been largely planted in North Arcot, South Aicot, Madras and other districts of the Madras Presidency for fuel, for which it is excellent, but it requires to be near the sea- coast and to have water at the roots, at least 10 feet from the surface of the ground. Trees planted in sandy soil often suffer much from drought the first two or three years, the taproot then finds its way down to about 10 feet and reaching water the tree begins to thrive. It is of course best near the sea, but fine trees may be seen in places in Northern India, especially at Saharanpur and Umballa. Casuarina seems to coppice well, and undoubtedly is, in suitable localities, and considering its extremely quick growth and the qualities of its wood, one of the most important trees we have for fuel and other plantations. lbs. E 2465. Calcutta 62 OuDER XCV. EUPHORBIACEiE. We shall here follow the nomenclature used in Miiller's and Boissier's Monographs of this large Order in the Prodromtis of DeCandoUe, but adding as Sub-Orders the two separate Orders described in Vol. XVI, mz., Daphniphyllacece and Buxacece. The Order then contains 57 genera belonging to 9 tribes. It contains many important species, though with the exception of Bischoffia and Briedelia and, of EUPHORBIACES. 347 course,. Boxwood, few are specially remarkable for their timber. Oils are given by Ricinus, Croton a.ui Aleurites. Mallotus philippinensis gives a red dye. Phyl- lanthus Emhlica gives a fruit v?hiob is one of tbe myrabolams used in tanning, while several species in other parts of the world furnish India-rubber. StiB-OEDEE I. EUPHORBIACl!^. Tribe I.— Phyllantheae . . . ActepMla, Andrachne, Saui-opus, Anti- desma, Fhyllantlms, Melanthesopsis, Breynia, Putranj'wa, Securinega, Saccaurea, Aporosu, Symenocardia, Bisckojfia, Cyclostemon, Hemicyclia. ,, II. — Bridelieae . . . Briedelia, Cleistanthus, Lebedieropsis. „ III. — Crotoneae . . . Croton. „ IV. — Acalyphete . . . Aleurites, Agrostistachys, Sarcoclinium, Sumhavia, Coelodiscux, Ccelndepas, Cephalocroton, Symphyllia, Claoxy- loti, AcalypTia, Alchurnea, Cnesmvne, Tragia, Trewia, Mal/otus, Cleidion, Macaranga, Ricinus, Somonoya. ^ V. — HippomanesE . . Bennettia, Microdesniis, Manihot, Jatro- pha, Trigonostemon , Givotia, Ostodes, Coditeum, Chcetorarpus, IMischodon, BaliosperrKum, Geloniicm, Excacaria. „ VI. — Dalechampiese . . Daleckampia. „ VII. — Euphorbiese . . . Pedilanthus, Euphorbia SuE-OKDEE II. DAPHNIPHTLLACB.®. Tribe VIII. — Daphniphyllese . . Daphniphyllum. SUB-OEDEE III. BUXACE.ffi!. Tribe IX. — Buxese . . Buxus, 8arcococca. Actephila contains 4 or 5 large shrubs or small trees. A. excelsa, Dalz. ; Beddome clxxxix., is a small tree of the Western Ghats. A. Thomsoni, Mtill. Arg.; Beddome cxc, is a shrub of Mysore and the Carnatic. A. Javanica, Miq., and A puberula, Kurz ii. 340-1, are shrubs of the Andaman Islands. Sauropus contains 6 species, the most important of which is 8. albicans, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 349 ; Gamble 69. Vem. Yoma hinyo, Burm. ; Sentungrung, Lepcha, a common undershrub of foresto in Bengal and Burma. Melanthesopsis patens, Miill. Arg. ; Beddome cxcvi. ; Brandis455 ; Kurz ii. 348 ; Gamble 68 [Fhyllanthus patens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 667) Vern. Ikti, Lepcha, is a shrub of Bengal, South India and Burma ; and M.fruticosa, Mtill. Arg. ; Kurz ii. 349 (Fhyllanthus reclinatus, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 669), is a small shrub of the Martaban Hills. Breynia rhamnoides, MiiU. Arg. ; Beddome cxcvi. ; Brandis 4.56 ; Kurz ii. 350 [Fhyllanthus vitis-idma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 665) Vern. Tihhar, Hind. ; Kamhata Juli, Beng. ; Yerra pur-Agudu, Tel. ; G-ong-nyin-ya, Burm., is a small tree of Oudh, Bengal, South India, Arracan and the Andamans, with a white, hard, durable wood. Symenocardia Wallichii, Tul. ; Kurz ii. 394. Vern. Ye-hin, Burm.; and S. plicata, Kurz ii. 395. Vern. Ye-chin, Burm., are trees of the swamp forests in Burma. Cyclostemon contains 5 species : C. indicus, MiiU. Arg. ; Beddome cxcix., is a tree of Sikkim, the Khasia Hills and South India ; C macrophyllus, Bl. ; Beddome t. 278 ; Kurz ii. 364, a tree of the Western Ghats and the Andaman Islands ; C. eglan- dulosus, Kurz ii. 364, is an evergreen tree of Arracan ; C. malabaricus, Bedd., of the Tinnevelly Ghats, and C subsessilisj Kurz ii. 364 ; Gamble 69. Vern. Ban bolcul, Beng. ; Bway champ, asura, Nep., a small tree of Sikkim, Eastern Bengal and Burma, with a brown close-grained wood. iZemicycZia contains 5 species: H. elata, Beddome, t. 279, is a large, and I£. venusta, Wight, a small, tree of the Western Ghats ; S. sumatrana, Miill. Arg. ; Km'z ii. 365, is a tree of Burma, and S. anda- manica, Kurz, of the Andaman Islands ; while H. sepiaria, W. and A., is a tree of Southern India and Ceylon. Aleurites moluccana, WHld. ; Beddome t. 276 ; Kurz ii. 377 (A. triloba, Forst. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 629) Vern. Akrot, is a handsome tree introduced from the Malay Archipelago and now found in cultivation or run wild in many pai-ts of South India, 348 EUPHORBIACE^. It is called the ' Belgaum Walnut,' and is so called from the nuts resembling the walnut in flavour. These nats contain about 50 per cent of oil, which is extracted and used for food and for burning. In M. Sebert's ' Notice sur les bois de la Nonvelle Caledonia,' the wood is said to be white, soft, light and of bad quality, and to have a mean weight of 38 lbs. per cubic foot. A. corrfaia, Miill, Arg., is found in Nepal. Agrostistachys itidica, Dalz. ; Beddome cov. ( A. longifolia, Kurz ii. 377) is a small evergreen tree of the "Western Ghats, Ceylon, Burma and the Andamans. SarcocUnium longi- folium, Wight ; Beddome cov., is a small tree of the Nilgiri Hills and Ceylon, from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. Sumhavia macrophylla, Miill. Arg., Kurz ii. 376, is an ever- green tree of the tropical forests of Burma. Of Ccelodiscus, Kurz describes 5 new species from Burma, all shrubs. Cmlodepas calyoinum, Beddome ccvii. t. 320. \era. Zdtpira, is a small hard-wooded tree of the Tinnevelly Hills. GepJialocroton contains 2 species : C. leucocephalus, Baill. ; Beddome covi., of the Nilgiris ; and C. indicus, Beddome t. 261, a moderate-sized tree of the Western Ghits, said to give a good building timber. Of Symphyllia 2 species are found : S. mallotiformis, Miill. Arg. ; Beddome ccvii., in the Nilgiris ; and S. silhetana, Baill. ; Kurz ii. 378, in the Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and Tenasserim. Claoxylon contains 3 and Acalypha 1 {A. fruticosa, Forsk.) shrub of the forests of Burma. Tragia contains 2 and Cnesmone 1 (0. javanica, Bl.) climbing shrubs of Burma. AUliomea contains 3 shrubs : A. mollis, Miill. Arg., of Nepal ; A. rugosa, Miill. Arg., of Tenasserim and the Andamans, and^. tilicefolia, Miill. Arg.; Kurz ii. 386; Gamble 71, of Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, Sylhet, Tenasserim and the Andamans. Cleidion Javanicum, Bl. ; Beddome t. 272 ; Kurz ii, 390 ; Gamble 70, is a tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma. Bennettia Wallichii, K. Br. {G-alearia WaUiehii, Kurz ii. 407) and Microdesmis casearicefolia. Planch. ; Kurz ii. 408, are small trees of the forests of Tenasserim. Manihot uiilissima, Pohl. ; Kurz ii. 408. Vern. Pulu pinan myouTc, Burm., is a shrub of tropical America, introduced and cultivated in Burma. It yields ' the manioc', or ' cas- sava'meal and ' tapioca.' Trigonostemon contains about 6 species, the chief of which is T. Lawianus, Nimmo ; Beddome t. 273, a small tree of the Western Ghats and Ceylon. CodidBum contains 4 species : C. umbellatum, Miill. Arg. ; Beddome ccxiii. of the Western Ghats, one species in Burma and two in the Andaman Islands. This genus gives the ornamental variegated-leaved plants called ' Ci'otons,' now so much cultivated in Indian gardens. Mischodon zeylanicus, Thw. ; Beddome t. 290. Vem. Tamana, Cingh., is a handsome large tree of Ceylon, with good timber ; it has been found by Beddome in Tinnevelly. Saliospermum contains 3 undershrubs of Northern and Eastern Bengal, the commonest of which, B. montanum, M.iil\. Arg. {Croton poly- andrum, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 682; Gamble 70). Vern. Hakim, Hind.; Konda-amadum, Tel ; Poguntig, Lepcha, extends to South India and Burma. JOalechampia scandens, Linn. ; Kurz ii. 400, is a climbing shrub of Burma, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Poir. ; Kurz ii. 418, is a short rather fleshy shrub often cultivated in Burma. Daphniphyllum glauces'oens, Bl. ; Beddome ccxvii. t. 288. Vern. Nir-chappay, Burghers, is a handsome tree of the Western Ghats ; and D. himalayense, Miill, Arg. Vern. Saktchandan, rajcl anglia, Kumaun, is a tree of the Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards and the Khasia Hills found above 5,000 feet altitude. Several exotic trees belonging to this family have been introduced, and an attempt made at their cultivation in India. Sevea braziliensis, Miill. Arg. ; and other species of Sevea give the Brazilian caoutchouc. That named is the Para rubber, and is now being grown for distribution in the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, from plants received in 1877. The ' Ceara ' caoutchouc, a species of Manihot, probably ilf. Glaziovii, is also being grown- The very interesting account of their collection by Mr. Cross may be found at vol. iv, No. 1, p. 5 of the ' Indian Forester ' for 1878, and an account of their state on arrival in India in Dr. King's annual report of the Botanic Gardens at Calcutta for the year 1877-78. The great majority of the woody Euphorbiacese the wood of which is here described, belonging to the following genera — Antidesma, Bac- caiirea, Bischoffia, Cleistanthus, Excacaria, Komonoya, Jatropha, Lebi- dieropsis, Macarmga, Mallotus, Ostodes, Puiranjivu, Trewia — may, as regards the structure of their wood, be said to belong to one type, which is characterised as follows : Andrachne.l euphorbiace^. 349 Very fine, or extremely fine, and closely packed medullary rays. Pores small or very small, often in radial lines. The genera Fhyllanthus 2Xl^ Briedelia differ by having their medullary rays broader and further apart. The genera Securinega, Andrachne, Buxus and Sarcococca have very small or extremely small pores, and fine to extremely fine medullary rays. Croton and Chcetocarpus have extremely fine and closely packed medullary rays, but the wood is marked by wavy concentric lines, which are wanting in other genera of Euphorbiacese. Givotia has scanty pores and short distant medullary rays. Of these genera only Lebidieropsis and Bischoffia have a distinct heartwood, some of the others have darker coloured wood near the centre. 1. ANDRACHNE, Linn. Two sbrubs. A. telephioideSyliVEni.; Brandis 457, is a small undershrub of the Punjab Salt Kange. 1. A. cordifolia, Miill. Arg. ; Brandis 456. Vern. Kurhni, gurguli, Jhelam; Bersu, Chenab ; Barotri, maddre, Ravi; Mutkar, cMrmutti, pin, Beas; Tsdtin, Sutlej. A small shrub. Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores very small and extremely small, larger and more numerous in the inner belt of the annual rings. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numeroiis. Nortb-West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, ascending to 8,000 feet. Weight, 45 lbs. lbs. H 2945. Jander, Sutlej Valley, 3,500 feet 45 2. ANTIDESMA, Burm. About 14 species. A. refractum, Miill. Arg., is a small tree of Sikkim, at about 2,000 feet. A. nigricans, Tul.. and A. simile, Miill Arg., are small trees of Sylhet and A. oblongaturri; Miill. Arg., of the Khasia Hills. A. martabanicum, PresL, and A. molle, Miill. Arg. (A. velutinosum, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 359) are small trees of Tenasserim. A. velutinum, Tul. ; Kurz ii. 359. Vem. Kin-pa-lin, Burm., is a small evergreen tree of river banks in Burma ; and A. fniticulostim, Kurz ii. 359, of tidal forests in Pegu. A. lanceolatum, Tul. ; Beddome cci., is a small tree of the Nilgiri Hills. Wood hard, smooth, apt to split and warp. Pores small, numerous. Medullary rays of two classes, very fine, and moderately broad. 1. A. Ghsesembilla, Gaertn.; Beddome cc; Brandis 446; Kurz ii. 358. A. pubescens, Willd., and A. paniculafwm, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 769, 770. Vern. XMdi jamb, limtod, Beng. ; TJmiod, Hazaribagh ; Pulsur, polari, Jana-pa-laseru, poUai, Tel. ; Jondri, Mar. ; Byaitmi, Burm. ; Boo-ambilla, Cingh. A small deciduous tree, with grey or pale brown bark, \ inch thick, wjth a few deciduous scales. Wood red, with darker coloured heartwood, smooth, hard, close and even grained. Annual rings indistinctly marked by concentric lines. Pores small and moderate-sized, uniformly distri- buted. Medullary rays of two sizes, few moderately broad rays with numerous fine rays between them, prominent on a radial section. Nepal, Oudh, Bengal, Burma, Chanda district and South India. Weight, 49 lbs, per cubic foot. The leaves are eaten in Bengal. 350 EUPHORBIACEiE. [Anlidesma. C 1161. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces B 2246. Andaman Islands (] 866) . lbs. 46 52 2. E 2430 (46 lbs.) from the Chenga Forest, Darjeeling, has a similar structure. It is marked A. Bunias, Spr.; Beddome cc. ; Kurz. ii. 358 ; Gamble 69. Vern. Simaloheri, Nep. ; Kantjer, Lepcha. A small tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal, South India and Tenasserim. 3. A. Menasu, Miill. Arg. ; Kurz ii. 360; Gamble 69. Vern. Kumbyung, tungcher, Lepcbaj Kin-pa-lin, Burm. A small tree. Bark thin. Wood red, structure similar to that of A. Ghmsembilla, but the pores smaller and the medullary rays finer. Sikkim, Khasia Hills, Burma and the Andaman Islands, Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. Fruit eaten. lbs. E 2431. Chenga Forest, Darjeeling 52 4. A. diandrum, Tulasne; Beddome cci.; Brandis 447; Kurz ii. 360; Gamble 69. Stilago diandra, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 759. Vern. Amli, amdri, sarshoti, gur mussureya, ban mussureya, dka kki, liii\d. ; MuUa, Beng.; Patimil, Nep. ; Kantjer, Lepcha; Nunidri, Uriya; Telia- gumiidu, Tel. ; Masihr hauri, Gondi ; Kin-pa-lin, Burm. A small tree with smooth grey bark ; inner bark pale red, fibrous. Wood pinkish grey, hard, close-grained. Pores small and v-ery small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays of two sizes, moderately broad and very fine, wavy. Annual rings marked by a fine line. Garhwal, Kumaun, Oudh, Bengal, South India and Burma. Weight, 41 lbs. per Cubic foot. The leaves are acid and are eaten ; they resemble sorrel and are made into chutni. The fruit is eaten. lbs. O 1368. Gonda, Oudh 42 O 1464. Bahraich, Oudh 40 3. PHYLLANTHUS, Linn, A large genus formed by the grouping together of several genera or sections, such as Qlochidion, Phyllanthus, JSmblica, etc. It contains 43 Indian species of trees or shrubs, which are thus arranged by Miiller : — Section I. Etjglochidion. P. multilocularis, Miill. Arg. , (P. calocarpus, Kurz) P. coccineus, Miill. Arg. . P. zeglanieus, Miill. Arg. { P. andamanicus, Kurz) P. nitidvs, Miill. Arg. P. lanceolarius, Mull. Arg. P. tomentosus, Miill. Arg. P. canarar.us, Miill. Arg. P. m/Jeri, Miill. Arg. P. subscandens, Miill. Arg. Section II. Hem P. Hohenackeri, Miill. Arg. . P. fagifoUus, Miill. Arg. P. nepalensis, Miill. Arg. Bengal, Burma. Andamans. Bengal, Burma. South India, And amans. Andamans. South India. North India, Bengal, Burma. South India. Ditto. Burma, Andamans. Burma. GtOOHlDION. South India. Bengal, Burma, South India. North India, Bengal. Phyllanthns. ] EUPHORBIACEffl. 351 F. T/iomsoiii, Miill. Avg. P. sfheerogynus, Wiill. Avg. P. asperus, Miill. Arg. P. sylheticus, Miill. Arg. P. assamicus, Miill. Arg. P. glaucifolius, Miill. Arg. P. neilcfherrensis, Miill. Arg. P. arboreus, MUU. Arg. P. stellaius, Retz. P. malabaricus, Miill. Arg. P. Perrottetianus, Miill. Arg, P. vehiiinus, Miill. Arg. P. Baltoni, Miill. Arg. . P. Heyneanus, Miill. Arg. P. bicolor, Miill. Arg. P. khasicus, Miill. Arg (P. dasystylus, Kurz) (P. leiostylus, Kurz) Section III P. reticulatus, Miill. Arg. Section p. Emblica, Linn P. polyjthyllus, KlEGANElIA Bengal. Burma. South India. Bengal. Ditto. Burma. South India. Ditto. Bengal. South India. Ditto. Bengal, South India. Bengal, Burma, South India. South India. Bengal. Ditto. Burma. Ditto. All India and Burma. IV. Emblica. . All India and Burma. Willd South India. P. baeobotry aides, Miill. Arg Bengal, Burma. P. co/umnaris, Miill. Arg Burma. Section V. Paeaphtllanthus. P. juniperinoides, Miill. Arg. Section VI. Cicca. P. distichus, Miill. Arg. P. cyanospermus, Miill. Arg. P. indicus, Miill. Avg. . (P. albizzioides, Ku.rz) (P. maci'ocarpus, Kurz) . South India. India, Burma, Andamans. South India. Ditto. Burma. Ditto, Thus it will be seen that 4 species are found in North-West India, 16 in Northern and Eastern Bengal, 21 in South India, 18 in Burma, and 5 in the Andaman Islands. Pew of them are of much importance. P. lanceolarius, Miill. Aig. ; Brandis 453 ; G:s,m\As 6% (Glachidion lanceolarium, Dalz. ; Beddome cxoii. ; Kurz 343. Bradleia lanceolaria, Eoxb. PL Ind. iii. 697) Vern. Angnti, bhauri, Beng. ; Sangikat,'Nep.; Fagiri, Lepcha ; Tsekoban, Magh ; Bhoma, Bombay, is a small tree of the Sub-Hima- layan tract, from Kumaun eastwards. Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma, with a hard, durable wood. P. MeposZem^jV, Miill. Arg. ; Brandis 452 ; Gamble 68 (G. nepa- lense, Kurz ii. 344). Vern. Ool hamela, sama, chamar has, amblu, Icodmil, Pb. ; Mowa, baJcalwa, Teari, ^or ja. Hind. ; Katmowa, Garhwal ; Gubermotca, bair mao Kumaun ; LaiiJcat, Nep., is a small tree of the Outer Himalaya and Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastwards. It has a brownish-white wood, and the bark is used for tan- ning. P. polyphyllus, Willd. ; Beddome cxc, is a small tree of South India, distinguished from P. JSmblica by having a dry instead of a fleshy fruit. P. distichus, Miill. Arg. ; Beddome cxci. (P. longifolius, Eoxb. PL Ind. iii. 672. Cicca disticha, Linn. ; Kuvz ii. 353) Vern. Loda, n(yri, Beng. ; Marfaruri, chalmeri. Hind. ; Sussa-usarehi, Tel. Arunelli, Tam. ; Kirnelli, Mysore ; Thin-bo-zi-pyoo, Burm., is a small tree, cultivated in South India, Burma and the Andaman Islands for the sake of its fruit. Wood red, splits and warps. No heartwood. Pores moderate-sized, subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad, distant, prominent on a vertical section, giving the wood a mottled appearance. 1. P. Emblica, Linn. ; Roxb, Fl. lud. iii. 671; Beddome t. 258; 862 EUPHORBIACE^. \Phyllanlhui, Brandis 454 ; Gamble 68. Clcca Emblica, Kurz ii. 352. Vei-n. Amhal, ambli, Pb. ; Daula, amla, amlika, aura, aola, aunra, Hind. } Aunla, Nep. ; (Smowj, Lepclia; Jtnla, amdolati, amulaii, Beag. ; Amhari, GdfO ; AmluM, Ass.; Aid thanda, Cuttack; Nilli, milli, nalli, aunri, usir, lalla, Gondi; Aunre, Kurku ; Nelli, nellekai, Tam.; Osirka, usri, asereki, Tel. ; Nelli, nilika, Kan. ; Ohalu, gondhona, Uriya ; Aonli, Mar. ; Nelli, Cingh. ; SAabjii, tasha, Burm. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark somewhat less than \ inch thick, grey, exfoliating in small irregular patches, inner substance red. Wood red, hard, close-grained, warps and splits in seasoning. No heart- Wood, annual rings not distinct. Pores small and moderate-sized, uni- formly distributed, often subdivided or in short radial lines. Medullary rays moderately broad and broad, the distance between two rays generally greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Medullary rays very prominent on a radial section, giving the wood a handsome mottled appearance. Dry forests of India and Burma. The annual rings are not sufficiently distinct in our specimens for counting. Aikin in Wallich's list gives 2"7 rings per inck of radius. The weight and transverse strength have been determined by the following experi- ments : — Experiment by whom made. Year. Wood whence procured. Weight. No. of experi- ments. Size of bar used. Value of P. Paokle .... Kyd Skinner, No. 106 . Cunningham B. Thompson . A. Mendis Brandis (No. 93) Warth .... 1869 1831 1863 1864 1368 1865 1862 1378 Mysore , . , ■ Assam .... South India . . Gwalior . . . Central Provinces Ceylon .... Burma .... Different Provs, 67 46 46 46 49 36 61 2 "2 "a Ft. in. in. 8x1x1 2 X "i" X 1 975 (?) 617 662 569 The wood is durable under water, and is used for well-work ; also for agricultural implements, building and furniture. The bark is used for tanning and in medicine ; chips of the wood are said to clear muddy water. The fruit is the Eniblic Myrobolam, and is used as a medicine, for dyeing, tanning, and for food and preserves. It gives a gum, which is not used. P 104. lbs Bhajji, Simla, 8,000 feet 56 P 438. Ajmere 252. Garhwal (1868) .... 49 539. Dehra Dun .... 48 E 580. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai 56 E '2432. Bamunpokri, Daijeeling Terai 43 C 1126. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces . 51 C 2738. Moharli Reserve, Central Provinces 56 C 841. Bairagarh Reserve, Berar 45 C 2774. Melghat, Berar .... ■■• No. 61. Ceylon Collection .... 56 2. P. Thomsoui, Miill. Arg. ; Gamble 68. Vern. Laiikat, Nep. A small tree. Wood red, structure the same as that of P. Emblica. Ph^llanthus.'] euphoebiace^. 353 Sikkim and the Khasia Hills. Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. E 2434. Bamunpokii, Darjeeling Terai 42 3. P. bicolor. Mull. Arg.; Brandis453j Gamble 68. Vera. Lali- kat, lakrikat, Nep. ; Kair, telrikair, Lepelia. Au evergreen tree, with thin, grey bark. Wood red or reddish grey, bard. Pores small and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Medul- lary rays fine and moderately broad, numerous, very prominent on a radial section, giving the wood a mottled appearance. Nepal, Sikkim, and Khasia Hills, ascending to 7,000 feet. Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 37 to 47 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. E 685. Sepoydura forest, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet .... 37 E 2433. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet .... 47 4. P. reticulatus, Poiret; Beddomecxc. ; Brandis 453 ; Gamble 68. 1'. multiflorus, Eoxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 664. Cic'ca reticulata, Kurz ii. 354. Vern. £aujule, mdhhi, Hind. ; Nella imrMudu, phulsar, Tel.; Welkyla, Cingh. A ftraggling shrub. Bark brown, thin. Wood white or greyish white, hard, close-grained. Pores small, scanty, more numerous in the spring wood, marking thus the annual rings. Medullary rays fine, numerous, wavy. Common in most parts of India and Burma, especiall}' along river banks. E 3362. Dhupguri, AV. Ddars. 4. PUTRANJIVA, Wall. 1. P. Roxburghii, Wall; Beddome t. 275; Brandis 451 ; Kurz ii. 366. Nageia Futranjiva, Roxb. PL lud. iii. 766. Vern. Pu'djan, Pb. ; Jia puta,joti, juli, putra-jiva, pa1ji,jivputrak, patigia, Hind.; Karupale, Tarn.; Kadrajuvi, Tel.; Fongatam, Ma\. ; Jeiean-puir, M&i: ; Toukyap, Burm. A moderate-sized evergreen tree with pendent branches. Bark dark grey. Wood grey, shining, moderately hard, close-grained. Annual rings marked by prominent concentric lines. Pores small to moderate- sized, in radial lines, between closely packed, uniform, fine, medullary rays. Very numerous, very fine transverse bars. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastwards, Oudh, Bengal, Burma and South India. Growth fast, 4| rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36'6 lbs. according to Wallich ; our specimens give 48 to 49 lbs. The wood is sometimes used for tools and turning. The seeds are strung in rosaries and children's necklaces. The leaves are lopped for fodder, Ibe. O 1459. Bahraich, Oudh 48 O 1477. Gonda, Oudh 49 E 5469. Calcutta .48 2 w 854 etiphorbiackjE. [Seenritieffa. 5. SECURINEGA, Juss. Three species. S. grisea, Miill. Arg., is a shrub of the Khasia Hills. 1. S. obovata, Miill. Arg. ; Beddome cxcvii. ; Brandis 455 ; Gamble 68. Pht/llanthus relmus and virosus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 657, 659. Cicca obovata, Kurz ii. 354, Vern. Dalme, dhdni, baJearcha, ghari, gwala, darim, Hind. ; Tktibi, Lepcba ; Ukieng, thaJca, Mechi ; Kodarsi, Mar. ; Korohi, Gondi > Tae-chinya, Burna. A small tree. Bark rusty or reddish brown. Wood reddish yellow, close-grained. Annual rings marked by a white line. Pores small, numer- ous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, the distance between the rays greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. SuHman Range, Sub-Himalayan tract and Outer Himalaya ascending to 5,000 feet, Eastern Bengal, Central and South India and Burma. Growth slow, 14 to 16 lings per inch of radius. Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood durable, used for agricultural implements. Bark astringent, used to intoxicate fish, lbs. H 2941. Jander, Sutlej Valley, 3,000 feet 52 P. 3247. Ajmere 2. S, Leucopyms, Mijll. Arg.; Beddome cxcvii.; Brandis 456; Gamble 68. Phyllanthus Jjeucqpyrus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 658. Cicca Zeucopyrus, Karz n. 353. Vern. Pera pasf,awane, Aig.; KdJc&n, rithei, girthan, gargas, bhdthi, lata, vanuthi, girk, Pb. ; Ilartho, aintha, North- Western Provinces ; Kir an, Sind ; Challa mauta, sale manta. Central Provinces; Achal, Nep. A large shrub or small tree. Bark smooth, reddish brown, with few vertical cracks. Wood pink, hard, close-grained. Pores small, often subdivided or in short radial lines, numerous, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine and fine, numerous, bent where they touch the pores. Outer Himalaya, ascending to 5,000 feet, throughout India and Burma. Wood only used as fuel. E 3319. Pankabari, Darjeeling, 2,000 feet. £ 3282. Sitapahar Eeserve, Chittagong. 6. BACCAUREA, Lour. Miiller describes 6 species : B. affinis, Miill. Arg. and B. parviflora, Miill. Arg. ; Kurz ii. 357, from South Tenasserim ; B. propinqua, Mull. Arg., from Sylhet ; B. courtallensis, Miill. Arg., a,nAB.flaccida, Miill. Arg., from South India. 1, B. sapida, Mull. Arg. ; Beddome t. 380 ; Kurz ii. 355; Gamble 69. Fierardia sapida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 254. Vern. Lutco, Hind.; Kala logoti, Nep. ; Bumbling, Lepcha ; Latecku, Ass. ; Koli kuki, Kan, ; Kanaizu, Maghj Kanazo, Burm, A moderate-sized evergreen tree, with thin grey corky bark. Wood greyish brown, soft, liable to split badly. Pores small, in short radial lines. MeduUaiy rays moderately broad to broad, the distance between the rays being from one to three times the transverse diameter of the pores. Wood cells very large, arranged in transverse lines which have the appearance of innumerable short fine bars across the rays. Baccaurea. ] eophorbiace^. 355 Bengal, Assam, Burma, and Andaman Islands. Weight, according to Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 97, 61 lbs. ; Wallich, No. 164, 38 lbs. ; our specimens average 42 lbs. The wood is not used. The fruit is much eaten, it is acid and pleasant, and is called ' Lutqua.' The leaves are used in Northern Bengal and Assam for dyeing. Iba. E 1265. Tezpur, Assam 42 B 2552. Burma (1862) 44 B 3145. S Magayee, Burma 42 B 3146. ? „ „ 43 B 2686. Tavoy (Wallich, 1828) 41 B 2720. „ , 41 7. APOROSA, Bl. Contains eight species. A. vlllosa, Baill. ; Kurz ii. 361. Vern. Ye-mein, Burm., is a tree of Burma whose bark is used for dyeing red, and which gives a red resin. A. macrophylla, Miill. Arg. ; Kurz ii. 361. Vern. In-jin, Burm., A. villosula, Kurz ii. 362. Vern. Thitsap, Burm., and A. microstacJiya, Miill. Arg. ; Kurz ii. 363, are evergreen trees of Burma. A. ohlonga, Miill. Arg. and A. lanceolata, Thw. ; Beddome cxcix. ; Kurz ii. 363, are trees of Tenasserim. A. Lindleyana, Wight ; Beddome t. 286 ; Gamble 69. Vern. Sulla, snrroli, Kan. ; Kagbhalai, Nep., is a tree of Sikkim and the Western Ghats with a good timber. A. dioiea, Miill. Arg. ; Gamble 69 {A. Rox- hurghii, Baill. ; Kurz ii. 362. Alnus dioiea, Eoxb. Fl. lud. iii. 580. Lepidostachys Soxburghii, Wall.) Vern. KoTcra, Beng. ; Sanpalu, Garo ; Tauprengjan, Magh, is a tree of Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma. This last has been identified with the tree producing the 'Coco -wood' of com- merce, generally supposed to come from the West Indies. No. 2925 is the Coco-wood. It, has a dark-brown, very hard, close-grained wood, with white sapwood, and resembles that of Somonoya (see page 364) in structure. It weighs 79 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood of Aporosa dioiea should be carefully examined to prove that the Indian tree gives a timber similar to Coco-wood. 8. BISCHOFFIA, Bl. 1. B. javanica, Bl.; Beddome t. 259; Brandis 446; Kurz ii. 355; Gamble 69. Andrachne trifoliaia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 728. Vern. Kein, korsa, irum, Hind. ; Kainjal, Nep. ; Sinong, Lepcha ; Taisoh urum,Mechi; Uriam, Kss. ; Bolzurit, Giro ; Joki, Cachar; Boke, Bom- bay ; Thondi, Tam. ; Govarnellu, Hassan ; Modagerri vemlu, Tinnevelly. A deciduous tree. Bark rough, dark grey with a brown tinge, ex- foliating in angular, scales. Wood red, rough, moderately bard, with a small darker-coloured heartwood. Pores moderate-sized, in short radial lines. Medullary rays moderately broad and very fine, the distance between the broad rays being from one to three times the transverse diameter of the pores. Kumaun, Garhwal, Oudh, Gorakhpur, Bengal, South India and Burma. Growth fast, some of our specimens shewed 4 rings per inch of radius. Weight the average of our specimens gave, heartwood 47'5 lbs., sapwood 36 lbs. per cubic foot! Kyd gives : Weight 43 lbs., P = 617. Kurz evidently identifies with this, No. 99 of Brandis' list of 1862. Vern. Yagine, Burm. Weight 35 lbs. In Assam it is esteemed one of the best timbers and used for bridges and other works of construction. Beddome says it is used by planters in the Nilgiris for building, and is sometimes called ' Eed Cedar.' 356 EUPHORBiACEiE. [Bisdofia. lbs. O 1374. Gonda, Oudh 44, E 654. Bamunpokii, Daijeeling Terai 53 E 1257. Tezpur, Assam 47 E 3191, Nowgong, Assam 46 E 2467. Calcutta (sapwood) 36 9. BRIEDELIA, Wilkl. About 7 species. B. ovata, Dene ; Kurz ii. 368, is a small tree of Tenasserim and the Andamans. B. Hamiltoniana, Mull. Arg., is a small tree with two varieties, one found in Behar, the other on the Bombay Ghats. B. stipularis, Bl. ; Beddome cci. ; Brandis 419; Kurz ii. 369; Gamble 69 (B. scande7is, Uoxh. V]. Ind. iii. 736) Vem. Madlatdh, undergupa, Oudh; Lilima, Nep. ; Dunkilura, Tel.; Eihur, Jcohi, Ass. ; Harinhara, Beng ; Sin-ma-no-pyin, Burm., is a large climbing shrub of most parts of India and Burma, with a dark heartwood ; it is used for fuel in the Sundar- bans. B. dasycalyx, Kurz ii. 369, is a climber of the forests of Burma. Heartwood grey or olive brown, seasons well. Pores small to moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine or moderately broad. 1. B. retusa, Sprengel ; Bedilome t. 260 ; Brandis 449 ; Kurz ii. 368; Gamble 69. B. crenulata, l&o-kb., siiiA. B^ spinosa, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 734, 735. Vern. Pathor, mark, Pb,, Khaja, kassi, gauli, Hind.; i/rtf»2/J«»3, Ajmere; Angnera, Banswava; Asana,yLa{.; Geio, Nep.; Pew^y?, Lepeha j Nanda, Rajbanshi ; Katakuchi, Mechi; Kashi, G&,ro ; Kamkui, Chittagong; Kosi, Uriya ; Mnlu-veitgny, kamanji, Tarn. ; Kora- mmi, cludi mdddi, koramadi, duriamidi, Tel.; Kassei, Gondi; Karka, Kurku; Gvnjati, kali ain, Mar., Bhll ; Asvna, goje, Kan.; Adamarathu, Tinnevelly; Tseichyee, Burm., Katta kaala, Cingh. A large deciduous tree, with thorns on the bark of young stems. Bark \ inch thick, grey or brown, rough with longitudinal cracks and exfoliating in long irregular plates. Sapwood small; heartwood grey to olive brown, close-grained, seasons well, moderately hard, the annual rings marked by concentric lines. Pores uniformly distiibuted, moderate-sized, often in short radial lines. Medullary rays numerous, uniform and equidistant, moderately broad, visible on a radial section as rough, narrow plates ; the distance between two rays equal to, or less than, the transverse diameter of the pores. This wood has a mottled grain and takes a beautiful polish. Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Chenab eastwards, ascending to 3,600 feet, Oudh, Bengal, Central and South India, Burma. Growth fast, our specimens shewed an average of 5-6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, Skinner, No. 291, gives 60 lbs. ; R. Thompson, 54 lbs. ; Brandis, No. 23, Burma List, 1862, 66 lbs. ; the average of our specimens is 50 lbs. according to Dr. Warth's weighings of specimens. Skinner gives P = 892. This is, probably, Kyd's B. stipularis, "^eixvL. Kohi, k%^., weight 64 lbs., P^ 525. Wood durable, used for cattle-yokes, agricultural implements, cnrts and building. It stands well under water. The bark is used for tanning, the fruit eaten, and the leaves out to feed cattle. lbs. P 461. Ajmere 48 O 259. Garhwal (1868) 45 3001. „ (1874) 43 O 1480. Kheri, Oudh 61 ,0 317. Gorakbpur (1868) 47 C 1174. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 55 Brie'lelia.] EUPIIOEBIACFwE. 357 C 840. G 2765. E 645. B 619. E 2428. B .'5074. B 1431. No. 43. No. 68. Bairagarh Reserve, Bcrar Melghat, Berar Sepoydura, Dai-jeeling, 5,000 feet Bamunpokri, Daijeeling Terai . Burma (1862) . Tharrawaddy Division, Burma Ceylon Collection . . Iba. 63 45 53 5S 46 46 56 44 38 2. B, montana, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Tnd. iii. 735 ; Beddome ccii. ; Brandis 450 ; Gramble 70. Ycm. Kargnalia, khajn, geia, kusi, Hind.; Gein, Nep. ; Ka'uho, A.«s. ; Putengti, Tel. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Wood grey, beautifully mottled ; annual rings distinctly marked by darker and firmer wood on the outside of each ring. Pores small and moderate-sized, often in radial lines; the transverse diameter of the pores being generally less than the distance between the fine and uniformly distributed medullary rays, which are prominent on a radial section. Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jhelam eastwards, ascending to 4,000 feet, Oudh, Bengal. Growth, fast, 4 rings per inch of radius. "Weight, 46 to 59 lbs. per cubic foot, hut the heavier specimen was perhaps not suflBciently seasoned. Wood very similar to that of B. retusa and might be used for the same purposes. The leaves are lopped for cattle fodder. lbs. O 1375. Gonda, Oudh 59 C 199. Mandla, Central Provinces (1870) 46 3. B. tomentosa, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 367 ; Gamble 70. B. lancemfolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 737. Vern. Sibri, Nep. ; Manlet, Lepchaj Sirai, mindri, Beng. A small evergreen tree. Wood light olive brown, hard, close-grained. Pores small, often subdivided, enclosed in rounded patches of soft tissue, which are generally arranged in oblique, undulating lines; the transverse diameter is greater than the distance between the very fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant medullary rays. North-East Himalaya, ascending to 2,000 feet, Eastern Bengal and Burma. Weight, 64 lbs. per cubic foot. Iba. E 1397. Chittagong 64 10. CLEISTANTHUS, Hook. f. About 7 speties. C patulas, Miill. Arg., C nalabaricus, Miill. Arg., and C. stipularis, Miill. Arg., are small trees of South India. C. ohlongifolius, Miill. Arg., and O. cliartaceus, Miill. Arg., trees of Eastern Bengal, thefirst extending northwards to Sikkim. C. stenophyllws, Kurz, and C myrianthus, Kurz, are trees of Burma and the Andaman Islands. 1. C. myrianthus, Kurz ii. 370. Vern. Mo-man-tha, Burm. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Wood moderately hard, reddish grey. Pores small, numerous, often subdivided. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, closely packed. Tropical forests of Buifma and the Andaman Islands. lbs. B 2474. Andamans (Kurz, 1866) 41 358 BUPHOEBIACE^. [Zebedieropsii- 11. LEBEDIEROPSIS, Mull. Arg. 1. L. orbicularis, Miill. Arg. j Beddome cciii. ; Brandis 450. Clui/tia colUna, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 732. Vern. Qarrar, gardri, Hind. ; Karada, Uriya ; Korsi, wodesha, kadisken, korshe, Tel. ; Wodayu, waddan, Tarn.; Garari, Mar.; Madara, Cingh. A small deciduous tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark brown, almost black, often with a reddish tinge, rough with numerous cracks, exfoliating in rectangular woody scales. Wood red, tough, moderately haid to hard, close and even-grained, warps in seasoning. Heartwood dark red, small ; sapwood lighter coloured. Pores small, arranged in radial lines between the very fine and very numerous equidistant medullary rays, Bandelkhand, Satpura Range and forests southwards to the Godavari mountains of South India. Weight, 54 to 551hs. per cuhic foot. Beddome says the wood is much used in India. It coppices readily and in great abundance ; it may, therefore, be specially recom- mended where fuel has to be produced in tropical parts of India, but it is also recom- mended as a useful wood for turning. The outer crust of the capsule is said to be poisonous. C 1175. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces C 1252. Gumsiir, Madras C 1306. „ Iba. 54 55 54 This wood resembles that of Eugenia operculata in outward appearance and in structure, but differs by the absence of concentric lines. It is almost identical with that of Flacowrtia Bamontchi, and if it were not for the great difference in the bark which in Lebedieropsis is darkcoloured, almost black and deeply fissured, and in Flacourtia light coloiired, smooth, with short narrow horizontal oracles, one might be inclined to suspect a mistake in the specimens. The only difference that can be seen under the glass is that the medullary rays in Flacourtia are slightly wavy, while those of Lebedieropsis are straight. 12. CROTON, Linn. A large genus of trees and shrubs, erect or straggling, with about 19 Indian species. The following list has been extracted from MiiUer's Monograph in DeCandolle's Prodromus, Vol. xv. 2, those newly added by Beddome and Eurz being given in brackets : — C. Joufra, Roxb. Sbction I, Section II. C. argyratus, Bl. C. ohlongifolius, Roxb. C. retioulatus, Miill. Arg. C lacciferus, Linn. C aromaticus, Linn. C. chlorocalyx, Mull. Arg. C. rAorfo*tec%»«, Miill. Arg. C caudatus, Miill. Arg. C. Tiglium, Linn. C. birmanicus, Miill. Arg. C. Icevifolius, Bl. C. Wallichii, Mull. Arg. . Eluteeia. EUCHOTON. Eastern Bengal, Burma. Burma, Andamans, North and South India, Bengal, Burma. South India. Ditto. Ditto. Eastern Bengal. Burma. Eastern Bengal, Burma, South India. Bengal, Burma, South India. Burma. Eastei-n Bengal. Burma. Croton.] EUPHORBIACE^. S59 (0. scabiosus, Beddome) . (C malaharicus, Beddome) (0. rohustus, Kiarz) (O. suhlyratus, Kurz) (C Jiocculosus, Kurz) (C calococcus, Kurz) South India. Ditto. Burma. Andamans. Burma. Ditto. C. Joufra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 685 ; Kurz ii. 373. Vern. Joufra, Beng., is a tree of Eastern Bengal and Burma. C. oblongifolius, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 688 ; Beddome cciv. ; Brandis 439 ; Kurz ii. 373 ; Gamble 70. Vern. Arjunna, Ondh ; Ach, Nep. ; Surma, parokupi, Ass. ; BhutanTcusam, Tel. ; Thityin, Burm., is a small tree found in the Sub-Himalayan tract from Oudh eastwards, South India, Burma, and Ceylon. Bark 1 inch thick, grey or brownish, inner bark red. Wood white, close-grained, moderately hard, cracks in seasoning ; the seeds give an oil. O. Tiglium, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 682 ; Brandis 440 ; Kurz ii. 374. The Purging Croton. Vern. Jaipdl, jamal-gota, Hind. ; KanaJcho, Burm., is a small tree, cultivated in many parts of India and Burma, the seeds are a powerful purgative, and the yellow oil is a valu- able medicine. C. scabiosus, Beddome t. 283, and C malabaricus, Beddome cciv., are trees of the Western Ghats with silvery leaves. 1. C. argyratus, Bl.j Kurz ii. 372. Vern. Chonoo, Burm.; Talib- da, And. A moderate-sized or small evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey. Wood hardj yellow, close and even-grained, seasons well. Pores large and very large, scanty, circular, very prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays extremely fine, very numerous. Numerous wavy concentric lines (of darker colour?). Martaban, Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands. Weight, 46 to 48 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood worthy of nctice. lbs. B 501. Andaman Islands 48 B 515. „ „ 46 2. C. caudatus, Miill. Arg. ; Kurz ii. 375 ; Gamble 70. C drupa- ceum, Roxb. M. Ind. iii. 683. Vern. Nan bhantur, Beng. ; Takchabrik, Lepcha. A large straggling shrub. Bark thin, grey. Wood white or yellow- ish white, hard, close-grained. Pores large, scanty, sometimes subdi- vided, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays very fine to extremely fine, very numerous. Numerous wavy concentric lines of white tissue often interrupting the rays. Bengal, Assam, Burma and South India, chiefly on the banks of streams. Home says the wood is used for fuel and the leaves applied as poultices to sprains. E 3298. Sivoke, Darjeeling Terai. B 3201. Burma (1862) Thityinkat, supposed to be Croton oblongifolius, has a white wood similar in structure to C. argyratus, except that the fine, wavy concentric bands are more prominent aod the pores are smaller. 13. TREWIA, Linn. 1. T, nudiflora, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 837 ; Beddome t. 281 ; Brandis 443; Kurz ii. 379; Gamble 70. Vern. Tumri, hhamara, bhil- ^fl7» it H 930. 40 « H 614. 30 )j tt H 2914. 27 )j n H 165. 25 tf H 38. 16 )» ry }» H 77. 14 Ji i> (Average of 8 specimens 38'5 rings per inch I of radius. Weight, Brandis says, 60 to 65 lbs. per cubic foot ; Mathieu, Fl. For., p. 268, gives 56 to 72 lbs. ; our specimens average 57 lbs. The uses of boxwood are well known. In Europe it is used for engraving, turning, carving and mathematical instruments. In the Himalaya small boxes to contain butter, honey, tinder, snuff, &c., are made of it, and it is carved into combs. The leaves are poisonous to cattle, only goats eat them sparingly with impunity ; they are used in the south of France as manure for vineyards. The boxwood to be used for engraving requires very careful and lengthened seasoning ; on this subject and on the other requisite characters of boxwood for commercial purposes, the following extract from a letter of Messrs. J. Gardner and Sons, of Liverpool, to the Inspector-General of Forests, dated April 3rd, 1877, will give information :>— " The value of boxwood at Bombay of suitable texture for the English market, of which latter we can judge from a. few sample pieces, will depend principally upon the quality. " Wood from 2 to 4 inches diameter is required to he free from splits or cracks, other- wise, however free from knots and straight and round it may be, the value would not exceed £1 to £2 per ton, whilst if free from splits, round and straight and with — not exceeding one knot per foot in length V^ value would probably ( f ^'^ P«^ *'*°' exceeding 1 knot and not exceedmg 2 knots > ? .o-iuo nv ^ ^x^i^^u^j , £7-10*. „ 2 knots „ „ B „ ) ^^ C £5 all knots or holes, counted as such, however small. " Wood 4 inches and upwards in diameter is preferred with one split rather than sound or with more than one split, any splits after the first reducing the value on ac- count of the additional waste in working the same. AveragiDg per foot in length. 1 knot. 2 knots. 3 knots. The value of round and "J 4 to 5 inches diameter straight (1 split) aver- ^ 5 to 6 „ aging. J 6 inches and upwards diameter " If the splits are twisted more than 1 inch to the foot if small, 2 inches if medium size, and 3 inches to the foot length if large, the value is reduced one-half. " The above values will, of course, vary in accordance with the supply and demand for the various sizes and qualities. "The most suitable texture of wood will be found growing upon the sides of moun- tains. If grown in the plains, the growth is usually too quick, and consequently the grain is too coarse ; the wood of best texture being of slow growth and very fine in the grain. " It should be cut down in the winter, and, if possible, stored at once in airy wooden sheds, well protected from sun and rain, and not to have too much air through the sides of the shed, more especially for the wood under 4 inches diameter. "The boxwood also must not be piled upon the ground, but be well skidded under, so as to be kept quite free from the effects of any datnp from the soil. " After the trees are out down, the longer they are left exposed the more danger is there afterwards of the wood splitting more than is absolutely necessary during the necessary seasoning before shipment to this country. " If shipped green there is great danger of the wood sweating and becoming mil- dewed during transit, which causes the wood afterwards to dry light and of a defec- tive colour, and in fact rendering it of little value for commercial purposes. " There is no occasion to strip the bark off, or to put cowdung or anything else upon the ends of the pieces to prevent their splitting. £ £ £ 6 4-10*. 3 9 6 3 12 9 4-10*. Sarcococca.'\ ETJPHOKBIACE^. 371 " Boxwood is the nearest appi-oach to ivory of any wood known, and will therefore probably gradually increase in value, as it, as well as ivory, become scarcer. It is now used very considerably in manufacturing concerns, but on account of its gradual ad- vance in price during the past few years, cheaper woods are in some instances being substituted. " Small wood under 4 inches is used principally by flax-spinners for rollers and by turners for various purposes, rollers for rink skates, &c., &e., and if free from splits is of equal value with the larger wood. It is imported here as small as IJ inches in diameter, but the most useful sizes are from 2-| to SJ inches, and would, therefore, we suppose, be from 15 to 30 or 40 years in growing, whilst larger wood would require 50 years and upwards at least, perhaps we ought to say 100 years and upwards. It is used principally for shuttles for weaving silk, linen and cotton, and also for rule- making and wood engraving. Punch, The Illustrated London News, The Graphic, and all the first class pictorial papers use large quantities of boxwood." Messrs. Churchill and Sim, reporting on some boxwood sent to them for sale in 1880, and which fetched 21 shillings per cwt., equivalent at 60 lbs. per cubic foot to 11*. Id. or about Es. 6 per cubic foot say : — " The pieces of boxwood were remarkably fine specimens, equal in quality to the best Abasia, and fetched a very high price, equivalent to £21 per ton. These logs were depreciated in value for ordinary purposes, owing to their having been squared, which was a mistake, as in that operation much valuable wood had been wasted, and when the bark is removed, a good protection to the log is destroyed. In the present state of the boxwood trade, and considering the fact that the supplies which have been coming forward for some time past are deteriorating in quality, fromi the action of the Turkish Govennment in closing the forests and from other causes, the probability of a supply of this wood from India is a, matter of considerable importance. The usual run of this wood would not, however, fetch the high price of this picked sample. The price realized cannot, however, be taken as any criterion, for whether supplies can be sent to this market, and sold at prices which will cover transit and freight, and then leave a profit, is very doubtful. Could this wood be regularly placed on the market at a moderate figure, there'is no reason why a trade should not be developed in it." H H H H H H H H 930. 165. 168. 614. 954. 990. 38. 77. H 2914. H 424. Hazara, 7,000 feet Kangra (Stewart, 1866) Shahpur „ „ Kulu, 7,000 feet . Kunawar Kandru, Simla, 8.000 feet Shall, Simla, 7,000 feet . Darua block, Deoban, North-Western Provinces, 6,800 feet lbs. 59 58 56 64 60 57 56 25. SARCOCOCCA, LiudU Two species, S. saligna, Miill. Arg., with tri-nerved and 8. Hookeriana, Baill., with penni veined leaves. The latter is a shrub of the hills of Sikkim. 1. S. saligna, Miill. Arg.; Beddome ecxvii.; Braadis448; Gamble 72. Vern. Sukat sing, Kumaun; Chilikat, Nep. A small evergreen shrub. Wood white, moderately hard. Pores very small and extremely small. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad. Afghanistan, Himalaya at 4,000 to 7,000 feet, ascending in Sikkim to 9,000 feet, Khasia Hills, Nilgiris and Western Coast. Wood sometimes used for walking-sticks. H 2832. Simla, 7,000 feet. 372 BETULACE^. [Betula, Oedek XCVI. BETULACE^. Two genera, Setula and Alnus. Himalayan trees, with similar qualities to the Birches and Alders of Europe. Wood soft, tough to cut. Pores small, uniformly distributed. No distinct heartwood. 1. BETULA, Tournefort. Three Indian species. The common European Birch is B. alba, Linn., and the American Paper Birch, of which the light, portable canoes are made in Canada, is B. papyracea, Willd. Wood tough, close-grained, moderately hard. Pores small, not numer- ous. Medullary rays fine. Medullary patches scanty. 1. B. Bhqjpattra, Wall, j Brandis 457 ; Gamble 79. B. Jacque- montii, Spach. Vern. Burj, burzal, hhuj,][ihurZy Pb. ; Shah, pad, phatak, ^a/^a, Ladak, Lahoul, Piti, Kauawar; Takpa, Bhutia; Bh'Ajpattra, Hind.; Phispat, Nep. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark smooth, shining, with white oblong lentieels, the outer bark consisting of numerous distinct, thin, papery layers, peeling off in broad horizontal rolls. Wood white with a pinkish tinge, tough, eyen-grained, moderately hard. Pores small, not numer- ous, uniform and uniformly distributed except that sometimes they are arranged in interrupted lines along the edges of the annual rings. Medul- lary rays fine and very fine, numerous, prominent on a radial section. Higher ranges of the Himalaya, forming the upper edge of arborescent vegetation and ascending to 14,000 feet. Growth slow, the countings taken from our specimens were very uniform, 5 speci- mens varying only from 13 to 18 rings, giving an average of 15 rings per inch of radius. Aikin, in Wallich's List, gives 3'4 rings per inch. In weight, also, the ex- periments of Dr. Warth on six specimens gave only a variation from 42 to 46 lbs. with an average of 44 lbs. ; Wallioh gave 35-5 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is extensively used in the inner arid Himalaya for building ; if is elastic, seasons well and does not warp. The bark is very valuable ; it is used as paper for writing and packing, for umbrellas, hooka tubes, and for roofing houses. The branches are made into twig bridges, and the leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder. lbs. H 909. Upper Chenab, 10,000 feet 45 H 610. Lahoul, 10,000 feet 44 H 126. Rotang Pass, Kulu, 9,000 feet 43 H 127. Monali, Kulu, 8,000 feet 46 E 381. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet 44 E 2404. „ „ „ 43 2. B. acuminata, Wall. ; Brandis 458 ; Kurz ii. 476 ; Gamble 79. Vern. Pij,t/a udish, hambar maya, maksheri, s/ieori, s/iaff, Pb. ; Bh'&J- jjattra, Mur, shdul, Hind. ; Haoul, Kumaun ; ShaksMn, Tibet j Saver, aauer, payong, lubtis, Nep. ; Hlosicngli, Lepcha ; Dingleen, Khasia. A large tree. Bark grey, peeling off in horizontal rolls. Wood white, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small and very small, often subdivided ; numerous in the inner part of each annual ring, scanty and smaller in the outer half. Medullary rays fine. Himalaya, from 6,000 to 8,000 feet, Khasia hills, and hills of Martaban. AlnUS.] BETULACE^. 373 Growth moderate, our specimens shew 10 rings per inch of radius ; a round in the Bengal Forest Museum shews 6'5 rings per inch. Weight 41 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is very little used, but Wallich says it is hard and esteemed in Nepal for all purposes where strength and durability are required. lbs. H 611. Parbatti Valley, Kulu, 8,000 feet 41 H 2914. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet 41 E 2405. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 3. B. cylindrostachys, "Wall. ; Gamble 80. Under B. acuminata, Wall, in Brandis For. Flora 458 ; Kurz ii. 476. Vern. Shaoul, Kumaun j Sauer, Nep. ; Suvgli, Lepcha. A tall deciduous tree. Bark pink, peeling off iu large vertical flakes, giving the stem a shaggy appearance. Wood rod, hard, heavy. Annual rings indistinct. Pores scanty, small, often subdivided, uniformly dis- tributed. Medullary rays fine, numerous, the distance between the rays larger than the transverse diameter of the pores. Kumaun, Nepal, Darjeeling Hills from the Terai up to 6,000 feet. Growthfast, 5i rings per inch of radius. Weight, 52 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is strong and seasons well, but is not used except for firewood and charcoal, for which purposes it is very good. It is an extremely handsome tree with drooping branches. lbs. E 678. Bamunpoliri, Darjeeling Terai 52 2. ALNUS, Tournefort. Two species. The chief European Alders are A. glutinosa, Linn., with glutinous leaves, and A. incana, Willd., with pubescent leaves. Pores small, uniformly distributed, often in radial lines. Medullary rays of two classes, the broad rays composed of numerous fine rays. Medullary patches scanty (common in some of the European species) . 1. A. nitida, Endl. ; Brandis 460. Vern. Gira, Afg. ; Shrol, saroli, sawa.li,rikunra, chdmb, cJiapu, pi.dk, kimsa, kundash, niw,kosh, rajdn^Vh. ; Paya udesh, Kumaun. A large tree. Bark brown, rough with deep furrows. Wood reddish white, soft, close-and even-grained, tough to cut ; annual rings distinctly marked by harder wood near the inner edge of each ring. Pores small, numerous, uniformly distributed, arranged in radial lines. Medullary rays of two classes, a few broad rays at considerable intervals with numerous fine rays between them ; the broad rays, which consits of a large number of small, closely-packed rays, are marked as irregular shining plates on a i-adial section. Medullary patches scanty. Punjab, Himalaya, ascending to 9,000 feet. Growth fast, our specimens shew 3 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 28 to 31 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for bedsteads and for the hooked sticks of rope bridges. Twigs are used for tying loads and for rope bridges. The bark is used for dyeing and tanning. H 119. Vaziri Rupi, 6,000 feet 28 H 147. Sainj, Simla, 4,000 feet 31 2. A. uepalensis, D. Don; Brandis 460; Kurz ii. 476; Gamble 80. Vern. Kohi, Pb. ; Udesh, Kumaun ; Udis, utis, Nep. ; Kowal, Lepcha. A large deciduous tree. Bark thick, outside silvery grey, resemblino- S74 BETULACB^. [Alntis. that of the birch. Wood similar to that of A. nidda, but the pores are fewer and somewhat larger, and the broad medullary rays are very broad and very numerous. No medullary patches. Himalaya, from the Ravi eastwards, between 3,000 and 9,000 feet, Khasia Hills. Growth fast, our specimens shew 3'6 rings per inch of radius ; a round in the Bengal Forest Museum shews 2'4 rings. Aikin, in Wallich's List, men- tions 2 specimens, one giving ll'S rings, the other 2'7 rings per inch. Weight, 27 to 28 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is not used, but as the tree is common and grows to a large size in the East Himalaya it might be used for tea-boxes. The bark is used for dyeing and tanning. lbs. H 83. The Glen, Simla, 6,000 feet 28 E 356. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet . . . .27 E 2406. „ „ „ „ Order XCVII. SALICINE^. With one or two exceptions, all Himalayan fine. Two genera, Salix and Populus. trees. Wood soft, even-grained. Pores small, numerous. Medullary rays 1. SALIX, Tournef. About 33 species, with very few exceptions confined to the Himalaya. They are mostly small, often prostrate shrubs, but in the arid regions of the inner Himalaya are of great use for firewood, bridges, basket-work and other purposes, and are often planted, as their quick growth and ready reproduction, either by cuttings or in coppice, ensures a constant supply of wood. The following list of the Indian species has been extracted from N. J. Anderson's Monograph in vol. xvi., p. 2, of DeOandolle's Pro- dromus. The European species of willow, which are very numerous, belong to two sections, the " Sallows," the type of which is S. Caprea, and the " Osiers," the type of which is S. alba. They are largely cultivated, and are in great use for all purposes, and especially for the protection of river banks and for basket-work. Section I. PiEiANDEa:. (Stamens 3 or more^free, S. tetrasperma, Koxb. S. pyrina, Wall. S. calostachya. And. S. wrophylla, Lindl. 