BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF , 1891 .A-..^^&-o4 : ?V^^ COMPENDIUM History of the United States EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS TO 1872. DESIGXED TO ANSWER THE PURPOSE OF A TEXT BOOK IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES AS WELL AS TO MEET THE WANTS OP GENERAL READERS. ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS, Author OF THE "Constitutional View op the Late War betwren the States,' AND PnOPESSOR ELECT OF HlSTORT AND POLITICAI, SCIENCE IN THE TJnIVEKSITY OF GEORGIA. irmr edition— heviseb. NEW YORK: E. J. HALE & SOX, PUBLTSHEKS, 55 Chambers Street. COLUMBIA, S. C: W. J. DUFFIE. 1882. EL, rv>L i^ \/ /73 ^. u^c^oy Entered, according lo Act of Congress, in the year 1875, b^ ALEXANDIilll H. STEPHENS, Ik the Office of the Librarian of CungreBS, ut Washingtoo. INTRODUCTION. 1. It is the purpose of the author of this work to glTe to the Youth of the country, as well as general readers, a condensed History of the United States of America; em- bracing all important facts connected with the discovery and early occupation of the country, within their limits, by immigrants from other lands ; together with the facts attending the formation of their Governments, and the establishment of those free institutions which have so marked, as well as distinguished them, among the nations of the earth. 2. In the prosecution of this design, the first object will be, after a brief presentation of the facts attending the dis- covery of the continent of America, to trace, during their Colonial condition, the History of each one of the separate political Communities known as British Colonies thereon, which afterwards became united under the style of the Un'ted States of America, and then to trace the History of these States, so united under their existing Union, down to the present time. 3. The first part of the work will be the History of the Colonies ; the second part will be the History of the States. With this view, for proper system, the work will be divided into two Books. 1. What is stated to be tbu purpose of the Author in preparing this UUrory f 2* in the prot«ecution of the design, what will be the first object i What ^-he second ? 3. What will i)e the First Part of the work f What the Second f How many 'arts will the worlz be divided into, and what will they he qalled ? What will Book I. treat of t What will Book II. treat of 1 4 IXTKODUCTIOIT. Book I. will treat of the discovery, the early settlement, and colonization of the country by the ancestors of the present inhabitants, and the events which led to the as- sumption of sovereign or absolute self-governing powers by the respective Colonies. Book II. will treat of the achievement and establishment of their independence as States^ and their subsequent career huder their present Federal Union. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. BOOK FIRST. CHAPTER I. THE DISCOVERT OF AMERICA. 1. America, including what is styled South and North America, and which is sometimes called the Western Continent, was not generally known to the people of Europe Tjntil the year of our Lord 1492, when it was discovered by Chris- topher Columbus, a native of Genoa, one of the cities of Italy. Some Norwegians and Iceland- ers, at an earlier period, had discovered Greenland and the northern portions of North America, as far south, it is sup- posed by some, as Massachusetts Bay, to which region they gave the name of Vinland. 2. But their discoveries had been forgotten, and the knowledge of this Hemisphere had been lost to men of 1. What does the general name of America include? What is it sometimei called f In what year was it discovered f By whom ? What iB said of tho Nor> wej!:ianH and Icelandcrft ? i. To whom does Ihe glory (>f the discovery properly belong f 6 THE DISCOVEBT OF AMERICA. [BOOK L letters on the Eastern Continent long prior to the dis- covery by Columbus; to him, therefore, justly belongs the glory of having discovered the Western World. 3. Columbus was a navigator, and supposed that India, which was known to be in the East, could be reached by sailing due west, without doubling the Cape of Good Hope, at the southern extremity of Africa. Prom observations of the earth's shadow on the moon during eclipses, as' well as from other considerations, he, with others, had come to the conclusion that the earth was round ; and hence he reasoned that by sailing due west he must ultimately reach some land beyond the western sea. Other facts of a diifer- ent character also excited him to undertake a western exploration. Driftwood floating from the west was some- times thrown upon the coasts of the Madeu'as, and the dead bodies of two men of an unknown race had also been found upon the coast. 4. The East Indies, from the earliest ages, had been a mine of wealth to the more western nations, but the over- land journey was long and toilsome, and attended with many difficulties and dangers, and at this period it had become a favorite project of Europeans to discover a direct passage by sea. It was more with a view of opening up this new route to India that Columbus set out on his voy- age of exploration, than with any idea of discovering a new continent. 5. For aid in the prosecution of his enterprise, he first made application to the government of Genoa, his native place; failing in this, he applied to John II., king of Portugal. King John seems to have amused him and de- tained him at his court for some time, while he privately fitted out an enterprise, which was intended to forestall his undertaking, and deprive liim of tlie glory of the S. What made Coliimbiis Ihink the earth was round ? The earth being ronnd, what did his reason teach him ? 4. What is said of the East Indies f What was the object of Colambus f 5. Of wliat city and country was Columbus a native ? To whom did he firai ftPf»lT for assistance } To whom next ? How was h« treated by King John i CHAP. I.] THE DISCOVERT OF AMEEIOA. 7 achievem^jnt. On the discoTcry of this fact Columbui left Portugal in disgust 6. About this period he sent his brother, Bartholomew Columbus, to the court of Henry VII., king of England, but so many delays occurred that the discovery of the West Indies had actually been made before the king gave a favor- able answer to his application. 7. In 1486 he applied for aid to Isabella, Queen of Ara- gon. The war that the united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, under the dominion of Ferdinand and Isabella, had long waged against the Moors of Granada, was draw- ing to a close. Soon ai'ter its close, he was invited by the queen to her presence. He was received with distinguished favor, and a favorable answer was given to his application. 8. His demands " that he should be appointed admiral of all the seas which he might explore, and governor of all the continents and islands which he might visit; that these offices should be hereditary in his family; and that the tenth of everything bought, bartered, found, or got within the bounds of his admiralship, abating only the charge of the conquest, should be settled upon him, and should de- scend to his heirs in case of his death," were agreed to; and a fleet of three vessels, properly manned and equipped, was placed under his command. These vessels were vic- tualled for twelve months, and had on board ninety mari- ners, besides several adventurers and servants, amounting in all to one hundred and twenty persons. The whole cost of the expedition was about twenty thousand dollars. 9. The names of the three vessels were the Maria, the Pinta, and the Nina. Of these the Maria was the largest ; and in this vessel Columbus himself sailed. The Pinta was commanded by Martin Alonzo Pinzon, and the 6. What is ftaid of his application to the Klng^ of EDs:Iand ? 7. To whom did he apply in MStf ? How was he received f 8. What were his demands ? Were they agreed to ? How many vesBcIs wer* furnished liira ? What was the cost of the expedition ? 9. What were the names of the vessels ? From what port did they sail i Oi what day 1 8 THE DISCOTERT OP AMERICA. [liOOK 1 Nina by Lis brother, Vincent Yanez Piuzon, They sailed from Palos, a port iu Spain, on the morning of Friday, the 3d of August, 1492. In three days they came in sight of the Canaries. Here they were (J'^tained several weeks on account of injuries received by the Pinta. Columbus endeavored to procure another vessel in place of the Pinta, but was unable to do so. The repairs were completed at length, and on the 6th of September, from Gomera, one of the Canaries, these three small vessels boldly sailed westward over a trackless and unknown sea. 10. On the 13th of September, when far from land, aa they supposed, the sailors were much alarmed by discov- ering the variation of the needle of the compass, a phe- nomenon which had not been observed before. Though Columbus himself did not understand the cause of the variation, yet he invented some plausible reason for it, and succeeded in calming their fears and in reconciling them to the continuance of their course westward. But their fears of never again seeing land soon overmastered them and caused great discontent, which broke out in loud murmurs and mutinous threats of forcing the admiral to return. It was with great difficulty that he could retain his ascendancy over them ; and at length he yielded so far to their importunities as to promise that, if there were no signs of land within three days, he would return to the East. 11. Before the three days expired many signs of land be- gan to appear ; flocks of strange birds were observed ; the sea became more shallow, and pieces of floating timber were seen. On the night of the 11th of October, Columbus himself saw a light, moving as if borne in the hand of some person, which he considered as evidence, not only of the nearness of land, but also that the laud was inhabited. At two o'clock on the morning of the 12th a gun was fired by 10. What alarmed the pailOM on the 13th of September ? Had this vaiifttion ever been observed before ? How did Columbus account for it ? What threats did the sailors make ? What (!id Columbus do then ? 11. W \jat occurred before the three days expired ? When was land first di» ctiiered? What land waa» it f How did'CoiumbuB name it ? OHAP. I.] THE DISCOVERT OF AMERICA. the Pinta, as a token that land was in sight. Tlie liiiid proved to be one of the Bahama Islands, called by the natives Gu-an-a-han'-i, or Cat Island, named by Columbua San Salvador, which, in English, means the Holy Saviour. LANDINQ OF COLCMBUg. 12. The landing, which took place on the morning of the 13th of October, 1493, was accompanied with every de- monstration of gratitude and joy. Columbus, richly dressed in a scarlet uniform, and bearing the royal standard of Spain, was the first to laud and press his foot upon the new earth, of which he took possession for and in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella, sovereigns of Castile and Aragon. Then kneeling, he kissed the earth, and gave thanks to la. When aid the laudin" take place f «ioii » What n said of the Indiaus ? 1' In whose name diA be take posaw 10 THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. fBOOK Z. God for His goodness. Meantime the natives stood around filled with wonder and astonishment at the formidable appearance of these strange and wonderful men, whom they supposed to have descended from the sun ; little thinking that these new-comers would soon be their de- stroyers. 13. Columbus afterwards discovered and touched at sev- eral other islands, amongst them Hispaniola and Cuba, all of which he claimed for his sovereigns, and all of which he supposed to be parts of India. Hence, to these islands has been given the name of West Indies, and the Aborigines, or those then inhabiting both the islands and the conti- nent, have received the general name of Indians. 14. Of the origin of these tribes or peoples nothing is known with certainty. The manner in which they crossed the Atlantic or the Pacific, and the period at which they arrived on the shores of America, are equally buried in ob- scurity. But it is evident that for many years,' it may be for many ages, prior to the advent of Columbus, America had been occupied by these heretofore-unknown races. Some nations in the sonthern part of North America, and some also in South America, had built large cities and had attained to a considerable degree of civilization. But their civilization differed greatly in many respects from that of the East. 15. Many curious remains of ancient structures erected by the aborigines of America still exist. In deep forests, in places far remote from the habitations and cultivated fields of white men, the traveller will sometimes suddenly find himself in the presence of massive ruins, whose ap- pearance indicates that they were first erected many centu- ries ago. Large forest-trees, several hundred years old, are sometimes found growing amongst and on these ruins. 13. .Did Columbus make further discoveries ? Wb&* name did he give thd Alani^B ? What were the natives called f 14. What i? known of the ori^n of those tribes Had they been lon<; la America ? What irt said of their civilization ? la. What is said of ancient buildings found Inforeita i CHAP. 1.] THE DISCOVERT OF AMERICA. 11 " 16. Perliapg the most highly-eivilized and enlightened of all the aboriginal Americans were the Aztecs, in Mexico, the inliabitants of Central America, and the people inhab- iting the regions of Peru and Chili in South America. In all these regions the Spaniards, who visited them after Co- iumbus' discovery was known, found large cities, well and strongly fortified, with many thousand inhabitants, with large and spacious palaces, and with markets regularly sup- plied with all the necessaries of life, and with fine and ele- gant goods in great variety. Cortez, the celebrated warrior who penetrated and conquered Mexico, sometime afterwards, in a letter to the Emperor Charles V., says, writing of the city of Cholula : " The inhabitants are better clothed than any we have hitherto seen. People in easy circumstances wear cloaks above their dress; these cloaks differ from those of Africa, for they have pockets, though the cut, cloth, and fringes are the same. The environs of the city are very fertile and well cultivated. Almost all the fields may be watered j and the city is much more beautiful than all those in, Spain; for it is well'fortified and built on level ground. I can assure your highness, that from the top of a mosque I reckoned more than four hundred towers, all- of mosques. The number of inhabitants is so great, that there is not an inch of ground uncultivated." 17. The city of Mexico, which was the capital, exceeded Cholula in size, in population, and in the beauty and mag-, nificence of its buildings. " The palace of Montezuma (the king) was so large a pile^ that it opened, with thirty gates into as many different streets." The Aztecs, by which name the inhabitants of Mexico have 'been known in his- tory, had made considerable progress in the arts of civili- zation. Their buildings, their paintings, and sculpture, were very remarkable in many respects. 16. Which nations were most highly civilizeii? What is said of their mat kets ? What does Cortez say of them f 17. What if eaid of the city of Mexico t Describe the I liace of Uoatefaina What is said of the paiu tinge and Bculstares t 12 THE DI8C0VEKT OF AMEBICA. [BOOK I, 18. But the civilization of the inhabitants of Peru in Soutli America was of a higher and more refined character than that of Mexico. 'J'he people were mildbr and gentler in their manners, and their religion did not possess the ■avage feature of offering liuman sacrifices to idols, as that of t'ne Aztecs did. They had a tradition that about four hundred years before the arrival of the Spaniards in the country, Manco Capac, their first Inca, by which name their kings were called, a white man of wonderful knowledge, clothed in flowing garments, came amongst them from some unknown region, and taught them agriculture and many useful arts ; " to construct reservoirs and aqueducts ; to make ploughs, harrows, and shoes for their own i'eet. His wife taught the women to spin, to weave, and to make their own garments." 19. His descendants and successors pursued the same gentle policy, and over whatever territories their sway be- came extended, whether by conquest or otherwise, they taught the inhabitants "to jjlough, and manure, and cul- tivate the soil." They constructed numerous aqueducts many miles in length, by which almost the whole coun- try of Peru was watered, some relics and monuments of whicli I'emain unto this day. 20. The tribes of Indians in that portion of North America now known as the United States were possessed of but little knowledge ; their arts were very few ; their build- ings were rude hiits called wigwams, and agriculture was practised to a very limited extent. War and the chase were the favorite occupations of the men. Whatever labor was done was done by the women. They were ignorant of let- ters ; literature they liad none, and their traditions were few and uncertain. But even these people dwelt not in unrelieved darkness. They were simple in their manners, 18. Describe the Pernviaue. What tradition aid they have f What did Manco Sapac and his wife teach the people ? 19. Wliat policy was pursued by the descecdante of Capac ? What did they V>iutract ? %9. Wkat i* uii of the Indians in tbe conntry now kuowt is the United Sutes I CHAP. I.] THE DISdOVERT OF AMEBICA. 13 faitlifnl to iheir word, grateful for kindness, and believed that, when they were taken away by death, they would go to happy hunting-grounds prepared by the Great Spirit. 21. Columbus, on his return to Spain, was received with distinguished honor by Ferdinand and Isabella. He after- wards made several voyages to the New World, planted colo- nies, and built cities and forts. On his third voyage he visited the continent of South America, and landed at several places on the coast of Cumana. The mainland of North America he never saw. But after all his great services to Spain ; after haTing added a New World to the dominions of that country, it was his misfortune to meet with ill-treatment and injustice. He was superseded in his command, and, under a charge of high treason, was sent home in chains. The charges against him were not sustained, and he was set at liberty, but the remainder of his life seems to have been inactive and uneventful. He died in obscurity and poverty at Val-la-do-lid', in Spain, on the 20th of May, 1506, iji the 71st year of his age. 22. America was so called from Americus Vespucius, another navigator, who, after the report of Columbus' wonderful discovery had excited so much interest among the scientific men in Europe, set out on a new exploration, and made much more extensive discoveries than Columbus had. In 1499 he published a map of the coast and a de- scription of the lands he had visited. His delineations of the coast were so accurate, and his descriptions of the coun- tries were so vivid and so delightfully written, that, by the common consent of his contemporaries, the New World was called America. 21. How wae ColumbBa received in Spain f Did he make other iroyagcs ! What treatment did he receive after this f What was he charged with ? Whert did^e die t At what age f 22. From whom was America named i And why ? 14 THE COLONY OF VIEGINIA. [BOOK I CHAPTER II. SETTLEMENT OF TIEQINIA. 1607—1609. The first per;nanent British Settlement in America, at Jamestown, 1. It does not come -withia the scope and purpose of this work to set forth the progress of the Spaniards and Por- tuguese in their conquest and oc- cupation of the Southern portioE of the continent. The history of til at progress has very little to do with the history of the British colonies, or of the United States. What connection there may be will be noticed at the proper time. It will suffice at present to state TIBGINIA COAT OP ARMS. J.1 J. J-l, O 'J i J J J-T. ■ that the bpaniards extended their conquests over Mexico, East and "West Florida, Central America, nearly the whole of South America, except the Empire of Brazil, which was taken possession of by the Portuguese. It may interest the youthful reader to be told that Brazil is the only independent country or state on the Continent of America which is now governed by descendants of any of the royal families of Europe. 2. The French, at an early day after the discovery of America, made voyages to the New World, and planted many colonies and settlements. Nova Scotia, and all that region north of the Eiver St. Lawi-ence now known aa British America, were first occupied by them. They also planted the colony of Louisiana, and built the city of New Orleans, near the moutli of the Mississippi. From tte Chapter II.— 1, What nations took poBseasion of South America? What Ib ciid of Brazil ? 3. In what region did the French plant colonies f What was the conseqaenca of Uie couflictino- claims of the French and English J Upon what wur« the claims )f Great Britain founded r CHAP. II.] THE COLGSTY OF VlKGUiTIA. 15 conflicting claims of Great Britain and France to vast tracts of country, the colonists of both countries frequently suffered greatly, not only from wars between those two countries, but also from wai's with the neighboring Indian tribes. 3. The claim of Great Britain to plant colonies in Noi'th America to the exclusion of others, was founded upon the right of priority of discoyery, which, by the general consent of nations, is regarded as good and valid. In the year 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian, in the service of Henry VII., King of England, discovered_ the mainland of North America, fourteen months before Columbus landed upon the mainland of South America. Iji the year 1498 the Cabots, father and son, John and Sebastian, explored the coast-line from Lab''adoi" as far south as the Chesapeake Bay. And in 1517 Sebastian Cabot sailed up Hudson's Straits and Bay until he reached the sixty-seventh degree of North latitude; it being an object of the British Gov- ernment, even at that early day, to f nd a northwest pi»s- sage to India. 4. The first ^tempts of the English to plant colonies in North America failed. About the year 1578 an expedi- tion, to which Queen Elizabeth contributed, was fitted out for Labrador, the object of which was to work the mines of gold which were supposed to abound in that region. The colony consisted of about one hundred settlers, but they were afraid to be left in that dreary region, and so returned without even an effort to accomplish anything. But the hopes of colonizing the country at some point were not abandoned. In 1578 a charter was granted by Queen- Elizabeth to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, empowering him to take possession of extensive regions of country. Gilbert sailed for North America, but was compelled to return without accomplishing his purpose. 3. What discoveries were made by tlie Cabote ? What was the object of th« Britis)i Government i 4. What is said of the first attempts of the £n«;lish to found colonies t 16 THE COLONY OF VIllGINIA. [BOOK 1. 5. A new expedition was fitted out in 1583 by Gilbert and his brotlier-in-law, Sir Walter Ealeigh, under the same charter. This time they went thi'oiigh the oeremony of taking possession, in the Queen's name, of the island of Newfoundland. On their return, Sir Humphrey Gilbert was drowned. Sir Walter Ealeigh, not discouraged by the unfortunate termination of the former expeditions and the sad fate of Gilbert, determined on planting a colony fur- ther. south. He obtained a grant or charter for colonizing all the country between the parallels of 33° and 45° north latitude, on the coast of North America. In honor ol Elizabeth, the virgin Queen, in whose reign the chartei was granted, and on account of the great beauty of the lands embraced in it, the name of Virginia was given to the whole country covered by this patent. Some settle- ments were made by Ealeigh, under this extensive grant, on the Eoanoke in North Carolina in 1585-1587, but they were subsequently abandoned. 6. Though these first efforts at colonization failed, yet the spirit of adventure was kept alive, and the claim of the English, founded upon the discovery of Gabot, was not abandoned. It was, however, one hundred and fifteen years after the discovery of America by Columbus that the Eng- lish succeeded in making their first permanent settlement on the continent. This was efiected under the following circumstances and auspices. In 1606 James I., King of England, who had succeeded Elizabeth on the thi'one, di- vided the country embraced in the Gilbert and Ealeigh charter into two districts. The northern district he granted by a new charter to a company organized in England, known aa the Plymouth Company. The country embraced in this district was called North Virginia. The southern district was granted to another company organized in Eng- 5. What was accomplished bv Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh f What was the extent of Sir Walter Raleigh's grant? What was the couutrj cilled, and why f 6. How long after the discovery of America before the first permanent ectUa CHAP. II.J THE COLOKY OF VIKGINIA. 17 land, known as the London Company. This district waa called South Virginia. South Virginia extended from Cape Pear to the Potomac ; North Virginia from this mouth of the Hudson Eiver to Newfoundland. The region between the Potomac and the Hudson Rivers was to be neutral ground, on which the companies were at liberty to form settlements within fifty miles of their respective boundaries. 7. By the London Company, so organized, the first Eng- lish colony Was firmly planted on the continent in the year 1607, at Jamestown, on the Eiver James, in the present ^^%?"^r0^ SETTLEMENT AT JAMESTOWN. State of Virginia. The river was so called in honor of the King, James I. of England. ment was made by the Eiiclieh ? How was it eflccterl ? Wliat were the i.ameg of the two new compoiiies ? How was the Ealeif,'h grant divided f What uaine was iriven to each part y ,, ^ ■ 7. Where was the first colony planted f What name did it tafce, and why » Ol 18 THE COLONT OF VIRGINIA. [BOOK Ii The colony took the geueral name of Virginia. The num- ber of settlers consisted at lirst of one hundrtid and five persons. But few of them were laborers, and all wore sin- gle, that is, unmarried men. The plan of government was ijet forth in the charter. The ofiScers consisted of seven ffiembers of Council, viz., Bartholomew Gosnold (the nav- igator, who, in the year 1603, had visited and explored the shores of Massachusetts), John Smith, Edward Wingfleld, Christopher Newport, John EatclifT, John Martin, and George Kendall. Mr. Wingfleld was chosen president or governor. 8. The season after their arrival proved very sickly, and nearly half their number died before the cool weather set in. Among those that died was Bartholomew Gosnold, one uf the ablest men of the Council. The native people, the savages, called Indians, as before stated, weio numerous in the neighborhood, and were sometimes hostile. Captain Ne^vport, who had command of the squadron in which the settlers had come over, after a short stay sailed for Eng- land, leaving the colony in a very feeble condition. Pro- visions were scarce, the water was bad, and many of th* men were sick. To add to their misfortunes, they quarrel- led among themselves. They excluded Captain Smith from the Council; deposed Mr. Wingfleld, the president, and put Mr. Ratcliff in his place. Their condition rapidly gi'ew worse, until they gave the management of their affairs to Captain Smith, whose great skill, capacity, and courage, soon restored harmony, brought order out of chaos, and laid the foundations of a permanent prosperity. 9. The government of the settlers, with the right to pass all laws, was vested in the members of the Council, who were appointed by the stockholders of the Company; the what number did the first eettlt^rs coiiaiet ? What are the names of the first Council api-oinled ? Who was first pres^ideiu ? 8. Whai i8 isaid of the condition of tho colony ? Who died ? What is said ol the Indians ? How long did Captain Newport remain ? How did the cotouistf lut ? How was harmony restored ? 9. What was the ^goveraiaent of the colony at first f What wwt th« e«ta^ CHAP. III.] THE COLONY OF VIEQIinA. 19 governor, or president, was also, according to the charter, appointed by the stockholders. Changes in these particulars soon followed, as we shall see. The religion of the Church of England was established as the religion of the colony, and the right of trial by jury was secured to all persona charged with murder, or other crimes which were punish- able with death. There was no restriction on trade, lands descended according to the common law, and permission to coin money was granted to the colony. CHAPTER III. THE COLONY OF VIKGINIA — COKTINUED. 1609—1621. Captain John Smith— Jamestown — Pocahontas — Arrival of Lord Delaware, etc. 1. Captain John Smith was born in Lincolnshirtsj ia England, in the year of our Lord 1579. He was appren- ticed to a merchant, but not liking the business, he ran away from his master and went to Holland, where he en- listed as a soldier. After some time he went to Austria, which country was then at war with the Turks. He joined the Austrian army, and soon became distinguished for his great personal bravery and skill in single combat. He was rewarded for his services by a patent of nobility conferred upon him by the Duke of Transylvania. 2. After many singular adventures he was taken prisoner by the Turks and sold as a slave. He secured the favor of his mistress, and she, intending to do him a kindness, sent him 1o her brother, an ofQcer in the Crimea, which waa lished religion f What civil lights were secured by the charter t What is said of trade and other matters f , , ^ Chaftkk 111.— 1. Where was Captain Smith born » What army did he join T 3. How was he treated after beiug taken prisoner 1 How did ho make bif Micape 1 30 THE COLOKT OF TIEQIKIA. [BOOK I. theu a part of the Turkish. Empire. Contrary to her ex. pectations, her brother treated Smith with great cruelty. But his spirit was not broken, and he determined to make his escape whenever a favorable opportunity presented itself. He was employed in threshing grain about three miles from the dwelling of his master, and one day, when the bashaw came as usual to oversee him at his labor, ha killed hijn with the flail used in threshing, hid the dead body, and made his escape on his master's horse. 3. On his way back to England he passed tlirough Eus- eia, Poland, Germany, France, and Spain. He reached England just in time to join the companies which wert then forming for settlement in America. He became attached to the expedition under the command of New- port, and was made one of the Council. 4. Soon after the affairs of the colony wei-e committed into his hands, as mentioned in the last chapter, he made treaties witli the Indians, kept them quiet for a time, and calmed the fears of the settlers. Following the instruc- tionh of the London Company, as soon as the colony be- camt. tranquil, he determined to set out upon a voyage of discovery. Witn a party of men he went up the Chicka- hominy Eiver, a branch of the James. They were attacked by Indians about thirty miles above the junction of the two rivers. His companions were slain, and he was made prisoner. 5. He had the great good fortune to persuade his captors that he was a magician, by showing them his pocket-com- pass, and by writing to his friends in Jamestown. His life was spared, but he was kept a close prisoner, and carried boujid to Powliatan, the king. After consultation with the principal chiefs, and due deliberation, it was determined by Powhatan that the prisoner should die. His head was laid 3 What tounlries did he paes thi-ou<;h on hie return to Kngland ? 4. What river did he exjilore ? Wtiiit liappened to him aud liis men ? a. What did be peieuade his captora, .ind how 1 What happened *J-« mesiic auimuis ? S4 THE COLONY OF VIRGINIA. [BOOK L 12. In the year 1613 Pocaliontas, although she had been so good a friend to the colony, was stolen by a party of white men, led by Captain Argall, and a large sum was de- jnanded for her ransom. Powhatan refused to pay the sum demanded, and war was aboiitto ensue, when a young Eng- lishman, named Eolfe, fell in love ^vith Pocahontas and proposed to marry her. Her father consented. She em- braced the Christian religion, was baptized, and was soon afterwards married. In the year 1616, in company with her husband, she went to England, where she attracted a'great deal of attention. She died in that country at the age of twenty-two, a short while before the time of her intended return to America. She left one son, an infant, named Thomas. From .this union descended some of the most illustrious names in the annals of Virginia. 13. Tobacco, an Indian name of a plant which was un- known to Europeans until Columbus met with its use amongst the natives of Cuba, was first planted by the colo- nists in Virginia in the year 1614. Its use was violently opposed by King James, who wrote and published a book against it ; but notwithstanding the royal opposition, it soon became, and still continues, a regular article of com- merce throughout the world. The name of this plant, ac- cording to the best authority, was given to it from the name of the island Tobago, one of the West Indies, where it was cultivated. 14. In 1614 Sir Thomas Gates was succeeded as governor by Sir Thomas Dale, who continued in oflBce until 1616, when he returned to England, and was succeeded by Mr. George Yeardley. Mr. Yeardley's teiTa of oflBce continued but about one year. His successor was Captain Argall, a cruel, avaricious, and tyrannical man. His rule, which lasted for three years, was exceedingly arbitrary and up- 13, What happened in 1613? What was the conaequence of the seizure of Pocahontas ? When and where did she die ? What is said of her descendants T IS. When was tobacco lirst planted in Viri^inia ? 14. Who puci ceded Sir Thomas Gales ? When did Captain Arsall bccoia« ffovttrnor ? What 'u said of his administration ? Who succeeded him ? CHAP. III.] THE COLONY OF VIRGIinA. 36 pressive. He proclaimed martial law in time of peace, and enforced his laws and edicts at the point of the baycnet. The rigor of his administration excited much discontent, and at length the complaints of the Virginians making their way to the Company, Mr. George Yeardley was ap- pointed captain-general, with instructions to examine into the wrongs of the colonists and to redress them. 15. Mr. Yeardley arrived at Jamestown in April, 1619, and immediately abolished the oppressive laws of Argall, and removed the burdens imposed by him. By order of the Company the power of the governor was limited by a council, and the people were admitted by the governor to a share in the administration of public affairs, by the institu- tion of a colonial Assembly. This Assembly met for the first time at Jamestown, on the 19th of June, 1619, con- vened by order of the governor. Sir George Yeardley, with- out the express sanction of the Company, but which was afterwards given. This was the first legislative body ever assembled in this country in which the people by deputies enacted laws for their own government, and the time of its meeting may be considered as the birthday of American free institutions. 16. In the year 1620 ninety females were sent over to the colony, and in the following year sixty more, and these, be- ing women of irreproachable character, were immediately married by the farmers ; and their domestic and home ties thus becoming fixed in the New World, the thought of re- turning home to England gradually passed froHi their minds. ' The permanence and the prosperity of the colony were thus insured. One hundred convicts were also sent as laborers to the colony, in accordance with the policy' about this time adopted by the English Government of Beading criminals to the colonies as a punishment. Many IS. What course did Mr. Yeardley pareue ? When did the int '■"^tUMw iescrably meet in Virginia ? 1 6. Wlial took place in 1620 ? >!6 THE SKTTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. [BOOK 1. of these convicts, remoTed from their usual haunts of vice and dissipation, became useful citizens. 17. Some time anterior to this period the Spaniards and Portuguese had bought from the chiefs on the coast of Af- rica, negi'o captives, and had carried them to other parts of the world, especially to South America and the West Indies, &ud had sold them as slaves. This traffic they had con- tinued without intermission, and in this year (1620) a Dutch vessel brought to Jamestown twenty of these un- fortunate beings, and sold them to the colonists of Vir- ginia. This was the introduction of negro-slavery in tlie British American colonies, which has been the source of so much trouble, as we shall see. By the close of the year 1620 the population ol the coL ony amounted to nearly two thousand. CHAPTEE IV. SETTLESIEJSTT OF IsTiVT YORK BY THE DUTCH. HOW IT BECAIIE A BRITISH COLON'Y. 1609— 16G4. 1. The Island of Manhattan, now called New York, was first discovered by Henry Hudson in the year 1609. He was an Englishman by birth, but was at that time in the service of the Dutch East India Company, by whom he was employed to search for a northwest passage to India. He discovered and sailed a considerable distance up the river which now bears his name. Ill consequence of these discoveries KEw TORK COAT OF ARMS. ^f Hudsou, thc Dutch kid claim 1 T. What is said of the African slave-trade ! In what year were Africans firrt bronprht to Virginia ! What was tne number of the population by the close of the year 1620 ? Chapteh IV.— 1, By whom was New Yoik first settled ? What was Tiaw Tork then called !■ What name did the Dutch ^ive the country ! CHAP. IV.] THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. 37 to the country, and, in the year 1610, they erected a fort near the place where the city of Albany now stan'ls. They also built a few log huts on the Island of Manhattan, and to this settlemeht they afterwards gave the name of Kew Amsterdam. To the country they gave, in 1621, the gen- eral name of New Tfetherlands. 2. But the English also claimed that region as part of North Virginia, partly upon the general ground of the di*^ covery ot the continent by Cabot, as well as upon the ground that Hudson himself was an Englishman ; and, •in 1613, they sent Captain Argall from Virginia to dispos- sess all intruders on the coast. Captain Argall, in this expedition, not only subdued New Amsterdam, whose gov- ernor promised to pay tribute, but he also took possession of all the French settlements in Acadia, as Nova Scotia was then called. But his possession of this latter place was merely temporary, and soon after he left the coast the French colonists returned to their homes. In 1614 the Dutch governor of New Amsterdam, or New York, as it is now called, refused to pay tribute and threw off the Eng- lish yoke, and for fifty years the colony remained undis- turbed by the English. 3. In the interval the progress of the Dutch was not rapid, but their settlements were gradually extended across the country from the Connecticut to the Delaware. On the Connecticut they had frequent disputes with their English neighbors, and also frequently received assistance from them in their contests with the Indians, for which species of warfare .they appeared to be peculiarly unfitted. On the Delaware they had to contend against the claims of both the Swedes and the English. The Swedes were subdued, in 1651, by Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor, and the Swedish population were absorbed by the Dutch. The foundations of the city of Albany were laid in 1633. a. What other people claimed it ? On what gronnas » , .^ . 3. What Is said of the progress of the Dutch? With whom did th»y hare ta eoBt«nd t ' 28 MASSACHUSETTS. [BOOK L 4. In 1604 New Amsterdam was seized upon by Colonel Nicholas for the Duke of York, the inhabitants making no resistance, and the whole of the Dutch possessions of the New Netherlands passed quietly into the hands of the English, under the name of New York, from the Duke of Yoik, brother of the King of England. CHAPTER V. THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 1620—1631. Settlements at Plymouth, Salem, Dorchester, Lynn, Charlestown, Watertown, Roxbmy, and Boston. 1. The first attempt at settlement in the region of coun- try or district granted to the Plymouth Company in Eng- land, styled in the grant North Virginia, but afterwards known at New England, was made, in the year 1607, at or near the mouth of the Kennebec River, on the coast of Maine. Q^his settlement was attempted about the same time the colony at Jamestown was planted by the London Company. Forty- five persons constituted the colony on the Kennebec. They were sent out by the Plymouth Company under the presidency or governorship of George Popham. The colonists suffered great hardships during the winter of 1607-1608. Governor Popham himself died during that winter. In the Spring, when no ships came with supplies, Raleigh Gilbert, who now succeeded to the presidency, leai-ning that he had become heir to a cousid- 4. When did the country paes into the handei of the English ? Cbaptek V. — 1 . In what ytar was the first attempted settlement made in whjU vas called North Virginia f What was its fbte 1 KASSACHUSETTS COAT OF ARUS. CHAP, v.] MASSAOHUSETTS. 2S erable property by the death of his brother, abandoned thp enterprise, and the whole company returned to England. 2. Other attempts at colonization were made by the Plymouth Company, after the publication of Captain John Smith's map in 1614, as before stated, but these need not be particularly noticed, as all of them failed, fi-om somfi cause or other. 3. But a colony was firmly planted iu Massachusetts, the first in New England, rather by the permission than the favoring auspices of this Company, as we shall see. This was in 1630, by a religious sect known as Puritans; 4. " The name Puritan was given to them on account of their austerity of manner and the rigid observance of the forms of their religion. In religion they were Calvin- istic, and were dissenters from the Church of England." Their manner of teaching, preaching, and acting brought them in contact with the public authorities in England at a time when there was uo such thing as toleration in mat- ters of religion ; they were persecuted for obstinate refusal to conform to the requirements of the existing ecclesiastical establishment. 5. During the reign of Henry VIII. many of them had taken refuge in Switzerland and Germany. They had been hospitably received by their brethren in the faith there, and had sat at the feet of the great doctors of Strasburg, Zurich, and Geneva, and had been, during some years, accustomed to a more simple worship, and to a more demo- cratical form of church government, than England had yit seen. 6. Some of these returned to their country after the accession of Elizabeth to the throne. But in vain did they look to her for any toleration to their peculiar views in matters of faith and worship. Persecution again awaited a. Were other attempts to make settlemente made f Wbat became of them T 111 what year was Uie first oermanent settlement made ? ... 3 What people matte the first sf-tlemeat, and how did it come about ? 4 5 6, 7, «tc What dop« MftCi.i»i«r 'ay of toe Puritans and their origin I 30 MASSACHUSETTS. [BOOK them, aud, in the language of Macaulay, "Persecution produced its natural eflEect on them. It fouud them a sect, it made tliem a faction. To their hatred of the church was now added hatred of the crown. The two sen- timents were intermingled, and each embittered the other. 7. " In 1603 Queen Elizabeth died, and was succeeded by James of Scotland. A change, to some extent, had taken place in the principles and practices of the Puritans. The persecutions which they had undergone had been severe enough to irritate, but had not been severe enough to destroy. They had not been tamed into submission, but baited into savageness and stubbornness. After the fiishion of oppressed sects, they mistook their own vindictive feel- ings for emotions of piety ; encouraged in themselves, by reading and meditation, a disposition to brood over their wrongs; and, when they had worked themselves up into hating their enemies, imagined that they were only hating the enemies of heaven. In the New Testament there was little, indeed, which, even when perverted by the most dis- ingenuous exposition, could seem to countenance the indul- gence of malevolent passions. 8. " But the Old Testament contained the history of a race selected by God to be witnesses of His unity and ministers of His vengeance, and specially commanded by Him to do many things whicli, if done without Ills special command, would have been atrocious crimes. In such a history it was not diflScult for fierce and gloomy spirits to find much that might be distorted to suit their Avishes. The extreme Puritans, therefore, began to feel for the Old Testament a preference, which, perhaps, they did not dis- tinctly avow even to themselves, but which showed itself in all their sentiments and habits. They paid to the He- brew language a respect which they refused to that tongue in which the discourses of Jesus and the epistles of Paul have come down to us. They baptized their children by CHJIP. v.] MASSAOHUSBTrS. 31 the names, not of Christian saints, hut of Hebrew patri- archs and warriors. 9. " In defiance of the express and reiterated declarations of Luther and Calvin, they turned the weekly festival by which the Church had, from the primitive times, com- memorated the resurrection of her Lord, into a Jewish Sabbath It was a sin to hang garlands on a May- pole, to drink a friend's health, to fly a hawk, to hunt a 6 tag, to play at chess, to wear lovelocks, to put starch into a ruff, to touch the virginals, to read the Fairy Queen. Rules such as these, rules which would have appeared in- supportable to the free and joyous spirit of Luther, and contemptible to the ser:;ne and philosophical intellect of Zwingle, threw over all life a more than monastic gloom. The extreme Puritan was at once known from other men by his gait, his garb, his lank hair, the sour solemnity of his face, tlie upturned white of his eyes, the nasal twang with which he spoke, and, above all, by his peculiar dialect, He employed, on every occasion, the imagery and style of Scripture. Hebraisms violently introduced into the Eng- lish language, and metaphors borrowed from the boldest lyric poetry of a remote age and country, and applied to the common concerns of English life, were the most Wiriking peculiarities of this cant, which moved, not with- »ut cause, the derision both of prelatists and libertines." 10. This po]-traiture of the character of the Puritans, ake most of the word-painting of Macaulay, is perhaps overwrought and too highly colored. It exhibits the darker lide only of this wonderful people, and shows nothing of the many fine and tender traits, as well as high heroic vir- tues, for which they were equally distinguished. 11. A sect of these Puritans known as Brownists, from the name of their founder, had taken refuge at Leyden, in Holland, from the acnoyances to which they were Imble in 10. Is Macanlav's estimate just f 1 1. What induced tlie Puritans to leave Holland » 33 MASSACHUSETTS. [BOOK I, England. They resided in that city for some years, under the pastoral charge of Mr. John Robinson ; but not finding their situation altogether congeniftl, they came to the deter- mination to remove to America. As they desired to settle within the limits of the territory then tnown as Virginia, they sent two of their number, Robert Gushing and John CaiTer, to England, for the purpose of obtaining the con- sent of the London Company, 12. Their application was favorably received, and, through the influence of Sir Edwin Sandys, secretary of the company, a patent under the company's seal was ob- tained, and a tract of land was assigned them. They wished, also, that their entei-prise should receive the appro- bation of the king ; but James hated the Puritans, and the greatest favor they could obtain from him was his promise to let them alone. Money was obtained from a company of London merchants on terms that constituted the mer- chants partners in the a,dventure. Ten pounds in money advanced by the merchant was made equal to seven years of labor of the emigrant. The profit? were to be reserved to the end of that time, when a tlistribution was to be made. This association of Puritans was, from their migra- tions, also called Pilgrims. 13. They procured two vessels, the S2}eeclweU, of sixty tons, and the Mayflower, of one hundred and eighty tons bvirthen. They set sail on the 2x!d of July, 1G20, but the Speedwell was soon found to be unseaworthy, and they were compelled to put back for repairs. They sailed again from Southampton on the 5th of August, but were com- pelled to put back the second time. They returned to Ports- mouth, at which place they abandoned the Speedwell, with some of the party whose courage failed them. The Ma]/' 12. How was their application to the London Company received f Why did not the king favor their enterprise ? Wliat were the terms of their contract with the merchants ? Why were the Puritans who settled at Plymonth tailed Pil. grims ? IS. What were the names of the vessels in which the Pilgrims sailed ! Whes ilid the Mauftower Anally set sail ! CHAP, v.] MASSACHUSETTS, 33 flower finally set sail on the 6th a-' September, with one hundred and one persons on board. 14. Their destination was the moutb ol the Hudson River, but they were conducted by their captain, w nether ignorantly or of set purpose, to a much more bleaV and in- liospitable region, north of that river. After a voyage oi sixty-three days they came in sight of Cape Cod, anc* >?«■ lANDINO AT PLYMOUTH. tne lOth of November they cast anchor in that harbor. HaViug no charter from the king, they, as yet, had no form of government. One, purely democratic, was adopted- be- fore landing, drawn up in writing, and signed by the men, foi-ty-one in number. Mr. John Carver was unanimously chosen governor for one year. 14. What was the place of their fleBtinatioa ? What was the length of theL- o* 34 MASSACHUSETTS. [BOOK 1. 15. Several days were spent" In searching for a suitable place to land. At last the desired harbor was found, and on the 23d of December, 1620, the Pilgrims landed. The place they named Plymoutli, after or in honor of the place in England from which they had sailed. ISTo time was spent in idleness; trees must be felled, and houses built. Lots were assigned to families, and on the third day they began to build. The winter was very severe, and the suf- fsrings of the colonists were great. By the first of April, 1621, all but forty-six of those who had landed were dead. Among the dead were Governor Carver, his wife, and son. At one time there were but seven well persons in the whole settlement. With the return of spring came health and renewed vigor. 16. In March, a short time before the death of Governor Carver, a treaty of amity was made witli Massasoit, the great chief of tlie Wampanoags, with Samoset, a chief of the same tribe, and eight smaller chiefs. This treaty was of great service to the colony, as, in its weak and suffering condition, it could easily have been destroyed by savage enemies. It was kept inviolate by both parties for fifty years. ^As spring advanced the health of the colonists im- proved. But their supply of provisions was barely suffi- cient to last them until harvest. Massasoit taught them the cultivation and use of maize or Indian corn, the first of which was planted in the month of May, 1621. In No- vembei-, a ship arrived with thirtj'-five immigi'^nts, wholly witliout provisions. The following winter their sufferings Were much increased; sometimes for months they had no grain at all. 17. William Bradford, who was chosen governor differ the death of Carver, was so much beloved that he was con- voyage ? When did they firft corac in eight of land ! What was the form of Ijovernnient adopted before laiulinK ? 1 5 What was the day of their landing ? Why did they call the place Ply. mouco ? What is said of their sufferings and condition during the winter I What eminent man died ? 1 6. What treaty was made ? What was their condition in the winter of 1621 ? 17. Who succeeded Carver as governorf What is said of him 7 Wli«t ii meuiioncd us one a' the causes of scarcity ? CHAP, v.] MASSACHUSETTS. 35 tinned in office the greater part of the time until hi» death, nearly forty years in all. The harvest of 1632 was scanty, and the settlers would have suffered greatly had it not been for the friendship of the Indians. One of the causes of scarcity was the deep religious feeling of the leading Puri- tans, who had desired, in imitation of Apostolic times, to have a community of property. But even amongst the Puritans there were some who would not work, as long as they were permitted to eat the fruit of the labor of others. And so the system was changed, and, in the spring of 1623, each family had allotted a parcel of ground to cultivate for itself. All had now to work for themselves, or to do with- out the necessaries of life. After the harvest of that year there was never any general want of food. 18. In 1623, the Pilgrims, as they were called, as before stated, were involved in an Indian war, through the con- duct of another small English colony, which had in the meantime been established at Weymouth, near Boston harbor. Thomas Weston, one of the London merchants who had advanced money to settlers, moved by the hope of gain, had obtained a patent from the Plymouth Com- pany in England for a small district in Massachusetts Bay, on Boston harbor. To this place he sent a company of about sixty men, who were dissolute in their habits, and by their aggressions gave so much offence to the Indians that a plot was laid to entirely exterminate the English. Mas- sasoit, the friendly chief, grateful to the colony at Ply- mouUi for kindness received from them, revealed the plot to the governor, who immediately sent Captain Standish to the new settlement for its defence. Captain Standish took with him but eight men. Hastening to the scene of ac tioH) he was in time, not only to prevent the attack, but also to sui-prise the Indians. He attacked them unexpect- edly, slew the principal instigators of the plot, and drove 18 How were the Pilgrims involved in war in 1623 ? What Is said of Weston md his settlement ! Who revealed the plot of the Indians f What iB said of Captaib Standish ? 36 MASSACHUSETTS. [UOOJi 1 the rest into a swamp, where many of them miserably perished. Weymouth Avas soon after abandoned, and the settlers returned to England. 19. In the year 1624, other immigrants arrived at Ply- mouth. They brought with them cattle, swine, poultry, clothing, and provisions. The progress of Plymouth col- ony was slow. Four years after the landing of the Pil- gi'ims there were thirty-two houses in the settlement and one hundred and eighty inhabitants; at the end of teu years there were only three hundred. 20. The connection of the colony with the London mer- chants from whom they had received money, embarrassed them greatly. The merchants complained that they re- ceived no return for the money advanced, and interfered in various ways with the aifairs of the colony, causin/;; the immigrants gTeat inconvenience. At last the coloriists were able to buy out the rights of the London adventurers, and by this means were relieved of debt and an unpleasant connection. 21. In November, 1620, a short time before the landing of the colonists at Plymouth, a new charter was granted by James I. of England, in lieu of tlie one before granted to what was known as tlie Plymouth Company. This was to a new company in England, at the head of which stood the Duke of Lenox. This new company was styled the " Grand Council of Plymouth." This charter granted to the now company all the territory between the "fortieth and forty-eigliih degrees of north latitude, and extending throughout the main land from sea to sea." ia this new grant or charter the name of " North Vir- ginia," previously applied to this district of country, was dropped, and that of "New England" substituted for it. 19. What ie said of the progrofe of Plymouth 1 How many inhabitants were there in the colony ten years after the landing of the Pilgrinjs f 20. What was the colony's embarrassment f How relieved f 91. When was the charter for North Virginia changed? What was the new CHAP, v.] ITASSACHUSETTS. 37 22. In 1628 a number of persons in England, wishing to emigrate to North America, purchased from the " Grand Council of Plymouth " " that part of New England which lies between three miles to tlie south of the Merrimack River, and three miles to the south of Charles Eiver, and extending from the Atlantic to the South Sea." Under this purchase John Endicot, a man of note, with about one hundred colonists, made a settlement at Salem. 23. In 1629 the proprietors of this purchase of public domain, who were residents of England, obtained from Cha,rles I., King of England, who had succeeded his father James I., a charter, granting them powers of government over colonists who might settle within its limits. The title of the corporation created by the royal grant was " The Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay in New England." About three hundred persons soon after em- barked for tlie new colony of Massachuse;,-ts. In 1630, for the purpose of stininlatiiig emigration to the new oolcuy, the proprietors agreed "to form a connc.'l of those who should emigrate, and who might hold their sessions thereafter in the new settlement" or colony. Un- der this arrangement John Wiiithrop was chosen tlie first governor of the colony of Massachusetts, so planted — and during the year 1630 about fifteen hundred new settlers came over from the mother country and made their home in Massachusetts. New settlements were made at Charles- town, Dorchester, "Watertown, Lynn, Eoxbury, and Boston. 24. In October, 1631, a general meeting of all the free- men in the colony was held in Bo'ston, when John Win- throp was re-elected governor, and Thomas Dudley was company called ? What was that part of the country inclnded in the new chartoi ialledf , ^ 22. When was the settlement at Salem made ? Under what purchase of lano was it made? . _ 23. When was the charter for the colony of Massachusetts Bay granted ? By whom was it granted 1 What year was the first settlement made under it ? 24. Who was the. first governor f About how many colonists came over th« year Winthrop was made governor f What was the first government of the col- ony of IMaseachusetts 1 38 PKOGRESS OF TIHGINIA. [BOOK L chosen deputy goTernor. The colony of Massachusetts was thus established. At first the government, under the rights and privi- leges granted by the charter, was a pure democracy. All the freemen assembled and gave their votes for their magis- trates and other oiKcers, as well as upon all matters of government. This was afterwards changed. In different localities the freemen held meetings, and chose deputies or delegates to meet in a common council, which was called " The General Court," and which was empowered to pass all proper laws. This " General Court " was. to meet four times a year. The pure democratic form of government in this way gave place to wliat is called the representative system : that is, where the people make laws and govern themselves by chosen deputies, or select delegates to act for them. 25. For several yeai's after the settlement at Ply- mouth, that colony had no direct political connection with the other settlements in Massachusetts. It was under a government exclusively its own, and in the regulation of all local affairs recognized no authority but its own. Its government was purely democratic. CHAPTER VI. Progress of Virginia. 1621— 16G0. We turn now again to Virginia. 1. On tlie 24th of July, 1621, the Colonial Assembly, of which mention has already been made, received the ex- press satiction of the London Company by an ordinance. This ordinance may be considered as the written Consti- 25. What was the government of the eettlement at Plymouth for man; years ! ChaptebVI -1. What took place July 24, 16M f What is said of thU ordi r.ance f CHAP. VI.] PKOORESS OF VIRGINIA. 33 tution of the colony. Its provisions were liberal, giving to the people the election of two hurgesses from each borough, who formed what was called the House of Bur- gesses, and who, with the Council appointed by the com- pany, constituted the General Assembly. They had power to ma.ke laws, subject to the approval of the governor (who was appointed by the company), and the approval of the company in London, and " no orders of the court in London were to be binding on the colony unless rati- fied by the Assembly." 2. Beside the right of trial by jury, all other civil rights of Englishmen were secured, to be determined according to their own regulations, with the restriction just stated. In the charter of Virginia, as now amended, was recog-<. nized for the first time by the mother country the princi- ple of the great and inestimable right of local self-govern- ment, by the people of the British colonies respectively on this continent. 3. Sir Francis Wyatt succeeded Yeardley as governor in 1631. At this period the colony Avas in a very flourishing condition. There were about eighty settlements, and the population amounted to not less than three thousand. The inhabitants enjoyed civil rights; the land was fertile; trade was free, and peace continued with the Indians. In the midst of their prosperity and seeming security, a terri- ble calamity suddenly befell them. They had no suspicion iJiat the Indians had become unfriendly, but such was the fact. O-pe-chan-can-ough, the brother of Powhatan, had succeeded him as king, in 1618. He had no love for the strangers, hiu concealed his hatred until he could mature liis plans, by whicli lie hoped to be able to destroy them all. At noon on a certain day, the Indians were to fall upon every settlement, and murder the whites. a. What civil rights were gecnred ? .3. Who succeeded Teardley f What was the prpulation at this time > Wh»l terrible mlsfonniie befell the colony at this time 1 40 PROGRESS OF VIEGINIA. [BuOH 1, 4. The plot was so well kept secret that even oti the morning of the day of the massacre, the Indians mingled freely with the whites, and sat at their tables at their morning meals. Nothing in the manner of the savages gave the shghtest intimation of their evil designs. The olot might have been entirely siiccessfnl and the massacre eomplste, had it not been for the warning of a converted .rndian named Chanco, who, on the morning of tlie attack, IMJiAN SlASSACilE. bronglit the news of the plot to Jamestown. Only the night before liad he learned it. Messengers were imme- diately dispatched in every direction to warn the inhabit- ants, but it was too late to warn all. At twelve o'clock, on tlie first of April, the attack was made, and over three 4. Who revealed the plot 7 How many persons werp k;; '-^ • How manv piamatione fU-strovod ? CHAP. VI.] PEOGEBSS Of VIKGIXIA. 41 hundred men, women, and children, were slain in a single hour. Of eighty plantations, all but seven or eight were laid waste, the survivors fleeing to Jamestown. 5. A general war of extermination against the Indiana followed. The whites lost all confidence! in the red men ; hunted them like wild beasts, and used all the wily arts of cniining and treachery for their destruction. At length the Indians were driven back from the river a considerable distance into the wilderness; their strength was broken, and the colony was again safe. This was a dreadful blow to Virginia, from which it took some years to recover. Many settlers returned to England, and two jears after the massacre there were not two thousand inhabitants in the colony. 6. Meantime the London Company was hastening to its dissolution. The stocTtholders, who were very numerous, had become divided into two political parties, and the sub- ject of the king's prerogative was freely discussed at their meetings, much to the king's annoyance. He charged the disasters of the colony to the mismanagement of the com pany, and commissioners were appointed by the privy coun- cil to examine into its affairs. They seized the charter, and all the books and papers of the company, and, after examination, made an unfavorable report. The king then demanded of them a surrender of their charter, which being refused, the case was then carried into the court of King's Bench, and decided against them. The company was then declared dissolved, and the government of the colony devolved on the crown, under the charter. 7. While the controversy between the kmg and company was goi'iig on, the colonists were left to take care of them- Bclves. In February, 1624, the General Assembly declared " that the governor should not impose any taxes on the 6. What was the reenlt of the war! , , ,^ . vni. . 6 What ip said of the condition of the London Company ? What was the result of the investigation hy the commissionere f and tlie BUit f 7. In February, 1U84, what>: did the Assembly declare? What did they refuBt to d'l r (2 PROGRESS OF VIRGINIA. [BOOK I. olony. otherwise tlian by authority of the General Assom- bly; aud that he should not withdraw the inhabitants from their private labor to any service of his own." They also refused to give a declaration of unlimited submission to the king, when urged by the royal commissioners, but they sent a petition to the king praying for a confirmation of their civil rights under t'heir charter. 8. The king refused to recognize the Assembly, and issued a special commission, appointing a governor and twelve councillors, to whom the entire control of the affairs of the colony was committed. King James died in 1635, before any action was finally taken by the commis- sioners. He was succeeded by his son, Charles I. Charles was disposed to favor the colonists, and desired to ingratiate himself with them, in order that he might obtain a monop- oly of their tobacco trade. He did not interfere in any way with their franchises, seeming to know but little and to care but little about the political condition of the 'Vir- ginians. Sir George Yeardley succeeded Wyatt as gov- ernor in 1626. The House of Burgesses continued its meetings; the king did not interfere in any way; emi- grants arrived in great numbers; and agriculture and commerce were flourisliing. 9. In November, 1627, the governor. Sir George Yeard- ley, died, and the council elected Francis West governor in his place, until another should be appointed by the king. During his administration, the king requested the House of Burgesses to pass a law by which he alone could pur- chase the tobacco of the colony. The House refused to comply with the request, as it would be injurious to their trade. The king appointed Sir John Harvey governor in the place of Yeardley. He was no stranger in the colony, had been a member of the council, and was very unpopular. 8. What did the king do then ? In what year did King James die ? What wan the principal object of King Charles ? Who succeeded Wyatt in 1626 ? 9. Wha*, request did the king make of the House of Burgesoes J Did thef agree to .. ! Who was appointed governor by the king ? What occurred th>n 1 UHAP. VI.] PEOGEESS OF VIEGIKIA. 43 A strong party was formed against him, and the opposition became at last so strong that he was impeached by the House of Burgesses and removed from ofiBce. The Assem- bly appointed two commissioners to prosecute the charges against him in England. The king would not hear the complaints against Harvey, but re-appointed him governor, in which oflSce he continued until 1643, when he was suc- ceeded by Sir William Berkeley. 10. About this time the colony was left for awhile to take care of itself, as the attention of the king was entirely taken up with the struggle between himself and his Par- liament. The majority of the people of Virginia were staunch friends of the cause of the king in that contest, and the parliamentary party in the mother country, who were contending against him, met with no favor from them. That party was condemned as composed chiefly of Puritans, and as the religious creed of the Puritans was in great disfavor in Virginia, they were looked upon with suspicion, and those of their number who- refused to eon- form to the ceremonies of the Church of England, which the House of Burgesses had declared to be the established religion of the colony, were banished. Puritan missiona- ries from New England were silenced, and ordered to leave the colony. 11. Kever, since tlie great massacre of 1622, had there been any real peace with the Indians; and in 1644 they made a sudden attack upon the frontiers, and killed about three hundi'ed of the inhabitants before they were repulsed. When resisted, a panic seemed to seize them, and they fled to the wilderness. The war continued for about two years, and the power of the Indians was completely broken. Their aged chief, Opechancanough, was taken prisoner, and soon 10. What took place abont this time in England f Wliat is said of tlie m^ority of the people of Virginia f How were Puritan niiseionaries treated by the House of Burgefifesf , . „ , j., ,, 1 1 . wiiiU took place in 1644 ? How many were slain f How long did the wai jafi ? With what result; 44 PROGRESS OP VIRGINIA. [BOOK I. after died in captivity. In 1646. a treaty was made witli Ne- contowanee, the successor of Opechaucanough, by which the Indians relinquished the lands of their fathers and retired further into the wilderness. 12. At this time the colony was in a very flourishing condition; commerce was largely increased; more than thirty ships were engaged in the carrying trade. The population, in 1648, amounted to twenty thousand. After the triumph of the parliamentary party in England, and the execution of the king, Charles I., many royalists fled from that country to Virginia, where they were warmly welcomed; Virginia was the last of the colonies to acknowl- edge the authority of the commonwealth under Cromwell. In 1651, a fleet was sent over to reduce the colony to sub- mission; and when it was found that the Parliament oflTered to secure to the colonists all the rights of English- men, on condition that they would adhere to the Common- wealth, they yielded. 13. Richard Bennett, one of the parliamentary commis- sioners, was elected governor, and Sir William Berkeley retired to private life. In 1655 and 1658, the House of Burgesses exercised the right of electing and removing the governor, and on receiving intelligence of the death of Cromwell, they re-asserted the right, and required Matthews, the governor, to acknowladge it. On the death of Matthews, Cromwell being dead, and the government of England in an unsettled state, the House of Burgesses elected Sir "Wil- liam Berkeley governor. He refused to serve under the usurped authority of Parliament, when Charles II., who was then in exile, was proclaimed their lawful sovereign, and invited to come over and be king of Virginia. From this incident in her history'Virginia received the name of "The Old Dominion." 12. What was now the condition of the colony ? What took place tftcr tho trinmph of the parliamentary party in Enj^iand ? 13. In 16S5 and 1658 what right did the House of Bnreesses exercise ? Who irae elected governor after Cromwell's death! How dia Virginia receive ih< aame of the Old Dominion ? CHAP. VII.] saw HAMPSHIKB. 45 14. Charles was, not long afterwards, restored to the throne of England. Of all his subjects, the Virginians were the last to reuonnce and the first to return to their ■Uegiance to the House of Stuart. CHAPTER Vn. SETTLEMENT OF NEW HAIIPSHIBE. 1633—1680. 1. The accounts given, even by the best authorities, of the early English settlements in the colony of New Hamp- shire, conflict very much with each other. Some maintain that they were made in 1633 under a grant by the Plymouth Company, in 1633, to Sir Fernando Gorges and Captain John Mason, to a district of countiy designated as Laconia. Others maintain that there were no permanent settlements made within the present limits of New «^^ HAMPamREi coat of abhi. Hampshire until after the grant of the 7th November, 1639, to Captain John Mason. 2. Much of this confusion arises from the great num- ber of grants made at different times, to different parties, by the Plymouth Company in England, to the same district of country, and out of which sprung most of the troubles and evils that so greatly retarded the growth of this colony. After a very thorough investigation of the subject, the fol- lowing statement may be received as a correct narrative of all the essential facts. 3. On the 10th of August, 1632, a conveyance or grant Chapter Vil.— 1. Wliat is said of the accoants given of the early settlements in New Hampshire ? 2, What does the confnaion on t- e subject arise from ?, 3 When was the flret grant made to Sir Fernando Gorges and I!aptain Jobs 4:6 NEW HAMPSHIKB. [bOOK L was made by the Plymouth Company in England (at the head of which stood the Duke of Lenox), to Sir Fernando Gorges and Captain John Mason, of all the rights and jurisdiction vested in that corporation by their Royal Char- ter of the 3d of N"oTember, 1620, for colonizing in New England, over a district of countiy including part, at least, of New Hampshire; but this district, over which their rigkts and powers of colonization were so conveyed, was not designated in the grant as Laconia, The Laconia grant was made to the same parties on the 17th of November, 1629. But under the grant to Gorges and Mason, of the 10th of August, 1622, as stated, two settle- ments, which proved to b.* "permanent, were made within the present territorial limits of New Hampshire. 4. These were on the Piscataway river, one of them near the mouth of this river and near the present site of Portsmouth. This one was, for a long time, called Straw- berry Bank, or Mason Hall, in honor of the principal house in the place, erected by Captain Mason, under wnose auspices the settlement was made. The other was higher up on the same river, and received the name of Dover, which it still bears. Both of these settlements were made in 1623, under the grant of the 10th of August, 1622, to Gorges and Mason. The settlement near the mouth of the Piscataway was under the special management of David Thompson, chief overseer of Captain Mason at this place ; and the one at Dover under the like supervisorship of William Hilton. After, these settlements were so made, to wit, on the 7th of November, 1629, and before the Laconia grant. Captain John Mason obtained a grant to himself alone, from the Mason ? By whom was this £jrant made ? By what authority was it made ? Dii it inchido any part of New Hampshire ? When was the Lac(raia grant made, and to whom ? ITnder what grant were ihe two settlements made ? 4. Where were these* settlements made ? What was the first one of them named ? What was the name of the other ? In what year were these two peltle- ments made ! To whom was the grant of the ^th of Noveniher, 1629, made t Did it inclndc these settlements f What name was given to the country cm' braced in this grant ; CHAP. VII.] XEW HAMPSHIRE. 4.7 same Plymouth Company, for a district of country v/hicli included within its specified boundaries the settlements already made by him ; and to the whole of the district of country embraced in this grant to him was g-iyen the name of New Hampshire. It was in this grant, by the Plymouth corporation to John Mason individually, made on the 7th of November, 1629, the colony of New Hampshire received its name. 5. After this grant, accessions were made to the two settlements previously established, but no new settlement was attempted for several years. In the winter of 1635-6 Captain John Mason, the founder of New Hampshire, died, and as no one for many years succeeded to his proprietary rights, the colony was neglected and made little progress. In 1638 a new settlement was made at Exeter by John Wheelright and some followers, who were compelled to leave Massachusetts on account of some peculiarities in their religious faith. In like manner the settlement at Hampton was made in 1640, by Stephen Bacheler and some adherents. 6. But after the death of Captain John Mason each of the settlements in New Hampshire was left without any government, except that which each , constituted for itself. Dover, Exeter, Hampton, and Portsmouth (as Strawberry Bank, or Mason Hall, was afterwards called), were each severally governed by its own laws, and they severally re- cognized no other authority than their own, in the adminis- tration of justice and the regulation of all local afiairs. In 1641, however, or about that time, Massachusetts claimed to exercise some sort of jurisdiction over these communities, by virtue of certain grants by the Plymouth Company to that colony. The dispute between the government of £ Were any settlements made for some time ■ afterwards f Who was the fonnder of New Hampshire, and when did he die ? How did his death affect the colony ? When were other settlements made, where, and how f 6. After the death of Mason, now were these settlements governed f What look place in l(i41. oraboot tliat. tunc ? 48 CONNECTICUT. [book L Massachusetts Bay, and the rightful Proprietary, under the Mason grant of the 7th of NoYember, 1629, was not ended until 1679, when it was very justly determined, by the proper authorities in England, against the claim of Massa- chusetts. 7. But during all this time, the colony of New Hamp- shire remained almost stationary. It increased very little either in population or wealth. In 1653 the entire popula- tion did not exceed one thousand. The people, however, during the whole period, were greatly distinguished for their virtues and love of liberty. These were as jDure aa the air from the tops of their own White Mountains, the 'iighesfc in New England! CHAPTER VIII. SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. 1633—1639, I. The first settlement in Connecticut was made in 1635, at or near the place where Hartford now stands, by the Dutch, under the name of Good Hope. They were moved to this enterprise to keep out the English, whoZ-they learned, were about to occupy the territory, under a grant given by the Plymouth Company to Lord Warwick, transferred by him to Lords Say and Brooke. The Dutch, unable to hold the coKKECTicuT COAT or ARMS, country, yicldcd their claim in 1634:, and the dividing line was drawn, nearly the same aa r. How did the colony remain from 1541 to 1660 ? What is said of tlio doddU lion in 1653? Wliat is said of the people during this time? What is said of the White Mountains in New Hampshire ? ° "' '°* Chai'tekVUL—I. When was Hartford first settled? Bywhom » What wai ii called ? When was the government of Connecticut organized ? CHAP. VIII.] COlirNECTICUT. 49 now exists between New York and Connecticut. In 1635 John Winthrop, the agent of the Proprietaries, erected a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut, which he called Say- brooke. In the next year the government of Connecticut was organized under a commission from Massachusetts. 2. In the spring or summer of 1636, a party of about one hundred emigrants, weary with the continued turmoil and religious dissensions of Massachusetts, set out under the leadership of Eev. Thomas Hooker and John Haynes, a former governor, across the wilderness, for the fertile valley of the Connecticut. They arrived in July. Of these emigrants, some remained at Hartford ; some went up the river and founded Springfield, and some went down to Wethei'sfield. 3. In 1637 the colony was threatened with destruction by an Indian war, of which we shall say more hereafter. 4. In 1637 John Davenport, a clergyman of London, and his friend, Theophilus Eaton, a rich merchant, with some associates, arrived in Boston. They were cordially welcomed and pressed to remain, but the religious contro- versies of that community were so incessant and harass- ing that they preferred to go into the wilderness, where they could dwell in peace. Eaton, with a few men, during the winter explored the coast, and found a desirable place, which they purchased from the natives. In the spring of 1638 the company sailed from Boston, and landing on the shores of the beautiful bay, at the spot selected by Eaton, they founded the city of New Haven. Eaton was elected governor.. During the remainder of his life, for more than twenty years, he was annually elected to the same oflBce. 5. At this time thei'e were three separate political com- munities in that territory now known as Connecticut: 3. What took place in the spriBg and summer of 1636 ? What places did then men Bottle t 3. What great calamity threatened the colony in 1637 f 4. Who arrived in Boston in 163T ? Why did they not remain in Hal •ehu- setts i. What city did they found » 5. How many sections in Connecticut in 1698 ? 60 RHODE ISLAND. [BOOS I. Saybrook under the ProprieUries ; the Connecticut colony organized by Massachusetts; and the New Haven colony under Eaton. 6. In 1639 the settlements on the Connecticut Kiver held a convention at Hartford, and adopted a Constitution and form of government. The Constitution was liberal, and admitted every one to the rights of citizenship who took the oath of allegiance to the commonwealth. No juris- diction was allowed to the king. The governor and other officers were to be elected annually, and the representation in the Assembly was apportioned among the townships according to population. 7. The settlenrent or colony at New Haven remained sep- arate, under a code of laws of their own making, which, from their very rigid character, liave been styled the " Blue Laws." CHAPTER IX. THE SETTLEMENT OP RHODE ISLAND. 1636—1688. Roger Williams— His Plight— Providence— Cliartor of Rliode Island — Sir Edmund Audros. 1. The colony of Rhode Island waa founded in 1636, by Roger Williams. This celebrated divine, and apos- tle ot civil ?.? well as religious lib- erty, deserves special notice, in con- nection with the events attending the early settlement of the famous Plantations established under his iiHODE ISLAND COAT oy ARMS, auspiccs. Hc was a nativo of Wales, and born in 1599. Having been reared and educated in the Episcopal faith, and being of ardent temperament, and 6, What was done by the people in 1639 T What is paid of Tbe Constii ntion, laws, etc. ? 7. How did the colony of Now Haven remain ? CniPTiiB IX.— 1. Wlien was the colony of Rhode Island foundefl, and b» whom f Wbat is said of RoRcr Williams ? CHAP. IX.] RHODE ISLAKD. 61 ROGER WILLIAMS. thoroughly imbued with a spirit of piety, he entered the ministry at an early age, taking orders in the church of his fathers. Not long afterwards, upon a fuller investigation of doc- trines, he became a Dissenter, and connected hiniself with the denom- ination known as Baptists. 2. He came to America in 1631, and settled in Salem, Massachusetts. He preaclied there regularly, aud occasionally at Plymouth, enforcing ; his peculiar views with great zeal and eloquence. His teachings, how- ever, were deemed not only hereti- cal but seditious by the Puritan Fathers at both these places. He was tried and condemned on charges of this character, and made flight from Salem in the Winter of 1G35-36. It was about the middle of January, 1636, according to the best ac- counts, and under cover of night, he sought safety in exile. 3. His heresy, accordijig to Bancroft, consisted in main- taining " that the civil magistrate ought to restrain crime, but never control opinion :. should punish guilt, but never violate the freedom of the soul." He denounced the law that compelled all 2)ersons to attend worship, as an infringement of the rights of conscience. 4. Soon after his arrival in Massachusetts he considered it as part of his spiritual mission to become acquainted with the language, customs, and manners of the neighbor- ing Indian tribes, that he might impart to them a know- ledge of the Gospel of Christ He was on friendly terms, therefore, with the Sachems Massasoit, Onsamequin, and 2. When did he come to America T Where did he settle f Where did he preach P What was he tried for 1 What was the resnit ? 3. What was Williams's heresy according to Bancroft ? 4. What is furthoi- said of Wi;Uiams f How long did he wandor in searcli of a place suitable for shch a new settlement as he wiehed to make ? How did h« travel ? Where were his wife and children ? 02 RHODE ISLAND. [BOOK I, Canonicus. In the huts of these and other barbarian chiefs, he sought and obcained, for a while, that shelter and protection which were denied him by his Christian brethren. He wandered " for fourteen weeks," according to his own statement, most of the time " in the bitter winter season," in quest of a place where he could found a settlement for himself and family, and such other persons as might be disposed to join him. In these wanderings he was alone and on foot. His wife and children had been left at Salem. 5. At length, on the Pawtucket (now the Seekonk) River, and on the east side of that river, he found a place which bethought would suit his purpose. He went to see Ousa- mequin, the Sachem of Pokanoket, within whose territory the place lay, and obtained from him permission to occupy the lands selected for the purpose stated by him. These lands are said to be within the limits of the present town of Seekonk, in Massachusetts. Here Williams with his own hands reared a habitation ; and here he began to plant, in the Spring of 1636. Here, also, a few friends joined him, but his and their troubles and wanderings were not ended. 6. Governor Winslow, of the Plymouth settlement in Massachusetts, soon notified him that Seekonk was within the boundaries of his jurisdiction, and as he was "loath to displease " the authorities at Salem, he mildly admonished him to leave. This admonition Williams and five other friends, who were then with him, immediately heeded. He set out with them again in search of a resting place. This they found near the mouth of the Moshassuck Eivor. The site chosen was near an excellent spring of pure- water, which was noted for many years afterwards. Here they renewed their work of building and planting, and here the settlement of the colony of Rhode Island was commenced. 5. Where did he at length find a place ? What Indian Chief gave him permig. siou to settle thyiu ? What did he dD towards makinga settlement at this place ? G Why did not WillianiB and hia followers remain at Seekonk ? Where di(i they, at last, find them a resting place ? What name did Williame give to the place, and why ? OHAP. IX.] RHODE ISLAND. 53 " To the town there founded, Williams, with his habitual piety, and in grateful remembrance of God's merciful providence to him in his distress, gave the name of Pbovi- DENCE." 7. This place was within the jurisdiction of Canonicua, the Chief or Sachem of the Narraganset Indians. Canoni- cus was Williams's friend, and made him the grant of land for his settlement in consideration of kindness and good will alone. Of Oiisamequin and Canonicus WiUiams him- self said : " When I came I was welcome to Ousamequin, and to the old prince Canonicus, wlio was most shy to all English to his last breath ;" and in speaking further of Canonicus, he said that "it was not thousands, or tens of thousands, of money could have bought of him an En- glish entrance into this bay." Of his grant he said, " By God's merciful assistance 1 was the procurer of the purchase, not by moneys, nor pay- ments, the natives being so shy and jealous, that moneys could not do it, but by that language, acquaintance, and favor with the natives, and other advantages, which it pleased God to give me." 8. The foregoing is an outline sketch of this most re- markable man, who, fleeing from persecution, penetrated the wilderness with a view of establishing a colony where there should be jjerfect freedom of conscience in the wor- ship of God. According to the most probable accounts, the wife of Williams, with her two children, came from Salem to Providence, in the Summer of 1636, in company with several persons who wished to join their exiled pastor. The population of this settlement soon increased consid- erably by immigrants from Massachusetts and from En- gland. It was a refuge and asylum for those in all countries 7 Within the iurisdiction of what Indian Chief ov Sachem was this place t UDon what consideration did he permit WiUiama and his followers to settle ? What did Williams say of 1" le Sachems Oiisamuqnin and Canonicus ! 8 Accordin" to most probable aconunts, when did Williams 8 wife and cmi- drrai ioin nim'f Who accompanied them f Did the settlement increase, and how? What was the design of Williams in planting his colony f Give the sul> etance of the covenant or CSmstitution by which the settlement was Roverned. 6i RHODT;! ISLAND. [BOOK L who were persecuted and suffered " for conscience' sake." The design of Williams was " that Lis colony should be open to all persons who might choose to reside there, without re- gard to their religious opinions." Tliis inducement brought many. He was careful, however, to provide for the main- tenance of law and order. In his Constitution, every one forming a constituent member of the Society was required to subscribe the following covenant: "We whose names are here under- written, being desirous to inhabit in the toAvn of Providence, do promise to subscribe ourselves, in active or passive obedience, to all such orders or agreements as shall be made for the public good of the body, in an or- derly way, by the major consent of the present inhabitants, masters of families, incorporated together into a township, and such others whom they shall admit unto the same, only in civil things ! " 9. This written Constitution, drawn up by Williams himself, and subscribed by every member of his Society, as above set forth, formed the entire basis of the first govern- ment of the settlement at Providence. It embodied the principles of a pure democracy, with the exercise of unre- stricted religious liberty. It was the germ of those free institutions under which the colony flourished so long a time afterwards. 10. On the SOtli of August, 1636, a Synod was held at New Town (Cambridge), Massachusetts, to settle certain religious doctrines then in dispute between several Puritan ministers in that colony. The result was the condemna- tion of the tenets of quite a large class of prominent and influential men. These, for what was considered their seditious principles, were banished by the General Court of ». Wlio snbscriliecl it ? What wae the character of the governmeut estab- li^hcil by tlije Conetitiition ? What wae it the gurni of? 10. What was the object of the Synod at New Town in 1630 ? What was the result, ! Where did those who were banished seek refatre ? How did Williams receive them ? What was the Indian name of the island now called Rhode Islanil ? Why was it called Rhode Island f Who settled this island in 1638 j What ^^'as the character of the government instituted ? When was the flrel Baptist church, as claimed by some, organized in America, and by whom J CHAP. IX.] KHODE ISIAND. 55 the colony of Massaclmsefcts Bay, and went in quest of a new settlement. They came to Providence, whei-e they were kindly received by Williams, through whose generous assistance a gift to the Island of Khode Island, then called Aquidnick, was obtained from the Indian Chiefs. The name of Rhode Island was substituted for that of Aquid- nick, because of its supposed resemblance to the Isle of Rhodes in Greece. Upon this island, in 1638, at Newport, the new comers formed % new settlement. William Coddington, their preachec and leader, who was a native of England, and who had come to Massachusetts in 1630, was chosen their chief magistrate. The government instituted by them here was purely democratic, as was that at Providence. At Providence, in 1639, Wilhams organized a Baptist church. This was, perhaps, as some assert, the first regu- larly organized Baptist church in America. 11. In the year 1643 Williams went to England as agent for both settlements, and, through the aid of friends, ob- tained from the Earl of Warwick and his Council (who had charge of British-American affairs at that time) a free and absolute charter of civil incorpoi-ation, by the name of the " Incorporation of Providence Plantations in Nar- raganset Bay." This charter set forth the boundaries of Rhode Island, as they in the main still exist ; and em- braced all the settlements upon the lands procured from the Indian Sachems tlirough the influence of Williams. These settlements, and all afterwards made within these limits, continued to be governed under this charter, until after the restoration of Charles II., King of England ; and 11 What did Williams do in IM? ' How long was tl\e colony of Khodo bland under the government of the charter he obtained from the Earl of War- wick » What was the title of the new charter obtained by Williams from Charles II in 1663 t How long did the charter of Charles II. remain as a fonnda- tion of the government of the people of Hhode Island ? What occurred for a year or twp during the reign of James U. of England ? Who was the despot who for a period during this reigii deposed the rightful officers and held in a state of repression the rightful government of the colony under the charter of Cha-les II. ? What did the people of Rhode Island do as soon as this despot was resjoved from power f 66 THE NEW EKGLAND COKFEDEEATION. [BOOK I. until 1663, wlieii Williams succeeded in obtaining from this monarch another charter for the government of the same country, under the title of " The English Colony of Khode Island and Providence Plantations in New England." This charter, without any essential change, remained the foun- dation of the government of the people of Rhode Island for nearly two centuries, as we shall see. For one or two years during the reign of James IL of England, which lasted from 1685 to 1688, this charter was subverted by the usurpation and tyranny of Sir Edmond Andros, as were all the other New England charters. The rightful officers and magistrates in Rhode Island under the charter of Charles II. were deposed, and the rightful gov- ernment of the colony under it was held in a state of re- pression during the arbitrary rule of this infamous despot ; but as soon as he was removed from power the people of Rhode Island reinstated their former ofBcers and magis- trates, under their old charter, and re-instituted their right- ful government, which had for a period been in a state of repression by the exercise of unjust and tyrannical poweiB. CHAPTER X. THE NEW ENGLAND CONFEDEIIATION. le43— 1675. The Pequod War — Captives made slaves of— First negro slaves in New England — New Connecticut Charter. 1. The colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and Connecticut, as well as Rhode Island, hav- ing been firmly established, as-we have seen, all of them, except New Hampshire, increased and grew rapidly for several years after their organizations. 1. Which one of the New England Colonies did not prosper? In which omn of them were new settlements made? Where did the settlers come ttom, and to what sect did they belong ? What war broke out ? CHAP. X.J THE NEW ENGLAND COKPEDEEATtON 57 New settlements and new towns were erected in Massa- chusetts and Connecticut. Large numbers of emigrants every year came over from England, mostly of the sect known as Puritans. But the Pequod war, which broke , out, for a time threatened the existence of all these colonies. 2. This war was projected by Cassacus, the leading Sachem of the tribe known as Pequods, and which was the most formidable of all the tribes of the aborigines in New England. This daring chief conceived the idea, and determined upon the design, of exterminating all the English settlements, by a union against them of all the Indian tribes. For this purpose he visited the chiefs of the Mohegans and Narragansetts, and endeavored to get them to join him in his designs. In this he most probably would have been successful, but for the urgent appeal and controlling influence of Eoger Williams, as we have seen, who had won the confidence of these chiefs. 3. Ill-blood, however, was engendered by the murder of several of the colonists by the Pequods, committed, as was supposed, by his instigation. In 1634, Captain Stone and Captain Norton, commanding trading vessels on the Connecticut Eiver, were thus killed in a most savage manner. In 1636, Captain Oldman, commanding another trading vessel on the same river, at Block Island, was in like man- ner butchered by Pequods, who took possession of the ship with its cargo. This aroused the indignation of the colonists generally to such a pitch, that war was de- termined upon by the colonies of Massachusetts and Con- necticut. Before entering upon it, however, they, through the influence of Eoger Williams, secured the alliance of the Mohegan and Narragansett chiefs. a. Who projected this war? What was his object ? Through whose iufluence was this object probably defeated f 3 What occurred in 16a4 ? Who was killed in 1636 by the Indians f Was war declared* What was done by Massachusetts and Conreoticut before war wa« ££clared t 3* 58 THE KEW ENGLAN'D CONFEDERATION'. [BOOK I. 4. Massachusetts rai3ed four companies, under the com- mand of Captain Stoughton of Dorchester, Captain Pat- rick of Watertowu, Captain Trask of Salem, and Eer. John Wilson, pastor of the church at Boston. They took the field against the Pequods early in 1637. Captain Patrick, who went in adrance, sailed to Saybrook, and there joined Captain Underhill of Massachusetts, who had been sent out the winter before with a few men, to aid the colo- nists of Connecticut, by strengthening the garrison at that post. Aft( f being joined by Captain Mason, in command of the Coa>iecticut forces, under the guide of friendly Indians tluy approached the forces of Pequods, who were collected in iheir strongest fort, on the Mystic river. Here a battle.was. fought on the 30th of May, 1&37, under the general dirLCtion of Captain Mason, in- command of the Connecticut forces. The" Pequods were utterly routed, their fort wtjS destroyed, and their wigwams burnt. It was Captain Majon who gave the order, "Burn them.''' This seemed to be the only successful way of assault upon the enemy in his stronghold. Seven hundred Indians were estimated to have fallen in this engagement, by sword or fire ; many of them were burned to death. About two hundred captives were taken. These were women and children. The loss on the side of the colonists was very small ; some say two only. 5. Cassacus made his escape, and fied to the Mohawks ; by them or some of his own men he was afterwards assas- sinated. The women and children taken as captives were divided between the conquerors, the two colonies of Connecticut and Massachusetts Bay, and their allied Indian tribes, by 4. How many companies did Musoaclmsetts raise? When did tliey take the 4eld? Who commanded the Connecticut forces? Where and when was the battle fought ? Who gave the order to bum them ? How many Indians we-e supposed to have Alien in this battle, by sword or flreP How many colouisn £. What became of Cassacus? What became of the women and children taJcon OS captives ? What was the general result of this war ? OHAP. X.] THE NEW EK GLAND CONFEDERATION. 59 whom they were reduced to slavery. Many of them were sent, by the Puritan Fathers of Connecticut and Massa- chusetts, to the "West Indies, and there sold as slaves for life. In this war, the great tribe of the Pequods was ex- tinguished. 6. In 1636 was built at Marblehead, in Massachusetts, the first American slave-shiis ; it was called the Desire, and was intended for the African slave-trade, in which several of the European nations were then engaged. The first cargo of negro slaves brought into Massachusetts was by the Desire, on the 20th of May, 1638. Many of the most prominent men of the colony purchased slaves out of this cargo ; so that Massachusetts was only a few years behind Virginia in the introduction, within the English settle- ments on this continent, of this unfortunate race as slaves. 7. In 1637, Hugh Peters and Sir Henry Vane, dis- tinguished Puritan leaders in England, came to Massa- chusetts. Sir Henry Vane, from his talents and acquire- ments, was very popular. He was elected Governor of the colony. This remarkable man was the eldest son of the Baronet of that name, and was born at Hadlovv in 1613. Few men of his age in England had fairer prospects for rising to distinction iii that country than he had when he came to America. Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, a most remarkable woman, teacher, and preacher, caine over about the same time. Her doctrines put the people of Massachusetts into quite a fer- ment. She maintained that what was styled "the covenant of works," was of more importance than " the covenant of grace." These religious questions controlled popular elec- 6 Where was the first slave-ship buUt in the colonies ? and what was it called ! (Vhat was it intended for J When was the first cargo of negro slaves introduced into Massachusetts ? , , -., i. .. • ianrm \»7h.. 7. What two distinguished Englishmen came to Massachusetts in 16*" . Wh*< V said of Sir Henry f ane ? What is said of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson J Wh»t b» uune of Sir Henry Vane.' What became of Mrs. Hutchinson f fiO THE NEW ENGLAN'D COKFEDBEATlOlf. [BOOK I. tions at the time. Sir Henry Vane sided with Mrs. Hutch- inson in her peculiar views. By a majority of the voters these views were deemed altogether heretical and seditious. The result was the defeat of Vane for the Governorship ar the next election. He returned to England, where he actea a very conspicuous part in the war which soon broke out be- tween King Charles I. and the Parliament. Mrs. Hutchin- son and her sect were banished from Massachusetts. She sought refuge in the colony of Eoger Williams. Here she was kindly received, though her doctrines were as little accept- able to him as they were to lier persecutors. He tolerated all religious opinions. The fate of this remarkable woman was a sad one. She, with a few adherents, left Ehode Island, and settled at " Ann Hook," now Pelham, then under the jurisdiction of the Dutch. Here they were all massacred some years afterwards by the Indians, except a grand-daughter, who was carried off as a prisoner. 8. In 1638 a college at Cambridge, Massachusetts, was founded by Rev. John Harvard. It is now known as Har- vard University. The first printing press in the colony was also established this year, by Eev. Jesse Glover, and put under the management of Stephen Day. The first thing issued from this press was the Freeman's Oath, in January, 1639; the second, an almanac; the third, the Psalms in metre. 9. But, notwithstanding the general prosperity of tnese colonies, it was thought best, especially after the Pequod war, for the mutual security and protection of each in the enjoyment of their rights of local self-government, to form a confederated union between themselves. This was con- 8. When was Harvard University founded? When was the first printintt press established in New England, and by whom ? What were the first things published ? 9. After the Peqaod war, what did the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Ply- month, Connecticut, and New Haven, do for their better protection f When was this confederation formed? What was the title of it? What was the object of It ? How many commissioners did each colony send ? What qualification was required of the commissioners? Why was Rhode Island excluded ? Was the action of the commissioners binding on the colonies without their subsequent eduction ? What was the agreement as to slaves or fugitives from service } CHAP. X.] THE NEW ENQLAKD OONFEDEKATIOlf.. 61 summated in 1643. The parties to it were the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Ha- ven. Massachusetts, as we have seen, had taken civil ju- risdiction over the colony of New Hampshire. The colony - of Ehode Island was excluded on account of its religion. The title assumed for the union thus formed by these four distinct colonies was, "The United Colonies of New 'Englaad." The declared object of the Confederation was, a protection of the lives, liberties, and property of the whole, against foreign or domestic enemies. Each colony was to be perfectly free in the management of its own in- ternal affairs, while external matters that pertained to the general welfare of all were entrusted to the management of eight commissioners, two of whom were to be selected by each colony. The only qualification required of the commissioners was church membership. The measures adopted by these commissioners were not to be binding upon the several colonies, without their subsequent express sanction and ratification. Fugitives from service, or slaves, were to be delivered up on demand. This was the first confederation between any of the British colonies in America, and continued with general harmony until the attempted annulment of all the charters of the colonies so confederated, in 1685, as we shall see. 10. One of the principal powers entrusted to the commis- sioners, under the articles of confederation, was the regula- tion of Indian affairs; and very soon after their organiza- tion, a very important duty in this respect devolved upon them. Uncas, the chief of the Mohegans, attacked one of the subordinate chiefs of Miantonomah, then Sachem of the Narragansetts. This Sachem, as has been stated, was the nephew of old Canonicus. He appealed to the commis- sioners of the confederation for permission to make war 10. What was the first important duty that devolved upon the commissioners? What is said of Uncas a.:d Miantonomah ? What was the decision of the commii- eioners as to Miantonomah after Uncas had him as a prisoner i What became ol him? 62 THE NTM SKGLAND COKFEDERATION-. [BOOK agamst Uucas a/. I liis tribe, for the outrage he had commit- ted, -wAhoiit hir/g interfered with by the colonists. The periri'/'jion was f,iven, and he invaded the Mohegan terri- toiy; but was iefeated, betrayed, and taken prisoner. Ijr.cas carried him to Hartford, Connecticut, where his fate depended upon the decision of the commissioners. They held their session at Boston. This was in September, 1643. A decision of the commissioner's was, that Uncas could do with his prisoner as he pleased, provided, that if he chose to put him to death, the execution should be without tor- ture, and not in the jurisdiction of any one of the colonies; and if he should not put him to death, then Miantonomah (vas to be sent prisoner to Boston. Uncas instantly re- solved upon tlie execution; and just as soon as he had his victim beyond the border, he struck a hatchet into bis head, and before life was entirely extinguished, cut a piece of flesh from the shoulder of his " fallen foe," whicli lie eagerly devoured, "declaring that it made his heart strong, and was the sweetest morsel lie evei- ate." 11. In 1053, the English Council of State having de- clared war against Holland, the people of New Haven and Connecticut were anxious for the United Colonies to de- clare war against New Netherlands. To consider the subject, a special session of the commissioners was held at Boston in May. Six out of eight of these were in favor of the measure. This was a constitutional majority, according to the articles of confederation ; but Massachusetts insisted that, accord- ing to the articles of union, the commissioners had no power to declare an " offensive war," and this, therefore, could only be done by the unanimous consent of all the colonies ; and as JIassachusetts would not give her consent, Ihe war was not declared. 12. The first American edition of the Bible was Eliot's 11. What impovtaut question canie before the Confederation in 165S, and hovf was it decided? 1 2. When wae the fliet American edition of the Bible published, and whiit wai the cbaractcr of this edition ? UHAP. X.] THE NEW EN&LAIfD CONBEDEKAlION. 63 translation of it, in the Indian' liuigiiage, printed at Cam- bridge, Massachnsetts, in 1661. 13. On the restoration of Charles II. of England, in 1660, Whaley, Goife, and Dixwell, three of the regicide judges, who had pronounced sentence of dcatli against Charles I., made their escape, and came to New England. A royal order for their arrest soon followed them. The commissioners for the United Colonies of New Engliuul issued their proclamation against these fugitives ; but they, through tlie aid of faithful friends, remained undiscovered, and were never taken. "Dixwell lived openly at New Haven, under a feigned name; the other two remained in concealment, sometimes in Connecticut, and sometimes iii Massachusetts." 14. In 1661, Governor Winthrop, of Connecticut, went to England, to see after the charter of his colony under the restoration of Charles II. Througli the influence of the aged Lord Say, he succeeded, in 1GG3, in getting a con- firmation of a charter for his colouy, with exceedingly liberal provisions, in securing the rights of self-government to the people of Cdnnectieut, and with boundaries includ- ing the whole of the New Haven colony. The ijeople of New Haven were very much opposed to this invasion of their independence on the pa-rt of Connecticut. They appealed to the commissioners for the United Colonies of New England for redress ; but none was obtained. New Haven being thus absorbed in Connecticut under this new charter, the two colonies henceforth sent but two representatives to the meetings of the commissioners for the United Colonies of New England, instead of four, as before. Connecticut was now divided into four counties, New Haven, Hartford, Middlesex, and New London. 1 3 What are the names of the.three regicide judges who fled to New BnglaHd on the restoration of Clisrlos II. of England, in 1660? Where did Dixwell live, and how? Howdid the other two escSpeaweet? r 1 4. What did Governor Winthrop of Connecticut do in 1661 f Through whose influence did he succeed? In what year was Ms new chartci fbtaiuod » Whal tffcct had it upon the colony at New Haven ! 64 THE NEW ENGLAND CONFEDEKATION. [BOOK L Under this new chartei", the colony of Connecticut en- joyed great liberty for a number of years. The entire population of the confederation was at this time something over one hundred thousand. 15. Some important facts connected with the history of the colonies composing this confederation, of another but not less interesting character, will now be mentioned. On the 1st of June, 1638, there was a great earth- quake, which extended throughout all these colonies. Its centre seemed to be in Connecticut. It shook the ships which rode in the harbors, and the islands around about. It lasted but a few moments, but the earth was umi^uiet at times for twenty days afterwards. There were t\vo great tempests also this year. The one on, the 3d of August raised the tide on the Narragansett shore fourteen feet above the common Spring tides, and the one on the 25th of September caused the highest swell of the sea ever be- fore observed on that coast. 16. The winter of 1641-43 was the severest- ever expe- rienced by the colonists. The bay of Boston was frozen so hard that teams, with loaded wagons, passed from the town to the neighboring islands. 17. In 1658 another notable earthquake occurred; but in 1662 there was still another, of which the accounts are much fuller. This was followed up by a succession of shocks, which occurred at intervals for more than six mouths, extending into 1663. During these shocks, it is said that in Canada small rivers and springs were dried up, and that a large ridge of mountains subsided to a plain. 18. In 1668 a great comet appeared, with an immense coma or train, which greatly alarmed the superstitious, 16. Wliat remarkable event happened throughout New England on thf, let of >«ne, 1638 ? What is said of the two great tempests also the same year ' 16. What is said of the winter of 11)41^2 1 1 ?■ , What is said of the winter of 1602-63 ! What is said of the preat earllj yjakes that occurred ? '.■1 8. NVliat is said of the great comet 1 CHAP. XI.] SETTLEMENT OF JIJ KYLAiTD. 65 especially as an unusuallj hot sunimer and a very malig- nant disease, which occurred at the same time, were attrib- uted to its baneful influence. CHAPTER XI. SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. 1621—1660. Lord Baltimore — His charter — Religious liberty first established— The Clayborne insurrection — Prosperity and peace of the colony. 1. Captain Smith, of Virginia, as we have before said, was the first to explore the Chesapeake Bay. In 1631 the country now known as Maryland was explored by Virginia settlers, and trading posts were established. William Clayborne, the agent of a company formed in England, en- deavored to monopolize this trade, and for this purpose obtained a license, under which he claimed rights for years after, as we shall gee. BIAnTLANB COAT Or AIUI9. 2. In 1628 Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, visited Virginia with some intention of founding a colony within its limits, but the government of Virginia was at that time in- tolerant towards the religion of the Roman Catholic Church, of which he was a member ; he therefore turned his atten- tion to some region beyond the jurisdiction of that colony. In 1629 he explored the country lying on the Chesapeake Bay ; with which being much pleased, he returned to Eng- Chaptkb XI. — 1 . In what year were trading posts established in Maiyland ? 3. Who visited Virginia in ]G28 ? For what pnrpose f Why did he not eeitl* In that country What were the boundaries prescribed by his charier i 06 SETTLEMENT OF 3IAEYLAND. [BOOK I. laud aud made application for a charter, which was finally obtained. His death prevented the execution oi' hie purpose in obtaining it; this de- volved upon his son and heir. The boundaries prescribed by the char- tei were the Atlantic Ocean, the |foitieth parallel of north latitude, the meridian of the western foun- j tain of the Potomac, the river j itself from its mouth to its source, ind a line drawn due east fronj Watkins Point to the Atlantic Ocean. 3. This charter was the most LOKD BALTIMORE. hbcral iu its provisious of all the original grants by the Crown to founders of settlements in America. It gave to the colonists full power of legisla- tion, and all the essential rights of self-government, with- out any interference from the mother country. It clearly defined and secured the freedom of the settlers, with pro- per limitations upon the rights and privileges of the Pro- prietaries. It contained a guaranty against taxation by England, and established full toleration to men of all religions. Indeed, it was one of the leading objects of Lord Baltimore, in planting the colony, to furnish an asylum to the persecuted of all Christian churches. In this design Lord Baltimore was only a feiv years in advance of Roger Williams. The colony was called Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. of England. 