8. populifolia. And. S. acmophylla, Boiss. (Brandis 463. Vern. Bed, Afg, ; Bada, bisu, Pb.) S. fragilis, Linn. ....... S. alba, Linn S. babylonica,limi\. Section II. DiANDEiE. {Stamens 2, free.) S. Caprea, Linn. (Brandis 467. Vern. Bedmmhk, Pb. The leaves are used for sherbet) 8. Wallichiana, And 8. sclerophylla, Aud All India. Nepal. Hazara. Oudh. India (?) Afghanistan, Sind, Pun- jab. Lahoul, Ladak. Ladak, Kashmir. Suliman Range, elsewhere cultivated. Northern India, cultivated, Himalaya. Ladak, Dras, 'S. elegans, Wall North-Western Himalaya. S. hastata, Linn. (Brandis 467) .... Kashmir to Kunawar, 9,000 to 15,000 feet. 8. daphnoides, Vill. North- Western Himalaya. 8. insignis, And. (Brandis 470. Vem. Bitsu, Pb. ; Kashmir, Piti, 5,000 to Oir, Kashmir.) 12,000 feet. 8. viminalis, Linn. ....... Inner Himalaya. 8. obscura, And Sikkim, 9,000 to 14,000 feet, 8. SilcJcimensis, And. ......„„ „ 8. Daltoniana, And. ......„„ ,, 8. eriophylla, And Khasia Hills, 4,000 to 5,000 feet. 8. eriostachya. Wall. ...... Nepal. 8. longijlora, Wall Sikkim, 9,000 feet. 8. serphyllum. And Sikkim, 10,000 to 14,000 feet. (S. ^aJeZZarii, And. (Brandis 471. A small procumbent Dras, Lahoul, Kunawar, shrub.) 11,000 to 15,000 feet. 8. ZwrffeyffKa, Wall. (Brandis 471. A small procum- Kumaun, Nepal, Sikkim, bent shrub.) 11,000 to 16,000 feet. S. calyculata, Hook. f. Sikkim, 14,000 to 15,000 feet. 8. oreopUla,YLoo\<.i Sikkim, 15,000 to 16,000. 8. Tliomsoniana, And. ...... Sikkim, 10,000 feet. Sbctiok III. Stnandee^. (FilameytiB connate.) S. pycnostachya, And. (Brandis 470. Cultivated in Zanskar, Ladak, 13,000 Ladak. Vern. Changma, Thibet.) feet. 8. oxycarpa. And. (Brandis 471) . . . Kashmir, Kistwar, 6,000 to 11,000 feet. 8. divergens, And Kistwar, Zanskar, 12,000 feet. 8. a»^«s<'ifo?(«,' Wild. (Brandis 47) . . . Afghanistan, Kashmir, Zanskar, 7,000 to 12,000 feet. 8. Caprea, Linn., is grown in Northern India, usually from cuttings, as in the- gardens at Lahore. Brandis gives 27 to 39 lbs. per cubic foot as the weight according: to Nordlinger; Mathieu, PI. For,, p. 405, gives 27 to 45 lbs., while the experiments- made by Captain Call, E.E., at Kandahar, give, if the determination of the species is con-ect, with bars 1 ft. X 1 in. X 1 in.. Weight 322 lbs., P = 641 (Indian Forester,. Vol. V. p. 480). 8. alba is also cultivated in the Western Himalaya. Brandis says the wood is soft,, white near the circumference, yellow or brown towards the centre ; the meduUai-y rays- are fine and numerous ; the pores very numerous, fine and uniformly distributed, the annual rings distinctly marked by a dark line. He gives the weight as 26 to 33 lbs. ;-. Mathieu, Fl. For., p. 393, gives 24 to 38 lbs., while Captain Call's experiments, if the- species is correctly determined, give 27'7 lbs., P = 602. Wood soft, even-grained, white or light red. Pores small, numerous, rarely subdivided, uniform and uniformly distributed, except that in most species they are more numerous in the inner belt of the annual ring^ Medullary rays numerous, fine, uniform. Medullary patches frequent. - The species can hardly be distinguished by the structure of their wood. 1. S. tetrasperma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 753 ; Beddome t. 302 ;. Brandis 46.2; Kurz ii. 493; Gamble SI. Vern. Bed, bent, baisU, Hind.;. Laila, bains, North- Western India; Bis, beis, bitsa, bin, bidu, bakshel . 376 SALICINE2E, ISalix. magsher, safedar, badha, Pb. ; Yir, Kashmir ; Bilsa, Oudh ; Pani jama, Beng. ; Bhesh, Gdro ; Bhi, Ass. ; Wallunj, baclia, Bombay ; Niranji, Kan. ; MomaJcha, Burm. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark rough, with deep vertical, rough, shining fissures. Heartwood red, soft, porous, even-grained. Annual rings indistinctly marked by concentric lines. Pores small, very numerous, uniformly distributed, sometimes subdivided. Medul- lary rays fine, numerous, not distinct. Throughout India, on river banks and in moist places, and in the Himalayan valleys ascending to 6,000 feet. Growth fast. In Minniken's report on the Delhi Bela Plantation the following measurements are given : — Trees. Mean giith. Height. Age. Compt. 3. Kudsia . .3 . . . 18 in. 25 ft. 6 years „ 4. JaiFar Khan .3 . . . 15 in. ... 6 „ or 2 to '2i\ rings per inch of radius ; our specimens shew 2 to 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, Brandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 89, gave 37 lbs. ; our specimens give 31 to 35 lbs. The wood is rarely used ; it has been used for gunpowder charcoal ; Mann says that in Assam it is used for posts and planks. The twigs are made into baskets and the leaves lopped for cattle fodder. The bark is said by Kurz to be used for tanning, and by Dalzell to be used as a febrifuge. Iba. H 155. Sainj, Giri Valley 35 H 99. Bhajji, Sutlej Valley 32 O 1485. Khei-i, Oudh 32 1465. Gonda, Oudh 35 C 2818. Melghat, Berar 31 E 1256. Tezpui, Assam 35 2. S. fragilis, Linn. ; Brandis 466. Vern. TilcMng, Jjahoul. A tree with grey, deeply fissured bark. Wood with reddish heart- wood. Annual rings marked by concentric lines. H 141, from Lahoul, is probably this species. It is cultivated in Lahoul and Ladak. Growth moderate, 11 rings per inch of radius, but the growth is fast while young, and gradually gets slower as the tree ages. Our specimen was 50 years old, and had a girth of 30 inches. Weight, 28 lbs. per cubic foot. 3. S. babylonica, Linn.; Koxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 754; Brandis 465; Gamble 81. The Weeping Willow. Vern. Btsa, bada, bed, kalira, majnun, Pb. ; Giw; Kashmir ; Tissi, bhosi, Nep. A tree with pendent branches. Bark grey, i to J inch thick. Wood white, annual rings marked by a belt of more nuinerous pores in the spring wood. Commonly cultivated in North India. Said by Stewart to be indigenous in the Suliman Range. Growth fast, our small specimen shews 5 rings per inch of radius ; Stewart records 4 to 5 rings per inch of radius, and a girth of 4 feet as the average of 6 trees, 10 years planted out. The branches are made into baskets, and are used for weirs and the protection of canal banks. It is very commonly grown for ornament, and is readily reproduced by cuttings. H 3060. Koti, Simla, 7,000 feet. 4. S. Wallichiana, And. ; Brandis 468. Vern. Bwir, Pb. ; Bhains, bhangli, katguli, North- Western Provinces. A large shrub with greenish grey bark. Wood white or pinkish white, structure that of the genus. Sulix.] SALICINEJI. $77 Afghanistan, Kashmir, Himalaya eastwards to Bhutan, ascending to 9,000 feet. Growth fast, 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 32 lbs. per cubic foot. Tha branches are made into baskets. lbs. H 2910. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet 32 H 3035 „ „ 5. S. elegans, Wall. ; Brandis 466. Vern. Bail, Hail, bhains, Simla. A small shrub with pinkish wood. Annual rings marked by a porous spring wood and by an autumn wood of firmer texture. North-West Himalaya, from 7,000 to 10,000 feet, as far east as Nepal, Lahoul, Kunawar, as high as 11,500 feet. Growth slow, 15 rings per ioeh of radius. Weight, 33 lbs. per cubic foot. Used for fodder for cattle and goats. The leaves of this and S. daphnoides are often attaoksd by a brilliant orange-coloufed fungus, which is Lecythea salicina, Lev. lbs. H 2842. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 feet 33 H 2906. Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet 6. S. daphnoides, Vill. ; Brandis 469. Vern. Sed, liddi, betsa, belt, lushan, bashal, bkail, iheul, mudanu, shun, thdil, Pb. ; Yur, Kashmir ; CAangma, chamma, malchang, kalchang, West Tibet ; Richang, roangcking , changkar, Lahoul. A shrub or tree with smooth bark. Heartwood red, shining. Annual rings marked by more numerous pores in the spring wood. North- West Himalaya, both on the outer ranges and in the inner arid tract.. It extends to the Alps and the mountains of Central Europe. Growth variable : the Lahoul specimen shewed a rate of 4 rings per inch ; the rest gave from 10 to 16 rings. Weight, our specimens average 33'5 lbs. per cubic foot ; Mathieu, Fl. For. p. 397, gives 32'7 lbs. The wood is used in the arid inner valleys for building, pails, tubs and tools. The twigs are used for baskets, twig bridges in Piti, Zanskar and Ladak, and for building (willow wattle and daub) in Ladak. It is much grown in Lahoul, from cuttings 9 to 12 feet long ; the trees are pollarded every third or fourth year, and the branches and leaves used for cattle-fodder and litter. Ibi. 30 34 37 33 34 , 7. S. vimiualis, Linn. ; Brandis 470. Vern. Biisu, Pb. ; Kumanta, Lahoul. A shrub with shining, grey, slightly-cracked bark, and white wood, with the structure of the genus. Inner arid Himalaya from the Jhelam to Sikkim ((SI Smithiana, Willd.), from 5,CbO to 9,000 feet, cultivated in Lahoul, Dras and Kunawar. Common throughout Europe in osier beds. H 143. Lahoul, about 9,000 feet. 8. S. sp. (It may be near viminalis.) A deciduous shrub with smooth dark-coloured bark and lanceolate leaves, covered beneath with white tomentura. Wood soft^ close-grained, heartwood red. Annual rings distinctly marked by an irregular belt of 2z H 2854. Mahasu, Simla, 7,000 feet H 47. Kalashi, Simla, 7,000 „ H 66. Nagkanda, Simla, 8,000 feet H 2905. 9,000 „ H 3034. „ „ 8,000 „ H 3036. 8,000 „ H 142. Lahoul, about 9,000 feet 878 SAUCINE*. [Salim. numerous pores in the spring wood. Pores small and numerous in the spring wood, very small and scanty in the autumn wood. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant. Growth moderately slow, 13 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 31 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. E 966. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 8,000 feet .31 2. POPULUS, Tournef. Yiv6 species. P. nigra, Linn. ; Brandis 472. The Black or Lombardy Poplar. Vein. Sitfeda, Pb. ; Frast, Kashmir ; Frost, farsh, makleal, Chenab ; Kramali, hiuns, do, Sutlej ; YarpU, yulatt, Icabul, Ladak, is a large tree commonly planted in Afghanistan, Kashmir, the plains and hills of the Punjab, up to 12,500 feet in Ladak. Both varieties are fast growers, the Black Poplar attaining 80 feet in height with a diameter of 2 feet in 50 years. Both grow well from cuttings, and the leaves are lopped forcattle fodder. Mathieu, Fl. For. p. 428, gives the weight as 25 to 36 lbs. per cubic foot. P. alba, Linn. ; Brandis 473. The Abele or White Poplar. Vem. Sperior, spelda, Afg. ; Chitta bagnu, safidar, jangli fra^t, fras, prist, rikJcan, sannun, chanun, mat. Ph., is a large tree, wild and cultivated in the North- West Himalaya up to 10,000 feet, and extending to Afghanistan, Beluchistan and on into Europe. It is generally raised from cuttings, and the growth is very fast, reaching a diameter of 2 to 3 feet in .50 years. The wood of this and of P. nigra is used for the Afghan grape-boxes. Mathieu, Fl. For. p. 422, gives the weight as 28 to 44 lbs. per cubic foot. P. tremula, Linn. ; Brandis 474, is the Aspen Poplar of Europe. Wood soft, even-grained. Pores small, numerous, often subdivided, uniformly distributed, except that they are scanty and generally some- what smaller in the autumn wood. Medullary rays very fine, uniform. Medullary patches scanty. 1. P. euphratica, Olivier ; Brandis 474. Vern. Bahan, Sind, Pb. ; Patki, Brahui ; Hodung, Ladak. A large deciduous tr6e. Bark thick, with irregular, vertical furrows. Sapwood white, heartwood red, often nearly black near the centre, moderately hard, compact, even-grained. Annual rings marked by a very narrow belt with fewer pores. Pores small, very numerous, uniformly distributed, often subdivided. Medullary rays very fine, uniform, equidis- tant, the distance between the rays equal to the transverse diameter of the pores. Banks of the Indus in Sind, the Upper Valley of the Indus, and its tributaries in Tibet. Growth rapid : Brandis says 3 to 4 rings per inch of radius ; our specimens are evi- dently fast grown, but the rings very diflScult to distinguish, they seem to shew about 4 to 6 per inch. Weight, our specimens shew 32 to 37 lbs. per cubic foot, some experiments made at Kandahar by Captain Call, E.E., with bars 1 ft. X 1 in. X 1 in. gave the weight 27'2 lbs. and 427 for the value of P (Indian Fo- rester, Vol. V. p. 480.) The wood is largely used in Sind for building, turnery, lacquered boxes, but not for fuel for the river steamers, as its heating powers are not great. On the Euphrates and Tigris it is used for planking and boat-building, and in the Punjab for the lining of walls. The inner bark is made into gun-match in Sind, and the bark given as a vermifuge. The leaves are used for fodder for goats arid cattle. In Ladak it is much prized for fuel. It copjpiceS well and. bears pollarding long ;■ coppice shoots are often used as rafters in Sind. 11)B. P 883. Mflltan 32 P 1384. Indus bank, Central Sind 37 PopnluS-l SALIClNEvE. 379 2. p. ciliata, Wall. ; Brandis 475 ; Gamble 81 . Vera. Safeda, hagnu, phalja,phlassu, falis, palucli, pJiaUh, ban phrastu, dud phras, asdn, sudli, rihkan, sahi,pabe,channn, krammal,krambal, pahari pipal, Pb. ; Chelaun, c^eZaw, Simla ; (?a?-/>i'|;oa7, Kumaun; Bangihat,l^&^.; Sungribo)/ ff, Lepcha. A large deciduous tree. Bark smooth when young, with deep, verti- cal fissures when old. Wood grey or brownish giey, shining, soft. Annual rings marked by a belt of firm wood with scanty pores near the outer edge o£ each ring. Pores small, numerous, often subdivided, and, arranged in short, radial lines. Medullary rays uniform, very fine, very numerous. Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, between 4,000 and 10,00n feet. Growth variable, the measurements of our specimens gave, H 34, 13 rings; H 770, 7 rings ; E 970 8 rings ; average 9 rings per inch of radius, which is moderate. Weight, on an average, 29'5 lbs. per cubic "foot. The wood is used for water troughs, and the leaves as fodder for goats. The leaves are often attacked in autumn by a fungus which turns them white, and gives to a group of trees a curious appearance. This fungus is Erysiphe Martii, Lev. IbB. H 3138. Pungagalli, Hazara H 34. Matiyana, Simla, 7,000 feet H 2884. Nagkanda, „ 8,000 „ . H 770. Kalatop, Dalhousie, 7,000 feet E 970. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 8,000 feet 3. P. balsamifera, Linn.j Brandis 476. pakhshu, pahli, bit, kramal, Pb. ; Berfa, changma, yarpa, magkql, mdJial, W. Tibet. A large tree. Bark grey, thick, rough, with longitudinal fissures. Wood light grey, soft to moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked. Pores very small and numerous in the spring wood, extremely small, scanty, and in short radial and oblique lines in the firmer autumn wood. Medullary rays very fine, uniform, numerous. Inner arid Himalaya and Tibet, 8,000 to 14,000 feet. Extends to Afghanistan, Northern Asia and North America. Growth, our specimen shews only a slow rate, 30 rings per inch of radius. It gives a weight of 32 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is grown for fuel in the inner arid Himalaya, the branches are lopped for cattle fodder. The leaves and branches are fuU of balsamic juice, which also exudes on a fresh cut between the bark and the wood, lbs. H 136. Lahonl, about 9,000 feet 32 35 30 26 27 Vern. Fhalsh, makkal, H 138, received from Lahoul, is a tree with smooth, greenish grey bark, similar to that of P. tremula, the Aspen. Wood light grey, soft, in structure resembling that of jP. halsamifera. Our specimen had a girth of 32 inches, and was 22 years old, 'shew- ing thus 4 to 6 rings per inch of radius, which is very fast. The wood weighed 30 lbs. per cubic foot. Okdee XCVIII. CUPULIFERiE. Four Indian genera : Quercus, Castanopsis, Carpinns and Corylus. Four other genera are found in the world, three of which, Castanea, Fagus and Ostrya, contain European species, and one, Distegocarpus, Japanese trees allied to Carpinns. Castanea vulgaris, Lam. ; Brandis 491 (C Vesca, Gaertn.),- is the ' Sweet Chestnut ' or ' Spanish Chestnut' of the south of Europe, largely cultivated either as coppice for hop poles and vine stakes or in high forest for its fruit. It has been introduced m the Himalaya and grown in various localities, and especially in a large number pf places in the Punjab 38© cuPULiPERiK. [Quercus. and the hills of the North- West Provinces, in Darjeeling and in the Khasia Hills. The experiment is as yet quite recent, and results are not sufficiently certain yet ; but considering the large number of plants now growing and many favourable reports, it is probable that the experiments will be successful in some localities. Fagus syhatica, linn., is the ,' Beech ' Tree of Europe ; and Ostrya carpinifolia, Scop., the ' Hop Horn- beam ' of the Mediterranean region. Pores generally arranged in radial lines or tails (not in Fagus sylvatica, Castanea Vulgaris and Corylus Colurna) ; medullary rays generally of two classes, broad and fine (not in Castanea Fesca, Castanopsis and four species of Indian Oaks). Most species have a distinct heartwood, exceptions are Corylus and Carpinus. 1. QUERCUS, Linn. A large genus, one of the most important, not only in India and Europe, but also largely represented in America, Japan, and other parts of the world. It contains nearly 300 known species, of which 30 to 40 are probably Indian. The following list is taten from Alphonse De CandoUe's Monograph in the Prodroraus, Vol. xvi., those lately described by Kurz being given in brackets : — Section I. Lbpidobalantjs. Q. GriffitUi, Hook. f. and Th Khasia Hills, 5,000 to 6,000 feet. Q. semeaarpifoUa, Sm North-West Himalaya, Nepal. Q. itex, Linn, North- West Himalaya, Afghanistan. Q. dilatata, Lindl. North-West Himalaya, Afghanistan. Q. serrata, Thunb Nepal, Khasia Hills. Q. lanuginosa, Don. Kumaun, Nepal. Q. incana, Koxb Outer North-West Hima- laya. Section II. Pas4nia. Q. Amherstiana, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 484. Wood used for boat building. Weight 58 lbs. (Wallich) . Upper Tenasserim. [Q. Falconeri, Kurz, in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal xliv. p. 197 ; Burma For. PI. ii. 485] . . . Assam, Tenasserim, Q. mixta, Alph. DC. Upper Tenasserim. Q. feneetrata, Koxb. Sikkim, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Tenas- serim. Q. dealbata. Hook. f. and Th. Vern. Bingir, Khasia . Nepal, Khasia, Hills, Eastern Bengal. Q. gpic^ta, Sm North-East Himalaya, Eastern Bengal, Burma. [Ct^pachyphiylla, Kurz] Sikkim. Q. lappacea, Boxb. Assam, Eastern Bengal, Burma, Q. aeuminata, Roxb. Sikkim, Eastern Bengal, Burma. Section III. Cyclobalanus. Q. Thomsoniama, Alph. DC Sikkim, 5,000 to 8,000 feet. Q. oocyoifon, Miq, Khasia Hills, 5,000 feet. Q. velutina, Lindl. ; Kurz ii. 487 . . . . Chittagong, Burma. Q. lemiserrata, Roxb. ; Brandis 488 ; Kurz ii. 488. - Yern. Thitkya, Burnj. Weight, 48 lbs. ■ Sylhet, Burma. Quercus.] cvvvliteum. 381 Q. annulata, Sm Himalaya, Khasia Hills. ' Q. lamellosa, Sm Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, 6,000 to 9,000 feet. Q. mespilifoUa, Wall. ; Kurz ii. 488 .. . Ava, Prome, Aj-raoan Hills, 4,000 to 5,000 feet. [Q. 5ra«(?ma»a, Kurz ii. 488] .... Martaban, to 4,000 feet. Section IV. Chiamydobalajsus. Q. lancemfoUa, Eoxb Sikkim, Assam, Eastern Bengal. [Q. xylocarpa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soo. Beng. xliv. 196] .... ... Arraoan. [Q. eumorpha, Kurz ii. 487] Martaban HUls, 6,000 to 7,000 feet. [Q. JaMca»flJ, SohefiF. ; Kurz ii. 48.5] . . . Martaban Hills, 3,000 to 5,000 feet. [Q. Olla, Kurz in Journ. As. Soo. Beng. xliy. 197] . Assam. Q. nov. sp, Vern. Dingwa ... . Khasia Hills. The most important of the non-Indian Oaks are described in Brandis For. PL pp. 483 to 487, and in other works such as Mathieu's Flore Porestiere ; we need, there- fore, merely say that the British Oaks are Q,. pedunculata, Ehrh., and Q. sessilifiora, Sm., usually united by botanists under the name Q. Rohur, Linn. The Cork Oak is Q. S-K^er, Linn., found throughout the Mediterranean region ; and cork is also pro- duced by Q. occidentalis. Gay, of Spain, Portugal and Western Prance. The Vallonea Oak of Syria and Asia Minor, whose acorns are so largely used for tanning and dyeing, is Q. J^gilops, Linn. Wood browiij very hard to extremely hard, heavy, generally with a distinct, darker coloured heartwood. Pores small to large, arranged in irregular radial lines, or elongated patches. Annual rings very indis- tinct, and not marked as in the case of European oaks by a belt of laro-er pores in the spring wood (Q. Griffithii and Q. serrata are an excep- tion to this). As regards the medullary rays^ two types may be dis- tinguished. In the first type {Q. pachyphylla,fenestrata and lappacea), there is only one class of medullary rays, all being very fine verv numerous, uniform and equidistant. All other species have two classes namely, besides the very fine rays already described, a small number of broad, or very broad, rays. ^ First group.— PA medullary rays very fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant. Wood seasons well, does not warp or crack. Second group. — Medullary rays of two classes, very fine and broad, the latter very prominent on a vertical section, giving rise to that ap- pearance which is generally known as " silver grain." The wood of most Indian species warps and splits in seasoning. 1. Q. Griffithii, Hook. f. and Th. Vern. Bingim, Khasia. • A large decidiious tree. Bark black, with deep vertical fissures. Wood brown, very hard. Annual rings marked by a belt of large pores in the spring wood. Pores small to modei-ate-sized, large in the sprint wood, gradually decreasing outwards, enclosed in patches or radial wavy groups of soft tissue. Medullary rays of two classes : numerous fine uniform and equidistant rays and few broad to very broad rays. Very 382 OUPULIFElliE. [Quercus. numerous, fine, parallel, wavy, transverse lines. The wood of this oak more resembles that of the English oak than any other we have examined. Khasia Hills at 5,000 to 6,000 feet. Growth fast, judginor from our small specimen, and from the size attained 'by planted trees at Mongpu, Darjeeling. The timber is much used in the Khasia Hills for building and other purposes. E 3337. Shillong, Khasia Hills, 5,000 feet. 2. Q. semecarpifolia, Smith; Brandis 479. Vern. Barchar, jangal ka parunffi, 3he\axa; Kreu, khareu, krui, Chenab, Ravi; Karshu, karsui, harzu, sauj, Sutlej to Sarda ; Ghesi, hasru, Nep. A large evergreen tree with dark grey bark, often with protuberances arranged in horizontal lines. Heartwood grey, often with a reddish tinge, very hard. Annual rings marked by few somewhat larger pores in the spring wood. Pores small and very small, in long, narrow, wavy, radial bands. Medullary rays of two classes : very numerous, very fine, uniform, and equidistant rays; and very few, broad ones, not very prominent on a longitudinal section. Numerous faint, wavy, concentric bands. Afghanistan, North-west Himalaya between 8,000 and*10,000 feet, Nepal, Bhutan. Growth diflBcult to distinguish, hut from our specimens it appears to be moderate. Brandis says, 10 to 15 rings per inch of radius, and Aikin, describing WaUich's specimens, gives 14'5 rings per inch. Tbe rate of growth in the Deoban Forest was ascertained by counting the annual rings on 15 stumps of large trees. The result may be expressed sa follows : — Girth at five feet from the ground. Corresponding lading (of wood only). No. of rings. No. of rings per inch of radius. ft. in. 1 B 3 4 6 6 inches. 2-9 5-7 8-6 11-5 40 86 138 193 13-8 151 16 16-7 This shews an increase of nearly 3 inches of radms every 50 years after the first 40, and an average growth of 15'4 rings per inch of radius. The examination of coppice poles at an elevation of 9,000 feet in the same forest gave: Poles. Jadi Block Average diameter. Inches. 4-7 No. of rings. . 27 4-7 32'8 . 103 4-8 34-4 or a general average for 130 poles of 4*8 inches average diameter to 34 rings or 10-4 rings per inch of radius. Weight, our specimens give 53 to 54 lbs. per cubic foot. The tree often grows to large size, and has a fine, straight stem, but the wood, though probably better than that of the other North-West Himalayan oaks, is not exported, and only but little locally used. It is used for building, door-frames, bedsteads, carrying poles, helves and ploughs, is a good firewood, and yields good charcoal. The leaves are stored as winter fodder for cattle. It coppices well and reproduces well from seed, and is often gregarious, forming considerable extents of alnaost pure forest. lbs. H 39. Mahasn, Simla, 9,000 feet . . , 54 H 72. Nagkftnda, Simla, 9,000 feet 53 P 2§93. N3gk»n4?,, Sijnla, 9,000 i^t Quprcns.1 cuptjlifee*. 383 No. E 2464, sent by Dr. SoMich from the Valley o£ Chumbi, Tibet, between Sikkim and Bhutan, is a tree, the leaves of which resemble those of Q. semecarpifolia, but are smaller and less tomeritose beneath. The wood is light coloured, the pores small, surrounded by soft tissue, in long, radial anastomosing bands. The wood resembles that of Q. Ilex, which or near which species it probably is. 3. Q. Ilex, Linn. ; Braadis 480. Q,.Baloot,Gn5. Q. Ballo(a,Desi. The Holm Oak. Vern. Charrei, serei, balit, Kig.; Spercherei,pargai, Jcharanja, Trans-Indus ; Chur, heharsu, kharen irri, yuru, fieru, ban, bre, brekche, Pb. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark \ inch thick, dark grey, tes- selated, and cut into quadrangular plates. Heartwood red or reddish brown, very hard, durable. Pores small, uniform, in irregular anasto- mosing, radial bands. Medullary rays. of two classes, numerous, very fine, uniform and equidistant rays, and fewer broad and very broad rays, the latter consisting of an agglomeration of finer rays ; numerous fine, wavy, concentric rings of softer texture. Afghanistan, Suliman Range, arid tracts of the Inner Himalaya, generally between 3,000 and 8,500 feet. Westwards to Southern Europe. Growth slow, rings uncertain ; if the concentric lines in No. H 1406 are annual rings the growth of that specimen was 70 rings in 4 inches of radius. In 1880 in a small forest in the SpingaWai Pass in the Kuram Valley, Mr. Bagshawe counted the rings of 8 trees. These trees averaged 85 inches in girth with an average number of 270 rings, or nearly 20 rings per inch of radius. Weight, that of the European tree varies between 60 and 69 lbs. per cubic foot; our three specimens give an average of 61 lbs., but the third was old wood, having been cut in 1867. Mathieu, Fl. For. p. 325, gives the weight as varying from 55 to 74 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood warps and twists, but when well seasoned, it works admirably and takes a fine polish. It is largely used for tool handles, and pieces are brought from the Suliman Eange for that purpose. It is used for agricultural implements, and yields good fuel and charcoal. The branches with prickly leaves are used for fencing, and those without prickles are stored for winter cattle-fodder. The acorns are eaten in Prande, and the bark is considered of good quality for tanning. Ib8. H 903. Upper Sutlej Valley, 8,000 feet 62 H 953. Upper Sutlej Valley, 8,000 feet 68 H 1406. Suliman Range (Stewart, 1867) 54 2978. Dalmatia 4. Q. dilatata, Lindl. ; Brandis 483. } Vern. Zdih, Kafirisfcan ; Ban, banji, banchar, baraohar, bardin, banni, parungi, ckora, kali rinfff mdru, mdur, moru, marghang, karsh, Pb. ; Moru, tilangsa, kilonjj tilonj^ timsha, N-W. P. A large tree, changing its leaves yearly in spring at the time of flowering, but not quite deciduous. Bark dark grey, almost black, often, with horizontal cracks, peeling off in longitudinal scales. Heartwood reddish grey, with darker streaks, very hard, seasons well and does not warp much, faintly but elegantly marked on longitudinal sections by the medullary rays. Pores small and very small, in groups, patches and irregular radial lines. Medullary rays of two classes, the broad rays more frequent, but narrower than those of Q. incana ; the others are very fine, very numerous^ uniform and equidistant. Fine, wavy, concentric bands irregularly distributed. Afghanistan, Suliman Range, North-West Himalaya, between 7,000 and 9,000 feet. Growth moderate at first, probably ' slow aftei^Wards ; the ainual rings are not sufficiently marked for counting. Weight, 61 lbs, per cubic fgot. Major Lang gives 384 cupuLiFEKiE. ■ IQuerciit. P- = 670, The wood is durable, and is used for building, for agricultural implements and jampau poles. The leaves are much lopped for fodder for sheep and goats, and unlopped forests are rare. Near Simla, the chief localities where forests, pure or almost pure, of this tree are seen, are at Mahasu and on the east side of the ridge between Theog and Matiyana. The latter forest contains fine trees, and is very in- teresting. The tree coppices well, and reproduces abundantly naturally, but the seedlings, when once established, require light to be let in, or they die off. lbs. H 936. Hazara, 8,000 feet 61 ' H 4. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 feet 56 H 40. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 feet 69 H 2845. Mahasu, Simla, 8,000 feet 68 H 2873. Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet 5. Q. serrata, Thunb. ; Brandis 486. Q. polyantha, Ldl. Vera. Dingrittiang , Khasia. A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark grey, rough when old, light silver grey and shining when young, deeply cleft with vertical fissures. Wood brown, very hard. Annual rings marked by a belt of large, sometimes very large, pores in the spring wood. Pores small to moderate-sized, increasing gradually to large and very large to the edge of the spring wood, enclosed in patches or radial wavy groups of soft tissue. Medullary rays of two classes : numerous fine, uniform and equidistant rays and fewer broad, very short rays. Very numerous fine, parallel, wavy, transverse lines. This much resembles Q. Griffithii in structure and also comes near that of the English oak. A Japanese specimen has the same structure, but the annual rings much more distinctly marked. North-East Himalaya and Khasia Hills, from 3,000 to 5,000 feet. Growth, our specimen shews 9 rings per inch of radius. Wood used in Assam for building. In Japan the " Yamamai " silkworm is raised on its leaves. E 3339. Shillong, Assam, 5,000 feet. 6. Q. lanuginosa, Don j Brandis 481. Q. lanataj'WaXl. Vern. Banj, rianj, rai banj, Kumaun ; Banga, Nep. A large, evergreen tree. Bark ^ inch thick. Wood greyish brown, very hard, warps and splits. Pores moderate-sized, in radial bands. Medullary rays of two classes, the broad rays prominent on a ' vertical section, giving the wood a handsome, mottled appearance. Numerous wavy, concentric lines. Naini Tal and a few other places in Kumaun, between 6,000 and 7,500 feet. Gre- garious, or associated with Q. incana. Growth, annual rings not suflRciently recognizable for certainty, but if the lines on our specimen are annual rings, the growth was moderate, 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, our specimen gives 55 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood used for firewood, the leaves for cattle fodder. lbs. H 2968. Naini Tal, 7,000 feet 55 7. Q. incana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 642 ; Brandis 482. Vern. Vari, Salt Range ; Bhin, Hazara ; Binj, Hn, Jhelam ; Bdn^ banj, Pb. j Banj, ' Kumaun. A large evergreen tree. Bark dark coloured, rough, with cracks and fissures. Heartwood very hard, reddish brown, warps and splits. An- nual lings indistinct. Pores small and moderate-sized, surrounded by Quiireus.] cupuliferj!. 385 soft tissue and arranged in irregular patches and groups, and radial belts. Medullary rays of two classes : numerous, very fine, uniform, and equidis- tant rays, and fewer very broad rays, visible on a radial section as high, narrow, tapering, shining plates. Numerous faint, interrupted, wavy, thin, concentric lines. Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, between 3,000 and 8,000 feet ; it can be grown in tbe Panjab plains. It is gregarious, or often associated with Rhododendron and Pieris, and a few other species, such as Cornus capitata and deodar. Growth not recognisable from the speiiimens- Weight, 64 lbs. per cubic foot, average of our 4 specimens ; Major Lang gives P. == 491. Thte wood is very difficult to season, it is used for building, for ploughs, is a good fuel and makes good charcoal. The acorns are greedily eaten by bears and monkeys, which may to some extent account for its bad natural reproduction in spite of profuse seeding. lbs. H 899. Murree, 7,000 feet 62 H 171. Kangra, 6,000 „ (Stewart, 1867) H 1. Simla, 7,000 feet 67 H 24. „ „ „ . . . . ' 66 H 2867. „ „ „ H 2. Mahasu, Simla, 7,000 feet 60 8. Q. fenestrata, Rosb. Fl. Ind. iii. 633 ; Brandis 489 ; Kurz ii, 483; Gamble 78. Vern. Kala chakma, Beng. ; Patle Jcatus, Nep., Kashien'dung, Lepcha; Dingjing, Khasia; Thitkya,'&\vi:m. A moderate-sized tree. Bark \ inch thick, rough, greyish brown, deeply fissured into small rectangular plates. Heartwood red, very hard. Pores large, arranged in groups, and short or oblique belts. Medullary rays very numerous, very fine, uniform and equidistant. Numerous wavy, concentric bands. Eastern Himalaya, between 5,000 and 8,000 feet, Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal and hills of Martaban and Upper Tenasserim. Growth, the annual rings are doubtful, but our Burma specimen seems to shew 7 rings per inch of radius. Weight, Major Seaton says 48 lbs. per cubic foot (probably mistaken for Q. semiserrata, 48 lbs. in IBrandis' Burma List of 1862, No. 88, also called Thitkya), Wallich gives 47, and our specimen 56 lbs. Used for building and farm pur- poses in the Khasia Hills. lbs. E 3338. ShiUong, Khasia Hills, 5,000 feet B 552. Martaban Hills . , 56 9. Q. spicata, Smith; Brandis 489; Kurz ii. 486; Gamble 78, Q. squamata, Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 638. Vern, JDanwa singali, phaco singali, arhaula,^eT^.; Bara chakma, Beng, ; Kacheeng, Lepcha; Sahu hingori. Ass. ; Dingjing, Khasia ; Thitcha, Burm. A large, evergreen tree. Wood red, very hard. Bark grey, smooth. Pores moderate-sized and large, enclosed in soft tissue in groups, patches and radial belts. Medullary rays of two classes : numerous very fine, uniform and equidistant rays, and fewer broad and very broad ones; the silver grain being very prominent on a radial section. Very numer- ous fine, parallel, wavy, transverse lines. Nepal, Sikkim up to 5,000 feet, Eastern Bengal, Burma and Indian Archipelago. ■ Growth, annual rings not recognisable. Weight, 58 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used for building in Assam and for charcoal in Darjeeling. It coppices very freely and is often almost gregarious or mixed with chestnut, Engelhardtia and Schima. It is very durable and does not warp. 3a 386 cupuLiFEitffli. [Quercue. Iba. E 595. Khookloong Forest, Darjeeling Terai 56 B 1444. Mishmi Hills (Giiffith, 1836) 59 E 1445. „ „ ( „ „ ) S5 B 545. Martaban Hills 63 Q. ttirbinata, 'Roxh. ¥1 Ini. iii. 636 (Q. Thomsoni, Miq. ; Kurz ii. 486) from Chittagong (Vern. Bansua hatana) is probably only a narrow-leaved variety of this. 10. Q. pachyphylla, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xliv. 197, 1875 ; Gamble 78. Vern, Bara ]cat4s, Nep. ; Hlosiri, Lepcha. A large evergreen tree. Wood grey, very hard, seasons well, does not warp or split, is more durable under exposure to damp than that of Q. lameUosa and annulata. Annual rings faintly marked by concentric lines. Pores moderate-sized, isolated or in short, irregular, radial, oblique and branching belts. Medullary rays very fine, numerous, uniform and equidistant. Numerous, wavy, interrupted, concentric bands of soft tissue. Medullary rays very prominent on a radial section as numerous, long, narrow bands, the groups of pores also prominent, giving the wood a beautifully mottled appearance. Higher ranges of the Sikkim Himalaya, above 7,000 feet, the common oak of the forests between 8,000 and 10,000 feet. ' Growth apparently moderate, but the annual rings are not clearly distinguishable. Weight, 50 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is largely used in Darjeeling for planking, palings, shingles and other purposes. The leaves are smooth, longacnminate, greyish green, and the acorns large, deeply-bedded in scaly cups, generally in compact masses, containing each 3 nuts. tb«. E 364. Eangbul Forest, Darjeeling, 7,500 feet 51 E 2454. „ „ „ , 48 E 2455. Eanginim ,, „ „ 51 11. Q. lappacea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 637 ; Brandis 489 ; Kurz ii. 484. "Vern. Oolu chakma, Beng.; Thitcha, Burm. An evergreen tree. Sapwood light brown or yellow. Heartwood very hard, reddish. Pores large, uniform, isolated, sometimes arranged •in radial groups. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, uniform, equidistant, with innumerable, fine, transverse bars across the rays. Khasia HUls, Eastern Bengal and Tenasserim. Weight, Wallich gives 51, our specimens 56 lbs. per cubic foot. The acorns have a cup composed of imbricate, soft tomentose scales. lbs. B 553. Upper Tenasserim 56 B 2715. Brought by Wallich from Tav«y in 1828, has a structure most resembling this species 45 12. Q. acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 636 ; Kurz ii. 484 ; Gamble 78. Vern. 8anu arkaula, Nep. ; Kanta gola batana, Chittagong. An evergreen tree. Bark thin, grey to greyish black, smooth. Wood light red, very hard. Pores scanty, moderate-sized, arranged in short irregular branching lines, which rarely go beyond the spring wood. Annual rings marked by the larger pores in the spring wood. Medul- lary rays of two classes : numerous, uniform and equidistant very fine rays and very few broad ones. Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills and down to Chittagong, ascending to 6,000 feet.' Growth fast, %\ rings per inch of radius. Weight of our specimen, 43 to 55 lbs. per cubic foot, but this is probably low. The tree coppices well and is very good for firewood. lbs. E 2456. Tukdah Forest, Darjeeling, 5,500 feet 43 E 8333. Birch Hill Park, Darjeeling, 6,500 feet 65 Quercus.] cuptjlifeujE. 387 13. Q. annulata, Smith ; Brandig 487 ; Gamble 78. Q. Phvllata, Don. Vern. Bran, hren, larin, hanni, imbri, indri, Pb. ; Pharonj, phandt, phaliant, inai, N.-W. P. ; Phalat, Nep. ; Siri, Lepcha. A large evergreen tree. Bark ^ inch thick, grey, smooth when young, rough with short deep transverse fissures when old. Wood grey or greyish brown, very hard, warps and cracks ; a handsome, markedly mottled wood, polishes well. Pores moderate-sized and small, surrounded by soft tissue and.arranged in groups, patches, and irregular radial lines. Medullary rays of two classes : numerous, very fine, uniform, equidistant rays, and fewer broad and extremely broad ones. Numerous, fine, wavy, concentric bands across the rays. The medullary rays appear as broad irregular plates, sometimes one inch high, and shew a silver grain on a radial section. Valleys of tlie outer Himalaya, ascending to 6,000 feet, Garhwal, Kmnaun, Nepal, Sikkim (6,000 to 9,000 feet), Bhutan, Khasia Hills. Growth : of all our specimens, only one. No. H 90, shews any sign of annual rings, and these appear to be 8 per inch of radiu?. Weight, 60 lbs. per cubic foot, the aver- age of 7 specimens. The wood is not much esteemed in the North- West Himalaya ; in Darjeeiing it is used for the same purposes as Q. lamellosa, but is not considered so good as that species. The iicorns have small cups with 4 to 8 narrow, velvety belts. Iba. Hazara, 6,000 feet 55 H 927. H 90. H 423. E 433. E 2451. E 1439. E 1443. Bhajji, Simla, 4,000 feet Kaulagrad, Chakrata, 6,500 feet Eangbul, Darjeeiing, 7,000 „ Mishmi Hills"(Griffith, 1836)" 62 57 60 69 59 58 14, Q. lamellosa, Smith ; Brandis 488; Gamble 78. Q. paucilamel- ^»*i5s, Alph. DC. Q,. lamellata, Kosh.YX.inA.. iii. 641 (from Penang). Q. imhricata, Don. Vern. Shalshi, pharat-singhali, budgrat, Nep. ; Buk, Lepcha. A very large tree. Bark greyish brown, J to | inch thick. Heart- wood greyish brown, shewing a beautiful silver grain on a radial section ; does not warp to the same extent as Q incana and Q. annulata. Pores small to large, surrounded by soft tissue, in loose radial strings. Medul- lary rays of two classes : numerous, very fine, uniform, equidistant rays; and fewer broad to extremely broad ones, shewing on a radial section as high, irregularly-shaped, shining plates. Numerous, wavy, concentric lines. Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, between 5,000 and 9,000 feet. Growth, probably moderate, but the annual rings are too difficult to distinguish to be readily counted. Attempts to count rings have been frequently made in Darjeei- ing, but with very little success. Its growth is, however, slow. Weight, 59 lbs. per cubic foot, the average of 5 specimens. The wood is durable if not much exposed to wet ; it is used for beams and posts in the construction of houses and bridges, and for door-posts, window-frames, rafters and other house-building purposes. In Darjeeliuff the bark is used for tanning. It often attains 100 to 120 feet in height, with a girth of 20 to 30 feet, but old trees are very frequently hollow. The acorns are very large, the cups often 2 to 3 inches in diameter, and composed of broad, annular rinas. The leaves are large, parallel-veined, sharply serrated, grey underneath ; they are renewed every 2 or 3 years. It is grown easily from seed, if the seed is good, but it is very liable to be found eaten by grubs. It often takes a long time to germinate 388 CUPULIPER^, [Querctis. and instances of more than one year being taken are common. It is being largely grown by planting in the Darjeeling Forests, where it is the principal and most im- portant tree. lbs, E 434. Eangbul Forest, Daijeeling, 7,500 feet 63 B 2452. „ „ „ „ „ E 2453. „ „ „ „ „ E 1438. Mishmi Hills (Griffith, 1836) E 1448. 59 57 57 59 15. Q. lancesefolia, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 634; Brandis 489; Gamble 79. Casfanea lanceafoUa, Kurz ii. 482. Vern. Patle .kat'&s, Nep. ; Sin, Lepeha ; Shingra, chauko, Gdro ; BucMai, Ass. ; Hingori, Cachar ; Bingsning, Khasia. A small evergreen tree. Wood greyish white, hard. -Pores large, enclosed in soft tissue and arranged in wavy, radial and oblique lines. Medullary rays of two classes : numerous, very fine, uniform and equi- distant rays, and few broad rays. Numerous, fine, wavy, concentric lines. Sub-Himalayan tract, in Bengal and Chittagong, ascending to 4,000 feet. Weight, 42 lbs. per cubic foot (Wallich and our specimens). Wood used for build- ing in Assam. The acorns have thin, broad, ringed cups, which are set sideways on the branch ; they have ruminate albumen. . lbs E 1262. Tezpur, Assam 42 2. CASTANOPSIS, Spaeh. About 9 to 11 species. C. javamoa, Alph. DC. (Castanea javanica, Bl. ; Kurzii. 479) is an evergreen tree of Burma. C. Systrix, Alph. DC. Vern. Bingsning, Khasia, is a tree of the Khasia hills. C. argentea, Alph. DC. ; Gamble 79 {Castanea argentea, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 479.) Vern. Singori, Ass., is an evergreen tree of Sikldm, Assam and Burma. C. echidnocarpa, Alph., DC, is a tree of the Khasia hills from 3,000 to 5,000 feet. Castanea diversifolia, Kurz ii. 479. Vern. Kyanya, Burm., is a tree of the Martaban hiUs, from 3,500 to 5,000 feet, and C Rooclurghii, Ldl. ; Kurz ii. 480, is a large evergreen tree of Chittagong. Castanea rhamnifolia, Kurz and C inermis, Lindl. ; Kurz ii. 481, are Burmese trees nearly allied to Quercus lancecefolia. The species of Castanopsis have a uniform Structure which resembles that of the oaks with one class of mediiUary rays. Wood grey, moder- ately hard to hard, does not split or warp, seasons well, durable. Pores large, in wavy, radial bands, and lines very prominent on a vertical sec- tion. Medullary rays of one class, very fine, uniform and equidistant. Numerous, wavy, concentric lines. 1, C. iudica, Alph. DC. ; Brandis 490 ; Gamble 79. Castanea indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 643; Kurz ii. 478. Quercus serrata, Roxb. 1. c. 641 (probably) Vern. Banj katis, Nep. ; KashiorSn, Lepeha ; Serang, Ass. ; Charang, Gdro ; Tailo, Cachar ; Nikari, gol-sJiingra, Sylhet. A moderate-sized, evergreen tree. Bark silvery grey, \ inch thick, with regular equidistant longitudinal fissures. Wood grey, hard. Pores small to very large, arranged in wavy, interrupted, radial lines ; the largest pores being often in the middle of each line. Medullary rays extremely fine, uniform, equidistant^ very numerous. Numerous, fine, concentric lines of soft tissue. Casfanopsis.] qvbvwferm. 389 Nepal, Eastern Bengal, Assam and dhittagong, ascending to 5,000 feet. Growth apparently fast, about 4 to 6 rings- per inch of radius. Weight, Wallich gives 39, our specimens 44 lbs. per cubic foot. Skinner, No. 40, gives W = 351bs., P = 404, but as he gives Theetlihaya for the Burmese name and this species is not de- scribed from Burma, he may refer to some other species. The wood splits well, and is very largely used for shingles in DarjeeUug. It coppices freely, and is often pollarded and the branches burnt for manure. " The fruit is eaten ; it much resembles the filbert, both in shape and in flavour, but has a thinner shell. It is enclosed in a very prickly cup. lbs. E 494. Dalka Jhar, Darjeeling Terai ... .43 E 681. Khookloong Forest, „ , 45 E 1254. Tezpur, Assam 44 2. C. tribuloides, Alph. DC. ; Brandis 490 ; Gamble 79. Cadanea iriluloides, Karz ii. 480. Querciis ferox and Q. armata, Roxb. PL Ind. iii. 639j 640. Vern. T'&mari, hatonj, Kumaunj Musre haius, kotur, chisi, maku, shingali, Nep. ; Bar Jiingori, haiiia singar, Ass. ; Dingsaot, Khasia; Singhara, Tipperah; Kanta lal batana, Chitiagong ; Kyansa, Burm. An evergreen tree. Wood grey, moderately hard. Annual rings marked by darker lines. Pores moderate-sized and large, in long wavy radial lines and bands. Medullary rays numerous, very fine, uniform and equidistant. Numerous fine, wavy, concentric lines. South-East Kumaun, Nepal, Eastern Bengal, ascending from the plains to 6,000 feet. Chittagong and Mils in Burma, above 3,000 feet. Growth, apparently very fast, 2 to 3 rings per inch of radius, but the rings are doubtful. Weight, Kyd gives weight 43 lbs., P = 483, our specimens give 32 to 39 lbs. per cubic foot. Wallich gives 62, which is much too great unless quite fresh, damp wood were weighed. The wood is used for planking, and is good and durable ; also for shingles. The fruit is eaten; it is similar to that of C. indica, hut is enclosed in a cup armed with strong, distant, branching prickles. The tree coppices admirably, and with C. indica, Quercus spicata and JEngelhardtia should be grown wherever fii-ewood and charcoal forests are required, as they often are by planters. lbs. E 626. Dulka Jhar, Darjeeling Terai 32 E 495. Khookloong Forest,. „ „ 39 3. C. rufescens, Hook. £. and Tb. ; Gamble 79. Vern. Lalne katus, Nep. ; Siriiishu, Lepcha ; Eingori, Ass. A very large evergreen tree. Wood grey, hard. Annual rings marked by narrow belts of firmer texture. Pores moderate-sized and large, enclosed in soft tissue, arranged in irregular, radial bands and lines. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous, uniform and equidistant, with, numerous short, fine, transverse bars. Sikkim Himalaya, from 6,000 to 9,000 feet. Growth moderate, 8 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 46 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used in Dai-jeeling for house-building and other purposes, exactly as that of Qluerciis paohyphylla, which it very closely resembles. It gives excellent shingles, and is more valuable as planking and posts wherever exposed to wet than other species of this genus. The fruit is small, but edible and of good flavour ; it is enclosed in a large cup with long needle-like prickles, longer than those of C. indica. lbs B 354. Eangbul Forest, Darjeeling, 7,000 feet 47' E 2457. ,, .. .. .) •_■... 45 390 cupuliferjE. [Carpinus. 3. CARPINUS, Tournef. Two Indian species. C. faginea, Lindl. ; Brandis 492. Vera. Shirash, imar, hijauwi, Pb. ; Oish, North-Western Provinces, is a moderate-sized tree of the Hima- laya, from the Beas eastward, from 4,000 to 7,000 feet. The Hornheam of Europe is C. Betulus, Linn., generally found in forests of Oak and Beech throughout the greater part of Europe and eastward to Asterabad, south of the Caspian Sea. Slow-growing trees, with white wood, without heartwood. Pores small, often in radial lines. Medullary rays fine and broad, the latter consisting of a number of fine rays closely packed. 1. C. viminea, Wall. ; Brandis 492 ; Kurz ii. 477. Vern. Charkhri, Mi, Pb. ; Fumne, goria, chamkharak, North- Western Provinces ; Ckukissi, konikath, Nep. ; A moderate-sized tree, with grey, compact bark, \ inch thick. Wood white, shining, no heartwood, warps in seasoning. Pores small, some- times in short radial lines. Medullary rays of two apparent classes : very numerous, very fine rays j and broad rays, composed of numerous closely packed, very fine rays. Himalaya, from the Ravi eastwards, from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, often near water. Martahan Hills at 5,000 to 6,000 feet. Growth moderately slow, Brandis says 10 rings per inch, our specimen shews the same. Weight, 50 lbs. per cubic foot. The stem is irregular in section like that of the European Hornbeam, which it much resembles both in bark and wood, and in general appearance. lbs. H 3098. Sipi, Simla, 6,500 feet 50 4. CORYLUS, Tournef. Two Indian species. The European Hazel is C. Avellana, Linn., found in Eng- land, France and eastwards to the Caucasus and Asia Minor. Wood soft, even-grained, light-coloured. Pores very small. Medul- lary rays of two classes, the broad rays being composed of numerous fine rays. 1. C. ferox, Wall. ; Brandis 494 ; Gamble 79. Vern. Curri, Nep. ; Langura, Bhutia. A small tree. Wo6d pinkish white, moderately hard, even-grained. Pores very small, generally in short, radial lines, not very numerous. Medullary rays of two classes : fine and very broad, the broad ones numer- ous and, as in C. Colurna, composed of an agglomeration of fine rays. Nepal, Sikkim, 8,000 to 10,000 feet. Growth slow, 18 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 38 lbs. per cubic foot. The fruit is covered with a very prickly cup, the kernel is edible. lbs. E 376. Tonglo, Darjeeling, 9,000 feet 38 2. C. Colurna, Linn. ; Brandis 494. C. laeera, Wall. Vern. Urni, Jhelam ; Winri, v)in, warawi, wuriya, thangi, thankoli, Kashmir and Chamba ; Jangi, Chenab ; Shurli, sharoli, ban ja&luj geh,ban dilla, Sutlej ; Kapasi, bhotia baddm, Kumaun. A moderate-sized tree, with thin, dark-grey bark. Wood pinkish white, moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by narrow belt of firm wood, with few pores inside the outer edge of each ring Corylus-I cupuufeej:. 391 Pores very small, numerous, uniformly distributed, sometimes in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, numerous, with few broader rays, which consist of an agglomeration of fine rays, North-West Himalaya, between 5,500 and 10,000 feet. i Growth moderate, our specimens shew about 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 33 to 37 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is only used locally, but it is well grained and does not warp, and deserves to be better known, especially as many specimens shew a fine shining grain resembling Birds'-eye Maple. The fruit is as good as that of the English Hazel, and is largely eaten. lbs. H 57. Nagkanda, Simla, 80,000 feet 37 H 908. Upper Chenab 33 H 3179. DungagaEi, Hazara Obdbe XCIX. MTEICACEiE. 1. MYRICA, Linn. In DeCandoUe's Prodromus, Vol. xvi, two species are given from India : viz., M. sapida, WalL, and M. integrifolia, Roxb. For the differences between these and M. Nagi, Thunb. of Japan, see Brandis, p. 496, where the conclusion is arrived at that they will eventually be all placed under one species M. Nagi, Thunb., with the wide range from the Punjab to China and Japan, and to the sea-coast of Singapore and Borneo. M. integrifolia, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ill. 765. Vern. Sophi, Beng., is described as a large shrub of the Khasia HiUs and Sylhet. M. Gale, Linn., is the Sweet Gale or Bog Myrtle of Europe. Vegetable wax is given by M. cerifera, Linn., the Bayberry of North America, which is also a valuable sand-binding plant ; by M. cordifolia, Linn., M. quercifoUa, Linn., and M. serrata, Lamk., of South Africa, and by M. arguta, Kunth, of South America. 1. M. sapida, Wall. ; Brandis 495. M. Nagi, Thunb. ; Kurz ii. 475. Vern. Kaphal, kaiphal, North- Western Himalaya; Kobusi, Nep. ; Ling- solir, Khasia. A moderate-sized evergreen tree. Bark grey or brownish grey, rough with deep vertical wrinkles. Wood purplish grey, hard, close-grained, apt to warp. Annual rings marked by a belt of firmer texture without pores in the autumn wood. Pores very small, uniformly distributed, but somewhat less numerous near the outer edge of each annual rino-. Medullary rays fine and very fine, numerous. Outer Himalaya, from 3,000 to 6,000 feet, Khasia HiUs, hills of Burma between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. Weight, 48 lbs. per cubic foot. The bark is exported to the plains; it is used as an aromatic stimulant and externally as a plaster against rheumatism. In the Khasia Hills it is used to poison fish. The fruit is edible. lbs H 87. Sutlej Valley, 5,000 feet 4g H 426. Ghite Forest, Jaunsar, 5,500 feet 45 E 799. Khasia Hills, about 5,000 feet . _ . . . . | 52 Order C. JUGLANDEwffi. Two Indian genera. The Hickories of America are species of Carva. Amons these, the chief are: C. atta, Nuttall, the Shellbark; C. glabra, Honey, the Hognut 392 JxiGLANDEJii \Juglcms. and C. oliviformis, Nuttall, the Pear nut. The wood of all is very strong and elastic, and is used for building, but is not durable (von Mueller). Wood moderately hard, shining. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly distributed, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine or very fine. 1. JUGLANS, Linn. The Black Walnut wood of America is given by J. nigra, Linn. ; and the Butter- nut tree of Canada is J. cinerea, Linu. 1. J. regia, Linn.; Roxb. Fl.Ind.iii. 631; Brandis 497; Kurz ii. 490; Gamble 80. The Walnut. Yem. Charmaffhz,Vexs.; Ughz,waghz, Afg. ; Ahhor, hrot, dun, Kashmir; Kabotang, thanha, Pb. ; Slarga, Ladak ; Ka, Kunawar ; Ahhor, kharot, Kumaun ; Ahhrot, Hind. ; Ahrut, Beng. ; Kowal, Lepcha ; Tagashing, Bhutia. A large tree with grey bark, characteristically marked by deep vertical parallel fissures, \ inch to 2 inches thick. Heartwood greyish brown with , darker streaks, often beautifully mottled, moderately hard, even-grained, seasons and polishes well. Annual rings marked by a sharp line. Pores moderate-sized, hot very numerous, sometimes oval and subdivided, uniformly distributed, but somewhat' more numerous in the spring wood. Medullary rays short, very fine. Numerous regular, fine, wavy, concentric lines. Pores visible on a longitudinal section. Wild in the North- West and Sikkim Himalaya. Cultivated largely throughout the hills, especially in Afghanistan and Kashmir. Growth variable ; our specimens gave the following per inch of radius : — H 9. 14 rings ; H 15. 14 rings ; H 125. 19 rings ; H 29. 3 rings; (young tree). E 357. 9 rings ; E 2441-a, 3 rings ; b, 7 rings ; E 2440, -4 rings. So that the wood from the North- West Himalaya, omitting the specimen cut from a •young tree, shews an average of 15 rings, and that from Sikkim an average of 6 rings per inch of radius. Weight : European Walnut weighs 40 to 48 lbs. per cubic foot ; our specimens give, North- West Himalaya 41 lbs., Sikkim 33 lbs. on an average. The tree reaches a very large size. Brandis describes trees up to 28 feet in girth and 100 feet high from the North-West Himalaya ; in Sikkim it often reaches 100 to 120 feet in height with a girth of 12 feet or more. It is being grown in plantation at Eangbiil and other places near Darjeeling. The wood is extensively used for furniture throughout the Hima- laya, and its principal use is for gun-stocks. In Darjeeling it is occasionally used for shingles by the Bhutias, but is not so good as chestnut. Before it became scarce in the forests it was largely used for house-fittings, and many of the older houses in Darjeeling have their doors and windows and other fittings almost entirely of Walnut. The bark is used as a dye and in medicine ; and is exported to the plains for cleaning the teeth. The twigs and leaves are used for fodder. It is commonly cultivated for its fruit throughout the Himalaya ; the wild tree has a thick shell and small kernelj and is rarely eaten ; the cultivated trees are of numerous kinds, one of the best being the thin-shelled or Kaghazi variety. A clear, good description of oil is made from the fruit, and the rind is used for tanning and dyeing. lbs. H 3163. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet H 9. Matiyana, Simla, 7,000 feet 38 H 29. „ „ „ „ 43 H 15. Jubal, 4,000 feet 33 H 41. Madhan, 6,000 feet 41 H 780. Chamba, 4,000 feet 46 H 125. Ralla, Kulu, 6,000 feet 43 Juglans.] JUGLANDEfi. S93 lbs. H 438. Durani block, Deoban, Jamsar, 6,000 feet .... 43 E 357. Tukdah Forest, Daijeeling, 5,000 feet 28 E 2440. DarjeeKng, 6,000 feet 37 E 2441. Eangirum Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet .... 