4. Mr. Bancroft, writing of the colonization of Mary- land, says: "Calvert deserves to be ranked among the most wise and benevolent lawgivers of all ages. He was the first, in the history of the Christian world, to seek for Com SSmo! ''?''' °' "^'^ '=''»'■''"■ ' What was one of the principal object* of 4 Wtat dooB Mr. Bancroft say of Calvert and his object J CHAP. XI.] SETTLBMElfT OF MAEX.AiTD. 67 religious security and peace by the pl-actice of justice, aiid not by the exercise of power; to plan the establishment of popular institutions wiih the enjoyment of liberty of eon science ; to advauce the career of civilization by recog- nizing the rightful equality of all Christian sects. The asylum of Papists was the spot where, in a remote corner of the world, on tlie banks of I'iyers which, as yet, had hardly beeai explored, the mild forbearance of a Propi-ietary adopted religious freedom as the basis of the State." 5. Sir George Calvert was succeeded by his soli, -Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, who becairie 'Proprietary of Maryland. In ISTovember, 1G33, his brother, Leonard Calvert, sailed from England in two vessels, the Ark and the Dove, Avith about ttvo hundred emigrants, mostly Eoman Catholic gentlemen, with their servants. On their arrival in February following, at Point Com- fort, in Virginia, they were received with courtesy by Gov- ernor Harvey. Passing up the Potomac, Calvert chOse a site for a settlement at an Indian village called Yoaco- moco, which he purchased from the natives, who quietly yielded possession. To the town he gave the name of St. Mary's. He pursued a kind and liberal course towards the natives, supplying tlrcm with hoes, axes, clothes, and knives. A permanent treaty was made with the Indians. Their women taught the wives of the settlers how to' make corn- bread, and their warriors instructed the men in forest sports. 6. In 1635 the freemen of the colony held their first Legislative Assembly, one object of which was to protect their rights against the encroachments of Clayborne. His license to trade with the Indians having been made void by Lord Baltimore's charter, he endeavored to excite a rebellion. He made an attack on the colonists near the Isle of Kent, but was defeated ; his men were taken prisoners, 3. 'WUi") eucceeded Sir George Calveri f What was the character of the emi- grants y Where did they settle ? What did the Indian wonLon teach the wives of the sellers ? ' Q. In what year did the .first legislative Assembly meet ? Fcif what parpose I What is said o" ClavbornB? 68 SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. [BOOK L but he made his escape into Virginia. The Maryland As- sembly declared him a traitor, and his estates were con- fiscated. Governor Cah ert demanded him of the Governor of Virginia, but he sent him to England. Clay borne en- deavored to obtain redress in England, but without suc- cess ; and the right of I-ord Baltimore to the jurisdiction of Maryland was fully confirmed. 7. For several years after this defeat of Clayborne, the colonists enjoyed undisturbed peace and were sminently prosperous. The rights of the people were clearly defined and protected by law ; the rights of the Proprietary were respected; civil liberty and freedom of religious worship were enjoyed by all ; the lands were fertile ; commerce began to prosper, and tobacco became a profitable article of culture. Efforts were made, and not in vain, to convert some of the neighboring Indians to Christianity. The honest and upright conduct of the governor and the au- thorities of Maryland, in all their dealings with the natives, prepared the way for the acceptance of the religion of the strangers. 8. Pour stations were established among them. Tozoc, a chief, and his wife were baptized, taking the names of Charles and Mary. Not long after one hundred and thirty other converts received baptism. But these efforts of good men were rendered nugatory by the machinations of the bad. Clayborne, the evil genius of Maryland, returned to_ the country, and, in 1642, instigated the Indians to hos- tilities. This trouble, however, was soon suppressed ; but in the next year (1643) he raised a rebellion, which kept the colony in a state of turmoil for three years. The governor himself was driven from the colony and took refvge in Virginia. The public records were lost or do stroyed. T. After Claybome's defeat, what wns the condition of the coloniBts ? What it paid of the efforts to convert the Indian? ? 8. How many converts received baptism f What put a stop to these efforts I CBkP. XI.] SETTLEMENT OF MAETLANll. 69 9. At length, after two or three /ears of misrule, the legitimate government of Maryland criumphed, and peace was once more restored. This government, ever actuated by the magnanimous spirit of Christian forbearance, passed a general Act of Amnesty, and all offenders were pardoned. 10. During the civil wars in England, the internal tran- quillity of Maryland was much disturbed. When the fleet, with commissioners, was sent over to reduce the Virginians to submission to the authority of Parliament, Clayborne again seized the opportunity to create disturbance in the colony by endeavoring to establish his own authority. Leon- ard Calvert, the governor, died in 1647, and Stone, his successor, was more than once deprived of his office. The re- ligious parties in the colony became political ; and while the Protestants were in the ascendant they persecuted -the datiaolics for their religious opinions, forgetful of the lib- erty that had been allowed to them when the Catholics were in power. For six years, from 1652 to 1658, civil discord reigned. The authority of the Proprietary was, however, finally restored, and in 1660 all parties acknowledged Philip Calvert governor. On the restoration of Lord Baltimore to his Proprietary rights, he proclaimed a gen- eral pardon for all past political offences, and for many years thereafter the colony enjoyed undisturbed repose. 9. What was the result of the contest with Clayborne ? 10. What effect did the civil wars in England have on the colony of Mary land f On -he refltoratiou of '^ord Baltimore^ what was d0Q€ by him ? 70 SETTiEMENT OF NEW JERSEY. [BOOB I. CHAPTEE XII. SETTLEMENT OB NEW JEESET. 1633—1738. The Danes— The Duke of Tork— College at Piinceton. 1. In 1622 the Danes effected settlements on the Dela. ware Eiver and at Bergen. In 1623 the Dutch built a fort on the east side of the Dela- ware, to which they gave the name of Nassau. An attempt at colo- nization was made by the English in 1640, but they were opposed by both the Swedes and the Dutch, and their settlement was broken up. 2. In 1664, Charles II., King «=w JERSEY COAT o^ABMs. ^^ Engkud, made a grant of the Dutch colony of New Netherlands, after his acquisition of it, to his brother, the Duke of York. This charter conveyed the whole territory lying between the Connecticut Eiver and the Delaware. The Duke conveyed to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret the territory which now consti- tutes the State of New Jersey. In compliment to Sir George Carteret, who had been governor of, and who had defended, the IslaD d of Jersey during the civil war in Eng- land, it was called New Jersey. 3. Liberal inducements were held out by the Proprie- taries to settlers to come into the colony. No rent was to be collected for five years ; no taxes were to be paid except Chapter Xn. — 1 . What people first settled in New Jersey ? In what year did the English make their first attempt ? 2. What was done hy King Charles in 1664 f Why was the country called New Jersey ? 3. What inducements were held out to settlers 1 What was the occasion of dl» putes ! What took place in 1G70 ! CHAP. XII.] SETTLEMEXX OF NEW JEKSET. 71 those imposed by the General Assembly or Legislature of. the colony, and liberty of conscience in religious matters was to be allowed. A settlement, had been made at Eliza- bethtown, and one or two other places, under licenses from Colonel Nichols, Governor of New York, who was ignorant )f the transfer to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, which was the occasion of disputes between the settlers and Proprietaries for many years, the former claiming priority of title. Philip Carteret, brother of Sir George, was the first Governor of the new. colony. He arrived in 1665 with thirty immigrants, and fixed his residence at Elizabetn- town. This became and remained the capital for several years. When rents fell due in 1670, discontents' became general; and resistance to their payment was made by those who held their lands under the Nichols license or grant. 4. Philip Carteret was still Governor. He displayed on this as on all occasions, the qualities of a just and wise ruler. Concessions to popular rights marked his policy. In 1673 he retired frpm office and returned to Englaud. He was succeeded by a sou of Sir George Carteret. 5. In 1673, the Dutch recovered New York and New Jersey, but they were soon afterwards restored to the En- glish. The Duke of York then obtained a new charter for both provinces in one, and appointed Sir Edmund An- dres, the tyrant, governor. He vested all legislative power in the governor and council, tlius making the government entirely arbitrary, and destroying the rights of the people. In 1674, Lord Berkeley, disgusted wiih the conduct of the Duke of Yoi'k, sold his share of New Jersey to Edward Byllinge, an Enghsh Quaker, who shortly afterwards tiransferred his claim to William Penn, and New Jersey was divided between Penn and Sir 4, Wliat was the character tf Sir PhUip Carteret? Who succeeded him ai governor ? . , 6. What took place in 1073 ? In 1674 J ")% SETTLFMENT OF NEW JEKSET. [BOOK I. George Carteret, Penn taking West Jersey, and Sir Geoige Carteret East Jersey. The dividing line was drawn frwni the ocean at Little Egg Harbor, to the northwestern cornor of the province. 6. In 1675, Philip Carteret again became Governor, and returned to the colony. He was a man of education and .efinement, and distinguished for many of the highest traits of a British nobleman. He was devoted in his at- tachment to the principles of Magna Charta, and to the rights of the colonists, under it, British subjects. The in- habitant? gave him a joyful welcome, for they were very n-eary of the tyranny of Andros. He postponed the pay- ment of rents, and granted further concessions to the colonists, and by his kind and liberal course, once more restored peace and order to the colony. But Andros still remaiji.ed their bane and pest; he destroyed their com- merce, exacted. tribute, and even arrested the Governor and conveyed him to New York. He released him only by command of the Duke of York. 7. In 1677, Burlington, in West Jersey, was settled by about four hundred Quakers, who arrived from England in that year. This province (West Jersey) rapidly filled with inhabitants, mostly Quakers. Many of them were men of considerable means; and being careful, prudent, and indus- trious, the country throve in their hands. The claims of the Duke of York over New Jersey were urged until 1680, when a legal decision was given, in the English courts, in favor of the Proprietaries, and the colony at length became independent of him. 8. The first Legislative Assembly of West Jersey met in 1681. In 1683, William Penn, and eleven others of the Society of Friends, purchased the province of East 6. How was Sir Phi lip Carteret received on his return f What was done by An- dres ! 7. In what year was Burlington settled ? By whom ? S. In what year did the fir*''; Legislative Assembly meet ! In what year did Penn purchase East 'Jersey ? Who was the first governor ? OH.A.P. XII.] SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY. 73 Jersey from Sir George Carteret. Twelve other persons united with them, and to these twenty-four Proprietors the Duke of York executed another grant or charter, when they proceeded to organize a Proprietary Government. Robert Barclay, the first governor, was appointed for life. He died in 1690. 9. In 1685, the Duke of York became James II., King of England; when, having no regard to his engagements as the Duke of York, lie attempted to usurp the gov- ernment of New Jersey ; but he himself was dethroned by the revolution in England, of 1688. During the reign of AVilliam and Mary, who succeeded James II., New York again claimed jurisdiction over New Jersey. The disputes about jurisdiction and title continued until the next reign, when the Proprietaries of New Jersey resigned their claim to the crown, and the government of New Jersey devolved upon the King of England, under the various charters which had been granted to the Proprie- taries. This was in 1703. Queen Anne united it under one government with New York, and appointed Lord Corn- bury governor, each colony, however, retaining its own Assembly. 10. The two colonies continued to be governed in this manner until the year 1738, when a separate governor was appointed for New Jersey. Lewis Morris was the first governor under this arrangement. The college at Prince- ton was founded in 1746, under the auspices of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. 9. What is said of tlie Dnke of York as king ? In what year did the Propi :» to.'T^s .eai^ tbeir cl-iine ? JIO 7n >vl>at jeai was Princeton College fonndeci ? 4 74 SETTLEMENT OF DELAWARE. {book l OHAPTET XIII. SETTLEMENT OF DELAWAKE. 1633—1690. Tlie Dutch— The Swedes— Gustavus Adolphus. 1. This Colony took its name from the river iind bay which form its eastern boundary. 2. The first attempt by Europeans to settle this section of country was made by the Dutch. Not long after the settlement of New Netherlands, as we have seen, an expedition was sent ont from Texel, an island in the Zuyder Zee. under the auspices of Van Eense- laer, Godyn, Bloemart, and De Laet, men of character and distinction in Holland. Godyn had previously purchased of the Indians, about thirty miles of territory, from Cape Henlopen to the mouth of the Delaware Eiver. The expedition was com- mitted to the charge of De Vries, a celebrated navigator. The colonists, consisting of about thirty emigrants, with stores of seeds and agricultural implements, embarked in December, 1631, and landed in May, 1633. The place selected for their future abode was near where Lewistown is now situated. On the return of De Vries to Holland, thfe affairs of the oertlement were left in the hands of one Osset as governor. A misunderstanding arose between him and the Indians. DEXAWAnE COAT OF ARSIS. Chaptbr Xni. — 1. Whnt did Ilebiware take its name from ? a. By whom was tlie lir!*t Europeaa attempt made to t^eltie Delaware 7 Wliat navigator conducti'd ttie expedition ? What year was the pettlemeut made ? At what place ? To whom was the mana;^emeut of afl'aira left ou the return ol De Vriee 1 What was the fate of this settlement ? CHAP. XIII.] SETTLEMENT OF DELAWABE. 75 One of the chiefs was killed in the hot blood that ensued. A general spirit of revenge was aroused among the sav- ages, who, seeking an opportunity, fell upon the little col- ony unawares, and utterly exterminated it. This was within twelve months after it was planted. 3. In 1637, Oxenstiern, who had been Prime Minister (iastavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, determined to cuiry out the wish and design of that great Protestant chieftain to found a colony in America. This design had been formed by him as early as 1626, but the German war in which he became engaged, and in which he lost his life, at the battle of Liitzeu, 16th of October, 1633, prevented its execution. Oxenstiern, in carrying out this design, professed " to be but the executor of the wish of Gustavus Adolphus." Under his direction and auspices an expedition, consisting of two vessels, the Key of Galmar and the Griffin, was fitted out in 1637. As many emigrants, consisting of Swedes and Finns,. as these vessels could bring, reached the Delaware Bay early in the year 1638. 4. The general management and supervision of the col- ony had been entrusted by Oxenstiern to Peter Minuits, the Hollander, who had been first governor of New Am- sterdam. Under his direction the first settlement (and which was the first permanent European settlement made in Delaware) was near the mouth of a creek, which he named Christiana, in honor of the infant Queen of Swe- den. Here a fort was soon built, to which he gave the same name. It was near the site of the present city of Wilmington. The colony itself was called New Sweden. 5. Other emigrants soon followed, and the colony in- 3 Who planned another settlement ? What is said of Gustavua Adolphue ! When did new settlers arrive ? Of what nation were they ? 4 To whom was the management of the colony entrusted ? Where was the first settlement made ? What was the name given to the creek and fort, and in honor of whom ? What name was given to the colony ? „ ^ , ^ 5. Did other emigrants cOme ? Did the colonists o'' New Netherlandi and New Swaden get along hai-moniously together ? 7b SETTLEMENT OF DELAWARE. [BOOK L cieasbd rapidly in numbers. More than a hundred fami- lies came over in one expedition, not long afterwards. Jealousies soon spi ung up between the colonies of New Netherlands and New Sweden. 6. )n 1G51, thfc Dutch built Fort Casimir, on the site of New Castle, within five miles of Christiana. This was deemed a menacing encroachment by the Swedes. In 1654, Rising, the governor at that time of New Sweden, deter- mined to seize Fort Casimir and drive the Dutch away. This by skill and stratagem he succeeded in doing; but his success proved the destruction of his own colony. Peter Stuyvesant, the governor of New Netlierlands at this time, treated the aggression of EisUig on Fort Casimir as an act of war. He raised more than six hundred men, and in- vaded the colony of New Sweden. Eesistance to this force was unavailing. The entire population of all the settle- ments of Delaware was not much over one thousand per- sons. Eising therefore was compelled to accept such terms of peace as were offered. These were, the quiet possession of all their estates by the Swedish colonists, upon their acknowledgment of the authority and jurisdiction of the Dutch government of New Netherlands. This was in 1655. " Such," says Bancroft, " was the end of New Sweden, the colony that connects our country with Gustavus Adol- phus, and the nations that dwell on the Gulf of Bothnia. It maintained its distinct existence for a little more than seventeen years, and succeeded in establishing permanent plantations on the Delaware." 7. In 1664, when the Duke of York took possession of the colony of New Netherlands, as we have seen, the settle- ments on the Delaware passed with it. 6. What did the Dutch do in 1651 ? Who was governor of New Sweden in 1654 ? What did he do ? Who was the Dutch governor of New Netherlands at the earae time ? Wliat did he do ? What was the result of the war ? 7. Under what juriediction did the settlements on the Delaware pass in 1064 ? To whom did the Duke of York transfer the same section of country ? How long did it remain a j^art of Penn's colony 1 When did it become eeparalxi, and how f cnAP. XIV.] PBiirNSTLVAiiriA. 77 Afterwards, as we shall see, the Duke of York, in 1682, transferred to "William Penn his rights and jurisdiction over this section of country, to which was given the name of "the lower counties of Delaware." These Swedish settlements thus remained a portion of the colony of Penn- sylvania until the year 1690, when the deputies to the Le- gislative Assembly of Pennsylvania from these " lower coun- ties" raised the question that, as Penn had only the Duke of York's conveyance of his rights of jurisdiction over their territory, which did not extend to the powers of gov- ernment, and had no Eoyal Charter granting him power of government over them, the lower counties were not rightful parts of the colony of Pennsylvania, and they therefore withdrew and formed a Legislature to themselves for the three lower counties. In this way they became a distinct colony to themselves, sofi^ras concerned their local affairs, with the name of Delaware, which name they have ever since retained. Penn himself approved the separation, but claimed Proprietary rights under the Duke of York's conveyance to him, which claim was acceded to. CHAPTEE XIV. SETTLEMENT OF PEIJ-JSrSYLVAiflA. 1638—1724. William Penn — The Quakers. 1. The first European settlements made in that section of country to which the name of Pennsylvania was after- wards given, were made by the Swedes soon after their arrival on the Delaware, in 1G38. These settlements were under the government of New Sweden until 1655, when Chapter XIV.— 1. By whom was Pennsylvania flrpt settled f When did tha Swedes arrive on the Delaware J When did they become subjected to New Netherlands f 78 PEl«r>STLVANlA. [BOOK 1 that colory was subjected to the Dutch GoTernmeut of New Netherlands, as we have seen. 2. In 1664, when the English Duke of York took pos- session of the Dutch colony of New Netherlands, these Swedish settlements, lying on the upper Delaware, passed with this, couq.uest, as well as the "lower counties," and they so remained for seventeen years. 3. In 1681, Charles II., King of England, granted to William Penn a lloyal Charter for all that section of country since known in honor of 00 4T OP ARMB OF PENNSTL- i . -r. TANiA. tlie grantee as Pennsylvania. Penn proposed the name of .Sylvauia, but the king prefixed his name to the one proposed. William Penn, Avho thus became so famoiis as the founder of this colony, belonged to that sect of Christians who style themselves Friends, but who are by the world styled Quakers. 4. The Quakers in England were subject to numerous dis- abilities and annoyances, and Penn, weary of the persecu- tions to which they were subject, became fixed in the deter- mination to seek in the New World an asylum for himself and his suffering brethren. His father bequeathed him a claim of sixteen thousand pounds sterling against the government, for which he was willing to receive laud. The king, Charles II., always in want of money, was very glad to pay this iebt in that way, and gave him a grant of twenty-six millions of acres, covering a territory nearly corresponding with the present bounds of the State of Pennsylvania. 2. When did they pass to the Duke of York f 3 . When was the Koyal Charter eranted to the colony of Pennsylvania ? By what king was it granted, and to -whom was it granted ? What is said of William Penn f 4. What is said of the Quakers ? OH\P. XIV.] PENNSTLTAMIA. 79 5. The charter constituted Penn and his heirs absolute Proprietaries, reserving to the crown their allegiance and the soTereiguty. They had power to make laws and to erect courts of justice. The rights of the colonists were guarded, and the freemen were to assist in framing the laws by "-; which they were to be goyerned. The great principle of the right of | local self-government by the peo- = pie was in this charter fully recog- nized. To encourage emigration, ^^5 the lands were offered for sale in lots of one thousand acres, at one pen- ny per acre, aad many Quakers whliam penn. became purchasers. In May, 1681, two ship-loads of emigrants came over under the direction of Mark- ham, a relative of Penn, and began a settlement near the mouth of Schuylkill river. They were instructed to lay the foundations of a new city, with broad streets, and so planted with gardens as to form a " greene country towne." He also wrote to the Indians in a kind and friendly spirit, assuring them of his peaceful intentions, and entreating them, as children of the same Great Spirit, to have the same feelings towards the emi- grants. 6. Before Penn left England, in 1682, he purchased from the Duke of York his Proprietary rights over the three lower counties of Delaware. In August of that year, accompanied by one hunidi-ed emigrants, he sailed for America, and landed at New Castle on the 24th of Octo- ber. The Swedes, Dutch, and English all gave him a hearty welcome. Other emigrants soon came, so that in a 5. What is said of Penn's ciiartcr f Was tlie principle of the right of locaj self-sovernment recognized in it ? What did Penn write to the Indians f 6. How many emigrants did be bring in 1683 ! 80 PENNSTLVASriA. [book 1. short time the Quaker population amounted to about two thousand. Penn's plan of government consisted of a Gov- ernor, a Council of Three, and a House of Delegates, to be chosen by the freemen. All were freemen who believed in Christ, and sustained a good moral character. 7. A short time after his arrival, Penn met the chiefs of the various tribes of Indians in the neighborhood, and formed with them treaties of amity and good will. He promised to treat them justly ; a promise which was never broken, and it is said that no Quaker was ever killed by an Indian. From the Swedish settlers he purchased a tract of land lying between the Schuylkill and Delaware, which he laid off for the building of his "greene country towne," to which he gave the name of Philadelphia. The city grew rapidly ; in three years it had more iiian six hundred houses, and the colony had a population of eight or nine thousand. 8. During the same year, 1683, a party from Germany settled in and near German town. They soon formed jDlanta- tions of com and wheat ; and being peaceable, industri- ous, and energetic, they became prosperous in a high de- gree. On the 4th of December, 1682, the first Legislative Assembly was held. The second Assembly was held at Philadelphia in March, 1683. At this session the form of government was somewhat modified. Laws were made to restrain vice. Labor on the Sabbath was forbidden, and to prevent lawsuits, three "peace- makers" were appointed for each county. 9. Penn's presence having become necessary in England, in 1684 he returned to that country. After the accession of the Duke of York to the throne, under the title of James II., Penn used his influence with him in favor of the op- T. What is said of treatment of the Indians ? Did this city flourish • 8. When was Qermantown settled f By whom ? At what time was the first Leg slative Assembly held iu Pennsylvania ? 9 What revolntion took place In 1688 ? How was PennsylTania governed in the meantime f What was done to William Penn f Who was appointed eov amor ? i-r n CHAP. XIV.] PEKKSi^LVAytA. 81 pressed Quakers and other dissenters. In pursuance of his solicitations and entreaties, great numbers of Quakera were liberated who had been in prison for many years. Penn's charter was the only, one of the colonial charters that was not attempted to be revoked about this time. In 1G88, the great revolution drove James II. from the throne; but for two years the government of Pennsylvania contin- ued to be administered in his name. This gave quite an offence to the reigning mbnarchs, William and Mary, and Penn was imprisoned and his government taken from him. Benjamin Fletcher was appointed governor. Some of the magistrates refused to acknowledge his authority, and some resigned. 10. When the Assembly met they refused to legislate under any other charter than that given by Charles, de- claring that to be as good as the one given by King William. They never noticed the governor, and entirely ignored his presence. At length King William became satisfied that Penn's attachment to the Stuarts was not treasonable, and his government was restored to him. He sent Markham as his deputy; an Assembly was called, and the people framed for themselves a liberal constitution, and refused to levy taxes until this was granted. When Penn returned he approved what the people had done. In 1690 Delaware was permitted to have a separate Le- gislature, as we have seen. 11. Penn had determined to remain in the colony; but hearing that the charters of all the colonies were about to be taken away, he thought his presence in England neces- sary. The charter was rendered permanent, and the Pro- prietorship remained in his family until the great American Eevolution, when the colony became the State of Pennsyl- 1 0. When the Asuembly met, what did they do t In what year did Delaware obtain a separate government ? 1 1 . What caused Penn's retnm to England ? Did he accomplish hip purpose? What took place at the breaking ont of the American Bevolntion J Wben did B?DJamin E'ranklin come to Philadelphia f 4* 83 NOETH CAROLIlfA. [book 1. vania, as we shall see. After the breaking out of that war the Proprietary claim was purchased by the Oommon- wealth for fire hundred and seventy thousand dollars. Penn died in 1718, leaving three sons, minors. Six yenxs after his death, Benjamin Franklin came to PhiladeJ ia as a journeyman printer. He soon became eminent a. "n experimental philosopher and for his great practical coi,.- mon sense. CHAPTEE XV. SElTLEMEifT OF NORTH CAROLINA. 1563—1739. Early Exploratious — Fiual Permanent Setllements — Indian "Wars. 1. The coast of the Oarolinas was first explored by the French in 1563, and so called by them in honor of Charles IX. (Ca- rolus). King of France. No per- manent settlements were made by them. A small colony of twenty- six persons, Protestants, was left at PortEoyal, South Carolina, in 1563, by John Eibault, but no reinforce- ments being sent to them they abandoned the place. In 1504, Admiral de Ooligny, the great Protestant leader of France, was able to send out a new expedition under Laudonniere, but these settled on the coast of Florida, on the river May, now called St. Johns. 2. Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1585, twenty-two years before the building of Jamestown, in Virginia, attempted, as we COAT OF ARMS OF KOETn CAR- OLINA. OHArTERXV.— 1. Wh., first explored the coast of the CaroUnas f From what is the name derived ? What is said of the early settlements of the FroDoli ? 3. In what year did Sir Walter Raleigh attempt his settlement 1 What was its tatef CHAP. XV.] KORTH CAEOLIlfA. 83 SIK WALTEB IlALSIeH. They had remained have before stated, the first settlement ever made vithin the present limits of the United States by the English, near the mouth of the Eoanoke River, in' North Carolina, with one hundred and seven persons. The settlers were left under the care of Ralph Lane as governor. By their injudicious conduct the settlers gave great offence to the natives, whom they despised, and a con- spiracy was formed for their de- struction. Fortunately, when their situation had become exceedingly critical, Sir Francis Drake arrived with a fleet of twenty-tliree vessels and removed them to England, at the settlement about one year. 3. No other attempt was made to colonize this region for many years. In 1630, Sir Robert Heath obtained a patent for an extensive region of country lying south of the 36th degree of north latitude. But as he made no settlements, his. patent was declared void after a few years. Between the years 1640 and 1663, numbers of persons from Virginia and other colonies, as well as from other countries, settled that portion of North Carolina lying nearest to Virginia. These settlements, several of them on the Chowan Eiver, were made without grants from any quarter. But Gover- nor Bei'keley, of Virginia, claimed jurisdiction, visited the colony, to which the name of Albemarle was giyen in honor of the Duke of Albemarle, and appointed Wiiliain Drum- raond governor. 4; In 1G63 the whole country from the 30th to the 36th degree of north latitude was conveyed by Charles. II., King S. Whit took place betifeon 1640 and 1663 f What was done by Goyemoi BePlcelfiv 7 4. WtAtgrant was made in 1663 f What is said of the constitution of John Locke ? Wnat name was given to this colony f 84 NORTH CAEOLINA. [BOOK 1. of England, to eight noblemen, who were joint Proprietors, with full power to settle and govern. The constitution for the goveriiment of the colonists under this grant was drawn up by. the celebrated philosopher Johu Locke, and exhibits great wisdom and forecast in many of its fea- tures. Rehgious freedom was specially provided for in it. The general provisions of the charter were liberal to set- tlers. Under this charter, in the year 1665, a colony was planted near the mouth of Cape Fear Eiver, aiid Sir James Yeamans was made governor. To this colony was given the name of Clarendon, in honor of Lord Clarendon, one of the Proprietaries. There thus became established within the limits of l^orth Carolina two separate colonies, Albe- marle and Clarendon, each having its own governor. But this arrangement did not long continue, though during its continuance it was the occasion of considerable trouble. 5. The Proprietaries of Carolina, by virtue of their char- ter from Charles II., claimed all the lands it covered, and jurisdiction overall the inhabitants within its limits. The inhabitants of Albemarle were not satisfied. They desired to hold their lands upon the same tenure as lands were held in Virginia, and broke out in open revolt ; but they became quiet when assured that their wishes in this respect should be complied with. Under Stephens, who succeeded Drummond as gOTernor, the first laws of the colony were enacted by an Assembly, composed of the governor, coun- cil, and twelve delegates; the latter chosen by the people, and the former by the Proprietaries. These laws were lib- eral, carefully guarding the rights of the settlers, and granting religious liberty to all. This was in 1669. 6. In 1670 the colonies of Clarendon and Albemarle were united under the name of North Carolina. But the 5. What Trots the cause of dieputes in North Carolina ? In what year were the flrat laws of the colony enacted ? %. in what year did tie union of Clarendon and Albemarle take place f What was the cauee of the bIc-t progress of the colony f What is said of the Uwwroc rton of Culpepper f CHAP. XV.] NORTH CAROLIKA. 8ft progi-ess of the colony was slow, in consequence of the gen- eral bad administration of public affairs, and the turbulent and insuri-ectionary character of the colonists. In 1674 the population was only about four thousand,-and the an- nual product of tobacco eight hundred thousand pounds- In 1677 the colonists, headed by Culpepper, broke out into open insurrection against the authorities. They impris- oned the Proprietary officers and seized the public revenue. The revolt continued successful for two years, when the people, becoming uneasy, sent Culpepper and Holden to England to offer submission to the Proprietaries, on condi- tion that their proceedings were ratified. 7. Culpepper was seized and tried for high treason, but was saved through the influence of Lord Shaftesbury. The Proprietaries sent tlie notorious Setli Sotliel as gover- nor, to restore order to the colony. Corrupt and tyi-anni- cal, under his administration tlie disorders became greater than ever. For six years the colonists bore with his op- pressions and exactions. He was then seized, to -be sent to England for trial, but he begged that he might be tried by the Assembly. This was done, and he was banislied from the colony. He was succeeded by Philip Ludwell. In 1695, John Archdale, a Quaker, was appointed. His jslris- diction extended also over Souih Carolina. He succeeded in restoring comparative quiet. The wisdom and prudence of his administration were generally acknowledged ; con- siderable settlements were made, and the export of tar and rice was commenced. Churches were erected, and provision was made for the support of public worship. 8. In 1705, Thomas Carey was appointed governor, but was soon removed to give place to Jildward Hyde,_ where- upon he incited a rebellion; and, at the head of an armed force, attacked Edenton, was repulsed, and finally by the aid 7. What is said cf the adniniBtration of Seth Sothel f Of John Archdale f 8. Who became goveraoi -D 1705 WTsen removed, what did he do f DestrtM the Tuscarora War of WIS. 86 KORTH CAROLINA. [BOOK L of troops frcni Virginia tlie rebellion was suppressed in 1711. In 1713, the Tuscarora and Coree Indians formed a conspiracy to destroy the white settlers. Twelve hundred warriors entered into the plot. They carried on their design with great cunning and secrecy. From their principal town they sent out small parties, who entered the settle- ments, as friends, by different roads. The massacre was to begin the same night. On that night they entered tlie planters' houses and demanded provisions. They pretended displeasure with the provisions, and then the slaughter began. Men, women, and children, were slain without dis- tinction or mercy. 9. The savages ran from house to house and slaughtered the scattered families wherever they went. About Eoanoke one hundred and thirty-seven settlers fell a sacrifice to savage fury in one fatal night. These were German Palar tines, led by Baron de Graffenreid, a Swiss, and had but lately come into the country. They were nearly all slain, but some few escaped, and by alarming their neighbors )jrevented the total destniction of that colony. The militia of the country collected as rapidly as possible, and held the savages in check until assistance was sent from another (quarter, as we shall see. 10. The progress of the colouy had been so slow that in 1717 the number of taxable inhabitants did not exceed two thousand, having gained no more than six hundred in forty- one years. The interior of the country had not been ex- plored, and the great fertility of that region was altogether unknown. At length the beauty of the country and richness of the soil became known, and emigrants to that colony rapidly poured in. At the commencement of the war of the Eevolution the population amounted to one hundred and eighty-one thousand. 9. How many wc 2 killed about Eoanoke f Who were these f How was the colony saved ? 10. What is taid of the slow process of the colony f How many inhal-itants were there at the commencement of the Eevolution T CHAP. XVI.] SOUTH CAEOLIISrA. 87 11. In 1729 the Proprietaries sold their rights to the King, and henceforth the goTemment of the colony de- volved upon the crown under the charter. The last Pro- prietary governor was Sir Richard Everhard; the firs* royal governor, George Barrington. CHAPTER XVI. SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH CAKOLINA. 1670-1707. Port Royal— Charleston— Seth Sothel— Indian War. 1. " That germ of civilization," says Dr. Ramsay in his History of South Carolina, " which took root, flourished, and spread in South Carolina, was first planted at or near Port Royal, in 1670, by a few emigrants from England, under the direction of William Sayle, the first governor of the province," under the royal charter of Charles II. They removed the next year to the western COAT OF Amis OP SOUTH .11 oAiioLiNA. banlc of tlie Ashley nver, and there laid the foundation of old Charleston. The site was not well chosen, for it could not be approached by vessels of large burden, and was therefore abandoned. A second re- moval took place to Oyster Point, formed by the junction of Ashley and Cooper rivers, and there, in the year 1680, the foundations of the present city of Charleston were laid. In one year thirty houses were built. The names of only two of these original settlers of Charleston have been handed down to posterity, viz.: William Sayle and Joseph West. 1 1 . What took place in 1720 ? Who was the last Proprietnry governor 1 Who the first royal eorernor ¥ Chapter XVI.— 1. Waen was the first settlement made by the English 'o 88 SOUTH CAEOLISTA. [BOOK 1, 2. William Sayle was the first governor, but he died soon after his arriyal, and was succeeded by Joseph West, who, for upwards of twenty years, bore the chief sway in the colony. The colonists brought with them the same con- stitution of government which had been drawn up fo. North Carolina by John Locke. 3. It was found impossible to carry out' in all particulans the provisions of this constitution, but the colonists re- solved to come as nigh it as possible, and accordingly elected a council and representatives. Of the first laws passed nothing is known. The first law which has been found on record in the oflBce of the secretary of the province, is dattd May 36, 1G82. 4. By appointment of the council, Joseph West succeeded William Sayle as governor until the pleasure of the Pio- prietors could be known. Sir John Yeamans as Landgrace claimed the oflSce, and the Proprietors judged it expedient that the government should be committed to him. He brought with him from the Barbadoes about fifty families, and nearly two hundred slaves. This was the beginninff of negro slavery in South Carolina (1671). During the ad- ministration of Yeamans the Spaniards caused consideiable trouble, by sending emissaries to Charleston to excite the inhabitants to revolt; to encourage servants to run away from their masters ; and to instigate the savages to exter- minate the whites. 5. In 1673 the colony was strengthened by the arrival of nu ibers of Dutch from the New Netherlands, which had par jed into the hands of the English. Many of the inhab- itants of that colony sought new homes. 6. Disputes having arisen between the Proprietors and Hontli Carolina ? At what place ? In what year were the fouudations of Cbarica. ton laid ? 2 . Who was the first governor f Who sncceeded him ? 3. What is said of the laws ? 4. When wa? negro slavery introduced Into South Carolina f By whuni I 6. How was the colony strengthened in 1673 ? 6. Who succocded Yeamans ? How many governors were there in nxe spaci of five years ? What was the cause of this rapid succession f CHAP. XVI. J SOUTH CAROLINA. 89 Sir John Yeamana concerning the heavy expenses of the 3olony and the deficient returns therefrom, he retired to Barbadoes, where he soon after died. He was succeeded by Joseph West in 1674. "West's administration continued for eight years. After this, in the short space of four years, to wit: from 1683 to 1686, there were no less than five governors: Josepli Morton, Joseph West, Eichard Kyrle, Robert Quarry, and James Colleton. This rapid succession if governors was caused by the close and bitter contests between the two parties existing in the colony. From the very first there were seeds of strife and discord, which soon sprang up and grew strong and rank. 7. Of the two parties, one was composed of cavaliers, to whom large grants of land had been made, who were at- tached to the Church of England, and who favored the prerogative and authority of the Proprietors ; the other was • composed of dissenters from the Church of England, and democrats in principle; these looked with a jealous eye upon any class which claimed prescriptive rights and privileges either in church or state. The former contended that the laws received from England ought to be implicitly obeyed ; the latter looked at local circumstances, and contended that the laws brought from England should be observed only so far as they were consistent with the interest of the colony. In this situation no governor could long support his power. Whenever he endeavored to exert his authority, his person was insulted and his administration complained of until he was removed from office. 8. During Morton's second administration, in 1686, the Spaniards laid waste the settlements of Port Royal. Morton then prepared to attack St. Augustine, but was prevented by the interference of the Proprietors. During the same year large accessions were made to the strength of the 7. What was the character of the two oppoaing parties f How was the govep aor treated by his opponents f 8. What tools place in 1686 ? How was the colony strengthened this year T 90 SOUTH CAROLINA. [BOOK TL colory by numbers of Protestant refugees, known aa Huguenots, from France, who were compelled to flee from that country by the revocation of the edict of Nantes. 9. Soon after the accession of Colleton, in 1686, he deter- mined to esert his authority and compel the people to pay up their arrears of quit-rents. The quit-rents were trifling in amount per acre, but there were so many thousand acres out of which no profit was drawn, that the rents were really burdensome. The governor, being determined to exert his authority in collecting the rents, wi'ote to the Proprietors to appoint deputies to assist him in the execu- tion of his office. But he soon found that the more rigorous he wiis the more turbulent the people became. The colony was a scene of confusion. 10. Mortified at his loss of power and his utter inability to enforce the collection of rents. Governor Colleton came to the conclusion, by the advice of his council, to declare mar- tial law. Accordingly he called out the militia, as if some danger threatened the country, and at their head martial law was publicly proclaimed. But this proceeding served only to exasperate ; the Assembly met and resolved that it was an assumption of power and an unwarrantable encroach- ment on their liberties. It was in vain that the governoi endeavored to carry out his measures. In 16.90 a bill was passed by the Assembly, disabling Landgrave James Colleton from holding any office or exercising any authority within the province; and they gave him notice that within a cer- tain time he must leave the colony. 11. In the midst of these disturbances, the notorious Seth Sotliel, who had been banished from North Carolina, made his appearance, and pretending to be one of the Pro- prietors, usurped the government. At first the people acknowledged his authority, but soon finding him destitute 9. What did Colleton nndertake f With what success f 1 0. What course did Colleton pursue !■ In 1690 what act was pasied hv th< Assembly ? *~ j 1 1 . What is paid of Seth Sothcl f His conduct ! CHAP. XTI.] SOUTH CAROLINA. 91 of honor and principle, they abandoned him. He trampled upon every principle of common justice and equity. The fair traders from Bermuda and Barbadoes were seized as pirates and imprisoned until such ransom as he chose to exact was paid; bribes from felons and traitors were accepted ; plantations were forcibly taken into possession ; planters were compelled to pay large sums of money for permission to retain possession of their property; indeed, every species of exaction that a rapacious and avaricious tyrant could think of to exact money, was resorted to by him. 12. At length the people became so weary of his extor- tions, that they determined to take him by force and send him to England. Then he begged permission to remain in the country, promising to submit his conduct to the judg- ment of the Assembly. At the meeting of the Assembly thirteen different charges were preferred against him ; he was found guilty, deprived of the government, and banished from the country. An account of his conduct was sent to the Proprietors, which filled them with astonishment, and they ordered him to England for ti-ial. Philip Ludwell was appointed governor in his place, 1692. 13. During Ludwell's administration the struggle be- tween the people and the Proprietors continued. The Fi-encli refugees were a source of controversy, and in this the people were clearly wrong. The refugees were orderly, industrious, and religious; they fled fi'om the lovely valleys of their own land because they were persecuted Protestants, and sought a home where they could worship God in peace ; but because they were Frenchmen the English settlers were their enemies, and thought that they were not entitled to the privileges and advantages of natural born subjects. But the Proprietors favored them, and instructed Governor Lud- 1 2. What did the people reeolve on doing f What was done ? Who sno- ceeded him ? 13. What toolc place daring Lndwell'B administration ! Why was LndweU removed V 92 SOUTH CAROLIKA. [BOOK L well to allow them the same liberties as other citizens. Ludwell was removed in 1693, for encroachments on the prerogatives of the Proprietors, in proposing to the Assem- bly to consider a new form of deed for holding lands. 14. Thomas Smith was appointed to succeed him. Com- plaints soon poured in upon him from all quarters. The French refugees were uneasy in regard to the titles to their property, and for this had good reason. There was no provincial law to secure their estates to the heirs of their body, or their nest of kin ; and they feared that on the death of the present owners their lands would escheat and their children become beggars. The English colonists also perplexed the Governor with ceaseless complaints. At length he wrote to the Proprietors that he despaired of ever uniting the people in interest and affection ; that he and many more had resolved to leave the province, and he recommended that one, of the Proprietors be sent with full powers to redress grievances, and settle differences in the colony. 15. Following the suggestions of Governor Smith, the Proprietors appointed John Archdale, a Quaker, a man of judgment and experience, and a Proprietor. His arrival caused great joy in the colony, and his very .presence seemed to have the power to banish animosity and discord. Hia wise and judieicas course gave satisfaction to all parties, Proprietors and colonists, except the French refugees. For these he found it impossible to do anything, on account of the strong feeling of dislike still existing in the minds of the English settlers. Rents were remitted ; roads were con- structed , canals were cut ; the Indians were protected from insult, and a fair and friendly trade and intercourse were established with them ; and though no positive enactments Vrere made in favor of the French settlers, yet through his 14. Who HQCceeded hira ? Wliat gave the French settlers uneaaines* ? What did the governor write to the Proprietors ? 16. What was done hr the Proprietors ? What -ras accomplished %v Aicb- dale J What toolc place iu t69fi f OHAP. XVI.] Et^lEH CAROLINA. 93 influence the antipathies against them were greatly softened, and in the next administration, in 1696, they were admitted to the same rights as the English settlers. 16. Joseph Blake succeeded Archdale. From 1696 to 1710, there were four Governors : Joseph Blake, James Moore, Sir Nathaniel Johnson, and Edward Tynte. In 1703, towards the close of Governor Moore's administration, war broke out between England and Spain, and as the Spaniards of Florida were near neighbors to the Carolinians, they became involved in war. In 1703, Moore fitted out an expedition against Florida, and endeavored to take St. Augustine. He sailed from Charleston with a force of twelve hundred colonists and friendly Indians. The ex- pedition was not a success. Moore was unable to take the ■fort at St. Augustine, and was compelled to raise the siege. By this unfortunate expedition the colony became inyolved in a heavy debt, and paper promises to pay were given to creditors in the place of money. 17. Soon afterwards an expedition was made agaiust tlie Appalachees Indians, who had become quite troublesome. Governor Moore invaded their country ; burned their towns and villages; killed several hundred of them, and obliged the others to submit to the English government. The Governor received the thanks of the Proprietors, and by his succ- 6 in this expedition wiped off the ignominy of that agaiust St. Augustine. He also procured a number of Indian slaves, whom he employed or sold for his own advantage. 1& During the administration of Sir Natlianiel Johnson, from 1703 to 1709, party spirit ran high and civil commo- tions continued. He was succeeded by Governor Tynte, and after his death, in 1710, the quarrels in regard to the succession came very near involving the colony in all the 16. Who sncceeded Avchdale ? What war broke out in 1703? What expedi- tion was undertaken by Governor Moore ? What was accomplished ? 1 7. What is said of the expedition against the Appalachees Indians f 18. What is said of the a«lmiiiistration of Sir Wiu. Johnson? Desfribe th« •,ont«st betwe'-'J ahbes and Brouchton. : 94 SOUTH CAKOLIlfA. [BOOK I. horrors of a civil war. The rital candidates for Governor were Eobert Gibbes and Colonel Broughton, and each one insisted that he was entitled to the office by the votes of the deputies of the Proprietors. The difBculty was occa- sioned by one of the deputies voting in the morniag for one of the candidates, and in the afternoon declaring for the other. Soon afterwards he died suddenly, and after his death it was ascertained that his second vote had been ob- tained by bribery. 19. The strife ran very high between the candidates, and it was finally agreed that Gibbes should administer the government until the pleasure of the Proprietors could be known. They appointed Charles Craven, who then held the position of Secretary to the Governor. During his administration the colony was involved in two wars with the Indians : one with the Tuscaroras in North Carolina, and the other with the Yamassees. We have seen that North Carolina was involved in war with the Tuscaroras. South Carolina became a party to this war. 20. Four thousand pounds were voted by the Assembly for the expenses of the war with the Tuscaroras, and Gov- ernor Craven lost no ti?np in sending assistance to North Carolina. A body of militia consisting of six hundred men, commanded by Colonel Barnwell, marched against the savages. Two hundred and eighteen Cherokees, seventy- nine Creeks, forty-one Catawbas, and twenty-eight Yamas- sees joined the Carolinians in this expedition. A dreadful wilderness, two hundred miles across, had to be traversed before the seat of war could be reached. In spite of every difBculty Barnwell advanced, employing his Indian allies to hunt for provisions by the way. At length he came up with the savages, and attacked them with great execution. In the first battle he killed three hundi-ed Indians and took about one hundred prisoners. The Tuscaroras retreated to 1 9, Who was appointed n;ovcmor by the Proprietors ? 20. O'jscribe the expedition against the Tuscaroras. Who commaudecl it ? CHAP. XVII.] VIHQIKIA, BESUMED. 95 their breastwork ; they were there surrounded ; maEj of them were killed, and the rest sued for peace. Their request was readily granted, as Barnwell's men were much fatigued, and suffering from hunger and wounds. 21. It is computed that the loss of the Tuscaroras was near one thousand killed and wounded in this war. Of Barnwell's party fiye white men were killed and several wounded. Thirty-six friendly Indians were killed, and be- tween sixty and seventy wounded. Hostilities were soon, afterwards renewed, and again the Tuscaroras were terribly defeated by Col. James Moore. After this defeat tue sur- vivors^bandoned their country and joined the Five Nations in the North. CHAPTEE XVII. VIKGINIA, EESUMED. 1660-1754. The Bacon Rebellion— College of William and Mary. 1. The intelligence of the Eestoration of Charles II. to the throne of England was received with great enthusiasm in Virginia. The last to acknowledge the Parliament, the first after the death of Cromwell to proclaim the King, the most loyal of all English subjects, it was natural that they should rejoice at the turn affairs had taken, and enter- tain hopes of a brighter and better future. The terms in which the King addressed the colonists were well cal- culated to stir all loyal hearts, and keep alive and ardent the feelings of hope and expectation. But these hopes were doomed to disappointment. It became the policy of the government of England to make the commerce of the 21. What wag the estimated loss of the Tuscaroras f Barnwell's loss ? What became of the Tuscaroras finally ? Chapter XVII.— 1. How n as the intelligence of the Eeptoration received in Virj;ini& ? Were the hopes of the people realized ? What became the policy of the* mother-country ? 96 VIEGINIA, KESCMED. [BOOK I. colonies entirely subservient to that of the mother-country. This policy was very injurious to the colonies, as it placed such restrictions on their commerce as, in a great measure, to destroy the profits arising from it. 2. The first act was to lay a duty of five per cent, on all merchandise exported from or imported into any of the colonies or dominions belonging to Great Britain. This was followed, in a short time, by the " Navigation Act," by which the plan of monopolizing to England the commerce of the colonies was perfected and reduced to a complete system. This act enjoined "that no commodities should be imported into any British settlement in Asia, Africa, or America, or exported from them, except in vessels built in England or in the plantations ; of which vessels the mas- ters and three-fourths of the mariners should be English subjects; and that no sugar, tobacco, cotton, wool, indigo, or woods used in dyeing, of the growth or manufacture of the colouies, should be shipped from them to any country except England; and that none but natural-born subjects, or such as had been naturalized, should exercise the occu- pation of merchant or factor in any English settlement, under the penalty of forfeiture of goods and chattels." This act was afterwards extended, in 1663, so as to prohibit the importation of any European commodity into the colonies, unless laden in England, in vessels navigated according to the tenor of the act. 3. The Parliament was not content with even these restrictions on the trade of the colonies, but went still fur- ther. They taxed the trade of the several colonies with each other, imposing a duty on the exportation of all com- modities enumerated in the Navigation Act, from one colony to the other, the same as that levied on the consumption of those articles in England. This system, though it may have been advantageous to the interests of England, was 2. Give some of the provisions of the Navis^ation Act. 3. What other liard^hips fliU Parliament lay on the colonies ? What ie said o( t&is Bystcm in its bearings on Et:g:laiid and the colonies ? CHAP. XTII.] VIRGINIA, BESUMED. 91. injurious to the colonies, and excited indignation and oppo- sition, especially in Virginia, where the extensive commerce and pre-eminent loyalty of the people rendered the pressure of the burden more severe, and the infliction of it more exasperating. 4. There was, however, some compensation for the'se severe restrictions. The colonies were allowed the exclu- sive privilege of supplying England with tobacco, t)ie cultivation of which was forbidden in England, Ireland,- Guernsey, and Jersey. But the compensation did not equal the burden, and the discontent was general. Virginia remonstrated and petitioned for relief, but in vain. The King enforced the act with rigor. 5. The discontents in Virginia were augmented by the grants of land made by the King to his favorites, which were in violation of former grants, and were inconsistent with the rights of Virginians. A war breaking out with the Susquehanna Indians, who ravaged the frontiers, added to the distress, and increased the discontent of the people. Sir William Berkeley, who had been Governor for many years, had generally been popular with all classes ; but at last the discontents of the people began to affect his standing, and he was accused of " wanting honesty to resist the aggression of the mother-country, and courage to repel the Indians." These charges were urged chiefly by Nathaniel Bacon, a young lawyer, ardent and ambitious. 6. Bacon was educated in London, had emigrated to Virginia in 1673, and was appointed a member of the Council shortly after his arrival. He was well qualified to be a leader of the people. A man of engaging address, young, bold, and ambitious, he harangued them upon their grievances, inflamed their passions against their rulers, and declaimed especially against the languid manner in which 4. What compensation was there for these hardships ? 5. How were the discontents augmented in Virginia ? What was the effect oa ihe popularity of Sir WlUiam Berkeley f 6 When did Bacon arrive in Virginia f Descriiie him. What is said of hli election ? What did Governor Berkeley do f 5 98 VIRGINIA, RESUMED. [BOOK 1. the war against the Indians was then carried on. Without warrant or authority of law, an assembled mnltitude of men elected him General. Whereupon he immediately applied to the Governor for a commission, and for his offi- i^ial sanction of the popular election, offering to march at once against the Indians. Governor Berkeley refused, and issued a proclamation commanding, in the King's name, the multitude to disperse. The popular voice was loud in Bacon's favor. They demanded a bold leader. He was just such a one as they desired. The more their demand was insisted on the more firmly the Governor adhered to his proclamation. Bacon was threatened with outlawry as a traitor. 7. Bacon was not intimidated or disconcerted; but feeling that he had gone too far to recede, instead of causing his followers to disperse, he marched at the head of six hundred armed men directly to James- town, surrounded the house where the Governor and Council were assembled, and repeated his demand. Berke- ley refused with firmness, and, boldly presenting him- self before the angry multitude, defied their malice; but the Council, less courageous,' hastily prepared a commission, and, by their entreaties, prevailed on the Governor to sign it. Bacon and his men then began their march against the Indians ; but no sooner were the Council relieved of their fears than they annulled the com- mission, denounced Bacon as a rebel, and commanded his followers to deliver him up. The Governor readily approved this act of the Assembly, as he had signed the commission only at their earnest entreaty. 8. Enraged at this treatment. Bacon with all his forces returned to Jamestown. The aged Governor, unsupported and almost abandoned, fled to Accomac, on the eastern 7. What steps did Bacon take next ? By "whoae iniuence did he get his com misslou ? After his departnrp, what was done by the Council P 8. What was then done by B:icon ? By Berlseley ? What "was done by BacoB to (five hi^anthority a legal sanction ? OHAP. XVII.] VIEGINIA, EE8CMEL). 90 shore of the Chesapeake. Collecting those who were well affected towards his administration, he opposed the insur- gents and seyeral skinnishes were fought with various suc- cess. Some of his councillors accompanied him, some went home to their plantations, and the actual government of the colony was, for the time heing, in the hands of Bacon. He sought to give it a legal form, and for this purpose caused a convention to assemble, and prevailed upon the members to pledge themselves to support his authority The convention published a declaration charging the origin of the troubles upon Sir William Berkeley, and requiring the people to support Bacon against all forces, until the King could be informed of the true state of the case. 9. The colony was now in a state of civil war. A party of Bacon's men burned Jamestown, laid waste that part of the country whose inhabitants adhered to the old admin- istration, and confiscated the property of the loyalists, theii opponents. The Governor retaliated, seized the estates of many of the insurgents, and executed several of the leaders. When intelligence of the troubles reached England, the King issued a proclamation declaring Bacon a traitor, and granting pardon to all who would forsake him. He also dispatched a fleet with some troops to the assistance of Governor Berkeley. 10. But a new and unexpected turn was given to tht course of events by the sudden death of Bacon. So com pletely had he been the soul of the movement, that imme- diately after his death the hopes of his followers sunk, his party dissolved ; and without any attempt at re-organization, without any choice of a new leader, they entered intc negotiation with Sir William Berkeley, and laid down theii arms, on obtaining a promise of general pardon. Snch wat the termination of a civil war which, at one time, seemed 9. Belate the prccecdings of the different parties. What waB done bj the King of England 1 „ . . 1 0. What e\ enl put a sudden stop to the affa ir and restored Bterkeley M power 100 VIRGINIA, UESUMED. [BOOK 1. to threaten the destruction of the colony. Many valua- ble lives Avere lost, and much property was destroyed, by a civil war which seems to have effected no good, and to have accomplished none of the purposes for which it was begun. Whether the outbreak may properly be termed a rebellion or not, and Bacon a usurper, after his death his followers, being left without a head, gladly submitted to the authority of Sir William Berkeley, on condition of receiving a general pardon. 11. Berkeley returned to England about 1678, and was succeeded by Culpepper, who was appointed Governor for life; he was, however, removed in 1683 or 1684, andEflSng- ham appointed his successor. In 1685 occurred in England the rebellion of James, Duke of Monmouth. When it was suppressed, many of those persons implicated in it were sent to Virginia and Maryland, to be sold to the colonists as slaves for ten years. The Virginia House of Burgesses declared them free. Meanwhile, the restrictions on the commerce of the colonies continued through the subsequent portion of. the reign of Charles II., and through that of James II., until the revolution of 1688, which placed William and Mary on the throne — an event beneficial to Great Britain and her colonies. 12. During the reign of William and Mary a college was established in Virginia, to which the sovereigns gave their patronage and their names. The King gave to the college outstanding quit-rents to the value of two thousand pounds, and also other grants. Erom this period Virginia enjoyed almost uninterrupted peace, and continued to increase in wealth and population until th.e breaking out of the old French war in 1754, considerably over half a century. Its central situation, removed alike from the French in Canada and the Spaniards in Florida, saved it from their hostile 11. Who succeeded Berkeley in 1678? What event occurred in Bngland in 1685? What revoUitiini occui-red in 1688 ? 12. What college was founded in Virginia in the reign of William and Msrrj How did the central situation of Virginia affect its i.ranquillity ? CHAP. XVIII. J XKW TOBK, EEStTMED. 101 incursions, and insured comparative repose. Eeligious in- tolerance disappeared; and though Episcopacy continued to be the established religion, and the laws against dissenters were unrepealed, yet they were a dead letter, and men of all names and sects could worship as they pleased, and the "Old Dominion" became the worthy Mother of States and Statesmen. CHAPTEE XVIII. NEW YORK, RESUMED. 16G4-1754. Sir Edmund Andros^-French and Indian Wars. 1. Immediately after its subjugation, as we have seen, New Amsterdam and the whole of the conquered province re- ceived the u ame of New York. Considerable numbers of the Dutch inhabitants left the country, and sought new homes elsewhere. The Governor, Stuyvesant, himself acquiesced in the change, and passed the remainder of his days as a British subject. Nichols, the first governor after the conquest, retained many of the Dutch forms of government; but a change to English customs was gradually brought about ; trial by jury was introduced, and on the 12th of June, 1665, New York was incorporated, under a Mayor, five Aldermen, and a Sheriff. In 1666, war with Holland having broken out, apprehensions were entertained that efforts might be made to x'ecover the province; but no attack was made, and at the treaty of peace New York was regularly ceded to England in exchange for Surinam, by a general stipulation that each one of the belligerents should retain what its arms had acquired after the commencement of the war. 2. In 1667 Nichols resigned his appointment, and was Chaptbr XVIII.— 1 . Who was first sfovemor of New York after its conqnest! 2. Wbo succeeded NicholB ! Wliat took place towards the close of h.3 admlD Utration { When was New York restored to the English 1 102 NEW YORK, RESUMED. [BOOK I. succeeded by Colonel LoTelace, who was governor for six years. During his administration the colony was prosper- ous. Towards the close of his term, war having again broken out with the Dutch, a small squadron was fitted out by them to prey upon the commerce of the English colo- nies in America. This squadron suddenly made a descent upou the city of New York, and captured it during the ab- sence of Colonel Lovelace. It was restored to the English at the treaty of Westminster, in 1674. 3. Sir Edmund Andros was Grovernor under the Duke of York, as successor of Colonel Lovelace, until the year 1683, when Colonel Thomas Dongan was appointed. It was during his administration that a representative Legislative government was fia-st established in New York. So much discontent was excited under Andros' arbitrary system, that the Proprietary was induced to grant the same form of gov- ernment that was enjoyed by the other colonies. The Assembly consisted of a Council of ten members, and a House of Representatives chosen by the people, composed of eighteen members ; but its laws were to be ratified by the Proprietary before they could take effect. It was in this way the principle of the right of local self-government took root in this colony. The people for a time seemed content witH tli3 mere privilege of having representatives, though they had only two sessions of the Legislature in the next six years. 4. The administration of Dongan was distinguished by the attention which he gave to Indian affairs. The interior of New York was inhabited by several of the aboriginal tribes. These at first were known as the Five Nations. After they were joined by the Tuscaroras from the Caroli- nas, they were known as the Six Nations. Colonel Dongan, in 1684, seeing great danger from the encroachments of the 3. When was a repreeentatiTe government established In New York f Of whom did the Assembly coneiBt ? 4. In what way was tlie administration of Dongw distinguished 1 What ad vantageous treaty was formed J CHAP. XVIII.J NEW YORK, EE8UMED. 103 French in Canada, in conjunction with Lord Effingham, Governor of Virginia, entered into a treaty with the Five Nations, embracing all the English settlements and all the Indian tribes in alliance with them. This treaty, which was I'jng and faithfully adhered to, was of immense ad- vantage to the English settlers, as it erected a firm barrier between them and the French on the north, and prevented their encroachments for many years. 5. In 1684, De la Barre, the Governor of Canada, mvaded the temtory of the Five Nations with an army of seven- teen hundred men, with the intention of defeating and driving them from their country. But his troops suf- fered so much from famine, hardship, and sickness, that he was compelled to ask peace of those whom he had come to destroy. He invited the chiefs of the Five 'Nations to meet him at his camp ; they accepted the invitation. In the conference which ensued, he accused the confederates of conducting the English to the trading grounds of the Fi'ench, and threatened them with a war of extermination if they did not alter their behavior. The Indian chief Garangala, who well knew the weakness and helpless con- dition of the French army, treated his threats with con- tempt, and reiDlied to him in a bold and independent speech. 6. Pe la Barre was mortified and enraged at his reply; but, submitting to necessity, he concluded a treaty of peace and returned to Montreal. His successor, DeNouville, led a larger army against the confederates, but with no better suc- cess. He fell into an ambuscade, and was defeated with heavy loss. These wars served to strengthen and perpetuate the enmity of the Indians against the French, and their attachment to the English. 7- After James II. ascended the throne, in 16.85, and de- clared the abrogation of the old colony charters, New York a. What took place in 1684 1 6. What was the resalt of De la Barre'e expedition f T. What took place after James II. became king; ? What i? said of the Bdmln- iBtration of Andros? What revolution occurred in 1688 J Who seized the gbv ernment in Ifew Tork f 104 NEW YORK, RESUMED. [BOOK I. and the Jerseys were added to the jurisdiction of the four colonies of New England, and Sir Edmund Andros was appointed captain-general and vice-admiral over the whole. His hard rule, however, was a brief one ; but during his administration additional taxes were imposed, and a print- ing-press was strictly forbidden in the colony. In 168S occurred the revolution in England which placed William and Maiy on the throne. When intelligence of their acces- sion was received in New York, and while the principal officers and magistrates were assembled to consult for the general safety, Jacob Leisler, a captain of militia, seized the fort and held it for the Prince of Orange, under the old charter. Nicholson, the deputy of Andros, fled to England. A few of his adherents, Courtlandt, the mayor of the city, Colonel Bayard, Major Schuyler, and other gentlemen, retiring to Albany, seized the fort there, declaring they held it for King William, but would have no connection with Leisler. Leisler sent his son-in-law, Milbourne, against them ; they gave up the fort, and retired to the neighboring colonies. In revenge, Leisler confiscated their estates. 8. Meantime the province was ruled by a committee of safety, with Leisler at their head. In a few months a letter arrived from the ministry in England, directed to " stich as for the time being take care of administering the laws of the province," as they existed under the charter, and con- ferring authority to perform all the duties of Lieutenant- Governor. This letter Leisler understood as addi-essed to himself, and accordingly assumed the authority conferred by it, and issued commissions and appointed his executive council. A convention was called, consisting of deputies from all the towns and districts, who enacted various regu- lations for the government of the colony. 9. War about this time was declared between Prance and 8. What is eald of Leialer's position, and tlie condition of New York i 9. What war was declared f Who became governor of Canada f What is said or him ? What treaty did he make ? When was Schenectady burnt ? CHAP. XVIII.] NEW YOEK, RESUMED. 105 England. Count Frontenac, a veteran and skillful oificer, succeeded Be Nouville as Governor of Canada, and soon, by his energetic measures, aided by a large reinforcement, lie raised tlie affairs of the French from the brink of ruin to a position that enabled them to act on the offensive. He held a great council with the Five Nations at Onondaga, and as he found them somewhat inclined to peace, he persuaded them to remain neutral in the war between the French and English ; and to raise the drooping spirits of the Canadians, he determined to give them immediate employment against the English colonies. On the 19th of January, 1690, a party of about two hundred French and some Cahuuaga Indians set out for Schenectady; they arrived at eleven o'clock at night on the 8th of February, and the first inti- mation the inhabitants had of danger or of the presence of enemies was conveyed in the noise of their own bursting doors. Before they made the attack, the French and Indians, finding the inhabitants buried in profound repose, and no guards set, divided themselves into different parties ; at the same time they set fire to the town in various places. 10. The village was burnt ; sixty persons were massacred, .and twenty-seven were carried into captivity; the rest escaped and made their way naked through the snow towards Albany, at which place some an-ived in extreme distress, while many perished on the way. A party of young men and Mohawk Indians immediately set out from Albany in pursuit of the enemy, overtook them, and killed and captured twenty-five. 11. To avenge these barbarities,, and others pei-petrated m New England, preparations were immediately commenced for an invasion of Canada. An army was raised in New York and Connect^'out. These forces, united under the 1 0. How many made their escape ? How many of the enemy were killer! and captured f 11. What was done to avenge these barbarities 1 With what success ? Wli« commanded the expeditious against Canada ? a* 106 NEW TOllK, KESUMED. [BOOK L command of General Wintlirop, were to march Against Montreal. They proceeded as far as the head of Lake Ohamplain, but finding no boats prepared for their use they were obliged to return. The expedition against Quebec was equally unsuccessful. Sir William Phipps, with a fleet of more than thirty vessels, sailed from Boston into the SI. Lawrence, landed a party, and made an atuick, both by land and water, upon Quebec. But he was obliged to aban- don the enterprise, in consequence of the army which was to co-operate with him having returned to New York, thus allowing the whole force of the enemy to repair to the assistance of the garrison. 12. When Leisler was informed of the retreat he caused Winthrop to be arrested ; but this so aroused the indignation of all parties that he was compelled to release him. The failure of the expedition was in fact attributable to Mil- bourne, who, acting as commissary-general, had failed to furnish the necessary supplies. 13. Leisler was superseded by Colonel Slaughter, who ai'rived in the province in 1691. Leisler was shortly after- wards arrested, tried, and executed, on a charge of treason, for refusing to surrender his authority to the person legally appointed to receive it. Milbourne, his son-in-law, was tried and executed with him. Colonel Slaughter was unwilling to sign their death-warrant ; but their enemies took advan- tage of his fondness for wine, gave him a dinner-party, and while intoxicated they induced him to sign the order for their execution, and the next morning, before the gov- ernor became sober and could recall the warrant, the un- fortunate men were hurried to death. In a few months Slaughter himself died, just after the conclusion of a treaty, offensive and defensive, with the Five Nations. 14. Li 1691, near the close of the year. Major Schuyler, 12. Wlieu informed of the retreat, what did Leieler do ? Who was to blama for the failure ? 13. Who Biicceeded Leisler f What was Leisler's fate f 1 4. What expedition was uuaert"\ken near the close of the year 1691 ? What U eaid of the war between the Indians and French ? CHAP. XVIIl.] NEW TQEK, KESUMED. 107 who had acquired great influence over the Indians of the Five Nations, undertook an expedition against Montreal, at the head of a considerable body of colonial and Indian forces. He inflicted heavy losses upon the Frenah, but was Ciompelled to retreat. The war was waged with great fury between the Indians and French ; prisoners were tortured and put to death, without the least regard to the rights of humanity or the laws of war. Both parties seemed inspired with a desire to excel each other in cruelty as in prowess in battle. 15. Colonel Fletcher, the next Governor of New York, arrived in 1693. He was a man of great energy of charac- ier, but violent and passionate in his disposition. . His administration is remarkable for nothing except for the effort to obtain control of the Connecticut militia, by virtue of a commission from the King, in which he signally failed ; the matter was submitted to the Attorney and Solicitor- General of England, who decided in favor of Connecticut. He also endeavored to induce the Assembly to declare Episcopacy the established religion of the colony. A bill was passed for settling ministers in the several parishes, but an amendrdent was added by the council that people might choose their own ministers, provided the Governor should exercise the Episcopal power of approving and collating the incumbents. This amendment the Assembly negatived, for which the Governor called them before him and rated them soundly. His abuse they bore with patience, but re- mained firm in their position. 16. In 1697 the peace of Eyswick was concluded, which gave security and repose to the colonies, but left the Five Nations exposed to the animosity of the French. Lord Bellamont, who succeeded Colonel Fletcher, protected the Five Nations from the fury of the French. He supplied 1 5. Who waB next Governor of New Tork f What is said of him ? What ia hie administration remarliable for J , . „ , 1 6. When was peace made ? How did Lord Bellamont act towards tu» French and Indians ? i08 NET TORS, KESUMED. [BOOU 1. them with arms and ammimition, and notified Count Fron- tenac- that if the French attacked them, he would send the whole disposable force of the colony to their aid. By hia firmness and decision Count Frontenac was induced to forego his pui-pose of war, and shortly afterwards peace was made between the French and Indians. 17. During the administration of Fletcher, piracy had increased to an alarming extent, to which great evil Bellamont was , particularly desirous of putting an ■ end ; but the government declining \ to furnish an adequate naval force, , he engaged with others in a private undertaking against the acknowl- edged OTitlaws of all nations. Among the undertakers were Lord-Chan- cellor Somers, and the Duke of -Shrewsbiiryj the King himself, also, had a tenth share. Having procured a vessel, the command was given to Captain Kidd, and he was despatched on a cruise against the pirates. Kidd had been but a short time at sea when he made a new contract with his crew, and on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans he became him- self one of the most daring, successful, and celebrated pirates that ever infested the seas. After a bloody career of three years he had the wonderful audacity to appear in public in Boston. He was there seized, sent to England, and tried and executed. The noblemen who had procured him his commission were charged with complicity with him, and this feeling became so powerful, that a motion was made in the House of Commons that all who were con- cerned in the adventure might be deprived of their em- ployments. The motion was rejected by a large majority, OAPTAEN KIDD. 17. What is said of piracy and the efforts of Lord Bellamont to put an onj to it f Describe Captain Kidd'a career. CfHAP, XVIII.] JS^EW TOKK, BESUMED. 109 and the unfortunate shareholders in the adventure were provei) entirely innocent of any participation, either in the designs or profits of Captain Kidd. 18. Lord Bellamont's administration was wise and pru- dent; and promised to be highly beneficial, but was suddenly cut short by his death in 1701. He sought to allay the feuds and soften the asperities of party spirit. He was mainly instrumental in procuring a grant of one thousand pounds for the benefit of young Leisler when he made ap- plication for indemnification for the losses sustained by his family. Lord Cornbury was appointed his successor, a man eminent for his meanness and profligacy, sent off by his friends to place him out of the reach of his creditors. His oppressive and extravagant rule, and the baseness of his private character, exposed him to universal odium. He was removed in 1709 by Queen Anne, who appointed Lord Lovelace his successor. 19. Lord Lovelace died soon after his amval, and General Hunter was appointed to succeed him, in 1 710. He brought with him nearly three thousand Germans, a part of whom settled in New York, the remainder in Philadelphia. An invasion of Canada by the united forces of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, took place in 1711. It was unsuc- cessful, and nothing was accomplished by it. To defray its expenses the Assembly passed several bills which the coun- cil persisted in amending. The Governor took sides with the council, and finally dissolved the Assembly. At the en- suing election most of the members elect were opposed tr the Governor. This Assembly was dissolved by the death of the Queen. The next met the same fate from the Governor. The people at length became weary of contending, and elected representatives whose views were in unison with those of the Goremor. 1 8. What vns the cbaracterof Lord Bellamont's iidmiDiBtratioD ? What grant was he instrumental in procuring ? Who succeeded him ? What '« said of hia i^neceseor- ? Who was appointed by Queen Anne in 1709 ? 19. What emigrants did General Hunter bring over with him? delate ths tontests between the Governor and the Assembly. 110 NEW YOKK, KESUMED. [BOOK 20. General ilunter quitted the province in 1719, and his authority devolved on Peter Schuyler, the oldest mem- ber of the council. His successor was William Burnet, sou of the celebrated Bishop Buruet, a man of good sense and kind feelings. His attention was directed chiefly to Indian affairs, and the danger to be apprehended from the vicinity of the French. Turning his views to the wilder- ness, he perceived that the French were employed in erecting a chain of forts from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi. To defeat their design he built a trading-house and after- wurds a fort at Oswego, on Lake Ontario. But the French liad abundant resources, and were not easily foiled. They penetrated into the wilderness, and erected a fort at ISTia- gara, commanding the entrance into the lake; they had previously erected Fort Frontenae, commanding the outlet. 21. Mr. Buruet held a conference with the chiefs of the Five Nations, at Albany; spoke to them of the wrongs the French had done to them, and of the kindness they had received from the English. He so moved upon them by his eloquent representations that they were persuaded to give ii deed surrendering their country to the King of Engla\)d, to be protected for their use, and contirming their grant of 1701, concerning which there was only an entry in the books of the secretary for Indian affairs. 22. But in the meantime the electors of the colony had become dissatisiied at the length of time which had elapsed since there had been an election for members of the Assem- bly. There liad been such complete harmony between the Governor and the Assembly elected in 1716, that there had been no dissolution for eleven years, and the people became dissatisfied. Yielding to their clamors, he dissolved the Assembly in 1727, and a new election was held. As might have been expected, a majority in the next Assembly were 20. What is said of Governor Burnet and his administration ? What stepi did he lake to defeat the designs of the French ? a 1 . Give an acconut of his conference with the Five Nations, and Its result aa What Tas the result of the election held in 1737 ? CHAP. XVIII.] XEW YORK, RESUMliO. Ill opponents of the administration, ^iud disputes immediatelj arose betw.een them and the Govi/rnor. 23. The court of chancery, in which Mr. Burnet presided, had become exceedingly unpopular. It had been instituted without the concurrence of the Assembly, and some of its decisions had given great offence to influential individuals. The Assembly passed resolutions intimating that its decrees wore void, and declaring the court a "manifest oppression and grievance." Mr. Burnet immediately dissolved the As- sembly. In the spring, however, an ordinance was passed to remedy certain abuses and to reduce the fees of the court. 24. Mr. Burnet was shortly afterwards appointed Governor of Massachusetts, and was succeeded by Ool. Montgomery in New York. His short administration was only distin- guished by his love of ease, which so absorbed his attention that he had no time to devote to public affairs. He died in 1731, and the executive authority devolved upon Eip Van Dam, the senior member of the council. During his administration the Prench were permitted to erect a fort at Crown Point, within the limits of Now York, which became a source of constant annoyance, being a rallying-point for hostile bands of Indians. 25. In August, 1733, Van Dam was superseded by Wil- liam Crosby, who was at first popular, on account of having defended the colonies in the British Parliament ; but he soon lost the affections of the people by his encroachments on the liberty of the press. He prosecuted Zenger, the printer of a newspaper, for publishing an article which he thought derogatory to the dignity of his Majesty's gov- ernment. For printing the offensive article Zenger was thrown in prison, and not brought to trial until after the lapse of thirty-five weeks. He was ably defended by An- as. What Is eaid of the court of chancery ? What was the action of the Ab- Itiriibiy in respec* to it ? 24. Who succeeded Mr. Burnet ? How was his administration distinjj;ai8hed f What tool! place dnring Rip Van Dam's administration ? '25; Who succeeded van Dftm f What is said of liis administration? 112 NEW TOKK. RESUMED. [UOOK 1. drew Hamilton, the eminent Quaker-lawyer of Philadel- phia, and acquitted. 26. In 1736, Crosby was succeeded by George Clark. During his administration the contest between the Gover- nor and the Assembly was revived. It was the Governor's wish to control the public revenue; the Assembly declared that the moneys raised should be applied to the extinguish- ment of certain specific debts, and refused to appropriate any sum for any length of time, or for any purpose, except as in their judgment they thought right. The Assembly was dissolved; but a new Assembly was no more tracta- ble, and for a time the Governor yielded and promised his cordial co-operation in all measures calculated to promote the prosperity of the colony. Harmony did not long con- tinue. At the next session the Assembly, persisting in its refusal to raise a revenue for a longer period than one year, was again dissolved. 27. In 1740 the Assembly again met, and still continued their opposition to the Governor's wishes. Their resolute adherence to their views of duty and right was construed by the Governor into a desire for independence, and in a speech delivered in 1741 he alludes to a "jealousy which for some years had obtained in England, that the planta- tions were not without thoughts of throwing off their de- pendence on the crown." 28. Clark was superseded in the government by George Clinton, in 1743. Like most of the governors, he was re- ceived with joy by the people. But, more fortunate than the greater number, he seems to have retained his popular- ity by timely concessions to the popular will. To manifest his confidence in the people, he gave his assent to a bill limiting the duration of the present and all succeeding Assemblies. The Assembly, actuatec by a similar desire 2B. WbatiB said of tlie controversy between Governor Clark and the AeBouv Wy ? 27. What oliarge does Governor Clark bring against them in 1741 » 28. Who succee'ied Clark ? In what year ? What can you toll about his ad lainistratiou F CHAP. XIX.] NEW ENGLAKD CONFEDERATION. 113 to promote the public welfare, readily adopted the measures he recommended for the defence of the colony against the French, who were then at war with England. In 1745 the Indian allies of France made frequent incursions into New York, as well as the other English colonies. Their depre- dations continued, with little intearmission, until the ter- mination of the French dominion in Canada. 29. At the commencement of the French and Indian war of 1^54, the population of the colony of New York did not exceed one hundred thousand. CHAPTER XIX. NEW ENGLAND CONFEDEKATION, RESUMED. 1075—1754. King Philip's War — Sir Edmund Andros — Charters Suppressed— Connecticut Charter Oak — End of the Confederacy — Old Charters Revived — Massachusetts and Plymouth United — Queen Anne's War — Witchcraft. 1. The public manifestations of loyalty to Charles II. throughout New England, after the Eestoration, were more in appearance than reality. There was a general appre- hension pervading the minds of a large majority of the people, that their chartered rights would not be regarded by this monarch. It is ti#e he had confirmed the charter of Massachusetts, yet he had done it in a way, and with qualifications, which increased this apprehension. In hia act of confirmation he required a toleration of the Church of England, and dispensed with colonial church member- ship as a qualification to hold oflSce. 2. These apprehensions were still more increased upon the arrival, not long after, of a board of Eoyal Commis- 29. What was the popiilntion of the colony of New Tork in 1754? Chapter XIX. — 1. What is eaid of the manifestatiouB of loyalty to Charlce II. in New England ? In confirming the charter of Massachusetts, what changes did 2 What ie said of the board of commissioners ? On what matters did die pntes arise between this board and MaseachusettB ? What put a temporary quiet to these disputes ? 114 NEW ENGLAND CONFEDEKATION. [BOOK L Bioners, who were seiil; over, ou some pretext or other, to detei'mine certain civil as well as military matters in each of the colonies of the confederation, and also to Rhode Island. They were to look after the peace and security of the whole country generally. These commissioners met with a very jealous reception in Massachusetts, much more so than in Plymouth, Connecticut, or Rhode Island. A very serious dispute soon arose between them and the G-en- eral Court of Massachusetts, about her claim of Jurisdic- tion over New Hampshire. The commissioners returned to England without any satisfactory adjustment of this dispute. Massachusetts was cited to appear by agents or attorneys, to answer in England certain complaints alleged against her by them. This she neglected to do, and mat- ters were assuming quite a serious aspect in that quarter, when a new trouble arose, which diverted attention tem- porarily from a quarrel with the mother- country. It was a dangerous quarrel with the Indians at their doors. This was the break- ing out of what is known as King Philip's War. 3. King Phil- ip was the sec- ond son of Massasoit, who had always beon a warm friend of the English; but he W/W7'W KING PUILIP. 3. WTio was King Philip f What is said of the cause of hia hatred to the col tiniei? CHAP. XIX.] KEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION. 115 was far from sharing the feeling of .his father. He con- cealed his hatred, and went silently to work maturLag a plan by which he hoped to be able to exterminate all the colonists. The cause of his hatred was the wrongs which, as he complained, had been inflicted upon his brother and upon others of his tribe, who wer^nt to death after being ^pd and found guilty of murde^by a jury composed of colonists and Indians. This was done under an Indian treaty with the Confederation, and he complaiiied that it all came from the controlling influence of the whites. 4. For five years Philip labored -diligently in inducing other tribes to join in a league for the destruction of the whites. At the end of that time he found that he could bring three thousand wari-iors into the field. Tlie war be- gan by an attack upon Swauzey, in Plymouth, in June, 1675. The Confederation stood together in the common defence. The war > was waged with great fury and various success until August, 1676, when it was terminated by the death of Philip, the destruction of his tribe, the Wampa- noags, the destruction of the Nipmucks and the Narra- gansetts, and the captivity of Philip's wife and son, yet a lad. His son was taken to Boston, and. there it was de- bated whether he should be put to death or sold into slavery. This youth, the last piince of the Wampanoags, the grandson of Massasoit, the lifelong friend of the colo- nists, was adjudged by the authorities to be sold as a slave, and was ordered to be sent out and so disposed of in Ber- muda. 5. The loss of the Confederation in this war was very great. Six hundred of the inhabitants, composing a large portion of its military strength, Avere either killed in battle or other- wise lost. Twelve or thirteen towns were destroyed, and 4. How Ion" was he striving to stir up strife between the two races ? Where »na when di3 the war begin ? When did it end f What was its result i What became of Kinff Philip's son ? ' 5 What was the loss of the Confederation in the war t What was the popj l«tion of the Confederation at this time ? 116 S'EW EN"GLAiirD CONFEDEKATION. [BOOK L about six hundred buildings, chiefly d-welling-houses, were burnt. A heavy debt was contracted, and their resources were greatly diminished. At the beginning of this war the entire population of New England was not abore one hun- dred and twenty-flTC thousand. 6. After this war, t^.dispute between Massachusetts ^d the mother-country, in regard to New Hampshire as 'Pell as Maine, was renewed. The latter was ended, in 1677, by Massachusetts paying twelve hundred pounds sterling for the proprietary rights of Gorges to the territory of Maine. The dispute as to New Hampshire was ended in 1679, by a judicial decision in England, against the claim by Massachusetts of jurisdiction over that colony. A new and very liberal charter was granted to New Hampshire on IStli September, 1679. John Cutts, of Portsmouth, was appointed chief magistrate, under the name and style of President. After this New Hampshire remained a separate colony. The first General Assembly under the new organization met at Portsmouth, 16th of March, 1680, which passed man) wholesome and liberal laws. One of their declarations was that no act, imposition, law, or ordinance should be imposed upon the inhabitants of the province, but such as should be made by the Assembly and approved by the President of the council. Under the code then adopted. New Hampshire soon began to flourish. 7. It was not long after this that King Charles II. entered upon the execution of a purpose to annul all the New Eng- land colonial charters. His acts, in the proceeding which ensued, were most arbitrary and tyrannical. In 1684 a judg- ment was obtained by him in the High Court of Chancery, abrogating the Massachusetts charter. All the other New 6. After the war was over, -vrhat Is said of the clispntes between Massachusetts and the mother-country ? Who was the first chief magistrate of New Hampshire under the new organization ! When did the first General Assemhlymeet f What is said of its action ? 7. What is said of the condnct of Charles IE. as to the New England charters J When and how was that of Massachusetts abrogated ? What is said of the olh' CHAP. XIX.] NEW EKGLAND CONFEDEKATION. 117 England charters, soon after, were also declared Toid by rev- ocation or annulment. Very great excitement in all the colonies was the necessary consequence. The New England Confederation, which had existed since 1643, was now at an end. James II., who succeeded Charles II., his brother, to the t^me of England in 1685, appoint^^oseph Dudley to take d|P|e of the government of Massacl^^tts, New Hampshire, Maine, Plymouth, Ehode Island, and Connecticut. He was superseded in 1686 by the infamous Sir Edmund Andros, who, with a council to be appointed by the King, was empowered, under the title of captain-general and vice- admiral, to make all laws and levy taxes at discretion over the whole of the same country. Upon his arrival in Massa- chusetts, his conduct bore every niark of a usui-ping despot He removed all the civil authorities, and put a restraint not only on the freedom of the press, but upon the freedom of personal locomotion. All public meetings were prohibited, and no one was allowed to leave the country without his permission. He afterwards went to Ehode Island and broke the seal of the charter of that colony, and declared its gov- ernment at an end. In 1687 he went to Hartford, and demanded the charter of Connecticut. The Assembly was in session, but the demand was evaded until night. When candles were lighted the charter was brought in and laid upon the table. As Andros was about to take it up the lights were suddenly put out ; and when they were restored, the docu- ment was gone. It had been, according to previous arrange- ment, seized by one of the patriots, and carried away for safe keeping. It was hid for the time in the hollow of a venerable oak, which afterwards remained fixmons as the old Charter Oak for more than a century. 8. The charter of Connecticut was in this way saved from ere ? What effect had thiB npon the Confederation ! Who succeeded Charles I_ to the throne of Ensland? In what year ? Wlimn did James appoint gOTeraor •of the New Euglancf colonies ? Who superseded Dudley, and when ! ^hat is eaid of Andros f What did he do at Hartford ? .j , r. tt t^t^.i „. S. What became of the Connecticut chart.r ? What la said of Cotton Mother What effect did his appeal to the King have ! 118 KEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION. [BOOS. I. destruction, but the government under it was rejiressed for the time being. Andros had complete control, under his commission from the King, and bj' his exactions and atro- #-'>,-«^ ^ .5^^<>* CHARTER OAK. cities rendered himself and his administration extremely odious "to all the people within the limits of his sway. Cotton Mather, an eminent 'divine of Massachusetts, was despatched as a common agent to England to seek redress. But the King remained firm in his purpose, and even en- larged the jurisdiction of Andros, so as to extend it over the colonies of New York and New Jersey. 9. Eelief, however, came shortly afterwards, not from the King, but from his overthrow. James II., by his arbitrary measures, both in church and state, excited a general apprehension throughout the realm that the rights and liberties of the people of England were not safe in his hands. Eiirliament declared against his authority, and invited William, Prince of Orange, husband of Mary, his eldest daughter, to come over and take his place upon the throne. The invitation was accepted. James fled the kingdom William and Mary were proclaimed by Parliament as the 9. How did J-elief come ? What became of James ? When did Ihis change in thcgovcrnmeiit of' England take place ? What became of AndvoB? What wB» the resnlt in -Miifsachiisotts ? What iu Rhode Island V What in Couuectiout f What in Plymouth ? CHAP. XIX.] NEW EISTGLAKD COKFEDESATIOK. 119' legitimate sovereigns of the nation, under what was called the settlement of 1688. The inhabitants of New England roceiTed the news of the change with acclamations of joy. Andi'os and about fifty of his most active partisans were seized in Boston and sent to England for trial. The admin- istration of civil affairs in Massachusetts was immediately restored to their former officers, who had been displaced by Andi'os. The same was done in Ehode Island, as we have seen, as a®o in Connecticut. There the old charter was brought from the hollow of the oak, in which it had been securely kept from the grasp of the tyrant, and the former officers resumed their functions under it. In the colony of Plymouth, when it was known that Andros had been arrested, Clark, his agent or deputy, was imprisoned, and Thomas Hinckly, former governor, was immediately restored to office. 10. In 1691 King "William of England granted a new char- ter to the colonies of Massachusetts and Plymouth. By this charter these two colonies, which before that had been sejparate, were incorporated into one. It was accepted by both of them in 1693, and ever since then the original colony of Plymouth has been a part of Massachusetts, and under the same government. At the time of the union the population of Massachusetts was about- forty thousand, and that of Plymouth about seven thousand. The district of Maine was also embraced in the same charter. In it the King reserved to himself the power of appointing the governor and other officers, but conceded to the people the right of self-goverr • ment in all other respects, and insured to all classes the pra- tection of person and property. Sir William Phipps wa^i the first governor under this new organization. 11. Meantime Prance favored the cause of the exiled 10. When did the coloTiius of Plymouth and Massachusetts becnme united under the same government ? At the time of the union, about what was the pop- ulation of each ? Vv^hat is said of this new charter of William's ! Who was the thousand men was sent against Canada, but returned without accomplishing anything. But the idea of taking Port Royal was not given up. Some regiments shire ? What did the colonies determine to do ? What did Sir William Phipps do ? When did this war between England and France cease ! When and where was peace made ? 12. Howlongdid peace last? What if faid of Haverhill f What of Port .Aoyul ? \V'U;iL was its name changed to, and why ? CHAP. XIX. J NEW EN-QLAND CONFEDERATION, 121 were sent from England under Colonel Nicholson, with a fleet, to cooperate with the colonists in an attack on that place. Success crowned their efforts. Port Eoyal was taken, and the name was changed to Annapohs, in honor of Queen Anne, sister of Mary, who was now on the throne of England. 13. Encouraged by this success, a grand expedition against Quebec and Montreal was undertaken in 1711. Fif- teen ships of war, forty transports, and six storeships sailed from Boston ; but in proceeding up the St. Lawrence Bay the fleet was scattered by a storm, and one thousand men were lost. This terrible disaster caused the complete failure of the expedition ; the force of four thousand men, which was proceeding overland, returned home, as they could accom- plish nothing without the cooperation of the fleet. For ten years the colonies of New England suffered all the miseries of this harassing warfare. The danger was so urgent that they were compelled to keep one-half the whole body of the militia, amounting to six thousand men, on duty. The peace of Utrecht, which was concluded in 1713, be- tween France and England, gave the colonists rest from war, but left them heavily burdened with a public debt. To supply the want of money to pay the soldiers, bills of credit were issued. These bills very greatly depreciated in value — a result which it was impossible to prevent — and great financial embarrassment and distress followed. On the 24th of February, 1717, there was the gi'eatest snow storm ever known in New England. Cotton Mather said that in some places the snow was sixteen feet deep, " cover- ing many cottages over the tops of their chimneys." Many people as well as cattle perished in it. On the lltli of December, 1719, the. aurora borealis, or northern lights, as it is called, was observed for the first 1 3. What was done in 1711 f Wh^t became of the fleet ? What becama of the land force f What is paid of the state of thjngs for ten years ? When was the peace of Utrecht made ? What was done to supply the want of money f What was the result ? What is said of the snow storm, northern lights, and ^rthquako ? 123 KEW engla:sd confedeeation. [book. I. time by the colonists after the settlement of the country. It caused great wonder and excited the apprehension of the superstitious. On the 29th of October, 1727, there was a noted earth- quake, which extended throughout New England, causing alarm, but doing no serious injury. 14. Heretofore no mention has been made of the trials and executions for witchcraft in New England, one of the darkest and most melancholy episodes in the history of thai- country. The iirst trials occurred in 1645, when four per- sons were put to death for that crime in Massachusetts The following account of this sad delusion is given by a writer of New England : * "Eor more than twenty years after the executions for witchcraft in 1645, we hear but little of similar prosecu- tions. But in the year 1688 a woman was executed foi witchcraft in Boston, after an investigation conducted with a degree of solemnity that made a deep impression on the minds of the people. Suspicions having been thus vio- lently roused, the charges of witchcraft began gradually to multiply, till at length there commenced at Salem that dreadful tragedy which rendered New England for many months a scene of bloodshed, terror, and madness, and al one time seemed to threaten the subversion of civil society. 13. " In the year 1692 the frenzy of the colonists reached the highest pitch of extravagance. Suspicions and accusa- tions of witchcraft became general among them; and on this fanciful cliarge many persons were put to death. This pestilential visitation first showed itself in the town of Salem. A fanatic, who was a minister of a church there, had two daughters subject to convulsions. He fancied they were bewitched, and fixed his suspicions on an Indian 14. When were the first trials ibr witchcraft in MasgaciinscttB ? Wlien did tlia great excitement break ont ? 15. What ia said of the state of things in 1692 ? Where did the frenzy against it first show itself S Were children put to death for it I What is said of the tep raiaatiou of the I'reuiy 1 * UreeiiTihe M»llen. CHAP. XIX.J KEW ENGLAND CONFEDEKATION. 133 girl who lived in the house as the accomplice and tool of Satan in the matter. By harsh treatment he made the poor savage acknowledge herself a witch. Among a people like the New Englanders, this was throwing a firebrand into a powder-magazine; and the explosion was dreadful. " Every woman subject to hysterical affections instantly believed herself bewitched; and was seldom at a loss to discover the guilty cause of her malady. Persons accused of the imaginary crime of witchcraft were imprisoMed, con- demned, hanged, and their bodies left exposed to wild beaste and birds of prey. Counsellors who refused to plead against these devoted victims, and judges who were not forward in condemning them, were doomed to share their fate as ac . complices in their guilt. " Children of ten yeai's of age were put to death ; young women were stripped naked, aiid the marks of witchcraft sought for on their bodies with unblushing curiosity Scorbutical or other spots on the bodies of old men were reckoned clear proofs of a heinous commerce with the in- fernal powers. Dreams, apparitions, prodigies of every kind, increased the general consternation and horror. The prisons were filled, the gibbets left standing, and the citizens were appalled. Under this frightful delirium the miserable colonists seemed doomed to destruction by each other's hands. The more prudent withdrew from a country pol- luted by the blood of its inhabitants, and the ruin of the colony seemed inevitable, when, ceasing to receive coun- tenance from those in authority, this awful frenzy passed away almost as suddenly as it had arisen, leavjn| to future ages a fearful warning against such popular in sanity." 16. From the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, until the break- ing out of war between Great Britain and France, in 1744, during the reign of George II., the colonies of New England 16 Wliatis said of the state of things iu New England flora the pcacft oi Utrecht, 1713, to the breaking out of the war between Great Britain aud Frauo* Is 1744 f 124 NSW ENGLAND CONFEDEKATION. [BOOK I. enjoyed almost uninterrupted peace. In Massachusetts, after the appointment of Mr. Burnet as Governor, in 1738, disputes were kept up, ■with little intermission, through his administration into the succeeding one, between the G-ov- ernor and the Legislature, in regard to his salary and other financial matters. The Assembly ultimately triumphed. In 1744 war again broke out between the allied powers of France and Holland, and Great Britain. Soon after the commencement of hostilities the French made a descent upon Nova Scotia, which had remained in possession of Great Britain ever since its capture, in 1710. The governor of Cape Breton took possession of Canseau, in Nova Scotia, made its garrison and inhabitants prisoners of war, and tlien made an attack upon Annapolis, but was defeated. These operations roused the New England colonies to make an effort to subjugate all the French possessions north of them. And finding that the strong fortress of Louisbourg, on the island of Cape Breton, was used as a hiding-place for privateers, by whose operations they were much annoyed, they determined to capture it. 17. Having obtained the sanction of the British govern- ment, and the promise of the cooperation of Commodore Warren with a large fleet, they began active preparations to carry out the design. Funds were raised by voluntary subscriptions and issuing bills of credit; troops were raised from the different New England colonies and equipped, and by the last of April, 1745, an army of more than four thousand men, commanded by Colonel Pepperell, was before Louisbourg. The French were surprised at the sudden ap- pearance of the British fleet and the landing of the army, but they determined to defend the place. The colonists had a supply of provisions for two months ; and having easily captured all the approaches to the town, they regularly began the siege. Two weeks were occupied 1 7. What attempt wae made to take Loui?lionrg ? Was it pucceesftil ? Ho'^ long did the fitf^e last ? When did the surrender take place, and in what year f Who plani.ed it, und who executed it ? What honor did thuy receive 1 CHAP. XIX.J NEW EKQLAND CONFEDEBATION. 125 in dragging their cannon from the landing-place, two milea through a deep morass, to their encampment, where the guns could be of use. Meantime, the fleet off the harbor captured a French man-of-war having on board a re- inforcement of more than five hundred men. Discour- aged by this loss, and despairing of receiving any assist- ance and supplies, the French commandant, after a siege of seven weeks, surrendered. The surrender took place ou the 17th of June. Colonel Pepperell, who commanded the expedition, and Shirley, Governor of Massachusetts, who planned it, were both rewarded with the honor of knight- hood for its success. 18. Mortified at their loss, the French made extraordinary efforts to retrieve it, and to inflict chastisement on New England. A fleet was equipped, consisting of forty vessels- of-war and fifty-six transports, having on board a force of near four thousand men, under the command of the Duke D'Anville. This fleet sailed from France in the spring of 1746. The news of its approach spread terror throughout New England, but a succession of disasters deprived it of power to harm. A violent storm scattered it, and only a few vessels arrived at Halifax. These were in no condition to make a descent on New England. They sailed, however, for the pur^jose of attacking Annapolis, but were again scat- tered by a storm, and made the best of their way back to France. A treaty of peace between the three powers was signed at Aix la Chapelle, in October, 1748. By this treaty Cape Breton was restored to the French, a general restitution of places captured during the war being made by all the belligerent powers. But the question of boundary between 18. What did France do in consequence ? When did her great fleet sail » What was i what yeai' was war declared ! Whal expedition was undertaken in 1740 ? CTIAP. XXI.J SETTLEMENT OE GEORGIA. 137 having been, appointed commander-in-chief of all the mi- litia forces m Georgia and South Carolina. From thia time he was known as General Oglethorpe. War was at length declared by England against Spain in 1739, and Oglethorpe was ordered to invade Florida. He immedi- ately hastened to Charleston ; supplies were voted, and at as early a day as possible in 1740, at the head of two thou- sand men, some of them Carolinians and some friendly Indians, he set out on the expedition against St. Augus- tine. Tip to this time about twenty-five hundred immi- grants had settled in Georgia. 18. General Oglethorpe found St. Augustine much more strongly fortified, and the garrison much more numerous, than he had expected. After a few weeks' siege his Indian allies began to desert ; his troops became enfeebled by sick- ness ; and he was compelled to raise the siege and retire. 19. In 1742 this invasion was retaliated by a formidable land and naval force of about three thousand men. In this difiicnlty Oglethorpe, receiving no assistance from South Carolina, was obliged to rely upon his own resources. The Spanish commander, instead of sailing direct to Sa- vannah, proceeded to the mouth of the Altamaha. Ogle- thorpe, having but seven or eight hundred men, was obliged to retreat from Cumberland Island to St. Simon's, on which was the town of Frederica, the object of attack. After the landing of the enemy, Oglethorpe intended, small as was his force, to attack them by surprise at night. For this purpose he had approached to within, about two miles of their camp, when a French soldier of his party fired his musket and ran into the enemy's lines. His situation was now very critical, for he knew that the deserter would make known his weakness. 