33 2. ENGELHARDTIA, Lesct. ' Three species, thougb Brandis, p. 500, tbinks that tbe two described are probably varieties only of one and tbe same, viz., E. spicata. E. mllosa, Kurz ii. 491, is a tree of the Eng forests of Martaban and Tenasserim. 1. E. Colebrookiana, Lindl. ; Brandis 499. Vera. Timar rdk^,Vh.; Mowa, gobar mowa, hodal mowa, mao, Kumaun ; Kkusam, Banda. A small deciduous tree. Bark grey. Wood grey with a reddish tinge, moderately hard, even-grained, seasons and polishes well, but is not durable. Annual rings faintly marked. Pores moderate-sized and large, mostly oval and subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, uniform, equidistant, numerous. Pores marked on a longitudinal section. Outer North-West Himalaya ascending to 6,500 feet, often gregarious. Growth, our specimen shews 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 33 lbs. per cubic foot. lbs. H 241. Garhwal Hills (1868) 33 2. E. spicata, B!. ; Brandis 500; Gamble 81. E. RoxburgJdana, Lindl. Jnglans pterococca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 631. Vern. Silapoma, Hind.; Mowa, maJiua, Nep.; Suviak, Lepcha; Bolas, Beng. ; Rumgach, Ass.; Bor-patta-jam, Cachar; Dlnglaba, Khasia ; Vakru, Garo. A large, handsome, deciduous tree. Character and structure of the wood similar to that of i?. Colebrookiana, shewing a beautiful grain on a radial section. Paiut concentric lines joining the pores. Terai and outer hills of Eastern Himalaya up to 6,000 feet, Chittagong and Burma. Growth fast, 3 to 5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, Wallich gives 40, our speci- mens 33'lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used in Sikkim for tea-boxes and building ; in the Khasia Hills and Cachar for planking and spoons. It does not warp. The tree coppices very freely, and coppice woods almost pure or mixed with oak and chestnut, are not uncommon near Darjeeling. lbs. E 653. Bamunpokri, Darjeeling Terai 30 E 687. Sepovdura Forest, Darjeeling, 5,000 feet . . . .33 E 2413. Chuttookpur Forest, Darjeeling, 6,000 feet . . .36 Oedek CI. GNETACE^. Two genera, Gnetum and Ephedra; the first containing 5 species, chiefly of the moist zones ; the latter 3, of the arid zone and inner arid Himalaya. Gnetum scandens, 'Ro:s.h. Fl. Ind. iii. 518; Brandis 503. (G. edicle, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 495) Vern. Kumhal, umbl.i, Bombay; Nanu-witi, Sylhet ; Gyootnway, Barm., is a large climbing shrub of Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, Eastern Bengal, Western Ghats, Burma and the Andamans, wbrse fruit is eaten. G. funiculare, HI. ; Kurz ii. 496. Vern. Gyootnway, Burm., is a large soandent shrub of Chittagong and Burma, G. jie^rZectow, BL, is a climber of Arracan and South Tenasserim; and G. Gnemon, 3 B 394 GNETACE^. \_Gne(iim. Imn. ; Kurz ii. 497 ; Eoxb. PI. Ind. iii. 518, is an evergreen tree of the forests of south Tenasserim, whose hark is made into strong cords, and whose leaves are eaten as spinach. The wood consists of a large number of distinct wedge-shaped ligneous masses which are arranged in concentric circles and separated by cellular tissue. It resembles the wood of Menispermaceee. (Brandis.) Ephedra vulgaris, Rich. ; Brandis 501. Vem. Asmdnia, budshur, chewa, Pb. ; IKhanAa, khanna, Kunawar ; Tse, tsapatt, trano, Ladak, is a small rigid shrub of the inner arid, North-West Himalaya, with a fibrous tough wood and red fruit, which is sometimes eaten. B. Alte, C. A. Meyer ; Brandis 501. Vem. Alte, Arab. ; Kuchan, niJcM hwrhan, hratta, tandala, lastuk, mangarwal, Pb., is a gregarious shrub of the arid zone, in stony places in the Punjab and Sind. Oeder CII. conifers. An Order containing many very important forest trees. It is found throughout the world, but chiefly in temperate and cold regions ; and in India, with few excep- tions, the species are confined to the Himalaya. The following list which is taken from Parlatore's Monograph in DeCandoUe's Prodromus, gives the five tribes and the most important genera, those found in India being given in italics ; the others are added in consequence of their being universally planted for ornament or for timber : — Tribe I.^Araucariese Araucaria, Dammara. . Pinus, Oedrus, Abies, Larix. Cunning hamia. Sequoia, Cryptomeria, Taxodivm, Callitris, Thuya, Biota, „ II. — Abietinese .... „ III. — TaxodiesB .... „ IV.— Cupressineae „ V. — TaxinesB Dacrydium, Taxus, Gink- go, Podocarpus. Araucaria contains about seven species, most of which have been introduced and cul- tivated in gardens in India. A.imbricata, Pavon (Brandis 503) from the mountains of Chili, is well known in Europe ; it is much grown in England and is hardy, though sometimes liable to be injured by frost. A. excelsa, R. Br., from Norfolk Island, is much planted in Caloutta, where also may be seen A. Cunninghamii, Ait., of Queens- land, A. Cookii, R. Br., of New Caledonia, and A. Bidwilli, Hook., the Bunya-Bunya Pine of North-East Australia. Dammara australis. Lamb, is the Kauri Pine of New Zealand, which, though much cut, still forms forest occasionally and gives a valuable timber. D. alba, Rumph, of the Moluccas, yields the resin called Dammar. Cunninghamia sinensis, R. Br. is a large tree of Southern China. Sequoia contains two Californian species : S. gigantea, Torrey, the Wellingtonia or Mammoth Tree, which reaches over 300 feet in height, with a girth of 80 to 100 feet ; and S. sempervirens, Endl., the Redwood, which reaches to 300 feet in height, with a girth of 55 feet (see Brandis 504). Taxodium distichum, Rich., is the Cypress of the Bvyamps of the Southern States of North America. Callitris quadrivalvis. Vent. ; Brandis 585 ; Mathieu Fl. For. 453, is a large tree of the forests of Algeria. Of Thuya or Arbor Vitse trees, three species occur in North America, giving a light, soft but durable, building timber. Biota orientalis, Endl. (Brandis 584) is the Arbor- Vita of China and Japan, occasionally cultivated in India. Daerydium contains several fine trees of Australia and New Zealand, and Kurz gives D. elatum, Wall., from Tenasserim, while Ginkgo biloba, Linn., with leaves ' like those of the Maiden Hair Fern, and thence commonly known by the name of SalisbvHa adiantifolia, is a deciduous tree of China and Japan, now much planted for ornament in Europe. The wood of Coniferous trees is without vessels, hence, on a horizon- tal section, without pores, It consists of medullary rays and long wood CONlfERJ!. 395 cells tapering at the ends j in the case of most species these wood cells are large and visible under the lens. The annual rings are, as a rule, distinctly marked by a belt of thick-walled wood-cells in the outer (autumn) wood and a belt of larger and thin-walled wood cells in the inner (spring) wood. In the case of the Juniper, Cypress, Yew and PodocarpuS) the Srmer belt of autumn wood is narrow, and the whole structure of the wood, therefore, is homogeneous. On the other hand, in the case of the Pines, Firs, Cedar and Larch the wood consists of alternate layers of soft spring wood and firm autumn wood. The turpentine (resin) is secreted in large, branching, intercellular ducts, lined by thin»walled cells. These cavities are called ' resinous ducts,^ and they are of two classes ; vertical, running with the wood-cells parallel to the axis of the stem, and horizontal ducts, runninar with the medullary rays. The horizontal ducts can, as a rule, only be seen under the microscope ; they will, therefore, not be generally noted in the follow- ing descriptions. The vertical ducts appear on a cross section as scattered pores varying in size. Resin is also found in parenchymatic cells with straight ends, which are found mixed with ordinary wood cells : this is the case in Cypress. The timber is homogeneous in the case of Cupressinese and Taxinese, but, as explained, in the case of Abietinese it consists of alternate layers of soft spring wood and hard autumn wood. The value of the timber of Abietinese for building purposes depends in a great measure upon the greater or less proportion of the firmer belt of autumn wood and also upon the more or less spongy nature of the spring wood. Under certain circumstances, for instance, the timber of Deodar has an extremely soft and spongy spring wood, and a comparatively narrow belt of autumn wood. Such timber is probably less durable and not as strong as timber grown under other ciicumstances, which has a less spongy spring wood and a larger proportion of firm autumn wood. Similar variations in the structure may be noticed in the case of Finns longifolia and other conifer- ous trees, and it is a subject worth careful enquiry how far durability and strength are effected by these characters, and to determine the conditions of growth under which the wood of coniferous trees exhibits the varieties of structure here adverted to. It is generally supposed that slow-grown timber of coniferous trees is heavier and more durable than timber of the same species which had grown more rapidly. This, how- ever, is not always the case. The following are instances of a light weight in the case of slow-grown timbers : — lbs. Finns excelsa . . . . H 140. (22 rings) 26 Cedrus Beodara . . . . H 902. (34 „ 32 , Logs which contain much resin are heavier than those which contain little resin. With few exceptions the wood of coniferous trees seasons well. The woods are light, the weight per cubic foot ranging between 20 and 40 lbs., with few exceptions, such as Taxus, which weighs over 40 lbs. 1. PINUS, Linn. Five Indian species ; the whole genus according to Pavlatore in DeCandolle's 396 CONIFERS. [PzMM^» Prodromus (Subgenus I. Pinus) containing 66 species, and according to Gordon's ' Pinetum ' 92 species. The European species are, many of them, very important : — -P. sylvestris, Linn, is the Scotch Fir, which gives the timher known as Red Memel, Dantzic' Fir and Eed Deal of the Baltic. P. Pinaster, Soland. (P. ma/ritima, Lamk.) is the Maritime or Cluster Pine so largely used in reelothing sandy wastes on the sea-shore, like the 'Landes' of Gasoony, and for the production of resin. P. halepensis, Mill., is the Aleppo Pine found throughout the Mediterranean region, chiefly on limestone. P. Laricio, Poiret, gives two varieties, called respectively the Corsican Pine and Austrian Pine, which are also used for the production of resin and for replanting barren soils. P. Pinea, Linn, is the Stone Pine of Italy, with edible- fruits, and P. Cembra, Linn., the ' Arolle ' of the mountains of Central Europe. Of the American Pines the mostimportaot is the P. Strobus, Linn., the White Pine 01 Weymouth Pine, whose wood is extensively used in America and is exported to Europe from the forests of Canada. The species indigenous in India may thus be recognized by the characters of their leaves and cones : — Leaves in pairs P. Merhusii. „ in threes Scales of cone beaked. Leaves long P. lonpifolia. „ short ...... P. G-erardiana. Scales of cone obtuse P. Kasya. Leaves in fives P. eoecelsa. Wood generally very resinous, not homogeneous, consisting of alter- nate layers of soft and often spongy spring wood, and of hard and darker coloured autumn wood. Vertical resinous ducts large and numerous, in most species visible on horizontal and vertical sections. The Indian species have a distinct heartwood. 1. P. longifolia, Roxb..Fl. Ind. iii. 651; Brandis 506; Gamble 81 'Yera. Nakhtar, Mg.; CMl, cMr,.drdb ehir, Pb. ; 6'«^a,. ^,4aM«a, Kangra ; Anander, Jhelam ; Saral, Jaunsar; (Jhir, salla, sapin, /colon, Jcolan, iolain, Garhwal and Kumaun ; DMp, Oudh ; SMp, mla dMp, sula,. Nep. > Gniet, Lepcha ; Teadong, Bhutia. A large tree. Bark 1 to 2 inches thick, reddish brown, inner substance dark red, cut by deep fissures into large plates of irregular shape. The bark of the Sikkim tree is thinner and the plates smaller. Heartwood small, soft, reddish. Annual rings well marked, consisting of an inner belt of soft and spongy tissue, and an outer hard, compact and darker coloured belt, the inner soft belt generally occupying half to two-thirds or more of the ring. Medullary rays tine and extreAely fine, numerous, prominent as narrow lines on a radial section. Vertical resinous ducts large and numerous, irregularly distributed, prominent on a vertical section. Afghanistan, Outer North-West Himalaya ascending to 7,500 feet, Sikkim and Bhutan ascending to 4,000 feet, though scarce above 3,0U0 feet. P. longifolia generally shows a moderate or slow rate of growth as far as our experience goes. Its growth, other circumstances being equal, is most rapid in the North-West Himalaya at elevations between 4,000 and 7,000 feet, less rapid at lower and higher elevations. On this subject, however, as well as on the rate of growth of P. longifolia generally, systematic observations are much wanted. The rates of growth shown by our small specimens are, per inch of radius — rings. H. 13 . . . .14 H. !)3 .... 6-6 H. 602 .... 5-5 O. 3003 .... 18 nngs. E. 704 (iarge round, 2 ft. diameter) 11-7 E. 2435 23 E. 2436 (planted tree about '^ ..- 20 years old.) > * ^ Finus.] CONIFERS. 397 ■whioli would seem to indicate that the growth in Sikkim is slower than in the North- West Himalaya. From a paper by Mr. Smythies in the Indian Forester, Vol. VI, p. 13, a, list of countings of 153 trees made by a Forest Guard under his supervision is given, the result being an average rate of growth of 12 rings per inch of radius. This would give 138 years as the average age at which 6 feet girth is reached, though Mr. Smythies gives 104 years, or, excluding suppressed trees, 86 years. Brandis gives four to five rings as the rate, and probably five rings per inch is the properrate for well- grown trees at a tolerably high elevation such as that where H 93 and H 602 were cut. The growth in height is undoubtedly fast at first, as the. leading shoot often reaches 18 to 24 inches yearly, and the growth in diameter appears to be equally great in well-grown trees. Eegarding the weight and transverse strength of Chir the following experiments have been made : — Captain Jones at Almora in 1844 — WeigM. P = 15 experiments, unseasoned wood, 4 ft. X 2 in. X 2 in., gave 39 lbs., 626 5 „ seasoned „ „ „ 27 „ 555 Experiments at Eoorkee in 1858 on Garhwal wood by Colonel Maolagan, E. E. Weight. P = 3 experiments, with bars 22 ft. X 1 in. X 1 in., gave 27 lbs. 906 4 „ „ „ 34 „ X 1 „ X 1 „ „ 27 „ 961 4 „ „ „ 34 „ X 2 „ X 1 „ „ 27 „ 916 Dr. Warth's weighings of our specimens shewed that the weight varied from 37 to 45 lbs., averaging 41 lbs., the Sikkim wood being rather heavier, as well as darker coloured, and more filled with resin. The wood is not durable; it is attacked by insects and decays rapidly when exposed to wet ; it is, however, easy to work and is extensively used in some localities in the hills for building, shingles, tea boxes and the bottoms of boats. It gives large quantities of resin, more than any of the other Himalayan Pines, but the process is exhaustive. Brandis says, " The yield of an ordiuary tree is 10 to 20 lbs. of resin the first, and about one-third of the quantity the second year, after which the tree either dies or is blown down." Tar is also extracted from it, and turpentine is distilled from the tar. The bark is used for tanning and as fuel for iron-smelting. The wood is often made into charcoal, and the charcoal of the leaves mixed with rice-water is used as ink. Chir requires much light and seedlings do not spring up under shade ; but the natural reproduction is good and should present no difficulty if fire and cattle are excluded from the cuttings. lbs. H 602. Tuttul Forest, Kangra 37 H 13. Simla, 6,000 feet 39 H 93, „ „ „ 39 O 3003. Garhwal (1874) 45 E 704. Badanitara Forest, Darjeeling, 2,500 feet . . . .45 E 2485. Great Eangit Valley „ 2,000 feet .... 42 E 2436. Darjeeling, 7,000 feet (planted). 2, P. Kasya, Royle; Brandis 508; Kurz ii. 499. Vern. Bingsa, Khasia ; Tinyu-hen, Burm. Bark thick, with deep cracks and fissures. Wood very resinous, heartwood red. Inner layer of annual ring soft and spongy, outer layer moderately hard. Resinous ducts moderate-sized, numerous in the outer and middle belt of each annual ring, very prominent on a vertical section. Khasia Hills above 2,000 feet, higher hills of Ohittagong and mountains between the Sittang and the Salween rivers in Burma above 3,000 feet. Growth, our specimen shows a moderately fast growth, 6 rings per inch of radius • the weight is 38 lbs. per cubic foot. In an account of the firs of the Khasia Hills by Captain Jones of the Quarter Master General's Department in " Gleanings of Science, " vol. i., p. 202, 1829, the weight determined by Captain Baker, but with small 398 coNiFEi).?!. [ Pimis, bars 15" X 0'8" X 09" is given as 37 lbs. and the value of P. 622. The wood is extensively used in the Khasia Hills for building and other purposes. It is very- rich in resin. lbs. E 797. Khasia Hills 38 3. P. Merkusii, Jung'li. ; Kurz ii. 499. Vem. Tini/u-ben, Burm. A large tree with thickj rough bark. Heavtwood yellowisli brown with dark streaks, moderately hard, exceedingly resinous. Structure similar to that of P. Easy a. Tropical forests of Burma on the Thoungyeen river, associated with Dipierocarpui tuherculatus. Our specimen shews a moderate growth, 11 rings per inch of radius ; its weight is 51 lbs. per cubic foot. Major Seaton gives 54 lbs. The wood is sometimes brought to Moulmein for mast pieces, but the difficulties of land and water transport are very great, almost preventing its extraction at a profit. Splinters are extensively used for torches. lbs. B 547. Thoungyeen, Burma 51 4. P. Gerardiaua, Wall. ; Brandis 508. Vem. CUlghoza, jalghoza, Afg. ; Chiri, prita, mirri, galboja, galgoja, Chenab ; Kashti, Ravi ; Bi, rhi, Kunawar ; KannueAi, /cotiiunoAi, ianinoM, sAangii, W. Tibet ; the seedsj neoza. A moderate-sized tree, with very thin, smooth, grey bark, exfoliating in large thin scales, leaving shallow, rounded depressions ; cracked only in very old trees. Heartwood yellowish-brown, hard, durable, very resinous. Kesimous ducts scattered, similar in size to those of P. excelsa, prominent on a vertical section. Inner dry and arid North-West Himalaya, found in isolated areas of no great extent, generally between 6,000 and 10,000 feet, mountains of North Afghanistan and Kafiristan. Growth, specimen H 991 gives 24 rings, but appears to have been cut from a branch; H 1405, of old heartwood, gives 13 rings. Weight, 44 to 47 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is rarely used, as the tree is valued for its edible seeds'; it is, however, sometimes hollowed out for watercourses, and is used for the hook which attaches the seat to the rope in a single-rope swing-bridge. The seeds are a staple article of food in Kunawar, and other parts of the Himalaya ; they are largely brought into India from Afghanistan. They are oily, with a slight turpentine flavour, and are generally roasted and eaten at dessert. . IbB. H 991. Kunawar, Punjab, 9,000 feet 44 H 1405. Chenab, „ „ (Stewart, 1867.) ... 47 5. P. excelsa, Wall.; Brandis 510 J Gamble 82. Vern. PJMwi, Afg. j Bidr, Hazara ; Chil, cMr, chiltu, chitu, chiu, Kashmir to Jaunsar ; ChUa, Garhwal; Kail, Beas, Sutlej; Liin, Chamba, Kunawar; Tara, y4r, yiro, Kashmir ; Shomshing, limshing, Lahoul ; Baisalla, lamshing, byans, Kumaun ; TongscM, Bhutan. A large tree with greyish brown bark, cut into small, rather regular plates by shallow fissures \ inch thick, Heartwood distinct, red, moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a narrow outer belt or line of compact wood, inner belt not spongy. Medullary rays very fine and very numerous, prominent on a radial section. Vertical resinous ducts scattered, smaller than those of P. longifolia, very numerous and prominent on a vertical section. Himalaya, between 6,000 and 10,000 feet, occasionally found as low as 5,000 feet Finus.] CONIFERS. 399 and as high as 12,500 feet from the Indus to Bhutan, extending into the inner arid tract. Mountains of Afghanistan and South Macedonia. The wood is more durable than that of P. longifolia, but less so than Deodar. As far as our knowledge goes at present the tree grows most rapidly up to a certain age at low elevations. In the outer Himalaya it has a modei-ate, and in the inner arid Himalaya a slow, rate of growth. When young the tree is supposed to grow more rapidly than Deodar. The following are the rates shewn by our specimens : — EingB. H 901 6-7 H 1403a 7-8 H 27 8 H 923 9-5 H 1407 11 H 609 ]3 H 1404 .... ... 14-5 H 140 22 H 1403/3 27 E 2463 65 leaving out the three last, viz., those giving 22, 27 and 6'5 rings respectively, we have an average of 10 rings per inch of radius; hut more information is much required. In paragraph 41 of the Kulu Eeport of 1877 the following measurements of Kail trees in Jangarkalaon and Deobau Reserves are given : — No. 1 „ 2 „ 3 Mean radias. . 10-5 . 9-5 . 10-75 Age. 49 years 55 „ 65 „ Eings perincli' . 4-7 . 5-8 . 6-0 or an average growth of 5'5 rings per inch of radius. Dr. Warth's weighings of our specimens shewed a variation of only from 26 to 33 lbs., and an average of 30 lbs., per cubic foot. In durability Kail wood ranks next to Deodar, and is preferred to that of Chfl or the Firs. It is used for house-building, shingles, water channels, wooden spades and other implements. It gives an excellent charcoal for iron-smelting. The wood is very resinous and srives turpentine, but it is not usually extracted, as is that of P. longifolia. Very resinous wood is used for torches, the bark is used to roof huts in the forest, and the leaves are largely lopped for litter. The seedlings like light, and natural reproduction is very good even on hill sides hare of trees, if graiing and fires are prevented. It seems to prefer to grow on sandy or clayey soils, and not to he partial to limestone. H 923. Hazara, (7,000 feet) H 901. H 140. Lahoul (about 10,000 feet) H 609. H 37. Mashohra, Simla, 7,000 feet H 2871. JSagkanda, „ , 8,000 „ H 1403a N r H 1403/3 / Punjab Hills, \ H 1404. \ Dr. Stewart (1867 ) H 1407. ) \. E 2463. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 feet lbs. 29 30 26 27 33 32 32 33 28 30 2. CEDRUS, Link. The Lebanon and Atlas Cedars are C. Libcmi, Barr. and C. atlaniica, Manetti ; they are joined into one species by Parlatore in DeCandolle's Prodromus, but kept separate from C. Deodara. It is not, however, possible to separate the three by any constant specific characters. On this subject see Brandis, page 324, A fourth variety has jately been discovered in Cyprus. 400 coNiB'ERiE. \_Cedrus. Wood resinouSj with a distinct heartwood, somewhat more homoge- neous than that of Ptnus and Abies, but consisting of alternate layers of softer spring wood, and harder autumn wood. The resin is found in parenchymatic wood cells with horizontal ends. 1. C. Deodara, Loudon; Brandis 516. Pinus Deodara, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 651. Deodar, Himalayan Cedar. Vern. Nakhtar, Imanza, Afg. ; Bidr, deodar, dedwar, daddr, Hazara, Kashmir, Garhwal, Kumaun ; Paludar, Hazara ; Kelu, keoli, hilar, kilei, Chenab to Jumna ; Kelmang, Kunawar ; Giam, Tibet. A very large and tall tree. Bark greyish brown, with numerous shallow, vertical fissures, which run into each other and present a reticu- late appearance. Heartwood light yellowish brown, scented, moderately hard. In each annual ring the outer belt of firmer and darker coloured tissue is generally narrow, and the inner belt is not very soft, but in exceptional cases and under certain conditions, which have not yet been studied, the inner belt is soft and spongy {e.ff, H 617). This peculiarity has nothing to do with the rate of growth or with the altitude, as fast- grown trees possess hard tissue in the spring wood. Medullary rays fine and very fine, unequal in width. No vertical resinous ducts, as in Finns, but the resin exudes from cells which are not visible to the naked eye. On the edge of certain annual rings are frequently found concentric strings of dark-coloured pores or intercellular ducts, which are prominent on a vertical section as dark lines, and in the viciniiy of which the wood is sometimes more resinous. North-West Himalaya, between 4,000 and 10,000 feet, extending east to the Dauli river^ a tributary of the Alaknanda below the Niti Pass. Mountains of Afghanistan and North Beluchistan. In common with most species of the Order, the Deodar has well marked annual rings ■which, there is little, if any, reason to doubt, each represent the growth of ayear. More information has, perhaps, been collected on the subject of the rate of growth of Deodar than of any other species of Indian tree, though we have as yet no such com- plete series of trees of known age to deal with as were available at Nilambur for the question of the rate of growth of Teak. The geographical range of Deodar, especially in altitude, is very wide, and this circumstance, considering that some specimens may be obtained from sheltered places in comparatively warm valleys, while others come from exposed and high situations, makes it doubtful whether much value can be attached to general deductions from data collected from many quarters, and whether it should not usually be the practice to take only for use in any forests, the experiments made on trees in that or neighbouring localities. But the experience we have hitherto gained is very valuable, and it will be best to put together the items of information available. In Brandis' Forest Flora of North- West and Central India, pp. 520 to 524, a large amount of information is collected, to which reference can be made. It is there stated that the Deodar forests may be classified in three great divisions, viz.: — 2st. — Those in a dry climate in the vicinity of the arid zone of the inner Himalaya, having usually the age of trees 6 feet in girth above 140 years. _ , _ 2ji^, — Those in the intermediate ranges and valleys, having 6 feet in girth for an age of between 110 and 140 years. 3rd. — Those in the outer ranges under the full influence of the monsoon and having the age of trees 6 feet in girth usually below 110 years. This is exemplified by an important table given at page 9 of the " Report on the Deodar Forests of Bussahir, 1865," which is here reproduced, and which gives the information collected by Messrs. Brandis, Stewart and Wood in their travels of that year in the Sutlej Valley. Cedrus,'] CONIFEE^. 401 Statement showing the average age of 1st and 2nd. class Deodars examined in the different Forests of Kimawv/r, and some of the adjoining Forests. FOBEST. No. of trees eX' amined. Age of let claBS trees. Age of 2nd class trees. Diff. Beuabes. 2. 3. 4. 5, 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. '40. ( Exd. by Dr. Brandis Bhagarati . -(Exd. by Mr. A. D (. Campbell . Cabul Eiver .... Skyamdangdang, Sntlej Tolinge (upper paxt of Forest), S Banmalang, S. Swat Eiver . PhiiJa, Kiuden, S. Manda (Jangi), S. . Chim, S. Naohar, S. Poari, Purbani, Akpa, measured at Hupar, S. Kilba, S Sleepers from Chenab at Lahore Bail- way Station. Eavi timber, slow growth Serinohe, (steep slope), S. Drift timber, examined at Enpar. Tinala (Teedong), S. . . ' Eakcham, S Chenab, measured at Wazirabad Eogi, S Dippi, S Tak Bursari, S. . . . Topan and Kashang, S. .Mebar, S Chaog Simla (north side, young trees) Jhelam .... KadeUi (between Matiyana and Nag- kanda). Simla (south side) Kumkumee, Shoang, S. . Eavi timber, good growth KUba, Dippi, Kusthal (Eupar), S. Janee, S Tolinge (lower part of forests), S Jaunsar Bawnr Simla, (north side, large trees) Taranda Chasoo Limsantang, S. Serinohe (level ground), S. . Kagadar .... 18 13 3 2 7 10 7 2 6 9 5 50 4 4 4 7 3 39 15 2 3 5 7 5 23 1 9 10 4 8 3 2 17 7 4 6 10 8 Tears. 229 169 214 189 177 160 156 154 153 152 149 145 138 134 134 132 130 130 125 124 119 117 116 113 113 110 99 97 94 91 91 91 90 80 76 71 71 67 65 62 50 Tears. 143 106 100 97 93 98 96 91 86 88 87 85 83 87 73 71 85 67 66 62 66 56 57 53 52 49 47 44 34 86 148 48 1.58 56 142 47 133 44 119 41 112 44 110 44 115 38 91 61 112 37 38 37 41 34 34 39 45 36 33 29 29 28 30 23 26 26 9 24 25 29 24 24 19 18 19 18 18 18 16 Forests with a slow rate of growth Age of 1st I class trees aboTS 140 years. Age of 2nd class trees above 100 years. Forests with an average rate of growth. \ 'Age of 1st class trees between 110 and 140 years. Forests with a rapid rate of growth. Age of lat class trees below 110 years. Age of 2nd class trees below 80 years. Total 380 Note. — The Sutlej Forests are marked S. In ' Notes on Deodar Localities near Simla, 1867,' by Dr. Brandis, tte following measurements are recorded : — No. Eings. Eadias. Kings per inch. Dewra (Naldehra) Forest, altitude about 7,000 ^ 1 86 feet 3 2 128 11 in. 12 in. 7-82 10'66 3 c 402 CONIFERS. [Cednis. No. Binge. Radius. Rings per inch, the first giving 90, the second 122 years to' a girth of 6 feet. Gund Forest (Qiri Valley) a deota forest, ) 1 117 11 11"54 low i 2 155 11-5 13-47 averaging 12'5 rings, or an age of 140 years at 6 feet ; the great age being accounted for by their having evidently grown up in a close thicket when young. Cheog forest, 7,000 feet, 9 trees avera^ng 106 13'5 8 or by calculation 90 years for a girth of 6 feet. For the " Valuation of the Water-catchment Area at Mahasu near Simla, 1877 " (Indian Forester, vol. v., p. 139), the following measurements of Deodar stumps and poles Were made : — * ■s^ -g So s LocaHtj . No. Soil, elevation, etc. d § a-§l 1 ^■a 11 W |.2g Stumpi . inches Block I, Compt. h. . 1 sou deep, slope 15° . 54 9 600 , c. . 2 ' ,1 » f 3> 35 . 77 9 8-55 )) , 3 89 9 9-88 Block IV, ; , k. . 4 / isolated, ground flat and S stony ( 84 1 79 9 , 9-33 19 5 9 8-78 $9 ", I. '. 6 soU rich, rocky . 104 9 11-55 »J 7 ,, good, on ridge 101 9 , 11-22 8 „ deep . . • . 119 9 00 13-22 Block V, ; , n. . 10. 1 ground rocky, easy slope . ( 82 i 77 9 9 1 9-11 8-55 Block VII, , , s. . 11 ) (81 9 OS 900 fS J 12 y slope 25°-30°, good soil . { 79 9 8-78 13 ) ( 72 9 8-00 Block Vni, , , u. . 14 15 !■ rocky, good soil J 73 t 89 9 9 8-11 9-88 piock 9» IX, , Poles. I, Coi , w. . 16 17 ■ very stony, slope 20°-25° . Average (105 tui 9 9 11-67 12-33 9-64 Block opt. h. . 3 soil deep, slope 25° . 18 2-71 31 6-65 99 „ c. . 6 „ „ , „ 35° . . 20-5 3-02 33 6-77 Block II, „ d. . 6 „ rooky, „ 40° . 22 2-71 25 813 99 „ e. . 3 „ good, „ 15° . 32 2-86 29 5-24 Block HI, „ h. . 3 „ rocky, „ 20° , 28 2-07 23 13-53 »» „ 0- ■ 3 „ poor, „ 25° . 15 2-23 23 8-51 Block IV, „ I. . 10 „ deep, „ 25°-35° 34 4-77 43 7-12 )> 10 )) )J » »s 30 . , 32 3-10, 2-7r 30 10-31 )) , 5 „ stony, „ 35° . 31 29 11-45 , m. 7 >J 39 t Ji it * • 31 2-86 32 10-81 Bl<^k V, , n. . 6 „ deep, „ 20° . . 25-5 2-86 26 8-87 Block VII, „ s. . 4 28-5 3-50 30-5 8-13 Block VIII, „ u. . 5 „ good, „ 20° . 28 2-71 27 5-18 Block IX, , as. . 6 „ stony 33 4-08 50 8-29 „. i 5 „ very stony Average 35 2-71 29 12-93 808 The stumps, it will be seen, gave an average of 9*67 rings per inch of radius, the countings being made in a radius of 9 inches. This gave 87 years as the age of a tree 4^ feet in girth at base, or, allowing for bark, about 4^ feet girth breast high. On the same calculation 6 feet girth tree^ would be 111 years old. This is aslower rate than in the neighboui-ing forests of Simla and Cheog, but the difEerence is explained by the Mahasu trees being at least 500 feet higher in altitude than those localities. The 82 poles gave an average of 8'8 rings per inch of radius for an average age of Cedrus.] CONIFERiB. 4,03 29 years. At this rate of growth they would reach 4| feet in girth in 76 years, and 6 feet in 99 years. In "Suggestions regarding the Demarcation and Management of the Forests in Kulu, 1876 ' a large nnmher of obserYations are recorded. The Danabial plantation was commenced in 1864, and trees planted in that year and 1866 were examined witt the following result : — No. Age. Girth (average). Height. Rings per ii Tears. Inches. Feet. 1864 1866 2 6 12 10 25-5 13-4 25 to 30 16 to 25 3 4-7 Planted in —a fast rate of growth. In the Kulu forests the following measurements were made : — Aliobial Forest Deoban Forest [1 *0. Mean radius. No. of Ria^9 per Inches. rings. inch of radius. 1 -5 60 12 2 7 70 10 3 lOi 137 13 4 6 85 14 Average . 12^ 1 6 35 5-8 2 5 48 9-6 3 5 26 5-2 4 22-5 88 3-9 Average 6-1 Slim Forest (poor soil) 1 8 65 8-1 2 6-5 67 10-3 3 9 67 7-4 4 10-75 83 7-7 Average 8-4 Betarjir (good soil) 1 14-75 94 6-4 2 17-5 103 5-9 3 23-75 99 4-2 Average 5-5 Sandbar Forest, 6,500 feet elevation, soil good, a succession of terraces, with steep slopes be- tween. 1 150 17-25 8-69 2 100 14-00 7-14 3 196 17-25 11-36 4 175 20 8-75 5 175 14 12-50 6 120 13-50 8-88 7 195 17 11-46 8 175 25 7 9 400 37-50 10-60 10 175 18 9-72 11 190 23-50 8-08 Average 9-47 404 PhtJga Forest, 7,000 feet, forest very fine, soil good, a succession of terraces. Rock granite. CONIFEK^. , 1 135 24 5-63- 2 196 21-5 9-11 3 215 21 10-24 4 172 20-75 8-29 6 249 26 9-58 6 276 19 14-53 7 200 20-75 9-64 8 236 18-75 12-58 9 230 23-75 9-68 10 236 2375 9-93 11 269 21-75 12-36 12 293 13 22-38 13 190 25 7-60 14 90 7 12-85 15 166 18 9-22 16 154 24 6-43 17 190 50 3-80 18 190 17 1118 19 196 20 9-80 20 260 29 8-96 21 259 25 10-36 22 298 16 18-62 [Cednis. Average 10-53 The average result of the measurements of these 48 trees is 9-5 rings per inch of , radius, shewing that in the forests of Kulu it may be expected that Deodar reaches 41 feet in girth at an age of 82, and 6 feet in girth at an age of 109 years, which is good growth for forests which must be looked on as in the second category. In the just published ' Memorandum on the Forests of the Kuram Assigned Districts ' by Mr. C. Bagshawe (Indian Forester, vol. vi., p. 28) a few measurements on sample areas of 2 acres each are recorded as follows : — No, of trees. Mean radius. Mean No. of No, per inch rings, of radios. Peiwar Forest — (1) S,-E. aspect, 8,600 feet . . 6 7-5 inches 191 25-5 (2) E. to N.-E. aspect, 8,500 feet . 20 9-4 „ 191 20-3 (3) N.-W. aspect, 8,700 feet . . 7 10- „ 223 22-3 (4) S. aspect, 8,660 feet ... 5 12-2 „ 148 14-5 The average of these measurements gives nearly 21 rings per inch of radius, equivalent to an age of 241 years corresponding to 6 feet in girth. This is entirely in accordance with Dr. Brandis' division of the Deodar forests, for such forests as those of Afghanistan will naturally come into the first category. We may, therefore, say that there is nothing to be obtained from measurements made since the publication of the ' Forest Flora of N,-W. and Central India ' to alter materially the statement therein made that the average ages of 6-ft. girth trees are — 1st Division above 140 years. 2nd Division from 110 to 140 „ 3rd Division under 110 „ Girth and height at different ages. — The proportion between the height and girth naturally depends, to a very great extent, on the condition of the forest in which the trees are found ; isolated trees will naturally increase in girth more than in height, while trees grown in dense forest wiU run up fast in height at the same time that the increase m girth is slow. The pole forests examined at Mahasu, whose measurements are given on page 402, shewed trees which varied in age from 15 to 35 years, in radius from 13 to 30 inches, and in height from 23 to 50 feet. When young Deodar grows slowly, Brandis says it attains 12 to 20 inches only during the first 3 to 4 years. But further information regarding the increase in height of Deodar at different ages is much wanted. Crop of timber per acre. — Little information on this point has been oolleeted since the publication of the ' Forest Flora of N.-W. and Central India,' where the subject is discussed at pp. 521-622. Cedrm. ] CONIFERS. 405 The results of surveys given in the Bussahir Report are there quoted and here reproduced ; they give — 0. Locality. Area surveyed. Acres. Age of forest. Trs. Trees per acre. Crop per acre C. ft. 1 ^ 'Mayshak Forest 0-69 70 54 2,464 ^h Khattowa >j . ' 0-46 84 69 3,604 3^ .Chilara it 0-34 83 70 4,323 4 ^ Kiuden )) • 1-60 180 56 5,512 5 1- )) 3' 0-33 180 90 8,972 6t^ Nachar » 2-30 250 62 12,300 In para. 21 of the Mahasu Report it is stated that the prohahle expectation in that looaUty would he, at 80 years of age, 20 trees of A\ ft. girth and upwards. The valuations made in the Kuram Forests by Mr. Bagshawe give as follows : — No. Acres. Under 4'6" i' 6" to 6." above 6.' Total. Per acre 1 2 66 30 26 132 61 9, 2 48 58 62 168 84 ^ 2 41 37 20 98 49 4 2 23 17 37 77 39-5 Average . 44-5 35-5 86-25 116-25 58-1 Per acre . 22-25 17-75 181 58-1 Thus, the Jaunsar and Kunawar data would give, as far as the information we have goes, ahout the following : — Forest 80 years old „ 180 „ „ „ 250 „ „ No, of trees of 2 Uglier classes. 64 73 62 Cubic contents. 7,242 12,300 while the Kuram countings give, for forests which lie between 180 and 250 years, in all probability, 36 trees of the two higher classes per acre. With regard to the weight of Deodar and its transverse strength, the following -experiments are available : — Experiment by THhora. made. Tear. Wood whence procured. No. of experi- ments. Size of bar. Weight. Value of P. Ft. In. In. Col. Maclagan, E.E. »> *» » »» 1858 Punjab . Garbwal ,1 • . ■ 1 4 i 1 3 i 2X1 X 1 3x1 X 1 3x1 X 2 2X1 XI 3x1 XI '3x1 X 2 M305 1 24-66 (■654 •<680 (.602 f630 ■!637 USD M^or Eobertson and Captain Henderson. Migor Cnnningham 1856 1851 Punjab 10 20 12 various 2x1 x 1 various 3670 638 ass 340 Captain W. Jones . 1841 Knmaun . | 10 10 38 40 443, unseasoned. 560, seasoned. 406 CONIFERiE. [Adies. Experiment by whom made. Tear. Wood whence procured. No. of experi- ments. Size of bar. Weight. Value of P. Ft. In. In. Eai Kanhya Lal» . 1876 /Eavi 4 12 X a X 4 38 331 lujh 4 ^, 35 304 1 Chenab . 4 ^j 33 34S Punjab J |»^j : 4 8 8x6 X 3 84 34 •215 . 367 j^ih 8 ,j 38 387 1 Chenab . 8 j^ 34 341 » ^> Sutl^ . 8 ,, 38 316 Ganga Ram . Chamba 2 12 X 3 X 3 82 351 3t . . . II ... 1 12 X 2'9 X 2'9 34 330 . 11 1 12 X 2-8 X 2-8 35 302 Dr. Warth Punjab, different localities. 8 36-5 Note. — The Eoorkee experiments gave a mean of 687 as the value of P. for Punjab timber, and 692 for Garhwal timber. It has since been proved that these values were too high, and the experiments of Ral Kanhya Lai, who operated on larger j^ieces give a mean of 334. The wbrliing value of P. as taken by the Department Public Works in the Punjab is now 300. Deodar wood is extremely durable, being by far tbe most durable of the woods of the Himalayan Conifers. It is the chief timber of North-West India and is used for all purposes of construction, for railway sleepers, bridges, and even for furniture and shingles. An oil is obtained from the wood by destructive distillation ; it is dark- coloured, thick, and resembles crude turpentine. It is used for anointing the inflated skins which are used for crossing rivers ; and as a remedy for ulcers and eruptions for mange in horses and sore feet in cattle. Rings per inch of radius. lbs. H 940. Chenab Forests .... . 34 34 rings. H 902. Siul Valley, Chumba . 32 23 „ H 900. Bavi Forests . 36 11 H 616. Beas Forests (Kulu) .... . 42 7-5 „ H 617. Sutlej Forests (Bussahir) . . 31 18 „ H 16. Cheog Forest, Simla, 7,000 feet . 41 7 „ H 42. Mahasu'Forest, Simla, 8,000 feet . 35 H 3058. »» »S »J >J 10 „ H 3096. »» »» it » . 42 3. ABIES, Tournef. Three Indian species. The Spruce Fir of Europe is A. excelsa, DC. ; Brandis 526, and is nearly allied to, and much resembles, the Himalayan A. Smithiana. The Silver Fir of Europe is A. peciinaia, DC. ; Brandis 528, which is similarly related to A. Webbiana of the Himalaya ; while the Himalayan A. dumosa finds its counterpart in the Hemlock Spruce of Canada, A. canadensis, Michaux (Brandis 527). Nearly related to this last is the Douglas Spruce, A. Douglasii, Lindl., a tree which forma extensive forests in North-West America, attaining a height of 300 feet and more, and furnishing a valuable strong timber. It is extremely fast grown and has succeeded admirably in Great Britain. Many other species of Abies are in cultivation in Europe. ' Wood generally not resiuous (the resin being usually found in the bark), light-coloured, almost white, no heartwood, not homogeneous, consisting of alternate layers of soft spring wood and hard autumn wood. Vertical resinous ducts scanty. Cones at the ends of branches, drooping or horizontal, scales persistent. Cones 4-6 inches long, leaves green . . .A. Smithiana. Cones 1 inch „ „ white beneath . A. dumosa. Cones lateral erect, scales deciduous . . .A. Webbiana. * Experiments made at Lahore between May 10 and August 6, 1876 and published in Circular No. 44 of November 30, 1877 of the Qovemment of the Punjab, Public Works Department. Abies. ] CONIFERS. 407 1. A. Smithiana, Forbes; Brandis 525; Gamble 82. A. Khutrow, Loudon. The Himalayan Spruce. Vern. TFesha, bajur, Afg. ; Kachal, Jcachan, Hazara^ Kashmir ; Rewari, ban ludar, sangal, salla, sarei, hduli, roi, rag, rdo, bang re, kroh, Pb. Himalaya ; Tos, Ravi ; B,au, raiang, re, Sutlej ; Rai, Jaunsar; Kandre, re, rhdi, rdo, hhutrau, ridlla, rdgha, morinda, Jcail, kilu, Garhwal, Kumaun ; SeksMng, Bhutia. A lofty tree, with rough greyish-brown bark, cut into small quadran- gular plates by shallow furrows. Wood white, with a reddish or brown tinge, a little harder than that of A . Webbiana. The inner belt of annual rings soft and spongy. Vertical resinous-ducts scanty, visible on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine and extremely fine, very numer- ous, prominent on a radial section. Nortt-West Himalaya between 7,000 and 11,000 feet, Sikkim and Bhutan in the inner valleys between 7,800 and 10,000 feet, mountains of Afghanistan, Kafiristan and Gilgit. Regarding the rate of growth of Spruce, very little information has yet been collected. In Mr. Eibbentrop's "Working Plan of the Kalatop forest, 1873," the measurement of 10 trees are given thus : — No. locality. Girth at base. Height. Age. No. of rings per inch. 1. Bindraban 68 inches 108 feet 125 11-6 2. . 69 „ 104 „ 112 10-2 3. Kalatop . . 65 „ 90 „ 70 6-7 4. „ . 64 „ 98 „ 74 7-2 5. Jagrota . 89 „ 82 „ 80 5-6 6. Near house . 69 „ 114 „ 70 6-3 »■ J) *> . 90 „ ~~ }S 237 16-5 8. Dainkiind . . . 102 „ 142 „ 310 19-1 9. . 87 „ 125 „ 202 14-6 10. . 90 „ 125 „ 183 12-8 2 — 4 inches. 4—6 inches 19-4 22-5 9-7 11-25 giving an average growth of 11 rings per inch of radius, and 125 years of age to a girth of 6 feet. In Appendix II to the " Preliminary Eeport on the Deoban Working Circle, 1875 " the measurements of 67 trees, 17 in the Kaujatra and 50 in the Thona Block, gave an average radius of 9'9 inches and average age of jl05'6 years ; this would shew a mean rate of growth of 10"67 rings per inch of radius. Up to 6 inches, which is as far as the averages can be taken for all the trees counted, we have as follows : — Badius. — 2 inches. Average number of rings .... 16'3 or, per inch 8*15 shewing that the growth in Deoban Forest seems to get slower as the tree gets older. The figures further shew that the following are the average ages for different girths : — Girth. Badias. Age. 18 inches 2-9 inches 20 36 „ 5-7 „ 39 54 „ 8-6 „ 63 72 „ 11-2 „ 91 Our small specimens shew an average rate of growth of 12 rings per inch of radius. The weight given by our specimens varies from 26 to 32, giving an average of 30 lbs. per cubic foot, which is slightly heavier than the wood of A. Webbiana. The wood is extensively used locally, e. g., in Simla, for packing-cases, rough furniture and planking, and sometimes for shingles. It crackles and sends out sparks in burning, besides burning away very quickly, but it is much used for charcoal. The bark is used for roofing shepherd's huts, and to make water-troughs ; and the leaves and twigs are used for litter and manure. It comes up well naturally in tolerably moist localities, where it has not too much 4a8 CONIFERS. [Abies. shade, and it generally makes very quick growth the first year, yearly shoots 18 to- 24 inches being not uncommon. ■. lbs. H 3165. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet H 775. Kalat6p Forest, Dalhousie, 7,000 feet 31 H 3. Mahasu Forest, Simla, 8,000 feet 28 jl U. „ „ 5, 9) J} • • • • . . oa H 43. „ „ „ 9) „•..... 32 H 2898. Nagkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet H 3032. Hattu Forest, Simla, 9,000 feet (young tree) , . . .39 H 420. Mohna Block, Deoban Forest, 8,000 feet . . . .25 E 965 sent by Dr. Sohlich from the Chumbi Valley, Tibet, between Sikkim and Bhutan, from about 9,000 to 10,000 feet, is a species of Abies closely allied to A. Smithi- ana, but with shorter needles and smaller cones. It is probably undescribed. The structure of the wood is identical with that of ^. Smithiana. 2. A. dumosa, Loudon; Brandis527j Gamble 83. Pinus. Brunoni- a««, Wall. The Indian Hemlock Spruce. Vern. Changathasi dMp, thin- gia, thingdni sula, Nep. ; Tangshing, Bhutia; Semadung, chemdang, Lepcha. A large tree, with thick, rough bark. Wood white, soft, with a slight pinkish tinge. Resinous ducts scanty. North-Bast Kumaun, Nepal, Sikkim between 8,000 and 10,500 feet. Growth, our specimens shew the following : — E 377, 17'5 rings ; E 968, 11"5 rings, average 14'5 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 27 to 29 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is used in Sikkim for shingles. The bark is also used for roofing. lbs. E 377. Phallaloong ridge, Darjeeling, 10,000 feet . . . .27 E 968. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 feet 29 3. A. Webbiana, Lindl. ; Brandis 528 ; Gamble 82. A. Pindrow, Royle. The Himalayan Silver Fir. Vern. Paludar, rewari, Jhelam; Bddar, Mdar, Hng, Kashmir; Bhunu, rdg, rail, pe, re, salle, sara, Chamba; Tos, Kulu; Spun, pun, hroh, Tcalrei, Kunawar; Bharda; thanera, Shali; Burla, pindrau, pindrai, Hattu-; Kudrom, Matiyana; Burwl, bwrra, buldu, Bhajji ; Kalrai, satrai, chur, Kotkai ; Raho, row, chilrotp, kilaunta, Chor ; Morinda, Jaunsar ; Bagha, rao tagha, ransla, raisalla, Kumaun; Wiman, Byans; Gobria sulah, Nep. ; BumsUng, Bhutia. A lofty evergreen tree. Bark smooth, silvery on young stems, on old stems brown, cut into long, narrow scales by anastomosing spiral clefts, rough, \ inch thick. Wood white, soft. The inner zone of each annual ring is soft and spongy. Medullary rays very fine and exceeding- ly fine, very numerous, not prominent on a vertical section. Vertical resinous ducts very rare. Himalaya, fi'om the Indus to Bhutan ; in the North-West Himalaya between 7,000 and 13,000 feet ; in the inner ranges of Sikkim and Bhutan, between 9,000 and 13,000 feet ; in the outer ranges it does not descend below 10,000 feet. Not much more imormation is available regarding the rate of growth of Silver Fir than there is that of Spruce. The Kalat6p Working Plan and Deoban Report again afford most of the information. The measurements of 10 trees in Xalat6p are given thus :^ No. Locality. Girth at base. Height. Age. No. of rinds per inch. 1. Bindraban . . 78 inches 110 feet 170 13-7 2. „ . . 56 „ 106 „ 170 ■ 191 3. Kalatop . . . 67 „ *97 „ 85 7-9 4. „ . . . 67 „ 93 „ 72 6-7 . les. ] CONIFBR.S 'W No. Locality, Girth at base. Height. Age. No. of J-insiS per iDtli. 5. Jagrota 72 inches 90 inches 73 6-4 6. „ . 55 „ 90 „ 73 8-3 7. Dainkiind . . 82 „ 120 „ 248 19-0 8. . 77 „ 103 „ 192 15-7 9. . 72 „ 120 „ 195 17-0 10. „ . . 80 „ 108 „ 233 17-5 giving an average growth of 13 rings per inch of radius, or nearly 150 years of age to a girth of 6 feet. Appendix III of the 'Preliminary Eeport on the Deoban Work- ing Circle, 1875 ' pves the measurements of 8 trees in the Kanjatra Block. These give an average radius of lO'l inches and an average age of 97'8 years ; this would shew a mean rate of growth of 9'7 rings per inch of radius. Up to 6 inches radius we have as follows: — Radius. 0—2 inches. 'J— H inches, 4— 6 laches. Average number of rings .... 16'7 l'J'2 17'3 or, per inch ....... 8'35 9'6 8"6 or a tolerably uniform rate of growth. The Kanjatra figures further shew that the following are the average ages for different girths : — * Girth. Radius, Ai?e, 18 inches 2'9 inches 25 36 „ 5-7 „ 50 34 „ 8-6 „ 81 72 „ 11-5 „ 113 Our small specimens appear to have all come from slow-grown trees, as they bliew an average of 16'8 rings per inch. •"With regard to the weight and transverse strength the following is all the. informa- tion available. Captain Jones' ten experiments in 1844 gave : Weight 31 lbs., P = 440 ; Wallich gave the weight at 21 lbs., while our specimeus, weighed by Dr. Warth, gave an average of 29 lbs. The wood is not durable when exposed to the weather, but seems to last well as shingles in Sikkim, whence it is sometimes exported to Tibet for roofing. At Murree shingles are said to last eight to ten years, and in Kulu three to six. In Kunawar and Lahoul it is much used for construction. In the North- West Himalaya the bark is used for roofing shepherds' huts ; in .Sikkim it is used for troughs for the salt which is gi veu to sheep grazing on the higher hills. On the Jhelam the twigs and leaves are cut and stored for winter use as fodder and litter for cattle. H 934. H 774. H 2895. H 3031. H 65. H ,421. E 359. E 2437. E 964. Hazara, 7,000 feet Kalatop Forest, Dalhousie, 7,500 feet I Hattu, Simla, 9,000 feet ,]Sragkanda, Simla, 9,000 feet . Thona Block, Deoban Forest, 8,000 feet Sandukpho, Darjeeling, 11,500 feet Chumbi Valley, Tibet, 10,000 feet . 11.8. 29 29 30 27 29 4. LAllIX, Tournef. One Indian species. The European Larch is L. europtBa, DC. ; Brandis 531, found in the Alps of Prance, Switzerland, Austria and B.avaria, and in the Carpathians. The Siberian Larch, L. sihirica, Led., Ibrms large forests in fiussia, Siberia and the Ural and Altai mountains. Wood resinous, with a distinct red lieartwood, not homogeneous, consisting- of alternate layers of soft spring wood, and liard autuuiu wood. Large vertical resinous ducts. .3 n 410 coNiPEEiB. [Lan^- 1. L. Grifflthii, Hook. f. and Th. ; Brandis 531 ; Gamble 83. Vein. £oarffaseUa,'Nep.; SaA, saar,Sikkiva. A deciduous tree, with reddish brown bark, ^ inch thick. Heart wood red. Inner zone of each annual ring soft and spongy, outer zone nar- rower, firm and shining. Resinous ducts scanty, large. Medullary rays fine and extremely fine, numerous, prominent on a radial section. Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, between 8,000 and 12,000 feet. Growth, our specimen shews 21 rings per inch of radius ; its weight is 32 lbs. per cubic foot. The wood is considered durable, and is exported from Sikkim into Tibet. Hooker in Himalayan Journals, ii, p. 44, says that he never saw the wood to be red but always white and soft. Our specimen, however, is red and closely resembles the wood of the European Larch. lbs. E 969. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 feet 32 « 5. CUPRESSUS, Linn. One indigenous Indian species, three others generally cultivated. C. glauea. Lam. Brandis 534, is cultivated in gardens in Western India above Ghat. Wood homogeneous, fragrant, the firm belt of autumn wood very narrow. Resin is found in parendiymatic cells with horizontal ends. 1. C. torulosa, Don ; Brandis 533. The Himalayan Cypress. Vern. Devi-didr, Ravi; Deodar, Krxla, Bhajji ; GvUa, gulrai, kaUain,S\m[a,; Leauri; Jaunsar; Raisalla, sami, Kumaun ; Sarrd, surah-vyu, Tibet. A large tree. Bark \ inch thick, bro wn, the outer layer peeling* ofl in numerous long, narrow, thin strips, inner substance reddish brown. Heartwood light brown with darker streaks, very fragrant, moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly marked by a narrow, firm and dark coloured belt on the inner edge. Numerous intermediate, deceptive but not continuous, rings. Medullary rays very fine and extremely fine, very numerous. No vertical resinous ducts similar to those in pines ; the resin is here contained in parenchymatic wood cells similar to those which form the tissue of the wood. Outer ranges of North- West Himalaya, from Chamba to Nepal, scattered and in numerous isolated localities of greater or less extent, chiefly on limestone, between ' 5,500 and 9,000 feet. Growth slow. Stewart records twelve to eighteen rings per inch of radius ; our specimens shew : H 613 nine rings, H 61 thirteen rings and H 771 fonrteen rings per inch of radius. The average weight of our specimens is 39ilbs. per cubic foot. The wood has been much used at Naini Tal for building, and is sometimes used for beams, on the Eavi and Sutlej. In Kulu it is made into images, and is used for the poles which carry the sacred ark. It is often burnt as incense in temples. lbs. H 3b. Tika, Simla, 8,000 feet 34 H 61. Kimdru, Simla, 8,000 feet 42 H 771. Bell, near Bassii, Chamba, 7,000 feet 36 H 613. Kulu, 7,000 feet 44 2, C. fanebria, Endl. ; Brandis 534 ; Gamble 83. Vern. Chanda^ig^, tchenden, Bhutia. A handsome tree with pendulous branches, and a fibrous brown bark, often planted in Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan near temples and monas- teries, and in China. Structure similar to that of G. torulom. lbs. E 073. Darjecling Hills, about 5,500 feet 34 Cfipre-feet (Beddome) ; Khasia Hills and Eastern Bengal (Parlatore). Weight, our specimen gives 33 lbs. The wood is used for similar purposes to that of P. hracteata. lbs. B 569. Tonghoo, Bunna 33 E 3414 from a planted tree at Darjeeling is Biota orientalis, Endl. Bark thin, brown, peeling offi in papery flakes, and with numerous resin-cells. Wood moderately 'hard, close-grained ; heartwood dark reddish-brown, the annual rings marked by darker colour. Medullary rays numerous, fine, very short. Cl/cas.'] CYCADACE^. 415 OfiDEE cm. CYCADACE.®. ■ One genus, Cycas, including four Indian species. C. Rumphii, Miq. ; Beddome ccxxvii ; Kurz ii. 502. (C circinalis, Willd. ; Roxb PI. Ind. iii. 744). Vern. Mongtain, Burm., is an evergreen palm-like tree, with a thick, oylindiical, simple or branched trunk, found in the coast forests of South Tenasserim and the Andamans and often cultivated in South India. The wood yields a quantity of sago or starch, and the stem exudes a resin which is used to cure ulcers. C. circinalis, Linn.; Beddome ccxxvii. (C. sphcerica, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 747). Vern. Orasmaro, Cuttack, is found in South India and Ceylon. The seeds are ground into flour and used for food in time of scarcity. C. siamensis. Mid. ; Kurz ii. 503, is a low stemless, palm-like tree, common in the Eng and dry forests of Prome, and yielding a whitish gum. 1. C. pectinata, Griff.; Kurz ii. 503; Gamble .84. Vern. Thakal, Nep. An evergreen, simple-stemmed, palm-like tree. Bark in horizontal folds, with diagonal clefts, making diamond-shaped bosses. Wood yellowish white, in narrow wedge-shaped plates, arranged in , nearly- concentric rings and separated by white tissue, which, like the central pith, is full of starchy granules. Sikkim, Eastern Bengal and Burma, often in sal pr eng or pine forests. It yields a coarse sago, which, with the fruits, is eaten by the hill people in Sikkim. There is some doubt about the identification of this species, which may prove to be new. lbs. E 2439. Chenga Porest, Darjeeling, 1,000 feet . . . .54 B 877. Balasun Porest, Darjeeling Teiai II. MONOCOTYLEDONS. Oeder civ. ZINGIBERACE^. An Order scarcely containing any woody plants with the exception of Savenala ■madagascariensis, Sonn. ; Kurz ii. 504, an evergreen tree, allied to the plantains, with a thick woody stem and distichous plantain-like leaves — cultivated in gardens, in Bengal and Burma. I'o this Order belong the Plantains, of which there are many wild forest species ; the Ginger (Zingiber officinale, Roscoe) and the Cardamoms plant (Elettaria Cardamomum, Maton.) ORDi?R CV. PALM.a}. A large and very important Order of trees, shrubs or climbers, found almost all over India from the most moist to the most arid zones and containing many of the most important economic plants. They belong to 7 Tribes, viz. — Tribe I. — BorassineEe .... Borassus. „ II. — Coryphineae III. — Phcenicinese IV. — Arecinese . V. — Cocoineffi . VI. — Lepidocaryineje . . Corypha, Chamcerops^ Zivislona, Licuala, . Phoenix. . Wallichia, Caryota, Areca, Ben- tinckia, Arenga. Cocos. . Calamus, Plectocomia, Korthal- sia, Zalacca. VII.— Nipinese Nipa. 416 PALM^. [fiof;/.?.*//.*. Besides these, several species from other countries are to be seen, cultivated, iu India. The magnificent Oreodoxa regia from Brazil may be seen in Calcutta, where avenues of it have been planted in the Botanic Gardens, and isolated plants in the gardens of many houses. The wood and bark are not distinct, but the stern generally consists of an inner softer, and an outer harder portion. The stem consists of a lar^e number of scattered fibro-vaseular bundles, embedded in soft cellular tissue. On a horizontal section the vascular bundles appear most, numerous near the circumference of the stem; here they are small, very hard, and often nearly confluent, so as to form a hard rind. In tbe centre of the stem, the bundles are less numerous and generally not so hard as near the circumference. Consequently, tlie central portion of the stem is chiefly composed of cellular tissue which often decays, so that the centre of old palms is frequently hollow. On a vertical section the fibro-vascular bundles appear like long wavy lines, which do not run parallel to each other. On a radial section the vascular bundles cross each other, and they can be traced from the base of the leaf, where they terminate, bending inwards to the centre of the stem and then outwards again towards the circumference. The structure of each bundle is difi^erent in its upper and lower parts. In its upper part it contains ^rs;!^^, vessels varying in sizCj which on a horizontal section appea.r as pores ; secondly, elongated or polygon- ous cells, generally forming a mass of softer tissue immediately surround- ing the vessels ; thirdly, a mass of long, thick-walled fibres, of which the hard horny portion of the bundle is composed. In the lower part, the bundle is composed almost entirely of fibres without any vessels or cells. A horizontal section shews the bundles near the circumference in their lower part; these therefore only consist of fibre, while towards the centre the upper part of the bundles is cut through and shews fibres, vessels and cells. It must not be forgotten that on a cross section the upper portion of the bundles is cut through near the circumference where they enter the leaf stalk, but these are cut through obliquely, are easily recognised, and there are few of them. 1. BORASSUS, Linn. 1. B. flabellifonnis, Linn. ; Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 790; Braudis 5-14; Kurz ii. 529. The Palmyra Tree. Vern. Tdl, tdla, tar, Hind. ; 'Idl, Beng. ; Potu tddi ? , penti iddi, ? Tel. ; Panam, pannie, Tam. ; Pana Mai.; Tali, tal^, Kan.; Tad, Qnz.; 2a/, Cinjjh. ; ffiaw, Burm. A large tree with tall cylindric stem, surmounted by a terminal crown of fan-shaped leaves. The young stems are covered with dry leaves or the lower part of petioles, while the old stems are marked with the hard, black, long and narrow scars of the fallen petioles. Centre soft, but not often hollow. Fibro-vascular bundles black, crowded in the outer portion of the stem ; if cut through at right angles they are oblong, generally with one large pore and a mass of cells at one end. Outer wood "hard, heavy, and durable. Cultivated throughout tropical India nnd- beyond the tropics iu Bengal, and the southern part of the North- Western Provinces. Bort PALM.*!. 417 The following experiments have been made on the weight and transverse strens^th of the timber : — A. Mendis, Ceylon, No. 83, bars 2'Xl"Xl" Skinner, Madras, No. 30, 1862 Warth in 1878, No. W. 2922 . „ „ Salem, No. 15 Weight. Value of P. found 65 lbs. 811 „ 65 „ 944 „ 63 „ „ 72 „ The weights of all our pieces are given below, but Nos. W. 2922 and Salem 15 were the only ones consisting entirely of the outer, harder wood. The average of all our specimens gives 49 to 50 lbs., which may be taken as the average weight of pieces con- taining partly outside, partly inside wood. The hollowed out stems are used as water pipes ; and, split in half, for gutters and open water channels. The hard, outer wood is used for posts, rafters and other purposes. The leaves are used for thatch, mats and basket work, and for writing on. The pulp of the fruit is eaten, and in Ceylon is made into a preserve. Seemann says that the Dutch, when v.hey had posses- sion of Ceylon, considered the preserved pulp or Punatoo such a dainty that large quantities of it, preserved in sugar, were exported to Holland and Java. The chief product, however, of the Palmyra Tree " is the sweet sap which runs from the peduncles cut before flowering and collected in bamboo tubes or earthen pots tied to the cut peduncle,'" Brandis. Seemann says that in Ceylon the spathes are tied up from end to end with thongs, and then beaten and crushed between wooden battens for three successive mornings, that on each of the following four a thin slice is cut from the points of the spathes, while on the eighth day the sweet, clear sap begins to exude, and is caught in earthen pots or bamboos. The sap is feimented into toddy, is distilled, or is made into sugar, known as 'jaggery.' The tree generally reaches 40 to 60, and occasionally 100, feet high, and often measures 18 to 24 inches in diameter above the usually thick base. lbs. 42 46 . 51 .* 63 . 25 . 49 . 31 . 72 . 65 c 960. Guzerat, Bombay E 418. Jessore, Bengal . W 767. South Kanara w 869. 3J i) w 2922. Malabar D 1475. Salem, Madras B 563. Prome, Burma B 2458. Myanonng, Burma No. 15. Salem Collection No. 83. Ceylon Collection 2. CORYPHA, Linn. Five species; C. Taliera, Eoxb. FL Ind, ji. 174; Brandis 549. Vern. Tara, taller . tarit, Beng., is found in Bengal, as is also C elata, Roxb. PI Ind. ii. 176 ; Brandis 549. Vern. Bajur, hajur-hatul, Beng., a handsome palm, whose stem is marked with spiral furrows. C. Gehanga, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 525, the Gehang palm of Java, is occa- sionally found in Burma, e. ^r., round Tonghoo. C. maeropoda, Kurz ii. 525. Vern. Dondah, And. is a large stemless palm found in the bamboo jungles of the western side of South Andaman. The Corypha palms flower but onc«, and then die. 1. C. umbraculifera, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 177; Brandis 549; Kurz ii. 524. The Talipat Palm. Vern. Conda-pani, Tam. ; Bine, Kan.; Tala, Cingh. ; Be-heng, Burm. A tall tree^ with terminal flowers, which dies after seeding. Wood soft, with a hard rind composed of black vascular bundles. The vascu- lar bundles in the centre of the stem are soft. Ceylon and the Malabar Coast. Cultivated in Bengal and Burma. The tree often grows to a great size before flowering ; one whose measurements were given in the Indian Agriculturist for November 1878 as flowering at Peradeniya, .3 E 4' 18 PALM^. \CorypJM. Ceylon, measured : height of stem 84 feet, of flower panicle 21 feet, total 105 feet ; girth at 3 feet from the ground round the persistent bases of the leaves 13 feet 9 inches, at 21 feet from the ground 8 feet 3 inches ; age about 4^ years. The leaves are very large, often 10 feet in diameter ; ihey are made into fans, mats and umbrellas, and are used for writing on, -as also are those of C Taliera. A kind «f sago is yielded by the pith. W 867. South Kanara. Kurz joins 0. Taliera with this and C. elata with C. G.ehanga. 3. CHAM^ROPS, Linn. Of ChameBTops, two or three species occur in India. C. Martiana, Wall- Brandis 546. Vern. Jhaugra, jhaggar, tal, Kumaun ; Taggu, Nep., is a talU' handsome palm, found on the Thakil mountain in East Kumaun, at from 6,500 to 7,800 feet elevation, in damp, shady glens, with a north-west aspect. It is also found in one or two minor localities in Kumaun and in Nepal, and is, besides, considered to be probably the same as C Ichasyana, Griff. ; Kurz i. 527. . Vern. Palcha, found in the Khasia Hills and on the hills of Martaban at 4,000 to 6,500 feet. The writer has once found small plants of what is probably this palm on Rissoom, near Dumsong, beyond Darjeeling, at 6,500 feet elevation. C. Bitchieana^ Griff. ; Brandis 547. Vern. Mauri, nozardi, Trans-Indus ; Kilu, kaliiin, Salt Range ; Pfis, pesh, pease, pharra, Sind, Beluch., is a generally stemless, gregarious shrub, peculiar to the arid zone of Sind, Trans-Indus, the Punjab, Afghanistan and Belachistan. Its leaves are used to make matting, fans, sandals, baskets, hats and other articles ; its leaves and leafstalks give a fibre which is made into ropes, and its seeds are pierced and made into rosaries, and for sale for that purpose are exported from the Beluchi port of Gwadur to Mecca. (A beautiful collection of the products of this palm [P 1779] was sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1878 from the Punjab, chiefly from the Salt Kange.) 4. LIVISTONA. R. Br. Livistona Jenhinsiana, Grifi". ; Gamble 86. Vern. Talainyom, tulac-myom, pur- hong, Lepcha ; Toko pat. Ass., is an extremely handsome fan-leaved palm found in the foreste of tlje Sivoke Hills in Sikkim and eastwards to Assam, where it is com- monest in Nowgong and the Naga Hills. The leaves are largely used by Lepehas for thatching and for umbrellas, in Assam for the roofs of huts, boats and doolies, and for the large Naga hats (often 3 to 4 feet in diameter, and called jhapies), and umbrellas (Nos. E 1728 to 1731, Assam). The tree reaches 30 feet in height, the wood is very soft, with white fibro-vascular bundles (No. E 2461, Sivoke Hills, Darjeeling). L. speeiosa, Kurz, Journal As. Soc. Beng., xliii. ii., p. 204; For. Fl. ii. 526. Vern. Thalu, Magh ; Tau-htam, Burm'., is an evergreen, lofty palm of the forests of Chittagong the Pegu Yoma and Upper Tenasserim. Its leaves are sometimes used for thatching in Chittagong, instead of those of Licwala. 5. LICUALA, Rumph. Licuala contains three Indian species. L. paludosa, Griff. ; Kurz ii. 528, is an evergreen, gregarious palm of the tidal swamps of the Andamans. L.peltata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 179 ; Kurz ii. 527. Vern. Fatti, chaitah-pat. Ass. ; Kurud, kurkuti, Beng. ; Sa-lu, Burm. , Kdpadah, And. is a peltate-leaved palm of the forests of Assam, Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Burma and the Andamans, said to extend westward as far as Sikkim. It is used in Assam for umbrellas, and in the Andamans for thatching (B 1046, Andamans). In Chittagong it forms a great part of the undergowth in some of the forests, notably the Kasalong Reserve, and its leaves, under the name of Kuruchhpat are universally used in the inner Hill Tracts for thatching and when grass is scarce are largely exported to the plains. The stems are about 9 to 12 inches in girth, and 5 to 15 feet high ; the wood is rather soft, and the vascular bundles evenly distributed, and dark coloured (E 3366 Kasalong Reserve, Chittagong). L. longipes, GrifE. ; Kurz ii. 528, is found in Mergui. The well-known walking sticks called ' Penang Lawyers ' are the young trunks of L. acutifida. Mart., a very small palm of the Malay Peninsula. Phceiiix.] PAT,M^. 419 6. PHGENIX, Linn. Six to seven Indian species. P. daetylifera, Linn. ; Roxb. PL Ind. iii. 786 ; Brandis 552. Tern. Khajur, hhaji,\i the Date Palm, cultivated and self-sown iu Sind and the Southern Punjab, and producing the well-known fruit. P. acaulis, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 783; Brandis 555; Kurz ii. 535; Gamble 86. Vem. Kkajuri, pind Tchajur, jangli khajur, Hind.; Schap, Lepcha ; Boichind, Mart; Chindi, hindi, jhari sindi, Gondi; Juno, Kurku ; I'hinhoung, Burm., is a low palm with a thick, short, bulbous-looking stem, found in the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna east- wards, and up to 2,500 feet, also in Central India, Behar, and Burma. It chiefly grows in forests of Sal or Chil pine in India and Eng in Burma. The fruit is eaten by Lepchas, and a kind of Sago is obtained from the centre of the tree in Chota Nagpur. Brandis refers to this species two species described by Griffith, viz., P. Ouseleyana from Chota Nagpur and Assam, and P. pedunculata from the Nilgiris. P. fari- nifera, Willd. ; Eoxb. PI. Ind.- iii. 785 ; Brandis 556. Vern. Chilta-eita, Tel.; Ichal, Kan., is a small, almost stemless palm of sandy lands near the sea at Coringa, whose leaves are used for making mats, and whose trunk gives a quantity of farinaceous sub- stance, used for food, especially iu times of scarcity. P. paludosa, Eoxb. PI. Ind. iii. 789; Brandis 556; Kurz ii. 536. Vern. Sintal, Mtal, golpatta, Beng. ; Thinboung, Burm., is a soboliferous, often gregarious, palm of the Sundarbans, Burma and Andaman Islands ; its leaves are used in the Sundarbans to make rough ropes for tying boats and logs, and for thatching. P. rupicola, T. And. in Journal Linn. Soc. xi- 49, p. 13, 1869 ; Gamble 86. Yem. ScAiap, Lepcha, is a beautiful palm of the lower hUls of Darjeeling and Bhutan, generally growing on rocks, often to a height of 20 feet. The interior of the stem is often eaten by Lepchas. 1. p. sylvestris, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 787; Brandis 554; Kurz ii. 535. The Wild Date Palm. Vern. Khajur, hhaji, salma, thalma, tluthil. Hind. ; Peida eita, Tel. ; Peria-eelcham, Tarn. ; Ichal, hullu, Kan. ; Seindi, Bevar; Boichand. Mar.; Sindi, Gondi. A tree with ashy grey foliage, 30 to 40 feet high. Stem rough, with the prominent sears of fallen petioles. Wood light brown, the outer portion hard and durable. Vascular bundles less numerous than in Borasssus, brown, horny, on a horizontal section circular or slightly oval, the fibrous portion uniform, enclosing the cells and vessels. Wild and cultivated throughout India. ■ The following experiments have been made to determine the weight and transverse strength of the wood : — Weight. p. = Skinner in Madras, No. 104, found 39 lbs. 512 Warth in 1878 found our specimen give 45 „ * The wood is sometimes used for building, water tubes and other purposes ; the leaves are made into mats, ropes and baskets ; but the chief produce of the tree is the sweet sap which is collected in the cold season by cutting a notch in the tree at the base of the lower leaves ; the sap then flows for some time, and a thin slice is daily cut off the surface of the wound. A ti-ee is usually fit to tap at 10 years old and remains yielding for about 20 years. The juice is either fermented or boiled down into sugar. lbs. E 416. Sundarbans 45 P 887. Multan . . 7. WALLICHIA, Roxb. Contains 4 or 5 Indian species. IF. dendflora, Martius ; Brandis 549 ; Kurz, ii. 532; Gamble 84 {Harina ollongifolia. Griff.) Vem. Kala aunsa, gor aunsa 420 . VA1MM. [Wallirhia. Kumaun ; Ooh, Lepcha ; Takosu, Nep. ; Zanoung, Bunu., is a small stemless palm, common in the outer Himalaya, from Enmaun eastwards, up to 4,000 feet, and in Eastern Bengal and Chittagong. In Kumaun the leaves are used for thatch and m Darjeeling for fodder for ponies. W. car'!jotoides,'&a£o.; Brandis550; Kurz ii. 532 (Wrightea caryotoides, Roxb. PI. Ind.iii.'621) Vern. Chilpatta, SeZ^oi^a, Chittagong ; Mochooma, Magi ; Zanoung, Burm., is a small palm of Chittagong and Burma. (Kurz refers to W. caryotoides, the- W. densiflora of Brandis : this genus then requires further investigatiflii). W. nana, Griff., is described as a small palm foand near Gauhati in Assam., W. distirha, T. And. in Linn. Soc. Journal xi. 49, p. 6 ; Gamble 84. Vern. Katong, Lepcha, is a handsome palm of the outer hills of Sikkim, found by Brandis as far west as Kumaun in 1874. It grows to a height of 20 feet, and has distichous leaves joined at the base by a network of dark fibres. The Lepchas fell it to eat the pith of the stem near the summit of the tree. Anderson says the berries, and perhaps the leaves, irritate the skin. The wood is soft, the stem almost hollow in the centre, and the fibrovascular bundles dark brown coloured (E 878, E 2460, Darjeeling). W. Yomce, Kurz ii. 533. Vern. Zanoung, Burm., is an arborescent species of the Pegu Yoma, with longer pinnse and the ieares spirally arranged. 8. CARYOTA, Linn. Two, or perhaps three, species. C. soholifera. Wall. ; Kurz ii. 530. Vern. Baratahdah, And., said by Mr. Homfray to be called the ' Sago Palm ' (No. B 1045, Andamans), is a soboliferous palm of the tropical forests of Arraoan, Martaban and the Andaman Islands. Griffith describes a C, obtusa from the Mishmi Hills resem- bling O. urens, but having more obtuse pinnules. 1. 0. urens, Linn.j Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 625; Brandis 550; Kurz ii. 530; Gamble 84. Veni. B.ungbong, aimong, Lepcha; Baraflawar, Ass.; Salopa, Urij'a ; Mhdr, mardi, mari, jir4g4, Tel.; Conda-p,mna, erim-panna, utali-panna, Tam. ; Bhyni, beina, bagni, Kan. ; Btrli, Mar. ; SAunda^pana, MaL; Kittiil, nepora, Cingh. ; Hlyamban, Magh ; Minb/i, Burm. A beautiful tree, with smooth annulate stem, large bipinnate leaves and wedge-shaped leaflets. The outer part of the stem is hard and dm able and the vascular bundles crowded, black, very large. Evergreen forests of western and eastern moist zone of India. On the Western Ghats it extends to near Mahahleshwar. It is common in Burma, Bengali, anS Orissa, ascending in Sikkim up to 5,000 feet. A. Mendis gives the weight at 71 lbs. per cubic foot, our specimen weighs 43 lbs. only, but perhaps contains more of the softer innex wood. The wood is strong and durable; it is used for agricnltrlral purposes, water conduits and buckets. The leaves give the ' Kittul ' flbrcj which is very strong, and i« made into ropes, brushes, brooms, baskets and other articles; the fibre from the sheathing petioles and the' peduncle is made into ropes and fishing lines, which are very strong. The interior of the stem is filled with a sago-like starch which is made into bread or boiled into gruel. Seemann says it is good and very nutritious. From the cut spHdix large quantities of toddy are obtained, which is either fermented or boiled down into sugar. With regard to the length of life of the tree, Seemann says (Poptilar History of Palms, p. 135):— " The Caryotas flower only once during their course of existence. The first spadix appears at the top of the tree; as soon as that has done flowering, others (latent buds) issuing from the axils, or former axils, of the leaves, make their appearance ; this process, being of a downward tendency, is repeated until the last spadix, which may be looked upon as the death-knell of the plant, shews itself at the fcot of the trunk, proclaiming that the hour of departure from life is at hand." lbs. E 2459. CKawa Jhora, Sivoke, Daijeeling 45 No. 44. Ceylon Collection 71 j^recn.] PMMM. 49 1 9. ARECA, Linn. Tour to eighi Indian species. A. trianAra, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 617 ; Kurz ii, 537. Vera. Bangua, ramgua, runi supari, Beng. ; Tau-kwam-tTiee, Burm. ; Abara- dah, And., is a stoloniferous or simple-stemmed palm, found in Chittagong, Burma and the Andamans. A. gracilis, Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 619; Gamble 84 (Pmamyo! gracilis, Kurz ii. 538). Vern. Gua supari, ramgua, Beng. ; Khur, Lepcha ; Manga, Ass., is a small slender-stemmed, often gregarious, palm of the undergrowth in damp forests in Sikkim, Assam, Eastern Bengal and Burma ; it is used for native huts and roofing in Assam. The outer portion is hard, with closely-packed fibro-vascular bun- dles, the inner part is so soft that the cane shrinks in drying (B 3425 Dalingkote, Br. Bhutan.) A. hexasticha, Karz in Journal, As. Soc. Beng. xliii. ii., p. 201, For. Flora, British Burma, ii. 539, is a small palm of Burma, and A. cosiata, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 538, a palm of the Andamans. Griffith describes several other species, such as A. laxa, Buch., from the Andamans (placed by Kurz under A. triandra, see above); A. nagensis, Gr\S. Vern. Tdl pat, Naga; Tougtaw, Singpho, of the Naga Hills; A. Biehsoni, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 617, of Malabar ; and A. disticha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 620, fi'om the Khasia Hills. 1. A. Catechu, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 615 ; Brandis 551 ; Kurz ii. 536; Gamble 84. The Areea Nut or Betel Palm. Vern. Supari, Hind.; 6ua, Beng. ; Foka, oha, vaka, Tel. ; Camugu, pakii, Tarn. ; Adike, Kan. ; Adaka, cavugu, Mai.; Pwwak, Cingh. ; Kwam-thee-heng , Burm,; Ah-bud- dah, ah-pur-rud-dah, And. A tall tree, attaining 100 feet in height, with a slender, cylindrical, annulate stem, the inner part of which is generally hollow. Vascular bundles brown, forming a hard rind on the outside of the stem. Cultivate'd throughout Tropical India. A. M.endis gives the weight per cubic foot at 57 lbs. The wood is used for fur- niture pins, bows, spear handles, and for soaifolding poles in Ceylon. The sheaths of the leaves are used to wrap up articles and as paper to write upon ; the seeds are used in turning for necklaces, the knobs of walking sticks, and other small articles, on account of the reticulated appearance formed by the ruminate lines in the albumen of the nut. These nuts are the well-known betel nut, so universally chewed by natives of India, especially Bengal and Burma. For the production of the nut large groves of betel palms are formed, and these groves form often an extremely handsome object in tropical scenery. Most villages in Bengal, Burma and South India have their few betel trees. lbs, E 419. Sundarbans W 769. South Kanara . - No. 73. Ceylon Collection 57 10. BNTINOKIA CODDA PANNA, Berry; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 621. Veni. Cod- dapanna, Tel., is a slender palm, about 20 feet high, found in the Travancore Hills. 11. ARENGA, Lab. A. saccTiarifera, Labill. ; Brandis 550 ; Kurz ii. 533 {8aguerus Sumphii, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 626). Vern. Toung-ong, Burm., is a common Malayan palm, very commonly cultivated in India, and said by Kurz to be wild in the forests of Burma. The heart of the stem contains large quantities of sago, and the cut flower stalks ■ yield a sugary sap, made into sugar and palm wine. The horse-hair-like fibre found at the base of the petioles is similar in its uses to cocoanut fibre and is valuable for cordage. The palm dies after ripening its whole crop of fruit, and the stems are then useful for troughs and water-channels, lasting well underground. Roxburgh was so impressed with its general utility that he recommended its being largely culti- vated in India. Griffith mentions another species, A. Wightii, from the hills about Coimbatorc. 422 PALMJ). [Cocos. 12. COCOS, Linn. 1. C nucifera, Linn. ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 614; Brandis 55G ; Kuiz ii. 540 ; Gamble 86. The Cocoanut Tree. Veru. Narel, nariyal. Hind. ; Narihel, Bang. ; Tenna, tenga, Tam. ; Nari Jcarlam, tenkaia^ kohhari, Tel. ; Thenpinna, hinghena, tengi.na, Kan. ; Tenga, Mai. ; Pudla . 105 163, 367 Engyin . Dirasan . 157 Dudphras . 379 Er Disti . 230; 272 Dudri . 308 Erana . Diusa . 82 Duduri xxiii Eri Diyapara . 4 Diigdugia . . 194 Erim-panna Diyera temtela . 144 Duli oliampa . 5 Errabadu ])o . 378 Dulshat . 300 Erra maddi Dobakari . 270 Dumar . 340 Eruvadi Doda . . 169 Dumbail . 313 Eruvalli Itodan . . 96 Uumbur , 339 Eruvalu Dodda . . 196 Darner . xxviii Esar Dodda jepalu ill Dumni . 255 Escalu Dodru . . 82 Dumper . 110 Etok . Dogola . 246 Duuipiiii . 110 Etok-amat Dohu . . 185 Diimpri . 110 Doika . . 282 Dumri . 339 Dolanku . xxii Dumsal . 66 Doleli . . 45 Dumshing . . 408 IJolu . . 431 Diin . . 392 Fagari . Dolu-kurta . . 245 Dundillam . . 275 Fagiri . Domba . 25 Dungla . 104 Fagdra . Domdoraab . . 229 Dungra . 332 Fagu . Domhyem . 12 Diinkibura . . 356 Faguri . Uom-sal . 9 Duiiras . xviii Fagwara Doua . 233, 315 Dupada . 41 Palis . Uondab . 417 Dupa maram . 41 Famsikol Dondlup . 275 Dupatti 305, 308 Fara . Dondru . 224 IJrir . . 204 Farad . Boon . . 41 Durang . xvi Paras . Dopatti . 306 Dur chuk . 317 Farhud . Dor . 105 Duriamacli . . 356 Farri . Dosiil . . 300 Durian . 42 Farsb . l;otti . . 272 Dtirmur . 60 Farwa . Doukya beng . 318 Dui-ebana . 157 Piling . Doong-sap-pj a . 282 Dursul . 278 Fisauni Dowa . . 330 Diiss . 300, 301 Flotungchon Dowari 218, 272 Duyin . 42 Fras Dowka . XV Dwa bote . 43 Frast . Dowka gia. . . XV Dwanee . 51 FuUidba Dowki poma . 307 Dyauthaukyeng . . 425 Dr^b chir . . 396 Dzaral . 86 Drdksha . 93 Drange . 92 Braiigu . 92 E. Gdb . iJrawi . 78, 79 Gabdi . Drek . . 70 Ebans . . 251 Gabna . Dr^ndu . 18 Eda-kula . 262 GachodS Drdnda . 82 Edenkuri . 309 Gada-nelli Diliss . . 282 Ehuri . xxvii Gada phassa Dsagunda . 141 Eilan . . 235 Gadgondori Driaii lara . . 216 Ein . 323 Gadru . Dijdagu . 220 Eisur . . 70 Gaggar Dudap . 122 Ekuhea . 95 Gaggaiu Dudcory . 263 Elaka . . 62 Gagjaira Uudela . 210, 340 Eleogi . . 245 Gaha . Tacjos. . 88 . 76 . 23 . 235 . 244 243, 244 . 241 xxvi . 58 . 32 . 425 . 39 . 162 . 235 214 . 420 . 122 . 184 . 127 . 247 . 148 . 166 . 166 . 236 . 236 . 333 . 351 92, 338 333, 338 . 3:<3 . 338 . 379 . 193 . 20 . 122 20, xvii . xvi . 55 . 378 . 20 . 429 . 219 g . 28 . 378 378 121, 122 G. . 252 . 17 . 425 . 157 . 344 . 121 . 270 . 271 . 237 . 228 . 335 . 256 VEBNACULAK NAMES. 44.7 Facfes. Faffes. Pages. Gai aswat . 335 Gara kuda . . XX Ghantiili . 1 Gaiger . . 229 Gara loliadaru . xxix Gbanto . . XXV Gaik . . 49 Garanji 133 Gbari am . 107 Gainti . . 146, 324 Garar . . 241 Gbarri . . 110,354, x Gair . . 258 Garari . . 358 Gbattar . 255 Gaira . viii Gara saikre . xxi Ghato . . xxy Gajachinni . 87 Garbadero . 261 Ghatonli xviii Gajer kota . 226 Garbijaur . 310 Gbattol . . xiv Gaiiun 335 Gardal . . 145 Ghazlei . 19 Gajkai . 135 Gardalu . 162 Gbebu-nelli . . 295 Gajna . . 335 Gardar . . 102 Gberu . . Ill Galay_ . . 227 Gardban . 92 Gbesi . . 382 Galboja 398 Gard6ndi . 21 Gbia . 256 Galdu . . 258 Garga . . 67 Gbiwain 317, 318 Galeni . . 93, 213 Gargas . 55, 354 Gbiwala . 282 Galgal . . 17 Gari . . 65 Ghogar 67, 229 Galgoja . 398 Garinda . 261 Gbonas 236 Gallon . . 169 Gar] a . 67, 110 Gbdnt . . 90 Galka . . 166 Garkath 171 Gborkaram X Gallah . 425, XXX Garkum . 211 Ghotia . . xiv Gallu . . 413 Garmebal . 170 Ghuud . 34 Gal mendora . 144 Garna . . 261 Gbunia . 259 Galmora . 164 Garodosal , 129 Ghunja . 67 Giilwail . 11 Garpa shola . . 367 Gburga . . 228 Gamari 359 Garpipal . 379 Ghiittfa . 267 Gambari . 295 Garrab . 65 Ghwareshtai . 162 Gambu . . 195 Garrar . . 358 Gbwi . . 339 Gaingudu . 206 Garri . 171, 426 Gia . 67 Gamhar . xxix Garshuna . 19 Giam . . 400 Gau . . 261 Gar-silung . . 19 Gian . 295 Gandal . . 213 Garso . . 156 158, xix Giauru . . 170 Gandalun . 315 Gar tasbiara . . 325 Gidar-dak . . 163 Gande . . 315 Garudir . 301 Gidur-dak . 93 Gandera • 261 Garuga . 67 Gidiiri . . 270 Gandha . 321 GaruTO . . 359 Giggar . . 89 Gaiidi . 19, 61, ix Garur . 84, 258 Giias . . 162 Gandla 61, ix Gasskeala . 123 Gilcbi . . 272 Ganeri . 17 Gattao nittul . 327 Gilla . . 145 Ganga . . 66 Gauli . 356 Gilo . xvii Gangai . 361 Gaunta . 239 Gineri 294, 295 Gangal . . 17 Gausam . 95 Gingaru . 170 Gangam . 17 Gavuldu . 197 Ginnuna . 267 Gangaraya . 43 Gaya . XX Ginyan . 110 Gangaru . 226 Gaz . . 19 Gira . . 373 Gangau . 27 Geang . . 217 Girari . . 206 Ganger . 54, 92 Gebang . 417 Gircbi , 206, 263 Gangerun . 54 Gebokanak . . 172 Girgitti 59 Gangichu . 368 Geggar . 229 Giringa vii Gango . . 54 Geb . . 390 Girk . 354 Gangr . . 89 Geia . . 357 Girthau 92, 354 Gangru . 226 Geio . 357 Girya . . 77 Gangwa . 368 Geli . . 413 Gish . . 390 Ganhila 293 Gempe aselu . . 166 Gitoran . 15 Ganhira 264 Gendeli poma . 67 Giur . 376 Ganhula . 213 Gendelli poma . 72 Gniet . 396 Ganiar . 17 Gengri . . 128 Gnoogyee 136, 138 Ganj . . 118 Geor . 368 Gnoosbay . IBS Ganjan . 356 Gera . 227 Gnootbein 136 Ganne • . 215 Geredi . . 145 Gob . . 110 Ganniari . 295 Geria . . 368 Gobar mowa . . 393 Gant . ix Gero . . 426 Gobia . 429 Gantba . 255 Geti . . 324 Gobli . . 151 Ganti malle . . . 76 Ghain . . 318 Gobla . 340 Ganuga . 133 Gbansingh . 279 Gobrla . 56 Gara hatana . XX Ghant . 93, 255 Gobria Sulab 408 Gaia besel . XX Gbauta patali . 255 Goda . . 298 448 INDEX TO Goda kaddru Godapara Goden . Goechassi GoeMo . Gogaiida Gogar . Gogarii Gogatti Gogay champ Gogdi . Gogen Gogera Gogiua Gogra . 91 Gogu . Gogul-dhup Goher . Gohinla Gohora Goindu Goira . Gojal Gojar . Goje . Gdk . Gokatu Goki . Gokpak Gokul . Gol Gola bet Golainchi Golak . Gola mohani Golan clia Golari . Goidia . Golka . Gol kamela Golpatta Golphal G<51ra . Gol-shingra Gomari Goncha Gondan Gondi . Gondhona Gondni . Gong-nyin-ya Gongo Seoli Goni . Gonjha Gonjo . Gon-kadura Gonta . Googgilapu-Karra Gophla . Gopi Gora Chand Gorak imii Gorakurri Goran . Gorantlu Tages, . 269 . 4 . 2V0 . 29 . 282 . 29 . 229 . 229 . 215 . 1 xxvii . 29 . 124 . 29 V , 92, 239 ■. 150 64, 68 . 92 . 219 . 294 . 251 xviii . 110 . 116 . 356 . 6 . 24 . 255 . 103 . 29 . 344 . 424 . 260 . 425 . 302 . 11 . 133 . 185 . 324 . 351 . 419 . 425 . 185 . 388 . 295 . 121 . 270 270, 271 294, 352 . 271 . 347 . 255 . 332 . 118 . 118 . 262 . 28 . 39 . 12 . 429 . 120 . 42 . 214 . 176 . 200 Gor aunsa Goria . Gorkatrl Gorklu Gormi-Kawftt Got Gota gatnba Gotaha Gotho . Goti Gotoboro Gouri bet Gour kassi Govarnellu Govorpongyota Gray Greera . Grelu . Grui Gua Gnakoli Guara . Gua supari Gubadarra Gubermowa Gucb . Gudlei . Gudumbal Guga . Gugal . Gugala . Gugera Guggal Giiggar Gugu . Gugid . Giigulu Guhor . Gui Gti-kikar G^la . Gulab . Gulab jaman Gul achin Gnlal . Giilar . Gul-bodla Gfildar Gnl dadr Gule . Gdlga . Guli . Giilili . Gul-kandar GuUa . Gulnari Gulnashtar Gulrai . Gulsima Giild . Gumadi Gumai . Gumar . Gumar.tek Gumbar Gumbengfong Vaget. . 419 . 390 . 117 . 344, . 64 . xiv . 24 . 90 . 261 . 90 . xiv . 424 . xxix . 355 . 71 . 140 . 424 . 339 . 84 421, xxvii . XXV . 317 . 421 . 49 . 351 214, 215 . 92 . 106 . 32 34, 67 . 67 29, V • 412 . 66 . 94 . 239 . 66 169 . xxiii . 150 . 396 . 167 . 193 . 260 . 248 338, 339 . 46 . 101 . 200 . 84 . 425 . 15 . 258 . 46 . 410 . 79 . 121 . 410 . 82 . 46 . 295 . 295 197, 295 . 295 . 295 . 327 Tagei. Gnmbong . 133 Ghimgaoha . . 258 Grimi . . 69 Gummar . 197 Gumodi . 123 Gumpini 110 Gumpna . 110 Giimpri . 110 Gumudu . 295 Gtinacha . 166 Gunchi . 121 Grundali . 219 Gundba badhuli . . 219 Gundi . . 271 Gjndroi . 306 Gundrow . 227 Gung . 146 Gungat . 229 Gunglay . 17 Gdngti . 17 Gunhi . 159 Gunj . . 133 Giin pales . 169 Gunradah . 104 Gunserai . 306 Giipni . 67 Guraeha . 166 Gurapu-badam . 45 Gnrar . 158, xvi Guras . . 235, 236, 237 Gurb&i . 158 Gurcha . 11 Gurgoti . 18 Gurguli . 349 Giirgura . 241 Gurbul . 42 Guri . xxiii Guria , . 176 Guria . 139, 140 Guri karam . xxiii Gurinda . 164 Gurja . . 67 Gurjo . . H Gurjuu 31, 33 Gurkur . 158 Guri pata . 61 Gurmala . 136 Gurmungban . 314 Giir mussureya . 350 Gurdl . . 227 Gwep . . 103 Gwyootnway . 393 Gyasay . 332 Gyengmaopo . 240 Gyesa . . 122 Gyoben . 95 Gyobo . . 74 Gyopho . 73 Gyutbeng . . 251 H. Haddoka . 366 Haddu . 212 Hadga . 119 Hadra . XX Vernacular names. 4-49 Pages. Fages. Pages. HMru . . 251 Havre . 5 Hitta . . 142 Hais . 15, ii Harreri . 156 Hitterlu . 17 Hajam . xxvii Harri . ix Hittiini . 46 Hajeru . 148 Harro . . 180 Hituu . . xvii Hake humu . i Hanu . ■' . 212 Hiun garna . iii Haktapatia , . 344 Hasin ghar . . 254 Hloprongzam . 21 19 Hiikuu . 348 Hartbo 354 Hlosahlot-kuiig . 163 Hal . . . . 41 Harwar 152 Hlosipba 29 Hala . 65, 212 Harwari . xxi Hlosiri . . 386 Halailwail 58 Hasur gutiiri . 129 Hlosungli . 372 Halamba 220 Hatana . xviii Hljamlau . . 420 Halbambar . . 210 Hatchanda . . 46 Hlyanpyoo . 45 Halda . . 77 Hatian . 42 Hman . 50, 63 Haldu . . 220 Hati-ankusa xxvii Hmanthin 307 Haleo . . 212 Hattipaila . 40 Hnaubeng . 220, xxiii Hali . . 242 Hanlia 308 Hneingpyoing 110 Haliwara . 122 Hanr . . 372 Hodung . 378 Hallii naddi . . 182 Hauza . . 150 Holay 241 Halloray . 110 Havulige . 135 Holda . . 183 Hal mendora. . 144 Hawar . 276 Holle-tupra . 252 Hiilmillila . 52 He balsu . 331 Hollock . 185 Halpa . . 430 Heb-bevu 69 Hollong 31 Halra . . 180 Hebbalsu 331 Holonda . 220 Halsi . . 241 Hebbelsu 329 Horn . . 280 Halsina 329 Hedde . 220 Hona . . 209 Halsu . . 329 Hedu . 220, 222 Honal . 182 Hamara . 113 Heela . 24 Hondapara . 2 Hambar maya 372 Heerda 180 Honge . 243 Hammadi 210 Heggarjige . . 261 Honne . 131, 132 Hamparandella . 361 Hel . . XVI Hooday 278 Harara . 147 Hesar . xxviii Hoodigolla . . 241 Hamu . . 256 Hesel . . XX Hoolooni . 28 Hanchu . 84 Hessare i Hoom . 9, 10 Hane . . 94 Hiasrain 256 Hoore mara . . 158 Hangkyow . . 45 Hid . xvii Hooria . 311 Haiijal . . 184 Hier . , 11 Hora . 33 Hantige . 135 Hijdl . . 196 Horina . . 298 Hanudun . 94 Hijuli . 108 Horralu . 82 Hanuz . . 256 Hikpi . 117 Hortucki . 181 Haoul . . 372 Hila auwal . 298 Horu surat . . 323 Happur mail. . 261 Hilika . . 181 Hote baghi . . 160 Har . 180, 254 Hilikha . 180 Hotsige . 135 Haralu . 363 Himalcberi . . 240, 350 ^owka . 435 Harara . 180 Himaii . 103 Hpalan . 140 Hara saijung xxvii Himu . . 328 Hruprukban . 360 Hara sejura . xxviii Hindi . . 419 Hsay-ma-kyee . 219 Hard! . . 232 Hinga . 141 Hseng neng thayet . 108 Hardu . . 220 Hingan . . 65 Htainbyoo . . 219 Harduli 81 Hinj^'man . 103 Htan . . 476 Hai faruri . 351 Hingol . . 65 Hteintbay 222 Hargesa 2 Hingori . 388, 389 Htoukma 124 Hari . . 61 ,162 xviii Hingota . 65 Htouksha 298 Harido . 264 Hingu . 65 Huara . . 310 Hari-kekra . 121 Hingua . 30 Hudum . 423 Havinbara , . 356 Hinjara . xxi Hulashing . . 105 Harinharra . . 73 Hiiital . 419 Hiilia . . 169 Harinkbana . . 73 Hippe . . 244 Hulichellu . . 361 Haritaki . 80, 181 Hir . . 180 Hulgeri . 112 Harjeuri . 11 Hirek . 251 Hull makay . 102 Harku . . 106 Hiri kaddol . . 176 HuUuch . 179 Harla . . 180 Hirojah . 136 Huluva . 182 Hamauli 363 Hi's . 15, ii Hulv^ . . 182 Harra . 180 Hisala . . 166 Hum . . 256 H arrani 128 Hisbalu 166 Humba . . 10 Harrari 155 Hital . . 419 Humbilli • 247 Harray baer . 90 Hiti . . 372 Humbu . 20 .3 I *ou INDEX TO Fa^M. Paget. Pagei. Humwah ix Ishwarg . 261 Jangli-bendi . 52 Hnnase . 142 Itab . . 49 Jangli frast . . 378 Hundibet . 423 Iti ... . 127 Jangra . 89 Hungay . 133 Itola . . 136 Janjhan . 118 Hupu . . iii Itsit . . 300 Jantia . . 255 Huragalu . 11 Iwara memadi . 23 Janumjan , xiv Hurchu . 319 Janwa . . 87 Hurltu . 106 JAra . . 55 Hurnur guUar . 424 J. Jarat . . 16 Hursing . 255 Jargi . . 200 Hiiriia . 367 Jabba hingori . 56 Jari xxviii Hiiruiiay . 170 Jadhirdah . . 422 Jarika . . 425 Jadi . . 283 Jarila . . 317 Jafra . . 16 Jarjo . . xxi I. Jagalagante , . 251 Jarlangei . 216 Jagarua xviii Jarri . . 155 Icha . xxi Jagat-madan . 281 Jarfll . 202, 203 Ichal . . 419 Jaggarwah . . 136 Jarul-jhalna . . 204 Ij^l . . 196 Jaggra . 136 Jassundi . 144 Ijar . . xxi Jaggnchal . . 235 Jasuud . 332 Ije . . . . 294 Jagrikat . 308 Jati . . 314, 255, 283 Ikti . . 347 Jaguri . . 332 Jatiko . . 200 Iktibi . . 354 Jagyadomur . 339 Jati-koroi . 158 Ilavam . 42 Jagya dumar . 339 Jatrasigi . 281 lUar . . 11 Jai mangal . . 279 Jau . 19 lUavam . 44 Jaiphal . 314 Jaun . 345 Illinda . . 248 Jait . 118 Jautitari . 314 lllupi . . 243 3i\ . 260 Jauri . . 255 lniar . . 390 Jalamut . 233 Jautballa . 262 Imbri . . 387 Jalaranda . 34 Jawa . . 214 Imbtil . . 42 Jalari . . 34 J awdsa . . 119 Imli . . 142 Jal bag 255 Kasir . 160, 212 Kapila . . 361 Karinga . 228 Kaskusri . 53 Kapli . . 361 Karingi 263, 264 Kasmal . 13 Kappali . 246 Karipal . 230 Kasmir . . 336 Kappura . 272 Karir . . 152 Kasmol . 212 Kappiiru . 234 Kari-vepa 61, ix Kasonli . 14 Kapua kanwal . 308 Kark . . 430 Kasrekan . 340 Kapyaing . 176 Karka . . 180, 356 Kasreto . 332 Kara . . 269 Karkacba . 136 Kasrike . 346 Karada. . 358 Karkanna . 89 Kasru . . 382 Karadipongan . 93 Karkaniiie . 240 Kassamar . 295 Karai . . 46 Karkapilly . . 145 Kassei . 356 Karail . . 430 Karkava . 87 Kassl . . 356 Kaiaka 47, 180 Karkaya . 183 Kassoe . . 339 Karalla . 367 Karkhair . 153 Kassumar . 95 Karalli . . 177, 140 Karki . . 261 Kasul . . 54 Karallu . 158 Karkotta . 3 Kasur . . 29 Karam . . 220 K&Ia . . 323 Kasuri . . 85 Karamb . 222 Karmai . 139 Kasyapala . . 42 Kaiambru 158 Karmora . 210 Kataburria . . 431 Karambu . 267 Karmuj . xvii Katai . . 18 Karanga . 164 Karnaliya . 217 Kataia . . 343 Karangal . 136 Karo . 158 Katail . , iii Karangalli . . 153 Karolu . . 158 Kataila . . xiv Earaugi 142, 228 Karra . . 158, 263 Katakamu . 268 Karanj. . 133 Karrai . . 46 Katakuchi . . 356 Karanja . 133 Karralura . 15 Kat-alluri . 364 404 INDEX TO Paget. Fagei. Paget, Kat»mbal . 303 Katti . . 17, 18 Kemma . 194 Kat ambolam . 113 Kattimandu . . 368 Kempii gandagher i . 78 Katun . . 42 Kattra . . 139 Kempug^ru . . 108 Katanga . XXX Kattu-bodde . . 42 Kemu . . 237 Katnngai . xii Kattu elupay . 179 Kend . . 249 Katurali . 262 Kat turanji . . 160 Kenda keri . . XXV Katiiri . . 18, 168 Katu andara . . 152 Kendhu . 249, 251 Katat . . )5 Katu-imbul . . 44 Kendu 249, 252 Kat-ba . 62 Katiil . 226, 227 Kengwa . 429 Kat-ber . 90 Katula . . 67 Kentki . . 280 Kat bhewal . . 53 Katumer . 340 Keol . . 334 Katbhilawa . . 109 Katu puveras . 68 Keoli . . 400 Kat dhaura . . 200 Kattir , . 108 Keonge . vii Kiiterni 15, ii Katris . . 67 Keor . 264 Kateru , . 82 Kat vage . 157 Keori . . 425 Katgiilaria . . 340 Kat vaghe . 156 Keowra . 205 Eatgull . 376 Katjalu . 62 Kerak . . 425 Katb . . 281 Kau . 194, 258 Kerasya . 162 Katbai . . 64 Kauka . . 430 Kerauli . 310 Kathal . . 329 Kaukonda . 279 Kerendo kuli . XXV Eatha-pabaria . 83 Kaula . . 82 Kergaili xxix Katb-bel . 62 Kauli . 92, 407 Keri . . U I, 258, 323 Katbeik . 122 Kaunki . 106 Kering . . 275 Katbera . 206 Kaur . 14, 301 Kerra . . 269 Katbgular . . 339 Kaura . . 263 Kesseru . 209 Kathi. . 20 , 116, 117 Kaurak . . 320 Keti . . 124 Katbitka . 52 Kaurcbi . 128 Kettekale . xxviii Kath-jabi . 231 Kauregu . 18 Ketuki . . 425 Kathuniar . . 343 Kaiiri . 100, 301 Keura . . 425 Kati . . 117 Kauri-jal . 259 Keurkanta . . 425 Katiain . 356 Kaurio . . 226 Kewiin . . 49 Katiang . 121 Kauri van . 259 Keyugee . 310 Katien . . 18 Kavancbl . 49 Kyetyo . . 298 Katil . . 226 Kavit . . 62 Knabar 334, 335 Katila . . 46 Kawaburuni . . 145 Kbabara . 338 Katillipi . 243 Kavifal . . 308 Khaboung . 269, 425 Kat illapi . 244 Kawala . . 308 Kbair . 148, 153 Katior . . 47 Kawat . 59, 62 Kbaircbampa . 260 Katira . 46, 376 Kawili . . 45 Kbairwal . 140 Katiri . . 46 Kajan . . 368 Kbaja . 356, 357 Kathvadur . . 428 Kaymone . 28 Kbaji . . 419 Kat kumla . . 360 Kayoung-wa . . 429 Kbajir . . 168 Katkaranj . 135 Kayu . . 232 Kbajur . . 419 Kat maa 109, 113 Kayugaru . 316 Kbajuri . 419 Kat malti . 274 Kayu-lakka . . 124 Kbnksi . . 345 Katman xviii Kazu . 323 Kbalsi . . 241 Kat marra . . 310 Kchai tun . 231 Kbamara . 359 Katmauli xviii Kea . 425 Kbammara . . 295 Katmedb . 310 Kea kanta . . 425 Khanda . 394 Katmoriii . 310 Keeta . . XXX Khaniara . 165 Katmowa . 351 K6gu . . . 237 Kbanna . 394 Katnim . 61 Kebarsu . 383 Kbansing . 100 Katonda . 214 Kebimu . 256 Kbaoi . . 345 Katong . 420 Keim . . 222 Kbaoung gyee . 299 Katongzu . 71 Kein . . 355 Kbar . . 147 Katonj . . 389 Keindu . . 251 Kbarai . . 87 Katori . . 11 Keint . . 168 Kbarak . 343 Katpira . 348 Kekeda . 110 Kbaraka xxviii Katrain . 92 Kekkeda . 67 Kharani . 254 Katrar . . 155 Kekra . . 67 Kharanja . 383 Kats . . 117 Kekur . X Kbaraoli . 327 Katseori . 44 Kelialota . 133 Kbiiras . . 102 Katsirsa . . 129 Keli-Kadam . . 220 Khardbawa . . 185 Katta KaaJa . . 356 Kelmang . 400 Kbarenirri . . 383 Kattang . 428 Kelu . . 400 Kbareu . 382 Kattawa . . 18 Kuma kecboong . 238 Kbarhar xxiii VEBNACULAK NAMES. 455 Fages. Paget. Pages. Kharidjar . 259 Khntrau . 407 Kirmoli . 99 Khariz . . 171 Khwairal . 140 Kirna . . 10 Kharkath . . 275 Khwairalo . 140 Kirnelli . 351 Kharlei . 20 Khwan . . 258 Kironli . 25 Ktarmo . 216 Kbwangere . . . 300 Kirpa . . 178 Kharmuch . . 166 Kbyee-poung . 319 Kirra . 263, 264 Khiirot . . 392 Kiahong . 110 Kirrari . 176 Kharpat . 67 Kiam . . 263 Kirri makalu . 367 Kharrei . 9 Kiamil . . 110 Kirru . . 174 Kharsani . 169 Kiamoni . 194 Kirsabar . 255 Kharsing . 279 Kiar . 136 Kirsel . . 278 Kharsoni . 305 Kichige . 122 Kisbu" . . 361 Kharwala . 326 Kierpa . 177 Kisi . . 28 Khasaroa . 345 Kibay . . 316 Kisri . 16 Khasca . . 269 Kihur . . 356 Kissi . , 30 Khatip . 214 Kikar . 150, 151 Kitcbli . . 59 Khattimal . 303 Kikra . . 306 Kithu . . 168 Khau . . 258 KikrL . . 165 Kitla . . 98 Khauta • ®.? Kilai . . 158 Kitola . . 136 Khawari , xvii Kilar . 174, 400 Kitoli . . 136 Khaya . 245, 280 Kilaunta . 408 Kittali . . 59 Khejra . . 147 Kilawa . . 264 Kittul . . 420 Khenti . . 117 Kilei . . 400 Kitwali . 136 Kheri . . 148 Kilevay . 66 Kiwaob . 121 Khersari . 255 Kill . . 158 Kjera . . 310 Ehesa . . 206 Kilingi . 135 Klandru . 4 Khesla . . 54 Kilok . . XV Klencbu . 166 Kheu . . 110 Kilonj . . 383 Kliunti . 216 Khewnau . 339 Kilu . . 100 , 407, 418 Knar . . 263 Khiinor . 214 Kilmicb 214, 215 Ko . 258 Khia . . 150 Kiltnira . 67 Koamil . . 351 Khina lienda . . 367 Kilmora . 12 Koan . . 19 Khinam . 79 Kilpattai . 98 Koaya . . 190 Khinna . 367 Kilpattar . 101 Kobbari . 422 Khiiini . . 200 Kimbu . . 328 Kobusi . . 391 Khip . . 266 Kimri . . 333 Kocbam . 95 Khir . . 246 Kimu . . 328 Kooban 204, 212 Khirni . 246, 264 Kimul . . 110 Koda . . 272 Khishing . 79 Kindal . . 182 Kodaga . 263 Khoira . . 153 Kingalun . 279 Kodarsi . 354 Khoiru . 153, 154 Kingaro . 87 Kodi . . 216 Khoja . . 282 Kingbena . 422 Kodo . . 282 Khola ruis . . 364 Kingl . . 323 Kodum . 220 Khoobani . 162 Kingli . . 148 Kodwari . 140 Khoozan . 225 Kini . . 158 Kogar . . 263 Khor . . 150 Kinjal . . 182 Koha . . 184 Khoskadumar . 340 Kinjolo . 196 Kobam . . 95 Khoungyan . . 42 Kinkoit . 428 Kob beng . 142 Khour . . 153 Kinni . . 158 Kobi . 356, 373 Khowsey . 47 Kin-pa-lin . 349, 350 Kobka . . Ill Khreik . . 112 Kinton . 305 Kobu . . 258 Khudiu jamb . 849 Kinurlur . 42 Kobumba . 69 Khulen . . 342 Kioeb . . 84 Kolki-pura . . 94 Khum . . 216 Kip . 266 Koila-mukri . . 264 Khumb . 58 Kiral . . 15 Koilari . . 140 Khumbi . 197 Kiralboghi . . 40 Koir . . 153 Khur . ^ . . 421 Kiran . . 354 Koiral . . 140 Khura dumur . 332 Kiranelli , viii Kokan . . 204 Khurasli . 255 Kirballi . 21 Kokan ber . . 89 Khurhur . 339 Kiri . . 255 Kokatie . 23 Khuri . . 345 Kirindur . 22 Kokburi . 239 Khuriari . 228 Kiriwalla . 263 Koki . . 181 Khurphendra . 228 Kirkiria . 306 Kokkita . 228 Khui-rur . 228 Kirm . . 263 Koko . . 103 Khusam . 393 Kirma . . 325 Koko-aru . 81 Ehushin . 239 Kirmira . 59 Kokob . . . 157 45(5 INDEX TO Tage9. Paget. Paget. Kokoranj . 185 Korkoria xxvi Kuja . . 255 Kokra . . 312, 355 Korkot i Kuiarra . 269 Koku . . 260, 261 Koikotta i Kuii . . 166 Kokum . . 22 Koroh . 34 Kujitekra . . 177 Eokursida . . vii Koroi . 158 Kujuri . . xiii Kokwa . . 430 Korra . . 269 Kujya . . x!i Kolain . . 896 Korsa . . 355 Kukai . . 17 Kolamava . 108 Korsbe . . 358 Kukar . . 67 Kolan . . 396 Korsi . . 358 Kukei . . 91 Kolavu . . 143 Kosh . . 373 Kukura cbura . 231 KoH . . 257 Kosi^ . . 356 Kukur chita , . 310 Koli^r . . 140 Kosrii . 103 Kukur kat . . 224 Koliari . . 140 Kosum . . 95 Kul . . 88 Koli kuki . . 354 Kosundra . 139 Kulain , . 172 Ko Ion . . 396 Kot . . 300 Kula marsal . xxvii Ko long . 220 Kota gandhal . 230 Kulara . . 215 Kdmba . xxiii Kota ku . 229 Kulejera . xxix Komi . . 226 Kotang xxviii Kuli . •295, xxix Komur . 95 Kota-ranga . . 229 Kullai . . 431 Konay . 136 Koto . . 428 Kulla-kith . . 339 Konda-amadum . 348 Kotoloah . 304 Knll-ponne . . 26 Konda chiragu . 160 Kotur . .389 KuUu . . 419 Kondakashinda . 61 Kouatch . 121 KuUuk . . 428 Konda mamidi . 66 Koungmhoo . . 34 Kuld . . 46 Konda manga . 228 Kowa . . 184 Kulyatzo . 46 Konda mavu . 66 Kowal . 373, 392 Kum . 92, 221 256, xxi Kondapatti . . 43 Kowti . . 16 Kumala . 361 Konda tangedu . 148 Koyam . . 142 Kumanta . 377 Konda vaghe . 158 Kozo . . 282 Kumar . 295 Kondricam . . 41 Kraipang . 423 Kumara . 307 Kone . . 136 Kriimal . 379 Kumarpulki . . 187 Konca-dumbar . 340 Krambal . 379 Kumba . 342 Kone kathit . . 121 Krammal . 379 Kumbal . 893 Kong . 17,40 Krapchi . 332 Kumbay . 229 Kongiliam . 17,67 Kraunti . 216 Kumbh . 197 Kongki 111, 163 Krawru . 298 Kumbhi 17, 271 , 197, 228 Kongnyin-nway . 145 Kreu . . 382 Kumbuk . 183 Kongora . xviii Krim . . 263 Kumbul . xix Konhaiah . 309 Kring . . 423 Kumbulu . ,295 Koniari X Kripa . . 178 Kumbuten . . 234 Konikath . 390 Krishna-chura . 135 Kumbyuug . . 350 KoniuncM . . 398 Krok . . 407 Kumila . 361 Konkudu . 96 Kroma . . 308 Kum-jameva . 253 Konso . . xxiii Krot . . 392 Kumki . . 215 Konto palas . . iii Krowai . . 805 Kumkoi . 221 Konya . xxix Krowee . 133 Kunikiim . xxiii Kooail . 344, 345 Ki-iii . . 382 Kumk uma . . 361 Koonpymmah . 203 Krumbal . 339 Kumla . . 15 Kopadalli . 240 Krun . . 163 Kumla nebu . . 59 Kopar . . 430 Krusbal . 162 Kummar . 341 KopAsia . 43 Ku . 168 Kfim paiman . 271 Kora . 263 Kuii . . xix Kumra . . 222 Korakbet . 423 Kuar . . 263 Kumri . . 197 Korainadi . 356 Kuay . . 227 Kumriugah . . 196 Koraraau . 356 Kuayral . 141 Kfimsum . 344 Koranjii . 133 Kubcrakaslii . . 278 Kumta . . 150 Korclii . . 354 Kubinde 42, 43, 50 Kumtia . 150 Koreh . . 340 Kub-tolia . 282 Kdn . . 116 Kcrgi . . 230 Kucban . 894 Kunachi . 166 Kori . . 230 Kucbila 269, xxvi Kunoh . . 215 Koria . . 351 Kuchla . . 269 Kunda . . 255 Kori-buta . 49 Kuchui . 91 Kundapula . . 139 Korinta . 155 Knda . . XX Kundaru . xix Koriti . . 327 K6dar . . 46 Kiindash . 373 Kovivi . . 93 Kudia . xxiv Kuudrikam . . 66 Kor-jam , 194 Kudrom . 408 Kuudrudi . 231 VERNACULAR NAMES. 457 Fages. Paget. Paget. Kundi . . 147 Kusumb . 95 Laigongron . . i, XV Kundol . xviii, XX Kutebi . . 222 Laikezau . 363 Kundoung . . 340 Kuti . . xxvi Laila . . 375 Kfindur . 66 Kutilal . 315 Lai loo . . 81 Kundiira 66 Kiitki . . 50 Lainja . . 206 Kunggong . . 134 Kutsai . . 215 Laipbanzeh . . 304 Kungku . 85 Kutugeri . 112 Laiza . . 204 Kuugli . . 66 Kuve . . iv Lajuk . . 148 Kung kiing . . 239 Kvvam-lin-nek . 425 Lajwanti . 148 Kunhip 338 Kwam.tliee-beng . 421 Lakhar . . 106 Kunia . . 339 Kwaydouk . . 83 Lakei-konta . . viii Kunj . . 342 Kway nway . . 88 Lakki . . 297 Kunjalt . 266 Kway tanyeng 118, 145 Lakori . . 273 Kuiijanali . 342 Kwei . . 427 Lakrikat . 353 Kunji . 92, vi Kwer . . 255 Laksbmi am . . 108 Kunkir kola , . 95 Kwia . . 166 Lakucb . 330 Kunku . . 84 Kwiala . . 166 Laku cbamraa . 330 Kunlai . . 148 Kwillar . 140 Lai champ . 5 Kunrat . . 148 Kwilliui , 215 Lai cbandan 131, 254 Kunsa . . 373 Kyadoo . 16 Lai cbuni . 25 Kunsung . 55 Kya-eng . 32 Lai dairo . 200 Kuppa-manhala . 16 Kyai-beng . . 196 Lai dhiina . 38 Kiira . 86, 263 Kyaigyee 71, 196 Lai guras . 236 Kuraguraangjal . 16 Kyainee . 196 Lali . 308 xix Kurakat . 263 Kyiiitha . 196 Lai jbau . 19 Kural . 140, 141 Kya-kat-wa . . 428 Lai kabasbi . . 99 Kurang . 266 Kyandoo . 25 Lai kainjal . . 367 Kurat . . 230 Kyansa 389 Lai koi-pura . 97 Kurchi . xxvi Kyanya . 388 Lalla . . 352 Kures . . 124 Kya-tboungwa . 427 Lallei . . 160 Kuii . 210, 254 Kyeingnee . . 424 Lai mallata . . 363 Kuria . xxvi Kyeksu . 363 Lai siris . 159 Kurkni . 349 Kyellowa . 428 Lai titmaliya . 214 Kurku . 361 Kyenbankyen . 423 Lai totilla . . 209 Kurkui . 211 Kyenbot . 425 Lamboben . 109 Kiirkuna . 272 Kyengtha . 423 Lambrun . 3 Kurkun ber . . 89 Kyetmouk . . 97 Lamkana . 356 Kiirkuti . 418 Kyet-yoh . 297 Lamma xviii Knrlinga . 237 Kyingbi . 325 Lammar . 293 Kurma . . 308 Kyinki . . 323 Lamote. . 107 Kurmali . 216 Kyonti . xiv Lampatia . 204 Kurmang xviii Kyoo . . 181 Lamshing . 398 Kurmi . . 220 Kyou . . 249 Lanang . 93 Kurmru . 159 Kyoungchet . . 134 Landar . . 253 Kurong xxix Kyoungdouk . 279 Lanebai* . 266 Kurpa . . 9£ , 196, 199 Kyoungmee koo . . 266 Langshur . 411 Kurpodiir . 81 Kyoungyabeng . 275 Langura . 390 Kurd . . 210 Kyoungyet-nway . . 134 Lankasij . 368 Kurpoora maram . 188 Kyun . . 283 Lao . . . . 19 Kurra . . 263 Kyunnalin . . 294 Laokri . . xix Kurrera . 323 Kywotnay nway . 185 Lapaing . 44 Kurse . . 295 Lapi . 342 Kursi . . 225 Lapsbi . . 70 Kursimla . 218 L. Lasmani . 59 Kurti . xxix Laba . xviii Lasora . . 270 Kuruchpat . . 418 Labanu . 66 Lasrin . . 158 Kurud . . 418 Laber . . 120 Lasseri . . 270 Kuruk . 67,78 Labsbi . . 78 Lastuk . . 394 Kurumba xxiii Laduri . . 254 Lasuni . . 83 Kurumia . 261 Laghuue . 315 Laswara . 270 Kurzati . 83 Laban . . 61 Lat . . . . 423 Kush . . 163 Lahokiing . 123 Latecku . 354 Kusharta . 252 Lahura . . 275 Latikat . 351 , 352, 353 Kushu . . 168 Lai . 19 Lati mahwa . . 69 Kusi 252, 357 Laider . . vii Latkan . . 16 Kusturi . 150 Laidonto . iv Latman . 302 3k 4iD» INDEX TO Fagei, Faget. Pages. Latmi . 73 Lobari . . 251 Maduga . 121 Laur . 101 Lobasa . . 106 Madu karray . 227 Lauri kassamur . 271 Lob^ro . . 275 Magadam . 245 Lawiilu . 242 Lobtiri . . 275 Magar . . 428 Leaari . . 410 Loj . 253 Magkal . 879 Lcddil . . 308 Loja . . 253 Magsber . 376 Ledra . . 367 Lokandi 91, 230 Magyee . 142 Lehtia . . 118 Lokaneli . 93 Mahadan . 194 Lei 19, 86 Lolagu . . 50 Mahahlayka pbyoc . 138 Leila . . 256 Lolti . . 256 Mabaka . 63 Leinben 179, 182 Lolii . 270 Mabal . . 879 Leinga . . 19 Louepbo . 109 Mabalan . 139 Leinja . , 810 Longai'bi thiras . 298 Mahalay kani . 140 Le^a . 310 Longsoma . . 268 Maba limbo . . 70 Leiar . . 171 Loodooma . . 12 Mabalimbu . . 78 Lelka . . 339 Loolengkyau . 305 Maba nim . 78, X -L6m6 . . 424 Losh . . 253 Maba-nuga . . 338 Lendi . . 201 Lota . 431 Maba ratambala . 230 Lendwa . 367 jLiota amari . . 73 Maharukh . 64 Lendya 200, 201 Lowa . . 33 Maharpt . 67 Lepchaphal . . 308 Lu . 253 Mahkoa xiv, xxviii Lersima . vii Luar . 275 Miihlbans . 427 Lesu . 336 Luban . . 66 Mablu . . 427 Lesuri . . 270 Lubbor . 209 Mahlun . 78 Letkop . . 45 Lud . . 78 Mahoka . 180 Letpan . . 44 Ludum . . XXV Mabow . 48 Let-top . . 262 Luki . 298 Mabu . . 243 Let-touk . 33 Lukunab . 299 Mabtia . 393, 243 Lettoukgyee . . 263 Luni . 171 Mabiila . 243 Lettouk thein . 264 Lun . 171 Mabur . . 266 Lewar . 411, 412 Luna . . 9 Mahwa . . 243 Lhijo . . 168 Lunu-ankenda . 60 Mai . . 20 Li . 168 Lunu-madala . 278 Maida . . 310 Liai . 271 Lnpung . XX Maidal . 226, 227 Liar . 271 Lurjur . . 206 Maidal-lara . . 327 Lihung . XX Lust . 418 Maika . X Lijai . . 425 Lutco . . 354 Mail . . 91 Likh-aru . 163 Luti-am . 260 Maila . 169, 297 Likh paieli . . 309 Lutki . . 199 Maimuna . 92 Likling . . 161 Lutter . . 380 Main 76, 227 Lilima . . 356 Mainakat . 208 Lira . . 78, 398 Mainakat-lara . 327 Limb . . 69 Mainbiiri . 227 Limbara . 69 M. Mainpbal . 227 Limbarra . 70 Ua.& . . 107 Maiu-lok . 340 LimbT . . 69 Machalla . 61 Maizalee . 138 Limbydn . 3 Macbil . . 3 Majee bouk . . 228 Limshing . 398 Machugan . 861 Majnuu . 876 Limtoa . . 349 Mada . 176, 299 Makai . 89, V Lin . 171 Madaewab . . 427 Makancbi . 282 Lingyau .2,4 Madagari vembu . 76 Makanim . 70 Linbliin . 367 Madagiri veiibu . xii Makar-tendi . . 251 Lipiah . . 325 Madanay . 59 Makay . . 61 Lipic . . 325 Madar 122, 265 Makhi . . 851 Litchi . . 97 Madara 121, 358 Makbur . 62 Liti . . 168 Madare , . 849 Makkal 378, 879 Liur . 412 Madat . . 183 Makkam . 255 Liwai . . 168 Madateya . 146 Makki . . 24 Lmanza . 400 Madai . 182, 184 Makkuna . 139 L6a . xxviii Madge . . 183 Makola . 113 Loajam . 59 Madi . . 428 Makreru . 339 Loda . . 351 Madlatah . . 856 Makriab cbilauni . 29 Lodh . . 25E , 254, XXV Madling . 135 Makshari . 341 Lodh bholia . . 253 Madmalti . 58 Mnksh&i . 372 tobagasi X M admandi . . 268 Maku . . 389 Lobar bhadi . . 110 Miidubuluta . 58 Makulii . 16 VEENACULAR NAMES. 459 Paget. Paget. Paget. Makar-kendi . 252 Mangarwal . . 394 Marriin . . 341 Makusal . 29 Mangas . 107 Marsadaboli . . 185 Mai . . . . 378 Manghati . 200 Martan . . 120 Mala . . 122 Mangi . . 184 Maru 183, 383 Malahcota . 97 Mangil . . 428 MarviHnga . . 15 Malakateng . . 190 Manipangam . 94 Marwan . 297 Malampongu . 23 Mauiplityol . . 121 Masenda . 218 Malai-konji . . 42 Manjadi . 146 Mashul-lara . . 103 Malaing . 327 Manja-kadambe , , 220 Mashiir . 315 Malan . . 116 Manja pavatti . 232 llasjot . 52 Mai burute . . 77 Manja-pu . 255 ilaslara . 265 Malchang . 377 Manjati . 146 ilaspati 121 Maldit . . 67 Manje konne . 138 Massei . . 206 Maldung . 341 Manji . . 341 Mitssivara . 102 Malegera . 3 Mdnji't . . 219 jMassn . 46 Malet . . 299 Manjunda . 228 Masua . . 106 Malghan . 139 Mauneul . 227 Masiir bauri . . 350 Mali . . 78 , 228, 255 Mannn . • . 341 Masuri . . 113 Maling . . 426 M antet . . 357 Mata sure xxviii Mai j an . . 139 ManthuM . ill Mataw . . 23 Malkakni . 86 Manu . . 104 Matayen samprani . . 143 Malkaugoni . . 87 Manyul . 227 Mate-kissi . 12 Malkarr . 217 Mao . 393 Matela . . 427 Malla . . 87 Maoh . V Mathan . XXX Mallaimauii . . 425 Maohla. . 23 Mathara . 282 Mallali. 251, 278 Maoo . . 220 Mathirsbi . 159 Mallata . 363 Maookadoon . . 220 Matsola . 302 Malla-nim . 70 Maoolet-tan-shay . . 218 Matti . 182, 266 Mallay . . 27 Mapuri bet . . 423 Matti pal . 64 Mallaykone . . 135 Mara . . 84 Mattrauja . 282 Mallaytanak . . 224 Maradsing . . 49 Mattu . . 117 Mallay vemtu . 70 Marabaralu . . 365 Matzbang . 215 Malle nerale . . 193 Mai-al . . 341 Mandh . . 118 Malligiri . 306 Maralingam . . 15 Maiil . 139, 243 Mallikaplial . . 255 Mara-narulle . 365 Mania . 139, 122 Malmuriya . . 239 Marangmata . XX viii Manlan . xviii Maloi-igha . 303 Marara . . 120 Mauli . . 169 Malu . . 139 Marari . . 341 Maulser . 245 Maliik . . 252 Marat . . 63 Maun . . 206 Malwa . . 276 Maratmal . 236 Maur . . 383 Mamadi . 107 Maratattl . 16 Maura . . 297 Mamekli . 1 Maravetti 16 Manrain . 139 Mamid . . 107 Marazh . 341 Maiiru . . 341 Mamji . . 341 Marchob . 101 Mausa . . 323 Mainral . 91 Marchula . 61 Mausa feij . 368 Mamri . . 87 Marda . . 310 Mava . . 107 Man . 332, viii Mardi . . 420 Mavena . 107 Manabiua . 224 Maredu 63 Mavu . 107 Manayar . 166 Mareila . 87 Mawtda . 47 Manclii moyadi . 193 Marghang . 383 May . 95 Manda . 227, 324 Mar ghwalawa . 214 Mayan . . 108 MandadMp . . 68 Mari . . 33; i, 339, 420 Mayanbo . 53 Mandadupa . X Maringi . 323 Mayaning 60, ix Mandal 121, 236 Marisgiri . 306 Maya rawa . . 240 Mandania . 135 Marithondi . . 200 Maybell . 169 Mandar 100, XV Mark . . 99, 356 Mayo-beng . 265 Maiidarcli . 140 Marka . . 107 Mazri . 418 Mandgay . 248 Marlea . . 211 Mealum-ma . . 323 Mandkolla . . 227 Marleya . 361 Meda . . 310 Mandei . . 324 Marliza . 211 Meda tumri . . 18 Manderung . . 341 Marmati . 151 Medb . . 310 Mandia . 210 Mam . . 341 Mee . 244 Mandu . . 341 Marni . . 345 Meekyoung-uway . 133 Mandukum . . xxiv Maror-pbal . . 49 Meenaban . 231 Manehingi . . 276 Marpol . . 169 Mehai . . 168 Maneioga . 177 Mairia . . 225 Mehndi , . 200, 301 4t5U INDEX TO Fages. Pages. Paget. Meliul . . 161 Modagerri vembu . 355 Mouricou . 122 Meintara . 61 Modal a . 363 Mowa . 266, 243 851, 393 Metrap . 328 Modhuriam . . 190 Mowen . 110 Men . 206 Modugu 122, 123 Mowhitta . 133 M^nda . . 310 Mogali . 232 Moydl . . 339 Mendah . . 310 Mogalinga . . 255 Moye . . 110 Mendal , . 276 Mogasong . 310 Moyen 110, 219 Mendora . 33 Mogul . . vii Mroung-shisha . 67 Mendru . . 101 Moha . . 243 Muclii tanki . . 251 Metigkop . 22 Mohani . 299 Mudali . 65 Mep young . . 247 Mohi . . 67 Mudanu . 377 Meral . xxviii Mohin . . 110 Mud^r . 265 Meriam , . 108 Mohna . xxiii Mudla . . 257 Merinu . . 341 Moho . . 243 Miidiidad - 77 Merlo . . iii Mohtu . . 123 Mudu Uaiyeya . 425 Mer mahaul . . 85 Moliul , xxiv Mugali . 245 Mersingli . 276 Moi . 110, XV Mugalik . 425 Mersinghi . 276 Moja . 110 Mugila . 99 Meru . 341 Moka . . 255 Mugli . . 150 Mess guch . . 159 Moka-yapa . • . 278 Mugra . . 255 Metkiir . . 87 Mokha . . 255 Muhli . . 70 Metunga . 429 Mokkak . 255 Mukampala . . 262 Mewri . . 297 Mokol . . 255 Mukial . 427 Mezenkuri . 309 Mol . . 168 Mnkta maya. . 96 Mhaner . 228 Momakha 364, 376 Mula . . 122 Mhani ben . 226 Moman-tha . . 357 Mulaka . 114 Mhanpyoo . 226 Mom-china . . 366 Mulgia . . xvi Mhar . . 420 Monda . , xxix Mdli . . 429 Mhow . . 332 Mongtain . 415 MiilHi . . 9 Michamma . . 33 Mong-taing . . 86 Mulin . . 275 Michapgong . . 294 Mong thel . . 364 MuUuta . 280 Michapnok . . 293 Moni . . 299 Mulsari . 245 Micha-tummurra . 251 Monkakrik . . 293 Mulu modugu . 121 Michepnor 19 Monkyourik . . 2, 240 Mulu-vengay . 356 Middi . . 294 Moola . . 47 Munasi . 82 Mihul . . 167 Moondein 85, 86 Mnnda dhup . . 41 Mi^haula . . 317 Moonemal . 245 Mundl . . 222 Mi'Ulla . . 297 Moong . . 252 Mundiri . 108 Milkaranai . . 61 Moqchini . 210 Muneti . 173 Milkisse . 13 Mora . . 297 Miinga . ]14 Milli . . 352 Morada . 66 Muni . . 121 Mimarari . 92 Mora . . 297 Munigha . 114 Mimri . . 225 Morada . 66 Munnay . 295 Minto . . 420 Moraun . 297 Munri . . 215 Mindla . . 227 Mored . . 341 Murada . 183 Mindri . . 357 Morhal . . 33 Murahara . 425 Mingu . . 317 Mori . 83 Murari . 118 Mini . 344 Morinda . 407 Murba . . 425 Mipak . . xiii Mor kurangi . . 59 Murgali . 425 Mipitmdk . 123 Morli . . 109 Murgut . 102 Mirandu . 87 Moroi . . 158 Muria . 109, xxvii MircM . . 3 Morphal . 169 Mnrimuri . . vii Miri . xiv Morre . . 97 Murkalu . 109 Mirianga . 275 Moru . . 383, xvi Murkitumma . 150 Mirri . . 398 Monia . . 235 Murki malle . . 81 Mishmish . 162 Moriin . . 341 Mnrkut . 296 Mithidiar . . 260 Morunga . 114 Murmutti . . 150 Mithivan . 260 Morungi . 323 Murr . . 123 Mitenga . 427 Moshungon . . vi Murrd . . xvi Mith-patta . . 308 Mosonea . 272 Miirt . . 120 Mitli . . 327 Mossf . . 51 Murtenga . 67 Moakurra . 80 Mota bondara . 202 MurukS . 122 Moal . . 33 M ota karmal . 2 Murut . . xvii Moat soom . . 253 Motha . . 120 Murute . 202 Mochi . . 122 Moukshow . 207, 128 Mils . . 49, vii Moehoonia . . 420 Moungzebri . . 193 Slusadi . . 269 VERNACULAR NiMES. 461 Paget. Pages. Paget, MushViava . . 213 Naiwilli . 139 Nas bel . xTii Mushto . 269 Nak . . 168 Xasedu . 194 Mnskei . 219 Nakhtar 396, 400 Nashpati . 168 Muslindi . 304 Nakka-narega . 18 Naski . 15, ii Muslini . 45 Nakka-renu . . 330 Nasut . . 121 Musre katus . . 389 Nakkera . 270 ffata . . 135 Muss . . 120 Nakouli xxiii Natkana . iii Mutkar . 349 Nakulsi . 9 Natkanta . 59 Miitni . . . 91 Nal . 428 Natmi . . 73 Mutta . . 350 Nala-tige . 133 Natushengote . Ill Muttuga . 123 Nalavail . 133 Nat vadom . . 182 Mutwinda . . 314 Nalbila . 69 Nauladi . 297 Mya . 167 Nali . . 342 Naura , . 294 Myablay . 255 Nalkaru . 217 Naval . . 194 Myah-seik . . 332 Nalla balsu . . 230 Navili . . 342 Mya naban . . 280 Nalla duduga . 9 Navvel . 194 Myat-ya . 53 Nallaika . 226 Nawal . 193 Myeng kabeng . 144 Nalla kakisba . 226 Nawar . , . 194 Myetpyai . 199 Nalla mada . . 299 Neb . . 69 Myinwa . 430 Nallarenga . . 160 Nebede . 60 Myladi . 297 Nalla Sandra . . 153 Neckanie . 230 Myooma . 426 Nam . . 353 Nee . . xiii Myoosay . 427 Nal shuna . 272 Neemeeri . 182 Myouk gnau . . 204 Nal valanga . . 128 Nehar . . 61 Myouklouk . . 330 Nambyong . . 328 Nekota . . 93 Myoukopshit . 83 Namlang . 427 Nelkar . . 124 Myoukseit . . 342 Namli . . 342 Nella-jedi . Ill Myoukshaw . . 207 Namme . 185 Nellamaddi . . 247 Myrole . 297 Nam-paputa . . 231 Nella-mada . . 182 Nana . . 