20. Eetnrning to Frederica, he had recourse to the foi- ls. With what result f 19. What took place in 1742 ? After the Spaniards landed, what did Oglethorpa Intend ? What prevented ? 20. What stratagem did he resort to ? What was the result of the stratagem t 13S SETTLEMENT OF GEOKGIA. [BOOK I. lowing expedient : he wrote to the deserter, desiring him to urge the Spaniards to an immediate attack, and to inform them of the defenceless state of Prederica. But if he could not bring on an attack, he urged him to persuade them to remain where they were three days longer, as within that time he expected six British ships of war with two thousand troops from Carolina. This letter he in- trusted to a Si)anish prisoner, under promise to deliver it to the deserter, but he gave it, as was intended, to the Spanish commander-in-chief, who put the deserter in irons. This letter perplexed the Sjianiards very much, and while deliberating what course to pursue, three ships with troops on board, which the governor of South Carolina jiad sent to Oglethorpe's assistance, did actually appear in sight. Believing these to be the vessels mentioned in the letter, and firmly convinced that the letter was not a stratagem, the Spaniards, in a moment of consternation, burned their fort and fled, leaving their sannon and military stores. 21. By this stratagem a great victory was gained with- out bloodshed, and Oglethorpe acquired the reputation of a skillful general. Indeed, he was not without considera- ble military experience. He bad served in a European campaign on the staff of Prince Eugene. In 1743 he returned to England, and never revisited his colony again. Thirty-two years afterwards, Frost, in his History of the United States, says : " He was offered the command of the British army in America," and "that he professed his readiness to accept the appointment if the ministers would authorize him to assure the colonies that justice would be done them ; but the command was given to Sir William Howe." He died in A ugust, 1785, at the age of ninety-seven, the oldest general in the British army, and two years after he had witnessed the establishment of his colony as a sovereign and independent State, as we shall see. 21. In whit year rtkl Oglethorpe retnm to England ? When did he die f Al what age ! What farther i? said of him ? CHAP. XXI.] SETTLEMENT OF GEOEQIA. 139 22. From the first settlement of Georgia until the year 1741, the gov-ernment was entirely and solely administered by General Oglethorpe ; but in 1741, by order of the Trustees, the colony was divided into two counties, one called Savan- nah, the other Frederica, each having a president and four assistants. This arrangement continued only two years, when the Trustees ordered that both counties should be united under one executive, and that the president and assistants of the county of Savannah should have the gov- ernment of the whole province. In 1750 they ordered a Colonial Assembly to be called, consisting of sixteen mem- bers, proportioned according to the population of the dif- ferent districts. About this time also the Trustees yielded to the policy of the mother-country, as well as the wishes of the colonists, in allowing the introduction of negro slaves. In 1753, one year before the expiration of their charter, the Trustees surrendered their rights under it to the Crown; and after that, the government of the colony passed to the " Board of Trade and Plantations," composed of the Lords Commissioners appointed to the superintend- ence of colonial affuij-s, of which the Earl of Halifax was then at the head. In the same year a settlement was made, at Midway, which afterwards became greatly distinguished. On the 6th of August, 1754, Captain John Keynolds, of the Eoyal ISTavy, was appointed Governor of Georgia, under letters patent from tlie Crown. By virtue of the authoi'- ity therein contained, the government of the colony de- volved upon a Legislature or General Assembly of the colo- nists, in conjunction with the Governor and his council, and another body known as councillors. These council- lors, or upper house, were colonists appointed by the King, while the lower house, or commons of the Assembly, were colonists chosen by the people of the respective settlements. 22- How was the grovernment administered for tlie firet ten years ? What change tlicii loolc place ? When did the Trustees suiTcnder their rights ? IIow was the colony then tjovenied ? Who was the first governor ? 140 HISTORIC FACTS. FBOoi: X. CHAPTEE XXII. HISTOmO FACTS PRELIMIKAET TO THi VZENCH AND IXDIAN V\-AR OF 1754. Bpaaisli Discoveries and French Settlements on tlie Mississippi and tlie Lalies — De Soto — Joliet, Marquette, and La Salle. 1. Ferdinand Db Soto, Governor of Cuba, was the first European who ever visited the valley of the Missis- sippi, and crossed that majtstic current of waters. He sailed from Havana in May, 1539, and lauded in Florida at the Buy of Spiritu Santo in June following. The first season's wanderings, from June to October, brought him to the coun- try of the Appalachians, not far from the head of Appalachee Bay. jThe number of his followers is not P^ definitely stated; Bancroft says, " they were a numerous body of PEEDDJAND DE SOTO. horsemeu, besides infantry, com- pletely armed ; a force exceeding in numbers and equip- ments the famous expeditions against the empires of Mex- ico and Peru." Early in the spring of the following year this baud of adventurers renewed their march, passing northward, lured by an Indian guide, towards the gold regions of North Carolina. They passed the waters of the Altamaha, through middle Georgia, and at length, in April, reached the head waters of the Ogeechee ; their course being litill north, it seems, until they reached the head waters of the Chaptek XXII.— 1. What is Baicl of DeSotof What of the coui-ae of h'» marchee f What of the battle of Mobile ? CHAI. XXXI.] HISTORIC FACTS. 141 Savannah and the Chattahoochee ; thence southwest and afterwards souUiward through Alabama, until, October 18, they reached a town on the Alabama Eiver called Mabilla, or Mobile. Here a battle was fought with the natives, in which the Indian village was destroyed, with many hundred killed. The Spaniards lost eighteen killed, and all their baggage, which was burned in the town. Thence they passed northward and north; 'est, until, on the 25th of April, 1541, we find them at the Mississippi Eiver, to which they were guided by the natives. They crossed in May, most probably at the lower Chickasaw Bluff, not far from the thirty-fifth degree of north lati- tude. About the middle or last of July they reached the northernmost point of their journeyings in the neighbor- hood of the Mississippi, at Pacaha, a place which cannot liow be identified. From this point they journeyed north and northwest, more deeply still into the continent, until they reached the highlands of White Eivei-, more than two luuidred miles from the Mississippi. 2. In all their wanderings they had found no gold, and the prospect of finding this, the great object of their expe- dition, seeming more remote than when they began their wanderings, they again turned south. In the region west of the Mississippi, on the Washita River, they found an ag- ricultural people with fixed places of abode, who lived more upon the produce of the soil than of the chase. They were gentle and harmless in their natures, peaceable in ■ their dispositions, and presented a higher type of civiliza- tion than their neighbors. The Spaniards treated them witii great cruelty. In March, 1542, the adventurers determined to descend the Washita to its mouth, in hopes of getting tidings of the sea. After innumerable diflBculties they reached the Mississippi at the mouth of the Red River, about the 17tb 2. What further i^ said of the marches of De Soto f 142 HISTORIC PACTS. [BOOS I. of April. At this place they were told by the natives that the lower banks of the Mississippi were an uninhabited waste. They would not belieye the tale, and De Soto sent one of his officers with eight men down the river to ex- plore the country. In eight days they were able to advance only thirty miles. De Soto's mind became filled with gloomy apprehensions. His men and horses were dying, and the natives were becoming dangerous. 3. Bancroft thus describes the closing scenes in De Soto'r life, and his death : " He attempted to overawe a tribe of Indians near Natchez, by claiming a supernatural birth, and demaudiug obedience and. tribute. ' You are a child of the sun,' replied the undaunted chief; 'dry up the river and I will believe you. Do you desire to see me ? Visit the town where I dwell. If you come in peace I will re- ceive you with special good-will; if in war, I will not shrink one foot back.' " But De Soto was no longer able to abate the confidence or punish the temerity of the natives. His stubborn pride was changed by long disappointments into a wasting mel- ancholy, and his health sunk rapidly and entirely under a conflict of emotions. A malignant fever ensued, during which he had little comfort, and was neither visited nor attended as the last hours of life demand. Believing his death near at hand, he held the last solemn interview with his faithful followers, and, yielding to the wishes of his companions, who obeyed him to the end, he named a suc- cessor. " On the next day (]\[ay 21st, 1542) he died. Thus per- ished Ferdinand De Soto, the Governor of Cuba, the suc- cessful associate of Pizarro. His miserable end waa the more observed from the greatness of his former prosperity. His soldiers pronounced his eulogy by grieving for his loss; the priests chanted over his body the first requiems that 3. What does Bancruft say of the closiu^ scttuee of Du Uuto'H life 1 CHAP. XXII.J HISTORIC FACTS. 143 were ever heard on the waters of the Mississippi. To con- ceal his death his body was wrapped in a mantle, and in the stillness of midnight was sunk in the middle of the stream. The discoverer of the Mississippi slept beneath its waters. He had crossed a large part of the continent in search of gold, and found nothing so remarkable as his burial-place." 4. In the year 1670 two Catholic priests, Joliet and James Marquette, natives of Erance, set out from the French settlements on the great lakes, in search of that wondei'ful river concerning which so many reports and rumors had reached them. Their company consisted of five boatmen and some Indians as guides. They passed up the Pox Eiver, which empties into Lake Michigan, in two birch-bark canoes, and carrying them across overland to the Wisconsin, they floated doAvn that stream until they reached the Mississippi. They passed down the Missis- sippi to the mouth of the Arkansas. Here they met with Indians who showed them tools of European manufacture, and they deemed it most prudent to return. On their re- turn, when they reached the mouth of the Illinois, sup- posing that it would lead them to the kkes, they passed up it to its head- waters and across to Lake Michigan. Joliet immediately set out to carry the news of the discovery to Quebec, but Marq^ette chose to remain as a missionary among the Indians. Not long afterwards he was found dead, kneeling at the foot of a cross which he had erected in the wilderness. 5. In 1079 M. de la Salle, a French officer, m company •with IJie celebrated Father Hennepin, a Catholic priest, and about thirty-five men, explored the shores of several of the northern lakes, and built a fort and- wintered near the mouth of the Maumee lliver. In the spring they crossed the wilderness' to the Illinois and descended it- in their canoes. In their passage down the river they one day 4. What.iB said of thu FrericU iiritfts Joliol and Marquette I s! WliaL 13 said of Ln Salle? 144 HISTORIC FACTS. [BOOK I, suddenly found themselves surrounded by a large body of Indian warriors, who offered battle. They, however, soon pacified them. At this place, where Peoria now stands, the adventurers built a fort and remained until the next spring, when they again set sail down the river. Arriving at the mouth of the Illinois, they turned their course up tlie Mississippi, which river they traversed almost to its source. On the 8th of November they set out overland for the French settlements. 6. In 1681 La Salle passed down the Illinois Eiver the second time. He also descended the Mississippi to its mouth, which he reached on the 9th of April, 1682. He took possession of the country in the name of Louis XIV., King of France, and in his honor named it Louisiana. On the 11th ho set out on his return, and arrived at Michili- mackinack in September. Soon afterwards he sailed for France to make a report of his discoveries, and .to solicit assistance in planting a colony at the mouth of the Missis- sippi. The enterprise was looked upon with favor, and a fleet of four vessels, one of them armed, was fitted out for his use. Near three' hundred persons, — soldiers, volunteers, mechanics, and priests, accompanied him. In due time they entered the Gulf of Mexico, but missed the mouth of the Mississippi. La Salle soon discovered his error, but tlie commander of the vessels would not listen to him, and sailing due west landed on the shore of Texas. Here they built a fort, but many of the men, becoming discouraged, when the vessels sailed for France returned in them. La Salle sought for the mouth of the Mississippi- fw some time, but in vain. At length he set out with si.x- teen companions, determined to traverse the whole breadth of the country to Canada. After travelling for two months across the prairies of Texas west of the Mississippi, he was murdered by one of his companions. The survivors passed 6. Wliat (lid he do in 1681 and afterwards ? CHAP. XXII.J HISTORIC FACTS. 146 down a tributary of the Mississippi to its mouth. The colony planted on the shores of Texas perished, and left no trace. 7. In 1700 D'lberville, with sixty colonists, ascended the Mississippi, the mouth of which he had discovered the previous year, about four hundred miles, and on a high bluflf built a fort which he called Eosalie. This was the beginning of the town of Natchez. About the same time Mobile was settled by the French. In the year 1718 Bien- ville D'lberville, brother to the one just mentioned, laid the foundation of New Orleans in a thick cane-brake, where he built a few log huts. The French found brave and determined enemies in the Chickasaws, who occupied the region around Natchez, north to the Ohio and east to the country of the Oherokees. This tribe successfully de- fended their country against the invaders. In the year 1723 a settlement of industrious Germans was formed about twenty miles above New Oi'leans. By these colonists rice, tobacco, and indigo, aud also the fig and orange, were cultivated. The Canadian settlers on the Illinois raised wheat and sent flour to the settlers below. Trading-houses were established south of Lake Erie, down the Alleghany to the Ohio, and down the Ohio to the Mis- sissippi. It can easily be seen that the progress of thft French in that quarter ci'eated the liveliest apprehensions in the minds of the English colonists east of the Allegha- nies. The latter had always been accustomed to regard their possessions as extending west to the Pacific. And now to be hemmed in iu this way, and confined to the slope east of the Alleghaliies, was a thought they could not bear. In this state of things it seemed that the controversy in regard to the possession of the fairest portion of the North American continent could only be settled by the arbitra- ment of war. . 7. When were Natchez and Mobile settled by Europeans, and by whom T When was New Orleans settled, and by whom ? What other people made a settlement on the MUsisslppi EiVer aboveNew Orleans, in 1722 ? What did they claim f 146 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [BOOK L CHAPTBE XXIII. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN AVAR OF 1754. 1754^1763. 1. The brief review of the early exploration and oecn- pation of the Mississippi Valley, given in the last chapter, was necessary, af5 it was from the conflicting claims of France and England to this territory that arose what is usually called the French and Indian War of 1754, in which all the British colonies we have sketclied were in- volved. To vindicate their claims, and to confine the En- glish to the country east of the Alleghany Mountains, the French began the erection of a chain of forts from Nova Scotia along the lakes and down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. 2. A grant of land had been made in 1749 by the Brit- ish government, to a company called the Ohio Company ; and while the agents of this company were engaged in making a survey of these lands they were seized as intru- ders upon the territory of the French by a party of French and Indians, and carried to the French fort at Presque Isle, The Indians friendly to the English resented this treat- ment of their allies, and seized several French traders and sent them to Pennsylvania. Soon afterwards the French, in pursuance of their grand design, began the erection of forts south of Lake Erie, which caused serious complaints from the Ohio Company. 3. As this territory was within the original charter limits of Virginia, Governor Dinwiddle remonstrated with the French commander against those proceedings, and in- Chapter XZIII.— 1. What is said of Uie claims of the Frunch and English to the Mississippi Valley ? What was doiio liv the French to vindicate tlioir claima ? 2. What grant had heen made in 174!) ? \Vliut was done to the snrveyors ? 3. What was done by Governor Dinwiddle? Who carried his letler? What» day did Washingto: leave Williauisburj; !■ What day did he reach the French tBrtP CHAP. XXJ.II.] FEEKCH AND IKDIAN WAR. 147 sieted that he should withdraw his troops. He sent a letter to the French commandant by George Washington, with the title of major, who was then only in his twenty-second year. Washington left Williams- burg, Virginia, on the last day of^ October, 1753, and on the 4th of <* December following he reached a French fort at the mouth of French Creek, which empties i:nto the Alleghany Eiver, sixty-five miles north of Pittsburgh. He v;as ^y carried up the stream to another !^V/| fort, where he met the French commandant, M. De St. Pierre. "^■'"n Washington. He received from him a written answer to Governor Din- widdie's letter. 4. On his return he narrowly escaped being killed by a party of hostile Indians. At another time he came very near being drowned while crossing a river on a raft, be- ing thrown violently into the water by the floating pieces of ice striking the pole with which he was guiding the raft. However, he arrived safely at Williamsburg on the 16th of January, 1754, and delivered to the Governor the answer of the French commandant. St. Pierre refused to withdraw his troops, and informed the Governor that he was acting under instructions from his superior officer, the Governor- of Canada, whom alone he was bound to obey. 5. Govei'nor Dinwiddle immediately began to prepare to oppose the French, as their hostile intentions were plainly apparent. A party of thirty men was sent out by the Ohio Company to erect a fort at the junction of the Alle- ghany and Monongahela rivei's, where Pittsburgh now 4. What, happened to him on his return ? On what day did he arrive at Wil- iinmei>nrg ? What answer did the French commaiuler give Governor Dinwiddie ? 5. What eteps did Governor Dinwiddie then take ? What hajipened to the Ohio Company's men f To tin) freneU under Juniouville f 148 FRENCH AXD INDIAN WAR. BOOK I. stands, and a body of troops, under the command of Wash- ington, marched into the disputed territory. The Ohio Company's men were soon driven from the ground by the French, who completed the fort and called it Fort Du Quesne. A party had also been sent out under Jumon- ville to intercept the advance of Washington, but they were surprised in the uight, and nearly all were either killed or made prisoners. 6. At this place Washington erected a fort, which he called Fort Necessity, in what is now Fayette County,- Pennsylvania. He was here joined by additional troops from New York and Carolina, and with his whole force, now amounting to about four hundred men, he proceeded towards Fort Du Quesne. But, hearing of the advance of a large body of French and Indians, commanded by M. De Villiers, he returned to Fort Necessity. Soon afterwards he was attacked by about fifteen hundred of the enemy. He resisted for about ten hours, but was compelled to ca- pitulate. He obtained advantageous terms, and was per- mitted to return unmolested to Virginia. This capitula- tion took place July 4th, 1754. 7. The British government, seeing that war with France could not be avoided, advised the colonies to unite them- selves together for the purpose of general defence. Ac- cordingly a plan was adopted by a Congress of Colonies at Albany, on the fourth day of July, 1754. The Colonies thus assembled in Congress were New Hampshire, Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsyl- vania, and Maryland ; the others were not present. The, plan of union was drawn by Dr. Franklin, a delegate from Pennsylvania. Though approved by all the delegates ex- cept those from Connecticut, it was rejected, both by the Colonial Assemblies and by the British government — by 6. What fort was built by Washington ? What reinforcements did he re- ceive f What was then his strength ? What did he then do ? What was th« result ? T. What did the Britisli government advise the colmiesto do ? What was tlie fate of tlic plan of union ? Why was it rejected i CTIAP. XXIII.] FRENCH AND INDIAK WAR. 149 the Colonial Assemblies because it gaye too much power to the President-General of this Confederation, and by the British government because it was thought to assume too much power on the part of the respective colonial govern- ments. It was therefore determined to carry on the war with British troops, with such assistance as the colonies separately might freely furnish. 8. Early in the year 1755 General Braddock, command- er-in-chief of all the forces rn America, arrived from Ireland with two regiments of British troops. Three ex- peditions were agreed upon by him and the colonial Gov- ernors ; one against Fort Du Quesne, to be led by Braddock ; one against Niagara, and one against Crown Point, on the' western shore of Lake Champlain. Meantime another en- terprise, projected by the government of Massachusetts, was being prosecuted with success. Near the last of May Colonel Monckton sailed from Boston, with about three thousand troops, against the French settlements on the Ba} jf Fundy. The plantations of the settlers were laid waste, and several thousands of destitute people were driven ironi their homes and dispersed through the English colonies for no crime and for no act of hostility against Great Brit- ain or British subjects, but because they could not takf: the oath of allegiance to the British crown; and from thij they had formerly been excused, on condition that tbej would remain neutral, — a condition not violated by them. 9. The expedition against the French on the Ohio way. unsuccessful. On the 10th of June, General Braddock, at the head of about two thousand men, regulars and colonial militia, set out from Fort Cumberland. He hastened his march towards Fort Du Quesne, with about twelve hundred men, leaving Colonel Dunbar with the rest of the troops as a rear-guard with the heavy baggage. General Brad- s' What expeditions were fletcrmined upon by General Braddock ? What it said of the enterprise under Colonel Monckton ? O. WhatisBaid of the expediti(W agaiSst the French on the Ohio? Of Iho confidence of leneral Braddock J Its consequences ? The a"°vanced gnwd ! 150 FKENCH AND INDIAN" WAR. LBOOK 1. dock, over-confident, and paying no attention to the waru- iug of Washington, who was acting as one of his aids, pressed forward until within a few miles of Fort Du Quesne, when he was suddenly fired upon by an unseen enemy. The advanced guard, commanded by Lieutenant-Colouel Gage, unused to savage warfare, was thrown into disorder and fell back upon the main body, causing general con fusion. 10. General Braddock did everything possible to rally his troops upon the spot where first attacked. But he fell mortally wounded, after having three horses killed under him. His troops soon fled in great disorder. Wash- ington, with his Virginians, covered the retreat of the reg- ulars, and so saved the army from complete destruction. The loss was very heavy, more than two-thirds of all tlie officers and nearly half the privates being either killed or wounded. 11. The enemy made no pursuit ; but the panic was so great that even Colonel Dunbar's troops fled hastily, and made no pause until they felt themselves safe in Fort Cum- berland. Soon afterwards Colonel Dunbar left a few of his forces to guard Fort Cumberland, and retired to Philadel- phia. The expedition against Niagara, which was com- manded by Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, command- er-in-chief after the death of Braddock, accomplished nothing except the erection of two new forts on tlie east side of the river, in which forts suitable garrisons were left for their defence. 12. Genera] (afterward Sir William) Johnson commanded the expedition against Crown Point. A few miles north of Fort Edward, which is about forty-five miles north of Albany, he m- 1 the enemy, and after several hours' hai-d 10. What took place after Bratldock's fall f What is said of Washington's cocdnct ? ^ 11. Did the enemy pursue ? What is said of Colonel Dunbar i Of the expedi- tion aoainst Niagara? 12. Who commanded against Crown Point ? What is said of the battle ceai i'ort Edward ? Whal happonr 1 to the Baron Dieskau ! CHAP. XXIII.] FRENCH AND INDIAN -WAK. 151 fighting, and severe loss, he completely routed and drove them from the field. The loss was heavy on both sides. Col. Williams, of the British army, and Hendricks, who commanded the Indian allies, were killed. After the re- treat of the French, their commander, the Baron Dieskau, was found wounded and alone, leaning against a tree. He put his hand into his pocket, feeling for his watch, with the intention of surrendering it; but a British soldier thinking that he was searching for a pistol, fired upon him and wounded him mortally. 13. This battle was fought in the latter part of August, 1755. The British forces consisted of about six thousand men, while the French did not number more than three or four thousand. 14. Gen. Johnson built a fort near the battle-ground, which he called Fort William Henry. The French mean- time strengthened their works at Crown Point, and also took possession of Ticonderoga, which they fortified. Learning these facts. Gen. Johnson did not think it ad- visable to make any further advance* Accordingly, late in the season, leaving garrisons at Forts William Henry and Edward, he retired to Albany. The remainder of the anny he sent to their homes in the different colonies. 15. The plan of campaign for the year 1756 was similar to that of the last, the chief object being to take the posts of Crown Point, Niagara, and Fort Du Quesne. Lord Lou- don was appointed, by the king of Great Britain, com- mander of all the forces in America, and also Governor of Virginia. But as he could not leave England imme- diately, Gen. Abercrombie was ordered to take command until his arrival. Up to this time there had been no declaration of war between the two countries ; but in May of this year, war was formally declared by Great Britain 1 3 . What was the etrength of the British in tliis battle f Of the French ? 14. What fort did General Johnson then bnild ? What place did the French then take ? What was then done by General Johnson ? 15. What was the chief object of the campaign of 1756? Who was appointed cummaiider ? When was war declared ? 152 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [BOOK 1 against France, and soon afterwards by France against Great Britain. 16. General Abercrombie arrived in June, with several regiments, and proceeded to Albany, where the colonial forces were stationed. But he thought it prudent to await the arrival of the Earl of Loudon, which was delayed until the latter part of July. The French in the meantime made an attack upon Oswego. In August, the Marquis Montcalm, who now commanded the French forces, with five or six thousand men, French and Indians, and about thirty pieces of cannon, crossed Lake Ontario, and laid siege to Fort Ontario, on the Oswego Eiver. 17. Fort Ontario was abandoned by the garrison, who retired to an old fort on the west side of the river. But at this place, on the 14th of August, their number being only about fourteen hundred, they were compelled to sur- render. A large amount of military stores, provisions, small-arms, and ammunition, together with several vessels in the harbor, and about one hundred and thirty-five pieces of cannon, fell into the hands of the enemy. Mont- calm destroyed the forts and returned to Canada. 18. After the defeat of Braddock, the Indians on the western frontier killed or carried into captivity more than a thousand of the inhabitants. In August, 1756, Col. John Armstrong (afterwards a major-general in the Kevo- lutionary War), with about three hundred men, marched against Kittaning, their chief town on the Alleghany Kivei". The principal Indian chiefs were killed; their town was destroyed, and some English prisoners were recovered. The English suffered but little. Captain Mercer, afterwards distinguished in the Eevolutionary War, was wounded in this expedition. Not one of the important objects of the campaign of this year was accomplished. 1 6. When did Lord London arrive ¥ Wliat wae done by MarqniflMontcalm ? 17. Wliatwas done by the garrison of Fort Ontario ? What was Moutcalm'fi next Btep ? 18. Aiter Braddoclc's defeat, what was done by the Indians? Tell me abonl Colonel Armstrong. Were the objects of the campaign accomplished i CHAP. XXIIJ.] FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 153 19. 1757. This year a force of about ten thousand men / was senb against Louisbourg, under the command of Lord Loudon. After their arrival at Halifax, learning that the place was strongly garrisoned, and that a large French fleet, was in the harbor, the expedition was abandoned. About the same time, the Marquis Montcalm, with an army of near ten thousand men, laid siege to Fort William Henry, which was defended by about twenty-five hundred men. 20. There was at Fort Edward, about fiftaen miles distant, a force of four thousand men ; but they were not able to send any assistance, and the defenders of Fort "William Henry were compelled to surrender. Honorable terms were granted ; but after the surrender, as the English were leaving the fort, the Indians fell upon them, plundered them of their luggage, and killed many of them in cold blood. It is believed that Montcalm and his officers did all they could to protect the prisoners, except that they did not fire upon the Indians. 21. 1758. The ill success of the campaigns of the two preceding years was very painful to the pride of the English, and it was therefore determined to carry on the war this year with greater vigor. A new ministry was formed, with Mr. Pitt, afterwards Lord Chatham, at the head. Larger armies were raised in America, and twelve thousand more men were promised from England. Three irmies were to be sent out : one against Louisbourg ; one against the French on Lake Champlain, and one against Fort Du Quesne. 22. On the 38th of May, a fleet of nearly forty armed vessels, under command of Admiral Boscawen, with twelve 19. Who commanded the expedition of 1757 against Louisbourg ? Why was the expedition abandoned ? What was done by Montcalm about the game time ? 20. Upoii what terms was the surrender made ? What was done by the In- dians' ! Montcalm and his officers ? 3 1 . What was the effect in England of this campaign ! What was done there ? In 1758 ? „ 32. Who commanded the expedition against Louisbourg t Who gave gi-eat assistance ? When did the surrender take plaee ? 154 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAK. .BOOK I. thousand men under General Amherst, sailed Irom Hali- fax for Louisbourg. The troops landed on the 8th of June near Louisbourg, with little loss. General Wolfe arrived soon after and gave great assist- ance in the reduction of the place. Near the last of July, the city aud island of Louisbourg, and St. John's, or Prince Edward's Island, were surrendered to the English. 23. But while the English were successful here, they met with a considerable reverse in the defeat of General Abercrombie. On the 5th of July he crossed Lake George, with fifteen thousand men and a GENEiuL WOLFE. great uiauy cannon, to attack Fort Ticonderoga. On the morning of the Gth he was attacked bv Montcalm. Lord Howe, in whom the troops had great confidence, was killed ; but after a hai'd fight the Freucli were repulsed. After Lord Howe's death the ardor of the troops abated, some confusion prevailed, and the greater part of the army fell back to Lake George. But on the 8th they again advanced in full force against Ticonderoga. The French were fully prepared to receive them ; aud they were defeated and driven back Avith great slaughter, leav- ing about two thousand of their number killed or wounded upon till! field. 24. The army then retired to the head of Lake George, wlience three thousand men, under Col. Bradstreet, were sent against Port Frontenac, on the outlet of Lake Ontario. Bradstreet crossed, landed near the fort, and in two days conpelled it to surrender. Nine armed vessels, over fifty cannon, and a large quantity of stores and ammunition, fell into the hands of the English. 23. What reverse dkl the English meet with ? Who was killed ? What took place then ? What was the final result of the contest on the 8th f 24. To what p'ace did the army retire ? What fort was taken by Bradfltrc-et ? CHAP. XXIII.] FEElfOH AND INDIAN WAR. 155 25. The expedition against Fort Du Quesne was com- manded by General Porbes, who, early in July, left Phila- delphia with nine thousand men. On their approach, the French abandoned the fort and passed down the Ohio Eiver in boats. The English army took possession, and called the place Pittsburgh, in honor of Mr. Pitt, who was then at the head of the administration in England. The place is still called Pittsburg, and is now a flourishing city in Penn- sylvania. The Western Indians soon made peace with the English. The campaign closed with honor to the English arms. 26. The campaign of 1758 having been auspicious to the British arms, the ministry determined to push (he war with greater vigor than ever. Gen. Amherst was made commander of all the forces in North America, and assumed the responsibility of carrying out Mr. Pitt's great project of the conquest of Canada in one campaign. This was the plan of the campaign : General Wolfe, an officer of great merit, was to go up the St. Lawrence and attack Quebec; Gen. Amherst, after taking Ticonderoga and Crown Point, was to unite his forces with those of General Wolfe ; and General Prideaux, with a thi)-d army, was to take Niagara and proceed against Montreal. 27. General Amherst was so far successful as to take Ticonderoga and Crown Point, with an army of about eleven hundred men; but was not able to join General Wolfe, and went into winter quarters at Crown Point. General Prideaux in July laid siege to Niagara ; but was accidentally killed soon after the commencement of the siege, when the command devolved upon Sir William Johnson. A force of French and Indians, coihing to relieve the place, was routed with great slaughter, and the fort soon after 25. Who led the expedition against Foi-t Dn Qnesnc ? With what snccess J Wliat is the place now called y . ,. , , 26. What did the British ministvy determuie to do ? What was the plan of 2T. VVhat snccoss did General Amherst have? General Prideaui ? Sir Wit Hum Johnson ? 156 FRENCH AKD INDIAN WAR. [jOOK 1, surrendered. The French communications were thus cut off between Canada and Louisiana. 28. Meantime Wolfe was prosecuting the siege of Quebec. About the last of June, he landed his army of about eight or ten thousand men on the Isle of Orleans, a short dis- tance below Quebec. The French, with an army of about thirteen thousand men, occupied the city, and also a strong fort between the Eivers St. Charles and Montmorenci, on the north of the St. Lawrence. General Wolfe took posses- sion of Point Levi, on which he erected batteries. But, effect- ing very little against the defences of the city, he determined upon bolder measures. He determined to storm the camp between the St. Charles and the Montmorenci. The attempt failed, and his loss amounted to nearly five hundred men. 29. He soon after called a council of officers, and proposed another attack upon the French lines. They, however, proposed that an effort be made to gain i.he heights above the city. The plan was approved, and preparation.s Avere at once made to carry it out. On the ni-^ht of the 13th of September, the troops passed down the stream in boats; landed within less than two miles of tb" city ; ascended the precipice, and at sunrise they were rlrawn up in battle array on the Plains of Abraham. A general battle ensued, in which the English and French ffMierals, Wolfe and Montcalm, were both killed. 30. General Wolfe died on the field 'A battle, but lived long enough to know that he had .qainod the victory. When in the agonies of death he heard a cry, " They run, they run." Eaising his head, he asVM, " Who run ? " Being told it was the French, " Then," s^id he, " I die con- tented," and expired. The French general was carried into the city, and on being told that his wouvil was mortal, hia as. What was General Wolfe doing at Quebec ? What wi>e the sti-engt.! of Ihe French ) What point did General Wolfe take posseseion (rf ? Upo.^ 5»li!vt did he then determine ? With what succbbs and Ic ps ? 89. What was the next plan adopted ? With what result • 30. Who gained the victory? What were Wolfe's laet wo-dp 1 Wliat wcr» lioDtcalm's last words 1 CHAP, XXIII.] FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 157 reply was, " So much the better, for then I shall not live to witness the surrender of Quebec." 31. Five days afterwards the city surrendered, leaving Montreal the only place of importance in the possession of the French in Canada. Yet in the next year, 1760, they tried to recover Quebec, but failed. In September, 17C0, Montreal and all the other French posts in Canada were surrendered to the English. 32. In the same year a war in the South broke out with the Cherokees. Governor Lyttleton, of South Carolina, invited some of their chiefs to a conference, on certain matters of dif- fereuce between them and the whites ; and some misunder- standing having arisen, and for some matters connected with the subjects of this conference, he put them in prison, which bhey considered a violation of good faith, and on their release they took up arms and incited their nation to war against the whites. 33. In April, 1760, Colonel Montgomery, with about two thousand men, was sent by General Amherst from New York to the assistance of the Carolinians. A few weeks after his arrival he was joined by the militia of the colony, and set out for tlie Cherokee country. Moultrie and Marion, afterwards so celebrated in the Revolu- tionary War, were in this expedition. Montgomery's time was limited, the grand object of the year's campaign being the conquest of Canada. He was ordered to- strike a sudden blow, and return to headquarters. In pursuance of orders, ho rapidly penetrated the Indian country, and burned several towns and villages, but did not remain long enough to finish the war. In his last battle, fought near the Indian town of Etchoe, he lost twenty men killed and seventy-six wounded. He was victorious, but the con- dition of his army rendered it imprudent to penetrate 3 1 . When did the city snvrcntler ? What did the French try In 1760 ? 32. What war broke on', in the S«^uth ! What was the cause of the war? 33. Who was sent agsiast the OherokeeB ! What celebrated men weio in tliii ctpciiition » What wai 'he result » 158 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [BOOK t, further into the woods. Orders were therefore given for a retreat, which was made in good order. In August, Coloael Montgomery emliarked for New York, agreeably to his orders, but left four companies to cover the fron- tiers. Meantime the distant garrison of Fort Loudon was compelled to surrender to the Oherokees, or perish of hunger. They surrendei^d on favorable terms ; but after the surrender, on their way to the settlements, they were attacked by the Indians; twenty-five were slain, and the remainder, nearly two hundred in number, were kept in a miserable captivity until they could be redeemed. 34. In the next year, 1761, Colonel Grant marched into the Indian country; defeated theni in battle; laid waste their fields and villages, and having driven them to the mountains, compelled them to make peace. Francis Marion accompanied this expedition, and in a letter describes very feelingly the destruction of the growing crops and the villages of the Indians. Not many years afterwards he saw much greater desolation wrought by the hands of white men against white men. 35. The war between France and England continued until 1763. In February of that year a treaty of peace was signed at Paris. France yielded to Great Britain all hor possessions in North America, east of the Mississippi River, from its source to the Eiver Iberville, one of its outlets, through Lakes Manrepas and Pontchartrain, to the Gulf of Mexico. At the same time peace was made with Spain, which nation had joined with France, a year or two before, in waging war against Great Britain. By the treaty made at this time, Spain ceded to Great Britain her possoS" sions of East and "West Florida. 34. In 17(il what did Colonel Grant do f Who accompanied Colonel Grant f 35. When did the war end » Whr-t d 1 France yield to Groat Britain ! What po(§eeB?ioi B did Spain cede to Great Bri^ idn ? CHAP. XXIV.] AS8UMPTI0K OF SOVEREIGN »OWEBS. 159 CHAPTEE XXIV. CAUSES WmCH LED TO THE ASSUMPTION OF SOVEREIGN POWERS BY THE COLONIES. 1763—1774 Taxation — The Stamp Act — The Fh'st Congress of the Colonies at Philadelphia — The Battles of Concord, Lexington, Ticonderoga, and Crown Point — The Appointment of "Washington to Command the Armies. 1. The destruction of the French po-wer in America, which was one of the results of the war chronicled in the last chapter, was regarded by all the colonies as a most auspicious event, and as giving them promise of long- continued peace and prosperity. At the close of this conflict little di^ any suppose that troubles would so soon arise between them and Great Brit- ain, fondly called the mother-country. The attachment to that country had never been greater, and, excepting per- haps in Massachusetts, no dissatisfaction existed anywhere. Murmurs of discontent had often arisen previous to this war ; but at its close the recollections of a recent and com- mon danger, of perils shared together, of difiBculties over- come by their united efforts, all tended to kindle in the breasts of the colonists a warm and tender attachment to that country from which their ancestors came ; and if a wise policy had then been pursued by the British government towards the colonies, thiS attachment would have deepened and become permanent. The colonies at this time were in pel feet peace and harmony among themselves and with the Indiiin tribes. A long standing dispute between Pennsyl- vania and Maryland, touching their boundaries, growing out of the royal grants to Lord Baltimore, the Duke of . CHAPTEh XXIV.— 1. How was the result of the French war looked upon by the folonies f What was the general state of feeling at thcj close of the war ! Whe*. is said of tie dispute as to the boundary between Pennfylvacia and Mary- land ' How w a» It settled f 160 ASSUMPTION OF SOVEREIGN POWERS. [iSOOK 1. York, and William Penn, was about this time ended by an agreement as to how the true dividing line should be estab- lished. This was to be run and marked by two distin- guished English engineers, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon. They entered upon their work in 1764. The line marked by them was rigidly observed by both parties, and has ever since been famous as Mason and Dixon's line. 2. The new troubles were with the mother-country, and began about taxes. The colonies had heretofore been ex- empt from Parliamentary exactions of any sort except a duty imposed on sugar and molasses, under a commercial regulation in 1733, which had been in a great measure evaded, and never strictly enforced. The prevailing idea in the colonies, as well as in England, was that taxes or subsidies of every sort, for the support of government, should be the voluntary tribute of the people, through their representatives. Hence the maxim, that tax- ation and representation go together. In the Britisli Parliament Lord Camden said : " Taxation and rep- resentation are inseparable — it is an eternal law of na- ture ; for whatever is a man's own is absolutely his own ; no man has a right to take it from him with- out his consent. Whoever attempts to do it, attempts an injury; whoever does it, commits a robbery." The colonies had also an eloquent advocate in Colonel Barre, in the House of Commons. In answer to arguments on the other side he exclaimed, " Children planted by your care! No ; your oppression planted them in America. They fled from your tyranny to an uncultivated land, where they were exposed to all the hardships to which human nature is liable. They nourished by your indulgence ! No ; thesy grew by your neglect. When you began to care about them, that care was exercised in sending persons to rule over them, whose character and conduct has caused the 2. What did the new troubles between the colonies and the mother countrj Descin about ? What did the colonies claim or maintain as their lights ? What did Lord Camden say upon Ue subject ? M'hat did Colonel BarrS say ? CHAP. XXIV.] ASSUMPTION OF SOVEREIGN POWEES. 161 blood of those sons of liberty to recoil within them. They protected by your arms ! They have nobly taken up ai-ms in your defence I The people of America are loyal — but a people jealous of their liberties, and they will vindicate them." The colonies had no representation in the British Par- liament, and they maintained that no just taxes could be levied on them without their having a voice in the matter. They maintained moreover that the imposition of taxes on them by Parliament was a violation of the stipulations with the Crown, set forth in their charters. According to these stipulations, they maintained that Parliament had no governing authority over them. Their stipulations were with the King, and they insisted that the great right of local self-government was secured to them respectively under their several charters, which they severally regarded as their fundamental or constitutional law, as the principles of Magna Gharta were regarded by all Britons as the fun- damental law of England. 3. On the part of Parliament it was contended that, as the late war had greatly increased the public debt, the col- onies should be made to bear a part of it. With this view the old duty on sugar and molasses was revived, or new orders given for its strict enforcement. This created con- siderable excitement, which was increased in 1765 by the passage of what is known as the Stamp Act. By this law of Parliament all contracts, notes, bonds, deeds, wi'its, and public documents were required to be on government stamped paper, which was sold by officials at a high price, and from the sales of which a large revenue was expected to be derived. The passage of the last-named act created great excite- ment, especially in Virginia and Massachusetts, where a spirit of open resistance -was manifested. The excitement 3 What did Pavliaraent contend for ? What did they do t What was the effect of these measnres f What did Patrick Honis say t 163 ASSUMPTIOU- OF SOVEREIGN POWERS. [BOOK I. was not lessened when, two mouths after bhe passage of the Stamp Act, in order to enforce it, Parliament author- ized tlie ministry to send as many troops as they saw proper to Massachusetts and other places, which troops were to draw their supplies, not from home, but from the colonies themselves. Through the influence of Patrick Henry, strong resolutions were passed by the Virginia House of Burgesses, declaring, among other things, the exclusive right of that Assembly to tax the inhabitants of that colony. In the course of the debate on the resolutions, Henry, in a burst of eloquence, exclaimed: "Caesar had his Brutus, Charles I. his Cromwell, and George III.—" " Treason ! treason ! " cried the Speaker ; a few other mem- bers also joined in the cry. Henry paused for a moment, and looking with an undaunted eye upon the Speaker, con- tinued, " may profit by their examj)le ! If that be treason, make the most of it." 4. The General Court of Massachusetts was moved by a similar spirit. They resolved that the courts should con- duct their business without the use of stamps. In Jiine, before they heard of the proceedings in Virginia, they issued a circular inviting all the colonies to send delegates to a eonvention, to beiield in New York in October follow- ing, a short time before the day appointed for the Stamp Act to go into operation. This proposition was seconded by South Carolina. ' On the first Tuesday of October, 1765,, the proposed convention of deputies or delegates from several of the colonies met at New York, to take into con- sideration the state of all the colonies, and to consult for the general welfare. Nine colonies, to-wit: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Ehode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Dela- ware, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina, were represented 4. "What did the General Co irt of Massachusetts do ? What colony seconded the proposition ? When did the convention meet? Uow many colonies were represented in it ? Who was president What was done with the etaiuped paper V What was the effect f CHAP. XXIV.J ASSUMPTION' OF SOTEREIGN POWERS. 163 in this convention by twenty-eight delegates. Timothy Euggles, of Massachusetts, was chosen President. The convention agreed upon a declaration of principles, and asserted the right of the colonies to be exempted from all taxes not imposed by their consent. The stamped paper, after this, in many places was either destroyed or sent back to England. Business for a time was almost suspended, as the law required stamped paper to be used, and the people had determined not to use it. Grad- ually, however, business revived; notes> deeds, etc., were written on unstamped paper, and things went on as before, without regard to the law of Parliament, which was re- garded as usurpation. 5. About this time there arose a society known as the " Sons of Liberty," which took strong ground against the usurpations of Parliament. They exerted great influence. The merchants of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and many other places, agreed with each other not to buy or bring any more goods from Great Britain until the Stamp Act was repealed. The British government heard of these proceedings with anger and alarm. The new ministry, at the head of which was the Marquis of Soctingham, saw that the Stamp Act must be repealed or that the colonists must be compelled by force of arms to comply with its re- quisitions. With him the former was preferable to the lat- ter alternative. 6. After a long and angry debate the Act was repealeS^" March 19th, 1766 ; but at the same time it was declared that Parliament had the right and power to bind the colo- nies in all cases whatsoever. The news of the repeal was received with great joy by all the colonies, and the great body of the English people themselves also rejoiced. The Eockingham ministry was dissolved in July, and a 5 What Fociety spran"- up ? What agreement was made by the merchantn ? 6 Whiir. was done willi the act in Parliament ? What was the effect in Amer lea? In isnghind f Who became prime minister ? 164 ASStJMlTION OF SOVEREIGN POWERS. [BOOK I. new one was formed under Mr. Pitt, who was created Earl of Chatham. 7. Mr. Pitt was a friend to tlie colonies, and was opposed to taxing them without their consent. But while he was at home, confined by sickness, the scheme of taxation was revived, and a bill was introduced by Mr. Townsend, who A\'as Chancellor of the Exchequer, imposing a tax on all glass, paper, painters' colors, and tea, imported into the col- onies. Duri-ng the absence of Mr. Pitt the bill was passed by Parliament, and approved by the King, June 29th, 1767. Other bills also in relation to the colonies were passed, one suspending the Legislative Assembly of New York from passing any act whatever, until they were willing to furnish the King's troops with certain supplies, at the expense of the colony. 8. The excitement in all the colonies was raised to the highest pitch by the passage of these acts. The different Colonial Legislatures or Assemblies passed strong reso- lutions against them, and associations in favor of home manufactures were entered into by the people. By the writers of the day, the assumed authority of the Parlia- ment over the colonies was denied. In February, 1768, the G-eneral Court of Massachusetts sent a circular to the other colonies, asking their co-operation in obtaining a redress of grievances. The language of this circular gave great offence to the British ministry. The Gover- nor of Massachusetts was instructed to require the General Court to rescind the resolution. They refused, and reaffirmed their opinions in stronger language. 9. The Governor then dissolved the Assembly, but noi before they had preferred charges against him, and had petitioned the King for his removal. Soon afterwards tumults occurred in Boston, and troops were sent there 7. Wliat act was passed during: liis Pickness? What year was this ? 8. What was the effect.iu Americii ? What did Massachusetts propose 1 What was Ihe Governor instructed to do ? 9. What occurred in Boston ? What did the soldiers call the people y CHAP. XXIV.] ASSUMPTION OF SOVEREIGN POWERS. 165 to overawe the citizens. About seven hundred landed on the 1st of October, with all the paraile usual on coming into an enemy's country. The authorities of Boston were required to provide quarters for the soldiers ; but they absolutely refused, and the Grovernor ordered the State-House to be opened to them. As the soldiers passed through the streets, irritating language was used, both by them and the people ; the soldiers regarding the people as rebels, and t]m people looking or the soldiers as the instruments of tyranny. 10. In 1769 the British Parliament censured the conduct of Massachusetts, approved the employment of force to put down the rebellious^ and prayed the King to direct the Governor of Massachusetts to have the traitors arrested and sent to England. The Colonial Assemblies reasserted their rights, and denied the right of the King to take offenders out of the country for trial. 11. In 1770 an affair occurred at Boston which increased the excitement in every part of the country. During a quarrel between a military guard and citizens, some soldiers fired upon the citizens, by which three were killed and sev- eral badly wounded. This is known as the Boston Massacre. The soldiers were tried for murder. Two were convicted of manslaughter, the rest were acquitted. About the same time a bill was passed by the Parliament repealing all the duties imposed by the act of 1767, except that on tea. This was the first measure of Lord North, just elevated to the premiership, 1770. But the colonists were not satisfieu, be- cause the principle of taxation without representation was not abandoned, and the non-importation agreements still tontinued. 12. In 1773 a bill was passed by Parliament, allowing the Bast India Company to carry their tea into the colonies free 1 0. What was done by the British Parliament in 1769 ? What was the action of the Colonial Aesemhlies ? 11 What occurred at Boston in 1770 ? What duties did Parliament repeal ? 1 a'. Wliat bill passed in 1773 ? What did the Americans do f What was dot« m New York and Philadelphia ? 166 ASSUMPTION OF SOVEBEIGN POWEES. [BOOK t. of duty, except the small duty to be paid in the port of entry. It was thought that the colonists would pay this small tax of three pence per pound, as, even then, they would get tea cheaper than the people of England. But they would not pay it. At the ports of New York and Philadelphia, the vessels having the tea on board were not permitted to enter, and they were obliged to go back to England withput landing. 13. In Charleston, South Caroiina, the tea was landed and stored away in damp cellars, where it was quietly per- mitted to rot. In Boston a party of men disguised as Mo- hawk Indians, in open day, went on board the ships con- taining the tea, broke open all the chests, and threw the tea into the sea. 14. In 1774 the port of Boston, for this outrage, so called, was closed by act of Parliament, and the custom- house was removed to Salem. But the people of Marblehead offered the merchants of ]3oston their harbor, wharves, and warehouses free of charge. The charter of Massachusetts was then subverted by act of Parliament, and the Governor was authorized to send criminals to another colony or to England foj' trial. The Boston Port Bill caused an excite- ment amounting to a fury in that city. The Assembly of Virginia, on receiving the news of the passage of this act, and sympathizing with the people of Boston, appointed the first day of June as a day of " fast! ag, humiliation, and prayer." 15. The royal Governor immediately dissolved the House of Burgesses, whereupon the members resolved themselves into a committee, and formed an association and passed re- solutions declaring that the interests of all the colonies were equally concerned, and advising the appointment of a lOcal committee of correspondence to consult with the other IS. What was done in Charleston ? in Boston ? 14. Wlieu was the port ofBostou closed ? Wliat did tlie Virginifl Assembly do wlien tbey licard of it ? 15. Wliat did tlie royal Governor of that colony do ? What did the mem bers cif the Honso of BurgjesBes then do ! What cry was theu raised in Vi.-Kini« CHAP. XXIT.] ASSUMPTIOK OF S0VEBEI6K POWERS. 167 colonies on the expediency of holding a general Congresw of all tlie colonies, to devise means for their common pro- tection. The attack upon the chartered rights oi Massa- chusetts might he followed by a like attack upon those of all the other colonies in turn. This was in May, 1774, anc! vvas the first step taken towards the meeting of the Con- gress that assembled in Philadelphia in September, 1774 and was the initiation, as we shall see, of the assumption of sovereign powers by the.colonies represented. On the Isi of Aiigust a convention of delegates from various counties of Vii'ginia met at Williamsburgh, and appointed seven del- egates to represent the colony of Virginia in the general Congress to be held in September following. It was at this time tfiat the cry was raised in Virginia, and went through all the colonies, "The cause of Boston is the cause of us all ;" for all saw that if the British Parlia- ment could close the port of Boston and take away the charter of Massachusetts, they could do the same with all, and there was no safety for the rights of any. The main- tenance of the sacred right of local self-government by each, bhrough joint co-operation, was the object aimed at by the call for a Congress of all the colonies. The appeal of Vir- ginia was responded to by the colonies generally, and on the 5th of September a convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies met at Philadelphia. Peyton Ran- dolph, of Virginia, was chosen President of it, and Charles Thompson, Secretary. The first thing settled by this body was the nature of its own character and organization. It was held to be a Congress of separate and distinct politi- cal bodies. In all its deliberations each colony was to be considered as equal, and each was to have an equal vote on all questions coming before it, without regard to popula- tion or the number of delegates sent by the respective col whic^ went through all the colonies ? What was the object of the call of s Con i^reas of allthe colonies ? When and where did it meet f \Mio was chosen Free frienf ■• Wh'it was the biidv hold to lie ! How were' votes taken npon all qnes tloiisoomino-lH-rorait? VVIiatdid this Consress do ! Wh.it did Lord Chii!li»ni say of the aSdrcescs of this Coiigi-eBB i 168 ASSUMPTION OF SOVEREIGN POWERS. [BOOK 1. onies ; for the object of all was the defence and preservation of what was claimed to be the inestimable right of each, that is, the absolute right of local self-government. This was the substance of the instructions of the delegates. This Congress of the colonies, so organized and so con- stituted, made a declaration of the indefeasible rights of all the colonies. They moreover made several recommenda- tions to the governments of the colonies respectively, as to the course proper to be pursued. Amongst other things, they advised that there be no commercial intercourse with Great Britain until the unjust and oppressive acts of Par- liament were repealed ; and then dissolved, on the 2Gth of October, with a recommendation to the colonies to meet in Congress again, by deputies, on ^he 10th of May, 1775. In speaking of the papers issued by this Congress, Lord Chatham said, in the British Parliament, "that though he had Studied -and admired the free states of an- tiquity, the master-spirits of the world, yet for solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity, and wisdom of conclusion, no body of men could stand in preference to this Congress." ^ 16. In the meantime important events were occurring else- 1 where. In Massachusetts, General' Gage, the Governor, had ! convoked the General Court to assemble at Salem on the 5th of October, but before the day appointed he issued a procla- mation dissolving the Assembly. The members, however, met at Salem on the day appointed, and after waiting a day in vain for the Governor to meet them, they resolved them- selves into a provisional Legislature and adjourned to Con- cord. Appointing John Hancock President, and addressing a communication to the Governor, they adjourned to meet at C!anibridgc on the 17th. Here tliey appointed commit- tees of safety and sujjplies ; voted the equipment of twelve thousand men, and the enlistment of one-fourth the militia 16. What did General Gae:c, the Govomcr of Ma8fach\isetts, do f What dlj the Legislature or General Court do ! What did General Gage thou do ? What did Lord Chaiham do early in ITTO 1 What did Lord North do ? -4 CHAP. XXIV.] AS8UMPTr03S- OF SOVEREIGN POWBES. 169 as minute-men. Preparations of like character were made in the other colonies. General Gage, who favored the maintenance of the rights asserted by the British government as against those claimed by the colonists, fortified Boston Neck, seized the military stores at Cambridge and Charlestown, and conveyed them to Boston. Early in the year 1775, Lord Chatham introduced a bill in Parliament, which he iioped would bring about a recon- ciliation, but Parliament would listen to nothing but abso- hite submission on the part of the colonies. Lord North, finding that the Boston Port Bill had failed of its purpose, introduced what he called the New England Eestraining Bill, which deprived the people of the pri-v-ilege of fishing on the Banks of Newfoundland. Soon afterwards, learn- ing that the Colonial Assemblies had approved and deter- mined to support the resolutions of the Colonial Con- gress, he introduced a second restraining act, applicable to all the colonies except New York and North Carolina, which Parliament passed in March. These measures failed either to coerce or to divide, but tended greatly to excite and inflame all. 17. On the first of April, 1775, there were three thousand British troops in Boston. General Gage thought this force sufficient to keep down the rebellion, or to quell any sud- den outbreak. On the night of the 18th of April he secretly sent eight hundred men to destroy the military stores at Concord, sixteen miles from Boston. But, al- though he tried to be as seci-et as possible, yet his troops were met at Lexington as early as five o'clock in the morn- ing, by about seventy militia, commanded by Captain Parker. -The British troops were commanded by Colonel Smith 17. How many troops had General Gage in Boston early in April ? What did he determine to do ? Who commanded the British troops sent to Concord ? Where were they met and by whom ? What occurred f What did the dying milUla'maQ say ? 8 170 ASSUMPTION OF SOVEKEIGK POWERS. [BOOK I and Major Pitcaim. Major Pitcairn demanded ■what they meant and where they were going? The militia replied they were going to Concord. He then said, "Disperse, yon rebels, disperse." They did not obey him, but replied, " We have a right to go to Concord." He then fired his pistol at them, and ordered his soldiers to fire. They imme- diately fired, and several of the militia were killed and the rest dispersed. The first of those who fell, in his dying agonies exclaimed, " I have a right to go to Concord." The troops then went on to Concord, and destroyed a part of the stores. But the militia rapidly assembled, a skirmish en- sued, and several were killed on both sides. The British soon retreated, but the colonists pursued and kept up a con- stant fire. 18. At Lexington the British were met by a reinforcement of nine hundred men, nnder Lord Percy. They then moved rapidly to Charlestown, and on the next day crossed to Boston. In this affair the British loss was about two hundred and seventy-five in killed, wounded, and missing. The colonists lost nearly one hundred. 19. The news spread rapidly, and the excitement was very great. In a short time an army of twenty thousand colonists surrounded the city of Boston. The most active measures were taken for the public defence. Colonels Ethan Allen and Benedict Ariiiold, with volunteeis from Connecticut and Vermont, seized upon Ticonder-jga and Crown Point, on the western side of Lake Champlain, Skeenesborough, now Whitehall, in New York, was also secured. By these captures, one hundred pieces of cannon and other military stores fell into the hands of the colonists. This was on the 10th of May, 1775. 18. What occurred at Xiexinfrton ? 19. What occnrred about Boston ? What did Allen aid Arnold (JU f Whei was Ticondero^ taken ? JHAP. XXV.] ASSUMPTIOir OF SOTEEEIGN POWERS. 171 CHAPTEE XXV. coiriiN-trA.Tioiir os the catjsbs which led to the A8- SUMPTIOIT OF SOTEBEIGK INDEPE^TDENT POWERS BY THE COLONIES. 'Second Congress at Philadelphia — Battle of Bunker Hill — Canada Invaded — Boston Evacuated — Washington moves his Army to New York — Attack on Charleston, South Carolina, by the British. 1. On the same day that Ticonderoga was taken (10th of May, 1775) the second Congress of the colonies assembled at Philadelphia, according to the recommendations of the first, as we have seen. Peyton Eandolph was again chosen President, and Charles Thompson, Secretary of this body. A conflict of arms had already commenced, and war was actually raging. Among the first things the Congress did, therefore, was to proclaim their reasons for an appeal to arms. They also voted to raise forces to the amount of twenty thoitsand men, and the means to support them, which were to be raised by the colonies, upon an equitable basis between them respectively. Other active measures of resistance were agreed upon. On the 24th of May, Mr. Eandolph be- ing called away, John Hancock, of Massachusetts, was chosen President of Congress in his stead. One great question that engaged their attention was, who should be placed at the head of the armies. At the in- stance of Massachusetts, Ceorge Washington was appointed commander-in-chief He was commissioned in the name of the United Colo(nies, the name of each colony being set forth in the commission. This was on the 19th of June. Only twelve colonies were then present. The delegates frOm Georgia did not arrive until some time afterwards. Chapter XXV.— 1. When did the second Congress meet ? Who were chosen President and Secretary of this body f What was one of the first things that this CongiCM? did ? Who was chosen President on the resignation of Mr. Kandolph ! Wlio wat« appointed to conimand the armies ? How was he commisRloued t W be» was thifl. and how wad lie paid ? 173 AsemiPTiON" of sovereign powers, [book i. Wasliington accepted tlie appointment, but refused to re- ceive any compensation, except enough to defray his actual and necessary expenses. Four major-generals, one adju- tant, and eight brigadier-generals were appointed. On the 12th of July, Washington went to Cambridge and took command of the colonial army, then amounting to about fourteen thousand men. 2. In setting forth the causes for which they took up arms, the Congress declared that they have " no wish to sep- arate from the mother-country, but only to maintain their chartered rights." And in speaking of those rights they said, " "We have not raised armies with ambitious designs of separating from Great Britain and establishing independent States. We fight not for glory or for conquest Honor, justice, and humanity forbid us tamely to surrender that freedom which we received from our gallant ancestors, and which our innocent posterity have a right to receive from us. We cannot endure the infamy and guilt of resigning succeeding generations to that wretchedness which inev- itably awaits them if we basely entail hereditary bondage upon them. ... In our native land, and in defence of the freedom which is our birthright, and which we have ever enjoyed till the late violation of it, for the pro- tection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our forefethers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms. We shall lay them down when hostilities shall cease on the part of the aggressors, and all danger of their being renewed shall be removed, and not before.'' In South Carolina, the provisional Legislature of that col- ony, in an address to the Governor, Lord William Campbell, declared : " Impressed with the greatest apprehension of instigated insurrections, and deeply affected by the com- mencement of hostilities by the British troops against this 2. What reasons did the Congress assign for taking up arms? What reason did the provigional Li'gislature of South Carolina assign to the loya. tjovwmor &t that but'- fur their conduct ? CHAP. XXV.] ASSUMPTION OF SOTEKEIGN POWERS. 17iS continent, solely for the preservation and in defence of our lives, liberties, and properties, -we have been impelled to asso- ciate and to take up arms. We only desire the secure enjoy- ment of our invaluable rights, and we wish for nothing more ardently than a speedy reconciliation with our mother- country upon constitutional principles." 3. In the meantime important events had been and were transpiring in other places. About the 25th of May, the British troops in Boston received reinforcements, com- manded by Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne. The whole British force now amounted to more than ten thou- sand men. General Gage, on the 12th of June, issued a proclamation declaring those in arms to be rebels and trai- tors. He offered pardon to all that would lay down their arms and quietly go about their business, except Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The crimes of these two were considered too enormous to be pardoned. To prevent the advance of the British into the country it was determined to fortify Bunker Hill, an eminence which commanded the neck of the peninsula of Charles- town. But by mistake the detachment under Colonel Pres- cott fortified Breed's Hill, an eminence nearer the city of Boston. The British were very much astonished, in tJie morning, to see a fort within cannon-shot, filled with armed men. This height commanded the city, and the British saw at once that a strong battery there could compel them to leave the place. They therefore determined to drive them from the height. About 12 o'clock on the 17th of June a force of three thousand men, commanded by General Howe, crossed over to Charlestovvn for the purpose of attacking the fort. They formed in two columns and advanced slowly. As the troops advanced General Gage ordered the village of Charlestown 3. About what time did the British reinforcements reach BoptOD, and iindei whom? What did General Gaa;e. the Governor of the colony, do f What did thi r«!onist9 do t What occurred the 17th of June f What was the British loss I Wut was the loss of the colouisis ? What is this battle known as ! 174 ASSLTMPTIOSr OF SOVEREIGN POWERS. [liOCK to be set on fire. The colonists waited in silence until the British soldiers came within ten rods of the fort, when they opened such a deadly fire that the advancing column was broken and fled. Their officers rallied them and led them rhe second time to the attack, but the fire was so severe that tliey were again driven back. At this moment General Clinton arrived with reinforce- ments, and a third assault was made, which proved success- ■ BATTLE OF EUNKEH HILL. fuL The colonists retreated across Charlestown Neck with no great loss, and fortified Prospect Hill, commanding the harbor of Boston. The British fortified Bunker Hill, but no further movements were made at that time by (dther army. The loss of the British in this battle was over a thousand killed and wounded; that of the colonists was about four hundred and fifty. One young officer was killed, who was greatly lamented. General Joseph Warren. This is known as the battle of Bunker Hill. 4. Upon his arrival at Cambridge, Washington f ound the 4. What (lid Wjshmston And the state of the army to be on his arrival at Cam- bridd-ft f Who was then comnundiiig the British forces in Boston f CHAP. XXV.J ASSUMPTION OF SOVEREIGN POWERS. 176 army nothing but a body of undisciplined militia, hastily collected, and destitute of tents, ammunition, and all regu- lar supplies. His task was consequently very diflBcult. But with the assistance of those he called around him, he soon introduced order and discipline, and, In a short time, was able vigorously to besiege the British army, and keep it closely confined within the limits of the city. Sir William Howe at this time bad command of the British forces, in place of General Gage, who had been recalled. 5. During this summer the royal authority entirely ceased in the colonies, all the Governors who held authority under the King being compelled to. flee and abandon their seats of government. In all the colonies new governments, pro- visional in their character, wei'e set up by the people in a peaceful manner, and based upon popular rights and repre- sentation. Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, retired to a man-of-war, having first carried off about twenty bar- rels of gunpowder from Williamsburg, amied a few ves- sels, raised a regiment of several hundred negroes, to whom he offered their freedom, and attacked the Virginians near Norfolk, December 8th, but was defeated. Having the opportunity some time afterwards to gratify his revenge, he burned a portion of the town. 6. In the meantime, also, the way having been opened by the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, in May, as stated. Congress, though they had previously passed resolu- tions to the contrary, determined on authorizing the inva- sion of Canada. Accordingly, a body of troops from New York and New England was put under command of Gen- erals Schuyler and Montgomery for this enterprise. On the 10th of September they reached St. Johns, the first British post in Canada. But finding the place too strong for them, they retired and fortified Isle aux Noix, about one hundred and twenty miles north of Ticonderoga. The B. What occurred in all the colonies daring the enrnmer f «. What did C'ougres? resiilve Upon in regard to Canada ? What generals wen Bnt in command o*' the expedition ? 176 ASSUMPTION OF SOVEREIGN POWERS. [BOOK I, command soon afterwards devolved entirely upon General Montgomery, on account of the illness of General Schuyler, who had returned to Ticonderoga to hurry up tho rein- forcements. 7. In a few days G3neral Montgomei'y returned to Kt Johns and laid siege to it, iDut being short of ammunition his progress was rather slow. By a sudden move he sur- priseo. and captured, October 13th, Port Chambly, a few miles north of St. Johns. By this capture he gained sev- eral pieces of cannon and a large quantity of powder. It was about this time that Colonel Ethan Allen, having rashly forced his way to Montreal with only eighty men, ivas captured and sent as a prisoner to England. 8. St. Johns sui-rendered on the 3d of November, and on the 13th Montgomery captured Montreal. But the Governor, Carleton, made his escape with a small force to Quebec. Montgomery left garrisons at Montreal, Forts Chambly and St. Johns, and proceeded towards Quebec with the remainder of his army, which amounted to only three or four hundred men. But he expected to meet another body of troops, which had been sent on from Cam- bridge to act in concert with him. 9. General Arnold, in command of this detachment of about one thousand men, ascended the Kennebec Eiver in Maine, and crossing the mountains among which it rises, descended the Chaudiere, in Canada, and arrived at Point Levi, opposite Quebec, on the 9th of November. On the 13th he ascended the heights, and drew up his army on the Plains of Abraham Finding the defences of Quebec too strong for his forces, he retired to Point aux Trembles, twenty miles above, to await the arrival of Montgomery. 10. Montgomery arrived on tlie 1st of December, but 7. What dia General Montsomery do ? What fort was captured October 18th ? Who was taken prisoner about this time ? 8. When did St. Johns surrender ? What was Montgomery's next move ? 9. What is said of General Arnold's movements ? 1 0. What time did General Montgomery aiTive before Quebec ? What was tiU •trength ? Describe the siege. Who wa? killed ? CHAP. XXV-I ASSUMPTION OV SOVEEEIGIT POWEES. 177 their wliole force united amounted to only about nine hundred effective men. With these, however, , they marched to Quebec, and laid siege to it. After a siege of three weeks they determined to take the place by assault. Before day- lireak in the morning, on the last day of the year, the troops were put in motion. They were formed in four columns; two were sent to make a feigned attack upon the upper town, while Montgomery and Arnold, at the head of their divisions, attacked opposite sides of the lower town. Mont- gomery was killed at the first fire. Several of his ofl&cers, who were near liim, were also killed at the same time. 11. The soldiers were intimidated by this untoward event, and the officer next in command ordered a retreat. Ar- nold on his side had entered the town, but was soon severely wounded, and had to be carried to the hospital. The com- mand then devolved upon Captain Morgan, who continued the contest for several hours, but was finally compelled (after having tried in vain to retreat) to surrender the force under his command as prisoners of war. Montgomery was much lamented, and Congress directed ai monument to be erepted to his memory. 12. Arnold retired with his command to a distance of three miles above Quebec, where he received some reinforce- ments ; biTt he never, at any one time, had more than three thousand men, of whom it was seldom that more than one- half were fit for duty. General Thomas, Montgomery's successor, arrived early in May, 1776, and General Garletou having received reinforcements, the colonial forces were obliged to retreat. They left all their stores, and many of their sick, which fell into the hands of the British. At the mouth of the Kiver Sarel they were joined by several regiments, but were still unable to cope with the enemy. At this place General Thomas died of the small-pox. The I J. What was the effect of his death ? What was the final result of the assault' 18. What dill Aniold do? Who was Montgomery's successor f Who re. treated ? What becamq' of their stores aud the sick ! And what was the final resu.t "iy Ihe 18th of J'.ine » 8* 178 ASSUMPTION OF SOVEREIGN POWERS. [BOOK 1, colonists continued to retreat from post to post, and by tlie .I8th of June, 1776, they had entirely left Canada. 13. "Winter had passed without any active operations around Boston ; but about the 4th of March, "Washington thought it was best to begin to act on the offensive. General Thomas was sent by night to throw up intrenchments on Dorchester Heights. These heights commanded the city. On discover- ing the colonists in the morning, General Howe determined to drive them away, but a storm prevented him until th'sy were too strongly fortified to be dislodged. In this conu.- tion he was unable to hold the city. On the 17th of March all the British forces, both laud and naval, ^\-ith over a thou- sand loyalists, that is, Bostonians who took sides with the mother-country, left the harbor and sailed southward. There was great rejoicing by all friends of the cause of the colonics, especially by those who had been shut up in the city. Provisions had become very scarce and dear. For firewood the people had been compelled to burn the pews of churches, the counters of stores, and, indeed, the timbers of all houses that were not used or inhabited. Congress passed a vote of thanks to the army, and caused a gold medal to be struck in commemoration of the gallantry of the troops. 14. The next active operations of the British took place near Charleston, in South Carolina. On the 4th of June, 1776, Admiral Sir Peter Parker, with a fleet having on board about twenty-five hundred men, under command of General Clinton, appeared near Charleston. The people of Carolina had made preparations for their defence. About six thousand men had collected in aud near the city. A loi-t with walls built of palmetto logs, and filled in with sand, had been erected on Sullivan's Island. It was de- fended by twenty-six cannon and five hundred men, under 1 3. What took place from the 4th to the ntli of March, 1776 ? What was done on the last-named day ! Did the inhabitants of Boston rejoice f What vote did Conffrces pass ? 14. ^\■hat were the next active operations of the British f Were the peopli! of Cti'oiina ready ? Dencrihe Uie fort. CHAP. XXV.J ASSUMPTION OF SOVEREIGN POWERS. 179 command of Colonel Moultrie. This fort commanded tho channel. There was another fort on the other side of the island held by Colonel Thompson. 15. General Charles Lee, being the superior ofiBcer present, had the general conduct of the defence. General Lee had but a poor opinion of Fort SulliYan, and told Colonel Moul- trie that the British cannon would knock it to pieces in ten minutes. " In that case," replied the Colonel, " we will lie behind the ruins, and still prevent the enemy from landing." On , the 28th of June the British began the attack. "With all the guns at their command they fired upon the fort. Put the palmetto wood being soft, and not liable to split or splinter, and all the spaces between the logs and walls being filled with sand, but little harm was done. The balls would bury themselves in the earth and logs, and the fort would remain as strong as ever. 16. Meantime the Carolinians were not idle. They kept up a rapid and very destructive fire upon the British ships. At one time the quarter-deck of Sir Peter Parker's flag- ship was cleared of every man except Sir Peter himself. During the fight General Clinton landed his force of twen- ty-five hundred men on Long Island, and attempted to pass to Sullivan's Island, but they were di-iven back by Colonel Thompson's riflemen. There were many instances of per- sonal daring and cool bravery during the fight, but the most conspicuous was that of Sergeant Jasper. 17. Early in the action the flag-staif Avas cut in two by a cannon-ball, and the flag fell upon the beach outside the fort. Sergeant Jasper leaped over the wall, picked up the (lag, fastened it to a staff, and again set it up, while the balls from the enemy's guns came in a perfect shower ai-ound him. For this heroic deed Governor Eutledge, of South 1 5 . Who commanded at Charlestoo ? What did he say of the fort ? What wfta Colocel Moultrie's reply ! When waj the attack begnn 1 What is said of the palmetto logs ? 16. Wnat were the Americans doing ? What was the condition of Sir Peter Parker's flag-ship ? 1 7. What is said of Sergeant Jasper's bravery f What did Governor Butledge give him ' Why did Jasper refuse the .ommisBion f ISO ASSUMPTION OF SOVEllEIGN POWEKS. [UOOB I, Carolina, gave him his sword and a lieutenant's commis- sion. Sergeant Jasper accepted the sword, but refused the cojnmission, for the reason that he could iiot read or write. SERGEANT JA8rBR. and did not think himself fit to be an officer. His modes!.} was as great as his virtue. 18. Late in the action, one of Sir Peter Parker's ships liaving become disabled, lie ordered the crew to set it on lire and leave it. The guns were left loaded and the colors flying. As soon as the crew had left the Carolinians boarded the vessel, fired the guns at Sir Peter's ship, and carried oif the flags and balls and three boat-loads of stores. For more than nine hours the British continued the battle, but made no impression upon the fort. When the firing ceased the walls were as strong and secure as at first. Ten Caro- linians were killed and twenty-two wounded. The British loss in killed and wounded exceeded two hundred. The fiect lay-to a few days to refit, and then sailed northward. 18. How Ions did the British keep up the dght f With what resalt f W\»t 9F&B the American losa ? CHAP. XXVl.J SEPAJIATION. 181 19. Soon after the Biitish sailed from Boston, Washington set out with the greater part of his army for New York, as that place was the object of attack by the British. Wash- ington arrived at New York on the 14th of April, 177'). By prevailing on Congress to enlist men for three years, and offer a bounty of ten dollars for each recruit, he soon hud an army of twenty-seven thousand men, though many of them were unarmed, and numbers were sick. But the whole number was not enough for the defence of the city, as it was necessary to have a line fifteen miles long. 20. Great Britain, in the meantime, had made great prep- arations for the subjugation of the colonies. There had been ordered to America a large fleet of ships, with seven teen thousand. German soldiers and twenty-five thousand English, well supplied with provisions and all munitions of war. The people of the colonies, seeing that Great Britain showed no disposition to yield her claims, instead of think- ing about submission, began to think about Sovereign Inde- pendence, though when the difficulties first began that waa not the object, as we have seen. CHAPTER XXVI. SEPAKATION FKOM THE MOTHEE-COUlfTRY — SOVEKKIQN POWEES ASSUMED BY THE dOLONIES — DECLARATION OF THEIR INDEPENDENCE AS STATES — A UTICLES OF CON- FEDERATION BETWEEN THEM 1. The manner in which the remonstrances of the col- onies were received and treated by the King and Parliament, 19. what did Washington do when the British sailed from Boston ? When d'. J «e reach New Yorli f What was the numl>nr of his army f Was it insufficient m defend the city, and why ? 20. What had Great Britain done in tii.. meantime ? What number of trojjte nad she equipped and sent out for the subjugation of the colonies ? What elect had this opoo the popular mind in the colonies ? Had they thought at fir?t of sovereign independence ? CUAPTER XXVI.— 1 . What was becoming tha feeling of the colonies as t(i indo- pendoncCi and what prod'cced it ? Whu*. is said of North Carolina ? 182 SEPARATION. [BOOK L as well as the formidable forces raised and sent out to reduce them to submission, extinguished all hopes they had pre- viously entertained of an ultimate reconciliation upon the basis of right and justice. The feeling was now becoming general and almost universal for independence. North Carolina was ahead of all her sister States on the subject of independence. On the 20th of May, 1775, the day after receiving the news of the battle at Lexington, a convention of delegates from the several captains' companies of the militia of Meck- lenburg county convened in Charlotte, and tlirew off all allegiance to the British crown, and declared North Carolina to be a sovereign and independent State. Her last royal Go\-ernor, Josiah Martin, was immediately afterwards com- pelled, by the people of Wilmington and the lower waters of the Cape Fear, to flee for safety on board his majesty's ship- of-war The Cruiser, whence he issued a proclamation, in which he denounced the resolutions in Mecklenburg as the most treasonable proceeding that had taken place on the continent. On the 20th of August, 1775, she assembled a Provincial Congress at Hillsboro', which recognized the abdication of the Governor, and made an effectual organization of the militia for the public defence. And in the autumn of that year she sent an expedition, under Colonel, afterwards General Howe, to the aid of Nor- folk and lower Virginia, against the machinations of Lord Dunmore, the royal Governor of that colony, which, in conjunction with the republican troops there, defeated his lordship's army in the battle of Great Bridge, on the NorUi Carolina frontier, and forced him to seek protection on board a man-of-war in the harbor of Norfolk. 2. The Congress continued in session, awaiting events, and, acting under the authority of their delegated powers, a Whun did Massachueetti instruct her delegates to vole for independence / CHAP. XXVI.] SEPARATION. 183 in providing for the general defence. In January, 1776; Massachusetts instructed her delegates to vote for inde- pendence. South Carolina gave similar instructions to her delegates in March. Georgia and North Carolina did the same in April. In May, General Washington wrote from the head of the army, at 'New York, " A reconciliation with Great Britain is impossilDle. . . . Wlien I took command of the army I abhorred the idea of independence ; biit I am now fully satisfied* that nothing else will save us." In the same month, Virginia instructed her delegates in Congress to vote for independence. New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Mai-yland followed in giving similar instructions to their delegates, early in June. Pennsylvauia and New York delayed action, still indulging hopes of an adjust- ment of the conti-oversy. The general instructions of the colonies to their delegates were to renounce all allegiance to the British crown, and to form a Confederation among themselves as independent States. On the 7th of June; Eichaird Henry Lee, a delegate from Virginia, moved a resolution in Congress, "That these united colonies are and of .right ought to be free and inde- pendent States and that a plan of Confederation be prepared and transmitted to the respective colonies for their consideration and approbation." This resolution was adopted on the 11th of June. Two committees were appointed under it, one to prepare a dec- laration of independence, and the other to prepare articles af union or Confederation. The committee to prepare the declaration of independence were, Thomas Jefferson oi Virginia, John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Frank- vVhen did South Carolina ? When did Georgia and North Carolina ? What did jeneral Was-hinfrton write in May ? When did Virginia instruct her delegates ? When did New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Maryland ? Whi'ch were the last States ? What were the j^eneral instructtons of the colonies to tlieir delegates t iVho moved the resolution for independence in Congress ? When was this J WhJfi, else did the ref^oiuticn provide for ? When was it adopted? What two comni'tlccs wero rfli-ed under it ? 184 SEPARATIOX. [book I. liii of Pennsylvania, Eoger Sherman of Connecticut, and Eobert It. Livingston of New York. 3. On the 24th of June, 1776, the Congress declared, by resolutions, " That all persons abiding within any of th? united colonies, and deriving protection from the same, owed allegiance to the said laws, and were members of such colony; and that all persons passing through or making temporary stay in any of the colonies, being entitled to the protection of the laws during the time of such passage, visitation, or temporary stay, owed, during the same, alle- giance thereto." The Committee on the Declaration of Independence re- ported on the 28th of June ; but action was deferred on it for some days, until the delegates from Pennsylvania and New York should receive their instructions and powers to vote for it. This celebrated paper was drawn up by Mr. Jefferson, the chairman of the committee. It came up for final action on the 4th day of July, when it received the unanimous vote, not only of all the colonies, but of all the delegates in Congress. It was voted upon by colonies, as separate and distinct political bodies. 4. After reciting the wrongs of the colonies, and the breaches of faith on the part of the British crown towards them, it concluded in the following words: "We, there- fore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Ju.dge of all the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, ill the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these united colonics are, and of right ought to be, free and in- dependent States ; that tliey are absolved from all alle- giance to the British crown, and that all political connec- 3. What reeolutioa dirl Confjresa pass on the 21th of June, I'iTfi ? When did the Committee on the Declaration rcpot-t ? Who was chairman of this committee ? WtiO drew up the Declaration ? When was ii finally acted on ? How was it votf^d upon, and how was it carried ? 4. What is said of the Declaration of Independence ? Who ^-ii^nied it ? U'hal was the title of it' Ho'V W9-? iin Renouncement received ? CHAP. XXVI.] SEPARATION. 183 tion betAveen them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and inde- pendent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establisli commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of a Divine Providence, wa mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor," All the delegates present from all the colonies signed the declaration thus made, which was entitled "The unani- mous declaration of the thirteen United States of Amer- ica. It was immediately proclaimed from the hall in which Congress met, in Philadelphia, known ever since as Inde- INDEPEKOENCS HALL. pendence Hall. Its announcement was received with great jov everywhere, and attended in many places by the ring ing of bells and the kindling of bonfires. 186 SEPARATION. [BOOK I. 5. The Committee on Confederation reported articles of Uuiou eight days afterwards. The provisions of these articles may be divided into two classes, the first consisting of mutual covenants between the States ; and the second, of mutual delegations of pow- er by each of the States severally to all jointly. The mu- tual covenants, on proper analysis, may be set forth in sub- stance as follows : 1st. The style of the Confederacy was to be " The United States of America." 2d. Each State retained its Sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power and right which is not ex- pressly delegated to the United States. 3d. The object of the Confederation was for their mu- tual defence, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other against all force offered to or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever. 4th. In determining all questions in Congress each State was to have one vote. oth. Each State was to maintain its own delegates. 6th. The free inhabitants of each State, paupers, yaga- bonds, and fugitives from justice excepted, were to be enti- tled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several States. 7th. All fugitives from justice from one State into an- other were to be delivered up on demand. 8th. Eull faith and credit were to be given to the records of each State in all the others. Oth. Congress was to grant no title of nobility. 10th. No person holding any office was to receive a pres- ent from a foreign power. S. Wl.en did the Committee on Confederation j:eport f How may the provieior.i "f *.he articles of Confederation be divided f What does the first class cnnsisi o' ' What the second ? Name some of the mutual covenants CHAP. XXVI.] SEPAEATIi. dr. 187 11th. No state was to form any agreement or alliance with a foreign power, without the consent of the States iu Congress assembled. 13th. No two or more States were to form any alliance between themselves without the like consent of the States in Congress assembled. 13th. No State, without the like consent of Congress, was to keep war-ships or an army in time of peace ; but each was to keep a well-organized and disciplined militia, with munitions of war. 14th. No State was to lay any duty upon foreign imports which would interfere with any treaty made by Congress. 15th. No State was to issue letters of marque, or to en- gage in war, without the consent of the Congress, unless actually invaded or menaced with invasion. 16th. When Federal land-forces were raised, each State was to raise the quota required by Congress, arm and equip them at the expense of all the States, and to appoint all oflBcers of and under the rank of colonel. 17th. Each State was to levy and raise the quota of tax required by Congress for Federal purposes. 18th. The faith of all the States was pledged to pay all the bills of credit emitted, or money borrowed on their joint account, by the Congress. 19th. It was agi'eed and covenanted that Canada might accede to the union so formed if she chose to do so. 20th (and lastly). Each State was to abide by the deter- mination of all the States in Congress assembled, on all questions which, by the Confederation, were submitted to them. The Articles of Confederation were to be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union was to be perpetual-. No article of the Confederation was to be altered without the consent of every State. 6. The delegations of power by each of the States to all 6 Name some or the delcgatioas of power. 188 SEPARATIOX. [book L the states, iu General Congress assembled, upon a like anal- ysis, may be stated as follows : 1st. The sole and exclusive power to determine on war and peace, except in case a State should be invaded or men- aced with invasion. 2d. To send and receive ambassadors. 3d. To make treaties, with a proviso, etc. 4th. To establish rules for captures. 5th. To grant letters of marque and reprisal. 6th. To appoint courts for trial of piracies and other crimes specified. 7th. To decide questions of dispute between two or more States, in a prescribed manner. 8th. The sole and exclusive power to coin money and regulate the value. 9 th. To fix a standard of weights and measures. 10th. To regulate trade with the Indian tribes. 11th. To establish post-offices. 12th. To appoint all oflBcers of the militia land-forces, when called out by Congress, except regimental. 13th. To appoint all officers of the Federal naval-forces. 14th. To make rules and regulations for the govern- ment of land and naval forces. 15th. To appropriate and apply public money for public expenses, the common defence, and general welfare. 16th. To borrow money and emit bills of credit. 17th. To build and equip a navy. 18th. To agree upon the number of land-forces, and make requisitions upon the States for their quotas, in pro- portion to the value of all land within each State. 7. The foregoing powers were delegated with this limita tion: the war power, the treaty power, the power to coin money, the power to regulate the value thereof, the power of fixing the quotas of money to be raised by the States, the power to emit bills of credit, the power to borrow 7 . What was the limitation on some of the powere t CHAP. XXVr.] SEPARATION. 189 money, the power to appropriate money, the power to reg- ulate the number of land and naval forces, and the power io appoint a commander-in-chief of the army as well as the navy, were never to be exercised unless nine of the States were assenting to the same. 8. These Articles form the original basis and first Con- gtitution of the existing Federal Union of the United States of America. After being agreed upon by the States, voting as States through their delegates in Congress, they were also sub- mitted to the State governments respectively for their adoption and ratification. The Congress in the meantime went on in the exercise of the powers thereby conferred. As early as 1777 all the State governments had ratified them except Maryland. It was not until 1781 that she gave her full assent to them. This closes the history of the colonies, separately and collectively, and closes the First Book of our work, in the beginning of the seven years' conflict of arms known aa the " War of the Eevolution." At this time the aggregate population of the thirteen Colonies, according to the most reliable returns, was 2,803,000, about 500,000 of whom were negro-slaves, diffused throughout all the Colonies. In the Second Book, which follows, we shall continue the history of the same Peoples during that war, and their subsequent career under the name and character, now as- sumed, of " The United States of America." 8 What do thcBC articles form f What was done with them after being agreed noon in Coni^ress ? How many State govovnmontB had ratified them as early as 1777 » When did Marj-land ratify them f With what does the First Book close ? Whatwas the war then begun called? What is said of the population ! How were the colonies afterwards known and how will the same peoples ie tteatort I BOOK SECOIS^D. CHAPTER I. THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION FOR THE INDEPES-DENOB OF THE STATES. July, 1776— January, 1778. Evacuation of New York — Battles of Trenton and Princeton — Con- necticut Militia — Federal Flag — Miss Jane McCrea — Battle oi Bennington — Defeat of Burgoyne — Battles of Brandywine and Germantown — Washington at Valley Forge. We now enter upon the History of the States united in a Federal Union. They had all joined, as we have seen, in a common cause for the maintenance of a separate sovereign right of local self-gov- ernment on the part of each. For the maintenance of this right they had taken up arms. We proceed, therefore, first, witli the bloody conflict al- ready commenced, and which attended the achievement of this great object. I. On the 8th of July, the British General Howe landed SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAfTBR I.— 1. Wbat did Geijonil Howe do on the Sth of July ? What wii» CHAP. L] WAR OF THE REVOLtJTlOK. 191 on Staten Island, near New York, nine thousand men ; asd a few days afterwards Admiral Howe arriTed with rein- forcements from England. Gen. Clinton also soon after arrived ; so that the whole British forces now in the States amounted to about thirty thousand men. To oppose these forces, which were provided with every necessary to make effective soldiers, Washmgton had a badly-clothed and badly-equipped army of hardly half their number. 2. General Howe had been instructed to make an at- tempt at conciliation. Accordingly, soon after his arrival, he offered pardon to all who would swear allegiance to the King. The Congress caused General Howe's proclamation to be published in all the newspapers of the country, so that the people might see' the extent of the submission re- quired of them. General Howe also wrote to Washington, but directed his letter to George "Washington, Esq. Wash- ington declined to receive it. The address of the letter was then changed, " To George Washington, &c., &c., &c." Washington still declined to notice ib, upon the ground that he would not receive or notice any letter from the British General, not directed to him as Commander of the Armies of the United States. 3. On the 21st of July, Lieutenant-Colonol Paterson, Adjutant of General Howe, obtained a personal interview with General Washington, on the subject of the exchange of prisoners, and during the interview brought up the sub- ject of reconciliation. He stated that General Howe and Lord Howe, by "the benevolence of the King," had been appointed " Commissioners to accommodate this unhappy dispute ;" that " they had great powers, and would derive the greatest pleasure from effecting an accommodation." Colonel Paterson, moreover, " wished to have his visit con- sidered as making the first advance to this great object." the number of the British forces about this time ! What ia said of Washington's aimy ? 2, What was General Howe instrncted to do ! What did Congress do ! What is said of How-i's letters to Wa^hin^ton ? 3. Wliac ife said of the interview between Colonel Patersou and General Wash- ington f 192 WAK OF THE REYOLtJTIOW. [BOOK II. General "Washington replied that he M^as invested with no power on the subject; "but, from what had appeared and transpired on this head, Lord Howe and General Howe were only to grant pardon ; that those who had com- mitted no faults wanted no pardons ; that we were only defending what we deemed our indisputable rights." Colonel Paterson said " that would open a very wide field of argument;'' and so the matter ended. 4. General Howe now determined to push the war. Ac- cordingly, on the 22d of August, General Clinton crossed over to the southwest point of Long Island, with ten thou- sand men and forty cannon. The forces of the United States, in and about Brooklyn, consisted of about nine thousand men, under command of Generals Sullivan and Stirling. General Putnam was sent over from New York to take the chief command. On the 37th a battle took place, in which the United States forces were badly de- feated, with a loss of about sixteen hundred and fifty men, eleven hundred of whom were made prisoners. Generala Sullivan and Stirling were both captured. The British loss was small. 5. While the battle was at the hottest, Washington crossed over from Xew York to Fort Putnam, on the island. He could give no relief. The garrison in the fort was too small. Howe did not attack the fort. He camped near it, and waited for the fleet. He thought his prey was secure ; but on the night of the 28th a heavy fog arose, which com- pletely hid everything from view all the next day. On the evening of the 29th, Washington paraded his men in silence,' about midnight they were embarked in boats, and in six hours the army was safe in New York. Howe had no sus- picion of what was taking place until after daybreak, when the last boat was beyond his reach. 6. After this great disaster, Howe, supposing that the 4. What did General Howe now determine to do ? What was the result of th« battle iif the STth 1 5. What did Waehint^on do ? What tooTj place on the night of the 29th ? 6. What was duno by Howe ? With what vesult f CHAP. I.] WAR OF THE EEVOLUTION. J 93 Congress might now incline to peace, sent Sullivan on pa role with a proposition to that body, But nothing was effected, as neither party was disposed to yield to the other. 7. The British army was soon ready to attack the city; and as Washington knew that he was too weak to make a successful defence, he began a retreat to the northern part of the island. But, as he was very anxious to learn some- thing of Howe's movements, Captain Nathan Hale, of Connecticut, a promising young officer, undertook to visit the British camp as a spy. He was recognized by a Tory* relative, arrested, and on the 23d of September executed as a spy. He was treated with great harshness ; no clergy- man was permitted to see him ; the use of a Bible was de- nied him ; and the letters written by him to his mother and sisters were destroyed. His last words were, " I only regret that I have but one life to give to my country." 8.. On the 15th of September a large detachment of the British army crossed the East River, three miles above the city, and spread out across the island, very nearly cutting off the rear-guard of four thousand men, under General Putnam. The British now held possession of the city. Washington occupied the northern part of the island, where he intrenched himself g,nd erected Fort Washington on a rocky height overlooking the Hudson. 9. Howe determined to gain the rear of Washington's position, as the front was too strong to be attacked. He accordingly took position northeast of his camp. Wash- ington then left three thousand men to hold the fort; crossed over to the mainland with the greater part of his army, and fixed his headquarters at White Plains. Here 7. Wh&t is said of Captain Nathan Hale 1 How did tlie Britith treat him f Wliat was his fate ? his last words 1 8. About the last of September, what was the position of the opposino^ armieef 9. What did Howe determine ? What was Washinjfton'a move ? After the battle of White Plains, to what place did Washington withdraw his forces * * Tory was a term applied to all who aided with the British Tory Administratioa. The op- posite [tarty were called Whigs in England, and ia the United States all who were for ind» peudence were called Whigs ; all others Tories. 194 WAR OF THE ilEVOLUTIOK. [BOOK II. a battle occurred on the 28th of October, without any very decisive results. Washington withdrew to North Castle, among the hills south of Croton Eiver ; and Howe, after a few days, returned to New York. "Washington now being apprehensive that the British would attack Philadelphia, left General Charles Lee, with four thousand men, at North Castle; crossed the Hudson, and fixed his headquarters at Port Lee, in New Jersey. 10. On the 17th of November, Port Washington was at- tacked by a large force. The ammunition of the garrison failed, and they were compelled to surrender. By this dis- aster the United States loss amounted to nearly three thou- sand men. The British had nearly one thousand killed and wounded. This was a dread fulblcV-, and caused great depression throughout the country. Washington was blamed for trying to hold the post, and charged with want of courage in not meeting the enemy in the field. 11. On the 19th of November the British crossed the Hudson. Port Lee was abandoned to them, and they started in pursuit of Washington's army, now amounting to only about three thoTisand men. Washington retreated across New Jersey, his rear being closely pressed by the British. His army suffered .greatly during this retreat. Many of the men were without suitable clothes, and were barefoot. They left blood-stained tracks upon the frozen ground. After a weary and melancholy march they at last reached" the Delaware Eiver at Trenton, where they crossed into Pennsylvania. Lord Cornwallis, who was in pursuit, came up soon afterwards ; but instead of building boats or a bridge across the river, he concluded to wai'; until the ice should be thick enough for his army to pas? over on it. 12. Meantinrb he stationed detachments at Priiuxton, New Brunswick, and other places on the Jersey side of the Delaware. Washington's army seemed about to be de- 10. What took place November 20th ? What is f^aid of ttls affair f 1 1. Describe Wiiehiilgtou'3 retreat across New Jersey. 12. What ia said of Washington's army y of desertions ? of Lee and Sullivan I CHAP. I.] WAK OF THE EEVOLUTIOK. 195 Btroyed. Desertions were constantly taking place ; and the prospect was so gloomy that many of the friends of the patriot cause now shrunk from its defence. Philadelphia was in danger, and Congress removed to Baltimore. Gen- eral Charles Lee was taken prisoner by carelessly exposing himself; but General Sullivan, who had been exchanged, took command in Lee's place, and soon united his forces with those of Washington. These, with some recruits from Pennsylvania, made a force of about five thousand men. 13. Washington now planned and executed a bold enter- prise. Trenton, in New Jersey, was occupied by about fifteen hundred Hessians, and a troop of British cavalry. These ho determined to attaclc. Christmas night was dark and stormy. The Delaware Eiver was full of ice. Wash- ington and Sullivan, with one division of tlie army, crossed in the night, and at four o'clock on the morning of the 2Cth marched on Trenton. The surprise was complete. The Hessians were engaged in Christmas frolics, and not thinking of any danger. The officer in command. Colonel Rahl, was killed, and about a thousand Hessians at once surrendered. The remaindei-, with the British, escaped. All the artillery and cafiip-equipage were captured. Wash- ington immediately recrossed the Delaware with liis prison- ers and spoils. He had lost but nine men, two of whom were frozen. This gloomy year thus closed with a bril- liant victory, which gave fresh courage to the army and restored the confidence of the country. / 7 y y 14. On the 2d of January, 1777, Washington recrossed the Delaware and occupied Trenton. Here he received news that Cornwallis was coming to oppose him with a strong force. The opposing armies met and skirmished awhile, when the United States forces fell back, and night coming on, both parties slept on the ground where they 13. What wa8 done by Waehington, ChrietmaB nigbt? What is ea.id of tha victoiT at Trenton 1 its effect on the country ? How many priaoners we're laken in this battle ? 14.' What was Washingtoa'B nextmove? What did he think it better lo do ) 196 WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. [BOOK 11. ffere, with their arms by them. Washington determined not to bring on a general engagement. He tliought it wonld be better to surprise the British at Princeton. So leav- ing his fires burning, he as quietly as possible moved nis army in the night, and early next morning reached Prince- ton. 15. The surprise would have been complete, but a brigade of the enemy had just started to Trenton. An engagement ensued, in which the British were defeated; but the United States army sustained a heavy loss in the death of General Mercer, who was killed while rallying his men. The British loss was about four hundred killed, wounded, and prisoners ; the United States, about one hundred. After these suc- cesses Washington continued sending out expeditions, until he recovered tlie greater part of New Jersey, only two posts, New Brunswick and Amboy, being at last held by the British. 16. Meantime Congress returned to Philadelphia, where they were employed in measures for supplying the army and for obtaining aid from foreign countries. As early as March, 1776, Mr. Silas Deane, of Connecticut, had been sent to France to solicit aid. He was afterwards joined by Benjamin Franklin and Arthur Lee. No open encourage- ment to the American cause was given at first, but help was secretly furnished. More than twenty thousand stand of arms and one thousand barrels of powder were sent to the United States in the course of the year 1777. 17. The nobility of France were, in general, opposed to the American cause, as they thought the people were rebels against their King. But there was one young Noble, the Marquis de La Fayette, who was filled with an ardent en- thiiBiasm in favor of the cause of those struggling for the right of self-government on this continent. On hearing 16. What is said of the battle of Princeton ? What general was killed? Whal was the British loss ? the American ? 