201 Nella piinidudii . . 353 Nanab . . 202 Nella tiima . . 151 Nanbhantiir . . 359 Nella ulemira . 248 Nancba . 96 Nellekai . 352 N. Nanda . . 356 Nelli . 201, 352 Nfi . 27 Nandi . . 201, 202 Nelmal . 268 Nabhay . 110 Nandiki . 57 Nengar . 297 Nachal . . xxix Nang . 27, 212 Nepalam . 365 Haga . . 84 194, 233 Nangal . . 27- Nepora . .420 Nagabetha . . 425 Nangke . 173 Ner . 61 Naga dona . 233 Nanjunda . 65 Nera . 235 Naga golabct . 423 Nantayop . 175 Neradi . . 87 Naga golunga . 61 Nanu-witi . 393 Nerale . . 194 Naga-kesara . . 27 Naoru . . 294 Neri . 296 Nagal . 294 Nar . . 91 Nerinda . 363 Nagasampigi . 27 Narala . . 194 Nerrelu . 87 Nag-champa . . 27 Narangi . 59 Netavil . 332 Nagdana . 233 Narasij . 368 Neva-ledi . 298 Nagdaan . 101 Nar-botku . . 50 Neverra . . 340 Nagesar . 27 Narel . . 422 Newar . 85 Nageshvoro . . 27 Nareyr . 194 Newarpati . . 266 Nagetta . 28 Narguni X Newrang . 368 Nagpat . 102 Nari kadam . . 422 Ngapbyoo . 14 Nagpbana . . 208 Narikel . 422 Ngoomee . 137 Nagphansi . . 208 Naringi . 59 Ngraem . 159 Nagpiit . 139 Nariyal . 422 Ngraem rik . . 155 Nagre . . 426 Narki . . 311 Nhare . . 413 Naguwai 17, 18 Narlei . . 20 Nia jowa X Nagyee . 50 Narlingi . 160 Niangba . 173 Naba . . 315 Naro . . 206 Nibari . . 254 Nahor . . 27 Narockpa . 68 Nicbni rattankat . . 235 Nahsher iv Narole . 65 Niechak . 317 Baibela 152, viii Narra . , 272 Nigal . . 426 Naindi . . 194 Narra alagi . . 310 Niggi . 219, 315 Nairuri . 194 Narri . . 426 Nikari . . 388 Nai tek. . 3 Narvilli . 271 Nikki-bekkar . 55 Nai-udi . 278 Naryepi . 143 Nikki kander . 91 462 INDEX TO Pages. Nikki kurkan . 394 Nil . 117 Nila . . 102 Nilay . . 55 TSIilbhadi . 67 Nilika . . 352 Nilli . . 852 Nilpiteha . 229 Niluve . . 66 Nim . . 69 Jiimat . . 270 Nimbar . 152 Nimbarra . 70 Nimbay . 69 Nimda . . 266 Nimi chambeli . 274 Wim pooteli . . 361 Nimuri . 69 Ninai . . 248 Nior . 91 Niral . . 273 Wirambali . 414 Nirangi . 134 Niranji . 376 Nirasa . . xxi Nir-chappay . 348 Nirgnl . . 426 Nirgiri . . 297 Nirgudi . 297 Nii-gunda . 297 Nirgur . 297 Nirija . . 87 Nfrjiluza . 119 Nirkadambe . . 222 Nir-mali . 268 Nir-nochi . 296 Kirpa . . 141 Nir pongilam . 276 Niru . 87 Nirujani . iii Nirvala . . 15 Nisbinda . 296 Nisinda . 297 Nisur . . 87 Niii . 166, 378 Noaluta . 133 Noge . . 78 Nomorchi . 12 Noona . . 232 Nori . 351 Nowli eragu . . 297 Nozarai . 418 Nfich . 411, 256 Nuggee . 114 Number . 199 Numbong . 361 Numbooiigkor . 362 Numbor . 295 Numingrik . . 165 Numma . 186 Numro . 363 Nunewalai . 103 Nuni . . 828 Nuniajhar . . 308 NunWri . 350 Nunipaputa . 231 Nupgor Nuskul . Nwabmi Nwaleinbyeng Nwaycbo Nwaysat Nydi . »yau . Nyaw-chah Nyoungbaudi Nyoungben . Nyoungchin Nyoung-kyap Nyoungop Nyoungpyoo . Nyoungthabyeb Oao Odasale Odela Odla 08 Obalu 01 Oit-bulung Oka kaiyeya Okhioungza Okhyang Oksbit . Olcbi . Omak . Ombu . Om6 . Omra . Ong . Ooh . Oolucbakma Oosulay Opa . Opang . Opnai . Ora Orasmaro Orcba . Orer Oru Osai Oserwa . Osirka . Otengah Ouk-chingza Ouk-mouk Oulia champ Ouli gogeu Ovalli . Pafin Pabba 305, Pages. 306, 312 109 . 316 . 50 . 280 . 282 . 173 . 232 . 316 . 335 . 332 . 334 268, 382 . 336 . 335 . 336 1 . 150 . 46 . 46 . 160 . 352 . 160 . Tii . 421 . 425 . 73 . 73 . 63 . 162 . 46 . 20 i . 47 . 422 . 420 . 386 . 160 . 259 . 344 . 327 . 428 . 415 . 205 . 363 . 42 . 298 ii . 352 . 2 . 250 . 862 . 6 29, iv . 245 104 76 203 > Paget. Pibe . . 379 Pabuna . 341 Pachakathala 1 . . 426 Pachdri . 129 Pachimanu . 186 Pacbunda . 15 ViA . . 372 Padi . . 79 Pad^m . 412 Padar . 278 Padari ' . 278 Padarla . 278 Paddam . 163, X Padebiri . 219 Padenarayan . 134 Pader . . 278 Padera . 219,231 ViAiiXi . 278 Padmak . 412 Padouk . 130 Padri . . 129, 278 Padriau . 140 Padriun . 87 Padul . . 278 Padurni . 278 Paghala . 255 Pagjlok . 431 Paguu . . 44 Pahar . . 18 Pahar giingri . 116 Pahavicha . 289 Pabaripipal . . 379 Pabar lampat i . .242 Paia . . 431 Paid! . . 339 Paieli . . 312 Pailae . . 197 Paiman . . 194 Paini . . 41 Paini mara . . 41 Pair . . 335 Paisigong . 123 Paja . 163 Pajerra . 113 P^jia . 163 Pajpati . 296 Pdkar . 334, 385 Pakh . 379 Pakha . 418 Pakhdna . 165 Pakbar . 334 Pakhori . 425 Pakbsbu . 379 Pdkbur . 216 Pakki-tuma . 149 Pakjik . . 432 Pakkl . . 327 Pakpa . . 481 Pakri . . 334, 335 Paktawar . 215 Paku . . 421 Pakura . 254 ?i\i. 169, 24 1, 262, 263, 264 Palagaruda . 262 Palai . . 105 PaUk . . 835 ■VEENACULAE NAMES. 463 Pages. 1 Pages Pages. Palakh . 334 Paniam-bul . . 195 Parral 278 Palamkat . 177 Panji . . 227 Parsfd . 143 Palas . . 123 Panjira . 122 Parsipu . 43 Palasi . . 123 Panjra . 228 Pariil . . 278 Falashu . xvii Panjule . 353 Parunga . 383 Palati 304, xxvi Pankakro i Parur . . 278 Palava . 245 Pankar . 94 Parwana . 239 1 alawa . 23 Panma . . 30 Pas . xxix Paldatam . 272 Panniabliil . . 229 Pasarganni . 128 Paldua . . xvi Panniari . 196 Pasend . 251 Pal^ . . 99 Pannie . 416 Pasendu . 251 Palegnyok . . 99 Pan-noo . 11 Paser . . 174 Palet . . 211 Panpui . i P£sh . . 84 Palita mandar . 122 Pansaura . 55 PasM . . 186 Paliwara . 122 Pansi . 186, XX Pasbien . 431 Palkai . 339 Pantagah . 23 Pa-sbing . 430 Palkurwan . . 264 Pantaka . 25 PashkouU i Palla . . 246 Panthitya . 33 Pasi . . 186 PaUam . 264 Pant6m . 93 Parsi . . xvii Palla pandu . . 246 Panugeri . 270 Paspu 220 Palle piinlo . . 246 Panwa . . 232 Paspiikadaml e . .220 Palok . . 365 Pao . 430 Passergiuni . 158 Palosa . 152 Paowlay . 59 Passi . . 168 Paltu . . 169 Papadar xxiii Passy . . 161 Palu . , let !, 235, 246 Papar . 84, 133 228, 173, Pastuwanne . 53, 54 Paliicli . 379 342 Pat . 52 Paludar 400, 408 Paparapulia . . 42 Pata . . 11 Paludum . 432 Fapash kalli . . 208 Patagari i Palukajui . 230 Papat kalam . 214 PatagTiija . 226 Paljok . . 253 Papatta . 231 Patakban . 170 Pama . . 411,412 Papaya 207 Pataki . 11, 86 Pamania . 275 Paphar . 229 Patalgani . 261 Pamburu . 62 Paphok . 429 Patali . 255,278 Pampana . 275 Papiri . . 231 Patanga . 135 Pamphuuia . . 278 Papli . . 91 Patau gslia . 99 Pana . 275, 416 Papra . 229, xxiii Patcha . 270 Panam . . 119 Paprang . 369 Patchalai . 129 Panan . . 119 Papri . 91, 23£ ), 342, 369 Patha . . 319, 320 Panar . . 226 Papria . . 310 Pat-hioo . 426 Panasa . . 329 Paralpadal . . 278 Patbiri . 278 Panben-nway . 31 Param . . 344 Pathor . 356,266 Panchi . 186 Paramle . 89 Pati . 431 Panchidung . . XX Parand . 319 Paticbanda . 305 Panchman . . 186 Parangi . 66 Patigia . 353 Panel) onta . . 242 Parana . 89 Patimil . 350 Fanchoti pala . 242 Parari . 278 Patir . . 63 Panchu vi Paras . . 123 , 163, xvii Pativa . . 227 Pand . . 319, 320 Parash . 43 Patji . . 353 Pandau 278 Paraspipal . . 335 Pat-karru . 301 Panden . 272 Parasu . .xxix Patki . . 378 Pandiki . 43 Parbati . 262 Patle katus . 383,385 IPandrai . xlx Parbik . 11 Pat moro . 212, 304 Pandii . . XX, xxvi Parbo . . 262 Pat mossu ii Pandur . 220 Parenga . 103 Patoia . 310 Paneba . 226 Pareya-auwal . 278 Pat-pbanaB . 331 Pangah . 180 Pargal . 383 Patrang . 280 Pangara . 122 Pargiu . 265 Patru-kurwai 1 . .263 Pangra . 12 1, 122, 145 Pari . . 11, 230 Patsura . 129 Pani . . 330 Pariara . 121 Pattali . 84 Pania . . 43 Paridab . 424 Pattang . 135 Paniah . 226 Parirajhar . 255 Pattati^a . 14 Paniala . 17 Parjam . 257 Pattarola . 165 Pani-chika . . 252 Paroa . . 339 Pattewar . 251 Paniiama . 376 Parokupi . 359 Patt barman . 282 Panisaj . 185 ParoUi . 278 Patuli . 278 Panizali . 17 Parpalli gidda . 89 Patunga 133 *b* INDEX TO Fages. Pages. Pago. Patu-swa . 303 Pengji . 356 Pharsa 54, 123, xvi Patutadi . 416 Penglai htan . 233 Pharsia 53, 55, 179 Patwan . 251 Penglai-kanazo . 47 Pharwa . 54 Pauma . 30 Peni . . 215 Phas . . 186 Paunchinan . . 186 Penlaykathit . 122 Phassi . 129, 186 Paur tela . 139, xviii Penti tadi . 416 Phatak . 372 ¥ivi . . 95 Pepa . 423 Phaunda . 194 Pavella . 96 Pepere . 334 Phedu . . 338 Pavetti . . 231 Pep^ro . 229 Phegran . 332 Pawaing . 363 Pepe siman . . XXX Phekori bet . . 424 Pawetta . 231 Peralu . 333 Phetra . 226,228 Paya . . 163 Penimbiii xviii Phetrak . 228 Payala . . 109 Pera pastawane . 354 Phetya-kyee . . 323 Payaiii . . 41 Peria-eeteham . 419 Philku . 217 Paya udesh . . 373 Perinji . 207 Philli . . 103 Payir rik . 155 Perinkara . . 57 PhiUu . . 219 Payomba . 208 Persar . xvii Phindak . 170 Payong . 240 , 372, 429 Pershuajelah . . vi Phipai . 91 Payongi'ik . . 102 Peru . . 64 Phiph& . 229 Pe . 408 Perumbe . 147 Phirpbiri . 47 Pease . . 418 Pesb . ■ . . 418 Phis bekkar . . 300 Pebeng . 417 Peshora . 174 Phlankur . 93 Pech . . 315 Petakara . 242 Phlassu . 379 Pecha-da . . 249 Petarkura . 18 Phober kfing . 194 Pedalli . . 226 P^te . xxiii Phdg . . . 303 Pedda . . 64 Pethra . 411 Phok , . 303 Pedda are . 140 Petisurali . 200 Phomphli . 92 Peddaboku . . 270 Petta-mari . . 332 Phugoiig . xiii Peddachilka dudu| ja . 9 Pettega . 220 Phulahi . 152 Pedda chintu . 87 Petthau 276, 277 Phulamphi . . 213 Pedda duchirratn . . 157 Petpuria . 220 Phulanch . 173 Pedda eita . . 419 Petwoon . 52 Phulel 214, 244 Pcddagi . 132 Pey . . . 64 Phul gogra . V Pedda gomru . 295 Peyara . • . . 190 Phul hingori . 56 Pedda-kalinga . 2 Pfis . . . . 418 Phulla . 92 Pedda-kanru . 18 Phaco singalf . 385 Phul-sappa . . 7 Pedda-karinga . 229 Pbadupjoh . . 238 Phulsar . 353 Pedda kunji . . 43 Phakram . 344 Phnlsatti . 200 Pedda moiali . 109 Phalani . 194 Phul-sola . 119 Pedda-nella-kura . 294 Phalat . . 387 Phulu . . 412 Pedda-nowli eragu . 342 Fhaldu . 222, 224 Phulwara 164, 166 Pedda patseru . 158 Phaliant . 387 Phnnguyet . . 23 Peddapotri . . 43 Phalinda . 194 Phunphuna . .xxvi Peddasopara . 128 Phalgataitu . . 278 Phupari . 86 Pedda taraki . 54 Phaija . . 379 Phurpata . 228 Peddi-mari . . 333 Phalsa . . 55 Phurz . 372 Pedega . 132 Plialsb . . 379 Phusera . 239 Ped^i . . 132 Phalwa . 55 Phuspat . 372 Pedu . . 64 Phalwara . 244 Phusrae . 232 Peduman . 95 Phamlet 308, 312 Phusri 310, 312 Pee . . . . 64 Phamsikol . . 2 Phusri mallata . 361 Peea . . XV Phands . 329 Phut . . 216 Pee tunga . 218 Phan^t . 387 Pidk . . 373 Pehimbia . 68 Phanda . 228 Pial . 109, XV Peingnai . 829 Phandra . 122 Piangani . 129 Peirah . . 109 Phandra khair . 153 Piar . . 109 Pek . . . . 300 Phane . . 310 Piasal . .132, 182, xvii Peka . . 427 Phangera . 121 Piazay . . 235 Pe-karakai . . 182 Phalli . . 308 Pichle . . 427 Pela . . 190 Phai-ad . . xvi Pida . . 270 Pella-gumudu . 350 Pharat singhali . 387 Piktumi . 150 Pendder . 5 Pharenda . 194 Pilaehampa . . 6 Pender . 226 Pharengala . . 99 PiMla . . 336 Pendra 226, 228 Pharkatto . 275 Pilchi . . 19 Pendre . i Phil roil j . 387 Pilikcba . 173 Pendri 226, 228 Pharra . 418 Pilkhan 334, 335 VERNACULAR NAMES. 465 Taget. Fagei. Pagn. RUa . . 329 Poguntig . 348 Pouknway . . 122, 123 Pillai-marda . . 182 Pohor . . 304 Poukpan . 119 Pilru . . 217 Pdi . 323 Poukpyoo . 119 Pilru potala . . 59 Poi-dbaula . . 325 Pounanga . 96 Pilsa . . 173 Pojo . xxvii Poungma-tbeing .233 Pilu . . 1 97, 259, 260 Poka . . 421 Prab . 3 32, 334, 335 Pilugu . . 201 Pokob . . 160 Prabba . . 423 Pimpri . . 206 Poksha . . 340 Praong . 427 Pin . 271, 349 Pokuttia . 172 Pratsbu . 239 Pinari . . 45 Pol . 422 Pri . 120 Pincha . . 84 Po-la . . 43 Prin , 326 Pincho . . 326 Polach . 158 Prist . . 378 Pind . . 419 Po-lari . . 349 Prita . . 398 PindMu . 226 Pollai . . 349 Proncbadik . . 12 Pindar . . 226 Poma . . 78 Prong . . 427 Pindi . . 314 Pomponia . 275 Prongnok . 427 Pindik . . 179 Pona . 123 Prongzam 19, 209, 210 Pindi-kai . 314 Pondam . 266 Proosti . 320 Pindra , . 226 Pong . , 133 Prora . . 208 Pindrai . 408 Pong£ . . 333 Prost . . 378 Pindrau . 408 Pongalam . 353 Prot . . 211 Pinekai . iv Pongnyet . 25 Psbi . , 431 Piney maram . 41 Pongoo . . 26 Pd . 95 Ping . . 144 Pon-padira . . 278 Pua . . 323 Pingyat . 170 Ponnagam . . 361 PudangaUi . . 21 Pinj . . 47 Ponra . . vii Pudari . . 219 Pinlayoung . 74 Pooalay . 312 Puddum . 361 Pinlay-tiiit-kouk . 187 Poo-marda . . 182 Pudlikat . 367 Pinlaytsee 80 Poomarum . 236 Piidii . 319 Pinna . . 244 Poon . 26 Pugriang . 431 Pinnai . . 3 Poonang . IV Pukana . . 166 Pinna-nelli , . 295 Poone . . 21, 26 Pula . . 43, 44 Pinnay - . 25 Poota-tammi . . 197 Pulacbi . 95 Pinoh . . 46 Pooteli . . 311 Pulhari . 139 Pinri . 218 Pootbadab . . 425 Piili . . 143 Pintayau 55 Poovati . . 97 Puli-ille . 113 Pipal . . 335 Popli . . 320 Piili-patha . 43 Pipli . 1 74, 334, 335 Popra . xxiii Puli-sbinta . . 139 Pipri . . 335 Porapa . . 71 Pnlla dondur 139 Piralo . . 226 Porasau . 123 PuUi baghi . 158 Piri . . xvii Porasu , . 123 PuUung . 277 Pirij-da . 141 I'orda . . 103 Pulmu . . 215 Pironja . vii Poresh . . 43 Pulsur . . 349 Pishinna . 247 Porilla . . 129 Pulupinan-rnyou k . .348 Pissi babul . . 150 Poris . . 43 Pumbadri . 276 Pisul . . 278 Porki . 89 Pummoon 426 Pita korwa . . xxvi Poros . xxvii Pumne . 390 Pitali . 359 Poro dumer . xxviii Pun . . 408 Pitamari . 218 Porponda . xxvi Piina 25, 97 Pitari . . 360 Portia . . 43 Piinag . 361 Pithogarkh . . 242 Portobo xxiii Punar puli . . 24 Pitni . . 89 Poruwa . 230 Punas . . 25 Pitraj . . 73 Posa . 328 Pdnil . 110 Pitso . • 426 Posangni . 56 PuDg-cba 413 Pitta . . 200 Posbur . . 74 Pungu . 133 Piiimar . 300 Posbwa . 46 Punjlawai . 275 Piuni . . 398 Posong . . 431 Punk . . 179 Piwar . . 196 Potali . . 59 Punscbi . 177 Piyara . . 190 Potari . . 43 Punyan . 272 Po . 174 Potbi . . 301 Pur . . . 42 Pobong . . 431 Poto dbamun . 55 Purakoi . 94 Podah . 428 Potra . . 133 Purasa . 43 Podiam . . 431 Potri . . 43 Purbo . 262 Pogada . . 245 Potrnm 129 Purbong . 15, 418 Poghada . 255 Potur. . . 224 Pureea . 229 Pogslo . . 431 Pouk . . 123 Piirgur . . 225 3 L 466 Fagea^ Puri singbatti . 267 Purmiok . *27 Puvmo , . 239 Puroa . . 361 Pnrolia . . 123 Purphiok . 429 Purpuray timuv . . ix Pursa , . 43 Pursan . . 272 Pursung . 43 Purudona . 69 Puriini . . 326 Puvush . . 77 Pdskil . . 95 Pussooah xi Pussur . xi Pustiil . . 413 Putajan . 353 Putenga . 357 Pnter . . xxix Putila . . xxix Pdtkia . . 366 Putlinga . 236 Putra-jiva . . 3E3 Putra-juvi . , 338 Putri . xxix Puvandi . 96 Puvarasam . . 43 Puvatti . 95 Puvella . 96 Puwak . . 421 Puya . . 323 Puya uclish . . 372 Pwot-chau-beng . 326 Pyal . . 109 Pya-shlng . . 267 t^ee-nyoung . 333 Pymma . 202 I^mmah . 203 Pymmahpyoo . 200 Pyiikado . 27 , 141, 148 Q. Qnabi-bet . 424 Qnindah . 243 E. Raban . Babi bet Radat bera Baella . Rag . Rdgi . Ragota . Rahira . Rabo Eai Eaiang . Raibanj Eaidana Raiga . Raijaman 2, 3^ . 252 . 423 . 132 xviii 407, 408 134, 335 . 15 . 275 . 408 335, 407 . 407 . 384 . 425 . 835 . 194 INDEX TO Fagea_ Fagei, Rail . . 408 Raasu-kurund u . . 305 Eaila . . 136 Eatabanli . 150 Rain . . 246 Rata gogen . 29 Raini . . 246 Rat ay . . 234 Raisalla . 398, 408, 410 Raterr . . XX Kai tiing . 104 Rat-kihiri . 153 Rijal . . 214 Ratmanti . 310 Rajdiu . . 342 Ratoo-wafi . . 137 Raj^n . . 873 Rattanjote . . 59 Ra.iana . . 230 Rattankat . 235 Rajbirij . 136 Rattu kina . . 60, viii Ra-jbriksh . 136 Raii . . 40, 171 Ra tet-berfo . • 6^ Rauket . . 336 Rnkbal . . 413 Rauli . . 311 Rakht reora . . 275 Raundolu . 313 Raklop . . 363 Ranndra . 152 Rakta cbandan 131 , 140, 146 Rauni . . 361 Rakta kancban . 140 Ratinj . . 152 Rakt anglia . . 348 Raiins . . 171 Raktapita . 91 Ravi . 335 Raktchandan . 348 Rawadan . 3 Rakti . . 121 Razbam . 216 RAktrura . 247 Razli . . 256 Ral . . . . 148 Re . 407, 408 Rama . . xxii Rebdan. . 275 Ram£n£dike . . 814 Reoheda . 146 Ramani . 295 Reddapul-me ra . 272 Ramanjir , 334 Reem . . 423 Rambutan . 97 Regguti . 15 Rameneidelle . 225 Resi . . 88 Ramgda . 421 Rek 162 Ramjani . 238 Rek^ . vi Ramnia . 170 Rela . . 136 Rampat . 280 Relu . . 335 Ramphal i Rencbilingrili 103 Rdmtezpat . . 305 Rend . . 272 RauSi . . , . 84 Reng . . 319 Ranamba . 310 Renga . , 88, 245 Rand . . 363 Rengba . 88 Randkari 310 Rengua . XXX Ranel . . 104 Renta . . vii, xxvi Ranga . . 241 Renuja . . 152 Rangamali . iil Reodaaa . 275 Rangan . . 230 Reoni . . 361 Rangchari . . 301 Reori . . 319 Rangcbiil . 84 Rera . . 136 Rang! . . 335, 425 Reri . . xxi R nngi-rata . . 71 Rerd . . 152 Rangkrdn . 256 Reteon . . 91 Rangoe . 11 Reunja xviii Rangul . 86 Reush . . 171 Rangun . 230 Revacbinni . 24 Raniwalai . 106 Rewari . . 407, 408 Ranj . . 384 Rewat . . 206 Ran] ana . 146 Reylu . . 136 Ranket . . 333 Rha . . 140 Ranpalai . 276 Rhdi . . 407 Ran-pbanas . . 331 Rhetsa . . 60, viii Ransla . . 408 Rhi . . 398 Rdo . . 407, 408 Rhin . . 384 Rapesho . 216 Ri . 171, 398 Rarunga X xviii Ridlla . . 407 Rasbijii . . . 342 R\iu . . 310 Rnselwa . 113 Rianj . . 384 Rashtu . . 105 Richabi . 214 Rossaul . 150 Ricbang . 377 VERNACULAE NAMES. 467 Pages. Paget. Pases. Eiehh-kas . 213 Eue . 424 Saikainebliia . . 186 Kichuklu . 214 Bnebee . . 424 Saikanta . 150 Ridi . . 272 Ruen . . 361 Saikre . . xxi Bikaling . 413 Euglim . 86 Saimuladdi . . Tii Bikhali . . 106 Buinsh . . 171 Sain . 423 Rikhiil . 106 Eukh . . 19, 20 Sainjan . 114 Rikkan 378, 379 Eukh baer . . 90 Sainjna . 114 Eikunra . 373 Eukni . . 344 Saiphra . 76 lli'mda . 40 Rumbal 335, 340 Saifcu . 44 Rimmel . xiii Rumgach . 393 Saj . . 38 1S2, 283 Rin . 384 Riing . xviii Saja . . 183 King . . 170 Eungara . 122 Sakalang . 57 Ringa . 152, xiv Rungbong . . 420 Sakalyel . 91 Ringal . . 426 Runggong . . 134 Sakena . 117 RingaU . 427 Riingra . 121 Sakber . 34 Ringer . . 425 Eungyeong-rik . 90 Sakbu . . 34 Eingri . . 65 Eunisupari . . 421 Saki . . 379 Riugyal . 166 Runjra . 152 Sakna . . 117 Rini . . 319 Hunool . . 424 Sakna hakna . . 117 Einj . 152, 384 Eiisa . 327 Sakomsing . . vii Rinja . xviii Eusam . . 95 Sakun . . 20 Rinjal . . 34 Eussa-usareki . 351 Sakwa . 34, V Riphin . . 425 Euta . , xvi Sal . 3 4, 39, 150 Ris . 214 Bute . . xvii Silla . . 34 Eisau . . 425 Rutok . . 119 Sala dbup . 396 Risapaing . 311 Euzerap . XTii Salai . 66 Eish . . 171 Siilanker . 215 Eitha . 94, 96 Salap . . 261 Eithei . . 354 Sale . . 150 Rithu . . 84 S. Salei . 6fi, 180 Eiti . 332 Sale manta . . 354 Riu . L71, xxviii Saar . 410 Saiga . . 66 Eitina . . 361 Sacheiig . 179 Salhe . . 66 Riiis . 171 Sadachu . 54 Sail _ . 368, xxiii Eoangching . . 377 Sadora . 183 Salima . . 100 Eoatanga 95 Sadii . . 182 Salla . . 66 , 396, 407 Eobhay . 173 Sadura . 184 Salle . . 408 Eodinga . 122 Safed-ak . 265 Salma . . 419 Rogliu . . 220 Safedar . 124 376, 378 Salu . 418 Rohan . . 76 Safed cbamp . . 6 Salua . . 46 Rohani . . 152 Safed ind . 365 Salwa . . 34 Rohi . . 87 Safed kabra . . 334 Sam . 330 Rohina . . 76 Safed kikar . . 152 Sama . . 351 Rohituka . 73 Safed mallata . 362 Samadara . 64 Holini . . 361 Safed nyok . . 309 Samalu xxvii Rohu . . 306 Safed siraal . . 42 Samarri . 47 Roi . . . . 407 Safed siris . . 158 Sambar . 120 Roir . 275 Safhyi . . 320 Sambaw V Rorra . . 275 Safri-am . 190 Sambeing . 46 Eola . . XX Sag . . 283, 295 Sambiing . 104 Eoli . . 361 Sagade . 95 Samkoh . 304 Romiisk . 91 Sagapu . 224 Samli . . 94 Eong . 103, 423 Sagarabatna . . XX Samoka . 263 Eonchiling . . 113 Sagdi . . 95 Sumpaga-pala . 297 Bookattana . . 262 Saguu . . 283 Sampenga . 6 Room . . 280 Sagvvan . 283 Sampigbi . 6 Bore . xxi Sagwani . 283 Sampnl . 300 Eori . 361 Sah . . . . 410 Samsem . 255 Bosbang . 300 Sahada. . 327 Samsihar . XXV Row . . 408 Sahadra . 323 Sam smidra . . 160 Bowanra . 121 Sahaju . 182 Samudra . 196 Eoyta . . 76 Saherwa . 254 Samundar phiil . 196 Buchia . . 212 Sabine , . . 201 Sanakadan . 23, iu B adrak . . 57 Sahu hingori . 385 Sanalinga . 305 Eudrak-sha . . 45 S&i ' . 216, 319 Sanatosi . 24 Budrak-shamba . 220 Saihan . . 114 Sanatta . 101 4b8 INDEX TO Paget, Paget. Paget. Sandal 256, 321 Sarrd . . 410 Sengeni . 298 Sandan . 119 Saruakasari . . 361 Senibal .' 43 Sandanpipli . . 119 Sardl . . 140 Senjna . 114 Sandan vembu . 78 Sarshoti . 350 Sentung rung . 347 Sandapsing . . XXV Sasi . 316 Seo . 168 Sandari 136, 326 Saslendi . 99 Seoli . . 254 Sandiknya . . xxvi Sat-bur . 335 SephdlikS . . 254 Sandi ome . i Satiana . 262 S6r . 119 Sandra . 153 Satiun . 262 Serai- guti . 309 Sandugza . 208 Satni . . 262 Serali . . iii Sane ii Satpura . 315 Serda . . 98 Sangaipru . . 112 Satpuria . 129 Serang . . 388 Sangal . 407 Satrai . 408 Serdya . . 21 Sanginphroo . . 104 Sattori . 262 Seregad . 272 Sangji . 339 Satwin . 262 Serei . . . 383 Sangong . 305 Saul kuri . 57 Serb . . 105 Sangraban . V Sauna . . 275 Serhnyok . 106 Sangran . 310 Saunder . 147 SeriUi . 334 Sangri . 147 Saunjla . 217 Seris . . . 127 Sangryn . 112 Sautha . 200 Serisso . 127 San hessare . i Saver . . 372, 373 Serkuji . 162 Sanj . . 382 SawAli . . 373 Sorpa . . 323 Sanjit . 317 Sbama . . 411 Serva . . 346 Sanjna . 114 Schap . . 419 Sessal . . 60 Sankarunda . . 261 Schiap . . 419 Seta pajja . . 91 Sanko . . xxiii Sealposra . 55 Set baniwa . . 315 Sana solti . iii Seb . . 168 Set krishnapani . 120 Sanniiu . 378 Sebe . . 190 Sewan . . 295 Sanoli . 323 Sechin . . 281 Sewar . . 261 Sanpalu . 355 Sedangtaglar . 43 Sewri . . 118 Sanpatti . xxvi Sedeng . 324 Seyapu cbandanun a . 131 Sansaru . 326 Sedongtagla . . 343 Seyara . 140 San-ta-ku . , 321 Seeru . . . 234 Sey barasi . . 76 Santi . . 179 Seet . . 158 Sba . . 153 Sanu arkaula . 886 Segapu . 190 Shabju . . 352 Sanu jhingni . 28 Segapu-munthari . 140 Shafri . , 256 Sanyepang . . 220 Segum kati . . 148 Shag . . 372 Saociila . 324 Sehoong . 186 Shagali . 117 Saori . . 118 Sebsliing . . 407 Shahttit . 328 Sapai . . 255,340 Sehnd . . 368 Shaing . HI Saparung . XXV Sein . . 182 Shdk . . 372 Sapliai . 333 Seina . . 200 Shakab . 340 Saphijirik . 61 Seindi . . 419 Sbakai . 326 Sapin . . 396 Sejan . . 114 Shakardana . . 300 Sapong . 344 Seji . . . 201 Shaksbin . 372 Sappa . . .5,7 Sejna . . 114 Sbal . V Saprung . xxi Seju . . . xxix Shalakdt . 20 Sapsha . 323, 324 Sekwa . V Shalanghi . . 308 Sara . 109,41 9, 311, 408 Sela vanjai . . 158 Shilanglu . 311 Sarai . 410 Selcho . 160 Shalangri . 315 Saraka . 109 Selemnyok . . 264 Shalgari . * . 116 Saral . . 396 Selti . . 270 Shall . . 254 Sardp . . 413 Selupa . . 87 Shalshi . 387. 388 Sarapatri . 158 Sema . . 172 Shami . . 147 Saras . . 5 5, 124, 411 Sema dung . . 408 Sbamieula . . 42 Sara VI an . 106 Semar ■ . 270 Shamor . 89 Sarbashtai . . 165 Seme . . 154 Shamru . 120 Sare gogen . . 29 Semla . . 141 Shamshad . 369 Sarei . 34, 407 Sempak . 344 Shandalaghune . 369 Sargi . V Sempangam . . 6 Shang . . 256 Saring . XXX Sempat . 310 Shangal . 256 Sarjuni V Semru . .147 Shangala . 82 Sarngar . 237 Semul . . 44 Shangti . 398 Saroli . 373 Semur . . 44 Shanjan . 119 Sarota . 67 Sen^n . . 326 Shaoul . 373 Sarputtia . 282 Sengel sali . . xii Shapri . 256 VERNACULAK NAMES. 469 Paget. Paget Paget. Shapti . . 199 Shiran . . 162 Silang . . 257 Sharawani . . 17 Shirash ' . 390 Silapoma . 393 Sliargar . 237 Shirlan . 44 Silari . 156 Shari . . 162 SMrsb . . 159 Silikka . . 181 Sharifa , 9 Shirsha . 160 Silim . 180 Sharoli . . 390 Shisham . 124, 127 Silingi . . 254, 257 Shash . . 106 ShisM . . 159 Silkanti . 306 Shasoung . 368 Sbitzem . 61 Sil koroi . 159 Shasoung leknyo . 368 Shiiilik . 317 SQlangti . 4 Sha soung-pya tba 1 . 368 Sbiuntra . 266 Silli . . 429 Shatooteng . . 309 Shiwali . 282 Sill-kurta . . 242 Shaul . . 372 Shiwari . 297 Siltimber . 309, 313 Sliauria . 87 Sbko . . 341 Silu , . 270 Shaursi . 272 Sho . . 42 Sim . 136 Shawali . 166, 297 Shomfol . 91 Sima , • . 241 Shayrang . Ill Sbomshing . . 398 Simal . . 78 Sheaboge ' . . 235 Hhooudul . 141 Simali . . 61, 102 Shealbuk . . 311 Shrol . . 373 Simbal . . 44 Sbeasbong . . 317 Shta . . 326 Simbrangrip . . 218 Sheohin . 280 281, 299 Shu . 168 Sime hunase . . 145 Shedbarwa . . 315 Shue . . 106 Sime tangadi . 138 Shegul . . 168 Shdf talii . . 162 Simi . 241 Shej . 200 Shuk . . 319 Simli . . 88 Shekram . 160 Shukui . 3 Simoug . 420 Sliekrani . 160 Shukpa . 412 Simpletbnk . . 266 Sbelangri . 298 Shulundu kora . 230 Simrung , 237 Shelda . . 378 Shumaj . 369 Simul aloo . xxviii Shem . . 76 Shumanjra . . 100 Simul turiil . xxviii Shembal . 44. Shumbu . XX Simyanga xxvii Shembugha . . 6 Shun . . 256, 377 Sina . . 201 Shemi . . 147 Shundapana . . 420 Sinakadang . . 69 Shempati . 58 Slmpa . . 411 Sind 315, 378 Shencurungi . 109 Shur , . 412 Sindi . . 419 Shendri . 361 Shurbuta . 412 Sindri . . 293 Shengutan . . 251 Shurgu . 412 Sindi-ol . . 91 Sbeodur . 129 ShurU . 390 Sinduri . . 361 Sheora . 327, 323 Shuruzbed . . 78 Sinduria . 361 Sheori . . 372 Shwau . . 258 Sindurpong , . 361 Shepkyew . 57 Shwetsimtil . . 42 Sindwar xxvii Sherawaue . 87, 91 Shyokul 89 Singbrang . iv Sheriman . 185 Shyona . 275 Singhani . 427 Shermaua . 119 Sia . 166 Singhara . 389 Sbewa . 168, 124 SiaU . . 123 Singbata 4, 209 Shewan . 295 Sialu . 211 Singi . . 84 Shewari . 118 Siaru . 826 Singka . . 169 Shewney , 295 Sibri . . 357 Singliang . 174 Shibika . 104 Sibriu . . 148 Singna . . 213 Shida . . 200 Sida . . 200 Singnaimik . 172 Shidu . . 368 Sidemnyok . . 59 Siugnok ' 1 j2, 225, ii Shikand . 166 Sidha . xxi Singraf . [ . 310 Sbilli . . 256 Sidhera . . 84 Singrauf \ . 310 SbiUing . 257 Sifeoo . . 5 Singriang . 160 Sbilve . , 148 Sige . 150 Singtok . 328 Sbimarra . 136 Sigugrip . 6 Singuru . 283 Shimbu . 6 Sigumgrip , . 5 Siagya . xvii Sbimti . . 110 Sihar . 139, 261 Singyan . 253 Hhi'n . , 124 Siharu . . 254 Singyen . 278 Shindar . 168 Sij . . . . 368 Sinjli , . 88 Sbinduga . 158 Siju . . . . 256 Sinkani . 306 Shing . . 315 Sikat xxviii Sinkozi . . 307 Sbingali . 389 Sikekai . 150 Sin-ma-ao-pyin . 356 Sbingari . 166 Sik&up .xxiii Sinna . . 267 Shingr . . 144 Siki . . 84 Sinnah . . 316 Sbingra . 388 Sikkai . . 160 Sinong . . 335 Shinwala . 237 Sikriba . xxiii Sin-thahpan . . 340 Sbioli . . 139 Sikru . xi Siora . . 327 470 INDEX TO Sipba . Sir Sira Sir^i . Siran Siras SirgiiUam Sivhootungchi Sirl Sirikishu Sirikone Sirin . Siringri Siriokhtem Siri poone Siris Sirislia . Sirma . Sirpang Sirsa Sirshing Sisi Sisir Siske t&sar Sisea . Sissai . Sis3u , Sissui . Sisu Sita Sitater . Sita pelu Sitaphal Sitapundu Sitarjat Sitarsnaz Sitnyok Sitsal . Sitta . Sittamindi Sittamunuk Sitto Tidal Sivettachim Sivor . Siyemtela Skiocli . Soi Soanjna Sodhera Sodoi Soh^ga- Sohajna Sohan . Soilo . Soimi . Soka Sokutia Sola . Solei . Solomanim Somi Souir . Somri . Somso . Somun . Sona . 156; Fagei. | 29 109 258 ise] 357 158, 160 127 361 97 87 387 389 136 159 160 300 209 26 156, 158 156 317 278 127 317 312, vii 1 vii 213 127 124 38 124 127 127 9 90 vii 9 9 56 56 336 127 142 363 363 47 282 273 142 84 328 114 267 339 73 114 76 248 76 135 • 201 119 300 158 xviii 44 208 xii 255 140," xxvi Souai . Sona] ihi Sonalu. Sondarra Sonepatta Scmkairi Sonkliair Sooahn Soom . Soondi , Soopwotnway Soothan Sooyit . Sophi . Sopho . Soplong Sopund Sori Soriughi Soso Sosokera Sotege . Soudar-padal Sdundalay unnu Soungyah Sow Sowkabent Sozong . Spera wuna Spercherei Sperdor Spiag . Spikso . Spun . Starga . Sua Suali . Sual kuri Sualu . Suam . Sudhari Sudunika Sufeda Sufok-ji Suglim Sugroomnk Sugvat . Suha-rfik Suiminta Sujuna . Sukali . Sukat sing Sukri-ruia Sula Stili , Sulia . Sulla . Sullea . Sulopa . Sultana champa Sum Sunaa . Stimuli . Sumbling Sumbrong . 315 , 255 , 136 . 129 .xxvi . 150 . 153 . 32 . 308 . 425 . 150 . 110 . 155 . 391 . 161 . 414 . 368 . 275 . 34 . XV xxviii . 365 . 279 . 48 . 58 . 160 . 425 . 275 . 265 . 267 . 383 . 378 426 . 426 . 408 . 392 . 281 300, 379 . 57 . 310 . xii . 267 . 297 378, 379 . 165 . 83 . 282 . 206 . 3 118 . 114 . 323 . 371 , xxii . 396 . 78 . 169 . 355 . 429 . 420 . 25 . 256 . 154 . 282 . 354 . 29 Sumcher . 281 Sumi . . 76 Stiralu . . 13 Summun . 255 Sun . 168 Sunakhari . 268 Sunari . . 65 Sunaru . 136 Sund . . 170 Sundali . 136 Sundeh . 164 Sunder . . 47 Sundi-bet . 424 Sunddk . 231 Sundragundi . 361 Sundri . . 47 Sung-a , . 282 Sungal . . 413 Sungcha . 413 Sungilen . 10 Sungli . . 373 Sungloch . 185 Sunglu . . 44 Sunglyer . 25 Sungna . 294 Sungoo . 81 Sungotta . 423 Sungray . 134 Sungribong . . 379 Sungru 60, viii Sungsiira . 344 Sungung rik . . 139 Suni . 255 Sunkanwal . . 308 Sunkawal . 308 Sunkeint . 168 Sunkeswar . . 134 Sunkong . 332 Sunkrong . 323 Sunlu . . 13 Sunn . . 117 Sunnu . . 256 Sundm . 193, 194 Suntala . 59 Suntong . 208 , 210, 209 Suntri . ii Suom . . 352 Supari . . 421 Supbut . 310 Suppatnyok . . 310 Suragada .xxix Suran . . . 90 Surangru . 159 Suranji . 160 Sura-ponna . , 21 Surat . . 323 Surah-vyu . . 410 Surch . . 317 Sureya . . 43 Surganch . 166 Surgi . . 412 Suria . . 148 Suringi . 21 Surjmukha . . 59 Surkila . 266 Sure . . 368 VERNACULAR NAMES. 471 Paget. Pages. Page,. Surroli . . 355 Takpyit . 145 Tapooben . 63 Siirs . 368 Takribet . 424 Tapoukben . 129 Stir sinjli . 170 Taksielrik . . 4 Tappaddar . . 301 Surtqri . . 200 Taksor . 56, 182 Tapra 231 Surteli . . xvii Taksot . . 339 Tapria-siris . . 159 Surteyli . 200 Taksur . 324 Tapuya . 211 Sfirudu. . 282 Taktokhyem . 145 Tapyoo . 20S Surul . 308 Taku . . 165 Tar . 266, 416 Suss . 326 Tal . 416, 418 Tara . 162, 417 Sussu . . 214 Tala . . 417 Tarada . vii Suvanda . 26 Talainyom . . 418 Tarah . 53 Suvarnam . 136 Ta-la-ku wa . . 428 Taraka vepa . 70 Suviak . . 393 Talari . . 34 Tarana . 226 Swaitan . 139 Tale . . 416 Taraphee . 21 Swana , . 315 Talhang . 215 Taree . 182 f' wan] era . 114 Tali . 124, 242, 416 Taring! . 21 Swetakand . . 265 Talib-da . 359 Tarit . 417 Sjalita . . 2 Talier . . 417 Tarkbana 101 Talisa . . 235 Taro . . 109 Talisapatri . . 17 Tarota 136 T. Talisfar . 235 Tarru . . 317 Talispatri . 17 Tarsi . 242 Tabong deing . 304 Talisri . 235 Tars in g 309 Tabsi . . 46 Talkar 87 Tanika 69 Tabsu . . 46 Talle . . 162 Tfrum . XV Tachansa . 209 Talpat . . 421 Tarwar . 136 Tad . . 416 Talsiari 326 Tasba . 352 Tadda pallu . 230 Talsir . 235 Tasbiari . 326 Taddo . 50 Talum . 425 Tatebiri . 129 Tadra . . 92 Talura 34 Tatmorang . . 275 Tadru , . 91 Tama . 430 Tatpalang . 275 Tagada . 278 Tamak 222 Tatri . . 3 105, 106 Tagashing . 392 Ta-ma-kha . 70 Tatti . . 418 Tagha . . 343 Tamalamu . 23 Tattunua . . 275 Tagho . . 343 Taman . 202 Tatiia . . 164 Tagooyi 197 Tamana . 348 Tatuke . 303 Tagumuda . . 295 Tamayoke . 225 Tau-htam . . 418 Taggai. . 263 Tambagum . 39 Tan-kwam-tbee . 421 Taggar . 263 Tamboli . 272 Tau magyee . . 57 Taggu . . 236, 418 Tambngai 39 Tau maiyain . . 117 Tiihaka . 179 Tamomban . 238 Taur . . 139 Tahasi . . 256 Tamoo . 205 Tau-sa-lap , . 262 T„i . . 251 Tamrnj . 87 Taushouk . 59 Tai-beng . 248 Tanaku 17, 187 Tau-tama-kha . 69 Taik rau . 339 Tanap . 293 Tau-tbayet . . 107 Tailadu . iii Tandai 159 Tau-theedin . . 361 Tailo . . 388 Tandala . 394 Tauzeenway . . 89 Taisoh . 355 Tandei . . 215 Tay . . 252 Taitu . . 278 Tandi . . 179 Tayan . . 368 Taka . . 179 Tang . . 168 Tayopsagah . . 260 Tak bret . 324, 325 Tangar . . 136 Tayounyonway . 88 Takchabrik . . 359 Tangariik 73, xi Tazak-tsum . . 235 Takchirnjok . 230 Tangedu . 136, 148 Tcheiray sulah . 413 Taker . 14 Tangshing . . 408 Tcbendeu . 410 Takhril . 105 Tani . . 179 Tcbokpo . 413 Takhum , 343 Taniki . 364 Tchongtay . . 339 Taki . . 140 Tankyet louk . 114 Teadong . 396 Takla . . 216 Tanoung . 152 Teakah , 249 Takli . . 46 Tantia . 124, 156 Tedlapat . 264 Takmur . 158 Tanuku . 46 Tedong . 158 TakoU . . 128 Tanyengbpo . 59 Tega . . 283 Takosu . . 420 Tanyeiignee . 118 Teekau . 98 Takpa . . 372 Tapatbyer . . 213 Tegala mugu . 318 Tak padik . . 266 Tapcbi . 309 Teila . 173 'J'akpo . . 162 Tapkel . 226 Teingala . 221 Takpoedrik . 219 Tapoo . 205 Teingnyet . . 135 4.72 INDEX TO Paget. Puyei, Pagea, Tek . . 283 Thablitgyee . . 9 Thaw-ka-hpo . 144 Teka . . 283 Tbabwot-nway . 8 Thayet . 107 Tekatasij . . 368 Thabyai-pyoo . 194 Thayet san . . 104 Tekka . . 283 Tbabyay . 98, 196 Thayet-tbee-nee . 107 Teltku , . 283 Thabyaynee . 193 Thayet-tbitsay . 109 Tekreng . 68 Thabyoo . 2 Thayob . 53 Teku . . 283 Thabyoo-thabyay . 193 Theedin . 16 Teliiki . . 298 Thiidee-ben . . 67 Theebaya-za . 59 Telel . . 228 Thadsal . 54 Tbee hob thayet . 108 Teley . . vii Tli%u . 278 Tbeeshe . 427 Teliga . . 228 Tha-bpan-ben . 333 Theing . 423 Telinga-china . 200 Thaikwa . 427 Theinkyeng . . 425 Telia chindagu . 158 Thdil . . 377 Theiwa . 427 Telia gada . 248 Thaila . . 211 Thekrinapay . 186 Telia juvi . . 272 Thain ban . . 242 Thelain . 215 Tella-'kaka mnshti . 343 Tbaing . 220, 221 Thelli . . 68 Telia kakisha . 228 Thainpuche . . 45 Thelu . 411, 412 Telia inadu . . 184 Thaka . 354 Thengben . 42 Tella-manga . 228 Tbakal . 415 Thenpinua . . 422 Telia motku . 119 Thakil . 419 Tbeot . . 117 Telia-pal . 264 Thakoopho . . 278 Thesi . . 212 Telia piinki . . 365 Thakootna . . 276 Tbikado . 79 Telia sopara . . 158 Thakyet . 425 Tbilak . 315 Tella-tuma . 152, 153 Tbala . . 425 Thilkaiu 214, 215 Telia voolemara . 15 Thalai . , 342 Thimban . 42 Telli . . 225 Thalay . . 425 Thimbau ta-ma-kl a . 69 Telphetru . . 226 Thalay marathu . 96 Thimbawthee . 207 Telsu . . 158 Tbale . . 205 Tbinbau kyeksn . 365 Telsur . . 112 Thalein . 214 Thinboung . 419 Tellu kurwan . 230 Thali . . 102 Thinbozi pyoo . 351 Telus . . 119 Thali kabasbi . 99 Thingado . 31 Temru . . 249, 251 Thalma . 419 Tbingan . 40 Teiidu . . 249, 251 Thalot . . 91 Thingani siila . 408 Tenga . . 422 Tbalu . . 418 Tbingan-nee . 28 Tengina . 422 Tha-ma-ta-nway 179, 282 Tbingia . 408 Tenkaia . 422 Thamba . 39 Thinwia 133, 118 Tenna . 422 Thame . . 299 Tbirmal . 311 Tentiile . 142 Tbamengaanee . 228 Tbitcba . 385 Tedrikhair . . 153 Tbammal . 212 Tbitcbo . 241 Teotosa . 237 Tbamther . . 53 Thit hpaloo . . 268 Tepor . . 23 Tbanat . 270 Thitka . 52 Teprong . 329 Thanai-tau . . 22 Tbitkado . 78 Ter . 162 Tbanday . 277 Thitkatong . . 69 Terhilnjrok . . 59 Thandra . 179 Thitkya . 249, 380, 385 Terhilsok . . 309 Thanella . 228 Thit kyouknway . . 260 Terolrik . 122 Thanera . 408 Thitlinda . 277 Tessal . . viii Thangi . 390 Tliitmagyi . . 158 Teteli . . 142 Thanka . 392 Thitmanku . . 164 Teto . . 279 Thankl . 169 Thitmyoke . . 360 Tetri kair . . 353 Thankoli . 390 Thitnee . 73 Tetta manga . 228 Thankya . 242 Thitnun . 414 Tettam-parel . 268 Thanloong . . 10 Thitpasaing . . 72 Tettanoottai . 268 Thansa . 396 Tbitpayouug . 221 Tettian . 268 Thanthat 159, 279 Thitpoite . 128 Tetu . . 275 Tbaortny . 187 Tbitpouk . . 208 Tetuliya . 156 Thapru . 2 Tbitpyoo 11, 19 Teturl . . 34 Thapsi . 342 Tbitsanweng . 129 Tetnrldumm . . 172 Thiipur . 338 Tbitsap . 355 Tewar . 141, xviii Thara . . 179 Thitseeben . . 110 Tewaa . . 119 Tharbal . 212 Thitsein . 179 Tewsa . . 119 Thai-rfi, . 54 Thitsway Iway . 255 Teyrur . 59 Tharwar . 212 Tbityooben . . 64 Tezmal 60, viii Tbaukjot . 94 Thitto . 72, 219 Tezpat . 305 Thaur . 139, xviii Thitya . 30, 39 Thab . . 121 Thawi . . 200 Thityin . 359 Thabola . 56 Thawka . 135 Thmari • 295 VEENACULAE NAMES. 473 Paget. Pages. Paget. Thodagatti . . 127 Tin Iflfong beDg . 219 Tonk Shama . 102 Thoja . . 339 Tinnas . . 119 Toukyap . .353 Thondi . 355 Tiusai . . xvi Toung da -ma . 77, xiii Thoognaychi ly . .49 Tintil . . 142 Toung-hmayo . 86 Thor . . 368 Tiiitiri . . 142 Toung-hpek-wan . 363 Thoras .123 Tintiil . . 142 Toung kalamet . 271 Thorlaganj . 146 Tinyu . . 346 Toung ka thit . 122 Thoska . 10 Tinyu-ben , 397, 398 Toung kyeng . 425 Thoukwa . 427 Tinwa . . . 429 Toungletpet . 28 Thula . . 44 Tippa tiga . . 11 Toung maizalee . 138 Thiim . . 92, 256 Tirawa . . 148 Toung mayobeng . 263 Thuna . . 413 Tiril . . xxiv Toung-ong . . 421 Thundri . 206 Tirmal . 340 Toung peingnai . 330, 331 Thuner . 413 Tirmau . 185 Toungpetwoou . 49 Thiinu . 413 Tirmi . . 340 Toung pung . 18 Thuringi . 160 Tirpi3 . . 40 Toungsaga . . 314 Tiamje . 340 Tirsam . 82 Toungsookapan . 58 Tiau . . 98 TirukalK . 368 Toungtamin . 120 Tidhara . 368 Tissi . . 376 Toungthabyay . 193 Tiga mushad i . . 11 I'ita bateri . . 216 Toungtbalay . 24 Tige motku . 123 Tita pat . 233 Toung thanat . 270 Tigroht . XT Titar , . 106 Toungyobpyeezeng . 187 Tihiri . 158 Titasappa . . 6 Toupreng jan . 355 Tikhar . 347 Tithora . 311 Towa . .xxvi Tikil . . 22 Titbu . . 65 Trano . . 394 Tikjik . 167 Titi negalla . . 427 Trekhan 100, 101 likkoe . 220 Titpagan . 118 Trimal . 340 Tikphal . 28 Titpati . . 301 Trimbal 334, 340 Tikri . . 11 Titri . . 104, 105, 142 Trimmal . 340 Tikta-raj . . 73 Titun . . 330 Triphasia . 59 Tiktoshak . 15 Toandi . . 179 Tsaga . . 6 Tikur . . 22 Toaratti . 15 Tsaingtsa . 278 Til . 280 Tode . . 102 Tsjakela . 334 Tila . . 225 Togara mogali . 232 Tsalu . . 236 Tilai . . 225 Togbur ■ . . 232 Tsaluma . 236 Tilangsa . 383 Togri . . . . 117 Tsambelay . . 201 Tilats . . 215 Tokopat . 418 Tsapatt . 394 Til chang ■ . 376 Tokra . . 298 Tsapo . . 91 Tilhang . 215 Toksot . . 340 Tsasbing . 413 Til better . . 209 Tolan . . 230 Tsarap . 317 Tilia koru . . 11 Tol rik . 155 Tsaratpang . . XT Tifiya gurjuii . 31 Tolu aselu . . 166 Tsarma . 317 Tilki . . 225 Tomi tomi . . 17 Tsatin . 349 Tilliali . . 225 Tongrong . 113 Tsat-tba-pu . . 425 Tilonii . 383 Tongscbi . 398 Tsatya . 323 Tilpara . 12 Tongsor . . 299 Tsui . . 368 Tilpattar . 100 Ton-nyok . 129 Tsiik . . 317 Tilpattra . . 211 Topa . . XX Tsuma . 236 Tilun . . 116 Topal . . 152 Tsuman . 255 Timal . . 340 Topat nyok . . 280 Tsaybeeloo . . 255 Timarrakh . . 393 Toper . . 129 Tsay tham byab . . 229 Timberee . 252 Topia . . 129 Tse . . . . 394 Timbernyok . . 257 Toponi . , . 330 Tseetkado . 78 Timbiir . 60, viii Toposi . . 248 Tseikchay , . 94 Timburni . 249, 251 Tora bujja . . 281 Tseik poban . . 208 Timburnyok . 61 Tor ban . 297 Tsekoban . 351 Timil . . 211 Tor-elaga . 59 Tselain . . 215 Timla . . 340 Torjaga . 94 Tsema . . 13 Timmjirri . 249 Tos . . 407, 408 Tserkar 317 Timru . . 251 Toska . 310 Tsermang . 317 Timsa . . 119 Totilla . 275 Tsbirka . xiv Timsha . 383 Totkabendi . .xxix Tsonu . . 255 Timukhia . 261 Totmila . 340 Tsoukmayba . 73 Timur . . 60, viii Tot nye . 303 Tuatuka . 278 Tingsehi .413 Tougtaw . 421 Tue . . . . 339 Tinia . . xiz Toakkyan 183, 184 Tugla . . 344 5 M 414 INDEX TO Paget. Pages. Paget. Tngom . 239 Tnrmong . 282 tJri . . 135 Tdk , . 18 Turras . . 413 Uriam . . 355 Tuki . . 251 Tusbi . . 10 Urigib . 248 Tnkla . . .361 Tusi . . 340 TJrimidi . 137 Tuknu . . 803 'Mitds . . 214 Urmtil . . 340 Tuksat . 345 Tiit . . 318, 327 Urn . . 135 Tdl . 327, 328 Tuttcaly . 57 Urni . . 390 Tula . . 45 Tuthai . . 64 Urri . . 398 Tulac-myom . 418 Tuti-i . . 328 Uru . . Sll, 412 Tula-lodli , . 225 Twika vepa . . 81 Uruk . . xxvi Tfilanch . 166 Twottapat . . 241 Urdm . . 355 Tulda . . 427 Urumatti ■ , . 15 TulenniplHil . 219 Urumin .xxvi Wlkln . . 327- IT.. Usan . . 182 Tdliikiil . 328 Usaqueng . 22 Tiima . . 151 Ubbolu . 17 Usiki . . . 15 Tumar . 427 TJchay . . xvii Usir . . 352 Tiimari . 82, 389 Uchki . • . i Usken . . 427 Tumbali . 249 Tjdagu . . 211 Uskia . . 15 Tnmberh . 218 Udal . . 46 Uskiamen . 137 Tumbi . 249, 251 Udar . . 46 Usri . . 352 Tumbika . 252 Udare . . 46 Uaeey . . 430 Tumbomri . . 21 Udatalle . 199 Ustumri . 268 TiSmbri . 211 Udda . . 276 Utali-panna . . 420 Tumbrdng . . 81 Udha . . 430 Uterr , . xvi Tumbtik . 212 Udis . . 373 Utis . . 372 Tumi . . 249 Udish . . 373 Uva . . 2 Tumida . 249 Ughal . 259, 260 Tumika . 252 Ughz . . 392 Tumil . . 252 Ugur . . 316 V. Tumki . . 249 XJgurassa . 18 Tumma . 152. 214 Ugurfl . . 368 Vackana . 251 Tummer . 249 Uk . . . 265 Vada . . 333 Tdmra . . 104 TJkbeiriye . 178 Vadatalla . . 148 Tumri . . 211 , 249, 359 Ukhali . . 20 Vadatara . 148 Tfin . . 78 Ukieng . . 354 Vadenoarni . . 279 Tunang . 123 Uklu . . 215 Vadiir . . 430 Tunani zaaani . 92 Ukotang . 430 Vagbe . . 156 Tuntoi zeffini . 215 Uli . . . XV Vaka . . 421 Tdndhe . 215 Ulimidi . 15 Vake nar . 4S Tundhi . 92 UUalu . . 308 Vakra . . 393 Tundu . . 78 Dllat kumal . . 45 Valange . 129 Tundupara . . ix UUo . . 323 Vallanga . 62 Tung . 104, 413 408, 361 UUu . . 275 Vallay kungLUam . 41 Tiinga . . 104 Ulta-kanta , . 14 Valliir . . 11 Tungbran . 199 Ulu . . . . xvii N&a . . 260 Tungcheong . . 239 Umar . . 339 Vanboga . 39 Tungcher . 350 UmbU . . 393 Vanga . . 275 Tungbhong . 28, 254 Umrai . . 339 y&m . . 260 Tungflam . 359 Umtoi . . 349 Vanuthi . 354 Tunggor . 14 Una . . . 428 Vari . . 384 Tungnyok . 99 Undergdpa . . 356 Vassuntagunda , . 361 Tungl-angmook . 274 Undi . . 25 Vasdka . 281 Tungtong . 269 Ungdung . 310 Vattikanni . , 363 Tungrung . . 257 Ungnai . 327 Vavili . . 296 TungU . . 106 Untkatar , 278 VavoU . , 245 TungUk . 217 Unjo . . 431 Veckali . . . 185 Tfini . . . 78 Upalkai _ . . 363 Vedam . . 182 Tunka . . 199 Uparanthi . . 304 Veddar . 430 Tunnia . . 119 Upligi . . 363 Vedda vala . . 150 TQnnu . . 256 Upoo-poma . . 176 Vedru . . 428 tupaU . 133 Upphing . 73 VeU . . 62 Tupi . . 412 UraMcbra . . 80 Velagd . . 62 Tfirapdni . 319 Urbdl . . 340 Vela-padri . . 278 Turgu-wah . ' . 428 Urchirri . 81 Velenge . 50 Turka-vepa . 81 Drgu . . 2U Vella cadamba . 220 TERNACULAE NAMES. 475 Taget. Vaga. Fagti. Vella kondrikam . 41 W^nsh . 105 Yeanga . 132 Vellam X Wanway . 431 Ye-chin . 347 Vella marda . . 184 Wa-pyoo-galay . 429 Yeggi . . 132 Vella maruthu . 184 War . . 333, 334 Yegi'sa . . 132 Vella matti . . 184 Waragu-wenki . 259 Yehera . . 179 Vellanuchi . . 297 Warawi . 390 Yekaddi . 19 Vella-thorasay . 343 Warga . . 136 Yekal . . . 87 Vellay naga . . 185 Warras . 277 Ye-kha-ong . . 339 Vellay putali . 46 Warung . 43 Ye kin 349, 368 Veltui'u . 148 Wasa . . 206 Yekka . . 265 Velvaghe . 152 Watal . . 84 Yel . 244 Velvaylam . . 152 Watha bo.wa . 429 Yelohi . . 88 Velvelam . 153 Watte . . 429 Yelinga wadlnika . 320 Vempa . 69 Wawali . 342 Yella maddl . . 185 Vena . . 261 Waya . 430, 431 Yella malla kai . 224 Vendale . 365 Wa-yai . . 430 Yellande . 88 Vengai . . 132 Welimada . 414 Yellanga . 62 Ventaku 201, 202 Welkyla . 353 Yellantha . . xiv Venteak . 201 Wellipiyanne . 178 Yelnyo . . 167 Vepali . . 263 Wetkyotbeng . 94 Yelparaa . 123 Verasu . . 270 Wet sbaw . 47 Yelpote . 244 Veri . . 266 Wetyar , . 412 Yelta . . 19 Veyala . . 297 Winri . . 390 Yeltu . . 148 Veypale . 264 Wiralu . 57 Ye mein . 355 Veypam . 69 Wiri . . 390 Ye-myot . 360 Vidi . . 270 Wiwarana . 307 Yen . . . . 183 Vilayati babul . 150 Wodayu . 358 Yendike . 128 Vilayati kikar . 150 Wodesha . 358 Yengkhat . 229 Vilva . . 63 Wodi . . 276 Yengma . 76 Virgi . . 270 Wodier . . 110 Yengye . 178 Voavanga , 219 Wond . . 76 Yenki . . 323 Vunne . . 147 Wdra . . 336 Yenne . . 143 Vurtuli . 148 Wade . . 110 Yepa . . 69 Wuma . . 25 Yeppa . 243, 244 Wviman . 408 Yeroum . 265 w. Wumb . . 97 Yerjoohetta . . 158 Wiindi . . 21 Yerjuchinta . . 158 Waa . . 138 Wiini . . 153 Yerma . . 186 "Wabo . . 428 Wiinja . . 160 Yermaddi . 184 Waddan . 358 Wurak . . 91 Yerra cbicatli . 91 "Wadrase . 262 Wuriya . 390 Yerragoda . . 251 Wagatta . 226 Wusel . . . xix Yerra juvi . 65, 336 Waghz . . 392 Wusta . . zxix Yerra patsaru . 128 Wah . . 430 Yerra purugudu . 347 Wahal . . 319 T. Yerugadu . 127 Wahghi . 427 Yetega . . 223 Wahkanteli . . 428 Tae-oMnya . . 354 Yethabyay . . 194 Wahnok . 430 Tagine . . 355 Ye-tha-pan . . 339 Wahrangur . . 86 Yaiyo . . 231 Yettada . 220 Wakle . . 430 Yaka-twa . 428 Yettama . 18$ Walblling . . 64 Takushi . . 69 Yette . . 124 Walekadiida . . 134 Yalishiu . 100 Yett^ga . 220 Walena . 47 Yamaney . 295 Yetti . 16, 269 Walivara V Yamatha . 423 Yetwoon . 42 Walkakoona . . 365 Yamdal . 413 Yi . 299 Walkom . ... Yange . . 173 Yimmab . 76 Walla . . 315 Yangkup . 134 Yingan . 425 Wallaiki . 44 Yapa . 69, 143 Yir . . 376 WaUunj . 376 Yara . . 398 Yiro . . 398 Wallursi . 74 Yarpa . 378, 379 Yodayab . 66 Walsapu . 6 Yarta . . 235 Yogona . . . 333 Walsura . 74 Yatll . . 100 Yok . . 336 Wampu litfii . . 169 Yaychinyi . 124 Yokcbonnrik - 261 Waua . . 297 Yay-ta-gyeeben . 364 Yokdiing . 332 Wa-nah . . . 428 Yaytbagyee . . 118 Yomahinyo . . 347 Wa-nct . 428 Yea-kathit . 121 Young kalay . 200 476 INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES. Fageg, Yonngzalw . . 22 Xulatt . . 378 Y-amhdk . 341 Yung . . 186 Yungben . 186 Yurmi . . 237 Ytir . 377, 398 YiSri . . 398 Y6ru . . 383 Ywaygyee . . 146 z. Zadeiphpo . . 314 JPagea. Zkih . . 383 Zaitun . 187, 253 Zaiu . 163 Zambrdii , 3 Zambu . . 163 Zangihar . 181 Zanoung 420, 425 Zardalu . 162 Zardkunfl . . 260 Zbang . 215, 216 Zebri . 193, 194 Zeeben . . 88 Zemardaoban . 93 Paffm. Zemaro , . 93 Zhiko . . 216 Zimbyuu • . 3 Zir . . . . 336 Zirisbk . . 13 Zolim-buriki . . 95 Zopru . . 311 Zosho . . 315 Zdm , . 163 477 INDEX TO NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS. No. Name. Page. No. Name. Page. 1 Quercus incana . 385 H49 Prinsepia utilis . 165 H 2 »» ^ 3> ' • 385 H50 Rosa macrophjlla 167 H 3 Abies Smithiana , 408 H51 Desmodium tili^folium 120 H 4 Quercus dilatata . 384 H52 Viburnum cotinifolium 214 H 5 Cedrela Toona 79 H53 „ foetens 215 H 6 Pistaoia Integerrima . 107 H54 Symplocos cratsegoides 254 H 7 Juglans regia XXX H55 Cotoneaster baciUaris . 171 H 8 Cedrela Toona 79 H56 Taxus baccata 413 H 9 Juglans regia 392 H57 Corylus Columa . 391 HIO Morus serrata 328 H58 Prunus Padus 164 Hll Pistacia integerrima 107 H 59 Ulmus Wallichiana 341 H12 Abies Smithiana . 408 H60 Meliosma dilleniaefolia . 103 HIS Pinus longifolia . 397 H61 Cupressus torulosa 410 H14 Rhododendron arboreun a 236 H62 Acer villosum 100 H15 Juglans regia 392 H63 Litsaea zeylanica . 311 H16 Cedrus Deodara . 406 H64 Pyrus lauata 169 H17 Pieris ovalif olia . 235 H65 Abies Webbiana . 409 H 18 Taxus baccata 413 H66 Salix daphnoides . 377 H19 Rhus punjabensis 105 H67 Euonymus lacerus . 84 H20 Prunus armeniaca 162 H68 Coriaria nepalensis 113 H21 Ilex dipyrena 81 H69 Hedera Helix 210 H22 Prunus Padus 164 H70 Rhamnus purpureus 92 H23 Pyrus Pashia 169 H71 Elffiagnus umbellata 318 H24 Quercus incana . 385 H72 Quercus semecarpifolia 382 H25 Cedrela serrata . 79 H73 Rhododendron arboreum 230 H26 Cotoneaster baciUaris 171 H74 Acer caudatum . 100 H27 Acer caudatum . 100 H75 Rhamnus triquetrus 92 H28 Morus serrata 328 H76 Viburnum cotinifolium 214 H29 Juglans regia 392 H77 Buxus sempervirens 371 H30 Cupressus torulosa 410 H78 Cornus capitata . 213 H31 ^soulus indica . 95 H79 Rhamnus virgatus 91 H32 Euonymus tingens 85 H80 Berberis aristata . 13 H33 Acer caesium 100 H81 Lonicera quinquelocularis . 216 H34 Populns ciliata 379 H82 Spiraea sorbifolla . 165 H35 Jnglans regia XXX HS3 Alnus nepalensis . , 374 H36 Celtis australis 344 H84 Cornus macrophylla . 212 H37 Pinus excel sa 399 H85 Rhus Cotinus 104 H38 Buxus sempervirens 371 H86 Euonymus pendulus 85 H39 Quercus semecarpifolia 382 H87 Myrica sapida . . 391 H40 „ dilatata . 384 H88 Debregeasia bicolor 326 H41 Acer caudatum 100 H89 Rhus semialata . 105 H42 Cedrus Deodara . 406 H90 Quercus annulata . 387 H43 Abies Smithiana . 408 H91 Phoebe laneeolata . 308 H44 Vitis himalayana . 44 H92 Maohilus odoratissima . 309 H45 Berberis Lycium . 14 H93 Pinus longifolia . 397 H46 Prunus Puddum . 163 H94 Cornus capitata . 213 H47 Salix daphnoides . 377 H95 Morus serrata 328 H48 Berberis coriacea . 14 P96 Albizzia Lehbek . 157 478 INDEX TO Wo. Name. Page No. Name. Page. H 97 Albizzia Julibrissin 160 H156 Ficus virgata 338 P 98 Acacia Catechu . 154 H157 Kandia tetrasperma 227 H 99 Salix tetrasperma. 376 H158 Buddleia paniculata 267 HlOO Grewia oppositifolia 54 H159 Spiraa caneecens . 165 PlOl Cassia Fistula 137 H160 Pistacia integerrima . 107 P102 Ougeinia dalbergioides 120 H161 Taxus baccata 413 H103 Exca3caria insignis . . 367 H162 Olea ferruginea . 258 P104, Phjllanthus Emblica . 352 H163 Juniperus excelsa 412 H105 Baubinia variegata xviii P164 Acacia modesta . 153 P106 Punica Granatum 205 H165 Buxus sempervirens . 371 H107 Zanthoxylum alatum . 61 H 166 ^sculus indica , 95 P108 Bauhinia Vahlii . 139 H167 Acer villosum 100 P109 Mallotus pbilippineusis 361 H 168 Buxus sempervireng 371 HllO Buddleia asiatica . 267 P169 Reptonia buxifolia 241 Pill Oroxylum indicum 275 P170 Diospyros Melanoxylon 249 Pli2 Carissa diffusa 261 H171 Quercus incana . 385 P113 Bambusa H172 Euonymus Hamiltonianus . 84 P 114 Dendrocalamus Parisbii 430 C173 Shorea robusta . 38 H115 Eosa moschata . 167 C174 Terminalia tomentosa 184 Hll6 Taxus baccata 413 C175 Pterocarpus Marsupium 133 H117 Sapindns detergens 97 0176 Terminalia belerica 180 Hll8 Olea f erruginea . 258 C177 Cedrela Toona 79 Hli9 Alnus nitida 373 C178 Stepbegyne parvifolia . 222 H120 Cotoneaster acuminata 171 C179 Terminalia Arjuna 185 H121 Khododendron campanula. C180 Cordia Macleodii 271 tum .... 237 C181 Terminalia Chebula . 181 H122 Ulmus Wallicbiana 341 C182 Gmelina arborea . 296 H 123 Ulmus 342 C183 Elaeodendron Roxburghii . 88 H124 Cotoneaster baciUaris . 171 C184 Albizzia odoratissima . 158 H125 Juglans regia . . 392 0185 Ougeinia dalbergioides 120 H126 Betula Bhojpattra 372 186 Stepbegyne parvifolia 222 H127 » »> • • • 372 187 Dalbergia latif olia 124 H128 Ebododendron campanula- C188 Grewia tilifflfolia . 54 tum ..... 237 189 Acacia Catecbu . 154 H129 Juniperus Wallicbiana . XXX 190 Anogeissus latifolia 186 H130 Betula Bhojpattra xxix 191 Schleicbera trijuga 96 H131 Thamnocalamus spatbiflorus 427 192 Diospyros montana 251 H132 Arundinaria falcata 427 0193 Scbrebera swieteuioides 256 H133 Myricaria germanica . 20 194 Soymida febrif uga 76 H134 Pyrus ursina 170 C195 Eugenia Jambolana 195 H135 Hippophae rbamnoides 317 196 Lagerstromia parviflora 201 H136 Populus balsamif era 379 C197 Stereospermum suaveolens . 279 H137 JuniperuB communis . 411 199 Briedelia montana 357 H138 Populus .... 379 200 Baubinia racemosa 140 H139 Juniperus excelsa , 412 201 Bombax malabaricum . 44 H140 Pinus excelsa 399 202 Odina Wodier 111 H141 Salix fragilis . . 376 C203 Acacia Oatechu . 154 H142 Salix dapbnoides . 377 204 Shorea robusta , 38 H143 Salix viminalis . 377 205 Dalbergia Sissoo . 126 H144 Juniperus recurVa 412 O206 Schleicbera trijuga 96 P145 Dalbergia Sissoo . 126 O207 Terminalia tomentosa . 184 P146 Melia Azedarach • 70 O208 Careya arborea . 193 H147 Alnus nitida 373 O209 Eugenia Jambolana 195 H148 f icus virgata 338 210 i» f» . . • 195 P149 Picus 340 211 »• « • • . 195 H150 Cornus oblonga . 212 212 Ougeinia dalbergioides 120 H151 Prunus communis . 163 213 Terminalia Ohebula 181 H152 Albizzia Julibrissin 160 214 Oedrela Toona 79 H 153 Baubihia pni-purea . 140 215 Adina cordifolia . 221 H 154 Grewia oppositifolia . 54 216 Hymenodictyon excdsum . 225 H 155 Salix tetraspema . 376 217 Albizzia stipulata 160 NTJMBEES 0? WOOD SPECIMENS. 479 No. Name. Page. No. Name. Pafre. 219 Albizzia odoratisaima . 158 B291 Dalbergia nigrescens . 129 O220 Albizzia procera . 159 B292 Dipterocarpus la?vis . 32 221 Acer oblongum . 99 B 293 Dipterocarpus turbinat us . 32 H222 Olea glandulifera 258 B294 Mangifera caloneura . 107 224 Eugenia Jambolana 195 B295 Gmelina arborea . . 296 225 Garuga pinnata . 67 B296 Lagerstromia macroca ppa . 203 226 Odina Wodier 111 B298 Cinnamomum . 307 H227 Pistil cia integerrima . 107 B299 Schima Noronhse . . 30 228 Careya ai-borea 198 B301 Cassia marginata . . 138 229 Bauhinia purpurea 140 B302 Dillenia pentagyna 3 O230 »> ^ J) * . 140 B 303 »» j» 3 231 Cordia vestita 271 B305 Eugenia operculata . 194 232 Lagerstramia parviflora 201 B306 Dipterocarpus tubercul atus . 33 233 Anogeissus latifolia 186 B307 Stereospermum suaveo: ens . 279 H 234 Prunus Puddura . 163 B308 Carallia integerrima . 178 235 Elseodendron Koxburghii 88 B309 Eugenia malaccensis . 193 H23R Pyrus Pashia 169 B 311 Trewia nudifiora . . 360 237 Butea f rondosa . 123 B3I2 Cratoxylon neriifolinm . 21 239 Eugenia Jambolana 195 B 313 Bursera serrata . . 68 240 Caisearia graveolens 206 B314 Eugenia graadis . . 193 H241 Engelhardtia Oolebrookiana . 39 S B315 Afzelia bijuga . 142 243 Stereospermum suaveolens . 279 B316 Eugenia ... . 196 244 Cassia Fistula 137 B317 Premna tomentosa . 294 245 Bucbanania latifolia . 110 B319 Schleichera trijuga . 96 246 Tetrantbera monopetala 310 324 Bohmeria rugulosa . 325 247 Bauhinia racemosa 140 325 Gmelina arborea . 296 248 Aegle Marmelos . 6;i B326 Eriolsena Caudollei . 51 250 Cordia Myxse 270 B327 Berrya Ammonilla . 53 252 Pbyllanthus Embliea . 352 B329 Albizzia procera . . 159 253 Tetrantbera laurifolia . 310 B330 Vitex leucoxylon . . 298 255 Acacia Catechu . 154 B 331 Homalium tomentosum . 207 H 256 Ilex odorata .... 83 332 Terminalia tomentosa . 184 257 Ehretia Isevis 273 333 Cassia Fistula . 137 258 Holarrhena antidysenterica . 263 334 Eugenia operculata . 194 259 Briedelia retusa . 356 335 Bauhinia racemosa . 140 O260 Flacourtia Eamontcbi . 18 336 Terminalia Chebula . 181 262 Eandia dumetorum 227 337 Eugenia Jambolana . 195 263 Holarrhena antidysenterica . 263 338 j» ■ )f . 195 264 Ulmus integrifolia . , 342 339 Lagerstromia parviflora . 201 265 Zizypbns Jujuba . 89 O340 Adina cordifolia . . 221 266 Bassia latifolia . ; 244 341 Stereospermum suaveol* ;ns . 279 268 Aegle Marmelos . 63 342 Saccopetalum tomentos im . 10 269 Stephegyne parvifolia . 222 343 Gmelina arborea . . 296 O270 Crataeva reli^'iosa 16 344 Stephegyne parvifolia . 222 271 Casearia graveolens 206 346 Garuga pinnata . . 67 B272 Cedrela Toona 79 347 Briedelia retusa . . 356 B273 (Anonaceae) .... 11 348 Dillenia pentagyna 3 B274 Hopea odorata . 40 349 Terminalia belerica . 180 B276 (Anonacese) .... ii 350 Hymenodictyon excelsu m . 225 B278 Lophopetalum littorale 85 E354 Castanopsis rufescens . . 389 B279 Hymenodictyon tbyrsiflopum 225 E 355 Ilex insignis . 83 B281 Pentace bnrmanica 52 E356 Alnus neijalensis . . 374 B282 Hopea- odorata . 40 E357 Juglans regia . 393 B283 Sborea obtusa 39 E358 Elseocarpus lanceasfoliu 5 . 57 B284 Gardenia costata . 229 E359 Abies Webbiana . , . 409 B285 Cordia f ragrantissima . 271 E360 Cedrela Toona . 79 B286 Eriolffina CandoUei 51 E361 Meliosma Wallichii . . 103 B287 Lophopetalum littorale 85 E362 Daphnidium elongatum . 312 B288 Berrya Ammouilla 53 E363 Phcebe attenuata . . 308 B289 Fagrsea f ragrans . 268 E364 Qnercus pachyphylla . . 386 B290 Albizzia odoratissima . 158 E365 Magnolia Campbellii . 5 480 INDEX TO No. Name. Page No. Name. Page. E366 Eriobotrya elHptioa 168 H427 Cimnamomam Tamala . 306 E367 Symplocoa ramosissima 254 H428 Juglans regia 393 E368 Uaphnidium pulcherrimum . 313 H429 Symplocos cratsegoides ■ 254 K 369 Rhododendron Paleoneri , 237 H430 Cedrela serrata . 79 E370 Symplocos . . . . 254 H431 Acer csesium , 100 E371 EhododendroD artoreum 236 H432 „ pictum 101 E372 „ ai'genteuiu . 236 E433 Quercus annulata 587 E373 Hydrangea vestita 172 E434 „ lamellosa , 388 E374 Juniperus recurva 412 E435 Machilus odovatissima , 309 E375 Uhododendion barbatum 237 E436 Acer Carapbellii . , 101 E376 Corylus ferox . 390 P437 Cassia Fistula 137 E377 Abies duuiosa . « 408 P438 Phyllanthus Emblica . 352 E378 Pyrus folioloBa 169 P439 Cassia Fistula . 137 E379 Osmanthus .... 257 P440 Acacia arabica 151 E380 Pyi'us vestita 169 P441 Aegle Marmelos . 63 E381 Betula Bhojpattra 872 P442 Zizyphus nummularia . 89 E 382 Taxus baccata 413 P444 Capparis aphylla . 15 E383 Rhododendron arborenm 236 P445 Ulmus integrifolia 342 E384 Daphnidium 313 P446 Anogeissus latifolia 186 E385 Eurya symploeina 28 P447 Odina Wodier 111 386 Shorea robusta . 38 P448 Balsamodendron Mukul 67 387 jj »» • • • 38 P449 Cordia Rothii . , 272 388 j» >» • • • 38 P450 Balanites Roxburghii . 65 389 Tjerminalia tomentosa . 184 P451 Tamarindus indica 143 O390 Shorea robusta 38 P452 Eugenia Jambolana 195 391 Terminalia tomentosa . 184 P453 Bauhinia racemosa 140 392 XUmus integrifolia . 342 P454 Anogeissus pendula 187 393 Terminalia tomentosa . 184 P455 Acacia Catechu . 154 394 Anogeissus latifolia 186 P456 Wrightia tinctoria 264 E395 Souneratia acida . 205 P457 Pongamia glabra 133 E396 ExcsBcaria Agallocha . 368 P458 Stephegyne parrif olia . 222 E 397 Cynometra ramiflora . !44 P459 Prosopis spicigcra 147 E398 Avicennia officinalis 300 P460 Plaoourtia Ramontchi . 18 E399 Sonneratia apetala . 205 P461 Briedelia retusa. 356 E400 Cerbera OdoUam . 262 P463 Melia indica 70 E401 Heritiera littoralis 48 P464 Dalbergia latifolia 127 E402 Carapa moluccensis 74 P466 Bombax malabaricum . 44 E403 Afzelia bijuga 142 P467 Dalbergia latifolia 127 E404 Ficus retusa 336 P468 Albizzia Lebbek . 157 E405 Hibiscus tiliaceus 43 P469 Diospyros Melanoxylon . 249 E406 iEgioeras corniculata . 241 P470 Grewia asiatica . 55 E407 Kandella Rbeedii . 177 P471 Sterculia urens , 46 E408 Antiaris .... 332 E473 Pandanus f urcatus 425 E409 Excsecaria indica . . 367 E474 Bauhinia Vahlii . 139 E 410 iagerstromia Regiuae . 203 E476 Acacia pennata , 155 E411 Pongamia glabra . 133 E477 Entada scandens . 145 E412 Bruguiera gymnorhiza . 177 E478 Acacia Intsia 155 E413 Eugenia Jambolana 195 E479 Millettia auriculata xvi E414 Amoora cucullata . 73 E480 Spatholobus Roxburghii 122 E415 Afzelia bijuga 142 E481 Randia dumetorum 227 E416 Phoenix sylvestris 419 E482 Bauhinia anguina 139 E417 Cocos nucifera . 422 E483 Mucuna imbrioata 121 E418 Borassus flabelliformis 417 E484 Vitis lanata .... xiv E419 Areca Catechu 421 E485 „ repanda , xiv H420 Abies Smithiana . 408 E486 „ elongata XV H421 ., Webbiana . 409 E487 Plecospermum spinosum 327 H422 Taxus baccata 413 E488 Mezoneurum cucullatum 134 H423 Quercus annulata 387 E491 Sohima Wallichii 30 H424 BuxuB sempervirens 371 E492 Dalbergia latifolia 127 H425 Olea ferruginea . 258 E493 Randia dumetorum 227 H426 Myrica sapida 193 E494 Castanopsis indica . . 389 NUMBRES OF WOOD SPECIMENS. 481 No. Name. Page. No. Name. Pase. E495 Castanopsis tribuloides 389 B557 Dillenia pentagyna 3 E496 Homouoya symphyllisefolia . 364 B 559 Hymenodictyon tbyrsiflorum 225 E497 Shorea robusta 38 B 560 Spondias mangifera 113 E498 Cinnamomnm obtusifolium . 305 B561 Stepbegyne parvifolia . 222 E499 Spondias mangifera 113 B562 Cocos nucif era 422 E500 Terminalia myriocarpa 185 B 563 Borassus flabeiliformis 417 B501 Croton argyratus . 359 B 564 Aegle Marmelos . 63 B502 Rhizophora mucronata . 176 B565 Cratseva religiosa 16 B 503 Pajanelia multijuga 280 B569 Podocarpus latifolia 414 B504 Garcinia speciosa 23 B 572 Lagerstromia tomentosa 204 B 505 (Meliacese) .... 79 E573 Sterculia coccinea 47 B506 Albizzia procera . 159 E 574 Dalbergia stipulata 129 B507 Melia .... 71 E575 Ciunamomum Tamala . 