1 6. How was CoiigroBS employed ? Wliat envoys were sent to France t 1 7 . What is said of the nobilil j of France ? What is said of La Fayette f CHAP, r.] WAR OF THE EETOLUTION. 197 the Declaration of Independence read, he was completely convinced of the justice of their cause, and he determined to give them all the assistance in his power. In opposition to the wishes of his iamily, and without permission of the King of France, he came to this country. Immediately after his arrival, in July, 1777, he received the commission of Major-General in the army, which had been promised him by Mr. Deane. His acquaintance with "Washington, which took place in a few days after his arrival, soon ripen- ed into a warm and life-long friendship. 18. In March, General Howe sent a force up the Hudson to destroy the "rebel" stores at Peekskill. The garrison there, seeing the approach of the British, set fire to the stores and left the place. On the 25th of April several thousand of the enemy, under General Tryon, the last royal Governor of Connecticut, made a raid hito that State. On the 26th they burned the town of Danbury, and all the supplies collected there. They committed many other atrocities. On their retreat they were assailed by the militia, who harassed them so sharply that they lost nearly three hun- dred men. The loss sustained by the militia was much less ; but among the number was General Wooster, an old man, then in his seventieth year. 19. By way of retaliation. Colonel Meigs crossed over from Connecticut, and burnt twelve British vessels and a large quantity of supplies, near Sag Harbor, on Long Island. He took about ninety prisoners ; lost none. About this time, also, July 10th, Major Barton, of Providence, achieved a very daring exploit. With about forty men, he captured the Biitish General Prescott and carried him off a prisoner Congress immediately gave him a sword and a colonel's commission. 20. In July of this year, Congress adopted a flag, con- is. When did La Fayette arrive in the United States ? What office was given Eim ? What happened on the 25th and 26th of April in Connecticut ? 1 9. What did Colonel Meigs do ? What is said of Colonel Barton's exploit ? 20. Describe the tlu^' adopted by Congress. What do the stars represent How did the stri|>es originate 1 198 WAR OF THE RETOLUTION. [book II, FLAG AND BBIELD, sisting of thirf^en stripes, red and white alternately, with tliirteen white stars on a blue ground ; each star repre- senting a State. The stripes came from the six sections of the shield, which formed part of the original device of a seal proposed for the United States. These six sections, or quarterings of the escutcheon, were in- tended to designate the six European countries from which the United States had been chiefly peopled, to wit, England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Germany, and Holland. In drawing these six sec- tions on the shield-figure, seven spaces of the original color were, of course, left, which gave to the whole the ap- pearance of thirteen bars, or stripes. The motto on the seal, finally adopted in 1782, was " E Plttribus Ukum ''— • that is, "one of many; " or " one Federal Government by sevei'al Independent States." 2\. All this time the British were prepai'ing to invade the United States from Canada. General Burgoyne, with ten thousand men, was approaching the upper part of the Hud- son River. His object was to get in between Washington and New England. On the 21st of June he gave a great " war-feast " to the Indians. The chiefs promised to help him ; and when they saw his fine, large army, they thought that he would be able to whip the rebels in a short time. He soon reached Ticonderoga with his ai-my. St. Clair was there with about three thousand men. He thought at first that he could hold tlie place, but he soon found himself compelled to beat a hasty retreat. 22 . The British p ursued, defeated his rear-guard, took 21. What were the Bi-itish preparing to do all this time J What was Bar- goyiie'S object ? What did the Indian chiel'p think ? 22. What proclamation did Buriroyne issue ? How did General Scliv'«i reply ! CHAP. I.J WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 199 Bkeenosborough, and destroyed the supplies there collected:. General Burgoyne then issued a proclamation, promising pardon and protection to all who would return to their alle- giance. General Schuy ler immediately published a procla- mation in answer, in which he made appear what kind of protection had been given to the people of New Jersey, and warned the people against listening to the promises of the enemy. After the loss of so many strong forts in the north, the counti-y became very much alarmed and despondent ; and, as is usual in such cases. Generals Schuyler and St. Clair were blamed without cause. 23. Other officers were ordered to the north to their assistance, — Lincoln, Arnold, and Morgan. Burgoyne came on slowly. On the 30th of July he reached Port JEdward. The United States army fell back to Saratoga, Stillwater, and to the Mohawk Eiver, neai where it empties into tlie Hudson. 24. It was during the advance of Burgoyne, about this time, that the Indians murdered a young lady, whose fate has always been much pitied, and around which a sad and tender interest has always hung. The name of the young lady was Jane McGrea. She lived near Fort Edward with her brother. She had become acquainted with Lieutenant Jones, of the British army ; had fallen in love with him, and was engaged to be married to him. Jane's brother was a Whig, and oh the approach of the British army he left home and went to Albany. 25. The young lady, wishing to see her lover, remained with a friend and neighbor, Mrs. McNeil, who was a loyal- ist, and a near relative of the British General Prazer. All her fi-iends thought that she woiild be. entirely safe. On the 37th of July the house was surrounded by Indians, and Mrs.' McNeil and Jane were both seized, but by different parties, and were carried off in different directions. The 23. What officers were sent north to the assistance of Schuyler and St. Clair I ?.4. What young lady was miirdei Bi about this time f as. Wlfat is said of Jane McCrea ! 200 WAK OF THE EEVOLUTIOK. [BOOK II house being near -where some of the United States forcea were camped, the alarm was given, and the Indians were pursued and fired upon ; but the captives were not rescued. The Indians carried Mrs. McNeil to the British camp, but Miss McCrea was never again seen alive. Mrs. McNeil recognized her scalp in the hands of some of the party who had seized her, and they were charged with her murder. But they declared that she had been killed by the soldiers, who pursued and fired upon them as they were carrying her off; and that they scalped her to obtain the bounty which the British were in the habit of paying. Lieutenant Jones, heart-broken at his loss, re- signed his commission in the army. His resignation was not accepted, and he deserted. "VVe are told that for more than fifty years he lived the life of a hermit, mourning with unavailing regret the cruel loss of his beloved Jane. 26. General Burgoyne, finding his army greatly in need of provisions, and it being a very difiicult task to bring them from Ticonderoga, sent Colonel Baum, a German officer, from Fort Edward, with five hundred men, to seize some stores which had been collected by the patriots at Bennington. They were met and entirely defeated near Bennington, by Colonel Stark, in command of the Green Mountain Boys, as they were called; they were Vermont militia-men. Soon after this battle another party of the British arrived, and the militia, in turn, would very proba- bly have been defeated, had not Colonel Warner fortunately come up with a regiment at this critical moment. The bat- tle was renewed with great spirit, and the enemy was en- tirely defeated. The British loss in the two engagements was about seven hundred men, mostly prisoners ; the United States loss not more than one hundred. 27. By the battle of Bennington, Burgoyne was delayed 26. Vbatis said of Bnrgoyne's army at this time 1 Describe the battle of Bennmg-.on. Wno commanded the Americans f What was the British lo«« » ihi American ? " ' 27. What was the effect of the battle of Bennington? What news wa« re teived from Fort Schuyler ! ot Herkimer's defeat, etc. J OH A p. I.] WAR OP THE REVOLUTIOIT. 201 at Fort Edward nearly a month. At this time news waa received from Fort Schuyler. This fort being besieged by the British, General Herkimer collected the militia and inarched to its relief; but he was defeated and slain. Soon after a sally was made from the fort, which damaged 'the enemy greatly. On the approach of Arnold the Indian allies left the British army, and St. Leger, who was in com- mand, was forced to give up the siege. 28. About the middle of September, General Burgoyne crossed the Hudson and took position at Saratoga. Gen- eral Gates, who had superseded Scliuyler in command of the United States forces in that section, was in camp near Stillwater. On the IStli of September, Burgoyne was within two miles of Gates's camp. On the 19th a general battle was fought, which continued three hours. Night put an end to the contest. Gates withdreAv to his camp ; the British remained upon the field of battle. Both parties claimed the victory, which really belonged to neither, for neither was defeated. Burgoyne intrenched himself, to wait for assistance from New York. 29. The Canadians and Indians now began to desert him, and being cut off from the means of obtaining supplies, he was obliged to shorten his soldiers' rations. On the 7th of October another general battle occurred, on nearly the same ground as the former, which was fought with despe- rate bravery on both sides. But the British were defeated with heavy loss. Some of their best officers were killed, among them General Frazer, one of the noblest and most efficient, slain by General Morgan's riflemen. The United States loss was not great. The night after the battle the British fell back to a better position, and Gates occupied his former camp. 28. Wliat was the popition of Biirffoyne and of Gates aboit the middle of Sep. tember ? What is said of the buttle of Stillwater t Was a victory claimed by either party f 29. What was now done by the Canadians and Indians ? What Is said of lh» battle of October 7th? 9* 202 WAK OF THE REVOLUTIOK. [BOOK IX 30. Bni'goyne's next move was to retii-e to Saratoga, in the effort to reach Fort Edward. But he was not able to accomplisli his purpose; pressed on all sides by Gates, re- duced to a three days' supply of provisions, and losing all hope of assistance from New York, he was compelled to propose terms of surrender. On the 17th of October he surrendered his army prisoners of war. This great victory was soon followed by the capture of Forts Clinton and Montgomery, and the re-occupation of Ticonderoga and all the forts on the northern frontier by the United States forces. In the latter part of October, four thousand of these victorious troops proceeded to join Washington, iu the neighborhood of Philadelphia, where he had been sorely pressed for several months, as we shall now state. 31. In the month of July, while the operations were go- ing on northward, as related. General Howe, with sixteen thousand men, sailed from New York with the intention of attacking Philadelphia, Washington, with little more than half the number, hastened to front him. The two armies met at Shad's Ford, on the Brandywine Creek. Here, on the 11th of September, was fought a desperate battle, in which La Fayette and Count Pulaski, a noble Pole, who had also espoused the cause of the States, greatly distinguished themselves. In this engagement La Fayette received a wound, but was not disabled by it. Washington was at length compelled to yield the ground to superior forces. He retreated, and took position about eight miles above Philadelphia. That city fell into the hands of the British, and the Congress retired to York, in Penns5'lvania. On the 4th of October, Washington made an attack on the British at Germantown. His plans were well laid, and would, perhaps, have been successful if his orders had been 30. What was Burgnyne'e neit move ? When did he surrender f What fol- lowed this great victory ? 81. What is said o' the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Ited Bank What of Forts Slifflin a.id Mercer f o'HAP. I.J WAR OF THE EEYOLUTION. 303 promptly executed ; but as they were not, nothing waa effected by it. , Soon after, the British made an attack on part of Wash- ington's forces, stationed at Eed Bank, on the east side of the Delaware. In this the British were defeated; with the loss of General Donop, who commanded this movement. Ports Mifilin and Mercer, a short distance below Phila- delphia, on opposite sides of the river, were then both at- tacked by the enemy, on the 33d of October. Aftex a series of attacks Fort Mifiiin was captured, the garrison retiring to Port Mercer ; but in a few days, being pressed by the enemy, this fort was also abandoned, and the Delaware was thus opened to the British shipping. Soon afterwards Washington advanced to White Marsh, where the British General Howe frequently tried to draw him into a general engagement, but failed. 32. On the approach of winter the British retired to Philadelphia, where, surrounded by plenty and all the com- forts of life, they passed the cold season of winter. Wash- ington encamped at Valley Porge, in rude huts. Here he was daily compelled, through a long and rigorous season, to witness sufferings that he could not relieve, "and to hear murmurs and complaints it was impossible to still. But his exertions to save his country never relaxed. Calumny did its worst. His enemies spared no efforts to supplant him, to have him removed from the chief command, and to put General Gates in his placi-. But their malicious efforts failed, and they finally received the deserved con- tempt of the army and of the people. 32 Where did the British take up winter quarters f Describe thecondition of Washington's aimy at Valley Forge What is said of the efforts to remo' e WashiEgton from '.he command " 204 WAR OF THE JIK VOLUTION. [BOOit IL CUAPTER II. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION, CONTINUED. 1778—1779. Treaty with France— Battle, of Monmouth — Massacre of Wyoming —Capture of Savannah, etc.— Count D'Estaing — Paul Jones. 1. Soon after the defeat and surrender of Biirgoyne, com- missioners were sent from Great Britain to America to see if the difficulties could not be settled in a friendly manner without a separation of the Colonies from the mother- country. But their proposals were rejected by Congress, who refused to treat unless Great Britain would withdraw her armies, or acknowledge the independence of the United States. About this time news was received that France had acknowledged the independence of the several thirteen States at war with England, and had entered into a treaty with them under their articles of Confederation. 2. The treaty was signed on the 6th day of February, 1778. The commissioners on the part of the United States were Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. Congress ratified the treaty on the 4th of May following. The making of this treaty was considered by Great Britain as a declaration of war on the part of France against her, and the two nations immediately prepared for the contest. A French fleet, under Count D'Estaing, was sent over to blockade the British fleet in the Delaware, while Washington operated by land in New Jersey. But Lord Howe, being informed of what was going on, before the arrival of the French fleet, sailed for New York, at which place all the British forces were ordered to concentrate. 3. On the 18th of June, General Clinton, in command of Chaptek II.— 1. Just after Burpoync's Piirvender. what wjis done ? On what terms was Congreps willing to treat ? What news was received from France ? 2. What was the consequence of this treaty ? 3. What move did General Clinton make 7 Whal was Washington anxiona to do ? What order d'd he give ? DHAP. II.] WAR OP THE REVOLUTIOK. 305 the British land-forces, began his march from Philadelphia to New York. His force consisted of about eleven thou- sand men, with a great amount of baggage and provisions. Washington, with the main body of his army, followed cautiously. At the same time he sent forward detachments to operate with the Jersey militia in harassing the enemy and retarding his march. He was anxious to bring on a general engagement; but did not do it in opposition to the views of his officers, as expressed in a council of war. When, however, the British had arrived at Monmouth, Wash- ington was so unwilling for them to reach the heights ol Middletown without a battle, that he ordered General Charles Lee (who had been exchanged for General Presoott) to at- tack their rear. 4. On the morning of the 28th, La Fayette, with his light-horse, attacked a body of the enemy, but was forced to retire before them. Lee, surprised by the sudden onset of the enemy, ordered his troops to fall back, in order, as he maintained afterwards, to gain a better position. Part of his men, misun- derstanding the order, continued to retreat, and Lee followed, pursued by the enemy. Washington came up at this moment, and seeing the disastrous retreat of General Lee, addressed him in a sharp and cutting manner. Some writers blame Gen- eral Lee very much for this whole affair, and say that he entirely deserved the reproaches of Washington. LA rATETTE. 4. Who made the attack Lee? With wbat resnlt J How dm Washington addrew 206 WAE OF THE REVOLUTION. [BOOK II. 5. Whether he really deseiTed them or not, (with his sub- Bequent explanation.,) it is yet true that after the arrival of Washington on the ground, the troops were soon rallied; order was restored, and as the main body of the army came up the batHe becaniL^ general, and was continued until night. The victory was not decisive either way, but the Americans kept possession of the field. They expected to renew the battle in the morning ; but General Clinton quietly with- drew during the night, moving on towards New York. The total loss of the British in this battle was about five liundred; that of the United States, about two hundred and thirty. 6. General Lee, angry at the reproaches of Washington, wrote to him on the next day in an insulting manner. Washington immediately had him arrested for disobedience of orders and for improper conduct in the presence of the enemy. He was tried by court-martial, and the sentence of the court was that he be suspended from his command for one year. This eccentric genius and soldier of fortune was a native of Wales. He had served in the British army in Portugal, under Burgoyne. He afterwards had served in the army of Poland. When the dispute arose between England and the Colonies he oflTered his services to the latter, and was one of the five Major-Generals appointed by Congress in 1775. He never returned to the army after his suspen- sion, but died in Philadelphia in 1782. 7. After the battle of Monmouth the British proceeded without molestation to Sandy Hook, whence they were con- veyed on the fleet to New York. Washington took position at White Plains, where he remained until he went iuf> winter quarters at Middlebrook, in New Jersey. 8. In July a French fleet, under Count D'Estauig, ap- „ 5. What took place after Wastington camo np ? What was the British loss . the United States ? G. How did Lee write to Washington ? What was the result i What is esi4 •f this eccentric genius ? 7. Where did Washington go into winter quarters f 9. What, happened in July f CHAr. [I.] WAK OF THE KEVOLUTION. 207 peared off the coast of Virginia. Measures being concerted for the siege of Newport, in Ehode Island, D'Estaing en- tered that harbor early in August. Soon after operations began a British fleet approached. D'Estaing went out to meet the enemy; but a great storm arose, which prevented an engagement, and damaged both fleets considerably. The French > returned to Newport, and the British sailed for New York. 9. Meantime General Sullivan, with the land-forces, had begun the siege, confidently expecting the co-operation of the fleet. . In this he was disappointed. Against the urgent entreaties of. La Fayette and Greene, D'Estaing soon sailed for Boston, for the purpose of refitting his vessels, and Sul- livan was then compelled to abandon the siege. On his retreat he came near being cut off by General Clinton, who had arrived on the 31st of August, with four thousand men and a light squadron, for the relief of Newport. 10. In this year occurred the massacre of Wyoming, in Pennsylvania, which has become so celebrated in song and story. Early in the summer this lovely valley was invaded by a party of about fifteen hundred Iroquois Indians and Tories, led by Colonel John Butler. On the 3d of July Colonel Zebulou Butler, with about four hundred men and boys, advanced to meet the invading party. He was defeated, and lost nearly the whole of his men, killed, wounded, or prisoners. The next day the fort of Wyoming was laid siege to by the Indians and Tories. It was sur- rendered on condition that the survivors might be allowed to go to their homes in security. 11. This promise of security was soon broken. No sooner was the fort thrown open, and its occupants scattered on the way to their several homes, than the work of butchery began. At night the Indians and Tories spread themselves 9. Meantime what did General Sullivan do 1 D'Es^tainij V What was the ro- fult ? 1 0. Wh&t terrible maesacre took place this year ? Go on and tel all about It 208 WAR OF THE KEVOLUTIOJT. [BOOK II. over the valley ; burned the houses of the inhabitants, ana slaughtered, without mercy, men, women, and children. Only a very few escaped the dreadful massacre. The tor tures inflicted on the unfortunate victims were cruel in the extreme. One, a Captain Bidlack, was thrown alive on burning coals, and kept there with pitchforks until he died. Six others were placed near a stone on the river-bank, and held by six savages, while Queen Esther, an old Indian woman, walked round them in a circle, singing their death- song, and striking them on the head with a club until they died. The desolation of Wyoming was complete. 12. In November a like scene was enacted in Cherry Valley, New York. Brant, a noted Mohawk chief, at the head of a band of Indians and Tories, suddenly entered the valley, and killed and carried off most of the inhabitants. There seemed to be a race between the Indians and Tories, as to which could excel in deeds of ferocious bloodthirsti- ness. 13. With tliese events, or soon after, active operations by large armies closed in the northern and middle sections of the country. The scene now shifts to the South, and, until the close of the war, the principal operations were confined to that section. In November, 1778, General Clinton sent Lieutenant- Colonel Campbell, with two thousand men, find a fleet under Admiral Hyde Parker, against Savannah, in Georgia. That place was held by General Robert Howe, with about nine hundred United States troops. An engagement ensued, in which the British were successful in getting possession of the place ; the United States forces crossed over into South Carolina. 14. The whole of the lower part of eastern Georgia was thereafter soon overrun, and lefl to the mercy of the British and Tories. This conquest of Savannah and inroad 12. What is said of the massacre of Cherry Valley ' I 3. What was the result of the British attacli; on Savannah ' 14. What was the consequence of this defeat! How much had the Brtioh ?ainedafter two years' fighting? CHAP. II.] WAR OF THE REVOLUTION^. 209 into Georgia were the only advantages gained by the enemy during the year. Indeed, after two years of fighting at the 'N'orth, the British had, in fact, accomplished nothing; and ^.he positions of the opposing armies were, at the close of 1778, almost the same as at the beginning of 1777. 15. In the beginning of the year 1779, the British force in the South consisted of about three thousand effective men, under the command of General Prevost. General Lincoln, a brave and skillful officer, had at this time the command of the United States army in this section ; but his forces were inferior in number to the British, and consisted chiefly of militia. The first attempt of the British General was the conquest of South Carolina and the upper parb of Georgia, on the Savannah River. He sent a body of regulars to take possession of Port Royal Island; but they were met by General Moultrie and driven back with severe loss. Soon afterwards Colonel Boyd, an English officer, -ft-ho commanded a regiment of loyalists, or Tories, at a place known as Ninety-Six, in the upper part of South Carolina, was ordered to join the British army near the city of Sa- vannah. He crossed over into Georgia, intending to take Augusta in his route; but was met by Colonel Andrew Pickens and Lieutenant-Colonel Elijah Clarke, command- ing Carolina and Georgia militia respectively, and defeated, in a battle fought the 14th of Febrnary, on Kettle Creek, in Wilkes county, Georgia. Colonel Boyd received a mortal wound in the action. After the fighting was over. Colonel Pickens went to him, and tendered him any service which his situation authorized. Boyd thanked him for his kind- ness, and asked what was the result of the battle. Upon being informed that it was against him, he said it would have been otherwise if he had nOt fallen. He then re- quested Colonel Pickens, as he had but a few hours to live, to leave two men with him to furnish him water, and to 15. Wiat was the Britieh strength, early in 1779, in the South ? What Ib said of General Lincoln f What was the first attemf' of the British this year S Wh»t is said of the battle of Kettle Oreeli ? 210 WAR OF THE EEVOLUTIOW. [BOOK IJ, bury his body ; also to write to his wife, in England, in- forming her of his fate; and with the letter to send her a few articles he had about his person. He died very soon afterwards, aud Colonel Pickens complied faithfully with his requests. Seventy of Boyd's regiment were taken pris- oners, quite a number were left dead on the field, while the remainder of his command was utterly routed. Pickens and Clarke also encountered and defeated several other squads of the enemy, on both sides of the river. Clarke was the great Georgia partisan leader. 16. General Lincoln, being encouraged by these successes, sent General Ashe to take position at the mouth of Brier Creek, which empties into the Savannah River, on the Georgia side, some distance above the city of Savannah. Ilis force was about two thousand strong. On the 3d of March he was surprised by General Prevost, and defeated, with the loss of nearly the whole of his army. 17. By this defeat of General Aslie the subjugation of Georgia below Augusta was made complete for tlie time. The United States loss by this aifair was very heavy ; but, by the middle of April, General Lincoln was again able to take the field at the head of five thousand men. With these troops he began his march up the Savannah River, intending to enter Georgia at Augusta. But the march of Prevost upon the city of Charleston, before which he ap- peared on the 11th of May, compelled Lincoln to abandon this enterprise and hasten back to oppose the Bi'itish gen- eral. On Lincoln's approach Prevost gave up the siege and retired. 18. On the 20th of June, the Carolinians attacked a Brit- ish force at Stone Ferry, ten miles west of Charleston, but were defeated, with considerable loss. Shortly afterwards the British established a post at Beaufort, in South Caro- 1 6. What did Geuera! Lincoln then do ? What happened to General Ashe ? 17. What resulted from the defeat of General Ashe! What was LinCQiu'a next move ! What caused him to give up the enterprise f 1 8. What was done June 20th ? (JHAP. II.] WAR OF THE KBTOL0TIO1T. 2H lina, but the main body retired to Savannah. The weathei now being very hot, and the season unhealthy, active ope- rations were suspended by both armies until October. 19. During this year the British forces at the North wer ) chiefly employed in marauding expeditions. In February, Governor Tryon (last royal Governor of Connecticut), commanding a body of about fifteen hundred men, de- stroyed the salt-works at Horse Neck, in Connecticut, and plundered the town. It was at this place that General Putnam made his escape from the enemy by riding down a steep precipice, over whichthey dared not follow. 20. In May the enemy made an expedition into Virginia, in which they destroyed public and private property to a large amount in Norfolk, Portsmouth, and all the neigh- boring country. General Clinton himself conducted an expedition up the Hudson from the city of New York. On the 31st of May he captured Stony Point, and ou June 1st ' Verplanck's Point, and made the garrison prisoners of war. He then left garrisons of British troops in both forts. In July, Governor Tryon burnt East Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk, plundered New Haven, and desolated the coasts of Connecticut generally. 21. But all this time the United States forces at the North were not entirely idle. About the middle of July was per- formed one of the most brilliant achievements of the whole war. This was the recapture, by General Anthony Wayne, of Stony Point, on the Hudson. On the evening of the 15th he arrived, with his command, near the fort, without having been perceived by the enemy. About midnight on the night of the 15th, with unloaded muskets and fixed bayonets, they rushed up the height on which the fort was situated, scaled the walls, and in a few minutes were mas- ters of the place. The British loss was about six hundred 19. How wcie the British forces employed at the North ! What was the re- maricahU; Coat of General Putnam ? 20. In May what was done in Virginia ? on the Huclfon ? a 1 . What M'ore the Americans doing » Descril)e the capture of Stony Pdnt hv GiiuLTii'. M'avjiu. 213 WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. [BOOK II. killed, wouuded, and prisoners; the loss of Wayne was about one hundred. He thought it best, however, not to try to hold the fort, and therefore retired after destroying it. 22. On the 19th of July, Major Henry Lee surprised a British garrison at Paulus Hook. Thirty were killed, and one hundred and sixty were made prisoners. In August, General Sullivan, with near five thousand men, was sent against the Indians in Pennsylvania and New York. He proceeded up the Susquehanna River, and on the 29th of August found a force of Indians and Tories strongly posted at Elmira. Here a battle was fought, in which the Indians were so completely defeated that they gave \vp all thoughts of further war. General Sullivan laid waste the Indian country to the Genesee River, which empties into Lake Ontario, seven miles from Rochester, New; York. This was a terrible blow to the Iroquois, from which they never re- covered. 23. Let us now return to the South. On the 9th of Sep- tember, Count D'Estaing, returning from the West Indies, appeared near Savannah with his fleet. Soon afterwards, General Lincoln, in concert with the French, laid siege to Savannah. After continuing the siege a month, they made an assault upon the enemy's works, but were repulsed with great slaughter, losing nearly a thousand men, killed and wounded. Count Pulaski, a noble Pole, was mortally wounded. The brave Sergeant Jasper, the hero of Port Moultrie, was also mortally wounded in this assault. General Lincoln wished to renew the attack; but the Count D'Estaing refusing to co-operate with him, he was compelled to abandon the enterprise. The next day the siege was raised ; the French returned home ; Lincoln withdrew into South Carolina, and moved his army to Charleston. 22. Describe the events of July and August. 23. What is paid of the biege an"i defeat at Savannah ? What two remarkablt men were Killed there ? CHAP, n.] WAR OF rm. revolution. 213 24. On the 23d of September of this year was fought, near the coast of Scothmd, a very severe and bloody naval battle, between some United States vessels commanded by Paul Jones, and two English ships of war that were con- ducting a fleet of merchantmen. At half-past seven o'clock P.M. the battle began by the attack of Jones's ship, the Bon Homme Richard, carrying forty guns, upon the Seva- pis, a British frigate of forty-four guns, commanded by Captain Pearson. Jones moved his ship close to the side of the British vessel, and fastened them together. In this position they foiight for two hours, neither having any thought of suiTender. 25. Both vessels took fire, and when Jones's ship was almost at the point of sinking, the American frigate Alli- ance came up, and, by mistake in the dark, discharged a broadside into the Richard. The mistake being discovered lirectly, she fell with great fury upon the Serapis, which soon surrendered. Jones immediately took possession of the English vessel, and had scarcely time to do so before his own sank. The other English frigate was also cap- tured Out of three hundred and seventy-five men on board the So7i Homme Richard, three hundred were either killed or wounded. Such terrible loss shows the desperate natu.r/i! of .the conflict. 26. With these events the military operations of the year 1779 closed. The hopes of the people, founded upon the alliaiLce with France, had not been realized. The schemes of co-operation had in great measure failed, and general despondency of mind was the result. The winter was the severest ever experienced on the continent. All the At- lantic harbors were frozen as far sontli as Virginia. Long Island Sound was frozen to a solid highway. The snow was four feet deep for three months. The army was badly 84. What Beveie battle was fought near the coaBt of Scotland f Who com- mantled the United States vessels ? 25. Gn on and doscrihc the fight, and tell the number of killed and wonndea. 86 What is said of the condition of the country and of the United Suites armj at the close of the year 1779 f What of the severity of this winter ? 214 WAK OF THE REVOLUTION. [BOOK II. clothed, and suffered greatly. Its numbers were also greatly reduced. There was no money in the treasury, and the credit of the country was so low that it was impossible to borrow. But Great Britain seemed to be greater than ever. Though Spain had declared war against her, yet her re- sources seemed equal to the emergency, and she determined on still greater efforts for the conquest of the Colonies. For the year 1780, Parliament determined to enlist eighty-five thousand seamen and thirty-five thousand laud troops, in addition to those already in service. They voted also a sum amounting to one hundred millions of dollars for the same year. CHAPTEE III. THE WAE OF THE REVOLUTION — CONTINUED. 1780. Fall of Charleston — Battle of Camden — Battle of King's Mountain- Treason of Arnold. 1. As soon as Sir Henry Clinton heard that Count D'Estaing had left the American coast, he determined on the conquest of South Carolina; and with this object sailed from New York, with a large land and naval force, under convoy of Admiral Arbuthnot. He landed at John's Island, thirty miles below Charleston, on the 11th day of February, 1780. At that time the State was badly provided for defence ; there was little or no money ; the Indians and Tories on the borders and in the interior excited continual alarm and commotion ; Lincolr's army was a mere handful. 2. AVlien Clinton landed, Lincoln's first impulse was to abandon the city and retire into the interior ; but learning that the British General was preparing for a regular siege, and being urged by the inhabitants to remain, he deter- Chapter tit. — 1. What did Sir Hpnry Clinton resolve on ? What was the '■oo- dition of South Cfirolina at the time i a. What wae Lincoln's iirst impulse P Why did he change ? Did the reinforc» meuts evei arrive ? HAP. III.] WAR 01 THE REVOLUTIOK. ^15 mined to nsk a siege, relying upon the arrival of reinforce mente which had been promised him. The reinforcements never arrived, and at a time when his army ought to have numbered ten thousand men, it did not exceed the third of that number. Clinton invested the city on the 29th of March, and on the 9th of April the fleet, under Admiral Arbuthnot, favored by a strong wind, passed Port Moultrie with little damage, ana anchored in Charleston harbor ^^ithin cannon shot of the city. 3. The siege lasted about eight weeks. In that time the city was completely surrounded, without hope of succor, either by land or sea. A corps which had assembled at Monk's Corner, under command'of G-eneral Huger, for the relief of the city, had been surprised, defeated, and dispersed by a detachment of fourteen hundred men, under Webster, Tarleton, and Ferguson ; so that there now being no hope of relief, Fort Moultrie surrendered on the 6th of May, and Charleston on the 12th. General Lincoln and the whole army under his command at this place became prisoners of war. To add to the gloom which this disaster cast upon the country, there occurred a few days aftei'wards a most remarkable natural phenomenon, that filled the minds of the timid and supei-stitious with great apprehension and alarm. It was what was long known as the dark days. About 10 o'clock on the 19th of May, the heavens became darkened by a dense vapor or smoke, of a yellow color. It was so dark that lights had to be kindled in the houses for all business purposes, and the fowls went to roost. The Legislature of Connecticut was in session at the time, and the House ad- journed in consequence of the darkness. It was the opin- ion of some that the day of judgment was at hand. A motion was also made in the Council to adjourn. Colonel Davenport, a bold leader of the patriot cause, opposed it, saying : " The day of judgment is either approaching or it ^. How long did the siege last » What was the result t What is said of tiM iifW days ' 216 WAR OF THE KEVOLDTIOK. [BOOK IL is not. If it is not, there is no cause for an adjournment ; if it is, I desire to be found doing my duty. I moye, there- fore, that candles may be brought." This strange and extraordinary phenomenon continued all the next day ; but the unusual vapor, or whateyer it was, passed oflf on the night of the SOtli ; the firmament after til at was as bright as ever. Hope again revived in the breastp of the desponding. 4. After the fall of Charleston, Clinton, to extend his conquests, sent out three detachments into the interior ; one, under Loi'd Cornwallis, toward Camden ; one, under Colonel Crugcr, toward Ninety-Six ; and one, under Colo- nel Brown, to Augusta. A truce in South Carolina was also proclaimed, and a pardon offered to all who would take British protection. Great numbers accepted the terms, und the country appeared so quiet that Clinton, think- ing the subjugation complete, sailed for New York, leaving Cornwallis in command. At this time they might have accomplished their object, if those in authority had pursued ;i different and more politic course. 5. Instead of conciliating, the British General pursued the op])osite course; and the Whigs, who, in despair, had yielded for a moment, were soon roused to resistance by the cruel exactions of the British. They flocked to the stand- ards of Sumter, Marion, Pickens, of South Carolina, and Clarke, of Georgia, who began a partisan warfare, which finally resulted, as we shall see, in the expulsion of the British from the State. At this time, also, another event occurred, which for awhile revived the hopes of the people. This was the appointment of General Gates to the com- mand of the Southern army. While Sumter, on the Ca- tawba; Marion, in the swamps of the Pedee; Pickens, on the Saluda, and Clarke, on the Savannah, were keeping the 4. Whnt was tho action of Clinton after the faU of Charleston ? What is said of the proclamation of the trace and its effect ? 5. What roused the Whigs to resistance J What gave great encouragement to the Whijs ? CHAP. III.J WAR OF THE EEYOIDTION. 21: Tones in check. Gates was approaching with a strong army from the North. 6. The most brilliant hopes are often most suddenly blasted; so they were now. Gates, blinded by his great success at Saratoga, disregarded tlie warnings and sug- gestions of his ofiBcers, and pushed rapidly on, confident of victory. On the approach of Gates, the British General, Lord Rawdon, concentrated his strength at Camden, where he was joined, August 13th, by Lord Cornwallis, from Charleston. On the night of the loth, Gates set out from his camp at Clermont, about ten miles north of Camden, with the purpose of surprising the British camp. Corn- wallis and Eawdon left Camden about the same liour, in- tending to surprise Gates. The vanguards of the two armies soon met, wlien some skirmishing took place. 7. On the morning of August 16th, there was a general engagement. Gates was defeated with heavy loss. At the first onset the Virginia and Caro- lina militia began to waver, when the British charged with fixed bayonets, and put them to flight. The regulars stood their ground bravely ; in fact, soldiers never be- haved better ; but, being aban- doned by the militia, they were =^ at length overpowered and driven ^ from the field. Gates, with the j remnant of liis army, retired to Hillsborough, North Carolina. His luss in this battle was about one thousand, killed, wounded, and prisoners, besides all his artilleiy, ammunition, and supplies. Among the slain was the brave Baron De Kalb. The British loss was only a little over three hundred. 6. How did General Gates conduct himself ? What took place on the night o* AiiKUst I5th y 9 l)LFciibe the battle of Aasuet 16lh. What waa tie American loss • 10 BARON DB KALB. 218 WAB OF THE KEVOLUTIOK. [BOOK IL 8. Soon after Gates's defeat, Sumter was surprised at Fishing Creek, by Colonel Tarleton, August 18th, and de- feated with great slaughter. For a time immediately suc- ceeding these disastrous events, there were very few Whiga in arms in South Carolina, except Marion and his men, on the Pedee. Lord Cornwallis, in order to secure the submis- sion of the inhabitants, thought it necessary to adopt se- vere measures. He gave orders to hang every militia-man who, once having served with the British, had afterwards joined the cause of the States. Those who had once sub- mitted and then revolted were imprisoned, and their prop- erty either taken from them or destroyed. But these severe measures failed to accomplish the intended purpose. They rather increased in the breasts of the people a spirit of re- sistance, which only wanted opportunity to burst forth. 9. After the battle of Camden, Cornwallis proceeded to Charlotte. He sent Tarleton to operate east of the Ca- tawba Eiver, and Major Ferguson to embody the Tories among the mountains of ISTorth and South Carolina. Fer- guson crossed Broad Eiver, at the Cherokee Ford, on the 1st of October. A considerable number of Tories jomed him, and with a body of about fifteen hundred men he en- camped on King's Mountain. The atrocities he committed soon roused the Whigs to action ; and on the 7th of Octo- ber, under the leadership of Colonels Campbell, Cleveland, Shelby, Sevier, and Williams, they attacked him with great fury. The Whig forces consisted chiefly of Carolina and Georgia militia. 10. The defence was very obstinate ; but after a desperate engagement Ferguson himself was slain, and his army, after a loss of three hundred killed and wounded, was en- tirely routed. Eight hundred prisoners were taken, and about fifteen hundred stand of arms. The Carolinians and 8. Wliat took place at Fishing Creek ? What measures did Lord Comwallia adopt T Did these severe measures acrnmpiish their purpose ? 9 -1 0. After the hattle of Camden, what was done hy Cornwallis 1 What, took place October 7th T Who commanded the Americans ? Who gained the vic'oryl Vbat was the British lom i CHAP. III.] WAR OF THE EEVOLUTIOIT. nd Georgians lost about twenty killed. After the battle, ten of the captives, Tories, who had been notorious for their cruelty to the Whigs, were hung. 1 1. Sumter did not remain idle after his defeat. He soon collected a band of volunteers, with whom he continued t' harass the enemy. His activity and energy were so gr^ot that he well deserved the title of " Grame-Cock," which ^as given to him. On the 12th of November he was attAcked at the Fishdam Ferry, on Broad Eiver, by a detachment of the enemy, commanded by Major Wemys. The British were defeated, and Major Wemys was taken prisoner. On the 20th he was again attacked at Blackstocks, in Chester District, South Carolina, by Colonel Tarleton, the roost active, energetic, and dangerous of all the British partisai officers of the time. Again Sumter's star was in the aa cendant. Tarleton was obliged to retreat, severely worsted leaving Sumter m possession of the field. 12. General Francis Marion, who gained the title o? •' Swamp-Fox," distinguished himself greatly in the parti san warfare of this period. He did much service by keeping the Tories in check, and by cutting off straggling parties of the en- emy. He bore with unflinching fortitude and hope the reverses of the darkest period of the war, and infused into his brigade a spirit which was willing to bear all things and to suffer all, but never to surrender. 13. We must now take a brief glance at some events that occur- red at the North during this year. On the 7th of June, five GENERAL FRANCIS MARION. 1 1. What wsf. the result of the battles of Fishdam Creek and Blackstocks t 1 2. What is oaid of General Francis Marion ? 1 3. What is said of General Knyphauseu f What w said of the poverty o( the Americans at this time ? 220 WAR OP THE KEVOLUTIOIT. [jlOOK IL thousand men, under Ganeral Knyphausen, invaded New Jersey, and plundered the country, but withdrew on the advance of United States forces from Morristown. On ihe 10th of July a French fleet arrived at Newport, Ehode Island, having on board five thousand men, commanded by Count de Rochambeau ; but so greatly reduced were the re- sources of Washington that he had neither men nor sup- plies sufficient to enable him to co-operate with the French. For this reason active operations were mostly suspended for the remainder of the season. 14. At this dark and gloomy period there was found one man, Benedict Arnold, a Major-General in the United States army, weak enough and base enough to offer to be- tray his country. He had been distingixished for his bravery and good conduct, and had been appointed by Congress commandant at Philadelphia, on tlie evacuation of that post by the British. He became haughty and arrogant; lived very extravagantly, and having squandered his own fortune by gambling, he appropriated the public funds to his private use. For this misconduct he was tried by court- martial, and having been convicted, was reprimanded by Washington. Dissembling his feelings of revenge, he after- wards obtained command of the important fortress of West Point, which he then privately engaged to deliver into the liauds of the enemy for ten thousand pounds sterling and a commission of Brigadier-General in the British army. 15. Sir Henry Clinton agreed to his proposition, and sent Major Andre, a young officer of great merit, to see him. On his return to the British camp. Major Andre was stopped, September il3d, by three NeAV York militia-men — John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wert. They searched him, and found in his boots papers contain- ing evidence of the treason. They carried him to Colonel 1 4. What is here eiiid of the Major-General who offered to become a traitor f What was his jirice ? 15. Was his offer .■iccepl.cci ? What is said of Major Andr« and his capture » ft'liat WHS lliu lilul fate of tile traitor ? What was done with Major Andre ? CHAP. III.J WAR OF THE KEVOLUTIOK. 231 Jameson, their commanding oflBcer, who incautiously per- mitted him to iv^rite to the traitor at West Point. Arnold at once went on board the Vulture, a British ship-of-war, then lying in the river', and so made his escape. He after- wards received the reward promised him, the gold and the commission of Brigadier-General in the British army, in which capacity he fought against his countrymen. But he lived contemned and despised by his new friends as much as he was hated by his old ones. He died in England in the year 1801 ; obscure, unnoticed, unloved, unhonored. Ma- jor Andre was tried by court-martial, by order of Wash- ington. He denied none of the charges alleged against him ; but, upon his own confession, he was adjudged to be a spy, and condemned to be hung. He died regretted by both friends and foes. 16. On the 20th of December of this year England de- clared war against Holland. The Hollanders had been giv- ing encouragement and protection to the United States privateers, and had also actually begun to negotiate a treaty with Congress; when England, making the discov- ery, at once declared war. It would seem that by this time Great Britain might be considered as having her hands full. It was certainly no child's-play to carry on war at once with the United States, France, Spain, and Holland. But as yet Great Britain showed no sign or indication of having any disposition to yield. On the contrai-y. Parlia- ment, under the lead of Lord North, tlie Tory Prime Min- ister, voted large amounts of money for the coming year, and also great armaments to operate both by sea and land. 1 8. Why did Eneland declare war against Hollauc * How mauy conutrica vsi she now a: war witS ! 222 WAR OF THE REVOLUTIOK. [B00& II, CHAPTER IV. WAK OF THE EEVOLUTIOI>r, OONTIN^UED AKD CONCLDDED. 1781—1783. Meeting of the Pennsylvania Line — Battle of the Cowpens — Retreat of General . Greene— Battle of Guilford— Siege of Ninety-Six— Battle of Eutaw— Siege of Yorktown— Surrender of Lord Corn- wallis — Peace. 1. The distresses of Washington's army had become so gi-eat that on the 1st of January, 1781, the whole Pennsylva- nia line of troops, numbering thirteen hundred, left their camp at Morristown, determined to seek directly from Con- gress a redress of grievances. They were met at Princeton, New Jersey, by emissaries from Sir Henry Clinton, who tried to induce them to enter the British service. They seized the emissaries and delivered them to General Wayne to be treated as spies. A committee from Congress, and one also from the Pennsylvania authorities, met them at Trenton, and induced ihem to return to the service after a short furlough. They were offered a reward for seiz- ing the British agents, but refused it, saying that they de- sired no reward for doing their duty. 2. The Congress consummated as promptly as possible the measures of relief in which they had been engaged for some time. Taxes were levied; and money and clothing were obtained from Eurojie. Eobert Morris, who was placed at the head of the Treastiry Department of the Government, freely used his own money and credit to furnish supplies. Being very wealthy, he was able to do a great deal. 3. In January of this year the traitor Arnold, now a brigadier in the British army, invaded Virginia, and did an immense deal of mischief along the coasts. He destroyed CuAPTEH IV.— 1 . What 18 said of Washington's army at tliis time ? 2. What measures were adopted for its relief! What is said of Robert Morris ! 3. What of Arnold, the traitor f Were efforts made to capture him ? What result ! CHAP. IV.] WAK OF THE EEVOLUTIOK. 223 a large amonr.t of property, both public and private, in the neighborhood of Eichmond, and finally made his head- 'jnarters at Portsmouth, which he fortified. While he was at Portsmouth, "Washington laid a plan to capture him. La Fayette, with a considerable force, was sent into Vir- ginia, while the French fleet was to co-operate with him. But the British fleet attacked that of the French, and com- pelled it to return to Rhode Island. So the plan failed, and Arnold escaped. 4. On the 25th of March the British General Phillips arrived in the Chesapeake with two thousand men. He joined Arnold, took command of their united forces, and, having but little opposition, laid waste the country exten- sively. 5. After the battle of Camden, in which Gates was so badly defeated, Congress appointed General Greene com- mander of the Southern army in his place. Greene took com- mand at Charlotte, North Caro- lina, December 3d, 1780, and al- though his army was only about two thousand strong, yet he dispatched General Morgan with one division to the relief of the district about Ninety-Six, which was then held by the British and overrun by the Tories. He him- self took post at Cheraw, South Carolina. This placed Cornwal- sEiranAi. gbeene. lis, who had returned to South Carolina after Ferguson's lefeat at King's Mountain, between the two divisions of S^reene's army. 6. As he was about to march into North Carolina, and not 4. Whatifl paid of General Phillips ? 5. Who was appointed to command the Southern patriot army f What WBI »l-i first move ? How did this place Cornwallis ! 6 Who was defeated at the battle of the Cownens f WUh what loss T 224 WAR OF THE REVOLUTIOK. [BOOK II. being willing to leave Morgan in his rear, iie sent Tai'letoii against liim with instrnctions to piish him. Morgan re- treated to the Cowpeus in Spartanburg District, where i battle ensued between him and Tarleton, in which the lat- ter was defeated with the 1 ss of three hundred killed and wounded, five hundred prisoners, and a large quantity of ^ammunition and stores. Tarleton himself narrowly escaped being captured by Colonel William Washington, who pur- sued him very closely, and wounded him slightly in the hand with his sword. Colonel Washington might have shot him, but he did not want to kill him : his object was to take him prisoner. 7. An amusing story is told of Tarleton in this connec- tion. Some time after the battle, he remarked to a witty Carolina lady, Mrs. Willie Jones, "I have been told tliat Colonel Washington is very illiterate and can scarcely write his name." " Ah, Colonelf replied the lady, " at least he can make his mark." Tarleton said he should like very much to see Colonel Washington. A sister of Mrs. Jones instantly replied, " Had you looked behind you at the battle of Cow- pens, Colonel, you might have had that pleasure." Tarleton bit his lip, and said no more about Colonel Washington in that company. 8. After- Tarleton's defeat. Lord Cor)iwallis hastened to meet General Morgan, hoping to intercept and defeat him before he could cross the Catawba. In this he failed ; Mor- gan crossed in safety, but only two hours later Cornwallis appeared on the opposite bank. It was then near night, and Cornwallis encamped, having no doubt of being able to overtake Morgan in the morning. Heavy rains in the night raised the river so that it was impossible to cross for two days, during which time Morgan continued his retreat in safety. On the 31st of January, General Greene, having left the mam body of his army on the Pedee, arrived and took 7. Relatti the anecdote about Colonel Tarleton. 8. What preventer! Lord Connvallis from overtaking Morgan at the Catawba t When did Geiienl Greene \ake command ? OHAl'. IT.] WAR OF THE REVOLUTIOK. !JvJ5 command of Morgan's division. He continued the retreat, still followed by Cornwallis. 9. Greene reached and crossed the Yadkin Elver, but so closely pursued by the British that his forces were attacked in rear and were compelled to abandon part of their bag- gage. Cornwallis again encamped with only a river between him and the retreating army ; and again a sudden rise in the river prevented his crossing. General Greene proceeded to Guilford Court-House, where he was joined by the main body of his army, 7th February. He still felt too weak to face Cornwallis, and continued his retreat towards Vir- ginia, closely pursued. On the loth of February he had just succeeded in crossing the Eiver Dan, in Virginia, when Cornwallis appeared on the opposite bank. At this point his lordship gave up the pursuit, and turning to tlie south, established himself at Hillsboro, North Carolina. 10. General Greene, having received reinforcements, so that his army now amounted to nearly five thousand men, and feeling himself strong enough to oppose Lord Corn- wallis, marched back into North Carolina and sought an engagement. The armies met at Guilford Court-House on the 35th of March. A battle ensued, and after a severe con- test General Greene was obliged to fall back several miles. Cornwallis kept possession of the field of battle, and that was all. He derived no further benefit from the \'ictory. Greene's loss in killed and wounded was about four hun- dred. The loss of the British was fully equal, and perhaps greater. 11. A few days after this battle Cornwallis moved to Wil- mington, North Carolina, j)ursued as far as Deep Eiver by Greene, who then discontinued the pursuit and marched into South Carolina. After entering South Carolina he changed his position several times, but finally encamped on 9. What bappeued at the Yadkin River ? Do yon not think these are very re- markable facts ? 10'. Where did the armies meet at last ? Which kept possession o/ the field ? What was the ioss on both sides ? 1 1 . Where did the next battle recur ? Who retreated 1 10* a26 WAK OF TH£ REVOLUTION. [BOOK II Hobkirk's Hill, near Kawdon's post at Camden. Lord Kawdon attacked liini on the 35tli of April. Victory for some time inclined to tlie side of Greene. At last, how- ever, a vigorous charge of the enemy decided tlie contest, and Greene was forced to retreat. The loss on both sides was nearly equal. 12. On the 10th of May, Lord Rawdon left Camden and retired beyond the Santee. Hearing that Fort Watson had Deen captured by the Carolina partisan chieftains, and that Forts Mott, Granby, and Orangeburg would probably soon fall, he retreated to Eutaw Springs. By the 5th of June the British held in the Carolinas but the three posts of Niuety-Six, Eutaw Springs, and Charleston. After Lord Eawdon retreated from Camden, General Greene proceeded to Ninety-Six by way of Granby. Ninety-Six was a place of great natural strength, and was also strongly fortified. General Greene besieged it for about four weeks, when, learning that Rawdon was approaching with reinforcements, an assault was determined upon. On the 18th of June the assault was made, but the assailants were beaten off with heavy loss, and were compelled to raise the siege and retire. 13. Rawdon pursued for a while, but finding pursuit vain, he retired and took post at Orangeburg, pursued in turn by Greene. At Orangeburg, Colonel Stewart joined the British with reinforcements from Charleston. The enemy now being too strong for Greene to make an attack with any hope of success, he withdrew and retired beyond the Santee, to pass the sickly season in a healthier region of country. Lord Rawdon soon after left Colonel Stewart in command. 11. Early in September, General Greene again advanced upon the enemy, then commanded by Colonel Stewart, 12. By the 5th of Juno, what places were hild by the British in the Carolinas ? \^Tiat was the result of the siege of Ninety-Six ? 1 3. Mention the movements of the armies after the siege of Ninety-Si*. 14. What Is said of the battle of Kiitaw Springs ? What is said of the execn. tion dl Isaac Hayne ? At the close of the year, what places were held in the Coi" «Hnas and Georgia ? CHAP. IV. J WAR OF THE REVOLUTION'. 237 Stewart retreated to Eutaw Springs. On the morDing of Sfiptember 8th the battle began. ■ At first Greene was com- pletely successful, and drove the British from the field; but they rallied, and, after a congest of four hours, he was com- pelled to retreat. During the night the British with- drew, and soon afterwards retired to Charleston. Shortly after this battle the British entirely abandoned all the up- country. About this time Lord Rawdon, commanding the British forces at Charleston, committed a great outrage upon the usages of civilized warfare, which, while it was intended to overawe the people, only tended to intensify their determination to resist to the last. The outrage was this: On the surrender of - Charleston, in May, 1780, Isaac Hayne, who was fighting in the line as a private soldi »■, though he was a man of distinction in the State, fell into the hands of the British, as a prisoner of war, and was with others discharged on subscribing a declaration of al- legiance to the king. This he and the others did on con- dition that they should not be required to take up arms against their country. But Lord Eawdon now ordered him and others in his position to join the British army. Hayne made his escape, and joined the Carolina forces. Soon after, he was taken prisoner again, and was ordered to be hung, which sentence was carried into execution the 4th of Au- gust. This caused, as it was well calculated to do, the most desperate efforts everywhere to rid the country of the presence of the enemy. At the close of the year they held no places in the Carolinas or Georgia except Charleston and Savannah, and to these they were closely confined. With these events the campaign of 1781, and, indeed, the ictive operations of the war, closed in -the Carolinas. 15. To return to Lord Cornwallis. He left Wilmington )n the 35th of April, and marched northward, purposing to conquer Virginia. About the last of May he reached 16. Mention the movementB of Lord CornwalliB. How was VirgiinU ae^ 'ended f 338 WAR OF THE EETOLtJTION. [iiOOK II. Petersburg, where he considerably increased the strength of liis army by i^Jding to it the forces stationed at that place. Virginia, at that time, was defended by the Mar- quis de La Payette, whose army consisted of only about three thousand men, mostly militia. La Fayette would not risk an engagement, feeling himself too weak to cope with his adversary. Cornwallis, taking advantage of his weak- ness, overran the country, and destroyed a great deal of property, both public and private. An expedition pene- trated as faras to Charlottesville, and succeeded in captur- ing several members of the Virginia House of Delegates, and came very near taking the Governor, Thomas Jof- X ferson. > 16. Li June, Cornwallis received orders from Sir Henry Clinton to take post near the sea, so that he might be able to send assistance to New York, if it should become neces- sary. Cornwallis proceeded to Yorktown, at which place he concentrated his forces, and immediately began fortify- ing it. Colonel Tarleton, with a small body of troops, held Gloucester Point, on the opposite side of the river. Gen- eral Washington had intended, in combination with the French troops and fleet, to attack. Sir Henry Clinton in New York, but the intention was abandoned in August, for Clinton had received reinforcements, and the situation of Cornwallis offered a fairer prospect of success. 17. Clinton, however, remained impressed with the be- lief that New York would be the point of attack, until Washington suddenly drew up the combined French and United States forces. On the 30th of September he ap- peared before Yorktown. The French fleet blockaded the James and York rivers, and thus prevented the escape of Cornwallis by sea, while a French land-force of two thou- sand men joined La Fayette at Williamsburg to prevent hia 10. What orders didConiwalli? receive in June ! To what did he go f What did Washington now resoive upon ? 1 7. When did he appear hefore Yorlitown f In what position did Cornwallis DOW find himself 1 CHAP. IV.J WAK OF THE KEVOLUTIOlf. 2^9 reti-eat upon the Southern States. Cornwallis found him- self hemmed in on all sides, with little prospect of rehef. 18. On the evening of October 9th, Washington, who had moved rapidly fiom the Eoith, opened his battenes on the fortifica- tions of Corn- wallis at York- town. On the 14th two re- doubts were carried by as- sault. On the 16th nearly a hundred pieces of artillery were brought to bear on their works with such eft'ect that the walls were beaten down and nearly every gun was silenced. On the 19th Lord Cornwallis surrendered to Washington his army of more than seven thousand men. The shipping in the harbor was imrrendered to the commander of the French fleet. Five days afterwards Sir Hen^y Clinton arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake with an army of seven thousand men, — too late. Cornwallis and his army were prisoners of war, and Sir Henry returned to ISTew York. 19. By this great success the whole country was, in f;;. 'l, recovered from the power of the British. The war was virtually at an end. All hope of subduing the States and holding them as colonies was gone. The British troops, after this, were principally confined to the cities of New York, Charleston, and Savannah. The British govern- ment no longer pursued active measures. SUltUENDEK OP CORNWALLIS. 1 8 When did the eurveuder take place ? 19. What was in fact the Consequence ol this great snccesB t ^30 WAE OF THE KEVOLUTION. [BOOK 11, 20. It was in the middle of the night that the news of the surrender of Cornwallis reached Philadelphia. A watchman in the street called out, " Twelve o'clock, and a cloudy moniing, — Gornivallis is takeii!" Soon the whole city was aroused with the cry, which went up in every street and alley. The hope that peace with lib- erty would now come at last was strong and buoyant. The wildest enthusiasm prevailed. The same news was re- ceived with like joy everywhere in the States. 21. In England the effect was decisive against any fur- ther prosecution of tiie war. The Whigs there immedi- ately gained the ascendency, and Lord North, who for twelve years had governed the country, was compelled to resign the lead of the ministry. Negotiations for peace were entered into. Five commissioners, John Adams, John Jay, Dr. Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Laurens, were appointed by the United States. Five were appointed by the British Government. They met at Paris, and on the 30th of November, 1782, signed a Provisional treaty of peace. A final treaty was signed at the same place Sep- tember the 3d, 1783. The first article of the latter was in these words ; " His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the said United States, viz.: New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Soutli Carolina, and Georgia, to be free, sovereign, and independent Stiites ; tliat he treats with them as such ; and for himself, his heirs and successors, relinquishes all claim to the government, propriety, and . territorial riglits of the same, and every part thereof." Thus, after a bloody war of seven years, each of the original separate thirteen Colonies was acknowledged by Great Britain to be an independent sovereign State. This grand achievement of independence and sovereign right of self-government, on the part of each of the States, was 20. Car yon describe how the news was received in Philadelphia, and in the States generally ? 21 . what was the effect in England 1 When was peace made f When was a Gnal cessation of hostilities proclaimed ? CHAP. IV. J WAR OP THE EEVOLUTION'. 231 effected through the joint action of all, under their articles of Federal Union. At the same time, England made treaties of peace with all the other countries with whom she had so lately been at war. On the 19th of April, 1783, just eight years after the battle of Lexington, a final cessation of hostilities between Great Britain and the United States was proclaimed. By the treaty with Spain, England restored to that country East and West Florida, which had been ceded to her by Spain in 1763. 22. The preamble to the Provisional treaty of peace be- tween Great Britain and the United States deserves special notice. It sets forth a great truth, which all statesmen would do well to study; and presents a moral lesson which forms a fitting conclusion to this chapter, closing, as it does, a brief outline sketch of the first great war for the sovereign right of local self-government by the States of this conti- nent. The preamble referred to is in these words : "Whereas, reciprocal advantages and mutual convenience have been found by experience to form the only permanent foundation for peace and friendship between States ; it is agreed to form the articles of the proposed treaty on such principles of liberal equity and reciprocity as that," etc. Had England acted towards the Colonies from the be^ ginning on these principles, she might have saved herself all the blood and treasure expended in this unholy crusade against the essential principle in issue, and might have se- cured inestimable advantages to her own commerce, trade, and renown, for centuries to come. Sg. What is eaid of the pieamble to the ProTisioual treaty of peace f 332 PB OGRESS OF EVENTS. [BOOK II, CHAPTER V. PROGRESS OF EVENTS. 1783—1787. iJestitution of the Country — Attempted Mutiny in tlie Army at Newliurg — Washington's Greatest Display in Suppressing it- Shay's Rebellion in Massachusetts — Washington's Retircmenl from the Army — Proposed Amendments to the ConstitiUiou — The " three-fifths " Ratio of Federal Population — Regulation of For- eign Trade — The Call of a General Convention to consider and propose Amendments to the Federal Constitution. 1. The long straggle was hotv over. The popular joy at the success of the cause of Liberty, and of the Inde- pendence of the States, was unbounded everywhere. But the fruition of tlie long hoped for and newly acquired blessings came far short of the fondly cherished anticipa- tions. This arose from several causes. New troubles soon presented themselves, which disquieted the minds of those who had been the most hopeful and sanguine during the darkest hours of the conflict. One of these troubles grew out of the state of the army, and the destitute condition of the public treasury, as well as the country generally. Congress was largely in arrears, not only with the officers, but with the men. Money to pay could not be raised by taxation, and the public credit was exhausted. "Would the army consent to be disbanded without a settlement of their dues ? This was a perplex- ing question. Washington still continued his headquarters at Newburg, New York, paliently and anxiously waiting the action of Congress, and hoping that some satisfactory provision would be made in due season for the exigency. 2. At this time, too, it is sad to relate, there were many Chapter V. — 1. What is said of the popular feeling when liberty with the in- dependence of the States was secured ? 2. What was one of the new troubles that arose ? What is said of the desiKiis of some of the restless spirits in the army ? What is said of Wasliiugton on ihtA >ccasion ? CHAP. V.J PROGRESS OF EVEOTB. 233 restless spirits in the army, such as all great or long wars usually give rise to ; men of ambitious views and projects, who, even to the most daring and gallant deeds, are often moved much more by the selfish motives of personal, dis- tinction and fame than by a true love of liberty. Many of this class had been engaged in the cause of the States from the beginning. They had little sympathy with the real cause for which arms had been taken up, which was the great right of self-government on the part of the people of each Colony. But the establishment of free institutions and re- publican governments was not the controlling object which induced this class to take the field, and a military goveru- ment was what they now looked to, as the only hope- of securing their personal aggrandizement. Some of these restless spirits sought to make tlie pf.triotic and self-sacrificing army of Washington the instrument of their unhallowed purpose. The wants and needs of the army ; the destitution of the country, and the utter ina- bility of Congress to make immediate adequate provision for these wants, and even to deal justly by them by making prompt, full payment for past dues, were seized upon as the means to inflame the passions of the soldiers, in hopes, by appeals to their misguided impulses, they might be influ- enced not to disband, but, under the claim and demand of their rights, to overthrow Congress and all the civil authorities. These designing men knew that this would lead to a military government of some sort, in which they hoped to be the chief actors. They knew that Washington was too true and patriotic to countenance their object; hence their design was most insidiously to weaken the influence of the Commander-in-chief by instilling into the minds of the soldiers that he, by not favoring their appeal to Coagress for redress by arms, was himself not in real sympathy with their wants. This was the most critical period of all in the history of the United States. It was the turning point of •Z3i PROGRESS OF EVENTS. [BOOK II. bhe liberties of the country. It was now more than on any other single occasion that AVashington showed those prin- ciples and qualities which so distinguished him through- out liis life, and exhibited those transcendent powers, intel- lectual and moral, which mark him as one of the greatest men the world lias ever produced. 3. On the 10th of March, 1783 (after the preliminary articles of peace were signed), an anonymous address of great point and force, but most guileful in its character, was issued and circulated through the army. Its tenor and object will be seen from the following extracts : " 2'fl the Offices of the Army : " A fellow-soklier, whose iuterests and affections bind liim strongly to you, wliose past sufferings have been as great and whose fortune may be as desperate as yours, would beg leave to address you. " Age has its claims, and rank is not without its pretensions, to advise ; but though unsupported by both, he flatters himself that the plain language of sincerity and experience will neitlior be unheard nor uuregarded. " After a pursuit of seven long years, the object for which we set out is at length brought within our reach. Yes, iny friends, that suffering courage of yours was active once — it has conducted tlie United States of America through a doubtful and a bloody war, and peace returns again to bless — whom ? a country willing to redress your wrongs, cherish your worth, and reward your services ? A country courting your return to private life, with tears of gi-atitude and smiles of admiration — longing to divide with you that inde- pendency which your gallantry has given, and those riches which your wounds have preserved? Is this the case? Oris it rather a country that tramples upon your rights, disdains your cries, and insults your distresses ? " Have you not more than once suggested your wishes and made known your wants to Congress ? Wants and wishes which gratitude and policy would have anticipated rather than evaded ; and have you not lately, in the meek language of entreating memorials, beg- ged from their justice what you could no longer expect from their favor ? How have you been answered ? Let the letter, which you arc called to considei- to-morrow, reply. If this, then, be your treat- ment while the swords you wear are necessary for the defence of America, what have you to expect from peace when your voice shall sink, and your strength dissipate by division? When those very swords, tlie instruments and companions of your glory, shall be taken from your sides, and no remaining mark of military distinction left, but your wants, iniirraities and scars. Can you, then, consent to he the only sufferers by this Revolution, and, retiring from the field, grow old in poverty, wretchednes.s, and contempt? Can you 3 What ie said of tlio seditious circular issued tlie lOtli of March f CHAP, v.] PKOGRE88 OF EVENTS. 235 consent to wade through the vile mire of dependency, and owe the miserable remnant of that life to charity which has hitherto been spent in' honor? If you can — go ! and carry witli you the jest rf Tories and the scorn of Whigs ; — tlie ridicule, and what is worse, the pity of the world. Go ! starve, and be forgotten ! " But if your spirit should revolt at this ; if you have sense enough to discover, and spirit enough to oppose, tyranny under whatever garb it may assume, whether it be the plain coat of republicanism, or the splendid robe of royalty ; if you have yet learned to discrimi- nate between a people and a cause, between men and principles, awaice ! atteud to your situation, and redress yourselves. If the present moment be lost, every future effort is in vain, and your threats then will be as empty as your entreaties now." 4. This address, with these and other like sentiments, invoked a general meeting to be. held next day. Its inflam- matory character was well calculated to arouse the passions of all the army, officers as well as men. It was put forth and circulated without the knowledge of Washington. He immediately, on getting notice of it, by general orders, condemned the spirit of the address, and invited a meeting of all the general artd field officers to take place on the 15th. It was on this occasion, in this meeting of the general offi- cers, of which General Gates was chairman, that Washing- ton performed one of the greatest, if not the greatest, act of his life. It was the matchless speech which he then and there made, and by which this grand mutiny, so well schemed and artfully planned, was suppressed. Among other things in that speech, which should never be forgot- ten, he said to the war-worn patriot veterans around him : " This dreadful alternative of either deserting our country in the extremest hour of her distress, or turning our arms against it, which is the apparent object, unless Congress can be compelled to instant compliance, has something so shocking in it that humanity revolts at the idea. My God! what can tliis writer have in view by recom- mending such measures ? Can he bo a friend to the army ? Can he be a friend to this country ? Rather is he not an insidious foe ; souif emissary, plotting the ruin of both by sowing the seeds of discord and separation between the civil and military powers? And what a compliment does he pay to our understandings when he recom- mends measures in either alternative impracticable in their nature ! " With respect to the advice given by the author to suspect the man who shall I'ecommeud moderate measures ar.d longer forbear- 4. What did Washington Jo when he got notice of it i What did he say of il In ttie meeting of the officers ? 236 PEOGBESS OF EVENTS. [BOOK II. auce, I spvirn it, as every mau who regards that liberty and reveres that justice for which we contend, undoul)tedly must ; for if men are to be precluded from offering their sentiments on a matter wliicli may involve the most serious and alarming consequences that can invite the consideration of manliiud, reason is of no use to us. The freedom of speech may be taken away, and dumb and silent we may be led like sheep to the slaughter." He asstired them in this speech that he believed that Con- gress inteuded to do justice to the army, and would do it, that they would meet all their engagements with the army as speedily and promptly as they were able ; and after these assurances he concluded this ever-memorable speech in these words : " While I give these assurances and pledge myself in the most unequivocal manner to e.\ert whatever abilities I am possessed of in }rour fiivor, let me entreat you, gentlemen, on your part, not to take any measures which, viewed in the calm light of reason, will lessen the dignity and sully the glory you have hitherto maintained. Let me conjure you in the name of our common country, if you value your own honor as you I'espect the rights of humanity, to ex- press your utmost horror and detestation of the man who wishes, under any specious pretences, to overthrow the liberties of our coun- try. By thus determining and thus acting you will pursue the plain and direct road to the attainment of your wishes ; you will defeat the insidious designs of our enemies, who are compelled to resort from open force to secret artifice ; you will give one more distin- guished proof of unexampled patriotism and patient virtue, rising superior to the pressure of the most complicated sufferings ; and you will, by the dignity of your conduct, afford occasion for posterity to say, when speaking of the glorious example you have exhibited to mankind, had this day been wanting the world had never seen the last stage of perfection to which human nature is capable of attain- ing." 5. The effect of this speech was ne-v er surpassed by any- thing uttered by the greatest orators of the world ; and yet oratory was not one of "Washington's chief ■ excellencies. In him seemed to be combined all the elements which con- stitute true greatness. His appeal on this occasion was not to the passion of his hearers, but to their reason, their virtue, and their patriotism. His sentiments were pure, unselfish, elevating, and ennobling ! They saved public liberty at the time. S. What is said of Waphins^ton's speech on this occaeion ? What effect had It apon the concocted conspiracy ? CHAP, v.] PROGRESS OF EVKKTS. 237 6. The Congress did the best tbey could in providing for the immediate wants and needs of both the men and offi- cers of the army. They were still kept together, and not disbanded until after the British evacuated the city of New York, -which was on the 35th of November, 1783. The .^-; WASHINGTON RESIGNINO HIS COMMXSRION. same day a portion of the United States army entered the garrison there. On the 4th of December, Washington took his leave of the officers, and went to Annapolis, Maryland, where the Congress of the States was in session, and to them, on the 23d of December, 1783, when peace, quiet, and order prevailed everywhere, resigned his commission. 7. Another trouble, .which was severely felt everywhere, arose from the general indebtedness of the, country and the scarcity of- money. The public debt, domestic and for- 6. What did Congress do ! What was done with the av-my ! When did the British evacuate Now Vorlc ! When did the United SlatOi? army talce possession r Wlien did Washington take his final leave of the officers ! When and where and to whom did he resign his commission » • 7. What was another tronble felt »t this time f What is said of Shay's rebel- .on in MassachuSL'tt:; ? 23S PROGRESS OE EVENTS. [BOOK II. eigii, had swelled to near one hundred millions. The war had been carried on by the issue of paper of some sort or other, as a circulating medium. The currency had depre- ciated until it ceased to have eren a nominal value. The Congress had borrowed from Holland and France several million dollars. To meet the interest on this required heavy taxation. Some of the States were unable to raise their quotas under the Articles of Union. In several of them, to meet the wants of their own governments a tax to be paid in produce, instead of money, was resorted to. In many instances strong appeals were made to the Legis- latures of the several States for measures of relief, and for laws staying the collection of debts. The evil of the times bore most heavily upon the laboring classes. In Massa- chusetts a strong party arose on the part of those who had borne the brunt of the fight, against those who had become rich during the war. This ended in what is known as Shay's rebellion in that State. It was an organized resist- ance to the collection of debts. 8. In the mean time it was discovered that thg basis fixed upon in their Articles of Union for the quotas oCthe States respectively was not a just one. That basis yns the rela- tive value of real estate in the several States. This value was by no means uniform. The proper basis, it was thought, was the j-elative population of the States. In April, 1783, tl:erefore. Congress proposed to the States to amend the Constitution in this particular, by making population the basis of the States' quotas. This was the original idea. in 1776 when the Articles of Union were first brought forward. But a difficulty soon arose in the dis- cussion, which caused its abandonment at that time. The difficulty sprung from the fact that there were more negro slave laborers in some of the States than in others, and it was insisted that negro laborers were not as efficient in the 8. What is said of the basis fixed \ipon in the Articles of I'nion for the Quotas of the States ? What amendment did Cioni^rcss propose in Af ill, 1783 * 'WWt i» the origin of the three-fii'thfl ratio of Federal population i CHAP. V.J PROGRESS OF EVENTS. 239 production of wealth, the proper subject of taxation, as free, intelligent, white men. Some insisted that one white man was as efficient as four negroes, some put the ratio at tnree, and some at two. As this difficult question could not be satisfactorily adjusted at first, the basis then adopted was the one stated ; but after years of discussion it was agreed that five negro-slaves should be rated as three white per- sons in establishing a proper basis for taxation, taking rela- tive population as the best standard of relative production. This was known as the ratio of Federal population. Ac- cordingly in April, 1783, as stated, the Congress passed a resolution recommending to the States a change of the Constitution in this particular. The change was that the quota of each State should be — " In proportion to the whole population of white and other citizens, and inhabitants of eveiy age, sex and oondition, including those bound to servitude for a term of years, and tliree-fifths of all other persons not comprehended iu the foregoing description, except Indians not paying taxes iu each State." This change the States were slow in agreeing to. 9. Another trouble was, that each State, under the Con- stitution, had its own regulations of foreign commerce. Different States had different rates of duties on foreign im- ports, which worked badly for the common interest. A 'considerable foreign trade had also commenced. The exports as well as imj)orts of the United States were greatly increased. The imports consisted of manufactured goods of various kinds, sugar, coffee, tea, etc. The exports from Virginia and the more Southern States consisted largely of tobacco and rice. The cultivation of cotton was not yet introduced. From the Northern and Eastern wtre exported articles of greater variety, but not of equal value to those from the Southern States. The Congress, therefore, during the same year, 1783, proposed that the Constitution should 9, What Tvas another one of the troubles of the times ? What is said of th« gcueral prosperity ? What did the imports consist chiefly of? what the ex parts ? What other amendment to the constitntion did Congress propose tb« Baniu year f What advice did Washiuglon jjive ? 240 PEOGRESS OF EVENTS. [BOOK 11. be changed so as to allow them to resort to the system of indirect taxc!<,iha.i is, of levying duties upon imiooi'ts, which would bear less heavily upon the people, and enable them to meet the interest on the foreign debt. During the same year, and before he retired from the army, Washington ad dressed a circular letter to the Governors of the States, in ft'hich he urged several changes in " the Constitntion." While the proposed amendments, however, were pending before the States, it was further moved in Congress, that that body be invested with power to regulate trade wifib foreign nations. 10. Before any of these propositions were finally acted upon by the States, to wit, in January, 178G, the Virginia Legislature, at the instance of James Madison, joassed a resolution inviting all the States to send commissioners to meet at some place to be agreed upon — "To take into cousideration the trade of the United States; to examine tlie relative situation and trade of the said States, and to consider Iiow far a uniform system, in their commercial regula- tions, may be necessary to their common interest and their perma- nent harmony." Four other States responded to this call, to wit. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Commis- Btoners from these met Commissioners from Virginia in Annapolis, the lltli September, 1786. They did nothing, however, bnt pass a resolution recommending the calling of " A general convention of all the States, to meet at Philadelphia, in May, 1787, to take into consideration the situation of the United States ; to devise such further provisions as shall appear to them ne- fepsary, to render the Constitution of the Federal Govei'nment ade- quate to the exigencies of the Union." This resolution, with an address, urging the importtmce of the Convention, was sent to the Governors of all the Slates, and to the States iu Congress assembled. 11. On the 21st of February, 1787, the Congress took the same into consideration, and 10. Wliatflidthe Virginia Legislilture do in January, 17S6, and at wliose io- ptance? How manj' and wliat SlattjB responded? Wiien and wlierp did tbe Coinmi.'?[iio?iersm(_'et ? Wliat did ttiey do ? 11. U'lijil (lid Conpicss flo in February. ITSTy How many States responded to tlie call lur a t^encml CouVL-iinou of tlie i5tat.ps ? CHAP. V.J PROGRESS OF EVENTS. 241; " Resolved, That in the opinion of Congress, it is expedient that on the second Monday in May next a Convention of Delegates who shall have been appointed by the several States, be held at Philar delphia, for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation; and reporting to Congress, and to the several Legisla- tures, such alteration and provisions therein; as shaill, when agreed to in Congress, and confirmed by the States, render the Federal Con- stitution adequate to the exigencies of Government and the i:reser- vation of the Union." All the States except Ehode Island responded to this call for a General Convention of the States, and sent Delegates clothed with powers, nnder this resolution of Congress. The action of the Convention thus called will be the sub- ject of the next chapter. 12. In the mean time Congress passed an Ordinance for the government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio Eiver. To this Territory several of the States had claims, as parts of it lay within the original chartered limits of those States ; much the larger portion lay within the limits of Virginia. This State and the others had ceded their rights to the land or soil, to the United States as a common fund for the use and benefit of all. This Ordinance was in the nature of a compact between the States and the settlers of this Territory, providing a system of self-government for them, while in the condition of inchoate States, and for their future admission into the Union when the population of its respective parts, particu- larly designated, should reach the number of sixty thousand inhabitants. By the 6th section of this celebrated Ordinance, "slavery, or involuntary servitude, except for crime," was to be for- ever prohibited from this portion of the public domain. 12. What celebrated Ordinance did Congress pass in 1787 ? What was the n«' tBie of it ? 11 243 THE FEDERAL CONVEXTION OF 1787, [BOOK II, CHAPTEK VI. THE FEDERAL COKVEN'TION' OF 1787. 1787—1789. The New Constitution — Its Formation and Ratification — Election of Washington as President. 1. The Greneral Convention for a revision of the Articles of Union between the States, called as related in tlie last chapter, naet in Philadelphia on the 14th of May, 1787. It was unquestionably the ablest body of jurists, legislators, and statesmen that had ever assembled on the continent of America. Among the more prominent of these may be named — Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman, and Oliver Ellsworth, of Ct.; Dunning Bedford and George Read, of Del.; Wil- liam Few, George Walton, and Abraham Baldwin, of Ga. ; Daniel Carrol, James McHenry, and Luther Martin, oi^ Md. ; Nathaniel Gorham, Caleb Strong, Elbridge Gerry, and Rufus King, of Mass. ; John Langdon and Nicholas Gilman, of N. H. ; Jonathan Dayton, William Livingston, and William Patterson, of N. J.; John Lansing, Robert Yates, and Alexander Hamilton, of N. Y. ; Alexander Mar- tin, Richard D. Spaight, and William R. Davie, of N. C. ; Robert Morris, Gouverneur Morris, James Wilson, and Ben- jamin Franklin, of Pa. ; John Rutledge, Pierce Butler, Charles Pinckney, and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of S. C. ; Edmund Randolph, George Mason, James Madison, and George Washington, of Va. Patrick Henry was op- posed to the general objects of the Convention, and there- fore declined any participation in its action. Mr. Jefferson was Minister to France, and not in the country at the time. Cbaptrb VI.— 1. When and where did the General Convention fov the revision of the Articles of Union between the States meet ? What is said of it ? Can yon name some of the more prominent members of it ? What is taid of ratrick Henry and Mr. Jefferson ? CHAP. VI.] THE BEDEBAL CONTEN'TION' OF 1787. 243 2. Washington was unanimonslj chosen President of the body, and William Jackson, Secretary. On all questions, as in the Congress, the vote was taken by States, without re- gard to the number of Deputies or Delegates from each respectively. 3. It was soon discovered that a considerable number were in favor of disregarding the specific objects for which the Convention had been called, and instead of revising the Articles of Union, were in favor of presenting an entirely new plan of government for public consideration. The leading spirits of this class were Hamilton, of N. Y. ; King, of Mass. ; the two Morrises and Wilson, of Penn. ; Ean- dolph and Madison, of Va. The controlling idea of this cJass was to do away with the Federative feature in the Constitution, and to merge the separate sovereignties of the several States into one Incorporate Union ; and thus to form, of all the States, one single National Eepublic, instead of a Federal Eepublic of distinct States. 4. The great vice or evil under the Constitution as it then existed, which was generally admitted, was, that many of the laws of the Union applied only to States, in their corporate capacity, and did not act directly upon the peo- ple on the subjects constitutionally embraced in them. As the Constitution then stood, many of the Acts of the Con- gress were binding primarily only on the States, and re- quired the subsequent action of the State Legislatures to carry them into effect. Thus, when all the States " in Con- gress assembled" enacted that certain quotas of money should be raised by the States respectively, the collection of the amount required of each depended upon the subse- quent action of its Legislature. This was a very serious evil, as some of the States were slow in raising their quotas. . 2. Who was chosen President ? who Secretary ? flew was the vote taken on all questions ? 3. What was soon discovered ? Who were the lea'ding spirits of this class t What was their controlling/idea ? 4. What was the great vice or evil under the old Constitution ? What was th< problem which few seemed tu .understand ? 244 THE FEDERAL OOXVENTION OF 1787. [bOQIv H, How it could be avoided with the loreservation of a Fed- eral system was a problem which few seemed to under- stand. History afforded no light upon the subject. 5. To remedy this evil, and still preserve the Federal sys- tem, Mr. Jefferson, the Minister to France, had suggested a new idea to Mr. Madison in a letter from Paris on the 16tli of December, 1786. This idea was, that the " Federal Head" could, by proper changes in the Oorstitution, be enabled to exercise its functions efficiently, by a division of the powers conferred on it into three departments — " Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary"— and with an organized Federal machinery for their direct execution on individuals, within a prescribed sphere, similar to the like organizations of the State Gov- ernments in their more general spheres. In this way the States would continue to be " one Nation as to all foreign concerns," and still remain " distinct as to all domestic ones.'' The idea of a division of the powers of government into the three departments named, in any changes that might be proposed, was very generally entertained on all sides at the time of the meeting of the Convention ; but on what basis, National or Federal, was the' vexed qnestion. 6. Four general propositions or plans were submitted, two on the National basis, and two on the Federal. The first of the former was by Mr. Eandolph, and known as the Virginia plan. It was founded tipon the principle of doing away with the Federal system entirely, and providing for the establishment of a National Government upon the model of a single Eepresentative Eepublic, with a division of the powers of government into three departments. The other proposition on the National line was submit- ted by Col. Hamilton. His plan embodied the same general 5. What new idea did Mr. Jeffereon gugirest for its solution ? What was tlia vesfd question at the time of the nicetinsj: of the Convention ? 6. How many general propositions were subujitted ? By whom were they 8ut> mitted, and wtiat was tlitiir charac ter ? CHAP. VI.J THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787. 24R ideas as that of Mr. Randolph. It dififered from it only in details. On the Federal side, two propositions were also submit' ted. One by Mr. Patterson, of New Jersey, which proposed only to make a few additional delegations of power to Con- gress, Without any other change; and the other by Mr. Charles Pinckney. 7. Mr. Pinokney's plan provided not only for the delega- tion of additional powers, such as to levy duties on foreign imports, and to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and for a division of the powers delegated into the three de- partments named ; but it also provided a complete machine- ry for the execution of all' the Federal powers conferred, by a Federal organization, similar to that of the States, and by which the Federal character of the Government would be retained, as suggested by Mr. Jeffei'son. 8. The Convention, with closed doors in all their proceed- ings, first took up the Virginia plan, as it was called. They considered it in Committee of the Whole. The first of the series of the resolutions setting forth this plan which came to a vote, was in these words : " Resolved, That it is the opinion of tliis Committee that a Na- tional Government ought to be established, consisting of a Supvejie Legislative, Judiciary, and Executive." This was on the 30th of May. The resolution was ad0(>t- ed by the Committee, voting by States. Only eight States were present at the time. The Convention then went through 'with the Virginia plan, and perfected it on the ' basis of a National Government, or a single Republic, in contradistinction to a Federal Union of separate States. 9. Afterwards, on the 20th of June, when the report from the Committee of the Whole came up for considera- 7. What 18 said of Mr. Pinckney' 9 plan ? 8. WUcli did tlie Convention first take up f How did they consider it f What was the first resolntion agreed to in coinmitlee of the whole ? When was this, and how many States were present ?- What did the committee then do f 9. What was done on the 20th of June, on motion of Mr. Ellsworth ? What did' this vote indicate? What followed! How was the Conf;ress uuflcr Mr. Pinckney' 8 plan to be divided ? 246 THE FEDERAL CONVENTION' OF 1787. [BOOK 11. tion ill the House, and when eleven States were present (the New Hampshire delegation still being absent), this resolution was disagreed to, and on motion of Mr. Ells- worth the word " National " was stricken out, and the words "Government of the United States" substituted in its place. This indicated clearly that a majority of the States did not intend to depart from the Federal system. The ■c?hole of Mr. Eandolph's plan was then gone through with in the House, and the word " National " was stricken out, with a substitution of the words " Government of the United States" in its place, wherever it occurred. It was now found that Mr. Piuckney's plan in the main was the only one that could be adopted. By his plan all Federal Legis- lative power delegated was still to be vested in the Congress of the United States ; but this Congress itself was to be divided into two branches, an upper and a lower House ; the concurrence of both of which was to be necessary to the passage of any law, or public measui-e. 10. The great contest between the Nationals and Federals was now on the question of the suffrage of the. States in the two proposed Houses of Congress. By many of the Federals it was insisted that the vote in each should be as it was in the old Constitution; that is, that the vote in each House on all questions should be by States, and with- out regard to the number of their Representatives in either. On the National side it was most persistently maintained, that, in view of the great disparity in population and wealth between the smaller and larger States, this equality of political power should not be retained in either House. 11. A majority of the Federals finally yielded the point as to the House, but would not yield an equal voice on the part of the several States in the Senate. They were deter- 10. What was the great contest between the Nationals and Federal? now on t 1 1. What point dia the Federals finally yield » On what vote did the States and five fur and five against ? What did Mr. Bedford declare at this time f What n Tir. FrflnlrliTi nvnrt-iao 9 itand ^„. Xd Dr, Franklin propwn ? CHAP. VI.] THE FEDERAL CONVENTlOIf OF 1787. 24:7 mined to maintain an equality of political power in the States severally, in whatever form the Constitution might be amended. On the first test vote on the motion to allow each State an equal vote in the Senate, the States stood five_ for it, and five against it, with one divided. Eleven States only then, as before, were present. New Hampshire was still absent. This was on the 2d of July, and it was at this ritage of the proceedings that Mr. Bedford announced the position of the Federals in these words : " That all the States at present are equally sovereign and inde- pendent, has been asserted from every quarter in this House." " The small States never can agree to the Virginia plan, and why, then, is it still urged ?" " Let us then do what is in our power — amend and enlarge the Confederation, but not alter the Federal Sys- tem." •It was at this period of their deliberations, when they had come to a dead-lock on this vital point, and it seemed likely that nothing would be done in the 'then temper of the Convention, that Dr. Franklin moved for prayers. 12. A grand committee was now raised, consisting of one from each State. This effected nothing. Another grand committee was raised. The final result was, that on the 16th of July a majority of the States then present de- cided to let the vote in the lower House be taken upon a representation by the States respectively, on the " three- fifths" basis of Federal population, which had been fixed for taxation ; thus carrying out the principle of " taxation and representation going together" in this branch ; while in the upper House, or Senate, each State was to continue to have an equal voice ; so that no law or public measure could pass against the vote of a majority of the States ; and so this matter was ended. ' The new Constitution did not differ from the old one in this particular. But before this final agreement was reached, Mr. Lansing and Mr. Yates, of New York, and Mr. Martin, of Maryland, had left, be- 12. What wm now raised » How many Slates were now present 1 What wai ft"! repiilt ' What is said of Mr. Lansing and Mr. Tales, of N. Y., and Mr. Ma^ On.ofMd.' 248 THE FEDERAL CONVENTIOK OB 1787. [BOOK II. lieving that no satisfactory adjustment would be made on a Federal basis. 13. Most of the Nationals, after this, with a patriotism .seldom exhibited, gracefully yielded their opposition, and devoted all their powers in perfecting apian conforming to the outlines submitted by Mr. Pinckney. This was espe- cially the case with Mr. Madison, Mr. Wilson, and Col. Hamilton. All the essential features of the old Constitu- tion were preserved. Some very important changes in de- tail were made. These consisted chiefly in the new organ- ization, and new machinery introduced for the execution of the Federal powers. The new delegations of power were also of an important character, but few in number. 14. The following are the principal ones of these: 1st. The power to raise revenue by duties upon imports, etc. ; and to lay taxes directly upon the people of the sev- eral States, to be apportioned on the "three-fifths" basis of population ; 2d. The power to make uniform rules, to be observed in all the States, for the admission of aliens to citizenship in the several States, and like uniform rules regulating bank- ruptcy ; 3d. The power to regulate commerce with foreign na- tions, and among the several States ; 4:th. The power to promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their writings and discov- eries. Besides these four, there is hardly a new power delegated in the new Constitution of snflBcient importance to need special notice. 15. The covenants between the States, imposing re- 1 3. What is said of most of the Nationals ! What of the features of the )ld Constitution? What of the changes introduced ? 14. What are the principal new delegations of power ? 15. What is said of the covenants between the States f Which was the most .mportant f What other change needs special notice ? What was further cove- nauted f What is said of the whole ! What of Mr. Randolph and other individ- ual members ? y OHAP. VI.] THE FEDEKAIi CONVEN'TIOlir OF 1787. 249 sti'aints and assuming obligations, run almost in the same language throughout both instruments. Amongst the new restraints the most important are : 1st. That no State shall emit bills of credit, or make anything but gold and silver a legal tender in the payment of debts; pass any bi.l of attainder; or ex post facto law; or law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or gran^, any title of nobility. 2d. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts, or duty upon imports, exports, etc. Of all the new obligations assumed by the States, the most important, and one without which it was nfiiverss,lly admitted the amended Constitixtion would not have beea agreed to, is that which provides for the renditioa, of fugi- tives from service from one State to another. T&is was on the same principle as the rendition of fugitives from jus tice, in the original articles of Confederation'. One other change in the mutual covenants needs special notice. This relates to the manner in which the Constitu- tion thereafter should be amended. Unanimity on the part of the States was no longer to be necessary to carry an amendment, but this could be effected by a vote of three- fourths of the States, with a proviso, that no amendment should ever be made which would deprive any State of its equal suffrage in the Senate. On the principle thus agreed to, as to future changes in the organic law of the Union, it was further covenanted tliat " The ratification of tlie Convenfions of nine States shall be suffi- cient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same." The great object in framing the new Constitution, as the old, was to secure not only the general welfare, but the in- estimable right of local self-government by the people of the several States, which was the controlling object in their common struggle for, and achievement of, their independ- ence. ' ' '■ . The Constitution so formed finally received the unani> 11* a50 THE FEDERAL COKVENTION OF 1787. [BOOK IL mous consent of all the twelve States present in the Cou> veution, on the 17th of September, 1787. Mr. Randolph refused to sign the plan adopted, because the Federative feature was retained. Some other individual members refused to sign for dif- lerent reasons. 16. The result of the four months' work of this most eminent body^tlie proposed new Constitution — was then sent, with a letter prepared by the Convention and signed by Washington as its President, to the Congress then in session at New York ; and by them it was submitted to the States severally for their separate consideration and action, as had been provided in the call for the Conven- tion. 17. Mr. Madison, and Col. Hamilton and Mr. John Jay jf New York, distinguished Nationals at first, now entered upon a most zealous advocacy of the amended Federal sys- tem as proposed. They wrote a series of very able articles explaining its provisions, over the signature of " Publius," which were afterwards published and known as the "Fed- eralist." In one of these papers, Mr. Madison, with great point and truth, said of the new Constitution, " The change cunsists much leas in the addition ot new powers to the Union than in tlie invigoration of its original powers." 18. By the terms of the plan proposed, it was to go into operation on the 4th of March, 1789, between any nine of the States which should ratify it by that time. In point of fact, it was adopted and ratified by conventions duly Ciilled in all the States, except North Carolina and Rhode Island, before the close of the year 1788. 19. In Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, and Massa- 1 6. What was done with the proposed new Constitution ? 1 7. VT'hat is said of Mr. Madison, Col. Hamilton, and Mr. Jav ? 18. When -yas the plan proposed to go into operation ? What is said of the ratification in point of fact ? 19. What 8 said of tlie opposition ? Wlio headed the opposition in Virginia? What did seven of the States insist upon in their ratifications? Whal is one of these amenrtmeutsf What did Mr. Samuel Adams eay of iti What is fuithef Btated a'KUt itf CHAP. V1.J THE PEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787. 251 chusetts, it was strongly opposed upon various grounds; chiefly, however, because it was thought that in none of its provisions was there a sufiBoient guard againsb the as- sumption of undelegated power, on the part of Federal functionaries, by construction and implication. This was the position of Patrick Heury, who headed the opposition in the Virginia Convention. In seven of the States ratify- ing it, Massachusetts leading, and Virginia following, sev- eral important amendments, covering this alleged defect, were insisted upon ; and the ratiflcation was carried in these State Conventions, with the assurance that these amendments would soon be incorporated in the instrument. One of these was, that " The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitu- tion, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." In the Massachusetts Convention, Mr. Samuel Adams said of this amendment, " It is consonant with the second Article in the present Confedera- tion, that each State I'etains its Sovereignty, Freedom, and Independi ence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not, by this Confederation, expressly delegated to the United States in Congress assembled." It may be proper to state here, that this amendment, with some others insisted on in like manner, was soon afterwards unanimously adopted by the States, and thus became part of the Constitution. 20. The system, as a whole, presented the most perfect model of a " Confederated Republic," as Washington styled it, ever before established by the wisdom of men. Its new features and striking peculiarities were without example or a parallel in the annals of History. It^ wonderful and matchless framework in these particulars has attracted the attention and excited the admiration of men of the greatest learning and highest statesmanship throughout the civilized world. M. de Tocqueville, a French philosopher of great 30. What Is ftdd of the new Constitution as a whole ! What did M. (M Tocquerille say of it t What did Loid Brougham say of it ? 353 THE FEDERAL CONVENTION JF 1787. ^^BOQTi fl. research, after a thorough study of its nature, character, and workings, said of it, many years ago, " This Constitution, which may at first be confounded with Fedu- ral Constitutions which have preceded it, rests, in truth, upon a wholly novel theory, which may be considered as a pjreat discovery in modern political science. In all the Confederations which pre- ceded the American Constitution of 1789, the allied States, for a common object, agreed to obey the injunctions of a Federal Gov- ernment ; but they reserved to themselves the right of ordaining and enforcing the execution of the laws of the Union, The American States, which combined m 1789, agreed that the Federal Govern- ment should not only dictate, but should execute its owij enact- ments. In both cases the right is the same, but the exercise of the right is different ; and this difference produced the most momentous consequences." The novel theory here referred to, is that indicated by Mr. Jefferson, of a division of the delegated powers into Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary Departments, with an organization and machinery in the Conventional Gov- ernment thus formed, for the full exercise of all its dele- gated and limited powers, similar to those of the States creating it. This is the peculiar specific difference between the Federal Eepublic of the United States and all others of similar general type, to which Lord Brougham also alludes in his Political Philosophy, when he says, in speak- ing of the Government of the United States, " It is not at all a refinement that a Federal Union should be formed ; this is the natural result of men's joint operations in a very rude state of society. But the regulation of such a union upon pre- established principles, the formation of a system of Government and Legislation in which the different subjects shall be not individuals but States, the application of Legislative principles to such a body of States, and the devising means for keeping its integrity as aFede- racy, while the rights and powers of the individual States are main- tained entire, is the very greatest refinement in social policy to which any state of circumstances has ever given rise, or to ■which any age has ever given birth 1 " 21. According to the provisions of the new Constitution, the Chief Executive designated as President, and an alter- native designated as Vice-President, were to be elected by Colleges of Electors, to be chosen in the several States re- al. What la paid of the election of Presidsnt and Vice-President under tb» «*w Conttltution f Who were flr^ chosen f CHAP. VII.] ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTOK. 255 spectively. The number of the College in each State was to be equal to the number of Senators and members of the House to which each State was entitled in the Congress of the States under the new organization. As soon, therefore, as the Congress under the old organ- ization received official notice of the ratification of the new Constitution by the requisite number of States, they imme- diately proceeded to provide for its going into operation at the time designated. All the necessary elections, State and Federal, were or- dered, and held in every ratifying State except New York. Washington received every electoral vote cast, in all the Colleges of the States thus voting, for the office of President ; and John Adams was chosen for the office of Vice-Presi- dent by a majority of the votes cast in the Colleges. The United States now entered upon a new and a more brilliant career under their new Constitution. CHAPTEK VII. ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. 1789—1797. 