306 B508 Podocarpus bracteata . 414 E576 Michelia Champaca 6 B509 Myristica Irya 314 E577 Alstonia scbolaris 262 B 510 Lagerstromia hypoleuca 204 E578 Semecarpus Anacardium 112 B511 Hopea odorata 40 E579 Cassia Fistula 137 B512 Artocarpus Chapksba . 331 E580 Pbyllanthus Emblica . 352 B513 Mimusops littoralis 246 E581 Elaeocarpus robustus 57 B 514 Planchonia littoralis . 198 E 582 Oroxylum indicum 275 B515 Croton argyratus 359 E583 Ficus Cunia .... 339 B516 Odina Wndier 111 E 584 Eugenia obovnta . 194 B517 Heritiera littoralis 48 K585 Bauhinia purpurea 141 B518 Albizzia procera 159 E 586 Ficus 335 B 519 Murraya exotica . 62 E587 Artocarpus Chaplisha . 331 B520 Mesua ferrea 27 E588 Ficus comosa 338 B 521 Diospyros Kurzii . 250 E589 Wendlandia exsorta 225 B522 Terminalia alata . 184 E590 Bauhinia malabarica , 139 B 523 Adenanthera pavonina . 146 E591 „ viiriegata 141 B 524 Afzelia bijuga 142 E 592 Machilus odoratissima . 309 B525 Calopbyllum spectabile 25 E 593 Pterospermum acerifolium . 49 52H Pterocarpus indlcus 130 E594 Mangifera sylvatica 108 527 Eugenia .lambolana 195 E 595 Quercus spic-'ta . 386 528 Terminalia Chebula 181 E596 Dillenia indica 3 529 Stepbegyne parvifolia . 222 E597 Callicarpa arborea 282 580 Erythrina suberosa 122 E 598 Artocarpus integrifolia 330 531 Anogeissus latif olia 186 E599 Mallotus philippinensis 361 532 Baubinia retusa . )41 E 600 Bobmeria rugulosa 325 533 Ficus religiosa 335 E601 Ougeinia dalbergioides 120 534 Terminalia belerica 180 H602 Pinus longif olia . 397 535 Eugenia Jambolana 195 H 603 Albizzia stipulata 160 536 ScUeichera trijuga 96 P604 Acacia Catechu 153 537 Dalbergia Sissoo . 126 H605 Ficus cordifolia . 335 538 Ficus religiosa 335 H606 „ Koxburghii . 340 539 Pbyllanthus Emblica . 352 H607 „ Tirgata 338 541 Gardenia turgida 228 H608 Juniperus excelsa 412 542 Randia uliginosa . 227 H609 Pinus excelsa 3S9 543 Ficus religiosa 335 H 610 Betula Bhojpattra 372 544 Bauhinia Vablii . 139 H611 „ acuminata 373 B545 Quercus spicata . 386 H 612 Praxinus floribunda 257 B 546 Hopea odorata 40 H613 Cupressus torulosa 410 B547 Pinus Merkusii . 398 H614 Buxus sempervirens 371 B548 Pterocarpus indicus xvii H615 Excaecaria insignis 367 B549 Garcinia Cowa . . 24 .P616 Cedrus Deodara . 406 B550 Fagrcea frngrans . 268 H617 S3 J» • . . 406 B 551 Melanorrhoea usitata . 110 E618 Dalbergia lanceolaria . 129 B552 Quercus f enestrata 385 E619 Briedelia retusa . 357 B 553 „ lappacea . 386 E 620 Sterculia villosa . 46 B 554 Mesua ferrea 27 E621 Premna latifolia , 294 B555 Sborea obtusa 39 E 622 Bassia butyracea . 244 B556 »j >i ... 39 E623 Wrightia tomentosa 264 3 N 482 INDEX TO No. Name. Page. Mo. Name. Page. E624, Careya arborea 198 E686 Acer Campbellii 101 E625 Acacia Catechu 154 E687 Engelhardtia spicata . 393 E626 Castanopsis tribuloidcs . 389 E688 Maeropanax undulatura 210 E627 Semecarpus Anaeardium 112 E689 Ficus regia .... 340 E 625 Cinnamomum glanduliferum 306 E690 Ehretia Wallichiana . 273 E629 Artocarpus Chaplaaha . 331 E691 Casearia glomerata 207 E630 Lagerstroinia Reginaa . xxi E692 Ilex the£efolia 82 E631 Dysoxylum procerum . 72 E693 Cinnamomum obtusifolium . 305 E632 Stereospermum chelonoidea . 278 E694 Echinocarpns dasycarpus 56 E 633 Alseodapbne 307 E695 Daphniphyllopsis capitata , 81 E634 Dalbergia Sissoo . 127 E696 Prunus Padus 164 E635 Shorea robusta 38 E697 Cryptomeria japonica . 411 E636 Schima Wallichii . 30 E698 Pyrularia edulis . 321 E637 Mangifera indica . 107 E699 Buoklandia populnea . 175 E638 Aegle MarmeloB . 63 E700 Beilechmiedia Roxburghiana. 309 E639 CinnamomuTn glanduliferum 306 E701 Eugenia Kurzii . 194. E640 Cedrela Toona 79 E702 Shorea robusta 38 E642 Cordia Myxa 270 E703 Canarium bengalense . 68 E643 Ficus glomerata . 340 E704 Pinus longifolia . 397 E644 Dysoxylum binectariferum . 71 E705 Melia dubia 71 E645 Briedelia retusa . 357 E706 Morus cuspidata . 328 E646 Schima Wallichii 30 E707 Ceitis tetrandra . 344 E647 Albizzia stipulata 160 E708 Gynocardia odorata 18 E648 Garuga pinnata , 67 E709 Dipterocarpus turbinatus 32 E649 Turpinia nepalensis 102 E710 Lagerstromia Regina: . 203 E650 Antbocephalus Cadamba > 220 E711 Amoora Rohituka 73 E651 Grewia vestita 55 E712 Cedrela Toona 79 E652 Duabanga sonneratioides 204 E713 Duabanga sonneratioides 204 E653 Engelhardtia spicata . 393 E714 Cordia Myxa 271 E654 Bischoffia javanica 356 E715 Diospyros cordifolia 251 E655 Cedrela Toona 79 E716 Ficus .... 335 E656 Morus cuspidata . 328 E717 Tetranthera 311 E657 Michelia excelsa . 7 E718 Alstonia scholaris 262 E658 Dillenia pentagyna 8 E719 Stereospennum 279 E659 Stereospermum chelonoides . 278 £720 Dipterocarpus 33 E660 Albizzia lucida 159 E 721 Artocarpus Chaplasha . 331 E661 Odina Wodier 111 E722 Drimycarpus racemosus 112 E662 Terminalia tomentosa . 184 W723 Lophopetalum Wightianum . 86 E663 „ belerioa 180 W724 Vitex altissima . 297 E664 Eugenia Jamholana 195 W725 Albizzia odoratissima . 158 E665 Acacia Catechu xix W726 Lagerstromia Reginse . 203 E 666 Lngerstromia parviflora 201 W727 Strychnos Nux-voraica . 269 E667 Acrocarpus f raxinifolius 136 W72S Albizzia Lebbek . 157 E668 Erytbrina suberosa 122 ■W729 Dalbergia latifolia xvii E669 Ceitis tetrandra . 344 W730 Tectona grandis . 293 E670 Cinnamomum glanduliferum. 306 W731 Diospyros Ebenum 251 E671 Terminalia Chebula 181 W732 Schleichera trijnga 96 E672 Dalbergia latifolia 128 ■W733 Calophyllum inophyllum 25 E673 Stereospermum chelonoides . 278 W736 Myristica malabarica . 314 E874 Butea frondosa 123 W740 Artocarpus Lakoocha . 330 E675 Dalbergia Sissoo 127 W741 Mesua ferrea 27 E676 Gmelina arborea 296 W742 Pterocarpus Marsupium 133 E677 Albizzia lucida 159 W743 Oarallia integerrima 178 E678 Betula cylindrostachys 373 W744 Artocarpus hirsuta 331 E679 Bombax malabaricum . 44 W745 Hopea parviflora . 41 E680 Mimosa rubicaulis 148 W746 Ailanthus malabarica . 64 E681 Castanopsis indica 389 W747 Vateria indica 41 E682 Eugenia tetragona 194 W748 Albizzia Lebbek . 157 E683 Prunus Puddura 163 W750 Diospyros Ebenum 251 E6S4 Acer laivigatum . 99 W751 Albizzia Lebbek . 157 E685 Phyllanthus bicolor 353 W752 Pterocarpus Marsupium 133 NUMBERS or WOOD SPECIMENS. 483 No. Name. Page. No. Name. Page. W753 W754 W755 W756 ■W757 W758 W759 W761 W762 W763 W764 W765 W767 W768 W769 H770 H771 H 772 H773 H774 H775 H 776 H777 H778 H779 H780 H781 H782 E783 E784 E785 E786 B788 E793 E794 E796 E797 E798 E799 C800 B801 B802 B803 B804 B805 B806 B807 B808 B809 B810 B811 B 812 B813 B 814 B815 B816 B817 B818 C820 C821 C822 Tectona grandis . Xylia dolabriformis Torminalia tomentosa . Artocarpus Lakoocha . Vitex altissima Artocarpus hirsuta Hopea parviflora . Xylia dolabriformis Calophyllum tomentosum Cedrela Toona Chickrassia tabularis . Lagerstromia microcarpa Borassus flabelliformis Cocos nucifera Areca Catechu Populus cilinta Cupressus torulosa Juniperus excelsa Taxus baccata Abies Webbiana . „ Smithiana . ^sculus indica . QuercDs dilatata . Euonymus Harailtonianus Olea ferruginea . Juglans regia , Pi'unus armeniaea Cedrela serrata . Cassia Fistula . Vitex alata . , Lagerstromia parviflora Derris robusta Albizzia stipulata . Mesua ferrea Artocarpus Lakoocha . Taxus baccata Pinus Kasya Cinnamonjum pauciflorum Myrica sapida Hardwickia binata Tectona grandis . Pentace burmanica Cedrela Toona Sandoricum indicum Xylia dolabriformis Artocarpus integrifolia Duabanga sonneratioides Lagerstromia Regina3 Albizzia stipulata Artocarpus Lakoocha Albizzia procera . Garuga pinnata , Antiaris toxicaria Barringtonia acutangula Pentace burmanica Carallia integerrima Gardenia obtusifolia Dipterocnrpus alatus Erytbrina indica . Bauhinia malabaiica „ purpurea 293 149 184 330 297 xxvii 41 149 26 79 76 202 417 422 421 379 410 412 413 409 408 95 xxix 84 258 392 162 79 137 297 201 134 160 27 330 413 398 306 391 143 283 52 79 72 149 330 204 203 160 330 159 67 332 196 52 178 229 33 122 139 140 C823 824 C825 C826 C827 C828 C829 C830 C831 C832 C833 C834 C835 C836 C837 C838 C839 C 840 C841 C842 C843 C844 W845 W847 W850 "W853 W855 W857 W861 W862 W863 W864 W867 W868 W869 C870 E871 E872 873 874 875 E876 E877 E878 E879 E880 P881 P882 P883 P884 P885 P886 P887 P888 P889 P890 P891 P892 P893 P894 H895 Bauhinia variegata Stephegyne parvifolia Adina cordifolia . Gardenia turgida . Bassia l.itif olia rJiospyros Melanoxylon Schrebera swietenioides Wrightia tomentosa Cordia Macleodii . Stereospermum suaveolens Stereospermum chelonoides Tectona grandis . Gmelina arborea . Ficus bengalensis . ,, religiosa „ iufectoria . „ glomerata . Briedelia retusa . Phyllanthus Emblica . Terminalia Chebula Acacia arabica „ eburnea Garcinia Cambogia Stereulia villosa . Pterocarpus Marsupium Lophopetalum Wightiauum , Dalbergia latifolia Xylia dolabriformis Calophyllum Wightianura Lagerstromia microcarpa Alstonia scholaris Cassia Fistula Corypha umbraculifera Cocos nucifera Borassus flabelliformis . Sesbania aegyptiaca „ grandiflora Acacia ferruginea Shorea robusta Terminalia tomentosa Eugenia Jambolana Woodfordia floribunda Cycas pectinata . Wallichia disticha Leea robusta Leea sambucina . Albizzia Lebbek . Prosopis spicigera Populus euphratica Dalbergia Sissoo . Zizyphus flexuosa Tamarix articulata Phffinix sylvestris . Tamarix dioica Calligonum polygonoides Acacia arabica Morus indica Capparis aphylla . Ficus religiosa Dodonsea viscosa . Taxus baccata 484 INDKX TO No. Name. No. Name. Page. H897 H898 H 899 H900 H901 H902 H903 H904 H905 H906 H90V H908 H909 P910 P911 P912 P913 P914 H915 H916 H917 H918 H919 H 920 H921 H922 H 923 H924 H925 H926 H927 H 928 H929 H93U H931 H932 H933 H 934 H935 H 936 H937 H938 P939 H940 P 941 P942 P943 P944 P 945 P946 P947 E948 E949 E950 E951 E952 H953 H 954 C955 C956 C957 Cedrela serrata . Pistacia integerrima Quei'cus incana , Cedrus Deodara . Pinus excelsa . Cedrus Deodara . Quercua Ilex Praxinus floribunda Parrotia Jacquemontiana Juniperus excelsa „ communis Corylus Colurna . Betula Bhojpattra Picus virgata „ infeotoria . Eeptonia buxifolia Celastrus spinosus Sageretia Brandrethiana Acer caesium Prunus Padus Ulmus Walliohiana Ulmua . Euonymus Hamiltonianus Cedrela serrata Taxus baccata Platanus orientalia Pinus excelsa Cornus macrophylla Cotoneaster bacillaris Pistacia integerrima Quercus annulata . Olea glandulifera . Maohilus odoratissima Buxus sempervirens Acer piotum Celtis caucasica . Parrotia Jacquemontiana Abies Webbiana . Quercus dilatata . iEsculus indica Cinnamomum Tanala Acacia Catecbu . Prosopis spicigera Cedrus Deodara . Capparis aphylla . Salvadora oleoides Tectona undulata Acacia modesta . j» » • Melia Azedaracb . Acacia leucophloea (xmelina arborea . Albizzia prooera . Duabanga sonneratioides Aquilaria Agallocha Mangifera sylvatica Quercus Ilex Buxus sempervireua Dalbergia latifolia Lagerstromia lanoeolata Holarrlieua antidyscnterica 79 107 385 406 399 406 383 257 174 412 411 391 372 338 334 241 87 93 100 164 341 342 84 79 413 346 399 212 171 107 387 258 309 371 101 344 174 409 384 95 305 154 147 406 15 260 275 153 153 70 152 296 159 204 316 108 383 371 127 201 263 C958 C959 C9H0 E 964 E965 K 966 E967 E968 E969 E 970 E972 E973 E974 K975 B976 C977 C978 C979 C980 C981 C982 C983 C984 C985 C986 987 C 988 C989 H 990 H 991 W 992 W 993 W 994 W 995 •V 996 W 997 W 998 PIOOO B 1001 B 1003 E 1004 E 1016 E 1017 E 1018 B1026 B 1027 B1031 1038 B1041 B 1042 B 1045 B 1046 E 1049 C 1050 1051 D 1052 I) 1053 D 1054 D 1055 D 1056 D1058 Stereospermum xyloearpum , Gmelina arborea . Borassus flabelliformis . Abies Webbiana . Abies . . Salix . Pyrus baccata Abies dumosa Larix Griffithii . Populus ciliata Cupressus funebris Bibes glaciale Myrioaria germanica Viburnum fcetens Enkianthus bimalaicus Bauhinia Vahlii . Bombax malabaricum Butea frondosa . Careya arborea Picus bengalensis . „ infectoria . Grewia tilisef olia . Sterculia urens „ colorata „ villosa . Helicteres Isora . Triumfetta angulata Eriolsena Hookeriana Buxus sempervirens Pinus Gerardiana Randia uliginosa . Gardenia turgida Wrightia tomentosa Dolichandrone falcata Stereospermum xyloearpum , Polyalthia cerasoides Wrightia tomentosa Parrotia Jacquemontiana Calamus latifolius ,, mermis . „ macracanthus „ Jenkinsianus „ arborescens „ latifolius „ Guruba . „ Rotang . Korthalsia seapliigera Calamus tigriiins Caryota sobolifeia LicuaUi peltata Michelia Cliampaca Thespesia populnea Acacia arabica . Albizzia amara Melia indica Cedrela Toona Hardwickia binata Shorea Talura Vitex pubescons . NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS. 485 Name. Page. No. 184 C1122 269 C1123 133 C1124 39 C1125 298 C 1126 144 C1127 109 C 1128 48 C1129 77 C1130 278 C1131 89 C 11.32 128 C 1133 245 C1134 181 C1135 132 C1136 137 C1137 184 C 1138 39 C1139 187 C1140 138 C1141 153 C1142 211 C1143 58 C1144 158 C1145 136 C1146 133 C1147 310 C1148 46 C1149 343 C 1150 331 C1151 58 C1152 34 C1153 71 C 1154 190 C1155 190 C1156 190 C1157 190 C 1158 190 C1159 155 C1160 156 C1161 269 C 1162 46 C1163 111 C1164 184 C 1165 133 C1166 277 C1167 67 C1168 255 C1169 10 C 1170 96 C1171 185 C1172 66 C1173 249 C1174 279 C1175 129 C1176 244 C1177 44 C1178 152 C1179 123 C1180 222 C1181 186 C1182 Name. D1059 D 1060 D1061 D 1062 D 1063 D 1064 D 1065 D 1066 D 1069 D 1070 D1071 D1072 D1073 D1074 D1075 D 1076 D 1077 D 1078 D1079 D1080 D1081 D1082 D1083 D1084 D1085 D 1086 D1087 D 1088 D 1089 D1090 D1091 D 1092 D 1093 W 1094 W 1095 W 1096 W 1097 W 1098 W 1099 W 1100 CHOI C1102 C1103 C1104 C 1105 C1106 C 1107 C1108 C1109 ClllO Cllll C 1112 C1113 C 1114 C 1115 C 1116 C1117 cms C 1119 C 1120 C1121 Terminalia tomentosa Strychnos potatorum Pterocarpus Marsupium Shorea Tumbuggaia Vitex pubescens . Hardwickia pinnata Gluta travancorica Heritieia Papilio . Chloroxylon Swietenia . Stereospermam chelonoides Zizyphus Jujuba . Dalbergia latifolla Mlmasops Elengi Terminalia Chebula Pterocarpus santalinus Cassia Fistula Terminalia tomentosa Shorea Tumbuggaia Gyrocarpus Jacquini Cassia -siamea Acacia f erruginea Alangium Lamarckii Erythroxylon monogynum Albizzia odoratissima . Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Pterocarpus Marsupium Tetrantbera laurif olia . Sterculia urens . Celtis Wightii , Artocarpus hirsuta Erythroxylou monogynum Shorea Talura Melia dubia Eucalyptus Globulus . Acacia dealbata . „ melanoxylon Strychnos potatorum , Sterculia urens Odina Wodier , Terminalia tomentosa . Pterocarpus Marsupium H eterophragma Roxburghii . Garuga pinnata . Schrebera swietenioides Saccopetalum tomentosum . Schleichera trijuga Terminalia Arjuna Boswellia thurifera Diospyros Melanoxylon Stereospermum suaveolens . Dalbergia paniculata Bassia latifolia Bombax malabaricum Acacia leucophloea Butea frondosa Stephegyne parvif olia Auogeissus latifolia Albizzia odoratissima . Soymida f ebirf uga Buchauania latifolia . Terminalia belerica Phyllanthus Emblica . Hymenodictyon excelsum Zizyphus Jujuba . Gmelina arborea . Morinda exserta . Careya arborea Barringtonia acutangula Pongamia glabra . Capparis grandis . Eugenia Jambolana Adina cordifolia . Bauhinia malabarica Picus glomerata . Dolichaudrone falcata . Lagerstromia parviflora Cochlospermum Gossypium . Gardenia turgida . Anogeissus acuminata . Dalbergia lanceolaria . Erythrina suberosa Dalbergia latifolia Hardwickia binata Ulmus integrifolia . Cordia Myxa Ficus bengalensis Xylia dolabrif ormis Ougeinia dalbergioides Chloroxylon Swietenia . Cassia Fistula Ehretialffivis Ixora parviflora . Semecarpus Anacardium Holarrhena antidyseuterica . Terminalia Chebula Bauhinia retusa . Antidesma Ghsesembilla Celastrus senegalensis . Kydia calycina . Stereospermum chelonoides . Streblus asper Picus infectoria . Diospyros montana Ficus religiosa Grewia tiliffif olia . Bauhinia racemosa . , Balanites Roxburghii . Stereospei'mum chelonoides . Gardenia latifolia Briedelia retusa . Lebedieropsis orbicularis Aegle Marmelos . Kydia calycina Mallotus philippinensis Oroxylum indicum Ficus hispida Ulmus integrifolia Elseodendron Roxburghii 486 INDEX TO No. Name. Patre. No. C1183 C1184 C 1185 C 1186 W1187 W1188 ■W1189 P1190 P1191 P1192 P1193 P1195 P1196 P1198 P1200 P 1201 E1202 W1203 C 1204 P1205 W1206 W1207 W1208 D1209 O1210 01211 1213 01214 1215 W1216 W1217 W1218 W1219 W1220 W1221 W1222 W1223 W1224 W1225 W1226 W1227 K 1228 E1229 E1230 E1231 E 1232 C1235 C1236 C1237 C1238 C1239 C 1240 C1241 C1242 C1243 C 1244 C1245 C 1246 C 1247 C1248 C1249 Casearia tomentosa Olax scandens Gardenia lucida . Randia uliginosa . Vateria indica Terminalia belerioa Albizzia odoratissima Terminalia belerica Cedrela Toon a Eugenia Jambolana Albizzia Lebbek . Morus indica . Acacia Catechu . „ arabica Bauhinia variegata Melia Azedaracb . Tectona grandis . Dalbergia Sissoo . Tectona grandis . Diospyros Ebenum Artocarpus hirsuta Santalum album . Sborea robusta . Tectona grandis . 3> I) Chicbrassia tabula^-is Artocarpus hirsuta Lagerstromia lanceolata Terminalia paniculata Xylia dolabriformis Mimusops Elengi . Strychnos Nux-vomica Nauclea elliptica . Ougelnia dalbergioides Dalbergia latifolia Lagerstromia Keginse Cedrela Toona Duabanga sonneratioides Hymenodictyon thyrsifloram Bombax malabaricum . iShorea robusta Dalbergia latifolia Diospyros Melanoxylon Pterocarpua Marsupiura Chloroxylon Swietenia Soymida febi-ifuga Terminalia tomentosa Ougeinia dalbergioides Bassia latifolia Anogeissus latifolia Adiiia cordifolia . Morinda exserta . Terminalia Chebula Gardenia turgida . Buchanania latifolia 206 81 228 22? 41 188 158 180 79 195 157 328 154 151 141 70 292 293 293 126 292 251 331 322 38 38 38 38 38 293 293 16 331 201 182 149 245 269 223 120 128 203 79 204 225 44 38 127 246 133 77 74 184 120 244 186 221 232 181 228 110 C1250 C1251 C1252 C 1253 E1254 E 1255 E1256 E1257 E1258 E1259 E 1260 E 1261 E 1262 E 1263 E 1264 E 1265 E 1266 E1267 E 1268 E 1269 E 1270 E 1271 E 1272 E 1273 E 1274 E1275 E 276 E1277 D1278 D1279 D 1280 D1281 D 1282 D1283 D 1284 E 1285 E1286 E 1289 E 1290 E 1292 E1294 E 1296 E1298 E1299 E1300 C1301 C 1302 C 1303 1304 C 1305 C1306 C 1307 C 1308 1309 1310 1311 B1312 B1313 B 1314 B1315 B 1316 Pterospermum snberif olium . Eugenia Jambolana Lebedieropsis orbicularis Grewia tilisefolia . Oastanopsis indica Amoora spectabilis Salix tetrasperma Dipterocarpus Beilschmiedia Roxburghiana Dysoxylum Hamiltonii , Chickrassia tabularis Amoora Rohituka Quercus lanceaefolia Albizzia procera . Beilschmiedia Roxburghiana Baocanrea sapida Cedrela Toona Premna longifolia Michelia oblonga Altingia excelsa . Alstonia scholaris Macbilus odoratissima Lagerstromia Beginse Mesua f errea Dichopsis polyantha Payena lucida Cynometra polyandra Podocarpus bracteata Neplielium Longana Calophyllum tomentosum Terminalia paniculata ,, tomentosa Anogeissus latifolia Mimusops indica Stereospermum . Duabanga sonneratioides Hymenodictyon thyrsiflorum Echinocarpus tiliaceus (Lauracese) . Antiaris Spondias mangifera Calamus tennis . „ Mastersianus „ Jenkinsianus Diospyros Melanoxylon Dalbergia latifolia Chloroxylon Swietenia . Ochna squarrosa . Lebedieropsis orbicularis Morinda exserta . Acacia Suma . . Gardenia turgida Acacia Suma Ptprospermum suberifolium Bambusa Brandisii Gigantochloa macrostachya . Dendrocalamus membranaceus Bambusa polymorpha . NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS. 487 No. Name. Page, No. Name. Page. B1317 B1318 B1319 B 1320 B1321 B 1322 B 1324 E 1325 E 1327 E 1328 B1329 W 1330 B 1331 E 1332 E1333 1337 1338 E 1339 E 1340 E 1341 B1346 P1347 E 1351 P1352 E 1353 E1354 E 1356 E 1357 E 1358 I) 1360 E 1361 1362 1363 O 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 01370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 O 1377 P1379 P1380 P1381 P1382 P1384 B1380 B1386 B1387 P 1388 E 1389 E 1390 E1391 E 1392 E1393 Ceplialostachyum pergracile . Pseudostachrum Helferi Bambusa arnndinacea . Dinochloa Maclellandii . Bambusa Tulda . Dendrocalamus strictus „ longispathus Melocauna bambusoides Bambusa Brandisii Tulda . Dendrocalamus gigantens , Bambusa arundinacea . Gigantochloa andiimanica Bambusa Balcooa Tulda . „ arundinacea . „ nutans Arundinaria f aloata Pseudostacbjum polymor- pbum . . . . Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii . Tectona grandis , Dalbergia Sissoo . Arundinaria racemosa . Dendrocalamus strictus Cephalostachyum capitatum Arundinaria racemosa . Cincbona officinalis „ succirubra „ Calisaja Santalum album . Swietenia Mabagoni , Amoora Robitaka Casearia tomentosa Picus Cunia . Randia dumetorum Tetrantbera monopetala Antidesma diandrum . Sponia politoria . Wendlandia exserta Psidium Guava . Gmelina arborea . Tetrantbera laurifolia . Biscboffia javanica Briedelia montana Cordia Myxa Gardenia turgida . Acacia arabica Prosopis, spicigera Salvadora persica , „ oleoides . , Populua eupbratica Tectona grandis . , . Pentace burmauica , Ginnamomura . Tamarix dioica . . Garuga pinnata , . Gmelina arborea . Adina sessilifolia . Vitex leucoxylon . ,, alata .... 429 429 428 431 427 430 431 429 428 427 430 428 428 428 427 428 427 427 429 <1.30 393 126 426 430 429 426 224 224 224 322 75 73 206 339 227 310 350 345 225 190 296 310 356 357 270 228 151 147 259 260 378 293 52 337 20 67 296 221 298 298 E1394 E 1395 E 1396 E1397 E 1398 E 1399 E 1400 E 1401 E 1402 H 1403 H 1404 H 14-05 H1406 H 1407 C 1408 C1109 C1410 C 1411 C 1412 B 1413 B 1414 B 1416 B1417 B1418 B1419 B1420 B1421 B 1422 B1423 B 1424 B 1425 B1427 B1428 B 1429 B 1431 E 1432 E 1433 E1434 E 1435 E 1436 E 1437 E 1438 E1439 E 1440 E 1441 E 1442 E 1443 E 1444 E 1445 E 1446 E 1447 E 1448 E 1449 E1450 B1451 B 1452 B1453 B1454 B 1455 1456 1457 Sterculia colorata , Dillenia indica Eugenia Jambolana Briedelia tomentosa Stereospermum cbelonoides Odina Wodier Calophyllum polyantbum Cbickrassia tabularia . Artocarpus Lakoocba , Pinus excelsa . . 31 it ■ • „ Gerardiana Querous Ilex Pinus excelsa Tectona grandis . 'I « • . Scbrebera swietenioides Stereospermum cbelonoides Cbloroxylon Swietenia . Scbrebera swietenioides Odina Wodier Ulmus integrifolia Terminalia bialata Pterospermum Ulmus integrifolia Berrya Ammonilla Heteropbragma adenopbylla Diospyros ehretioides . Vitex alata . Premna tomentosa Gmelina arborea . Albizzia odoratissima . Cordia fragrantissima . Vitex pubescens . Briedelia retusa . Bombax malabaricum . Antbocepbalus Cadamba Dysoxylum procerum . Gmelina arborea . Duabanga sonneratioides Micbelia Cbampaca Quercus lamellosa „ annulata Shorea robusta Ciireya arborea . Micbelia excelsa . Querous annulata „ spicata . j> j» • ■ Eugenia tetragona Prunus Puddum . Quercus lamellosa Scbima Wallicbii Eagraea obovata . Xylia dolabriforrais Berrya Ammonilla Albizzia Lebbek . Acacia Catecbu . Eriolsena Candollei Casearia graveoleus . Gmelina arborea . 488 INDEX TO No. Name. rage. No. Name. Page. 1458 Eandia uliginosa 227 B1978 Ochna andamanica 65 1459 Putranjiva Roxbui'ghii 353 B1979 Evodia triphylla . 60 O1460 Dalbergia Sissoo . 126 B 1982 Terminalia citriua 181 1461 Randia dumetorum 227 B1983 „ Catappa 182 O 1462 Hymenodictyon excelsum . 225 B 1985 Ceriops Candolleana 176 1463 Gardenia turgida 228 B 1986 Walaura robusta . 133 1464 Antidesraa diandrum . 350 B1987 Timonius flavescens 219 O 1465 Salix tetraapenna 376 B1988 Allophyllus Cobbe 94 E1466 Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii . XXX « 1990 Fagr83a racemosa 268 D1475 Borassus flabelliformis 417 B1991 Dioapyros pyrrhocarpa 252 D1476 Dalbergia latifolia xvii B1992 Calophyllum speotabile 25 1477 Putranjiva Roxburghii 353 B1993 Barringtonia racemosa 197 1478 Streblus asper 327 B1995 Duabanga sonneratioides 204 1479 Careya arborea , 198 B1997 Diospyros undulata 253 O 1480 Briedelia retusa . 356 B1998 Diplospora singularis . 219 1481 Stephegyne parvifolia . 222 C2C00 Lawsonia alba 200 1482 Hymenodictyon excelsum 225 D2008 Diospyros Melanoxylon 249 1483 Gmelina arborea . 296 D2014 Tamarindus indica 143 1484 Tetranthera laurifolia . 310 D2025 Hardwiebia biuata 143 1485 Salix tetrasperma 376 D2027 Erythroxylon monogynum . 58 1486 Dalbergia Sissoo . 126 D 2044 Dalbergia latifolia 127 O 1487 Randia uliginosa 227 D2045 Diospyroa Melanoxylon 249 1488 „ dumetorum 227 D2052 Cassia Fistula 136 1489 Gardenia turgida 228 D2053 Mangifera indica 107 1491 Adina cordifolia . 220 I) 2066 Pterocarpus santalinus 32 1492 Diospyroa Melanoxylon 249 D2113 Soymida f ebrif uga 76 1493 Bassia latifolia 244 E2186 Artocarpus Cbaplasha 331 E1494 Dicbopsis polynntba 243 E2187 Cinnamomum glanduliferum 306 E 1497 Spondias mangif era 113 E2188 Lagerstromia Reginas . 203 E1499 Duabanga sonneratioides 204 E2189 Dysoxylum Hamiltonii 72 B 1500 Carallia integerrima . 178 E2190 Mesua ferrea 27 E1530 Nipii f ruticans 425 E2191 Bischoffia javanica 356 E1728 Livistona Jenkinsiana . 418 E2192 Amoora spectabilis 73 E1729 3} JJ • • 418 E2193 Gmelina arborea . 296 E1730 )» )» • • 418 E2194 Albizzia procera . 1S9 E1731 3» 5J ■ • 418 E2195 Micbelia Champaca 6 P1779 ChamEerops Ritchieana 418 E2196 Morus cuspidata . 328 B1944 Sborea stellata 34 E2197 Terminalia citrina 181 B1945 Cinnamomum 307 E2199 Eugenia mangifolia 195 B1946 „ ... 307 B2201 Hopea odorata 40 B 1947 Lophopetalum Wallicbii 86 B2202 Lagerstromia hypoleuca 204 B1948 Aquilaria Agallocha . 316 B2203 Diospyros Kurzii . 250 B1949 (Anonaceae) .... 10 B2204 Artocarpus Chaplasba . 331 B1950 Santalum .... 322 B2206 Gareinia .... 23 E1951 Brownlowia. 51 B2207 Pterocarpus indicus 130 E1952 Dicbopsis polyantha . 243 B2208 Albizzia Lebbek . 157 E1953 Picus Cunia 339 B2209 Afzelia bijuga 142 E1955 Albizzia procera . 159 B2210 Carallia integerrima 178 E1956 „ atipulata 160 B2211 Artocarpus Cbaplasha . 331 E1957 Mangifera indica 107 B 2212 Mimusops littoralia 245 E1958 Kugenia Jambolana 195 B2213 Bouea burmanica 108 E1959 Stereospermum suaveolens . 279 B2215 Bombax insignia 45 E1960 Dipterocarpus 33 B2216 Dipterocarpus turbinatus 32 E 1961 Bombax malabaricum . 44 B2217 Bruguiera .... 177 E1962 Exesecaria baccata 367 B2218 Vitcx leucoxylon 298 E 1964 Swintonia Schwencldi . 104 B2221 Albizzia stipulata 160 E1965 Odina Wodier 111 B2222 Bruguiera 177 B1969 Scolopia rhinantbera . 17 B2223 Erytbrina indica 122 B1971 Gnettarda speciosa 229 B2224 Mimusops Eleugi . 245 B1975 Prunus martabanica 164 B2225 Bursera serrata . 68 B1977 Picrasma javanica 64 B2226 Heritiera littoralis 48 NUMBERS OP WOOD SPECIHENS. 489 No. Name. Page No. Name. Page. B2227 Anacardium occidentale 108 E2311 Dillenia pentagyna » B2228 Careya arborea . 198 E2312 Michelia excelsa . 7 B2229 Anacardmm occidentale 108 B2313 „ Champaca 6 B2230 Dalbergia purpurea 128 E2314 „ Cathcartii . 6 B2231 Albizzia odoratissima . 158 E2315 Terminalia myriocarpa 185 B2232 Diospjros . . . . 252 E2316 Miliusa Roxburghiana la B2233 Nauclea rotundif olia . 223 B2317 Anona squamosa . 9 B2234 Stereospermum . . 279 E2318 Berberis nepalensis 13 B2235 j» . . . 279 E2319 Eurya symploeina 28 B2236 (Anonaeese) . . . . 11 E2320 „ acuminata 29 B2238 Mesua f errea 27 E2321 Saurauja napaulensis . 29 B2239 Carapa moluccensis 74 E2322 Shorea robusta 38 B2240 Ehizophora mucrouata 176 E2323 Bombax malabaricum . 44 B3241 Mimusops Elengi 245 E2324 Sterculia villosa . 46 B2243 Dipterocarpus alatus , 33 E2325 Grewia vestita 56 B2244 Diospyros pjrrhocarpa 252 E2326 Eriolsena Wallichii 50 B2245 Dillenia pilosa 4 E2327 Grewia multillora 56 B2246 B2247 Antidesma Ghoesembilla Albizzia prooera 350 159 E2329 Zanthoxylum alatum . \ 61 viii B2248 Lophopetalum Wallichii 86 E2330 Skimmia Laureola 61 B2249 Milletfda .... 118 E2331 Amoora Rohituka 73 B2250 Djsoxylum .... 72 E2332 Cedrela Toona 79 B2251 (Anonaceaj) .... 11 E2333 j> at ^ • 79 B2252 Dolichandrone Eheedii 277 E2334 Celastrus panicnlatus . 86 B2253 Dillenia aurea 4 E2335 Elfeodendron Roxburghii 88 B2255 Dysoxylum .... 72 E2336 Zizyphus rugosa . 90 B2256 Eugenia graudis 193 E 2337 Acer Campbellii 101 B2257 Calophyllum inophyllum 25 E2338 „ Hookeri 99 B2258 3» JJ 52 E2339 Meliosma simplicifolia . 103 B2259 Sapindus .... 96 E2340 Ehus semialata . 105 B2260 Cassia .... 138 E2341 Semecarpus Anacardium 112 B2261 Dolichandrone stipulata 276 E2342 Odina Wodier 110 B2263 Calophyllum inophjllum 25 E2343 Erythi-ina indica . 122 B2265 Podocarpus bracteata . 414 E2344 „ stricta . 132 B2273 Ehizophora mucron.ita 176 E2345 Butea frondosa . 123 B2274 Lagerstromia hypoleuca 204 E2346 Dalbergia lanceolaria . 129 B2275 Dillenia pilosa 4 E2347 „ Sissoo . 127 B2278 Ficus retusa 336 E2348 „ latifolia 127 B2281 Polyalthia Jentinsii . 10 E2349 „ stipulata 129 B2282 Vatica lanceEefolia 34 E2350 Bauhinia malabaiica . 139 B2283 Lagerstromia hypoleuca 204 E2351 „ variegafa 141 B2284 Ayicennia officinalis 300 E2352 Cassia Fistula 136 B 2285 Heritiera littoralis 48 E2353 Tamariudus indica 143 B2286 Tetranthera laurifolia 310 E2354 Mimosa rubicaulis 148 B2287 Hymenodictyon thyrsiflorum 225 E23o5 Acacia Catechu . 154 B2288 Nauoloa rotundifolia . 223 E2356 j» » ... 154 B2289 Artocarpus Chaplasha . 331 E2357 „ ferruginea 153 B2292 Eugenia .... 195 E2358 „ pinnata . 155 B2294 B2295 Fagrsea racemosa Cassia . . ' . 268 138 E2359 „ Intsia . . j 155 xix B2300 Lophopetalum littorale 85 E2360 Albizzia odoratissima . 158 B2301 Artocarpus Chaplasha 331 E2361 „ procera . 159 B2302 Mangifera indica 107 E2362 „ stipulata 160 E2308 Gmelina arborea 296 E2363 Prunus Puddum . 163 E2304 Dinnamomum glanduliferum 306 E2364 „ „ ... 163 E2305 Morus cuspidata 328 E2365 Eriobotrya dubia . 167 E2306 jj »> . • 328 E2366 Piosa sericea 167 D2307 Santalum album 322 E2367 Eubus ellipticug . 166 B2308 Plecospermum spinosum 327 E2368 ,, lasiocarpus 166 E2309 Uesua f errea 27 E2369 Prunus Padus 164 E2310 Jillenia indica 3 E2370 Hydrangea robusta 172 o o 490 INDEX TO No. Name. Page. No. Name. Page. E 2371 Dichroa febrifuga . 172 E2428 Jriedelia retusa . 35S E2372 Jucklandia populnea . . 175 E2429 ilomonoya sympbyllisefolia . 364 E2373 iy i> . 175 E2430 /^ntidesma Bunias 350 E2374 rerminalia Chebula . 181 E2431 Antidesma Menasu 350 B2375 „ tomentosa . 184 E2432 Phyllanthus Emblica . 352 E2376 „ myriocarpa . 185 E2433 bicolor 353 E2377 Eugenia Jambolana . 195 E2434 „ Thomsoni . 353 E 2378 Careyaarborea . 198 E2435 Pinus longifolia . 397 E2379 Lagerstr6mia parviflor a . 201 E2436 »> »j • • • 397 E 2380 Duabanga sonneratioU es . 204 E2437 Abies Webbiana . 409 E2381 Caseai-ia glomerata . 207 E2438 Juniperus reeurva 412 E2382 Brassaiopsis mitis . 210 E2439 Cycas pectinata . 415 E2383 Aucuba bimalaioa . 213 B2440 Juglana regia 39S E2384 ■Vibumum erubeseens . 215 E2441 ji » • • • 39J E2385 Stephegyne . . 223 E2442 Engelbardtia apieata . 39C E2386 Eandia dumetorum . 227 B2443 Bobmeria rugulosa 32; B2387 Adina cordifolia . . 221 E244.4 Artocarpus integrif olia 33( E2388 Rbododendron arboreu m . 236 E2445 „ Lakoocba . 33( B2389 Msesa montana . 239 E2446 Sponia oriental! a . 34 E2390 Symplocoa lucida . 254 E2447 Pouzolzia viminea 32 E2391 » . 254 E2448 Plecospermum spinoaum 32 E2392 TaberDEBmontana coro aaria . 263 E2449 Ficua elastica 33 E2393 Buddleia ColviUei . 267 E2450 „ hispida 3* E2394 Cordia Myxa . 271 E 2451 Quercus annulata 38 E2395 Oroxylum indicum f 275 I xxvi E2452 E 2453, „ lamellosa 38 38 E2396 Gmelina arborea . 296 E2454 „ pachyphylla . 38 E2397 Callioarpa arborea . 292 E2455 t> » • ' 38 E2398 J, . 294 B2456 „ acuminata 38 E2399 Premna lati folia . . 294 B2457 Caatanopaia ruf escens . 38 E2400 „ longifolia . 294 E2458 Borassua flabeUif ormis , 41 B2401 Clerodendron Colebroc kianum 299 E2459 Caryota urens 42 B2402 Caryopteria Wallicbia na . 299 E 2460 Wallicbia diaticha 42 B2403 Betula Bhoipattra f 372 (. xxix E2461 E2462 Livistona Jenkinaiana . Pandanus f urcatus 41 42 E2404 „ acuminata I 373 \ xxix E2463 E2464 Pinus excelsa Quercus .... 3£ 3i E2405 Alnua nepalensis . 374 1 xxix E2465 B2466 Casuarina equiaitifolia . Coceulus laurifoliua Si ] E2406 Pyrularia cdnlis . . 321 E2467 Biscboffia javanica 3. B2407 Blaeagnua latifolia . 317 E2468 Trewia nudiflora . 3 E2408 Daphne papyracea . 315 E2469 Putranjiva Koxburghii 3 E2402 Helicia robusta . . 318 B2470 Theapeaia populnea E2410 Phlogacantbus thyrai florus . 281 B2472 Maba andamanica 2 E2411 Teucrium macroataob yum . 302 B2474 Cleistantbus myrianthus 3 E 2412 Polygonum molle . 303 B2475 Macaranga indica 3 E2413 Clnnamomum glandu liferum 306 B2476 Mallotaa luuricntus 3 E2414 Maohilus odoratissim a . .308 B2477 Excaecaria Agallocba . 3 E2415 Pboebe lanceolata . 308 2478 Samara robusta . 2 E2416 „ attenuata . 308 E2479 Polyalthia longifolia . E2417 Daphnidium puloher rimum . 312 B2480 Dipterocarpus tuberculatus . E2418 „ elongat am . 312 B2481 Shorea stellata . E2419 Beilachmiedia Roxbu rghiana 309 B2482 Cinnamomum 3 E2420 Litaoei conaimilis . . 311 B2483 t> • • 3 E2421 Mallotua phillppinen sis . 361 B2484 Dysoxylum .... B2422 • „ albus . 361 B2485 Aquilaria Agallocha a E2123 „ KoxburghiE mus . 362 E2486 Aegle Marmeloa . E2424 Macaranga indica . 363 E2487 Ferotiia Blephantum . E 2425 „ denticula ta . 36a E 2488 Theapesia populnea E2426 Macaranga gummiflo a . .863 E2489 Santalum album . i E2427 Jatropha Curcas . . 36E E2490 Calophyllum polyanthum NUMBERS OP ■VrOOD SPECIMENS. 491 No. Name. Page. No. Name. Page. B2491 Mesua ferrea 27 B2552 Baeoaurea sapida , 355 B2492 Garcinia speciosa . 23 B 2553 Artocarpus Lakooeha . 330 B 2493 SJ .... 23 B2554 „ Chaplasha . 331 B2494 Pterocarpus indicus 130 B2555 Dipterocarpus turbinatus 32 B2495 Planchonia littoralis 198 B2556 Podocarpus bracteata . 414 B2496 Lagerstromia hypoleuca 204 B2683 Aitocarpus Chaplasha . 331 B2497 .Mimusops littoralis 246 B2685 Careya arborea 198 B2498 Diospyros Kurzii 250 B2686 Baecaurea sapida . 355 B 2499 Artocarpus Chaplasha . 331 B2687 Isonandra obovata 242 B250O Garcinia 23 B2690 Moiinda exserta . 232 B2501 Dillenia indica . 3 B2691 Cinnamomnm 307 B2502 „ aurea 4 B2692 Homalium tomentosum 207 B2504 Mesua ferrea 27 B2693 Artocarpus Chaplasha . 331 B2505 Dipterocarpus tuberculatus . 33 B2695 Cinnamomum 307 B2506 „ Isevis 32 B2696 Stereospermum xylocarpum . 279 B2507 Sliorea siameusis . 39 B2697 Dalbergia cultrata ' . 128 B2508 Vatica lancejefoHa 34 B2698 Hopea odorata 40 B2509 Hopea odorata . 40 B2699 Homalium tomentosum 207 B2510 Pterospermum acerifoliura . 49 B2700 Mesua ferrea 27 B2511 „ semi-sagitta- B2702 Homalium tomentosum 207 tum 50 B2703 Careya arborea . 198 B2512 Eriolajna Candollei 51 B2704 Altiugia excelsa . 175 B2513 Lophopetalum littorale 85 B2705 Albizzia .... 161 B2514 Carapa molucoensis 74 B2706 Pterospermum semi-sagit- B2515 Scbleichera trijuga 96 tatum .... 50 B2516 Chickrassia tabularis . 76 B2708 Pterocarpus indicus 130 B2517 Odina Wodier 111 B2709 Tectona grandis . 293 B2518 Melanorrliffia nsitata . 110 B2710 Careya arborea . 197 B2519 Mangifera caloneiira . 107 B27U Vitex leucoxylon . 298 B2520 Millettia pendula 118 B2712 Cassia siamea 138 B2521 Dalbergia cultrata 128 B2713 Eugenia grandis . 193 B2522 nigrescens . 129 B2714 Hopea odorata 40 B2523 „ purpurea . 128 B2715 Quercus lappacea . 86 B2524 Pterocarpus indicus 130 B2716 Hopea odorata 340 B2525 Cassia Fistula 136 B2717 Lagerstromia Reginse . 203 B2526 „ siamea 138 B2718 Premna tomentosa 294 B2527 Albizzia procera . 159 R2719 Cinnamomum 307 B2528 „ stipulata . 160 B2720 Baecaurea sapida 355 B2529 Acacia .... 153 B2721 llbizopbora mucronata 176 B2530 Carallia integerriraa . 178 B2722 Berrya Ammonilla 53 B2531 Terminalia tomentosa . 184 B2728 Dalbergia cultrata 128 B2532 „ belerica 180 P2729 Olea f errugiuea . 258 B2533 Lagerstromia tomentosa 204 C2731 Bassia latifolia 244 B2534 Homalium tomentosum 207 C2732 Dalbergia latifolia 127 B2525 Antbocephalus Cadamba 220 C2733 Gardenia latifolia 229 B2536 Nauclea rotundifolia . 223 C2734 Holarrhena antidysenterica . 263 B2537 Adina sessilifolia 221 C2735 Lagerstromia parviflora 201 B2538 „ cordifolia . 221 C2736 Zizyphus xylopyra 90 B2539 Stepbegyne parvifolia . 222 C2737 Terminalia belerica 180 B2540 Gardenia costata . 229 C2738 Phyllantlius Emblica . 352 B2541 Diospyros cordifolia 251 C2739 Flacourtia RamontcM . 18 B2542 „ ehretioides . 250 C2740 Albizzia procera . 159 B2543 Cordia Myxa 271 C2741 Pterocarpus Marsupium 133 B 2544 Doliobandrone stipulata 279 C2742 Chloroxylon Swietenia . 77 B2545 „ Ebeedii 277 C2743 Terminalia tomentosa . 184 B2546 Stereospermum cbelonoides . 278 C27J4 Anogeissus latifolia 186 B2547 Heteropbragma sulfurea 277 C2745 Stereospermum suaveolens . 279 B 2548 Premna tomentosa 294 C2746 Semecarpus Anacardiuin 112 B2549 Vitex leucoxylon . 298 C2747 Careya arborea 198 B2550 Vitex pubescens . 298 C2748 Albizzia odoratissima . 158 B2551 Tectona grandis . 293 C 2749 Lagerstromia parviflora 201 492 INDEX TO No. Name. Page. No. Name. Page. C2750 Kandia dumetorum 227 H2825 Indigofera heterantha . 117 C2751 Buchanania latifolia . 110 H 2826 Daphne mucronata 315 C2752 Celastrus senegalensis . 87 H 2827 Spiraea canescens 165 C2753 Zizyphus GEnoplia 90 H 2828 Daphne mucronata 315 C2754 Diospyros Melanoxylon . 249 H2829 Myrsine africana . 239 C2755 Calicopteris floribuada . 185 H2830 „ semiserrata ^39 C2756 Randia uliginosa . 227 H2831 Marlea begonisefolia . 212 C2757 Grewia tilisefolia . 55 H 2832 Sarcococca saligna 371 C2758 Acacia Catechu . 154 H2833 Ficus foveolata . 339 C2759 Butea frondosa . 123 H 2834 Viburnum MuUaba 214 C2760 Terminalia Arjutia 185 H2835 „ coriaceum . 215 C2761 Eugenia Jambolana 195 H2836 Deutzia etaminea . 173 C2762 OKx scaudens 81 H2837 EuonymuB pendulus 85 C2763 Buchanania latifolia . 110 H 2838 Clematis Buchananiana 1 C2764 Zizyphus xylopyra 90 H2839 Meriandra strobilifera . 301 C2765 Briedelia retusa , 357 H2840 Plectranthus rugosus . 300 C2766 Grewia tilissfolia . 55 B 2841 Elscholtzia polystachya 301 C2767 Ougeinia dalbergioides . 120 H2842 Salix elegaus 377 C2768 Lagerstriimia parviflora 201 H 2843 Lonicera angustifolia . 217 C2769 Schleichera trijnga 96 H2844 Euonymus tingens 85 C2770 Bauhinia racemoaa 140 H2845 Quercus dilatata . 384 C2771 Bassia latifolia . 244 H 2816 Skimmia Laureola 61 C2772 Schrebera swietenioides 256 H2847 Rosa macrophylla 167 C2773 Terminalia belerioa 180 H2848 Bhamnus purpureas , 92 C2774 Phyllanthus Emblica . 352 H2849 Leycesteria formosa . 217 C2775 Gmelina arborea . 296 H2850 Deutzia corymbosa 173 C2776 Anogeissus latifolia 186 H2851 Clematis montana 1 C2779 Gardenia turgida . 228 H 2852 „ barbellata 1 C2780 Boswellia thurifera 66 H2853 Coriaria nepalensis 113 C2781 Elseodendron Roxburghii 88 H2854 Salix elegans 377 C2782 Randia nliginosa 227 E2855 Toddalia aculeata . 61 C2783 C2784 Stephegyne parvifolia . Ailanthus malabarica . 222 64 E2856 Pentapyxis stipulata . | 217 xxiii C2785 Aegle Marmelos . 63 E2857 Artemisia vulgaris ^33 C2786 Eugenia Heyneana 195 E2858 Actinidia strigosa 28 C2789 Vitex Negundo 297 E2859 HoUboUia latifolia 12 C2792 Bauhinia purpurea 140 E2860 Leea robusta 93 C2794 Woodfordia floribunda . 200 E2861 Hypericum Hookerianum 21 C2796 Ficus glomerata . 340 E2862 BerbeiTs angulosa 14 C 2799 Randia dumetorum 227 E2863 Lonicera glabrata 216 C2800 Spondias mangifera 113 E2864 Berchemia floribunda . 90 C2801 Holarrhena antidysenterica . 263 H2865 Taius haccata 413 C2802 Casearia tomentosa 206 H 2866 Viburnum Mullaha 214 C2803 Ficus hispida 341 H2867 Quercus incana . 385 C2804 Helicteres Isora , 49 H2168 Prinsepia utilis . 165 C2808 Ficus infectoria . 334 H2869 Viburnum cotinifolium 214 C2809 Tectona grandis . 292 H2870 Indigofera heterantha . 117 C 2810 Stereospermum xylocarpum . 279 H2871 Pinus excelsa 399 C2811 Tamarindus iudica 143 H2872 Rosa macrophylla 167 C2813 Ficus bengalensis . 334 H2873 Quercus dilatata . 384 C 2814 „ religiosa 335 H2874 Lonicera quinquelocnlaris . 216 C2815 Zizyphus Jujuba . 89 H2875 „ angustifolia . 217 C2816 „ „ . . . 88 H2876 Prunus armeniaca 162 C2817 Bauhinia malabarica . 139 H2877 Rhamnns virgatus 91 C2818 Halix tetrasperma . 376 H2879 Jasminum officinale , 255 H2819 Deutzia staminea . 173 H2880 Symplocos crataegoides 254 H 2820 Clematis grata 1 H 2881 Euonymus tingens 85 H 2821 Handia tetrasperma 227 H2882 Buddleia paniculata 267 H 2822 Leptodermis lanceolata 232 H 2883 Euonymus lacerus 84 H2823 Cotoneaster microphylla 171 H2884 Populus ciliata 379 H 2824 Indigofera atropurpurea 117 H2885 ,Coriaria nepalensis 113 N0MBEES OF WOOD SPECIMENS. 493 No. Name, Page. No. Name. Page. H 2886 Viburnum fcetens 215 H 2946 Sageretia theezans 92 H 2887 Pyrus lanata 169 H2947 Zizyphus oxyphylla 89 H 2888 Berteris aristata . 13 H 2948 Litsffia lanuginosa 312 H 2889 Cotoneaster acuminata 171 H2949 Xylosma longifolium . 18 H2890 „ bacillaris . 171 H 2950 Celastrus spinosus xiii H 2891 Jasminum revolutum . 255 H2951 Sageretia theezans 92 H 2892 Meliosma dilleniffifolia 103 H2952 Ehamnus procumbens . 92 H 2893 Quercus semecarpifolia 382 E2953 Calophyllum polyanthum 26 H 2894 Berberis coriacea . 14 E2954 Bauhinia Vablii . 139 H2895 Abies Webbiana . 408 E 2955 Eugenia Kurzii , 194 H2896 „ Smitbiana . 407 XXX E2956 E2957 „ f ormosa . Rhododendron f ulgens . 193 238 H 2897 Euonymus Hamiltonianns . 84 E2958 „ cinnabarinum 288 H2898 Deutzia corymbosa 173 W2959 Tectona grandis . 293 H 2899 Acer villosum 100 2961 Nectandra Rodiaei 313 H2900 Stapbylea Emodi 102 2962 Sassafras officinale 313 H 29(11 Acer ccesium 100 2963 Csesalpinia crista . 135 H 2903 Rhamuus triijuetrus 92 2964 „ echinata 135 H2904 Betula acuminata . ] 373 xxix 2965 2966 Madura tinctoria Hsematoxylon Campecbianum 328 135 H2905 Salix dapbnoides . 377 H2967 Cratsegus crenulata 170 H2906 „ elegans 377 H 2968 Quercus lanug-inosa 384 H2907 Elius succedanea 106 H2969 liassia latifolia 244 H 2908 Ribes glacial e 174 H2970 Stranvassia glancescens 170 H 2909 Lonicera orientalis 216 H 2971 Fraxinus floribunda 257 H 2910 Salix Walliohiana 377 B2972 Shorea siamensis . 39 H2911 Syringa Emodi . 256 B2973 „ obtusa 39 H2912 Lonicera alpigena 217 2974 Fraxinus excelsior 257 H2913 H2914 Vitis bimnlayana . Buxus sempervirens 93 371 2975 CQmus montana . . J 341 xiviii B2915 Pentace burmauica vii 2978 Quercus Ilex 383 E2916 Heritiera littoralis 48 C2979 Strychnos potatorum . 269 D2917 Pterocarpus Marsupium 132 O2980 Shorea rebus ta , 38 C2918 J* »» 133 2981 Diospyros Melanoxylon 249 P2919 Balsamodendron Mutul 67 C 2982 Tectona grandis . 292 C2920 Ventilago maderaspatana 91 C2983 )) J) ... 292 C2921 Vallaris dichotoma 261 C2984 Dalbergia latifolia 127 W 2922 Borassus flabeliiformis 417 C2985 Cordia Macleodii . 271 D2923 Diospyros quffisita 250 C 2986 Hardwickia binata 143 C2924 Terminalia tomentosa 184 C2987 Tectona grandis . 292 2925 Aporosa dioioa 355 C2988 Adina cordifolia . 221 D2926 Chloroxylon Swietenia xii C2989 Albizzia stipulata 160 2927 Spatholobus Eoxburghi 122 C2990 Shorea robusta . 38 C2928 Dalbergia paniculata 129 2991 Elseodendron Roxburghii 88 C2929 Hardwiokia binata 143 2992 Odina Wodier 111 H2930 Pistacia integerrima 107 2993 Eugenia Jambolana 195 P2931 Zizypbus nummularia 89 2994 Adina cordifolia . 221 P2932 Celastrus spinosus 87 2995 Terminalia belerica . , 180 C2933 Tectona grandis . 292 2996 „ tomentosa . 184 H2934 Desmodium tiliasfolium 120 2997 Anogeissus latifolia 186 H2935 Indigofera heterantba 117 2998 Cordia vestita 271 H 2936 Elscholtzia polystaohya 301 2999 Lagerstromia parviflora 201 H2937 Abelia triflora 216 O3000 Bohmeria negulosa 325 H 2938 Loranthus vestitus 320 O3001 Briedelia retusa . 356 H2939 Cocculus laurifolius 12 3002 Ulmus integrifolia 342 H 2940 Olea glandulifera 258 3O03 Piuus longifolia . 396 H2941 Securinejja obovata 354 O3004 Albizzia procera . 159 H2942 Rhus semialata . 105 E3005 Terminalia Catappa 182 H2943 Adbatoda Vasica , 281 H3006 Acer villosum 100 H 2944 Acer cblongum . 99 H3007 Acer caudatum , , 100 H2945 Andrachue cordifolia 349 H3008 „ pictum 101 494 INDEX TO No. Name. Page, No. Name. Page. H 3009 H 3010 H30H H3012 H 3013 H3014 H3015 H3016 H3017 H3018 H3019 H3020 H3021 H3022 H3023 H 3024 H 3025 H 3026 H302V H3028 H 3029 H 3030 H3031 H 3032 H3033 H3034 H3035 H3036 H303V H3038 H3039 H3040 H3041 H3042 H 3043 H 3044 H3045 H3046 H3048 H 3049 H3050 H 3051 H3053 H 3054 H3055 P3056 H 3057 H 3058 H 3059 H 3060 H 3061 B3062 H3063 B 3065 B3066 B3067 B3068 B3069 B3070 B3072 Acer CEesium Hedera Helix Euonymus lacerns „ • Hamiltoniauus Cotoneaster acuminata Spiiffia sorbifblia . Viburnuir. f oetens Lonicera alpigena „ orientalis Symploeos cratsegoides Desmodium tllisefolium Pyrus ursina Ribes glaciale )j jj • Syringa Emodi . Piptantbus nepalensis Ribes glaciale Jasminum grandiflorum „ revolutuin . Pbiladelpbus coronarius Schizandra grandiflora . Sabia campanulata Abies Webbiana . „ Smithiana . Loranthus vestitus Sulix dapbnoides . „ Wallichiana „ dapbnoides . Berberis vulgaris . „ coriacea . >» j> • • „ vulgaris . coriacea . Vitex Negundo . Roylea elegans Colebrookia oppositifolia Rumex hastatus . Odina Wodier Sapindus detergens Rhus punjabensia Berberis aristatn . „ Lycium . Litssea zeylanica . Capparis aphylla . Nerium odorum . Cedrus Deodara . Ligustrum compactum Snlix babylonica . Loranthus longiflorus . Miliusa velutina . Hipphophae rha.innoidos Eugenia Jambolana Xylia dolabrifonnis LagerstrOmia Regiuaa . „ macrocarpa Adina sessilifolia . Hymenodictyon thrysiflorura Strychuos Nux-vomica . 100 210 84 84 171 165 215 217 216 254 120 170 174 174 256 117 174 255 255 173 XX 4 102 409 408 320 377 377 377 13 14 14 13 14 14 14 297 301 301 303 111 97 105 13 14 311 15 265 404 259 376 320 10 317 195 149 203 203 221 225 269 B 3073 B3074 P3075 P3076 P3077 H3078 H3079 H3080 H 3081 O 3082 3083 3084 O 3085 3086 O3089 O 3090 O3091 O3092 P3093 H3094 B3095 H3096 H3097 H 3098 E3099 E3100 E3101 E3102 E 3103 E3104 E 3105 E3106 E 3108 E3109 E3110 E3111 3112 3113 3114 C3115 C 3116 B3117 B3118 B3119 R3120 B 3121 B3122 B3123 B3125 B3126 B3127 B3128 H3129 H3130 E3131 B3132 E3133 3134 E3135 3136 E8137 Fagrffi'.i fragrans . Briedelia retusa . Euphorbia Royleana Acacia I'arnesiana Zizyphus nummularia Rhus Wallichii . „ semialata . Picus nemoralis . Viscum attennatum Prenina integrifolia Holarrhena antidysenterica Piptadenia oudhensis Casearia tomentosa Pavetta tomentosa Casearia tomentosa „ graveolens Premna mucronata „ integrifolia Zizyphus nummularia Cornus oblonga . Aoogeissus acuminata Cedrus Deodara . Rodetia Amherstiana Carpinus viminea Michelia lanuginosa Talauma Hodgsoni Evodia fraxinifolia Acer sikkimense . ,, Thomson! Rhus insignis j> j» • Erythrina arborescens Turpinia nepalensis Eriobotrya elliptica Ostodes paniculata Camellia drupifera CrataBva religiosa Miliusa velutina . Excaecaria sebifera Cra'tseva religiosa Alangium Lamarckii Bombax malabaricum Berrya Ammonilla Pentace burmanica Grewia vestita Albizzia odoratissima Miliusa velutina . Heritiera littoralis Flacourtift Ramontchi Tectona Hamiltoniana Shorea siiimeusis . Dijitevocarpus obtusifolius Sngeretia theezans Villebrunea frutescens Mangif era indica . Ochna Wallichii . Sambucus javanica Plocospermum spinosum Pterospermum acerifoliu: Cassalpinia Sappan Shorea robusta NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS. 495 Name. Page. No. Name. Page E3138 E 3139 D 3140 B 3141 3143 E3144 B 3145 B 3146 B3147 B3148 B 3149 W3150 D 3151 JJ3152 E3153 3154 D3155 H 3156 E3157 E 3158 E3159 3160 3161 H3163 H3163 H3164 H3165 H 3167 H3168 H 3169 H3170 H3171 H 3173 H 3174 H3175 H3177 H 3178 H3179 H 3180 H 3181 H3182 H3183 H3184 H3185 H8186 H 3187 H3188 H3189 H3190 C3191 H 3192 H3194 B 3195 B 3197 B3198 B3201 B3203 B3204 D3209 Shorea robusta .35sculus punduana . Santalum album . Millettia Camellia Thea Authocephalus Cadamba Baccaurea sapid a J ,. ? . Careya arborea Garcinia Cowa Scbrebera swietenioides CofEea arabioa Pterocarpus santalinus . Givotia rottleriformis . Anthocepbalus Cadamba Kydia calycina Gluta travanorica Clematis barbellata Cinchoaa sucoirubra „ Calisaya „ oflBoiualis Millingtonia bortensis . Diospyros Embryopteris Cinnamomum Tamala . Juglans regia XJlmus .... Abies Smithiana . Rhus succedanea Rhamnus virgatns Celtis caucasioa . Rhus punjabensis Rhododendron arboreum Euonymus Hamiltonianus Morns serrata Ulmus WaUiohiana Cotoneaster b'acillaris . Parrotia Jacqnemoutiana Corylus Colurna Lonicera quinquelocularis Cedrela serrata . Rhus Cotinus Diospyros Lotus Desmodium tilisefolium Pyrus Pashia „ lanata Euonymus lacerus Populns ciliata . . Staphylea Emodi Fraxinus floribnnda Eriolsena Hookeriana . Lespedeza eiiocarpa Marsdenia Roylei Mnrraya exotica Calophyllum spectabile Alsodeia . Croton oblongifolins Bauhinia malabarica . Anogeissus acuminata Sapindus emarginatus 38 95 322 118 30 220 355 355 198 24 256 231 132 365 220 44 109 1 224 224 224 275 252 306 392 342 409 106 91 344 105 236 84 328 341 171 174 391 216 79 104 252 120 169 169 84 379 xxix 102 257 51 vii 119 266 62 25 16 359 139 187 96 E3211 E3214 P3215 P3216 P3217 P3218 P3219 P3220 P 3221 P3222 P3223 P3224 P3225 P3226 P3227 P3228 P3229 P3230 P3231 3232 P3235 P3237 P3238 P3239 P3242 P3244 P 3245 P3247 P3248 P3256 P3259 3260 3263 3264 O .3265 3266 3267 O3270 E3271 E3272 E3373 E3274 E3275 E 3276 E 3277 E 3278 E 3279 E 3281 E 3282 E 3283 E 3284 E3285 E 3286 E 3287 E 3288 E3289 E3290 E 3291 E3293 E3294 E3295 Linociera macrophylla . 259 M oringa pterygosperma . 114 Boswellia thurit'era . . 66 Bauhinia racemosa . . 140 Cratceva religiosa . . 16 Grewia asiatica ... 55 Cordia Macleodii . . . 271 Sterculia urens ... 46 Flacourtia Raraontchi . . 18 Wrightia tinctoria . . 264 Albizzia odoratissima . . 158 Ficus cordifoiia . . . 335 Odina Wodier . . . Ill Moringa concanensia . . 114 Grewia salvifolia . . 55 „ populifolia . . 54 Uichrostachys cinerea . . 148 Gre-^ia pilosa ... 56 Rhus mysorensis . . . 105 Cordia vestita . . . 271 Grewia asiatica ... 55 „ salvifolia , . 55 Balsamodendrou Multul . 67 Dichrostaehys cinerea . 148 Capparis sepiaria . . iii „ horrida . . ii Ehretia obtusifolia . . 272 Kecru'inega obovata . . 354 Rhus mysorensis . . 105 Grewia pilosa ... 56 Persea Nanmuh . . . 313 Nepbelium LitcM . . 97 Grevillea robusta . . 318 Parkia Roxburgbii . . 145 Murraya Konigii . . ix Ceratonia siliqua , .145 Cupressus sempervirens , 411 Melaleuca leucadendron . 188 Saurauja Roxburgbii . . v Sapindus attenuatus . . 97 Viburnum lutescens . . 21 5 Dalbergia foliacea . . 130 Melastoma malabathxicum . 199 Callicarpa cana . . . 283 Ricinus communis . . 364 Leea gigantea ... 93 Plemingia semialata . . 123 Desmodium Cephalotes . 121 Securinega Leucopyrus . 354 Tetranthera angustifolia . 311 Glyscosmis pentaphylla . x Dichopsis polyantha . . 243 Hyptianthera striata . . xxiii Holigarna longifolia . . 112 Tetranthera nudiflora . 208 Hibiscus macrophyllus . vi Tectona grandis . . 293 >. « . . 293 Skimmia Laureola . . ix Samara floribunda , . 240 Paramignya monophylla , x 496 INDEX TO No. Name. Page No. Name. Page. E3296 Vacoinium serratum 234 E 3361 Rnbus paniculatus xix E3297 Capparis olacifolia ii E3362 Phyllantbns reticulatu i . 53 E3298 Croton candatus . 359 E3363 Eandia rigida . xxiii E3299 Tournefortia viridiflora 269 E 3364 Ehamnus nepalensis xiv E3300 Goniothalamus sesquipedalis ii E 3365 Garcinia , . iv E3301 Combretum deeandrum 179 E3366 Licuala peltata . . 418 E3302 Samara undulata 240 E3367 Ardisia paniculata . xxiv E3303 Homonoya riparia 364 E33H8 Unona longiflora . ii E3307 Rubus liueatus . 166 E3369 Sborea assamica , vi E 3308 Euonymus tliesBefolius 85 E3370 Delima sarmentosa i E3309 Prunus acuminata 164 E3371 Citrus Aurantium X E3310 Osbeckia crinita . 199 E3372 Styrax , XXV E33H Priotropis cytisoides . xvi E3373 Sapindug Danura XV E3312 Vernonia vollsameriaefolia . 233 E3374 Tetranthera tomentosa . 311 E3314 Leptobcea multiflora . 274 E 3375 Zanthoxylum oxyphylli im . ix E3315 Ardisia crispa 241 E3376 Teucrium macrostachyi im . 302 E3316 Sarcosperma arborea . 242 E 3377 Calamus schizospathus . 423 E3317 Bohmeria platyphylla . ■ 325 XXVii B3378 B3379 Cedrela multijuga Sonneratia acida . . xiii xxi E3318 Grewia polygama vii B3380 Mitrephora vaudaBflora ii EB319 Securinega Leucopyrus 354 E3383 Eubus lineatua . xix E3320 Styrax virgatum . 253 E3384 Quercus acuminata . xxix E3321 Micbelia Cathcartii i E3385 Sborea robusta , vi E3322 Myrsine semiserrata . 239 E3386 Tectona grandis . . 293 E3323 Wightia gigantea 273 E33S7 SJ » ' * . 293 Ea324 Zanthoxylon Budrunga ix E3388 » » • • . 293 E3325 Pieris ovalifolia . . ] 235 xxiv E3390 E3391 Sborea robusta . Celastrus acuminatua . vi . xiii E3326 Heptapleurum elatum 208 E3392 Amoora decandra xi E3327 Auouba himalaica 213 E3393 Polygala arillata . . iii E3328 Debregeasia longifolia 326 E3394 Gaultheria Griffithiana . xxiv E3329 „ leucophylla 326 E3395 Premna interrupta . 293 E3330 E3331 Erythrina arborescens Micbelia lanuginosa xvi i E3396 Morus cuspidata . 329 xxvii E3333 Qnercus acuminata 386 E3397 Mallotus oreophilus , 362 E3334 Ficus Pieldingii . . xxviii E3400 Photinia integrifolia . XX E3335 Eriobotrya elliptica xix E3401 Bixa Orellana iii E3336 Symplocos ramosissimt, 254 E3402 Gamblea ciliata , . xxii E3337 Quercus GriflStbii 382 E3403 Pyrus rhamnoides xix E3838 fenestrata 385 E3404 „ foliolosa . xix E3339 „ serrata . 384 E3405 Piptanthus nepalensis . xvi E3340 Excsecaria baccata 367 E3406 Euonymus rigidus . xiii E3341 Melia xiii E3407 Ilex insignis , xiii E3342 Helwingia himalaica . 209 B3409 Brassaiopsis speeiosa . . xxii E3343 Uluius lancifolia 342 E3410 Docynia iudica . . xix E3344 Solanum verbascifolium 273 E3411 Nyctanthes ai'bor-tristis . XXV E3345 Microtropis discolor xiv E3414 Biota orientalis . . 414 E3346 Rbamnus nepalensis xiv E3415 Zanthoxylum acanthopo dium viii E3347 Symplocos glomerata . XXV E3416 „ Hamiltonif mum ix E 3348 Citrus medica X E3419 Oxyspora paniculata . . xxi E3349 Capparis multiflora ii 3420 Acacia Catechu . xix E3350 Ardisia involucrata xxiv E3422 Prunus acuminata xix E3352 Garcinia stipulata iv E3423 Hemitelia decipieus . . 431 E3353 Zanthoxylum ovalifolium . ix E3424 >j _ jf . 431 E3354 Clausena excavata X E3425 Areoa gracilis . 421 E3355 Micromelum pubescens X E3426 Thamnocalamus spathifi orus 427 E3356 Ormosia glauca . xvii E3427 Arundinaria falcata . 427 E3357 Melia dubia xi E3428 Bambusa Brandlsii . 428 E3358 Camellia drupifera V E3429 Cephalostachyum capita turn 429 E3359 ludigofera stacboydes . xvi E3430 Gouania leptostachya . . xiv E3360 Heliadubia xi C3431 \ — - Hamiltonia suaveolens . xxiv NUMBERS OF WOOD SPECIMENS. 497 No. Page. No. xvi C3496 xiv C3497 vi C3498 xxiii C3499 vii C350O vii C 3501 xxiv C3502 XX C3503 Tl C3504 VI C3506 XXH <-' 3507 XU C 3508 VI C3509 XX VU C3511 xxvi C3512 xvi C3513 Xlll C3514 X C3515 XVll C3516 xxviii C3517 xxix C3518 iii C3519 XXV C3520 xxvi C3521 xvii C3522 vii C 3523 xxix C3524 xi C3526 xvii C3527 XX C3528 XX C 3529 xxiv C3530 xxiu C3531 xxiii' C 3532 XXll C3533 xni C3534 xix C3535 XXI C 3536 n C 3537 VI C3538 VI C3539 XXV C3541 XXVI C 3542 Xll C3543 XVI C 3514 VI C3545 VI 3546 VI C3547 xxm C3548 XX C3549 1 C3550 XIV C3551 xxviii C3553 XXV C3556 iii C3558 vi C3559 XXV C3560 XXV C3561 xxiv C 3562 xiii C3564 X C3565 Name. C 3432 C 3433 C3434 C3435 C3436 C3437 C3438 C3439 C3440 C3441 C 3442 C3443 C 3444 C 3445 6 3446 C3447 C 3448 C3449 C3450 C3451 C 3452 C3453 C 3454 C 3455 C 3456 C3457 C3458 C3459 C3460 C3461 C 3462 C3463 C3464 C3465 C3466 C3467 C3468 C 3470 C3471 C3472 C3473 C3474 C3475 C3476 C3477 C3478 C3479 C3480 C 3481 C3482 C3483 C3484 C3485 C 3486 C3488 C3490 C3491 C3492 C3493 C3494 C3495 Desmodium pulchellum Zizyphus xjlopyra Shorea robusta Gardenia turgida . Sterculia urens Eriolaena Hookeriana Embelia robusta . Eugenia Heyneana Shorea robusta Heptapleurum venulosum Chloroxylon Swieteuia Shorea robusta Callicarpa arborea Calotropis gigantea Indigofera pulchella Celastrus paniculata Ailanthus excelsa Dalbergia volubilis Breynia rhamnoides Lebedieropsis orbicularis Flaeourtia Ramontchi Schrebera swietenioides Cordia Macleodii . Dalbergia latifolia Grewia salvifolia Croton oblongifolius Heynea trijuga Cgesalpinia sepiaria Terminalia Arjuna Anogeissus acuminata Ardisiii solanacea . Ixora parviflora . Gardenia gummifera Alangiuin Lamarckii Olax scandens Acacia Intsia . Barringtonia acutangula Saccopetalum tomentosum Shorea robusta Diospyros Embryopteris Khabdia viminea , Cedrela Toona Ougeinia dalbergioides Shorea robusta Plectronia didyma Carallia integerrima Polyalthia suberosa Ventilago calyculata Phyllauthus lanceolarius Linoeiera dichotoma Flaeourtia Ramontchi Shorea robusta Symplocda racemosa Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis Diospyros Melaaoxylon Olax scandens Murraya exotica . Thevetia neriifolia . Erycibe paniculata Briedelia tomentosa Cipadessa fruticosa Stryclmos potatorum . Phyllanthus lanceolarius Maba buxifolia Briedelia stipularis Sideroxylon tomentosum Acacia leucophloea Pisonia aculeata . Zizyphus xylopyra Euphorbia Tirucalli Carissa Carandas . Calotropis gigantea Ochrocarpus longifoliua Xylia dolabriforrais Atalantia monophylla . Shorea robusta Gyrocarpus Jacquinii . Carissa diffusa Flaeourtia sepiaria Webera aciatica . . Celastrus emarginatua . Dalbergia latifolia Pterospermum suberifolium Ochrocarpus longifoliua Acacia Catechu Casearia tomentosa . Embelia robusta . Odina Wodier Limonia acidissima Terminalia Cbebula Buchanania latifolia Schleichera trijuga Pt?rospermum suberifolium Morinda tinctoria Saccopetalum tomentosum Strycbnos Nux- vomica . Phyllanthus Emblica . Ochna squarrosa . Pterocarpus Marsupium Adina cordifolia . Cassia Fistula Cedrela Toona Xylia dolabriformis Lagerstromia parviflora Gelonium lauceolatum Gmelina arborea . Vitex pabescens . ilimusops indica Phyllanthus lanceolarius Shorea robusta Holarrhena antidysenterica Zizyphus xylopyra Albizzia Lebbek Memecylon umbellatum Anogeissus latifolia Alangium Lamarckii . Hymenodictyon excelsum 3 J? INDEX TO NUMBERS OP WOOD SPECIMENS. No. Name. Page. No. Name. Page. C3566 Soymida febrif aga xii E3605 Gmelina arborea . xxvii C3B67 Albizzia Lebbek xix E3606 Bombiix malabaricum . vii C3569 Carissa Carandas . XXV E3607 Quercus pachyphylla . XXX C3570 Limonia acidissima • X E3608 Daphniphyllopsis capitata . xiii C3571 Dillenia pentagyna i E3609 Quercus annulata XXX C3572 Chloroxylon Svvietenia . xii E3610 Ecbinocarpus dasycarpus XXX E3576 Pentapanax racemosum xxii E3611 Lagerstromia parviflora XXX C3577 Streblus asper xxvii E3612 Pious clavata ixviii C3578 Premna latifolia . xxvii E3615 Cryptomeria japonica . XXX C3579 Webera asiatica . xxiii E 3616 Shorea robusta . vi C3580 Capparia sepiaria iii E3617 ■ » ,1 • . • vi C3581 Actinodaphne angustifolia . xxvii E'3618 » >i . . • vi C3582 Eugenia zeylanica XX E3619 Cedrela mieroearpa xii K 3586 Michelia excelsa . i E3620 Gmelina arborea xxvii i-J 3587 Juglans regla XXX E3622 Duabanga sonneratioides xxi K 3588 Dalbergia Sissoo . xvii E3623 Cedrela microcavpa xii E3589 Shorea robnsta . vi E3624 Shorea robusta , VI te3590 Terminalia tomentosa . XX E3625 >» » vi E3592 Canarium bengalense . . xi E3626 >» " vi E3593 Beilsehmiedia Roxburgbiana xxvii E3627 n » vi E3595 Dysoxylum procerum . xi E 3628 >t ?» vi E3596 Pterospermum acerifolium . vii E3629 It 1' vi E3597 Ehretia Wallichiaaa . XXX E3630 » » vi E3598 Eugenia Jambolana XX E3631 Michelia excelsa , i E3599 Cedrela microoarpa xii E3632 Juglans regia XXX E3600 Terminalia belerica . XXX E3633 Pyrus rhamnoides XX E3602 Scbima Wallichii V E3634, Machilus odoratissima . xxvii E3603 Stereospermum chelonoidea . XXX B3635 Heptapleurum impressum . xxii E3604 Garnga pinnata . xi E3636 Tephrosia Candida xvi 499 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. Pages. A. AbeliA . . . 213, 215 triflora, E. Br. . . 215 Abies . . . 394, 406 canadensis, Michatii . 406 Douglasii, Ldl. dumosa, Loudon . 406, excelsa, DC. Khuirow, London pectinata, DC. Pindrow, Eoyle . Smithiana, Forbes 406, Webbiana, Ldl. . < AbietineSB , . Abroma .... angusta, Linn. Abrns . . . 116, preoatorius, Linn. Acacia . . 145; arabica, WiUd. . ceesia, W. and A. . Catechu, Bth. Cateohn, Willd. . concinna, DC. dealbata. Link. decurrena, "WiUd. ebumea, Willd. . Parnesiana, Willd. f errnginea, DC. . formosa . . . — homalophylla, A. Cnnn. 156 Intaia, WiUd. . 155, six Jacquemonti, Bth. , 150 Latronnm, Willd. . 149 lentictdaria, Ham. . 150 lenoophlffia, Willd. A^^ melanoxylon, E. Br. 155, 187 406 408 406 407 406 408 407 406 408 XXX 394 45 45 121 121 149 151 155 150 153 150 155 156 151 150 153 150 modesta. Wall. oboTata, Eoxb. pennata, Willd. , planifrons, W. and A pruineaoens, Kurz pycnantha, Bth. rupestris, Stocks Senegal, WiUd. Snma, Kurz . Sumdra, Beddomo vera, WiUd. . Acaciese . Aealypha . fruticosa, Porsk. ACANTHACE^ Acantheaa 152 152 155 xix 150 150 156 150 . 150 . 157 . 150 . 153 . 150 . 145 347, 318 . 34S . 280 . 280 Pages. Acanthus . . . 280 carduacens. Griff. , 281 ebracteatuB, Tahl. . 280 ilicifolius, Linn. . . 280 Tolnbilia, WaU. . . 280 Acanthopanax . . 208 aonleatnm. Seem. . 208 Aoerine* . . . .93 AcEK ... 93, 98 caeainm, Wall. . 98, 100 CarapbelBi, Hook, f . and Th. . . 98, 100, XV campeatre, Linn. . . xt caudatum, WaU. 98, 100, it Hookeri, Miq. . 98, 99 iaolobum, Kurz . . 98 laevigatum, WaU. . 99 niveum, Bl. . . .98 oblongum, WaU. . 98, 99 pentapomicum, J. L. Stewart ... 98 pictum, Thunb. 98, 101, xv platanoidea, Linn. . xt pseudoplatanus, Linn . xt saccharinum, Linn. . XT aikkimense, Miq.. 98, 99 staohyophyUum, Hiern 98 Thomson!, Miq. . 98, 99 Tillosum, WaU. 98, 99, 100 Achras .... 241 elengioides, DC. . . 241 Sapota, Linn. . . 241 tomentosa, Beddome . 241 AcEOCAKPTJS . . 134, 135 fraxinitoliua, Wight . 135 Acronychia . . .69 laurifolia, Bl. . . 59 pedunculata, DC. . 59 Aorostichum aureum, Linn. . . .432 Aotephila. . . . 347 excelsa, Dalz. . . 347 jaTanica, Miq. . . 347 puberula, Kurz . . 347 Thomsoni, MiiU. Arg. . 347 Actiaa SUene . , . xti Actinidia . . .27, 28 caUosa, Ldl. . . .28 atrigoaa, Hk. f . & Th. . 28 Actinodaphne . . . 304 angustifoUa, Neee 304, xxtu Hookeri. Meissn. . , 304 oboTata, Hk. f . & Th. . 304 saUoiua, DC. . . 304 Adamia ci/an.ea. Wall. . 172 Adanaonia . . .42 digitata, Linn. . . 42 AdeUa nerUfoUa, Eoxb. . 364 Pages. Adenantheka . 145, 146 aculeata, Eoxb. . . 147 oudhensis, J. L. Stewart 146 pavonina, Linn. . . 146 Adenanthereae . . 145 Adenosacme . . . 218 longifolia, WaU. . . 218 Adhatoda . . 280, 281 Tasica, Nees 281, xxrii Adina . . . 217, 220 oordifolia, Hook. f. and Bth. . . . 220, xxiii polycephala. Hook. f. and Bth. . . .220 aesailifoUa, Hk.f. &Bth. 221 Adinandra . . 27, 28 TiUosa, Choisy . . 28 Jilclimanthera . . . 280 WaUichii, Nees . . 280 Mgi&Mtia anuulata, E. Br. 238 rotundifolia, Eoxb. . 238 ^QiCEBAS . . 238, 241 cornieulata, Blanco . 241 majus, Gaertn. . . 241 .Sole . . .59, 63 Marmelos, Correa . 63, x .fflsohynomene . . . 116 asp era, Linn. . . 119 grandiflora, Eoxb. . 119 Sesban, Eoxb. . . 118 .ffiscuLUs . . 93, 94, 95 95 94 94 . 95 134, 141 141 141 141 233 234 234 234 231 234 234 234 234 119 426 . 426 60,69 72 69 69 347 assamica. Griff. Hippocastanum, Linn. indica, Colebr. punduana, WaU. . Apzelia . bijuga, A. Gray . palembanica. Baker retusa, Kurz Agapetes . auriculata, Griff. . hirsuta, Wight oboTata, Don odontocera, Wight saUgna, Bth. and Hk. f variegata, G. Don TertioiUata, Wight WalUcHana, Wight Agati grandiflora, DesT AgaTe amerieana, Linn. Cantula, Eoxb Aglaia Ohittagonga, Miq. eduUs, A. Gray Eoxburghiana, W Agrostiatachys indica, Dalz. longifoUa, Kurz &A. 438 500 Pages. AlLANTHTJS . . 63, 64 exoelsa, DC. . 64, x glandulosa, Deaf. . 64 malabarica, DC. . 64, x Ajugoideaa . • • 300 Alangh-om . . 210, 211 decapetalum, Lam. . 211 hexapetalum, Eoxb. . 211 Lamarokii, Thw. . 211, xxii Suudanum, Miq. . . 211 Albizzia . . 145, 156 amara, Boivin . 160, xix elegans, Kurz . . 156 Julibrissin, Boivin . 169 Lebbek, Benth. . 156, xix lophantha, I^tli. . . 156 luoida, Benth. . . 159 myriophylla, Bl. . . 156 odoratiasima, Benth. . 158 procera, Benth. . 158, xix atipulata, Boivin . 160, xix Wightii, Grah. . . 160 Alchomea . . . 347 moUia, Miill. Arg. . 348 rugosa, Miill. Arg. . 448 tilisefolia, MiiU. Arg. . 348 Aleurites . . 347 oordata, Miill. Arg. . 348 moluooana, "WiUd. . 347 triloba, Forst. . . 347 Alhagi .... 116 Maurorum, Desv. . 119 Allamanda . . . 260 cathartioa, Linn. . 260 Allomorphia . . . 198 Allophtllus . 93, 94 Cobbe, Bl. . . . 94 Zeylanions, Linn. . 94 ALNT3S . . . 372, 373 dioica, Eoxb. . .' 355 glntinoaa, Linn. . . 373 inoana, WUld. . . 373 nepalenaia, D. Don. . 373 nitida, End!. . . 373 Alphonaea ... 7 lutea. Hook. f. and Th 8 madraapatana, Bodd. . 8 Tentrioosa, Hook. f. andTh. ... 8 zeylanioa, Hook, f . and Th 8 Alseodaphnb . 304, 307 grandia, Nees . . 307 semeoarpifolia, Nees . 307 Alaodeia . . . .16 bengalensiSj.TVaU. . 16 longvracemosa, Kurz . 16 raoeinosa, Hk. f. & Th. 16 Boxburghii, Wall. . 16 Alaophila .... 431 Anderaoni, J. Scott . 482 Brunomana, Wall. . 431 contammans, Wall. . 432 orinita, Hook. . . 432 glabra, Hook. . . 432 glauoa, J. Sm. . . 432 gigantea, Hook. . . 432 latebrosa. Hook. . . 431 Oldhami, Bedd. . . 432 oi'nata, J. Scott . . 432 SchmiAiana, Kze. . 431 Scoltioma, Bakor . . 432 INDBX TO Faget. Pagei, Alstonia . . 260, 262 ANONACE^ . . . 9 acholaria, E. Br. 262,xxvi Anpleotrum . . 197 apectabilia, E. Br . 262 AnthemidesB . . 232 venenata, E. Br. . 262 Anthiatiria . 426 Altinsia . 175 Anthocbphaltts 217, 219 excelaa, Noronha Alyxia . 175 260, 261 Cadamba, Bth. f 219 txxiii AMAKANTACBiE . 302 Antiakis 323, 332 Amherstia . 1.34 imioxia, Bl. . . 332 nobilia. Wall. . 135 saccidora, Dalz. . 332 AmheratiesB . 134 toxioaria, Leach. . 332 Amoora . 68,72 Antidesma . 347, 349 canarana, Bth. & Hk. f . ' 72 Buniaa, Spr. . 350 Chittapronga, Hiern . 72 diandrum, Tul. . 360 cuenllata, Eoxb. . . 73 frutioulosum, Kurz . 349 deoandra, Hiern . 72, xi Ghffisembilla, f 349 1 xxviii Lawii, Bth. and Hook. f. 72 Gaertn. Eohituka, W. andA. { ^? lanceolatum, Tul. . 349 martabanicum, Presl. 349 apectabilia, Miq. . . 73 Menaau, MUll. Arg. . 350 AMPELIDB^ . . 93 molle, Miill. Arg. . 349 Amphioome arguta,Eoyle, 274 nigricans, Tul. . 349 Amyc/dalus communis, oblongatum, Miill. Arg. 349 Wall 162 paniculatum, Eoxb. . 349 persica, Willd. . . 162 puhescens, Willd. . 349 ANACARDIACE/Fl. . 103 refraotum, Miill. Arg. . 349 Anaoardieaa . . . 103 aimile, Miill. Arg. . 349 Anacaedidm . . 103, 108 velutinosvm., Bl. . 349 latifolium . . . Ill velutinum, Tul. . 349 ocoidentale, Linn. . 108 Antitaxia . . 11 Anacoloaa . . .80 Aperula . . . 304 denaiflora, Beddome . 80 aasamica, Meiasn . 804 Griffithii, Maat. . . 80 Neesiana, Bl. . 304, 307 ilicoidea, Maat. . . 80 APOCTNE^ . . 260 puberiila, Kurz . . 80 Apodytes . . 80 Anamirta . . . .11 andamanica, Kurz . 80 Cooculua, W. and A. . 11 Benthamiana, Wight . 80 Anaxagorea ... 7 Apollonias . 804 Anciatrocladus . . 31 Amottii, Neea . 304 Griffithii, Planch. . 31 Apoeosa 347, 354 Wallichii, Planch. . 31 dioica, MiiU. Arg .354 Andersonia cucuUata, lanceolata, Thw. . 355 Eoxb. . . .73 Lindleyana, Wight . 355 Rohituka, Eoxb. . . 73 maorophyUa, MUU. Andeachne . . 347, 349 Arg. . . . 355 cordifolia, Miill. Arg. . 349 microatachya. Miill. telephioides, Linn. . 349 Arg. . . . 355 trifoUata, Eoxb. . . 355 oblonga, Miill. Arg. . 855 Andromedese . . . 234 Roxburghii, Baill. . 355 Andromedaformosa,Weiii.. 235 villosa, BaiU. . 355 ovalifoUa, Wall. . . 235 villoaula, Kurz . 855 Androacepia . . . 426 Apteron . . 88 A.nerinoleiatua . . . 198 Aquilarineaa . . 314 Angiopteria evecta, Hoff. 432 Aquilaeia . 316 Aniaophyllea . . 175, 178 AgaUooha, Eoxb. . 316 zeylanioa, Bth. . . 178 malaccensia, Lamk. . 316 Anisoptera . . .31 AEALIAGE.^ . 208 glabra, Knrz . . 31 AraliesB . . 208 odorata, Kurz . . 33 AraUft . 208 Annealea . . .27, 28 armata, Seem. . 208 fragrana, Wall. . . 28 cachemirioa. Done. . 208 monticola, Kurz . . 28 digitata, Koxb. . 209 Anodendron . . 260, 261 foUolosa, Seem. . 208 ANOOBisstrs . . 178, 185 papyrifera. Hook. . 209 acuminata, Wall. . 186, xx Araucarieae . 394 latifolia, Wall. . 185, xx Arauoaria . 394 pendula, Edgw. . . 187 BidwilU, Hook. . 894 phillyrefBfolia, H. and Cookii, E. Br. . 394 M. Arg. . . .185 Cunninghamii, Ait. . 894 Anona . . . . 7, 9 excelaa, E. Br. . 394 murioata, L. . .9 imbricata, Pavon . 394 reticulata, Linn. . . 9 Arceuthobium . . 319 squamosa, Linn. . . 9 Oxyoedri, M. Bieb. . 319 SCIENTIFIC NAMKS. 501 Abdisia . eDiptica, Thtmb. crispa, DC. . floribunda, "Wall, humilis, Vahl. involuorata, Kurz paniculata, Eoxb. pauciflora, Heyne rhomboidea, Wight solanacea, Eoxb. Arecineee . AaECA Catechu, Lmn. costata, Bl. Dicksonl, Eoxb. disticha, Eoxb. gracilis, Eoxb. bexasticha, Knrz laxa, Bueh. . nagensis, Griff. triandra, Koxb. Aebnga . saccbarifera, Labill. Wightii, Griff, Fagez, 238,240 . 240 . 240 . 240 . 240 .ixiv . 240 . 240 . 240 f 240 \xxiv . 415 415, 421 421 . 421 . 421 . 421 . 421 . 421 . 421 . 421 . 421 415, 421 . 421 . 421 Argania E. S. . Argyreia . specioaa. Sweet. Artabotrys Sideroxylon, 242 273 273 7 odoratissimns, E. Br. . Aktemisia _ . . 232, 233 vulgaris, Linu. ArtbropbyUum diTersifolium, Bl. javanlcum, Bl. Artocarpeas AllTOCAIiPTJS . calophylla, Kurz . Cbaplasba, Eoxb. . echinata, Eoxb. . Gomeziana, Wall, birsuta, Lamk. incisa, Linn integrifoKa, Linn. < Lakoooha, Eoxb. . i nobUis, Thw. pubescens rigida, Bl. rufescens, Miq. . Arundinaria elegans, Kurz falcata, Nees Griffithiana, Munro Hookeriana, .Munro intermedia, Munro kbasiana, Munro racemosa, Munro utilis, Clegbom . Wigbtiaua, Nees. Arundo . ASCLEPIADE^ . Ascle^ias gigantea, Eoxb. 265 tiiictoria, Eoxb. . . 265 tenacissima, Eoxb. . 265 pseudo-sarsa^ Eoxb. . 266 Aspidocarya . . .11 Aspidopterya . . .58 Asplenium polypodioi- des, Mett. . . 432 . 233 . 208 . 208 . 208 323, 324 323, 329 . 329 . 330 . 329 . 329 . 331 . 329 329 xxvii 330 331 xxvii . 331 . 332 . 329 . 329 . 426 . 427 . 426 . 426 . 427 . 427 . 427 . 426 . 426 . 426 426 265 Aeteroidete Astronieae Asystasia Atalantia caudata, Hook, f . maerophylla, Kurz missionis, Oliv. . monopbylla, Correa racemosa, W. and A. Atrapbaxis spinosa, Linn. Attacus Atlas . Atjcuea himalaica, Hook. Tb. . japonica, Tbunb. Aurantieas Averrhoa BUimbi, Linn. Carambola, Linn Avicennieas AVICENHIA officinalis, Linn, Fages, . 232 . 198 280, 281 59, 62 62 62 62 62, X . 62 . 303 . 303 210, 213 f. & . 213 . 213 . 69 . 68 . 58 . 68 281 281, 299 299 Azima tetracantha, Lamk. 259 B. Baccatjkea . . 347, 354 affinis. Mull. Arg. 354 Courtallensis, MiiU. Arg 354 flaccida, Miill. Arg. 364 parriiiora, MUU. Arg. . 354 propinqua, Miill. Arg. . 354 sapida, Miill. Arg. 364 Bacoiferas . . . 426 Bosohotrys inddcaj Koxb. 238 Balanites . . 63, 65 aegyptiaca, Deblle . 65 Eoxbiirghii, Plancb. . 65 Baliospermum . . 347 montauum. Mull. Arg. . 348 Balsamodendeon 66, 67 Berryi, Arnott . . 67 Mukul, Hook, f . . .67 Myrrba, Ebrenb. . 67 pubescens. Stocks . 67 Eoxburghii, Arn. . 57 Bambusa . . . 426, 427 affinis, Munro . . 427 arundinacea, Retz . 428 iaccifera, Roxb. . . 429 Balcooa, Eoxb. . . 428 Brandisii, Munro . 428 Falconeri, Munro . 427 gigantea, Wall. . . 430 gracilis, Wall. . . 428 Ichasiana, Munro . 427 Maclellandii, Munro . 431 nutans. Wall. . . 427 orientalis, Nees . . 428 pallida, Munro . . 427 polymorpba, Munro . 427 spinosa, Eoxb. . 428, 431 striata, Roxb. . . 430 teres, Hans. . . 427 Tulda, Roxb. . . 427 vulgaris, Wendl. . 428 Bambuseas . , . 426 Banksia .... 318 Bapbia nitida . . . 115 Barleria . . . 280, 281 Fages. Baeeingtonia . 187, 196 aoutangTila, Gaertn. < ■ augusta, Kurz . . 196 conoidea, Griff. . . 196 Helferi, C. B. Clarke . 196 macrostacbya, Kurz 196 pendula, Kurz . . 196 pterocai-pa, Kurz . 196 racemosa, Blume. . 196 speciosa, Porst. . 71, 196 Bassia . . . 241, 243 butyracca, Eoxb. . . 244 ellipticci,, Dalz. . . 242 latifolia, Willd. . 243, xxiv longifoUa . . . 244 polyantha, Wall. . . 242 Batis spinosa, Eoxb. . 327 Bauhinia . . 134, 138 acumiaata, Linu. . 138 angnina, Eoxb. . . 139 elongata, Korth . . 139 malabarica, lioxb. 139, xviii monandra, Kurz . 139 pnrnftora, Valil. . . 139 polycarpa, WaD. . . 139 purpurea, Linn. . 140, xviii racemosa, Lam. . 139, xviii racemosn, Vabl. . . 139 retusa. Ham. . 141, xviii toraentosa, Linu. . . 138 triandra, Eoxb.. . . 139 Vahlii, W. and A. . 139 variegata, Linn. . 140, xviii Baubinieas . . . 134 Beaumontia . . 260 graudiflora, WUld. . 261 Beddomea . . .68, 69 indica, Hook. f. . .69 simpUcifolia, Bedd. . 69 Beeaba . . . 426, 429 Eheedii, Kunth . . 429 stridubi, Munro . . 429 travail corica, Bedd. . 430 Beilschmiedia304, 309, 313 assamica, Meissn. . 309 fagitolia, Wees . . 309 globularia, Kurz . 309 macropbylla, Meissn. . 309 Eoxburghiana, Nees | ^^ Benuettia . . . 347 Wallicbii, E. Br. . 348 BenthamiafragiferatliSl. 212 Bentinckia. . . 415, 421 Codda panna. Berry . 421 Berberese . . .12 BBRBERIDSiE . . 12 Bekbekis . . .12 angalosa. Wall. . . 14 angustif olia, rloxb. . 13 aristata, DC. . 12, 13 asiatioa, Hoxb. . .12 concinna, Hook. f. . 12 coriacea, Brandis 12, 14 insignis. Hook. f. . 12 Lycium, Eoyle . 12, 13 macrosepala, Hook. f. . 12 nepalensis, Sprang. 12, 13 mnbeUata, Wall. . . 12 pinnata, Roxb. . . 13 vulgaris, Linn. . 12, 13 Wallichiana, DC. . 12 502 INDEX TO Pagei. Bbrchemia . . .90 lineata, DC. . 88, 90 floribunda, Brongn. 90, 91 Bergera Kdnigii, Linn. 62, ix Bebkta . ' . .51, 52 Ammonilla, Eoxb. 52, Tii BETULAOB^ . . 372 BET0LA . . . .372 aouminata, WaU. 372, 373 alba, Linn. . . . 372 Bhojpattra, WaU. . 372 cylindrostachys. Wall. 373 Jacqit^emontii, Spach . 372 papyracea, Willd. ■ 372 BIGNONIACEiE . .274 Bignonia chelonoides Linn. . crispa, Buoh. indica, Koxb. quadrilocularis, Eoxb. spathacea, Eoxb. stipulata, Eoxb. . suaveolens, Eoxb. suberosa, Eoxb. . undulata, Eoxb. . xylocarpa, Uoxb. BlGJNONIE^ Biota orientalis, Endl. BiscHorpiA jayanioa, Bl. Bixa 278 276 275 277 276 . 276 . 278 . 274 . 275 . 279 . 274 . 394 394, 414 347, 355 . 355 { Orellana, Linn. Bixesa BIXINBiB Blackwellia iomentos%, Vent. . . .207 Blastua . . . -198 Blephariatemma oorym- bosum, WaU. . . 175 Blumea .... 232 balsamifera, DC. . 232 Blvmeodendron Tolcbrai, Knrz . . .360 Booagea .... 7 BoHMBEiA . . 323, 324 HamUtoniana, Wedd. 324 maorophylla, Don . 324 malabarioa, Wedd. . 324 nivea. Hook, and Am. 324 platyphyUa, Don . 325 mgnloBa, Wedd. . . 324 travancorica, Beddome 324 BobmerieEB . • • 323 BombaoesB . . .42 BoMBAX . . .42, 44 Gossypiv/m, Roxb. . 17 insigne. Wall. . . 44 malabarioum, DC. 38, 44, vi pentcmdrum, Koxb. . 42 pentaphyllum, Cnv. . 44 Bombyx Croeai . . 328 „ textor . . 328 Biinninghansenia . . 59 BOEAGINE.*] . . 269 Borassineea . . . 415 BoKABSus . . 415, 416 flabelUfomiiB, Linn. . 416 BOSWELLIA . . .66 glabra, Koxb. . . 66 serrata, Eoxb. . . 66 t/miifera, Colebr. . 66 Pag«8. BouBA . . 103, 104, 108 bnrmanica, Griff. . 108 oppositifoUa, Meissn. . 108 BougainviUea . . 302 Bradleia lanceolana,'Ro^. 351 Brainea . . . 431, 432 insignia. Hook. . 432, xxx Brandisia . . .273 discolor, Hook, f . & Th. 273 Braaaaia .... 208 oapitata, C. B. Clarke . 208 BRASaAiOPSis . 208, 209 floribunda, Seem. . xxii Hainla, Seem. . . 209 mitia, C. B. Clarke . 210 palmata, Kurz . . 209 specioaa, Dene & Plch. xxii Breynia .... 347 rhamnoidea, MiiU. f 347 Arg. . . . (xxviii Bbiedelia . . 347, 356 crenulata, Eoxb. . . 356 daaycalyx, Knrz . 356 hamiltoniana, Miill. Arg. 356 lancecefoUa, Koxb. . 357 montana, WUld. . . 357 ovata, Done. . . 356 retusa, Sprengel 356, xxviii scandens, Roxb. . . 356 spiTwsa, Willd. . . 356 stipnlaria, Bl. . 356, xxix tomentoaa, Bl. 357, xxviii Brousaonetia . . 323, 324 papyrifera. Vent. . 323 Rrouaaonetieae . . 323 Brownlowia . . 51, 52 elata, Eoxb. . . 52 lanceolata, Btb, . . 52 peltata, Bth. . . 52 Brownlowiese . . .61 Braoea . . ■ .63 mollis, WaU. . . 63 anmatrana, Koxb. ■ 63 Bruguieea . . 175, 177 oaryopliylloides,W. & A. 177 eriopetala, W. and A. . 176 gymnorhiza, Lam. . 177 malabarioa, Am. . 177 parviflora, W. and A. . 177 BUeediA, Bl. . . 177 Btjchanania . . 103, 110 angnstifolia, Eoxb. . 109 latifolia, Eoxb. . 109, xv Buoklandia . . . 174 popnlnea, E. Br. . 174 BUDDLEIA . . . 266 aaiatica, Lour. . . 266 ColvUlei, Hook, f . & Th. 267 crispa, Bth. . . . 267 maoroataohya, Bth. . 266 Neemda, Koxb. . . 266 panioulata, Wall. . 267 Buettneria . , .45 Bnettnerieaa . . .45 BUESEEACEiB . . 66 BUBSERA . . 66, 67 serrata, Colebr. . . 67 Buraeres3 . . .66 Btjtea . . . 116, 123 frondosa, Eoxb. . 123, xvii minor, Ham. . . 123 parviflora, Eoxb. . 122 superba, Eoxb. . . 123 Pagei. BuxaoesB .... 347 BuxesB .... 347 Buxtts . . . 347, 369 sempervirens, Linn. . 369 WaUiohiana, BaiUon . 369 ByraophyUum . • 218 tetan&im, Bedd. . 218 C. Caotns indicaa, Eoxb. . 208 CACTE.aE . . .208 Cadaba . . . .14 heterotrioha. Stocks . 14 indica, Lamk. . . 14 Cseaalpinie® . . . 134 C^SALPINIA . 134, 135 Bonducella, Eoxb. . 135 brazUienaia . . . 135 coriaria, WUld. . . 135 crista . . . 135 cucuUata, Roxb. . .135 echinata . . . 135 laceranB, Eoxb. . . 134 pnlcherrima, S\r. . . 135 Sappan, Linn. . . 135 sepiaria, Eoxb. . 135, xvii Cajanns . . . .116 iudicus, Spreng. . . 123 Calamus . . 415, 423 aoanthoapathas, Griff. 423 andamanicus, Knrz . 424 arboresoena. Griff. . 423 colUuuB, Griff. . . 423 oonoinnus . . . 424 ereotus, Eoxb. . . 423 extenaus, Koxb. . . 424 fasoioulatus, Eoxb. . 423 flageUnm, Griff. . . 423 floribnndus, Griff. . 423 gracilis, Eoxb. . . 423 grandia Griff. . . 424 Guruba, Mait. . . 424 Helferianus, Knrz . 424 hnmiUa, Eoxb. . . 423 hypolencua, Kurz . 424 inermis, T. And. . . 424 JenMnsianna, Griff. < latifolina, Eoxb. . 423, 424 leptospadix. Griff. . 423 longipes, Griff. . . 429 macracanthns, T. And. 424 macorcarpua, Griff. . 423 Maateraianua, Griff . ( '^^ {_ xxx melanacanthus . . 424 mishmienais. Griff. . 423 montanua, T. And. . 424 nitidns . . . 424 nutantiflorns, Griff. . 424 palustris. Griff. . . 423 paradoxus, Eurz . . 424 platyapathus . . 424 polygamus, Roxb. . 423 quinqnenervius, Eoxb. 424 Eotang, Eoxb. . . 423 BoxburghU, Griff . . 423 Eoyleanua, Griff. . 423 BcMzospathua, Griff. . 423 tenuis, Eoxb. . 423, xxx tigrinue, Kurz . , 424 SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 503 Fagit. Calamosagus laemiosus, Griff. . . .424 scaphiger, Griff. . ■ 424 Calicoptekis . 178, 185 floribunda . . . 185 nutans, Kurz . . 185 Calliandra . . . 145 cynometroides, Bedd. . 145 Griffithii, Bth. . . 145 vimbrosa, Bth. . . 145 Callicaepa . . 281, 282 arborea, Eoxb. 282, xsvii cana, Linn. . . . 283 incana, Eoxb. . . 282 lanata, Linn. . . 282 longifolia, Ijamk. . . 282 maorophylla, Tahl . 282 rubella, Ldl. . . 282 Calliqonum . . . 303 polygonoidea, Linn. . 306 CaUitris . . . .394 quadrivalYis, Tent. . 394i Calluna vulgaris, Linn. . 239 CalopbyUese . . .21 Calophtlltjm . 21, 24 amomum, Wall. . 24, 25 decipiens, Wight . . 26 elatv/iYi, Bedd. . . 26 inophyilum, Linn. 25, iv longifolium . . .21 MooniA, Wight . . 25 polyanthum. Wall. . 25 retusum. Wall. . . 24 Bpeotabile, Willd. . 25 spurium . . .26 tetrapetalum, Eoxb. . 25 tomentosum, Wight 25, iv Wightianum, WaU. . 26 Calosanthes indica, Bl. . 275 Calotropis . . . 265 gigantea, E. Br. . |^^ procera, E. Br. . . 265 CaVpicaryum RoxhwrgfiM, G. Don . . .261 Calpumea . . . 116 aurea. Lam. . . . 134 Camhogia Gutta . . 24 Camellia . . 27, 30 candata. Wall. . . 30 drupifera. Lour. . . 30 Kissi, Wall. . . 30 lutesoens. Dyer . . 30 Thea, Link. . . . 30 theifera, Griff. . . 30 Campanulaceaa . . 233 Camphora . . . 305 Cananga .... 7 odorata, Hk. f. & Th. . 8 Canaeium . . 66, 68 bengalense, Roxb. 68, xi coceineo-braoteatmn, Kurz . . . 68 enphyllum, Enrz . . 68 striotum, Eoxb. . . 68 Canajera . . . .80 Eheedii, Gmelin . . 80 sco,ndens, Eoxb. . 80 Canthium didymum, Gaertu. . . .230 parvifioTum, Eoxb. 23u Capparese . . .14 CAPPAEIDE^ . . 14 Faffee. Cappakis . . .14 aphylla, Eoth. . . 15 bisperma, Roxb. . . 15 divaricata, Lamk. . 15 grandis. Linn. . . 15 heterocUta, Boxb. . 14 horrida, Linn. . 15, ii multiflora, Hk. f. & Th. ii olacifolia.Hk.f. &Th.l5, ii sepiaria, Linn. . . iii spinoaa, Linn. . . 14 stylosa, DC. . . 15 trifoliata, Eoxb. . . 15 zeylanica, Eoxb. 15, ii CAPEIFOLIACEiE 213 Caragana . . 116, 119 Caeallia . . 175, 177 Calycina, Eth. . . 178 integerrima, DC. 177, xx lanceasfolia, Eoxb. . 177 lucida, Eoxb. . . 177 zeylanica . . . 178 Cabapa . . .68, 74 moluccenais, Lam. 74, xi obovata, Bl. . . . 74 Caeeya . . 187, 197 arborea, Eoxb. . 197, xxi herbaeea, Eoxb. . . 197 sphserica, Hoxb. . . 197 Carica Papaya, Linn. . 207 Caeibsa . . . 260, 261 Carandas, Linn. . < Dalzellii, Beddome , 261 diffusa, Eoxb. . . 261 Carisaese . . . 260, xxv Caepinus . . . 390 Betulus, Linn. . . 390 faginea, Lol. . . 390 viminea, WaU. . . 390 CoTumbiv/m baccatv/m, Kurz . . . .367 insigne, Kurz . . 367 sebiferum, Kurz . . 366 Carya . . . .391 alba, NuttaU . . 391 glabra, Torrey . . 391 oliviformis, Nuttall . 392 CaryophyUus aromatious, Linn. . . .188 CaryopterideSB . . 281 Caktopteeis . 281, 299 WaUichiana, Schauer . 299 Caetota . . 415, 420 obtusa. Griff. . . 420 sobolifera. Wall. . . 420 urens, Linn. . . 420 Caseaeia . . 205, 206 esoulenta, Eoxb. . 206 glomerata, Eoxb. . 206 graveolens, DalzeU 206, xxi Kurzii, C. B. Clarke . 206 rubesoens, Dalz. . 206 tomentosa, Eoxb. 206, xxi Yareca, Eoxb. . . 206 wynaadensis, Bedd. . 206 CaTjsia . . .134, 136 Abaus, Linn. . . 136 alata, Linn. . . . 136 anriculata, Linn. . . 136 Fistula, Linn. 136, xviii florida, Wahl. . . 138 glanca, Lam. . . 136 Paget. marginata, Roxb. . . 137 nodosa, Ham. . . 136 obovata, Collodon . 136 renigera, Wall. . . 136 Boxburghii, DC. . . 137 aiamea, Lamk. . . 138 timoriensis, DC. . . 138 Cassiete . . . 134 Caasiope . . . 234 faatigiata, Don . . 234 Castauea . . . 379 argentea,, Bl. . . 388 diveraifolia, Kurz . 388 indica, Eoxb. . . 388 inermia, Lindl. . . 388 javanica, Bl. . . 388 lancecefolia, Kurz. , 388 rhamnifolia, Kurz . 388 Roxburghii, Ldl. . . 388 tribuloides, Kurz . . 389 Vesca, Gaertn. . . 379 vulgaris. Lam. . . 379 Castanopsis . . 388 argentea, Alph. DC. . 388 echidnocarpa, Alph. DO. 388 Hystrix, Alph. DC. . 388 indica, Alph. DC. . 388 javanica, Alph. DC. . 388 rufesoens, Hk. f. & Th. 389 tribuloides, Alph. DC. . 389 CASUAEINACEiE . 346 Casuarina . . . 346 eqnisetifolia, Forat. . 346 muricata, Eoxb. . . 846 Catalpa bignonioides . 274 Catesbcea . . . 219 Oathartocarpus Fistula, Pers 136 Ceanothus asiaticus, Eox. 88 Cedeela . . 68, 77 glabra, C. DC. . . xii microoarpa, C. DC. . xii multijuga, Kurz . 77, xui serrata, Eoyle . . 79 Toona, Eoxb. 77, 79, xii CedrelcEe . . .68 Cedeus . . 394, 399 atlantioa, Manetti . 399 Deodara, Loudon. . 400 Libani, Barr. . . 399 Celaatrese . . .83 CELASTEINE^ . . 83 Ceiasteub . . 83, 86 aouminatua. Wall. . xiii emarginatus, WUld. . xiv montana, Eoxb. . . 87 panioulatus, Witld. 86, xui senegalenais. Lam. . 87 spinosua, Eoyle . 86, xiii verticillata, Eoxb. . 19 Celtideae . . . .323 Celtis . . 323, 343 auatralis, Linn. . . 343 caucaaica, Willd. 343, 344 cinnamomea, Ldl. . 343 eriocarpa, Done. . . 343 Hamiltouii, Planch. . 343 orienialis, Linn. . . 344 Eoxburghii, Beddome . 343 serotina, Planch. . 344 tetrandra, Eoyle 343, 344 trinervia, Roxb. . . 343 Wightii, Planch. . 343 504 INDEX TO CephaElia Rich. P ages. Ipecacuanha, , 219 Oephalanthus . . 217, 218 naucleoides, DC. . . 218 Cephalocroton indious, Bedd. l^uoocephalus, Baill. Cephalostachttjii i capitatnm, Munro latilolium, Munro pallidum, Munro pergracile, Munro schizostachyoides, Kze Ceratonia sUlqua, Linn 135, 145 Ceratophorus Wightvi. Hassk. . . Ceratostema variegata, Eoxb. Cekbeea . . 260, OdoUam, Gaertn. . Cebiops . . 175, Candolleana, Arnott . Eoxburghiana, Arnott . 176 Ceropegiese . . . 265 CH^TOCAKPtrs . 347, 366 castanesecarpua, Thw. 366 366 80 80 347 348 348 426 429 429 429 429 429 429 245 233 262 263 176 176 pungens OHAILLETIACE^ Chailletia gelonioidea. Hook, f- . 80 Helferiana, Kurz . 80 . longipetala, Turoz . 80 macropetala, Turcz 30 Chamaerops . . 415, 418 khasyana, Griff. . 418 Martiana, Wall. . . 418 EitcMeana, Griff . . 418 Chammbuxus arillata, Hassk. . . . 19 Earensium, Kurz . 19 Championia multiflora, C. B. Clarke . . 274 Chaaalia . . 218, 219 curviflora, Thw. . . 219 Chaulmoogra odorata; Koxb. Chavannesia esculenta. DC. . Chickbassia . tabularis, Adr. Juss. Telutina, Roemer . ChUocarpua . . 260, 261 Chionanthus dichotoma, Roxb. intermedia, Beddome . macropJvyllus, Kurz malaharica, Bedd. Chiaochetou dyaoxylifoliua, Kurz . grandiflorus, Kurz paniculatua, Hiern Chlokoxtlon Swietenia, DC. . 77 Chonemorpha . 260, maorophylla, G. Don. . Choripetp-lumundulatum, H. DC. . Chryaobalanese Chrtsophtlltjm . 241, 242 acummatum, Roxb. . 242 Eoxburghii, G. Don . 242 18 261 76 76 76 XXT 259 259 259 69 69 69 69 77 xii 261 261 240 161 Faffes. Qicca disttcha, Linn. . 351 Eniblica, Kurz . . 352 Leucopyrus, Kurz . 354 obovata, Kurz . . 354 reticulata, Kurz . . 353 Cinchona . 218, 220 Caliaaya, Weddell . 224 excelsa, Roxb. . . 224 micrantha, . . 223 officinalis, Linn. . . 224 Buccirubra, Pavon . 223 thyrsiflora, Roxb. . 225 Cinchonese . . . 218 OiNNAMOMUM . 304, 305 allifiorum, Neea . . 306 Camphora, Neea and Eberm . . .305 oaudatum, Nees . . 305 Cassia, Bl. . . 306 Ceoidodaphne, Meiaan. 305 glanduliferuni, Meiaan. 306, 307 impreaaineryium,Meiasn. 305 inera, Rwdt. . . 305 inunctum, Meisan. . 305 obtuaifolium, Nees 305, 307 pauciflorum, Nees . 305 Parthenoxylou, Meiaan. 305, 307 Perrottetii, Meisan. . 305 pseudo-Saaaafras, Meiaan. . . .305 sulphuratum, Nees . 305 Tamala.Nees . . 306 Wightii, Meiasn. . 305 Zeylanicum, Breyn. . 305 frutioosa, Bl. . 69, xi Cisaampelideae . . 11 Ciaaampeloa , . .11 convohiulacea, Roxb. . 11 Pareira, Linn. . . 11 Citrus . . . .69 Aurantium, Linn. 59, s decumana, Willd. . 59 medica, Linn. . 59, x Claoxylon . . 347, 348 Clausena . . .59 exoavata, Burm. . . x pentaphylla, DC. . . 59 Willdenovii, W. and A. 59 Cleidion . . .347 javanicum, Bl. . . 348 Cleistanthus . 347, 357 chartaceua, Miill. Arg . 357 malabaricus, Miill. Arg. 357 myrianthus, Kurz . 357 oblongifoliua.Miill.Arg. 357 patulua, MliU. Arg. . 357 stenophyllus, MtiU. Arg. . . .357 atipularia, MiiU. Arg. . 357 Clematis barbeUata, Edgw. 1 Buchananiana, DO. . 1 gouriana, Eoxb. . . 1 grata. Wall. . . 1 grewiiflora, DC. . . 1 montana, Ham. . . 1 nutana, Royle . . 1 orientalia, Linn. . . 1 amilaeifolia. Wall. . 1 Vitalba, Linn. . . 1 Clerodendron . 281, 298 braoteatum, Wall. . 299 Colebrookiauum,Walp. 299 infortuuatum, Linn. . 299 inerme, Gaertn. . . 299 nutans, Wall. . . 299 phlomoides, Linn. . 298 serratum, Spreng. . 299 Siphonanthua, fi. Br. . 299 -filloaum, Bl. . . 299 Cleyera ... 27, 28 grandiflora. Hook, ami Th 28 oohnaoea, DC. . . 28 Cluytia collina, Eoxb. . 358 Cnesmoue ■ . 347, 348 javanica, Bl. . . 348 Cneatis ramiflora. Griff . 114 Coccoloba . . . 303 Totnea, Ham. . . 303 Cooculese . . .11 COCCULTJS . . 11, 12 iudicua . . .11 laurifoliua, DO. . . 12 Leajba, DC. , - . 11 villosua, DC. . . 11 COCHLOSPEEMUM . . 16 Gossypium, DC. . 16, iii Coooineffl . .415 Cocos . . . 415, 422 nuoif«ra, Linn. . . 422 CodisBum . . . 347 umbellatum. Mull. Arg 348 Coelodepas . . . 347 calycinum, Bedd. 348 Cailodiscus . . 347, 348 COEFEA . . 218, 231 arabica, Linn. . . 231 bengalensia, Koxb. . 231 tetrandra, Koxb. . . 231 COLEEROOKIA . . 300 oppoaitifolia, Sw. . . 300 ternifolia, Roxb. . . 300 Coleoapathea . 423 Colquhounia . . 300 ooocinea. Wall. . . 300 elegaus, WaU. . . 300 vestita, WaU. . . 300 Colubrina . . . .88 asiatioa, Brongn. . 88 Columbia . . .51 Colutea . . . .116 arhorescens, Linn. . 118 nepalenaia, Sims . . 118 COMBRETACE.ffi . . 178 Combretese . . . 178 Combretum . . 178, 179 decaudrum, Eoxb. . 179 COMPOSIT.^. . . 232 Congea . . . .281 tomentoaa, Eoxb. . 282 CONIFERS . . .394 OoryphineEB . . . 415 COKYPHA . . 415, 417 elata, Koxb. . .417 Gebanga, Bl. . . 417 macropoda, Kurz . . 417 Taliera, Roxb. . . 417 umbraoulifera, Linn. . 417 CONNARACE.aj . . 114 Oonnarus . . . 114 paniculatua, Boxb. . 114 SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 505 Tages. Oonocarpus acuminata, Eoxb. . . .186 latifoKa, Eoxb. . . 185 myrtifolia. Wall. 187 Conocepheleas . . 323 Conooephalus . . 323 auaTeolens, Bl. . . 324i CONTOLTULACEiE . 273 Conyza balsamifera, Eox. 232 Copaifera officinalis . 135 Corallobotrya . . .233 acumiziata. Hook. f. & Bth 234 Corchorus . 51, 52 oapsularis, Linn. . 52 Cordie® . . . 269 Cordia . . . 269, 270 angnstifolia, Eoxb. . 271 campamilata, Eoxb. . 270 fragrantissima, Knrz . 271 fulTosa, Wight . . 270 grandis, Eoxb. . . 270 Maoleodii, Hook, f . and Th. . 271, xxvi monoica, Eoxb. . . 270 •1.T T- ) 270 Myxa, Lmn. . } ^^^j Gotandra, DC. . . 270 Perottetii, DC. . . 270 polygama, Eoxb. . 270 fiothii, Eom. and Sell. 271 serrrata, Eoxb. . . 270 speciosa, Willd. . . 270 Buboordata, Lamk. . 270 teotonifolia. Wall. . 270 vestita. Hook. f. and Th. . . . 271 Walliohii, G. Don. . 270 Cordyline . . . 425 terminaUs, Kth. . . 425 COBIAEIA . . . 113 myrtifolia, Linn. . . 113 nepalensis. Wall. . 113 sarmentosa . . . 113 COEIAEIE^ . . .113 COENAOE^ . . .210 CoBNtrs . . . 210, 212 capitata. Wall. . . 212 oblonga, Wall. . . 212 maorophyUa, Wall. . 212 sanguinea, Linn. . 212 Corylopsia himalayana. Griff. CoKTLua Avellana, Linn. Colnma, Linn, ferox, Wall. lacera, Wall. COTONEASTER acuminata, Lindl. baoillaria, Wall. , hnxifolia. Wall. . frigida, Wall, microphylla, Wall CEAT^Q-trs Clarkei, Hook. f. . crenulata, Eoxb. . Oxyacantha, Linn. FyracnmtTia, Persoon . 170 CEATiBVA . . 62, 15 Nurvala, Ham. . . 15 religioaa, Porst. . 15, iii Eoxbnrghii, Ham. . 15 . 174 '. 390 . 390 . 390 390 161, 170 . 171 171 . 170 . 170 . 171 161, 170 170 . 170 . 170 Faffes. Cratoxylon . . .21 arborescena, Bl. . . 21 formoaum, Bth. & Hk. f . 21 neriifolium, Knrz . 21 polyanthum, Korth . 21 piunifloram, Knrz 21 Cricnla trifeneatrata . xt Crotalaria . . . 116 juncea, Linn. 117, 265 Ckoton . . 347, 358 argyratna, Bl._ . 358, 359 aromaticua, Linn. . 358 bnrmanicna, MiiU. Arg. 358 calococcus, Kurz . 359 ( 358 candatus, MiiU. Arg. ] 359 I xxix chlorooalyx, Miill. Arg. 358 drupacev/m, Eoxb. . 359 floccnloaua, E!urz 359 Joufra, Eoxb. . 358, 359 lacciferua, Miill. Arg. 358 IseTifoUua, Bl. . . . 358 malabarious, Bedd. . 359 ( 358 oblongifoliua, Eoxb. < 359 (xxix reticulatus, MiiU. Arg. 358 rhodoatachyua, MiiU. Arg 358 robustua, Kurz . . 359 Bcabioaua, Bedd. . . 359 sublyratus, Kurz , , 369 TigUum, Linn. . 358, 359 WalUohii, MiiU. Arg. . 359 Crypteronia glabra, BL . 199 paniculata, Bl. . . 199 pubeacens, Bl. . . 199 Cryptocarya . . 304 amygdalina, Neea . 304 ferrea, Bl. . . . 304 floribunda, Neea . 164, 304 Griffithiana, Wight 304 Neilgherrenaia, Meiaan. 804 Stockaii, Meissn. . 304 Wightiana, Thw. . 304 Cryptocaryeas . 304 Cryptolepis . . . 265 Buchanani, Eoem. and Sch. . . .265 Cktptomekia . . 394 japonica, Don . 411, xxx Cudrania . . .323 amboinenaia, Eumph 324 fruticosa, Wight 324 frutescena, Trecul . 324 javanenais, Trecul . 324 Cu dranusR ump hii , Thw . 3 24 CuUenia ... 42 excelaa, Wight Cunninghamia ainensis, E. Br, Cupania glabrata, Kurz pentapetala, W. and A. 94 CuPRESSiFS . 394, 410 funebria, Endl. . . 410 glauca, Lam. . . 410 Lawaoniana, Murray aemperTirena, Linn. toruloaa, Don Cupreasinese . . 394 CUPULIPEE^ . . 379 42 . 394 . 394 93,94 . 94 xxx 411 410 Fageg. Cyathea . . . .431 sinuata, Hk. and Grev. 431 spinuloaa, WaU. 431 Cyathocalyx ... 7 martabanicu8,Hk.f.&Th. 8 Cyathoatemma . . 7 CYCADACEiE . . 415 Cyeas . . . 415 circinalia, Linn. . . 415 circinalis, 'Willd. . 415 peotinata. Griff. . . 415 Eumphii, Miq. . . 415 aiamenais, Miq. . . 415 sphcerica, Eoxb. . . 415 Cyclea . . . .11 Cycloatemou . . . 347 eglanduloaus, Kz. . 347 indicns, MiiU. Arg. . 347 macrophyUua, Bl. . 347 malabaricua, Bedd. . 347 aubaeaailie, Kurz . 347 Cydonia . . . .161 vulgaris, Pera. . . 161 Cylicodaphne . . 304 nitida, Meissn. . 304, 309 Wightiana, Nees . . 304 GyUsta . . . .116 goarioaa, Ait. . 123 Cymbospathea . . . 424 Jenkinsianus . . 424 Cynancheffi . . . 265 CyNOMETEA . . 134, 144 bijuga, Spanoghe . . 144 cauliflora, Linn. . . 144 polyandra, Eoxb. . 141 ramiflora, Linn. . . 144 travancorica, Bedd. . 144 Cynometreae . . . 134 D. Dacrydium elatum, WaU. Dsedalacanthus nervosua, T. And. aplendeus, T. And. Dsemonorops grandis, Dalbergaria Dalbebgia . congeeta, Grah. Cumingii, Bth. cultrata, Grah. foliacea, WaU. frondosa, Linn. glomeriflora, Kurz hircina, Ham. Krowee, Eoxb. lanceolaria, Linn. latifoUa, Eoxb. 124. monoaperma, Dalz nigreseena, Kurz oojeinensis, Eoxb. paniculata, Eoxb. purpurea, WaU. reniJEormis, Eoxb. rimosa, Eoxb. scandens, Roxb. Sissoo, ttoxb. spinosa, Roxb. stipulacea, Eoxb. . . 394 . 394 . 280 . 280 . 280 Kurz 424 . 124 . 116, 124 . 124 124 . 124, 128 . 129 128 124 124 . 133 ( 124 ■< 128 (xtU 127, xvii . 124 124, 129 . 129 f 124 ■I 129 (xvii 124, 128 124 . 124 . 133 124, xvii . 124 124, 129 3Q 506 INDEX TO Bympatietioa, Nimmo . 124 tilmariudifolia, Boxb. . 124 volubffis, Eoxb. . |x^4 Dalbergieae . . . 116 Daleobampia . . . 347 scandens, Linn. . 348 Ealhousiea . . 116 bracteata, Wall. . . 134 Dammara . . . 394 alba, Eumpli . . 394 australia, Lamb . . 394 Daphne . _. 314,315 cachemiriana, Meissn. . 315 Lanreola, Linn. . . 315 longifoUa, Meisan. . 315 Mezereum," Linn. . 315 mucronata, Sm, . . 315 „ Eoyle . 315 oleoides, Sohreber . 315 papyraoea. Wall. . . 315 pendnla, Sm. . . 315 WaUicHi, Meissn. . 315 Daphniditim . . 304, 312 argenteum, Kurz . 312 bifarium, Neea . . 312 caudatum, Nees . . 312 elongatum, Nees . 312 melastomaceum, Nees . 312 pnlcherrimum, Nees . 312 Tenosum, Meisan. ^ 312 DaphnipliyllaoesB . . 347 DapbmphyllesB . . 347 ( 80 Daphniphtllopsis .; 81 ( xiii eapitata, Kurz -< ^.jjj Daphniphyllnm . . 347 glaucescens, Bl. . . 348 himalayense, MiiU. Arg. 254, 34S Datisca cannabina, Linn. 207 DATISCE^ . . .207 Decaisnea . . .12 insignia. Hook, f .and Tb. 12 Pecaachi&tia - . .42 Decaapermum . . 187, 188 paniculatnm, Kurz . 188 DEEBEflEASIA . 323, 326 bicolor, Wedd. . . 326 leucophylla, Wedd. . 326 longifolia, Wedd. . 326 Deeringia . . . 302 Amhersticma, Wall. . 302 bacoata, Miq. . . 302 celosioides, E. Br. . 302 Delima • . _ . .2 aarmentosa, Linn. . 2 Delimeee .... 2 Dendrocalamns . 426, 430 BranMsU, Kurz . . 428 critioua, Kurz . . 431 giganteuB, Mnnro . 430 HamUtonii, Nees & Ain. 430 Hookeri, Munro . . 430 longiapathns, Kurz . 431 membranaoeus, Munro. 430 Parishii, Munro . 430, 481 serioeus, Munro . . 430 Bendropanaz . . . 208 Dbrkis . . . 116, 133 robusta, Bth. . . 133 scandens, Btb. . . 133 uliginosa, Bth. . . 133 Desmodihm . 116, 120 Cephalotea, Wall. . 121 gyrans, DC. . . 120 gyroidea, DC. . . 120 pulchellum, Eoxb. 120, xvi tiliEefolium, G. Don . 120 Detjtzca . . . 171, 173 oorymbosa. Brown . 173 maorantha, Hk. i. &Th. 173 ataminea, Brown . . 173 Dioellostyles . . .42 jujubifoUa, Bentb. . 42 Dicera . . . . .57 DiCHOPSis . . 241, 242 oaloneura, Btb.&Hk f. 242 eUiptioa, Btb. & Hk. f. 242 Gutta, Bth. & Hk. f . . 242 polyantha, Bth. & Hk. f . 242 171, 172 - 172 145, 148 . 148 . 2 . 2 DiCHBOA febrifnga, Lour. . DiCHKOSTAOHTS . cinerea, W. and A DILLl!lNIACB.ffl . DlLLKNIA augusta, lioxb. . . 3 aurea, Smith . 3, 4 bracteata, Wight . . 2 indica, Linn. . . 2, i ornata, Wall. . . 3 parviflora, Griff. . . 2 pentagyna, Eoxb. 3, 4,i pilosa, Eoxb. . . 4 puloherrima, Kurz . 2 repwnda, Eoxb. . . 2 retusa, Thunb. . 4 scabreUa, Eoxb. , . 2 speciosa, Thunb. . . 2 DillenieEe .... 2 Dinochloa . . 426,431 andamanica, Kz. . . 431 Maolellandii, Kz. . 431 Dioclea .... 116 reflexa, Hook. . . 123 DiospTEOS . . . 247 Brandiaiana, Kurz . 247 burmanica, Kurz 247, 248 buxifolia, Hiem . . 248 chartacea, Wall. . Chloroxylon, Eoxb. cordifolia, Roxb. . cordifoKa, Willd. . dasyphylla, Kurz densiflora, WaU. . Ebenum, Kon. . ehretioides. Wall. Embryopteris, Pera eassculpta, Ham. . flavioans, Hiem . folioloaa, WaU. . glutinosa, Eoxb. . grata, Wall. . hirsuta, Linn. Horsfieldii, Hiem. inaignis, Thw. Kaki, Linn 24S 248 248 . 251 . 247 . 247 (■ 247 i 251 (xxiT 247, 250 (■ 248 < 252 (. XXV . 249 . 247 . 247 . 252 . 248 . 247 247 247, 248 248 Kurzii, Hiem . 247, 249 lanceffifolia, Eoxb. . 248 PageB. Lotus, Linn. . 248,252 ( 247 Melanoxylon, Eoxb. -< 249 (xxiv mAcrophylla, Bedd. 248, 252 montana, Eoxb. . 248, 251 nigricans, WaU. . 247, 248 oleifolia, Wall. . • 247 oooarpa, Thw. . 247, 250 orixenaia, Wight . . 248 OTalifolia, Wight . 248 panioulata, Dalz. . 247 pilosula, Wall. 247, 248, 253 pruriens, Dalz. . 247, 248 pyrrhooarpa, Miq.. 21-8, 252 quffisita, Thw. . 247, 250 racemosa, Eoxb. . • 248 ramiflora, Eoxb. . . 248 sapotoides, Kurz . . 247 atrjota, Eoxb. . 247, 248 sylvatica, Eoxb. . 247, 248 tomentosa, Eoxb. . 249 Topoaia, Ham. . . 248 Tupru, Bnoh. . 247, 249 undulata, WaU. 79, 248, 253 vacoinioidea, Ldl. . 248 variegata, Kurz . . 247 Wightiana, Bedd. . 249 Diplarcbe . . . 234 Diplospora . . 218, 219 aingularis, Korth . . 219 DIPTEEOCAEPE^ . 31 DiPTEEOCAKPTJS . . 31 aiatus, Eoxb. . 31, 32 costatus, Gaertn. . . 31 grandifiorus, Eoxb. . 32 Grifathii Miq. . . 31 HasseltU, Bl. . • 31 incanus, Roxb. . 31 indicua, Bedd. . . 32 leevis. Ham. . . 31, 32 obtusifoUus, Teysm. 31, 32 pUosuB, Eoxb. . . 31 scaber, Ham. . . 31 tuberculatus, Eoxb. 31, 32 turbinatua,Gaertn. f . 31, 32 Testitus, WaU. . . 31 zeylanicus, Thwaites . 33 DiategooarpuB . . . 379 DistyUum indioum, Bth. 174 Dittelaama . . 93, 94 Earak, Hook, f . . .94 Dobiniea . . . 93,94 vulgaris, Ham. . . 94 Doeynia .... 161 Hookeriana, Done. . 161 indica. Dene. . 161, xix Dodecadenia . . . 301 grandiflora, Nees . 301 DoDONJEA . . 93, 101 anguatifoUa, Linn. . 101 dioica, Eoxb. . . 101 visooaa, Linn. . . 101 Dodonseecs . . .93 DOLIOHANDEONE . 274, 276 arcnata. Hook. f. & Th. 276 orispa. Seem. . . 276 falcata, Seem. . . 276 Eheedii Seem. . . 276 stipulata. Seem. . . 276 DombeyesB . . .45 DooNA ... 31, 41 zeylanica, Thwaites 41 SCIENTIFIC NAMES, 507 Tagea. Dorstenies . . . 325 Dorstenia . . .323 Griffithiana, Kurz . 324 Dracaena . . , . 425 angustifolia, Eoxb. . 425 atropurpurea, Eoxb. . 425 spicata, Eoxb. . . 425 terndnalis, Eoxb. . 425 terniflora, Roxb. . . 425 Draoontomelu'm . 103, 104 mangiferum, Bl. . . 104 Brevanocarvus monospermus 124 reniformis .• . . 124 Deimtcakpus . 103, 112 raoemosua. Hook. f. . 112 Dryobalanops Camphora . 31 DtTABANGA . . . 204 soniieratioides,Biich. J ^^j Durio . . . .42 Zibethimjs, DC. . 42 Dtsoxtlum . . .71 Beddomei, Hiern . . 71 binectariferum, Hk. f. 71 grande, Hiern . . 71 Hamiltonii, Hiern . 72 macrocarpum, Bl. . 71 malabarioum, Bedd. 71 pallens, Hiern . .71 prooeriun, Hiern . 71, xi EBENACEiE. . . 247 ECHINOCARPTJS 51, 56 assamicus, Bth. . . 66 dasycarpus, Bth. 56, xxx Mnrex, Bth. . . 56 Sigun, Bl. . . .66 sterouliaoeus, Bth. . 56 tiliaceus . . .66 tomentosus, Bth. . 56 Echites dichotoma, 'Boxh. 261 gromdiflora, Boxb. . 261 inacrophylla, Eoxb. . 261 lanceolata . . . 263 scholaris . . . 262 Eohitide^ . .261 Edgeworthia . . . 314 Giardneri, Meissn. . 314 Ehretia . . . 269, 272 aspera, Eoxb. . . 272 bnxifolia, Eoxb. . . 272 l^vis, Eoxb. . . 272 obtnsifolia, Hoch. . 272 ovalifolia, Wight . . 272 serrata, Eoxb. . . 272 Wallichiana, Hook. f. and Th. . . 272, xxx Wightiana, Wall. . 272 Ehretiese . . -269 Ekebergia indica, Eoxb. 69 ELiEAGNE^ . . 317 El^aonus . . . 316 angustifolia, Linn. . 317 arborea, Eoxb. . . 317 conferta, Eoxb. . . 317 hortensia, M. Bieb. . 317 latifolia, Linn. . . 317 MoorcroftU, Wall. . 317 umbellata, Thnnberg . 318 robusta, Eoxb. Fageg. ELiEOOABPUS . . 51, 65 ferrugineus, Wight . 57 floribundus, Bl. . . 67 Ganitrns, Eoxb. . . 67 lanceEefolius, Eoxb. . 57 oblougus, Gaertn. . 57 robustns, Bl. . 57 rugosuB, Eoxb. . . 57 serratus, Linn. . . 57 tuberculatus, Eoxb. . 67 Varnnna, Ham. . . 67 Elseodendrese . . .83 El^odendeon . 83, 87 glauoum, Pers. . . 87 Eoxburghii, W. & A. I ^y Elettaria Cardamomum, Maton . . .415 Ellertonia . . 260, 261 Ellipeia .... 7 ferruginea, Hook. f. and Th. . . .8 Elscholtzia . 300, 301 polystachya, Benth. . 301 EmbeUaflorihunda,W3il\. 210 Bibes, Burm. . . 240 f 240 (.xxiv Bmbryopteris glntinif era, Eoxb. . . 252 Enoelhaedtia . . 393 Colebrookiana, Lid. . 393 Roxhurghiana, Ldl. . 393 spicata, Bl. . . . 393 Tillosa, Knrz . 393 Enkianthtjs . 234, 235 himalaioTis, Hook. f. andTh. . . .235 Entada . . . 145 P.urswtha, DC. . 145 scandens, Bth. . . 145 EPACRIDE.aE . . 238 Ephedra . . . .393 Alte, C. A Meyer 394 vulgaris, Eich. . 394 Epigynnm . . 260, 261 EEIGAGE^ . . .234 Erinocarpua . 61, 52 Nimmoanus, Grah. . 52 Eeiobotkya . . 161, 167 bengalensia. Hook. . 167 dubia, Dene. . . 167 duhia, Xurz . . 167 elliptica, Lindl. . . 167 integrifolia, Knrz . 162 japonioa, Lindl. . .167 petiolata, Hook.'. . 167 Eriodendron . . .'42 anfractnoaum, DC. . 42 orientale, Steud. . . 42 Eriogloaeum . . 93, 94 ednle, Bl. . . . 94 rubiginosum, Bl. . . 94 Eeiolj;na . . 45, 46 Candollei, Wall. . . 51 Hookeriana, W. & A. | ^ quinquelocularis, Wight ... 50 apeotabilis, Planch. . 50 Stockaii, Hk. f . & Th. . 60 WaUichii, DC. . . 60 EriolEenese . . .45 Pages, Erycibe . . . .273 glomerata. Wall. . 273 panicTiIata, Eoxb. xxvi Eryaiphe Martii, Lev. . 379 Eeytheina . . 116, 121 arborescena, Eoxb. . 122 holosericea, Knrz . 121 indica, Lam. . 122. xvi lithosperma, Miq. . 121 ovalifolia, Eoxb. . .121 resnpinata, Eoxb. . 121 stricta, Eoxb. . . 122 snberosa, Eoxb. . 121, xvi Erythropalnm . . .80 populijfolium, Maat. . 80 scandens, Bl. . . 80 vagum. Mast. . . 80 Eeytheoxylon . 57, 58 burmanicum. Griff. . 68 Coca . . . .58 indicmn, Bedd. . . 58 Knnthianum, Wall. . 58 monogynnm, Eoxb. 58, vii Escallonieffi . . . 171 Euc^salpiuiese . . 134 Eucalyptus . . 187, 188 Globulus, Lab. . . 188 leucoxylon, F. Miill. . 188 obliqua, L'Her. . . 188 rostrata, Schlect. . 188 saligna. Smith . . 188 Stuartiana, P. MflU. . 188 tereticornis, Sm. . . 188 viminalis. Lab. . . 188 Euchresta . . .116 Horsfieldii, Bennett . 134 EuaENiA . . 187, 190 acuminatissima, Kurz . 191 alba, Eoxb. . . .191 albiflora, Duthie . 191 altemifolia, Wight 192, 193 amplexicauKs, Eoxb. . 191 angustifolia, Eoxb. . 191 aqnea, Burm. . . 191 Eumph. . . 193 areolata, DC. . . 192 argentea, Bedd. . . 192 Arnottiana, Wight 191, 193 balsamea, Wight . . 192 Beddomei, Duthie . 192 bifaria, Wall. . . 192 brachiata, Eoxb. . . 192 braoteata, Eoxb. . . 192 bracteolata, Wight . 192 calcadensis, Bedd. . 192 calophyllifolia, Wight . 192 caryophyllsefolia, Eoxb. 191 caryophyllEea, Wight 192 cerasijlora, Kurz . . l93 cinerea, Kurz . . 192 claviilora, Eoxb. . . 191 codyensis, Munro . 192 contracta, Kurz . . 192 cuneata, Beddome . 192 ctineata, Wall. . . 192 cymosa. Lam. . , 191 cymosa, Eoxb. . . 193 dicspyiifolia, Wall. . 191 floccosa, Bedd. . . 192 formosa, Wall. . J, 193 frondosa, Wall. • I XX 192 508 Fages. trutioosa, Eoxb. . 192, 193 Gardneri, Thw. . . 192 glcmdulifera, Roxb. . 192 grandis, Wigkt . 191, 193 grata, Wall. . . .192 Helferi, Dnthie . . 191 hemisphserica, Wight . 191 f 192 Heyneana, Wall. . < 193 ( XX inophylla, Eoxb. . . 121 (192, Jambolana, Lam. . ■< 194, ( xx Jambos, Linn. . 191, 193 javanica, Lamk. . . 191 Jossinia, Dnthie . . 192 khasiana, Duthie . 192 Kurzii, Dnthie . 191, 193 laeta. Ham. . . . 191 lanceaefolia, Roxb. 191, 193 lanoeolaria, Boxb. • 191 lanceolata, Wight ■ 192 laurifolia, Eoxb. . 191 lepidocarpa, Wall. . 191 leptantha Wight . . 191 lissophylla, Thw. . 192 macrocarpa, Eoxb. . 191 macrosepala, Dnthie . 192 malaccensis, Linn. 191, 193 malabarioa, Bedd. . 192 mangifolia. Wall. 191,195 miorophylla, Bedd. . 192 montana, Wight . . 192 Mooniana, Wight . 192 Mnnronii, Wight . . 19 1 myrtifolia, Eoxb. . . 191 nervosa, DC. . . 194 oblata, Roxb. . . 192 obovata. Wall. . 192, 194 obtnaifolia, Roxb. . 192 ooclnsa, Miq. . . 192 opercnlata, Rox. 192, 194, xx paohyphylla, Knrz . 191 Paniala, Eoxb. . . 192 peUueida, Duthie . 192 polyantha, Wight . 192 polypetala, Wight . 191 prcecox, Eoxb. . . 194 ramosissima, Wall. 191, 193 revolnta, Wight . .192 Eottleriana, W. and A. 192 rubens, Eoxb. . . 191 rubionnda, Wight . 192 rubricanlis, Miq. . 192 salicifolia, Wight . 195 eingampattiana, Bedd. 192 spicata, Linn. . . 192 Stooksii, Dnthie . . 192 sylvestris, Wight . 195 ternifolia, Eoxb. . . 193 tetragona, Wight 192, 194 Thnmra, Eoxb. . . 191 toddaiicB/oliffl, Wight . 191 toddalioidea, Wight . 191 tristis, Knrz . . 193 Tennata, Eoxb. . . 192 WalUchii, Wight . 191 Wightiana, Wight . 192 Wightii, Bedd. . . 191 Wynadensis, Bedd. . 192 zeylanioa, Wight < ^^ INDEX TO Pages. Bnmimoaese 145 Enmyrsineae . 238 Euonymeas 83 Etjonymus . . 83 , 84 atropurpwreus, Eoxb. . 84 crennlatns. Wall. 84 echinatns, Wall. . 84 frigidus, Wall xiii garcmifoUa, Eoxb. 8S glaber, Eoxb. 84 grandiflorus, Wall. 84 HamUtonianns, Wall. . 84 lacerus. Ham. 84 pendulns, Wall. . 84 sclerocarpus, Knrz 83 thesefolins, Wall. . 85, xiii tingens, Wall. . 84 , 85 Euphorbia . . 347, 368 368 . 368 . 368 . 368 . 368 . 368 . 368 . 368 . 368 . 368 }, xxix . 368 antiqnomm, Linn Cattimandoo, Elliot epiphylloides, Knrz ligularia, Boxb. . neriifolia, Linn. . neriifoUa, Eoxb. . Nivulia, Ham. pentagona, Eoyle pnlcherrima, Willd. Eoyleana, Boissier densiflora, Eoxb. Timcalli, Linn. . 31 tortilis, Bottler . trigona, Eoxb. . . 3tiy ETJPHOEBIACEiE, 346, 347 Evphoria Longana, Lamk. 97 Euptelea . . .4 pleiosperma, Hk. f . & Th. 4 Etjrta . . .27, 28 acuminata, DC. . . 28 japonica, Thnnb. . . 28 symplooina, Bl. . . 28 triohocarpa, Korth. . 28 Enrycoma . . .63 longifolia. Jack. . . 63 EvoDiA . . . 59, 60 fraxinifolia, Hook, f . . 60 meliaefolia, Bth. . . 60 Eoxburghiana, Bth. . 60 mtseoarpa, Hk. f . & Th. 60 triphylla, Beddome . 60 vitioina, Wall. . . 60 ExcECABiA . . 347, 366 acerifolia, P. Didr. . 366 Agallocha, Willd. 366, 368 bacoata, MUH. Arg. 366, 367 cochinchineneis. Lour. 366 holophylla, Kurz . 366 indica, MuU. Arg. 366, 367 ineignis, Mull. Arg. 366, 367 oppositifolia, Jack. . 366 sebifera, MuU. Arg. . 366 Tirgata, Miq. . . 366 F. Fagara Rhetaa, Roxb. 60, viii triphylla, Eoxb. . . 60 FA-O-rmk . . . .267 auricularia. Jack. . 267 camosa, Jack. . . 267 coromandelina, Wight 267 fragrans, Eoxb. . . 267 oboTata, Wall. . . 267 racemoaa, Jack. . . 267 Pages. Pagns sylvatio.a, Linn. . 380 Falconeriainsignis, Hoyle 367 Pebonia . . .59, 62 Elephantum, Correa 62, x Ferriola huxifoUa, WiUd. 247 Pibraurea . • .11 PioesB .... 323 Pious . . . 323, 332 ( 333 bengalensis, Linn. ■< j.jyijj Benjamima, WUld. . 336 ,, Linn. . 338 Carioa, Linn. . • 333 caricoide9, Eoxb. . 338 Chittagonga, Miq. . 333 olavala. Wall. . xxviii comosa, Eoxb. . . 338 cordifolia, Eoxb. . . 335 Cnnia, Buch. 339, xxyiii dmmona, KOnig, . 340 elastioa, Bl. . . 336 Pieldingii, Miq. . xxYiii foveolata, WaU. . . 339 glomerata, Roxb. 339, xxviii hirsuta, Eoxb. . . 332 hirta, Eoxb. . . 332 hispida, Linn. 340> xxviii indica, Eoxb. . . 333 inf ectoria, Willd. 334, xxvui laccifera, Koxb. . . 332 macropJvylla, lioxb. . 340 mysorensis. Roth. . 332 nemoralis, WaU. . 338 nitida, Thunb. . . 336 obtusifoUa, Koxb. . 332 oppositifolia, Eoxb. . 340 parasitica . . . 333 racemosa, Skinner . 339 regia, Miq. . . . 340 religioaa, Linn. 334, xxviii reticulata, Miq. - . 339 retusa, Linn. 336, xxviii Boxburghii, Miq. . 332 Koxburghii,WaU. 340, xxviii Rumphii, Kurz . . 335 tomentosa, WiUd. . 332 triloba, Ham. . . 332 veiiosa, Ham. . . 334 virgata, Eoxb. 338, xxviii Wightiana, WaU. . 332 PILICES . . .431 PiLiciUM . . 66, 68 decipiena, Thwaites . 68 Pinlaysonia . . . 265 ,, obovata, WaU. . . .265 Placouktia . . .17 Cataphraota, Eoxb. . 17 inermia, Eoxb. . . 17 molUs, Hook. f. & Th. . 17 montana, Grah. . . 17 oicordata, Bedd. . . 17 Ramontohi, L'Herit. 17, iii rotundifolia . . 17 sapida, Eoxb. . . 17 sepiaria, Kqxb. . 17, iii sumatrana. Planch. . 17 Placourtieae . . .16 Plemingia . . . 116 Chappar, Ham. . . xvii congesta, Eoxb. . . 123 aemialata, Eoxb. . . 123 strobilif era, E. Br. . xvii SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 509 Tageg, Fraxinese . . . 254 PiiAxiNirs . . 254, 256 excelsior, Linn. . 256, 257 floribnnda. Wall. . 256 Moorcroftiana, Wall. . 256 Freycinetia . . . 425 insignia, Bl. . . 425 G. Gaertnera . . . 266 Oaertneraracemosa,'Ro'K. 58 Galearia Wallichii, Knrz 348 Oaledupa indica, Linn, . 133 Galegeae .... 116 Gamblea . . . .208 ,, oiliata, C. B. Clarke . . .xxii Ganitrus . . . .67 Gaecinia . . . 21 anomala. El. and Trian. 22 atro-viridis. Griff. . 22 22 Cambogia, Desr. . -^ 24 f 22 r. . -^24 ( iii cornea, Linn. . 22 Cowa, Koxb. 23, 24 dulois, Kurz . 23 eUiptica, Wall. . . 26 Gutta, Wight . 24 heterandra, Wall. . 22 indica, Choisy . 22 Kydia, Eoxb. . 24 lancesefolia, Eoxb. . 22 lonioeroides, T. And. . 22 Mangostana, Linn. . 22 mergnensis, Wight . 23 microstigma, Kurz . 23 ' 22 Morella, Desrouss. 4 24 f 22 4 24 ( iii ovalifolia, Hook. f. panicnlata, Eoxb. . 22 pednncnlata, Eoxb. . 22 pictoria, Eoxb. . . 24 purpurea, Eoxb. . . 22 speciosa. Wall. . 22, 23 stipulata, T. And,. 23, iii succifolia, Kurz . . 22 travancorica, Bedd. . 23 Wightii, T. And. . 22 Xanthoohynaus, Hk. f. . 23 Gareiniese . . .21 Gaedekia , . 218, 228 coronaria. Ham. . 228, 229 costata, Koxb. . . 229 florida, Linn. . . 228 gumniifera, Linn. 228, xxiii latifolia, Aiton. . 229, xxiii lucida, Koxb. . . 228 montana, Eoxb. . , 228 obtusifolia, Eoxb. . 229 resini/era, Eoth. . . 228 sessiliflora. Wall. . 228 tetrasperma, Eoxb. . 227 turgida, Roxb. . 228, xxiii Gardenieae . . . 218 Gardneria . . .266 ovata. Wall. . . 266 Gaeuqa . . . .66 pinnata, Eoxb. . 66, x, xi Gastonia palmata . . 208 Tages, Gaultheria _ . . .234 fragrantissima. Wall. . 234 Grifathiana, Wight ] ^jj^ punctata, 131. . . 234 Gelonium . . . 347 lanceolatum, Willd. xxix Genisteffl . . . 116 GEKANIACEiE . . 58 Geranium . . .58 GESNERACE^ . . 274 Qetoniaflorihunda, Eoxb. 185 nutans, Eoxb. . . 185 Gigantoohloa . . 426, 428 alhociliata, Kurz . 429 andamauica, Kurz . 428 auricnlata, Kurz . 428 macrostachya, Kurz . 428 Ginalloa . . . .319 andamanica, Kurz . 319 Helferi, Kurz . . 319 Ginkgo . . . .394 biloba, Linn. . . 394 Girardinia . . . 323 heterophylla, Dene. . 323 Gironniera . 323, 324 cuspidata, Planch. . 324 lucida, Kurz . . 324 nervosa. Planch. . . 324 reticulata, Thw. . . 324 Thomsoni, King . . 324 GIVOTIA . . 347, 365 rottleriformis. Griff. . 365 Glochidion lanceola- rium, Dalz. . . 351 nepalense, Kurz . . 351 Glossooarya . . . 281 mollis. Wall. . . 282 Gluta . . 103, 104, 109 elegans. Wall. . . 109 tavoyana. Wall. . . 109 travancorica, Beddome 109 Glycosmis . . .59 {59 Glyptopetalum . . 83 grandiflorum, Bedd. . 83 sclerooarpum . . 83 zeylanicum, Thw. . 83 Gmelina. . . 281, 295 arborea, Eoxb. 295, xxvii asiatica, Linn. . . 295 Hystrix, Schultz . . 295 GNETACE^ . . .393 Gnetum . . . .393 edule, Bl. . . . 393 funioulare, Bl. . . 393 Gnemon, Linn. . . 393 neglectum, Bl. . . 393 scandens, Roxb. . . 393 Gomphandra . . .80 afanis, Mast. . . 80 axillaris. Wall. . . 80 penangiana, "Wall. . 80 polymorpha, Wight . 80 tomentella. Mast. . 80 Gomphia . . . .65 angustifolia, Vahl. . 65 sumatrana. Jack. . 65 Goniothalamus . . 7 ,, sesquipeda- lis, Hk. f. and Th. . ii Qonocaryum . . .80 Fages. G00DE¥0VIE.5I . . 233 Gordonia . . 27, 28 excelsa, Bl. . . . 28 fionbunda, WaU. 29 mtegrifolia, Eoxb. . 29 oilata, Eoxb. . . 29 obtuaa, WaU. . . 28 Gordoniese . . .27 Gossypium . . .41 Stocksii, Masters . 41 Gouania . . . .88 leptostachya, DC. . 88 Gouanieae . . .89 GBAMINE^ . . .426 Grevillea robusta . . 318 Geewia . . .51, 53 abutilifoha, Juas. . 54 asiatica, Linn. . . 55 aspera, Eoxb. . , 54 calophylla, Kurz . 63 carpinifoUa, Eoxb. . 56 didyma, Roxb. . . 53 elastica, Koyle . . 55 Isevigata, Vahl . . 53 Miorocos, Linn. . . 53 multillora, Juss. . . 55 oppositifolia, Roxb. . 54 pilosa, Lam. . < ■• (. vu populifolia, Vahl . , . 54 salvifolia, Heyne . 55, vii sapida, Eoxb. . . 53 scabrophylla, Roxb. . 53 solerophyUa, Roxb. . 53 sepiaria, Hoxb. . . 55 sinuata, WaU . . 53 tiliaafolia, Vahl . 54, vii ulmifolia, Eoxb. . . 53 vestita, WaU. . 55, vii viUosa, WiUd. . . 53 Grewieffi . . . .51 Grislea tomentosa, Eoxb. 200 Guarea Alliaria, Ham. . 72 binectarifera, Eoxb. . 71 Gobara, Ham. . . 72 Gotodhara, Ham. . 71 paniculata, Eoxb. . 69 Guazuma . . 45 tomentosa, Kunth . 45 Gtjettaeda . 218, 219 speciosa, Linn. . . 229 Guettardese . . . 218 GUTTIPEE^ . . 21 Gymnema . . . 265 acuminatum, WaU. . 265 tingens, W. & A. . 265 Gymnosporia . . .83 acuminata. Hook. f. . xiii emarginata, Eoth. . xiv m-ontana, Lawson . 87 Royleana, WaU. . 86 Thomsoni, Kurz . . xiii Gynaion vestitum . . 271 Gynocakdia . 16, 18 odorata, E. Br. . . 18 Gynoohthodes . 218, 219 macrophyUa, Kurz . 219 Gynotroches axillaris, Bl. 175 Gyrinops WaUa, Gaertn. 315 Gyrocarpeas . . . 178 Gyeooabphs . . 178, 187 Jacquini, Eoxb. . 4 ^^^ 510 INDEX TO Ptigeu. Haasia .... 304 Wightii, Neea . . 304 Hsematooarpus . . 11 HsBmatoxylon Campechia- num, Linn. . . 135 Hakea . . . .318 HAMAMELIDB^ . . 174 Hamelia .... 219 Hamiltonia . . 218, 219 suaveoleng, Koxb. 219, xiiv Hakdwickia . 134, 143 binata, Eoxb. . . 143 pinnata, Koxb. . . 143 Marina oblongifolia, Griff. . . .419 HarpuUia . . 93, 94 cupanioides, Eoxb. . 94 iinbricata, Bl. . . 94 Harriaonia . . .63 Bennettii, Hook. . 63 Sastingia cocci/nea, KOnig . . .282 Hedera . . 208, 210 Helix, Linn. . . 210 Hedereae . . .208 HedyotidesB . . .218 Hedyotia . . . .218 Hedyaarese . . . 116 Sedysarum AVhagi, Eox. 119 Cephalotes, Eoxb. . 121 gyrans, Eoxb. . . 120 lagenarium, Eoxb. . 119 pulchellum, Eoxb. . 120 tuberosum,, Eoxb. . 123 vmbellatum, Eoxb. . 121 Helicia .... 318 attennata, Bl. . .318 cochin-ohinenaia, Lour. 318 excelaa, Bl. . . . 318 nUagirica, Bedd. . 318 pyrrhobotrya, Kurz . 318 robnata. Wall. . . 318 aalicifolia, Preal. . . 318 HeliotereEe . . .45 Helicteres . . 45, 49 elongata, Wall. . . 49 Isora, Linn. . . 49, vii spioata, Colebr. . . 49 Helinua . . . .88 lanoeolatuB, Erandis . 88 Heliotropieje . . . 269 Heliotropium peruTiannin, Linn. . . .269 Helwinoia . . 208, 209 Wmalaioa, Hk.f. •& Th. 209 Hemioyclia . . . 347 andamanica, Kurz . 347 elata, Bedd. . . 347 aepiaria, W. & A. , 347 Bumatrana, MUll. Arg. ■ 347 Tenuata, Wight . . 347 Hentideamua 'mdious, E. Br 266 Hemigyrosa . . 93 caneacens, Thw. . . 93 defioiena, Bedd. . . 93 Hemitelia . . . 431 Bruuoniana,C.B. Clarke 431 decipiena, J. Scott . 431 Henalowia . . . 320 heterantha, Hook, f . . 320 Pages. Heptapleubum . 208, 209 elatum, C. B. COarke . 209 glaucum, C. B. Clarke . 209 hypoleucum, Kurz . 209 impreaaum, 0. B. f 209 Clarke ' ( xxii khaaianum, C.B.Clarke 209 raoemosum, Bedd. . 209 roatratum, Bedd. . 209 tomentosum. Ham. . 209 venuloaum. Seem. ■■ WaUichianum, C. B. Clarke . . .209 Heeitieea . . 45, 47 Fomes, Buch. . . 47 minor, Eoxb. . . 47 littoraUs, Dryand. . 47 Papilio, Bedd. . . 48 Hermannieas . . .45 Hernandia . . . 304 peltata, Meiasn, . . 304 Hemandiese . . . 304 Heteropanax . . . 208 fragrans. Seem. . . 208 Heteropetalse . .51 Hetbbopheagma 274, 277 adenophylla. Seem. . 277 Eoxburghii, DC. . 277 aulfurea, Kurz . . 277 Hevea brazilienais, MiiU. Arg 348 Heynea . . .68, 69 affi/nis, Juss. . . 69 trijuga, Eoxb. . 69, xi Hibiaoese . . .42 Hibiscus . , .42 ooUiijua, Roxb. . . 42 fragrans, Eoxb. . . 42 Latnpas, Eoxb. . . 43 maorophyUua, Eoxb. 42, vi mutabilia, Linn. . . 42 populneus, Willd. . 43 roaa-sinensia, Linn. . 42 scandena, Eoxb. . . 42 setosus, Eoxb. . . 24 syriacua, Linn. . . 42 tetralocularis, Eoxb. . 43 tUiaceus, Linn. . . 42 triouapia, Banks . . 42 Hippooratea . . .83 arborea, Roxb. . . 83 indica, Willd. . . 83 HiPPOPHAE . . 316, 317 rbamnoides, Linn. . 317 aalicifolia, Don . .317 Hiptage . . . .58 acuminata, Wall. . 58 candioana, Hook. f. . 58 Madablota, Qaertu. . 58 obtnaifolia, DC. . . 58 parvifolia, W. and A . . 58 HOLAEEHENA . 260, 263 antidysenter ica, J 263 Wall. . . \xxvi mitia, K. Br. . . 263 pubescens . . . 263 HOLIQABNA . . 103, 112 albicana, Hook. f. . 