1. The 4th of March, 1789, was the time appointed for thf Grovernment of the United States to begin its operations under its new organization ; but several weeks elapsed after this time before quorums of both the newly consti- tuted Houses of the Congress Avere assembled. The city of New York was the place where the Congress then met, 2. vVashington, uaving been duly notified of his elec- Chaptbk VH. I When was the Qovernment under the new organization to ^a"whaUsaaidoi vVashington andhis travels to New York! What occiirrc* at Trenton? 254 AUJIINISTKATION OF WASHINGTON'. [BOOK 11. tion, left Ills home at Mount Vernon, on the 16th of April, to enter upon the discharge of his new duties. He set out with a purpose of trav- elling privately, and without attracting any public attention ; but this was impossible. Ev- I erywhere on his way he was met by thronging M crowds eager to see i\^ the man whom they regarded as the chief defender of their liber- ties ; and everywhere he was hailed with those iniblic manifestations of joy, regard, and love, which spring spontaneously from the hearts of an affectionate and grateful people. At Trenton a grand display was made. A triumphal arch had been erected on the bridge spanning the Assumpink. 'J'his arch was highly decorated with flowers and laurels, and bore an inscription in large letters : " DECEMBEE THE 36th, 1776." This was in commemoration of the noted surprise at that place. Beyond the bridge the road was literally strewn with flowers, spread by the hands of little girls dressed in white, who greeted him by chanting in their silvery voices the following and other like stan.'sae : "Welcome, mighty chief, once more; Welcome to this grateful shore ; Now, no mercenary foe Aims agaiu the fatal blow. rRESIDENT WASHINGTON. Virffins fair and matrons grave (These thy conquering arms did save) Build for thee triumplial bowers ; Strew, ye fair, his way with flowers ! " 3. A Committee of Congress met him on the way, and 3. By whom was he met on the way ? What is said of the barge in which h« embarked r What of his reception in New Yorli 1 What of his inaagoiation J CHAP. VII.] ADMIlflSTEATlON OF WASHIXQIOIJ. 355 conducted him to 'New York. On leaving the Jersey line, "they embarked in an elegant barge of thirteen oars, man- ned by tJiirteen Branch pilots." These thirteen oars and thirteen pilots were symbolical of the thirteen States, over the Government established by which, or to be established by all of which (the accession of two of them only still being wanted), the great Chief was called upon to preside. His reception in New York was marked by a grandeur and an enthusiasm never before witnessed in that metropolis. The inauguration took place on the 30th of April, in the presence of an immense multitude, who had assembled to witness the new and imposing ceremony. The oath of office was administered by Eobert E. Livingston, Chancel- lor of the State. When this sacred pledge was given in the presence of his fellow-citizens, with an appeal to Heaven, " to the best of his ability," in the execution of the office of President, "to preserve, protect, and defend the Con- stitution of the United States," he retired with the other officials into the Senate chamber, where he delivered his Inaugural Address to both Houses of the newly constituted Congress in joint assembly. 4. The first session of this first Congress of the States under the new organization, continued nearly six months. It was occupied chiefly in the consideration and enactment of laws necessary to put the new Federal machinery into successful opei'ation; and in the adoption of measures for raising revenue from duties on tonnage and imports, which the new Constitution authorized. Among the first things which thus engaged their attention were the amendments to the Constitution, which had been insisted OD by a majority of the States at the time of its ratification. All the important amendments so insisted on were agreed to, and sent back to the States for their approval. Ten of these were soon adopted, and became parts of the organic 4. What is eaid of the first session of Congress under the new Constitntion ? What of the amendmenta agreed to ? What of the jtidiciary 1 What execotiva offices were established! \ 356 ADMINISTEATION OF WASHINGTON. [BOOK I\. law. The Federal Judiciary was also organized. Several necessary subordinate executive offices were likewise estab- lished. These were the office of Secretary of State, of the Treasury, of War, and of Attorney-General. 5. In the discussion of these questions, the nature and character of the Government necessarily came under review. On no one of them did any decided antagonism of opinion arise. All held it to be a limited Government, clothed only with specific powers conferred by delegation by the States. Those who had advocated a National Government, now warmly defended the Federal system as it had been amended aud enlarged. All friends of the new organiza- tion now assumed the name of " Federalists." To fill the office of Secretary of State, Washington nominated Thomas Jefferson ; that of Secretary of the Treasury, Colonel Alex- ander Hamilton ; that of Secretary of War, General Henry Knox. Edmund Randolph, the great leader of the " Na- tionals "in the Philadelphia Convention, was nominated to fill the office iof Attorney- General. These were all con- firmed by the Senate, and constituted what is known as the " President's Cabinet." John Jay, of New York, was in like manner appointed Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, with John Eutledge of South Carolina, James Wil- son of Pennsylvania, Eobert H. Harrison of Maryland, and John Blair of Virginia, Associate Judges. Nearly all of thesb distinguished personages belonged to that class who, oefore the formation of the new Constitution, had beeift^ known as " Nationals," which awakened the anxiety o| many of the opposite party, and caused them to fear that, notwithstanding professions of attachment to the new sys- tem, an attempt would be made by them to exercise powers by "construction," which the States had uniformly refused in positive language to confer. 6. Did any Hntngoniem of party aribe on the discuseioD of queetione at thie sep- einn ? How did all hold the Government to be? Wliat party name did the friends of the new organization aseume? Who were nominated as Secretariea to fill tha executive offices? Who was Chief-Justice? Who the ABBOciate Judges? What w said of all these appointmeuli* ? What fears did they cause 1 CHAP. VII. J ADMIXIBTRATIOW OF WASHINliTON. 257 6. These apprehensions became realities at the next ses- sion. On the 12th of February, 3 790, a petition invoking the Federal authorities to adopt measures with a view to the ultimate abolition of African slavery, as ib then existed in the respective States, was sent to the Congress, headed by Dr. Franklin, who had been a very distinguished though not a Very active leader, owing to his age, in the ranks of the "Nationals," in the Philadelphia Convention. There were then in the United States 697,897 negro-slaves. They had been introduced into all the States, as we have seen, but most of them were at this time in the Southern States. This movement was looked upon with alarm everywhere by the true friends of the Federal system, as it involved the exercise of powers not delegated by the States to the Con- gress. After a thorough discussion in the House of Eepre- sentatives, the question was quieted for the time by the passage of a resolution — "That Congress have no authority to interfere iu the emancipa tion of slaves, or in the ti'eatraent of tliem within any of the States; it remaining with the several States alone to provide any regulations therein which humanity and true policy may require." 7. Soon after this, the general principles of the Govern- ment, with the nature and extent of its powers, came up in discussion on the apportionment of the number of members to the House of Representatives, to which each State was entitled under the census of population, according to the " three-fifths " basis of the Constitution ; and on the sys- tem of funding the public debt, and other financial meas- ures, including a Bank of the United States, recommended by Colonel Hamilton. On these latter measures party 6. Did these fears prove to be well foandcd ? What occurred at the next ses- sion? Who headed the petition? What is said of hiin ? What was the mimbei of negro-slaves in the tjnited States at that time? How was Uiis movement looked upon? How was the question quieted ? 7. What new questions arose after this on which party .Tn«i became clearly marked ? What was the difference between the parties scYcrmed ? "What names did they assume ? Who was recognized as the chief of each ? What position did Washington hold between them ? Wha*. is said of the first apportionment bill ? What became of it? With which part? did Wastunf^on side on this measure! What was the resu.": of the veto ? 25S ADMISriSI RATION OP WASHIN'OTOST. [BOOK IL lines became very clearly marked between those known as "strict constructionists'' and those known as "latitudina- rian constrnctiimists." Tlie former were for confining the action of the Government strictly within its specific and limited sphere, as clearly defined by the language of the Constitution, while the others were for enlarging its pow- ers by inference and implication. The latter still adhered to the popular name of "Federalists," while the former took the name of " Republicans " in some places, and of "Democrats "in others. Col. Hamilton and Mr. Jefferson were soon recognized as the chief leaders respectively of these opposing ranks. Gen. Washington was regarded as holding a neutral position between them ; though after mature deliberation he vetoed the first apportionment bill passed by the party headed by Col. Hamilton, which was based upon a principle constructively leading to centraliza- tion or consolidation. This principle was manifested in applying the ratio of representation under it to the entire population of all the States as one mass, instead of apply- ing it to the population of each State severally. The lat- ter was the only way in which it could be made upon cor- rect Federal principles, as was insisted upon by Mr. JefiFer- Bon in a written Cabinet opinion, notwithstanding large fractions of population in several of the States were left out by this mode of apportionment. This was the first ex- ercise of the veto power under the present Constitution. It created considerable excitement at the time. The veto, however, was sustained by a majority of the House. An- other bill was passed in pursuance of Mr. Jefferson's views, which has been adhered to in principle in every apportion- ment bill which has been passed since. 8. At the second session of the new Congress, Washing- ton announced the gratifying fact of " the accession of 8. What annonncement did Washington make at the second session of the new Congress ? What was done at this session about the seat of government f What name wa? gitcu to th ) ten miles square f What to the scat of Kovernmeni Itself? CBAP. VII.] ADMINISTRATION- OF WASHINGTON. 259 Noi-th Carolina" to the Constitution of 1787; and on the first of June, the same year, by special message, he an- nounced the like " accession of the State of Ehode Island," with his congratulations on the happy event which " united under the General Government all the States which were originally Confederated." At this session of the Con- gress an act was also passed changing the seat of the Fed- eral Government. The law provided that after the year 1790 the Government should be located for ten years at Philadelphia ; and that after the first Monday in Decem- ber, 1800, it should be permanently established on the east- ern bank of the Potomac, near Georgetown, within a dis- trict of territory not exceeding ten miles square. This territory, subsequently ceded and accepted for this purpose, became known as the " District of Columbia," and to the seat of government itself the name of " Washington " was given. 9. The post-office establishment, and the seal, as well as the flag, of the United States, under the old organization, were continued under the new. 10. During the year 1790, Indian troubles manifested themselves among the Creeks in Georgia, as well as among the tribes west of the Ohio. The chiefs of the Creeks were induced to visit New York, and a treaty with them was made by Washington. But in the Northwest, depredations continued until open war broke out. General Harmer was sent with about fifteen h undred men to repel these hostile incursions. He burned several Indian towns, and destroyed a large quantity of provisions ; but at the junction of the rivers St. Joseph's and St. Mary's, in Indiana, he was de- feated in two battles — one fought on the 17th and the other on the 32d of October. After these defeats he was removed, and General St. Clair, Governor of the Northwestern Terri- 9. What is said of tlie post-oflice cstablisliment, seal, ahd flag of tile Uuited States » 10. What is said of the Indian troiiWos in ITM ! Who succeeded Uarmer iu »he Northwest? What is said of his campaign ? 260 ADMIiriSTKATION' OF WASHINGTOK. [BOOK II, tory, was appointed to succeed him. In September, 1791, with about two thousand men, he left Fort Washington, and after proceeding nortliward for a considerable distance into the Indian country, on the 4th of November he was surprised in camp, and his army was routed with greal , slaughter; nearly half of his men were killed. ~> 11. In 1791, two new States were admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original thirteen. These were Kentucky and Vermont. COAT OP AHIUS op KENTUCKY. COAT OP ABUS OP VERMONT. Kentucky was admitted on the 4th of February, and Vermont on the 18th of the same month. In October of the same year an Act was passed by the Congress providing for the general organization and discipline of the militia of the several States under the Constitution. An Act was also passed at the same session imposing an excise on distilled spirits. This caiised great discontent in several quarters, and especially in Pennsylvania. In the western part of this State public meetings wereheld by which the measure was not only denounced, but the revenue ofiBcers were threatened with violence if they proceeded with tlie collection of the tax. In May, 1792, an Act was passed, authorizing the President to call out the militia, if, in his judgment, it should be necessary, in aid of the execution 11. What two new States were admitted into the Union in 1791, and when » What two Acts of Congress were passed the same yeai-J What Act Dasaort *• 1799 ! What is said of the " Whiskey Insurrection" ! CHAP. VII.] ADillNISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. 2G1 of the laws. Washington at first issued a proclaraation, urging the people to desist from violence. This proving InefiFectualjhe subsequently called out fifteen thousand men, volunteers and militia, by which imposing military force all disorders were quelled without bloodshed. In this way was ended what was known as " The Whiskey Insurrection." 12. In 1792 another Presidential Election took place. Washington was very desirous to retire; but yielded to the general wishes of the country, and was again chosen Presi- dent by the unanimous vote of the Electoral Colleges of the States. He was again duly inaugurated for a second term on the 4th of March, 1793. Mr. Adams was re-elected Vice- President. About this time the French Eevolution, and the wars growing out of it, had an important bearing on the politics of the United States. A large majority of the people throughout the Union deeply sympathized with the French people in their struggle for liberty and the right of self-government ^against the combined efforts of surround- ing nations to impose a monarchical dynasty upon them. This sympathy prompted a strong desire for the United States to take part in the conflict in aid of France. But the policy of Washington, in which he was sustained by Mr. Jefikrson, still Secretary of State, was to remain neutral among all the contending powers of Europe. As early as April, 1793, M. Genet, Minister of the French Eepublic to the United States, under the title of " Citizen Genet," ar- rived at Charleston, South Carolina; and taking advan- tage of the feeling of the people in favor of France, endeavored to excite them to hostile acts against Great Britain. He issued commissions to vessel s-of- war for fitting out privateers to sail from ports of the United States to cruise against the enemies of France. Upon this, Washing- 1 3. What election took place in 1792 ? Who was chosen President, and who Vice-President? Did Washington receive the nuanimous vote of the Colleges! When was he mangurated for a second tenn ? What occurred aboLt this time having an important beaiing on the politics of the United Slates ? What is said of it? What is saidof M. Genit? Whatof Wastungton'sproclamatiout Wha> was the result of M. eeuet's course? 262 ADMIiaSTKATIOlT OP WASHINGTOK. (BOOK H ton issued his celebrated proclamation of neutrality. M. Genet disregarded the Proclamation of the President, a:?.d persisted in his course, with threats of an appeal from the President to the people. For this violation of international law, Washington demanded his recall. M. Genet's com- mission was withdrawn, and M. Fauch^t was appointed Minister in his stead. 13. Early in the first session of the third Congi-ess, in 1793, an important amendment to the Constitution in ar- rest of centralizing tendencies through the exercise of power by construction was proposed and adopted, with only two dissentient votes in the Senate and one in the House. It is in these words: " The judicial power of the Utiited States shall not be construed to extend ♦o any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of tiie United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State." This was soon unanimously ratified by the States. It constituted the Eleventh Amendment. What called forth this amendment was the action of the Federal Judiciary in assuming, by a construction of their powers, jurisdiction of a suit brought against one of the States. This was deemed by all the States in derogation of the separate sov- ereignty of each under the Constitution. 14. On the 16th of December, 1793, Mr. Jefferson, the Secretary of State, made his celebrated report on the rela- tions of the United States with foreign nations. This is one of the ablest state papers penned by him or any other man in this or any other country. On the 31st of the same month, miich to the regret of Washington as well as that of his own party friends, he resigned his oflBce, and retired to his home at Montieello, Virginia, 15. In the Fall of 1793, General Wayne, who had been 1 3 What occnvred at the first session of the third Congress ? Give the words of the Amendment. Why was it adopted ? 14. Whatissaidof Mr. Jefferson's report? What of "his resignation ! 1 5. What is said of General Wayne ? What forts did he build"? What is said of his battle with the Indians ? when and where did it occur? What was th« numbc.- of his army ? What was the result of the treaty i 3HAP. VII.] ADMINISTRATION OF WASHINGTON. 2G3 OBHERAI. WA7NS. appointed to condnct the war against the Indians of the Northwest, after St. Clair's disaster, built Fort Recovery, near the scene of that celebrated surprise. He there passed the winter, and during the next spring and summer he advanced further into the interior and built Port Defiance. Leaving this Fort, he moved down the Maumee Eiver, and on the 20th of August met the enemy m bat- tle. The Indians were signal- ly defeated. Wayne then laid] waste their country, and com- pelled them to make peace. His whole army amounted to about three thousand men. By the treaty finally made, the In- dian title was extinguished to extensive tracts of country west of the Ohio River. — "16. During the year 1794, the popular feeling in favor of France became still stronger than it had been before. Many persons of high distinction insisted on a war against Great Britain. While Washington was desirous to pre- serve peace if possible, yet the conduct of the British Gov«^ ernment greatly embarrassed the execution of his purpose. In disregard of the Treaty of Peace of 1783, the forts on Lake Erie and vicinity were still occupied by British troops, and mercha'nt vessels of the United States on their way to French ports were seized, and United States seamen were violently impressed by commanders of British ships. To avert so great a calamity as war with England, which now seemed so imminent, Washington concluded to send a special envoy to that country, and to spare no effort con- 1 fi. What is said of popular feeling in 1794 ? What did many insist on ? What was Washinjton's position ? How was it embarrassed ! What did he do f What was the rcsiiit? Wac Joy's treaty nuiv^raally approved f What provision in If *«9 most bitteily assailed f 264 ADMIinSTBATION OF WASHINGTON. [BOOK IL Bistent with honor for the attainment of his great end. For this high and extraordinary mission, John Jay, Chief- Justice of the United States, was selected. Mr. Jay as- sumed the responsibilities of the great trust. He proved himself equal to them all. In November following a treaty was signed. Q'he provisions of this treaty met the approval of Washington ; it was ratified on the 14th of August, 1795. By it a war with Great Britain at this crit- ical period was avoided, and the honor and dignity of the United States fully maintained, though some of the pro- visions of the treaty met with violent opposition in several quarters. The provision of it which met the bitterest as- saults was the one that secured payment to British credit- ors of debts which were due to them by citizens of the Colonies before the war of the Revolution. 17. A treaty was also concluded with Spain, by which the boundaries between Louisiana and Florida and the United States were definitely settled. The right to navi- gate the Mississippi was granted by Spain, and the privilege of using New Orleans as a place of deposit for ten years. Peace was also made with Algiers, one of the Barbary States of Africa, and the captive citizens of the United States held by that country were redeemed. 18. The financial report of the Secretary of the Treas- ury, in November, 1794, was the last oflBcial act of Colonel Hamilton. It was one of the ablest state papers of his life. It recommended the establishment of a sinking fund for the gradual extinction of the public debt. "His recom- mendation in this particular was carried out by the Con- gress, and from it the public credit was greatly improved. On the 31st of January, 1795, Col. Hamilton resigned his position as Secretary of the Treasury, and retired to pri- vate life. 1 7. What other treaties were made about this time ? 18. What i3 said of Colonel Hamilton's financial report in November, ITiMf When did he rctji^uf CHAP. VII.J ADiriSriSTRATION OF WASHIS-GTOS'. 265 19. In January, 1795, M. Adet succeeded M. Fauch6t as Minister to tbe United States from the Eepiiblic of France. The object of his mission seems to have been to embroil the United States with the European Powers with which France was engaged in war. He brought witli him a flag of the French Eepublic, which he presented to Washington, accompanying the presentation with an address which was doubtless intended more for the public than for the Execu- tive eaa*. A suitable response to this artful address im- posed a difficult and delicate duty on Washington, who had at all times proved himself fully equal to the requirements of the occasion. No one sympathized, more deeply than he did with the French people in their struggles ; and yet no one could be more determined than he was to pursue that course in regard to it which duty to his own Country de- manded. In reply, therefore, under these embarrassments, he said: "Born, sir, in a land of liberty; having early learned its value ; having engaged in a perilous conflict to defend it; having, in a word, devoted the best years of my life to secure its permanent establish- ment in my own country; my anxious recollections, my sympa- thetic feelings, and my best wishes, are irresistibly attracted whenso- ever, in any country, I see an oppressed nation unfurl the banners of freedom. But, above all, the events of the French Revolution have produced the deepest solicitude, as well as the highest admira- tion. To call your nation brave, were but to pronounce but common praise. Wonderful people 1 Ages to come will read with astonish- ment tlie history of your brilliant exploits. I rejoice that the period of your toils and of your immense sacrifices is approaching. I rejoice that the interesting revolutionai-y movements of so many years have issued in the formation of a Constitutiou designed to give perma- nency to the great object for which you have contended. I rejoice that liberty, which you have so long embraced with enthusiasm — liberty, of which you have been the invincible, defenders, now finds an asylum in the bosom of a regularly organized Government; a Government which, being^ formed to secure the happiness of the French people, corresponds with the ardent wishes of my heart, while it gratifies the pride of every citizen of the United States by its resemblauce to their own. On these glorious events, accept, sir, my sincere cougratulations." In this, there was the fullest assurance of the profoundest 19. What is aaid of M. Adet, and his mission to the United States? Wliat of hi§ address to the President f What of Washingtoa'd reply 1 12 366 ADMINISTRATION OF -WASHINGTON. [BOOK IL sympathy; but not the slightest intimation of a purjiose to render the United States a party to the war. 20. The address, so timely and prndent, checked the de- signs of M. Adet of alienating the people from confidence in Washington, by representing his course as proceeding from a want of sympathy for France in her strnggle. M. Ad6t afterwards behaved worse than "Citizen Genet" had done. He issued an address to the people of the United States, charging the Federal Administration with a. breach of faith to their former allies, the French. His efibrts, howeTer, availed nothing. Washington had the confidence of the people. 21. On the 1st of June, 1796, Tennessee was admitted into the Union. 22. The time was now approach- ing for another PresidentialElec- tion. The country being at peace with the world, and in a pros- perous condition; Washington, against all entreaties to the con- TENNEssEE COAT OF ahms. trary, posltlvely determined to retire. In September, 1796, he gave to his countrymen his memorable " Farewell Address." This was a fitting and crowning glory of his illustrious life. 23. The candidates of the Federal party for President and Vice-President were John Adams of Massachusetts, and! Thomas Pinckney of South Caj-olina. The Kepubli- can or Democratic candidate for President was Thomas Jefferson ; for Vice-President, the party was di^^ded between Col. Aaron Burr of New York, and others. The contest 20. What effect had the reply of Washington on Adfit'^ d^^igr^.s ? Wbat i? paid of Adit's course aftenvards ? What did he do ? WhJ.1 is said ol his efforts ? 21. When was Tennessee admitted into the Union f 22. \\'hat memorable paper did Washington issae in Scptemter, ^795, before the Presidential Election in that year? 23. Who were the candidates of the Federal paity f«r FreslJ'mi «ni;'"ic»- President at that election ? Who were the Eciub'uau or bcDUViatas casdl- dates ? What was the rcsiUt ? (JHAP. VII.] ADMINISTEATIOIT OF WASHINGTON. 267 resulted in the choice of John Adams for President, and Thomas Jefferson for Vice-President. The votes of the Electoral Colleges of the several States for the oflBce of President were, seventy-one for John Adams, and sixty- eight for Thomas Jefferson. This, as the Constitution then stood, conferred the ofiice of President upon Mr. Adams-r-he having the highest vote, and the oflGlce of Vice- President on Mr. Jefferson — he having the next highest. MOUNT TEKNON. 24. At the opening of the session on tlie 7th December, 1796, Washington delivered his Annual Communication upon the state of the country to both Houses in joint assem bly in the Eepresentative Hall. His custom from the begin- ning, was thus to meet the Congress in joint assembly on the opening of each session, and give his views on public mat- ters, not in a written message, but in an oral speech. The answer of the two Houses in their sejiarate action to this 24. When did Washington last meet Congress V How did he nialcc his anri?al ftddi'L-ss — hy written messfigc or liy speech 1' Wliat is faid of the &]iBWer« o^ the Houses of ConyresB to his last speech f 268 ADjriNrsTHATiox of washingtox. [rook n. his last Presidential speecli, expressed the grateful sense of Congress of his eminent services to his country, their deep regret at his retiring from office, and ardent wish for his future personal happiness. These answei's, in spirit and substance throughout, showed the high estima- tion in which the retiring chief was held by men of all parties. After the 4th of March, 1797, he retired to Mount Vernon. 25. The administration of the Government during Wash- ington's two terms had been successful and prosperous be- yond the expectations and hopes of even the most sanguine of its friends. The finances of the country were uo longer in an embarrassed condition ; the public credit was fully restored ; life was given to every department of industry. The workings of the new system of allowing Congress to raise revenue from duties on imports, proved to be not only harmonious in its Federal action, but astonishing in its results upon the trade and commerce of all the States. The exports from the Union increased from nineteen mil- lion to over fifty-six million dollars; while the imports in- creased in about the same proportion. Three new members had been added to the Union. The progress of the States in their new career, under their new organization, thus far was exceedingly encouraging, not only to the friends of liberty within their own limits, but their sympathizing allies in all climes and countries. CHAP. VlIl.J ADMINISTRATIOW OF JOHK ADAMS. 289 CHAPTEE VIII. ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS. 4th March, 1797— 4th March, 1801. 1. On the 4th of March, 1797, John Adams, of Massa- chusetts, the second President of the United States, was duly inaugurated at Philadelphia, in the presence of both Houses of Congress, and a large con- course of distinguished persons. He was then in the 62d year of his age. He was dressed in a full suit of pearl-colored broadcloth, and wore his hair powdered. His Inaugural Address was de- livered before his oath of office was taken. This was admin- .__^_ _y_- _, - istered by Oliver Ellsworth, then. F?f~'^ 'I ' ' Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, he pkesident john adams. having been elevated to that position on the resignation of Chief-Justice Jay. 2. The new President continued in oflBce the same mem- bers of the Executive Cabinet left by Washington. These- were, Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State; Oliver Wol- cott, Secretary of the Treasury; and James McHenry, Secretary of War. 3. The relations existing between France and the United States were now becoming not only complicated, but de- cidedly unfriendly. They occupied the earliest attention of the new Administration. The conduct of M. Addt had Chapter VHI.— 1. Who waa the eecond President f When and where was he ina'iign rated? 3. What is said of his Cabinet ? 3. What i*» said of the relations existinsf between the United States and Franco at that time? What did Con<^reGS do in view of these relations? What '.a said of the Stamp Act ? WUit of Mr. Adams ? 370 ADMINISTKATION Oi JOHN" ADAMS. [BOOK II. led to a suspension of diplomatic intercourse between the two Republics. France had issued orders quite injurious to the commerce of the United States. In this emergency, Mr. Adams thought the immediate attention of Congress necessary, and therefore called an biira session of the two Houses, to take place on the 15th of May. The course pursued by the Revolutionary Government of France towards all nations was so violent and offensive, tliat the observance of a strict neutrality, in the ojnnion of the President, seemed to be impossible with a due regard to thei interests of the United States. A majority of Congress, still wishing to maintain a neutral position, and to preserve peace -ivith France as well as England, passed an Act to prevent the fitting out of Privateers, and also to prohibit the exportation of arms and ammunition. Moreover, the President was authorized, if he deemed it necessary, to call out the militia and volunteers to the number of eighty thousand men. To provide means to meet and defray ex- penses whirh might be thus incurred, duties by way of stamps were imposed upon paper and parchment used for the various purposes of business. This measure, carried chiefly by the party still styling themselves " Federalists," proved to be very unpopular. It revived the old feeling of hostility to the Stamp Acts of England ; and the more so from the fact that Mr. Adams' sympathies were generally believed to be with England, and against France, in the contest then waging between them. 4. In obedience to the popular sentiment, Mr. Adams resolved to make another attempt for an amicable adjust- ment of the controversy with France. In pursuance of this policy, by and with the consent of the Senate, he appointed Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of South Carolina ; Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts; and John Marshall, of Virginia, Special Envoys to that Republic. T lese Ministers Extraor- 4. What"Jid Mr. Adair.s do in oliedience In the popular sentiment? What did Mr. P.'uckne} aay in feply .t *,. *. X Y. Z. Junto? CHAP. VIII.] ADMINI8TKATI0M OF JOHN ADAMS. 271 dinary met at Paris, in October, 1797, and at once at- tempted to execute the duties assigned tliem. M. de Tal- leyrand, the French Minister for Foreign Affairs, refused to receive them in their public capacity, but employed un- ofiicial individuals to confer with them, using, instead of their proper names (which were then unknown), the letters X. Y. Z., and in this way the intercourse with the Ministers of the United States was attempted to be carried on. The object was to detach the Envoys from each other,, and to learn the several views of each by secret iutemews. It was soon disclosed that the payment of the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars would secure the oflftcial recognition, of the Ministers, with a settlement of all mat- ters in dispute. It was on this occasion that Mr. Pinckney gave expression to the sentiment, "Millions for defence, but not a cent for tribute !" — which met with a hearty response from the people of the United States. Two of the Envoys, Mr. Pinckney and Mr. Marshall, requested the President to send them permission to return home. They were shortly aftei-wards ordered by the French Government to quit the teiTitories of that Republic. Mr. Gerry was invited to remain, and did so ; but effected nothing. 5. At the session of Congress which began on the 13th of JTovember, 1797, and continued over eight months, Acts were passed for the protection of navigation ; for the defence of the sea-coast, by fortifying Boston, Newport, New York, Baltimore, Norfolk, Charleston, and Savannah; for an additional land and naval force; for a loan, which was negotiated at eight per cent., and for a direct tax on real estate. All treaties with France were declared abrogated, ind all commercial intercourse between her and the United States was declared suspended. A new Executive Ofiice vas created, known as the " Navy Department," the chief 5. Mention so^ie of the Acts of Congress paBsed at its session beginning No- vember, 179? ? How were most of these Acts received T What is said of some ivthere ? Whlofl were the leading ones that were unpopu.ar ? What is said of the Aliec Act«' 'Vhat of the Sedition Act? How did the Repul)lican party re^jard 'l:emr 'rtliiMii said of Mr. Juffcrson in regard to them i 273 ADMINISTRATIOK OF JOHN ADAMS. [iJOOK 11. officer of which was to be known as the " Secretary of the Navy," and constitute one of the President's Cabinet Coun- cillors. Under this Act, Benjamin Stoddert, of Maryland, was appointed Secretary of the Navy. A Provisional Army was also ordered to be raised, the President being author- ized to organize twelve regiments of infantry, one regiment of cavalry, and one of artillery, with engineers, to serve during the difficulty with Prance. He was also empowered to have built, purchased, or hired, twelve vessels of twenty guns each. These Acts met with the general approbation of the people. But during the same session, some other Acts were passed which created great discontent and indignation. The leading ones of this character were what are known as the " Alien and Sedition Acts." " By one of the Alien Acts (tliere were two on this subject) the President at liis pleasure was authorized to order any foreigner, whom he miarht believe to be dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States, to depart out of the countrj-, under very heavy penalty for refusing to obey the order. By the Sedition Act it was made a crime, with a veiy heavy penalty, for any one to ' write, print, utter, or publish ' ' any false, scandalous, and malicious writ- ing,' against ' either House of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defame, or to bring them, or either of them, into contempt or disrepute.' " These Acts were looked upon by the Eepublican party everywhere as greatly transcending the power of the Con- gress ur:der the Federal compact. Not only so, they were regarded as a palpable violation of the Amendments to that compact, which guaranteed the liberty of speech, and the freedom of the press, with the right of trial by jury in all cases. The Legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia declared these Acts to be direct and gross violations of the Constitu- tion, and appealed to the other States to join in opposition to them. Numerous petitions for their repeal were present- ed to the Congress at its next session ; but witliout avail. This increased the popular excitement and alarm. Mr. Jeiferson, in his retirement, looked upon these Acts of the Federal party, and the principles, upon which fhey were OHAP. VIII,] ADMINISTKATIOU OF JOHX ADAMS. 273 based and defended, as leading inevitably to a centralized empire. These views he expressed in strong and earnest language in his extensive correspondence. 6. In the event of a war with France, which seemed im- minent, all eyes were turned to "Washington, as a proper person to be placed at the head of the armies. He was therefore appointed Commander-in-chief of all the United States forces, with the rank of Lieutenant-General. This he accepted conditionally. But, fortunately for humanity, it never became necessary for him to take the field in the discharge of the duties of this responsible position. ISTo declaration of actual war was made either by France or the United States against the other, although for some time a state of quasi war existed between them upon the, high seas, and several engagements took place between their ships-of-war. On the 9th of February, 1799, the United States frigate Constellatmi of thii'ty-eight guns, commanded by Commodore Truxton, captured the French frigate L' In- surgent, of forty guns. This French vessel had previously taken the United States schooner Retaliation. Tho Con-, stellation, after refitting in the United States, subsequpntly met at sea th^e French frigate La Vengeance of fifty -four guns, and in an engagement of about five hours, silenced her batteries ; though she succeeded in making her escape, with the loss of one hundred and fifty-six men, in kiilp.d and wounded. 7. At the opening of the session of Congress in December, 1798, "Washington was present in the Hall of the House of Representatives for the last time ; this was also his last visit to Philadelphia. Acting upon the principle of one of his favorite maxims, "In time of peace, prepare for war," lie was there actively conferring with the President and Cabi- net officers upon matters connected with the organization of 6. What new duty was assigned General Washinijton ? What is paid ofhis ac- ceptance of the ofBce of Lieiitenant-GeneraU Did he ever talce the field in th« discharge of the 'duties of liis office ? Why not ? What is said of the naval ott gagementsof the ships-of-war of the United States and France ? f . What is said of Wasliington? What of tJe preparations for war! 12* 1374 AmiINISTEATHi^'GT0N. Oy^ -were deposited iii a fam- ^ ily Taulb on his own es- ,tate, on the banks of ; the Potomac, where they still lie entombed. 10. The ccnntry, it j the midst of its grief foi \ the loss of Washington, early in 1800, received the gratifying news of the opening of nego- tiatiojis which led to the amicable and hon- orable settlement of the French controYersy. During the summer of this year the seat of government was moved from Philadelphia to the then new City of Washington, where President Adama met Congress at its next session, on the 33d of November. During this year also occurred another Presidential election. The contest became very exciting and heated between the opposing parties. The candidate of the party styling itself " Federal," for the office of President, wai Mr. Adams, the then incumbent; and for th« office of Vice-President, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, nf South Carolina. The candidate of the Eepublican or Democratic party for President Avas Mr. Jefferson ; and for Vice-Presi- dent, Col. Burr, of New York. The chief issues in the contest were the principles involved in the Alien and Sedi- tion Acts, and other like centralizing measures, with Avhicb Mr. Adams and liis supporters had become identified 10. What gratifyhifT news was received early hi ISOO ? When was the seat ol giivcrumont lemovud Irom Philadelpliia to the City of Wa8hin!,'ton ? When did Congres? hold its first session there f When did the next Presidential election tflke place f Who were the candidates of the opposing p.artie8? What were the chief issues Involved in the contest? What la said of the ■' Alien and Sedition" Acts? What of llatthew Lyon? What oflences was he charged with ? Before whom was he tried? What was the result? How was it proposed to raise the amount of the fine ? What was done with the printer who luihlished the lottery scheme? What effect had these proceedini^s upon the people in the election which took place while he was in jail? What is said of the case of Thomai Cooper? What ie said of Calleudcr's case? What of Peck's? CHAP. VIII.] ADMINISTRATION 0¥ JOHN ADAMS. 277 These measures were odious to tlie great mass of the com- mon people. They became more so from the manner in which they wei-e executed. Under the Sedition Act seyeral persons of high cha.ac- ter and known integrity were prosecuted, condemned, and punished. Matthew Lyon, of Vermont, was selected as the first victim. He was an Irishman by birth, an extreme Republican, and a man who did not mince phrases. He had given offence to the Federal members of the House by styling the President's address " the King's speech." It was the custom of Mr. Adams, as it had been of General Washingtorj, to make his annual communication to Con- gress on .,je state of the country in an oral address to both Horses in joint assembly. It was to this Presidentiai speech or address Mr. Lyon referred. The offences for which he was indicted, however, were his having declared, in a letter published in a Vermont newspaper, tliat with the Federal Executive, " every consideration of the public welfare was swallowed up in a continual grasp for powev, an unbounded thirst for ridiculous pomp, foolish adula- tion, and selfish avarice ;" and in regard to the Fast-Day, he had said, "the sacred name of religion had been used as a state engine to make mankind hate and persecute each other." These utterances were charged to have been " false, scandalous, and malicious," and made with an in- tent " to bring the President into contempt and disrepute," in violation of the Sedition Act. He was tried before Judge Patterson, of the Supreme Court, and fctind guilty. The Judge, after a severe reprimand, sentenced iiim to four months' imprisonment and a fine of a thoiiiand dollars, Lyon was poor, and unable to pay the fine. A private lot- tery was made of his property, to raise the amount; but the printer of the paper in which the plan of the lottery was published, was indicted and found guilty under tha same Act. While Lyon was still in prison, he was again triumphantly elected to Congress. 278 ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN AUAMS. [BOOK II. Thomas Cooper was found guilty and sentenced to fine and imprisonment for speaking of the act of President Adams in the case of "Jonathan Eobbins" as being •' without precedent, without law, and against mercy," and as an a<;t " which the Monarch of Great Britain would have shrunk from." In tlie trial of James T. Callender, the question of the constitutionality of the law was raised by the defendant's counsel before Judge Chase. He refused to hear them on the question. They threw up their briefs, and left the court. Callender Avas found guilty, aud sentenced to fine and imprisonment. Jared Peck, an eminent citizen of the State of New York, was indicted under the Act for circulating a petition to Congress for the repeal of the " Alien and Sedition Laws," in which tl\e odious features of those Acts were severely handled. The indictment was found by a Grand Jury in the city of New York; a bench-warrant was issued; Peck was arrested in the midst of his family, and taken to the city for trial. A political historian of New York, speaking of this case, says : " A hundred missionaries in the cause of Democracy, stationed betwee'-i New Yorlt and Coopersiowu, could not have done so much for the Republican cause as the journey of Judge Peck, as a prisoner, from Otsego to the capital of the Stale. It was nothing less than the public exhibition of a suffering martyr for the freedom of speech and the press aud the right of petitioning, to the view of the citizens of the various places through which the Marshal travelled with his prisoner." 11. It was in this state of pop itlar feeling, aud excitement and alarm for public liberty, that the Presidential election of 1800 took place. The doctrines and principles of the Virginia and Kentucky resoltttions of 1798, aud Mr. Madisoi's matchless Eeport on those of Virginia in 1799, embodied the general views of the Kepublican party every- where. Mr. Jefferson was regarded as the master-spirit 11. What is said of tlie Vii-giiiia and Kentucty resolutions of 1798, and Mr. Madison's report of 1790? Who was regarded as the master-spirit from whom the doctrines and principles therein embodied esBentially emanated? Agaiust what o^ds did the Hepnblican party contend ? CHAP. VIII.] ADMINISTI,AIIO]Sr OF i OHN ADAMS. 279 from whom they all essentially emanated. The Eepubhean party was, however, contending against great odds; all three Departments of the Federal Government— the Execu- tive, Legislative, and Judicial — were decidedly against them, with all the power and influence of public patronage. The Legislatures of all the States, also, except those of Kentucky and Virginia, were against them. Of the two hundred newspapers then published in the United States, all but about twenty were enlisted by preference or patronage on the Federal side. 12. The result of the votes of the Electoral Colleges was, for Jefferson, 73 ; Burr, 73 ; Adams, 65 ; Pinckney, 64, and John Jay, 1. The States that cast the Electoral votes of their Colleges for Mr. Jefferson and Col. Burr were nine ; to wit, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, South Cai-olina, and Georgia. Those that cast the Electoral votes of their Colleges for Mr. Adams and Mr. Pinckney, were seven ; to wit. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New Jersey, and Delaware. Rhode Island cast one vote for Mr. Jay, to prevent that equality of votes on the Federal ticket, which, for the want of a like precaution, resulted on the Republican side, and which caused so much excitement and confusion. Mr. Jefferson and Col. Burr having received an equal number of votes, there was no election by the Colleges, as the Constitution then stood. It then devolved upon the House of Representatives, voting by States, to choose for President and Vice-President be- tween Mr. Jefferson and Colonel Burr — the two having the highest number of the Electoral votes. On the 11th of February, 1801, the House proceeded to make this choice by ballot. It was well known that Mr. 12. What was the repult of the votes of the Electoral Colleges? How many States voted the Republican ticket ? How many for the Ferteral ticket ? Whicii State cast one vote for Mr. Jay, and why ? What was the cifect of the want of a like caution on the part of the Republican party? On whom did the election devolveunder the circnmstances? How many. baHotings were had? What was the ri'snlt of the first and of all to the last ? How many days were occiipied la these ballotinirs ': 280 ADJIIN [SrUATION OF JOHN ADAMS. [BOOK II. Jefferson was the popular choice for President, and Col, Burr for Vice-President ; but a majority of the States at that time having a "centralist" majority in the House, there was for some time a strong determination to defeat the popular will, if possible. On the first ballot for Presi- dent, the Yote by States stood: for Jefferson, eight; for Burr, six, with two divided. There were then sixteen States in the Union; so there was no choice, as eight wae not a majority of all. The States proceeded to ballot nineteen times on that day, with the same result. The States re- mained in session all night, and proceeded, to the twenty- eighth ballot next day, when the result was the same. On the 13th they proceeded to the twenty-ninth ballot. On the 14th they proceeded to the thirty-third ballot. On the :.6tli they proceeded to the thirty-fourth ballot, when the result was the same. On the 17th they proceeded to the thirty-fifth ballot, with the same result; then to the thirty- sixth ballot, the result of which was — 10 votes for Mi'. Jef- ferson ; 4 for Col. Burr, nnd ,j in olank. Mr. Jefi'erson A^as, thereupun, d6clai.ed duly elected President for four years from and after the 4th of March, 1801. Col. Burr bcicame the Vice-President for the same term. 13. During the Administration of Mr. Adams the progress of the prosperity of the States was considerably retarded. The taxes were greatly increased, and foreign trade and commerce were seriously injured by the difficulties with Prance. From these causes the industrial pursuits through- out the country were more or less affected. Foreign immi- gration was also checked by the Alien Acts. By one of these the period required for naturalization was extended to 14 years. Discontent prevailed everywhere, and the coun- try was brouglit to the verge of civil war by the tyrannical execution of those measures of the party in power, calling 13. What is said of the state of the country durinGr Mr. Adas.m' Adminiatra. tion '^ What pfodiiced tlic discontent? To what period was n.i'.iiralization ex- tended? How were the meanuics of thepartyin power rejjarded by a majoritj of the people ? CHAP. IX.] ABjaSISTBATION OF JEFFEESON. asi itself Federal, which were looked upon by a majority of the people as unconstitutional and tending to centralism and despotism. CHAPTER IX. ADJIIlflSTRATION OF JEFFEKSOX. 4th of March, 1801— 4th of March, 1809. 1. Mb. Jeffeeson, the third President, was inaugurated the 4th of March, 1801, at the new Capitol, in the City of Washington. He was then in the fifty-eighth year of his age. His accession to office was regarded as a complete reyolution in the politics of the country, effected through the peaceful and con- stitutional instrumentality of the J elective franchise. The doctrines % as taught by him and advocated g by his friends during the canvass, were looked upon by many as not only tending to weaken the bonds of union between the States, but partaking of the licentious char- acter of those which marked the Jacobins of France. Tn his thorough devotion to the cause of the right of every separate people to govern themselves as they pleased, ac- cording to the principles set forth in the Declaration of Independence, of which he was well known to be the author, it was supposed by many that he ,lost sight of those elements of power which were necessary in all gov- ernments to make them strong enough for their own pre- servation. Intense interest, therefore, was felt everywhere as to the line of policy wliich would be indicated in his Chaptbe IX.— 1. When and wherp was Mr. Jefferson inaagnvated . _ What was Mb b^c » What ie said of hi9 accession to office 1 IJow were his dodtrinee looked upon"by many How was his Inaugural Address looked to f What is said ol f 1 1 FBBSIDENT JIEFFEBBON. 283 ADMINISTEATIOlf OF JEFFERSON. [BOOK II. Inaugural Addrsss. This was delivered before both Houses of Congress, the Foreign Ministers, and a large concourse of citizens. It was clear, pointed, and bold. Speaking of the Federal system, he said : " Some honest nieu fear that a Republican Government cannot be strong; that this Government is not sti'ong enough." On the contrary, he declared it in his opinion to be "The strongest Government on earth"— "the world's best hope." lu his opinion, the real strength of all Governments is in the affec- tions of the people. "Some," said he, "think that man cannot be trusted with the government of himself. Can he then be trusted with the government of others ? or have we angels, in the form of kings, to govern him ? Let history answer this question." He then announced what he deemed the essential prin- ciples of our Government, and those upon which its Federal administration should be conducted. These he summed up as follows : "Equal and exact justice to all D\en, of whatever state or per- suasion, religious or political ; peace, commerce, and honest friend- ship with ail nations — eutangling alliances with none ; the support of the State Governments in all their rights, as the most competent administrations for our domestic concerns, and the surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendencies ; the preservation of the General Government in its whole constitutional vigor, as the sheet-anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad ; a jealous care of the right of election by the people — a mild and safe correctiveof abuses, which are lopped off by the sword of revolution where peaceable reme- dies are unprovided ; absolute acquiescenne in the decisions of the majority — the vital principle of republics, from which there is no appeal but to force, the vital principle and immediate parent of des- potism ; a well-disciplined niilitia — our best reliance in peace, and for the first moments of war, till regulars may relieve them ; the supremacy of tlie civil over the military authority; economy in the public expense, that labor may be lightly burdened ; the honest pay- ment of our debts, and sacred preservation of the public faith ; en- couragement of agriculture, and of commerce, its handmaid; the diffusion of information, and the arraignment of all abuses at the bar of public reason ; freedom of religion ; freedom of the press ; freedom of person under tlie protection of the Habeas Corpus ; and ti'ial by juries impartially selected — these principles form the bright constellation which has gone before us, and guided our steps through an age of rovolution aud reformation. The wisdom of our sages and the blood of our heroes have been devoted to their attainment. They should be the creed of our political faith— the text of civil in- struction — the touchstone by which to try the services of those we trust; and should we wander from them in moments of error oi ilarm, let us hasten to retrace our steps, and to regain the road which «lone leads to peace, I'.berty, and safety." CHAP. IX.] ADMIXISTRATIOK OF JEFFERSON. 283 In conclusion he said " Relying, then, on the patronage of your gooi{-will, I advance with obedience to the work, ready to retire from it whenever you become sensible how much better choice it is in your power to make. And may that Infinite Power, which rules the dcstniies of the universe, lead our councils to what is best, and give tliem a favorable issue for your peace and prosperity." The oath of office was then administered to him in the Senate Chamber by Jolin Marshall, the newly-appointed Chief-Justice of the United States. 2. lu the organization of the new Cabinet, James Madi- son was appoiuted to the office of Secretaiy of State ; Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, to the office of Secretary of War; Levi Lincoln, of Massachusetts, to the office of Attorney-General. Samuel Dexter, Secretary of the Treasury, and Benjamin Stoddert, Secretary of the Navy, under Mr. Adams, were contiuued in their offices for a time. After some months of this contiuuancc, Mr. Dexter was succeeded in the Treasury Department by Albert Gal- latin, of Pennsylvania; and Mr. Stoddert, in the Navy Department, by Robert Smith, of Maryland. 3. The Sedition Act of 1798 was by its terms limited to the 3d of March^ 1801 ; with a proviso, however, that the limitation was not to affect any prosecutions commenced before that period, or thereafter to be commenced, for vio- lations of it during its existence. At the time of Mr. Jeffer- son's inauguration, there were quite a number then suffer- ing the penalty of the Act in various jails. These prisoners he immediately ordered to be discharged, as he held the Act to be " unconstitutional, null and void." The dis- charge was ordered without hesitation under the pardoning power ; though he held that the three departments of Gov- ernment — the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial — are co- ordinate ; and each in its sphere is equally authorized to judge for itself of what is and what is not constitutional in cases properl y before it ; and that no one of flie three ia a. Who constituted his Cabinut ? , 8. fl'hat is said of the Sedition Act ? What was done wivh the pnsOEera in lai| under :t, when Mr. Jeflersuu came into office ? 384 ADMINISTRATION OF JEFFERSON. [BOOB IL bound by the decisioii of either, or both of the others, on any constitutional question, either in the same case or any other similar to it. No other prosecutions, however, for past violations of the Sedition Act, were commenced. 4. At the meeting of the first session of the Seventh Congress, in December, 1801, in pursuance of an announce- ment before made, of his intention to discontinue the mode of addressing Congress on their assembling in what was known as "the Presidential Speech," he simply sent to each House a Message in writing, giving his views on public affairs and the situation of the country. His example thus set has been uniformly followed since. 5. The State elections of 1801 resulted in favor of the Kepublican or Democratic party. Mr. Jefferson's principles and policy were so popular with the masses of the people, that his Administration was cordially sustained by decided majorities in both Houses of this Congress. They repealed all the obnoxious measures of their immediate predecessors. Among these were the internal taxes, the taxes on stills, distilled spirits, refined sugar, carriages, and stamped paper, etc. They also repealed the Act extending the period of naturalization to fourteen years; reducing it to five, in con- formity with Mr. Jefferson's suggestion. They passed an Act for redeeming the public debt, by which it was provided to appropriate annually seven millions three hundred thou- sand dollars as a Sinking Fund for that purpose. An Act was also passed reducing the army with its expenditures. 6. An object which occupied the early attention of Mr. Jefferson, was the securing to the people of the United States from Spain of the free navigation of the Mississippi 4. What chanjje did Mi\ Jefferson introduce in making his annual communica- tions to Congress ? 5. How did the elections of 1801 result ? What Acts did the Republicans re- peal when they came into power? What was done to sustain the public credit ? 6. What was the object which occnpiod the early attention of Mr. Jefferson t Who was sent^s a Special Minister to accomi>lish this service? What was the result? What \vas the pnrchase-pvice of Louisiana ? What was the number of the inhabitants ? Of what classes did it consist ? What influenced Napoleon ic making the cession ? What was his remark at the conclusion of tbd treaty? What was the extent of the territory acqiiired by the United States by this pnrchastif ftnd what did Mr .Jefferson say of it ? CHAP. IX.] ADMINISTRATION OF JEFFERSOK. 285 River, with a d6p6t of trade at its mouth. In 1802 he re- ceived information of the cession of Louisiana to France by Spain, in a secret treaty in 1800. He immediately insti- tuted a commission to treat with France upon the subject. For this purpose Mr. Monroe was sent out as Special Min- ister, to act in conjunction with Mr. Livingston, the United Sta.tes Eesident Minister at Paris. The mission was more successful than had been even hoped for. Napoleon was ready, not only to negotiate upon tlie object sought, but for a cession of the entire territory. A treaty to this effect was made on the 30th of April, 1803, by which the United States were to pay fifteen million dollars, with a guaranty to the then inhaljitants of all their rights of person and property. The population consisted of about 90,000. Nearly half of these were negro-slaves ; the others were French and Spanish colonists. In this negotia,tion Napo- leon was governed both by necessity and policy. He wanted money for his European wars, aud knew that an attempt to hold Louisiana would be but an incumbrance. His remark on this occasion was characteristic of the man. "This ac- cession of territory strengthens forever the power of the United States, and I have just given to England a maritime rival that will sooner or later humble her pride." The treaty was received in the United States in July, and added greatly to the popularity of the Administration. It was opposed by a few of the old Federal party leaders ; but was ratified by the Senate in the October following, by 24 for it, to 7 against it. In the House, an Act for carrying the treaty into effect, was adopted by a vote of 90 to 25. This acquisition added over a million of square miles to the ter- ritory of the United States, and more than doubled the ex- tent of their original limits. In relation to it, Mr. Jefferson, in a letter to Dr. Priestley, said: " The denouement has been happy, and I confess I look to this duplication of .area for the extending a Government so free an(. economical as ours, as a great achievement to the mass of happmesa which is to ensue. Whether we remain in one Confederacy, oi 286 ADMINISTRATION OF JEFFERSOK. [BOOK IL form into Atlantic and Mississippi Confederacies, I believe not very im- portant to the happiness of either part. Those of the Western Confed- eracy will be as much our children and descendauta as those of the Eastern, and I feel myself as much ideutiiied with that countiy ia future time as with this; and did I now foresee a separation at some future day, yet I should feel the duty and the desire to promote the Western interests as zealously as the Eastern, doing all the good for both portions of our future family which should fall within my power." 7. In 1803 was consummated the cession by Georgia (iu 1802), to the United States, of nearly 100,000 square milea of territory between the Chatta- hoochee and Mississippi Eivers ; and on the 19th of February, of the same year, the State of Ohio was admitted into the Union. At the same session of Congress, another important Amendment to the Constitution was proposed. COAT OF TemT OF OHIO. It uow stands as the Twelfth Amendment to that instrument. It is that which regulates the present mode of electing the President and Vice-Presi- dent, requiring the Electors in the several colleges of the States to designate the person voted for, for President, and the one voted for, for Vice-President. It was to prevent the recurrence of such a state of things as took place be- tween Mr. Jefferson and Colonel Burr at the last election. This Amendment was opposed by the old Federal leaders; but was passed by two-thirds of both Houses of Congress, and speedily ratitied by all the States except three, to wit, Connecticut, Delaware, and Massachusetts. 8. The Barbary Powers on the coast of Africa still con- tinued to obstruct the commerce of the United States in the Mediterranean. This led to a war with Tripoli, one of them. A considerable luival force was sent against that power in 1803, under c ommand of Commodore Preble. 7. What ott^er ccBsion of territory was consnmmatetl to the United States In 1803? When was thoStateof Ohio admitted into the Union! What Amendment to theConptitulion was proposed at this session ? What is said of its ratification F 8. What is said of the Barl>ary Powors ? Who was sent witli a naval forc« against Tripoli f What is said of Lieutenant Decatur's exploit ! Who tncceeded Preble? When was peace made ? What was accomplished hy it ? CHAP. IX.j ADMI2fISTKATI0N OF JBFFEBSON. 28? The Philadelphia, & ship of his squadron, ran aground near the harbor of Tripoli, and was taken by the enemy The retaking and burning of this ship by Stephen Deca- tur, then a lieutenant, was one of the most brilliant naval achievements on record. This feat was accomplished by him with but seventy-six men, in a small schooner, and under a constant fire of the guns of the Tripolitan fleet, us well as their land-batteries. The war, however, lasted for some time. Commodore Preble was succeeded by Com- modore Barron, who succeeded in bringing the Bashaw to terms. A treaty was finally made for the future security of commerce, and by which several citizens of the United States, who had been held by the Tripolitan pirates as slaves, were ransomed and restored to their homes and lib- erty. This was in the summer of 1805. 9. In the mean time another Presidential election had taken place. The Eepnblicans, or Democrats, voted tor Mr. Jefferson for the office of President, and for Geoige Clinton, of New York, for the office of Vice-President. The Federals supported Charles Cotesworih Pinckney for President, and Eufns King, then of New York, for Vice- President. The result was one hundred and sixty-two electoral votes for Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Clinton, and four- teen only for Mr. Pinckney and Mr. King. By States the vote stood : fifteen States for the Democratic ticket, and only two for the Federal. These two were Connecticut and Delaware. So popular was Mr. Jefferson's Administra- tion, that the centralizing party, styling itself "Federal," had become almost extinct. He was inaugurated for a second term on the 4th of March, 1805.. 10. In 1804, Col. Burr, tlie then Vice-President, was a candidate for the office of Governor in the State of New York, and was supported by many of the old Federalists. Col. Hamilton, who had no confidence in his integrity, op- 9. Who were candidates for riesidc-a aud Vice-President in 1804? W1»»J wu the repult of tlic cloction i to. Wlutl ts said of CoIODel Burr? 288 ADMINISTRATION OF JEFFERSOK. [BOOK IL posed his election, and he ^yas defeated. Some remarks made by Hamilton during the canvass against Col. Burr led to a correspondence between them, which ended in a chal- lenge from Bnrr. The parties met, and Hamilton was mortally wounded. This fatal duel occasioned general re- gret, and after that Burr lost caste with all parties. He Biibsequeutly was engaged in planning a military organ- ization of some sort ; which, from the great secrecy and mystery in Avhich it was conducted, caused a suspicion thai his designs were against the United States. He was arreaxed, indicted, and tried for treason ; but no case being made agaiust him, he was acquitted. 11. The course of France and England in conducting tlie war then fiercely raging between them, was highly in- jurious to the commerce of the United States. The Brit- ish Government, by its " Orders in Council," declared all vessels engaged in conveying West India produce from the United States to Europe legal prizes. This was intended as a blow to cripple France; but it fell heavily upon the interests of the United States, and excited great indigna- tion throughout the country. In May, 1806, further " Or- ders in Council " were passed, declaring several European ports, under control of the French, in a state of blockade. This, of course, authorized a seizure of the United States vessels with their cargoes bound for these ports. These " Orders in Council " by the British Government were met by Napoleon in what is known as his " Berlin Decree." This forbade the introduction of any English goods in any port of Europe, even by the vessels of neutral powers. This decree closed the harbors of France against any ves- sel which should touch at any English port. This was fol- lowed by further "Orders in Council," declaring the whole coast of Europe in a state of blockade. This measure was 11. What is said of toe effect of tlie course of France and England In their wars on the commerce of the United States f What of the " Orders in Conncil t" What of the " Berlin Decree ?" Wliat of tlie further " Orders in Conncil t" What of the '* Milan Decree?" Who were the cliief sulTerers from these extremt fiaeasures ' liow v^ere their expostulations answered ? 3HAP. IX.] ADMINISTRATION OF JEFFERSON. 289 further met by Napoleon by his famous " Milan Decree," confiscating rot only the vessels and cargoes that should violate tho ''Berlin Decree," but also all such as should submit to b'. searched by the English. The United States were Ibe chief sufferers by these extreme measures on both sides ; but it was in vain that they expostulated with the contonding powers, in insisting upon the indefeasible rights of neutrals. "Join me.in bringing England to rea- son," was the substance of the reply of Napoleon; "join us in putting down the disturber of the world," was the substance of the reply of England. The United States, therefore, was left to choose which of the belligerents she would take for an enemy. War against both was too great an undertaking ; continued neutrality between them seemed to be out of the question — it involved all the dis- advantages, without any of the advantages, of open war. Other events happened which turned the scale of choice in the f opular mind against England. 12. In June, 1807, the British man-of-war Leopard fired into the United States frigate Chesapeake, and killed three of her men, wounding eighteen more. This was near the coast of the United States, and without provocation. The Chesapeake was not in condition for action, and immedi- ately struck her colors. The pretence for this outrage was the capture of certain British seamen alleged to be on board the Chesapeake. It greatly increased the existing indignation in all the States. Meetings were held in all sections, without distinction of party, at which resolutions were passed to support the Administration in any measures of retaliation or redress which might be adopted. A proc- lamation was issued by the President forbidding British ships-of-war to enter the waters of the United States. Satisfaction for the insult was demanded of the British 12. What tnmed the scale of popular opinion against England f What was the wenlt? What did the President do 1 What did the British Government dot Wh«t was the temporary effect of this? What did Congress do in December, 18OTI Wluit was the object of the embargo ! What was its effect f 13 2.90 ADMINISTRATION OF JEFFERSON- [BOOK H Government. Congress was also convened ui Extra Ses- sion to take the subject into consideration. The British Government promptly disavowed the act of the oflBeer in command of the Leopard, and also disclaimf d the right of search to be extended to ships-of-war. This allayed the excitement for a time, but no redress could be obtained from either party for the violation of the neutral rights of the United States. In December, 1807, the Congress, as a last resort, by way of retaliation, as well as an initiative step towards war with England, passed the celebrated " Embargo Act," by which all the United States trading-vessels were pro- hibited from leaving their ports. This measure operated much more to the disadvantage of England than of Prance. But it operated also very injuriously, as was believed, upon the shipping interests of this country. It caused great distress and much murmuring, especially in the New Eng- land States, where most of the shipping was owned. The political effect in that section was decidedly adverse to the Kepublican party. 13. In 1808 another Presidential election took place Mr. Jefferson had signified his determination to retire from ofiBce at the expiration of his second term. Notwithstand- ing the disaffection in New England, on account of his policy in the matter of the Embargo, he was yet sustained by large Eepublican majorities in both Houses of Con- ^■ress. In tlie elections for this year the anti- Administra- tion, or old Federal party revived, supported the sama ticket for the offices of President and Vice-President that they did in 1804 ; that is, Chai'les Cotesworth Pinckncy for President, and Eufus King for Vice-President; while the Administration or Republican party supported James Mad- ison for President, and George Clinton, of Now York, for 13- When d I the next Presidential election take place ? What had Mr. Jeffer- son signified his determination to do? Who were the Republican candidate^? Who the Federal ? How were Presidential candidates thou put forth ? WhatwWi the r«salt of the elecliou ? CHAP. IX.] ADMIXISTEATION of JEFFERSON. 291 Vice-President. Candidates for these offices were then pni forth by Congressional caucuses of the respective parties. The result of the election was, 122 electoral votes for Mad- ison, and 47 for Pinckney, and 113 for Clinton for Vice- President, and 47 for King. By States, the vote stood : 13 for the Eepublican ticket, and" 5 for the Federal. These five were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, Connecticut, and Delaware. 14. Shortly before the expiration of Mr. Jefferson's second term of office, information was given to him from a quartei which he believ- ed to be reliable, that the disaffec- ^Ji^, tion to the Em- bargo was so great in some of the New Eng- land States, that they would with- draw from the Union, if it were S^^^^^^^ persisted in. He, therefore, without any change of views as to the propriety of the policy, but with a view to harmony between the States, recommended its repeal. This recommendation was carried out by the Congress, and Mr. Jefferson left for his successor the settlement of the many diflBcult and perplexing ques- tions then pending between the United. States^ England and France. After the 4th of March, 1809, he retii-ed for- ever from public office, and returned to his residence at Monticello, with a reputation for integrity and statesman- ship unsurpassed even by Washington. His popularity was greater at the close than at the beginning of his Adminis- 1 4. What induced Mr. Jefferson to recommend a repeal of the Embargo Art ! Wae th€! recommendation carried out by CongreBS? What is paid of Mr. Jeffc-^on after the 4tli of March, 1809 ? What of his aratesmaiiship and popularity ? How was he everywhere regarded I Which are eaid to be the two mogt important acti ofhisUfei MONTICELLO. 292 ADMiiiriSTR Anas' or madison. [book ii. tration, whicli seldom happens to the ablest, wisest, and best of rulers. He was everywhere regarded by the masses of the people, not only as the true expounder of our Federal sys- tem, but the great apostle of Liberty on this continent. The two most important acts of his life, in their immediate as well as their remote bearings upon the destinies of the country, were those connected with the Declaration of In- dependence, and the acquisition of Louisiana. The three which seomed to be the most fondly cherished in his own memory, were his draft of the Declaration of Independ- ence, the part he took in securing the Statute of his State for freedom in religious worship, and the establishment of the Universitv of Virginia. CHAPTER X. ADMINISTKATIOH' OF MADISOK. First Term, 4th of March, 1809 — 4th of March, 1813. 1. James Madisok, the fourth President of the United States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1809, in the fifty-eighth year of his age. The oath of office was administered by Chief-Justice Marshall, in the presence of a large concourse of people. The new Cabinet con- sisted of Robert Smith, of Mary- land, Secretary of State; Albert : Gallatin continued in the ofiice of Secretary of the Treasury; William Eustis, of Massachusetts, ' Secretary of War ; Paul Hamil ton, of S. C, Secretary of the 1*1 avy, ai (d Ctesar A. Rodney, of Delaware, FiiKsiDEKT MAnisoK. coutinued Attorney-General . Cbapteii X.— l.Whowastlie fonrth Prepident of the United 8t«teB ? Wh'enwM He inauguratud ! Who constituted his Cabinet ? OHAP. X.] ADMINI8TEATI0N OF MADISOK. 293 2. In politics, Mr. Madison was at this time a recognized leader of the Republican or Democratic party. He had been Secretary of State during Mr. Jefl'erson's entire Admin- istration, and was a cordial supporter of his principles and measures. He has been styled " the Father of the Constitu- tion." This was because he was the author of the Virginia Resolution in 1786, that proposed the call of a Convention of the States, which finally resulted in the adopted modifica- tion of the Articles of the union between them ; and not from his having originated or suggested any of the leading features of the new Constitution so formed and adopted. On this score no man of that day was less entitled to such an appellation ; for he was one of the most prominent leaders of the Hational Party in the Philadelphia Conven- tion, and with Randolph, Hamilton, Wilson, Morris, and King, endeavored to efiect a consolidation of the States by a merger of their separate sovereignties into one ; and thus out of the whole to form one single, centralized Republic. It was on his violent speech against the adoption of the first report of the Grand Committee of Compromise, that Mr. Lansing and Judge Yates, of New York, retired from that body, believing that no plan would be adopted which would not do away with the Federal System. After the Nationals in that Convention found that they could not succeed in remodelling the Union on their line of a single, c itralized Republic, then Mr. Madison, as we have said be ore, with Hamilton and Wilson, came into a cordial supp irt of th^ amended Federal System, as it was finally agre id to and adopted ; and he united with Hamilton and Jay ii . earnestly recommending the adoption of the New ConstituUon by the States, in a series of very able articles, known as " The Federalist," as we have stated. 3. When the Government, under the new organization, a. What is paid of Mr. Msdieon'B political position at the ime ? What has he been styled ? Why so styled ? What was- his position in le Philadelphia Cou- vention that formed tlic new Conetitution ? 3. What was Mr. Madisou'9 poeitioD yriien the Govemr mt first went into op. eratlon niider the new organL:aticiu ? Bow did he eut <)qaently leant What 294 ADIIINISTRATIOK OF MADISON. [BOOK IL went into operation, Mr. Madison was a member of the House of Eepresentatives, and at first held a prominent position with those then styling themselves " Federalists." He co-operated thoroughly with Hamilton, while the latter was Secretary of the Treasury, in several of his financial measures. But before the end of General Washington's Administration, he leaned very strongly towards the views of Mr. Jefferson : and when party lines became clearly de- fined, in Mr. Adams' Administration, on the constructive and centralizing doctrines of that period, he became one of the ablest champions of the " Strict Construction" or Ee- publican side. Mr. Jefi'erson was on most intimate terms with liim during life, and had no small influence over him, as he had over all men of intellect with whom he came in personal and social contact. Mi-. Jefferson drew the cele- brated Resolutions of Kentucky, of 1798, which fact, though not generally known at the time, was most probably known to Mr. Madison, as well as to all his intimate political friends ; and it is not improbable that the Eesolutions of Virginia, of 1798, if not drawn by him, at least received their inspiration from the same master brain. Mr. Madison also, most probably, received aid from the same source when he wrote his famous Eeport upon the latter, in 1799, which set forth the principles on which the revolution of parties in 1 800 was effected. This celebrated Eeport is one of the ablest papers and clearest expositions of the Constitution of the United States that has ever been penned in the same compass. It utterly annihilated the positions assumed by the consolidating and centralizing party of that day. 4. Such is a brief sketch of the antecedents of the man who succeeded Mr. Jefferson in 1809, and on whom devolved the administration of Federal affairs, with the management and adjustment of the difiicult questions then disturbing was hie final conrpc ? What srreat paper did he wite in 1799 ? Who was th« tathor of the K Mitnckj- resolutions of 1798 1 CHAP. X.] ADMINISTRATION OF MADISON. 295 the foreign relations of the States with the two greatest powers on earth. 5. The Embargo -:ad been abandoned, as we have seeuj by Mr. Jefferson, in order to preserve peace and harmony between the sections of the Union. In lieu of this, how- ever, in accoi-dance with his views, an Act of Congress was passed just before his retii'ement, substituting for the Em- bargo what was called a " Non-intercourse Act." This left United States shipping free to trade with all countries ex- 'lept England and France ; and the prohibition as to these was to cease, as to them or either of them, on the repeal of their " Orders in Council " or " Decrees " respectively^ affecting the commerce of the United States. 6. Very soon after Mr. Madison's accession to office, Mr. Erskine, the British Minister at Washington, gave assur- ance that the "Orders iu. Couucil" of England would be annulled; Whereupon a proclamation was issued on the 19th of April, by the President, suspending the Non-inter- course Act as to England after the 10th of June following. This good news had hardly reached the most distant parts of the country, before the President was informed by the British Govorjment that Mr. Erskine had exceeded his powers, and his act in the assurance given was disavowed. Another proclamation was immediately issued counter- manding the first. So matters remained for some time. Mr. Erskine was i-ecalled, and another Minister gent out by England. This was a Mr. Jackson. The tone and style of his corresponde/ice with the Secretary of State was of such a character that Mr. Madison ceased to hold commu- nication with bim. and demanded his recall. In the mean time Congress bp.d convened. The prevailing sentiment was for war. TVe President, however, and a majority of his Cabinet, wore for adjusting the questions by peaceable 5. What Act V, as passed in lien of the Embargo ! What was its effect ? 6. What occnrred soon after Mr. Madison's accession to office f What became of Mr. Erskine ? Who sacceeded him f What became of Mr. Jackson's mission f ^^at \ras the pievailinf; sentiment in Caogieml How did the President and a miOority of the Cabinet atand t t96 ADMINISTKATION OP MADISON. [BOOK II. negotiations if possible. An extension with a modification of the Non-interconrse Act was adopted. 7. In 1810, the United States Minister at Paris was in- formed " that the Berlin and Milan Decrees were revoked, and would cease to have effect after the 1st of November of that year." The President accordingly issued a proclamar tion on the 1st of November, 1810, declariug that the French "Decrees" were revoked, and that the Non-intercourse Act would be continued as to Great Britain unless her " Orders in Council " should be revoked in three months after that date. He also urged upon the British Govern- ment a revocation of its " Orders in Council," upon the ground that the French "Decrees," upon which they were based, had been repealed. The British Government objected on the pretext that no sufficient evidence was furnished that the Berlin and Milan Decrees had actually been re- pealed, and that the President's proclamation and the Non- intercourse Acts of Congress were partial and unjust. The enforcement of their " Orders in Council " was still persisted in; and for this purpose, ships-of-war were sta- tioned before the principal harbors of the United States. The course of England at the time greatly increased the war feeling in the United States against her. This feeling too was inflamed by an event similar to that of the attack of the Leopard upon the Gliesapeake. Commodore Eodgers. commanding the United States frigate President, met off the coast of Virginia, in the dusk of the evening of the 16tli of May, 1811, a vessel which he hailed, but from which he received no answer. In a short time he was hailed in turn by a shot from the vessel he had hailed, which struck his mainmast He accepted the mode offered of exchanging salutations, and answered with a broadside from his own deck, which he kept up in quick succession, until he found his adversary was disabled ; and then, on hailing again as at T. What occnrre4 in 1310? What is said of thewarfeelinginthe United Statef against England ? What event inflamed this foelingf What was the ci; of ths period f CHAP. X.] ADMINISTRATION' OF MADISOK. 297 first, he was informed that it was the British sloop-of-wai Little Belt She was put Jiors de combat iu the encounter, and lost thirty-two men in killed and wounded. This prompt chastisemeat of overbearing insolence was highly gratifying to the popular sentiment throughout the United States, and gave new life to the cry of the period, " Free Trade and Sailors' Rights." 8. The Twelfth Congress was called together by the President on the 4th of November, 1811, in advance of the regular time of meeting. This was done in view of the still more embarrassing aspect of the relations of the United States with Great Britain. This Congress, as all since 1801 had been, was largely Eepublican~"in both Houses ; and while the measures of the Administration were gener- ally sustained by considerable majorities in both Houses, yet there was a strong feeling rising up among the younger leaders of the party against what they considered the weak and timid course of the President. This class was for im- mediate war against England. The leaders of the class were Henry Clay, of Kentucky, and John C. Calhoun^ Langdon Cheves, and William Lowndes, of South Caro- lina. Another Presidential election was approaching, and Mr. Madison was given to understand, that if he did not yield to an active war policy, he would not receive the Eepubli- can nomination. His Cabinet at this time was divided upon that question. Mr. Monroe, who was then Secretary of State, instead of Mr. Robert Smith, favored the war policy ; Mr. Gallatin, in the Treasury Department, was decidedly opposed to it ; Mr. William Pinkney, who was then Attor- ney General, instead of Mr. Rodney, was of opinion that tlie fflountry was entirely unprepared for a declaration of war at that time. The other members of the Cabinet seemed to have no very decided opinions on the subject. But all the 8. Winn was the Twelfth Congress convened ? What was the party character of this Congress f What was said of the new Repuhlican leaders f Who went theae ? What is said of the Cabinet at this time ? 898 ADMIKISTKATIOX OF MADISON. lBOOK II. membei's of the Administration, with the President at the head, were perfectly Avilling to commit themselves to, and endeavor to carry out, any policy that might be determined upon by the Congress, as the wisest and the best for the maintenance of the safety, interests, rights, and honor of the country. 9. The feeling of hostility against England about this time was increased by Indian outbreaks in the Northwest, which were attributed to her instigation. Just before the meeting of Congress, General AVilliam Henry Harrison, Governor of the Territory of Indiana, had been sent against the tribes on the Wabash with a body of Kentucky and Indiana militia, Avith one regiment of regular troops. On the 6th of November, he encamped at Tippecanoe, near the town in which Elkswatawa, the famous " Prophet," and the triplet brother of the celebrated Tecumseh, resided. Harri- son was here met by the principal chiefs with offers of peace and submission. But having no faith in tlieir pro- fessions, and apprehending an attack in the night, he caused his troops to sleep ou their arms and in the order of battle. At four o'clock on the morning of the 7th of November, 1811, the camp was fui'iously assaulted, and a bloody contest ensued. The issue was doubtful for some time; but the Indians were finally repulsed. Harrison lost sixty-two killed and one hundred and twenty-six wounded. The loss sustained by the Indians was much greater. General Harrison destroyed the Prophet's town, built some forts, and returned to Vincennes. 10. Under the influence of the war spirit thus excited, the Congress voted an increase to the regular army of thirty-five thousand men, and authorized the President to accept the services of fifty thousand volunteers, as well as to call out the militia as occasion might require. They also provided for a large increase of the navy. To meet the ex- 9. What increased the hostility against England ? When and by whom wae Um tftttle of Tippecanoe fonsht ? What was the result? 10. What measures did ^ongresB adopt f CHAP, X,] ADMIKISTEATIOir OF MADISOST. 298 penses of these measures, they authorized a loan of eleven million dollars. The policy of Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Madi« son heretofore had been to keep the military establishments, army and naval, on as small a footing as possible consist- ent with the public necessities. This policy was considered by them as most consonant with the spirit of a free people. The army, before the increase now ordered, consisted of only about three thousand men. The navy consisted of less than twenty frigates and sloops-of-war in commission, and about one hundred and fifty gun-boats, with officers and men to mail them. The gun-boats were suited only- for harbor defence. 11. During the same session of Congress, the Presidert, by Special Message, sent to that body certain documents, from which it appeared that one John Henry, a British sub- ject, had been employed by his Government as a secret agent in certain intrigues, with a view to produce a disaffec- tion in the New England States, that might result in their political connection with Great Britain. A Committee in the House, to whom the matter was referred, reported that — " The transaction disclosed by the President's Message presents to the mind of the Comnjittee conclusive evidence that the British Gov- ei'umenl, at a period of peace, and durinp: the most friendly profes- sions, have been deliberately and perfidiously pursuing measures to divide these States, and to involve our citizens in all the guilt of trea- son and the horrors of civil war." Meantime preparations for war went actively on. ^^"■"TS. During this winter occurred two events of a different character, each of which produced a great sensation every- where at the time, and both of which deserve to be noted in giving a general history of the country. One was the accidental burning of a theatre in the city of Eichmond, Virginia, during a play which had attracted an unusually arowded audience, in which several of the most prominent citizens of the State, with their families, including the Gov- ernor, perished. This took place on the 26th of December 11. What is said of the John Henry plot 1 \ „^ , . ,. 18. Whttt two notable events occurred in the winter of 1811-18 ? What la slid df them > 300 ADMINISTRATION OF MADISON. [BOOK IL 1811. The otlier was a frightful eartliquake in the Valley of the Mississippi Eiver, which exhibited its greatest force and most terrific effects in the vicinity of New Madrid. Thia was on the 11th of Febrnaiy, 1813. 13. On the 8th of April, 1813, the State of Louisiana was admitted into the Union. Soon after an Act was passed organizing a Territorial Govern- ment for all that portion of the Lou- isiana Purchase lying outside of the then limits of the State of Louisiana. To this territory the name of Mis- CO>T oy ARMS OP LOUISIANA 14. On the 30th of April, the venerable George Clinton, Vice- President of the United States, died in Washington, at the age of seventy-three. His place was filled by William H. Craw- ford, of Georgia, who had previously been elected by the Senate President pro tempore of that body. 15. "We turn again to the progi-ess of events involving the peace of the country. On the 30th of May, Mr. Foster, the new British Minister, resident at "Washington, gave the ultimatum of his Government upon all the questions in controversy between the two countries. This Mr. Madison communicated to Congress on the 1st of June, and the question was submitted to them: "Whether the wrongs justly complained of should continue to be borne, or whether the United States should resort to war. The subject was referred to the Committee of Foreign Eelations, of which Mr. Calhoun was Chairman. They reported in favor of a declaration of war. This was discussed in the House for 13. When wneithe State of Louisiana admitted Into the Union ? What ni:\i Territorial Qoverament was established soon after ? 1 4. What occurred on the SOth of April, 1812 1 Who filled the place of Mr. Clinton ? 15. What occnrred on the SOth of May » What did the "President do ! Who was Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations » What report did he mal:e > How was it discussed 1 What was the vote In the House and Senate on the Declaration of War f Whec did the Act receive the President's approval, and become a lAw ( CHAP. X.] ADMIXISTKATION OF UADISOX. 301 several days with closed doors. An Act making a declara- tion of war was finally passed in that body, by a vote,of 79 to 49. It went to the Senate, wliere it likewise passed, by a vote of 19 to 13, and was approved by the President on the 18th of June, 1812. 16. Such was the state of public affairs when the Presi dential Election of that year took place. Mr. Madison 'received the Republican or Democratic caucus nomination for re-election, and Elbridge GeiTy, of Massachusetts, re- ceived the like nomination for the office of Vice-President. Some of the more violent War Democrats, who looked upon Mr. Madison's course as too dilatory in avengiug public wrongs, put in nomination for the Presidency, De Witt Clinton, an eminent statesman of New York, and a nephe.\» of the late Vice-President. Mr. Clinton was generally sup- ported by the anti- Administration party, with Jared Inger- soil, of Pennsylvania, who had belonged to the old Federal party, for Vice-President, instead of Mr. GeiTy. The result of the Election was, 128 of the Electoral votes for Mr. Madison, and 89 for Mr. Clinton ; for Vice-President, the Election by the Colleges stood: 131 for Mr. GeiTy, and 86 for Mr. IngersoU. By States, the vote stood : for the regular Democratic candidates, 11 ; and for the Opposition candi- dates, 7. The eleven States that voted for Mr. Madison were : Vermont, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Louisiana; and the seven that voted for Mr. Clinton were : New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Isl- and, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. 17. The active scenes and stirring events which took place immediately after the declaration of war, will be set forth in the next chapter. 16 Whn were the candidates of the respective jmrtiee for the offices of !';«* ident and Vice-President in the Fall of 1812 f What was t^e result of the elec tioat How did it stand as to the electoral votes, and how by States ? 11 What is said of the active scenes which immediately took place after thfl declLation of war ? What is here said ai the position of John Eandolph, of E* uioke, upon the declaration of war J 302 ADMIIflSTKATION OF MADISON. [BOOK It It may be proper to state here, that notwithstanding the cloclaration of war was a Eepublican or Democratic measure, yet it was not sustained with unanimity by that party. The Act declaring war was opposed in the House of Eepresentatives by the celebrated " John Eandolph of Roanoke," a member from Virginia (long a leader of the Republican side in tliat body), with great ability, vehemence, and eloquence. He saw no practical good that would be likely to be accomplished by it, but many serious ills that would attend it, and many more serious that might result from it. While he was by no means insensible of the British wrongs complained of, yet he was disposed to be moi-e forbearing in exactions for an immediate redress of them, in view of the desperate necessities of " Mother Coun- try," from which the essential principles of our own liberty had been derived, in her then perilous struggle with Napo- leon, whom he regarded as the public enemy of all free institutions. With that directness and boldness which marked every act of his life, he did not hesitate to aver, without regard to personal considerations 6r popular favor, that whatever might be her faults and short-comings, his sympathies in the terrible struggle then in its crisis for national existence, between England and Prance, were with the country from which his own ancestry had descended, and with " the land which had given birth to Sl^akespeare and Milton, to Coke, Hampden, Sidney, and Chatham." 18. It may be proper here, also, to notice the fact, that soon after the declaration of war, England renewed her over- tures for a settlement of the controversy by negotiation. This was done through Admiral Warren, of the British Navy, who wrote from Halifax, in September, 1812, to Mr. Monroe, Secretary of State, informing him that he was authorized to enter into stipulations for a cessation of 18. What la fni-ther said in this chapter about the British overtares for a ceesa- (lon of hoBtilitiep f What is farther said of Mr. Randolph's position, and hia views of the iiibable success of obtaining the main object of the controTeru bf war? = J 1 CHAP. XI.] ADMIinSTKATION OF MADISOK. 303 hostilities upon the basis of a revocation of the " Orders in Council." Mr. Monroe replied that the President was willing to agree to an armistice, provided Admiral Warren was authorized and was willing to negotiate terms by which impressment of seamen from vessels of the United States should be suspended and discontinued, as experience had proved that no peace could be durable until that question was definitely and finally adjusted. The correspondence here closed, as Great Britain refused to relinquish the right of search and impressment. Tlie rejection of this overture at the time was, perhaps, the greatest error of Mr. Madison's Administration. That was the main point in the controver- sy, which Mr. Eandolph did not believe it was in the power of the United States to have settled according to their liking. The doctrine of the right of expatriation, with the ac- companying rights of naturalization under the laws of the United States, as held in this country, he did not believe that England could be brought to accede to. The other questions he thought might be adjusted by negotiation, and that the time was near at hand for their being thiis adjusted, when war, as he thought, was too hastily declared. This overture of England, to some extent, confirmed the correctness of his ojiinion. But being rejected, however, the war went on, and with what results we shall see. CHAPTEE XL ADMINISTKATION" OF ItADISOIf — COXTIlirtrED. Second Term, 4tli March, 1813— 4th March, 1817. War with Great Bkitain. 1. Me. Madiso:n" was inaugurated President for a second term, on the 4th of March, 1813. There were now Chait^ee XI.— 1 . When was Mr. Madison inangnrated for a second term f What phsnges were made in his Cabinet f 304 ADMINISTEATION OF MADISOX. [BOOK IX two changes ia his Cabinet. William Jones, of Pennsyl- vania, filled the office of Secretary of the Navy, instead of Paul Hamilton, resigned, and General John Armstrong filled the office of Secretary of War, instead of Dr. Eustis, resigned. 2. War against Great Britain had been declared, as we have seen, on the 18th day of June before. This war was then going on, and it is now proper to bring up the events connected wLth it, which had transpired in the mean time. 3. In bringing up these events it is also proper to pre- mise by stating that at the time the war was declared, the prevailing idea was that England was to be brought to terms by the seizure of her neighboring Provinces on the northern boundary of the United States. This was the only vital point at which it was expected that the United States could deal telling blows. Little or nothing was expected from any contest on the ocean. The United States navy, of less than thirty frigates and sloops-of-war in commission, even with the new additions ordered, could not, it was sup- posed, cope with England's fleets of a thousand sail. Ail that was expected of these was to aid the gun-boats in coast defence, and in preventing a land invasion ; wkile jhey might, also, in conjunction with privateers put in commission, cripple the enemy to some extent by the de- struction of their commerce on the high seas. But the capture of the Canadas was looked upon as an easypiize. It was with this view that the army was organized, and Active iJreparations made. The chief command of all the forces was assigned to General Henry Dearborn, of Mas- sachusetts. His position was to be on the eastern end of the line; the forces on the west end were assigned to Geueial William Hull, then Governor of Michigan; those in the centre, or middle of the line, were assigned to General Stephen Van Eensselaer. They were all to co-op- 3. What is paid of the war? S- What was the prevailing idea of the time? Wiio was pat in chief command ' Who were his subordinates, and where were they stationed? CHA3'. XI.] ADMINI8TEATI0N OF MADISOX. 305 erate in their movements, with a view to Montreal as an ultimate objective point. 4. On this line of policy, General Hnll had, early in July, 1812, concentrated an army of about 3,500 at Detroit On the 13th of that month he crossed over and took pos- session of the village of Sandwich. Here he issued a very famous proclamation, and remained until the 8th of Au- gust, when, upon hearing that Fort Mackinaw, on the river above Detroit, had been taken by the British and Indians, he recrossed the river and again took position at Detroit. A few days after this, General Brock, Gov- ernor of Upper Canada, who had called out a force, took his position at Maiden. On the loth of August he erected batteries on the opposite side of the river, but in such position as to bring the town of Detroit within the range of his guns, and demanded of Hnll a surrender of the place. Colonel McArthurand Colonel Lewis Cass had been sent off on detached service with a small force on the Kiver Eaisin, a few days before, by General Hull. Captain Brush, of the Ohio Volunteers, had also, with a small force, been sent off on similar detached service. These detachments were recalled by General Hull on the 15th. On the 16th, General Brock commenced crossing the river with his forces, three miles be- low the position occupied by General HiiU. When the Brit- ish had advanced within about five hundred yards of Hull's line, to their surprise they saw the display of a white flag. An officer rode up to inquire the cause. It was the signal for a parley. A correspondence was opened between the com- manding generals, which speedily terminated in a capitu- lation on the part of Hull. The fortress of Detroit, with the garrison and munitions of war, was surrendered. The forces under Cass andMcArthur,and other troops, at the Eiver Eai- sin, were included in the surrender. Captain Brash, however, not considering himself bound by Hull's engagement, broke up his camp and retreated towards Ohio. The army sur- 4 WL«: iB Mid of General UuU ? 306 AUMINISTHATION OF MADISON. [,300K II. rendered by Hull amounted to 2,500 men. General Brock's entire command consisted of about 700 British and Ca- nadians, with GOO Indians. Tliis unaccountable conduct of Hull filled the whole country with indignation. As soou as he was exchanged he was brought to trial by court mar- tial. He was charged with treason, cowardice, and neg- lect of duty, but found guilty only of the two latter charges, lie was sentenced to be shot, but his life was spared in con- sideration of gallant services in his younger days. 5. By the surrender of Hull, the whole Northwestern frontier was exposed, not only to British invasion, but In- dian dejiredations of the most savage character. Great alarm s]U-ead through all the neighboring States. Not less than ten thousand volunteers tendered their services to. tlie Government for defence. These were accepted and placed under command of General William Henry Harri- son, who succeeded Hull. 6. Al'ter Hull's disaster. General Van Rensselaer, who had command, according to the original plan, of the centre of the invading line, made a movement over the Canada border. His forces consisted of regulars and militia, and were assembled at Lowistown, on the Niagara River. On the opposite side was Queenstown, a fortilied British post. This was the first object of his attack. On the 13th of October, he seiit a detachment of a thousand men over the river, who succeeded in landing under a heavy fire from the British. The troops were led to the assault of the fortress by Colonels Christie and Scott. They suc- ceeded in capturing it. General Brock came up with a rein- forcement of 600 men, and made a desperate effort to regain the fort, but was defeated, and lost his life in the engage- ment. General Van Rensselaer was now at Queenstown, and /ctunied to carry over I'einforcements, but his troopa refused to obey the order. Soon after, another British ro- 5. What was the olfect of null's siirrendorf Whosucctodod himf 6. Who made thn • ex.1 movomuut over tho Canada border f What ie Bald of Iti *nd b'w did It end r CHAP. XI.] ADMINISTRATIOK OP HADISOK. 307 inforcement was rallied, which recaptured the fort after a bloody engagement, in which the greater part of the thou- sand men who had first taken it were killed. General Van Rensselaer immediately resigned. 7. The command of the Army of the Centre was then assigned to General Alexander Smyth. He was soon at the head of an army of 4,500 men. On the 38th of No- vember he was ready to move. That was the day fixed for crossing the river. The troops were embarked, but the enemy appearing on the opposite side in considerable force and battle array, a council of war was held, which resulted in a recall of the troops in motion, and a postponement of the enterprise till the 1st of December. On that day another council of war was held, at which the invasion from that quarter was indefinitely postponed. General Smyth in turn immediately resigned. So ended the third and last attempt at an invasion of Canada, during the Fall and.Winterof 1812. 8. While the military operations on land, from which so much had been expected, bore so gloomy an aspect, quite as much to the surprise as to the joy of the country, the ex- ploits of the gallant little navy, in its operations on sea, from which vjry little had been looked for or hoped for, were sending in the most cheering tidings. These may be thus stated: First. On the 19th of August, 1812, tliree days afl •"'• tlie disastrous surrender of Detroit by. General William Hull of the army, a most brilliant victory was achieved off the Gulf of St. Lawrence by Captain Isaac Hull of the navy. The latter was in command of the United Statas frigate Constitution, and coming up with the British man-of-war Guerriere, under the command of Captain Dacres, at the time and place stated, an engagement im- mediately ensued. The fight was a desperate one, and lasted for some time. But the result was the triumph ot 7. Who sacceeded Van Rensselaer ? What is said of Smyth •« orojected mov» 8. What iB said of tho uaval operations in the Fall of 1812 ! 308 ADMINISIEATION OF MADISON. [UOOK 11. Hull and Ms. gallant men. Dacres surrendered; but the Guerriere was too much disabled to be brought into port, and was blown up at sea. The loss of the Constitution in men was seven killed and seven wounded ; the loss of the Guerriere was fifty killed and sixty-four wounded ; among the latter was Captain Dacres himself. About the same time, Captain Porter, in command of the United States frigate Essex, met and captured the British sloop-of-war Alert, after an action of only eight minutes. Second. On the 18th of October, Captain Jones, in command of the United States sloop-of-war Wasp, of eighteen guns, met and captured the British sloop-of-war Frolic, of twenty- two guns, after a hard fought battle of forty-five minutes, losing but eight men, while the loss of his enemy, in a vessel one-third his superior, was eighty men. Third. On the 25th of October, Captain Decatur, in com- mand of the frigate United States, of forty-four guns, met and captured the British frigate Macedonian, mounting forty-nine guns and manned by three hundred men. The action continued an hour and a half. The loss of the Ma- cedonian was thirty-six killed and sixty-eight wounded ; while the loss on the United States was only seven killed and five wounded. The Macedonian was brought into New York, and the gallant Decatur, who when lieutenant had so signally distinguished himself at Tripoli, was wel- comed with the applause and honors which he had so nobly won. Fourth. On the 29th of December, the Constitution, fa- miliarly called by the sailors Old Ironsides, then in com- mand of Commodore Bainbrldge, had another encounter at sea. This was with the British frigate Java, of thirty- ■jight guns. The action was fought off San Salvador, and lasted three hours. The Java was dismasted, and reduced to a wreck, losing one hundred and sixty-one killed and wounded, while the loss of the Constitution, in killed and wounded, was but thirty-four. CHAP. XI,] admin'istkatiok of madisok. a09 Fifth. In addition to these victories of the public vessels, United States privateers, fitted out under letters of marque, fiucceeded in severely distressing the enemy's commerce, capturing about five hundred of their merchantmen, and taking three thousand prisoners, during the first seven months of the war. England, as Napoleon had predicted, had found an enemy which was ably contesting her su- premacy as mistress of the sea. 9. Such was the aspect of affairs on land and sea in the progress of the war up to the time of Mr. Madison's inaugu- ration for a second Presidential term. Soon after this, on the 8th of March, 1813, the Eussian Minister at Washing- ton, Mr. Daschkoff, communicated to the President of the United States an offer from the Emperor Alexander of his mediation between the United States and Great Britain, with a view to bring about peace between them. Mr. Madison promptly and formally accepted the Eussian media- tion, and appointed Mr. Gallatin, John Q.uincy Adams, and James A. Bayard Commissioners to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Britain under the auspices of the tendered mediation. Messrs. Gallatin and Bayard soon set out on the mission to join Mr. Adams at St. Petersburg, where he was then Eesident Minister of the United States. The British Government declined the mediation, and nothing came of tliis commission. 10. The first session of the Thirteenth Congress met on the 24th of May, 1813. The principal business of this Con- gress was to provide means to carry on the war and to sustain the public credit. Direct taxes and internal duties were again resorted to. The expenditures of the war had greatly exceeded the estimates. New loans had to be made and provided for. The public finances were in a state of much embarrassment; Treasury notes issued according to Act 9 WTio proposed mediation early in March, 1S13 ? How was the offer treated by Mr. Madison S Who were the Commissioners appointed ! What was the re- '"lb*'when^did the Thirteenth Congress meet ? What was the principal biwi- 0038 of this Congress r What is said of the public flnanoes S What is said of th« wv soirit t 310 ADMIXISTEATIOS OF MADISON. [BOOK 11 of Congress were at a great discount ; the loans authorized by the Govemment were paid in depreciated currency ; all the banks in the Union had suspended specie payments, except some in the New England States. Proper arms and clothing for the militia when called into the field were both wanting. Already the war spirit was beginning to abate in eeveral quarters, especially in New England. 11. Still the invasion of Canada was the leading object of the Administration. The campaign planned for this purpose in 1813 was similar to that of 1813. The operations extended along the whole northern frontier of the United States. The Army of the West, under General Harrison, was stationed at the head of Lake Erie ; that of the East end of the line, under the command of General Hampton, on the shore of Lake Champlain ; while that of the Centre, under Dearborn, the Commander-in-chief, was placed be- tween the Lakes Ontario and Erie. The result of this campaign, in view of its main object, the conquest of Canada, was very little more successful than that of tht year before. There were many movements and counter- movements of forces, advances, retreats, and sieges, with some pitched battles, in which great valor was displayed, but no one of them was attended with any decisive results. 12. The most noted events of this campaign maybe thus briefly stated : First. The slaughter of United States prison- ers at Frenchtown, in Canada, on the 23d of January, 1813 Colonel Proctor, the British officer to whom General Win- chester had surrendered a force of several hundred men, in violation of his pledge turned the prisoners over to the vengeance of the Indians ; or at least did not restrain his allies, the savages, in their most atj-ocious acts of barbarity upon their unarmed victims. Second. The battle of York, or Toronto, in Upper Canada, on the 37th of April, in which 1 1 . What of the invasion of Canada ? What is said of the cam mign planned fcr this purpose in 18U? How were the forces placed, and undij ;V command at whom ? What is said of the result of the campaiirn ? 19. What are the most noted ev«uts of this CAmpaivo r OHAP. XI.] ADMINISTEATIOK OF MADISON. 3J.1 the young and gallant United States oflBcer, General Zebulon M. Pike, was killed. He expired in the midst -of victory. Third. The siege of Fort Meigs by Proctor, and its suc- cessful defence by Harrison, in the month of May. Fourth. The subseqiient siege of Fort Sandusky by Proctoi in the same month, and its like gallant defence by Major Oroghan. Fifth. The battle of Sackett's Harbor, on the 39th of May, in which the British General Prevost was signally repulsed. Sixth.- The capture on the same day of the British Fort George by the United States troops. Seventh. The battle of Lake Erie, fought on the 10th of September. This was a naval engagement, planned and executed by Commodore Perry. Its results stand briefly chronicled in his report of it to General Harrison, in tliese words : " We have met the enemy, and they are ours ! — two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop." Eighth. The battle of the Thames, as it is called, fought by Harri- son on the oth of October, and in which he gained a com- plete victory. It was in this battle that the famous Indian warrior Tecumseh was killed. Soon after this. General Harrison resigned his commission and retired from the ser- vice. General Dearborn had previously resigned, when the chief command had been conferred upon General James Wilkinson. 13, In the mean time the Creek Indians in Georgia and Alabama had taken up arms. On the 30th of August they had surprised Fort Mims on the Chattahoochee Eiver, and massacred nearly three hundred persons, men, women, and children. The militia of Georgia and Tennessee were called out. Those of Georgia were under the command of General John Floyd; the whole were under the direction of Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, with the commission uf Major General. Floyd had two engagements with the 13. What is said of the Creek Indians ? How was their ontbreak met J To whom was the Georgia militia assigned ? To whom the Tennessee » Who had the direction of the whole ? Wliat is said of the battles of Callebee, Antoesoe. Tallnshatchee. Talladeiia, EmucUaa, and Tohopekaf What was the result f What of Witlierford's speech ? 312 ADJimiSTRATION OF MADISON. [BOOK U enemy ; one at Callebee, the other at Autossee. Both were Buccessful. The Indian town of Autossee was burned by him on the 29th ot November. A detachment of the Ten- nessee forces, under General Coffee, had an engagement at Tallushatchee on the 3d of November, in which two huTi- dred Indians were iiilled. His success was complete. On the 8th of November the battle of Talladega was fought, under the immediate direction of Jackson himself. This was another complete victory. Soon after, anotlier fight was had at Emuckfau, with like result. The Indians ral- lied again, and made their last stand at a place known as ■■• The Horseshoe Bend," or, as they called it, " Tohopeka,'' on the Tallapoosa Eiver. Here they were completely crushed by Jackson in his great victory of the 27th of March following. A treaty of peace with them was soon after made. The speech of their chief prophet and war- rior, Witherford, on the occasion of his surrender to Gen- eral Jackson, and as reported by him at the time, deserves perpetuation : " I am," said lie, " in your power. Do with me as j'on please. I 8m a soldier. I have done the white people all the harm 1 could. I have fought them, and fought them bravely. If I had an ai-my I would yet fight, and contend to the last. But I have none. My people are all gone. I can now do no more than weep over the misfor- tunes of my nation. Once I could animate my warriors to battle; but I cannot animate the dead. My warriors can no longer hear my voice. Their bones are at Talladega, Tallushatchee, Emuckfau, and Tohopeka. I have not surrendered imyself thoughtlessly. Whil«t there were chances for success I never left my post, nor supjilicated peace. But my people are gone ; and I now ask it for my nation and for myself." 1 4. The operations on the sea in 1813 continued, upon the whole, to add lustre to the "infant navy" of the United States. The most noted of these, the successful as well as adverse, were as follows : First. Captain Lawrence, of the United States sloop-of- war Hornet, on the 24th of February, met and captured the British brig Peacock, in a conflict that lasted only fifteen 14. What is saifl of thaoperations on the sea in 1813 ? What is said of Adrai. . ral Cockbum's opnratioriB on the waters 3f the Delaware anrt the Chesapeake t What of the ports north to the limits of tbi New Kneland coast t CHAP. XI.] ADMINISTRATION OF MADISON. 313 minutes. The Peacoch, in striking her colors, displayed at the same time a signal of distre^. Captain Lawrence made the greatest exerbions to save her crew, but she went down before all of tliem could be gotten off, carrying with ber three brave and generous United States seamen, who were extending their aid. Second. On the 1st of June, the British frigate Shannon captured tlie United States frigate OUesapeake. The Ches- apeake at this time was in the command of Lawrence. Every officer on board of her was either killed or wounded. Lawrence, as he was carried below, weltering in blood, and just before expiring, issued his last heroic order — "Don't give up the ship 1" But the fortunes of battle decided othei-wise. Third. The British met with another like success on the 14th of August, in the capture of the United States brig Argus by the Pelican. The Argus had carried Mr. Craw- ford, United States Minister to France, in the month of May ; after which she had made a brilliant cruise, captur- ing more than twenty of the enemy's ships, when she was in turn captured, as stated. Her colors, however, were not struck in her last engagement until after Captaip. Allen,' in command, had fallen mortally wounded. Fourth. In September, the United States brig Enterprise met the British brig Boxer on the coast of Maine, and after an engagement of forty minutes the Boxer snrren dered. The commanders of both vessels fell in the action, and were buried beside each other in Portland, with mili- tary honors. Fi^tfi. During the summer, Commodore Porter, of the frigate Essex, afler making many captures of British mer- chantmen in the Atlantic, visited the Pacific Oceaa, where he was no less signally successful. Sixth. During the same summer, British fleets entered .the waters of the Delaware and Chesapeake bays, under the command of Admiral Geoi'ge Cockburn. All small 14 314 ADMIKISTRATION OF MADISOK. [bOOK 11. merchant ships within their reach were destnoyed, and much damage done to many of the towns on the coast. Frenchtown, Georgetown, Havre cle Grace, and Frederick- town were burned. An attack was made upon Norfolk, which was repulsed with heavy loss. After committing many barbarities at Iliimpton, Cockburn with his com- mand sailed south. All the ports north, to the limits of the New England coast, were kept in close blockade. 15. During the session of the Congress which convened in December, 1813, a communication was received from the British Government, of the purport, that although they had declined to treat under the mediation of Kussia, yet they were willing to enter into direct negotiations either in London or Gottenburg. The offer was immediately ac- ceded to, and the latter place appointed for the meeting Henry Clay and Jonathan Eussell were added to the Com- missioners who bad already been sent to Europe. Tne place of meeting was afterwards changed from Gottenburg to Ghent. The country at this time was feeling sorely the ills of war everywhere. New loans had to be made ; iu' creased taxes had to be levied; more troops had to bo raised. The conquest of Canada was still the chief objecl of the Administration. 16. The plan of the campaign of 1814 was projected bj General Armstrong, the Secretary of War. The Depart- ment of War was temporarily removed to the frontier, and established at the headquarters of the army on the Canada line. The operations iu this quarter during this year, as those of 1813, were attended with many marches and countermarches,. and much gallant fighting on both sides; but without any decisive results on eitlier. The most 15, 'Whut communication \\'iis made from the Britisli Government, and whec ? Wliat was clonic wilii tlie offer? Wliat new Coinmipj^ioners were added to ttifl Embassy ? Wliere was i]\r place finally agreed npon lor the negotiators to meet I VFhat is said ol the state of the country! What was still li i chief object of tho Adnrtnistration ? 16. Who projected the campaign nf 1814 ? Whore was the Department ol War temporarily established J What is said of the operations on the Canada lineduring thisyear? Wuatarethe Host noted events of it ? Wtiat if eaid (>f the battle of FlattsburK I CHAP. XI.] ADMI3JI8TBATION OF MADISOS". 316 noted events connected with them may be thus summed up: First. The general advance of Wiikinson into Canada commenced in March, and ended with the affair at La Oole Mill on the 31st of that nionth, in which he was de- feated with heavy loss. Soon after this he was superseded, and the chief command given to General Izard. Second. The battle of Chippewa, which was fought on the 5th of July by General Brown, and in which the United States forces won the day. Third. The battle of Bridgewater, or Lundy's Lane, which was fought on the 3oth of July. It was here that General Scott so signally distinguished himself. Fourth. The battle of Fort Erie, fought on the 15th of August, in which the British General Drummond was re- pulsed with great loss. Fifth. The battle of Plattsburg, which was fought on the 11th of October. This was a joint land and naval ac- tion. General Macomb commanded the United States laud forces at this place ; General Prevost commanded those on the British side. The United States naval forces were com- manded by Commodore McDonough ; the British fleet was ■ commanded by Commodore Downie. The assault was commenced by Prevost with his land forces. As Commo- dore Downie moved iip to assist with his fleet, he was met and engaged by McDonough with his small flotilla. The chief interest of both armies was now diverted from the action on land to that on the water, while the conflict be- tween the fleet and flotilla lasted. It continued for up- wards of two hours, and was fierce as well ^s bloody. It ended in the surrender of the British fleet to Commodore McDonough. Cctomodore Downie was killed in the fight, and when his flag-ship struck her colors the results of the day were decided, on l*r.d as well as on the water. Prevost immediately retreated. This victory ended all active oper atious in that quarter. 316 ADMIiriSTRATIOlT OF MADISOIT. [BOOK 11, 17. Meantime, during the Summer of 1814, a fleet of fifty or sixty vessels arrived in the Chesapeake Bay under Admirals Cockburn and Cochrane, bringing a large laud force under General Eoss. The design was the capture of the City of Washington. Eoss landed five thousand men on the 19th of August, ac the head of the Patuxent, and commenced his march overland. There were at the time no forces for defence near the Capital. The raw militia were hastily got together, and put under General Winder, who met the enemy at Bladensburg. The President and Cabi- net left the city. Winder with his militia was barely able to retard the advance of Eoss. He entered Washington the 24th of .August, and burned most of the public build- ings, including the President's house and the Capitol. The troops then returned to their shipping and proceeded up the Chesapeake. Landing at North Point, they advanced on Baltimore. This place was defended by General Striker with a force consisting mostly of raw militia and volun- teers. In an action which took place on the 13th of Sep- tember, Eoss was killed, and his forces retired. After an unsuccessful attack of the British fleet under Cockburn upon Fort McHenry, which commanded the entrance to the city, the whole army re-embarked and left the Bay. During this bombardment of Port McHenry by Cock- burn, which lasted a night and whole day, without effect upon the garrison or fort, Francis Key, of Baltimore, then detained on board one of the British vessels, whither he had gone on some public mission, as he gazed most anx- iously upon the flag of his country, still floating triumph- antly on the I'iimparts in the midst of the heavy cannon- ading, composed his soul-stirring song, in which occur the famous lines : 17. What 18 said of General Rose's movement during the summer of 1814? What was ihi; dcjsiirn of the movement ? What was the result ? When was the Ciiy of Washiiifitou taken? What outrages were committed? After these, whiit did Eof-s do? Who defended BaltinJoj-c? When was the battle foiigft near Uwt place ? What became of Ross ? What of his forces? What is Billi) W Fruucis Key during the honibardmeut of F( rt McHenry ? CHAP. XI.J ADMINJSTRATIOir OF MADISOK. 317 " The Star-spangled Banner I oh, long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of tlie brave." 18. The New England States suffered much in the same way during the same Summer. Stonington was bombarded with similar unsuccess. Attempts were made to land an inyading force at several places, which were repulsed by the militia. 19. The operations of the respective navies on the ocean during the entire year of 1814 resulted about as they did in 1813. The United States lost two war-ships and captured five of like character, besides many British merchantmen. Mr. Gerry, the Vice-President, died suddenly in Wash- ington, on the 23d of November of this year. He expired iu his. carriage as he was going to the Capitol. His death was universally regretted. John Gaillard, of South Caro- lina, succeeded him. 20. While these events were occurring on land and water, during the Summer of 1814, the hostility in the New England States to the Federal Administration had ripened into a determination to take decisive steps for the mainte- ' nance of their own rights iu their own way. A majority of the people of these States were strongly opposed to the conquest of Canada. Massachusetts and Connecticut, throwing themselves upon their Eeserved Eights under the Constitution, refused to allow their militia to be sent out of their States in what they deemed a war of aggression, especially when they were needed for their own defence in repelling an invasion. For this course they were very se- verely censured by most of their sister States, itud the more so from the fact that the war had been entered upon 18. What is said of New England dnrins this Summer ? 19. What of the naval operations dm-jug the year 1814 ? What ia said of Mr. Gerry and Mr. Gaillard f 20. What is said of the conduct of the New England States during the year 1814? What determination had they coine to? What was the alleged ciiupe of their hostility to the Federal Administration ? How was their conrse'iltraked'' upon by most of their sister States? WhiitiiTcrcai«ed the oi)po5ition of the Now England States? What did it result in? Where did the Convention meet? How were their deliberations held? Wliat is said of their ultimate designs? Whai vau the result of their positive actiou t 318 ADMINISTRATION OF MADISON. [BOOK 11. for the joint maintenance of the rights of their seamen and commerce. Moreover, it was insisted upon by the friends of the Administration that the mode of warfare adopted was the surest for the attainment of the objects aimed at. Biit what increased the opposition of the New England States at this time, was the refusal of the Administration' to pay the expenses of their militia, called out by the Gov- ernors of these respective States for their own local de- fence. This refusal was based upon the ground that these States had refused to send their militia out of their limits upon a Federal call. To this may be added the new scheme of the Administration for forcing the militia of the respec- tive States outside of their limits, not by a call on the Gov- ernors of the States for them, but by a general Act of Fed- eral Conscription. It was in this condition of things that the Legislature of Massachusetts invited the neighboring States to meet in convention for mutual consultation. Ac- cordingly, a Convention of delegates from Massachusetts, llhode Island, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Connecticut met at Hartford, in the latter State, on the loth day of De- cember, 1814. The deliberations of this famous body were with closed doors. What the real ultimate designs of the leading members of it were, have never been fully disclosed. Some mystery has ever hung over it. But the resolutions adopted by it, and the public address put forth by it at the time, very clearly indicate that the purpose was, either to effect a change of policy on the part of the Federal Ad- ministration in the conduct of the war, or for these States, in the exercise of their Sovereign rights, to provide for their own well-being as they thought best by withdrawing from the Union. The only positive results of the Con voli- tion were, the appointment of a deputation of the body to wait upon the Federal authorities at Washington, to whom in person their views were to be presented, and the call of another Coni'ention, to which this deputation was to repori^ before any further decisive action should be taken. CHAP. XI.J ADMIKISTKATION OH MADISOK. 319 21. In the mean time it became known that a large Brit- ish force of at least twelve thousand men had been land- BATTJ.B OF N£W OBLEANB. ed at or near the moiith of the Mississippi Eiver, under Sir Edward Pakenham. The country everywhere was in the greatest alarm for the safety of New Orleans. The command of this Department was now in charge of' Gen- eral Jackson, with such forces as he could collect, consist- ing mostly of volunteers and militia, amounting in all to not more than half the numbers of the approaching:foe. He went vigorously to work to repel this most formidable in- vasion. With such means of resistance as the genius of " a born general" only can improvise, he was soon in an atti- tude of defence. The result was the ever-memorable he- roic charge and bloody repulse of the 8th of January, 1815. This was the most brilliant victory achieved by the arms of the United States during the war. Two thousand British soldiers, led in a charge on Jackson's breastworks, were left dead or wounded upon the field. Pakenham him- 81. What was occuvring in the mean time in the Southwest? Who was In charge of this Department at this time? What is said of Jackson and what he did ? What was the result ? X^ow was the news ol' Jackson's victory received ! ■viiat other intelligence soon followed ? What seemed to be forgotteo in the gen- «al joy ? 320 ADMINISTEATIOlf OF MADISOIT. [BOOK IL self was killed. Major-Generals Gibbs and Keane, the two officers next in command, were both wounded, the former mortally ; while Jackson's loss was only seven killed and six wounded. Upon the heel of the news of this splendid achieve- ment, which electrified the country with joy, came the still more gratifying intelligence of a Treaty of Peace, which the Commissioners had effected at Ghent on the 34th of De- cember, 1814, fifteen days before this great battle was fought. All discontents ceased, and in the general joy at this close of the bloody scenes of two years and over, it seemed to be entirely forgotten or overlooked that not one word was said in the treaty about the right of search and of impressment by Great Britain, which was the main point in issue at the commencement of the war. 22. The Treaty of Peace with England was promptly ratified, and all necessary steps for a disbandment of the army were immediately taken by Congress. But further work was in store for the navy. The Dey of Algiers had recently, in violation of the treaty of 1795, been com- mitting outrages upon American commerce within his waters. Another war against him was soon afterwards de- clared. The gallant Decatur was sent with a fleet to the Mediterranean for the chastisement of this piratical power. He in a short time captured two Algeiine ships of war, and brought the Dey to terms. A treaty of peace was made on the 30th of June, by which the United States obtained not only security for the future, but indemnity for the past. 23. William H. Crawford, on his return from Paris, where he had been resident United States Minister for some time, was appointed Secretary of War, 1st of August, 1815. 24. The charter of the first Bank of the United States 22. What farther work was loft for the navy to do ? Who was Bent out to «dge the war which was declared against the Bey of Algiers ? What was the n> iult of this short war ? 23. What is said of Mr. Crawford ? 24. What of the second Bank of the United Statca » CHAP, XI. J ADMIKISTKATION OF MADISOIT. 331 having expired in 1811, and an Act for its renewal having failed to pass, several attempts afterwards were made to obtain a charter for a similar institution, which likewise failed. A bill for this purpose, which had passed both Houses of Congress, was vetoed by Mr. Madison, in January, 1814 But on the 10th of April. 1816, another bill of like character received his approval, by which a new Bank of the United States was incorporated for twenty years, with a capital of thirtyrfive million dollars. 25. On the 19th of April, 1816, an Act was passed for the admission of Indiana mto the Union as a State. 26. During the Fall of 1816 an- other Presidential election took place. There was at this time con- siderable division among the Re- publicans as to Avhom the successor should be. Mr. Madison had posi- tively declined standing for re-elec- tion. The choice of candidates ™-^'' °^ ■^™'* °*' raniASA. finally made by the Democratic members of Congress in caucus was, Mr. Monroe for President, and Governor Dan- iel D. Tompkins, of New York, for Vice-President. The Federal party, still so called, nominated Rufus King, of New York, for President, and John Howard, of Maryland, for Vice-President. The result of the vote of the Electo- ral Colleges was 183 for Mr. Monroe, and 34 for Mr. King ; 183 for Governor Tompkins, and 23 for Mr. Howard. The vote by States between the Democratic and Federal tickets at this election stood: 16 for the Democratic, and 3 for the Federal. The 16 States that voted for Mr. Monroe and JMi. Tompkins were: New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Ver- mont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Ken- 2.5. Wher was Indiana admitted as « Stata into the Union ? 26. What .8 said of the Presidential jlection in the Fall of 1818? 14* 322 ADiriNISTRATIOX OF MADISOK. [BOOK 11. tucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, and Indiana. The 3 that voted for Mr. King were: Massachusetts, Connec- ticut, and Delaware. 27. After the 4th of March, 1817, Mr. Madison retired from ofiBce, leaving the country at peace with the world, and rapidly recovering from the injurious effects of the> late war. He returned to his home at Montpelier, "Virginia, where he enjoyed the society of his friends and the general esteem of his countrymen. The most distinguishing fea- ture of his Administration was the war with Great Britain. Whatever may be thought of the wisdom or the policy of that war, or of its general conduct, the result unquestion- ably added greatly to the public character of the United States in t^e estimation of foreign powers. The price at which this had been purchased was in roiind numbers about one hundred million dollars in public expenditures, and the loss of about thirty thousand men, including those who fell in battle as well as those who died of disease con- tracted in the service. Of the amount of private or indi- vidual losses and suffering no approximate estimate can be made; and though in the Treaty of Peace nothing was said about the main cause for which the war was prose- cuted, yet Great Britain afterwards refrained from giving any offence in the practical assertion of her theoretic right of search and impressment. /Whether the same ends could have been attained by any other course which would not have involved a like sacrifice of treasure and blood, is a problem that can never be satisfactorily solved by human specula tion?\ 87. What is said of Mr. Madison after the 4tli of March, 1817 1 What was th» no^t distinguishii g feature of hia Adiuiuiatratiou ( What i8 said of tbs result! of the wit t CHAP. XII.] ADMINISTRATION OF MOAEOE. 3iid OHAPTER XII. ADMINISTKATIOiT OF MONROE. 4tU of March, 1817— 4th of March, 1835. 1. James Monroe, of Virginia, fifth President of the Cnited States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1817, in the 59 th year of his age His Inaugural Address gave general s6wer to act ; and believed that the whole mnvemeiit of its introduction into that body w»8 nstigated Ijy the arch-leaders of the old Centralizinp pnrty by an artful appeal to the passions of the people on a popular issue, to revive their principles, on which they had been so utterly defeated for years. To Mr. Pinkney, he wrote : '* The Missouri question.js a mere party trick. The leaders of Federalism, defeated in their schemes of obtainintr power by rallying partisans to the principle of Monarchism— a principle of personal, not of local division— have chanejed their tack, and thrown out another barrel to the whale. They are taking advantage of the virtuous (eelinifs of the people to effect a divlilon of the parties hy a geographical line; they expect this will insnre them, on local .pri;icipleE^ the majority which they conld never obtain on principles of Federalism." While the di8CiiS!laine and Missouri were both to be admitted under thf separate Bills which had, passed the Houfe without any BeDtriction as to either Statu-, but with the Territorial Thomas Restr'ictioUf so to be Ihootd'o rated In the Missouri Bill. 328 ADMIKISTRATIOS OF MONKOE. [book II millions of dollars. The territory thus acquired by them amounted to 367,320 square miles, 10. On the 10th day of August, 1821, the State of Mis- souri was admitted into the Union, under a proclamation of the Presi- dent, in pursuance of a joint reso- lution emanating from a Grand Joint-Committee of the two Houses of Congress, at the instance of Mr. Clay, approved of by the President on the 2d of March before. 11. The 4th of March this year coming on Sunday, Mr. Monroe was inaugurated for the Second Term on the succeeding day, Monday, the 5tli of that month. The oath of office was COAT OF AKMS OF 3IISS0URI. 10. When was Missouri admitted, and how? 1 1. What is said of Mr. Monroe's second inauguration? A similar report w.is made to the Senato nn the 3d of March, which was ag:reed to in thul body witliout a count; but iu the [louse the yeas ami ni\ys were taken on both propositiona of the report. The tent vote was on Btriking out the Restrictiou oq the State as it then stood in the House Bill for the admission of Missouri. On this questiou the vote was 90 in favor of striking out, and 87 atjainst it; so tlie Restriction on the State was stricken out by a major- ity of 3. The question then came up on concurring with the Senate, in the insertion of the Thomas I'rovision for the future line of division on thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes, noitb latitude. This wa^ passed by a vote of 134 to 42. The oiijtity-Beven votes wliicb hud been given against striking out the Restriction on the State, were on the last question given in favor of inserting the Restriction on the Territory— not as a '■ Compromise " for the admission of the State without Restriction, hut as the nexl best thing that could bo accomplished on their unyielcled line, as results allowed. The forty, two votes agiiiiist tlie ingertioii of the Territorial Restriction, were given by Strict OouBtruc- tionists. Tipon the groiind that Congress bad no more right, under the Constitution, to impose a Territorial Restriction tl,ian a State Restriction. iMany others, of tlie Strict Coiistrnction Party, however, viewing the question in a different light, accepted the Thonias Proposition, and voted for it, upon the principle of a fair division of the public domain between the two great sections of the Union. By them, in tliis view, it was ajrreed to as a " Compromise," Under the bolief that it would be an end of the ftgitatinu of tlie subject ; but in this tiiey were greatly mistaken The result was, that the separate Act for the admLssion of Maine received tlie approval of the Prebident on the 3d of March, 1820, and that State was admitted into the L'liipii under it nn the 15th day of that month. The separate Act in relation to Missouri also received the President's approval, on the 6th of March. 1820. It was entitled, "An Act to authorize the People of Missouri Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, and for thjj admission of such State into the Union on an equal footing with the original (States, and to piohibit Slavery in certain Territories." But Missouri was not admiited under this Act. She was denied repreai»ntation in the Son- ate and in the House, as a State of the Union, at the next Session of Congress, thouLfh her people hurl formed a State Ciinstitntion and Jirg mized a State Government, under tlie provi- sions of the Act so passed, and in pursuance of the understunding upon which ihese provisiona weie based. They had, us Maine had, elected Senators and membei-s to Congress, and had viJLe«fore. CHAP, Xlt.] ADMIKISTKATION OF MONROE. 329 administered by Chief-Justice Marshall. No iiximediato changes took place in his Cabinet. 12. The ITth Congress held its first session from the 3d of December, 1821, to the '8th of May, 1822. On the organization of the House at this Session a marked division among the Eepublicans or Democrats manifested itself, upon the question of the limitations and powers of the Federal Government. Those who favored the policy of levying duties upon foreign imports, with a view spe- 12. What two queetions did the Democrats divide on in December, 1821 ? What is eaid of the Speakerehip at this sesBion ? Who was finally elected Speaker ? It was at tliis stRge of the proceedings that Mr. Clay threw himself into the breach, and ex- erted his transcendent powers in efforts at conciliation and harmony. He moved, on the 2d ot Fobruarj'i 1S21, that a Committee of Thirteen be appointed to report such action as slionld properly be taken iu view of the situation. A committee was raised, und reported on the 2Uch of P'ebniary. The pretext for the opposition to the recognition of the State in December, 1320, was, that a clause of the Constitution of Missouri, about the immigration of Frf>e Negroes and Miilattoes into that State, was in violation of the Constitution of the United States. This, however, wart nothing hut a pretext; for if the State Constitntinn contained anything inconsistent with the Constitution of the United States, it was, of course, inoperative^ null and void. The report of Mr. Clay's Committee of Thirteen was iii substunce: That Missouri should be recognized as a State of the Union upon the " Fundamental Condition " that her Legislature shoiild pass no law in violation of the rights of the citizens of other States; and that the Lc^is- lature should also, by proper Act, give its assent to this " Fundamental Condition," before the 4th Monday in November next ensuing; and that the I're&ident of the United States, upon the receipt of this assent of the Legislature, should announce the fact by I'roclamatjon, and then the State was to be considered in the Union. This report was rejected by a vote of 81) for it, and 83 against it This shows very conclusively what was the real objection to Missoin-i at that time, and that the Kestrictionists had not agreed to any compromise of their views upon the subject of Slavery, either in the State or Territory, by wbich they considered themselves bonnd, or intended to abide. The parties, in the mean time, continued to stand as they !-tood at the Session before. The passions on both sides waxed wanner as the conflict was prolonged. The strife was riially one between Centraliam and Confederation. The rejection of Mr, Clay's resolution w:ia reconsidered nt-xt day ; hut when it wa.s again put on its passage, it wa.s a^aln lost, by a vole of 82 for it, and 88 against it. Discordant opinions now jjrevallod as to what was the actual status of the people of Missouri, in their relations to the Federal Government. Some held that they were still in a Territorial condition, subject to Federal authority ; while others maintained that they constituted an hidepeuilent State, out of the Union. Th'e with- drawal of other States seemed imminent. Mr. Clay, undaunted l)y Iiis previous failure, again came to the rescue of the Union. On the 22d of February, he moved that a Grand Joint-Corn mi itee, consisting of members of the House and Senate, should be raised to propose ''snitable action for the alarming cri&is." The Committee, on the part of the House, was to consist of twenty-three members. This was agreed to, and the twenty-tln-ee members were elected by the House. The Senate concurred. ffiie Grand Joint-Committee was raised, Mr. Clay, as Chairman of this Grand Joint-Commit- tee on the part of the House, made the report from it on the 26Ui of February. It wiis a ioint resolution, substantially the same iis that rt-ported by him before from the Committee of Thirteen. This resolution passed the House the same day, by a vote of 87 to 81. It was sent to the Senate, and pEissed that body the next day, by a vote of 26 to 15 ; and was approved by the President on tlie 2d of March, 1821. The Legislature of Missouri readily passed the indi- cated Act, on the 2Bth of June thereafter ; and on the 10th day of August, 1821, tlie Presiilent issued his Proclamation accordingly, declaring the admisbion of Missouri into the Union aa This is the true history of " Tlie Missouri Compromise," so called, of 1820, from the beginning to the end, so far as related to the admission of Missouri. A general idea prevails very exten- sively at this time, that Missouri was admitted as a Slave Srate in 13i!0, under an agreement with the Restrictionista or Centralists, proposed by Mr. Clay, that.ahe should be so admitted upon condition tliat Negro s'avery should be forever prohibited thereafter in the public domain north of thirty-six degrees arid thirty minutes norlh latitude. No greater error on any iin^ Dortant historical event ever exi.^ted. The truth is, Mr. Clay was not the author of the Terri. torlal line of thirty-six thirty degrees, incorporated in the Act of 1820; nor was Missoua wlmitted under tlie provisions of that Act. On the contrary, she was admitted on thelOth of August, 1821. by Presidential proclamation, upon the " Fundamental Condmon,"in substance that the State Government, hi all its departments, should be subject to the Constitution of the Halted States, as ftll the State Goverumeuts were, and are.— Authou. 530 ADMINISTRATION OF MONROE. [BOOK II. cially to protect domestic manufactures in the United States, and also of entering into a system of internal im- provements throughout the States by the Federal Gorern- ment, put in nomination for the Speakership John W. Taylor, of N. Y., who had been the mover of the Mis- souri Eestriction. They who constituted the "straight- est sect" of Strict Constructionists put in nomination Philip P. Barbour, of Va., who was decidedly opposed to a protective tariff, and to any system of general internal im- provements to be carried on by the Federal Government ; he liad also opposed the Missouri Eestriction. Mr. Barbour was elected by a majority of four votes. 13. During this session the subjects of a Protective Tariff and Internal Improvements constituted the chief topics of discussion ; nothing of importance, however, was done upon them. The Tariff movement ended with the report of the committee having that subject in charge, that any additional legislation on that subject was inexpedient. A bill was passed by Congress making an appropriation for continuing the Cumberland Koad, which contained clauses nnconstitutional in the opinion of the President, and was returned by him with his veto. On the 4:th of May he sent to Congress a message on the subject of Internal Improve- ments; which was one of the ablest State Papers ever issued from the Executive Department, on the general nature, character, and powers of the Federal Government under the Constitution. 14. During the same session of Congress, in accordance with the recommendation of the President, a resolution was passed recognizing the independence of Mexico and five new States in South America, formerly under the do- tiiinion of Spain as Provinces ; and one hundred thousand 1 3. Did any Protective Tariff Bill paeB this session ? What was done with tlia Bill for continuing the Camberland Road ? What is said of Mr. Monroe's message j)f the 4th of May? 14. When was the independence of Mexico and the other Spanish Provinces on ^ Western Coutineut recognized as States ? What is said of the " Mouroc Doo ef" CHAP. XII.] ADMINISTBATIOX OF MONROE. " 331 dollars were appropriated to defray tlie expenses of EnToys to those Republics. It was about this time that the Presi- dent, in a message to Congress, declared that, " as a princi- ple, the American Continents, by the free and independent position •which they hare assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colo- nization by any European powei-." This principle is what has since been known as " The Monroe Doctrine." 15. The 18th Congress met the 1st day of December, 1833, and continued in session until tlie 26tli of May, 1834. Mr. Clay, being again returned as a member of the House from Kentucky, was again chosen with great unanimity as the Eepublican or Democratic Speaker. The' most import- ant subjects which engaged the attention of this Congress, as that of the last, were those relating to internal improve- ments and domestic manufactures. An Act finally passed ordering certain surveys, on tlie first of these subjects, which received the President's approval. An Act also was passed imposing a duty or tariff" upon several articles of foreign importation, with a direct view thereby of afford- ing protection to manufactures of like articles in the United States. The passage of this Act was strongly op- posed, and its discussion called into exercise the first talent of Congress. This, as well as the internal improvement measure, was carried mainly by the eloquence, influence, and popularity of Mr. Clay. This policy of building up home manufactures by a protective tariff, and of carrying on internal improvements by the Federal Government, is wliat at the time was called the " American System," the authorship of which was attributed to Mr. Clay. It soon made a wide and permanent split in the Democratic party. 16. The year 1824 was signalized by the visit of La Fayette to the United States, on the express invitation of 1 5. Who was Speaker of the 18th Congrese ? What queetious now agitated the public councils ? What is said of the "American System !" What eflect had it on the Democratic party ? 16. What was the year 1884 signalized hy f What is said of La Fayette's visit t Whatgi'ants did Congress make him ? 333 ADMINISTRATION OF HONEOE. [BOOK II, Congress. He arrived at Ifew Sork the 13th of August, and became the guest of Dar.jel D. Tompkins, the Vice- President, who resided on Staten Island. Here he waa waited upon by a committee of the State of New York and many distinguished citizens, to welcome him to this great metropolis. The escort of steamboats, decorated with the flags of every nation, brought him to the view of the as- sembled multitudes in the city, who manifested their joy at beholding him. He was waited upon by deputations from Philadelphia, Baltimore, JSTew Haven, and many other cities, with invitations to visit them. He travelled through all the States, and was everywhere received with the warm- est demonstrations of respect and affection. He returned to Washington duriug the session of Congress, and re- mained there several weeks. In token of their gratitude, and as a part payment of the debt due him by the country, Congress voted him the sum of two hundred thousand dol lars and a township of land. At the time of his visit to the United States he was nearly seventy years of age. 17. Another Presidential election came off during the Fall of the same year (IS^i). Mr. Monroe declining a re- election, the division in the Eepublican party in their nom- ination for the succession became very marked. The usual Congressional caucus selected William H. Crawford, of Ga., for President, and Albert Gallatin, of Penn., for Vice-Pres- ident. Mr. Gallatin declining, John C. Calhoun, of S. 0., was subsequently run in his place. Mr. Crawford, before the election, was stricken with paralysis, from which it was supposed, in some of the States, he never would sufficiently recover to perform the duties of the office. The conse- quence was, the caucus nomination, so far as Mr. Crawford was concerned, was not conformed to by the Electoral Col- 17. When did the next Piei-idential election talce place? Who received the Democratic cancus nominations? What affliciion fell upon Mr, Crawford, the nominee for President ? What was the result of thi/> affliction ? What was ths result of the Electoral vote for President! What forVicc-Prepidentf Who wa» chosen by the Stales in the House of liepresentatives? What effect did the elec. tion of Mr. Adams produce in the country ? How did it affect Mr. Clay's poiio Arity, ana wiuf f CHAP. XII.] ADMINISTRATION- OF MONROE. 333 leges throughout the Union. Other distinguished Repub- licans were voted for instead of Mr. Crawford. The gen- eral result of the Electoral vote was 99 for Andrew Jackson, 84 for John Quincy Adams, 41 for Wilham H. Crawford, and 37 for Henry Clay, for President ; and 182 for John 0. Calhoun for Vice-President, with some scattering votes for others. The States that voted for Gen. Jackson were : New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, _^ Illinois, and Alabama— eleven in all. Those which voted for John Quincy Adams were : Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, and New York — seven in all. Those that voted for Mr. Craw- ford were: Delaware, Virginia,' and Georgia/^only three. While those which voted for Mr. Clay were : Kentucky, Ohio, and Missouri — being also only three. , Mr, Calhoun, having received a large majority of the Electoral votes, was duly declared Vice-President; but neither of the candidates voted for for President having received a majority of the votes of the Electoral Colleges, the choice of one of the three having the highest vote de- volved, under the Constitution, upon the House of Repre- sentatives, voting by States. This choice was made on the 9bli of February,' 1825 ; ^■^ hen, upon counting the ballots, it was found that John, Quincy Adams received the votes of thirteen States, Andrew Jackson the votes of seven States, and Mr. Crawford the votes of four States. Mr. Adams having received, therefore, a majority of the States so cast under the Constitution, was declared duly elected to suc- ceed Mr. Monroe. This election produced great discontent throughout the eountry, and most seriously affected the popularity of Mr. Clay, as the election of Mr. Adams was attributed mainly to his agency, which had been exerted, as was supposed by many, with a view to defeat the election of Gen. Jackson, who by the returns seemed to stand highest in popular favor. 334 ADMINISTKATIOK OF JOHX Q. ADAMS. [BOOK II. CHAPTEE XIII. ADiriXISTEATIOlSr OF JOHN QUINCT ADAMS. 4lli of March, 1835— 4tU of March, 1829. 1. John Quincy Adams, the 6th President of the United States, was inangurated on the 4th of March, 1835, in the 58th yeav of his age. He was the son of John Adams, the 2d President. He was a man of very great natural ability ; and by educa- tion and thorough training had acquired a vast deal of varied knowledge. After hav- ing been United States Min- ister to the Netherlands and to Portugal, under Washing- ton; and to Berlin, during his father's Administration, he was elected in 1803 by the Legislature of Massachusetts to the Senate of the United States. In this body he soon gave a cordial support to the Administration of Mr. Jeiferson, and became thoronghjy identified with the Eepublican or Democratic party of that period. His support of the Embargo gave great offence to the Federalists of Massachusetts, who censured his course. He thereupon resigned, and was called to the Chair of Ehetoric and Oratory in Harvard College. This position, however, he did not continue to hold long; for soon after the accession of Mr. Madison to tlie Presidency, he was nominated and confirmed as Minister Plenipotentiary to Eussia. This position he held for a number of years, and was one of the Commissioners who negotiated the treaty PRESIDENT JO UN yUlNOr ADAMS. Chaptkr XIII.— 1. was he inaugurated f qnefltiou f Who was the sixth President of the United States! When What is said uf him ? Uow did he stand ou the Mli!90iiri CHAP. XIII.J ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN Q. ADAMS. 335 of peace at Ghent. After this, Mr. Madison (in 1815), ap- pointed him Minister to Great Britain, where he remained until Mr. Monroe's accession in 1817, when he was appoint- ed Secretary of State ; which office he continued to hold nntil his own accession to the Presidency, as we hare seen. In the agitation of the Missouri question, his influence was exerted for conciliation. Though an ardent Anti- Slavery man, he did not belieye that under the Constitu- tion and the Treaty of Cession by which Louisiana waa acquired, Congress had the rightful power to adopt the proposed restrictions on the admission of that State ; but on the new question now dividing the Democratic party, he sided with those who favored what was called the " Ameri- can System." 2. In the organization of his Cabinet, Mr. Adams ap- pointed ' Henry Clay, of Kentucky, Secretary of State , Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Treasury, and James Barbour, of Virginia, Secretary of War. Mr. Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey, was continued Secre- tary of the Navy, and Mr. Wirt was retained as Attorney- General. 3. One of the first questions that produced considerable agitation in the country, soon after Mr. Adams's accession to office, was a controversy with the State of Georgia, grow- ing out of a treaty with the Creek Indians. On the 12th of February, 1825, two United States Commissioners, Dun- can G. Campbell and James Meriwether, had made a treaty with the principal chiefs of this tribe, at what was known as the " Indian Springs;" by which the United States had procured the extinguishment of the Indian title to a large extent of Indian territory, in pursuance of the agreement with Georgia in her cession of 1802 of the Territories of 2. Who constituted the new Cabinet? I What was the flrpt qiu-stion which produced agitation under the new Ad- ministratiun f What was the cause of the controversy ? Who nesotiated the treaty at the Indian Springs? When was tliis treaty made and ratified? What did «ome of the tkctiou? Indian leadeva do? VVliat did the Administration do I Who w;%s Governor of G.orgia .u the lime ! What did lio do t What became of the land ceded bv '.hi> '• old treaty" ! ?36 ADMIKISTEATIOK OF JOHK Q. ADAMS. [BOOK U. Alabama and Mississippi. This treaty was ratified by the Senate just before the close of Mr. Monroe's Administration ; but, under the instigation of certain Trhite men, it was very strongly opposed by a few factious leaders of the tribe. They set upon Mackintosh, the principal chief, who had signed it, and assassinated him in the night, with another, who had also signed it, and then called upon the Federal Go'vernment to repudiate the treaty so made and ratified. This was done by tlie Administration, and a new treaty was made by new Commissioners on the 24th of January, 1826. In the mean time, the Governor of Georgia, George M. Troup, proceeded to take possession of the territory ceded by the first or " old treaty," as it was called. He utterly refused to be controlled by the proceedings of the Federal authorities under the second, or what was called the " new treaty." He caused the boundary line between Georgia and Alabama to be run according to the terms of the cession of 1802, and the lands embraced in the "old treaty" to be surveyed and disposed of according to an Act of the Legislature of the State. This was done in open disregard of orders from AVashington. The arrest of the Commis- sioners making the surveys was threatened. But upon the announcement of Troup, in effect, that force would be mot by force, the surveys were permitted to go on, and the lands were occupied by Georgia under the " old treaty.'* Mr. Adams submitted the subject to Congress ; but no further steps were taken to arrest the action of the authori- ties of Georgia in the matter. 4. The opposition to the Administration, which had thus early manifested itself, continued to gain strength and make new developments. In October, 1825, General Jackson was nominated by the Legislature of Tennessee for the next Presidency. He accepted the nomination in an address delivered before that body, and resigned a seat which ha then heid in the United States Senate. 4. What is &aid ol' General Jackeon f CHAP. XIII.J ADMIKISTEATION OF JOHlf Q. ADAMS. 33? 5. The first session of the 19th Congress convened the 5th of December, 1825, and continued to the 22d of May, 1826. The debates became very bitter. Mr. McDuflBe, of South Carolina, upon one occasion censured in strong terms the course of Mr. Clay and his friends in the matter of the late Presidential election. Mr. Trimble, of Kentucky, and others, replied in like spirited language, and a scene of con- siderable excitement ensued. An imputation affecting Mr. Clay's integrily having been made in this debate, an inves- tigation followed. A mass of testimony was produced by Mr. Clay,, which was thought by his friends amply sufficient to rebut the accusations, and to justify him in voting for Mr. Adams. The object of the testimony was to show that any other course on his part would have rendered him liable to the charge of gross violation of principle. 6. Another cause of opposition to the Administration was' what was known as the "Panama Mission." On an invitation from Peru, Chili, Colombia, Mexico, and the States of Central America, to meet in a general Congress at Panama, on the 22d of Juno, 1826, Mr. Adams appointed Eichard C. Anderson and John Sergeant, United States Commissioners, with William B. Eochester, Secretary. Mr. Anderson, who was tlien Minister to the Eepublic of Co- lombia, died of a malignant fever at Carthagena, on his way to Panama. Mr. Sergeant not being able to attend, the United States had no representative at this celebrated assembly. Peru, Colombia, Mexico, and the States of Central America, were represented; They entered into a treaty of friendship and perpetual Confederation, to which all the other American powers or States were invited to ac- cede. The Congress then adjourned to re-assemble in Feb- ruary, 1827, at Tocubaza, a village near the City of Mexico. Mr. Poinsett, United States Minister to Mexico, was ap- 5. When d'd the first peesion of Congfress meet after Mr. Adama^e election I What is aaid of the debates ; ol Mr. McDufflo ; of Mr. Clay, and the charges agaiiist him! 6. What was another canse of oppositioin to the Administration ! What 1b> said of the " Panama Mission," and tne United States Commissioners sent oa it! 15 338 ADMINISTBATIC K OF JOHIf Q. ADAMS. [bCOK II pointed Commissioner, in place of Mr. Anderson, to meet tliis body on its re-assembly. Mr. Sergeant also rejiaired to Mexico for tlie same purpose ; hxd the Congi'ess never met again : so that matter ended. 7. During the same session of the Congress of the United States the subject of internal improvements gave rise to warm and heated debate. Party lines on the new division became more distinctly marked. 8. The 4th of July of the year 1826 was memorable from the fact of its being the semi-centennial anniversary of the independence of the States ; bu t it became more so from the fact that two of the most prominent men connected with the movement which brought about that independence, de- parted this life on that day. These were John Adams and Thomas Jeffei-son. They expired within a few hours of each other ; the one at Monticello, Virginia, the other at Quincy, Massachusetts; Mr. Jefferson in the 84th and Mr. Adams in the 91st year of his age. The news of the death of these two distinguished statesmen filled the whole country with mourning. The impression upon the public mind thereby was increased from the wonderful coincidences taken all together. In every town and village nearly, as well as in the cities, funeral ceremonies, by processions and orations, were performed in memory of the honored dead. 9. The elections to the 20th Congress showed an in- crease in the strength of the Opposition. The Administrar tion gained somewhat in the New England States, in Del- aware, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, and Louisiana ; but lost largely in all the otlier States. The first session of this Congress commenced on the 3d of December, 1827, and continued to May 2Gth, 1828. The absorbing topic of this period was the Protective policy. A convention of manu- facturers had been held in Ilarrisbnrg, Pennsylvania, 7. What olhor suljoct excited warm and heated debates at the Kanie seBBionf 8. What Is said n," ihe 4th of Jnlv, 1836? 9. What was the general resijit of the clectionB to the SOIh ConRreMl When die. his ConoreBs firm meet? Wliat was the ahsorlilna; topic f Wlimtwv th« Tariff Act of tSSS balled ? On what !«rb'iind was it Dppos^ J CHAP. XIII.] ADMINISTHATIOK OF JOHN Q. ADAMS. 339 which memorialized Congress on the subject. A commit- tee on manufactures in tlie House was empowered to send for persons and papers. Tliey reported a new Tariflf Bill, based upon the Protective policy. The discussions on this Bill lasted from the 12th of February, 1828, to the loth of April, when, after having received various amendments, it finally passed the House by a vote of 109 to 91. This tariff was opposed upon the ground, as it was insisted, that it was clearly unconstitutional, and also partial in its oper- ation, being highly injurious to the interests of tlie- South- ern States, as they were producers of staples for export, and it was to their interest to get manufactures for their consumption in the cheapest markets. Duties under the Protective policy, their representatives contended, were not only bounties to the manufacturers, but a heavy tax, levied upon their constituents, and a great majority of the con- sumers in all the States, which never went into the public treasury. 10. During the excitement produced by the discussions and passage of the Tariflf Act of this year, which was called the "Bill of Abominations," and the various pro- jected schemes of internal improvement, involving the ap- propriation of many millions of dollars, the Presidential election of 1838 took place. The contest between the two parties, the Administration and Opposition, over the powers and limitations of the Federal Government, became almost as hot and fierce as it was in 1800, between the Federalists and Republicans of that day. General Jackson, without any caucus nomination, was supported by the Op- position everywhere for President, and Mr. Calhoun for Vice-President. The friends of the Administration put forth the utmost of their exertions for the re-election of Mr. 10. Who were the candidates for President and Vice-Prepident in the election whicli tooK pliice in the Pall of 18J8 ? What was the result of llie vote •'' the Electoral Colleges ! What by States ? What was General Jackson's part) (luoi- tion f What new disiincfive names did parties take ? Who was regarded a:' th« head of the Democratic party? Who was recognized as the lyader of the JS» HuDal Rcptiblioans f Wbut lud bis^ii Mr. Clan's previous prosition i 340 ADMIIflSTRATIOlf OF JACKSON. [BOOK II. Adams lo the office of President, and Eichard Rush to the office of Vice-President. The result of the vote of the Electoral Colleges was, 178 for Jackson, and 83 for Adams; 171 for Mr. Calhoun, and 83 for Mr. Eu.sh. Seven of the Electoral yotes of Georgia were cast for William Smith, of South Carolina, instead of Mr. Calhoun. The vote for President by States stood : 15 for Jackson and 9 for Adams. The 15 States that voted for Jackson wei-e : New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, South Car- olina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, In- diana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, and Missouri ; the 9 that voted for Mr. Adams were : Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New Jersey, Delaware, and Mai-yland. From this time the political parties in the United States took the distinctive names of Democratic and National Re- publican. General Jackson, belonging to the strict-con- struction Jeffersonian school, was now regarded as the head of the Democratic party. Mr. Clay, who had also hereto- fore belonged to the same school, was now recognized as the great leader of the National Republicans. CHAPTER XIV. ADMINISTRATION OF JACKSON. 4th of Maich, 1829— 4th of March, 1837. 1. Andrew Jackson, the 7th President of the United States, was inaugurated the 4th of March, 1829, in the 62d year of his ago. His Inaugural Address was delivered at the Capitol before the largest audience that had ever as- sembled on a similar occasion, since the inauguration of Washington in New York, on the 30th of April, 1790. The oatn of office was administered by^ Chief-Justice Marshall. Chapter XIV.— 1. Wbafc le said of Gen. .Jackson's inauguration f What ol BIB address on the occasion f What is further said of him f CHAP. XIV. J ADMINISTRATIOBT OF JACKSOK. 3. What memorable event occnrted about the close of this session of Congress » 7. What queslion whs aeitated early in 1831? What is said of it! What changes took place in the Cabinet about this time? When and where did Ur. Monroe die? 844 ADMIKISTRATIOK OF JACKSON. [BOOK U. Treasury ; Lewis Cass, of 0., Secretaiy of War ; Levi Wood- bury, of N. H., Secretary of the Navy; and Eoger B. Taney, of Md., Attorney- Genei'al. On the 4th day of July of this year ex-President Monroe died, in the 74th year of his age. He was at the time in New York, with his daughter, Mrs. Samuel L. Gonverneur. 8. In the meantime a Convention of the " National Ke- publicans" was called to meet on the 13th of December, 1831, in the city of New York. At this Convention Mr. Clay was nominated for the Presidency, and John Sergeant, of Penn., for the Vice-Presidency. During the same year, ii ]iew party, styling itself " Anti-Masonic,'" j)ut in nomina- tion for the same offices Mr. Wirt, late Attorney-General, and Amos Ellmaker, of Penn. The year 1831 is also memorable for the election of John Quincy Adams, from Mass., late President, as a member of the House to the 22d Congress, and the election to the Senate of Mr. Clay, from Ky., and also the election to the same body of Mr. Calhoun, of S. C, he having resigned the office of Vice-President. 9. Among the most noted subjects which were agitated during the 1st session of the 22d Congress, which com- menced the 5th of December, 1831, and lasted to the 16th of July, 1832, were the re-eharter of the Bank of the United States, and a modification of the Tariif of 1828. A Bill for the re-charter of the Bank passed both Houses, and was vetoed by the President upon constitutional and other grounds. The veto was sustained, but lost Jackson many friends, as it brought most of the moneyed power then in the Democratic party into decided opposition to his re-election. The Tariff Bill of this session rather increased than dimin- ished the opposition to the Protective policy ; for although 8. Who else were nominated for President and Vice-President dnring the gam« year, and liy what parties ? \^hat v an the year ]^S1 mcniorable for ? ». What two lopics chiefly engrossed the attcntloD of the first session of th« J2d Congress? What became of the Bill for the re-charter of the C Statut Bank? What effect had tlie veto upon Jackson's popularity? Wliat is said c( the Tarifl* Dil. of this session ? CHAP. XrV.j ADMIlTISTKATlOJf OF JACKSON. 345 it reduced the duties on many imported articles, it was yet based upon the principle of Federal Protection to local in- terests in several States, to the injury of the general inter- ests of the courftry, as was maintained by its opnonents. 10. It was on the 21st of June, 1832, that the Eastern Plague, known as the Asiatic Cholera, made ita first appear- ^^ ance in the United States, in ibe city of T\ew York. Its rapid spread produced universal panic, though it was less fatal iL -^^e South Atlantic St^vtes than in the ?foTth and € in the VaJ ley of the Mississippi. Thousandsof persons of all ages and cojj-Jitions died of it within a few months. The most robust constitntions in man'? instances became vic- tims of its malignancy ^''r'hm ?• ■ i^ours ft'om its first attack. During the same year, l&oa, a war broke out with the,. Winnebagoes and several other Western and Northwestern r tribes of Indians. General Scott was put in command of the f forces sent against them. The war was soon tei-miuated by ; the capture, on the 27th of August, of « Black Hawk," the ^" ehief, and several subordinate warriors of note. 11. During the Fall of this year, also, came off another Presidential election. The party canvass against Gen- Jackson was very bitter, on account of his opposition to the Protective policy, and his vetoes of the bills for internal improvements and the re-charter of the Bank. The first general Convention of the Democratic party ^ ever held in the United States met this year, in the month of May, in Baltimore, for the purpose of nominating a can- didate for Vice-President, to run on the ticket with Jackson ■? for the Presidency. Martin Van Buren, of N. Y., received ^- the nomination of this Convention. The general result of __ j'^ the election, under all the nominations made as stated, wiis ■ 319 electoral votes for Jackson; 49 for Clay; and 7 for 1 0. What Is said of the cholera ? What war broks out iu 1832, and what is J^ taidofif! 1 1 . What is paid of the party canvass of this year ? When and where was the J" firpt General Convention of the Democrntic parry held, and for what -purpobe ! r Who was nominated for the office of Vice-President to be run on the' Jackson ticket ! What was the result of the electiottJ- What was the vote layStftjM ? 15* r- 346 ADMINISTRATION OF JACKSON. [BOOK II. Wirt. For Vice-President, the electoral votes stood : for Altirtin Van Buren, 189 ; for John Sergeant, 49 ; for Amos Ellmaker, 7. The vote by States for the candidates for the Presidency, stood : 16 for Jackson ; 6 for Clay : and 1 for Wirt. The 16 States that voted for Jackson were: Maine, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Oiiio. F^oin'siana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, and Missouri; the 6 States that voted for Mr. Clay were: Massachusetts, Ehode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, Mary- laud, and Kentucky ; the State that voted for Mr. Wirt was : Vermont; South Carolina cast her vote for John Floyd, of Va., for President, and Henry Lee, of Mass., for Vice-Presi- dent. 12. In the meantime a Sovereign Convention of the peo- ple of South Carolina was called, which adopted what was known as the " Nullification Ordinance." The leading features of this were a declaration that the Tariff Act of 1832, being based upon the principle of Protection to manufacturers, and not upon the principle of raising reve- nue, was unconstitutional, and therefore null and void ; and a provision for testing the constitutionality of this Act before the courts of the State ; with a further provision that in case the measures thus adopted for the purpose stated should be forcibly resisted by the Federal authorities, then the State of South Carolina was declared to be no longer a member of the Federal Union. This measure was to take effect on the 13th of February, 1833, if before -that time the principle of levying duties upon imports, not with a view to revenue, but for the protection of domestic manufactures, should not be abaudoned by the Congress of the States. 13. It was in this state of things, after the elections of 1 2-. What occurred in the meantime ? What was tlie object of the NtiUifica- UonOrfliiiance? What were its leading features ? IS- W'hat did the President recommend on the meeting of Congress in Decern bet, 1832 T Wnat other paper did he issn» a few days afterwai-ds ? What is sai^ of \he ProclaiuatioD ? What explanation did Gen. Jackson ma^e about it 1 CHAP. XIV.] ADMIXlSTRATIOlf OF JACKSOIT. 347 this Fall were concluded^ that the 3d session of the 23d Congress was held, in December, 1832. The President in his annual Message urged upon Congress a reduc- tion of the Tariff. The Message gave satisfaction to the anti-Protectionists everywhere. This was followed a few days afterwards by his celebrated Proclamation against " NuUificatiou." In this he urged the people of Soutli Carolina ni t to persist in the enforcement of their Ordi- nance, as it would necessarily bring the Federal and State authorities in conflict, so long as the State retained her place in the Union, and her citizens, who should take up arms against the United States in such conflict, would be guilty of treason against the United States. In speaking of the action of the Convention of that State he said : " The Ordinfince is founded, not on the indefeasible right of resist- ing acta which are plainly unconstitutional, and too oppressive to be endured ; but on the strange position that any one State may not only declare an Act of Congress void, but proUibit its execution ; that they may do this consistently with the Constitution ; that the true construction of that iustj'ument permits a State to retain its place in tlie Union, and yet be bound by no other of its laws than those it may choose to consider as constitutional." This Proclamation produced great excitement in South Carolina and other States. Its principles in some parts were thought to be inconsistent with the doctrines taught by Jeflferson upon the subject of the rights of the several States ; and by many who did not approve of the course of South Carolina, the Proclamation, taken as a whole, was looked upon as amounting in substance to a denial of thd right of secession on the part of any State for any cause whatever. This wa3 the view taken generally by the old Federalists and th* extreme advocates of State Eights; but the President afterwards maintained that an erroneous con- stru3tion had been put upon those parts of the Proclama- tion referred to, and in a full explanation he declai-ed his adherence to the principles of Mr. Jefferson as set forth in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 and 1799. 346 ADMIKISTEATION OF JACKSON. [UOOB It 14. Soon after this Proclamafciou was issued, Mr. Ver- planck, an Administration member from N. Y., introduced a Bill for the further reduction of the Tariff, and Virginia Bent Benjamin Watkins Leigh, one of her most distin- guished statesmen, as a Commissioner of Peace to South Carolina, urging her to suspend the execution of her Ordi- nance, at least until the 4th of March, as there was some prospect of having the Tariff policy rightly adjusted before that time. This oyerture was acceded to by South Caro- ]ina, and the Ordinance suspended until the time stated. 15. It was now that Mr. Clay, in the Senate, came forward with his celebrated "Tariff Compromise" of 18-33. This was based upon the principle of an abandonment of the Protective policy, which had been with him a cherished object for a number of years, and constituted the basis of his "American System." The Bill provided for a gradual reduction of all duties then above the revenue standard. One-tenth of one-half of all duties for protection above that standard was to be taken off annually for ten years, at the end of which period the whole of tlie other half wa» to be taken off, and thereafter all duties were to be leviet? mainly with a view to revenue, and not for protection. It was on this occasion that Mr. Clay displayed the high- est qualities of his heart and head. His Bill, in the main, was promptly accepted by Mr. Calhoun, and declared by him to be entirely satisfactory to the people of South Car- olina as well as the friends of free trade generally. This measure, with some modifications, satisfactory to both sides, soon passed the Senate, and went to tlie House, where it also passed, and afterwards received the Executive appro- val, on the 2d day of March, 18-33. The Convention of South Carolina was re-assembled and their famous Ordi- nance was promptly rescinded. So ended the Nullification wihroglio. 14. What soon after occurred f Did Sonth Carolina suspend the exccation o( iier Ordinance, and to what time? 1 5. What is eald of Mr. Clay, and the " Tariff Compromise" of 1833? What «n» done in HonUi Carolina in reference to the NolllflcKtion Ordinance? OHAP. XIV.] ADMI1TI8TKATI0N OF JACKSON. 349 16. Pending this adjustment of the threatening tronhlea between the State of South Carolina and the Federal au- thorities, occurred the great debate between Mr. Calhoun and Mr. Webster upon the nature and character of the Federal GoTernment. Mr. Calhoun in this Senatorial con- flict held, with Mr. Jefferson, that the Constitution was "a compact" between the several States as sovereign parties to it; while Mr. Webster maintained that it was in the nature of a social compact, entered into by the people of all the States consolidated in one mass or political community. The debate was on a series of resolutions introduced into the Senate by Mr. Calhoun. Different opinions were en- tertained at the time as to the merits of the debate ; but no one thoroughly informed upon the subject can, it would seem, at this day, after reading the speeches, which will re- main forever as a monument of American eloquence, feel much embarrassment in deciding as to which one of the contestants should be justly awarded the mastery in the argument. The proceedings and debates of the Conven- tion that framed the Constitution, which. were held with closed doors, had not up to that time been published. Since then they have been given to the public, and they throw a flood of light upon the question, in support of the position of Mr. Calhoun. The subject which gave rise to the discussion having been disposed of, no vote was taken in the Senate upon' the resolutions. 17. On the 4th of March, 1833, Gen. Jackson was duly inaugurated President for another four years. The oath of office was administered by Chief-Justice Marshall. The 16. What ifl said of the debate in the Senate pending the adjuBtmont of the Tariff question ? ,,•„„...,.. 1 T. Wlieu was Gen. .Tackson InanguMted for a second term ? Wliat is said of the state nl' pnl)lic opinion and the auspices under which he entered upon this term » What of his tour through New Yorli and the New England States ? \\ hnt le said of the temporary lull ? What act of the President fravo rise to the renewal • of party excitement? Who was then Secictan- of the Treasury? What was done with him f Who was put in his place J What is said of Calhoun, Clay, and Webster at this time ! Who stood a^'ainst them ?. What was done in the Sen- ate? What new party name was^ now taken hy the combined Opposition ? How did Jackson treat the resoHrtlOnof the Senate f What is said of his protest ou this occasion T What wae the final i-witl' of the contest! 350 ADMINISTRATION OF JACKSON. [BOOK II. country was again in perfect repose. The late adjustment of the Tariff question had not only been the source of grat- ification, but had given general joy throughout the South- ern States; while the centralizing principles, as they were considered, of the late Proclamation, had won for Gen. Jack- son " golden opinions " from many of his former bitterest opponents. He therefore entered upon his second term under apparently most propitious auspices. In the Spring of 1833 he made a tour through New Yorlc and the New England States. He was everywhere received witli mani- festations of the highest esteem and enthusiasm. The flat- tering compliment of the scholarly distinction of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by Harvard University. This, however, was but a deceptive and " weather-breed- ing" lull in the political elements. The storm soon burst forth with greater fury and violence than ever before. Soon after his return to the capital, Jackson ordered the deposits of public money to be removed from the Bank of the United States, and to be put in certain State Banks. William J. Dnane, who had recently been appointed Secre- tary of the Treasury in place of Mr. McLane (promoted), declined to execute the order. Duane was promptly re- moved, and Rogfu- B. Taney made Secretary of the Treasury Tliis action of the President produced great sensation and excitement in the country. It w^s the cause of an open war between the President and the Senate. In this war, Calhoun, Clay, and Webster, " the Great Trio," as they were called, for the first time in their lives were cordially united in their assaults upon the Administration. Against this array of talent stood the indomitable Benton, of Mo., and the accomplished Forsyth, of Ga. A resolution severely censuring the President, and declaring this act of his un- constitutional, passed that body. It was now that the United Opposition assumed the party name of "Whig." Jackson replied to this resolution of censure by the Senate in a paper known as « The Protest." This was one of the CHAP. XIV.J ADMINISTKATIOIT OF JACKSOK. 351 ablest documents ever produced by him. The result of this contest was a complete triumph of Jackson. The resolution JOUN C. CAHIOUN. HENBT CLAY. SAKIEL WEBSTER, of censure was finally expunged from the Journal of the Senate by its own order to have black lines drawn around it. The whole force of the Opposition at this time was exerted in favor of a re-charter of the Bank; but every effort on this line signally failed. 18. During the Fall of 1833 occurred a natural phenom- enon of a most Avonderful character. This was on the night of the 13th of November. It was what was known as the "Meteoric Shower," or the "Palling of the Stars." It was witnessed with amazement and astonishment throughout the en tire limits of the United States. 19. On the 20th of May, 1835, the second General Con- vention of the Democratic party of the United States, for the pui-pose of nominating candidates for the ofiBce of Pres- ident and Vice-President, convened in the city of Balti- more. It was understood that Gen. Jackson intended to retire at the expiration of his second term. By this Con- vention, Martin Van Buren, of N. Y., was put in nomination for the Presidency, and Col. Eichard M. Johnson, of Ky., for the Vice-Presidency. In the same month William T. 18. What great natural phenomenon occurred on the I.Sth of November. 1S331 19. When and where did the second General Convention of tho DijmocrutiC »aity as?einl>le. and for what pui^ose ? Who were nominated 7 352 ADMIN-ISTRATION OF JACKSOX. [BOOK II, Barry was appointed Minister to Spain, and Amos Kendall succeeded him as Postmaster-General. 20- On tlie 6th day of July thereafter the venerable Chief- Justice Marshall died, in the 80th year of his age, and Roger B. Taney succeeded him in office. 21. The Winter of 1834-1835 was noted for its great se- verity throughout the United States. On the 4th of Jan- uary, 1835, mercury congealed at Lebanon, N. Y., and seve- ral other places. The Chesapeake Bay was frozen from its head to Capes Charles and Henry. On the 8th of Feb- ruary the thermometer fell to 8 degrees below zero, as far south as 34" north latitude. The day before, the 7th, is remembered as " the cold Saturday" to this day. The Savannah River was coated with ice at Angusta. Orange- trees were killed as far south as St. Augustine, Fla., and tig- trees, nearly a hundred years old, were killed on the coast of Georgia. The ground in the interior of tliis State was covered with snow for several weeks. The falls of snow in Georgia on the 14th of January and 2d and 3d of March averaged from 11 to 13 inches deep. 22. On the night of the IGth of December, 1835, occurred the great fire in the city of New York, by which in four- teen hours were consumed over seventeen million dollars' worth of property. The burnt district covered several acres of ground in the most business part of the city. 23. On the 28tli of the same month another war broke out with the remaining Seminole Indians in Florida, who re- fused to go West, which continued for several years. It commenced by the murder of lion. AViley Thompson, U. S- Agent to the tribe, Ijy a party of Indians led by Osceola, their great chief. On the 28th of December, JIajor Dade, of the U. S. army, and his command of about a hundred \ men, were massacred near Wahoo Swamp, on their march aO. When did Cliief-Jiistice Ma-Bhall dio } At what age? Who succeeded hln In nfflce ? 21. What is said of the Winter of 1835 f 22, What of tlie Are in New Yoi-k f 23 What of the Seminole War ? CHAP. XIV.J ADMIKISTEATION OF JACK80W. 353 from Fort Brook to join Gen. Clinch near tlie "Withla- coocbee. 24. On the 15th day of June, 1836, Acts were passed for the admission of two new States into the Union : these wore Arkansas and Michigan.' ■e^- »- COAT OP ARMS OP AUKANSAS. COAT OP AKMS OP MICHIGAN." 25. On the 28th day of June of the same year (1836), ex- President James Madison died at Montpelier, his residence in Virginia, in the 86th year of his age. 26. In tlie Presidential election which came off in the Fall of the same year, the Opposition, which at one time was so formidable to the Administration of Gen. Jackson, had been so completely discomfited by him, that, in their disorgan- ized condition, they were unable to concentrate upon any regular candidates. The result of the election was : 170 electoral votes for Martin Van Buren for President, 14 for Dfi.iiiel Webster, 73 for WiUiam H. Harrison, 11 for Willie, P. Maiigum, of N. C, and 26 for H. L. White, of Tenn. Mr. Van Buren, having received a majority, was duly declared President for the next term. The vote by States in this election was : 13 for Mr. Van Buren, 7 for Gen. Harrison, 2 for Mr. White, and 1 for Mr. Webster. The 15 States that voted for Mr. Van Buren were: Maine, IVew Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pt-iin- 24. What two new States were admitted into ths Union in 1836? 25. When did ex-Presid ■'nt Madison die, where, and at what age t 26. What is said of the Presidential election of 1S36 ! What was the respu of this election 1 On whom did the dnty devolve to malw. a choice of Vlcu-Fri« ident r What was the vote in the Senate on making 'lie choice ? i r 354 AJMINISTEATIOK OF JACKSON. [BOOK It, eylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, and Michigan; the 7 that voted for Gen. Harrison were : Vermont, New Jer- sey, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana; the 2 that voted for Mr. White were: Georgia and Ten- nessee ; the 1 that voted for Mr. "Webster was Massachusetts. The votes of the Electoral Colleges for Vice-President were : 147 for Richard M. Johnson, of Ky. ; 77 for Francis G-ranger, of New York; 47 for John Tyler, of Va.; and 23 for William Smith, of Ala. Neither one of the persons voted for for Vice-President having received a majority of the votes of the colleges, the choice of that officer devolved, under the Constitution, upon the Senate. In the discliarge of this duty the Senate chose Col. Johnson by a vote of 33, against 10 cast for Mr. Granger. 27. The Administration of Gen. Jackson was distin- guished for many acts of foreign as well as domestic policy which cannot be embraced in this brief sketch. Taken all together, it made a deep and lasting impression upon the policy and history of the States. On his retirement, follow- ing the example of Washington, he issued a Farewell Ad- dress, in which he evinced the most ardent patriotism and the most earnest devotion to the cause of constitutional liberty. In view of the dangerous centralizing tendencies of the times, he said in this Address — "It is well known that there have always been those among us who wished to enlarge the powers of the General Government, and experience would seem to indicate that there is a tendency on the part of this Government to overstep the boundaries marked out for it by the Constitu- tion. Its legitimate authority is abundantly sufficient for the purposes for which it was created ; and its powers be- ing expressly enumerated, there can be no justification for elaiming anything beyond them. Every attempt to exer- cise power beyond these limits should be promptly and firmly opposed. For one evil example will lead to others ST. Wliai le atld of tks AdminlBtrsUon ot Qen. Jacluon ! What of hit ratlra Dcnlt CHAP. XV.] ADMINISIKATION OF VAN BURBX. 355 still more mischievous; and if the principle of construc- ti^e powers, or supposed advantages, or temporary circum- stances, should ever be permitted to justify the assumption of a power not given by the Constitution, the General Gov- ernment will, before long, absorb all the powers of legisla- tion, and you will have, in effect, but one consolidated Gov- ernment. From the extent of our country, its diversified interests, different pursuits, and diffei'ent habits, it is too obvious for argument, that a single consolidated Govern- ment would be wholly inadequate to watch over and pro- tect its interests. And every friend of our free institutions should be al"ways prepared to maintain unimpaired, and. in full vigor, the rights and sovereignty of the States, and to confine the action of the General Government , strictly to the sphere of its appropriate duties." At the expiration of his second term he retired from the Executive chair to his home, near Nashville, Tenn., where he spent the remnant of his days with the continued con- fidence and affection of the people, who took pleasure in honoring him as the " Ilero of New Orleans " and the " Sage of the Hermitage." CHAPTEK XV. ADlIIXISTRATIOir OF VAX BUEEX. 4tU of March, 1837— 4th of March, 1841. 1. Martix Vax Burex, the 8th President of the tTnited States, was inaiigurated on the 4th of March, 1837, in the 55th year of his age. "At 13 o'clock on that day, the weather being remarkably pleasant, the Pres- ident elect took his seat, with his venerable predecessor, Gen. Juckson, in a beautiful phaeton, made from the wood of the frigate Constitution, and presented to Gen. Jackson by the Democracy of the city of New .York. In this they proceeded from the President's house to the Capitol. After CHAPTRn XV.— I. Who was the 8th President f VFUat it Buid of him, and bis inaagursiiOQ l: 356 ADMINISTRATION OF VAN BT7REN. [BOOK II PRESIDENT TAN BURBN. reaching the Senate Chamber a procession was formed, and Mr. Van Buren, attended by the ex-President, the mem- bers of the Senate and of the Cabinet, and the diplomatic corps, led the way to the rostrum erected on the as- cent to the eastern portico. There the Inaugural Ad- dress was delivered in clear and impressive- tones, and iji an easy and eloquent manner. At the close of the Address the oath of of- fice was administered by Chief-Justice Taney." 2. In the Address Mr. Van Buren indicated his purpose, on all matters of public policy, to follow in the " footsteps of his illustrious predecessor." His Cabinet consisted of John Forsyth, of Ga., Sec'y of State ; Levi Woodbury, of N. H., Sec'y of the Treasury ; Joel K. Poinsett, of S. C, Sec'y of War; Mahlon Dickerson, of N. J., Sec'y of the Navy ; Amos Kendall, of Ky., Post- master-General ; and Benjamin F. Butler, of N. Y., Attor- ney-General. All these gentlemen were in these offices respectively at the time under Gen. Jackson, except Mr. Poinsett, who took the place of Gen. Ca^s in the War De- ])artment, as he had lately before, been appointed iMinister to France. 3. Soon after Mr. Van Buren became President occurred a great commercial crisis. This was in April, 1837, and was occasioned by a reckless spirit of speculation, which 2. What is said of his Inaagnral ? What of hie Cabinet ? 3. What occurred eoon after Mr. V in Buren came into office ? What ie paid of It ? What reply did the President make to the delejration from New York ? What did the banks do ? Wliat did the President do ? What did Congress do ? 'Abai is aaid of the Sub-Treasury ? What of Mr. Calhoun ? CHAP. XT.] ADMINISTRATIOK OF VAN BUEBJr. 357 had for the two or three preceding years been fostered and encouraged by excessive banking, and the consequent ex- pansion of paper currency beyond all the legitimate wants of the country. During the months of March and April, of this yeai', the failures in. New York city alone amounted to over one hundred millions of dollars. The state of affairs became so distressing, that petitions were sent to the President from several quarters, and a deputation of mer- chants and bankers of New York waited upon him in per- son, and solicited him to defer the immediate collection of duties for which bonds had been given, and to rescind the Treasury Orders requiring dues to the Government to be paid in specie. They also asked that an extra session of Congi'ess should be called to adopt measm-es of j-elief. He granted their request so far only as to suspend suit on bonds which had been given for the collection of duties. In a few days after his response to this deputation was known in New York, all the banks in that city stopped, specie payments, and their example was soon followed by nearly all the banks in all the States. In this emergency Mr. Van Buren was compelled to convene an extra session of Congress to provide for meeting demands on the Treas- ury with legal currency. He accordingly summoned the 25th Congress to meet at the Capitol on the 4th day of ■ September, 1837. The session lasted five or six weeks. In his Message to Congress, Mr. Van Buren assigned as the causes of the unhappy condition of the country the exces- sive issues of bank paper; the great fire in New York in December, 1835;- the large investments that had been made in unproductive lands, and other speculative enter- prises. To meet the exigencies of the Treasury, as well as to provide for the public rtiief, as far as to them seemed proper. Congress passed an Act authorizing the issue of Treasury Notes to the amount of ten millions of dollars. The policy of the Administration now adopted, for the collection and transmission of the public funds, waa 358 ADMI1TL8TBATI0N OF VAN BUBEN. [BOOK 11- knoTvn as the " Sub-Treasury System." It was all doue by aud tbrongh officers of the Governinent, witbout the agency of any banking institution. On tliis financial sys- tem, characterized as a divoi-ce of the Government from the banks, Mr. (Jalhoun separated from Messrs. Clay and Webster in their opposition to the Democratic party, lie advocated this divorce with all his ability ; while they, in like manner, opposed it. 4. The war with the small remnant of the Seminole In- dians still remaining in Florida was not yet closed. Col. Zachary Taylor, being chief in command at that time in that quarter, on the 5th of December, 1837, with a small force completely routed their warriors at Okee Chobee, by which he acquired considerable distinction; but the re- treating foe sought i-efnge in the Everglades, where they remained some time longer. Before this, Osceola, their chief, had been seized by Gen. Jessup, with some of his subordinates, who visited Jessup's camp under the protection of a flag of truce. They were all retained as prisoners, and Osceola himself was sent to Fort Moultrie, near Charleston, S. C, where he died of a fever, in 1838. This act of Gen. Jes- sup can hardly be excused, though he was dealing with foes kno'wu to be treacherous. A flag of truce should ever be held sacred, even when presented by the lowest type of savages. Osceola himself was not of this grade, whatever some of his allies may have been. — 5. The two questions which produced the greatest ex- citement and iigitation of the public mind during Mr. Van Buren's Administration were, the Sub-Treasury system and the abolition of Negro slavery, as it then existed in the District of Columbia. The Opposition to the financial 4. What is Raid of tlie Seminole War ? What of tlic treatment of O^^ceola » 5. What twii qiiebtionsprudnced the o-roalesi excitement at this timmie(U- Ohio, Hot-voting— ^liiTyliuid. : ■ ■ . 16 362 ADMINISTRATION OF VAN BUKEN. [BOOK I[. the time. The First of his resolutions was in these words : "Besolved, That this Goveniinent is a Government of limited powers, and that, by the Constitution of the United States, Congress has no jurisdiction whatever over the institution of Slavery in the several States of the Confederacy." This resolution passed the House by a vote of 194 to 6. The six votes against it were : Mr. Adams, of Mass., Mr. Evans, of Me., Mr. Everett, of Vt., Mr. Potts, of Penn., Mr. Eussell, of N. Y., and Mr. Slade, of Vt. The vote on this resolution, viewed in reference to the States, shows that it received the sanction, by their duly appointed representatives, of every member of the '■' Con- federated Kepublic," a " Confederacy," as they then styled the Federal Union. The Second of Mr. Atherton's resolutions was in these words : " Besolved, That petitions for the abolition of Slavery in the District of Columbia and the Territories of the United States, and against the removal of Slaves from one State to another, are a part of a plan of operations set on foot to affect the institution of Slaveiy in the Southern States, and thus indu-ectly to destroy that institution within their limits." On this resolution the vote stood : 136 for it, and 65 against it. The Third resolution was in these words : " Besolved, That Congress has no right to do that indirectly which it cannot do directly; and that the agitation of the subject of Slavery in the District of Columbia, or the Territories, as a means, and with a view, of disturbing oi' overthrowing that institution in the several States, is against the true spirit and meaning of the Con- stitution, an infringement of the rights of the States affected, and a breach of the public faith upon which they entered into the Con- federacy." The vote on this resolution was: 164 in favor of it, and 40 against it. The Fourth of this series was in these words : "Besolved, That the Constitution rests on the broad principle of equality among the members of this Confederacy, and that Congress, In the exercise of its acknowledged powers, has no right to discrim' Inate between the institutions of one portion of the States ana another, with a viow of ttiiOiUiiinf tiie one an'f promoting the otluii." CHAP. XV.] ADMINISTBATIOlf OF VAK BtTBEN 363 The vote on this resolution was : 174 in favor of it, and 24 against it. The Fifth and last of Mr. Atherton's resolutions was in these words : " Eeaohed, That all attempts on the part of Congress to abolish Slavery in the District of Columbia or the Territories, or to prohibit the removal of Slaves from State to State, or to disciiminate between the institutions of one portion of the Confederacy and another, with the view aforesaid, are in violation of the Constitution, destinictive of the fundamental principle on which the Union of these States rests, and beyond the jurisdiction of Congress; and that every petition, memorial, resolution, proposition, or paper, toucliin^ or relating in any way, or to any extent whatever, to Slavery, as alore- said, or the abolition thereof, shall, on the piesentation thereof, without any further action thereon, be laid upon the table, without being debated, printed, or referred." The vote on the first branch of this resolution was, 146 in favor, and 52 against it ; on the second branch of the resolution the vote stood, 136 for it, and 78 against it. After this clear and explicit declaration by the unani- mous voice of the States in the House, as to the powers of Congress over the subject, and after the equally explicit declaration of so overwhelming a majority of that body as to the future policy to be pursued by them in reference to it, it was again thought, not only by Mr. Clay, but by most of the public men of the country, that this exciting agita- tion, so materially affecting the harmony, peace, and per- manency of the Union, would be abandoned. But the Anti-Slavery or Abolition party, which was organized a few years before, and which, by its affiliated associations in several of the Northern States, stirred up the agitation, cared nothing for constitutional restraints ; they did not wish to preserve any Union of the States under any such Constitution. The Constitution as it was, the chief of their leaders openly proclaimed to be nothing but " a cove- nant with death, and an agreement with hell." The agita- tion, therefore, did not cease, as we shall see. 8. Another Presidential election came off in the Fall of 1840. The principal issues in thia contest were, the Sub- 8. What U eaid ot the candidates lor tbs FreBideiiCf iu jS40r What was tlw 364 ADMINISTRATION OF TAN BUREN [bOOK XL Treasury system, extravagant appropriations, defalcations, and profligacy of numerous subordinate officers. The "gold spoons " furnished the Executive mansion figured, prominently in the canvass. Neither of the two great parties at that time had any avowed connection with the Anti-Slavery or Abolition agitators. The contest was an exciting one over the leading measures and practices of the Administration. All the opposing elements uuiLed under the Whig banner. This party had held a general Convention at Harrisburg, Penn., on the 4th of December, the year before, for the purpose of nominating candidates for President and Vice-President. It was generally sup- posed that Mr. Clay would receive the nomination of this body for President. But his course on the Tariff Com- promise of 1833 had greatly weakened him with the Pro- tectionists. When he adopted that course he was told it would lose him tlie Presidency. His reply at the time was, " I would rather be right than be President." The result of the Convention's action was the nomination of Gen. William H. Harrison, of Ohio, for President, and John Tyler, of Virginia, for Vice-President. The Demo- cratic party held their General Convention in Baltimore, on the 5th of May, 1840. Mi'. Van Buren was unanimously nominated by that body for President; but as the Conven- tion could not agree upon any candidate for Vice-Presi- dent, the nomination of this officer was left to the party in each State severally. The result of the election, after a heated canvass, was, 234 Electoral votes for Harrison for President, and 334 for John Tyler for Vice-President. Mr. Van Buren received 60 Electoral votes for President, Rich- ard M. Johnson, of Ky., received 48 for Vice-President ; Littleton W. Tazewell, of Va., 11, and James K. Polk, of Tenn., 1. The vote for President by States stood, 19 for Gen. Harrison and 7 for Mr. Van Buren. The 19 States reitult of tho election by the Colleges and by the Slates ? What in said of Mr. Van Buren after the ex]uiration of his term of office ? What has a writer of uotu said of hifl AdminietrttLioQ as a whole ? CHAP. XVI.] HARRISON AND TTLEB. 365 that voted for Gen. Tlan-ison were : Maine, Massachusetts^ Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Caro- lina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, LouiBJa.na, Mis- sissippi, Indiana, and Michigan ; the 7 that voted, for Mr, Van Buren were : New Hampshire, Virginia, South Caro- lina, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, and Arkansas. Mr. Van Biiren having lost his re-election, at the close of his term, on the 4th of March, 1841, retire^ to his home, at, Kinderhook, N. Y. One remarkable, feiatiure of his Administration was, that the veto power was not exer- cised by him in a single instance. A writer of note, ia speaking of his Administration, as a whole, sa^ "The great event of Gen. Jackson's Administration was the contest with the Bank of the United States, and its destruction as a Federal institution — that of Madison's was the war — while Jefferson's was a general revolution of the anti-Democratic spirit and policy of the preceding Ad- ministration. The great event of M)'. Van Buren's Ad- ministration, by which it will hereafter be known and designated, is, the divorce of Bank and State in the fiscal affairs of the Federal Government, and the return, after half a century Of deviation, to the original design of the Constitution." CHAPTER XVI. ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARRISON AND TTLBR. 4th of March, 1841— 4th of March, 1845. I. William H. Harrison, the 9th President of the United States, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1841, in the 69th year of his age. The City of Washington was thronged with people, many of whom were from the most distant States of the Union. A procession was formed Chapter XVI.— 1. What is said of Gen. Harrison and his inauguration as Presiden',? ?66 HARRISON AND TYLER. [BOOK n. PRESIDENT HAHntSON. from his quarters to the Capitol. The President elect was mounted on a white charger, accompanied by several per- sonal friends, but his immediate escort were the officers and sol diers who had fought under liim. The Inaugural Address was delivered on a platform erected over the front steps of the portico of the east front of the Capitol. The oath of office was administered by Chief-Jus- tice Taney, before an audience estimated by many at sixty thousand. 2. Harrison had been a warm supporter of Mr. Jefferson in 1800, though he had re- ceived and held office under the elder Adams. He belonged to the Strict Coustructioir school of politics of that day. Great, anxiety, therefore, was felt as to what line of policy he would pursue iu the Execu- tive chair on the disturbing questions which were agi- tating the public mind at the time of his elevation to the Chief Magistracy. Its indication was looked for in his Inaugural Address. This was written and read by him : it was long, and went into a full review of all subjects of general public interest. In its delivery " His voice never flagged, but to the end retained its full and com- manding tone. As he touched on successive topics lying near the hearts of the people, their sympathy with his sentiments was mani- fested by shouts which broke forth involuntarily from time to time ; and when the reading of the address was concluded, they were re- newed and prolonged without restraint." Among other things in this address, which was partic- ularly gratifying to the friends of the Union itnder the Constitution everywhere, was the following: " Our Confederacy, fellow-citizens, can only be preserved by th'8 S. To what party did he belong in early lire? What is said of his loauf^uTai Address 1 CKAP. XVI.] HARRISOlir AXD TYLEE. 367 Bame forbearance. Our citizens must be content with the exercise of the powers with which the Constitution clothes them. The attempt of those of one State to control the domestic institutiona of another, can only result in feelings of distrust and jealousy, and are certain harbingers of disunion, violence, civil war, Ad the ulti- mate destruction of our ft-ee institutions. Our Confederacy is per- fectly illustrated by the terms and principles governing a common copartnership. There, a fund of power is to be exercised, und^r the direction of the joint counsels of the allied members ; but that which has been reserved by the individuals is Intangible by the common government, or the individual members composing it. To attempt it finds no support in the principles of our Constitution.!' S. The new Cabinet consisted of Daniel Webster, of Mass., Secretary of State ; Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, Secre^ tary of the Treasury; George. E. Badger, of N. C, Secretary of the Navy ; Francis Granger, of W. Y., Postmaster-Gen- eral ; and John J. Crittenden, of Ky., Attorney-General i. On the 17th of March, the President issued his p. mation calling an Extra Session of Congress, to meet on Monday, the last day of May ensuing. He,. however, did not live to meet them. On the 37th of March he was seized with a violent attack of pneumonia, or bilious pleurisy, which, baffling all medical skill, terminated fatally on the 4th of April— just one month from the day of his inauguration. The office of President now, for the first time under the Constitution, devolved upon the Vice-President. 5. John Tyler, the Vice-President, on whom now de- volved the duties of President, and who, by the death of Gen. Harrison, became the 10 th President of the United States, was not in the City of Washington at the time of the demise of his predecessor. Bnt immediately upon receiving intelligence of that sad event, which filled the whole country with gloom and mourning, he repaired thither as soon as possible ; and, after taking the oath of office pre- scribed by the Constitution for the President before Judge 3. Who constituted his Cabinet? 4. What was done on the nth of March? When did Harrison die, and wtaa( was the ceneequcnce ? 5. Who became the lOtL President of the United States ? What is said of hiuii and bis Inaut^aral ? How old was he ? 368 HAKEISOIT AND TTLEK. [book II PRESIDENT TTLEB. Crancn, Chief-Justice of the District of Columbia, he is- sued, through the public prints, on the 9th of April, an Address to the People of the United States, in tlie form of a usual Presidential Inaugural. President Tyler at the time was in the 52d year of his age. In this address there was no indication of a differ- ent line of policy from that announced in the Inaugural of Gen. Hari'ison. The same members of the Cabinet ap- pointed by Gen. Harrison were retained in their respec- tive positions. 6. The 37tb, which he- Whig Congress," convened on the proclamation which had been issued by Gen. Han-ison. The discordant ele- ments of which it was composed, that had combined against the late Administration of Mr. Van Buren, though largely in the majority when united, yet from opposing views among themselves upon many questions of pub- lic policy, soon came to open rupture. Mr. Tyler him- self, who had always been a Strict Constructionist, soon found himself at yariauce in principle with a majority of both Houses of Congress, upon many matters of public in- terest then brought forward. A Bill was passed for the creation of an institution known as " The Fiscal Bank of the United States." This he vetoed. The veto was sus- tained for lack of a two-thirds majority in favor of the 6. When did the 27th Congress meet ? What did it become memorable a»t What is said of ».he opposing elements which composed it ? Wha', of Mr. 'Py'itf i What of the Acts of thie Congress at tliis session ? What was the result as to tM Cabinet r came memorable as the ' the 31st of May, under CHAP. XVI.J , HARBISOIT AND TTIBB. 369, Bill. Another bill of like character.waa passed under the title of " The Fiscal Corporation of the United States;" this was likewise vetoed, and in like manner failed to he- come a law. These vetoes were sustained generally by the Strict Constructionists, irrespective of party, in all sections of the country. But they led to an immediate re-gr^gani- zation of the Cabinet. All the members appointed by Gen. Harrison i^gsigned, except Mr. Webster. The persons appointed to fill their places were; Walter Forward, of Penn., Secretary of the Treasury ; John 0. Spencer, of N. Y., Secretai'y of War; Abel P. Upsbur, of Va., Secretary of the Navy, and Hugh S. Legare, of S. C, Attorney- Gen- eral. These new members were all prominent Whigs of, the Strict Construction school, who sustained the Presi- dent. The party was now completely divided, not only in • Congress,, but throughout the country. The session was brought to a close on the 13th day of September, after passing an Act for the repeal of the Sub-Treasury, and an Act pioviding uniform rules of Bankruptcy in the United States. This latter Act was very unpopular in many places, on account of some of its features which were held by many to be unconstitutional. 7. The 2d session of the 37th Congress met in December, 1841, and continued in session until August, 1843. It was the longest session ever before held, and became notable for many things. The opposing wings of the Whigs met in no good temper towards each other. Mr. Clay, of the Senate, was the recognized leader of the majority: portion. The minority were called "Tyler Whigs," and were led in the Senate by William C. Eives, of Va., and in the House by Henry A. Wise, of the same State, There was no re- newal of an effort to establish a Bank ; but the Tariff was again agitated. This was the year when, according to tlie Compromise Act of 18.33, the duties were to be regulated 3 Territories of tbe United Stntes belong to the several States composing this Union, and are lield by them as tbeir joint and coramim property. '* ReKofrfiL Th«t Congress, as tlte joint agent and representative of the Slates of this Union, has no righl to make any law, or do any act whatever, that sliall directly, or by its effects, make any discrimination l>otween the States of this Union, by which any of tbem shall be de- prived of its lull and eqaal right in any territory of tbe United States, acquired or to be Bcqnired. ""ReMohed, That the enactment of anv law which should directly, or by its effects, deprive the citizens of any of tbe States of this Union from emigrating with tbeir property into any of the Territories of the United States, will make snch discrimination, and wonld, theretore, be a violatiDO of tbe Constitution, and tbe rights of the States from which such citizens emi* irrated, and in derogation of their perfect eqnality which belongs to them as members of thii Union, and would tend directly to subvert the Union itself, " K'-totzed. Tbnt it iS a fundamental principle in onr political creed, that a people, in forming a Constitntion, have the unconditional right to form and adopt the (government which they may think best calculated to secure tbeir liberty, prosperity, and happiness, and that, in con. formity thereto, no other condition is imposed by the Federal Constitntion on a State, in order to t>e admitted into this Unirn, except that its Constitution ,shall bo republican; and that the imposition of any other by L ongrcss wonld not only be in violation of the Constituli'm, but il direct conflict with tbe principle on which our poUtlcal system rests." OHAP. XVIII.J ADMINISTRATION OP POLK 393 at his seat in the House, on the 31st of Febrnaryj 1848L He was borne to the Speaker's room, where he remained two days, and there expired on the 23d, in the 81st year of his age. 17. While these agitations were going on, the people of Wisconsin, on the 29th of May, 1848, wpre ad- mitted as a separate State into the Union. 18. After the Treaty of Peace with Mexico, vaiious efforts were made to settle the Slavery Ques- tion between the States, in organ- izing Tei'ritorial Governments for coat of akm? op Wisconsin. Oregon, California, New Mexico, and Utah. Mr. Douglas, in the Senate, made an urgent appeal to adhere to the principle of a division of the public domain on the line of 36° 30', known as "the Missouri Compromise" line. This was utterly repudiated by a controlling majority from the Northern States, both in the House and Senate. A Terri- torial Government was finally organized for Oregon, with an unqtualifled restriction on Slavery in it. All attempts to settle the question as to the other Territories utterly failed. In this state of things Congress adjourned on the 14th of August, 1848. 19. During the Fall of this year another Presidential election came off. The combined elements of opposition to the Administration, in the main, continued to bear the name of Wbiga, though the anti-Slavery element now formed a distinct organization known as " Free-Soilers." The Democratic party held their General Convention at Baltimore on the 22d of May, and put in nomination for the Presidency Gen. Lewis Cass, of Mich., and for the Vice- 1 7. When were the people of Wisconsin admitted as a State into the Union? 18. What is said of the attempt* to settle the Slavery Question at this Con- gress, after the treaty of pence with Mexico !. 19. What is said of the Presidential election in the Fall of 1848 ? Who were the candidates of the respective parties f What was the result of the election by the Coileges, and what by States ? 394 ADMINISTRATION OF POLK. [BOOK II. Pregideiicy Gon. William 0. Butler, of Ky. The Whiga held their Convention at Pliiladelpliia on the 1st of June, and put ill nomination for the Presidency Gen. Zachary Taylor, of La., and for the Vice-Presidency Millard Fill- more, of N. Y. The Free-Soilers held their Convention at Buffalo, N. Y., on the 8tii of August, and put in nomina- tion for the Presidency Martin Van Buren, of N. Y., and for the Vice-Presidency Charles Francis Adams, of Mass. The result of the election was: 163 Electoral votes for the Wliig ticket, and 127 for the Democratic. The Free-Soil ticket received no Electoral vote ; l)ut local returns showed that out of a popular vote of nearly three millions, there were polled for it nearly three hundred thousand individual votes. The Tote for Taylor and Fillmore, by States, stood 15 ; and for Cass and Butler 15 also. The 15 States that voted for Taylor and Fillmore were : Massachusetts, Ehode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, Geor- gia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, and Florida ; the 15 that voted for Cass and Butler were: Maine, New Hampshire, Virginia, South Carolina, Ohio, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin. Taylor and Fillmore, there- fore, having received a majority of the Electoral votes, were declared duly elected to the oflBces of President and Vice-President, after the 4th of March ensuing. 20. During the 2d session of the 30th Congress, which convened on the 4th of December, 1848, and expired, on the 4th of March, 1849, no Act of importance was passed. Several efforts were made to settle the Question of Slavery in the Territories. Soon after the acquisition of California, gold mines were discovered in that country, which proved to be perhaps the richest in the world. These attracted a rapid and an immense immigration. The population soon 30. What id said of the 2(1 sesciot of the 30th Ccngreesf What of the gold mines In CallEijrnia? What of the population there! What of organizing; gov ernmPiits in Culiforria, New Mexico^ and Utah f CHAP. XIX.] TAYLOR AKD FILLMORE. 'ii)6 swelled to over 100,000. An organized govtrnment was greatly needed ; but owing to the discordant elemtints of the political parties at Washington, the subject of a gov- ernment for them, as well as for the people of Utah and New Mexico, was left to the councils of the incoming Ad- ministration and the patriotism of another Congress. CHAPTER XIX. AD3IINISTRATI0XS OF TAYLOR AJfD FILLMORE. 4Ui of March, 1849^th of March, 1853. 1. The 4tli of March, 1849, coming on Sunday, Zaoha .'y Taylor was duly inaugurated as the 12th President of the United States on tlie next day, Monday, the 5th of that month, in the Goth year of his age. The oath of office was administered by Chief- Justice Taney, in the presence of an immense concourse of people, in front of the East portico of the Capitol. He had received a majority of the Electoral votes of both sec- tions of the Union, and in- tense interest was felt as to the line of policy he would pur- sue in regard to the exciting questions which then aroused so much bitterness of sectional strife. His Inaugural was conciliatory and satisfactory to " the friends of the Union under the Constitution." Having spent most of his life in the army, he had never taken any active part in politics, though his sympathies were well known to have been in early life with tho se of the Jeffersonian school. ■.•MAmii XIX. -1. Wliat is faidof Gon Taylor's InausniraUon. and bis Adureeiif PRESIDENT TAYLOR. 396 TATLOR AND FILLMORE. [HOOK V 2. The new Cabinet consisted of Jolm M. Clayt-on, of Del., Sec'y of State ; William M. Meredith, of Penn., Sec'y of the Treasury: George W. Crawford, of Ga., Sec'y of War; William B. Preston, of Va., Sec'y of the Navy ; Thomsia Ewing, of Ohio, Sec'y of the Interior (the new Executive Department just created) ; Jacob Collamer, of Vt., Post- master-General, and Eeverdy Johnson, of Md., Attorney- General. 3. Among the first subjects which occupied the attention of the new Administration was the state of things in Cali- fornia. Thomas Butler King, of Ga., was despatched as a Special Agent, with instructions to advise the people, in cooperation with Gen. Eiley, then in command there, to adopt a Constitution for their own local self-government, prepai'atory to their admission into the Union as a Stale. In pursuance of this policy, a Convention was called, and a State Government instituted. 4. On the 15th of June, ex-President James K. Polk died in Nashville, Tenn., in the 54th year of his age. 5. The 1st session of the 31st Congress commenced on the 5th of December, 1849, and continued to the 30th of September, 1850. This was the longest and stormiest ses- sion of Congress ever before assembled. It is known as "the Congress of 1850." Among other things, it is noted for the return of Mr. Clay to the Senate, and the figuring in that arena again of " the Great Trio." Mr. Webster had returned soon after jiis retirement from Mr. Tyler's Cabinet ; Mr. Calhoun had also returned soon after he retired from the same Cabinet. Mr. Clay now joined them in a most critical period of the country's history. On all the ques- tions then most intensely agitating the public mind, the eyes of all true friends of the Union under the Constitu- tion were hopefully turned to him as the great Pacificator. 3. Whn formeil his Cabinet f 8. Wliat policy was adopted in regard to Cali/omia? 4. Wlien did ex-Prerident Polk die f 5. When did the latsespion of the 31?t Congreps meetf What Ib said of iU What Is it noted for ? What la said specially of Mr. Clay 1 CHAP. XIX.] TAYLOR AND FILLHOKB. 391 6. The subjects of public excitement at the time were 1. The admission of California as a State under the Con- stitution she had during the previous Summer informally made aad presented; 2. The organization of Territorial Governments for Utah and New Mexico ; 3. The settlement of the boundai-y between Kew Mexico and Texas; 4 Slaveiy in the District of Colnmbia; 5. The non-rendition of fugitives from service. These were what Mr. Clay desig- nated as " the five bleeding wounds." 7. In the House no party was in the majority. The Whigs and the Democrats, as they were called at the time, embodied the major portions; but these were divided among themselves upon what were deemed, by many, the vital principles of the crisis. A portion of the Strict-Construc- tion Southern Whigs thought the time had come for a re- organization of parties upon the essential principles of the Federal Union. They endeavored to effect this reorganiza- tion on the election of Speaker ; in this, however, they were not joined by other Strict-Constructionist Whigs nor Demo crats from either of the two great sections of the Union. Ko Speaker was elected until the 22d of December, when Mr. Howell Cobb, of Ga., a Strict-Construction Democrat, was chosen under a resolution of the House, that whoever should receive the highest vote on a designated ballot, should be the Speake], whether the vote so received should be a majority of the House or not. 8. On the 39th of January, 1850, Mr. Clay, in the Senate, presented a series of Eesolutions, known as his " Compro- mise" of that year, embracing the five disturbing subjecfa 8. What five subjects of public excitement are stated ? How did Mr. Clay de- sitjnatc them? 7. What i:* said of the Honse, and the state of parties therein ? What of a por- tion of the Sfrict-Constrnction Snnthem Whim's ? nid they fail in their object indivhy!' Who was elected Speaker? When and how? 8. What is said of Mr. Clay, and his Commitieo of Thirteen ? What of " the pmnibns Bill" as a whole ? 