112 Arnottiana, Hook. f. . 112 Beddomei, Hook, f . . 112 ferruginea, Marohand . 112 Grabamii, Hook. f. 112 Pageg'r Helfori, Hook, f . . . 112" longifolia, Eoxb. . . 112 longifoUa, Wt. and Arn.112 racemosa, Eoxb. . . 112 HoUbollia ... 12 latifolia, WaU. . . ^^ Holmakioldia . . • 281 eanguinea, Retz . . 282 HolochAlua rmcranthus, Dalz. .• . .247 Holoptelea integrifolia, Ploh. . . .34,2 HOMALIUM . . 205, 207' Griffithianum, Kurz . 207 minutiflorum, Kurz . 207 nepalenae, Uth. . . 207 propinquum,C.B. Clarke 207 tomentoanm, Bth. . 207 trarvancorioum, Bedd. . 207 Schliohii, Kurz . . 207 zeylanicnm, Bth. . . 207 HOMONOTA . . 347, 364 retusa, MiiU. Arg; . 364 riparia. Lour. . . 364 symphylUaefolia, Kurz . 364 HOPEA . . .31, 39 eglandulosa, Eoxb. . 40- glabra, W. and A. . 40 grandiflora, Wall. . 3S gratissima, WaU. . 34 Griffithii, Kurz . . 40' longitoUa, Dyer . . 39 oblongifolia. Dyer . 40 odorata, Eoxb. . . 40 parviflora, Beddome . 40 racophloea, Dyer . . 40 Scaphula, Eoxb. . . 33 Wightiana, Bedd. . 40 Wightiana, Wall, . 40 Horenia . . .88 dulois, Thunb. . . 88 Hugonia Mysfcax, Linn. . 57 Humboldtia . . 134, 135 Brunonis, Wall. . . 135 unijuga, Beddome . 135 Vahliana, Wight . .135 Humea elata, Eoxb. . 52 Hunteria . . . .260 Eoxburghiana, Wight . 261 Hydnoearpus . . .16 alpina, Wight . . 16 castanea, Hook.f.and Th.l6 heterophylla, Bl. . 16 inehrians, Vahl . . 16 Wightiana, Bl. . . 16 Hydnophytum . 218, 219 formicarum, Jack. . 219 Hydrangea . . 171, 172 altisaima, WaU. . . 172 aapera, Don . . 172 Hortenaia, DC. . . 172 robuata, Hook. f. & Th. 172 Btylosa, Hook. f. & Th. 172 vestita. Wall. . . 172 Hydrangeae . . . 171 Hymenooardia . . 347 plioata, Kurz . . 347 Walliohii, Tul. . . 347 Hymenodictton . 218, 223 exoelsum, Wall. 224, xxiii flacoidum. Wall. . . 224 obovatum, WaU. . , 224 thyraiflorum, WaU. . 225 SCTENTIFIC NAMES. 511 Pages. Hymenopogon . . 218 parasiticua, Wall. . 218 Hymenopyramis . . 281 braohiata, Wall. , . 282 H^jperanihera Mormga, Eoib. . . .114 HTPEEICINE^ . . 21 Hypericum . . .21 oernuum, Eoxb. . . 21 Hookerianum, W. & A. 21 Hypobathrum . . 218 raoemosum, Kurz. . 218 strictum, Kurz . . 219 Hyptianthera . . 218, 219 striota, W. & A. 219, ziiii loacinesa . . .80 lehnooarpua . . 260, 261 Ilex . . 81, 82, 83 Aquifoliuiu, Linn. . 82 cymosa, Bl. . . .82 dapjmiphylloides, Knrz 81 ■dentioulata, Wall. . 82 ■dipyi-ena, Wall. . 81, 82 embelioides. Hook. f. . 82 exoelsa. Wall. . . 82 ^xsulca, Wall. . . 82 fragilig. Hook. f. . .82 Gardneriana, Wigtt , 82 tjauUherimfolia, Kurz . 82 Godajam, Colebr. . 82 Griffithii, Hook. f. . 82 insignia. Hook, f . . 81, 83 intricata. Hook. f. . 82 malabarioa, Bedd. . 81 odorata, Ham. 81, 82, 83 paraguayensia . . 82 :sulcata. Wall. . . 82 theffifolia, Wall. . 82, 83 Thomsoni, Hook, t . 82 TGnuloaa, Hook. f. . 82 Walkeri, Wight & Arn. 81 WaUiohii, Hook. f. . 82 Wightiana, Wall. . 82 ILICINE^ ... 81 Hlicium .... 4 Griffithii, Hook. f. & Th. 4 majus. Hook. f. & Th. . 4 niigera . . . 178, 179 appendiculata, Bl. . 179 Coryzadenia, Meiasn. . 179 khasiana, C. B. Clarke . 179 Kurzii, C. B. Clarke . 179 Impatiena . . .58 Indigofeba . . 116, 117 atropurpurea, Ham. . 117 Dosua, Ham. . . xvi Gerardiana, Wall. . 117 heterantha. Wall. . 117 pnlohella, Eoxb. . 117, xvi staohyodea, Ldl. . . xvi tinctoria, Linn. . ,117 Inga cynometroides,Bedd. 145 dulcis, Willd. . . 145 xylooarpa, DC. . . 148 IngesB . 1 . . 145 Inula . . . .232 Cappa, DC. . . 232 eupatorioidea, DC. . 232 Inuloidese . . 232 lodes . . .81 Fageu. lonidium . . .16 Ipomaaa .... 273 laonandra . . 241, 242 caloneura, Kurz . ■ 242 Chitta, Hook. . . 242 obovata. Griff. . . 242 polyandra, Wight . 245 polyantha, Kurz . 242 Wightiana, DC. . 212 Itea . . . .171 Chinensis, Hook, and Arn. . . .172 maorophylla. Wall. . 172 nutana, Eoyle . . 171 Ixonanthea khaaiana, Hook. f. . . . ,58 IxoEA . . . 218, 230 acuminata, Eoxb. . 230 Bandhuca, Roxb, . 230 barbata, Eoxb. . . 230 coccinea, Linn. . . 230 compactifiora, Kurz . 231 naucleiflora, Kurz . 231 parviflora, Vahl 230, xxiii Pavetta, Koxb. . . 230 polyantha, Wight . 230 recurva, Kurz . . 231 atricta, Eoxb. . . 230 to7iientosa, Eoxb. . 231 undulata, Eoxb. . . 230 Tillosa, Eoxb. . . 230 webersefolia, Kurz . 231 Ixorese . . . 218 Tamboaa, Linn. . 191, 193 Jasminese . . . 254 JASMmUM . . 254, 255 grandiflorum, Linn. . 255 hirsutum, Willd. . . 255 officinale, Linn. . 255 pubescens, Eoxb. . . 255 revolutum, Sima . . 255 Sambac, Alton . . 255 Jateopha . . 347, 364 Curcas, Linn. . 365, xxlx glandulifera, Eoxb. . 364 multifida, Linn. . . 364 nana, Dalz. . . . 364 Wightiana, MiiU. Arg. 364 Jonesia Asoca, Eoxb. . 144 triandra, Eoxb. . . 144 JUGLANDE^ . . 391 JUGLANS .... 392 cinerea, Linn. . . 392 nigra, Linn. . . . 392 pterococca, Roxb. . 393 regia, Linn. . . 392, xxx JuNiPEKUs . . 394, 411 bermudiana, Linn. 411 communia, Linn. . . 411 drupacea, Labill. . . 411 excelaa, M. Bieb. . . 412 recurva. Ham. . . 412 virginiana, Linn. . . 411 WalKchiana, Hook. f. and Th. . 412 Juaticia .... 280 Adhatoda, Linn. . 281 Gendarussa, Linn. . 281 Justioieaa . . 280 Pagea. Kadsura . Kandelia Eheedii, W. and Kayea floribunda. Wall. nervosa, T. And. stylosa, Thw. Kendrickia Kleinhovia Hoapita, Linn. Kokoona lit tor Lawson Kopsia fruticoaa, DC. Korthalsia lacinioaa, Maat. scaphigera, Maat Kurrimia pauiculata, Wall pulcherrima, Wall robusta, Kurz Kydia calyoina, Eoxb. fratema, Eoxb. glabrescens, Maat, A. 175, 21 lis. 415. 42, 4 176 176 , 26 26 26 26 198 45 45 85 260 261 424 424 424 83 83 83 83 43 43 vi 43 43 LABIATE . . .300 Lageesteomia . . 200 calyoulata, Kurz , . 200 Flos-Reginas, Eetz . 203 floribunda. Jack. . . 200 grandiflora, Koxb. . 204 hypoleuca, Kurz . . 203 indica, linn. . . 200 lanceolata, Bedd. . 201 lanceolata, Wall. . . 201 macrocarpa. Wall. . 203 microcarpa, Wight . 201 parviflora. Hook, f . 200, xxx parviflora, Boxb. 201, xxi pubescens. Wall. . 204 Eeginee, Eoxb. , 262, xxi tomentoaa, Preal. . 204 vUlosa, Wall. . . 200 Lagetta lintearia, Lamk. 315 Lansium . . .68, 69 anamaUayanum, Bedd. 69 Lantana .... 281 alba. Miller . . .282 duoia, Koxb. . . 282 Laportea .... 323 crenulata, Gaudich. . 323 Lardizabaleas . . .12 Laeix . . . 394, 409 europsea, DC. . . 409 Griffithii, H.f. and Th. 410 aibirica, Ld. . . 409 Lasianthua . . 218, 219 Lasiosiphon . . . 314 eriocephalua. Done. . 315 LAUEACEiE . . 384, 313 Laurua .... 304 hilocularis, Koxb. . 309 Cassia, Roxb. . . 306 lamceolana, Eoxb. . 308 nobilis .... 304 obtusifolia, Eoxb. . 305 villosa, Eoxb. . . 308 512 INDEX TO Paga. Lawsonia . 200 alba, Lam. . . 200 mermis, Linn. . 200 Leeedieeopsis 347, 358 orbionJaria, MUU. f 358 Arg. (xxix Leeythea salioina, Lev. . 377 LecythidesB . 187 Leea . 93 aspera, Wall. . 93 orispa, Willd. . 92 glgantea, Griff. . 93 hirta, Eoxb. . 93 maorophyUa, Eoxb. . 93 robusta, Eoxb. . . 93 sambuoinaj Willd ( 93 \ XT . 94 snmatrana, Kurz Legnotideas . 175 LEGUMINOS^ . 114 Lepidocaryineas . 415 Lepidostachys BoxburghH, WaU. . 350 Lepionurus . 80 oblongifolius, Mast. . 80 sylvestris, Kurz . 80 Lepisanthea . 93, 94 Leptadenia . 262 viminea, Bth. . 265 Leptobcea . . 274 multiflora . 274 Leptodeemis 218, 232 lanceolata, WaU. . 232 Leptonyohia . . 45 Leptospermeae . 187 Lespedeza . 116 eriocarpa, DC. . 119 Lettsomia . 273 LeucEeua . . 145 glauoa, Btb. . 145 Leucomeris . 232 decora, Kurz . 232 BpeotabUia, Don . 232 Leuoopogon malayanus. Jack. . 238 Leycesteeia . 213, 217 formoaa, Wall. . 217 Licuala . 415, 418 acntifida, Mast. . 418 longipes, Griff. . 418 paludosa. Griff. . 418 peltata, Eoxb. . 418 LiGUSTETJM . 254, 258 braoteolatum, Don . 258 compaotum, Hook. f. and Th. . . 259 miorophyllnm, Bedd. . 258 nepalense, Wall. . 258 robustum, Hook. 1 . and Th. . . 258 Tulgare, Linn. . 258 LILLiCE^ . . 425 Limacia . . 11 Limonia . . 59 acidisaima, Linn. 59, X crermlata, Roxb. . 59 missiomis. Wall. . 62 Lindera . . 304 assamdca, Karz . 304 heteropbylla, Meis Neesicma, Kurz . 304 LINIiJ/fl . . 57 Vogest. LiNOCIEEA . , . 259 diohotoma, DC. . . xxv intermedia, Wight . 259 macrophylla. . . . 259 malabarioa. Wall. . 259 Linoatoma . . . 314 decandrum. Wall. . 315 pauciflorum, Griff. . 315 seandena, Knrz . . 315 aiamense, Kurz . . 315 Linum usitatissimum . 58 Liquidambar orientale. Miller . . .174 Liriodendron grandiflo- rum, Eoxb. . . 5 tulipiferum ... 5 LlTS.«A . . . 304, 311 angustifoUa . . . 304 couaimilia, Nees . . 311 foUosa, Nees . .311 lanuginoaa, Nees . . 312 scroiiculata, Nees . 311 umbrosa, Nees . . 311 zeylanioa, Nees . . 311 Litsasaceai , . . 304 LrvisTONA . . 415, 418 Jenkinsiana, Griff. 415, 418 speoiosa, Kurz , . 418 LOGANIACE^ . . 266 LONICEEA . . 213, 216 alpigena, Linn. . . 217 angustifoUa, WaU. . 217 glabrata, WaU. . . 216 hypoleuca. Done. . 216 japonica, Thunb. . . 216 Lesohenanltii, WaU. . 216 Kgustrina, WaU. . . 216 MyrtiUua, Hook, f . and Th 216 orientalis, Lamarck . 216 Periclymenum, Linn. . 216 quinquelocularia, Hard- wicke . . .216 spinosa, Jacquemont . 216 stipulata, Hook, f . and Th 217 Lonicereas . . . 213 LOPHOPETALTJM . 83, 85 fimbriatum, Wight . 85 floribundum, Wight . 85 littorale, Kurz . 85, 86 WaUichii, Kurz . . 86 Wightianum, Am. . 86 LOEANTHACEiE . . 319 LOKANTHTJS . . . 319 amplexifolius, DC. . 319 bicolor, Eoxb. . . 320 CandoUeanas, W. & A. 319 capitellatus, W.and A. 319 cordifolius, WaU. . 319 farinoaus. Dear. . . 319 globosus, Roxb. . . 319 Egustrinus, WaU. . 319 loniceroidea, Linn. . 319 longiflorus, Desr. . 320 NeUgherrensia, W. and A 319 obtusatus, WaJl. . . 319 pulTerulentus, WaU. . 319 tomentosua, Heyne . 319 umbellifer, Sohnltea . 319 Teatitus, WaU. . . 320 viridiflorus, WaU. . 319 Pages. Loropetalum chincnse, Ohv 174 Lnculia . . . .218 gratissima. Sweet. . 218 Ludia spinosa, Eoxb. . 17 Lumnitzera . . 178 coccinea, W. and A. . 178 littorea, Voigt . . 179 raoemosa, WiUd. . . 178 LuTuuga . . . . .59 Lyoium .... 273 europfflnm, Linn. . 273 LYTHEABIE^ . 199 Lythrero . . . .193 M. Maba . , . .217 audamanica, Kurz 247, 253 buxifolia, Pers. . 247, xxv merguiensia, Hieru . 247 micrantha, Hiern . 247 nigreacens, Dalz. and Gibs. . . 247 Macaeanga . . 347, 362 audamanica, Kurz . 362 dentionlata, Milll. Arg. 362, 863 flexuosa, E. Wight . 362 gummiflua, Mttil. Arg. 362, 363 Helferi, Miill. Arg. . 362 indica, Wight . 362, 363 membrauaoea, Kurz . 362 minutiflora. Mull. Arg. 362 peltata, Mull. Arg. 362 populifolia, Mull. Arg. 362 pudica . . . 363 Tanariue, Miill. Arg. . 362 tomentosa, E. Wight | |g| Machilus . . 30i, 3t8 frutiooaa, Kurz . 308 ■mdica. Lour. . . 308 khasyana, Meissu. . 308 macrantha, Nees . . 308 odoratiasima, Nees < .: I xxvu rimosa, Bl. . . . 3 '8 tavoyana, Meissn. . 308 Mackopanax. . 20S, 210 oreophUum, Miq. . 21o undulatum. Seem. . 210 Maddenia . . .161 himalaica, Hk. f . & Th. 161 pedicellata. Hook. f. . 161 Mserua . . .14 arenaria, Hk. f . & Th. 14 M^SA . . .268 argentea, Wall. . . 238 indica, A. DC. . 238, 239 macrophylla. Wall. . 239 montana, A. DC. . 239 paniculata, A. DC. . 239 ramentacea. Wall. . 239 MaeseEe .... 238 Magnolia . . .45 CampbeUii, Hook. f. and Th. . . . 5^ i globosa, Hk. f . & Th. . 5 Griffithii, Hk. f. & Th, 5 sphenooarpa, Eoxb. . 5 SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 513 MAGNOLIACE^ . . 4 Magnolieae ... 4 Malabathrum . . . 305 Malaisia . . . .323 tortuosa, Blanco . . 323 Mallea Bothii, Adr. Jnss. 69 Mallotus 347, 360 acnminatua, Miill. Arg 360 albus. Mull. Arg. 360, 361 atrovirens, Miill. Arg. . 360 aureo-punctatus, Mllll. Arg. . . .360 barbatus. Mull. Arg. . 360 decipiens, Miill. Arg. . 360 distans. Mull. Arg. . 360 Helferi, Miill. Arg. . 360 lappacens, Miill. Arg. . 360 Lawii, Mull. Arg. . 360 murlcatns, Miill. Arg. 360, 362 moluccanus, Miill. Arg. 360 nepalensis, Mull. Arg. 360 oreopMlus, Miijl. Arg. 360 panioulatus, Mull . Arg. 360 pliilippinensis, Miill. Arg. . ■ 360, 361 repandns, Miill. Arg. . 360 rhamnifolius, Miill. Arg 360 rioinoides, Miill. Arg. . 360 Eoxburgbianus, Miill. Arg. . . . 360, 361 stenanthuB, Mtill. Arg. 360 tetracoccus, Kurz . 361 Tokbrai, Mull. Arg. . 360 MALPIGHIACE^ . 58 MALVACE^ ... 41 Manoifbka . 103, 107 caloneura, Kurz . . 107 fcetida. Lour. . . 107 indica, Linn. . 107, xt longipes. Griff. . . 107 oppositifolioA, Roxb. . 108 sylvatioa, Eoxb. . 108, xv Manglietla ... 4 Caveana, Hook. f. and Th 5 insignia, Bl. . . .5 Manibot . . . .347 Glazlovii . . . 348 utllissima, PoU. . , 348 Maoutia Puya, Wedd. . 323 Mappia . . . .80 f oetida, Miers . . 80 MAKL35A . . 210, 211 begonifflfoKa, Eoxb. . 211 tomentosa, Endl. 211 Marsdenia . . . 265 lucida, Edgew. . . 265 Eoylei, Wight . . 266 tenacissima, W. & A. . 265 tinotoria, E. Br. . . 265 MarsdeniesB . . . 265 Mastixia .... 210 arborea, Wight . . 211 Mayodendron igneum, Kurz . . .274 Medinilla . . .198 MedinillesB . . .198 Melaleitca . . 187, 188 Oajuputi, Boxb. . . 188 Lenoadendron, Linn. . 188 Pages. MBLANOBBHfEA 103, 104, llO glabra. Wall. . . 110 nsitata, Wall. . . 110 Melanthesopsie . . 347 fruticosa, Miill. Arg. . 347 patens, Miill. Arg. . 347 Melastoma . . 198, 199 matabathricnm, Linn. 199 MELASTOMACE^ . 198 Melhania . • .45 Melia . . .68, 69 Azadirachta, Linn. . 70 Azedarach, Linn. . 70 birmanica, Kurz . . 70 composita, WQld. . 70 dubia. Cut. . . 70 exeelsa, Jack. . . 69 indica, Brandia . . 69 rohusta, Eoxb. . . 70 sempervirens, Sw. . 70 swperia, Eoxb. . . 70 MELIACE^ ... 68 Melieffi ... 68 Melicope . . .59 Helferi, Hook, f . . 59 indica, Wight . . 59 Meliosma . . . 102 Amottiana, Wight . 102 dillenisefolia, Bl. . . 1U3 pinnata, Eoxb. . . 102 pungens, Bedd. . . 102 pungens. Wall. . . 102 simplioifolia, Roxb. ■< Walliehii, Planch. . 103 Wightii, Planch. . . 103 Melocanna . . 426, 429 bambusoides, Trin. . 429 humilis, Kurz . , 429 Kurzii, Munro . . 429 Melochia . . .45 velutina, Bedd. . . 45 Melodinus . . 260, 261 Melodorum ... 7 Memecyleae . . .198 Memecylon . . . 198 amabile, Bedd. . . 199 edule, Roxb. . 199, xxi gracile, Bedd. . . 199 umbellatum. Burn . 199 MENISPEEMACE^ . 11 Menispermum . . 11 Cocculus, Eoxb. . . 11 cordifoUum, Willd- . 11 hirsutum, Linn. . . 11 lav^rifoliimi, Eoxb. . 12 polycarpon, Eoxb. . 11 Mebiandka . . 300, 301 bengalensis, Bth. . 301 strobilifera, Bth. _ . 301 M espilus bengalensis, Roxb. . . .167 japonica, Banks . . 167 Mbsita . . 21, 26, 27 coromandeliana, Wight ... 27 ferrea, Linn. 26, 27, iv Nag aha, . . .27 pulchella, PI. and Triau- . . . 27 Boxburghii, Wight . 27 sclerophylla, Thw. . 27 speciosa, Choisy . . 27 Fageg. Thwaitesii, PI. and Trian. ... 26 Mezoneurum . • . 134 cncuHatum, W. and A- 134 enneaphyllum, W. and A 134 glabrum, Desf. • . 134 MiCHELIA . . . 4, 5 Cathcartii, Hook, f . and Th. . . 6, i Champaca, Linn. . . 6 exeelsa, Blume . , 6, i Kiaopa, Ham. . . 5 lanuginosa, Wall. - 7, i nUagirica, Tenk. . . 6 oblonga. Wall . . 7 puuduana. Hook. f. andTh. ... 5 Microdeemis . . . 347 caaearifolia. Planch. .318 Microglossa . . . 232 yobubilis DC. . . 232 Micromelum . . .59 hirsutum, Oliv. . . 59 pubeacens, Bl. . 59, x Micromelua . . . 168 Microtropis . . .83 discolor. Wall. . 83, xiv MiLinsA . . . . 7, 9 indica, Leach. . . 9 macrocarpa. Hook. f. andTh. ... 9 nilagirioa, Bedd. . . 9 Eoxburghiana, Hook. f. and Th. ... 9 sclerocarpa, Kurz . 9 velutina. Hook. f. and Th. . . . 8, 9 Wightiaua,Hk.f.&Th. 9 Mihuseae .... 7 MiLLKTTIA . . 116, 118 atropurpurea, Bth. . 118 auriculata, Baker . 118 Brandisiana, Kurz . 118 cinerea, Bth. . . 118 leucantha, Kurz . . 118 monticola, Kurz . 118 ovalifoKa, Kurz . . 119 paehycarpa. Bth. . 118 pendula, Bth. . . 118 pubiner-yis, Kurz . 118 pulchra, Bth. . 118 tetraptera, Kurz . 118 MlLLINOTONIA . 103, 274 hortensis, Linn. . . 274 Milnea edulis, Eoxb. 69 Mimosa . 145, 148 amara, Eoxb. . . 160 arahica, Eoxb. . 151 biglohosa, Eoxb. 145 ccBsia, Eoxb. . . 155 cinerea, Eoxb. . . 148 concinna, Eoxb. . . 150 dulcis, Koxb. . . 145 dumosa, Eoxb. . . 152 eiurnea, Eoxb. . . 151 elata, Eoxb. . . 158 Famesiana, Linn. . 150 ferruginea, Eoxb. . 153 heterophylla, Eoxb. . 145 hamata, Willd. . . 148 Ealkora,'Ro:sh. . . 1.59 Latronum, Eoxb. . 149 3 R 514 INDEX TO leucophUea, Eoxb. hicida, Eoxb. microphijUa, Roxb. mutahiUs, Eoxb. odoratissvma, lioxb petinataj Eoxb. pudica, Linn. pulchella Eoxb. mbicaulis, Linn scandens, Roxb. Sirissa, Eoxb. Su/ma, Eoxb. Sundra, Eoxb. stipulacea, Hoxb. xylocarpa, Roxb. MimoBese . MiMUSOPS Elengi, Linn. Tieajoncira, Eoxb. - - — indica, A. DC. 245, 246,xxiv vndAca, Knrz . . 246 littoralis, Kurz . . 246 EoxburgHanns, Wight. 245 Tagea. . 152 . 159 . 156 . 148 . 158 . 155 . 148 . 160 (■ 148 IxTiii . 145 . 156 . 150 . 153 . 160 . 148 . 135 241, 245 245 246 Miquelia - dentata, Bedd. Kleinii, Meissn Mirabilis . > 80 81 81 302 302 Misehodon . . .347 zeylanicus, Thw. . . 348 Mitrepbora ... 7 grandiflora, Bedd: . 8 vandseflora, Kurz . . ii Mitrephoreae ... 7 Moacurra gelonioides, Boxb. ... 80 Molincea canescens, Eoxb. 93 Monardeje . . . 300 Monocera . . .57 Monoporandra . . 31 Monosis Wighticma, Bedd. 233 Moraoeffi .... 323 MoresB .... 323 MOEINDA . . 218, 231 angnstifolia, Eoxb. . 231 bracteata, Eoxbi . 231 citrifolia, Eoxb. . . 231 exserta, Eoxb. 231, 232, xxiv mnltiflora, Eoxb. . 231 scandens, Eoxb. . 231 tinctoria, Eoxb. . . 231 nmbellata, Linn. . . 231 MorindesB . . .218 Morindopsis . . 218, 219 capillaris, Kurz . . 219 MOEINGE^ . . .114 MOBINOA . . . 114 aptera, Gaertn. . . 114 concanensis, Nimmo . 114 pterygosperma, f 114 Gaertn. ' \ xvi MORDS . . . 323, 327 alba, Linn. . . 327, 328 atropurpurea, Eoxb. . 328 ouapidata. Wall. . 328 indica, Linn. . . 328 laevigata, Wall. . . 327 serrata, Roxb. 328, 329 Mucuna . . . . 116 imbrioata, DC. . . 121 macrocarpa, Wall. . 121 prurienB, DC. . . 121 Faffea. Mundnlea . . .116 suberosa, Bth. . . 118 Munrouia . .68, 69 Walliohii, Wight . . 69 MuKEAYA . . 59, 61 exotica, Linn. . 61, x Konigii, Spr. . 61, ix ■Muss^nda . . .218 frondosa, Linn. . . 218 macrophylla. Wall. . 218 Muaaaendese . . . 218 MutisiaoesB . . .232 MTEIOACEiE . . 391 MVEICA . . . .391 arguta, Kuntb . . 391 oerifera, Linn. . . 391 cordifolia, Linn. . . 391 Gale, Linn. . . .391 integrifolia, Roxb. . 391 Nagi, Thunb. . . 391 quercifolia, Linn. . 391 sapida. Wall. . . 391 serrata. Lamb. . . 391 MjfEICAEtA . . 19, 20 elegans, Eoyle . . 20 germanica, Desv. . 20 Myrioneuron . . . 218 nutans, E. Br. . . 218 MYEISTICACEiE . . 313 Myeistioa . . . 313 amygdalina. Wall. . 314 a/ngustifoUa, Roxb. . 314 attenuata, Wall. . . 314 cortioo3a,Hk.f.&Th. . 314 elliptica, Wall. . . 314 erratica. Hook. f. and Th 314 Parquhariana, Wall. . 314 gibboaa. Hook. f. and Tb 314 glabra, Bl. . . . 314 Irya, Gaertn. . . 314 laurifolia. Hook. f. and Th 314 lim/olia, Eoxb. . . 314 longifolia, Wall. . . 314 magnifica, Bedd. . . 314 malabarica, Lamk. . 314 mosohata, Willd. . . 314 Mtesine _ . . 238, 239 africana, Linn. . . 239 avemis, DC. . . 239 capitellata. Wall. . 239 semiserrata, Wall. . 239 MTESINEiE . . .238 MYUTAGEM . . .187 Myrtese .... 1&7 Myrtus communis, Linn. 188 Myxopyrnm . . 254, 255 smilacifoUnm, Bl. . 255 Nageia bracteata, Knrz . 414 laiifolia, Kurz . . 414 Putranjiva, Eoxb. . 353 Naravelia laurifolia, Wall. . . . 1 zeylanica, DC. . . 1 Naregamia . . 68, 69 alata, W. and A. . 69 Nataiatum . . .81 herpetioam, Ham. . 81 Paget. NaUclea . . 217, 223 Cadamba, Eoxb. . . 219 cordata, Eoxb. . . 218 cordifoUa, Eoxb. . . 220 ddversifoUa, Wall. . 222 elliptica, Dalz. . . 223 excelsa, Bl. . . • 223 pa/rvifolia, Eoxb. ■ 222 poVycephala, Wall. . 220 purpurea, Roxb. . . 223 rotundifolia, Eoxb. . 223 sericea. Wall. . . 221 sessilifoUa, Boxb. . 221 NaueleesB . . . 217 Nectandra . . . 304 Eodiffii, Eob. Sohomb. . 313 Neerida dichotomy, Boxb. 87 Neillia . . . .161 thyrsiflora, Don . . 161 Nephelium . . 93, 97 hyroleucum, Krirz . 97 lappaceum, Linn. . 97 Litchi, Camb. . . 97 Longana, Camb. . . 97 rubescens, Hiem. . 97 stipulaceum, Bedd. . 97 Xeeium . . . 260, 264 odorum, Sol. . . 264 Oleander, Linn. . . 264 reticnlatum, Roxb. . 265 tinctorium, Eoxb. . 264 tomentosum, Eoxb. . 264 Neuropeltis . . .273 Niebnhria linearis, DC. . 14 Nipa . . . 415, 425 fruticans, Wurmb. . 425 NipinesB .... 4l5 Npthopegia . . 103, 104 NTCTAGIITE^ . . 302 Nyctanthea . . . 254 Arbor-tristia, Linn. 254, xxv Nyssa . . . .210 sesailiflora. Hook. f. and Th. . . 211, xiii OCHNA . andamanlca, Knrz pumila. Ham. sqnarrosa, Linn. WaUichii, Planch, OCHNACE^ . Ochrocarpua longifolius, Bth. Hook. f. . nerrosus, Knrz aiamensis, T. And. Oehroaia . Borbonica, Gmel. aalubris, Bl. . Ochthooharis . OcimoidesB Oomedieio Odina Wodier, Eoxb. OLACINEaS . Olaceee Olax acuminata, Wall. nana. Wall. . Bcandens, Boxb. Wightiana, WaU. . 65 . 65 . 65 - 65 . 66 . 65 . 21 and 21, iv . 21 . 21 . 260 . 261 . 261 . 198 . 300 . 323 103, 110 110, XV . 80 . 80 80, 81 . 81 . 81 81, xiii . 81 SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 515 Olea cuspidata, Wall. dentata, Wall. dioica, Koxb. europsea, Linn. ferruginea, Eoyla fragrans, Thunb. glandulifera, Wall. paniculata, Eoxb. paniculata, E. Br. robusta, Kurz OLEACEiE . OleinesB . . . . Ophioxylon serpentinum, Wiild. Opilia . . . . amentacea, Eoxb. Opiliese . . . . Opuntia Dillenii, Haw. . Oreocnide acuminata, Kurz . . . • Oreodaplines9 . Oreodoxa regia Ornitrophe Cobbe, Willd. Ormocarpum . sennoides, Kurz . Ormosia . . . . glauoa, Wall. travancorica, Bedd. Orophea . . . . Oeoxylum indioum, Bth. Orthanthera viimnea, Pages. 264, 254 . 258 257 257 257 258 257 258 258 258 258 254 254 261 80 80 80 325 304 416 94 116 119 116 xvii 116 7 274, 275 275, xxTi Wight . . .266 OSBECKIA . . 198, 199 crinita, Benth. . . 199 stellata, Don . . 199 OabeoklesB . . . 198 OSMANTHUS . . 254, 257 fragrans, Lour. . 257 OsTODBS . . 347, 365 Helferi, MtiU. Arg. . 365 panicnlata, Bl. . . 368 zeylanious, Miill. Arg. 365 Ostrya carpinifolia. Scop. 380 Osyrls ... 820 arborea, WaU. . . 320 Wightiama, Wall. . 320 Otanthera . . .198 Otosemma macrophylla, Bth. . OUOEINIA dalbergioides. 118 119 . 116, Benth. 119, xvi . 58 Oxalis Oxymitra ... 7 Oxyspora .... 198 paniculata, DC. . 198, xxi O-xysporesB . . . 198 Oxytena.nthera . 426, 428 albo-cihata, Munro . 429 monostigma, Bedd. . 428 nigro-eiliata, Munro . 429 Stockaii, Munro . . 429 Thwaitesii, Munro . 429 P. Paohygone . . 11 Paehygonese . . .11 Psederia . . 218, 219 foetida, Willd. . . 219 lanuginosa. Wall. . 219 recv/rva, Roxb. . . 231 Pages. PsederieEe . . . 218 Pa2onia Emodi, Wall. . 1 Pajanelia . . 274, 279 multijuga, DC. . . 279 PALM^ . . . .415 Panaceae . . . 200 Pancovia rubigiTWsa, Baill. 94 PANDANE^ . . .425 Pandanus . . . 425 Andamanensium, Kurz. 425 foetidus, Roxb. . . 425 fnrcatus, Eoxb. . . 425 graminifolius, Kurz . 425 leevis, Rumph Leram, Jones odoratissimus, WiUd. Papihouaceee Parabaana Parameria Paramignya monophylla, Wight 260 425 425 425 16 116 11 261 59 59, Parashorea stellata, Kurz 34 Parastemon . . , 161 urophyUum, A. DC. . 161 Parinarium . . . 161 Griffithianum, Bth. . 161 indicum, Beddome . 161 travancoricum, Bedd. . 161 Parishia . . . 103, 104 insignis, Hook. f. . 104 Paritium tiliaceum . . 43 Parkia .... 145 insignis, Kurz . . 145 leiophylla, Kurz . . 145 Roxburghii, G. Don . 145 Parkiete . . , 145 Parkinaonia . . . 134 aouleata, Linn. . . 134 Parrotia . . . .174 Jacquemontiana, Dene. 174 persica, C. A. Meyer . 174 Parsonsia . . 260, 261 ParTatia . . . .12 Brunoniana, Dene. . 12 Passiflora . . .207 PASSIPLOEBiE Paulownia imperialis, Bth. Pavetta . brevifiora, DC. indica, Linn, tomentosa. Smith 231, xxiii Paten A . . . 241, 245 lucida, DC. . . 245 paralleloneura, Kurz . 245 PEDALINE^ Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Poir. Pemphis aoidula, Porst Pentace .■ . 51, burmanioa, Kurz . 52, Pentacme sia/mensis, Kurz 39 Pentapanax . . . 208 Leschenaultii, Seem. . 208 racemosum. Seem. 208, xxii subcordatum. Seem . 208 Pentaptera Arjuna, Eoxb. hialata, Eoxb. conacea, Eoxb. . crenulata, Eoxb. . glabra, Eoxb. 207 . 273 . 273 218, 230 . 231 230 280 347 348 199 52 TU 184 182 182 182 184 Pages. paniculata, Roxb. . 182 tomentosa, Eoxb. . 182 Pentapterygium . 233, 234 serpens, Bth. . . 234 Pentaptxis . . 213, 217 glaucophylla, Hook. f. 217 stipulata, Hook. f. . 217 Pergularia . . . 265 odoratiaaima, Linn. . 266 paUida, W. & A. . . 266 Pericampylua . . 11 Periplooa . . . 265 aphylla. Done. . . 265 calophylla, Ealo. . . 265 Periplocese . . . 265 Persea . . . - 304 gratisaima . , . 304 Nan-muh, OKv. . . 313 Perseaceee . . . 304 Petaloma alternifolia, Eoxb. . . .178 Peltophorum . . . 134 ferrugineum, Bth. . 134 Petunga . . . .218 Eoxburghii, DC. . 218 Phffianthus ... 7 PhaaeolesB . . . 116 PHILADELPHtrS . 171, 173 coronarius, Linn. . 173 Phlebooalymna . . 80 PsLoaAOANTHirs . 280, 281 insignis, Kurz . .281 pubinerTis, T. And. . 281 thyrsiflorus, Nees . 281 Phoberos crenatus, W. & A 17 304, 308 . 308 . 308 . 308 . 308 Phcebe angustifoKa, Nees attenuata, Nees glauoescena, Nees lanoeolata, Nees paUida, Nees paniculata, Nees pubescens, Nees TiUosa, Wight WightU, Meissn. PhoenioinesB Ph(enix . . . 415, acaulis, Linn. daotyhfera, Linn, farinifera, Willd. Ouseleyana . paludoaa, Eoxb. pedunoulata rupicola, T. And. sylTestris, Roxb. Phormium tenax Photinia . . . . duhia, Lindl. Griffithii, Dene. . integrifoha, Lindl. 162, Lindleyana, W. & A. . moUia, Hook. f. . Notoniana, W. & A. 308 308 415 419 419 419 419 419 419 419 419 419 426 161 167 162 XX 162 162 162 PHTLLANTHnS . 347, 350 albizzioides, Kurz . 351 andamanicus, Kurz . 350 arboreus, MiiU. Arg. . 351 asperua, MiiU. Arg. . 351 asaamious, MilU. Arg. . 351 bicolor.Mull. Arg. 351, 353 bffiobotryoides, MiiU. Arg 351 516 INDEX TO Tagee. calooarpns, Knrz . 350 eanaranus, Miill. Arg. 350 coccmeus, Miill. Arg. 350 columnaris, Miill. Arg. 351 cjanospermuB, MiiU. Arg 351 Daltoni, Mull. Arg. . 351 daeystylus, Kurz . . 351 distiohus, Miill. Arg. . 351 Emblioa, Linn. 351, xxviii fagifolius, MilU. Arg. . 350 glaucifolius, MiiU. Arg. 351 Helferi, Miill. Arg. . 350 Heyneanus, MiiU Arg. 351 Ho'henackeri, MiiU. Arg 350 indious, Miill. Arg. . 351 jnniperiaoides, MiiU. Arg 351 khasiouB, MfiU. Arg. . 351 lanceolarius, Miill. Arg. 350, xxviii leioatylus, Knrz . . 351 Leucopyrus, Eoxb. > 354 Xongifolius, Koxb. . 351 maorooarpns, Kurz . 351 malabarious, MiiU. Arg. 351 •multijiorus, Roxb. . 353 mnltilocularis, Miill. Arg 350 neilgherrenais, MiiU. Arg 351 nepalenais, MiiU. Arg. . 350 nitidua, MilU. Arg. . 350 patens, Roxb. . . . 347 Perottetaa,m38, MiiU. Arg 351 polyphyUna, WiUd. . 351 recUnatus, Boxb. . 347 retioulatna, MiiU. Arg. 351 retusus, Koxb. . . 354 sphserogynua.MiiU. Arg. 351 steUatua, Eetz . . 351 Bubscandens, MiiU. Arg. 350 sylhetioua, MiiU. Arg. . 351 Thomaoni, MiiU. Arg. 351, 352 tomentosua, MiiU. Arg. 350 Telntinua, MiiU. Arg. . 351 vi/rosus, Eoxb. . . 354 Yitis idcea, Koxb. . 347 zeylanious, Miill. Arg. . 350 Phytloolilaniys spinoaa, Bureau . . . 323 PhyUostaohya . . 426, 427 bambuBoides, Sieb. and Znoo 427 Phytoorene . . .80 gigantea, Wall. . . 80 Phytocreneaa . . .80 Pioramniesa . . .63 PlOBASMA . . .64 jaTanioa, Bl. . . 64 nepalensia, Benn. . 64 quaasioides, Senn. . 64 Pierardia sapida, Koxb. . 354 PiBRis . . . 234, 235 formoaa, Don . . 235 lanoeolata, Don . . 235 ovalifolia, Don . . 235 ■ Pileoategia . . . 171 viburnoides, Hook. f. ardTh. . . .171 Pages. Pimenta officinalis, Ldl. . 188 Pinanga gracilis, Kurz . 428 PiNus . . . 394, 395 Brimordana, Wall. . 408 Cembra, Linn. . . 396 Deodara, Roxb. . . 400 exoelsa. Wall. . 396, 398 Gerardiana, Wall. . 396 halepenaia, MtlU. . . 396 Khaaya, Eoyle . 396, 397 Larioio, Poiret . . 396 longifolia, Roxb. . . .396 maritvma, Lamk. . 396 Merkuaii, Jungh. . 396, 398 Pinaater, Soland. . . 396 Pinea, Linn. . . 396 Strobus, Linn. . . 396 aylveatria, Linn. . . 396 PiPTADENIA . . 145, 146 oudhensia, Brandis . 146 PlPTANTHUS . . . 116 nepalenais, D. Don . 116 Piaonia . . . .302 aouleata, Linn. 302, xxvi alba. Span. . . . 302 umbellifera, Seem. . 302 PiSTAOIA . . . 103, 106 integerrima, J.L. Stew- art . . . .106 Lentiacua, Linn. . . 106 Terebinthua, Linn. . 106 vera, Linn. . . . 106 Pitheoolpbium . . 145 anamailayanum, Bedd. 145 angulatum, Bth. . . 145 bigeminum, Martina . 145 duloe, Bth. . . .145 Saman .... 145 PITTOSPORE.ffi . . 19 Pittoaporum, Hook. fil. . 19 dasycaulon, Miq. . . 19 eriooarpum, Eoyle . 19 ferrugineum. Ait. . 19 floribnndum, W. & A. . 19 glabratum, Ldl. . . 19 humile. Hook. f. & Th. 19 nilghirense, W. & A. . 19 tetraapermmn, W. & A. 19 Plagiopteron . . 51, 52 fragrans. Griff. . . 52 Planchonia . . 187, 197 UttoraUa, Van Houtte . 198 TaUda, Blnme . . 198 PLATANE^ . . .345 Platanus . . . 345 oocidentalis, Linn. . 345 orientaUa, Linn. . . 345 Plecospeemum . 323, 327 apinoaum, Treoul. 327, xxvii Pleotocomia . . 415, 424 aaaamica, Griff. . . 424 himalayana, Griff. . 424 kbaayana, Gri£f. . . 424 macroatacliya . . 424 Pleotbanthus . . 300 rugoaua, WaU. . . 300 Pleotuonia . . 218, 230 didyma, Bth. and Hook. f. . . 230, xxiii parviflora, Roxb. . . 230 Plerandrese . . .208 Pleurostylia . . .83 Wightii, W. and A. . 83 Fagei, Pluohea . . . .232 indica. Less. . • 232 PLUMBAGINE^ . . 238 Plumeria .... 260 aoutifolia, Poiret . . 260 Podalyriese . . . 116 Podocakpus . . 394, 414 braoteata, Bl. . . 414 latifolia, Wall. . . 414 neriifolia, Don . . 414 PoBoiloneuron . . .21 indicum, Beddome . 21 pauoiflornm, Beddome. 21 Poinciana . . . 134 elata, Linn. . . . 134 regia, Bojer . . . 134 Poinsettia pulcherrima . 368 Polyalthia . . .70 cerasoides, Bth. and Hook. f. . . . 9, i coffeoidea, Bth. and Hook. f. . . .8 Jenkinsii, Bth. and Hook. f. . . 8, 10 longifolia, Bth. and Hook. f. . . .8 simiarum, Bth. and Hook. f. ... 8 suberosa, Bth. and Hook. f. ... 8 POLrGALE^ . . 19 Polygala arillata. Ham. 19, iii Kareneium, Kurz . 19 POLTGONE^ . . 303 POLYOONUM . . . 303 moUe, Don . . .303 Polyosma . . 171, 172 integrifolia, Bl. . . 172 WaUichii, Bennett . 172 Polyphragmon flavescens 219 Polyaoias . . . 208 Pomese .... 161 POMBTiA . . 93, 98 exvmia, Beddome . 98- tomentosa, Bth. . . 98 PONOAMIA . . 116, 132 glabra, Vent. . 133, xvii Popowia .... 7 Beddomeana, Hook. f. andTh. ... 8 Helferi, Hook, f . & Th. 8 ramosissvma, Hook. f. and Xh. ... 8 PoPULUs . . . 378 alba, Linn. . . . 378 balaamifera, Linn. . 379 ciliata. Wall. . . 379 euphratioa, Olivier . 378 nigra, Linn. . . . ,378 tremula, Linn. . 378, 379 Porana .... 273 Posoqueria Awmeiorum, Willd. . . .227 fragrans, Kon. . . 226 uUginosa, Roxb. . . 226 Potentilla . . .161 frutescens . . . 161 frutioosa, Linn. . . 161 Salesaovii, Steph. . 161 PotentilleEe . . . 161 Pottsia . . . 260, 261 Pourthiaia . . , 162 arguta, Dene. . . 162 SCIENTIFIC NAMES, 517 PouzoLZiA . . 323, 325 viminea, Wedd. . . 325 Pkemna . . . 281, 293 barbata, "Wall. . . 293 interrupta, Wall. . 293 integrif olia, Linn. . 295 latifolia, Eoxb. 294, xx-vii longifolia, Eoxb. . . 294 mnoronata, Eoxb. . 295 sambucina, Wall. . 293 soandens, Eoxb. . . 293 serratifoUa, Linn. . 295 tomentosa, Willd. . 294 viburnoides . . . 293 Peinsbpia . . 161, 164 utilis, Eoyle . . 164 Priotropis . . . 116 (" 117 cytiaoides, W. & A. < ^^j Prismatomeris tetrandra, Hook. f. and Th. . 231 Peosopis . . 145, 146 glandnlosa, Torr. . 147 jnliflora, DC. . . 147 pallida, Kunth . . 146 pubeaoens, Bth. . . 147 ( 146 apicigera, Linn. . < 147 (^xviii Stepbaniana, Kunth. . 146 PROTEACEiE . . 318 Protium . . . . SQ candatnm, W. and A. . 66 pubescens, W. and A. 66 Prunes .... 161 PKUNUa . . . 161, 162 acuminata, Wall. . 164 Amygdalus, Baillon . 162 armeniaoa, Linn. . 162 Cerasus, Linn. . . 162 communia, Huda. . 162 Jacquemontii, Hook. f. 162 Jenkinaii, Hk. f. & Th. 162 Mahaleb, Linn. . . 162 martabanica, Wall. . 164 nepalenaia, Ser. . . 164 Padua, Linn. . . 163 Peraioa, Bth. and Hk. f 162 Puddum, Eoxb. . . 163 punctata. Hook. f. and Th 162 proatrata, Labill. . 162 rufa. Wall. . . .162 tomentoaa, Thunb. . 162 Paeudoataohyum . . 429 compactiflorum, Kurz . 429 Helferi, Kurz . . 429 polymorphum, Mnnro . 429 Paeudoatreblus indica . 323 PsiDiuM . . 187, 190 Guava, Eaddi . . 190 pomiferum, Willd. . 190 pyriferum, Willd. . 190 Psychotria . . 218, 219 PsychotriesB . . . 218 Pteria aquilina, Linn. . 432 Pternandra . . . 198 Pteeocaepus . 116, 130 dcdbergioideSf Eoxb. . 130 erinaoeua, Poir. . . 130 indioua, Willd. . . 130 macrocarpus, Kurz . 130 Pages. ( 116 . \ 138 (xvii Maraupium, Eoxb sautaliuua, Linn, f . . 131 Pterolobium . . . 134 indicum, A. Eich. . 134 macropterum, Kurz . 134 Pteeospeemum . 45, 49 acerifolium, Willd. 49, vii canescens, Eoxb. . . 50 cinnamomeum, Kurz . 49 diveraifolium, Bl. . 49 glabreacena, W. andA. 49 Heyneanum, Wall. . 49 iaTanicum, Jungh. . 49 lanceEefoIium, Eoxb. . 49 obtuaifolium, Wight . 49 leticnlatum. W. andA. 49 rubiginosum, Heyne . 49 aemi-aagittatum, Ham. 50 auberifoUum, Lam. 50, vii Pueraria . . . 116 tuberosa, DC. . . 123 PUNICA, . . . .205 Granatum, Linn. . . 205 PUTEANJIVA . . 347, 353 Roxburghii, Wall. . 353 Pycnarrhena . . .11 Pygecm . . 161, 164 acuminatum, Colebr. . 164 Anderaoni, Hook. f. . 164 arboreum, Endl. . . 164 ceylanicuin, Bedd. . 164 Gardner!, Hook. f. . 164 glaberrimum, Hook. f. 164 montanum, Hook, f . . 164 Wightianum, Bl. . . 164 zeylanicum, Gaertn. . 164 Pyrenaria . . 27, 28 attenuata. Seem. . 28 barringtoniasfolia, Seem. 28 camelhEeflora, Kurz . 28 diospyricarpa, Kurz . 28 serrata, Bl. . . .28 Pyetjlaeia . . . 320 edulis, A. DC. . . 320 Wallichiana, Meisan. . 320 Pyeus . . . 161, 168 Aria, Ehrh. . . 169 Auouparia, Gaertn. . 168 baccata, Linn. . . 168 communis, Linn. . 168 cuapidata, Bertol . 168 Cydonia, Linn. . . 161 ferruginea. Hook. f. . 168 folioloaa, Gaertn. . 168 Wall. . . 169 germanica, Ldl. . . 169 granuloaa, Bertol . 168 Griffithii, Dene. . . 168 indica, Wall. . . 161 inaignia. Hook, f . . 168 Jaquemontiana, Dene. 1 68 khasya.na, Dene. . .168 Kumaoni, Dene. . . 168 lanata, Don . . 169 Malua, Linn. . . 168 microphylla, Wall. . 168 PasMa, Ham. . . 168 polycarpa, Hook. f. . 168 rhamnoidea. Dene. 168, xx aikkimenais. Hook, f . . 168 Thomaoni, King .. . 168 Tages. nraina, Wall. 169 variolosa. Wall. 168 veatita. Wall. . . 169 Wallichii, Hook, f . 168, xx Q. Quassia amara 63 QOEECTJS ( 380 380 acuminata, Roxb. 1 386 xxix .ffigilops, Linn. . 381 Amheratiana, Wall. . 380 annulata, Sm. 381, XXX arinata, Eoxb. . 389 Ballota, Desf. 383 Baloot, Grife. 383 bancana, Schiff. . 381 Brandisiana, Kurz 381 dealbata. Hook. f. & Th. . . . 380 dilatata,Lindl. 380, 383, xxix enmorpha, Kurz . 381 Falconeri, Kurz . 380 fenestrata, Eoxb . 380 ferox, Eoxb. ' 389 Griffithii, Hook, f anc Th. . . . 380, .381 Ilex, Linn. . 380, 383 incana, Eoxb. 380, 384 lamellata, Eoxb. . 381, 387 lamelloaa, Sm. ■ . 387 lanata. Wall. 384 laneeaefqjia, Eoxb. 381^ 388 lanuginosa, Don . 380, 384 lappacea, Eoxb. . 380, 386 mespiUfoUa, Wall. 381 mixta, Alph. DO. 380 ocoidentaUa, Gay. 381 011a, Kurz . 381 oxyodon, Miq. f 380 380 pachyphylla, Kurz 386 XXX paucilamellosa, Alph. DC. 387 pedunoulata, Ehrh 381 Phullata, Don 387 polyantha, Ldl. . 384 Eobur, Linn. 381 semecarpifolia, Sm.380, 382 semiserrata, Eoxb , 380 serrata, Eoxb. 388 serrata, Thunb. . 380; 384 aessiliflora, Sm. . 381 spicata, Sm. 380, 385 squamata, Eoxb. 385 Suber, Linn. 381 Thomsoni, Miq. . 386 Thomsoniana, Alph. DC. 380 turbinata, Eoxb. 386 Telutina, Linn. . 380 xylocarpa, Kurz . 389 QuisquaHa 178, 179 indica, Eoxb. 179 Radermachera wrnwna, Seem. . . , 277 518 INDEX TO Taget. Eandia . . . 218, 226 dekkanensis, Bedd. . 226 {227 xxiii fragrans, Kedd. . . 226 Gardner!, Thw. . . 226 nutans, DC. . . 226 racemosa, Bozb, . . 218 rigida, DC. 226, xxiii speciosa, Bedd. . . 226 stricta, Hoxb. . . 219 tetrasperma, Bth. and Hook. f. . . . 227 nliginosa. DC. 226, xxiii EANUNCULACE^ . 1 ifcaphietemma . . 265 pulchsUum, WaU. . 265 Ranwolfia . . . 260 densiflora, Bth. . . 261 serpentina, Bth. . . 261 Eavenala madagascari- ensis, Sonn. . . 415 Beeyesia . . .45 Eeinwardtia . . .57 pnbesoens, Mast. . 45 Walliohii, Br. . . 45 Eeptonia . , . 238, 241 buxifolia, A. DC. . 241 Eetiniphylleas . . 218 Ehabdia . . 269 viminea, Dalzell . 269, xxvi EHAMNEiE ... 88 Ehamnos . . 88, 91 catharticus. Linn. . 91 dahuricus, Pall. •. . 91 hirsutus, W. and A, . 9i nepalensis, WaU. 91, xiv peraicua, Boissier . 91 prooumbens, Edgew. . 92 purpurens, Edgew. . 92 triquetrus, WaU. . 92 virgatus, Hoxb. 91, 92 Wightii, W. and A. . 91 Ehazya . . . .260 stricta, Deoaiane . 261 Ehizophoka . 175, 176 oonjugata, Linn. . 176 deccmdra . . . 176 gynmorhiza, Eoxb. . 177 Mangle, Eoxb. . . 176 mucronata, Lamk. . 176 EHIZOPHOKE.iE . . 175 Ebodamnia . . 187, 188 trinervia, 131. . . 188 Ehododendeon . 234, 235 Anthopogon, Don . 235 arboreum, Sm. . . 236 argenteum. Hook. f. . 236 barbatum, Wall. . . 237 campanulatum, Don . 237 Campbelli89, Hook. f. 236 cinnabarinum. Hook. f. 238 Dalhousise, Hook. f. . 235 Edgeworthii, Hook. f. . 235 Falooneri, Hook, f . 236, 237 formosnm, Wall. . . 236 fnlgena. Hook. . . 237 Hodgsoni, Hook. . . 236 lepidotnm. Wall. . . 236 moulmeinense, Hook. . 236 nivale. Hook. . . 236 punicenjn, Roxb. . . 236 aetoBum, Don . . 236 Fageg. Rhodomyrtns . . . 187 tomentosa, DC. . . 187 Ehodoreae . . . 234 Bhopala excelsa, Eoxb. . 318 moTMCcana, Boxb. . 318 Rhtjb . . . 103, 104 acwmvnaia, DC. . . 106 hucMamela, Eoxb. . 105 Coriaria, Linn. . . 104 Cotiuua, Linn. . . 104 Griffithii, Hook. f. . 104 inaignis. Hook. f. . 105 javcmica, Linn. . . 105 khaaiana. Hook. f. . 104 mysorenaia, Heyne . 104 paniculata, Wall. . 104 parviflora, Eoxb. . . 104 punjabensis, J. L. Stewart . . .105 semialata, Murray . 105 sucoedanea, Linn. . 106 vernicifera, DC. . . 105 Walliohii, Hook. f. . 106 EiBEs . . . 171, 173 deamocarpum, Hook, f . and Th. . . . 171 glaoiale, Wall. . . 173 Griffithii, Hk. f . & Th. 173 Groasularia, Linn. . 173 luridum, Hk. f. & Th. . 173 nigrum, Linn. . . 13 orientale, Poiret . . 173 rubrum, Linn. . . 173 Ribesieae .... 171 EiciNtrs . . . 347, 363 communis, Linn. . . 363 d/tcoccus, Eoxb. . . 360 Eivea . . . .273 JRobvm-ia inacropJuyUa, Eoxb. . . .118 EODBTIA . . .302 amherstiana, Miq. . 302 Rondeletia exserta, Eoxb. 225 tinctoria, Eoxb. . . 225 Hondeletiese . , • . 218 EosA . . . 161, 166 anaerinifolia, Boiss. . 166 Eglanteria, Linn. . 166 involucrata, Eoxb. . 166 Lesohenaultiana, W. and A. . . .166 longiouspis, Bertol. . 166 lutea, Mill. . . .166 macrophylla, Lindl. . 167 moschata, MiU. . . 166 sericea, Lindl. . . 167 Webbiana, Wall. . . 166 EOSACE^ . . .161 Eoseas .... 161 Bottlera alba, Eoxb. . 361 dicocca, Eoxb. . 360 peltata, Eoxb. . . 361 tetracocca, Eoxb. . 361 tinctoria, Eoxb. . . 361 Eourea , . . . 114 santaloides, Yahl. . 114 Eoydsia . . . .14 obtuaifolia, Hook. f. andTh. ... 14 suaveolens, Eoxb. . 14 EilTLEA . . . 300, 301 elegans. Wall. . . 301 Eubeas . . . .161 Foffet. EXJBIACE^ . . .217 Kubia cordifolia, Linn. . 219 RuEns . . . 161, 165 biflorus, Buch. . . 165 elliptious. Smith . . 166 flavus, Ham, . . 166 fruticosus, Linn. . . 165 Gowreephul, Eoxb. . 166 lasiooarpus. Smith . 166 f 166 Hneatus, Eeinw. . < ^j,^ moluccanus, Linn. . 165 niveus, WaU. . . 165 paniculatus, Sm. . 165, xix raoemoaua, Eoxb. . 165 roaaefoLins, Sm. . . 165 aikkimenaia, O. Kze. . 165 RuelliesB . . . .280 EUMKX . . . .303 hastatus, Don . . 303 EUTACEiE . .. .59 EutesB . . ,' . 59 S. SABIAOE^ . . 102, 103 Sabia . . . .102 campanulata, WaU. . 102 leptandra. Hook. f. andTh. . . .102 paniculata, Edgew. . 102 Saccharum . . . 426 cyUndrioum, L. . . 426 spontaneum, L. . . 426 SACCOPETALnM . . 10 longiflorum, Hook. f. andTh. ... 10 tomentosum. Hook. f. andTh. . . 10, i Sagkeetia . . 88, 92 Hrandrethiana, Aitch. 92 oppositifolia, Brongn. . 92 theezans, Brongn. . 92 Sayuerus Rumphvi,'Bo^h. 421 Saiacia . . . .83 SALICINEiE . . .374 Salisburia adiantifolia . 374 Salix aomophyUa, Boiss. . 374 alba, Linn. . . 374, 375 angustifolia, WiUd. . 375 babylonica, Linn. 374, 376 caloatachya. And. . 374 calyoulata. Hook, f . . 375 Caprea, Linn. . 374, 375 Daltoniana, And. . 375 daphnoides, ViU. . 375, 377 divorgena, And. . . 375 elegans, WaU. . 375, 377 eriophylla. And. . . 375 enostachya, Wall. . 375 flabellaria. And. . . 375 fragilia, Linn. . . 374 haatata, Linn. . 375, 376 insignia. And. . . 375 Lindleyana, WaU. . 375 lonififlora. Wall. . . 375 obacura, And. . . 375 oreophila. Hook. f. . 375 oxycarpa. And. . . 374 populifolia. And. . . 375 pycnostaohya. And. . 37i SCIENTIT'lC NAMES. 519 Pages, Tagei. pyrina, Wall. . 375 Saecospeema 241, 242 sclerophylla. And. . 375 arborea. Hook. . 242 Serpyllum, And. 375, xxix Griffithii, Hook. . 242 sikkmiensis, And. . 375 Saroostigma . . 81 ( 374 Sassafras . 304 tetrasperma, Eoxb . -i 875 officinale, Nees . 313 (xxix Satureineae . 300 Thomsoniana, And. . 375 SAtTKAUJA 27, 29 nrophylla, Ldl. . 374 faacioulata. Wall. . 29 Timinalis, Linn. . 375, 377 Griffithii, Dyer . . 29 Wallichiana, And. 374, 376 napaulensis, DC. . 29 saltadoeact;/fi . 259 punduana. Wall. . . 29 Saltadoea . . 259 Eoxburghii, Wall 29, IT oleoides, Linn. . 260 tristyla, DC. . 29 persica, Linn. . 259 Sauraujess . 27 Wightiana, Beddome . 259 SauTopns . 347 Samadeka 63, 64 albicans, Bl. . 347 indica, Gaertu. . . 64 SAXIFEAGBiE . . 171 Samara . 238, 240 ScasTola Konigii, Va hi. . 233 floribunda, Bth. and Tacoada, Eoxb. . . 233 Hook. f. . . 240 SCHIMA . 27, 29 frondosa. King . 240 bancana, Miq. . 29 Eibes, Jith. and Hook. f. 240 crenata, Korth. . . 29 robusta, Bth. and khasiana. Dyer . 29 Hook. f. . . 240 monticola, K.nrz . . 29 undnlata, Bth. and Noronhffi, Ewdt. . 30 Hook.f. . . 240 Wallichii, Choisy . 29 Sambnceffl . 213 Schizandra . 4 Sambtjcus . 213 grandifiora, Hoo k. i. adnata. Wall. . 213 and Th. . . 4 Ebulns, Linn. . 213 Schizandreaa . . 4 jaTanioa, Eeinw. . . 213 SCHLEICHEBA 93,95 Thnnberg^ana, Bl, . 213 pentapetala, Eoxt . . 94 SAMTDACE^ . 205 trijuga, Willd. . 95, XT Sandoeicum . 68, 72 Schmidelia Cobbe, Bed- indioum, CaT. . 72 dome . . 94 Sanseviera zeyla nica, Sohopfia . . 80 WiUd, . 425 acuminata. Wall. . 80 SANTALACW^F, . . 320 fragrana. Wall. . 80 Santalitm . 321 SCHKEEEEA . 254, 255 albnm, Linn. . 321 swietenioidea, Eoj b. . 255 SAPINDACE^ . . 93 SCOLOPIA 16, 17 SapindeEe . 93 crenata, Clos. . 17 Sapindus 93, 96 rMnanthera, Cloa. . 17 attennatus, Wall. . 97, XT Eoxburghii, Cloa. . 17 Dannra, Voigt 96, XT Scopolia aexUeata, S m. . 61 detergens, Eoxb. . . 96 SCEOPHULAEINE M . 273 emarginatna, Yahl . 96 Scutia . 88 Muhorossi, Gaertn . 96 indica, Brongn. . . 88 ruber, Kurz . . 97 ScypMphora 218, 219 rubiginosa, Baill. . . 94 hydrophyllacea, Ga lertn. 219 squomiosus, Roxb. . 94 Scyphopetalum . 93, 94 trifoliatus, Linn. . . 96 ramiflorum, Hiern . . 94 Sapium baccatum, Scytalia Damura, E oxb. 96 Eoxb. . 367 iitcM, Eoxb. . 97 widiewm, Eoxb. . . 367 Lonpana, Eoxb. . 97 sebiferum, Eoxb. . . 366 rubra, Eoxb. . 97 SAPOTACE.ffi . 241 trijuga . . 95 Saprosma 218, 219 Secamoneae . 265 Saeaca . 134, 144 Securidaca . 19 indica, Linn. . 144 inappendiculata. Eassk. 19 Lobbiana, Baker . . 144 taToyana, Wall. . 19 triandra, Baker . . 144 Seoueinega . 347, 364 Saroocephalus . 217, 218 grisea, Miill. Arg. . 354 Cadamba, Kurz . . 220 Leucopyrua, Miill. Arg. 354 cordatns, Miq. . 218 oboTata, Miill. Ar ?. . 354 Sareoohlamya . . 323 Selenolobium . . 124 pnloherrima, Gandicb . 323 Sejiecaeptis . 103, 111, Sarooolinium . longifolinm, Wight . 347 . 348 Anacardium, Linn f.-f 111 (. XT SaecocoocA . 347, 371 auriculata, Bedd. . Ill Hookeriana, Baill. . 371 Qrahami, Wight . . 112 saligna, Miill. Arg. 371 traTanoorioa, Bedc 1. . Ill Pages. Senna arborescens, Eoxb. 136 sumatrana, Roxb. . 138 Sequoia, . . . 394 gigantea, Torrey . . 394 aemperrirens, Endl. . 394 Serissa .... 219 Sesamum indicum, Linn. 280 Seseania . . 116, 118 aegyptiaca, Pera. . . 118 grandifiora, Pera. . 119 Sethia indica, DC. . . 58 Shoeea . . . 31, 34 aaaamica, Dyer . 34, Ti floribunda, Kurz . . 34 gratissima, Dyer . . 34 Relferi, Kurz . 33 laccifera, Heyne . . 34 obtnsa, "Willi. . . 39 robusta, Gaertn. . 34, v siamensis, Miq. . . 39 stellata. Dyer . . 34 Talura, Eoxb. . . 34 Tumbuggaia, Itoxb. . 39 Sideroxylon . - . 241 arboreum. Ham. . . 242 elengioidea, Bth. and . Hook, f . . . .241 tomentosum, Eoxb. A ' I XXIT SIMAP^UBB.ffi . . 63 Siphonanthus . . . 299 Siphonodon . . .83 celastrineus, GrifP. . 83 indica, Linn. . . 299 Sisaoa ... . 124 Skimmia ! . .59, 61 Laureola, Hook. f. 61, ix Smythea . . . .88 SOLANEiE . . .273 Solanum .... 273 Terbascifolium, Linn. . 273 Solenocarpua . . 103, 104 indica, W. and A. . 104 SONNEBATIA . . . 205 acida, Linn. . . 205, xxi alba, Sm. . . . 205 apetala, Buch. . . 205 Griffithii, Kurz . . 205 Sophora .... 116 mollis. Wall. . . 116 SophoresB .... 116 Sorbus .... 168 SoTMiDA . . .68, 76 febrifuga, Adr. Juas. 76, xii Spathodea amoena, A. DC. 277 arcuata, AVight . . 276 crispa, Wall. . . 276 falcata. Seem. . . 276 Bheedii, Seem. . . 276 Roxburghii, Sprengel . 277 stipulata. Wall. . . 276 xylocarpa, T. And. . 279 Spatholobus . . . 116 Eoxburghii, Bth. . . 122 Sphenodesma' . . 281, 282 ungniculata, Sohauer . 282 Wallichiana, Schauer . 282 Spiejda . . . 161, 165 canescens, Don » . 165 Lindleyana, DC. . . 165 aorbifolia, Linn. . . 165 ... 161 520 INDEX TO "Pagen, Spondias . . 103, 112 aoummata, Eoxb. . 112 axillarig, Eoxb. . 112 113 xvi 103 mangifera, Pera. . SpondieEB Sponia . . .323, 344 ambowMnsis, Done. . 341 ( 344 orientaKs, Plancli. •< 345 (xxviii politoria, Planch. velutina, Planch. WightU, Planch. , Staohydeae Stachyurns himalaicus, Hook and Th. . Stapsylka Emodi, Wall. StaphyleEB Stemonnnis Stephania Stepheotnb . 345 . 344 . 344 . 300 27, 28 f. . 28 93, 101 . 101 . 93 . 80 . 11 217, 222 diversifolia, Hook. f. and Bth. . . .222 parrifolia, Hook, f . and Bth. . . 222, xxiii tnbnlosa, Hook. f. and Bth 222 Stebctjlia . . .45 alata, Eoxb. . . 45 angustifolia, Eoxb. . 45 Balanghas, Linn. . . 45 coocinea, Eoxb. . . 47 oolorata, Eoxb. . 47, vii foetida, Linn. . . 45 guttata, W. and A. . 45 lancecefolia, Roxb. . 45 Eoxburghii, Wall. . 45 urens, Roxb. . 46, Tii villosa, Eoxb. . 46, vii STERCULIACE^ . . 45 Sterculiese . . .45 Stebeospeemum . 274, 277 amcennm, Benth. and Hook. f. . . . 277 chelonoides, DC. 278, xxvi fimbriatum, DC. . . 279 neuranthnm, Knrz . 277 ( 278 suaTeolens, DC. . < xxvi ( XXX xylooarpum, Bth. and Hook. f. . . . 279 Stilago diandra, Eoxb. . 360 Steanv^sia . . 161, 170 glaucescens, Lindl. . 170 Stravadmmi acutangulwm 196 Strebleae . . .323 Steeblus 323, 324, 326 asper. Lour. . . 326 Streptocanlon . . 265 extensnm, Wight . 265 tomentosnm, Wight . 265 Strobilanthes . . 280 fimbriata, Nees . . 280 flaccidifoliuB, Nees . 280 flacoidna . . .280 flava, Kurz . . .280 lamioidea, T. And. . 280 Neesii.Knrz . . 280 Simonaii, T. And. . 280 Strombosia . . .80 ceylanica, Gordon . 80 javanioa, Bl. . . 80 Strophanthus . 260, 261 Stetchnos . . 266, 268 acuminata, Wall. . 268 oinuamomifoHa, Thw. . 268 colnbrina, Linn. . . 268 laurina. Wall. . . 268 Nux- vomica, Linn. < „ . ' ( XXIV potatorum, Linn. 268, xxvi Walliohiana, Steud. . 268 Stylocoryyie Wehera, A. Eioh. STTEACE^ Styrax Benzoin officinale rugosum, Kurz serrulatum, Eoxb. virgatum, Wall. . Sumbavia 226 253 . 253 . 253 . 253 . 253 253, XXV . 253 347 macrophyUa, Miill. Arg. 348 Suriana . . . .63 maritima, Linn. . . 63 Surianeae . . . .65 SWIETENIA . . 68, 74 ChAkrassa, Eoxb. . . 76 Chloroxtjlon, Eoxb. . 77 febrijuga, Willd. . . 76 Mahagoni, Linn. . . 74 SwieteniesB . . .68 Swintonia . . . 103 Sehwenckii, Teyam. . 104 Sycopaia Gri&thiana, OUv 174 Symphorema 281, 282 involucratum, Eoxb. . 282 pentandrum, Kurz . 282 polyandrum, Wight . 282 unguiculatum, Kurz . 282 SymphoremesB . . 281 SymphyUia . . .347 mallottiformis, Miill. Arg 348 aUhetana, Baill. . . 348 Stmplocos . . 309, 253 cratsegoidea. Ham. . 253 Oardneriana, Wight . 253 glomerata. King . . xxv grandiflora . . . 253 luoida, Wall. . . 254 racemoaa, Eoxb. . 253, xxv ramoaissima. Wall. . 254 spicata, Eoxb. . . 253 Syeinga . . 254, 256 Emodi, Wall. . . 256 persioai Linn. . . 256 vulgaria, Linn. . . 256 SyringesB . . 254 Syzygium . . . 191 sylvestre, Thw. . . 195 T. Tabeen^montana 260, 262 coronaria, Willd. 263, xxvi crispa, Roxb. . . 262 diohotoma, Eoxb. . 262 recurva, Roxb. . . 262 vertioillata, Bedd. . 262 TALAtTMA CcmdoUei, Bl. Hodgaoni, Hook. Th. . mntabilis, Bl. Rabaniana, Hook, and Th. . TAMAEINDUS indica, Linn. TAMAKISCINE.S; Tamaeix articulata, Vahl. dioica, Eoxb. ericoidea, Eottb. gaUica, Linn. indica, Eoxb. salina. Dyer atricta, Boiaa. Tapiria hirauta, Hook. f. TAXINEiE Taxodiejb Taxodium diatichum, Eich. Taxus baccata, Linn. nucifera, WaU. Wallichiana, Zucc. Pagta, . 45 . 5 Tecoma undulata, G- Don. Tectona grandis, Linn. HamUtoniana, WaU. Tephrosia Candida, DC. Teeminalia alata, Eoth. . Arjnna, Bedd, and . 5, i . 5 f. . 5 134, 142 142, xviii . 19 . 19 19,20 . 19 . 19 . 19 . 19 . 19 19 . 103 . 103 . 394 . 394 . 394 . 394 394, 413 413 413 413 274, 275 . 275 281, 283 283 293 116 118, xvi 178, 179 . 184 184, XXX ( 179 -< XX ( XXX . 182 . 182 5 180 \ XX belerica, Eoxb. . bialata, WaU. Catappa, Linn. Chebula, Retzius . citrina, Eoxb. . 181 crenulata, Eoth . . 184 fojtidiasima, GrifB. . 179 myriocaipa, H. and M. Arg. . . .185 myriopteron, Kurz . 185 paniculata, W. and A. . 182 prooera, Eoxb. . . 179 pyrifolia, Kurz. . . 179 tomentoaa, W. and A. -< ' (^ XX Tematromia . . 27, 28 bilocularis Eoxb. . 29 gymnanthera, Bedd. . 28 japonica, Thunb. . . 28 penangiana, Choiay . 28 serrata, Hoxb. . 29, iv TEENSTROMIACEjE . 27 TernatrBmiesa . . .27 Tetracera ... 2 Aasa, DC. ... 2 laevia, Vahl. ... 2 sarmentosa, Eoxb. . 2 trigyna, Eoxb. . . 2 Tetracrypta cvrmamo- moides, Gard. & Ch. 178 Teteamelbs . . . 208 nudiflora, E. Br. . . 208 SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 521 Teteantheba . 304, 309 amara, Nees . . 309 angustifolia, Wall. . 311 apetala, Eoxb. . . 310 glauoa, Wall. . 309, 310 grandis. Wall. . . 310 laurifolia, Jaoq. . . 310 r 309 monopetala, Eoxb. < 310 (. xxvii nitida, Eoxb. . . 304 polyantha, Wall. . 3o9 saUgna, Nees . . 311 tomentosa, Eoxb.' . 310 Wightiana, Wall. . 310 TEUCEitTM . . 300, 302 maorostaeliyiim,Wall. 302 Thamnocalamus . 426, 427 Faloonei-i, Hook, f . . 427 spatbiflorns, Munro . 427 Theobroma Cacao, Linn. 45 Tbeopbrastese i . • 238 Thespesia . . 42, 43 Lampa3,Dalz.andGibs. 43 popnlnea, Corr. . 43, vi Thevetia. . . .260 neriifolia, Jnss. . 260, xxvi Thibaudia variegata, Wall. . . .233 Thnnbergia . . J 280 coooinea, Wall. . . 280 grandiflora, Eoxb. . 280 laurifolia, Ldl. . . 280 Thunbergieaa . . .280 Thuya . . . .394 THYMELACE^ . . 314 Thymeles . . .314 TILIACE^ ... 51 Tilia ewropcea, L. . .52 Tiliaoora . . . .11 raoemoaa, Coleb. . . 11 Timoniua . . 218, 219 flaveacena, Kurz . 219 Tinospora . . .11 cordifoUa, Miera . 11 Tinospores . . .11 TODDALIA . . 59, 61 aouleata, Pers. . 61, ix bilocularis, W. and A. 61 Toddalieffi ... 59 Torriceffia . . .210 tUiaefoHa, DC. . 211, xxii Tournefortia . . .269 viridiflora, Wall. . . 269 Toxocarpus . . . 265 laurif olius, Wight . 265 Tragia . . . .347 Tkewia . . . 347, 359 nudiflora, Linn. . 4 Trevesia . . . .208 palmata. Vis. . . 208 Trichilieae ... 68 Triglossese . . . 426 Trigonostemon . . 347 Lawianus, Nimmo . 348 Triphasia . . .59 trifoliata, DC. . . 59 Triatania .... 187 bnrmanioa, Griff. . 187 Triumfetta . . 51, 52 angulata. Lam. . . 52 rhomboidea, Jacq. . 52 Pages. TrocJiisandra indica, Bedd. ... 83 Trochodendreaa . . 4 Trophis aspera, Eetz . 326 spinosa, Eoxb. . . 323 Tupidanthus . . 208, 209 calyptratus, Hook. f. and Th. . . . 209 TuRPiNiA . . 93, 102 nepalensis, DC. . . 102 pomifera, DC. . . 102 Turraea . . .69 villosa, Benn. . . 69 virens, Linn. . . 69 U. Ulmece . . . .323 Ulmus . . . 323, 341 oampestris, Sm. . . 341 efeuaa, Willd. . . 341 Hookeriana, Blanohi . 341 integrifoHa, Eoxb. jxxTiii lancesefolia, Eoxb. . 342 niontana, Sm. . . 341 parvifblia, Jacq. . . 341 pednnculata,' Toum. . 341 virgata, Eoxb- . . 341 WaUiohiana, Planch. . 341 Uncaria . ' . . 217, 218 ferruginea, DC. . . 218 Gambler, Hunter. . 218 Isevigata, WaU. . . 218 piloaa, Eoxb. . . 218 aessilifoHa, Eoxb. . 218 aessilifruotns, Roxb. . 218 Unona .... 7 longiflora, Eoxb. . . ii TJnoneae . . . . ' 7 Urceola . . . .260 elastioa, Eoxb. . . 261 eaculenta, Bth. . - 261 Urereaa .... 323 TJrophyUum . . .218 TJrtica acimiinata, Eoxb. 325 bieolor, Eoxb. . . 326 crenulata, Eoxb. . 323 frutescens, Thunb. 323, 325 heterophyila, Eoxb. . 323 pulcherrima, Eoxb. . 323 tenacissima, Roxb. '. 324 URTICACE^ . . 322, 323 TJvaria .... 7 cerasoideSj Eoxb. . 9 dioica, Eoxb. . . 10 ferruginea, Ham. . 8 longifolia. Lam. . . 8 macropliylla, Roxb. . 8 odorata, Eoxb. . . 8 odoratissima, Roxb. . 8 suberosa, Roxb. . . 8 tomentosa, Roxb. . 10 villosa, Eoxb. . . 9 Uvarieas .... 7 YACCINIACE^ . 233 Vaooinium . . 233, 284 acuminatum, Kurz . 234 Doniauum, Wight .. 234 Pages, Dunaliannm, Wight . 234 Leachenaultii, Wight . 234 neilgherrenae, Wight' '• 234 obovaium, Wight . 234 rotundifoHum, Wight . 234 aerratum, Wight I . 234 variegatum, Kurz . 233 Vachellia Farnesiana '• . 148 Vallaria . . . ; 260 dichotoma, Wall. . '261 Vangueria . . 218, 219 eduKa,Vahl. . . 219 pubesoens, Kuiz . 219 apinosa, Eoxb. . . 212 Vangueriese . . . 218 Vareca heteroclita, Eoxb. 16 Yatesia . . 31, 41 indica, Linn. . . 41 lancecefolia . • .33 malabarica, BI. . . 41 Vatica . .' . 31, 33 faginea, Dyer . . 33 grandiflora. Dyer . 33 Helferi, Dyer . . 33 laccifera, W. and A. . ' 34 lanceaefoUa, Bl. . . 33 Eoxburghiana, Bl. . 33 acaphula. Dyer . . 33 Tumbuggaia, W. and A. 39 Ventilagiueae . . 88 Ventilago . . 91 ealyoulata . . . 91 maderaapatana, Gaerth. 91 maderaspatana, Roxb. 91 VEEBBNACE^ . .281 Verbeneae . . . 281 Veenonia . . 232, 233 acuminata, DC. . . 233 arborea. Ham. . . 233 Kurzii, C. B. Clarke . 233 volkameriaefolia, DC. . 233 Wightiana, Bth. and Hook, f . . . - . 233 Vernonieae . . . 232 VlBUKNUM . . 213, 214 cordifolium, WaU. . 214 coriaceum, Bl. . , 214 coryKfolium, Hook, f . and Th. . . . 214 cotinifohum, Don . 214 erubeacena. Wall. 215 xxui fcetens, Dene. . . 215 fcetidum. Wall. . . 214 hebanthum, W. and A.. 214 involucratum. Wall. V 214 lutesoena, Bl. . . 215 MuUaha, Ham. • . .214 nervosum, Don . . 214 odoratiaaimum, Ker . 214 Opulua, Linn. . . 214 punctatum, Ham. . 214 Simonau, Hk. f . & Th. . 214 stellulatum. Wall. . 214 Tinna, Linn. . . 214 Viceaj . . . .116 VlLLEBKtTNEA . 323, 325 appendioulata, Wedd. . 325 frutesoena, Bl. . . 325 aylTatica, Bl. . . 325 Vinoa . . . .260 rosea, Linn, . . . 260 VIOLAGE.ffi ... 16 Viola ... 16 3s 522 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES, Viacum . . . .319 album, Linn. . . 319 artioulatum, Brown .319 attenuatran, DC. . . 319 monoicnm, Roxb. . 319 moniUforme, W. and A. 319 orientale, Wmd. . 319 OTalifoHnm, Wall. . 319 verticillahim, Eoxb. . 319 ViTEX . . . 281, 296 Agnus-castus, Linn. . 296 altiaaima, Linn. 297, xxvii alata, Eoxb. . . 298 arborea, Eoxb. . . 297 caneaeens, Knrz . . 296 heterophylla, Eoxb. . 296 leucoxylon, Linn. . 298 limonifolia, Enri . 296 Negnndo, Lian. 297, xxyii pedvMcularis, Wall. . 298 pnbeaoena, Vahl. 297, xxvii saUgna,'Roxh. • 298 trifolia, Linn. . . 296 Wimberleyi, Knrz . 296 Vitioeae . . .281 Vitia .... 93 elongata . . . xv himalayana, Brandis . 93 lanata,Eoxb. . 93, xiv latifoHa, Boxb. . 93 repandsj,, W. and A. 93, xiv vinifera, Linn. . . 93 ToVcameria infortunata, Eoxb. . . .299 serrata, Eoxb. . . 299 W. Wagatea . . . 134 spicata, Balz. . . 135 WaiiLICHia . . 415, 419 caryotoidea, Roxb. . 420 densiflora, Martins . 419 diaticba, T. And. . 420 nana, GrifE. . . 420 Tomaa, Knrz . . 420 Walsuba . . .73 hypoleuoa, Knrz . . 74 oxycaipa, Knrz . . 74 piaoidia, Eoxb. . . 74 pnbeacens, Knrz . . 74 robnata, Eoxb. . . 73 temata, Eoxb. . . 74 trijuga, Knrz . . 69 tnbnlata, Hiem . . 74 TilloBa,WaU. . . 74 Webeba aaiatica. Taget. . 218, 226 J 226 \xxiii corymhosa, Willd. . 226 glomeriflora, Kurz . 226 monoaperma, W. & A. . 226 myrtifolia, Kurz . 226 odorata, Eoxb. . 226 oppoaitifoUa, Eoxb. . 226 aoandena, Eoxb. . 226 Weihea ceylanica, Baill . 175 WbndlANDia . 218, 225 cinerea, DC. • . 225 exaerta, DC. . . 225 Notoniana, Wall. . . 225 tinctoria, DC. . . 225 WiGHTIA . . .273 gigantea, Wall. . 273 Wikstromia . . . 314 virgata, Meisan. . . 315 Willoughbeia . . 260 edulia, Roxb. . . 260 marbabanica. Wall. . 260 Wincljia . . 260, 261 Winterere ... 4 WOODFOEDIA floribnnda, SaUab. fruUcosa, Kurz tomentoaa, Bedd. WOBMIA hracteata, Bedd. triqnetra, Eottb. Wrightea ca/ryotoides, Eoxb densiflora, Braudia Weiohtia antidyaenterica coccinea, Sima molUssima, Wall. tinctoria, B. Br. tomentoaa, Eom. WallioWi, DO. 200, 200 xxi 200 . 200 2, 4 . 2 . 4 . 180 . 420 . 420 260, 264 . 420 . 264 . 264 . 263, 264 264, xxvi . 264 XomihocTiA/mus dulcis, Boxb. ovaUfoTms, Eoxb. pictorius, Eoxb. . Santhophyilnm affine, Korth. cmgustifoUum, Wight Amotticmvm, Wight flaveacena, Roxb. glancnm. Wall. . Faffes, Grifflthii, Hook. t. . 19 virena, Eoxb. . . 19 Xeroapermum, • 93, 94 Noronhianum, Bl. Ximenia 94 (Bgptiaea 65 an^rioana, WiUd. . 80 Xylia . . .145,1^ dolabriformia, Benth. -j^xviii Xylocarpus Grcmatum, Kon. ■ • • '4 Xylopieae . . ' -J, Xtlosma . . .16, 17 oontroveranm, Clos. . 18 latifoUnm, Hk. f. & Th. 18 longifoUum, Clos. . 18 Zalaooa . . . 415, WaUiehiana, Mart Zanthoxyleffi Zanthoxtlttm { aeanthopodium, DC. 60 alatnm, Roxb. . andamanicnm, Kurz Budrunga, DC. . 6 Hamiltonianum, Wall khaaiannm. Hook, f . ovalifolium, Wight oxyphyUum, Edgew. EhetBa,DC. . 60, tetraapermum, W. & A tomentellnm. Hook. tri/phyllum, Thwaitea ZINGIBERACE^ Zingiljer offioinalia, Eoaooe Zizypheae ZlZYPHUS . . .88 flemuosa . • .89 Jujuba, Lam. . 88, xiv latifolia, Eoxb. . . 90 micropJvylla, Eoxb. . 89 Napeca, Eoxb. f. . .89 nnmmnlaria, W. and A. 89 (Enoplia,MiIl. . 89, xiv oxyphylla, EdgfW. . 89 rugosa. Lam. . 90, xiv vulgaris, Lamk. . . 88 xylopyra, Willd. . 90, xiv Zollingeria . . 93, 94 macrocarpa, Kuiz . 94 425 425 59 59 60 viii viii 60 viii I, ix ix viii ix viii viii viii viii 60 415 415 88 flovemmeat Central Press.— No. 333 E., A. & C— 28-12-81.— 765.