'What is said of that part of it relating to govern- racuts for Utah and New Mexico? What were the entire dolejrations from. the Sonth willing to do ? When the principle of division on the Missouri line wa? repudiated by the Roetrictionists, what did the Sonthern delegations then insist npon ? What had all the Sonthern States done ? What Is said of that part of Ihe Bili re'atiDg to the rendition of ftigitive Slawesf 398 TAYLOR AND FILLMORE. [BOOK IL referred to. These were referred to a Committee of Thir- teen, of which he was chosen Chairman. This Committee reported what was known as " the Omnibus Bill " — that IS, a Bill providing for all the separate subjects in one Act. This Bill, as a whole, was not satisfactory to many of any party. That part which provided for the admission of California under her then Constitution was strongly op- posed by a majority of Southern Senators and members, though not by the Strict-Construction Whigs referred to. That part of tlie Bill providing Territorial Governments for Utah and New Mexico was unsatisfactory to the Strict- Construction Southern Whigs, because, notwithstanding it omitted a Congressional Territorial restriction on Slavery, yet it did not recognize and guarantee to the people of the Territories embraced the right to form and mould their institutions as they pleased, and to be admitted into the Union as States either with or witliout Slavery, as tliey might at the time determine for themselves; while it was denounced by the Kestrictionists because it did not con- tain the Wilmot Proviso. The class of Whigs referred to, as well as the entire delegations from the South in the Senate and House, were willing to settle upon the principle of a division of the public domain between the two sections. Ofiers to abide by the line of 36° 30', known as ■' the Missouri Compromise" line, were repeatedly made; and as often as they were made they were i-ejected by the delegations of the Northern States. It was then, after the principle of a division of the public domain was abandoned by the North, that they insisted that the original Strict- Construction principle of Non-interference by Congress with Slavery in the Territories, as well as on the admission of States into the Union, should be established as the future Federal policy on these questions. All the Southern States had declured that they would abide by the Missouri line of division; but would not submit to a total exclusion from Mtrticipation in all the public domain, to the acquiai- CHAP, Xli.] TAYLOR AKD FILLMORE. 399 tion of which they had equally contributed in blood and treasure. That part of the Bill which provided for an eflBcient mode for the I'eclamation and rendition of fugitive slaves from one State to another was violently assailed by the Abolition agitators. Mr. Calhoun's views upon the whole subject were pre- sented in a written speech on the 4th of March. This was read by Mr. Mason, a Senator from Virginia, as Mr. Cal- houn, though present, was unable to deliver it. Mr. Web- ster followed three days afterwards in what was known as his " great Union speech of the 'J'th of March." In this he took position against territorial restriction ; and declared that he would vote against the Wilmot ProYiso. Few speeches ever produced greater sensation in the country than this did. 9. In this state of things Mr. Calhoun died, on the' 31st of March, 1850, aged 68 years and 13 days. Due honors were paid to his memory, and appropriate tributes to his ability, integrity, and patriotism by his compeers, including Mr. Clay and Mr. Webster. 10. The discussions on the exciting topics continued in the House and Senate until the 17th of June, when an Amendment to Mi*. Clay's Bill, in that part relating to a Territorial Government for Utah, was adopted, which ren- dered it entirely satisfactory to the Southern Strict-Con- struction Whigs. It was that which provided that " when the said Teri-itory, or any portion of the same, shall be ad- mitted as a State, it shall be received into the Union, with or without slavery, as their Constitution may prescribe at the time of her admission." This was based upon the new principle now insisted upon. It was voted for by Mr. Web- ster, and was the turning-point in the settlement of 1850. By this, thereafter there was to be no Congi-essional restric- 9. What Is paid of the death of Mr. Calhonn? 10. What Is said of the actiou of the Senate on the ITth of June t 400 TAYLOR AlfD FILLMOEE. [BOOK IL tion on slavery in the public domain, either north or south of 36° 30'. The vote by States on this Amendment in the Senate stood, 20 for it ; 6 against it ; 2 divided, and 2 not voting. 11. In the midst of these agitations, the country uas shocked and filled with mourning upon the announcement of the death of President Tay- lor. He died at the Executive mansion, after a few days of ill- ness, on the 9th of July, 1850. The office of President, now for the jicoiid time in our his- tory, devolved upon the Vice- President. Ml-. Fillmore, who was in a cordial sympathy with Mr. Clay in his efforts at an adjustment of all these exciting questions, immediately assumed rREsiDENT FiiiMOBE. (;he dutles of ttiB Exccutlve Chair, and became the 13th President. Gen. Taylor's Cab- inet having a,ll resigned on his death, Mr. Fillmore filled their places by appointing Mr. Webster Secretary of State ; Thomas Corwin, of Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury; Charles M. Conrad, of La., Secretary of War; William A. Graham, of N. C, Secretary of the Navy; Alexander H. Hi Stuart, of Va., Secretary of the Interior; Nathan K. Hall, of N. Y., Postmaster-General, and John J. Crittenden, nf Ky., Attorney-General. 12. In the meantime, Mr. Clay's Bill continued a subject matter of angry discussion in the Senate until the 31st of July, when it was so amended by striking ont first one part and then another, that nothing of it was loft but the portion providing a Government for the Territory of Utah, 11. What great event nccnrred on the 9th of July ? Who acceded t" the Pres- idency on the death of Gen. Taylor ? Who composed the new Cabinet? 12. What became of Mr. Clay's "Omnibus Bill"? What is said of the new principle established iu 1850 to govern the Territorial policy ? When was (JaJ' (ornia admitted iiTto the Union ? CHA]'. XIX.] TATLOE AND FILLMORE. 401 with the Amendment of the 1 7th of June incorporated in it, as stated. This part of " The Omnibus Bill," as it was called, passed the Senate on the 1st of August. The other parts were taken up, and separately passed afterwards. All of them were sevei-ally taken up in the House, where they also passed, with the Senate Amendment of the 17th of June to the Utah Bill incorporated into Mr. Clay's original provision for a Territorial Goyernment in New Mexico. In this way all these questions were disposed of, adjusted, and settled by the Congress of 1850. These Territorial Bills for governments in Utah and New Mexico, embraced in each portions of the Louisiana purchase, to which the Missouri line of 36° 30' was intended to apply. This line was no longer recognized after its repeated repudiation by the Reatrictionists, to whom it was at first offered as a com- promise upon the principle of a fair division of the public domain. When they refused to stand upon this principle, the other principle of non-intervention, in lieu of it, was established in 1850. Notwithstanding the discordant ele- ments in Congress at the time, it received the sanction of a majority of the States in the Senate and House. Under this adjustment th<; people of California were ad- mitted as a separate State into, the Union on the 9th of Septea^oer, 1850. 13. The amicable seiilemen^. of these questions, thus elFected, received public approval every- where, and gave great gi-aiti: cation to an ovciwhelming majority of the people throughout the Unlofi. _ ^ ^, Mr. Clay's acts in effecting tn.s. adjustment constituted the crowi^i.'i^^ giory of lus h\. •} he party animosities of former yeai-si wero for^otttv., le now had the confidence, friendship, and arLn>itw. f 13. What is said of the entlementof 1861. ■ Mi.>» o' i..nquil and glorious sunset. \i. During the Fall of this year (1852) another Presi- d'.'^tial election took place. The two great parties. Whig and Democratic, still held their nominal organizations, and both held their nominating Conventions at Baltimore this year. The Democratic Convention met on the 1st of June, and put in nomination for the Presidency General Franklin Pierce, of N". H., a Strict Constructionist of the " straitest sect" of the Jeffersouian school; and for the Vice-Presi- dency William E. King, of Ala., of the same class of statesmen. The Whigs met on the 16th of June, and put in nomination for the Presidency General Winfield Scott, the General-in-chief of the Army; and for the Vioe- Presideiicy William A. Graham, of N. C. The settlement of the Slavery Question by the adjust- ment, or " Compromise Measures," as they were called, of 1850, was so popular in the country that both these par- ties, in their platforms of principles, pledged themselves to stand by and maintain them. In accepting the nomina- tion tendered liim, Gen. Pierce gave the Democratic plat- form his cordial approval. In accepting the nomination 1 4. When did the neit Presidential election come off? What is paid of th« parties, and their nominations for thlH election ? What positions did the Demo, craticand Whig parties take' upon the Compromise measures of 1850? Wlial vfls the-d.fferonce between Gen, Pierce and Gen, Scott up FILLMO&B. 403 tendered him by the Whigs, Gen. Scott cautiously aToided endorsing that portion of the Whig platform which pledged the party to an " acceptance of, and an acquiescence in, the measures of 1850, the Act known as the rugitive Slave Law included^ as a settlement in principle and substance of the dangerous and exciting questions which they em- braced." The Anti-Slavery Agitators also held a Convention at Pittsburg, Penn., on the 11th of August, at which they put in nomination for the Presidency John P. Hale, ofii. H., and for the Vice-Presidency George -W. Julian, of Ind» 15. The result of the election by the Colleges was-: 251 Electoral votes for Pierce and King, and 43 for Scott and Graham ; by States, 27 for Pierce and King, and 4 for Scott and Graham. The States which voted for Pierce were : Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Mis- souri, Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Texas; Iowa, Wiscon- sin, California. Those that voted for Scott were : Massa- chusetts, Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The Free- Soil ticket received no Electoral vote, but out of the popular vote of nearly three millions and a half, it pollied 155,825 individual votes, being little ov«r.half of whaj; it polled at the previous election. 16. During the canvass preceding this election the whole country was again thrown into, mourning by the anuonnce- meut of the death of Mr. Webster, the last survivor of the great Senatorial " Trio." He expired at his residence at Marshfield, Mass., on the 24th of October, 1852, in the 7J.si. year of bis age. He was decidedly the. favorite of a large portion of the people of the United States for the Presi- 1 fi What wan thf. result of the eleclion by the Collfgos, and by the Stotes f 18. What is i^aid of the death of -Mr. Webster? What of Mr. Fillmore, ipd U* Adminiiiirauoi; ( ,404 ADMINISTRATION OF PIERCE. [BOOK U dency in the election of 1853, and many thousands at the polls voted a ticket headed by his name, even after he was dead. Mr. Calhoun, Mr. Clay, and Mr. Webster, were regarded as the three greatest statesmen of the country in their day. They were all men of very great ability, of very different characters of mind, as well as of styles of oratory. They differed also widely on many questions of public policy. But they were all true patriots in the highest sense of that term, and were all thoroughly devoted to the Union under the Federal Constitution. After the 4th of March, 1853, Mr. Fillmore retired to his residence, in Buffalo, N. Y. His Administration was distinguished for what was known as the " Compi'omise Measures of 1850," which restored peace and harmony to all sections of the Union for the time. CHAPTER XX. ADMINISTKATION OF PIERCE. 4lh of March, 1853— 4th of March, 1857. 1. Ok the 4th of March, 1853, Franklin Pierce, of N. H., the 14th President of the United States, was duly inau- gurated, in the 49th year of his age. The oath of office was administered by Chief-Justice Taney, before a very large audience in front of the east portico of the Capitol, the usual place for ceremonies of this character. Gen. Pierce ^as the most accomplished orator of all his predecessors, and his Inaugural was delivered in his happiest style. It was responded to by shouts from the surrounding multi- tudes. 2. The new Cabinet consisted of William L. Marcy, of N. Y., Sec'y of State ; James Guthrie, of Ky., feee'y of ths Cbaptbb XX.— 1. What li eaid of Oen. Pierco'e inangttratiou, an& hi« Ad drei43 ? 3. What of his Cabinet t CHAP. XX.] ADMINISTRATION OF PIEKOe! 405 PRESIDENT PTERGB. This brought to the TJuiou aboiio Trea,sury; Jefferson Davis, of Miss., Sec'y of War; James G. Dobbin, of N. C, Sec'y of the Navy; Robert McClelland, of Mich., Sec'y of the Inte- rior; James Campbell, of Penn., Postmaster-General, and Caleb Gushing, of Mass., Attorney-General. 3. Among the first things that occupied the new Ad- ministration, was the dispute that had arisen with Mexico on a question of boundary. This was settled by negoti- ation; and resulted in the acquisition by the United States of the region now known as Arizona. 30,000 square miles of additional territory, known at the time as " Gadsden's Purchase," at the cost of ten mil- lions of dollars. In the Summer of 1853, under the direc- tion of the War Department, various expeditions were organized and sent out to explore routes for a railroad from the Valley of the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. 4. After the settlement of the Slavery Question by the Measures of 1850, which had quieted the excitement for a time, as we have stated, the Agitators changed the arena of their operations. They abandoned the halls of Congress for a season, and in their organizations directed their un- ceasing efforts to accomplish their objects by controlling local elections. The "Fugitive Slave Law," as it was called, of 1850, was now the main point of their assaults. The execution of this in various places was openly resisted S. What was among the first things that occupied his attention? How wus the matter settled ? 4. How was the agitation of Slavery renewed? What were the Legislatures ol peveial of the Northern States induced to do ? What was the effect of the deci- sion of the Federal Jndidary on the ques'i'jn involved ? ' How were all denounceil bv the niit»tors who stood hythe obligaticns of the Constitution? 406 ADMINISTRATION OF PIEBCE. [BOOK IL by mobs aud riots, gotten up at their instance. The Legis- latures of several of the Northern States were induced by them to nullify the Federal law by the passage of State Acts, known as " Personal Liberty Bills." By these the Act of Congress on the subject was rendered inoperative for all practical purposes within the limits of these States, through the instrumentality of their respective Judiciary Systems. A decision by the Federal Judiciary, that the Act of Congress was constitutional and necessary to carry out one of the obligations of the common compact between the States had no effect upon the Agitators, except to cause them to denounce the court that rendered the decision, aud any Union founded upon any such Compact. While little was said in Congrefia upon the subject, this was the exciting topic in the local elections in most of the Northern States, and unprecedented gains were thereby made to the Anti-Slavery Party. Every one who stood by the obliga- tions of the Constitution was denounced by these Agita- tors as a "Pro-Slavery" advocate. 5. This was the state of things in December, 1853, wlien the 1st session of the 33d Congress met, and when it be- came necessary to oi-ganize a Territorial Government in a portion of the Louisiana cession not already embraced in the Utah and New Mexico Bills of 1850. For this purpose Mr. Douglas, Chairman of the Committee on Territories, on the 4th of January, 1854, reported a Bill in the Senate for the organization of a Government in the Territory uf Nebraska. In this Bill, upon the subject of slavery, he used the same language as that set forth in the Utah and New Mexico Bills of 1850. He was careful to adhere faithfully to the territorial principle and policy then established, and which both of the two great parties were pledged to main- tain. Then it was that the Eestrictionists and Agitators again raised great excitement in the halls of Congress. 6. What Is paid of the agitation in OongreBS of 1854? "S'ho began il, and how' Wlist did the Restrictioniets now say of the old Missouri line T CHAP. XX.] ADMINISTBATIOK OP FIEBCE. 407 Mr. Sumner, of Mass., on the 17th of Januaiy, introduced into the Senate a memorial against slavery, and gave notice of his intention, when the Nebraska Bill came up, to offer an amendment reaffii-ming the old slavery restriction of 1830 over this portion of the Louisiana cession. This opened de novo the whole territorial question that had been settled in 1850. The sectional controversy was thus again opened in the Federal Councils, with all its fierceness and bitterness. The Eestrictionists and Agitators now spoke of the old Missouri line of division as " a sacred pledge" and " solemn rompact" between the two great sections of the Union, which " the slavery propagandists" were about "most ruthlessly and wickedly to violate.^' 6. When the(Nebraska Bijj/came up for action, it was amended in the Senate by the organization of two govern- ments instead of one — a government for the Territory of Kansas as well as that of Nebraska. Upon the subject of slavery the same words were used in the organization of both governments. After a slight amendment, to make the object and policy of Congress more clearly to appear to be in strict conformity with the principle of Non-inter- vention established in 1850, thi^ Bill passed the Senate on the 3d of March, 1854, by a majority of nearly two to one; the yeas were 27, and the nays 14. By States, in that body, the vote stood : lor it 21, and against it only 7 ; three States were divided. The same Bill, with one or two slight amendments, not changing the substance on any of the main points, passed the House on the 30th of May, by a vote of 113 in favor of it, and 100 against it. By States, in the House, the vote on this bill stood : 18 for it, and 13 against it. It received the prompt approval of the Presi- dent, and is known as the Kansas and Nebraska Act This is the legislation of 1854, about which so much has been said and written, and which constitutes the distinguishing feature of Gen. Pierce's Ad ministration. — 6. What anKndinciit was made to the Nebraska Bill What language WM used in this and llic Kansas Bill upun the subject of slavery 1 408 ADMINISTRATIOlf OF PIEECE. [BOOK IL 7. Its object was to carry out in good faith the adjust- ment policy of 1850 ; but it was used by the Agitators in connection with the Fugitive Slave Act, another measure of that adjustment, in arousing the Anti-Slavery element everywhere to its intensest fury. A remnant of the Whig party, without regard to their solemn- pledge to maintain the adjustment of 1850, " in principle and in substance," being now in opposition to the Administration, rather favored than opposed the agitation which ensued. Indeed, some of the leading men of this remnant took the lead in the agitation. 8. Under the Territorial policy of 1850, the public do- maiu was to remain open and free alike for settlement and cokiuization by citizens of all the States with their " bonds- m.ev," and property of every kind, without any discrimina- tion for or against any class of persons ; and the settlers were to regulate their own domestic institutions in their own way, with the perfect right of local self-government, with- out any limitations except such as are prescribed in the Constitution of the United States. The plan of operations adopted by the Agitators immediately after the passage of the Kansas and Nebraska Act, was to create trouble and dissensions among the settlers in these Territories. For this purpose Emigrant Aid Societies were formed by them in the Northern States ; moneys were collected ; arms were purchased and put into the hands of their mercenary emi- grants, whose object was not colonization so much as agita- tion. Civil strife soon ensued, and what was known as the "Kansas War" followed. In this the celebrated John Brown obtained his first notoriety. The Administration, however, succeeded in preserving the general peace by strict and faithful maintenance of the laws. 7. What was the object of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill ? How was it used "by the agitators? What is said of a remnant of the Whiff party? 8. What is said of the Territorial policy of 186(1? What is wid of the plan adopted by the agitators after the passage of the Kansas Bill? Wh&t followed T. Who fifiured in it » OflAf.^ii.j AOMiKlSTftAXlOii OE FIfiKCE. 40a 9. About this time a new political party sprung up, which soon extended throughout the Union. It was organized upon principles of secrecy. Its distinctive features were opposition to the election of Eoman Catholics, and persons of foreign birth, to any office. The name assumed was the American Party ; though it was most generally at the time designated by the appellation of " Know-JSTothing." In this state of things the elections of 1854 resulted ad- versely to the Administration. Those of 1855 were more favorable ; but the combined opposition returned a lai^e Anti- Administration majority to the House in the 34th Con- gress, which met in December, 1855. 10. Owing to the discordant elements of which this House was composed, no organization took place until the 1st of February, 1856, when Nathaniel P. Banks, of Mass., was declared Speaker, under a resolution similar to that adopted lor the organization of the 31st Congress. In politics he was an Anti-Slavery American, or " Know-Nothing," as the party was commonly called, though he was not the regular nominee of that party. The Kansas difficulties were the chief subjects of discussion at this session. The seat of John W. Whitfield, a Democrat, who had been returned as a Delegate to the House from Kansas, was contested by the Agitators, upon the ground of fraud and violence re- sorted to by his supporters at the election. A committee was raised and sent to Kansas to make an investigatioji and report. Every means was resorted to to increase the excitement. The report consisted of over eleven hundred pages. The result was, that Whitfield was ultimately by vote of the House declared to be entitled to his seat. In thir, state of things the Presidential election of the Fall of 18£G took place. The Democratic party in the House 9 What is said of the newpai-ty that sprung np about this time? What is Baifl nf tlie elections in 1S54-5 f 10. What is said of theorpranization of the JTouse on the meeting of tlie 84th Coi /rees ? What were the cliiff suhjects of discussion at this eeusion ? What is paid of the election of John W. Whitfield as a Delegate to the Hoaso » un whit issue did the Democratic party then organize in the House f 18 41C ADMIKISTBATION OF PIERCE. [BOOK U organized themselves upon the principle of adhering to the Territorial policy of 1850, as carried out in the legislation of 1854. 11. The General Nominating Convention of this party met at Cincinnati on the 2d day of June, and presented the name of James Buchanan, of Penn., as their candidate for the Presidency, and that of John C. Breckinridge, of Ky., as their candidate for the Vice-Presidency. After repeating their pledge to adhere to the adjustment of the questions of Slavery as made in 1850, they declared their distinct approval of the legislation of Congress of 1854, in carrying out the Territorial policy thereby estab- lished. 12. All the elernents of the Anti-Slavery party met in Convention at Philadelphia, on the 17th of June, and or- ganized for the first time under the popular name of "Republicans.'' They put in nomination for the Presi- dency, John C. Fremont, of Cal. ; and- for the Vice-Presi- dency, William L. Dayton, of N. J. In their platform they proclaimed it to be " both the right and the duty of Congress to prohibit in the Territo- ries, those twin relics of barbarism — Polygamy and Slavery." 13. The "American Party,'' so called, had previously held their Convention at Philadelphia, and nominated for the Presidency, Mr. Pillmore ; and for the Vice-Presidency, Andrew J. Donelson, of Tenn. The chief feature in their platform was opposition to what was called " Alien Suffrage." They affirmed the prin- ciples of the Compromise Measures of 1850. Thus were presented the prominent issues in the canvass 14. The result was the election of !Mr. Buchanan and Mr. Breckinridge. The vote by the Colleges was: 174 11. What is said of the General Nominating Oonventton or the JJemocraiu !)arty? Is4. What of the Convention of the elements of the Anti-Slavery party ? 1 S What of the American party, and tlie ii^sne^ preeentod ? 1 4. What wae the result of the election by the Colleges t What by the States i CHAP. XX.] ADMINI8TBATI0X OF PIEBOB. 411 Electoral votes for Buchanan and Breckinridge ; 114 for Frdmont and Dayton, and 8 for Fillmore and Doneleon. The Tote by States was: 19 for the Democratic ticket; 11 for the Kepublican, and one for the American. The 19 States that voted for Mr. Buchanan were : New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mis- sissippi, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, Texas, and California; the 11 that voted for Frd- mont were : Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Khode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Iowa, and Wisconsin ; the one that voted for Mr. Fillmore was Maryland. This was not only a very emphatic popular re-endorse- ment of the Territoi-ial policy established in 1850, but a like popular approval of the legislation of 1854, carrying it out. 15. The last session of the 34th Congress, which met the 1st of December, 1856, was distinguished for two measures. One was a further reduction of the Tariff, on the principle of free trade, which was approved on the 3d of March, 1857, and is known as the " Tariff of 1857." The other was the passage of an Act of Congress authorizing the people of Kansas to organize a State Constitution, preparatory to admission into the Union. This Act was exceedingly well guarded in its provisions for a full and fair expression of the popular will. After the expiration of iiis term of oflBce, on the 4th of March, 1857, Gen. Pierce retired to his home in Concord, N. H., with the confidence and esteem of a large majority of the true friends of the Union under the Constitution in all sections of the country. 15. What two Important Acts of Congress are referrecto! Wbat is eatd of Preaident Pierce i 412 ADMINISTKATION OF BUCHANAN, [BOOK IT CHAPTER XXI. AmiINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN. 4tli of March, 1857— 4tli of March, 1861. 1. James Buchanan, of Penn., the 15tli President, wiia inaugurated on tlie 4tli of March, 1857, iu the 66th year of his age. The oatli of office was administei'ed by Cliief- Justice Taney. His Inau- gural was conciliatory, and afiprobatory of the principles of the Kansas and Nebraska Bill, ujion which he had been elected. These were, in his opinion, as declared in his letter accepting his nomina- tion, " founded upon princi- ples as ancient as free gov- ernment itself." 2. The new Cabinet con- sisted of Lewis Cass, of Mich., Sec'y of State ; Howell Cobb, of Ga., Sec'y of the Treasury; John B. Floyd, of Va., Sec'y of War; Isaac Toucey, of Conn., Sec'y of the Navy; Jacob Thompson, of Miss., Sec'y of Interior; Aaron V. Brown, of Tenn., Postmaster-General, and Jeremiah S. Black, of Penn., Attorney-General. 3. The two principal subjects which immediately en- gaged the attention of the new Administration were, the state of affairs in Utah and Kansas. The trouble in Utah was with the Mormons. This sect of religionists, which tolerates a plurality of wives, had emigrated from Illinois, where they were not allowed to remain, to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake, some years Chaitek XXT.— 1. What ie said of Ihe Inaiigiu-ation of Mr. Buchanan ? a. Whntuf his Cabinet? S. What t«o subjects engaged his immediate attention ? Wli»t of Utah f PRESIDENT BUCHANAN. CHAP. XXI.J ADMINISTSATIOK OF BUCHAXAIT. 413 before the acquisition of that territory by the United States. On the organization of a government for the Territory of Utah, which enibraced this settlement, and the only set- tlement of white people in that wilderness region, Mr. Pill- more had appointed Brigham Young, the leader and chief apostle of this sect. Governor of -the Territory. Aboui the time of Mr. Buchanan's accession to office, intelligence was received of serious differences between Gov. Yonug and other subordinate officers of the Government. His whole religious organization- were supposed to be preparing to resist the execution of the laws of the' United States. Col. Albert Sidney Johnston, of the army, was therefore despatched with a suflBcient military force to maintain law and order. The expedition set out early in the Summer of 1857. 4. A few days after the inauguration of Mr. Buchanan, the Supreme Court of the United States had, in a case before it, given a judicial decision upon the constitution- alitv of "the old Missouri Kestrictioji," which embraced the Territory of Ks^sas. This court held, that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in any of the territories of the Union ; and that the restriction incorporated in the Missouri Act of 1830, whether as a compromise or not, was utterly inoperative and void from the beginning. This judgment was rendered in the famous "Dred Scott" case. The decision of the highest judicial tribunal of the country, thus pronounced upon the long- vexed question, so far from quieting the Agitators, only tended to arouse and inflame them. The strongest terms of abuse and vituperation were by them hurled against the court, and especially against the accomplished and venerable Chief Justice, by whom the judgment had been delivered. Every effort was now made by them to bring on a conflict of arms in Kan- 4. What of Kansas ? What of the decision of the Supremp Oonrt? How was this' decision received by the Agitators? What plan was adopiod by them in Kansas? What did the Administration do? What effect had it ? What was the tosiilt ! IIow was tlie question finally disposed of ! 414 ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN. [BOOK IL gas; while the Legislatures of Northern States were goaded to further acts of nullification of the Fugitive Slave Law. The plan of operations in Kansas adopted by them was to take no part in the organization, of a State Government under the late Act of Congress ; but to form a separate "Free State Constitution," as they called it. The policy of the Administration in this state of things in that quar- ter was harmony; and Mr. Robert J. Walker, a statesman of great eminence, who was in sentiment opposed to sla- very, was sent as a special agent to j^ersuade and induce the Abolitionists in Kansas to desist from their factious course, and to unite with all parties in the formation of a State constitution under the Act of Congress; assuring them that the constitution so formed should be ratified by a majority of the popular vote of the territory before it would be submitted to Congress. This also, so far from conciliating, only rendered the Agitators more desperate. They took no part in the formation of a constitution under the Act of Congress, nor any part in the vote on its ratifi- catiou, when it was submitted to all the legal voters of the territory for adoption or rejection. The result was, the formation and ratification, by a popular vote, of a consti- tution tolerating slavery. Under this constitution, so made, the people of Kansas applied for admission into the Union at the 1st session of the 35th Congress, which as- sembled on the 7th day of December, 1857. On this ap- plication, the scenes in the Halls of Congress were more exciting, perhaps, than they had ever been before. A Bill to admit. the State under the constitution so formeil, known as the " Lecompton Constitution," passed the Senate, by a majority of 8, on the 23d of March, 1858. In the House a substitute was adopted in lieu of the Senate Bill, on the 30tli day of April, by a majority of 9. Both Houses adher- ing to their previous votes, a Committee of Conference was finally raised. They reported a new Bill for the admission of Kansas under conditional terms as to boundary and ^HAP. XXI.] ADMIiriSTRATIOir OF BUCHANAN. 415 public domain, first to be approved by them. The report of the Conference Committee was agreed to by both Houses; and thus the Kansas controversy was ended at that time. No serious difficulty arose in the territory afterwards. 5. It was on the admission of Kansas vinder the Lecomp- ton Constitution, that a disastrous split took place in the Democratic party. Notwithstanding the intense Anti- Slavery agitation at the preceding elections, this party had a lai-ge majority, both in the House and Senate, at this time. The cause and reasons of the division which now occurred cannot be given in this brief sketch. It must suffice to say, that it was founded upon no practically essen- tial principle, and might easily have been healed if con- siderations of public interests had prevailed over those of a personal charactei'. Z' 6. On the 11th of May, 1858, the people of Minnesota were admitted as a separate State into the Union. 7. Soon after this, the " Mor- mon War," as it was called, was brought to a close, under the auspices of Col. Johnston, and peace and order again prevailed in Utah. 8. The 16th day of August, ^ „ . , 1 n ■ i- i. MINNESOTA COAT OP ARMS. 1858, 18 notable for an important event in the annals of the world. This was the successful accomplishment of the submarine Electro-telegraphic en- terprise, bringing the people of the Eastern and Western hemispheres into instant communication with each other. It was on this day salutations between Queen Victoria and President Buchanan were sent among the first messages over the wires. This month also is notable for the appear- 6. What is said of the Democratic party! 6 When was Minnesota Hdmitted into the Union y 1 What hecame of the "Mormon War." 90 called? ,. , , ,u i vi 8 What is the 16lh of August notable for? What is this whole month notabl. for? 416 ADMINISTBATION OF BUCHANAK. [BOOK IL ance of one of the largest and most magnificent comets of ■which we have anj account. When its nucleus was near the horizon, its brilliant train stretched to the mid-heavens. 9. The 2d session of the 35th Congress was as distin- guished for its 'quiet as the 1st had been for its excitement. Various efforts were made to effect a personal reconciliation between prominent leaders of the Democratic party, and to repair the breach that had been made, as before stated. These, however, failed. The most important measure of this session was the ad- mission of the people of Oregon as a separate State into the Union. It was consummated on the 14th of Febroary, 1859. 10. The quiet of the Slaverj iigitation, whicli followed the dis- position of the Kansas troubles as stated, was of short duration. The notorious John Brown, before referred to, who had figured in the Kansas War of 1856, and to whom the appellation had been given of " Osawatomie Brown," from the place of one of his mur- derous exploits in tliat Territory, made "a raid," as it was called, in Virginia, on the 17th of October, 1859. Instigated by the Agitators, and with moneys furnished by them, he raised arms and men, and concealing his movements under cover of night, succeeded in seizing the U. S. arsenal at Harpei-'s Perry. His design was, with this stronghold in his possession, to stir up and carry on a general servile war from Virginia South. Though he succeeded in getting pos- session of the arsenal and armory, yet his other efforts utterly failed. None of the negroes of the vicinity joined him. His forces were soon routed. He. was arrested, prose- OKBOOK COAT OF ARMS. 9- What is said of the Hi session of the 35th Congress ? When was Oregon ad- mitted F 1 0. What is said of the Slavery agitation at this time ! What of " Osawatomi* Brown' J What was the effect of his raid apon the Southern mind 1 CHAP. XII.] ADMIKI8TRATI0N OF BUCHAKA:!^. 417 cuted for his crime, and hung under the laws of Virginia. This act greatly inflamed the Southern mind,- especially as it was lauded by the official authorities of those Northern States which had refused to comply with their obligations under the Constitution in the matter of the rendition of fugitives from service. 11. It was in this state of things that the 1st session of the 36th Congress convened on the 5th of December, 1859. The discussions between the Agitators and the advocates of the maintenance of the Federal Uuiop under the Constitution, with all its obligations and guarantees, were fierce and bitter. Very little attention was given to any other subject of importance, either domestic or foreign. Southern Senators and members openly proclaimed, that the nullification acts of the Northern States referred to, were a palpable breach of the Constitution ; and, in the language of Mr. Webster in 1851, upon this identical point, that "a bargain cannot be broken on one side, and still bind the other," they asserted the reserved sovereign rights of the States, and declared that if those States North which had proven themselves faithless to the Federal Com- pact should persist in their course, the States South would withdraw from the Union. At this session all considera^ tions nearly were merged in the questions of Slavery, the relations of the States of the Union towards each other under the Federal Compact, and the approaching Presi- dential election, which was to come off in the ensuing Fall. On the last of these subjects, most unfortunately for the country, the friends of the Union under the Constitution were never before so divided among themselves as they were at this time. They ran three tickets instead of One. One wing of the Democratic party put in nomination Stephen A. Douglas, of Elinois, for the Presidency, and 1 1 . What is saia of the Ist Session of the 36lh Con?;reeB f What position did Southern Senators and members tatee f WBatia said of the friends of the Jnion under the Constitution in relation to the Presidential election of that Fall I What was the result of the election, and how might le result have been di( ferent > 18* 4L8 ADHINlSTRATIOIf OF BUCHANAlir. [BOOK IL Herscliel V. Johnson, of Georgia, for tlie Vice- Presidency. Another wing of the same party put in nomination John 0. Breckinridge, of Kentucky for the Presidency, and Glen. Joseph Lane, of Oregon, for the Vice-Presidency. Tliat portion of Conservatives known as the American party put in nomination for tlie Presidency John Bell, of Tenn., and for the Vice- Presidency Edward Everett, of Mass. ; while the Agitators in the main rallied in mass and en- thusiasm under the banner of the " Kepublicans," so- called, who h.id put in nomination for the Presidency Abra- ham Lincoln, of Illinois, and for the Vice-Presidency Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine. The result was the election of the Republican ticket. The Electoral vote by the colleges stood : 180 for Lincoln and Hamlin; 72 for Breckinridge and Lane; 39 for Bell and Everett; and 12 for Douglas and Johnson. By a plurality count of the popula,r vote, Mr. Lincoln carried 18 States; Mr. Breckinridge, 11; Mr. Bell, 3; and Mr. Douglas but one. The 18 States thus carried by Mr. Lin- coln were all north of what was known as " Mason and Dixon's Line ;" the election, therefore, was entirely sectional. The popular vote cast for him in the aggregate amounted to 1,S57,(J10 ; while the like aggregate vote cast against him (divided between the three other candidates) amounted to 2,804,560. This shows how differently the resiilt might have been if the opponents of the schemes of the Agita- tors had united upon one ticket. As it was, Mr. Douglas carried but one State on the plurality count, though of the aggregate popular vote he carried 1,305,976. The 18 States that voted for Mr. Lincoln, under the plurality count of the popular vote, were : Maine, New Hampshire, Mas- sachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, and Or- egon ; the 11 that so voted for Mr. Breckinridge were : Del- aware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, CHAf. XXI.] ADMIIflSXflATlON OF BCCHANAN. 4.19 Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, and l.'exas; the 3 that so voted for Mr. Bell were: Virginia, K an tucky, and Tennessee; and the one that so voted for Mr. Douglas was Missouri. Mr. Lincoln did not receive the majority of the popular vote in but 16 of the 33 States then constituting the Union ; so he had been elected with- out having received a majority of the popular vote of the States or of the peoj^le. 12. Most of the public men in the Southern States looked upon this election as an expression of a declared pui-pose on the part of the States North referred to, under the control of the Agitators, to continue their breach of faith in the matter of the rendition of fugitives from so-r- vice, and as indicating such a tendency to a general ce n- tralizatiori of the Government, as rendered a longer con- tinuance in the Federal Union perilous to their rights, security, and safety. A Sovereign Convention of the peo- ple of South Carolina was immediately called, and by them an Ordinance of Secession was unanimously passed on the 20th day of December, 1860. It was styled — "An Ordinance to dissolve the Union between the State of South Carolina and other States united with her under the com- pact entitled ' The Constitution of the United States of America ;' and declared : ' that the Ordinance adopted by us in Convention, on the 33d day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, whereby the Constitution of the United States of America was ratified, and also all Acts and parts of Acts of the General Assembly of this State, ratifying Amendments of the said Constitution, are hereby repealed ; and tliat the Union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States, under the name of the United States of America, is hereby dissolved." 13. The Ordinance was based expressly upon the grounds that "the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ehode Island, New York, Penn- sylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Micliigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa" [all of which had voted for Mr. Lincoln], had en- acted laws which either nullified the acts of Congress for 1 3. How was thlB election regarded by most of the public men ii the SonttaMi States"? What was done by South Carolina? I S. What was her Ordinance of Secession bafed expressly upon 1 420 ADJllNloTEATION OF BUCHANAN. [BOOK II. the rendition of fugitives from service, or rendered nseless any attempt to execute them, and that Iowa and Ohio had refused to surrender fugitives from justice charged with murder, and with inciting servile insurrection iii the Jolin iJrowu raid, as well as the danger to be apprehended from the centralizing doctrines and principles of the party soon to come into power in the Executive Department of the Federal Government. 14. Six other Southern States followed South Carolina m passing similar Ordinances. Mississippi, on the 9th of January, 1861 ; Florida, on the 10th ; Alabama, on the 11th; Georgia, on the 19th ; Louisiana, on the 26th ; and Texas, on the 1st of February. These States met by delega- tions at Montgomery, in Ala., on the 4th of February, 1861, and immediately organized a new Union between them- selves, and formed a new Constitution, under the name of "The Confederate States of America." Their Con- stitution was based upon all the essential principles of the Federal Compact of 1787, with its subsequent Amend- ments. A Provisional Government for one year was at first instituted, and Jefi'erson Davis, of Miss., and Alexander H. Stephens, of Ga., were elected Presidelit and Vice-Presi- dent for that period. The Constitution for the permanent Government was to take eflect on the 22d of February, 1863. Mr. Davis was inaugurated as President of the Pro- visional Government on the 18th day of February, 1861, 14. What la faid of other Southern states? What did they rlo? Upon what were their Coustltntlono, pi'ovlelonal and permanent, based ! Who wers elected Froeident and Vice-President, and for how lonz? When was the Constitnlion foi a permanent Qovemment to go into tiffectf What ia uid of tbe iQauguration of Mr. DavlB, and his Cabinet f ., PI1B813)EKT DAVIS. CHAP., XXI.] ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN. 421 and selected for his Cabinet: Eol srt Toombs, of Ga., Secre- tary of Staie ; Christopher G. Memminger of S. C, Secretary of the Treasury ; Leroy P. Walker, of Ala., Secretary of "VVar ; Steplieu R. Mallory, of Fla., Secretary of the Navy; and John H. Eeagan, of Texas, Postmaster-General. The Attorney-Generalship was designated as the Department of Justice, and to this office Judah P. Benjamin, of La., waa appointed. The new GoTernment so organized went into immediate operation. 15. On the 29th of January, 1861, the people of Kansas were admitted as a separate State into the Federal Union, by Act of Congress, passed without any excitement. 16. In the mean time great efforts were made at reconciliation. At the instance of Virginia, an inform- al Peace Congress of all the States was called, to meet in Washington. This body met in February. Twen- ty States were represented in it — thirteen Northern and seven South- °°'^'' °^ '^'"" °^ '^^''"*^- em. Ex-President Tyler presided over its deliberations. The Agitators were ably represented in it ; and by them the Southern members were emphatically told that the Northern States never would fulfil t'neir obligations under the Federal Constitution in the matter of the rendition of fugitives from service. This effort, therefore, to close the breach between the States tended o.nly to widen it. 17. The Government at Montgomery despatched three Commissioners, John Forsyth, of Ala., Martin J. Crawford, of Ga., and Andrew B. Roman, of La., to Washington, to treat with the Federal authorities for a peaceful and amicable adjustment, upon the principles of equity and justice, of all 1 S. vVhen was Kansas admitted into ttie Union au a State f 16. What is Miid of the "Peace Congress"? 1 ' Wliat did the Confederate authoiitle« at Montgomery .do S How were tht ComniieiioflerB leceiveiJ f What is sai'' .-f Mr. Bachanaii'8 position '.ndhisre. HremtDtt 432 ADMINISTKATION^ OF LINOOLlf. [BOOK II, mat.;ers pertaining to the common property and public debt. Mr. Buchanan refused to receive them in their offi- cial capacity. The seceded States had before this taken possession of all the Federal forts and arsenals within their limits respectively, except Fort Sumter in Charleston har- bor, Fort Pickens of Pensacola, and the fortifications in the Keys of the Southern coast of Florida, and had trans- ferred the same jurisdiction over them to the Confederate States v/hich had by their consent been exercised before by the United States. Mr. Buchanan made no attempt to re- take these forts. While he maintained that a State could not rightfully secede, he also hold that he could not, nor could Congress, rightfully and constitutionally resorj; to coercive measures against the regularly constituted author- ities of a State to prevent it. In this condition of affairs Mr. Buchanan's term of office ended on the 4th of March, 1861, and he retired to his residence at Wheatland, near I ian caster, Pennsylvania. CHAPTER XXII. ADMI]SriSTRATIO]Sr OF LIN-COLN". 4th of March, 1861— 4th of March, 1865. TItB WAR BETWEEN THE . STATES : FIRST TEAR. I. Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, 16th President of the fjnited States, was duly inaugurated at the usual place on the 4th of March, 1861, aged 52 years and 20 days. Borne in an open cari-iage, he was escorted and guarded from Willard's Hotel to the Capitol by an armed military force, under the direction of Gen. Scott, the General-in-chicf of tl. 3 Army of the United States. The oath of office was administered by Chief-Justice Taney, in the presence Chapter XXII.— I . What is said of the Inauguration of President Lincoln 1 What of his Inau>i;ural ? CHAP. XXII.] ADMIXISIRATION OF LINCOLX. 433 His Inaugural Ad- It iudicated no deci- of an audience estimated at 10,000. di'ess was read from a manuscript, sive policy, except the main- tenance of the "Union," which he claimed to be " old- er than the States," and his purpose to collect the public revenues at the ports of the seceded States, as well as to " hold, occupy, and possess" all the forts, arsemils, and other public property before held by the Federal authori- ties. 2. The new Cabinet con- sisted of "William H. Seward, of ]Sr. Y., Sec'y of State ; Salmon P. Cha.se, of Ohio, Sec'y of the Treasury; Simon Cameron, of Penn., Sec'y of War; Gideon Welles, of Conn., Sec'y of the Navy; Caleb B. Smith, of Ind., Sec'y of the Interior ; Montgomery Blair, of Md., Postmaster-General, and Edward Bates, of Mo., Attorney-General. 3. On the 12th of March the Confederate States Com- missioners addressed a note to Mr. Seward, Secretary of State, setting forth the character and object of their mis- sion. In it they said : " The undesigned are instructed to make to the Government of the United States overtures for the opening of negotiations, assur- ing the Government of the United States that the President, Con- gress, and people of tlie Confederate States earnestly desire a peace- ful solution of these great questions; that it is neither their interest nor their wish to make any demand which is not founded in strictest justice, nor do any act to injure their late Confederates." PBESIDENT LINCOLN. 8, Who composed the new Cabinet ? 3. What 19 said of the Confederate Commfesionerp, and their overtures ? What of the reply of Mr. Seward f Wliat effect had this reply, made as it was, upon the Caminissinners ? What oocnrred in the mean time f W±at effect did the news of the sailiug of the Ileet from New York and Norfolk have upon Ac Commis- sioners? Wliat did CHeydof What did Judge Oampbe.l do f What answer did tfr. Seward give ? VV^n did the CommisBionerB first learn the actual state oJ tbiiiKB t What did thev now say in a note to Mr. Seward i 424 ADMINISTKATION OF LIKCOLK. [BOOK II This was replied to verbally and informally, through Mr. Justice John A. Campbell, of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was a citizen of Alabama, on terms of personal friendship with the Commissioners, and exceed- ingly anxious to effect a reconciliation, if possible. Mr. Seward selected him as a proper intermediary. In this way the Commissioners were given to understand by the most positive assurances, that Mr. Seward was " in favor of peace," and that an immediate official answer to the note of the Commissioners would " be productive of evil, not of good ;'' that "Fort Sumtei', in Charleston harbor, would be evacu- ated in less than ten days, even before a letter could go from Washington to Montgomery ;" and " as regarded Fort Pick- ens, in Florida, notice would be given of any design to alter the status there." Forts Sumter and Pickens were the only ones at this time held by the Federal authorities within the limits of the Confederate States, that they felt anxious about. Eelying implicitly on these assurances, the Commissioners forebore to press an immediate reply to their note. In the mean time, however, it became known that the most active war preparations were going on in the Navy- Yard at New York A squadron of 7 ships, carrying 5J8o guns and 2,400 men, was fitted out and put to sea, under sealed orders, from that port and Norfolk, early in April. When this became known also, as it did in a few lays, apprehensions were immediately entertained by the Commissioners and others ^at it was intended for the re- inforcement of Fort Sumter. The Commissioners waited upon Judge Campbell to know if he could get any informa- tion upon this point. On the 7th of April he addressi>d a letter to Mr. Seward, asking if the assurances which he had ^iven were well or ill founded. Mr. Seward's reply was : "Faith as to Sumter fully kept; wait and see." This was when the fleet was near the harbor of Charleston for the purpose of reinforcing and provisioning Fort Sumter^, "peaceably, if permitted; but forcibly, if necessary." The CHAP. XXII.] ADMIXISTBaIMOIT OP LIN-COLS. 435 actual state of things was not known to the Commissioners until the 8th of April. On the next day, the 9th, they ad- dressed Mr. Seward another note, in which they said, that the sending of the fleet to reinforce Fort Sumter, under the circumstances, was viewed by them, and could only be re- ceived by the world, as " a declaration of war against the Confederate States." 4. Prom subsequent disclosures, it appears that it was the intention of Mr. Lincoln to withdraw the Fec'eral forces from Fort Sumter at an early day, when the a-snr- ance to that effect was given ; but when this intention be- came known in his party circles, the Governors of seven t)f the Northern States, which were under the control of the . Agitators, assembled in Washington, and prevailed on him to change his policy. It was after this that the war pre- parations mentioned were secretly commenced and carried on ; and " faith as to Sumter" was only so far " kept" as to give notice, on the 8th of April, not to the Confederate Commissioners, but to Gov. Pickens, of S. C, of a change of the policy of the Administration in regard to the assur- ance given, and that a fleet was then on its way to reinforce the fort, as stated. Judge Campbell complained of the treatment he had received of Mr. Seward, but could get no reply or explanation. Believing in the rightfulness of the Southern cause, he soon after resigned his seat on the Su- preme Court Bench. Fort Sumter at the time was com- manded by Maj. Eobert Anderson, of the U. S. Army, with a force less than a hundred, and with a very short supply of provisions. 5. Gen. Gustavo T. Beauregard was in command of about 4. What ;8 said of the assurance given by Mr. Seward, and the change of poli- cy which cansedit to be disregarded ? What is said of Fort Saniter at this time? Who was in command there, and with what force ? 5. What Confederate officer vrsA in command at Charleston ? What ie said of his forces, and for what purpose were they collected? What is said of Gov. Pickens and Gen. Beauregard I, What of the Secretary of War at Montgomery J What ensued 1 What was the Secretary's response to Maj. Anderson's verbal remarks to IJeauregard's messenger? When and why did Beauregard open fire npon Sumter ? How long did the bombardment last ? What is said of the fleet f What of the capitnlstion t What is said of the firing on both sides during tb< bomtiardmcut? 426 ADMIITISTRATIOJf OF LINCOIiK. [BOOK. IL 6,000 Confederate volunteer troops in Charleiton at the time, collected for the purpose of defending the place. Gov. Pickens informed him of the notice he had received. This was telegraphed by Beauregard to the authorities at Montgomery. The Secretary of War there replied, by order- ing Beauregard, " if he had no doubt of the authenticity of the notice of the intention of the Washington Government to supply Fort Sumter by force, to demand at once its evacu- ation ; and if this should be refused, to proceed to reduce it." On the nth of April the demand for its evacuation was made. Maj. Anderson, in writing, stated that the demand would not be complied with ; but added verbally to the messen- ger, '■ I will await the first shot, and if you do not batter us to pieces, wo will be starved out in a few days." This written reply, as well as the verbal remarks accompany- ing it, was forthwith sent by Gen. Beauregard to the Sec- retary of War at Montgome- ry, who returned the follow- ing response : " Do not desire needlessly to bombard Fort Sumter. If Maj. Anderson will state the time at which, as indicated by himself, he will evacuate, and agree that, in the mean time, he will not use his guns against us, un- less ours should be employed against Fort Sumter, you are authorized thus to avoid the effusion of blood. If this or its equivalent be refused, reduce the fort, as your judgment decides most practicable." This was communicated to Major Anderson. He refused to ac- cede to the terms. The fleet was approaching ; some of Beauregard's bati«ries and forces were between it and Fort Sumter. Should it amve, while Anderson still held the OKN. ODSTAVB T. BEAUREGARD. CHAP. XXII.J ADMINISTEATION OP ^KCOLN. 4SV fort, they would be exposed tc; attack in the rear as well as in the front. He therefore gave Maj. Anderson notice that he would at an early specified hour proceed to compel him to withdraw from the fort. He accordingly opened fire upon it, at 4.30 on the morning of the 13th of April. Tliis was returned by the guns of the fort. The fleet came near, but took no part in the action. The bombardment lasted for 32 hours. Maj. Anderson then agreed to capitu- late. Most liberal and honorable terms were granted ; the entire garrison, 80 in all, ofiicers and men, were permitted to be marched out with their colors and music ; all private as well as company property was allowed to be taken by those to whom it belonged. As Providence ordered it, not a life was lost in this memorable and most frightful com- bat. The firing on both sides, at some times, particularly at night, was represented by those who witnessed it as " most grand and terrific." It was but the precursor, how- ever, of many scenes of like character, not less grand and terrific, but infinitely more frightful and memorable from the loss of life and effusion of blood attending them. 6. This was the beginning of a war between the States of the Federal Union, which has been truly characterized as "one of the most tremendous conflicts on record." The din of its clangor reached the remotest parts of the earth, and the people of all nations looked on, for foui: years and upwards, in wonder and amazement, as its gigantic propor- tions loomed forth, and its hideous engines of destruction of human life and everything of human structure were terribly displayed in its sanguinary progress and grievous duration. About this war — its origin, causes, conduct, guilt, crimes, consequences, and results, as well as its sufieriugs, sacrifices, and heroic exploits — many volumes have already been published, and many more will doubtless be published; but in reference to the whole, it may with reverence be 6 Wtiat WK9 ttais the begiuuing off What is euid of this war? 428 ADMIN'ISTJIATIOK OF LIN-COLN. [nOOK II, said, that if everything done in it, and " avery one" at- tending it deserving notice, should be duly recorded, " even the world itself could not contain the books that should be written." In this brief compendium its most pi eminent events only can be but barely chronicled, with very limited comments in elucidation or explanation. 7. The telegraphic announcement of the fall of Sumter enabled the Agitators to inflame the minds of the people of the Northern States under their influence to a higher pitch than ever, and to add to their ranks large accessions from the ranks of the Democratic and American parties. A cry was now raised by them for the maintenance of that Union which they had before denounced as "a covenant with death, and an agreement with hell." Upon the Con- federates was charged the guilt of a desecration of the na- tional flag, and with it the crime of treason. The begin- ning of the war with all its responsibilities was laid at their door. Mr. Lincoln, on the 15th of April, issued a Proclor mation calling for 75,000 troops, and convening Congress to meet in Extra Session on the 4th of July. Thus stood the case on one side. On the other, the Confederates maintained that the silencing by them of the guns of Sumter was only an act of defence in anticipation of an approaching attack from a hostile fleet, as announced by the notification to Gov. Pickens of the intention of the Federal authorities to " re- inforce Fort Sumter, peaceably, if permitted ; but forcibly, if necessary." This they regarded as a declaration of war, already initiated by the Federals. They held that the war was in fact begun when this fleet put to sea for the purpose stated, and that it was formally declared by the notification given. They stood upon the well-established principle of public law, that " the aggressor in a war" (that is, he who begins it) "is not the first who uses force, but the first who 7. What in eaid of the effect of the fall of Sumter at the North ? What did President Lincoln do? How was the matter viewed in the Seceded States ? How W&6 Mr. Lincoln's Proclamatiou met by them f OHAP. XXII.J ADMINISTRATIOK OF LINCOLN. 429 renders force necessary." They held, that under the Con- stitution of 1787, by which the previously existing Federal Union between the States had been strengthened and made " more perfect," the sovereignty of the several States was still reserved by the parties respecti^ aly, and with it the right of eminent domain was retained by each within its limito — that the Federal authorities had no rightful mili- tary jurisdiction over the soil upon which Fort Sumter was erected, except ty the consent of the State of South Caro- lina. This was expressly stipulated in the Constitutional Compact, and when South Carolina had re-assumed her sov- ereign jurisdiction over her entire territory, tlie possession of this fort (erected by her consent, for the special protec- tion of her own chief city, as well as the common defence of the other States) justly belonged to her. They main- tained further that she and her new Confederates had the right legally and morally to claim and take possession of it; and that any attempt by force to resist the exercise of this right by any other Power, was an act of war upon her and them. Mr. Lincoln's call for troops, therefore, was met by the Government at Montgomery by a similar call for volunteers to repel aggressions. So matters stood on both sides. 8. Mr. Lincoln's call for troops without authority of law, excited no less alarm than indignation in the Border States of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Ken- tucky, Arkansas, and Missouri. Denunciatory replies were made to this call by the Governors of most of them. Four of these, to wit, Virginia (on the 17th of April), Arkansas (on the 6th of May), North Carolina (on the 20th of May the 86th anniversary of her celebrated Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence), and Tennessee (on the 81h of June), by Sovereign Conventions of their people with- 8 Wlmt was the effect of the Proelamation in the Boi-dei States f What was Itt etlect in I hi' Norlhurn Slates ? What is said of the ee leu Governors » Wb»t of the riot in Ualtimore f 430 ADMINISTRATIOW OF LINCOLN. [BOOK IL drew from the Federal Union, and subsequently became separate members of the new Confederation. Very difTerent was the effect of the Federal Executive' call for troops elsewhere. It was promptly responded tc by " the seven Governors" of the Northern States before mentioned. Within a few days their organized, equipped, and trained bands were on their way to the seat of war with all the speed that steam could afford. As some of them passed through Baltimore, a bloody riot occurred be- tween them and citizens of that place on the 19th of April, in which several lives were lost on both sides. 9. On the sinne day of the riot in Baltimore, Mr. Lin- coln issued another Pro:"'-\mation ordering a blockade of all the ports of the Secened States. This was succeeded on the 3d of May by a third Proclamation, ordering an in- crease to the Eegular Federal Ajiny of 04,748 men, and an increase to the navy of 18,000 seamen. This was followed by a fourth Proclamation on the lOth of May, authorizing the suspension of the privilege of the writ of Habeas Corjms in certain localities. Similar authority was soon after given to most of the Federal generals commanding in their respective districts. Under these Executive Orders, great numbers of citizens were arrested and put in close confinement without any charge or accusation. Applica- tion for redress was made to the venerable Taney, Chief- Justice of the United States, in the case of John Merry- man. This high judicial officer held the Executive Edict to be unconstitutional, and ordered the discharge of the prisoner. The decision was set at defiance. Members of (he Cabinet issued " Lettres de Cachet" at will. It was about this time Mr. Seward is reported to have said to Lord Lyons, the British Minister at Washington : " I can touch a bell at my right hand, and order the arrest of a citizen of 9, What otliiT PrcciaiujitiuB did Mr. Lincoln isMie, aud ^vhell? Wliat is f-Mid of the yuPi)i-ji^i(jii or iLic wri! of Habeiig Vorpu.::/ Whjc of the decision uf C!ii<:f- Ju0tice Taney iipou it y What did mi-inijei-s of tin; Cabinet now do at wili^ What is Mr. .'icward reported to bave »aid to T.,ord Lyoua? C'MAP. XXII.] ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOLK. 431 Ohio ; I can touch the bell again, and order the arrest of a citizen of New York. Can Queen Victoria do as much ?" Some time after, the Legislature of Mai-ylaud was prevented from meeting by the arrest and imprisonment of its most prominent members, by order of the Secretary of War. No criminal charge was then or afterwards brought against 'them. 10. On the 31st of May, after the accession of Virginia, the seat of Government of the Confederate States was transferred to Richmond, the capital of that State. The Federal Congress assembled in Washington on the 4th of July. Attempts were made to pass resolutions legalizing President Lincoln's Proclamations. These failed. But his acts were excused on the grounds of the "necessities of war." This Congress, however, promptly passed Acts au- thorizing the raising of and putting in the field 535,000 men, and appropriating over 1500,000,000 for equipping and provisioning this immense force; as well as fitting out a most formidable navy, for the prosecution of the war. They also passed a resolution in which they declared "that this war is not prosecuted on our part in any spirit of oppression, nor for any purpose of conquest or subjugation, nor for the pui-pose of overthrowing or interfering with the rights or established institutions of those [the Southern] States ; but to delond and niaintain the supremacy of the Constitution and all laws made in pursuance thereof, and to preserve the Union, with all the dignity, equality, and rights of the several States unimpaired; that as soon as these objects are accomplished the war ought to cease." 11. Meantime large armies were marshalling on both Bides. Virginia was to be the theatre of active operations. The first movement for an invasion was made on the 24th 10 Wlint occurred on the 21sf of May ? What is said of the Federal Congress whicli a-?cinWod on tho 4ih of July, aad their Acts? What of a resolution puHsed I'v llicmy , „ . 11 W h:it was gn\t,i: on in the meantime ? Wlien wa- the fii'st invasive move, meni C(>nur.viici.-d'l)v ihc FeJuials? What wui> the pomt ofaiiaok! Wh»t i» taLd oi Col. Elir\vort!i and his «layer* What is sui.l of the battles which fot lowed il.i.-^ niovc-nicnl > 43a ADMlKISTRATIOil OF LIKCOLN. [BOOK IL of May. This was by Col. Elmer E. Ellsworth, in com- mand of a regiment of N. Y. Fire Zouaves. On that day he took possession of Alexandria. He was killed by J. W. Jackson, the proprietor of the " Marshall House," who was quickly killed in turn. This movement of Federal troops was soci followed by the engagements at Grafton, the 29th of May ; at Philippi, the 3d of June; at Big Bethel, the 10th of June; at Eich Mountain, the 11th of July; at Laurel Hill, or Carrick's Ford, the 14th; at Scary Creek, the 17tli, and the great battle of Manassas, on the 21st of July. In this, the Confederates, under Gens. Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston, with a force of about 30,000, met . and routed the Federal army, under Gen, Irwin McDowell, of about G0,000, killing, wounding, and capturing " be- tween four and five thousand" men, and taking 28 pieces of artillery, about 5,000 muskets, besides a great amount of army stores. 12. The Confedei-ate Congress met in its first session in Eichmond on tbe 30th of July, 18G1, the day before the great battle at Manassas. Mr. Toombs resigned his position as Secretary of State on the 21st, and took commission as Brigadier-General in the Provisional Army. Mr. Robert M. T. Hunter, of Va., succeeded him in the State Depart- ment. The most energetic measures were adopted by Con- gress to raise men and munitions of war to repel the for- midable invasion, how threatened. 13. Within a few days after the battle of Manassas, Gen. Scott, General-in-chief of the Federal army, at his own request, on account of age and infirmities, was re- lieved from all further active duty. His place was filled by Gen. Geo B. McClellan. On the 29th of August, the Federals captured the forts on Hatteras Inlet on the coast of North Carolina, with 65 guns and 615 prisoners. 12. when did the Confederate Congress meet in Richmond ? What is said of Mr. Toonihs and Mr. Hunter? What ol' the action of the Confederate Cougrese at thiB eessioii ? IS. What is biiid of Uen. Scott, of the Federal army? What of the military operations IhaL i^uou followed? CHAP. XXII.] ADMINISTKATIOIT OF LINCOLN. 433 On the 2d of OctoTier was fought the battle of Leesburg, iu Virginia, where the Confederates achieved another signal victory under Gen. Nathan Gr. Evans. On the next day, the 3d, the Federal forces under Gen. Eeynolds met with a disastrous repulse at Cheat Mountain Pass, by the Confederates under Gen. Henry E. Jackson. On the 7th of November, the Federals took possession of the forts at Port Eoyal, S. C. 14. While these things were going on in the East, opei-a- tions in the West were not less active or portent, politically and militarily. Gov. Jackson and the State authorities of Missouri had attempted, at first, to maintain a neutral posi- tion between the parties at war ; but Oapt. Lyon, the Federal officer in command at St. Louis, believing that they would ultimately join the Confederates, seized the State arsenal and arms on the 25th of April, and routed the State militia at Camp Jackson on the 10th of May. On the 20th of June, raised to the rank of Brigadier-General, he took pos- session of Booueville, then held by Col. Marmaduke of the State troops. Civil war commenced in Missouri. Gov. Jackson and those actiiig with him saw that the position of "armed neutrality" could not be maintained. They were compelled to take sides with the Confederates or B^ederals. They cast their fortunes with the Confederates. Gen. Sterling Price, in command of Missourians, and Gen. McCulloch, in command of a Confederate force from Texas and Arkansas, met the Federals at Cai'thagc on the 5th of July, where they achieved a victory. On the 10th of Au- gust, th'Cir success was much more signal at Oak Hill. It was in this battle that Gen. Lyon was killed. On the 20th of September, Price took Lexington, with upwards of 3,000 prisoners. On the 7th of Kovember, the day on which the 14. Wliat was Kfiiiig on iji Ihe Weet in the meantime! What was the poBitioD Ot Gov. Jaclitoii and liic btate authorities of Minsoiiri at first? What did Oapt. Lyon, of the Frderal ai-niy, do ? When did ho talse the Statu arms ? When Camp JacliSDn ? Wlieii Booneville ? What, was now the etate of things in Missouri i What did Gov. Jaelison aud those acting with him now see and do ! What 1» Mid of the Luttles of Oailljagc, Oak Hill, Lexington, and Belmont » 19 434 ADMIliriSTRATION OF LINCOLN. [BOOK II. Federals took Port Eoyal, S. C, was fought the battle of Belmout, in Missouri; in which the Confederates carried the day. 15. On the 6th of November, an election was held in tlie Confederate States for President and Vice-President, for a tenn of six years, to begin on the 32d of February, 18G2, under their Constitution for permanent Government. Mr Davis and Mr. Stephens received the unanimous vote of the Electoral Colleges for these offices respectively. As soon as the fall of the fortresses at Port Koyal was known in Kich- mond. Gen. Eobert E. Lee was despatched to take com- mand on the sea-coast of South Carolina and Georgia. About this time occurred an event at sea which came near involving the Federal Government in a war with Great Britain. It was the seizure by Capt. Wilkes, commanding the U. S. steam-frigate San Jacinto, of the Confederate Ambassadors Slidell and Mason, on board the British stean^- packet Trent The matter was ultimately disposed of by a disavowal of the act of "Wilkes on the part of tlie Federal Administration, and the restoration of the Ambas- sadors to a British deck. 16. The Governor and State authorities in Kentucky, as those of Missouri, had at first attempted to hold the posi- tion of " armed neutrality" between the States at war; but this attempt failed in this instance as it had in the other. A provisional Government was organized by a portion of the people of Kentucky, headed by John 0. Bi'eckinridge, William Preston, Humphrey Marshall, and other dis- tinguished statesmen, which during the Fall allied itself with the Southern cause. In this way, before the close of the year, the States of Missoari and Kentucky were both, under their Pj-ovisional Governments, recognized as equal members of the Confederate States. 15. What occurred on tlic 6tii of NuvcnibGr, ISHt ? Who was put :a Couted. erate coniruaiid on the coast of Soiilli Ciiroliua and G<'orcria attor tlie taking ol Port Koyal hy thn Fedcvale? What i.. »aid of the Tnnt affair? 1 6. What iK said of the state of things in Kentucliy f Wliat is said of Missoari and Ktiutucky ? ^. CHAP. XXII.] ADMIKISTKATIOK OF LINCOLK. 436 17. The Confederate uaval operations during this period deserve special notice, though it must Le brief. The Fede- rals at the beginning of the war having possession of the entire common navy, the Confederates at first had no resort in this particular but the enlistment of armed ships under letters of marque. Very soon quite a number of small vessels were thus put in commission, and reached the high seas by running the blockade. Among these were the Calhoun, the Petrel, the Spray, the Ivy, the Wehb, the Dixie, the Jeff Davis, the Bonita, the Gordon, the Coffee, the York, the McRae, the Savannah, the Nina, the Jackson, the Tuscarora, besides others. In less than a niontli, more than twenty prizes were taken and run into Southern ports. Tlie steamers Sumter and Nashville were fitted out by the Government, and went to sea as soon as possible, under the command of regular ofiicers, vvlio had resigned their positions in the Federal navy. The Sumter ran the blockade at the mouth of the Mississippi, on the 30th of June, iu charge of Commander Raphael Summes. It soon made many captures of merchant- vessels. The Nashville was put in command of Capt. Robert B. Pegram, who at a later day got his ship out of the port of Charleston. By this little navy, so put afloat^ several millions' worth of merchandise was captured, which produced a great sensation throughout tlie Northern States. Their foreign trade was not only crippled, but nearly driven from the ocean. 18. The foregoing presents a brief sketch of the rapid progress of great events, and the general state of affairs at the end of December, 1861. The contest upon the whole thus far was greatly to the advantage of the Confederates, 1 7. What is said of tlie Confederate naval operations ? Name some of the privateers put in commission. What is said of the ^wmier and the NashvUUf Who commanded the Svmter, and who the Nashville.f What amount of prop- erty was captnrcd by the Confederate navy ? What was the ofl'ect of this iatlie Norlhorn States and on their foreign trade? „,^. ^ 18 How stood affairs upon the whole at the end of December, 1S61? Which side had the greater nnmhor of prisoners? What is suid of an exchange, and Mr. Davis's position in regard to it ? 436 ADMINISTKATION OF LINCOLN. f iiOOK 11, in view of the number of yictories achieved and prisoners captured. Of the latter the excess was largely on their side. No cartel of exchange had yet been agreed upon, thougl: Mr. Davis had made repeated and earnest efforts to bring about a conformity in this particular with the usages of civilized nations. Every proposition of this sort made by him had been refused even an entertainment of, by the Administration at Washington. This brings us to the close of a period which, for the better understanding of dates and classification of events, we shall in this Compen- dium designate as the First Year of the War. CHAPTER XXIII. ADJIINISTKATION OF LINCOLN — CONTINUED. SECOND YEAR OP THE WAR. 1. In January, 1863, at the opening of the second year of the war, the Confederates had in the field, distributed at various points, including all branches of service, in round numbers, about 300,000 men; while the Federals, in like manner, and in like round numbers, had not less than 800,000. About this time Edwin M. Stanton was put at the head of the War Department at Washington, in place of Cameron. The programme of the ensuing campaign, on the part of the Federals, was another movement on Eich- mond from the Potomac, and a general invasion south- ward, from the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. For this pui-pose two large armies had been organized — one at Washington, under the immediate direction of Gen. McClellan ; and the one in the West under Gen. Halleck. To meet these, the Confederates h.'id collected what forces they could in Virginia, under command of Gen. Joseph E. OHAi'Ttn XXIII.— 1. What ia said of the iininbers of tlio rospnctive arniiee in the begiDiiin^ of 1862 ? What of Mr. Sfanton ? Whjit of the programme for tlie enPuiiig uftinpaign : What it paid of the baltlce of l-'i^liing Cretki FortE Henry aud DonelsOQ, aud Sidney Jolmsiotre muvuuitiuto? CHAP. X^IILJ administration OF IINCOUT. 437 Johnston, still at Manassas ; and in like manner had col- lected what forces they could in the West, under the com- mand of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, whose headquarters were at Bowling Green, Ky. Their other forces were kept mainly in defence of the extensive sea-coast, besides a small trans^Mississippi army. The general campaign opened by operations in Halleck's department. On the 19th of Jan- nary, the battle of Fishing Creek, in Ky., was fought, in which the Federals, under the immediate command of Gen. G. H. Thomas, were successful. In this battle the Confederates, early in the action, lost their commander. Gen. Felix K. Zollicoffer. This was soon succeeded by two other Federal successes of much greater importance : these were tlie capture of Fort Heniy, on the Tennessee Eiver, the 6th, and Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland liiver, in Ten- nessee, the 16th of February. At these places the Con- federate losses, in killed, wounded, and captured, amounted to about 9,000 men; and by these reverses. Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston was compelled to fall back from Ken- tucky, and to take a position south of the Tennessee Kivei It was in the gloom of these disasters that Mr. Davis, oi the 22d of February, was duly inaugurated President oJ the Confederate States, for six years, under their Consti tution for permanent government. 2. The Federals, encouraged by their successes in th« West, pushed their movements southward in that quarter They took Nashville without oppcsition, on the 33d of February, and there captured millions' worth of commis- sary stores. Their forces were soon pushed forward and concentrated at Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennebsee Itiver. The Confederate forces, under Sidney Johnston and Beauregard (who had been transferred to the Wedt), were likewise concentrated as fast as possible at Corinth, a few miles south of the Landing. Their forces west of the S. What li said of the Federal movements after their Bucceasesf What of tilt CoDfcderates t What of the battle of Elkhoru t 438 ADMINISTRATIOM- OF LINCOLN. [BOOK il Mississippi could not be brought over, as they were pressed by a lai'ge body of Federals in that quarter, and were forced to a bloody engagement on the 7th of March. This is known as tlie battle of Elkhorn, or Pea Ridge. In it the Confederates, under Price and McCulloch, with a force of 20,000, held their ground against a force of 35,000 under the lead of Gen. Curtis. Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn was now the chief in command of the Confederates in that quarter. It was in tliis conflict the gallant McCulloch fell 3. On the 6th and 7th of April, the two armies concen- trated at Pittsburg Landing and at Corinth, met in two memorable combats, known as the battles of Shiloh. In the first day's engagement the Confederates lost their great leader, Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston ; but gained a brilliant victory under Beauregard, who succeeded him. The Fed- erals, under Gen. Gi'ant, were completely routed; and nothing saved them from entire capture or utter destrnc- tion, but the shelter they found on the banks of the river under the protection of the heavy metal of their gun-boats. With large reinforcements, under Gen. Buell, the battle was renewed on the next day, the 7th, and desperately fought on both sides, without any decisive results either way. The Federals regained the ground from which they were driven on tlie 6th, while the Confederates continued to hold their original position. These two battles wore the bloodiest of the war up to that time. The slaughter was great on both sides. The losses of the Confederates, in killed, wounded, and missing, were 10,699, while the losses of the Federals, according to their own accounts, were over 15,000. The whole number of the Confederates engaged in these battles, according to official returns, amo anted to 40,356 ; while the number of the Federals, under Grant and Buell united, was, according to the most reliable ac- counts, not less than 78,000— nearly double. On the 29th of May, Gen. Beauregard withdrew his forces S. What is titid ot the battles at Shiloh i What of Beaaregard and Uiagg T CHAP. XXIII.] ADMINISTEATION- OF UNCOLH-. 439 from Corinth, and fell Lack to Tupelo, Miss. Soon after this (on the 4th of June), Fort Pillow, on the Missis.sippi, was abandoned by the Confederates; and on the 6th, the city of Memphis was occupied by the Federals. Beaure- gard's health failing, he was succeeded by Gen. Braxton Bragg, in command of what was known as the Army of the Tennessee. 4. While these events were occurring in the West, others of vast importance were transpiring in the East, which now require notice. Under the programme stated, McClel- lan had organized in Wash- ington, during the winter, a new army, known as the Army of the Potomac, thor- oughly drilled, disciplined, and equipped, numbering at least 120,000 men. Its ob- ject was the capture of Rich- mond, and for this purpose it was put in motion on the 8th of March. It was first directed against Joseph E. Johnston, at Manassas, with a force of not over 30,000, all told. Johnston by groat adroitness withdrew his small army towards Eichmond, and thus eluded the threatened crushing blow. This caused McClcllan to change the line of his operations. The plan then adopted by him was to make his approaches upon Eichmond by the Chesapeake Bay, up the Peninsula, using the York Eiver as a base fur supplies. For this purpose, his forces were conveyed by transports to Fortress Monroe. The Peninsula at that time was defended by Gen. John B. Magruder, with a small GBN. OBORGK B. McCLBLI.AN. 4. What IB said of McCIellaii and his army ? What of Gen. Joseph E. John- Btonf What of Mairriidor? What of the battle of Wiliiamsbnrg ! Wliatofthf- battle of Seven Piuoa ! When did Gen. Lee take command of the CoiifedaienailEerG«». Bee.j^be^« kc iHltetlielnllleorX»3issK.i of Vicksburg, and the respective forces of Grant and Pembcrton ? CHAP. XX rv.] ADMIIS^ISTKATIOK OF LINCOLK. 449 the West. Grant commenced his moyements first against Vicksburg. This was early in the year. During February and Marek he tried unsuccessfully several lines of ap- ple ach to the coveted stronghold: first by way of Holly Springs; then by Chickasaw Bayou; then by Williams's Canal; then by Lake Providence; then by Yazoo Pass; then by Steele's Bayou ; then by Milliken's Bend, and New Carthage Cut-ofi"; and finally adoj)ted the plan of sending his army down the west side of the Mississippi to Grand Gulf, some distance below, and boldly running his trans- ports past the Vicksburg batteries doAvn to the same point, where his army would cross the river, and, coming up from "below, attack Vicksburg in the rear. In this enterprise he succeeded. His transports passed the batteries on the night of the 2 2d of April. Prom Grand Gulf he moved up towards Vicksburg, and after several engagements — at Port Gibson, Kaymond, Jackson, Edwards's Dep&t, and at the Big Black — and after being joined by Sherman with hia forces from Haines's Bluff, he laid a regular siege to Vicks- burg, held by the Confederates under Gen. Pemberton with a force of about 30,000. Grant's whole army now, on water and land, amounted to not less than 150,000. The siege lasted for months. 4. Meantime, while these events were occurring in the West, we turn again to what was going on in the East. First it is proper to note, that the people in forty-eight counties of Western and Northern Virginia, who sided with the Federals, and had foriped a Provisional Govern- ment for that portion of the State, were admitted into the Federal Union as a separate State, on the 20th of April. This was consum- ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^, mated by a Proclamation, issued on ""Q"""- ~4. What iB said of Western Virginia t Wlien waa she admitted into the Unloi » 450 ADMISISTRATION OF LISCOLK. [BOOK II. that day by Mr. Lincoln. But the business we have in liand at present relates mainly to events of a military character. With these we proceed. 5. About th^iniddle of June, Lee, feeling strong enough, with his army increased to near 80,000, to undertake a Confederate aggressive movement, set out on an invasion of Penn- sylvania. En route he recovered Winchester from Milroy, and Mar- tinsburg, occupied by the Fed- erals. At these places he cap- tured 34 large guns, many small- arms, and upwards of 5,000 pris- ' oners. He crossed the Potomac at Shepherdstown and Williams- burg. Hooker followed him. Sev- eral cavalry engagements ensued without any important results. Lee himself crossed the Potomac on the 35th of June. Hooker was superseded on the 37th of June, and succeeded by Gen. George G. Meade as the commander of the Federal army. The object of Lee's movement seems to have been, first to obtain subsistence for his troops, and secondly to relieve Pemberton in Vicksburg, by drawing off large num- bers of the besieging forces to arrest his progress. Ad- vanced detachments of his army reached and took York and Carlisle, in Pennsylvania. Meade hastened with an immense army now collected by the Federals, not less than 100,000, to repel the invasion. The two armies encoun- tered each other on the 1st of July, 1863, near Gettysburg. Here were fought the great battles which take the name of that place. The Federals lield au exceedingly strong posi- OEPI. GEORGE G. MEADE. 6. What is paid of Lee's m vements in June? Who succeeded Hooker ia command of the Federal arraj f What is said vere ill able to repair. Lee returned to Virginia, and took position on the south side of the Rapidan. Meade followed him. Sev- eral encounters took place between detachments of the two armies — one at Centreville, one at Bristow Station, one at Mine Run, at different times during the Fall ; but no general engagement between these two armies occurred again in this yeai\ 6. We turn once more to the progress of events in the West. On the 4th of July, 1863, the same day that Lee commenced his retreat from Gettysburg, Vicksburg was surrendered to Grant by, capitulation, with over 200 guns, and near 30,000 prisoners, who by the capitulation were paroled. This was another loss the Confederates were ill able to repair. After the suiTender of Vicksburg, eflforts were no longer made to hold Port Hudson. This place was surrendered to the Federals on tho 9th of July. The Mississippi was now opened, and the Confederate States cut in twain by this high-road, thus secured to the Federals. 7. We left the armies of Eosecrans and Bragg at the close of the last year sullenly facing each other, after theii direful conflict at Murfreesboro'. Bragg.fell back to Tul- lahoma, where he remained for some time. Eosecra.ns made no active movements until June, 1803. On his ad- vance then made, Bragg continued to retire and fall back 6. What is eaid of the Burrender of Vicksburg J Of Port Hudson ? What was 'tbti result? „ „ r«. ^ ^ 7. What is said of the armies under Bragg and Rosecrans ? When and where did they again meet in regular battle? What was the result? What h said of Uie battle of Miseiunary ICidjje ? 452 ADMINISTBATION OF LIXCOLH. [BOOK It from place to place until lie reached Georgia. There was no renewal of Tegular conflict between these two armies until September. Rosecrans had been largely reinforced ; and after Lee had taken his position on the Rapidan, in Virginia, as stated, he ventured to weaken his force there to the extent of about 5,000 men, which he sent to aid Bragg in repelling Rosecrans's further advance. Soon after the arrival of this reinforcement to Bragg the great bat- tles of the Chickamauga were fought. These were on the 19th and 20th of (September. The result of both was a brilliant victory by the Confederates. The Federal forces amounted to not less than 55,000, while the Confederates numbered not more than 40,000. The Confederate loss was heavy — not less than 10,000 ; while the Federal loss was fully 30,000 men (8,000 of whom were prisoners), be- sides 49 pieces of artillery, and 15,000 small-arms. Rose- crans fell back to Chattanooga, and sought refuge in his fortifications. There Bragg on Missionary Ridge confronted him for some time. Grant was soon put at the head of the Southwestern Federal forces. About this time a portion of Bragg's forces were sent against Knoxville, where an unsuccessful assault upon the Federal strong Avorks was made on the 17th of November. While Bragg was thus weakened. Grant planned and executed those movements of his forces which resulted in the signal victory achieved by the Federals in the battle of Missionary Ridge. This was fought on the 35th of November. Bragg's army was completely routed. He was soon, at his own request, re- lieved of its command. He was succeeded by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. Grant was soon after appointed Lieutenant- General of all the Federal forces. His headquarters after this were transferred to the Army of the Potomac. So stood military affairs on land on both sides in December, 1863. 8. Naval operations in the meantime on the Federal side^ S. Wbat is Bald of naval nperatloQS daring the year 1^88 ? OHAP. XXV.] ADMIJSf] 5TRATI0N OF LINCOtlf. 453 though of a stupendous character, practically amounted to nothing, except in the continued blockade of South- ern ports. Their other naval efforts were directed chiefly against Fort Sumter and Charleston, and resulted in battering Sumter to pieces; but the Confederates still held and occupied the ruins. The Confederate fleet was still actively at work in the destruction of Federal com- merce, but having no port into which they could carry their prizes, it resulted in no available material benefit to their cause. So closed the scenes on both sides at the end of iSie Third Year of the War. OHAPTEK XXV. ADMISriSTEATlON OF LINCOLN — COKTljSrUED. • FOUKTH YEAR AND END OF TUB WAK. 1. In 1864, the fourth year of the war, active military op- erations began in February. They were commenced by the Federals by an invasion of Florida, from Jacksonville, with an army under Gen. Seymour. On the 30th of this month was fought the battle of Qhistee, or Ocean Pond. Here the Confederates gained a brilliant victory under Colquitt and Finnegan. Twenty-flve hundred prisoners were taken, with three Napoleon guns, two . 10-pounder Parrotts, and three thousand stand of arms. Florida was saved by the action. On the 22d of February, the Confederate eavafry, under Forrest, achieved a great victory at Okolona, Miss. By this Sherman's expedition from Vicksburg to Mobile, with 50,000 men, was checked and stopped at Meridian, Miss. He returned to Vicksburg. This was succeeded by other triumphs of considerable importance west of the Mississippi. In the early part of March, Gen. Banks had set out from New Orleans for Texas, by way of Slireveport, Chapteh XXV.— 1. What is said of operalions in the beginning oi'lSM! What of the battle of Olnstee, or Ocean Pond ? What of iho haitlc of Okolona ! Whftt of Banks's movemeaL towards Texas, and the resale ? 454 ADMINISTEATIOK OF LINCOLN. [BOOK IL with forces in his command numbering in all not less than 40,000. Detachments of these were successfully attacked by the Confederates at Mansfield and Pleasant Hill, and the invasion arrested. Banks was compelled to return, after having lost in the expedition 14,000 men, besides 35 pieces of artillery, 20,000 small-arms, one gun-boat, and 3 ti'ans- ports. The Confederate forces, operating against Banks, in all did not exceed 25,000 men. Their losses were small. 2. ^Vhile these events were occurring in the South and West, others of a stirring character were taking place in the East, which deserve special notice. These were the. celebrated raids of Kilpatrick and Dahlgren in Virginia. Thesn ofiftcers set out froE?, the Federal lines in the latter part of February, on a cavairy expedition against Kiclimond. The object was to enter the city, release the Federal prison- ers, and leave them to burn the city and kill the Con- federate President and Cabinet. They both reached the vicinity of Eichmond on the 1st of March. Their foi'ces had divided and taken different routes. Kilpatrick came up first, and being met by a I'orce that he did not ven- ture to encounter, retired, and made his escape down the Peninsula. Dahlgren, during -the night of the same day, coming up and meeting with a similar repulse, attempted to make his escape in a similar manner, but was killed by citizens of the country in his retreat. We now proceed with operations on a grander scale. 3. Not long after the return of Sherman and his army from Meridian to Vicksburg,he was transferred to the chief command of the Federal forces at Chattanooga. Two grand campaigns were now clearly developed by the Federals for the Summer of 1864, as in 1863 — one against Eichmond, to be under Grant himself; the other against Atlanta, in Geoj'gia, under Sherman. To Grant's movements, Lee was 2. What is Biiid of the raids of Kilpatrick and Dahlj^reny Whnt were Iheli object and result ? 8. What was the Federal iilan of general ayerations for I8t»4? Who opi>osed Grant, and who opposed Shcnnau 1 CHAP. XXV.] ADMIKISTRATION OF UlfOOLNc 458. opposed in Virginia; and to Sherman's, Johnston, in Georgia. To the movements of these two great Federal armies the chief attention and energies on both sidos wera henceforth directed. 4. We Avill look first to Virginia. Grant had under his immediate control an army of not less than 200,000 men. Early in May he put about 6,000 of these in motion, under Gen. Crook, up the Kanawha; about, 10,000 under Sigel, from Winchester, with a view of takiug Staunton and Lynchburg, and operating on Lee's rear. At the same time he sent Gen. Butler up James Eiver with 30,000, to take Petersburg, and approach Eichmond on the south ; while he himself, with about 100,000, set oat simultaneously on an overland march to attack the Confederate Capital on the north, leaving the rest in the r.^ar to be drawn on aa reinfoi'cements might be required. The powerful army, uudei- his immediate command, reached and crossed the Bapidan on the 4th of May. Lee, with aboufe-60,000 men, set himself to work to check, thwart, and stay the ad- vancing host in its movement on the Confederate Capital. This he did in a series of battles, beginning on the 6th of May and ending on the 12th of June, as Grant, with his overwhelming numbers, continued to pass his right — first in the Wilderness, then at Spottsylvania C. H., then at North Anna, and lastly at .Cold Harbor — wliich will ever stand among the most memorable of history. Grant, being unable to dislodge him from his fortifications in and around Richmond, which he had thus reachetl, was compelled finally to seek a new base for further operations on James River,as McClellan had done before. He established his headquarters at City Point about the middle of Junp- His losses by the time he reached his now headquarters were 4 What was the number of Grant's forces f When did lio begin operations, ■and how did lie dispose of his forces? When did he wi;h Iiis main twdy cross tlieKapidaii ? What force liad I-ee to meet him with f .Vhat fs said "f Lee > conduct in checking Grant's advance ! What battles arM jientioned > Whit was iiraiit compelled linally to do ? What is said of his lobs-s from the time he '.eft the Kapidiiu iimil he n^ached City I'oiut ! 4.56 ADsriiasTEATiON OF LiNCOiiK. [book n. not much, if any, under 60,000 — a number equal to Lee's en tiro army. 5 In the meantime his co-operatiTe movements so set on foot, had been equally checked and thwarted. First, the movement under Butler was arrested by Beauregard ; who, as soon 'as it was known, hastened up from Charleston with all the available force at his command, and reached Petersburg about the time Butler effected his landing at Bermuda Hundreds, on the west side of James River, be- tween Petersburg and Eichmond. This was on the 6th of May,the day on which the fighting between Lee and Grant commenced in the Wilderness. By this quick move- ment of Beauregard, Petersburg was saved from the grasp of Butler. During the whole of Grant's progress from the Eapidan to City Point, Butler, with his army of 30,000, was "bottled up" at Bermuda Hundreds, as he expressed it, by the superior skill and strategy of Beauregard, with a force of less than half tlie number of his adversary. The only engagement of importance that took plftce between them was on the 16th of July, in which Beauregard achieved a great success. Butler's loss was about 5,000 men in killed, wounded, and captured, while Beauregard's was com- paratively small. Secondly, the conjoint movement of Crook and Sigel was arrested by Breckinridge, who met Sigel at New Market, on the loth of May, and with a greatly inferior force completely ^routed his command. Sigel was super- seded by Hunter. He, with the rallied forces of Sigel, Crook, and Averill, was, on the 18th of Jane, met at Lynch- burg by Early, whom Lee had despatched to that point. Hunter was here routed, as Sigel had been. 6. Grant, being thus bafled in his entire plan, ceased all active operations except laying close siege to Petersburg. S. ITow was thec.o-operat!ve movement mider Butler met and checked! How was tlio co-opciative movement niidoi- Crook and Sigel arrested? e, What occilrrod after Grant ceased all active operations, except laying tieg* to Petersburj; ? WlLat is j lid of Early's caiupai^'U » What of Sheridan ! CHAP. XXV.] ADMINISTEATIOK OF LINCOLN. 467 In this state of things, Lee sent Early with his small com- mand on an expedition into Maiyland, northward of Wash- ington. This was intended to threaten, and, if possible, perhaps seize the Federal Capital, supposed at the time to be bare of forces ; or, at least, to compel the withdrawal of tt portion of Grant's army around Petersburg and the vicinity of Eichmond. Early was met at Monocacy by a Federal force, which he routed ; but on approaching the works around Washington, he found them too strong to he successfully assailed by him. He returned after securing a large supply of provisions. Grant sent Sheridan after Early. Two battles ensued between the forces under these generals ; one at Winchester, on the 19th of September, in which Early was defeated ; the other was ab Cedar Creek, on tlie 19th of October. Here Early attacked Sheridan's forces, he being absent at the time, and completely routed them. Sheridan arrived late 'in the day, rallied his men, and routed the Confederates in turn. He then proceeded to lay waste and devastate the rich and fertile Valley of the Shenandoah — destroying everything within his reach upon which man or domestic animals could subsist. '7. In the meantime Grant was incessant in his opera- tions against Petersburg. Many gallant exploits were per- formed on both sides, in making and in repelling attacks upon the works. The most notable of all the events at- tending the siege this year was the horrible powder-mine explosion under one of the Confederate forts. This was resorted to by the Federals as means to break the Confed- erate lines. It was fired on the 30th of July, and resulted much more disastrously to the Federals than to the Con- fedsrate side. About 5,000 Federals, who rushed into the breach, in hopes of thus entering within the lines of their adversary, were hurled" and driven by that adversary into the frightful crater, and there put to slaughter. 7. What iB said of Uie elege of Petersburg, and the mine exi^oslon f 20 458 ADMINISTRATION- OF LIN-COLN. [BOOK II. 8. We again turn our attention to what was going on in Georgia while these events were occurring in Virginia. Sherman, with a force in front and rear about equal to that of Grant, commenced hii movements on Atlanta about the same time that Grant commenced his on Kichmond. In front of him Johnston stood at Dalton, on the 7th of May, with an army of about 45,000. "With this, by his uii^ surpassed, masterly skill and strategy, he succeeded in checking and thwarting Sher- man's designs for months ; as Lee had baffled those of Grant. Sherman, instead of oifering hini battle, flanked him to the right; Johnston took posi- tion at Eesaca, where a severe conflict ensued, on the 14th of May. Sherman again tui'ning his left by his overwhelm- ing numbers, Johnston again met him in the vicinity of New Hope Church, near Dallas, where conflicts again oc- curred, on the 25th, 36th, and 27th of May. Sherman again flanking the Confederates, Johnston met his advan- cing column at Kenesaw Mountain. Here Sherman made two desperate assaults, on the 27th of June, which were both repulsed with great slaughter. He then again swung his hosts around the Confederate forces; but Johnston suc- ceeded in safely reaching, without loss, his fortifications at Atlanta, on the 9th of July. About this time he was reinforced with the reseiTed GENERAL SHERMAN. S. What is paid of the moveineiite of the two armies in Georgia in the mean time? What oi thf4r relative eize ? Wliat ofJohnston's movements and hatUee I When dkl he reacli his Ibrtitiwitiojis at Atlanta y What is said of the Georgia militia? What of Gens. Smith and Toombs? What of Johnston's losses from rjftitoB to Atlanta ? When was Johnston removed? What is eaid of Hood and the battles of the 30th end iild of July 1 When did Sherman enter Atlanta) CHAP. XXV.] AlJMIKISTRATlOK OF LINCOLN. 459 GEN. JOPErU B. JOHNaiON. Georgia militia, numbering about 5,00C strong, under the command of Gustavus W. Smith, a distinguished ofiBcer, who had resigned his position in the regular Confederate service, the year before, on ac- count of some disagreement with the War Department at Richmond. Gen. Toombs, who had, in like manner, resigned his position in the Provisional Confederate army, was now in command of a portion of the militia under Gen. Smith. Johnston's position at At- lanta was quite as strong as that of Lee at Petersburg and Richmond. His losses, from Dalton to the Chatta- hoochee, were not over 5,000 ; while those of Sherman, be- tween the same points, were not less than Grant's from the Kapidan to Cold Harbor. In this condition of things, however, Johnston was removed on the I7th of July, and Gen. John B. Hood put in his place. He has been well characterized as "a successor brave, indeed, but rash." In- stead of remaining behind his works to repel assaults upon them, he rushed out to attack the Federals in front. Within a few days, on the 20th and 22d of July, were thus fought the great battles of Atlanta. Hood, with unequal forces, assailed the Federals outside of his works, and lost in all about 8,000 men, without inflicting any serious injury upon his adversary. On the 31st of August he gave up the city, and retired towards Newnan. Sherman took possession of his prize on the 3d of September. 9. Hood soon after projected his famous Tennessee cam- paign. This was commenced on the 38th of September 9. What is said of Hood's Tennessej campaign! What of Slierman's mov* ■eate after Hood left Greoi'i;ia ! 460 AUMINISTRATIOK OF LIXCOLN. [BOOK II. His army at this time, after all the recruits that could be brought to its ranks, amounted to only about 35,000. The result of this Tennessee movement was the battles of Frank lin and Nashville. The battle of Franklin was fought on the 30th of November. In this Hood gained a signal vie iory, though at considerable loss. The battle of Nashville was fought on the 15th and 16th of December. It lasted two days. The Confederates here were finally utterly de- feated, and almost routed, by Thomas, whom Sherman had left in his rear, with forces amply sufficient to meet this meditated blow of Hood, of which he was fully apprised. In the mean time, Sherman, after destroying and burning At- lanta, had set out anew from that point (on the loth of November), on bis grand march to the sea, with an army of 65,000. As there was no sufficient Confederate force to oppose him, he passed through the State almost unmolested, laying waste the country in a belt of nearly thirty miles in breadth, and reached Savannah on the 22d of December, 1864. So stood the military operations on laud on both sides at this time. 10. We will now note the naval operations during the same period. The Confederate war-cruiser Alabama, com- manded by Admiral Semmes, was encountered this year, on the 19 th of June, by the U. S. steamer Kearsarge, near Cherbourg, on the coast of France, and was sunk by her. The Confederate iron-clad Albemarle, lying at Plymouth, N. C, was blown up by a Federal torpedo, during the month of July. The Florida was also captured, on the 7th of October, by the Wachusett, a Federal war-ship, in the neutral port of San Salvador, Brazil. The Federal? during tlae year had kept an immense fleet afloat, engaged in keeping up the blockade of Confederate ports. Besides this, they sent a squadron of 28 ships, under Admiral Far- 10. What If eaid of naval operations during 1864? What of the forts com- manding MohUe narlior? What was the only remaining port to the Confederates al which the blockade could bo run ? What fort defended the entrance to Wil- mington? What is eaid of I he attempt toreduceitr VV bat other war-sliipe did the Cuufedet'Htes get to t»ou this year '/ CHAP. xiv.J ADMINISTKATIOir Or LDfCOLlT. 461 H^t, to reduce the forts which defended Mobile Bay. This was early in August. The Confederate ram Tennes- see made a desperate resistance, but was taken on tho 5th of August. Port Powell was evacuated and blown up by its garrison the same day. On the 7th of August, Fort Gaines capitulated. On the 23d, Porb Morgan surrendered. So this harbor was flmiUy and effectually closed. Wil- mington, N. C, was now the only remaining port through which the Confederates had any commuiiioation with the outside world by sea ; and this only by running the gaunt- let of the blockade. Fort Fisher, coramanded by Col. W. Lamb, slill stood in defence of the entrance to its harbor. Against Ibis last Confederate sea-coast stronghold, a power- ful fleet was fitted out during the Pall, It consisted of fifty war-ships, including seven iron-clads, and put under com- mand of Admiral Porter, with a large land force under Gen. Butler. A terrific bombardment was commenced on the 24th, which lasted for two days, without accomplishing anything. The horrible explosion of the Butler ship-torpedo, loaded with 250 tons of gunpowder, was equally ineffectual. The enterprise was finally abandoned. During the Fall of this year the Confederates got to sea, from a British port, another formidable war-ship, the Shenandoah, which did immense damage, estimated at $6,000,000, to the Federal whaling-slaips in the Pacific Ocean. ^ 11. Two other events of the ,same year deserve notice. One was the admission of the people of Nevada into the Federal Union as a separate State. This was consummated by a proclamation of Mr. Lincoln, on the 31st of October, 1864 The other was the Federal election of the 8th of November, for President and Vice-President, for another term, after the ensuing 4th of March. Mr. Lincoln had been previously nominated by his party for re-election ; and 11. What two other events of this year deserve notice ? When was Nevada admitted as a State ? What is said of the Federal election for President and Vi'» President f 46a ADM.IKISTRATIOK OF LINCOLIT. (BOOK H. with him had been nominated, for the Vice-Presidency, Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee. The latter was a U. S. Senator when his State allied itself to the Confederacy. He, however, continued to hold his seat, and was the only Senator, from any of the States, who did so after the withdrawal of their States from the Federal Union. In this elec- tion the Democratic party nom- inated for the Presidency, Gen. NEVADA COAT OP ARMS. Gcorge B. McClelkn, of the Federal army ; and for the Vice-Presidency, George H. Pendleton, of Ohio. The result was, Messrs. Lincoln and Johnson car- ried the Electoral votes of every State except three, to wit : New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky; though of the popular vote the Democratic ticket received 1,802,337, against 3,213,665 cast for Lincoln and Johnson. So mat- ters stood on both sides at the close of the fourth year of the war. 12. The year of 1865 opened gloomily upon the Con- federates. The greater part of their territory was occu- pied by the Federals, who liad over a million of men now in the field ; while they could muster under arms but lit- tle, if any, over 150,000. Their supply of subsistence was also nearly exhausted. 13. Early in January of this year was initiated, by Francis P. Blair, Sr., the celebrated Hampton Roads Con- ference, between Mr. Lincoln and Confederate Commis- sioners. This, however, did not take place until the 3d of February, and was attended with no practical results, Ie the mean time, between the initiation and holding of this conference, another tremendous Federal fleet, under Ad- 18. What ie said of the opening of 1S65 ? 13. What is paid of the Hampton Roads Conference? What of the fall of Fort Fisher ? What of the movements of Sherman ? Who was again put at tha head of the Confederate forces to meet him ? What was the namber of the Con tederatoanow under Johnston ? What encounters took place ? CHAP. XXV.] ADMINISTRATION OF LINCOIN. 468 miral Porter, with a large land force, under Gen. Terry, had been sent on another expedition against Fort Fisher; and, by their conjoint operations, this Malakoff of the Con- federates had fallen on the loth of January. The end was now rapidly approaching. Sherman commenced, about the 1st of February, his advance from Savannah through South Carolina, laying everything waste before him, as he had done in Georgia. Columbia was burnt by the Fede- rals under him on the 17th of February. On the same day the small Confederate force which had continued to hold Charleston and Fort Sumter was withdrawn from that place. This, with the fragments of other shattered armies, amount- ing in all to about 35,000 men, constituted the entire force that could be brought to face Sherman's legions in their progress to join Grant in Virginia. At the head of this, Gen. Jos. E. Johnston was again, in the last extremity, placed in command. Two bloody encounters took place between his reduced columns and Sherman's increased army: one at Averasboro', on the 16th, the other at Bentonville, on the 19th, of March. On the 23d, Sherman reached Goldsboro', N". C, where he was joined by large additional reinforcements, under Schofield and Terry, and Johnston withdrew to Ealeigh. So matters stood here for some time. . 14. While Sherman was thus proceeding through the Carolinas, Sheridan, with a large cavalry force, was in motion in Virginia. He came down from the Shenandoah Valley, laying waste the country, and joined Grant near Petersburg, on the 26th of March. Lee, with less than 45,000 muskets, was now pressed in his trenches, extending thirty-five miles in length, in defence of the Confederate capital, by forces numbering over 200,000. On the 1st of April his right was turned, and the battle of Five Oaks 1 4. What IS paia of the movements in Vir^nia iu Ihe nuean time ? When were Lee's lines broken ? When and where did Lee's forces surrender 1 To what number -vero they reduced ? What is said of Mr. Davis and his Cabinet? Whal of the " Sh".rman-Jolinston Convention ?" 464 ADMINISTEATIOlf OF LIXCOLK. [BOOK O, •yas fought. On the 2d, Grant, by a concentration of forces, succeeded in making a breach in the Confederate general line of defence, near Petersburg. Lee was now compelled to retire, and give up Kichmoud at last. Several sanguinary and heroic struggles ensued. The remaining thinned but resolute and undaunted columns of the Con- foierate chief, like the Spartan band at Thermopylae, were soon brought to their last death-grapple with the monster army of the Potomac. The tragi c/»ff/e was at hand. On the 9th of April, at Appomattox G. H., General Lee suwen- dered, under liberal terms of capitulation. Not much else pertaining to the "annihilated" army of Virginia was left to be passed under the formula of the general surrender then made. On this occasion Grant exhibited the greatest mag- nanimity. Lee was paroled in the capitulation, and with bitu the less than 8,000 Confederates who then and there ground- ed their arms. Mr. Davis and his Cabinet, with the other officials, had left Richmond on the night of the 2d, after Lee's lines were broken, and thus made their escape. At Greensboro', N. C, the Confederate President, in consulta- tion with Generals Johnston and Beauregard, and his Cabinet, authorized Johnston to make such terms as he might be able to do with Sherman, for a termination of the war, and general pacification. The result of this was what was known as tbfe " Sherman-Johnston Convention," which was formally agreed to, and signed by them, on the 18th of April.* * MKHORANDySI, OR BASIS OT AGRESHKZIT. HADB THIS ISftH DAT OF APRIL, A.D. 1865, HEAR Durham's Station, and in the State of North Carolina, sy and bktw&hn Gbn. JosKpn E, Johnston, Commanding the Conpedkratb Arht. amd Majok-Gun. W. T. SoKRaiAN, Commanding the Army of the United States in North Carolina, both PRESENT. 1. — The contending nrmies now in the field to ranintain tbeir status quo until notice Is nven by tbe Commnnding General of either one to its opponent, and reasonable time, sny rorty,«ight honrs, allowed. 11. — The Confederate armies now in existence to be disbanded and condocted to the seYeral State Capitals, there to deposit their arms and public property in the State Arsenal ; and each officer and man to execute and file an agreement to cease from acts id war, and abide the action of both State and Federal anthorities. The number of arms and munitions of war to us reported to the Chief of Ordnance at Washinf^on City, subject to the future action of the Cougrees of the United States, and in the mean time to be need solely to maintain peace and order within the borders of the States respectively. in. — The recoeiiition, by the Executive of the United States, of the eeveral State Govera- uents op their officers and Legislatures taking th'e oath Drescribed by the Con8titu*ii>i of tbe CHAP. XX V.J ADMINISTRATION OF LIKCOLN. 465 15. While negotiations w re going on between thtse Generals, and four days before the Convention was signed, on the night of the 14th of April, Mr. Lincoln was assas- sinated, at Ford's Theatre, in Washington City, by John Wilkes Booth, an actor of note, and son of Junius Brutus Booth, the famous English tragedian. By the death of Mr. Lincoln the Presidency of the United States again devolved upon the Vice-President. Mr. Andrew Johnson, holding this position at the time, therefore immediately succeeded to the Federal Executive Chair. From the great excitement created by the horrible act by which Mr. Lin- coln had been taken off, or from some other cause, the Sherman-Johnston Convention was disapproved by the newly-installed President. Upon being notified of this fact by Geu. Sherman, Gen. Johnston then, on the 26th of April, entered into a capitulation with him, by which he surrendered all the Confederate forces under his command, upon similar terms agreed upon between Lee and Grant. The course of Johnston was promptly followed by all the other Confederate commanders everywhere. The last sur- render was that by E. Kirby Smith, in Texas, on the 26th of May. Three days after this, the 29th, President Johnson announced the facts by proclamation, with offer of amnesty, IS. What is eaia of Mr. Lincoln's assassination f Who succeeded Iiim as President ? What course did President Johnson adopt in reference to the Sher- man-Johnston Convention ? What ensued? When, where, and by wliom was the last Confederate surrender made! What Proclamation did President John- son issue on the 29th of May? What number of Confederates under arms were surrendered ? What was the number of Federals mustered out of service ? United States; and where conflicting State Governments liave resulted from tlie war, the legitimacy of all shall be submitted to the Supreme Court of the United States. fV.— The re-establishment of all Federal Courts in the several States, with powers as defined by the Constitution and the laws of Congress. v.— The people and inhabitants of all States to be guaranteed, so far as the Executive car. their political rights and franchises, as well as their rights of person and property, as definec by tlie Constitution of the United States and of the States respectively. VI.— The Executive authority of the Government of the United States not to disturb any of the people, by reason ol the late war, so long as they live in peace and quiet, abstain from acts of armed hostility, and obey laws in existence at the place of their residence. VII.— In general terras, it is announced that the war is to cease; a general amnesty, so far as the Executive power of the United States can command, on condition of the disbandmeut of the Coniederate armies, the distribution of arras, and resuraption of peaceful pursuits by officers and men hitlierto composing the said armies. Not being fully enLpowercd by our respective principals to fulfil these terms, we individually and oihcially pledge ourselves ts DTOmptly obtain necessary authority, and to carry out the above programuie "^ W. T. Sheeman. Major-Qencral, O^wunandina the Army oj the Vniled States in ilorth Carolina. J. E. Johnston. General, Vommandins Cm/edtralt Slattt Army «n Jforlh Carolina. 20* t66 AMIiTISTKATIOIir OF LIKCOLN. [BOOK IL upon certain cmiditions, to all who had participated in the conflict on the Confederate side, except fourteen designated classes. The whole number of Confederates thus sur- rendered, including Lee's and all, amounted to about 150,000 under a)'ms. The whole number of Federals then in the field, and afterwards mustered oiit of service, as the records show, amounted, in round numbers, to 1,050,000. 16. Thus en' led the war between the States. It was waged by the Federals with the sole object, as they de- clared, of " m iintaining the Union under the Constitu- tion ;" while V.y the Confederates it was waged with the great object of maintaining the inestimable sovereign right of local self-,(;overnment on the part of the Peoples of the several Statos. It was the most lamentable as well as the greatest of modern wars, if not the greatest in some re- spects " kaown in the liistory of the human race." It lasted four years and a little over, as we have seen, with numer- ous sanguinary conflicts, and heroic exploits on both sides not chronicled in this Compendium ; but many of which will live in memory, and be perpetuated as legends, and thus be treasured up as themes for story and song for ages to come. 17. In conclusion, a few comments only will be added. One of the most striking features of the war was the great disparity between the numbers on the op-?6ite sides. From its beginning to its end, near, if not quite, two millions more of Federals were brought into the field than the en- tire forces of the Confederates. The Federal records show that they had from first to last two million six hundred thousand men in the service ; while the Confederates, all told, in like manner, had but little over six hundred thou- sand. The aggregate Federal population at its commence- ment was above twenty-two millions ; that of the Confeder- IG. What i? paid of tlie war thus broiis:ht to a close ? 1 7. What was one of the most striUiDg features of the war ? What is said ol the relative population of the respective sides ? What was the number of prison crs taken, and the mortality of thoee held by each side respectively ? What of the aggregate loss of life, etc., on both sides ? On what did both sides rely for means to support the war ? What was the result ? What was the aggregate Iosh In monej espend*^ on both sides, including the loss of property? CHAP. XXV.] ADMINISTEATIOX OF LINCOLN. 487 ates, was less than ten, near four millions of these being Negro slaves, and constituting no part of the arms-bearing portion of their population. Of Federal prisoners during the war, the Confederates took in round numbers 270,000; while the who>t number of Confederates captured and held in prisons by the Federals was in like round numbers 220,r00. In reference to the treatment of prisoners on the respective aides, about which much was said at the time, two fa cts are worthy of note: one is, that the Confederates were ever anxious for a speedy exchange, which the Federals would not agree to ; the other is, that of the 270,000 Fede- ral prisoners taken, 22,576 died in Confederate hands ; and of the 220,000 Confederates taken by the Federals, 26,436 died in their hands : the mortuary tables thus exhibiting a large per cent, in favor of Confederate humanity. The entire loss on both sides, including those who were per- manently disabled, as well as those killed in battle, and who died from wounds received and diseases contracted in the service, amounted upon a reasonable estimate " to the stupendous aggregate of one million of men." Both sides during the struggle relied for means to support it upon the issue of paper-money, and upon loans secured by bonds. An enormous public debt was thus created by each, and the aggregate of money thus expended on both sides, including the loss and sacrifice of property, could not have been less than eight thousand millions of dollars — a sum fully equal to three-fourths of the assessed value of the taxable property of all the States together when it oommenced 468 ADMINISTRATION OF JOHNSON. [BOOK U. CHAPTEE XXVI. ADillNISTEATION OF JOHNSON. 15th of April, 1865— 4tli of March, 18G9. ACCESSION OF GIUNT, 4x11 MAKCH, 1869 — SUMMABY CONCLUSION. 1. Andkeav Johnson, of Tennessee, 17tli Fresuleiit of the United States, succeeded to the Chief Magistracy thereof, on the 15th of April, 1865, in the 57th year of hia age. He was Vice-President, as we have seen, at the time of the death of Mr. Lincoln, and thereby became Presi- dent. Before the war ho had been attached to the Strict Construction school of states- men ; but favored the war for " the maintenance of the Union under the Oonstitii- tion.'' He was the author of the resolution of the Federal Congress declaring the objects for which the war should be waged, and which has been noted in its proper place. Great anxiety, therefore, was felt everywhere as to the course he would now adopt. 2. The first indication of his course given by the new President was the retention of all Mr. Lincoln's Cabinet then in office. Some changt^s in this had been made by Mr. Lincoln. On the death of Chief-Jnstice Tanej', the l;ith of October, 1864, in the "88th year of his age (who had presided on the Bench of the Supreme Court with eminent ability for over 28 years), Mr. Chase had been promoted to Chapter XXVI.— 1. What ia paid of Prcsidenl Johnsou, and his political an ICCCClGTlTS? !t What Of hjsCabiuetf What Is said of Chief-Justice Taney ? riilSPIDENT JOUNBON. CHAP. XXTl.] ADMINISTBATIOIT OB JOHNSOIT. 469 this high position ; and Mr. Hugh McCulloch, of Ind., at the time of Mr. Johnson's accession, was Secretary of the Treasury, in place of Mr. Chase; James Harlan, of Iowa, was also Secretary of the Interior, in place of Caleb B. Smith ; William Dennison, of Ohio, was Postmaster-Gen- eral, in place of Mr. Blair ; and James J. Speed, of Ky., was Attorney-General, in place of Mr. Bates. 3. The next important act of President Johnson was his disapproval of the " Sherman-Johnston Convention," for a general pacification and a restoration of all the States to their position in the Federal Union, as we have seen. After this came his Proclamation of Peace, on the 29th of May, as stated. This was after the surrender of all the Confederate foi-ces under arms, and after the arrest and imprisonment of Mr. Davis and all the civil ofiicers of the Confederate States Government and State Executives that could be found. He still continued, however, to hold all the Seceded States under military rule. 4. On the same day of his Proclamation of Peace, 29th of May, he issued another Pi-oclamation as Commander-in- chief of the armies of the United States, appointing a Provi- sional Governor of the State of North Carolina, and providing for the assemblage of a Convention in that State, to form a new Constitution under which the State would be recog- nized by him as a member of the Federal Union. This Convention was to be chosen by certain classes of electors under the Constitution of North Carolina as it existed when the war commenced, to the exclusion of others. No new element of constituency was introduced. A similai course was pursued by him towards the States of Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. The people of North Carolina, and of the other nine States named, complied with the terms required of them— annulled their Ordi- 3. What is said of the next important acts of President Johnson ? 4. What It said of the other Fruclamation of the 3!)th of May ? What was tha reenlt 7 170 ADMIN ISTEATION OI JOHNSON. [BOOK 11 nances of Secession ; renewed their obligations to the Inderal Union ; made new Constitutions for their own government ; and also accepted and adopted the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States as a result of the war, which provided for the prohibition of slavery forever in all the States. This had been proposed to the States by the Federal Congress at its last session. They moreover elected Senators and Members to the Federal Congress in pursuance of what was known as the "President's Policy." 5. On the assembling of the 39tli Congress of the United States, in December, 1865, the policy thus inaugurated by Mr. Johnson was bitterly assailed by the Agitators, who, about this time, came to be known by the party name of " Radicals." They had a majority in both Houses of the Federal Congress as then constituted, and denied to the ten States referred to, representation in either. They insisted that the Federal Union should not be restored as it was before, but be "reconstructed" upon anew basis of con- stituency in these ten States. They proposed what is known as the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Con- stitution ; but in proposing it, refused ten States of the Union any voice or hearing. This led to an open and violent rupture between the President and a majority of both branches of Congress. Their proposed Fourteenth" Amendment was refused adoption by every one of the ten States which was denied a voice in its proposal, and by several of the Northern States. In this state of things the Agitators at the next session resorted to the revolutionary course of declaring the ten Southern States named, to be in a state of rebellion, and dividing them into five military districts, over each of which a military commander was placed. The State officials, Executive, Legislative, and Judicial, in each of these ten States, were all removed ; the 5. What is said of Ihe Agitators on the assembling of Congress in ]865 f What of their policy of " Reconstruction" ? What was done in time of profound peace ? What is said of the new war thas inaugurated by the Agitators f What of Mr. Johnson's vetoes ! What of Mr. Stauton ! What of Mr. Johnson's im peachment»- CHAT. XXVI.] ADMINISTBATIOK OF JOHNSON. 471 writ of Habeas Corpus was suspended in time of profound peace, and near nine millions of people put under absolute military sway. This was all done to compel the people of these States to comply with the- exactions made on their line of " Reconstruction." Their line was, to disfranchise hun- dreds of thousands of the white people of the States to be " reconstructed," with the general enfranchisement of the males of the Negro race of 21 years of age and above, in the same States. It also looked to the fixing of what was called political "disabilities," or "disqualifications" to hold ofBce, on every man in these States who had ever before the war held any oflBce of honor or trust, State or Federal, from the highest to the lowest. Thus was inaugurated by the Agitators a new war, not only upon these States, but upon the Constitution itself, and upon all the fundamental and essential principles on which the entire fabric of American free institutions was based. Mr. Johnson vetoed the reconstructive measures thus passed ; but his veto was overruled by a two-thirds vote in both Houses. He vetoed other measures of like character, with the same result. A quarrel ensued between him and Mr. Stanton, Secretary of War, who continlied to hold his office in defiance of the Executive order dismissing him therefrom. This led to the impeachment of the President by the House on the 22d of February, 1868. The Senate, sitting as a high court of impeachment, Chief-Justice Chase presiding, came to a decision on the 36th of May following, when a conviction failed by a majority of one vote only. 6. Under the military domination of the Radical Revo- lutionary Reconstructive measures, new Conventions were called in the ten Southern States. The old constitutional constituencies of these States were ignored in the formation of these Conventions. Many thousands of the white race in «ach of them were disfranchised, while unlimited suffrage «. What is eaidof the result of the "Reconstnic'.iTe" me»suree of C!oEgreM' 472 ADMINISTKATIOK OF JOHNSON. [bOOII. II was extended to the black race, as stated. By these bodies, BO constituted, and under bayonet dictation, the exacted Fourteenth Amendment was declared adopted by the requi- site number of States to make it part of the Federal Con- Btittition. 7. All the Confederate oflBcials except Mr. Davis, and all other " State prisoners," as they were called, caused to be arrested by Mr. Johnson after the surrender of their armed forces, in May, 1865, as stated, were discharged within twelve months, on parole to answer any prosecution that might thereafter be brought against them by the Federal authorities. Mi'. Davis was continued in close confinement, in irons part of the time, at Fortress Monroe. Against him a prosecution for treason was instituted in the Federal Court embracing that part of Virginia. He, however, was never put on trial, though he constantly ui'ged it. Bail was allowed him on the 13th of May, 1867, and the indict- ment was finally quashed by the Government the year afterwards. 8. During the Fall of 1868, another Federal election took place for President and Vice-President. The Eadi- cals, still bearing the name of " Eepublicans," met in Con- vention at Chicago on the 19th of May, and put in nom- ination for the Presidency, Gen. Grant, of Illinois ; and for the Vice-Presidency, Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana. The Democrats held their General Convention in the city of New York, on the 4:th of July, and nominated Horatio Seymour, of New York, for the Presidency, and Gen. Fran- cis P. Blair, of Missouri, for the Vice-Presidency. General Blair had taken a most active and pi'ominent part in the war for "the maintenance of the Union under the Consti- tution;" but was bitterly opposed to the new Eadin.al war upon the Constitution itself. This he held to be revolu- tionary, and foimded upon most glaring usurpations of 7. What is said ol" the Confederate officials and other " State prisonen*' < What of Mr. Dlvis? 8. What is eaidof the Presidential election in ilie Fall of lS68f tJHAP. XXVI.] ADMINI8TKATI0N 07 JOHNSON. 473 power. The result of the election was the choice of ftrautand Colfax by the Electoral Colleges; they received 817 of the Electoral rotes, while Seymour and Blair re- ceiyed but 77. Of the popular vote cast, Grant and Col- fax received 2,985,031, and Seyfiiour and Blair received 2,648,830. The States of Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia were not allowed to vote, because they had not complied witli the "Eeconstruction" exactions. Had they and the disfran- chised in other States been allowed to vote, the popular ma- jority would most probably have been against the Eadical ticket ; as it was, the Eadical majority was only 336,201. 9. Some other events of Mr. Johnson's Administration deserve special notice. One of these is, the admission of the people of Nebraska as a sepa- rate State in the Union. This took place on the 1st of March, 1867 ; the whole number of the States now constituting the Union being thereby swelled to the number of thirty-seven, and all, according to the Constitution, and according to the terms of their admission, being "upon an equal footing with the coAior akmsopmebbaska. original thirteen." During the Summer of the same year, the Territory of Alaska, containing 500,000 square miles, was acquired by purchase from Eussia, at the price of $7,200,000 in coin, A treaty was also made with Denmark, during Mr. John- son's Administration, for the Islands of St. Thomas and St. John, but was not ratified by the Senate. It may be further noted that it was during his Administration that ex-Pres- ident Buchanan died, at Wheatland, on the 1st of June, 1868, in the 78th year of his age. At the expiration of his term of office. President John- 9. When was Nebraska admitted as a State into the Union? What was the number of States after her admispiou? What acquisition of territory was made dnring Mr. Johnson's Administration ? How was the acquisition madef When did ex-Presidrnt Buchanan die, and at what a<,'c f *74 ADMlSnSTltATION OF GRANT. [BOOK IL son retired to his home, in Greenville, Tenn., where he still resides. 10. On the 4t> of March, 1869, Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, of "Illinois, the 18th President of the United States, was 'duly inaugurated for a term ex- tending from that day to the dth of March, 1873. He was at the time in the 47th year of his age. His Cabinet at first consisted of Hamilton Fish, of N. Y., Sec'y of State ; George S. Boutwell, of Mass., Sec'y of the Treasury ; John A. Rawlins, of HI., Sec'y I of War; Adolph E. Borie, of Penn., Sec'y of the Navy ; Jacob "fk^imTTukant"" U. Cox, of Ohio, Sec'y of the In- terior; John A. J. Cress well, of Md., Postmaster-General, and Ebenezer E. Hoar, of Mass., Attorney-General. Sev- eral changes in it have been made since ; but none deserve special note. 11. Gen. Lee, after his surrender in 1865, took the Pres- idency of Washington College, Lexington, Va., where he continued to reside, and discharge the duties of his new position with great fidelity and ability, until the 12tli of October, 1870, when he died, in the 64th year of his age. The news of the death of this renowned Chieftain pro- duced a profound sensation everywhere. Appropriate hon- ors were paid to his memory in all parts of the country, North as well as South. 12. On the 9th of October, 1871, occurred the greatest conflagratior ever witnessed in any of the States. It was the burning of the city of Chicago, in Illinois. The los,s was estimated at over one hundred millions of dollars. 13. The administration of Gen. Grant thus far has been 10. What is said of ilie 18th President of the United States and hl« Cabinot f 1 1 . rt'hut is said of Gen. Lee ? When did he die ? 1 2. What is said of the fire in Chicago? 13. What is said ot (jen. Qrant's Administration thai fkr t CHAP. XXVI.] ADMINISTKATIOIT OF GRAKT. 47S ihoroughly on the line of Radical policy, and strongly marked by measures of very great importance— all tend- ing directly to the centralization of power in the Federal head, amd the destruction of the reserved rights of local self-government by the several States of the Union. Of this character may be named, among others of these meas- ures, the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States ; which was carried and declared to be part of the Constitution under his auspices; and in like man- ner as the Fourteenth. His attempt to acquire St. Do- mingo without authority of law may also be specially men- tioned. But the most notable of all these measures is the " Enforcement Act," so called, known as the "Ku-Klux Act of 1871." This goes far beyond anything in the Se- dition Act of 1798, under the elder Adams, in its direct attacks upon public liberty. But without further specifi- cation, it may be stated^ that all the leading features of the present Administration and its general policy point dii-ectly, and, if not arrested by the Peoples of the several States at the ballot-box, will lead ultimately, to the entire overthrow of the Federal system, and the subversion of all the free institutions thereby attempted to be secured on the Amer- ican Continent, and the history of which we have traced. 14. It has not been within the range of the object of this work to treat of the general economic statistics — so- cial, moral, and intellectual — either of the Colonies sepa- rate, or of the States united, which mark the progress of Commonwealths, or Nations, in the scale of civilization. In relation to this exceedingly important view of the subject, it must suffice here to state a few facts only, from rt'hich the grandeur of their development in these respects may be seen, by a glance at the general outlines. 15. The whole area of country then, let it be noted, em- braced within the limits of the States and their Territo- 14. VVliati' paid of etatistics? 16. What is said of tlic area of tlic country f 476 CONCLUSION. [book It lies, at the beginning, was less than one million of square miles : it is now near four millions. 16. There were, as we have seen, but thirteen States at first united in a Federal Union : now there are thirty-seven. 17. The aggregate population of the original thirteen Colonies, when they assumed the powers of separate, sov- ereign, self-governing States, was under three millions, about one half-million of which were slaves, of tlie black race : the like aggregate population is at present near forty millions, of which over four millions and a half are of tlip same black, or negro race, now rendered free, as one of the accepted results of the war between the States. 18. The regular and rapid increase of this aggregate population appears from the oiBcial decennial census re- turns. The number in 1790 had reached 3,929,314. This number continued to increase during each subsequent de- cade af follows : In the year 1800, the entire population of the old as well as the new States that had then been ad- mitted was 5,308,483. In the year 1810 it was 7,339,884. In 1820 it was 9,033,823. In 1830 it was 12,866,030. In 1840 it was 17,069,453. In 1850 it was 23,191,876. In 1860 it was 31,443,321 ; and in 1870 it was 38,558,371. The figures thus given show an increase of population un- equalled in the history of any country; but the advance during the same period in everything else which indicates progress in prosperity and happiness, is no less apparent and striking from the following facts : 19. The tonnage of the United States engaged in for- eign trade, in 1789, was only a little over half a million. In 1860, just before the war, it was above six millions. 20. In 1789 the exports were in value a little over nine- teen millions of dollars, and the imports a little over twenty- nine millions. In 1860, the exports amounted in value to 16. ^Vlmt i? said of ttie immber of the States ? 1 7. What of the popiUation ? 1 8. What of the iDf-reaBi- of the populatiou by decades I 19. What is Baid of tlie tonnage? 20. What it) said of tlie exports ? CHAP. xxTi.] coifCLcaiow. 477 over four hundred millions of dollars, and the imports not much under that sum. 21. In 1790, the culture of cotton was just beginning to be introduced. In 1860, the production of this great sta- ple, which has revolutionized the commerce of the world, had reached to upwards of four millions of bales, and con stituted the chief article of the enormous exports at that period. Even since the war, in 1870, the exports of cotton amounted in value to over two hundred millions of dollars, and constituted in value more than half the entire exports of that period. 22. In 1800, there were but about two hundred newspa- pers published in the United States. In 1860, there were, including political, religious, scientific, literary, and mis- cellaneous, not much under four thousand, circulating in the aggregate not much, if any, under ten millions of copies. 23. In i790, there were veiy few Colleges in the United States ; not many, if any, over a dozen. In 1860, there were, including male and female, not much .under two hundred and fifty, with about thirty thousand students. There were at the same time not much under four millions of pupils at schools of a lower grade. 24. Progress in religious culture and teaching, up to the Bame period, was not less marked than that in the barely intellectug,l training. Iij 1860, there were not less than fifty thousand churches and forty thousand clergymen in the \arious denominations, with not less than ten millions of worshippers, according to their modes of faith. 25. The value of real and personal property had, in the aggregate, during the same period, swelled to the amount cf over sixteen thousand millions of dollars. 26. Eailroads, operated by steam-engines, were unknown 21 . What is said of cotton f 22. What is s>aid of newspapers ? 23- What is said of collegop and otfp' schools I 24. What of progress in religions calturu i 26. What of tlic aggregate value of property f 2V. What of railroads f 478 CONCLUSION [book II. in the world in 1825. It was in 1830 that the first loco- motive of this sort ever constructed on this continent, called the " Best Friend," was put upon the South Caro- lina Eoad from Charleston to Hamburg. There are now so in operation in the United States, not less than fifty thousand, miles of railroads, extending in all directions, from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans, at a cost that would have seemed fabulous to the fathers of the last genera- tion. 27. The magnetic telegraph was unknown in the world until 1843. It now stretches, with its network of Avires, not only over the entire extent of this vast country, from ocean to ocean, but acroi» the Atlantic ; and brings all parts of tlie earth under me influence of a power, which acts upon the whole as if it were pervaded by a common living sensorium. To the genius of Samuel Finley Breese Morse, a citizen of Massachusetts, mankind is indebted for this greatest of all discoveries yet made, in rendering the abstruse laws of nature subservient to the cause of Laman progress and the highest attainments in civilization. 28. These facts must suffice for the purpose state-J.. To go into anything like a detail of tlie instrumentalities by which sucli results have been ^'cached — of the numerous inventions and discoveries which have been made — of the advances in the various arts and sciences — of the achieve- ments in agriculture and mechanical industries — of the products of spindles, looms, and factories — of furnaces and forges — of tlie wonders of steam in the shops, and on water, as well as on rail — of the innumerable other instru- ments of creative power, which contributed so much to the grand whole of public and private prosperity, which are apparent from the glance thus taken, — would require many volumes much larger than the present coLclensed view of the forms and nature of the Governments of th« 27. Wbat of the magnetic telegraph? To whom is uiaokind iuiteuted for it > ^iH. What t'urthor i£ auid upon thu ^ulgect ui' pruifiodij f CHAP. XXVI.J CONCLUSIOK. 476 states, and their political relations towards each other, m Federal union, from which these most stupendous result? have sprung. 29. In bringing the subject to a close, it may be stated with confidence, that for nearly ninety years, from the Terj date of their thus entering into union, and up to the breaking out of the late most lamentable war between them, no People in the annals of history made a more brilliant career in all that secures liberty, prosperity, and happiness, and adds dignity, power, and renown to Ntv- tions, than did the Peoples of the United States. Home, in the acme and splendor of her glory, after fiye centuries of growth and development, from the expulsion of her Kings, did not surpass the point of national greatness to which these States had attained in less than one, from the time they freed themselves from the British Crown. Eonie, the most renowned of ancient Eepublics, it is said fell at last by the weight of Empire. This under her system was inevitable. She was a single Eepublic. In her growth she did not recognize the Federative principle. In extending her jurisdiction over neighboring States, by not adopting this principle and securing the sovereign right of local self-government to all Peoples thus falling within her limits, but by assuming absolute dominion over them, she necessarily became a Centralized Empire, with ultimate despotism as a necessary consequence. The United States, on the contrary, are founded on the directly opposite prin- ciple. They do not constitute a single Eepublic, but a Fed- eral Eepublic. Under their system of Federative Union, no apprehension need arise for the safety and security of liberty from any extent of either their boundaries or their numbers. Now, therefore, that the chief cause which led to the late war between them is forever removed, if they shall ad- here to the principle of the sovereign right of loc al self- S9. What it »»i(l of 'he t«6iu« J 480 CONCLUSION. government, on the part of the States respectively, which lies at the fouuclation of the whole fabric, then there is no perceived reason why they should not go on in a still higher career in all that constitutes true greatness in hu- man development and achievement. • But if this principle Bhall he abandoned — as the present indications threaten — then all that is so glorious in the past and so hopeful in the future will, sooner or later, be lost in the same inevitable despotism of a Consolidated Centralized Empire, which eventuated in the overthrow and destruction of the liber- ties of liome APPENDIX. A. In Congress, July 4th ITW THE VKx uriltOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTBEif UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. When, iu tho course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissol'e the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the sepa- rate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalien- able rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of hap- piness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organ- izing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most liliely to ef- fect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute des- potism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and press- ing importance, unless suspended iu their operation till his assent should be obtained: and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected h/ attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large 482 APPESTDIX. districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to them^ and for- midable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom- fortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihila- tion, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to ail the danger of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the con- ditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his as- sent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and tlie amount and payinent of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarnis of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, "without the consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction forei.ijn to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our consent: For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pietended offences . For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonics: For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, funiamentally, the powers of our governments: For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves in- ested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his pro- ection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, ind destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries fco complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworUiy the head of a civilized uation. He has conbtrainod our J'ellow-citizcns, taken captive on the high etjjia, to bi-ar arms iigaiust their country,' to become tlitj executionera of their fnendd and brethren, or tu fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic Jnsarrect'uns anicmgat Ud, and had endeav-- APPBHDIX. 483 ored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian lavages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruc- tion of all agd&, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler uf s free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We ha've appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies are, and, of right, ought to be, JFrtc aai Jllbc^iciliTllt ^States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political con- nexion between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do. And, for the sup- port of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of JI^UJllSc $l1i\®1l)ja)(ett€(e, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, cnjr.'FSi 1 and cigned by the following members : JOHN I? /.i^y.v'i:. New Hampshire. New York. Josiah Bartlett, William Floyd, William Whipple, Philip Livingston, Matthew Thornton. Francis Lewis, Massachusetts Bay. Lewis Morris. New Jersey Samuel Adams, „. , , _, , , John Adams, Richard Stockton, Bobert Treat Paine, ^°^^ Witherspoon, Elbridge Gerry. f?""^ Hopkinsou " ■' John Hart, Rhode Island. Abraham Clark. Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. „ , ,',7 ""f ' •' Robert Morris, Connecticut. Benjamin Bush, Roger Sherman, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Huntington, John Mortou, William Williams, George Clymer, Oliver Wolcott. James Smith, 184 APPfiNDIX. George Taylor, Thomas Nelson, jun., James Wilson, Francis Lightfoot Lee, George Boss. Carter Braxton. • Delaware. North Carolina. Cfflsar Rodney, William Hooper, George Read, j„^^^ jjewes, Thomas M'Kean. John Penu. ^ ' South Carolina. Samuel Chase, j „ i, j William Paca, Edward Rutledge, Thomas Stone, Thomas Hey ward, jun., Charles Carroll, of CarroUton. Thomas Lynch, jun., Arthur Middleton, Virginia. George Wythe, Georgia. Richard Henry Lee, Button Gwinnett, Thomas Jefferson, Lyman Hall, Benjamin Harrison, George Walton. Resolvedt That copies of the Declaration be sent to the several assem- blies, conventions, and committees, or councils of safety, and to the several commanding officers of the continental troops j that it be pro- claimed in each of the United States, and at the head of the army. B. ABTIOLES OF COH^FEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION BETWEEN THE STATES. To all to whom these presents shall covie, we, the undersigned Delegates of the States affixed to our names, send greeting. — Whereas the Delegates of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, did, on the 15th day of November, in the Year of our Lord 1777, and in the Second Year of the Independence of America, agree to certain articles of Con- federation and Perpetual Union between the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Con- necticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, in the words following, viz.: '* Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New Yoric, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Article I. The Stile of this confederacy shall be " The United States Of America." Article II. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and inde- pendence, and every Power,, Jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Con- gress assembled. Au'L'x€i.E III. The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league APPENDIX. 485 of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding them- eelves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacl^s mads upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever. Article IV. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different states in this Union, the free inhabitants of each of these stages, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several states ; and the people of each state shall have free ingress and regress to and from any other state, and shall enjoy tnerein all the privileges of trade and commerce, sub- ject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions as the inhabitants thereof respectively, provided that such restriction shall not extend so far as to prevent t)ie removal of property imported into any slate, to any other state of which the owner is an inhabitant; provided, also, that no imposition, duties, or restriction shall be l^Jd by any state on the property of the United States, or either of them. If any person guilty of, or charged with treason, felony, or other high misdemeanor in any state, shall flee from justice, and be found in any of the United States, be shall, upon demand of the governor or execu- tive power of the state from which he fled, be delivered up and re- moved to the state having jurisdiction of his offence. Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these states to the re- cords, acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of every other state. Article V. For the more convenient management of the general interest of the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the legislature of each state shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power reserved to each state to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send others in their stead, for the re- mainder of the year. No state shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor by more than seven membersj and no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years ; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the United States, for which he, or another for his benefit, receives any salary, fees, or emolument of any kind. Each state shall maintain its own delegates in any meeting of the states, and while they act as members of the committee of the states. In determining questions in the United States, in Congress assembled, each state shall have one vote. Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any court, or place out of Congress, and the members of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and ini- prisonraeuta, during the time of their going to and from, and attend- ance on Congress, except.for treason, felony, or breach of the peace. Article VI. No state, without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance, or treaty with any king, prince, or state ; nor shall any person holding any ofiBce of profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever from any king, prince, or foreign state ; nor shall the United States, in Coagresa assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility. No two or more states shall enter into any treaty, confederation oi klliance whatever between them, without the consent of *Jie United 436 APPENDIX. States, in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes foi which the siime is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue. Xo state shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere with any stipulations in treaties, entered into hy the United States in Con- gress assembled, with any king, prince, or state, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by Congress, to the courts of France and Spain. No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any state, ex- cept such number only as shall be deemed necessary by the United States, in Congress assembled, for the defence of such state, or its trade; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any state, in time of peace, except such number only, as in the judgment of the United States, in Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defence of such state j but every state shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, suiTiciently armed and accoutred, and shall provide, and have constantly ready for use, in public stoj"es, a due number of field pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage. No state shall engage in auy war without the consent of the United States, in Congress assembled, unless such state be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of Indians to invade such state, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay till the United States, in Congress assembled, can be consulted; nor shall any state grant com- missions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or re- prisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States, in Congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state, and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by the United States, in Congress assembled, unless such state be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States, in Congress assembled, shall determine otherwise. Aeticle VII. When land forces are raised by any state for the com- mon defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel shall bo appointed by the legislature of each state respectively by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such state shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the state which first made the ap- pointment. Artjci K VIII. All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the United States, in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which sliall be supplied by the several states, in proportion to the value of all land within each state, granted to or surveyed for any person, as such land and the buildings and improve- ments thereon shall be estimated according to such mode as the United States, in Congress assembled, shall from time to time direct and ap- point. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several states within the time agreed upon by the United States, in Congress assem- bled. Article IX. The United States, in Congress assembled, shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the 6th article — of sending and receiving ambassadors — entering into treaties and alliances; provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legislative power of the respective' slates shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, 21 APPENDIX. 487 or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever — of establishing rules for deciding in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the Uuited States shall be divided or appropriated — of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace — appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of •aptures, provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a Judge of any of the said courts. The Uuited States, in Congress assembled, shall also be the last re- Drt on appeal in all disputes and diflCerences now subsisting, or that Hereafter may arise, between two or more states concerning bound- ry, jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever; which authority shall Iways be exercised in the manner following. Wlienever the legis- itive or executive autlnjrity or lawful agent of any state in contro- (Versy with another shall present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in question and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall bo given by order of Congress to the legislative or executive authority of The other state in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to ap- point, by joint consent, commissioners, or judges, to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question; but if they can- not agree, Congress shall name three persons out of each of the United States, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be re- duced to thirteen ; and from that number not less than seven, nor more than nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall, in the presence of Con- gress, be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose names shall be so drawn, or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear and finally detei-mine the controversy, so always as a major part of the judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without showing reasons which Congress shall judge sufficient, or, being pre- sent, shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to nominato three persons out of each state, and the secretary of Congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the court to be appointed, in the manner before pro- scribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse- to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear or defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence, or judgment, which shall, in like manner, be final and de- cisive, the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either case transmitted to Congress, an 1 lodged among the acts of Congress for the security of the parties concerned : provided that every comtnis- siouer, before he sits in judgmeut, shall take an oath to be adminis- tered by one of the judges of the scipreme or superio' court of the state where the cause shall be tried, " well and truly to near and determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, without favor, afi'ection, or hope of reward:" provided, also, that no state shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the United States. All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under different grants of two or more states, whose jurisdictions as they may respect such la nds, and the states which p.vjs<*i such grants, are ad- justed, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement c>f jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of either party to the Congress of i.ie Uuited States, bo dnally determined, as near as may he, in the sami . anuer as ia beforo 488 APPE^TDIX. prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction be- tween different states. The United States, in Congress assembled, shall also have the sola ^nd exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of loin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states — fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the United States — regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the states, provided that the legislative right of any state within its own limits be not infringed or violated — establish- ing or regulating post-offices from one state to another, throughout all the United States, and exacting such postage on the papers passing through the same, as niay be requisite to defray the expenses of the said office — appointing all officers of the land forces in the service of the United States, excepting regimental officers — appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the United States — making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their opera- tions. The United States, in Congress assembled, shall have authority to appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be denomi- nated "A Committee of the States," and to consist of one delegate from each state; and to oppoint such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the United States under their direction — to appoint one of their number to preside, pro- vided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years j to ascertain the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses ; to borrow money, or emit bills on the credit of the United States, trans- mitting every half year to the respective states an account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted j to build and equip a navy ; to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each state for its quota, in proportion to the number of vhite inhabitants in such state, which requisition shall be binding,* and thereupon the legislature of each state shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm, and equip themj in a soldior-like manner, at the expense of the .United States,- and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States, in Congress assembled ; but if the United States, in Congress assembled, shall, on consideration of circumstances, judge proper that any state should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other state should raise a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed, and equipped in the saine man-ner as the quota of such state, unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spared oiit of the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, and equip as many of such extra number as they judge can b€ safely spared. And the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equip ped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed oi by the United States, in Congress assembled. The United States, in Congress assembled, shall never engage in * war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, no-r enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate tl u value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for tea defence and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appro- nrintft monev. nor acrce unon the number of vesseid of war to be huili APPEKDIX. 489 er purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor ap- point a commander-in-chief of the army or navy, unless nine states assent to the same ; nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United States, in Congress assembled. Ths Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the United States,"So that ISO period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances, or military operations, as in their judgment require secrecy, and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each state on any question shall be entered on the journal when it is desired by any delegate, and the delegates of a state, or any of them, at his or their request, shall be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the several states. Article X. The committee of the str.tes, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers of Congress, as the United States, in Congress assembled, by tHe con- sent of nine states, .shall from time to time think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be delegated to the said committee for the exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine states in the Congress of the United States assembled.,is requisite. Akticle XI. Canada, acceding to this confederation, and joining in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this union ; but no other colony shall be ad- mitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine states. Article XII. All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed, and debts contracted by, or under the authority of Congress, before the assem- bling of the United States, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States and the public" faith are hereby solemnly pledged. Article XIII. Every state shall abide by the determinations of the United States, in Congress assembled, on all questions which, by this confederation, is submitted to them. And the articles of this confed- eration shall be inviolably observed by every state, and the union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any alteration, at any time hereafter, be made in any of them, unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every state. . And Whereas it hath pleased the great Governor of the world to in- cline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively. represent in Con- gress, to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify, the said articles of confederation and perpetual union. Know ye that we, the under- signed delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do, by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our , respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and al; and singular the matters and things therein contained : and we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective con- stituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States, in Congress assembled, on all questions which, by the said con- federation, are submitted to them. And that the articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the states we respectively represen*, and th.it the union shall be perpetual. In witness whereof, we have here- unto set our hands in Congress. Done at Philadelphia, in the stjto of- 190 APPENDIX. Pennsylvania, the 9th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1TT8, and in the 3d year of the Independence of America. Josiah Bartlctt, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Elbridge Gerry, William EUery, Henry Marchant, Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, Oliver Wolcott, Jas Duane, Friis Lewis, John "Wentv/orth August Sth, 1778 Francis Dana, James Lovell, Samuel Holten, John Collins, Titus Hosmer, Andrew Adam, William Duor, Gouv^ Morris, ) On , jun., ; rs, I ° } Jn» Witherspoon, Nath' Scudder Rob' Morris, Daniel Koberdeau, Jon"* Bayard Smith, Tho. M'Kean, Feb. 12th, 1779, John Dicltinson, May 5th, 1779, John Hanson, March 1st, 1781, Richard Henry Leo, John Banister, Thomas Adams, John Penn, July 21st, 1778, Ht'nry Laurens, William Henry L ray- ton, i'ti" Walton, 24ih July, UTS, William Clingan, Joseph Reed, 22d July, 1778, Nicholas Van Dyke, Daniel Carroll, March Ist, 1781, Jn*' Harvie, Francis Lightfoot Lee. Corns Harnett, Jn» Williams, Jn" Matthews, Richd Hutson, Thos. Heyward, jun Edwi Telfair, Edw* Lang worthy. the part and behalf f the state of New Hampshire. On the part and behalf of the state of Massa- chusetts-Bay. On tho part and behalf of the state of Ehode- Island and Provi- dence Plantations. the part and behalf f the state of Con- ecticut. On the part and behalf of the state of New York. the part and behalf f the state of New Jersev, November 26th, 1778. On the part and behalf of the state of Penn- sylvania. On the part and behalf of the state of Dela- ) On } t "I On ■) On the part and behalf of the state of Mary- J land. On the part and behalf of the state of Vir- ginia. 1 On the part and behalf [ of the state of North J Carolina. I On the part and behalf Df the state of South Carolina. ■) On t of J Ca 1 On the part and behalf j of thestateofGeorgia. APPIWDIA. 49 J o. COifSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA I^E the People of the United States, in order to form a more perhx.t Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquillity, provide fo? the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure (liu Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and eBtablish this Cohstitutios for the United States of America. ARTICLE L Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section 2. iThe House of Representatives shall be composed of Mem- bers chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. 2No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twehtv-five years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 'Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fiftlis of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Man- ner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. •When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. "The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. Section 3. 'The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years ; and each Senator shall have one Vote. •Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Ex- piration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one-third may be chosen every second Year ; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the' Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legis- Latnn), which shall then fill such Vacancies. •No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the AlTEK DIX. Age of thirty Yeara, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of ths.t Stata for which he shall be cliosen. •The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. *The Senate shall chtise their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. •The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. "When Bitting for that' Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation, When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concur- rence of two-thirds of the Members present. 'Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and Disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of Honour, Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. Skction 4. 'The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in ear.h State by the Legislature thereof j but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the places of chusing Senators. ^The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. Sp:ction 5. 'Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may ad- journ from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attend- ance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. 'Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two-thirds, expel a Member. "Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judg- ment require Secrecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of tlie Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one-fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. 'Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more thou three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Skction 6. 'The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Com- pensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out o** the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any Speech or De- bate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place. 'No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for whicli he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emolumenta whereof sliall have been encre«aed during such time ; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office. Section" 7. 'All Bills for raising Revenue sbail originate in the Ilousa of Representatives; but the Senate majr propose or concur with An.ondmontB as on other Bills. APPENDnc. 493 •Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Bepresentatlvea and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be preseinted to the President of the|United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both House* si all be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days, (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. 'Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the ■ Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be ap- proved by him, or being disapproved by him, -shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. Seotiox 8. The Congress shall have Power 'To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts, and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts, and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 'To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; 'To regulfcte Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; *To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; •To coin Minej-, regulate the Value thereof, and of fo.-eign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; •To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of tho United States ; 'To establish Post CBces and post Roads ; •To promote the progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Invetators the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries ; •To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; "To define and punish Viraoies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations; . •'To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and mak» Rules concerning Captures on Laud and Water; "To raise and support Armies, 'out no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; '■To provide and maintain a Navy ; "To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces ; "To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ; _ "To provide for organizing, arming, and discipiining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in tho Service of the United States, reserving to the States re.ipectiroly, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia ftccjrding tr I'le Discipline prescribed bv Consress: 494 APPENDIX. "To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over Buoh District (nDt exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession ot particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat M the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dock- Yards, and other needful Buildings; — And '"To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or iu any Department or Officer thereof. Section 9. 'The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro- hibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or Duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. ^The Privilege of the "Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. 'No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. *No Capitation, or other direct. Tax shall be laid, unless in Propor- tion to the Census or Enumeration herein Tjefore directed to be taken. *Ko Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. 'No Preference shall be given by any Eegulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another : nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. 'No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequenca of Appropriations made by Law ; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be pub- lished from time to time. "No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present. Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. Section 10. 'No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Con- federation ; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal ; coin Money ; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender iu Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. ''No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any Im- posts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Coutroui of the Congress. 'No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, o-r with a foreign Power, or engage iu War, unless actually invaded, or in such immi- nent Danger as will not admit of Delay. ARTICLE II. Bkctios 1. The executive Power shall 5i.e vested iu a President ol the United Sl-ates of America. Ha shall hold his Office during the 21* APPEliTDIX. 495 Term of four Tears, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Terra, be elected, as follows •Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. [* The Electors shivll meet in their respeetive States, aiifl TOte by Ballot for two Persona, ot wliom one at least sliall not lie an Inhalitant of the same State wltli thenisulves. And tliey Bhail make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each ; whicQ List they aliall sign and certify, and transmit scaled to tjie Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. Tlie President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Kepresentatives. open all tlie Certiticates, and the Votes siiall then lie counted. The Person haviiio; the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if sucli Number be a Majority of the whole NuiiilJer of Electors appointed : and i( there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then tlic House of Representatives' siiail immediately chuse by Ballot one ff tliem for President ; and it no Person have a Majority, then from the live liiKtJest on tlie List the said House shall in Wkn Manri,er chose tlie President. But in chusiiig the President the Vott's shall be tal,en bv States, the Representation frnm each State having one Vote ; A Quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of tiie States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after tlie Choice of tl e President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of tlie Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who 'have equal Votes, the Senate shall^cliuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.] •The Congress may determine the time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the 'United States. > 'No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President: neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, aud been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. °In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, th« same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Con- gress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resigna- tion, or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. •The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be snoreased nor diminished dur- ing tne Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United Jitates, or any of them. 'Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the fol- owing Oath or Affirmation : — "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the ^' Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ' Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United • Btatos, Section 2. 'The President shall be Comraander in Chief of the Army »nd Nav of the United States, and iif the Militia of the several States, when ca'led into the actual Service of the United States; he may re- quire the Coinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive D'tnartments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their raipectivo Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves • This cli.u!i8 wiiM*) rw:ickciB has been superseded and annulled by the 12th amendment, oi ^rageSOU. 496 APPEKDIX. and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. "He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of tha Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nojninate, and by and with the Advice and Con- sent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not lierein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law : but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. •The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the'Congress Informa- tion of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall thint proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers, he shall take Care that the Laws be -.faithfully executed, and shall C'"'m- mission all the officers of t]ie United States. Skction' 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of. Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misde- meanors. ARTICLE III. Section 1. The judicial Power of the United Stales, shall be vesteu in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Be- havior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Com- pensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. Section 2. 'The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; — ■ to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and Con- suls; — to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; — to Con- troversies to which_the United States shall be a Party; — to Contro- versies between two or more States: — between a State and Citizens of another State; — between Citizens of different States, — between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citiirons thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. "In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Miniiiters and Con- suls, and those in wiiich a State shall be Party, the supreme Court ihall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before men- tioned, tlie supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both cs to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Eegulationj aa the Congress shall make. ■The Ti'ial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall oa by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed: but when not committed •with.iii APPENDK. 497 •ny State, the Trial shall he at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. Section 3. 'Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason un? less on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Conlession in open Court. "The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Trea- !?"• '?"'' "o Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. ARTICLE IV. Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may -by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Eecords and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. Section 2. "The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privi- leges and Immunitie? of Citizens in the several States. ^A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. •No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. Section 3. 'New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or "erected within the Juris- diction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. "The CoEgrees shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property be- longing to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion, and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Con- stitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in th« Ninth Section of the first Article; and i^^ APPEITDIX. that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal 6uirr.age in the Senate. AETICLE VI. ■All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 'This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound there- by, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Con- trary notwithstanding. •The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Mem- bers of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the' several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no re- ligious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratify- ing the Same. Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independ- ance of the United States of America the Twelfth In WitUCSi whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, GEO WASHINGTON— Presidt and deputi/ from Virginia. New Ha-mpshire. John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachuse i ts. Nathanief. Gorham, Rufus King. Connecticut: Wu. Saul. Johnson, Roger Smgrhah. New York. Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey. WiL: Livingston, David Brearlst, Wm. Patekson, Joka. Dayton. Pennsylvania. B. Franklin, Thomas Mipflim, Bo BT. Morris, Geo: Clymer, Tho : FiTzsiMONS, Jared Ingersoll, Jahes Wilson, Godv : Morris. Delaware. Geo: Riiai>, Gunning Bedford, Jn«'T, John DiCKiNSf v, Richard Bassett. Jaoo: Brxi, APPENDIX. 49S Maryland, Jambs M'Hehut, Dan: op St. Tuos. Jekifbb, Daml. Carroll. Virginia. John Blair, Jambs Madison, Jr. North. Carolina, Wm. Blount, Eica'D Dobbs Spaisht, Hu. Williamson. Bouth Carolina. 3. RUTLBOGB, Chaules Cotbsworth Fincknit, Charles Pincknet, Pierce Butler. Georgia. William Few, Abe. Baldwin. Attest : WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. The following is prefixed to the first ten Amendments : "CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, " Begun and held at the City of New York, on Wednesday, the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine. "The Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added ; And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best insure the beneficent ends of its institution ; " Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled-, two thirds of botli Houses concurring, That the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to tlie Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz. "Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution." ARTICLES in addition to, and amendment of, the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution. Article I. Congress shall malte no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging tne freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peacei;.bly to assemble, and to petition tlie Government for a redress of grievances. Article II. A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Anus, shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time ef .peace be quartered in any 600 APPEXDIX. House, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants^ shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Article V. No person shall be lield to answer lor a capital, or other- wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grsud Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; Lor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any Criminal Cage to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or pro- perty, without due process of law : nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which dis- trict shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation j to be confronted with tlio witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining Wit- nesses in his favour, and to have the assistance of Counsel for his de- fence. Article VII. In Suits at common law, where the value in contro- versy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall b? preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ' Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by tho Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to tho States respectively, or to the people. Article XI. [Proposed in 1794, andratified in 1797.] The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. Article XII. {Proposed in 1803, and ratified in 1804.] The Electors shall meet in their respective stales, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all Persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- resident, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate ; — The Pre- sident of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then bo counted; — The person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- dent, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the wiiole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding APPENDIX. 501 three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Eepre- Bentatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the repre- sentation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose B^hall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the dearth or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall con- sist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person con- stitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. The following are the three recent Amendments referred to in the Compendium : ARTICLE XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly con- victed, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Suction 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article, by appropriate legislation. ARTICLE XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States,, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the States wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any per- son within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole num- ber of persons in each State, excluding Indians npt taxed ; but when the right to vote at any election, for the choice of Electors for Presi- dent and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Con- gress, the executive and judicial officers of a State or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State (being tweniy-one years of age, and citizens of the United States), or in any way abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in tke pro- portion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the Whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age, in said State. Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con- eress or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil 'or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any Stat?, to support ihe Con- 502 APPEXDIX. •titution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; but Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, re- move such disability. Seotio-n 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States autho- rized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing iusurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned; but neither the United States nor any State shall as- sume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or eman- cipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal anA void. Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XV. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall no( be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on ac- count of race, color, or previous '^-onditiou of servitude. Section 2. The Congress shaJ .ve power to enforce this article bj appropriate legislation. D. THE FIRST TWO OP MR. JEFFERSON S DRAFT OF THE KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS OF 1798. 1. Resolved, That the several States composing tbe United States of America, are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their General Government; but that, by a compact under tlie style and title of a Constitution for the United States, and of Araendmeiita thereto, they constituted a General Government lor special purposes, — delegated to that Government certain definite powers, reserving, each State to itself, the residuary mass of riglit to their own self- government; and that whensoever the General Government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force: that to this compact each State acceded as a State, and is an integral party, its co-States forming, as to itself, the other party : that the Government created by this compact, was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself; since that would have made its discretion, and not the Constitution, the measure of its powers; but that, as in all other cases of compact among powers having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress. 2. Resolved, That the Constitution of the United States, having delegated to Congress a power to punish treason, counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States, piracies, and feloniea committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations, and no otlier crimes whatsoever; and it being true, as a general prin- ciple, and one of the aineudments tu tiie Conatitution liaving also de- clared, that " tlie powers not delei^ated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it Lo the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people," therefore the act of Con^reui^ APPEKDIX. 503 j»M8ed on the 14th day of July, 1798, and intituled, " An Act in Addi- tion to the act intituled An Act for the punishment of certain crimer •gainst the United States," as also the act passed by them on the day of June, 1798, intituled "An Act to punish frauds committed on t)ie bank of the United States," (and all their other acts which assume to create, define, or punish crimes, other than those so enumerated in the Constitution,) are altogether void, and of no force ; and that the power to create, define, and punish such other crimes is reserved, and of right, appertains solely and exclusively to the respective States, each within its own territory. E. VIRGINIA EESOLUTIOlfS, 1798-1799. Resolved, That the General Assembly of Virginia, doth unequivocally express a firm resolution to maintain and defei^ the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of this State, against every aggression either foreign or domestic; and that they will support the Government of the United States in all measures warranted by tha former. That this Assembly most solemnly declares a warm attachment to the Union of the States, to maintain which it pledges its powers; and, that for this end, it is their duty to watch over and oppose every infrac- tion of those principles which constitute the only basis of tluii Union, be- cause a faithful observance of them, can alone secure its existence and the public happiness. That this Assembly doth explicitly and peremptorily declare, that it views the powers of the Federal Government, as resulting from the compact to which the States are parties, as limited by the plain sense and intention of the instrument constituting that compact, as no further valid than they are authorized by the grants enumerated in that compact; and that, in case of a deliberate, palpable, and danger- ous exercise of other powers, not granted by the said compact, the States, who are parties thereto, have the right, and are in duty bound, to interpose, for arresting the progress of the evil, and for maintaining, within their respective limits, the authorities, rights, and liberties, appertaining to them. That the General Assembly doth also express its deep regret, that a spirit has, in sundry instances, been manifested by the Federal Govern* ment, to enlarge its powers by forced consti'uctious of the constitu- tional charter which defines them; and that indications have appeared of a design to expound certain general phrases (which, having been copied from the very limited grant of powers in the former Articles ol Confederation, were the less liable to be misconstrued) so as to dostroj the meaning and effect of the particular enumeration which neces- sarily explains and limits the general phrases, and so as to consoli- date the States, by degrees, into one Sovereignty, the obvious tendency and inevitable result of wliicli would be, to transform the present Republican system of the United States into an absolute, or, at best, a mixed monarchy. That the General Asscmljiy dotli particularly protect against Lha palpable and alarming iulVactious of the ConbliLutiou, in the two lalti o.ftaes of the " Aiieu an John QuiNcy.Minister to Uussia, 309 ; Secretary of State, 323 ; elected President, 333 ; member of the House, 344 ; course in the House, 359 : death of. 392. Ajjams, Samuel, 173 ; what he said of the new Constitution, 251. Ad£x, M., speech of Washington to, 265 ; further accounts of, 266-269. Administhatmns:— Washington's 253 ; John Adams', 269 ; Jefferson's, 281 ; Madison's, 292 ; Monroe's, 323 ; John Qulnoy Adams', 334 ; Jackson's, 340 ; Van Buren's, 355 ; Harriscii's, 365 ; Tyler's, 367 ; Polk's, 384 ; Taylor's, 395 ; Fillmore's, 400 ; Pierce's, 404 ; Buchanani's, 412 ; Lincoln's. 422; John- son's, 468 ; Grant's, 474. Alabama, admitted into the Union as a State, 323 ; secession of, 420. Allen, Ethan, 176. Alien and Sedition Acts, 272 ; prose- cution under, 278 ; Jefferson's opin- ion of. 283. Ambristeb and^ Ambuthhot, executed by Jackson, 324. Amendments of the Constitution, first ten ratified, 255 ; eleventh do., 262 ; twelfth du., 286 ; thirteenth do., 470 ; fourbcouth and iil'teeuth, 472 and 475. ♦Amebica, discovery of, 5 ; South, 12, 14 ; North, 12 ; Central, 14. Americus Vespucius. for whom the continent was named, 13. Andre, Major, British spy, 220. Andkos, Sir Edmund, the tyrant, 56, 71, 102 ; outrages by, in New England Colonies, 117. Abohdale, John, Governor of North Ca- rolina, 85, 92. AuiiouA BouKALia, first observed in this country, 131. Abicansas, admitted into the [Tuion as a State. 353 ; secession of, 429. Arnold, Benedict, Gen,, 176, 199 ; treason of, 220 ; invades Virginia, 222. Atherton, Charles G., resolutions by, in the House, and votes thereon, on the subject of negro slavery in the States, 362. iusTiN, Stephen F.. founder of the Mexlcau Colony of TexMt S76 et neq. 1KL«CS» 11, 12. 1 Bacon, Nathaniel, proclaimed rebel and traitor in Virginia. 97. Baltimore, Lord, founder of tibie Colony of Maryland, 66. Bank of the United States, first, 257 j second, chartered, 321 ; re-charter ve- toed, 344 ; public deposits removed from, 350. Barre, Col., speech in defence of Colo- nies, 160. Barrington, Governor, of North Caro- Upa, 87. Battles on Land duuing the Coloniajl Condition: — Mystic River, 58-; Fort Casimir, 76 ; Koanoke, 83 ; Tuscarora, 94 ; Indian in New York, 103; Schenec tady, 105 ; Quebec, 106 ; Montreal, 107 ; battles with King Philip, 115 ; Salmon Falls, Port Eoyal, and Haver- hill, 120 ; first at Loulsbourg, 124 ; Combahee, 127 ; Fort Necesaity, 148 ; Braddock's with the Indi&ns, 150 ; Fort Edward, 150 ; Alleghany River, 132 ; Fort William Henry, 153 ; second at Loulsbourg, lf)4 ; Fort Ftonteuac, 154 ; Plains of Abraham, 1S6 ; Etchbe, 157 ; Fort Loudon, 158 ; Concord, Lex- ington, Ticonderoga and.Crown Poi'nt, 170 ; Bunker Hill, 174 ; Fort MpuIt trie, 180. Battles on Land after the Independ- ence of the States dkolared : — Fort Washington, 194; Trenton, 196; Prince- ton,196;Bcnmngton,200; Saratoga, 201; Brandy wine and Ge^manto^vn, 202; Monmouth, 205; Kettle Creek, 209; Savannah, 212; Camden, 217; King's Mountain, 218; Cow Pens, 224; Guil- ford, 225; Eutaw Springs, 227; York- town, 229. Battles on Land by the States in the British and Indian War of 1812:— Indian in Northwest, 259,263; Tippe- canoe. 298; York, in Canada, 310; Fort Meigs, 311; Sackett's Harbor, Fort George, and the Thames, 311 ; CaUobee, Autossee, Tallushatchee, Talladega, Emuckfau, Horse Shoe, 312; Chippewa, Luudy's Lane, Fort Erie, and Plants- burg, 315; Bladensburg and Hoith Point, 316; New Orleans, 319; Okee- chobee, 358. Battles in Republic of Texas:— Gon- zales, Bexar, Alamo. Goliad, and San Jacinto, 380-82. Battles on Land by the United States IN Mexican War:— Palo Alto and Rc- HAcadelaPalma, 386-87; Montere; aad 606 GENERAL INDEX. Boena Viata, 338-39 ; Cerro Gordo, Con- treras, Ciiunibuaeo. Moliuo del Key, and Chapultepec, 389-90- Battles on Land in War between the States:— Grafton, Philippi, Big Bethel, Bich Mountain, Laurel Hill, Garrick's Ford, Scary Creek, and first Manassas, 432; Leesburg, Clieat Mountain, Booue- ville, Carthage, Oak Hill, and Lexing- ton, 433 ; Belmont, 434 ; Fishing Creek, Fort Henry, Fort Douelaon, 437; Elk Horn, or Pea Bidge, Corintli, or Shiloh, 438; Williamaburg and Seven Pines, 440; Kernstown, McDowell's, Cross lieya, Port Republic, Mechanics ville, Beaver Dam. Creek, Gaines's Mill, Sav- age Station, Fraser's Farm, White Oak Swamp, aud Malvern Hill, 441 ; Cedar Run nu<\ Sfcoud Manassas, 442; Rich- mond (in Ky.), Perryville and Mur- Ireesboro, 443; South MouutaiUj Har- per's Ferry, and SUiirpsburg, 444; Fredericksburg, 445; Gliancellorsville, 448; Port Gibson, Raynioud, Jacks'*^ Edwards' Depot, and Big Bhick, i-^c_ Gettysburg, 450; Chickamauga aad Missionary Ridge, 452; Olustee and Okoioua, 453; Mansfield and Pleasant Hill, 454; Wilderness, Spottaylvania Court House, North Anna, and Cold Harbor, 455; Bermuda Hundreds, New Market, aud Lynchburg, 456; Monoca- cy, Winchester, and Cedar Creek, 457; lleaaca, New Hope Church, and Kcn- ueaaw aiountain, 458; Atlanta, 45'.); Franklin and Nashville, 460; Five Oaks, Petersburg, Appomattox Co^irt House, 464; Averaaboro and Benton- ville, 463. Battles on Watek, oh Sea Figiii-s by United States Navy: — Paul Jones, 213. In war against Tripoli : Com- modores Preble and Barron, 287. In British war o/18l2 : Fight between tho Presi'lent a,n(i Little BeU{Com. Rogers), 296; the CtmstiluHon {Capt. Hull), aud Guen-i'irc, 307; the Essm (Capt. Porter) and Al>'rl, the yVasp {Capt Jones) and the Frolic, the United States (Capt. Do- catiir) aud Macedonian, the Constitution (Cora. Bainbridge) and Java, 308; the Hornet (Capt. Lawrence) and the I'ea- cock, the CliGsup'takc {Capt. Lawrence) aud the Shannon, the Argus (Capt. Allen) and tho Pelican, tho Enter- prise and the Boxer, 313; Commodore I'erry's fleet on Lake Erie, 311; Com- modore McDonough'B flotilla at Platts- burg, 315. In war agaiioit Algiers : De- catur's fleetandoporBtlouBintheMed- Iterrauean, 320. Battles on Wateb, op naval operations in the War between the States, 4"34, 435, 445, 446, 419. 460, 461. Bebkkley, Sib Wm., Governor of Vir- tfinia, 43, 44, 83, 97. B£i>FOBi>, DuNNiNa, in Federal Conven- tion, 247. Beaubbgabj), Gdstave T., GeneraJ, at Fort Sumter, 425 ; at First Marmnai, 432 ; at Shiloh, 438; at Petersburg, 466. Bell, John, 418. Bellamont, Lobd, Governor of New York, 109. Benton, Thomas H., defender of Jack- son's AdmiuistraUon, 350 ; do. Van Buren's, 359. Boston, settlement of, 37 ; massacre in, 165 ; Port BiU of, 166; ''The cause of, cause of all," 167. Bbaddoce, General, defeat in tha French war, 149. Bbagg, Braxton, General, In com- mand of the Army of the Tennessee, 439; in Kentucky, 443; at Chickamau- ga aud Missionary lildge, reaigni command, 452. Bkeukinbidge, John C, 410, 418, 434; victory by, at New Market, 456. Bkougham, Lord Henry, on the now Constitution, 252. Beow.n John, or '■ Ossawatomie," 408,416. Brown, Milton, Resolutions by, for the admission of Texas, 373 (note). Buchanan, James, Secretary of State, 384; elected President, 410; re- tires from oflice, March 4, 1861, 422; death of, 473. Buhgoyne, John, British General, 173, 199 ; defeat of, at Saratoga, 201. BunNErr, David G., first President of the Republic of Texas, 381. Buunside, AMonosE E., supersedes Mc- Clellan, and deioatod at Fredericks- burg, 445 ; Bupcrsciled by Hooker, 447. Buhgesses, House of, in Virginia, 39, 42, 4t. BiTRit, Aaron, 266 ; elected Vico-Preai- flent, 280 ; tried for treason, 287, 238. Cauinets: — Waahingtou's, 256; Jolin Ad- ams',. 2(;y; Jetlerson's, 283; Madi- son's, 292; Mourde's, 323; John Quincy Adams', 336; Jackson's, 3tl; Van Bureu's, 356 ; Harrison's, 307 ; Tyler's, 368; PoDi's, 384; Taylor's '^ 396 ; Fillmore's, 400 ; Pierce's, 404 ; Buchanan's, 412; Lincoln's, 423; John- son's, 468 ; Grant's, 474. Caiiot, John aud .Seua.stian, Ifi. CAI.H0TJN, John C, 297, 300 ; Secretary of AVar, 323; and Vico-Pi-osldemt, 332; do. 340; rupture vfith Jackson, 343; tn the Senate, 341 : accepts Clay's Tariff Compromise of 1833, 348; debate with Webster 349 ; separates from the Whhia iu 1787, 242; new Consti- tution agreed upon aud referred to Con- gress, and by Congress submitted tc the States, 242-50; changes iu new Constitution, under it the United Status still a Confederated liepublic, 248, 249, 251; full copies of first and second Constitutions with Amend* meuts, 479 et sequens. CoRNWALLis. Ch,uiles, British Lord and General, 194, 216, 223; moves into Vir- ginia, to Yorkto\vn, 228; surrender of, 229. CitAVEN, Ch-uiles, Governor of Soutli Carolina, 94. Crawford, Martin J., Confederate Com- missioner, 421, 423. Crawford, William H., Minister to France, 300, 313; Secretary of War, 320; Secretary of Treasury, 323; defeat- ed for Presidency, 332. CiuiSBY, William, Governor of New Vork, 111. GUTTs, John, Governor of New Hamp> ahire, 116. Dale, SuiThomas, Governor of Virginia, 23. Daij:.as, Geokgk M., 372. Dark Days, 215. Davih, Jefferson, Secretary of War, 40Bj President of Confederate States, 430- 434; leaves Kichmond, 404; arrested and discharged, i72. 508 GENERAL IKDEX. Datton, WnxiAM, 410. Deane, Silas, 196, 204. Dkabbosn, Henry, General, 304, 310. Delawahe, Lord, 23. DEiuAWAnE, Colony, settlement of, 74. De KaLiD, Baron, General, killed, 217. De Soto, Fernando, 140 et seqaens. D'EsTAiNG, Count, French Admiral, 204, 206, 212. De Tocqueville on the new Constitu- tion, 252. District op Columbia, founded, 2,59; movement to abolish slavery in, 358. DoNELsoN, Andrew J., 410. Douglas, Stephen A., on Missouri Compromise, 393; on Compromise of 1850, 406; on Kansas and Nebraska Act, 407 ; defeat of, for Presidency, 418. Drake, Sir Francis, 83. Drummond, William, Governor of Albe- marle settlement iu North Carolina, 83. Dudley, Joseph, Governor of New Eng- land Colonies on abrogation of their charters, 117. Eauthquaees, C4, 122; great one of 1812, 300. £arlt, Jubal a., General, defeats Hun- ter at Lynchburg, 450; moves into Maryland. 457. Elizabeth, Queen, 15, 29. Ellsworth, Oliver, motion by, to strike out "National" in the Federal Consti- tution, 246; second Chief Justice, 269. Embaiigo Act, 290, 291, 295. England, or Great Britain, acknowl- edgment of the Independence of the States by, 230; Jay's treaty ^vith, 204; orders iu council by, 288, 295; right of search; affair of the Leopard and Chesapeake, 289; war of 1812 with, 301;- tieaty of peace with, at Ghent, 320. E Pluribus Unum, 190, 198. Everett, Edward, 418. Everhabd, Sir Rich.uid, Governor of North Carolina, 87. Fauchet, M., 262. Federal Union, established in 1776, 186; Jefferson's new idea of the pro- per structure of, 244; second Constitu- tion of, 242-250. Fillmore, Millasd, 394 President, 400 — 410. Flag of the United States, 198, 259. Fletcheb, Benjamin, Governor of Pennsylvania, 81. Florida, 140; admitted into the Union, 374; secession of, 420. Floyd, John, General, 311. Floyd, John B., Secretary of War, 412. Forsyth, John, Senior, defender of Jaokflon's Administration, 350; Secre- tary of State, 356. Fok-syth, John, Junior, Confederate Commissioner, 421, 423. France, war between, and England, 104, 109, 120. 146; treaty of the United States with, 204; quasi war with, 273; Berlin and Milan decrees by. 288, 289. Fremont, John C, 389, 410, 441. Frenchtown, slaughter of United States prisoners at, 310. Gage, Thomas, British General, lut Royal Governor of MassachusettM, 168 et sequena. Gallatin, Albert, 283, 309. Gates, Horatio, General, 201, 203, 216; defeat at Camden, 217, 235. Gates, Sir Thomas, Governor of Vir- ginia, 23. Genet, M., 261. Georgia, settlement of Colony of, 130 et sequens; cession of Western Terri- tory by, to United States, 286, 335; controversy with the United States about, 336; secession of, 420. Geuuy, Elbridoe, 270, 301; death of, 317. Gibbes, Robert, Governor of South Carolina, 94. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, first grant of laud in Amex-ica to, by Queen Eliza- beth, 15. Gorges, Sir Fernando, 45, 116. Greene, Nathaniel, General, 207, 223. Graham, Wm. A., 402. GusTAVus Adolphus, 74. Grant, Ulysses S., at Shiloh, 438; at Vicksburg, 451; at Missionary Eidge, 452 ; as Lieutenant General, moves against Richmond, 455; lays siege to Peter8b^^rg, 456; captures Richmond, 464; elected President, 472. Hale, John P., 403. Hale, Nathan, 193. Hajviilton, ALEX(tNDER, iu X^ederal Con- vention, 243, 250; Secretary of Treas- ury, 256; head of Federal Party, 258; retired from office, 264; death of, 288. Hamlin, Hannibal, 418. Hancock, John, 168, 171. Haemab, Josiah, General, 259. Harrison, Wm. Henry, General, 298; succeeds Hull, 306, 310; voted for for President, 353; elected President, 364; his inaugural and cabinet, 366; death of, 367. Hartford, Convention at, 317. Harvey, Sib John, Governor of Vix- ginia, 42, 67. Harvard, University of, 60. Hayne, Isaac, sad fate of, 227. Hayne, Robert y., debate with Wel^ ster, 342. Heath, Sir Robert, 83 Henry, John, British secret agent, 299, Henry, Patrick, 162, 242, £^1. Hood, John B., Gener^, supersede* Johnston at Atlanta, 459. Hooker, Joseph, General, 447; super- seded by Meade, 450. Houston, Samuel, General, in Tcxu, 381; second President of Texas, 382. Howe, Sir Wm., British commander si Boston, 175, 190, 202. HowB, British Admiral and EarL 19) ao4. GENERAL ISTDtX. 509 Howe, Robebt, United Statea General, 208. Huguenots, 90, 92. Hull, Wm., General, 30i; surrender of Detroit by, 305. Hull, Isaac, Cap.tain in the Navy, 307. Hutchinson, Mbs. Ann, 59. Hyde, Edwabd, Governor of North Car- olina, 85. Independence, causes that led to it, 159 at aequens; declaration of, 181 et eequens; Coufederation to maintain, 1S6; acknowledgment of. Toy Great Britain, 231; lull copy of the Declara- tion, 4bl. Indiana, admitted as a State, 321. Illinois, admitted a« a State, 325. Internal Improvements, 330, 343.. Iowa, admitted as a State, 374. Jackson, Andrew, Major-General, 311; victory at New Orleans,' 319; in Semi- nole war of 1818, 324 ; 333; elected President, 340 ; rupture with Calhoun, 343 ; explanation of proclamation, 347 ; protest against Senate censure; 350; farewell address, 354 ; death of, 385. Jackson, Thomab J., *' Stonewall ;" Valley Campaign of, 441; In the battles at Eichmond, 442; at Harper's Ferry, 444; death of, 448. Jamestown, settlement of, 17. Jasfer, Sergeant, 179 ; mortally wound- ed, 212. Jay, John, 230, 250; first Chief-Justice of the United States, 256. Jeetebson, Thomas, author ot the Declaration of Independence, 183; 230, 242 ; new idea of, on the structure of a Federal Union, 244; 256, 258, '262; elect- ed Vice-President, 267; elected Presi- dent, 280; inaugural and views of the nature of the Government, 283; acqui- sition of Louisiana, 285; re-elected President, 287; retirement from pub- Uclife, 292; death of, 338. Johnson, Andrew, elected Vice-Presi- dent, 462; becomes President, 465; Cabinet and Administration of, 468 et sequens ; impeachment and acquittal, 471 ; retirement from office, 473. Johnson, HerschelV., 418. Johnson, Nathaniel, Governor of South Carolina, 93. Johnson, Richaiid M., 354. Jones, Anson, fourth President of the Repubhc of Texas, 383. Jones, Jacob, Commodore, 308. Jones. Paul, 213. Johnston, Alrert Sidney, Colonel and General, 413, 415, 437, faU of, atShiloh, 438. Johnston, Joseph E„ General at First Manassas, 432, 436; wQunded at Seven Pines, 440 ; succeeds Bragg in command ftt Dalton, 452; opposes Shornian's ad- vance, 458; superseded by Hood at At- ^uta, 459; replaced at the head of Southern Army, 463; Convention of, with Sherman, 464; aurrcr.der of, 465. Julian, George W., 403. Kansas, Territorial Bills relating to, 406j 408, 411, 414; admitted as a State, 421. Kearney, Stephen \V., General m Hexi' can war, 389. Kentucky, admitted as a State into tha Union, 260; attempts neutrality in the war between the States, 434. Key, Francis, •* Star-Spanglcd Banner," 316. KiDD, Captain, the Pirate, 108. King Philip, Indian chief, his war with the New England Confederation, 114. Kino, Thomau Butler, special agent to Califorrua, 396. King, Kufus, in Federal Convention, 243 ; voted lor fur Vice-President and President, 287, 291, 321. King, William R., elected Vice-Presi- deut, 403. Kyrle, Richard, Governor of South Carolina, 89. IiA Fayette, Marquis, 196; General, 197, 202, 205, 223, 228; revisit to the United States, 331. Lamar, Mirabeau, third President oS the Repubhc of Texas, 382. Lane, Joseph, 418, Lane, Ralph, Governor of North Caro* Una, 83. Lansing, John, in Federal Convention, 247. La Salle, 143. Laurens, Henry, 230. Lanvhence, James, Captain in the Navy, 312. Lee, Arthur, 196, 204. Lee, Charles, General, 179, 194, 205. Lee, Henry, Major, "Light-Horse Harry," 211. Lee, Richard Henry, 183. Lee, Robert E., General, in command of Southern sea-coast, 434; takes com- mand at Richmond, 440; at second Manassas ^id Sharpsburg, 442, 444; at Fredericksburg, 445 ; at OhanceUorS' ville, 448; at Gettysburg, 451; in the Wilderness, and at Cold Harbor, 455; final surrender of, to Grant, 464; death of, 474. Lenox, Duke of, head of " Grand Coun- cil of Plymouth" Company, 36. LI^•coLN, Abraham, ' elected President, 418; inaugural. Cabinet, and Admioia. tration of, 422 et sequens ; assassizur- tion of, 465. Lincoln, Benjamin, General, 199, 210, 212. 214. Livingston, Robert R., 181, 255. London Company, organized, 17; diflsolT- ed, 41. Loudon, Earl of, 151. LouxtiiANA, named by La Salle, 144; ao~ quired by Jefferson, 285 ; admitted ai a State into the Unian, 300; secesaloD of. 420. Lowndes, William, 297. Lyon, Matthew, M. C, imprisoned «» der the Sedition Act, 277. 510 GENERAL IKJEX. litos, Qesebal, Tolled in Missouri, 433. liUDWELL, Philip, Governor of North Carolina, 85. Macomb, Axexander, General, 315. Madison, James, movement of, to amend Constitution, 240; in Federal Conven- tion, 243, 250, 278; Secretary of State, 283; elected President, 291; Cabinet, status in politics, and Administration of, 292 et sequeus; re-elected Presi- dent, 301; retirement to private life, 322; death of, 353. Maine, settlement of, 28, 116; admitted as a State, 326. Mangum, Willie P., 353. Mabion, Fbancis, General, 157, 218, 219. Mahtin, Luthee, in Federal Convention, 247. Mabshall, John, 270; third Chief- Jus- tice, 283; death of, 352. Mabyland, settlement of. Colony of, G5; name of, 66; charter of, to Lord Balti- more, 66. Mason, John, Captain, grant to, by Ply- mouth Company, 47. Masos and Dixon's Line, 100. Mathek, Cotton, 116. May Floweb, 32. Massachusetts, settlement of, 28, 37; tirst Governmeut of, 38; dispute with New Hampshire, 47; cited to answer Royal Commissioners, 114; purchase by, of Maine, 116; dispute with New Hampshire settled, 116; charter of, abrogated, 116; expulsion of Andros, and union with Plymouth under new charter, 119; opposition by, to stamp duties, 161; Boston Port Bill, 166 ; organized Provisional Govern- ment, 168; declared to be in a state of rebellion, 169. Massacbes, Indian, in Virginia, 40; in North Carolina, 86; Wyoming, in Pennsylvania, 207. Massasojt, Indian chief, 34, 51, 114, 115. McClellan, Geobge B., General, Com- mander-in-Chief of Federal Army, 432, 436; Peninsular Campaign, 439 ; defeat of, 442; battle of Sharpsburg, 444; aupersoded by Burnside, 445; voted for for President, 462. McCrea, Miss Jane, 199. McDoNOUGH, Commodore, 315. McDowell, Ibwin, General, at First Manassas, 432. McCuLLoCH, Benjamin, General, 433,438. McDuffie, Geohge, 337, Meade, GeoegeG., General, supersedes Hooker, 450; battle of Gettysburg, 451. tfECKLENBUBG, Declaration of Independ- ence, 182. Merceh, Hugh, General, 152 ; killed, 196. Minnesota, admitted %s a State into the Union, 415. MiNUiTS, Peteh, 75. KxseisaiFPi, admitted as a State into the Vnioa, S24 ; secession of, 420 MiBsouBi, admitted as a State into Jie Union, 328; attempts neutrality in the war between the Stalies, 434. Mohegans, 57, 61. MoNBOE, James, 285; elected President, 321; Cabinet and Administration of, 323 et sequeus; Missouri Compro- mise, so called, 326 (note); Monroe Doctrine, so called, 331; death of, 344. Montgomery, Kichard, General, 157- 175; captures Montreal, and is killed, 176, 177. Montgomeey, city, Confederate States Government organized at, 420. Mooee, James, Governor of South Car- olina, 93. Morgan, Daniel, General, 199, 201, 223. MOEBIS, BOBERT, 222. MoETOK, Joseph, Governor ol South Carolina, 89. Moultrie, Fort, battle of, in 1776, 180. Moultrie, William, Colonel and Gen- eral in South Carolina, 157, 179, 209. Mutiny, in Pennsylvania lino in 1781, 222; at Newburg, New York, in 1783, 232 et sequens ; Washington's great speech in suppression of, 235, 236. Nebraska, admitted into the Union as a State, 473. Nevada, admitted into the Uuion as a State, 462. New Amsterdam, first name of New York city, 27. New England, name of, given to, 22; Confederation of, 56; Constitution of, 61, 113; end of Confederation, 117. New Hampshibe, settlement of, 45 ; name of, 47; first Government of, 47; new charter of, 116. NewBUven, settlement of, 49; first Got- ernment of, the "Blue Laws," 50. New Jeesey, settlement of, by the Danei. and how it became a British Colony, 70. New Netherlands, first name of New York, 70, 76, 78, 88. New Orleans, 145; battle of, 319. New Sweden, first name of Delaware, 76. 77. Nkw Yobk, Colony of, settlement of, &a New Netherlands, 26; became a British Colony, 28; first Government of, as British Colony, 101, 102. New York, city of, threatened by Brit- ish in 1776; Washington arrives at, 181; evacuates, 193; great fire in 1835, 359. NhvEty-six, 209, 216, 223; siege of, 226. North Cabolina, first settlement of the Colony of, 82 ; first Government of, 84 ; first Colony to declare independence, 182; accession of, to the Union under the new Constitution, 259; secession of, 429. North, Lord, head of ToryAdministrsk tion in England, 165, 169. Nttllificatioh, Ordinance of, by South Carolina, 346; repeal of, 348. Oglethorpk, James Edwakd, Gener^ ■/ eEN£RAL INDEX. 511 ttmndv of the colony cf Georgia, 13r et sequctB. Ohio, Stat^ of, admitted iuto the TJnion, •■ Ou) DoMiNioH," why applied to Yir- giuia, 4A, 101. Obegon. admitted as a State iuto the Union, 416. Pajuaha. Miission, 337. PABKEit, Sib Peter, British Admiral, 178, 179. TABumnEsi:, British, 44, 95. Pabtxes, Old f'ederal, headevl by Hamil- ^u, 358; Old Bepublicau or Democra- tic, headed by Jefifeison, 258; first contest between, 276 ; second, 287; Old Federal extinct, 326; Democratic or strict construction against latitudi- nous construction, 25'8, 262, 330; Na- tional Bcpubllc^i, headed 'by Clay, 340; strict conatriictionists, by Jack- 80Q, 341; Anti-Masonic organized, 344 ; first Gener^d Convention of Dem- ocratic, 345; Whig organized, 360; Anti-SJavery organized, 372; Free-Soil organized, 394; American or Know- Nothirg organized, 409; Anti-Slavery assumes name of Bepublican, 410. pATTEKSON, WiLLiAM, In Federal Con- vention, 245. Puce, Jaked, prosecuted under Sedi- tion Act, 278. PEirD3:;ETON, Gbobge H., 462. Pfnn, William, 71, 72, 77, 78. Pennsylvania, settiement of the Colony of, 77; name, (barter, and first Gov- ernment of, 78, 80. Peqtjods, war with, 57; made slaves of and tribe extinguished, 59. pEEEY, Oliver H., Commodore, 311. Personal Liberty Bills, 406. Peters, Hugh, 69. PHENOMiiftiA, extraordinary, 64, 121, 215, 351, 352, 416. Philadelphia, founded, 80; meeting of first Congress of Colonies at, -167 ; in- dependence declared at, 185 ; seat of Government for ten years, 259. Phipps, Snt Wm., first Governor of the United Colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts, 119. Pickens, Andrew, Colonel, 209, 216. Pickens, Francis W., Governor of South CaroUna, 425. Pierce, FRANKLiNt elected President, 403 ; Cabinet and Administration of, 404 et sequens ; Kansas and Nebras- ka Act, 407; retirement from office, 411. PiNCKNEY, Charles, in Federal Conven- tion, 245. PiNKNEY, Charles Coteswoeth, 270, 287, 291. PiNCKNEY, William, 297. Plymouth, Company of, organized for North Virginia, in England, 16; dis- solved, 36; 46, 48. Flymouth, Colony of, 28, 33; first Gov- ernor of, John Carver, 33; Ooloniata called pilgrims, 35; first GK)vemmeat of, 38 ; old pfUcors restored on expul- sion of Andros, 119; union with Mas- sachusetts under new' charter, 119, POCHAEONTAS, 21, 24. Pole, James K., elected President, 372; Cabinet and Administration of, 384 ei sequens; Mexican War, 380; death of. 396. Pope, John, General, 442. Porter, David. Commodore, 308, 313. Powhatan, Indian chief, 24, 39. Prescott, British General, taken pris- oner, 197. Presidential Elections; — In 1788, 253; in 1792, 261; in 1796, 266; in 1800, 278; in 1804, 287; in 1808, 290; in 1812, 301; in 1816, 321; in 1820, 326; in 1824, 332; in 1828, 339; in 1832, 345; in 1836, 353; in 1840, 364; in 1844, 371; in 1848, 393; in -1862, 402; in 1856, 410; in 1860, 417; in 1864. 461; in 1868, 472. Phevost, British General, 209, 210.' Price, Sterling, General in Missouri, 433, 438. Princeton, College of, founded, 73; battle of, 196. Printing Press, first established in America, 60. Prisoners, exchange of, 436; number laJcen on both sides in the War be- tween the States, and treatment of, 467. Pulaski, Count, 202 ; mortally wounded, 212. Puritans, character of, 29, 43. Putnam, Israel, General, 192, 210. Quakers, 71, 72, 78. Quarry, Robert, Governor of South Carolina, 89. Baleigh Gilbert, 28. Baleigh, Sib Walter, 16, 82. Randolph, Edmund, leader of "Nation- als" in Federal Convention, 243, 250, 256, 293. Randolph, John, of Boanoke, 302. Randolph, Peyton, President oi the Congress of 1774, 167. Rawdon, liORD, British General, 217, 226. Rebellions, Clayborn's in Maryland. 67, 68; Culpepper's in North Carolina* 85; Bacon's in Virginia, 97; Shay's in Massachusetts, 238. Regicides, 63. Resolutions, Madison's, in 1786, which led to a revision of the Constitution, 240; of the Annapolis Convention, do. ; of the Congress, for the call of a Con- vention for that purpose, 241; of Con- gress, on the powers of the Federal Government on the subject of Negro Slavery in the States, 257; Calhoun's in the Senate, on the nature of the Government, and its powers, 859; Atherton's in the House, on the sub- ject of Negro Slavery, 362; Milton Brown's, for the admiseion of Texu, 373 (note); Calhoun's, on Slavery r* 512 GENERAI.. INDBX. Btriction in tbe Territories, 392 (note); flrst tt70 of Jefferson's Kentiicky Beso- lutious of 1798, 497; Vii'ginia Kesolu- tions of 1798-99, 498. ItESTOitATiON- CJharlna II., oi, 113. Uhode Island, settlemeut of the Colony of, 50; accession to the Union imder the new Constitution, 359. tticHMOND, city of, theatre burned in, 299; capital of Coniederate States, 431; captured, 464. KivES, William C., defender of Tyler's Administration iu the Senate, 369. Roman, Ani>bew B,, Coniederate Com- missioner, 421, 423. Boss, British General, captured "Wash- ingtou City, 316. UubSELL, Jonathan, Commissioner to Ghent, 3U. BuTLKDuE, Edwaud, Govoruor of South Caroliaa, 179. Sandys, Sir Edwin, 32. Sanxa Anna, Antonio Lopez, Dictator of Mexico, 379 et sequeus; captured at Sau Jacinto, 382. Savannah, city of, settlemeut of, 130; taken by the British in 1778, 208. Savannah, STEA^rElt, first that crossed the Atlantic, 325. Sayle, William, first Governor of South Carolina, 87. Salzburgees, 130. Schuyler, Peter, Uovernor of New York, 110. Schuyler, Philip, General, 175, 199. ScoTT, Winfield, General, wounded at Luudy's Lane, 315; captured Black Hawk, 345; in chief command against Mexico, 389-90; defeated for Presi- dency, 402; retired from chief com- mand of Federal Ai-my, 432. SE.VL, ttt} ; B«B0luiidns of Seuatc upon, ill 1838, 359 (note); Besolutions of Houafl upon, 362; Wilmot Proviso upon, 391 (note); Calhoun's Resolutions of 1848 upon, 392 (note); Clay's Compromise upon, iu 1850, 397; principles of this Compromise, 406-8. Smith, Gustavus, General, 459. SmIth, John, Captain, of Virginia, 18, 65. Smith, E. Kirby, General, 443, 465. Smith, Thomas, Governor Of South Car- olina, 92. Smithson, James, bequest by, to United States, S61 ; Institute founded, 386. Smyth, Alexander, General, 307. Sothel, Seth, Governor of North Caro- lina, 85, 90. South Gabolina, settlement of Colony of, 87; first Government of, 88; Ya- masses War in, 126; nullification, 316. secession ordinance of, 419. Stanton, Edwin M., 436, 471. Stark, John, Colonel and General, 200. St. Clair, AUthur, General, 198, 199, 259. Stephens, Alexander H., 420, 434. Stirling, General, 192. Striker, General, at North Point, 316. Stuyvesant, Petee, Governor of New York, 76, 101. Sumner, Charles, 407. Sumter, Fort, taken by Confederate*, 428; evacuated, 463. Sumter, William, Colonel in South Car- olina, 218, 219. Supreme Court, of the United States organized, 256, 262; decision of, on the powers of the Federal Govern- ment over the subject of Negro Sla- very, 413. Talleyrand, 271. Taney, RoGteR B., Attorney General, 344 ; Secretary of Treasury, 350; fourth Chief-Justice, 352; decision against suspension of Habeas Corpus, 430; death of, 468. Tariff, Protective, 330, 338; bill of , in 1828, 339; bill of, iu 1832, 344; compro- mise of, in 1833, 348; violated, 370, protection again abandoned, 385, 411. Tarleton, B., British Colonel, 218, 219| anecdote about, 224. Taylor Zachary, Colonel and General. 358, 335, 386, 387; at Monterey, 388. at Bueua Vista, 389; elected Preai- dent, 394; Cabinet and AdminiBtr»< tion of, 396 et sequeus; death oC 400. Tea, tax on, how received in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charles- ton, S. C, 166. Tecumseh, Indian wai-wior, 256; tilled, 311. Telegraph, electro-magnetic, S75, 415, ■ 478. Tennesske, admitted into the Union bs a State, 266; secession of, 429. Texas, 44; Republic of, 376 et seqneiw; ResolutiouB for tbo admi^aion m> into GENEBAL INDEX. 513 the Union, 373 (note); admission of, 386; seceesiou of, 420. "The Great Thio," 351, 396. 403. •The THnEK-FiiTHS Claube," 239. Thomas, John, General, 177, 178. Tompkins, Daniel D., 321, 326. TOKACCO, 24. Toombs, Kobebt, 421, 432, 469. Thoup, GEORet sequens; speech of, to Ad^t, 2G5; veto of Apportionment Bill, 258; retire- ment, 268; death of, 275. Washington, William, Colonel, wounds Tarleton ; anecdote about, 224. Washington, City of, founded, 269; taken by the British, 316. Wayne, AnThohy, General, 211, 263. Webster, Danxel. debate with Hayne, 342; do, with Calhoun, 349; Secretary of State, 367; resigns, 370; 7th oi March Speech, 390; again Secretary of State, 400; death of, 403. Wesley, Eev. John, 135. West, Joseph, Governor of South Caro- lina, 88, 89. Wert, Francis, Governor of Virginia, 42. West Indies, 10. Wilkinson, James, General, succeeds Dearbora, 311, 315. Williams, Benjamin, Colonel, 218. Williams, Hoger, 60 et scqxicns. William and Mary, King and Queen (rf England, 73, 81, 100, 104, 118. Wilmot, David, celebrated "Proviso," of, 391 (note). Wilson, James, 243, 248, 356. Winder, General, at Bladeusburg, 316. Winthrop, John, . first Governor oi Massachusetts, 37, 49. WiKT, William, Attorney General, 323, 335; voted for for President, 344. Wisconsin, admitted as a State, 303. Wlse, Henry a., defender Oi Tyler's Ad- ministration ill the House, 369. Witchcraft, 122. White, Hugh L., 853. Whitefield, Eev. Geobge, 136. Withebford, Indi«u warrior, speech of, 312. Wolf, James, .General, 154, 156. Wool, John E<, General in Mexican War, 388. Worth, William J., General, gallantry of, at Monterey, Saltillo, Mohuo del • Bey, and Casa de Moto, 389-90. Wright, Silas, able defender of Van Buren'a Administration, 350. Wyatt, Sir Francis, Governor of Vir- ginia, 39, 42. WYOanNG, Massacre at, 207. Yamasskeb, 94, 126. YATF.S, BoBKRT, in Federal Convention, 247. Yeamans, Sib John, Governor of South Carolina. 88. Yeardley, Georok, Govnrnor of Vir- ginia, 24, 25, 39. York, Dukb op, 28, 70, 76i 80. YonKTowH, city of, ComwaUia captured at, 229. Cornell University Library arV173 A compendium of the histonj of tli^^^^ 3 1924 031 191 178 olin.anx